I

NOTES AND QUERI

i^letrium it Jnter-Communicatwn

TOft

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"Wlieii found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttlb.

VOLUME EIGHTH.

July — Decembee, 1853.

LONDON:

GEORGE BELL, 186. FLEET STREET.
1853.

^

NOTES AND QUEEIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOB

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

** "Wlieii fonndf make a note of." — Caftaim Cuttlk.

No. 192.]

Saturday, July 2. 1853.

("Price Fourpence. ' ■
i Stamped Edition, 5^

COKTENTS.
HoTBs:— Page

Oblation of a white Bull ... - - 1

Newst-ad Abbey, by W. S. Hasleden . . - 2

On a celebrated Passage in " Komeo and Juliet,"

Act III. So. 2., by S. W. Singer ... 3

On the Passage fiom " King Lear " - - - 4

Manners of the Irish, by H. T. EUacombe, &c. - - 4

Minor Notes : — Burial in an Erect Posture — 'The
Archbishop of Armagh's Cure for the Gout, 1571—
The last known Survivor of General Wolfe's Army
in Cana'ia— National Methods of applauding — Curious
Posthumous Occurrence .... 5

"SQderies : —

Did Captain Cook first discover the Sandwich Islands ?

by J. S. Warden 6

Superstition of the Cornish Miners - - - 7

Minor Queries : — Clerical Duel — Pistol — Council of
Laodicea, Canon 35. — Pennycomequick, adjoining
Plymouth — Park the Antiquary — Honorary U.C.L.'s

— Battle of Villers en Couche — Dr. Misaubin — .
Kemble, Willet. and Forbes — Piccalyly — Post- Office
about 1770 — " Carefully examined and well-authenti.
cated"— Sir Heister Ryley — Effigies with folded
Hands ...--..7

Minor Queries with Answers :— Passage in Bishop
Horsley — " Marry come up ! " — Dover Court —
Porter— Dr. Whitaker's ingenious Earl — Dissimulate 9

®EPLIES : —

Bishop Ken, by the Rev. J. H. Markland - - 10

Bohn's Edition of Hoveden, by James Graves . .11

Coleridge's Christabel, by J. S. Warden - - - 11

Its - - - - - - . - 12

Tamily of Milton's Widow, by T. Hughes - - 12

'Books of Emblems — Jacob Behmen, by C. Mansfield
Ingleby .......13

Raffaelle's Sposalizio - - . - .14

Windfall 14

Mr. Justice Newton, by the Rev. H. T. EUacombe and
F. KyfHn Lenthall . - ... 15

Photographic Correspondence : — Mr. Lyte's Treat-
ment of Positives — Stereoscopic Angles — Query re-
specting Mr. Pollock's Process — Gallo-nitrate of
Silver ....... 15

Heflies to Minor Queriks :— Verney Note decyphered

— Emblems by John Bunyan— Mr. Cobb's Diary —
"Satcito si sat bene " — Mythe versus Myth — The
Gilbert Family — Alexander Clark —Christ's Cross

— The Rebellious Prayer — " To the Lords of Con-
vention" — Wooden Tombs and Effigies — Lord
Clarendon and the Tubwoman — House-marks —

■" Amentium hand amantium " — The Megatherium
in the British Museum — Pictorial Proverbs — " Hur-
rah," and other War-cries - - . - 17

Miscellaneous : —

Notes on Books, &c. ..... 20

Books ana OrW Volumes wanted - - - - 21

Notices to Correspondents . - - - 21

Advertisements - _ . . . _ 21

Vol. VIII. — No. 192.

HattS.

OBLATION OP A WHITE BULL.

By lease dated 28th April, 1533, the Abbat of
St. Edmund's Bury demised to John Wright,
glazier, and John Anable, pewterer, of Bury, the
manor of Haberdon appurtenant to the office of
Sacrist in that monastery, with four acres in tlj^
Vynefeld, for twenty years, at the rent of 5/. 4*!! to
the Sacrist ; the tenants also to find a white bsU
every year of their term, as often as it should
happen that any gentlewoman, or any other
woman, should, out of devotion, visit the shrine of
the glorious king and martyr St. Edmund, and
wish to make the oblation of a white bull. (Dodsw.
Coll. in Bibl. BodL, vol. Ixxi. f. 72.)

If we are to understand a white bull of the an-
cient race of wild white cattle, it may be inferred,
I suppose, that in some forest in the vicinity of
Bury St. Edmund's they had not disappeared jax
the first half of the si.xteenth century. The wUd
cattle, probably indigenous to the great Caledonian
forest, seem to have become extinct in a wild st^
before the time of L eland, excepting where pre*
served in certain ancient parks, as Chillingham
Park, Northumberland, Gisburne Park in Craven,
&c., where they were, and in the former at all
events still are, maintained in their original purity
of breed. They were preserved on the lands of
some abbeys; for instance, by the Abbats of
Whalley, Lancashire.

Whitaker (History of Craven, p. 34.) mentions
Gisburne Park as chiefly remarkable for a herd of
wild cattle, descendants of that indigenous race
which once roamed in the great forests of Lanca-
shire, and they are said by some other writer to
have been originally brought to Gisburne from
Whalley after the dissolution. One of the de-
scendants of Robert de Brus, the founder of Gains-
borough Priory, is stated by Matthew Paris to
have conciliated King John with a present of
white cattle. The woods of Chillingham Castle
are celebrated at this day for the breed of this
remarkable race, by which they are inhabited ; and
I believe there are three or four other places ia
which they are preserved.

In the form and direction of the horns, these
famous wild white oxen seem to be living repre-

2

NOTES AND QUERIES*

4-J-

[:^o. 192.

sentatives of the race whose bones are found in a
fossil state in England and some parts of the Con-
tinent in the " diluvium " bone-caves, mixed with
the bones of bears, hyenas, and other wild ani-
mals, now the cotemporaries of the Bos Gour, or
Asiaiic Ox, upon mountainous slopes of Western
India. I have read that white cattle resembling
the wild cattle of Chillingham exist in Italy, and
that it has been doubted whether our British wild
cattle are descendants of an aboriginal race, or
■w&e imported by ecclesiastics from Italy. But
t^is'seems unlikely, because they were not so easily
brought over as the Pope's bulls (the pun is quite
unavoidable), and were undoubtedly inhabitants
of our ancient forests at a very early period.

However, my present object is only to inquire
for any other instances of the custom of offering a
white bull in honour of a Christian saint. Perhaps
funeae of your correspondents would elucidate this
«Ingular oblation.

I am not able to refer to Col. Hamilton Smith's
ihjrk on the mythology and ancient history of the
bx{ Which mr.y possibly notice this kind of offering.

W.S.G.
■ Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

NEWSTEAD ABBET.

■■'The descent of property, like the family pedi-
^i^ei occasionally exhibits the most extraordinary
ais'ttrptions ; and to those who may be ignorant of
tl^p^cause, the effect may appear as romance. I
nfliT'e been particularly struck with the two inte-
resting papers contained in the April number of
^e Archaological Journal, having reference to the
Newstead Abbey estate, formerly the property of
Lord Byron's family, which, amongst other mat-
ters, contain some severe remarks on the conduct
of one of its proprietors, the great uncle and pre-
i^ecessor of our great poet, and having reference
fo dilapidation. Mr. Pettigrew, in his paper, states
ffiat—

" Family differences, particularly during the time of
the fifth Lord Byron, of eccentric and unsocial manners,
suffered and even aided the dilapidations of time.
The castellated stables and oflBces are, however, yet to
be seen."

And Mr. Ashpitel adds that —

" The state of Newstead at the time the poet suc-
ceeded to the estate is not generally known : ' the
wicked lord'' had felled all the noble oaks, destroyed the
finest herds of deer, and, in short, had denuded the
estate of everything he could. The hirelings of the
attorney did the rest : they stripped away all the fur-
niture, and everything the law would permit them to
remove. The buildings on the east side were unroofed ;
the old Xenodochium, and the grand refectory, were
full of hay ; and the entrance-hall and monks' parlour
were stable for cattle. In the only habitable part of
the building, a place then used as a sort of scullery,

under the only roof that kept out wet of all "this vast
pile, the fifth Lord Byron breathed his last ; and to
this inheritance the poet succeeded."

It is not necessary for me to refer to the lofty
expression of the poet's feelings on such his in-
heritance, nor to the necessity of his parting from
the estate, which appears now to be happily re-
stored to its former splendour ; but possessing
some knowledge of a lamentable fact, that neither
Mr. Pettigrew nor Mr. Ashpitel appears to be
aware of, I feel inclined to soften the asperity of
the reflectlo'ns quoted; and palliate, although I
may not justify, the apparently reckless proceed-
ings of the eccentric fifth Lord, as he is called.-
In the years 1796 and 1797, after finishing my
clerkship, I had a seat In the chambers of the late
Jas. Hanson, Esq., an eminent conveyancer of
Lincoln's Inn ; and while with him, amongst other
peers of the realm who came to consult Mr.
Hanson regarding their property, we had this
eccentric fifth Lord Byron, who apparently came
up to town for the purpose, and under the most
painful and pitiable load of distress, — and I mus^
confess that I felt ibr him exceedingly ; but his case
was past remedy, and, after some daily attendance,
pouring forth his lamentations, he appears to have
returned home to subside Into the reckless opera-
tions reported of him. His case was this : — Upon
the marriage of his son, he, as any other father
would do, granted a settlement of his property,
including the Newstead Abbey estate ; but by
some unaccountable Inadvertence or negligence of
the lawyers employed, the ultimate reversion of the
fee-simple of the property, instead of being left, as
it ought to have been, in the father as the owner of
the estates, was limited to the heirs of the son.
And upon his death, and failure of the Issue of the
marriage, the unfortunate father, tJiis eccentric lord,
found himself robbed of the fee-simple of his own
inheritance, and left merely the naked tenant for
life, without any legal power of raising money upon
it, or even of cutting down a tree. It Is so many
years ago, that I now do not remember the detail
of what passed on these consultations ; but it would
appear, that if the lawyers were aware of the effect
of the final limitation, neither father nor son ap-
pear to have been Informed of it, or the result
might have been corrected, and his lordship would
probably have kept up the estate in its proper
order. Whether this case was at all a promotmg
cause of the alteration of the law, I do not know ;
but, as the law now stands, the estate would revert
back to the father as heir of this son. This case,
made a lasting impression on me, and I onoe_ had
to correct a similar erroneous proposition in a
large intended settlement; and I quoted this un-
fortunate accident as an authority. Now, although
this relation may not fully justify the reckless
waste that appears to have been committed, it cer-
tainly is a palliative. I do not recollect whether

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

our fifth lord had any surviving daughter to pro-
vide for ; but if he had, his situation would be a
still more aggravated position. W. S. Hasleden.

CELEBRATED

JULIET,'

PASSAGE
' ACT ni.

IN " EOMEO
SC. 2,

I

Few passages in Shakspeare have so often and
so ineffectually been " winnowed" as the opening
of the beautiful and passionate soliloquy of Juliet,
when ardently and impatiently invoking night's
return, which was to bring her newly betrothed
lover to her arms. It stands thus in the first folio,
from which the best quarto differs only in a few
unimportant points of orthography :

" Gallop apace, you fiery footed steedes,
Towards Phoebus' lodging, such a wagoner
As Phaeton would whip you to the wish,
And bring in cloudie night immediately.
Spred thy close curtaine, Loue-performing night,
That run-awayes eyes may wincke, and Romeo
Leape to these armes, untalkt of and unseene," &c.

The older commentators do not attempt to
change the word run-awayes, but seek to explain
it. Warburton says Phoebus is the runaway.
Steevens has a long argument to prove that Night
is the runaway. Douce thought Juliet herself was
the runaway ; and at a later period the Rev. Mr.
Halpin, in a very elegant and ingenious essay,
attempts to prove that by the runaway we must
understand Cupid.

Mr. Knight and Mr. Collier have both of
them adopted Jackson's conjecture of unawares,
and have admitted it to the honour of a place in
the text, but Mr. Dyce has pronounced it to be
"villainous;" and it must be confessed that it has
nothing but a slight similarity to the old word to
recommend it. Mr. Dyce himself has favoured
us with three suggestions ; the first two in his
Remarks on Collier and Knighfs Shakspeare, in
1844, where he says —

" That ways (the last syllable of run-aways) ought to
be days, I feel next to certain ; but what word ori-
ginally preceded it I do not pretend to determine :

' Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night !

That (?) Day's eyes may wink, and Romeo

Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen,' &c."

The correctors of Mr. Collier's folio having
substituted —

" That enemies eyes may wink,"
Mb. Dyce, in his recent Few Notes, properly re-
jects that reading, and submits another conjecture
of his own, founded on the supposition that the
word roving having been written illegibly, roavinge
was mistaken for run-awayes, and proposes to
read — ^

" That roving eyes may wink."

Every suggestion of Mr. Dyce, certainly the
most competent of living commentators on Shak-
speare, merits attention ; but I cannot say tha:^ I
think he has succeeded in either of his proposed
readings.

Monck Mason seems to have had the clearest
notion of the requirements of the passage. He
saw that " the word, whatever the meaning of it
might be, was intended as a proper name ;" but he
was not happy in suggesting renomy, a French
word with an English termination.

In the course of his note he mentions tha|
Heath, " the author of the Revisal, reads '•Rumour's
eyes may wink ; ' which agrees in sense with the
rest of the passage, but differs widely from run-
aways in the trace of the letters."

I was not conscious of having seen this sugges-
tion of Heath's, when, in consequence of a question
put to me by a gentleman of distinguished taste
and learning, I turned my thoughts to the passage,
and at length came to the conclusion that the
word must have been rumourers, and that from its
unfrequent occurrence (the only other example of
it at present known to me being one afforded by
the poet) the printer mistook it for runawayes;
which, when written indistinctly, it may have
strongly resembled. I therefore think that we
may read with some confidence :

" Spread thy close curtains, love-performing Night,
That rumourers' eyes may wink, and Romeo
Leap to these arms, untalk^d qfand unseen."

It fulfils the requirements of both metre an^
sense, and the words untalk'd of and unseen m^e
it nearly indisputable. I had at first thought 'itr
might be '•'■ rumorous eyes;" but the personificaP
tioii would then be wanting. Shakspeare has per-^
sonified Rumour in the Introduction to the Second
Part of King Henry IV. ; and in Coriolanmi
Act IV. Sc. 6., we have —

" Go see this rumourer whipp'd." ,'"

I am gratified by seeing that I have anticipated
your able correspondent, the Rev. Mr. Arrow-
smith, in his elucidation of "c/amowr your tongues,"
by citing the same passage from Udall's ApopJi-
thegmes, in my Vindication of the Text of Shak-
speare, p. 79. It is a pleasure which must console
me for having subjected myself to his just animad-
version on another occasion. If those who so
egregiously blunder are to be spared the castigation
justly merited, we see by late occurrences to what
it may lead ; and your correspondent, in my judg-
ment, is conferring a favour on all true lovers of
our great poet by exposing pretension and error,
from whatever quarter it may come, — a duty which
has been sadly neglected in some late partial re-
views of Mr. Collier's " clever" corrector. Mr.
Arrowsmith's communications have been so truly
ad rem, that I think I shall be expressing the sen-
timents of all your readers interested in such

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 192.

matters, in expressing an earnest desire for their
continuance. S. W. Singeb.

Mickleham.

ON THE PASSAGE FROM "KING LEAS.

(Vol. vii., p. 592.)

Will you allow me to suggest to your ingenious
Deeds correspondent (whose communications
would be read with only the more pleasure if they
evinced a little more respect for the opinions of
others) that before he asserts the existence of a
certain error which he points out in a passage in
King Lear to be " undeniable," it would be de-
sirable that he should support his improved
reading by other passages from Shakspeare, or
from cotemporary writers, in which the word he
proposes occurs ? For my own part, I think
A. E. B.'s suggestion well worthy of consideration,
but I cannot admit that it " demonstrates itself,"
or " that any attempt to support it by argument
would be absurd," for it would unquestionably
strengthen his case to show that the verb " re-
cuse " was not entirely obsolete in Shakspeare's
time. IJiTeither can I admit that there is an " ob-
vious opposition between means and defects,^' the
two words having no relation to each other. The
question is, which of two words must be altered ;
and at present I must own I am inclined to put
more faith in the authority of " the old corrector "
than in A. E. B.

Having taken up my pen on this subject, allow
me to remark upon the manner in which Mk.
Collier's folio is referred to by your corre-
spondent. I have carefully considered many of
the emendations proposed, and feel in my own
mind satisfied that so great a number that, in the
words of your correspondent, demonstrate them-
selves, could not have been otherwise than adopted
from some authority. Even in the instance of the
passage from Henry F., " on a table of green
friese," which A. E. B. selects, I presume, as being
especially absurd, I think " the old corrector "
right ; although I had frequently cited Theobald's
correction as particularly happy, and therefore
the new version was at first to me very distasteful.
But, whatever opinion may be held as to the value
of the book, it is surely unbecoming to the dis-
cussion of a literary question to indulge in the
unsparing insinuations that have been thrown out
on all sides respecting it. I leave out of question
the circumstance, that the long and great services
of Mr. Collier ought to protect him at least from
such unworthy treatment. Samuel Hickson.

P. S. -^ Since writing the above, I have seen
Mr. Keightley's letter. I hope he will not de-
prive the readers of " N. & Q." of the benefit of
his valuable communications for the offences of

one or two. He might consider, first, that his
own dignity would suffer least by letting them
pass by him " as the idle wind ; " and, secondly,
that some allowance should be made for gentle-
men who engage in controversy on a subject
which, strangely enough, next to religion, seems ,
to be most productive of discord. S. H.

" I have no way, and therefore want no eyes ;
I stumbled when I saw. Full oft 'tis seen
Our means secure us ; and our mere defects
Prove our commodities."

Does not Shakspeare here use secure as a verb,
in the sense " to make careless ? " If so, the pas-
sage would mean, "Our means," that is, our power,
our strength, make us wanting in care and vigi-
lance, and too self-confident. Gloucester says,
" I stumbled when I saw ; " meaning. When I had
eyes I walked carelessly; when I had the "means"
of seeing and avoiding stumbling-blocks, I stum-
bled and fell, because I walked without care and
watchfulness. Then he adds, " And our mere de-
fects prove our commodities." Our deficiencies,
our weaknesses (the sense of them), make us use
such care and exertions as to prove advantages to
us. Thus the antithesis is preserved.

How scriptural is the first part of the passage !

" Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest
he fall."— 1 Cor. x. 12.

" He hath said in his heart, Tush, I shall never be
cast down : there shall no harm happen unto me."^
Ps. X. 6.

The second part is also scriptural :

" My strength is made perfect in weakness." —
2 Cor. xii. 9.

" When I am weak then am I strong." — 2 Cor. xii.
10.

In Timon of Athens we find secure used as a
verb : '■'■Secure thy heart." — Act II. Sc. 2.
Again, in Othello :

" I do not so secure me In the error." — Act I. Sc. 3.

In Du Cange's Gloss, is the verb ''Securare
nude pro securum reddere." In the " Alter Index
sive Glossarium " of Ainsworth's Dictionary is the

verb "Securo, as to live carelessly." In

the " Verba partim Grajca Latine scripta, partial
barbara," &o., is " Securo, as securum reddo."

The means of the hare in the fable for the race
(that is, her swiftness) secured her ; the defects of
the tortoise (her slowness) proved her commodity.

F. W. J.

MANNERS OF THE IRISH.

The following are extracts from a MS. volume
of the sixteenth century, containing, inter alia,
notes of the Manners and Superstitions of the

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

Celtic Irish. Some of our readers may be able to
elucidate the obscure references :

« The Irish men they have a farme,
They kepp the bread,

And make boyranne.
They make butter and eatt molchan.
And when they haue donne

They have noe shamm.
They burne the strawe and make loisbran.
They eatt the flesh and drinke the broth,
And when they have done they say
Deo gracias is smar in Doieagh."

The next appears to be a scrap of a woman's
song:

" Birch and keyre 'tis wal veyre a spyunyng deye a

towme.
I am the geyest mayed of all that brought the somer

houme.
Justice Deyruse in my lopp, and senscal in my

roame," &c.

John Devereux was Justiciary of the Pala-
tinate Liberty of Wexford in the early part of
Henry VIII.'s reign. That Palatinate was then
governed by a seneschal or " senscal." The jus-
tice would seem to have been a gallant and sensual
man, and the song may have been a little satirical.
Among the notes of the " Manners " of the Irish,
it is declared that —

"Sett them a farme — the grandfather, father, son,
and they clayme it as their own : if not, they goe to
rebellion."

Will any antiquary versed in Celtic customs
explain whether this claim of possession 4^rew out
of any Celtic usage of tenancy ? And also point
out authorities bearing upon the customs of Celtic
agricultural tenancy ?

The next extract bears upon the communication
at Vol. vii., p. 332. :

" An Ultagh hath three purses. He runneth behind
dore to draw his money : one cutteth the throte of
another."

Now, was an Ultagh an Irish usurer or money-
lender? Your correspondent at page 332. re-
quests information respecting Roger Outlaw. Sir
William Betham, in a note to the "Proceedings
against Dame Alice Ugteler," the famous pseudo-
Kilkenny witch, remarks that " the family of Ut-
lagh were seated in Dublin, and filled several
situations in the corporation." Utlagh and Out-
law are the same surnames. The named Utlagh
also occurs in the Calendar of Printed Irish Patent
Rolls. William Utlagh, or Outlaw, was a hanker
and money-lender in Kilkenny, in the days of
Edward I, He was the first husband of the witch,
and brother of Friar Roger Outlaw. In favour of
the latter, who was Prior of Kilmainham, near
Dublin, a mandamus, dated 10 Edw. II., was issued
for arrears due to him since he was " justice and

chancellor, and even lieutenant of the justiciary,
as well in the late king's time as of the present
king's." He was appointed Lord Justice, or deputy
to the Lord Lieutenant, by patent dated Mar. JjS,
9 Edw. IIL

Many of the Irish records having been lost, your
correspondent will do an obliging service in poiafe-
ing out the repository of the discovered roll. Pep^
haps steps might be taken for its restoration. jH,

[The following communication from our valued
correspondent, the Rev. H. T. Ellacombe, affords at
once a satisfactory reply to H.'s Query, and a proof of
the utility of " N. & Q,."]

Roger Outlawe (Vol. vii., p. 559,). — Thanks to
Anon, and others for their information.

As for " in viiij mense," I cannot understand it :
I copied it as it was sent to me. B. Etii was an
error of the press for R. Etii, but I purposely
avoided noticing it, because my very first commu-
nication on the subject to "N. & Q.," under my
own name and address, opened a very pleasing
correspondence, which has since led to the re-
storation of these Irish documents to their con-
geners among the public records in Dublin ; a
gentleman having set out most chivalrously from
that city at his o-.vn cost to recover them, and I
am happy to say he has succeeded ; and in the
English Quarterly Magazine there will soon
appear, I believe, an account of the documents in
question. It would not, therefore, become me to
give in this place the explanation which has been
kindly communicated to me as to the meaning of
the last conquest of Ireland ; but I have no doubt
it will be explained in the English Quarterly.

H. T. Ellacombe.

Rectory, Clyst St. George.

Minax §,atzS,

Burial in an erect Posture. — In the north transept
of Stanton Harcourt Church, Oxon, the burial-
place of the Harcourt family, is a circular slab of
blue marble in the pavement, in which is inlaid a
shield of brass bearing the arms of Harcourt, — two
bars, dimidiated with those of Beke ; the latter,
when entire, forming a cros ancree. The brass is
not engraved, but forms the outline of the shield
and arms. It is supposed to be the monument of
Sir John, son of Sir Richard Harcourt and Mar-
garet Beke, who died 1330. (See extracts from
Lord Harcourt's " Account," in the Oxford Archi-
tectural Guide, p. 178.) Tradition relates, if my
memory does not mislead me, that the knight was
buried beneath this stone in an erect posture, but
assigns no reason for this peculiarity. Is the pro-
bability of this being the case supported by any,
and what instances ? Or does the legend merely
owe its existence to the circular form of the stone?

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 192.

I think that its diameter is about two feet. If
Mb. Feaseb has not met with the information
already, he may be interested, with reference to his
tQuery on "Dimidiation" (Vol. vii., p. 548.), in
learning that the above-mentioned Margaret was
daughter and coheiress of John Lord Beke of
-Eresby, who by his will, made the 29th of Edw. I.,
■devised the remainder of his arms to be divided
between Sir Robert de Willoughby and Sir John
de Harcourt. And this may lead to the farther
Query, whether dimidiation was originally or uni-
versally resorted to in the case of coheiresses ?

Cheveeells.

The Archbishop of Armagh's Cure for the Gout,
1571. — Extracted from a letter from Thomas
Lancaster, Archbishop of Armagh, to Lord
Burghley, dated from Dublin, March 25, 1571 : —

" I am sorofull for that yo' honor is greved w"" the
goute, from the w'^'' I beseche Almighty God deliver
you, and send you health ; and yf (it) shall please y'
honor to prove a medicen for the same w''^ 1 brought
owt of Duchland, and have eased many w"" it, I trust in
God it shall also do you good ; and this it is. Take
ij spaniel whelpes of ij dayes olde, scald them, and
cause the entrells betaken out, but wash them not.
Take 4 ounces brymstone, 4 ounces torpentyn, 1 ounce
parmacete, a handfuU nettelis, and a quantyte of oyle
of balme, and putt all the aforesayd in them stamped,
and sowe them up and rost them, and take the dropes
and anoynt you wheare your grefe is, and by God's
grace yo' honor shall fynd helpe." — From the Original
in the State Paper Office.

Spes.

The last known Survivor of General Wolfe's
Army in Canada. — In a recent number of the
Montreal Herald, mention is made of more than
twenty persons whose ages exceed one hundred
years. The editor remarks that —

" The most venerable patriarch now in Canada
is Abraham Miller, who resides in the township of
Grey, and is 115 years old. In 1758 he scaled the
cliffs of Quebec with General Wolfe, so that his resi-
dence in Canada is coincident with British rule in the
province. He is attached to the Indians, and lives in
all respects like them."

w.w.

Malta.

National Methods of Applauding. — Clapping
with the hands is going out of use in the United
States, and stampmg with the feet is taking its
place. When Mr. Combe was lecturing on phre-
nology at the Museum building in Philadelphia
twelve or thirteen years ago, he and his auditors
were much annoyed by the pedal applause of a
company in the room above, who were listening to
the concerts of a negro band. Complaint was
made to the authorities of the Museum Society ;
.but the answer was, that nothing could be done, as

stamping of the feet was " the national method of
applauding."

The crying of " hear him ! hear him ! " during
the delivery of a speech, is not in use in the United
States, as an English gentleman discovered who
settled here a few years ago. He attended a meet-
ing of the members of the church to which he had
attached himself, and hearing something said that
pleased him, he cried out " hear him ! hear him ! "
Upon which the sexton came over to him, and
told him that, unless he kept himself quiet, he
would be under the necessity of turning him out
of church. M. E.

Philadelphia.

Curious Posthumous Occurrence. — If the follow-
ing be true, though in ever so limited a manner,
it deserves investigation. Notwithstanding his
twenty-three years' experience, the worthy grave-
digger must have been mistaken, unless there is
something peculiar in the bodies of Bath people !
But if the face turns down in any instance, as
asserted, it would be right to ascertain the cause,
and why this change is not general. It is now
above twenty years since the paragraph appeared
in the London papers : —

" A correspondent in the Bath Herald states the
following singular circumstance: — 'Having occasion
last week to inspect a grave in one of the parishes of
this city, in which two or three members of a family
had been buried some years since, and which lay in
very wet ground, I observed that the upper part of the
coffin was rotted away, and had left the head and
bones of the skull exposed to view. On inquiring of
the grave-digger how it came to pass that I did not
observe the usual sockets of the eyes in the skull, he
replied that what I saw was the hind part of the head
(termed the occiput, I believe, by anatomists), and that
the face was turned, as usual, to the earth ! ! — Not
exactly understanding his phrase 'as usual,' I inquired
if the body had been buried with the face upwards, as
in the ordinary way ; to which he replied to my
astonishment, in the affirmative, adding, that in the
course of decomposition the face of every individual
turns to the earth ! ! and that, in the experience of
three-and-twenty years in his situation, he had never
known more than one instance to the contrary.' "

A. B. C.

caucrteiS.

DID CAPTAIN COOK FIRST DISCOVER THE SANDWICH
ISLANDS ?

In a French atlas, dated 1762, in my pos-
session, amongst the numerous non-existing
islands laid down in the map of the Pacific, and
the still more numerous cases of omission in-
evitable at so early a period of Polynesian dis-
covery, there is inserted an island styled "I. St.
Fran9ois," or "I. S. Francisco," which lies in

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

about 20^ N. and 224° E. from the meridian of
Ferro, and, of course, almost exactly in the situ-
ation of Owhyhee. That this large and lofty group
may have been seen by some other voyager long
before, is far from improbable; but, beyond a
question, Cook was the first to visit, describe, and
lay them down correctly in our maps. Professor
Meyen, however, as quoted in Johnston's Physical
Atlas, mentions these islands in terms which would
almost lead one to suppose that he, the Professor,
considered them to have been known to the
Spaniards in Anson's time or earlier, and that
'they had been regular calling places for the gal-
leons in those days! It is difficult to conceive
such a man capable of such a mistake ; but if he
did not suppose them to have been discovered
before Cook's voyage in 1778, his words are sin-
gularly calculated to deceive the reader on that
point. J. S. Warden.

SUPERSTITION OF THE CORNISH MINERS.

. Mr. Kingsley records a superstition of the
Cornish miners, which I have not seen noted else-
where. In reply to the question, " What are the
Knockers ? " Tregarva answers :

" They are the ghosts, the miners hold, of the Old
Jews that crucified our Lord, and were sent for slaves by
the Roman emperors to work the mines: and we find
their old smelting-houses, wliich we call Jews' houses,
and their blocks oF the bottom of the great bogs, which
we call Jews' tin : and then, a town among us, too,
which we call Market Jew, but the old name was Ma~
razion, that means the Bitterness of Zion, they tell me ;
and bitter work it was for them no doubt, poor souls !
We used to break into the old shafts and adits which
they had made, and find old stags-horn pickaxes, that
crumbled to pieces when we brought them to grass.
And they say that if a man will listen of a still night
about those old shafts, he may hear the ghosts of them
at working, knocking, and picking, as clear as if there
was a man at work in the next level." — Yeast; a
Problem: Lond. 1851, p. 255.

Miners, as a class, are peculiarly susceptible of
impressions of the unseen world, and the super-
stitions entertained by them in different parts of
the world would form a curious volume. Is there
any work on Cornish folk lore which alludes to
this superstition respecting the Jews ? It would
be useless, I dare say, to consult Carew, or Borlase ;
besides, I have not them by me.

Apropos to Cornish matters, a dictionary with
a very tempting title was advertised for publication
two or three years ago :

" Geslevar Cernewac, a Dictionary of the Cornish
Dialect of the Cymraeg or ancient British Language,
in which the words are elucidated by numerous ex-
amples from the Cornish works now remaining, with
translations in English : and the synonyms in Welsh,
Armoric, Irish, Gaelic, and Manx, so as to form a

Celtic Lexicon. By the Rev. Robert Williams, M.A.,
Oxon., to be published in one vol. 4to., price 31s. 6d."
When shall we see this desirable lexicon ? I
was reminded of It the other day by hearing of
the subscriptions on foot for the publication of tha
great Irish dictionary, which the eminent Irish
scholars Messrs. O'Donovan and Curry have had
In hand for many years. Eirionnach,

1

Clerical Duel. — I shall be obliged to any cor-
respondent who will supply the name of the
courtier referred to In the following anecdote,
which Is to be found In Burckhardt's Kirchen-
Geschichte der De^itschen Gemeinden in London,
Tub. 1798, p. 77.

Anton Wilhelm Bohme, who came over as
chaplain with Prince George of Denmark, officiated
at the German Chapel, St. James's, from the year
1705 to 1722. He was afVivourite of Queen Anne,
and a friend of Isaac Watts. On one occasion he
preached against adultery In a way which gave
great offence to one of the courtiers present, who
conceived that a personal attack on himself was
intended. He accordingly sent a challenge to the
preacher, which was witliout hesitation accepted ;
and at the time and place appointed the chaplain
made his appearance in full canonicals, with his
Bible in his hand, and gave the challenger a lec-
ture which led to their reconciliation and friend-
ship.

I should like also to know whether there is any
other authority for the story than that which I
have quoted. S. R. Maitland.

Gloucester.

Pistol. — What Is the date of the original Intro-
duction of this word into our vocabulary in either
of the senses in which it Is equivocally used by
Falstaff in 1 Henry IV., Act V. Sc. 3. ? In the
sense of fire-arms, pistols seem to have been un-
known by that name as late as the year 1541 ; for
the Stat. 33 Hen. VIII. c. 6., after reciting the
murders, &c. committed " with cross-bows, little
short hand-guns, and little hagbuts," prohibits the
possession of " any hand-gun other than such as
shall be in the stock and gun of the length of one
whole yard, or any hagbut or demihake other than
such as shall be in the stock and gun of the
length of three quarters of one yard." But
throughout the act there is no mention of the
word " pistol." J. F. M.

Council of Laodicea, Canon 35. — Can any of-
your readers inform me whether, in any early
work on the Councils, the word angelos is in the
text, without having angulos In the margin ? If
so, oblige me by stating the editions.

Clericus (D).

8

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 192.

Pennycomequick, adjoining Plymouth. — The Bath
and West of England Agricultural Society held
their recent annual meeting here. Will any of
your correspondents oblige me with the derivation
of this remarkable word ? E,. H. B.

Park the Antiqvnry. — In a note to the third
volume (p. Ixxiii.) of the Grenville Correspondence
is the following passage : " Barker has printed a
second note, which Junius is supposed to have
■written to Garrick, upon the authority of Park
the antiquary, who states that he found it in a co-
temporary newspaper,'" &c. This is not strictly
correct. Barker says (p. 190.), "The letter was
found in a copy of Junius belonging to [Query,
which had belonged to ?] T. Park, &c. He had
[Query, it is presumed ?] cut it out of a news-
paper ; but unfortunately has omitted to furnish
the date of the newspaper." [Query, How then
known to be cotemporary ?] The difference is
important ; but where is the copy containing this
letter ? By whom has it been seen ? By whom
and when first discovered ? Where did Barker
find the story recorded ? When and where first
printed? P. T. A.

Honorary D. C. L.^s. — It was mentioned in a
report of proceedings at the late Installation, that
the two royal personages honoured with degrees,
having been doctored by diploma, would be en-
titled to vote in Convocation, — a privilege not
possessed by the common tribe of honorary
D.C.L.'s.

Can you inform me whether Dr. Johnson had,
or ever exercised, the right referred to in virtue
of his M. A. degree (conferred on the publication
of the Dictionary^, or of the higher academical
dignity to which his name has given such a world-
wide celebrity ? Cantabrigiensis.

Battle of Villers en Couche. — Some of your cor-
respondents, better versed than myself in military
matters, will doubtless render me assistance by
replying to this Query. Where can I find a
copious and accurate account of the battle, or per-
haps I should rather say skirmish, of Villers en
Couche ? If I am rightly informed, it must be one
of the most remarkable actions on record, when
the comparative numbers of the troops engaged
are taken into consideration. We have, as an heir-
loom in our family, a medal worn by an officer on
that occasion : it is suspended from a red and
white ribbon, and is inscribed thus :

" FORTITUDINE

VILLERS EN COUCHE.

24th APRIL,

1794."

I do not remember to have read any account of
the battle ; but, as I have heard from the lips of
one who gained his information from the officer

before alluded to, the particulars were these : —
General Mansell, with a force consisting of two
squadrons of the 15th Hussars, and one squadron
of the German Legion, two hundred and seventy^
two in all, charged a body of the French army, ten
thousand strong. The French were formed in a
hollow square : but five times, as I am informed^
did our gallant troops charge into and out of the
square, till the French, struck with a sudden panic,,
retreated with a loss of twelve hundred men. I
am desirous of authenticating this almost incredible
account, and shall be thankful for such informatioit
as may guide me to an authoritative record of the-
action in question. W. Sparrow Simpson, B.A.

Dr. Misauhin. — Will any of your numerous
correspondents give me any information, or refer
me to any work where I can find it, respecting
Dr. Misaubin, who appears to have practised in
London during the first half of the last century ?
What was the peculiarity of his practice ?

Griffin.

Kemble, Willet, and Forbes. — What are the
two concluding lines of an epigram published ten.
or twelve years ago, beginning, —

" The case of Kemble, Willet, and Forbes,
Much of the Chancellor's time absorbs ;
If I were the Chancellor 1 should tremble
At the mention of Willet, Forbes, and Kemble " ?

Ukeda..
Philadelphia.

Piccalyly. — The ornament, somewhat between,
a hood, a scarf, and an armlet, worn hanging over
the right shoulder of judges and Serjeants at law,
is called a piccalyly. What is the origin of this
peculiarity of judicial costume, what are the
earliest examples of it, and what its etymology ?

No JUDGE^

Post-Office about 1770. — Mr. Smith, in the notes
prefixed to the Grenville Correspondence, says
several of Junius's letters appear to have been
sent from the same post-office " as the post-mark
is '■ peny post payd,' " — a peculiarity of spelling
not likely to occur often. Have any of your cor-
respondents letters of that date with a like post-
mark ? and, if so, can they tell us where posted ?

P. A. O.

" Carefully examined and well-authetdicated." —
I agree with Mr. Cramp (Vol. vii., p. 569.) that
" the undecided question of the authorship of
Junius requires that every statement should be
carefully examined, and (as far as possible) only
well-authenticated facts be admitted as evidence.'*
I take leave, therefore, to remind him that my
question (Vol. iii., p. 262.) remains unanswered ;
that I am anxious that he should authenticate his
statement (p. 63.), and name some of the " many'*

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

persons In whose libraries vellum-bound copies of
Junius have been found. V. B.

Sir Heister Ryley. — Who was the author of the
Visions of Sir Heister Ryley, and whence did It
■derive its name? It was published In 1710, and
consists of papers periodically published on serious
<subjedts. It was one of the many short-lived
periodicals that sprung up in imitation of the
Taller, and appears to have died a natural death
At the end of the so-called first volume.

H. T. KlLEY.

Effigies with folded Hands. — On the south side
of Llangathen Church, Carmarthenshire, is a huge
monument (of the style well designated as bed-
stead) for Dr. Anthony Rudd, Bishop of St.
David's, and Anne Dalton, his wife, 1616, with
their recumbent efBgles, and those of four sons
kneeling at their head and feet. From all these
■figures the iconoclasts had smitten the hands up-
raised In prayer, and they have been replaced by
plaister hands folded on the bosom. The effect is
singular. Is there any other instance of such re-
storation ? E. D.

Passage in Bishop Horsley. — In the Introduction
to Utrum Horum, a rather curious work by Henry
Care, being a comparison of the Thirty-nine Ar-
ticles with the doctrines of Presbyterians on the
one hand, and the tenets of the Church of Rome
on the other, is an extract from Dr. HakewiU's
Answer (1616) to Dr. Carier, " an apostate to
Popery." In it occurs the following passage :
*' And so, through Calvin's sides, you strike at the
throat and heart of our religion." Will you allow
me to ask if a similar expression Is not used by
Bishop Horsley in some one of his Charges ?

s. s. s.

[The following passage occurs in the bishop's Charge
to the clergy of St. Asaph in 1806, p. 26.: " Take es-
.pecial care, before you aim your shafts at Calvinism,
that you know what is Calvinism, and what is not :
that in that mass of doctrine, which it is of late be-
come the fashion to abuse under the name of Calvinism,
you can distinguish with certainty that part of it which
is nothing better than Calvinism, and that which be-
longs to our common Christianity, and the general
faith of the Reformed Churches ; lest, when you mean
only to fall foul of Calvinism, you should unwarily attack
something more sacred and of higher origin."^

^^ Marry come up .'" — What Is the origin of this
expression, found in the old novelists ? It perhaps
originates in an adjuration of the Virgin Mary.
If so, how did it gain its present form ?

H. T. Riley.

[HalHwell explains it as an interjection equivalent
*o indeed i Marry on us, marry come up, Marry come

out, interjections given by Brockett. Marry and shall,
that I will ! Marry come up, my dirty cousin, a saying
addressed to any one who affects excessive delicacy.]

Dover Court. — What is the origin of the ex-
pression of a " Dover Court, where all are talkert
and none are hearers?" There is a place called
by this name in the vicinity of Harwich ?

H. T. Riley.

[There is a legend, that Dover-Court Church in
Essex once possessed a miraculous cross which spoke,
thus noticed in the Collier of Croydon :

" And how the rood of Dovercot did speak.
Confirming his opinions to be true."
So that it is possible, as Nares suggests, that this
church was the scene of confusion alluded to in the
proverb : " Dover Court ; all speakers and no hearers."
Fox, in his Martyrology, vol. ii. p. 302., states, that
" a rumour was spread that no man could shut the
door, which therefore stood open night and day ; and
that the resort of people to it was much and very-
great."]

Porter. — In what book Is the word porter,
meaning the malt liquor so called, first found ?
I have an impression that the earliest use of it that
I have seen is in Nicholas Amherst's Terra Filius,
about 1726. H. T. Riley.

[We doubt whether an earlier use of this word, as
descriptive of a malt liquor, will be found than the one
noticed by our correspondent ; for it was only abouC
1722 that Harwood, a London brewer, commenced
brewing this liquor, which he called " entire," or " en-
tire butt," implying that it was drawn from one cask
or butt. It subsequently obtained the name oi porter,
from its consumption by porters' and labourers.]

Dr. Whitaker's Ingenious Earl. —

" To our equal surprise and vexation at times, we
find the ancients possessed of degrees of physical know-
ledge with which we were mostly or entirely unac-
quainted ourselves. I need not appeal in proof of this
to that extraordinary operation of chemistry, by which
Moses reduced the golden calf to powder, and then
give it mingled with water as a drink to the Israelites ;
an operation the most difficult in all the processes of
chemistry, and concerning which it is a sufficient
honour for the moderns to say, that they have once or
twice practised it. I need not appeal to the mummies
of Egypt, in which the art of embalming bodies is so
eminently displayed, that all attempts at imitation have
only showed the infinite superiority of the original to
the copy. I need not appeal to the gilding upon those
mummies so fresh in its lustre ; to the stained silk of
them, so vivid in its colours after a lapse of 3000 years;
to the ductility and malleability of glass, discovered by
an artist of Rome in the days of Tiberius, but instantly
lost by the immediate murder of the man under the
orders of the emperor, and just now boasted vainly to
be re-discovered by the wildly crcentric, yet vividly
vigorous, genius of that earl who professes to teach law
to my lord chancellor, and divinity to my lords the

10

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 192.

bishops, who proposes to send a ship, by the force of
steam, with all the velocity of a ball from the mouth of
cannon, and who pretends by the power of his steam-
ii.. elled oars to beat the waters of the ocean into the
hardness of adamant ; or to the burning-glasses of
Archimedes, recorded in their effects by credible
writers, actually imitated by Proclus at the siege of
Constantinople with Archimedes' own success, yet
boldly pronounced by some of our best judges, demon-
strably impracticable in themselves, and lately de-
monstrated by some faint experiments to be very prac-
ticable, the skill of the moderns only going so far as to
render credible the practices of the ancients." — The
Course of Hannibal, by John Whitaker, B, D., 1794,
vol. ii. p. 142.

Who. was the earl whose universality of genius
is described above by this "laudator teniporis
acti?" H.J.

[Charles Earl Stanhope, whose versatility of talent
succeeded in abolishing the old wooden printing-press,
•with its double pulls, and substituting in its place the
beautiful iron one, called after him the " Stanhope
Press." His lordship's inventive genius, however,
failed in the composing-room ; for his transmogrified
letter-cases, with his eight logotypes, once attempted
at The Times'' office, were soon abandoned, and the old
process of single letters preferred.]

Dissimulate. — Where is the earliest use of this
word to be found ? It is to be met with in Ber-
nard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees, 1723 ; but is
not to be found, I think, in any dictionary. I was
once heavily censured at school for using It in my
theme ; but I have more than once of late seen it
used in a leading article of The Times.

H. T. Riley.

[_Dissimulate occurs in Richardson's Dictionary, with
the two following examples :

" Under smiling she was dissimulate,
Prouocatiue with blinkes amorous."

Chaucer, The Testament of Creseide.

" We commaunde as kynges, and pray as men, that
al thyng be forgiuen to theim that be olde and broken,
and to theim that be yonge and lusty, to dissimulate for
a time, and notbyng to be forgiuen to very yong chil-
dren."— Golden Bohe, c. ix.]

ISit^Mti.

BISHOP KEN.

(Vol. vii., p. 526.)

By converting a noun into a surname, Dodsley
has led J. J. J. into a natural, but somewhat
amusing mistake. The lines quoted are in Horace
Wal pole's well-known epistle, from Florence, ad-
dressed to his college friend T[homas] A[shton,]
tutor of the Earl of Plymouth].

In Walpole's Fugitive Pieces, printed at Straw-
berry Hill, 1758 (the copy of which, now before

me, was given by Walpole to Cole in 1762, and
contains several notes by the latter), the passage
stands correctly thus :

" Or, with wise ken, judiciously define,
Wlien Pius marks the honorary coin,
Of Caracalla, or of Antonine."

Your correspondent refers to an edition 'of the
Collection of Poems of 1758, In a much later
edition of that work, viz. 1782, the line is again
printed —

" Or with wise ken," &c.

It is strange that the mistake was not corrected,
at the instance of Walpole himself, during this long
interval.

Turning to Bishop Ken, I would observe that In .
his excellent Life of this prelate, Mr. Anderdon
has given the three well-known hymns " word for
word," as first penned. These, Mr. A. tells us, are
found, for the first time, in a copy of the Manual
of Prayers for the Use of the Winchester Scholars^
printed In 1700. The bishop's versions vary so
very materially from those to which we have been
accustomed from childhood, that these original
copies are very Interesting. Indeed, within five
years after their first appearance, and during the
author's life, material changes were made, several
of which are retained to the present hour. It must
be admitted that some of the stanzas, as they first
came from the bishop's pen, are singularly rugged
and Inharmonious, almost justifying the request
made by the lady to Byrom (as I have stated else-
where"'), "to revise and polish the bishop's poems."
How came these hymns, so far the most popular of
his poetical works, to be omitted by Hawkins in
the collected edition of the poems, printed in
4 vols., 1721 ?

My present object is, to call your attention to a
" Midnight Hymn," by Sir Thomas Browne, which
will be found In his works (vol. il. p. 113., edit.
Wilkin). Can there be a question that to it Ken
is indebted for some of the thoughts and expres-
sions in tv/o of his own hymns ?

The good bishop's fame will not be lessened by
his adopting what was good in the works of the
learned physician. He doubtless thought far more
of the benefit which he could render to the youth-
ful Wykehamists, than of either the originality or
smoothness of his own verses.

Sir Thomas Browne.
" While I do rest, my soul advance ;
Make my sleep a holy trance :
That I may, my rest being wrought,
Awake into some holy thought.
And with as active vigour run
My course as doth the nimble sun.

" Sleep is a death : O make me try.
By sleeping, what it is to die !

* Sketch of Bishop Ken's Life, p. 107.

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

11

And as gently lay my head
On my grave, as now my bed.

" These are my drowsy days ; in vain
I do now wake to sleep again.
O come that hour when I shall never
Sleep again, but wake for ever !

** Guard me 'gainst those watchful foes.
Whose eyes are open while mine close ;
Let no dreams my head infest,
But such as Jacob's temples blest."

Bishop Ken.
* " Awake, my soul, and with the sun

Thy daily stage of duty run.

" Teach me to live that I may dread
The grave as little as my bed.

" O when shall I in endless day
For ever chase dark sleep away.
And endless praise with th' Heavenly choir,
Incessant sing and never tire.

" You, my blest Guardian, whilst I sleep.
Close to my bed your vigils keep ;
Divine love into me instil.
Stop all the avenues of ill.

" Thought to thought, with my soul converse
Celestial joys to me rehearse ;
And in my stead, all the night long,
Sing to my God a grateful song."

In the work referred to — one of the most
valuable and best edited of modern days — Mr.
Wilkin, when speaking of a fine passage on music
in the Religio Medici (vol. ii. p. 106.), asks whe-
ther it may not have suggested to Addison the
beautiful conclusion of his Hymn on the Glories of
Creation ;

" What tho' in solemn silence, all," &e.

This passage in Sir Thomas Browne appears for-
cibly to have struck the gifted author of Confes-
sions of an English Opium-eater (see p. 106. of
that work). J. H. Markland.

BOHN S EDITION OP HOVEDEN.

(Vol. vii., p. 579.)

Mk. Riley mistakes my purpose if he thinks
that my object was to make a personal attack on
him ; and for anything in my last communication
which may have appeared to possess that ten-
dency, I hereby freely express my regret. Still I
cannot allow that he has explained away the mis-
takes of which I complained, and of which I still
have to complain. The kingdom of Cork never
" extended to within a short distance of Waterford ; "
and the territory of Desmond was never co-exten-
sive with Cork, having been always confined to
the county of Kerry. Mr. Riley, therefore, is in
error when he uses " Cork " and " Desmond " as
synonymous. Again, he falls into the same mis-

take by assuming " Crook, Hook Point, or The
Crook," to be synonyms. I never heard that
Henry II. landed at Hook Point, which is in th?
county of Wexford, and from which a land jou)t|tey
to Waterford would be very circuitous. At Crook,
however, on the opposite side of Waterford
Harbour, and within the shelter of Creden Head,
he is said to have done so; and as that point
answers pretty exactly to the Crock of Hoveden,
why assume some indefinite point of the " Kingdom
of Cork " as the locality, even supposing that its
boundary did approach Waterford city ? Really
Mr. Riley's explanations but make matters worse.
With regard to " Erupolensis " being an alias
of Ossoriensis, I may quote the authority of the
learned De Burgo, who, speaking of 'the diocese
of Ossory, observes :

" Quandoque tamen nuncupata erat Eyritpolensis
ab Eyro Flumine, vulgo Neoro, quod Kilkenniam al-
luit." — Hihernia Dominicana, p. 205. note i.

I maintain that the reading public has just cause
to complain, not (as I said on a former occasion)
because the editor of such a book as Hoveden's
Annals does not know everything necessary to
elucidate his author, but because baseless con-
jectures are put forward as elucidations of the
text. James Graves.

Kilkenny.

COLERIDGE S CHRISTAEEL.

(Vol. vii., pp. 206. 292.)

It is difficult to believe that the third part of
Christabel, published in Blackwood for June, 1819,
vol. V. p. 286., could have either " perplexed the
public," or " pleased Coleridge." In the first place,
it was avowedly written by " Morgan Odoherty ; "
and in the next, it is too palpable a parody to have
pleased the original author, who could hardly
have been satisfied with the raving rhapsodies put
into his mouth, or with the treatment of his inno-
cent and virtuous heroine. This will readily be
supposed when it is known that the Lady Ge-
raldine is made out to have been a man in woman's
attire, and that " the mark of Christabel's shame,
the seal of her sorrow," is neither more nor less
than the natural consequence of her having shared
her chamber with such a visitor.

Is your correspondent A. B. R. correct in stating
this parody to have been the composition of Dr.
Maginn ? In the biography of this brilliant writer
in the twenty-third volume of the Dublin Uni-
versity Magazine., Dr. Moir, who had undoubtedly
good opportunities of knowing, mentions that his
first contribution to Blackwood was the Latin
translation of " Chevy Chase," in the number for
November 1819 ; if this be correct, many of the
cleverest papers that appeared under the name of
Odoherty, and which are all popularly attributed

12

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 192.

to Maginn, must have been the work of other
authors, a circumstance which I had been already
led to suspect from the frequent local allusions to
Scotland in general, and to Edinburgh in par-
ticular, which could have scarcely proceeded from
the pen of a native of Cork, who had then never
visited Scotland. Since Dr. Moir's own death, it
appears that the Eve of St. Jerry, and the Rhyme
of the Auncient Waggonere, have been claimed for
iim, as well as some other similar pieces ; and I
believe that the series of JBoxiana, which also ap-
peared under the name of the renowned ensign
and adjutant, was written by Professor Wilson.
Maginn's contributions were at first under various
•signatures, and some time elapsed before he made
use of the' nom de guerre of Morgan Odoherty,
which eventually became so identified with him.

J. S. Warden.
Paternoster Row.

(Vol. vii., p. 578.)

I am sorry to intrude upon your valuable space
again in reference to this little word, but the in-
quiry of Mr. Rye (p. 578.), and other reasons,
render it desirable. The truth is that Mr.
Keightlet, Mr. Rye, and myself, are more or
less mistaken. 1. Mr. Keighteey, in his quo-
tation from Fairfax's Tasso (Mr. Singer's ac-
curate reprint, 1817), has his in both lines. 2. Mr.
Rye, in understanding me to refer to any trans-
lation proper ; unless Sternhold and Hopkins are
to be considered as having produced one. 3. My-
self, in supposing the old metrical version in the
Book of Common Prayer originally had the word
its. I copied from the Oxford edition In fol. of
1770; but a 4to. edition, " printed by lohn Daye,
dwelling over Aldersgate, anno 1574," does not
exhibit the word in the places specified ; we have
instead her in both places.

Hitherto, then, the oldest examples of the use
of this word have been adduced from Shakspeare.
These are to be found in the first folio, but are in
each case printed with the apostrophe after the
t^ — it's. Tliis method of writing the word, how-
ever, soon disappeared, for in a treatise of Pemble's,
printed 1635 (the author died in 1623), it appears
as we write it now :

" If faith alone by its own virtue and force." — Works,
fol. p. 171.

I have not observed the fact remarked, that be-
sides the use of his, her, hereof, thereof, of it, and
the, it was customary to employ the unchanged
word it for the possessive case. I will give an
example or two. In the Genevan version, at
Rom. viii. 20., we read " Not of it owne wille."
This passage is thus quoted in 1611 and in 1622,
but in a later edition of the same work, 1656, its

is substituted for it. I have a note of one other
instance from Perkins on Rev. ii. 28. (ed. 1606) :
" For as the sunne in the spring time quickeneth
by it warme beames."

In conclusion, may I request that if any genuine
instance of the use of this word its, is observed by
any of your many contributors, they will commu-
nicate the fact to you ? At present we can only
go back to Shakspeare, in his Winter''s Tale and
Henry VIII. B. H. C.

FAMILY OF MILTON S WIDOW.

(Vol. vii., p. 596.)

As your correspondent Cranmore has long been
a deserter from the ranks of " N. & Q.," I may
perhaps, without presumption, for once " stand in
his shoes," and reply to the challenge addressed to
him by V. M.

Much obscurity has all along prevailed among
the many biographers of Milton, in reference to
the family of Elizabeth MinshuU, his third wife,
and eventually, for more than fifty years, his
widow. Philips, Warton, Todd, and numerous
others, state her to have been " the daughter of
Mr. Minshull, of Cheshire," — a very vague asser-
tion when we consider that there were at least
three or four different families of that name then
existing in the county. Pennant, who delighted
in particularities, sometimes even at the expense
of historical fact, tells us, for the first time, in 1782,
that she was the daughter of Mr. (or Sir) Edward
Minshull, of Stoke, near Nantwich, and that she
died at the latter town in March, 1726, at an ad-
vanced age. Mr. Ormerod, again, whose splendid
History of Cheshire will be the standard authority
of the county for ages after he himself is carried
to his fathers, has unfortunately adopted the same
conclusion, and so given a colour, as it were, to
this erroneous statement of our Cambrian anti-
quary. The Rev. Benjamin Mardon's paper,
printed in the Journal of the British Archaological
Association for 1849, is another and more recent
instance of the way in which such errors as this
may become perpetuated. Another Avriter (Palmer)
conjectures her to have been the daughter of Min-
shull of Manchester; but this also has been proved
to be entirely destitute of foundation.

The truth of the matter is (and I am indebted
to Mr. Fitchett Marsh's clear and succinct disser-
tation in the Miscellany of the Chetham Society
for the Information), the poet's widow was
daughter of Mr. Randle Minshull, of Wistaston,
in the county of Chester, whose great-great-
grandfather, a younger son of Minshull of Min-
shull, settled on a small estate there In the reign
of Queen Elizabeth, and so founded the house ot
Minshull of Wistaston. Milton was introduced
to his Cheshire wife by his friend Dr. Paget ; and

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

13

it was by his advice that the author of Paradise
Lout once more entered into the bonds of wedlock.
Mr. Marsh, to clear up all doubt upon the subject,
and having previously established the identity of
the family,°examined the parish reorister at Wist-
aston, and there found that " Elizabeth, the
daughter of Randolph MynshuU, was baptized the
30th day of December, 1638;" so that, if baptized
shortly after birth, she must have been about
twenty-six years old when united to Milton in
1664, and about eighty-nine at her death, which
occurred in 1727.

V. M., and all others who desire farther en-
lightenment on the subject, will do well to refer
to the volume before mentioned, which forms the
twenty-fourth of the series published by the
Chetham Society. T. Hughes.

Chester.

BOOKS OP EMBLEMS — JACOB BEHMEN.

(Vol. vii., pp. 469. 579.)

Perhaps you will allow poor old Jacob Behmen,
the inspired cobbler of Gorlitz, a niche in your
temple of writers of emblems. I think he is legi-
timately entitled to that distinction. His works
are nearly ail couched in emblems ; and, besides
his own figures, his principles were pictorially illus-
trated by his disciple William Law (the author of
The Way to Divine Knowledge, The Serious Call,
&c.), in some seventeen simple, and four com-
pound emblematic drawings. Of these the most
remarkable, and in fact the most intelligible, are
three compound emblems representing the Crea-
tion, Apostasy, and Redemption of Man. Every
phase of each stage in the soul's history is dis-
closed to view by means of double and single
doors. We are now concerned only with such of
Behmen's emblematic works as have been trans-
lated into English. The following list contains
only those in my own library. I am acquainted
with no others :

(1.) "The Works of Jacob Behmen, the Teutonic
Theosopher, to which is prefixed the Life of the
Author, with Figures illustrating his Principles,
left by the Rev. William Law, M.A. In four
thick Volumes, royal 4to. London : printed for
M. Richardson in Paternoster Row, mdcclxiv."
With a fine portrait of Behmen facing the title-
page of the first volume. This edition contains
the following works :

1. Aurora : the Day-spring, or Dawning of the Day
in the East ; or Morning-redness in the Rising of the
■Sun : that is, the Root or Mother of Philosophy,
Astrology, and Theology, from the True Ground ; or,
A Description of Nature.

2. The Three Principles of the Divine Essence of
the Eternal : Dark, Light, and Temporary World.

3. Mysterium Magnum : or an Explanation of the
First Book of Moses called Genesis.

4. Four Tables of Divine Revelation.

5. The High and Deep-Searcliing of the Threefold
Life of Man, through or according to the Three Prin-
ciples.

6. Forty Questions concerning the Soul, proposed
by Dr. Balthasar Walter, and answered by Jacob
Behmen.

7. The Treatise of the Incarnation.

8. The Clavis, or an Explanation of some Principal
Points and Expressions.

9. Signatura Rerum.

10. Of the Election of Grace; or of God's Will to-
wards Man, commonly called Predestination.

11. The Way to Christ discovered in the following
Treatises : — I. Of True Repentance. II. Of True
Resignation. III. Of Regeneration. IV. Of Super-
natural Life.

12. A Discourse between a Soul hungry and
thirsty after the Fountain of Life, the sweet Love of
Jesus Christ, and a Soul enlightened.

13. A Treatise of the Four Complexions, or a Con-
solatory Instruction for a Sad and Assaulted Heart in
the Time of Temptation.

14. A Treatise of Christ's Testament, Baptism, and
the Supper.

(2.) " Theosophic Letters, or Epistles of the Man
from God enlightened in Grace, Jacob Behmen,
of Old Seidenburgh, wherein everywhere [are ?]
Divine Blessed Exhortations to true Repentance
and Amendment, as also Plaine Instructions con-
cerning the highly worthy and precious Know-
ledge of the Divine and Natural Wisdome; toge-
ther with a Right Touchstone or Trlall of these
Times, for an Introduction to the Author's other
Writings : published in English for the good of
the sincere Lovers of true Christianltle, by I. S.*"
(I have only a MS. copy of this publication.)

(3.) A beautiful MS. translation of " The Way
to Christ." This is hardly so accurate as the one
already referred to, though some of the expres-
sions are better chosen. The date of this MS. is
about 1730, or earlier.

(4.) A fair MS. translation of Jacob Behmen's
treatise called " A Fundamental Instruction con-
cerning the Earthly and concerning the Heavenly
Mystery ; how they two stand in one another, and
how in the Earthly the Heavenly becometh mani-
fested or revealed, wherein then you shall see
Babell the great citty upon Earth stand with its
Forms and Wonders ; and wherefore, or out of
what, Babell is generated, and where Antichrist
will stand quite naked. Comprised in Nine Texts.
Written May 8, 1620, in High Dutch." (I have
seen no printed translation of this treatise.)

(5.) MS. translation of the fourth treatise of
" The Way to Christ," viz. " of the Supersensual
Life." This is a less accurate rendering than
either of the others above mentioned.

Perhaps your mystic correspondents will kindly
furnish lists of other publications and MSS. of

[* J. Sparrow Ed.]

14

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 192.

" the Teutonick Theosopher." There are sixteen
more of his works, of which fifteen are now extant
in High Dutch. As old Behmen is but little known
in this country, save by ill-repute, as having led
astray William Law in his old age, and, through
him, having tinctured the religious philosophy of
Coleridge, it way be worth noting, that no less a
philosopher than Schelling (to whom, as we know,
Coleridge stood so greatly indebted) stole from
the Lusatian shoemaker the corner-stones of his
Philosophy of Nature. C. Mansfield Ingleby.
Birmingham.

RAFFAELLE S SPOSALIZIO.

(Vol. vii., p. 595.)

With regard to your correspondent Me. G.
Brindley Ackworth's Query respecting Raf-
faelle's Sposalizio, I am induced to think that the
custode at the church of the Santa Croce at Flo-
rence was right as to his information. In the
copy which I have of the " Ordo ad faciendum
Sponsalia," according to the ancient use of Salis-
bury, the ring is undoubtedly to be placed on the
bride's right hand. Wheatly indeed says, that
" when the man espouses his wife with it (i. e. the
ring), he is to put it upon the fourth finger of her
left hand ; " and then refers, for the reason of this,
to the rubric of Salisbury Manual, which speaks of
the vein going from this finger directly to the heart.

Now, what are the precise words of this rubric ?
After giving directions for the benediction of the
ring, provided it has not previously been blessed,
the rubric goes on thus :

" Si autem antea fuerit annulus ille benedictus tunc
statim postquam vir posuerit annulum super librum,
accipiens sacerdos annulum tradat ipsum viro : quem
vir accipiat manu sua dextera cum tribus principali-
onibus digitis, et manu sua sinistra tenens dexteram
sponsa; docente sacerdote dicat."

The man is to receive the ring from the priest
with the three principal fingers of the right hand ;
and then, holding the right hand of the bride with
his own left hand, he shall say, " With this ring,"
&c. He is then to place the ring on her thumb,
saying " In nomine Patris ; " then on her second
finger, saying " et Filil ; " then on the third finger,
saying "et Spiritus SanctI;" then on the fourth
finger, saying "Amen;" and there he Is to leave
it. There is not a word said about the bride's
left hand, the right is alone mentioned ; and why
should the man hold her right hand with his left,
but that with his right hand he may the more
easily place the ring, first on the thumb, then on
the other fingers of her right hand, until it arrives
at its final destination?

While I am upon this subject, allow me to point
out another singular direction given In a rubric in
this same " Ordo ad faciendum Sponsalia." When

the woman is, as we term it, given away, if she be
a spinster, she Is to have her hand uncovered; If a
widow, covered : the words are —

" Deinde detur femina a patre suo, vel ab amicis
ejus ; quod si puella sit, discoopertam habeat manum, si
vidua, tectam.^^

There is no reason given for this distinction,
nor do I ever remember to have seen it noticed.

F. B. W.

The Sposalizio, or "espousals," or betrothing,
is certainly a different ceremony from the mar-
riage. Is not the fact of young ladies popularly
considering and calling the third finger of the
right hand the engaged finger, and wearing a ring
on that finger when engaged, a confirmation of
your correspondent's Idea, that at this "betrothal"
or " espousals" (compare the phrase " his espoused
wife" of Mary before her marriage with Joseph)
the ring was placed in the right hand ; at the
marriage ceremony on the left ? Sc.

WINDFALL.

(Vol. vii., p. 285.)

W. W. is desirous of Interpreting windfall, as
necessarily from Its origin denoting a gain. He
Is, perhaps, expecting a handsome bequest ; I wish
he may get It ; but he may rely on it that the
windfall of the bequest will be accompanied by the
windfall of the " Succession Act." Let us hear
what our great Doctor says ; his first explanation
Is, " Fruit blown down from the tree."

W. W.'s little boys and girls would deem a
windfall of unripe apples, at this time of the year,
a good ; they will make a pie for dinner. W. W.
himself would call it an evil ; the ripe crop is
ruined.

But let us see how Johnson Illustrates his ex-
planation :

" Their boughs were too great for their stem, they
became a windfall wpon the sudden." — Bacon, Essay 29.

Webster copies this for his first explanation, as
he does also our Dr's. second for his second ; but
as it is not his plan to illustrate by examples, he
is saved from the eccentricity of his original.

If we refer to Bacon we shall be reminded of
Johnson's warning, that by " hasty detruncatlon
the general tendency of a sentence may be
changed." The sentence here so hastily detrun-
cated, stands thus In the Essay :

" The Spartans were a nice people in point of natu-
ralisation, whereby while they kept their compasse,
tliey stood firme. But when they did spread, and
their boughes were becommen too great for their stemme,
they became a windfall upon the suddaine. ' Potentia
eorum subito corruit.' "

They, in Johnson's mutilated sentence, refers to
the boughs ; In Bacon, to the Spartans ; so that, in

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

15

the first place, the Spartans are transformed into
boughs, and, in the next place, the boughs into
fruit. Detruncation, however, had nothing to do
■with this latter metamorphosis ; and I am afraid
this is not a solitary instance of lexicographical
incongruity.

W. W. may assure himself that a windfall is
" whatever /a^Zs by the wind, or with similar sud-
denness or unexpectedness, whether bringing good
or ill."

And if he will take the trouble to refer to " The
Case of Impeachment of Waste," quoted by Mb.
' Akeowsmith, Vol. vii., p. 375., he will find, only a
few lines before that gentleman's quotation begins,
a legal question at issue as to the right of property
in windfalls. Q.

Bloomsbury.

MR. JUSTICE NEWTON.

(Vol. vii., pp. 528. 600.)

It would greatly enhance the value of contribu-
tions to " N. & Q.," save much trouble, and often
lead to a more direct intercourse between persons of
similar pursuits, if contributors would drop initials,
and sign their own proper name and habitat; and
in saying this, I believe the Editor will second me.
If C. S. G. had done this, I should have been
happy to send him an envelope full of proofs that
Mr. Justice Newton did not die in 1444, for that
a fine was levied before him in 1448 ; that he is
not buried in Bristol Cathedral, but in the Wyke
Aisle in Yatton Church, Somerset, where may be
seen his elBgies beautifully carved in alabaster, in
his judge's robes, and his head resting on a wheat-
sheaf or garb ; that there was no relationship be-
tween the second baronet of Hather, his arms
being cross hones, &c. , and those of the judge, who
was truly a Cradock, were three garbs, &c. I
would now beg leave to refer C. S. G. to my former
communications in "N. & Q." about Cradock
Newton, particularly Vol. ii., pp. 248. 427. ; Ch-u-
nica Judicialia, 1635 ; Foss's Lives of the Judges;
and a paper of mine in the forthcoming volume of
the Proceedings of the Archceological Institute at
Bristol. H. T. Ellacombe.

Rectory, Clyst St. George.

From C. S. G.'s reply to my inquiry respecting
Mr. Justice Newton I conclude that at least two
individuals of this name have, at different periods,
and at a considerable interval apart, occupied the
judicial bench.

The portrait I wish to trace is of a well-known
character of the Commonwealth era, and could not,
of course, have belonged to a judge then some two
centuries deceased. My omission to state this cir-
cumstance, in the first instance, has very naturally
occasioned complete misapprehension throughout.

Since my Query was written, a duplicate of the
drawing in the Bodleian (minus the inscription),
out of the Strawberry Hill collection, has, curiously
enough, appeared in an extensive public sale. It
was likewise said to be by Bulfinch ; and farther
examination leads me to infer that both this and
the Oxford copy were, in respect of artist, in all
probability not incorrectly described. As Bulfinch
lived temp. Charles II., and the Bodleian inscrip-
tion points to his original painting as "in the hands
of Mr. Justice Newton," it may fairly be presumed
that a second judge of the name flourished in this
reign.

Substantially, then, my original Query yet re-
mains unanswered, notwithstanding C. S. G.'s
obliging reply. F. KyrriN Lenthall.

36. Mount Street, Grosvenor Square.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Mr. Lyte's Treatment of Positives. — It would
be quite superfluous, after the very excellent
communication of Mr. Pollock, were I to give a
detailed account of my method of printing albumen
positives, as, in the main, we both follow the process
of Mr. Le Gray. But as we both have our own
improvements on the original process, I will ask
for space in which to record our differences in
manipulation.

First, in regard to the chloride of gold, I
always find, and I believe such is the experience
of many photographers, that all salts of gold,
though they heighten the effect at first, have a
slow, but sure, destructive action on the picture.

Next, I find that acetic acid, by generating
sulphurous acid, has a similar effect, and my care
was to try and make a solution which should be
free from these defects. I first take my positive,
which, as a general rule, I print at least half as
dark again as the shade required. This done, I
wash it well with water, and next with salt and
water in the proportion of about half a grain per
gallon, or quite a tasteless solution ; this removes
all the nitrate of silver from the paper, or if there
is any left, the bath of salt decomposes it, leaving
none in the texture of the paper to unite with the
hypo., which otherwise forms a sticky substance,
difficult to remove, which may be readily seen on
looking through a positive which has been too
hastily finished in the usual way, giving a dark
shade, and a want of transparency to the lights.
I then place the picture in a bath composed as
follows :

Sodae hyposul. - - - 3 oz.

Argent, chlorid. - - 70 grs.

Potassii iodidi - - - 5 grs.

Pyrogallic acid - - - 1^ to 2 grs.

The iodide of potassium I add on the same prin-
ciple as Mr. Pollock's iodide of silver, but as being

16

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 192.

more convenient, as immediately on being added
it decomposes some of the chloride of silver, and
forms iodide of silver. I am happy to find that
Mr. Pollock confirms me in the use of this salt,
•which I had long thought to improve the tone of
iny pictures. The liquid, which will become ra-
pidly very dark coloured, must be set aside in an
-open vessel in a warm place for some weeks, e.g.
till, when a positive is placed in it, left for a short
time, and then washed with water, it shows clean
and not mottled in the light. The solution may
be kept always exposed, and much improves by
this : if much used, it should be replenished with
a simple solution of hypo, three ounces or two
ounces to the pint ; if little used, it may be filled
up as much as evaporates with pure water.

The positive is left in this solution till the re-
quired tint is obtained, when it is to be placed in
plain hypo, two ounces to the pint, and in about
a quarter of an hour transferred to a basin of pure
water, and well washed in several waters. The
other detail of Mr. Pollock's process is so ad-
mirably and clearly given, and so like that I
pursue, that I will not trouble your columns with
it again.

The after-bath of pure hypo, is not absolutely
necessary ; and where it is desired to obtain fine
olive, and dark sepia, and black tints, a better
tone results from washing well, long, and fre-
quently, with water alone.

This bath also gives very rich tints with paper,
prepared without albumen : viz. —

Chloride of ammonium - - 5 grs.

AVater - - - - 1 oz.

Lay the paper on this, and then hang it up to dry,
and excite with ammonio-nitrate containing seventy
grains of nitrate of silver to one ounce of water.
Should the above solution not give the requisite
tints soon after being made, add more chloride of
silver ; but bear in mind that the solution will
then soon become saturated when setting posi-
tives, and when this occurs it must be rectified
by the addition of a small portion of fresh hypo,
alone. F. Maxwell Lyte.

P. S. — I may add that I have only lately tried
the addition of the iodide of potassium to my
setting liquid, and so must qualify my recom-
mendation of it by saying so.

Florian, Torquay.

Stereoscopic Angles. — I am obliged to Messrs.
Shadbolt and Wilkinson for the information
given in reply to my Queries (Vol. vii., p. 505.).
My mode of operation is precisely that of Mb.
Wilkinson : " I obtain all the information I can
from every source; then try, and judge for myself."
Hence the present letter.

I regret to be obliged to differ from Mr. Shad-
bolt, but there is a point in his communication

which appears to me to arise from a misconception
of the stereoscopic problem. He says (p. 557.),
" for distant views there is in nature scarcely any
stereoscopic effect." Now, surely visual distance
is merely visual stereosity ; for, to see an object
solid is merely to see its parts in relief, some of
them appearing to project or recede from the
others. It is the difiiculty of producing this effect
in landscapes, by the ordinary camera process, that
renders views taken by such means so deficient in
air, or, as the artists term it, aerial perspective,
most distant objects seeming almost as near as
those in the foreground. This indeed is the main
defect of all photographs : they are true repre-
sentations of nature to one eye — cyclopean pic-
tures, as it were — appearing perfectly stereoscopic
with one eye closed, but seeming absolutely flat-
tened when viewed by the two eyes. I remem-
ber being shown a huge photograph of the city of
Berlin, taken from an eminence; and a more
violent caricature of nature I never set eyes upon.
It was almost Chinese in its perspective : the
house-tops appeared to have been mangled. It
was a wonderful work of art, photographically con-
sidered ; but artistically it was positively hideous.
But the same defect exists in all monophotogra-
phic representations, though in a less degree, and
consequently less apparent than in viewa to which
a sense of distance is essential. In portraits, the
features appear slightly flattened ; and until photo-
graphers are able to overcome this, the chief of all
obstacles to perfection, it is idle to talk of the art
giving a correct rendering of nature. This is what
is wanted, more than colour, diactinic lenses, mul-
tiplication of impressions, or anything else. And
when it is remembered that the law of an ordinary
convex lens is, the farther the object from the lens
the nearer the focus, and, vice versa., the nearer
the object the farther the focus, it becomes evident
that by such an instrument distant objects must
be made to appear near, and near objects distant,
and nature consequently mangled.

The stereoscope gives us the only demonstrably
correct representation of nature ; and when that
instrument is rendered more simple, and the
peep-show character of the apparatus discon-
nected from it, the art of photography will tran-
scend the productions of the painter — but not
till then.

I am anxious to obtain all the information I
can from such of your photographic readers as are
practically acquainted with the stereoscopic portion
of the art relative to the angles under which they
find it best to take their pictures for given dis-
tances.

Mr. Fenton, the secretarjr of the Photographic
Society, takes his stereoscopic pictures, when the
objects are 50 feet and upwards from the camera,
at 1 in 25, This is, as Mr. Shadbolt states, Pro-
fessor Wheatstone's rule for distances.

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

17

Mr. Wilkinson, on the other hand, asserts that
3 feet in 300 yards is sufficient separation for the
cameras: this is only 1 in 300, — a vast difference
truly.

" For views across the Thames," says the editor
of the Photographic Jownal, " the cameras should
be placed 12 feet apart, and with this separation
the effect is declared to be astonishing."

Mb. Wilkinson, however, asserts that from 4
to 6 feet in a mile will do well enough !

Farther, Mr. Latimer Clark (the inventor of an
ingenious stereoscopic camera) states that with
regard to the distance between the two positions
of the cameras, he knows no good reason why the
natural distance of the eyes, viz. 2^ inches, should
be much exceeded. " A little extra relief is ob-
tained," he adds, " without visible distortion, by
increasing the separation to about 4 or 5 inches ;
but if this distance be greatly exceeded, especially
for near objects (I give the gentleman's own
words), they become apparently diminished in
size, and have the appearance of models and dolls
rather than natural objects."

The reason for making the separation between
the cameras greater than that between the two
eyes, is exceedingly simple. The stereograph is
to be looked at much nearer than the object itself,
and consequently is to be seen under a much
larger angle than it is viewed by the two eyes in
nature. Hence the two pictures should be taken
at the angle under which they are to be observed
in the stereoscope. Suppose the object to be 50
feet distant, then of course it is seen by the two
eyes under an angle of 2 J inches in 50 feet, or 1
in 240. But it is intended that the stereograph
should be seen by the two eyes when but a few
inches removed from them, or generally under an
angle of 2? in 12 inches, or nearly 1 in 5. Hence
it is self-evident that the stereoscopic angle should
be considerably larger than that formed by the
optic axes of the two eyes when directed to the
object itself.

But there is great diversity of opinion as to the
extent of the angles requisite for producing the
precise stereoscopic or distantial effect of nature.
For myself I prefer Professor Wheatstone's rule,
1 in 25 for objects beyond 50 feet distant. For
portraits I find the best angle 1 in 10 when the
sitter is 10 feet off, and for busts about 1 in 5
when placed about 5 or 6 feet from the cameras.
But I should be happy to receive information from
any of your readers concerning this important
branch of the photographic art. For months past
I have been engaged in a series of experiments in
connexion with the subject, and wish for larger
experience than it is possible for any single operator
to acquire for himself.

Mr. Fenton, I may observe, does not keep the
cameras parallel in taking landscapes, but in-
clines them so that the same object may occupy

as nearly as possible the centre of the ground glass
plate.

Nor is it essential that perfect horizontality or
parallelism of the cameras should be maintained
in copying trees. For buildings, however, it is
absolutely necessary that the cameras be kept
straight.

I am sorry thus to trespass on your space, but
being anxious, as Me. Wilkinson says, to collect
information from every source, and your periodical
being a happy medium for conveying and re-
ceiving instruction, I am glad to avail myself of
such a channel. *. (2)

P. S. — Mr. Claudet has, I perceive, been
awarded the prize given by the Society of Arts
for the best essay on the stereoscope. Can you,
or any of your readers, inform me whether this is
likely to be published, and when and at what
price ?

Query respecting Mr. Pollock's Process. — In
Mr. Pollock's directions for obtaining positives,
which appeared in "N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 581.),
iodide of silver is to be dissolved in a saturated so-
lution of hypo. Can you give me the quantity of
iodide of silver to be dissolved, and the quantity
of the saturated solution of hypo, in which it is to
be dissolved? N. T. B.

Gallo-nitrate of Silver. — Can you inform me
what the true nature of the decomposition is
which takes place after a short time in the gallo-
nitrate solution of silver? and if there be any
ready means of rendering the silver it contains
again available for photographic use ?

Sir W. Newton, in the description of his calo-
type process, says : " Bring out with the saturated
solution of gallic acid, and when the subject
begins to appear, add the aceto-nitrate of silver
solution." Which way of doing this is the best, —
mixing the two solutions together and applying
them to the paper ; or applying the paper, when
wetted with the gallic acid, to the silver solution ?

T.L.

ViZ^liti ta i^tiwr <!k\xtxitS,

Verney Note decyphered (Vol. vii., p. 568.). —
I am extremely obliged to Me. Thompson Cooper
for his decyphered rendering of Sir Ralph Ver-
ney's note of a speech or proceeding in parliament.
The note itself is not now in my possession, but I
have requested the owner to be good enough to
re-collate it with the original, and if any mistakes
should appear in the copy, or the printing (which
is very likely), I will give you notice of the fact,
that the doubtful words in Mr. Cooper's version
may, if possible, be set right.

Students in the art of decyphering may be
pleased to have the key to the cypher recorded in

18

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 192.

your pages. I therefore give it you as discovered
by Mr. Cooper, and beg, in the strongest way, to
reiterate my thanks to that gentleman.

2, S, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
f, r, k, t, b, h, s, w, c, g, p, d, a, e, i, o, u,
20, 22, 27, 28.
1, X, m, n.

The cyphers (if any) for /, q, y, z have not
been discovered, and the numbers 1, 19, 21, 23,
24, 25, 26 remain unappropriated. John Bruce.

Emblems hy John Bunyan (Vol. vii., p. 470.). —
This work, which Mr. Corser has not met with,
is in the folio edition of his works, forming pp. 849.
to 868. of vol. ii. (1768). The plates are small
woodcuts of very indifferent execution. E. D.

Mr. CohVs Diary (Vol. vii., p. 477.). — This
volume was printed solely for private distribution
by the family, who also presented their relatives
and friends (amongst whom the writer was
reckoned) with another volume compiled on the
decease of Francis Cobb, Esq., the husband of
Mrs. Cobb, and entitled. Memoir of the late
Francis Cobb, Esq., of Margate, compiled from
his Journals and Letters : Maidstone, printed by
J. V. Hall and Son, Journal Office, 1835. Both
of these are at the service for perusal of your in-
quiring correspondent, John Martin. E. D.

"Sat cito si sat bene" (Vol. vii., p. 594.). — I
have not Twiss at hand ; but I think F. W. J. is
mistaken in calling it a " favourite maxim " of
Lord Eldon. I remember to have heard Lord
Eldon tell the story, which was, that the New-
castle Fly, in which he came up to town, in I forget
how many days, had on its panel the motto, " Sat
cito si sat bene:" he applied it jocularly in defence
of his own habits in Chancery. C.

Mythe versus Myth (Vol. vii., pp. 326. 575.). —
It gives me much pleasure to have afforded Mb.
Thiriold an opportunity for displaying so much
learning and sagacity; but I hope he does not
imagine that he has confuted me. As I only spoke
of words which, like fiOdos, had a single consonant
between two vowels, such words as plinth, laby-
rinth, &c. have nothing to do with the question.
If mythe, differing from the other examples which
are to be found, happens to have the for its ter-
mination, and thus resembles words of Anglo-
Saxon origin, I cannot help it, but it was formed
secundum artem. As to Mr. Thiriold's myth, un-
less so written and printed, it will always be pro-
nounced myth, like the French mythe.

As to the hybrid adjectives, I only wished to
avoid increasing the number of them. The French,
I believe, have only one, musical; for though, like
ourselves, they have made substantives of the
Greek nova-iKtj (sc. re'xj'i?), (t>v(riK-fi^ &c., in all other

cases they retain the Greek form of the adjective,
as in physique, substantive and adjective, while we
generally have pairs of adjectives, as philosophic,
philosophical ; extatic, extatical; &c. Some may
think this an advantage ; I do not.

ThOS. KEIGHTIiBT.

The Gilbert Fa^nily (Vol. vii., p. 259.).— If your
correspondent seeking genealogical information in
reference to my ancestors, calls on me, I will show
him a presentation copy of A Genealogical Me-
moir of the Gilbert Family in Old and New Eng-
land, by J.W.Thornton, LL.B., Boston, U. S.,
1850, 8vo. pp. 24, only fifty printed.

James Gilbert.

Alexander Clark (Vol. vii., p. 580.). — I should
feel obliged if J. O. could find leisure to commu-
nicate to " N. & Q." some particulars relative to
Clark. He is supposed to have been the author
of a curious poem : The Institution and Progress
of the Buttery College of Slains, in the Parish of
Cruden, Aberdeenshire; with a Catalogue of the
Books and MSS. in the Library of that Uni-
versity: Aberdeen, 1700. Mr. Peter Buchan thus
mentions him in his Gleanings of Scarce Old
Ballads :

" Clark, a drunken dominie at Slains, author of a
poetical dialogue between the gardeners and tailors on
the origin of their crafts, and a most curious Latin and
English poem called the ' Buttery College of Slains,'
which resembled much in language and stj'le Drum-
mond of Hawthornden's ' Polemo Middino.' "

This poem is printed in Watson's Collection of
Scottish Poems, Edin. 1711 ; and also noticed in
the Edinbu7gh Topographical and Antiquarian
Magazine, 1848, last page. I am anxious to ascer-
tain if the emblem writer, and the burlesque poet,
be one and the same person. The dates, I con-
fess, are somewhat against this conclusion ; but
there may have been a previous edition of the
Emblematical Representation (1779). The Uni-
versity Clark is supposed to have been an Aber-
deenshire man. Possibly J. O. may be able to
throw some light on the subject. Perthensis.

Christ's Cross (Vol. iii., pp. 330. 465.). —In
Morley's Introduction to Practical Music, originally
printed in 1597, and which I quote from a reprint
by William Randall, in 4to., in 1771, eighteen
mortal pages (42 — 59), which, in my musical
ignorance, I humbly confess to be wholly out of
my line, are occupied with the " Cantus," " Tenor,"
and " Bassus," to the following words :

" Christes Crosse be my speed in all vertue to pro-
ceede. A, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, &
t, double w, V, x, with y, ezod, & per se, con per se,
tittle tittle est Amen, When you haue done begin
again, begin again."

J. F. M.

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

19

The Rebellious Prayer (Vol. vii., p. 286.)- —
J. A. may find the poem, of which he quotes the
opening lines, in the Churchmaris Monthly Penny
Magazine, October, 1851, with the signature
L. E. P. The magazine is published by Wertheim
& Macintosh, 24. Paternoster Row. M. E.

" To the Lords of Convention " (Vol. vii., p. 596.).
— L. Evans will find the whole of the ballad of
"Bonnie Dundee," the first line of which he
quotes, in Sir Walter Scott's Doom of Devorgoil,
where it is introduced as a song. Singularly
enough, his best ballad is thus found in his worst
play. FicuiNus.

Wooden l^omhs and Effigies (Vol. vii., pp. 528.
607.). — In a chapel adjoining the church of He-
veningham in Suffolk, are (or rather were in
1832) the remains of a good altar tomb, with re-
cumbent efiigies carved in chesnut, of a knight and
his lady : it appeared to be, from the armour and
architecture, of the early part of the fifteenth
century ; and from the arms, Quarterly or and gules
within a border engrailed sable, charged witli es-
callops argent, no doubt belonged to the ancient
family of Heveningham of that place; probably
Sir John Heveningham, knight of the shire for the
county of Suffolk in the 1st of Henry IV.

When I visited this tomb in 1832, it was in a
most dilapidated condition : the slab on which the
effigy of the knight once rested was broken in ;
within the head of the lady, which was separated
from the body, a thrush had built its nest : not-
withstanding, however, the neglect and damp to
which the chapel was exposed, these chesnut
effigies remained wonderfully sound and perfect.

Spes.

The monument to Sir Walter Traylli and his
lady, in Woodford Church in Northamptonshire,
is of wood.

There is a wooden effigy in Gayton Church,
Northamptonshire, of a knight templar, recum-
bent, in a cross-legged position, his feet resting
on an animal : over the armour is a surcoat ; the
helmet is close fitted to the head, his right hand
is on the hilt of his sword, a shield is on the left
arm.

There is also a fine wooden effigy of Sir Hugh
Bardolph in Burnham Church in Norfolk. J. B.

In Fersfield Church, in Norfolk, there is a
wooden figure to the memory of Sir Robert Du
Bois, Kt., ob. 1311. See Bloomfield's Norfolk,
vol. i. p. 68. J. B.

Lord Clarendon and the Tubwoman (Vol. vii.,
pp. 133. 211. 634.). — Upon reference to the story
of the " tubwoman " in p. 133., it will be seen that
Mr. Hyde is distinctly stated to have himself mar-
ried the brewer's widow, and to have married her

for her money. It is farther said that Ann Hyde,
the mother of Queen Mary and Queen Ann, was
the only issue of this marriage; whereas Ann
Hyde had four brothers and a sister. No allusion
is made in this account to Sir Thomas Ailesbury.
Your correspondent Mr. Warden says, that "the
story has mually been told of the wife of Sir
Thomas Ailesbury," and that it may be true of
her. Will he have the kindness to furnish a re-
ference to the version of the story in which Sir
Thomas Ailesbury is said to have married the tub-
woman ? L.

House-marhs (Vol. vii., p. 594.). — I do not
know whether a. recollects the frequent occur-
rence of marks upon sheep in this country. Al-
though I have often seen them, I cannot just now
describe one accurately. Some sheep passed my
house yesterday which were marked with a cross
within a circle.

Riding with a friend, a miller, in Essex, about
thirteen years ago, he jumped out of the gig and
over a gate, to seize a sack which was lying in a
field. Seeing no initials upon it, I asked how he
knew that it was his ; when he pointed out to me
a fish marked upon it, which he told me had been
his own and his father's mark for many years.
He also said that most of the millers in the neigh-
bourhood had a peculiar mark (not their names or
initials), each a different one for his own sacks.

A. J. N.

Birmingham. .

'■'■ Amentium hand amantium" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).
— Your correspondent's Query sent me at once to
a queer old Terence in English, together with the
text, " opera ac industria JR. B., in Axholmensi in-
sula, LincolnsheriiEpwortheatis. [London, Printed
by John Legatt, and are to be sold by Andrew
Crooke, at the sign of the Green-Dragon, in Paul's
Church Yard. 1641.] 6th Edition."

Here, as I expected, I found an alliterative
translation of the phrase In question : " For they
are fare as they were lunaticke, and not love-sicke. '

The translation, I may add, is in prose.

OXONIENSIS.
Walthamstow.

The Megatherium in the British Museum
(Vol. vii., p. 590.). — It is much to be regretted
that A Foreign Surgeon should not have
examined the contents of the room which contains
the cast of the skeleton of this animal with a little
more attention, before he penned the above article.
Had he done so, he would have found many of the
original bones, from casts of which the restored
skeleton has been constructed, in Wall Cases 9
and 10, and would not have fallen Into the error
of supposing that it is a facsimile of the original
skeleton at Madrid. That specimen was exhumed
near Buenos Ayres in 1789; whilst our restoration

20

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 192.

has been made from bones of another individual,
many of which are, as I have stated, to be found
in the British Museum itself, and others in that of
the Royal College of Surgeons. I am not about
to defend the propriety of putting the trunk of a
palm-tree into the claws of the Megatherium,
though I do not suppose that the restorer ever
expected, when he did so, that any one would
entertain the idea that this gigantic beast was in
the habit of climbing trees ; but I would fain ask
your correspondent on what grounds he makes the
. dogmatic assertion that " Palms there were none,
at that period of telluric formation." I will
simply remind him of the vast numbers of fossil
fruits, and other remains of palms, in the London
clay of the Isle of Sheppey.

W. J. Beenhakd Smith.
Temple.

Pictorial Proverbs (Vol. v., p. 559.). — Perhaps
the book here mentioned is one of the old Ger-
man Narrenbuchs, or Pook of Fools, which were
generally illustrated with pictures, of which I have
a curious set in my possession.

Can any of your correspondents give some
account of the nature and merits of these books ?
Are any of them worth translating at the present
day ? The one from which my pictures were taken
has the title Mala Gallina, malum Ovum, and was
published at Vienna and Nuremburg. It seems
to have been a satire on the femald sex ; but the
text, I am sorry to say, is not in my possession.

H. T. Riley.

' "Hurrah" and otherWar-cries (Vol.vii., p. 596.).
— The following passage (which I find in my notes
•with the reference Menagiana, vol. ii. p. 328.) may
partially assist your correspondent Cape :

" Le cri des anciens Comtes d'Anjou etoit Rallie.
En void I'origine. Eude II., Comte de Blois, marchant
avec une armee considerable contre Foulke Nerra,
Comte d'Anjou, ces deux princes se rencontrerent a
Pontlevoi sur le Cher, ou ils se livrerent bataille le
6 Juillet, 1016. Foulke eut d'abord quelque dcsavan-
tage ; mais Herbert, Comte du Maine (dit Eoeillechien),
etant venu a son secours, il rallia ses troupes, and defit
absolumcnt, &c. Depuis ce temps-la le cri des anciens
Comtes d'Anjou etoit Bailie. Et a ce propos je vous
rapporterai ce qu'en dit Maitre Vace, surnomme le
Clerc de Caen, dans son Roman de Normandie :

* Francois crie Montjoye, et Normans Dex-aye :
Flamands crie Aras, et Angevin Rallie :
Et li cuens Thiebaut Chartre et Passavant crie.' "

*" This last cry is not unlike the Irish " Faugh-
. a-Ballagh" in signification. J. H. Leresche.

Manchester.

The following extracts from Sir Francis Pal-
grave's History of Normandy and England, vol. i.
p. 696., explain the origin of the word " Hurrah,"
respecting which one of your correspondents in-
quires :

" It was a ' wise custom ' in Normandy, established
by Rollo's decree, that whoever sustained, or feared to
sustain, any damage of goods or chattels, life or limb,
was entitled to raise the country by the cry of haro, or
haron, upon which cry all the lieges were bound to
join in pursuit of the offender, — Haron! Ha Raoul!
justice invoked in Duke Rollo's name. Whoever failed
to aid, made fine to the sovereign ; whilst a heavier
mulct was consistently inflicted upon the mocker who
raised the clameur de haro without due and sufficient
cause, a disturber of the commonwealth's tranquillity.

" The clameur de haro is the English system of 'hue
and cry.' The old English exclamation Harrow I our
national vernacular Hurrah ! being only a variation
thereof, is identical with the supposed invocation of
the Norman chieftain ; and the usage, suggested by
common sense, prevailed under various modifications
throughout the greater part of the Pays Coutumier of
France."

A. M, S.

KOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Among the books which we have for some time in-
tended to bring under the notice of our readers is ii
new and cheaper edition of The Coin Collector^ Manual,
or Guide to the Numismatic Student in the Formation
of a Cabinet of Coins : comprising an Historical and
Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage,
from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Em-
pire ; with some Account of the Coinages of Modern
Europe, more especially of Great Britain, by H. Noel
Humphreys : and we have been the more anxious to
do this, because, except among professed collectors,
greater ignorance probably exists on the subject of coins,
their date, value, &c., than upon any other subject with
which educated people are supposed to possess some
acquaintance. Yet there are few numismatic ques-
tions likely to occur which ordinary readers would not
be "enabled to solve by a reference to these two little
volumes, enriched as it is with numerous illustrations;
especially if they would place beside them Akerman's
most useful Numismatic Manual.

We are indebted to Mr. Murray for two volumes
which will be among the pleasant additions to the
cheap books of the month, namely, the new volume,
being the fourth of the reprint, of Lord Mahon's His-
tory of England to the Peace of Versailles, which com-
prises the interval between the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
and that of Hubertsburg ; and in the Railway Reading,
for half-a-crown ! the fourth edition of Lockhart's
spirited translations of Ancient Spanish Ballads, His-
torical and Romantic. Thanks, Mr. Murray, thanks I

That Mr. De la Motte, who is so well known as an
accomplished draughtsman, should turn his attention
to photography, is no slight testimony to the value of
the art. That he has become a master in it, may be
seen by one glance at his own works on the walls of his
Photographic Gallery. The beginner may therefore
receive with confidence the results of that gentleman's
experience; and The Practice of Photography, a Manual
for Students and Amateurs, just published by him, will

July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

21

be found a most useful and instructive companion to
every one who is now contemplating an excursion,
armed with a camera, for the purpose of securing for
the gratification of his friends truthful records of his
wanderings. Mr. De la Motte wisely confines his in-
struction to the paper and glass processes ; his details
on these are clear and minute, and the book is well
worth the money for those pages of it alone which are
devoted to the " Chemicals used in Thotography."

Books Received. — On the Archaic Mode of express-
ing Numbers in English, Saxon, Friesic, §-c., by E.
Thomson, Esq. ; a learned and ingenious tract, written
originally for insertion in " N. & Q.," but which fact
ought not to prevent our speaking of it in the terms
which it deserves. — A Few Words in Reply to the Ani-
madversions of the Rev. Mr. Dyce o» Mr. Hunter's " Dis-
quisition on the Tempest," 1839, and his "New Illus-
trations of the Life, Studies, and Writings of Shakspeare,"
1845, §-c. A short but interesting contribution to
Shakspearian criticism, by one who has already done
good service in the same cause. If we cannot agree
with Mr. Hunter in all that he seeks to establish, we
can admire his knowledge of Elizabethan literature,
and appreciate the spirit in which he writes. — The
Antiguarg. This is the first number of a small work
consisting of reprints of proclamations, curious adver-
tisements from early newspapers, and such odd matters
as paint more forcibly than the gravest historian, the
colours of the times.

J. Nichols,

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

The Complaynts of Scotcand. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804,
Shakspeare's Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition,

in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.
Circle of the Seasons. 12mo. London, 1828. (Two Copies.)
Jones' Account of Aberystwith. Trevecka, 8vo. 1779.
M. C. H. Broemel's Fest-Tanzen der Ersten Christen.

Jena, 1705.
Cooper's Account op Public Records. 8vo. 1832. Vol. I.
Passionael efts nAT Levent der Hkiligen. Basil, 1522.
Lord Lansdowne's Works. Vol. I. Tonson, 1736.
James Baker's Picturesque Guide to the Local Beauties

of Wales. Vol. I. 4to. 1794.
Webster's Dictionary. Vol. II. 4to. 1832.
Walker's Particles. 8vo. old calf, 1683.
Warner's Sermons. 2 Vols. Longman, about 1818.
Author's Printing and Publishing Assistant. 12ino., cloth,

J 842.

Sanders' History of Shenstone in Staffordshire.

London, 1794. Two Copies.
Herbert's Carolina Thrknodia. 8vo. 1702.
Theobald's Shakspearb Restored. 4lo. 1726.

*ii,* Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested
to send t/ieir names.

%• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mh. Bell, Publislier of "NOTES AND
QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street,

fiatictS to CorreiSpaulrettW.

Our Eighth Volume. We avail oursHves of the opportunity
afforded liy ttie commencement of a new Volume, to state that our
attention has been called to the shurp and somewhat personal tone
of several of the recent contributions to " N. & Q.," and which, we
are reminded, is the more striking from the marked absence of
anything of that character in our earlier Volumes. We are per-
haps ourselves somewhat to blame for this, from our strong indis-
position to exercise our editorial privilege of omission. Our notice
of the subject will, we are sure, be sufficient to satisfy our contri-
butors of the inconvenience which mast r<suU to themselves as welt
as to us from the indulgence >n too jireat license of the pen. We
knoto that when men write cwrrente calamo, words and nhrases
are apt to escape, the full application of which is not observed,
until, as Charles Lamb said, " print proves it ■■ " but being con-
scious that, when treating on the subjects with which we deal, no
one would willingly write anything with design to give offence, we
shall in future " play the tyrant " on all such occasions with more
vigilance than we have done.

L. K. The lines —

" Worth makes the man, the want of it the fellow ;
The rest is all but leather and prunello."
are from Pope's Essay on Man, Ep. IV. 203. See some curious
illustrations of them in our First Volume, pp. 246. 362. &c.

Blackamoor will find the Cyanogen Soap, manufactured by
Thomas, excellent for removing Photographic stains. It is, how-
ever, to be used with care, being poisonous.

Albert. The history of the phrase —

" Quera Deus vult perdere,"
will be seen in our First Volume, pp. 347. 351. 421, 476. ; and
Second Volume, p. 317.

I. G. T, Gooseberry Fool is the_ same as pressed or crushed
gooseberries, from the French fouler, to press, tread, SjC.

Sir F, Madden's paper, Was Thomas Lord Lyttelton the Author
of Junius's Letters ? is unavoidabli/ postponed until next week.

Replies to our numerous Photographic Querists in our next.

The Index to our Seventh Volu.me will be ready on Saturday
the IGth.

A few complete sets o/ " Notes and Queries," Vols, i, tovi.,
price Three Guineas, may now be had ; fur which early appli-
cation is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

This day is published, price 5s. ; or, post free,

ICKSON AND MOWBRAY

D

_ _ ON POULTRY, edited by IVfRS. LOU-
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MILTON'S PROSE WORKS,
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HENRY G, BOHN, 4, 5, & 6, York Street,
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A RISTOTLES ORGANON,

XX or, LOGICAI, TREATISES, with the
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pHINA, PICTORIAL, DE-

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MATTHEW OF WESTMIN-
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especially such as relate to the affairs of Brltam,
from the beginning of the world to a.d. 1307.
Translated by C, D. Yonge, B.A, lu 2 vols,
post Svo. cloth, 5s. per volume,

HENRY G, BOHN, 4, 5, & 6, York Street,
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22

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 192.

THE NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION

OP

BUHKE'S PEERAGS AXTD
BARONETAGE FOR 1853

IS NOW READY,
In 1 vol. royal 8vo., comprising as much matter
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Now ready, an entirely New, Revised, and
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M

ODERN DOMESTIC

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CONVICTS and COLONIES;

Thoughts on Transportation and Colonisation,
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_ New Publishing Arrangements. — HOPE &
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July 2. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

23

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC-
TURES.—a Selection of the above
beautiful Productions (comprisine Views m
VENICE, PARIS. RUSSIA. NUBIA, &c.)
may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet
Street, where may also be procured Appara-
tus of every Description, and pure Chemicals
for the practice of Photography in all its
Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures
for the Stereoscope.

*»* Catalogues may be had on application.
BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical

and Photographical Instrument Makers, and

Operative Chemists, 153. 1 leet Street.

Just published, price Is., free by Post Is. id.,

THE WAXED -PAPER PHO-
TOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUST AVE
LE GRAY S NEW EDITION. Translated
ft-om the French.

Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for
VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated
Lenses for Portraits and Views.

General Depot for Turner's, Whatman's,
Cansou Fr^res', La Croix, and other Talbotype
Papers.

Pure Photographic Chemicals.

Instructions and Specimens In every Branch
of the Art.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane,
London.

PHOTOGRAPHY. —Collodion
(Iodized with the Amraonio-Iodide of
Silver).- J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289.
Strand, were the first in England who pub-
lished the application of this agent (see Athe-
ncKum, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price
9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitive-
ness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for
months : it may be exported to any climate,
and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required.
J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE
CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with
the latest Improvements adapted for all the
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Cameras for Developing in the open Country.
GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera.
Lenses from the best Makers. Waxed and
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PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
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Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster
Bow, London.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARA-
TUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Ter-
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T. OTTEWILL (from Home & Co.'s^ begs
most respectfully to call the attention of Gen-
tlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the
superiority of his newly registered DOUBLE-
BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, possessing
the efficiency and ready adjustment of the
Sliding Camera, with the portability and con-
venience of the Folding Ditto.

Every description of Apparatus to order.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE
& CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from
three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
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blishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
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123. and 121. Newgate Street.

CLERICAL, MEDICAL, AND GENERAL
LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

Established 1824.

FIVE BONUSES have been declared s at the last in January, 1852, the sum of 131,125?. was
added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the different ages from 24* to .% per cent,
on the Premiums paid during the five years, or from 5?. to 12?. 10s. per cent, on the bum

*°The "small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being now provided for,
the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits obtainable from a Mutual Office, WliilOU i

ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF PARTNERSHIP. . , , , .^ .. t^- • • * „

POLICIES effected before the 30th June next, will be entitled, at the next Division, to one

year's additional share of Profits over later Assurers. „, „ . ,, . , . ,,,„«,.„(.

On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be paid for the first

INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk.

Claims paid thirty days after proof of death, and all Policies are Indisputable except in cases

Tables of Bates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the Society's Agents, or of

GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary.
99. Cfreat Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London.

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
BANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.
H. E. Bicknell, Esq. | T Grissell, Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

J. A. Lethbridge,Esq.

E. Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys Seager, Esq

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

T.S. Cocks, Jun. Esq.

M.P.
G. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.

Trustees.

W.Whateley, Esq., Q.C. s George Drew, Esq. ;

T. Grissell, Esq.

PAj/*ectan. — William Rich. Basham, M.D.

Bankers.— J&issra. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co.,

Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVn.EGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not be-
come void through temporary difficulty in pay-
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application to suspend the payment at interest,
according to the conditions detailed in the Pro-
spectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
lOOZ., with a Share in three-fourths of the
Profits :—

Age

£ s. d.

Age

£ s. d.

17- -

- 1 14 4

32-

22 -

- 1 18 8

37-

- 2 18 6

2?-

- 2 4 5

42-

- 3 8 2

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Actuary.
Now ready, price 10s. 6rf., Second Edition,
with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN-
VESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a
TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO-
CIETIES, and on the General Principles of
Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of
Freehold Laud Societies, Building Companies,
&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com-
pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR-
THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to
the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parli*-
ment Street, London.

GILBERT J. FRErs^CH,

BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,

RESPECTFULLY informs the
Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens,
that he replies immediately to all applications
by letter, for information respecting his Manu-
factures in CHURCH FURMTURE, ROBES,
COMMUNION LINEN, &c., &c., supplying
full information as to Prices, together with
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&c.

Having declined appointing Agents, MR.
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ESTABLISHED 1841.

MEBXCAI., XXrVAX.X3>,
GEXrERAXi XiIFE OFFICE,

25. PALL MALL.

During the last Ten Years, this Society has
issued more than Four Thousand One Hundred
and Fifty Policies —

Covering Assurances to the extent of One
Minion Six Hundred and Eighty-seven Thou-
sand Pounds, and upwards —

Yielding Annual Premiums amounting to
Seventy-three Thousand Pounds.

This Society is the only one possessing Tables
for the Assurance of Diseased Lives.

Healthy Lives Assured at Home and Abroad
at lower rates than at most other Offices.

A Bonus of 60 per cent, on the premiums paid
was added to the policies at last Division of

Next Division in 1853— in which all Policies
effected before 30th June, 1853, will participate.

Agents wanted for vacant places.
Prospectuses, Forms of Proposal, and every
other information, may be obtained of the
Secretary at the Chief Office, or on application
to any of the Society's Agents in the country.
F. Q. P. NEISON. Actuary.
0. DOUGLAS SINGER, Secretary.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUS-
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signs and prices of upwards of ONE HUN-
DRED different Bedsteads ; also of every
description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
And their new warerooms contain an extensive
assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
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render their Establishment complete for tha
general furnishing of Bed-rooms.
HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Ma-
nufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

BENNETT'S MODEL
WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX-
HIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and
Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to
all Climates, may now be had at the MANU-
FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19
guineas . Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,
50 t'uineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its performance
guaranteed. Barometers, 2i.,3?., and 4(. Ther-
mometers from Is. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of
Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
65. CHEAPSIDE.

24

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 192.

THIS DAY ARE PUBLISHED,

ERASER'S MAGAZINE FOR
July, price 2s. 6d., or by Post, 3s., con-
tainine :

The Navy of France.

Cayley's Las Alforjas.

The Tables Turned.

Wanted — an Owner. — Some Account of cer-
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well Church.

History of the Prussian Court and Aristocracy.

Bertha's Love.

Carpiana.

liOrenzo Benomi.

Chimney Pots. By a Grumbler.

Emily Orford. Parti.

Mahomet's Song.

Belgium, Leopold, and the Duke of Brabant.

3>edicated by Special Permission to Her
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MELTORA; or, Better Times

to Come. Edited by VISCOUNT INGESTRE.
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T. Beggs.
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Montagu Gore.
Dr. Guy.
John Leigh.

Viscount Lewisham,

M.P.
Rev. II. Mackenzie.
Hon. and Rev. S. G.

Osborne.
Rev. T. F. Stooks.
Lord Teignmouth.
Alex. Thomson.

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BACON'S ESSAYS ; or, Coun-
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HOOKER'S ECCLESIASTI-
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ANALYSIS OF GRECIAN

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CONTENTS.

Notes : — . Page

Tlie Eye : its primary Idea - - - - 25

Gossiping History — De Quincey's Account of Hatfield 26
Notes upon tiie Names of some of the Early Inhabitants

of Hfllas 27

Shalcspeare Readings, No. IX. - - - - 28

Gothe's Author-Remuneration - - - - 29

Minor Notes : — Parallel Passages — Unpublished
Epitaphs —The Colour of Ink in Writings —Literary
Parallels — Latin Verses prefixed to Parish Registers
— Napoleon's Bees - - - - - 30

QuEniES : — •

Was Thomas Lord Lvttelton the Author of Junius's
Letters ? by Sir F. Jladden - - - - 31

Minor Queries: — Lord Chatham — Slow-worm Super-
stition — Tangiers — Snail Gardens — Naples and the
Ciimpagna Felice — " The Land of Green Ginger " —
Mugger — Snail-eating — Mysterious Personage —
George Wood of Chester — A Scale of Vowel Sounds
— Seven Oaks and Nine Elms — Murder of Monal-
deschi — Governor Dameram — Ancient Arms of the
See of York — Hupfeld — Inscription on a Tomb in
Finland — Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway
Travelling — Tom Thumb's House at Gonerby, Lin-
colnshire— Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume Shak.
speare .......33

Replies: —

Wild Plants and their Names ' - - - - 35

Jacob Bobart, by H. T. Bobart - - . - 37

Heraldic Queries ...... 37

Door-head Inscriptions - - - - - 38

Consecrated Roses - - . - . - 38

Notes on Serpents - - - . • - 39

Photographic Corresfondencb :— Early Notice of the
Camera Obscura — Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collo-
dijon Process — Baths for the Collodion Process - 41

Replies to Minor Queries : — Mitigation of Capital
Punishment to a Forger — Chronograms and Ana-
grams — Abigail — Burial in unconsecrated Ground —
"Cob" and "Connors"' — Coleridge's Unpublished
MSS._ Selling a Wife — Life — Passage of Thucy-
dides on the Greek Factions — Archbishop King —
Devonianisms — Perseverant, Perseverance — " The
Good Old Cause " — Saying of Pascal — Paint taken
offof old Oak — Passage in the " Tempest" . - 42

MiscEiiANEOUS : — ;

Notes on Books, &c. - - - - - 45

Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - • - 45

Notices to Correspondents . • - - 46

Advertisemeuts > .... .46

V0L.VIII. — No. 193.

THE EYE : ITS PRIMARY IDEA.

I do not remember to have remarked that any
writer notices how uniformly, in ahnost all lan-
guages, the same primary idea has been attached
to the eye. This universal consent is the more
remarkable, inasmuch as the connexion in ques-
tion, though of course most appropriate and sig-
nificant in itself, hardly seems to indicate the most
prominent characteristic, or what we shouM deem
to be par excellence the obvious qualities of the
eye ; in a word, we should scarcely expect a term
derived from a physical attribute or property.

The eye is suggestive of life, of divinity, of in-
tellect, piercing acuteness (acies) ; and again, of
truth, of joy, of love: but these seem to have been
disregarded, as being mere indistinctive accidents^
and the primary idea which, by the common con-
sent of almost all nations, has been thought most
properly to symbolise this organ is a spring — fonsy

Thus, from T^V, manare, scatere, a word not in
use, according to Fuerst, we have the Hebrew VV^
fons aquarum et lacrimarum, h. e. oculits. This
word however, in its simple form, seems to have
almost lost its primary signification, being used
most generally in its secondary — oculus. (Old
Testament Hebrew version, passim.') In the sense
of fons, its derivative VV^ is usually substituted.

Precisely the same connexion of ideas is to be
found in the Syriac, the Ethiopic, and the Arabic.

Again, in the Greek we find the rarely-used
word ottt;, a fountain, or more properly the eye,
whence it wells out, — the same form as oir^, oculus ,-:
ii\(/, v^ts, oTTTOfiai. Thus, in St. James his Epistle,,
cap. iii. 11. : /jlt^ti fi -nriyi] tK Trjs avr^s ottJjs Ppvei rb
y\vKv Kal rh iriKpSy.

In the Welsh, likewise, a parallel case occurs :
Llygad, an eye, signifies also the spring from
which water flows, as in the same passage of St.
James : a ydyiv ffynnon or un llygad (from one
spring or eye) yn rhoi dwfr melus a chiverw ?

On arriving at the Teutonic or old German
tongue, we find the same connexion still existing :
Avg, auga, — octdus ; whence ougen ostendere —
Gothis augo ; and awe, auge, ave, campres ad am-

26

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

nem. (Vid. Scliilteri, Thes., vol. iii. ad voc.) And
here we cannot help noticing the similarity between
these words and the Hebrew "^^^^ which (as well
as the Coptic iai's) means primarily a river or
stream from a spring ; but, according to Professor
Lee, is allied to ")'"){<, light, the enlightenment of
the mind, the opening of the eyes ; and he adds,
" the application of the term to water, as running,
translucid, &c., is easy." Here, then, is a similar
connexion of ideas with a change in the metaphor.

In the dialects which descended from the Teu-
tonic in the Saxon branch, the connexion between
these two distinct objects is also singularly pre-
served. It is to be found in the Low German,
the Friesic, and the Anglo-Saxon. In the latter
we have ed, eah, eagor, a welling, flowing stream ;
and eah, cegh, eage, an eye, which might be abun-
dantly illustrated.

We could hardly fail to find in Shakspeare some
allusion to these connected images in the old
tongue ; no speck of beauty could exist and es-
cape his ken. Thus :

" In that respect, too, like a loving child,
Shed yet some small drops from thy tender spring,
Because kind Nature doth require it so."

Tit. And., Act V. Sc. 3.
" Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring ;
Your tributary drops belong to woe,
Which you, mistaking, offer up for joy."

Bom. and Jul., Act III. Sc. 2.

Many of the phrases of the ancient tongues, in
which the eye bears a part, have been handed
down to us, and are still preserved in our own.
My space, however, forbids me to do more than
allude to them; but there is one very forcible
expression in the Hebrew VV'2, V]}, literally, eye in
eye, which we render much less forcibly — face to
face. The Welsh have preserved it exactly in
their llygad yn llygud. Indeed, this is not the
only instance in which they are proud of having
handed down the Hebrew idiom in all its purity.
Shakspeare twice uses the old phrase :

" Since then my office hath so far prevailed,
That face to face, and royal eye to eye,
You have congreeted." — Hen, V., Act V. Sc. 2.

And in Tro. and Cres., Act III. Sc. 3 ; but it ap-
pears now to be obsolete.

Before concluding, I cannot help noticing, in
connexion with this subject, the Old English term
" the apple of the eye." I am unable to trace it
beyond the Anglo-Saxon. The Teutonic sehandes
ougen, pupilla oculi, is totally distinct ; seha being
merely medius punctus octdi, whence sehan, vide?'e.
In the Semitic languages, as well as in the Greek
and Latin, the origin of the term is the same, and
gives no clue to the meaning of the Saxon term.
Thus, in the Hebrew m% dim. of ^^N, homun-
culus, the small image of a person seen in the eye.

In Arabic it is the man or daughter of the eye. In
Greek we have ko^tj, Kopdaiov, Kopaai^ov ; and in
Latin, pupa, pupula, pupilla.

Has any light been thrown on the Anglo-Saxon
term ? Can it be that iris, not the pupil, is taken
to represent an apple ? The pupil itself would
then be the eye of the apple of the eye.

H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

GOSSIPING HISTORY DE QXIINCEY S ACCOUNX OF

HATFIELD.

In proof of 'the severity with which the laws
against forgery were enforced, I have been re-
fei-red to the case of Hatfield, hanged in 1803 for
forging franks. It is given very fully in Mr. De
Quincey's "Literary Recollections of Colerid;2,e"
in the first volume of the Boston edition of his
Works.

The story has some romance in it, and excited
great interest fifty years ago. Hatfield had lived
by swindling ; and, though he underwent an im-
prisonment for debt, had, upon the whole, a long
career of success. The last scene of his depreda-
tions was the Lakes, where he married a barmaid,
who was called " The Beauty of Buttermere."
Shortly after the marriage he was arrested, tried,
and executed. Mr. De Quincey afterwards lived
in the neighbourhood, dined at the public-house
kept by Mary's father, and was waited upon by
her. He had the fullest opportunities of getting
correct information : and his version of the story
is so truthlike, that I should have accepted it
without hesitation but for the hanging for forging
a frank. As that offence never was cnpital, and
was made a felony punishable with transportation
for seven years by 42 Geo. III. c. 63., I was im-
pelled to compare the statement founded on gossip
with more formal accounts ; and I send the result
in illustration of the small reliance which is to be
placed on tradition in such matters. The arrival
of Hatfield in a carriage is graphically described.
He called himself the Hon. Augustus Hope, brother
of the Earl of Hopetoun. Some doubts were felt
at first, but —

" To remove suspicion, he not only received letters
addressed to him under this assumed name, but he
continually franked letters by that name. Now, that
being a capital offence, being not only a forgery, but (as
a forgery on the Post-office) sure to be prosecuted,
nobody presumed to question his pretensions any longer ;
and henceforward he went to all places with the con-
sideration due to an earl's brother." — P. 196.

The marriage with Mary Robinson, and the
way in which they passed the honeymoon, are
described :

" They continued to move backwards and forwards,
until at length, with the startling of a thunderclap to the

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

27

affrighted mountaineers, the bubble burst ; officers of
justice appeared, the stranger was easily intercepted
from flight, and, upon a capital charge, he was home
away to Carlisle. At the ensuing assizes he was tried
for forgery on the prosecution of the Post-office, found
guilty, left for execution, and executed accordingly." —
P. 199.

" One common scaffold confounds the most flinty
hearts and the tenderest. However, it was in some
measure the heartless part of Hatfield's conduct which
drew upon him his ruin : for the Cumberland jury, as I
have been told, declared their unwillingness to hang him
for having forged a frank ; and both they, and those who
refused to aid his escape when first apprehended, were
reconciled to this harshness entirely by what they heard
of his conduct to their injured young fellow -country-
woman."— P. 201.

Hatfield was not "easily intercepted from flight."
Sir Frederick Vane granted a warrant to appre-
hend him on the charge of forging franks. Hatfield
ordered dinner at the Queen's Head, Keswick, to
be ready at three ; took a boat, and did not return.
This was on October 6 : he was married to Mary
on the 2nd. In November he was apprehended
near Brecknock, in Wales : so those who refused
to aid his escape, if such there were, were not
" reconciled to the hardship by what they heard
of his conduct to their young fellow-country-
woman." The "startling of the thunderclap"
was preceded by an ordinary proclamation, de-
scribing the offender, and offei'ing a reward of
501. for his apprehension. He was not " hurried
away to Carlisle," but deliberately taken to Lon-
don on December 12 ; examined at Bow Street,
remanded three times, and finally committed ;
and sent to Carlisle, where he was tried on
August 15, 1803.

Three indictments were preferred against him :
the first for forging a bill of exchange for 20Z.,
drawn by Alexander Augustus Hope on John
Crump, payable to George Wood ; the second for
a similar bill for 30Z. ; and the third for counter-
feiting Colonel Hope's handwriting to defraud
the Post-office.

The Cumberland jury did not " declare their
unwillingness to hang him for forging a frank,"
that not being a capital offence. I infer, also,
that it was one for which he was not tried. He
was convicted on the first indictment ; the court
rose immediately after the jury had given their
verdict ; and the prisoner was called up for judg-
ment at eight the next morning. Trying a man
under sentence of death for a transportable felony,
is contrary to all practice. Hatfield was executed
at Carlisle on September 3, 1803.

Mary's misfortunes induced the sympathising
public to convert her into a minor heroine. She
seems to have been a common-place person, with
small claims to the title of " The Beauty of But-
termere." A cotemporary account says, " she is

rather gap-toothed and somewhat pock-marked."
And Mr. De Quincey, after noticing her good
figure, says, " the expression of her countenance
was often disagreeable."

" A lady, not very scrupulous in her embellishment
of facts, used to tell an anecdote of her which I hope
was exaggerated. Some friend of hers, as she affirmed,
in company with a large party, visited Buttermere a
day or two after that on which Hatfield suffered ; and
she protested that Mary threw on the table, with an
emphatic gesture, the Carlisle paper containing an
elaborate account of the execution." — P. 204.

Considering the treatment she had received,
it is not unlikely that her love, if she ever had
any for a fat man of forty-five, was turned into
hatred ; and it was not to be expected that her
taste would keep down the manifestation of such
feeling. When Hatfield was examined at Bow
Street, Sir Richard Ford, the chief magistrate,
ordered the clerk to read aloud a letter which he
received from her. It was :

« Sir, — The man whom I had the misfortune to
marry, and who has ruined me and my aged and
unhappy parents, always told me that he was the Hon.
Colonel Hope, the next brother to the Earl of Hope-
toun.

" Your grateful and unfortunate servant,
" Maev Robinson."

I do not blame Mr. De Quincey, having no
doubt that he believed what he was told ; but I
have put together these facts and discrepancies, to
show how careful we should be in accepting tra-
ditions, when a man of very high ability, with the
best opportunities of getting at the truth, was so
egregiously misled.

My authorities are, The Annual Register, 1803,
pp. 421. and 428.; The Gentleman's Magazine,
1803, pp.779. 876. and 983.; Kirby's Wonderful
Magazine, vol. i. pp. 309. and 336. The Newgate
Calendar gives a similar account ; but not having
it at hand, I cannot vouch it. H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

NOTES UPON THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE EAELT
INHABITANTS OF HEULAS.

I. I have never seen it yet noticed, that the
names Pyrrha, ^olus, Xuthus, Ion, are all names
of colours. Is there anything in this, or is it for-
tuitous ?

II. In accordance with the above, I think we
may refer most of the names of the early inhabit-
ants of Greece to words denoting light or colour,
or the like.

(1.) Pelas-gi. The first part of this word is, by
Mr. Donaldson, connected with ij.4\-as, which is
also, probably, the root of Mol-ossi.

(2.) Hellenes, connected with Helli, Selli, er^Xos,
6!Ja.7j, ^Moi. This derivation is made more probable

28

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

by the fact, that the neighbouring Pelasgic tribes
have a similar meaning ; e.g.,

PerrhcEbi, alike to Pyrrha and irCp; ^thices,
cXdw ; Tymphcei, Txxpw ; Hesticei, karia. Add to this,
that the name Phthiotis seems indubitably to de-
rive its name from Phthah, the Egyptian Hephces-
tus, and to be a translation of the word Hellas.

N.B. — The existence of an Egyptian colony in
that part is attested by the existence of a Phthiotic
Theb(e.

(3.) On the other hand, the word Achaus seems
to be connected with &xos, axvvnai, and &xKvs in the
eense of gloom (of ovpdviov dxos). So the Homeric
Cimmerians are derived from *"?"'"?P3 (Job), de-
noting darkness.

(4.) Lastly, I submit with great diffidence the
following examination of the words Dorus and
the iEolian Mini/ce, which I shall attempt to de-
rive from words denoting sun and moon respec-
tively.

The word Dorus I assume to be connected with
the first part of the names Dry-opes and Dol-opes.
The metathesis in the first case seems sanctioned
by the analogy of the Sanscrit dri and Greek Stipw,
and the mutation of I and r in the second is too
common in Greek and Latin to admit of any
doubt, e.g. ap-yaXeos and aXyaXtros ; Sol and Sor-
ccte. With this premised, I think we may be
justified in connecting the following word with
one another.

Dores, Dryopes with 'Zelpws (of 2i<is and AJos)
^ipos, the Scythian sun-god OWd-cTvpvc, the Egyp-
tian O-siris, and perhaps the Hebrew "in and
Greek hriphq (the course of the sun being the
emblem of eternity). — Dol-opes with Sol, d\r},
Selli, &c.

On the other hand, the neighbouring MinycB
seem connected with fxivvdu, ixlvwda., minus, — all
with the sense of decreasing or waning ; hence re-
ferable, both in sense and (I fancy) in derivation,
to Greek /t^v, and Latin men-sis. J. H. J.

: SHAKSPEABE READINGS, NO. IX.

" It lies as sightly on the back of him
As great Alcides' shoes upon an ass."

King John, Act II. Sc. I.

** The ass was to wear the shoes, and not to bear
them on his back, as Theobald supposed, and therefore
would read shows. The ' shoes of Hercules ' were as
commonly alluded to by our old poets, as the ex pede
Jlercuhm was a familiar allusion of the learned." (Mr.
Knight in 1839.)

Fourteen years' additional consideration has not
altered Mr. Knight's view of this passage. In 1853
we find him putting forth a prospectus for a new
edition of Shakspeare, to be called "The Stratford
Edition," various portions from which he sets be-
fore the public by way of sample. Here we have

over again the same note as above, a little diversi-
fied, and placed parallel to Theobald's edition in
this way :

" It lies as sightly on the back of him
As great Alcides' shows upon an ass."

" The folio reads ' Great Al- "The 'shoes of Hercules'"

rides' shoes.' Theobald says, were as commonly alluded to

* But why s/ioes, in the name of in our old poets, as the ex pede

Kropriety? For let Hercules and Herculcm was a familiar allu.

is thoes have been really as big sion of the learned. It was not

as they were ever supposed to necessary that the ass should be

be, yet they (I mean \\\e shoes) overloaded with the shoes — he

would not have been an over- might he shod (shoed) yiWhi

load for an ass.' " them."

Now who, in reading these parallel notes, but
would suppose that it is Mr. Knight who restores
shoes to the text, and that it is Mr. Knight who-
points out the common allusion by our old poetf?
to the shoes of Hercules ? Who would imagine
that the substance of this correction of Theobald
was written by Steevens a couple of generations-
back, and that, consequently, Theobald's proposed
alteration had never been adopted ?

I should not think of pointing out this, but
that Mr. Knight himself, in this same prospectus,
has taken Mr. Collier to task for the very samo
thing ; that is, for taking credit, in his Notes and
Emendations, for all the folio MS. corrections,,
whether known or unknown, necessary or un-
necessary.

Indeed, the very words of Mr. Knight's com-
plaint against Mr. Collier are curiously applicable-
to himself:

" It requires the most fixed attention to the nica
distinctions of such constantly-recurring ' notes and
emendations,' to disembarrass the cursory reader frorr>
the notion that these are hond fide corrections of the-
common text

" Who cares to know what errors are corrected in "■
(the forthcoming Stratford edition), "that exist in no-
other, and which have never been introduced into the
modern text?" — Specimen, &c., p. xxiv.

The impression one would receive from Mr,
Knight's note upon Theobald is, that Shakspeare
had his notion of the shoes from " our old poets,'"
while the learned had theirs from ex pede Her-
cvlem; but where the analogy lies, wherein the
point, or what the application, is not explained-.
Steevens' original note was superior to this, in so-
much that he quoted the words of these old poets,,
thereby giving his readers an opportunity of con-
sidering the justness of the deduction. The only
set-off to this omission by Mr. Knight is the intro-
duction of "ex pede Herculem," the merit of which
is doubtless his own.

But it so happens that the size of the foot of
Hercules has no more to do with the real point of
the allusion than the length of Prester John's ;
therefore ex pede Herculem is a most unfortunate
illustration, — particularly awkward in a specimen
sample, the excellence of which may be ques-
tioned.

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

29

It is singular enough, and it says a great deal
for Theobald's common sense, that he saw what
the true intention of the allusion must be, although
be did not know how to reconcile it with the ex-
isting letter of the text. He wished to preserve the
epirit by the sacrifice of the letter, while Mr. Knight
preserves the letter but misinterprets the spirit.

Theobald's word " shows," in the sense of ex-
ternals, is very nearly what Shakspeare meant by
^hoes, except that shoes implies a great deal more
than shows, — it implies the assumption of the
■character as well as the externals of Hercules.

Out of five quotations from our old poets, given
hy Steevens in the first edition of his note, there is
not one in which the shoes are not provided with
jfeet. But Malone, to his immortal honour, was
the first to furnish them with hoofs :

" Upon an ass ; i. e. upon the hoofs of an ass."

Malone.

But Shakspeare nowhere alludes to feet ! His
ass most probably had feet, and so had Juvenal's
verse (when he talks of his " satyra sumente co-
thurnum ") ; but neither Shakspeare nor Juvenal
dreamed of any necessary connexion between the
feet and the shoes.

Therein lies the difference between Shakspeare
and "our old poets;" a difference that ought to
be sufficient, of itself, to put down the common
cry, — that Shakspeare borrowed his allusions from
them. If so, how is it that his expositors, with
these old poets before their eyes all this time,
together with their own scholarship to boot, have
so widely mistaken the true point of his allusion ?
It is precisely because they have confined their
researches to these old poets, and have not followed
Shakspeare to the fountain head.

There is a passage in Quintillan which, very
probably, has been the common source of both
Shakspeare's version, and that of the old poets ;
with this difference, that he understood the original
and they did not.

Quintillan is cautioning against the introduction
of solemn bombast in trifling affairs :

" To get up," says he, « this sort of pompous tragedy
about mean matters, is as though you would dress up
-children with the mask and buskins of Hercules."

[" Nam in parvis quidem litibus has tragcedias movere
tale est quale si personam Herculis et cothurtios aptare
infantibus velis."]

Here the addition of the mash proves that the
allusion Is purely theatrical. The mask and bus-
kins are put for the stage trappings, or properties,
•of the part of Hercules : of these, one of the items
•was the lion's skin; and hence the extreme aptitude
of the allusion, as applied by the Bastard, in King
John, to Austria, who was assuming the importance
of Cceur de Lion !

It is interesting to observe how nearly Theo-
bald's plain, homely sense, led him to the necessity

of the context. The real points of the allusion caa
scarcely be expressed in better words than hia
own:

" Faulconbridge, in his resentment, would say this to
Austria, ' That lion's skin which my great father, King
Richard, once wore, looks as uncouthly on thy back, as.
that other noble hide, which was borne by Hercules,
would look on the back of an ass !' A double allusion
was intended : first, to the fable jf the ass in the lion's
skin ; then Richard I. is finely set in competition with
Alcides, as Austria is satirically coupled with the ass."

One step farther, and Theobald would have dis-
covered the true solution : he only required to
know that the shoes, by a figure of rhetoric called
synecdoche, may stand for the whole character and
attributes of Hercules, to have saved himself the
trouble of conjecturing an ingenious, though infi-
nitely worse word, as a substitute.

As for subsequent annotators, it must be from
the mental preoccupation of this unlucky "ex
pede Herculem," that they have so often put their
foot in it. They have worked up Alcides' shoe
into a sort of antithesis to Cinderella's ; and, Ilka
Procrustes, they are resolved to stretch everything
to fit. A. E. B.

Leeds.

GOTHES AUTHOB-EEMUNERATION.

The Note in your valuable Journal (Vol. vli.,
p. 591.) requires, I think, so far as it relates to
Gi3the, several corrections which I am in the position
of making. The amount which that great man is
said to have received for his "works (aggregate)"
is " 30,000 crowns." The person who originally
printed this statement must have been completely
ignorant of Gothe's affairs, and even biography.
Gcithe had (unlike Byron) several publishers
in his younger years. Subsequently he became
closer connected with M. J. G. Cotta of Stuttgardt,
who, in succession, published almost all Gothe's
works. Amongst them were several editions of
his complete works : for instance, that published
conjointly at Vienna and Stuttgardt. Then
came, in 1829, what was called the edition of the
last hand (Ausgale letzter Hand), as Gothe was
then more than eighty years of age. During all
the time these two editions were published, other
detached new works of Gothe were also printed ;
as well as new editions of former books, &c. Who
can now say that it was 20,000 crowns (thalers .?)
which the great poet received for each various
performance ? — No one. And this for many rea-
sons. Gothe always remained with M. Cotta on
terms of polite acquaintanceship, no more : there
was no " My dear Murray " in their strictly busi-
ness-like connexion. Gothe also never wrote on
such things, even in his biography or diary. But
some talk was going around in Germany, that for
one of the editions of his complete works (there

30

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

appeared still many volumes of posthumous), he
had received the above sum. I can assert on
good authority, that Gothe, foreseeing his increas-
ing popularity even long after his death, stipulated
with M. Cotta to pay his heirs a certain sum for
every new edition of either his complete or single
works. One of the recipients of these yet current
accounts is Baron Wolfgang von Gothe, Attache
of the Prussian Legation at Rome.

A Foreign Surgeon.

Charlotte Street, Bloomsbury Square.

Parallel Passages. —

" The Father of the gods his glory shrouds,
Involved in tempests and a night of clouds."

Dryden's Virgil.

" Mars, hovering o'er his Troy, his terror shrouds
In gloomy tempests and a night of clouds."

Pope's Homer's Iliad, book xx. line^69, 70.

Uneda.

Unpublished Epitaphs. — I copied the following
two epitaphs from monuments in the churchyard
of Llangerrig, Montgomeryshire, last autumn.
They perhaps deserve printing from the slight re-
semblance they bear to that in Melrose Church-
yard, quoted in Vol. vii., pp. 676, 677. :

" O earth, O earth ! observe this well —
That earth to earth shall come to dwell:
Then earth in earth shall close remain
Till earth from earth shall rise again."

" From earth my body first arose ;
But here to earth again it goes.
I never desire to have it more,
To plague me as it did before."

P. H. Fisher.

The Colour of Ink in Writings. — My attention
was called to this subject some years ago by an
attempt made in a judicial proceeding to prove
that part of a paper produced was written at a
different time than the rest, because part differed
from the rest in the shade of the ink. The follow-
ing conclusions have been the result of my ob-
servations upon the subject :

1. That if the ink of part of a writing is of a
different shade, though of the same colour, from
that of the other parts, we cannot infer from that
circumstance alone that the writing was done at
different times. Ink taken from the top of an
inkstand will be lighter than that from the bottom,
where the dregs are ; the deeper the pen is dipped
into the ink, the darker the writing will be.

2. Writing performed with a pen that has been
used before, will be darker than that with a new
pen ; for the dry residuum of the old ink that is
encrusted on the used pen will mix with the new

ink, and make it darker. And for the same
reason —

3. Writing with a pen previously used will be-
darker at first than it is after the old deposit^
having been mixed up with the new ink, is used
up. M. E.

Philadelphia.

Literary Parallels. — Has it ever been noticed
that the well-known epitaph, sometimes assigned
to Robin of Doncaster, sometimes to Edward
Courtenay, third Earl of Devon, and I believe to-
others besides : " What I gave, that I have," &c.^
has been anticipated by, if not imitated frora^
Martial, book v. epigr. 42., of which the last two-
lines ai-e :

" Extra fortunam est, quicquid donatur amlcis ;
Quas dederis, solas semper habebis opes."

The English is so much more terse and senten-
tious, besides involving a much higher moral sig-
nification, that it may well be an original itself f
but in that case, the verbal coincidence is striking
enough. J. S. Wardex.

Latin Verses prefixed to Parish Registers. — On
a fly-leaf in one of the registers of the parish of
Hawsted, Suffolk, is the following note in the
handwriting of the Rev. Sir John CuUum, the-
rector and historian of the parish :

" Many old register books begin with some Latint
lines, expressive of their design. The two following^
in that of St. Saviour's at Norwich, are as good as any
I have met with :

' Janua, Baptismus ; medio stat Tceda jugalis
Utroque es felix, mors pia si sequitur'.' "

Can any of your correspondents contribute other
examples ? Buriensis.

Napoleon's Bees (Yol. vii., p. 535.). — N"o one^
I believe, having addressed you farther on the
subject of the Napoleon Bees, the models of"
which are stated to have been found in the toml>
of Chllderic when opened in 1653, " of the purest
gold, their wings being inlaid with a red stone^
like a cornelian," I beg to mention that the small
ornaments resembling bees found in the tomb of
Chllderic, were only what in French are called
fieurons (supposed to have been attached to thfr
harness of his war-horse). Handfuls of them
were found when the tomb was opened at Tour-
nay, and sent to Louis XIV. They were de»
posited on a green ground at Versailles.

Napoleon wishing to have some regal emblem
more ancient than the fleur-de-lys, adopted the
fieurons as bees, and the green ground as the
original Merovingian colour.

This fact was related to me as unquestionable
by Augustin Thierry, the celebrated historian,
when I was last in Paris. Wm. Ewart-

University CluU

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

31

^uttie^.

TTAS THOMAS LORD XYTTELTON THB AUTHOR OP
JUNIUS'S LETTERS ?

In the Quarterly Review for 1852 (vol. xc.
No. 179.) appeared a clever and speciously writ-
ten article on the long debated question of the
identity of Junius, in which the writer labours at
great length to prove that Thomas, second Lord
Lyttelton, who died in 1779, was the real sub-
stance of the shadow of Junius, hitherto sought in
vain. That this Lord Lyttelton was fully com-
petent to the task, I do not doubt ; and that there
are many points in his character which may well
be reconciled with the knowledge we possess of
the imaginary Junius, I also admit — but this is
all. The author of the review has wholly failed,
in my opinion, to prove his case ; and the remark
he makes on ISIr. Britton's theory (as to Col. Barre)
may equally well apply to his own, namely, that
it affords " a [another] curious instance of the
delusion to which ingenious men may resign them-
selves, when they have a favourite opinion to up-
hold ! " The reviewer, indeed, admits that he has
" traced the parallel from the scantiest materials;"
and in another passage repeats, that but " few
materials exist for a sketch of Thomas Lyttelton's
life." Of these materials used by the reviewer,
the principal portion has been derived from the
two volumes of letters published in 1780 and 1782,
attributed to Lord Lyttelton, but the authorship
of which has since been claimed for William
Coombe. The reviewer argues, that they are
"substantially genuine;" but evidence, it is be-
lieved, exists to the contrary.* According to
Chalmers, these letters were " publicly disowned"
by the executors of Lord Lyttelton ; and this is
confirmed by the notice in the Gentleman's Maga-
zine for 1780, p. 138., shortly after the publication
of the first volume. Putting aside, however, this
moot-point (which, I trust, will be taken up by
abler hands, as it bears greatly on the theory ad-
vanced by the author of the Review}, I proceed to
another and more conclusive line of argument.
In the Preliminary Essay, prefixed to Wood fall's
edition of Junius, 1812 (vol. I. p. *46.), the follow-
ing statement Is made in regard to that writer,
the accuracy of which will scarcely be doubted :

" There js another point in the history of his life,
during his appearance as a public writer, which must
not be suffered to pass by without observation : and
that is, that during a great part of this time, from Janu-
ary 1769 to January 1772, he uniformly resided in
London, or its immediate vicinity, and that he never
quitted his stated habitation for a longer period than a
few weeks."

* I have been unable to refer to these letters, as no
copy exists in the British Museum library.

Now, do the known facts of Thomas Lyttelton's
life correspond with this statement or not ? The.
reviewer says, p. 115. :

" For a period of three years after Mr. Lyttelton
lost his seat* — that period during which Junius wrote
his achnoivledged compositions — we hardly find a trace:
of him in any of the contemporaneous letters or me-
moirs that have fallen under our observation."

But how is it, let me ask, that the author of the
review has so studiously avoided all mention of
one work, which would at once have furnished
traces of Thomas Lyttelton at this very period ?'
I allude to the volume of Poems by a Young-
Nobleman of distinguished Abilities, lately deceased,
published by G. Kearsley : London, 1780, 4to.
Does not this look much like the suppressio veri.
which follows close on the footsteps of the assertio
falsi ? It is hardly credible that the reviewer-
should not be acquainted Avith this book, for he
refers to the lines spoken In 1765, at Stowe, in the
character of Queen Mab, which form part of its
contents; and the existence of the work Is ex-
pressly pointed out by Chalmers, and noticed by
Lowndes, Watt, and other bibliographers. Among
the poems here published, are some which ought
to have received a prominent notice from the
author of the review, if he had fairly stated the
case. These are :

1. Lines "to G e Ed d Ays — gh, Esq.,

[George Edward Ayscough, cousin to Thomas Lyt-
telton]/rowi Venice, the 20th July, 1770." — P. 22.

2. " An Irregular Ode, wrote at Vicenza, in Italy, the,
20lh of August, 1 770."— P. 29.

3. " On Mr. , at Venice, in J , 1770."

4. "An Invitation to Mrs. A — a D , wrote at

Ghent in Flanders, the 23rd of March, 1769." — P. 41.

5. "An Extempore, by Lord Lyttelton, in Italy, anno
1770." — P. 48.

Admitting that these poems are genuine. It is
evident that their author, Thomas Lyttelton, was
abroad in Flanders and Italy during the years
1769 and 1770; and consequently could not have
been the mysterious Junius, who In those years
(particularly In 1769) was writing constantly in.
or near London to Woodfall and the Public
Advertiser. Of what value then is the assertion
so confidently made by the reviewer (p. 133.) :

" The position of Thomas Lyttelton in the five year&
from 1767 to 1772, is exactly such a one as it is rea-
sonable to suppose that Junius held during the period<
of his writings ; "

or how can It be made to agree with the fact of
his residence on the Continent during the greater
part of the time ?

* As M. P. for Bewdley. He was returned in,
1768, and unseated in January, 1769.

32

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

The reviewer, indeed, tells us that "just as
Junius concluded his great work, Thomas Lyt-
telton returned to his father's house, and Chatham
was one of the first to congratulate Lord Lyt-
telton on the event." This was in Februai-y 1772 ;
and in the Chatham Correspondence, vol.iv. p. 195.,
is Lord Lyttelton's letter of thanks in reply.
The reviewer would evidently have it inferred,
that Thomas Lyttelton had returned home like a
prodigal son, after a temporary estrangement, and
from a comparatively short distance ; but surely,
had the volume of Poems been referred to, it
might or rather mtist have occurred to a candid
inquirer, that in February 1772 Thomas Lyt-
telton returned from his travels on the Continent,
after an absence of nearly three years ! But, per-
haps, the authenticity of the Poems may at once
be boldly denied ? Is this the case ? Chalmers
certainly includes them with the Letters, as having
been " disowned" by Lord L.'s executors ; but
says, " as to the Poems, they added, ' great part
whereof are uncloiibtedly spw'ious.^ " It is certain,
therefore, that soiae of the Poems are genuine ;
and it is a pity that the exceptions were not spe-
cified, as the discussion might then have been
confined within narrower limits. The editor of
the Poems, in his address " To the Reader," writes
thus in vindication of them :

" There is scarcely a line in the collection which
does not bear testimony of its origin ; the places and
dates are also strong corroborations to such of his
friends as he corresponded with on his last journei/
■across the Alps. His style was elegant, and his ideas
so animated, that spurious productions would be imme-
diately detected."

This is the testimony of one who " had the
honour of his friendship, which terminated only
with his death," and is not to be lightly rejected.*
My own conviction is in favour of the authenticity
of the whole ; but, at all events, I shall be able to
oflFer undoubted evidence as to the genuineness of
part of the volume, and additional proof that the
author was abroad at the precise time when, if
he were Junius, he must have resided in this
country. By Thomas Lord Lyttelton's will (dated
Oct. 30, 1777), he appointed as his executors his
brother-in-law Arthur Viscount Valentia, his uncle
William Henry Lord Westcote, and Wilson Ayles-
bury Roberts of Bewdley. To the latter he left all
his " letters, verses, speeches, and writings," with
dii'ectlons that, if published, it should be for his
sole emolument. The important Quei'y therefore
at once arises, what became of these manuscripts,
and were they destroyed or preserved f

* In the Public Advertiser for January 1, 1779 [1780],
appeared a notice of the Poems, said to have been " pub-
lished yesterday ;" and although two pieces are extracted
at length, not a syllable of doubt is expressed as to
their genuineness.

The above Mr. Roberts was an intimate per-
sonal friend ; and from his local influence as bailiff
and deputy-recorder of Bewdley, had no doubt
contributed towards Thomas Lyttelton's return
for that borough in 1768. His son continued to
keep up a close connexion with the Valentia fiimily
at Arley Hal! * ; and this fact, coupled with the
close proximity of Bewdley, Arley, and Ilagley,
and the circumstance of the co-executorship of
Lord Valentia and Mr. Roberts, would make us
naturally look to the library at Arley as a not
unlikely place of deposit for Thomas Lyttelton's
papers. This is not mere conjecture, and brings
me immediately to the point at issue : for, at the
sale of the Valentia Library at Arley Castle, in
December last, a manuscript volume made its ap-
pearance in a lot with othei's thus designated :

" Original Diary of Travels [of Lord Valentia]
4 vols. ; Five Memorandum Books of Journeys and
Travels ; also Two Old Folio Volumes of Original Poetic
Pieces."

One of the folio volumes thus catalogued subse-
quently came into my hands, and Is evidently one
of the manuscripts left by Thomas Lord Lyttelton's
will to the care of Mr. Roberts, since It consists
wholly of pieces in verse and prose of his compo-
sition, written either in his own hand, as rough
draughts, or copied (apparently by a female scribe)
and afterwards corrected by himself. Among the
poetry In this MS. I find the greater pait of the
long poem printed in the edition of 1780, p. 1.,
entitled " The State of England in the year 2199,"
which is without date in the MS., but in the edi-
tion bears date March 21, 1771 ; as likewise the
"Invitation to Miss Warb[u]rt[o]n," edit. p. 35.,
which appears in the MS. without any name ; and
the "Extempore Rhapsody, March 21, 1771," edit.
p. 37., also undated in the MS., but which supplies
the name of " Yates," expressed in the edition by
asterisks ; and also six lines at the end, which were
omitted in the edition on account of their inde-
cency. There ai'e several variations In the manu-
script, which prove that some other copy was
followed by the printer ; and many typographical
errors in the edition may hence be corrected.
Besides these poems, the following pieces consti-
tute the chief contents of this manuscript volume:

Draughts of four letters written hy Thomas Lyttel-
ton from Lyons, the first of which is dated September 10,
1769.

Heads of a series of Dialogues, in imitation of
" Dialogues of the Dead," by his father George, first
Lord Lyttelton.

Poetical Fragments, imitated from Lucretius.

* The estate at Arley was left to the Hon. George
Annesley (afterwards Earl of Mountnorris), son of
Lord Valentia, by the will of Thomas Lord Lyttelton,
and Mr. Koberts was one of the trustees appointed.

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

33

Two letters addressed by Thomas Lyttelton to his
father ; and a third to » Dear George," probably his
cousin George Edward Ayscough.

Some Latin lines, not remarkable for their deli-
cacy.

Political letter, written from Milan, by Thomas
Lyttelton ; in which indignant notice is taken of the
commital of Brass Crossby, Lord Mayor, which took
place in March, 1771.

Fragment of a poem on Superstition, and various
other unfinished poetical scraps.

Private memoranda of expenses.
► A page of writing in a fictitious or short-hand
character, of which I can make nothing.

Remarks, in prose, on the polypus, priestcraft, &c.

Poem in French, of an amatory character.

Portion of a remarkable political letter, containing
some bitter remarks by Thomas Lyttelton on the
"first minister." He ends thus: "The play now
draws to a conclusion. I am guilty of a breach of
trust in telling him so, but I shall [not] suffer by my
indiscretion, for it is an absolute impossibility any
man should divine who is the author of the letter
signed Aruspex."

It would appear from tbe water-mark in the
paper of which this MS. is composed, that it was
procured in Italy ; and there can be little or no
doubt it was used by Thomas Lyttelton as a
draught-book, during his travels there in 1769 —
1771 ; during which period, nearly the whole of
the contents seem to have been written. The
evidence afforded therefore by this volume, coij;ies
peculiarly in support of the dates and other cir-
cumstances put forth in the printed volume of
Poems ; and leads us inevitably to the conclusion,
that it was utterly impossible for Thomas Lyttelton
to have had any share in the Letters of Junius. He
has enough to answer for on the score of his early
profligacy and scepticism, without being dragged
from the grave to be arraigned for the crime of
deceit. His heart need not, according to the re-
viewer, be " stripped bare" by the scalpel of any
literary anatomist; but he may be left to that
quiet and oblivion which a sepulchre in general
bestows. Before I conclude these remarks (which
I fear are too diffuse), I will venture to add a few
words in regard to the signature of Thomas Lord
Lyttelton. In the Chatham Cor7-espondence, a
letter from him to Earl Temple is printed, vol. iv.
p. 348., the signature to which is printed Lyt-
TLETON, and the editors point out in a note the
" alteration adopted" in the spelling of the name ;
but it is altogether an error, for the fac-simile of
this signature in vol. iv. p. 29., as well as his will
in the Prerogative Court, prove that he wrote his
name Lyttelton, in the same manner as his father
and uncle. As to the resemblance pointed out by
the author of the Revieio between the handwrit-
ing of Thomas Lyttelton and that of Junius, it
exists only in imagination, since there is really no
similitude whatever between them.

Some Queries are now annexed, in reference to
what has been above discussed :

1. In what publication or in what form did the
executors of Thomas Lord Lyttelton disown the
Letters and Poems ?

2. Is it known who was the editor of the Poems
published in 1780?

3. Can the present representative of the family
of Roberts give any farther information respecting
Thomas Lord Lyttelton's manuscripts ?

4. Lastly, Is any letter known to exist in the.
public journals of the years 1770, 1771, under the
signature of Aruspjsx '? F. Madden.

British Museum.

:^tnar caticrtc^.

Lord Chatham. — I would suggest as a Query,
whether Lord Chatham's famous comparison of the
Fox and Newcastle ministry to the confluence of
tbe Rhone and Saone at Lyons {Speech, Nov. 13,
1755), was not adapted from a passage in Lord
Roscommon's Essay on translated Verse. Possibly
Lord Chatham may have merely quoted the lines
of Roscommon, and reporters may have converted
his quotation into prose. Lord Chatham (then of
course Mr. Pitt) is represented to have said :

" / remember at Lyons to have been carried to the
conflux of the Rhone and the Soane : the one a gentle,
feeble, laiigijid stream, and, though languid, of no
depth ; the other, a boisterous and impetuous torrent."

Lord Roscommon says :

" Thus have I seen a. rapid headlong tide,
With foaming waves the passive Saone divide,
Whose lazy waters without motion lay.
While he, with eager force, urg'd his impetuous way."

W. EWAHT.
University Club.

Sloio-ivorm Superstition. — Could any of your
correspondents kindly inform me whether there is
any foundation for the superstition, that if a slow-
worm be divided into two or more parts, those
parts will continue to live till sunset (life I sup-
pose to mean that ti'emulous motion which the
divided parts, for some time after the cruel ope-
ration, continue to have), and whether it exists In
any other country or county besides Sussex, in
which county I first heard of it ? Toweb.

Tavgiers (Vol. vli., p. 12.). — I have not seen
any opinion as to these Queries. A. C.

Snail Gardens. — What are the continental en-
closures called snail gardens ? C. M. T.
Oare.

Naples and the Campagna Felice. — Who was
the author of letters beai-ing this title, which on-

34

NOTES AND QUERIES.

ginally appeared in Ackermann's Repository, and
were published in a collected form in 1815 ?

In a catalogue of Jno. Miller's (April, 1853), I
see them attributed to Combe. Q.

Philadelphia.

" The Land of Green Ginger" — the name of a
street in Hull. Can any of your correspondents
inform me why so called ? R. H. B.

"^ Mtigger. — \V~hy are the gipsies in the North of
England called Muggers ? Is it because they sell
mugs, and other articles of crockery, that in fact
being their general vocation ? or may not the word
be a corruption of Maghrdbee, which is, I think, a
foreign name given to this wandering race ?

H. T. RiLET.

Snail-eating. — Can any of your correspondents
inform me in what part of Surrey a breed of large
white snails is still to be found, the first of which
were brought to this country from Italy, by a
member, I think, of the Arundel family, to gratify
the palate of his wife, an Italian lady ? I have
searched Britton and Brayley's History in vain.

H. T. Riley.

Mysterious Personage. — Who is the mysterious
personage, what is kis real or assumed lineage,
who has, not unfrequently, been alluded to in
recent newspaper articles as a legitimate Roman
Catholic claimant of the English throne ? Of
course I do not allude to those psez/^o-Stuarts, the
brothers Hay Allan. W. Pinkeeton.

George Wood of Chester. — Of what family was
George Wood, Esq., Justice of Chester in the first
year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 1558 ?

Cestriensis.

A Scale of Vowel Sounds. — Can any correspon-
dent tell me if such scale has anywhere been
agreed on for scientific purposes ? Researches into
the philosophy of philology are rendered exces-
sively complex by the want of such a scale, every
diiFerent inquirer adopting a peculiar notation,
which is a study in itself, and which, after all, is
unsatisfactory. I should feel obliged by any re-
ference to what has been done in this matter.

E. C.

Seven Oaks and Nine Elms. — Can any reader
of "N. & Q." inform me whether thei'e is any old
custom or superstition connected with Seven Oaks
and Nine Elms, even to be traced as far back as
the time of the Druids ?

In some old grounds in Warwickshire there is a
Circle of nine old elm-trees ; and, besides the well-
known Nine Elms at Vauxhall, and Seven Oaks
in Kent, there are several other places of the same
names in England. J. S. A,

Old Broad Street

Murder of Monaldeschi. — I will thank any of
your correspondents who can give me an account
of the murder of Monaldeschi, equerry to Chris-
tina, Queen of Sweden.

In the 2nd volume of Miss Pardoe's Louis XIV.
("p. 177.), Christina is stated to have visited the
Court of France, and housed at Fontainebleau,
where she had not long been an inmate ere the
tragedy of Monaldeschi took place; and in a letter
to Mazarin she says, " Those who acquainted you
with the details regarding Monaldeschi were very
ill-informed." " T. C. T.

Governor Dameram. — I should be glad of any
particulars respecting the above, who was Go-
vernor of Canada (I think) about the commence-
ment of the present century. He had previously
been the head of the commissariat department in
the continental expeditions. Tee Bee.

Ancient Arms of the See of Yorh. — Can any cor-
respondent enlighten me as to the period, and
why, the present arms were substituted for the
ancient bearings of York ? The modern coat is,
Gu. two keys in saltire arg., in chief an imperial
crown proper. The ancient coat was blazoned,
Az. an episcopal staff in pale or, and ensigned
with a cross patee arg., surmounted by a pall of
the last, edged and fringed of the second, charged
with six crosses formee fitchee sa., and differed
only from that of Canterbury in the number of
crosses formee fitchee with which the pall was
charged. Tee Bee.

Hupfeld. — Can any correspondent of "N. & Q."
tell me where I can see Hupfeld, Von der Natur
und den Arten der Sprachlaute, which is quoted by
several German authors ? It appeared in Jahn's
Jahrb. der Philol. und Pad., 1829. If no corre-
spondent can refer me to any place where the
paper can be seen in London, perhaps they can
direct me to some account of its substance in some
English publication. E. C.

Inscription on a Tomb in Finland. — Can any
reader of " N. & Q." explain the meaning of the
following inscription ?

" lETATXS IN SUBDITOS

MARTYR!

.'iet:s CONIUGALIS

It appears on an old monument of considerable
size in a Finnish burial-ground at Martishkin near
PeterhofTon the Gulf of Finland. The letters are
in brass on a stone slab. The dots before the iv.,
and in the other word, are holes in the stone where-
in the missing characters had been fixed.

J. S. A.

Old Broad Street.

Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Pailioay Tra-
velling. — Having been forcibly impressed by a

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

3^

mragraph in a popular periodical (The Leisure
Hour, No. 72.), I am desirous of learning upon
what authority the statements therein depend.
As, perhaps, it may also prove interesting to some
•of the readers of " N. & Q." who may not already
have seen it, and in the hope that some of your
contributors may be able to throw a light upon so
curious a subject, I herewith transcribe it :

" Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway Travelling.
— Sir Isaac Newton wrote a work upon the prophet
Daniel, and another upon the book of Revelation, in
■one of which he said that in order to fulfil certain pro-
phecies before a certain date was terminated, namely,
1260 years, there would be a mode of travelling of
which the men of his time had no conception ; nay,
that the knowledge of mankind would be so increased,
that they would be able to travel at the rate of fifty
miles an hour. Voltaire, who did not believe in the
inspiration of the scriptures, got hold of this, and said :
* Now look at that mighty mind of Newton, who dis-
covered gravity, and told us such marvels for us all to
admire. When he became an old man, and got into
his dotage, he began to study that book called the
Bible ; and it seems, that in order to credit its fabulous
nonsense, we must believe that the knowledge of man-
kind will be so increased that we shall be able to travel
at the rate of fifty miles an hour. The poor dotard !'
exclaimed the philosophic infidel Voltaire, in the self-
complacency of his pity. But who is the dotard now ?
— — Rev. J. Craig."

The Query I would more particularly ask is
(presuming the accuracy of the assertions), What
is the prophecy so wonderfully fidfilled ? K. W.

Tom ThumVs House at Gonerby, Lincolnshire. —
•On the south-west side of the tower of the church
of Great Gonerby, Lincolnshire, is a curious cor-
nice representing a house with a door in the
centre, an oriel window, &c., which is popularly
called " Tom Thumb's Castle." I have a small
engraving of it (" W. T. del, 1820, R. R. sculpt.") :
and a pencil states that on the same tower are
other " curious carvings."

I would ask, therefore, Why carved ? From
what event or occasion ? For whom ? Why
called "Tom Thumb's House?" And what are
the other curious carvings ? G. Creed.

Mr. Payne Collier's Monovolume Shakspeare. —
I should be extremely obliged to Mr. CoiiLiER, if
he would kindly give me a public reply to the fol-
lowing question.

The express terms of the publication of his
monovolume edition of Shakspeare, as advertised,
were —

" The text regulated by the old copies, and by the

recently discovered folio of 1632."

These terms manifestly exclude corrections from
any other source that those of collation of the old
copies, and the MS. corrections of the folio of 1632.

Now the text of Mr. Collier's monovolum«
reprint contains many of the emendations of the
commentators not referred to in Notes and Emend-
ations. For example: in The Taming of the Shrew^
where Biondello runs in to announce the coming
down the hill of the " ancient angel " (changed by
the corrector into ambler), two other alterations ia
the same sentence appear without explanation ia
the regulated text, namely, mercatante substituted
by Steevens for "marcantant" of the- folios; and^
surely in lieu of " surly," which latter is the word
of the folio of 16S2. ^ '

I now ask Mr. Collier, on what authority Were-
these emendations adopted ?

C. Mansfield Inglebt.

Birmingham.

WILD PLANTS AND THEIR NAMES.

(Vol. vii., pp. 175. 233.)

Perhaps the following may prove of some use to
Enivri, in reply to his Query respecting the names
of certain wild flowers.

1. Shepherd's Purse (Bursa pastoris). " Sic
diet, a foUiculis seminura, qui crumenulam referrei
videntur." Also called Poor Man's Parmacitty,
" Quia ad contuses et casu afflictos instar sper--
matis ceti utile est." Also St. James's Wort,
" Quia cirea ejus festum florescit," July 28th.
Also called Pick-purse.

2. Eye-bright, according to Skinner (Euphra-
sia), Teut. Augentrost ; " Oculorum solamen, quia
visum exlmie acuit." Fluellin (Veronica femina).,
"Forte a Leolino aliquo Cambro-Brit. ejus inven-
tore."

3. Pass Wort, or Palsy Wort (Primula veris).
" Herba paralyseos."

4. Guelder Rose (Sambucus rosea). " Quia ex .
Gueldria hue translata est." Gueldria is, or rather
was, a colony, founded by the Hollanders, on the
coast of Coromandel.

5. Ladies' Tresses, a corruption of traces. A,
kind of orchis, and used, with its various appel-
lations, " sensu obsc."

6. The Kentish term Gazel is not improbably
the same as Gale, which, Skinner says, is from the
A.-S. Gagel (Myrtus brabantica).

7. Stitch Wort (Gramen leucanthemum, alias •
Holostium pumilum). " Sic diet, quia ad dolores
laterum punctorios multum prodesse creditur."

8. The term Knappert, for Bitter Vetch, is pro-
bably a corruption of Knap Wort, the first syl-
lable of which, as in Knap Weed and Knap Bottle,
is derived from the sound or snap emitted by it
when struck in the hollow of the hand.

9. Charlock (Rapmn sylvestre) ; Anglo- Saxou
Cerlice.

36

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

10. London Pride or Tufts (Armeria proliferd).
** Sic _ diet, quia Acres propter pulchritudinem
Londini valde expetuntur." (?)

11. Avens; also Herb Bennet {Caryophjllata).
Skinner says, "HerbaBenedicta ab insigni radicis
Vulneraria vi." (?)

12. Mill Mountain, or Purge Flax (Linum syl-
vestre catharticum, or ChamcElinum). " Montibus
gaudet."

_ 13. Jack of the Buttery, " Sedi species ; sic
diet, quia in tecto galacterii crescit." Pricket : "a
6apore acri."

14. Cudweed or Cotton Weed ; Live-long.
•' Quia planta perennis est."

15. Sun Spurge. " Quia flores ad of turn solis
S6 aperlunt." Churn Staff, from its similarity.

16. Welcome to our House {Tithymalus Cypa-
rissias). " Ob pulchritudinem suam omnibus ex-
petitus."

17. Ruddes {Fl. Calendulai). "A colore aureo."
Wild or Corn Marigold. " Q. d. aurum MaritB,
a colore sc. floris luteo." Gouls or Goulans, with
a half-suppressed d, may very well be supposed to
indicate its natural name — Gold. Another name
of this plant is Lockron, or Locker Goulans.

18. Spurry (Spergula). " Sic diet, quia folia
ejus octo, angusta, stelliformia, radios calcaris satis
exacte referunt."

19. Mercury Goose-foot. Probably a goose-foot
resembling Mercury (Mercurialis), a herb con-
cerning which Skinner doubts, but suggests, " Quia
Mercurio, ut ceterse omnes plantae planetis, appro-
priata sit." Another name is Good Henry, — I find
not Good King Henry — (^Lapathum unctuosuni), "A
commodo ejus usu in enematis." It is also called
All-good, forasmuch as it is useful, not only for its
medicinal qualities, but also in supplying the table
•with a substitute for other vegetables, such as
asparagus.

A plant termed in this country Gang Flower is
the same as Rogation Flower, recalling the peram-
bulation of parishes on one of those days. There
is a vast fund of interesting matter in these old
names of wild flowers (mixed up, of course, with
much that is trifling) ; and I cordially agree with
your correspondent, that it is well worth a steady
effort to rescue the fast-fading traditions relating
to them. It must be confessed, however, that the
obstacles in the way of tracing the original mean-
ing and supposed virtues, will in many instances
be found very great, arising principally from the
fanciful translations and corruptions which our
ancestors made of the old names. Take, for in-
stance, the following :

Loose Strife or Herb Willow, from Lysimachia,
the original being undoubtedly a man's name,
Lysimachus.

Ale-hoof (Hedera terrestris) . Anglo-Saxon Al
iehufian. " Herba ndyxpvo'Tos, ad multos usus effi-
cacissima."

Herb Ambrose has a Greek origin, duPporos, and
is not indebted to the saint of that name.

Corafrey or Cumfrey. " Herba vulnera confer^
ruminans ;" good for joining the edges of a
wound.

Calathian Violets. Simply cupped violets, fronn
Kd\a6os.

Brank Ursin (Acanthus). « It: brancha, unguis
ursinus."

Blood Strange ; properly, Stri?ig. To stanch.

Bertram. A corruption of TrvpeQpov {Pyreihrmn).

Spreusidany, Hair-strong, Sulphur Wort. Cor-
rupted from Peucedanum.

Pell-a-mountain, Wild Thyme. From Serpyl-
turn montamim.

Faceless. From Phaseolus, dim. of Phaselus;, sck
called from its shallop shape.

Stiek-a-dove, French Lavender. From ffroix&^r
ffroixdSos, Stoechas; so called from the irregularity of
the petals.

Such instances might be multiplied to almost
any extent.

There is, doubtless, a good deal of scattered in-
formation respecting old English wild flowers to
be met with, not only in books, but also among;
our rural population, stored up by village sages.
Contributions of this description would surely be'
welcome in " N. & Q." H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Herbs of all kinds were, some two hundred years
ago, esteemed of much value as medicine ; for in a
curious, and I believe rather scarce, pharmacopoeia'
by Wm. Salmon, date 1693, I find some 414 pages
devoted to their uses. This pharmacopoeia, or Com-
pleat English Physician, was dedicated to Mary,,
second Queen of England, Scotland, France, Ire-
land, &c., and appears to have been the first. The
preface says " it was the first of that kind extant
in the world, a subject for which we have no pre-
cedent."

" I have not trusted," he says, "to the reports of
authors, but have wrote as an eye-witness in describing
most things therein ; and it is nothing but what I
know and have learnt by daily experience for thirty
years together, so that my prescriptions may in some-
measure plead a privilege above the performances of
other men."

1. Capsella (Bursa pastoris) he describes as cold
1°, and dry in 2°, binding and astringent. Good,
against spitting of blood or hsemorrhage of the
nose, and other fluxes of the bowels. The leaves,
of which 5j- in powder may be given. The juice
inspissate, drunk with wine, helps ague. A cata-
plasm applied in inflammations, Anthony's fire^
&c., represses them.

2. Veronica Chamwdi'ys he calls Euphrasia,
Euphrosimee, and says it is much commended by
Arnoldus de Villa Nova, who asserts that it not
only helps dimness of the sight, but the use of it

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

37

makes old men to read small letters without spec-
tacles, who could scarcely read great letters with
spectacles before; but that it did restore their
sight who had been a long time blind. Truly a
most wonderful plant ; and, if he freely used it,
must have been a great drawback to spectacle-
makers.

3. Primula veris, he says, more properly belongs
to the primrose than cowslip. The root is hau-
matic, and helps pains in the back. The herb is
cephalic, neurotic, and arthritic. The juice or
essence, with spirits of wine, stops all manner of
fluxes, is excellent against palsy, gout, and pains,
and distempers of the nerves and joints. A cata-
plasm of the juice, with rye meal, is good against
luxations and ruptures. The flowers are good
against palsy, numbness, convulsions, and cramps,
being given in a sulphurous or a saline tincture,
or an oily tincture, or an essence of the juice with
spirits of wine. The juice of the flowers, or an
ointment of the jiower or its juice, cleanses the
skin from spots, though the worthy old physician
only gives a receipt for making essence as follows :
Beat the whole plant well in a mortar ; add to it
an equal quantity of brandy or spirits of wine;
close up tight in a large bolt-head, and set it to
digest in a very gentle sand-heat for three months.
Strain out all the liquor, which close up in a bolt-
head again, and digest in a gentle sand-heat for
two months more. Rather a troublesome and
slow process this.

4. Geutn urbanum he calls Cajyophyllata, Herha
hencdicta, and Geum Plinii^ and should be gathered,
he says, in the middle of March, for then it smells
sweetest, and is most aromatic. Hot and dry in
the 2°, binding, strengthening, discussive, cepha-
lic, neurotic, and cardiac. Is a good preservative
against epidemic and contagious disease ; helps
digestion. The powder of the root, dose 5j' The
decoction, in wine, stops spitting of blood, dose 5ss
to 5jss. The saline tincture opens all obstructions
of the viscera, dose 5j to ^i'j-

Should Enivri wish to know the medical virtues
of our wild plants, I have no doubt but that this
■worthy old physician will tell him what virtues
they were considered to possess in his day, at least
by himself; and I can assure him that 1195 of the
JErtglish Physician's pages ascribe marvellous pro-
perties, not only to plants, but to animals, fish, and
even the bones of a stag's heart. E,. J. Shaw.

JACOB BOB ART.

(Vol. vii., pp. 428. 578.)

I am exceedingly obliged for the information
afforded by Dr. E. F. Rimbault concerning the
Bobarts. Can he give me any moi'e communication
concerning them ? I am anxious to learn all I can.
I have old Jacob Bobart's signature, bearing date

1659, in which he spells his name with an e in-
stead of a, which seems to have been altered to an
a by his son Jacob. ^

In Vertumnus it says Bobart's Horius Siccus
was in twenty volumes ; but the Oxford Botanic
Garden Guide only mentions twelve quarto vo-
lumes : which is correct, and where is it ? In
one of my copies of Vertumnus, a scrap of paper is
fixed to p. 29., and the following is Avritten upon
it:

" The Hortus Siccus here alluded to was sold at the
Rev. Mr. Hodgkinson's sale at Sarsden, to Mrs. De
Salis, wife of Dr. De Sails."

Is there any pedigree of the family ?

In a letter of Jno. Ray's to Mr. Aubrey Is the
following :

" I am glad that Mr. Bobart hath been so diligent
in observing and making a collection of insects."

Is there any collection extant ?

" He may give me much assistance in my intended
Synopsis of our English Animals, and contribute much
to the perfecting of it."

Did he do so ?

Is the print of old Jacob Bobart, by "W. Ri-
chardson, valuable ?

Where can I pick up a print of him by Loggan
del.. Burghers sculp. ? There is a portrait of Jacob
Bobart the younger in Oxford Almanack for
1719 ; can I procure it ? H. T. Bobart.

HERALDIC QUERIES.

(Vol. vii., p. 571.)

Cetbep is informed, 1st, That a shield in the
form of a lozenge was appropriated exclusively to
females, both spinsters and widows, in order to
distinguish the sex of the bearer of a coat of arms.
It is of doubtful origin, though supposed, from the
form, to symbolise the spindle with yarn wound
round it ; of good authdt-ity, and not of very modern
date. Many instances may be seen in Fuller, in
the coats of arms appended to the dedications of
the various chapters of his Church History. In
sect. ii. book vi. p. 282. ed. 1655, he has separated
the coats of man and wife, and placed them side by
aide ; that of the latter upon a lozenge- shaped
shield — Party per pale arg. and gules, two eagles
displayed, counterchanged.

2ndly, No one has a right to inscribe a motto
upon a garter or riband, except those dignified
with one of the various orders of knighthood. For
any other person to do so, is a silly assumption.
The motto should be upon a scroll, either over the
crest, or beneath the shield.

3rdly, I cannot find that it was ever the custom
in this country for ecclesiastics to bear their pa-
ternal coat on an oval or circular shield. For-
bidden, as they were, by the first council of Mas-

38

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

con, Bingham, vi. 421., in tbe Excerptions of
Ecgbright, A.T>. 740, Item 154., and the Consti-
tutions of Othobon, a.d. 1268, can. 4., to bear
arms for the purposes of warfare, it is a question
whether any below the episcopal order ought, in
strict right, to display any armorial ensigns at all.
Archbishops and bishops bear the arms of their
sees impaled (as of their spouse) with their own
paternal coats ; the latter probably only in right of
their baronies. It is worthy of remark that, since
the Reformation, and consequent marriage of
bishops, there has been no official decision as to
the bearing the arms of their wives, nor has any
precedence been granted to the latter. H. C. K.
■ Rectory, Hereford.

DOOR-HEAD INSCEIPTIOirS.

(Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190. 585.)

A few years ago I copied the following inscrip-
tion from over the door of the residence of a parish
priest at Cologne :

" Protege Deus parochiam banc propter
Te et S. S. tuum, sicut protexisti
Jerusalem propter Te et David servum
tuum. IV Reg. xx. 6.

A.D. 1787."

From the gateway leading into the Villa
Borghese, just outside of the " Porta del Popolp,"
at Rome, I copied the following :

" VIUeb Burghesiffi Pincianje

Custos haec edico.

QuisquLs es, si liber

legum compedes ne hie timeas.

Ite quo voles, carpite quae voles,

Abite quando voles.

Exteris magis haec parantur

quam hero.

In aureo sseculo ubi cuncta aurea

temporum securitas fecit

bene morSto :

Hospiti ferreas leges praefigere

herus vetat.

Sit hie pro amico, pro lege

honesta voluntas.

Verum si quis dolo malo, lubens, sciens

aureas urbanitatis leges fregerit,

Caveat ne sibi

Tesscram amicitiaa subiratus villicus

advorsutn frangat."

On the entrance into the Villa Medici are the
two following :

" Aditurus hortos hospes, in

summo ut vides

colle hortulorum consitos,

si forte quid
audes probare, scire debes

hos hero

herique amicis esse apertos

omnibus."

*' Ingressurus hospes hosce quos

ingentibus

instruxit hortos sumptibus

suis Medices

Femaudus expleare visendo

licet :

atque his fruendo plura

Velle nondecet."

The following I copied from a gateway leading

into a vineyard near the church of San Eusebio,

at Rome :

" Tria sunt mirabilia ;
Trinus et unus,
Deus et homo,
Virgo et mater."

Ceteep.

CONSECKATED ROSES.

(Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480.)

I forward the accompanying observations on the
origin of the Rosa d'Oro, in compliance with the
request contained at page 480. of the 185th No.
of " N. & Q.," in case they should not have come
under your observation. They are to be found in
Histoi7-e de Lorraine, par R. P. Dom. Calmet :
Nancy, 1745,

" Le troisieme monastere fonde par les parens de
St. Leon est I'Abbaye de Volfenheim, a deux lieues de
Colmar, vers le Midi, et a deux lieues environs d'Eges-
heim, chateau des Comtes de Dasbourg, aujourd'hui
(1745) inhabite, mais bien remarquable par ces vastes
ruines, sur le sommet des montagnes qui dominent sur
I'Alsace.

" Volfenheim etoit un village considerable, a une lieue
et demi de Colmar. On voie encore aujourd'hui a une
demi lieue de Sainte Croix dans les champs, I'eglise qui
lui servoit autrefois de paroisse. L'abbaye etoit a
quelque distance de lu, au lieu otj. est aujourd'hui le
bourg de Sainte Croix.

" Volfenheim ayant etoit [ Quwre, ete] ruin^ par les
guerres, les habitans se sont insensiblement etablis
autour de l'abbaye, ce qui a forme un bon bourg, connu
sous le nom de Sainte Croix ; parceque l'abbaye etoit
consacree sous cette invocation. Le Pape Leon IX.,
dans la BuUe qu'il donna a ce monastere la premiere
ann^e de son pontificat, de J. C. 1049, nous apprend
qu'il avoit ete fonde par son pere Hughes et sa mere
Heilioilgdis, et ses freres Gerard et Hugues, qui etoient
deja decedes ; il ajoute que ce lieu lui etoit tombe par
droit de succession; il le met sous la protection specials
du Saint Siege, en sorte que nuUe personne, de quelque
qualite qu'elle soit, n'y exerce aucune autorite, mais
qu'il jouisse d'une pleine liberte, et que I'abbesseet les
religieuses puissent employer quelque eveque ilsjuge-
roient apropos pour les benedictions d'autels, et autres
fonctions qui regardent le tninistere episcopal : que son
neveu, le Comte Henri Seigneur d'Egesheim, en soit
la voiie, et apres lui, I'aine des Seigneurs d'Egesheim^
a perpetuite.

" Que si cette race vient a manquer, I'abbesse et le
couvent choisiront quelque autre de la parente de ces

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

39

seigneurs, afin que I'avocatie ne solt pas de leur race,
et qu'apres la mort de Kucntza, qui en etoit abbesse,
et a qui le Pape avoit donue la benudlction abbatiale,
les religieuses choisissent de leur communaute, ou
d'ailleurs, celle qui leur paroitra la plus pvopre, re-
servant toujours au Pape le droit de la benir. Et en
reconnaissance d'un privilege si singulier, I'abbesse
donnera tous les ans au Saint Siege une Rose d'Or du
poids de deux onces Romaines. Elle I'envoyera toute
faite, ou en envoyera la matiere preparee, de telle sorte
qu'elle soit rendue au Pape huit jours auparavant qu'il
la porte, c'est-a-dire, le Dimanche de Careme, oil I'on
chante a I'lntroite, 'Oculi mei semper ad Dominum ;'
afin qu'il puisse benir au Dimanche ' Laetare,' qui est
le quatrieme du Careme. Telle est I'origine de la
Kose d'Or, que le Pape benit encore aujourd'liui le
quatrieme Dimanche de Careme, nomme ' Laetare,' et
qu'il envoye a quelque prince pour marque d'estime
et de bienveillance. Ce jour-la, la station se fait a
Sainte Croix de Jerusalem. Le PapC; accompagne des
cardinaux, vetus de couleur de rose, marche en caval-
cade a I'eglise, tenant la Rose d'Or a la main. II la
porte, allant a I'autel, charg^ de baume et de mare. II
la quitte au ' Confiteor,' et la reprendapres 'I'lntroite.'
II en fait la Benediction, et apres I'Evangile, il monte
en chaise et explique les proprietes de la rose. Apres
la Messe il retourne en cavalcade a son palais, ayant
toujours la Rose en main et la couronne sur la tete. On
appelle ce Dimanche ' Pascha rosata,' ou ' Lastare.'

" Nous avons encore un sermon du Pape Inno-
cent III., compose en cette occasion, au commence-
ment du treizleme siecle. Le Pape Nicholas IV., en
moo, dans le denombrement qu'il fait des eglises
qui doivent des redevances a I'eglise de Rome, met le
nionastcre de Sainte Croix, diocese de Basle, qui doit
deux onces d'or pour la Rose d'Or, qui se benit au
Dimanche LeEtere, Jerusalem."

P. P. P.

NOTES ON SERPENTS.

(Vol. ii., p. 130.; Vol. vi., p. 177.— Vol. ili., p. 490.;
Vol. vi., pp. 42. 147.)

Loskiel, in his account of the Moravian missions
to the North American Indians *, tells us that, —

" The Indians are remarkably skilled in curing the
bite of venomous serpents, and have found a medicine
peculiarly adapted to the bite of each species. For
example, the leaf of the Rattlesnake-root (Polt/pala
senega) is the most efficacious remedy against the bite
of this dreadful animal. God has mercifully granted
it to grow in the greatest plenty in all parts most in-
fested by the rattlesnake. It is very remarkable that
this herb acquires its greatest perfection just at the time
when the bite of these serpents is the most dangerous.
..... Virginian Snake- root (^Aristolochia serpentaria)

* The title of this curious book is, Geschichte der
Mission del- evangelischen Briider tenter den Indianei-n in
Nordamerika, durch Georg H. Loskiel: Barby, 1789,
8vo., pp. 783. Latrobe's translation of this book was
published Lond. 1794.

chewed, makes also an excellent poultice for wounds of

this sort The fat of the serpent itself, rubbed

into the wound, is thought to be efficacious. The
ilesh of the rattlesnake, dried and boiled to a broth, is
said to be more nourishing than that of the viper, and
of service in consumptions. Their gall is likewise used
as medicine." — P. 146.

Pigs are excepted from the dreadful effects of
their bite ; they will even attack and eat them. It
is said that, if a rattlesnake is irritated and cannot
be revenged, it bites itself, and dies in a few hours :

" Wird dieses Thier zornig gemacht, und es kann
sich nicht riichen, so beiszt es sich selbst, und in wenig
Stunden ist es todt." — P. 113.*

" I have seen some of our Canadians eat these rattle-
snakes repeatedly. The flesh is very white, and they
assured me had a delicious taste. Their manner of

dressing them is very simple Great caution,

however, is required in killing a snake for eating; for
if the first blow fails, or only partially stuns him, he in-
stantly bites himself in different parts of the body, which
thereby become poisoned, and would prove fatal to any
person who should partake of it." — Cox's Adv. on the
Columbia River: Lond. 1832, p. 74.

" Dr. Fordyce knew the black servant of an Indian
merchant in America, who was fond of soup made of
rattlesnakes, in which he always boiled the head along
with the rest of the animal, without any regard to the
poison." — Rees's Cyclopadia.

" There is a religious sect in Africa, not far from.
Algiers, which eat the most venomous serpents alive ;
and certainly, it is said, without extracting their fangs.
They declare they enjoy the privilege from their
founder. Tlie creatures writhe and struggle between
their teeth ; but possibly, if they do bite them, the
bite is innocuous."

Mrs. Crowe, in the concluding chapter of her
Night-side of Nature, gives the testimony of an
eye-witness to "the singular phenomenon to be
observed by placing a scorpion and a mouse to-
gether under a glass."

" It is known that stags renew their age by eating
serpents ; so the phcenix is restored by the nest of
spices she makes to burn in. The pelican hath the
same virtue, whose right foot, if it be put under hot
dung, after three months a pelican will bo bred from
it. Wherefore some physicians, with some confections
made of a viper and hellebore, and of some of the flesh
of these creatures, do promise to restore youth, and some-
times they do it." ■(•

On reading any of our old herbalists, one would
imagine that serpents (and those of the worst
kind) abounded in " Merrie Englande," and that
they were the greatest bane of our lives. It is

* This reminds one of the notion respecting
" The scorpion girt with fire,"
immortalised by Lord Byron's famous simile.

f Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art and Nature ;
being the Summe and Substance of NaturaU Fhilosophif
methodically digested: London, 1661.

40

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 19a.

hard to stumble on a plant that is not an antidote
to the bite of serpents. Our old herbals were com-
piled, however, almost entirely from the writings
of the ancients, and from foreign sources. The
ancients had a curious notion relative to the plant
Basil (^Oscimum hasilicum), viz., "That there is a
property in Basil to propagate scorpions, and that
by the smell thereof they are bred in the brains of
men." Others deny this wonderful property, and
make Basil a simple antidote.

" According unto Oribasius, physician unto Julian,
the Africans, men best experienced in poisons, affirm,
whosoever hath eaten Basil, although he be stung with
a scorpion, shall feel no pain thereby, which is a very
diiFerent effect, and rather antidotally destroying than
seminally promoting its production." — Sir Thomas
Browne, Vulgar Errors.

An old writer gives the following anecdote in
point :

" Francis Marcio, an eminent statesman of Genoa,
having sent an ambassador from that republic to the
Duke of Milan, when he could neither procure an
audience of leave from that prince, nor yet prevail
with him to ratify his promises made to the Genoese,
taking a fit opportunity, presented a handful of the
herb Basil to the duke. The duke, somewhat sur-
prised, asked what that meant ? ' Sir,' replied the am-
bassador, ' this herb is of that nature, that if you handle
it gently without squeezing, it will emit a pleasant and
grateful scent ; but if you squeeze and gripe it, 'twill
not only lose its colour, but it will become productive of
scorpions in a little time," — The Entertainer : London,
1717, p. 23.

Pliny tells us that a decoction from the leaves
of the ash tree, given as a drlnlc, is such a remedy
that "nothing so soveraigne can be found against
the poison of serpents ; " and farther :

*' That a serpent dare not come neare the shaddow of that
tree. The serpent will chuse rather to goe into the
fire than to flie from it to the leaves of the ash. A
wonderful goodnesse of Dame Nature, that the ash
doth bloome and flourish alwaies before that serpents
come abroad, and never sheddeth leaves, but continueth
green untill they be retired into their holes, and hidden
within the ground."

The ancient opinion respecting the rooted anti-
pathy between the ash and the serpent is not to
be explained merely by the fact in natural history
of its being an antidote, but it has a deeply myth-
ical meaning. See, in the Prose Edda, the account
of the ash Yggdrasiil, and the serpents gnawing its
roots. Loskiel corroborates Pliny as to the ash
being an antidote :

" A decoction of the buds or bark of the white ash
(Fraxinus Carolina) taken inwardly is said to be a cer-
tain remedy against the effects of poison," i.e. of the
rattlesnake.

Serpents afford Pliny a theme for inexhaustible
wonders. The strangest of his relations perhaps

is where he tells us that serpents, " when they
have stung or bitten a man, die for very greefe
and sorrow that they have done such a mischeefe."
He makes a special exception, however, of the
murderous salamander, who has no such "pricke
and remorse of conscience," but would " destroy
whole nations at one time," if not prevented. In
this same book (xxix.) he gives a receipt for
making the famous theriacum, or treacle, of vipers'
flesh. Another strange notion of the ancients was
"that the marrow of a man's backe bone will breed
to a snake " (Hist. Nat, x. 66.). This perhaps,
originally, had a mystic meaning ; for a great pro-
portion of the innumerable serpent stories have a
deeper foundation than a credulous fancy or lively
imagination.

Take, for instance, the wide-spread legend of
the sea-serpent. Mr. Deane says, —

"The superstition of 'the serpent in the sea' was
known to the Chinese, as we observed in the chapter
on the ' Serpent-worship of China.' But it was doubt-
less, at one time, a very general superstition among the
heathens, for we find it mentioned by Isaiah, ch. xxvii.
I., 'In that day the Lord, with his sore and great and
strong sword, shall punish Leviathan the piercing ser-
pent, even Leviathan that crooked serpent : and He
shall slay the dragoii that is in the sea.' "

In Blackwood's Magazine, vol. ii. p. 645., vol. iv.
pp. 33. 205., may be found some interesting papers
on the " Scrakin, or Great Sea Serpent."

Mr. Deane's Worship of the Serpent (London,
1830), and The Cross and the Serpent, by the Rev.
Wm. Haslam (London, 1849), are noble works
both of them, and ought to be in the hands of
every Clu-istian scholar. In these two words,
" Cross " and " Serpent," we have an epitome of
the history of the world and the human race, as
well as the ground-work for all our hopes and
fears. In them are bound up the highest mys-
teries, the truest symbolism, the deepest realities,
and our nearest and dearest interests.

Lord Bacon thus narrates the classical fable
which accounts for the serpent's being gifted with
the power of restoring youth :

" The gods, in a merry mood, granted unto men not
only the use of fire, but perpetual youth also, a boon
most acceptable and desirable. They being as it were
overjoyed, did foolishly lay this gift of the gods upon
the back of an ass, who, being wonderfully oppressed
with thirst and near a fountain, was told by a serpent
(which had the custody thereof) that he should not
drink unless he would promise to give him the burthen
that was on his back. The silly ass accepted the con-
dition, and so the restoration of youth (sold for a draught
of water) passed from men to serpents." — The Wisdom of
the Ancients (Prometheus, xxvi. ).

That this, as well as the whole of the legend re-
lating to Prometheus, is a confused account of an
early tradition relative to the Fall of Man, and
his forfeiture of immortality, is obvious to any

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

41

unprejudiced mind. Lord Bacon's explanation
shows that he has been overreached by his fancy
and ingenuity.

In all the ancient mysteries, the serpent was
more or less conspicuously introduced, and always
as a symbol of the invigorating or active power of
nature. The serpent was an emblem of the sun.
Solar, Phallic, and Serpent worship, are all forms
of a single worship.* The Hindu Boodh, Chinese
Fo, Egyptian Osiris, Northern Woden, Mexican
Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent), are one and the
same. (See the American Archceological lie-
searches. No. 1. ; The Serpent Symbol, and the
Worship of the Reciprocal Principles of Nature
in Amej-ica, by E. G. Squier : New York, 1851.)

In Hindostan, to this day, we have the Chau-
dravanasas and the Snaryuvanasas, worshippers of
the moon, the aqueous or female ; and of the sun,
the igneous or male principle. The Saivas conjoin
the two. Clemens Alexandrinus has a curious re-
mark, referring to the calling on Evoe or £lva in
the orgies of Bacchus ; he says :

" The symbol in the orgies of Bacchus is a conse-
crated serpent ; and, indeed, if we pay attention to the
strict sense of the Hebrew, the name Evia, aspirated,
signifies /ewia/e serpent.'"

In my list of saints who are represented with a
dragon or serpent beneath their feet, I omitted
St. Hilary :

" He is usually represented with three books. In
Callot's Images he is treading on serpents, and accom-
panied by the text Numb. xxi. 7. Both these emblems
allude to his opposition to Arianism ; the books signi-
fying the treatises he wrote against it, and the serpents
the false doctrines and heresies which he overthrew."
Calendar of the Anglican Church Illustrated: London,
1851, p. 37.

In Didron's splendid work (the Iconographie)
we have several references to ancient represent-
ations of our blessed Lord treading the dragon
under foot ; and sometimes the lion, the asp, and
the basilisk are added. (See Ps. xci. 13.)

The Conception is usually represented in Chris-
tian art by a figure of Mary setting her foot, as
second Eve, on the head of the prostrate serpent
(in allusion to Gen. iii. 15.), and thus we find it in
Callot's Images.

" Not seldom, in a series of subjects from the Old
Testament, the pendant to Eve holding the apple is
Mary crushing the head of the fiend: and thus the bane

* In O'Brien's work on The Bound Towers of Ire-
land, London, 1834, may be found much curious matter
on this subject ; and a good deal of light is thrown on
the horrors of Serpent or Boodhist worship. It is,
however, a wild and irreverent book, and by no means
to be recommended to the general reader, independently
of the nature of its details. Mr. Payne Knight's book
is too well known to need mention here.

and antidote are both before us.'
Legends of the Madonna.')

(See Mrs. Jameson's
ElBIONNACH.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Early Notice of the Camera Obscura. — I send you
an early notice of the camera obscura, which is to
be found in vol. vi. of the Nouvelles de la Bepub'
lique des Lettres for September, 1686, p. 1016. It
is taken from a letter of Mons. Laurenti, medecin,
of Boulogne, " Sur rerection des especes dans uue
chambre optique."

" C'est ainsi qu'on nomme line cbambre exactement
fermee partout, si ce n'est dans un endroit par ou on
laisse entrer la lumiere, afin de voir peints, et situes a
rebours, sur un morceau de papier blanc, Ics objets de
dehors qui respondent a ce trou, auquel il faut mettre
un verre convexe. On a souhaite, pour donnef plus
d'agr(5ment a ce spectacle, que les objets se peignissent
sur ce papier selon leur veritable situation ; et pour cet
effet on a cherche des expediens qui redressassent les
especes avant qu'elles parvinssent au foier du verre,
c'est-a-dire, sur le papier. L'auteur raporte ' 10' de
ces expediens, et trouve dans chacun d'eux quelque
chose d'incommode ; mais enfin il en raporte un autre,
i\\n est exempt de toutes ces incommoditez, et qui, par
le moien d'un prisme, au travers duquel il faut regarder
les images peints sur le papier, les montre dans leur
situation droite, et augmente meme la vivacite de leurs
couleurs. C'est le hazard qui a decouvert ce pheno-
mene."

This letter is to be found at length in the Mis-
cellanea Curiosa, sive Ephemeridum Medico~Physi-
carum Germanicarum Academice Naturce curiosorum
decuria II. annus quartus, anni 1685 continens cele-
herrimorum Virorum observationes medicos : Norim-
bergfc, 1686, in 4to. It may perhaps be worth
consulting, if it were only to know what the ten
rejected expedients are. Anon.

Queries on Dr. Diamond's Collodion Process. —
Will you oblige me by informing Dr. Diamond
through your valuable publication, that I am, in
common with many others, extremely indebted to
him for his collodion, and would esteem it a favour
if he would answer the following Queries, viz. :

1 St. He says, in answer to a previous Query,
that " nitrate of potassa " is not formed in his
process. Now I wish to ask if (as the iodide of
silver is redissolved in iodide of potassium) it is
not formed when the plate is plunged into the
nitrate silver bath, as the nitrate decomposes the
iodide of potassium ?

2nd. How long will the collodion, according to
his formulae, keep, as collodion made with iodide
of silver generally decomposes quickly.

3rdly. Why does he prohibit washed ether ?

4thly. Does he think cyanide of potassium would
do as well as the iodide, to redissolve the iodide of
silver, iodide of potassium being at present so dear?

42

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 193.

5thly. In his paper process, does not the soaking
in water after iodizing merely take away a portion
of iodides of silver and potassium from the paper ;
or, if not, what end is answered by it ? W. F. E.

Baths for the Collodion Process. — Having lately
been assured, by a gentleman of scientific attain-
ments, that the sensitiveness of the prepared col-
lodion plate depends rather upon the strength of
the nitrate of silver bath than on the collodion,
I am desirous of asking how far the experience of
your correspondents confirms this statement. My
informant assured me, that if, instead of using a
solution of thirty grains of nitrate of silver to the
ounce of water for the bath, which Is the propor-
tion recommended by Messrs. Archer, Home,
Delamotte, Diamond, &c., a sixty grain solution
be substituted, the formation of the image would
be the work of the fraction of a second. This
seems to me so important as to deserve being
brought under the notice of photographers — espe-
cially at this busy season — without a moment's
delay; and I therefore record the statement at
once, as, from circumstances with which I need
not encumber your pages, I shall not have an
opportunity of trying any experiments upon the
pomt for a week or two.

Upon referring to the authorities on the sub-
ject of the best solution for baths, I have been
struck with their uniformity. One exception only
has presented Itself, which Is in a valuable paper by
Mr. Thomas in the 6th Number of the Journal of
the Photographic Society. That gentleman directs
the bath to be prepared in the following manner :

Into a 20 oz. stoppered bottle, put —

Nitrate of silver - - 1 oz.
Distilled water - - 10 oz.
Dissolve.

Iodide of potassium - 5 grs.
Distilled water - - 1 dr.
Dissolve.

On mixing these two solutions, a precipitate of
iodide of silver is formed. Place the bottle con-
taining this mixture in a saucepan of hot water,
keep it on the hob for about twelve hours, shake
it occasionally, now and then removing the stop-
per. The bath is now perfectly saturated with
iodide of silver ; when cold, filter through white
filtering paper, and add —

Alcohol - - - 2 drs.

Sulphuric ether - - 1 dr.

The prepared glass is to remain in the bath about
eight or ten minutes. Now, is this bath appli-
cable to all collodion, or only to that prepared by
Mr. Thomas ; and if the former, what is the ra-
tionale of its beneficial action ? A Beginner.

Mitigation of Capital Punishment to a Forger
(Vol. vii., p. 573.). — If your correspondent
H. B. C. really wishes to be released from his
hard work in hunting up the truth of my and
other narratives of the mitigation of capital pu-
nishment to forgers, I shall be happy to receive a
note from him with his name and address, when I
will give him the name and address of my in-
formant In return. By this means I may be able
to relieve his shoulder from a portion of its
burden, and myself from any farther imputations
of " mythic accompaniments," &c., which are un-
palatable phrases even when coming from a gen-
tleman who only discloses his initials.

Alfeed Gattt.

Ecclesfield.

Chronograms (Vol. v., p. 585.) and Anagrams
(Vol. iv., p. 226). — Though we have ceased to
practise these " literary follies," they are not with-
out interest ; and you will perhaps think It worth
while to add the following to your list :
" Hugo Grotius, his Sophompaneas.
By FranCIs GoLDsMIth."

has no date on the title-page, the real date of
1652 being supplied by the chronogram, which is
a better one than most of those quoted in "N. &
Q.," inasmuch as all the numerical letters are em-
ployed, and it is consequently not dependent on
the typography.

James Howell concludes his Parly of Beasts as
follows :

" Gloria lausqiie Deo saeCLorVM in saecVla sunto.

A clironogrammaticall verse which includes not onely
this year, 1660, but hath numericall letters enow [an
illustration, by the way, of enow as expressive of num-
ber] to reach above a thousand years farther, untill the
year 2867."

Query, How Is this made out ? And are there
any other letters employed as numerical than the
M, D, C, L, V, and 1 ? If not, I can only make
Howell's chronogram equivalent to 1927.

The same author. In his German Diet, after nar-
rating the death of Charles, son of Philip II. of
Spain, says :

" If you desire to know the yeer, this chronogram
will tell you :

f ILIVs ante DIeM patrlos InqVIrIt In annos,"

which would represent the date of 1568.

The same work contains an anagram on " Frere
Jacques Clement," the murderer of Henry III. of
France : " C'est I'enfer qui m'a cree." J. F. M.

Abigail (Vol. Iv., p. 424. ; Vol. v., pp. 38. 94.
450.). — Can it be shown that this word was in
general use, as meaning a " lady's maid," before
the time of Queen Anne, It probably was so used ;

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

43

but I have always thought it likely that it became
much more extensively employed, after Abigail
Hill, Lady Masham, became the favourite of that
queen. She was, I believe, a poor cousin of Sarah
Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough, and early in
life was employed by her in the humble capacity
of lady's maid. After she had supplanted the
haughty duchess, it is not unlikely that the Whigs
would take a malicious pleasure in keeping alive
the recollection of the early fortunes of the Tory
favourite, and that they would be unwilling to
lose the opportunity of speaking of a lady's maid
as anything else but an " Abigail." Swift, how-
ever, in his use of the word, could have no such
design, as he was on the best of terms with the
Mashams, of whose party he was the very life and
soul. H. T. Riley.

JBurialin unconsecrated Ground (YoLvi., p. 448.).
— Susanna, the wife of Philip Carteret Webb, Esq.,
of Busbridge, in Surrey, died at Bath in March,
1756, and was, at her own desire, buried with
two of her children in a cave in the grounds at
Busbridge ; it being excavated by a company of
soldiers then quartered at Guildford. Their re-
mains were afterwards disinterred, and buried in
Godalming Church. H. T. Rilet.

" Coh" and " Conners" (Vol. vil., pp. 234. 321.).
— These names are not synonymous, nor are they
Irish words. It is the pier at Lyme Regis, and
not the harbour, which bears the name of the Cob.
In the " Y Gododin" of Aneurin, a British poem
supposed to have been written in the sixth century,
the now obsolete word chynnwr occurs in the
seventy-sixth stanza. In a recent translation of this
poem, by the.Rev. John Williams Ab Ithel, M.A.,
this word is rendered, apparently for the sake of the
metre, "shore of the sea." The explanation given
in a foot-note is, " Harbour cynwr from cyn dwfr."
On the shore of the estuary of the Dee, between
Chester and Flint, on the AVelsh side of the river,
there is a place called " Connah's Quay." It is
probable that the ancient orthography of the name
was Conner.

Coh, I think, is also a British word, — cop, a
mound. All the ancient earth-works which bear
this name, of which I have knowledge, are of a
circular form, except a long embankment called
The Cop, which has been raised on the race-course
at Chester, to protect it from the land-floods and
spring-tides of the river Dee. N. W. S. (2.)

Coleridge's Unpublished MSS. (Vol. iv., p. 4n . ;
Vol. vi., p. 533.). — Theophylact, at the first re-
ference, inquired whether we are " ever likely to
receive from any member of Coleridge's family, or
from his friend Mr. J. H. Green, the fragments,
if not the entire work, of his Logosophia." Agree-
ing with your correspondent, that "we can ill
aflford to lose a work the conception of which en-

grossed much of his thoughts," I repeated the
Query in another form, at the second reference.
(supra), grounding it upon an assurance of Sara
Coleridge, in her introduction to the Biographia
Literaria, that the fragment on Ideas would here-
after appear, as a sequel to the Aids to Beflection.
Whether this fragment be identical with the Logo-
Sophia, or, as I suspect, a distinct essay, certain it
is that nothing of the kind has ever been published..

From an interesting conversation I had with
Dr. Green in a railway carriage, on our return'
from the Commemoration at Oxford, I learned
that he has in his possession, (1.) A complete sec-
tion of a work on The Philosophy of Nature,
which he took down from the mouth of Coleridge,
filling a large volume ; (2.) A complete treatise
on Logic ; and (3.) If I did not mistake, a frag-
ment on Ideas. The reason Dr. Green assigns for
their not having been published, is, that they con-
tain nothing but what has already seen the light
in the Aids to Reflection, The Theory of Life, and
the Treatise on Method. This appears to me a
very inadequate reason for withholding them from
the press. That the works would pay, there can
be no doubt. Besides the editing of these MSS.,
who is so well qualified as Dr. Green to give us a
good biography of Coleridge ?

C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Selling a Wife (Vol. vii., p. 602.).— A case of
selling a wife' actually and bond fide happened in
the provincial town in which I reside, about
eighteen years ago. A man publicly sold his wife
at the market cross for 15Z. : the buyer carried her
away with him some seven miles off, and she lived
with him till his death. The seller and the buyer
are both now dead, but the woman is alive, and is
married to a third (or a second) husband. The
legality of the transaction has, I believe, .some
chance of being tried, as she now claims some
property belonging to her first husband (the seller),
her right to which is questioned in consequence of
her supposed alienation by sale ; and I am informed
that a lawyer has been applied to in the case. Of
course there can be little doubt as to the result.

Sc.

Life (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 608.).— Compare with
the lines quoted by your correspondents those of
Moore, entitled " My Birthday," the four follow-
ing especially :

" Vain was the man, and false as vain,

Who said *, ' Were he ordain'd to run
His long career of life again,

He would do all that he had done,' "

Many a man would gladly live his life over
again, were he allowed to bring to bear on his

* Fontenelle.

4-i

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

second life the experience lie had acquired in that
past. For in the grave there is no room, either
for ambition or repentance ; and the degree of our
happiness or misery for eternity is proportioned to
the state of preparation or unpreparation in which
we leave this world. Instead of many a man, I
might have said most good men ; and of the others,
all who have not passed the rubicon of hope and
grace. The vista of the past, however, appears a
long and dreary retrospect, and any future is
hailed as a relief: yet on second and deeper thought,
we would mount again the rugged hill of life, and
try for a brighter prospect, a higher eminence.

Jabltzbebg.

" Immo Deus mlhi si dederit renovate juventam,
Utve iterum in cunis possim vagire ; recusem."
Isaac Hawkins Browne, De Animi Jinmor-
talitate, lib. i., near the end.
(See Selecta Poemata Anglorum Latina, iii. 251.)

F. W. J.

Passage of Thucydides on the Oreek Factions
(Vol. vii., p. 594.). — The passage alluded to by
Sir a. Alison appears to be the celebrated de-
scription of the moral effects produced by the con-
flicts of the Greek factions, which is subjoined to
the account of the Corcyraean sedition, iii. 82.
The quotation must, however, have been made
from memory, and it is amplified and expanded
from the original. The words adverted to seem
to be :

" fji.€Wr)<ns 8^ irpofJLrjOjjs SeiXta euirptiri]?, rh 8e aw(\>pov
Tov dvdySpov irpdaxVf^ci} "ai rb irphs aicav ^vvirhv kir\ nuy
apySy. "

Thucydides, however, proceeds to say that the
cunning which enabled a man to plot with success
against an enemy, or still more to discover his
hostile purposes, was highly esteemed. L.

Archbishop King (Vol. vii., p. 430.). — A few
days since I met with the following passage in a
brief sketch of Kane O'Hara, in the last number
of the L-ish Quarterly Review :

" In the extremely meagre published notices of
O'Hara (the celebrated burletta writer), no reference
has been made to his skill as an artist, of which we
have a specimen in his etching of Dr. William King,
archbishop of Dublin, in a wig and cap, of which por-
trait a copy has been made by Richardson."

This extract is taken from one of a very in-
teresting series of papers upon " The Streets of
Dublin." Abhba.

Devonianisms (Vol. vii., p. 544.). — Pilm, For-
rell. — Pillom is the full word, of which pilm is a
contraction. It appears to have been derived
from the British word pylor, dust. Forell is an
archaic name for the cover of a book. The Welsh
appear to have adopted it from the English, as

their name for a bookbinder is fforelwr, literally,
one who covers books. I. may mention another
Devonianism. The cover of a book is called its
healing. A man who lays slates on the roof of a
house is, in Devonshire, called a hellier.

N. W. S. (2.)

Persevera7it, Perseverance (Vol. vii., p. 400.). —
Can Mu. Abrowsmith supply any instances of the
verb persever (or perceyuer, as it is spelt in the
1555 edition of Hawes, M. i. col. 2.), from any
other author ? and will he inform us when this
*' abortive hog " and his litter became extinct.

In explaining speare (so strangely misunder-
stood by the editor of Dodsley), he should, I
think, have added, that it was an old way of
writing spar. In Shakspeare's Prologue to Troiltis
and Cressida, it is written sperr. Sparred, quoted
by Richardson from the Romance of the Rose, and
Ti'oilus and Creseide, is in the edition of Chaucer
referred to by Tyrwhitt, written in the Romance
" spered," and in Troilus " sperred." Q.

Bloomsbury.

"The Good Old Cause" (Vol. vi., passim). —
Mrs. Behn, who gained some notoriety for her
licentious writings even in Charles II.'s days, was
the author of a play called The Roundheads, or the
Good Old Cause : London, 1682. In the Epilogue
she puts into the mouth of the Puritans the fol-
lowing lines respecting the lloyalists :

" Yet then they raiVd against The Good Old Cause ;
Itail'd foolishly for loyalty and laws :
But when the Saints had put them to a stand,
We left them loyalty, and took their land :
Yea, and the pious work of Reformation
Rewarded was with plunder and sequestration."

The following lines are quoted by Mr. Teale in
his Life of Viscount Falkland, p. 131. :

*' The wealthiest man among us is the best :
No grandeur now in Nature or in book
Delights us — repose, avarice, expense,
This is the idolatry ; and these we adore :
Plain living and high thinking are no more;
The homely beauty of 27ie Good Old Cause
Is gone : our peace and fearful innocence,
And pure religion breathing household laws."

Whence did Mr. Teale get these lines ? Either
The Good Old Cause is here used in a peculiar
sense, or Mr. Teale makes an unhappy use of the
quotation. Jabltzberg.

Saying of Pascal (Vol. vii., p. 596.). — In reply
to the question of W. Fbaseb, I would refer him
to Pascal's sixteenth Provincial Letter, where, in
the last paragraph but one, we read, —

" Mes reverends peres, mes lettres n'avaient pas ac-
coutume de se suivre de si pres, ni d'etre si etendues.
Le peu de temps que j'ai cm a cte cause de Vun et de
I'autre. Je n'ai fait celle-ci plus longue que parceque j»

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

45

n'ai pas eu le loisir de la faire plus eourte. La raison
qui m'a oblige de hater vous est mieux connue qu'a

"^°^" R.E.T.

Paint taken of of old Oak (Vol. vii., p. 620.).—
About twenty-six years ago, by the adoption of a
very simple process recommended by Dr. Wol-
laston, the paint was entirely removed from the
screen of carved oak which fills the north end of
the great hall at Audley End, and the wood re-
assuraed its original colour and brilliancy.^ The
result was brought about by the application of
soft-soap, laid on of the thickness of a shilling
over the whole surface of the oak, and allowed to
remain there two or three days ; at the end of
•which it was washed off with plenty of cold water.
I am aware that potash has been often tried with
success for the same purpose; but, in many in-
stances, unless it is used with due caution, the
wood becomes of a darker hue, and has the ap-
pearance of having been charred. It is worthy
of remark, that Dr. WoUaston made the suggestion
with great diffidence, not having, as he said, had
any practical experience of the effect of such an
application. Braybrookb.

Passage m the " Tempest" (Vol. il., pp. 259. 299.
337. 429.). — As a parallel to the expression " most
busy least" (meaning " least busy" emphatically),
I would suggest the common expression of the
Northumbrians, " Far over near " (signifying
"much too near"). H. T. Riley.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
The Committee appointed by the Society of Anti-
quaries to consider what improvements could be intro-
duced into its management, has at length issued a
Report ; and we are glad to find that the alterations
suggested by them have been frankly adopted by the
Council. The principal changes proposed refer to the
election of the Council ; the having but one Secretary,
who is not to be a member of that body ; the appoint-
ment of Local Secretaries ; the retirement annually of
the Senior Vice-President ; and lastly, that which more
than anything else must operate for the future benefit
of the Society, the appoiHtment of a third Standing
Committee, to be called The Executive Committee, whose
duty shall be " to superintend the correspondence of
the Society on all subjects relating to literature and
antiquities, to direct any antiquarian operations or ex-
cavations carried on by the Society, to examine all
papers sent for reading, all objects sent for exhibition,
and to assist the Director generally in taking care that
the publications of the Society are consistent with its
position and importance." It is easy to see that if a
proper selection be made of the Fellows to serve on
this Committee, their activity, and the renewed interest
which will be thereby awakened in the proceedings of
the Society, will ensure for the Thursday Evening
Meetings a regular supply of objects for exhibition,

and papers for reading, worthy of the body — and there-
fore unlike many which we have too frequently heard,
and to which, but for the undeserved imputation which
we should seem to cast upon our good friend Sir Henry
Ellis, might be applied, with a slight alteration, that
couplet of Mathias which tells —

" How o'er the bulk of these transacted deeds

Sir Henry pants, and d ns 'em as he reads."

We have now little doubt that better days are in store
for the Society of Antiquaries.

The Annual Meeting of the Archfeological Institute
commences at Chichester on Tuesday next, under the
patronage of the Dukes of Norfolk and Richmond, and
the Bishop of Chichester, and the Presidentship of Lord
Talbot de Malahide. There is a good bill of fare pro-
vided in the shape of Lectures on the Cathedral, by
Professor Willis; excursions to Boxgrove Priory,
Halnaker, God wood, Cowdray, Petworth, Pevensey,
Amberley, Shoreham, Lewes, and Arundel ; excava-
tions on Bow Hill ; Meetings of the Sections of His-
tory, Antiquities, and Architecture; and, what we
think will be one of the pleasantest features of the
programme, the Annual Meeting of the Sussex Archse-
ological Society, in the proceedings of which the
Members of the Institute are invited to participate.

Books Received. — A Glossart/ of Provincialisms i'm
Use in the County of Sussex, by W. Durrant Cooper,
second edition : a small but very valuable addition to
our provincial glossaries, with an introduction well
worth the reading. We shall be surprised if the meet-
ing of the Institute this year in Sussex does not fur-
nish Mr. Cooper with materials for a third and
enlarged edition. — The Travellers Library, No. 44.,
A Tour on the Continent by Rail and Road, by John
Barrow : a brief itinerary of dates and distances, show-
ing what may be done in a two months' visit to the
Continent. — No. 45. Swiss Men and Swiss Mountains,
by Robert Ferguson : a very graphic and well-written
narrative of a tour in Switzerland, which deserves a
corner in the knapsack of the " intending" traveller. —
The Essays, or Counsels Civil and Moral, by Francis
Bacon, Viscount St. Alban, edited by Thomas Markby ;
a cheap edition of this valuable " handbook for think-
ing men," produced by the ready sale which has at-
tended The Advancement of Learning by the same

editor Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of

Gothe, with Illustrations by J. Wolf, Part VII., in
which the translator carries on the story to The Out-
lawry in well-tuned verse. — Cyclopwdia Bibliographica,
Part X. This tenth Part concludes the first half of the
volume, of authors and their works ; and the punc-
tuality with which the Parts have succeeded each other
is a suflScient pledge that we shall see this most useful
library companion completed in a satisfactory manner.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Moobe's Melodies. 15th Edition.

Wood's Athene OxoNiENSEs (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-2(7.
The Complaynts of Scotland. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
Shakspeare's Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steeveus's edition,
in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739. m r^ ■ ^

Circle of the Seasons. 12mo. London, 1828. (Two Copies.)
Jones' Account of Aberystwith. Trevecka, 8vo. 1779.

46

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 193.

M. C. H. Brokmel's Fest-Tanzen der Ersten Christen.

Jena, 1705. ,

Cooper's Account of Public Records. 8vo. 1832. Vol. 1.
Passionael efte DAT Levent der Heiligen. Basil, 1522.
Lord Lansdowne's Works. Vol. I. Tonson, 1736.
James Baker's Picturesque Guide to the Local Beauties

OF Wales. Vol. I. 4to. 1794. t xt- u i

Senders' History of Shenstone in Staffordshire. J. Nichols,

' London, 1794. Two Copies.
Herbert's Carolina Threnodia. 8vo. 1702.
Theobald's Shakspeahe Uestored. 4to. 172G.
•»* Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested

to send their names.
»«* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mb. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND
ZtUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

^aiitti t0 C0rre^p0nlfenW.

J. M. G., who writes respecting the Leigh Peerage, is informed
that we have a private letter for him. How can it be addressed to
him ?

W W (Malta) has our best thanks for his letter of the lath of
June. His suggestion loill be adopted ; but we shall shortly have
the pleasure of addressing a private comtnunication to htm.

Shakspe^re Criticism. JVe have to apologise to many friends
and Correspondents for the postponement of their communications.
As soon as the Index to Vol. vii. is published, we shall take steps to
get out of these arrears.

C. P. F. The Ch in the name of Chobham is soft. There is a
Cobham within a few miles of the Camp.

Iodide (June 24th). There is much care required in iodizing
Doner ■ we have no hesitation in saying at present the subject has not
met with sufficient attention. When the iodized paper ts immersed
in water, it is some time before it assumes a yellow colour, litis
may be accHeraled by often changing the water. The brightness
of the colour is by no means an index of Us degree of sensitiveness
— on the contrary, paper of a bright yellow colour is more apt to
brown than one 'of a pale primrose. Too bright a yellow would
also indicate an insufficient soaking ; and suffering the paper to
remain longer than is needful not only lessens its sensitive powers,
iut does ?nuch damage by removing all the size.

H "V. (Kingston). Violet-coloured glass, ground on one side,
may be obtained at lid. per square foot of Messrs. Forest and
Brownley, Lime Street, Liverpool. Jt may also be had m London,
but the price charged is much higher. This glass obstructs just a
sufficient degree of light, and is most agreeable to the sitter ; not
mich advantage accrues from the use of large sheets, and it is
objectionable for price. No doubt such an application as you
mention would be useful; but, from the difficulty there is m keeping
out the wet from a glass roof, it would be very objectionable.
Beyond a reference to our advertising columns, we cannot enter
upon the subject of the prices of chemicals and their purity. In
making gun cotton, the time of immersion in t/ie acids must be the
same for twenty grains as for any large quantity: when good,
there is a peculiar crispness in the cot ton, and it is qmte soluble m
the ether. If our Corres^pondenl {who expresses so much earnest-
ness of success) will forward his address, he shall receive a small
portion made according to Dr. Dikmo^o' s formulary, which we

find extremely solubles "fx^ ''^ <^"f* compare it with that of his
own production.

F. M. (Malta). \sl. We are informed by Dr. Diamond that
however beautiful the results obtained by others in the use of
Canson's paper, in his hands he has found no certainly in its
action, and, for iodized paper for negatives, far inferior to the best
English papers. If the salts of gold are to be used, deep tints are
very readily obtained by the French papers. The propriety of
using gold is very questionable, not only as aff.cling the after
permanence of the picture, but from the strong contrasts generally
produced being very offensive to an artist's eye. 2ndly. Xyloidine
may be iodized precisely the same as collodion, but no advantage
whatever is gained from its use. A collodion for the taking of
positives pn glass should be differently made to one for negative
pictures.' There should be less of the iodides contained in it, and
it should be more fluid. When this is the case, the image is never
washed out by the hypo., and the delineation is equal in minute-
ness to any Daguerreotype on tnetal plates, as has been shown by
the specimens of the reduction of printing exhibited by Mr. Rosling
at the Society of Arts' Exhibition, where the tellers were reduced to
X-lhOth of an inch, or less than half the diameter of a human hair.
Jf the protonitrate of iron properly prepared be used in the de-
velopment, the deposit assumes the beautiful appearance of dead
white silver, having none qf the reflecting qualities of the metal
plates.

C. E. F. (June 13th). The spots in the specimen sent depend
upon minute substances in your collodion not receiving Ihc action
of the nitrate of silver bath ; and you will find this upon looking
through a prepared plate after it has been in the nitrate bath, and
previously to its ever having been in the catnera. They may be iodide
or iodate of silver, or small crystals of nilrate of potash. If the
former, add a little piece of iodide of potassium, say ten grains to
two ounces of collodion ; or if the latter, it would depend upon a
defective washing of the gun cotton by which all the soluble salts
have not been removed : thus more care must be used. We taould
recommend you to use an entirely new halh and stronger, four
ounces of hypo, to a pint : it is evident that your very nice speci-
mens have been spoiled by the stains of the bath. Allow us again
to draw your attention to the process given by Mr. Pollock ; we
have seen most satisfactory pictures produced by it.

R. H. Chattock (Solihull). The "freckled " appearance which
you mention in your positives in all probability depends upon the
action of the light upon the silver, which still remains in your
proof. We have often found it to be tlie case when old hypo-
sulphite of soda is used, and when the strength of the bath is
becoming weak and doublful. It is certainly a safe process to
soak the picture in clean water for an hour or two, the light being
excluded previous to the immersion into the hypo. ; and the water
extracting a large portion of the solutions remaining on the paper,
the after application of the hypo, need not be so long continued,
whereby the tone of the picture is not so much lowered. Your
own observation, thata piece of Whatman's paper being merely di-
vided, and one point exhibiting the defects and the other not, at
once negatives the idea that the size in the paper has been effected.

The Index to our Seventh Volume will be ready on Saturday
next, the idlh.

A few complete sets of " Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vl.,
price Three Guineas, may now be had ; fur which early appli-
cation is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver Ihem to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

The Twenty-eighth Edition.

XTEUROTONICS, or the Art of

i3l strengthening the Nerves, containing
Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon
the Health of Body and Mind, and the
means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Me-
lancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by DR.
NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON &
STONEMAN. Price 4c/., or Post Free from
the Author for Five Penny Stamps.

" We can conscientiously recommend ' Neu-
rotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the careful perusal
of our invalid readers." — JoAn Bull News-
paper, June 5, 1852.

WANTED, for the Ladies' In-
stitute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant,
LADIES of taste for fancy work, _ by paying
21«. will be received as members, and taught
the new style of velvet wool work, which is ac-
quired in a few easy lessons. Each lady will be
guaranteed constant employment and ready
cash payment for her work. Apply personally
to Mrs. Thoughey. N.B. Ladies taught by
letter at any distance from London.

BENNETT'S MODEL
WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX-
HIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and
Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to
all Climates, may now be had at the MANU-
FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19
guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,
50 guineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its performance
guaranteed. Barometers, 2i.,3Z., and 4J. Ther-
mometers from \s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of
Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
63. CH£APSID£.

OPECTACLES. — WM. ACK-

O LAND applies his medical knowledge as
a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company,
London, his theory as a Mathematician, and
his practice as a Working Optician, aided by
Smee's Optometer, in the selection of Spectacles
suitable to every derangement of vision, so OS
to preserve tlie sight to extreme old age.

ACHROMATIC TELE-

SCOPES, with the New Velzlar Eye-pieces, aa
exhibited at the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
The Lenses of these Eye-pieces arc so con-
structed that the rays of light fall nearly per-
pendicular to the surface of the various lenses,
by which the aberration is completely removed ;
and a telescope so fitted gives one-third mora
magnifying power and light than could be ob-
tained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the
various sizes on application to

WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. HattoB Car-
dent London.

July 9. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

47

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC-
TUBES. — A Selection of the above
beautiful Productions (comprising Views in
VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &e.)
may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet
Street, where may also be procured Appara-
tus of every Description, and pure Chemicals
for the practice of Pliotography in all its
Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures
for the Stereoscope.

»«« Catalogues may be had on application.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical
and Photographical liistrument Makers, and
Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARA-
TUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Ter-
race, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

T. OTTEWILL (from Home & Co. 'si begs
most respectfully to call the attention of Gen-
tlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the
superiority of his newly registered DOUBLE-
BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, possessing
the efficiency and ready adjustment of the
Sliding Camera, with the portability and con-
venience of the Folding Ditto.

Every description of Apparatus to order.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE
& CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from
three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
specimens of which may be seen at their Esta-
blishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. —
123. and 121. Newgate Street.

Just published, price Is., free by Post Is. id.,

THE WAXED- PAPER PHO-
TOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE
liE GRAYS NEW EDITION. Translated
from the i rench.

Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for
VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated
Lenses for Portraits and Views.

General Depot for Turner's, Whatman's,
Canson Fr^res',La Croix, and other Talbotype
Papers.

Pure Photographic Chemicals.

Instructions and Specimens in every Branch
of the Art.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane,
Loudon.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — Collodion
(Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of
Silver).— J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289.
Strand, were the first in England who pub-
lished the application of this agent (sec Athe-
ncewH, Aug. Uth). Their Collodion (price
9rf. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitive-
ness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for
months : it may be exported to any climate,
and the TodizingCompound mixed as required.
J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE
CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with
the latest Improvements adapted for all the
Photographic and Daguerreotype processes.
Cameras for Developing in the open Country.
GLASS BATHS adai)ted to any Camera.
Lenses from the best Makers. "Waxed and
Iodized Papers, &c.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
man s. Turner's, Sanford'a, and Canson
Fr^res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every
kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster
Bow, London.

CLERICAL,
LIFE

MEDICAL, AND GENERAL
ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

Established 1824.

FIVE BONUSES have been declared ; at the last in January, 1862, the sum of iai,l25f. was
added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the different ages from 24j to 55 per cent,
on the Premiums paid during the five years, or from S>1. to 12.1. los. per cent, on the Sum
Assured.

The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being now provided for,
the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUl?
ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF PARTNERSHIP.

POLICIES effected before the 30th June next, will be entitled, at the next Division, to one
year's additional share of Profits over later Assurers.

On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be paid for the first
five years.

INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proijortioned to the risk.

Claims paid thirti/ days after proof of death, and all Policies are IndisputcMc except in cases
of fraud.

Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the Society's Agents, or of

99. Great Eussell Street, Bloomsbury, London.

GEORGE n. PINCKABD, Resident Secretary.

UNITED KINGDOM LIFE
ASSURANCE COMPANY; established
by Act of Parliament in 1834. —8. Waterloo
Place, Pall Mall, London.

HONORARY PRESIDENTS.

Earl of Courtown
Earl Leven and Mel-
ville
Earl of Norbury
Earl of Stair
Viscount Falkland

LONDON BOARD.

Chairman Charles Graham, Esq.

Deputy- Chairman. — Charles Downcs, Esq.

Lord Elphinstone
Lord Belhaven and

Stenton
Wm. Campbell, Esq.,

of Tillichewan.

H. Blair Avame, Esq.
E. Lennox Boyd, Esq.,

F.S.A., Resident.
C. Berwick Curtis,

Esq.
William Fairlie, Esq.

D. Q. Hcnriques, Esq.
J. G. Hen riques. Esq.
F. C. Maitland, Esq.
William Railton, Esq.
F. H. Thomson, Esq.
Thomas Thorby,Esq.

MEDICAL OFFICERS.
PA^s/c/aw. — Arthur II. Hassall, Esq., M.D.,

8. Bennett Street, St. James's.
Surgeon. — 'E.'B.. Thomson, Esq., 48. Berners
Street.
The Bonus added to Policies from March,
1834, to December 31. 1847, is as follows : —

Sum
Assured.

Time

Sum added to
Policy.

Sum
payable
at Death.

In 1841.

In 1848.

£

5000

»1000

500

1 * s. rf.
14 years 683 6 8
7 years - -
1 year 1 - -

£ s.d. £ s. d.
787 10 0 J6470 16 8
15710 0 1157 10 0
11 50 1 511 5 0

* Example. _ At the commencement of the
year 1 84 1 , a person aged tliirty took out a Policy
for 1000/., the annual payment for which is
2il. Is. Sd. ; in 1847 he had paid in premiums
1682. Us. Sd. ; but the profits being 2} per cent,
per annum on the sum insured (which is
W. IDs. per annum for each 1000?.) he had
157?. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much
as the premiums paid.

The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most
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[No. 193.

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CONTENTS.
Notes: — Page

D?rivation of the Word " Island " - - - 49

Weather Rules, by Edward Peacock - - - 50

On the modern Practice of assuming Arms - - 50

Morlee and Level, by L. B. Larking - • - 51

Shakspeare Correspondence, by Robert Rawlinson and

John Macray - - - - - - 51

Unpublished Letter - - - - - 63

Minor Notes : — Lines on the Institution of the Order
of the Garter — Old Ship — The Letter "h " in "hum-
ble"— "The Angels' Whisper" — Pronunciation of
Coke — The Advice supposed to have been given to
Julius 111. - - - - . - S3

Queries : —

Bishop Gardiner " De Vera Obedientia " . - 54

Minor Queries: — Lord Byron — Curious Custom of
ringing Bells for the Dead — Unpublished Essay by
Lamb — Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church — .
Croinwell's Portrait — Governor Brooks — Old Books
— The Privileges of the See of Canterbury — Heraldic
Colour pertaining to Ireland — Descendants of Judas
Iscariot — Parish Clerks and Politics — " Virgin Wife
and widowed Maid " — " Cutting oft' the little H«ads of
Light " — Medal of Sir Robert Walpole — La Fete des
Chaudrons — Who first thought of Table-turning ? —
College Guide .-..-. 55

Minor Queries with Answers: — Done Pedigree —

Scotch Newspapers, &c Dictum de Kenihvorth —

Dr. Harwood - - - . . - 57

RErtiEs: —

Names of Places, by J. J. A. Worsaae . - - 58

Cleaning old Oak, by Henry Herbert Hele, &e. - - 58

Burial in an Erect Posture, by Cuthbert Beds, B.A. - 59

Lawyers' Bags ...... 59

Photographic Correspondence :— New Photographic
Process -.-..--60

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The Order of St. John of Jerusalem — Calvin's Cor-
respondence — OM Booty's Case — Chatterton — .
House-marks, ^-c Bibliography. — Parochial Li-
braries — Faithful Teate — Lack-a-daisy — Bacon —
Angel-beast: Cleek : Longtriloo— Hans Krauwinckel
— Revolving Toy — Rub-a-dub — Muffs worn by
Gentlemen — Detached Church Towers — Christian
Names — Hogarth's Pictures — Old Fogie — Clem —
Kissing Hands — Uniform of the Foot Guards — Book
Inscriptions — Humbug — Sir Isaac Newton and
Voltaire on Railway Travelling — Engine-^- verge —

" Populus vult decipi," &c Sir John Vanbrugh —

Erroneous Forms of Speech — Devonianisms - 61

Miscellaneous: —

Books and Odd Volumes wanted • • • - C5

Notices to Correspondents - - - - G6

Advertisements - - • . - - 6G

V0L.VIII. — No. 194.

DERIVATION OF THE WORD "ISLAND."

Lexicographers from time to time have handed
down to us, and proposed for our choice, two
derivations of our English word Island ; and, that
one of these two is correct, has, I believe, never yet
been called in question. The first which they
offer, and that most usually accepted as the true
one, is the A.-S. Ealand, JEalond, Igland ; Belg.
Eylandt : the first syllable of which, they inform
us, is ea, Low Germ, aue, water, i. e. water-land,
or land surrounded by water. If this etymon be
deemed unsatisfactory, they offer the following :
from the Fr. isle, It. isola, Lat. insula, the word
island, they say, is easily deflected.

At the risk of being thought presumptuous, I
do not hesitate to say, that both these alternatives
are manifestly erroneous ; and, for the following
reasons, I propose a third source, which seems to
carry conviction with it : first, from analogy ; and
secondly, from the usage of the language from
which our English word is undoubtedly derived,
the Anglo-Saxon.

First, from analogy. Let us only consider how
frequently names are given to parts of our hills,
shores, rivers, &c., from their supposed resem-
blance to parts of the human body. Thus, for
instance, we have a head land, a neck of land, a
tongue of land, a nose of land (as in Ness, in Or-
fordness, Dungeness, and, on the opposite coast,
Grinez) ; also a mouth of a river or harbour, a
brow of a hill, back or cliine of a hill, foot of a hill ;
an arm of the sea, snms or bosom of the sea. With
these examples, and many more like them, before
us, why should we ignore an eye of land as un-
likely to be the original of our word island? The
correspondence between the two is exact. How
frequently is the term eye applied to any small
spot standing by itself, and peering out as it were,
in fact an insulated spot : thus we have the eye of
an apple, the eye or centre of a target, the eye of
a stream (i. e. where the stream collects into a
point — a point well known to salmon fishers), and
very many other instances. What more natural
term, then, to apply to a spot of land standing
alone in the midst of an expanse of water than an
eye of land ?

50

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

In confirmation of this view, let us look to the
original language ; there we find the compounds
of eag, ea, (Sgh, the eye, of very frequent occur-
rence : all of them showing that this compound
ea-land is not only legitimate, but extremely pro-
bable. Thus we find, eag-aple, the pupil of the
eye ; eag-dura, a window-light, eye-door ; eag ece,
pain in the eye ; eah-hringas, the orbits of the
eyes. In the last instance, the g is dropped ; and
it is certain that eag was pronounced nearly as
eye now is. From all this, is it too much to con-
clude that ea-land is the same as eye-land ? But
farther, Ig (A.-S.) sometimes stands by itself for
an island, as also do Igland and Igotit, and li
was the old name of lona. Now I cannot find
that there ever was the slightest connexion between
the A.-S. Ig and water; nor do I believe that
such an idea would ever have been started, but to
support the old derivation of the word ; I have
never seen a genuine instance of such connexion
brought forward. Then the word Ig, if it be
supposed to mean an ei/e, as I contend, may very
well stand by itself for island; but, if wafer be
expressed by it, I cannot understand how it can
serve to import land.

If any farther confirmation be wanted, we have
it in the diminutive eyot, of which ait, aight, eight
are corruptions. H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

•WEATHER KULES.

Thomas Passenger, who dwelt at the Three
Bibles and Star, on London Bridge, was very
celebrated during the latter part of the seventeenth
century for publishing popular histories and chap-
books. His shop seems to have been the principal
place of resort for the hawkers who then supplied
the provinces with literature. Many of the works
•which issued from his press are now very rare: one
of the most curious, and, at the same time, the
rarest, is The Shepherd's Kalendar : or, the Citi-
zen's and Country Mans Daily Companion, &c.
The contents of this book are of a very singular
nature, it being a kind of epitome of tlie facts it
was then thought necessary for a countryman to
be acquainted with. A considerable portion of
the work is occupied by remarks on the weather,
and on lucky and unlucky days : if I were to extract
all on those subjects, this communication would
extend to an unreasonable length.

We are informed, under the head "Observations
on Remarkable Days, to know how the whole Year
will succeed in Weather, Plenty," &c., that —

" If the sun shine clear and bright on Christmas day,
it promiseth a peaceable year from clamours and strife,
and foretells much plenty to ensue : but if the wind
blow stormy towards sunset, it betokeneth sickness in
the spring and autumn quarters."

" If January 25 (being St. Paul's day) be fair, it
promises a happy year; but if cloudy, windy, or rainy,
otherwise : hear in this case what an ancient judicious
astrologer writes :

« If St. Paul be fair and clear,
It promises then a happy year ;
But if it chance to snow or rain,
Then will be dear all sorts of grain:
Or if the wind do blow aloft,
Great stirs will vex the world full oft;
And if dark clouds do muff the sky.
Then foul and cattle oft will die.' "

" Mists or hoar frosts on the tenth of March be-
tokens {sic) a plentiful year, but not without some dis-
eases."

" If, in the fall of the leaf in October, many of them
wither on the bows, and hang there, it betokens a frosty
winter and much snow."

Under " The Signs of Rain in Creatures " we
have the following :

" When the hern or bitron flies low, the air is gross,
and thickening into showers."

" The froggs much croaking in ditches and pools,
&c., in the evening, foretells rain in little time to fol-
low : also, the sweating of stone pillars or tombs de-
notes rain."

" The often doping or diving of water fowl foreshows
rain is at hand."

" The peacock's much crying denotes rain."

There is a list given of Lucky Days, which con-
tains all the red letter saints' days of the Reformed
English kalendar. We are also informed that
there are other days in each month which " are
successful enough." Thus —

" In January there are three, viz. 16. 18. 26.
In February there are four, viz. 10. 19. 27. 28.
In March there are two, viz. 14. 18.
In April there are three, viz. 13. 22. 27.
In May there are five, viz. 3. 5. 7. 11. 19.
In June there are four, viz. 10. 17. 20. 27.
In July there are six, viz. 1. 13. 19. 21. 27. 30.
In August there are three, viz. 3. 7. 9.
In September there are five, viz. 4. 8. 11. 15. 19.
In October there are three, viz. 1 . 8. 13.
In November there are four, viz. 3. 9. II. 15.
In December there are three, viz. 9. 13. 17."

Edward Peacock.
Bottesford, Messingbam, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

ON THE MODERN PRACTICE OF ASSUMING ARMS.

" If any person be advanced into an office or dignity
of publique administration, be it eyther ecclesiasticall,
martiall, or ciuill : so that the same office compre-
hendeth in it idigiiitatem vel dignitatis titulum, either
dignitie or (at the least) a title of dignitye : the
Heralde must not refuse to devise to such a publique
person, upon his instant request and willingnes to
beare the same without reproche, a coate of armes :
and thenceforth to matriculate him, with his inter-

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

51

marriages, and issues descending, in the register of the
Gentle and Noble."

Thus wrote Sir John Feme in The Blazon of
Gentrie, printed in the year 1586. So also Coates,
in his additions to Gwillim, writing in 1724, says :

" For though arms, in their first acceptation, were
(as is shewed) taken up at any gentleman's pleasure,
yet hath that liberty for many ages been deny'd ; and
they, by regal authority, made the rewards and en-
signs of merit, &c., the gracious favours of princes ;
no one being, by the law of gentility in England,
allowed the bearing thereof, but those that either have
them by descent, or grant, or purchase from the body
or badge of any prisoner they in open and lawful war
had taken."

He proceeds to adduce various autliorities on
this subject, for which I would refer to the Intro-
duction to the last edition of Gwillim's Heraldry,
p. 16. &c.

Porny defines assumptive arms to be —

" Such as are taken up by the caprice or fancy of
upstarts, who, being advanced to a degree of fortune,
assume them without having deserved them by any
glorious action. This, indeed (he adds), is great abuse
of heraldry ; but yet so common, and so much tole-
rated, almost everywhere, that little or no notice is
taken of it."

This was written in 1765. Archdeacon Nares,
in his very amusing Heraldic Anoinalies, printed
in 1823, says :

" At present, similarity of name is quite enough to
lead any man to conclude himself to be a branch of
some very ancient or noble stock, and, if occasion arise,
to assume the arms appropriate to such families, with-
out any appeal to the Heralds' office ; nor would any
Alderman Gathergrease, living in affluence, be without
such marks and symbols on his plate, seals, carriages,
&c., with no higher authority, perhaps, than his own
fancy and conceit."

It must be confessed that the middle of the
nineteenth century offers the most ample facilities
for the would-be aristocrats of the age, and that
without troubling Sir Charles Young or the Col-
lege of Arms ; witness the following advertisement
cut from a newspaper of the day : —

" The Family Livery. — Arms and Crests cor-
rectly ascertained, and in any case a steel die expressly
«ut for the buttons, free of cost," &c.

There can, indeed, be no doubt that this foolish
practice of assuming arms without right has of
late years grown to an absurd height ; and I fear
the assumption is by no means confined to persons
who have risen by trade, or by some lucky specu-
lation in railways, &c. ; even those who have been
"advanced into an office or dignity of puhlique
•administration " have but seldom made their in-
stant reqiiest " to the heralds " to devise a coate of
amies to be borne by them without reproch'''

The episcopal bench, in particular, are very
generally faulty in this respect, and, for the greater
part, content themselves (if not by birth entitled
to bear arms) by assuming the coat of some old-
established family of the same, or nearly the same,
name. In the case of temporal peerages, which
are not seldom, thanks to the ancient constitution
of England, renovated from the middle and lower
classes, the practice is more in accordance with
the precepts of The Blazon of Gentrie ; but I be-
lieve there is at least one instance, that of a lawyer
of the greatest eminence, who was last year ad-
vanced to a peerage, and to the highest rank in
his profession, who has assumed both arms and
supporters without the fiat of the College of Arms,
The " novi homines " of a former age set a better
example to those of the present day, and were
not ashamed to go honestly to the proper office
and take out their patent of arms, thus " founding
a family " who have a right to the ensigns of
honour which they assume. Spjbs.

MOBLEE AND LOVEL.

The following document, in connexion with the
trial between Morlee and Lovell, in the Court of
Chivalry, will probably interest your heraldic
readers. L. B. Larking.

Ceste indentur tesmoyne q' mos' Johii de
Cobehm s"" dp Cobehm ad bailie p assent de les
sires de Morlee et Louel dys lib' de bone moneye
amest' Johii Barnet, cest assau' cent south p' le
un ptye et cent south p"" lautre ptye acause q'
mesme le dit mestre John et mest' Willm Dawode
et mest' WiUiii Sondeye serrount assessours sur la
matire pendaunt pentre les deux syngn' susdite p'
leur armes en le Court de Cbiualerie. En tesmoy-
naunce de quel payment a ycestes endentur lez
ptyes susditez entrechaungeablement ount mys
lours sceals.

Don aLoundres le xx iu' de Feu'er Ian du rengne
le Roy Richard secounde quinzisme.

[In dorso.]
Lendentur de x ii paye a mest' John Barnet p^
Morlee et Louel.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Shakspeare Emendations. — As this is the age of
Shakspeare emendations, I beg to propose the
following for the consideration of the numerous
readers of " N. & Q." I am the more emboldened
to do so, as I find several marginal corrections
made from time to time are verified by the manu-
script corrections in Me. Collier's folio of 1632.
These proposed are not, however, there, or I would
not have troubled you, though it is many months
since I first altered the reading of my copy.

52

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

Taming of the Shretv, Act V. Sc. 2. — On the
exit of Katharina to " fetch " in the disobedient
wives, Lucentio remarks ;

" Luc. Here is a wonder, if you talk of a wonder,
Ilort. And so it is. I wonder what it bodes.
Pet. Marry, peace it bodes, and love, and quiet life,

An awful rule, and right supremacy ;

And, to be short, what not that's sweet and happy."

I'or " an awful rule " I propose to substitute and
lawful rule, as agreeing better with the text and
context ; indeed, the whole passage indicates it.
Petruchio means that the change in Katharina's
temper and conduct bodes love, peace, law, and
order, in contradistinction to awe or fear. The
repetition of the conjunction and also makes the
harmony of the language more equal ; " and love,
and quiet life, and lawful rule, and right supre-
macy," rings evenly to the ear. Considering the
number and character of the emendations in Mr.
Collier's volume, I have the less hesitation in
proposing this one. The language of Shakspeare
is, as we know it, for the most part so clear, har-
monious, distinct, and forcible, that I think we
are justified in considering any obscure, incon-
sistent, or harsh passage, as having met with some
mishap either in hearing, transcribing, or in print-
ing. Some months ago, and certainly before Mb.
Collier's volume of corrections appeared, I for-
warded to " N. & Q." (it never appeared) a cor-
rection from Antony and Cleopatra, Act V. Sc. 2,,
where Cleopatra, contemplating suicide, says it is —
«' To do that thing that ends all other deeds.

Which shackles accidents, and bolts up change ;

Which sleeps, and never palates more the dung.

The beggar's nurse and Csesar's."

The word " dung" ending the third line, was so
evidently dug, or nipple, that I thought no man
to whom it was pointed out could have a doubt
about it. Mr. Collier remarks in his recent
volume, " This emendation may, or may not, have
been conjectural, but we may be pretty sure it is
right." I doubt if Mr. Collier would have ac-
cepted any authority other than that of his own
folio, although Shakspeare has frequently used the
word dug as a synonym for nipple, as see Romeo
and Juliet, Act I. Sc. 3. :

" Nurse. And she was wean'd, — I never shall forget

it, —
Of all the days of the year, upon that day :
For I had then laid wormwood to my dug.

but, as I said,

When it did taste the wormwood on the nipple
Of my dug, and felt it bitter, pretty fool.
To see it tetchy, and fall out with the dug !"

This quotation proves clearly, I consider, that dug
was meant by Cleopatra, and not dung ; and so I
considered before the old manuscript correction of
Mb. Collier's appeared. The words " an awful "

are as clearly to my mind and lawful. I doubt,
however, if they will be so acknowledged, as the
use of the words " an awful," it may be contended,
are countenanced by other passages in Shakspeare ;
I quote the following.

Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act IV. Sc. 1. —

" Zrd Outlaw, Know then, that some of us are gen-
tlemen.
Such as the fury of ungovern'd youth
Thrust from the company o^ awful men."

The word "awful" is surely, in this place, laxiful;
an outlaw would be little inclined to consider men
as " awful," but the contrary. Read the last lino
I as under —

" Thrust from the company of lawful men,"

and the meaning is simple and clear. The out-
[ laws were thrust from the company of lawfid men,
that is, men who obeyed the laws they had broken
in " the fury of ungovern'd youth."

In King Richard II., Act III. Sc. 3., the follow-
ing use of the words laioful and awful occurs :

" K. Rich, We are amazed ; and thus long have wa
stood
To watch the fearful bending of thy knee,

[ To Nortlmwherland,
Because we thought ourself thy lawful king;
And if we be, how dare thy joints forget
To pay their awful duty to our presence? "

The meaning in this case is no doubt clear enough,
and the words " awful duty " may be the right
ones ; but had they stood lawful duty in any old
copy, he would have been a bold man who would
have proposed to substitute awfid for lawful.

Second Part of King Henry IV., Act IV.
Sc. 1.—

" Arch. To us, and to our purposes, confin'd:
We come within our awful banks again,
And knit our powers to the arm of peace."

The use of the word " awful " in this passage may
be right, but, as in the preceding case, I think,
had lawful banks stood in any old printed copy,
or had it even been found in Mr. Collier's vo-
lume, the fitness would have been acknowledged.
Shakspeare used the word " lawful " in many
instances where, no doubt, it may with reason,
strong as any given here, be changed to awful.
In the historical plays, lawfulWwg, lawful lyrogeny,
lawful heir, lawful magistrate, lawful earth, laivful
sword, &c., may be found. These suggestions,
like the pinch of sand thrown on the old woman's
cow, if they do no good, will, I trust, do no harm.
Robert Rawlinson.

Shakspeare. — A German writer. Professor Ilil-
gers, of Aix-la-Chapelle, published in 1852 a
pamphlet, in which he endeavoured to prove that
many passages in Shakspeare, which were origin-
ally written in verse, have been "degraded" into
prose, and quotes several passages from the plays

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

53

in support of his thesis. Professor Hilgers says
that emendation of the text, by means of such a
mode of correction as would restore the corrupted
verses to their original form, has hitherto been
almost entii-ely neglected by commentators, or
else employed by them with very little ability and
success. I have not seen the Professor's Treatise,
and only write from a short notice which I have
just perused of it in a German review ; but, if
what Professor PI. states be correct, the subject
appears to deserve more particular attention from
the writers in the " N. & Q.," who have devoted
their ingenuity and research to the illusti-ation of
Shakspeare. In the hope of attracting them to
" fresh fields and pastures new," in which to re-
ci'eate themselves, and to instruct and delight the
world-wide readers of the great dramatist, I ven-
ture to solicit attention to Professor Hilger's pam-
phlet and its subject. In this I only echo the
German reviewer's language, who most highly
praises the Professox-'s acuteness, and the value of
his strictures, and promises to return to them at
greater length in a future number of the periodical
in which he writes. John Macray.

Oxford.

UNPUBLISHED LETTER.

I have thought that the following old letter,
from a retired lawyer of the seventeenth century
to his future son-in-law, might not be altogether
unintei'esting to your readers, as referring to the
value of land and money at the period when it was
written. C. W. B.

S',

July yM6'S (16)95.

Since you are pleased to demand my opinion
concerning your intended purchase, I shall give
you it as well as I can upon so short a warning.
You say, if lett, you suppose It was worth a ISOl.
per annu. I cannot tell by your letter whether
the mills, lett at 201. per annu, are a part of y^
1301. : if it be, I think 2600Z. a great price, being
much above twenty years' purchase, considering
the lord's rent. But if they are not included in
that sum, 'tis a good twenty years' purchase. Now
you must consider what returne this will make for
your money. I am sure, as times goe, not three
per cent ; and money makes full five, and very
seldom, if ever, pays taxes. I believe it may be
very convenient for you, and it is very advan-
tageous to be entire ; but if you should contract a
debt to buy this estate you will be very uneasy,
and, if you marry, the first setting out will be
expensive, and it will be ill taking up money to
defray necessary charges. I conceive tiie land is
in hand, and not lett ; so that, if you have not a
tenant, you must be at the expence of stocking,
W" will sett very hard upon you. And you know,

w" your sister marrys, there is a 1000 pounds
more to be provided. Pray putt all these things
together, and propose some way of solving all
these difficultys ; and, if you can, I should be glad
to have it annexed to your estate, and settled upon
the heirs male of your body. Upon w'^'' consider-
ation I shall be more inclined to farther your
desires in a reasonable manner.

Pray, w" you hear any more of that couselor's
amours send me word, but lett me advise you
never to say anything of him or his estate that
may come to the lady's ears. I hope my Lady
Morton will not tell M" Tregonell any more than
what all the world should know. I heard the K'
had bid adieu to the Woodland Lady. I am very-
glad of it, for I wish him better ffbrtune. I writt
lately to S"^ John, who honoured me with a letter.
As for public news, you have heard, I suppose, of
our burning St. Malos and Grandvlle ; and that;
wee have left a great many of our men before
Namur, but they continue the siege vigorously.
They say the ffrench are about to sett downe be-
fox'e Dixmude, to bring us of by revultion. Pray
p''sent mine and my daughter's service to your
sister, and believe me to be, S'', your affectionate
kinsman and servant J. Potenger.

Remember, at this time there is a great deal of
land to be sold, but few purchasers. I have
spooke to S"" Miles Cooke, who promises to lett
me have your settlement to peruse, and to end
matters fairly. Since I writt my letter 'tis re-
ported .... is surrendered or taken.

These fTor Richard BIngha, Esq., at
Bingham's Malcombe, to be left at
the post-house in St. Andrew's, ^

Milborne, Dorsett. ;

Lines on the Institution of the Order of the
Garter. — I send you the following, which may be
worth a corner In " N. & Q." The only account
I can give of them is that I found them in MS.
among other poetical extracts, without date or
author's name : —

" When Salisbury's famed Countess was dancing with
glee,

Her stockhig's security fell from her knee.

Allusions and liints, sneers and whispers went round;

The trifle was scouted, and left on the ground.

When Edward tlic Brave, with true soldier-like spirit.

Cried, ' The garter is mine ; 'tis the order of merit ;

The first knight in my court shall be happy to wear,

Proud distinction! the garter that fell from the fair:

While in letters of gold — 'tis your monarch's high
will —

Shall there be inscribed, "III to him that thinks
ill." ' "

Tee Bee.

54

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

Old Ship. — It may be of interest to some of
your readers to learn that the ship which conveyed
Greneral Wolfe on his expedition to Quebec is
still afloat under the name of the " William and
Ann."

She was built in 1739 for a bomb-ketch, and
was in dock in the Thames a few days since,
sound and likely to endure for many years yet :
she is mostly now engaged in the Honduras and
African timber trades, which is in itself a proof
of her great strength. A. O. H.

Blackheath.

The Letter " h" in '■'■humhle." — I was always
taught in my childhood to sink the h in this word,
and was confirmed in this habit by the usage of
all the well-educated people that I met in those
days, as also by the authority of every pronoun-
cing dictionary in the English language : and to
this day hear many people quite as well educated,
and of as high station in all but literary society,
as Mr. Dickens, use the same pronunciation ; but
this eminent writer has thought fit of late to pro-
scribe this practice as far as in him lies, by making
it the Shibboleth of two of the meanest and vilest
characters in his works. I should like to know
whether the aspiration of this letter is due to
Mr. D.'s London birth and residence, or whether
it has become of late the general usage of good
society. If the latter, it is clear that a new edi-
tion of Walker is required for the benefit of such as
have no wish to be confounded with the "Ileeps."

Your late Numbers have given some curious in-
stances of Cockney and other rhymes. I am sorry
to see that the offensive r not only appears to be
gaining ground in poetry, but also in the mouths
of many whose station and education might have
been supposed to preserve them from this vul-
garism. If the masters of our great schools took
as much pains with their pupils' pronunciation of
English, as with that of Latin and Greek, we
should hear less of this, J. S. Warden.

" The Angels Whisper." — The admirers of that
popular song will be surprised to find that there
prevails in India a tradition very similar to the
one on which that song is founded.

The other day our Hindoo nurse was watching
our baby asleep, and noticing that it frequently
smiled, said, " God is talking to it ! " The tra-
dition, as elicited from this woman, seems to be
here, that when a child smiles in its sleep, God is
saying something pleasing to it ; but when it cries.
He is talking to it of sorrow. J. C. B.

Punjab.

Pronunciation of Cohe (Vol. vii., p. 586.). —
Probably the under-mentioned particulars may
tend to elucidate the Query discussed in your
paper touching the pronunciation of Chief Jus-
tice Coke's surname in his Lordship's time.

In numerous original family "Coke documents "^
in my possession, amongst which are a most
spirited and highly interesting letter written by
the celebrated Lady Elizabeth Hatton *, Sir
Edward Coke's widow, quite in character with
her ladyship, shortly after her husband's death \
and likewise several letters written by his chil-
dren and grandchildren ; Sir Edward's surname
is invariably spelt Coke, whilst in other his family
documents f and public precepts I possess, the
latter of which came under the eye of Lord*
Keepers Coventry and Littleton, Sir Edward's
name is, in nine cases out of ten in five hundred
instances, spelt Cooke and Cook ; thus, I submit,,
raising an almost irresistible presumption that,,
however the Chief Justice's surname was written,
it was pronounced Cook and not Coke.

T. W. Jones.

Nantwich.

The Advice supposed to have heen given to
Julius III. — The Consilium, sometimes and inad-
vertently called a Council, addressed to Julius III.,
Pope of Rome, by certain prelates, has just been
once more quoted, for the fiftieth time, perhaps,,
within the present generation, as a genuine docu-
ment, and as proceeding from adherents of the
Church of Rome. This re-quotation appears in
an otherwise useful little volume of the Religious
Tract Society, entitled The Bible in many Tongues,
p. 96. ; and it may tend to check the use made of
the supposed Advice or Council to state, what a
perusal either of the original in Brown's Fasciculus
jRerum Expetend. et Fugiend., or of a translation in
Gibson's Preservative (vol. i. pp. 183. 191., ed»
1848), will soon make evident, that the document
in question is a piece of banter, and must be at-
tributed to the pen of P. P. Vergerio, in whose
Works it is in fact included, in the single volume
published Tubing. 1563, fol. 94—104.

So frequently has this supposed Advice been
cited as a serious affair, that the pages of "N. & Q."^
may be well employed in endeavouring to stop the
somewhat perverse use of a friendly weapon.

Novus.

€iutvitg,

BISHOP GABDINER " DE VERA OBEMENTIA."

It is probable that others of your readers be-
sides myself have had good reason to complain
that Dr. Maitland has cruelly raised the price of
this little book to a bibliomaniacal height, by his
inimitable description of its curious contents and
history. {Essays on Subjects connected with the
Reformation, xvii. xviii. xix.)

* Her surname is so written.

•j- Some of them of so early a date as the year 1600,
when Sir Edward was Attorney- General to Queen
Elizabeth,

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

55

Some of the things which seem to be indubitable
respecting the original work are these : — 1. That
it was first printed in 1535. 2. That, consequently,
Bishop Burnet (Hist, of Re/., Part I. b. iii. p. 166. :
Dublin, 1730) was mistaken in representing it as
having been written in reply to Cardinal Pole.

3. That there was an octavo edition published at
Strasburg in 1536, and that Goldastus followed it.

4. That there was an additional reprint of the
tract at London in 1603. (Schelhornii, Amoen.
Hist. JEccles., torn. i. pp. 15. 849.) But I am
anxious to make three inquiries relative to this
really important document and its fictitious pre-
face.

1. The Roane volume, certainly the earliest in
English, professes to have been printed by " Mi-
chal Wood" in 1553. Can we not determine the
place of its origin by the recollection of the fact,
that Bishop Bale's Mysterye of Iniquyte, or Con-
futation of Ponce Pantolabus, was printed at Geneva
by "Mychael Woode" in 1545 ?

2. With regard to the typographical achieve-
ments of the Brocards, is it not rather an apropos
circumstance, that " IBiliosus Balaeus," as Fuller
calls him, was the author of a Historia Divi Bro-
cardi? (Ware's Works, ii. 325.)

3. May not Bale (or Baal, according to Pits)
be suspected to have been the composer of the
Bonnerian Preface ? He might have reckoned it
among the many Facetias et Jocos which he de-
clares that he had put forth. It is observable that,
while the writer of this Preface designates Bishop
Gardiner as the " common cutthrot of Englande,"
the same title is bestowed upon Bonner in the
Foxian Letter addressed to him by " an unknown
person" (Strype's Memor. iii., Catal. p. 161.: Lon-
don, 1721), and which, from internal evidence
taken from the part relating to Philpot, must be
referred to the year 1555. The style of these per-
formances is similar ; and let " gaie Gardiner,
blow-bole Boner, trusti Tonstal, and slow-bellie
Samson " of the Preface be compared with " glo-
rious Gardiner, blow-boUe Bonner, tottering Tun-
stal, wagtaile Weston, and carted Chicken." (Bale's
Declaration of Bonner' s Articles, fol. 90. b., Lon-
don, 1561.) R. G.

Lord Byron. — What relation to the poet was
the Lord Byron mentioned in the Apology for the
Life of George Ann Bellamy ? Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Curious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead.
— In Marshfield, Massachusets, it has been cus-
tomary for a very long period to ring the bell of
the parish church most violently for eight or ten
minutes, whenever a death occurs in the village ;
then to strike it slowly three times three, which

makes known to the inhabitants that a man or
boy has expired, and finally to toll it the number
of times that the deceased had numbered years of
existence.

The first settlers of Marshfield having been
Englishmen, may I ask if this custom ever did, or
does now, exist in the mother country ? W. W.

Malta.

Unpublished Essay by Lamb. — Coleridge is
represented in his Table Talk (p. 253. ed. 1836),
to have said that " Charles Lamb wrote an essay
on a man, who had lived in past time." The
editor in a note tells us he knows " not when or
where." I do not find it in the edition of his
works published in 1846, nor have I been able to
discover it in any of the journals, to which he
contributed, that have fallen in my way. Have
any of your correspondents met with it ?

R. W. Elliott.

Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church. — On
lately visiting Crosthwaite Church, Cumberland,
I was exceedingly struck with the great peculi-
arity of a carving, pointed out to me by the sexton,
on the left jambs of all the windows in the north
and south aisles, both inside and out. It is in the
form of a circle with eight radiations, and always
occurs about half-way between the shoulder of the
arch and the sill. During the late restoration of
the church, it has been covered with plaster in
every case in the interior, save one in the north
aisle, which Is left very distinct. It does not
appear on any of the windows at the east end or
in the tower. I noticed a similar figure over the
stone door-way of the old inn at Threlkeld, with
the letters C G inscribed on one side, and the
date 1688 on the other. The sextonsaid, he had
never been able to obtain any intelligence as to
its symbolical meaning or , history, although he
had inquired of nearly every one who had been
to see the church. Can any of your correspon-
dents throw a light upon the subject?

R. W. Elliott.

CromwelVs Portrait. — In the Annual Register,
1773, " Characters," p. 77. ; in Hughes's Letters,
ii. 308. ; in Gent. Mag., xxxv. 357. ; and in
Noble's Hotise of Cromwell, i. 307., is a statement,
originally made by Mr. Say, of Lowestoft, in his
account of Mrs. Bridget Bendish, importing that
the best picture of Oliver which the writer had
ever seen, was at Rosehall (Beccles), in the pos-
session of Sir Robert Rich. Where is this por-
trait ? Has it ever been engraved ? S. W. Rix.

Beccles.

Governor Brooks, about a century since, was
governor of one of the West India Islands. I have
heard Cuba named as his government ; and it
might have been that, the short time Cuba was in

56

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

the possession of the English, he was governor of
it; but I am uncertain. If any correspondent,
versed in West Indian affairs, can give me any par-
ticulars of the family and antecedents of the above,
or any reference to his services (for I suppose him
to have been a military man), it will great oblige

Tee Bee.

Old Boohs. — I notice some of your correspon-
dents, having fancied that they have picked up at
some old book-stall an invaluable treasure, are
coolly told by others more learned, " It would be
a bad exchange for a shilling ;" and, again, "If it
cost three shillings and sixpence, the purchaser
was most unfortunate."

May I ask the value of the following ? They
came into possession of my family about thirty
years ago :

" Epitome Thesauri antiqultatum hoc est Impp.
Rom. orientalium et occidentalium Iconum ex antiquis
numismatibus quam fidelissime delineatum.

" Ex Mus;eo Jacobi de Strada Mantuani Antiquatum.

" Lugduni, apud Jacobum de Strada et Thomam
Guercinum, mdliii. (1553). Cum Privilegio Regio."

Handsomely got up ; gilt edges, pp. 339. Also,

" Sommario delle vite de GL'Imperiatore Romani da
C. Giolio Cesare sino a Ferdinando II., con le loro
effigle Causte dalle Medaglie : In Roma apresso,
Lodovico Giignani, mdcxxxvii, pp. 80."

Bristoliensis.

The Privileges of the See of Canterbury. — I
find preserved by William of Malmsbury, in his
Chronicle, book iii., the following letter from Pope
Boniface to Justus, Archbisliop of Canterbury,
respecting the privileges of his see :

" Far be it from every Christian, that anything
concerning the city of Canterbury be diminished or
changed, in present or future times, which was ap-
pointed by our predecessor Pope Gregory, however
human circumstances may be changed : but more espe-
cially by the authority of St. Peter, the cluL'f of the
Apostles, we command and ordain, that the city of
Canterbury shall ever hereafter be esteemed the Metropo-
litan See of all Britain ; and we decree and appoint
immutably, that all the provinces of the kingdom of
England shall be subject to the Metropolitan Church
of the aforesaid See. And if any one attempt to injure
this church, which is more especially under the power
and protection of the Holy Roman Church, or to
lessen the jurisdiction conceded to it, may God ex-
punge him from the hook of life ; and let him know
that he is bound by the sentence of a curse."

How can the expressions I have Italicised be
reconciled with the creation of the Archiepiscopal
See of Westminster ? W. Fkaser.

Tor-Mohun.

Heraldic Colour pertaining to Ireland. — There
occurs in the Dublin University Magazine for
October, 1852, an article entitled " A Night in

the Fine Arts' Court of our National Exhibition,"
and at the conclusion a " Note," in which I find
the following remarks : —

" This last (the figure of Erin), as described, is
purely ideal, but legitimately brought in, as Hogan's
figure of ' Hibernia ' occupied a position in the Fine
Arts' Court, and suggested it. It may be as well to
add that Erin is described as wearing a blue mantle,
as blue, not green, is the heraldic colour pertaining to
Ireland now."

May I inquire at what time, and under what
circumstances, blue was substituted for the old
favourite green ? Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

Descendants of Judas Iscariot. — In Southey's
Omniana is the following :

" It was believed in Pier della Valle's time that the
descendants of Judas still existed at Corfu, though the
persons who suffered this imputation stoutly denied
the truth of the genealogy."

Is anything farther to be met with on this cu-
rious subject ? G. Creed.

Parish Clerks and Politics. — In Twenty-six
Psalms of Thanksgiving and Praise, Love and
Glory, for the use of a Parish Church (Exon.,
And. Brice, 1725), the rector (who compiled it),
among other reasons for omitting all the impre-
catory Psalms, says, —

" Lest a parish clerk, or any other, should be whetting
his spleen, or obliging his spite, when he should be en-
tertaining his devotion."

That such practices were indulged in, we have
the farther evidence of Bramston the satirist :
" Not long since parish clerks, with saucy airs,
Apply 'd King David^s Psalms to state- affairs."*

Can any readers of " N. & Q." point out ex-
amples of such misapplication ? J. O.

" Virgin Wife and widowed Maid.''' — Whence
come the words " Virgin wife and widow'd maid,"
quoted, apparently, by Liddell and Scott in their
Greek Lexicon, s. v. airapQevos, as a rendering or
illustration of Hec. 610. ?

" 'Nvfi(p7]v t' di/vfipov, -irdp&evdy r' dirdpBevov."

Anon.

" Cutting off the little heads of light." — Perhaps
you or one of your correspondents would help me
to the whereabouts of some thoughtful lines which
I recently came across, in a volume which I acci-
dentally took up, but the name of which has com-
pletely slipped my memory.

* The Art of Politicks, in imitation of Horace, 1129,
with a hybrid portrait of Heidegger, the arbit. elegant.
of his day.

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

57

The lines referred to typified Tyranny under the
form of the man who puts out the gas-lights at
dawn : " Cutting off the little heads of light which
lit the world." I am not sure of the rhythm, and
so have put the lines like prose ; but they wind up
with a fine analogy of the sun in all its glory
bursting on the earth, and putting the proceedings
of the light extinguisher utterly to nought.

A. B. R.

Medal of Sir Robert Walpole. — On a brass
medal, without date, rather larger than half a
crown, are these effigies.

On one side the devil, horned and tailed proper,
with a fork in his right hand, and marching with a
very triumphant step, is conducting a courtier in
full dress (no doubt meant for Walpole), by a
rope round his neck, into the open jaws of a
monster, which represent the entrance to the
place of punishment. Out of the devil's mouth
issues a label with the words, " Make room for Sir
Robert." Underneath, " No Excise."

On the reverse are the figures of two naval
officers, with the legend, " The British Glory re-
revived by Admiral Vernon and Commodore
Brown." This refers of course to the taking of
Porto Bello in November, 1739.

Is this piece one of rarity and value ? J.

La Fete des Chaudrons. — In the exhibition of
pictures in the British Institution is one (No. 17.)
by Teniers, entitled " La Fete des Chaudrons."
In what publication can the description of this
fete, or fair, be found ? C. I. R.

Who first thought of Table-turning? — Whilst
the people are amusing themselves, and the learned
are puzzling themselves, on the subject of table-
turning, would you have any objection to answer
the following Query ?

Who first thought of table-turning ? and whence
has it suddenly risen to celebrity ? J. G. T.

Hagley.

College Guide. — Will some of your correspon-
dents kindly inform a father, who is looking for-
ward to his boys going to college, in what work
he will find the fullest particulars respecting
scholarships and exhibitions at the diflferent col-
leges in both universities ? Querist is in posses-
sion of Gilbert's Liber Scholasticus (1843), the
Family Almanack for 1852, and, of course, the
University Calendars. S. S. S.

Done Pedigree. — A very old MS. pedigree of
the family of Done of Utkington, in the county
before me, connects with that family no less than
twenty-three Cheshire families of distinction, viz.
Cholmondeley, Egerton,Wilbraham, Booth, Arden,

Leicester, and seventeen others. Now, as it ap-
pears by your note on the communication of a
correspondent (Vol. vi., p. 273.), that there exists
a pedigree of the family of Done, of Utkington, in
the British Museum, Additional MS. No. 5836.
pp. 180. and 186., perhaps you will be good
enough to say whether that pedigree discloses the
extensive Cheshire family connexion with the
Done family above noticed. T. W. Jones.

Nantwich.

[Tlie following families connected with Done of
Utkington occur in the pedigree (Add. MS. 5836.
p. 186.): " Richard de Kingsley, a.i>. 1233 ; Venables,
Swinerton, Peter de Thornton, Lord Audley, Button,
Aston, Gerrard, Wilbraham, Manwaring, Eliz. Traf-
ford, widow of Geo. Booth of Dunham, Ralph Legh
of High Legh, Davenport, Thomas Stanley de Alder-
ley, Thomas WagstafT of Tachbroke, and Devereux
Knightley of Fawsley." This pedigree was copied by
Cole from an old MS. book of pedigrees formerly be-
longing to Sir John Crew. See also Ormerod's Cheshire,
vol. ii. p. 133., for a pedigree of Done of Utkington,
Flax- Yards, and Duddon, compiled from inquisitions
post mortem, the parochial registers, and the Visitations
of 1580 and 1664.]

Scotch Neiospapers, Sfc. — What are the earliest
publications of Scotland giving an account of the
current events of that kingdom ? T. F.

[ The Edinburgh Gazette, or Scotch Postman, printed
by Robert Bpown on Tuesdays and Thursdays, ap-
pears to have been the earliest gazette. The first
Number was published in March, 1715. This was
followed by The Edinburgh Evening Courant, published
on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays. No. 1. ap-
peared on the 15th December, 1718, and has existed
to the present time. There was another paper issued
on May 8, 1692, called The Scotch Mercury, giving a
true account of the daily proceedings and most remark-
able public occurrences in Scotland ; but this seems to
have been printed in London for R. Baldwin. The
earliest Almanack published in Scotland was in 1677,
by Mr. Forbes of Aberdeen, under the title of A New
Prognostication, calculated for North Britain, and which
was continued until the year 1700. J

Dictum de Kenilworth. — Said to have passed
anno 1266. What was the nature of it ?

Abredonensis.

[It is a declaration of the parliament of Henry III.,
containing the terms on which the king was to grant a
general pardon to the malcontents of Ely, namely, that
all who took arms against the king should pay him the
value of their lands, some for five years, others for
three and for one. A copy of it is in the Cottonian
Library, Claudius, D. ii., 1 1 9. b., and in Tyrrel's Hist,
of England, p. 1064.']

Dr. Harwood. — Can you tell me in what year
the Rev. Dr. Harwood of Lichfield, author of a
History of that city, and other works, died ? I

58

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 194.

believe it was about 1849 ; but I have not been
able to ascertain the exact date. A. Z.

[Dr. Harwood died 23rd December, 1842, aged 75.
For a biographical notice of him, see Gent. Mag. for
February, 1843, p. 202.]

NAMES OF PLACES.

(Vol. vii., p. 536.)

I have been travelling so much about in the
country since I left England, that I have not al-
ways the opportunity of seeing your " N. & Q."
■until long after the publication of the different
Numbers. I have in this way seen some Queries
put to me about matters connected with the his-
tory of the Danish settlements in England. But
as I have had no particular information to give, I
have not thought it worth while to write to say
that I know nothing of any great consequence.

Just when I left Copenhagen, some days ago, a
friend of mine showed me that Mr. Taylor, of
Ormesby in Norfolk, asked some questions re-
garding the Danish names of places in Norfolk.

In answer to them I beg to state, that all the
names terminating in -by unquestionably are of
Danish origin. Mb. Taylor is perfectly right in
supposing that several of these names of places
contain the names of the old Danish conquerors.
But I do not think that Ormesby originally has
been Gormsby. Gorm certainly is the same as
Guthrum ; but both of these names are distinctly
different from the name " Orme " or " Orm,"
which, in our old language, signifies a serpent,
and also a worm. (The famous ship, on board of
which King Olaf Tryggveson was killed in the
year 1000, was called " Ormen hin lange," i.e. the
long serpent.) I have observed that several En-
glish families (undoubtedly of old Scandinavian
descent) at this day have the family -name "Orm"
or "Orme."

Among the other names of places quoted by
Mr. Taylor, Rollesby most probably must be de-
rived from the name " Rollo " or "Rolf;" but I
regard the origin of the other names as being
much more doubtful. If we had the original
forms of these names, it might have been easier to
decide upon it. As the names are now, I do not
see anything purely Scandinavian in them, except
the termination -hy. It is not at all unlikely that
the name Ashby or Askeby might have been called
so from "Ash-trees" (Danish "Ask eller Esk"),
but I dare not venture into conjectures of this
kind.

I should be very happy if I in any other way
could be of any service to Mr. Taylor in his re-
searches about the Danish settlements in East
Anglia. His remarks upon the situation of the
tillages with Danish names are most interesting

and instructive. I always sincerely wish that in-
habitants of the different old Danish districts in
the North and East of England would, in the
same way, take up the question about the Danish
influence, as I feel fully convinced that very re-
markable and important elucidations might be
gained to the history of England during a long
and hitherto very little known period.

J. J. A. WOESAAE.

CLEANING OLD OAK.

(Vol. vii., p. 620. ; Vol. viii., p. 45.)

Having been so frequently benefited by the in-
struction, especially photographic, issuing from
your most useful periodical, I feel myself almost
bound to contribute my mite of information when-
ever I may chance to have the power of doing so ;
consequently, should you not get a better method
of assisting Mr. F. M. Middleton out of his diffi-
culty of softening old paint, as described in the
"N. & Q.," No. 191., I beg to offer him the fol-
lowing, and from experience I can vouch for its
certainty of leading him to the desired result.

Some years since, having had occasion to enter
a lumber-room of an old building, I was struck
with the antiquated appearance of an arm-chair,
which had, in days long gone by, been daubed
over with a dirty bluish paint. Finding, on in-
quiry, that its owner set no particular value on it,
I met with but little difficulty in inducing him to
make an exchange with me for a good mahogany
one. Soon after its being brought into my house,
one of my domestics discovered that it positively
swarmed with a species of lice, issuing from innu-
merable minute worm-holes and crevices, which of
course rendered it in its present state worse than
useless. Determined not to be deprived of my
prize, I resolved on attempting to rid it of this
troublesome pest by washing it over with a strong
solution of caustic soda, made by mixing some
quick-lime with a very strong solution of the
common washing soda (impure carbonate of soda),
and pouring off the clear supernatant liquid for
use. This proceeding, much to my satisfaction,
not only succeeded in entirely getting rid of the
vermin, but on my servant's scrubbing the chair
with a hard brush and hot soap and water, I found
that the caustic soda had formed a kind of soap,
by chemically uniting with the oil contained in
the old paint, thereby reducing it to such a state
of softness, that by a few vigorous applications and
soakings of the above-named solution, and subse-
quent scrubbings, my new favourite was also freed
from its ugly time-worn jacket of dirty paint, dis-
covering underneath a beautifully carved and
darkly coloured oaken surface.

After being perfectly dried and saturated with
linseed oil, it was frequently well rubbed, and the

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

59

chair stands to this day, liice some of the valuable
discoveries made by the alchemists when in search
of the Elixir Vita3, or the Philosopher's Stone, an
example of a fortunate and unexpected disclosure
made when not directly in search of it. I have
since learnt that a fluid possessing the above-
named detergent qualities, is to be purchased at
some of the oil and colour shops, the formula for'^
its preparation being kept a secret.

Henbt Herbert Hele.
Asfaburton, Devonshire.

P. S. — In making the solution on a caustic
alkali, perhaps I should have said that the common
carbonate of potass of commerce will do as well as
the common carbonate of soda, if not better, from
the probability of its making a stronger solution.

The following recipe for taking paint off old
«ak is from No. 151. of The Builder :

" Make a strong solution of American potash (which
<;an be bought at any colour-shop, and resembles burnt
brick in appearance); mix this with sawdust into a kind
of paste, and spread it all over the paint, which will
become softened in a few hours, and is then easily re-
moved by washing with cold water. If, after the wood
has dried, it becomes cracked, apply a solution of hot
size with a brush, which will bind it well together and
make it better for varnishing, as well as destroy the
beetle, which is often met with in old oak, and is erro-
neously called the worm."

The following is also from the same Number :

" To make dark oak pale in colour, which is some-
times a desideratum, apply with a brush a little dilute
nitric acid judiciously ; and to stain light oak dark, use
the dregs of black ink and burnt amber mixed. It is
better to try these plans on oak of little value at first,
as, to make a good job, requires care, practice, and
attrition."

H. C. K.

F. M. MiDDLETON will find that American
potash, soft soap, and warm water, will remove
paint from oak. The mixture should be applied
with a paint-brush, and allowed to remain on until
the paint and it can be removed by washing with
vrarm water and a hard brush. Getsbn.

BURIAL IN AN ERECT POSTURE.

(Vol. viii., p. 5.)

Your correspondent Cbeverells refers to the
"tradition" of one of the Harcourt family being
buried in an erect posture, and asks, " Is the pro-
bability of this being the case supported by any,
and what instances ? " As this Query has been
raised, it may be worth while to mention the fol-
lowing circumstance, as a singular illustration of
a remarkable subject ; though (as will be seen)
the actual burial in an erect posture is here also
probably " traditional."

Towards the close of the last century, there
lived in Kidderminster an eccentric person of the
name of Orton (not that Orton, the friend of Dod-
dridge, who passed some time in the town), but
"Job Orton," the landlord of the Bell Inn.
During his lifetime he erected his tomb in the
parish churchyard, with this memento-mori Inscrip-
tion graven in large characters on the upper slab :

" Job Orton, a man from Leicestershire ;
And when he's dead, he must lie under here."

This inscription remains unaltered to this day,
and may be seen on the right-hand of the broad
walk on the north side of the spacious churchyard.
His coffin was constructed at the same time ; and,
until it should be required for other and personal
purposes, was used as a wine-bin. But, to carry
his eccentricity even to the grave, he left strict
orders that he should be buried in an erect posture :
and " tradition" (of course) says that his request
was complied with. Your correspondent says that
tradition "assigns no reason for the peculiarity"
of the Harcourt knight's burial ; but tradition has
been more explicit in Job Orton's case, whose
reason (?) for his erect posture in the tomb was,
that at the last day he might be able to rise from
his grave before his wife, who was buried in the
usual horizontal manner ! Job Orton appears to
have had a peculiar talent for the composition of
epitaphs ; as, in his more playful moments, he was
accustomed to tell his better-half that if he out-
lived her he should put the following lines on her
tombstone :

" Esther Orton — a bitter, sour weed;
God never lov'd her, nor increas'd her seed."

He seems, however, to have spared her this
gratuitous insult. As a farther illustration of the
characters of this singular couple, the following
anecdote is told. Esther Orton having frequently
declared, that she should " never die happy until
she had rolled in riches," Job, like a good hus-
band, determined to secure his wife's happiness.
Having sold some land for a thousand pounds, he
insisted that the money should be paid wholly in
guineas. Taking these home in a bag, he locked
his wife up in a room ; knocked her down, opened
his bag of guineas, and raining the golden wealth
upon her, rolled his Danae over and over in the
coin. " And now, Esther," said Job Orton, " thee
mayst die as soon as thee pleases : for thee'st had
thy wish, and rolVd in riches"

CUTHBEBT BePE, B.A.

lawyers bags.

(Vol. vii., p. 557.)

Additional evidence of the fact that lawyers
used to carry green bags towards the end of the

60

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

seventeenth century, is to be found in the Plain
Dealer, a comedy by Wychei'ley.

One of the principal characters in the play is
the Widow Blackacre, a petulant, litigious woman,
always in law, and mother of Jerry Blackacre, " a
true raw squire under age and his mother's go-
vernment, hred to the law."

In Act I. Sc. 1., I find the following stage di-
rections :

" Enter Widow Blackacre with a mantle and a green
bag, and several papers in the other hand. Jerry
Blackacre, her son, in a gown, laden with ^reew bags,
following her."

In Act III. Sc. 1. the widow is called Imper-
tinent and ignorant by a lawyer of whom she
demands back her fee, on his returning her brief
and declining to plead for her. This draws from
her the following reply :

" Impertinent again and Ignorant to me ! Gadsbo-
dikins, you puny upstart in the law to use me so, you
green bag carrier, you murderer of unfortunate causes,"
&e.

Farther on, in the same scene, Freeman, a
gentleman well educated, but of a broken fortune,
a compiler with the age, thus admonishes Jerry :

" Come, Squire, let your mother and your trees fall
as she pleases, rather than wear this gown and carry
green bags all thy life, and be pointed at for a tony.
But you shall be able to deal with her yet the common
way. Thou slialt make false love to some lawyer's
daughter, whose father, upon the hopes of thy marrying
her, shall lend thee money and law to preserve thy
estate and trees."

A. W. S.

Temple.

PHOTOGEAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

j]By the courtesy of our valued cotemporary The
Athenceum, we are permitted to reprint the following
interesting communication, which appeared in that
journal on Saturday last.]

"new photographic process.

" Henley Street, July 6.
" Your insertion of the annexed letter from my
brother-in-law, Mr. John Stewart, of Pau, will
much oblige me. The utility of this mode of
reproduction seems Indisputable. In reference to
its concluding paragraph, I will only add, that the
publication of concentrated microscopic editions of
works of reference — maps, atlases, logarithmic
tables, or the concentration for pocket use of pri-
vate notes and MSS., &c., &c., and innumerable
other similar applications — is brought within the
reach of any one who possesses a small achromatic
object-glass of an inch or an inch and a half in
diameter, and a brass tube, with slides before and
behind the lens of a fitting diameter to receive the
plate or plates to be operated upon, — central or

nearly central rays only being required. The de-
tails are too obvious to need mention. — I am, &c.
" J. F. W. Herschel.

" Pau, June 11.

" Dear Herschel. — I sent you some time ago a
few small-sized studies of animals from the life,
I ►singly and in flocks, upon collodionised glass. The
great rapidity of exposition required for such sub-
jects, being but the fraction of a second, together
with the very considerable depth and harmony
obtained, gave me reason to hope that ere tins
I should have been able to produce microscopic
pictures of animated objects. For the present, I
have been interrupted. Meantime, one of my
friends here, Mr. Heilmann, following the same
pursuit, has lighted on an Ingenious method of
taking from glass negatives positive impressions of
different dimensions, and with all the delicate mi-
nuteness which the negative may possess. This
discovery is likely, I think, to extend the resources
and the application of photography, — and with
some modifications, which I will explain, to In-
crease the power of reproduction to an almost un-
limited amount. The plan is as follows : — The
negative to be reproduced is placed in a slider at
one end (a) of a camera or other box, constructed
to exclude the light throughout. The surface pre-
pared for the reception of the positive — whether
albumen, collodion, or paper — is placed in another
slider, as usual, at the opposite extremity (c) of
the box, and intermediately between the two ex-
tremities (at h) is placed a lens. The negative at
a is presented to the light of the sky, care being
taken that no rays enter the box but those travers-
ing the partly transparent negative. These raya
are received and directed by the lens at b upon
the sensitive surface at c, and the impression of
the negative is thei-e produced with a rapidity pro-
portioned to the light admitted, and the sensibility
of the surface presented. By varying the distances
between a and c, and c and b, any dimension re-
quired may be given to the positive impression.
Thus, from a medium-sized negative, I have ob-
tained negatives four times larger than the original,
and other impressions reduced thirty times, ca-
pable of figuring on a watch-glass, brooch, or ring.

" Undoubtedly one of the most Interesting and
Important advantages gained by this simple ar-
rangement is, the power of varying the dimensions
of a picture or portrait. Collodion giving results
of almost microscopic minuteness, such negatives
bear enlarging considerably without any very per-
ceptible deterioration in that respect. Indeed, as
regards portraits, there is a gain instead of a loss ;
the power of obtaining good and pleasing likenesses
appears to me decidedly increased, the facility of
subsequent enlargement permitting them to be
taken sufficiently small, at a sufficient distance
(and therefore with greater rapidity and certainty)

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

61

to avoid all the focal distortion so much complained
of, — while the due enlargement of a portrait taken
on glass has the efFect, moreover, of depriving it
of that hardness of outline so objectionable in a
collodion portrait, giving it more artistic effect,
and this without quitting the perfect focal point as
has been suggested.

"But there are many other advantages obtained
by this process. For copying by engraving, &c. the
exact dimension required of any picture may at
once be given to be copied from.

" A very small photographic apparatus can thus
be employed when a lai-ge one might be inconve-
nient or impracticable, the power of reproducing
on a larger scale being always in reserve. Inde-
pendent of this power of varying the size, positives
so taken of the same dimension as the negative
reproduce, as will be readily understood, much
more completely the finer and more delicate details
of the negatives than positives taken by any other
process that I am acquainted with.

"The negative also may be reversed in its position
at a so as to produce upon glass a positive to be
seen either upon or under the glass. And while
the rapidity and facility of printing are the same
as in the case of positives taken on paper prepared
with the iodide of silver, the negatives, those on
glass particularly, being so easily injured, are much
better preserved, all actual contact with the posi-
tive being avoided. For the same reason, by this
process positive impressions can be obtained not
only upon wet paper, &c., but also upon hard in-
flexible substances, such as porcelain, ivory, glass,
&c., — and upon this last, the positives being trans-
parent are applicable to the stereoscope, magic
lantern, &c.

"By adopting the following arrangement, this
process may be used largely to increase the power
and speed of reproduction with little loss of effect.
From a positive thus obtained, say on collodion,
several himdi-ed negatives may be produced either
on paper or on albumenised glass. If on the latter,
and the dimension of the original negative is pre-
served, the loss in minuteness of detail and har-
mony is almost imperceptible, and even when con-
siderably enlarged, is so trifling as in the majority
of cases to prove no objection in comparison with
the advantage gained in size, while in not a few
cases, as already stated, the picture actually gains
by an augmentation of size. Thus, by the simul-
taneous action, if necessary, of some hundreds of
negatives, many thousand impressions of the same
picture may be produced in the course of a day.

" I cannot but think, therefore, that this simple
but ingenious discovery will prove a valuable ad-
dition to our stock of photographic manipulatory
processes. It happily turns to account and utilises
one of the chief excellencies of collodion — that ex-
treme minuteness of detail which from its excess
becomes almost a defect at times,— toning it down

by increase of size till the harshness is much dimi-
nished, and landscapes, always more or less un-
pleasing on collodion from that cause, are rendered
somewhat less dry and crude.

" A very little practice will suffice to show the
operator the quality of glass negatives — I mean as
to vigour and development — best adapted for re-
producing positives by this method. He will also
find that a great power of correction is obtained,
by which overdone parts in the negative can be
reduced and others brought up. Indeed, in conse-
quence of this and other advantages, I have little
doubt that this process will be very generally
adopted in portrait taking.

" Should your old idea of preserving public
records in a concentrated form on microscopic
negatives ever be adopted, the immediate positive
reproduction on an enlarged readable scale, with-
out the possibility of injury to the plate, will be
of service.

" I am, &c. " John Stewakt."

The Ring Finger (Vol. vii., p. 601.). — The
Greek Chuixh directs that the ring be put on the
right hand (Schmid, Liturgik, iii. 352. : Nassau,
1842); and although the direction of the Sarum
Manual is by no means clear (see Palmer's Origines
LiturgiccB, ii. 213., ed. 2.), such may have formerly
been the practice in England, since Rastell, in his
counter- challenge to Bishop Jewel, notes it as a
novelty of the Reformation, —

" That the man should put the wedding-ring on the
fourth finger in the left hand of the woman, and not on
the right hand, as hath been many hundreds of years
continued." — Heylyn, Hist. R«f., ii. 430. 8vo. ed.

But the practice of the Roman communion
in general agrees with that of the Anglican.
(Schmid, iii. 350-2.) Martene quotes from an
ancient pontifical an order that the bridegroom
should place the ring successively on three fingers
of the right hand, and then shall leave it on the
fourth finger of the left, in order to mark the
difference between the marriage ring, the symbol
of a love which is mixed with carnal affection, and
the episcopal ring, the symbol of entire chastity.
(Mart, de Antiquis Eccl. Ritibus, ii. 128., ed. Venet.
1783 ; Schmid, p. 352.) J. C. R.

The Order of St. John of Jerusalem (Vol. vii.,
pp. 407. 628.). — As my old neighbour R. L. P.
dates from the banks of the Lake of Constance,
and may possibly not see W. W.'s communication
for some time, I in the meanwhile take the liberty
of informing W. W. that the order of St. John
was restored in England by Queen Mary, and,
with other orders revived by her, was again sup-
pressed by the act 1 Eliz. c. 24. J. C. R.

62

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

Calvin's Correspondence (Vol. vii., pp. 501.
621.). — It may be well to mention that all the
letters of Calvin which Mr. Walter quotes, are
to be found in the old collection of his corre-
spondence ; perhaps, however, the latter copies
may be fuller or more correct in some parts.

The original French of the long letter to Pro-
tector Somerset is printed by Henry in his Life
of Calvin; but, like the other documents of that
laborious work, it is omitted without notice in the
English travestie which bears the name of Dr.
Stebbing.

Heylyn's mis-statement as to Calvin and Cran-
mer is exposed, and the ground of it is pointed
out, in the late edition of the Ecclesia Eestaurata,
vol. i. p. 134. J. C. R.

Old Booty's Case (Vol. vii., p. 634.). — A friend,
on whose accuracy I can rely, has examined the
London Gazettes for 1687 and 1688, in the British
Museum : they do not contain any report of
Booty's case. I thought I had laid Booty's ghost
in Vol. ili., p. 170., by showing that the facts of
the case were unlikely and the law impossible.

H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

Chatterton (Vol. vii., p. 267.). — We are all
very curious in Bristol to know what evidence
or light J. M. G. of Worcester can bring to bear
upon the Rowley Poems, from the researches (as
he states) of an individual here to prove not only
that Chatterton was not their author, but that
probably the " Venerable Rowley " himself was.

I had thought in 1853 no one doubted their
authorship. There is abundance of proof to show
Rowley could not have written them, and that
only Chatterton could have done so.

Bristouensis.

House-marks, 8fc. (Vol. vii., p. 594.). — It is
very well known that the sign of the " Swan with
two Necks," in London, is a corruption of the
private mark of the owner of the swans, viz., two
nicks made by cutting the neck feathers close in
two spaces. It is also a common custom in
Devon to mark all cattle, horses, &c. with the
owner's mark when sent out on Exmoor, Dart-
moor, and other large uninclosed tracts for sum-
mering : thus. Sir Thos. Dyke Acland's mark is
an anchor on the near side of each of his large
herd of ponies, on Exmoor. W. Collyns.

Harlow.

Bibliography (Vol. vii., p. 597.). — The follow-
ing may assist Mariconda :

Fischer : Beschreibung einiger Typograpbischer Sel-
tenheiten nebst Beytragen zur Erfindungsgeschiehte
der Buchdruckerkunst, 8vo. Mainz, 1800-4.

Origin of Printing, in Two Essays; with Remarks
and Appendix, Svo, 1776.

The Typographical Antiquities of Great Britain, by
J. Jobnson, Dr. Dibdin, Dr. Wilkins, and others.
Longmans, 1824.

He will also find a list of works under the head
Printing in the Penny Cyclopoedia, Getsrn.

Parochial Libraj'ies (Vol. vi., p. 432. ; Vol. vii.
passim.). — A parochial library was for many
years deposited in the room over the south
entrance of Beccles Church. The books consist
chiefly of old divinity, &c., and appear to have
been gifts from various persons; among whom
were Bishop Trimnel (of Norwich), Sir Samuel
Barnardiston, Sir Edmund Bacon of Gillingham,
Sir John Playters, Mrs. Anna North, and Mr.
Ridgly of London. There is a copy of Walton's
Polyglot Bible, 1655-7, besides an odd volume
of the same work (Job to Malachi), 1656, uncut.
It is probable that many of the books have been
lost, as the room in which they were kept was
used as a repository for discarded ecclesiastical
appliances, and, latterly, for charity blankets du-
ring summer. In 1840, with the consent of the
late bishop of Norwich, and of the rector and
churchwardens of the parish, the remaining
volumes (about 170) were removed to the public
library room, and placed under the care of the
committee of that Institution. A catalogue of
them was then printed. The greater part have
been repaired, with the aid of a donation of lOl.
from a former inhabitant, who had reason to
believe that some of the works had been lost in
consequence of their having been in his hands
many years ago. Are there not numerous in-
stances elsewhere in which this example might be
copied with propriety ? S. W. Rix.

Beccles.

Faithfull Teate (Vol. y'll, p. 529.).— " Though
this author's name be spelt Teate, there is great
reason to believe that he was the father of Nahum
Tate, translator of the Psalms." — 5iW. Anglo-
poetica, p. 361. In the punning copy of verses
preceding the " Ter Tria " is this distich :

" We wish that Teats and Herberts may inspire
Randals and Davenants with poetick fire.

Jo. Chishutt."

My copy is on miserable paper, yet priced
31s. 6(Z., with this remark In MS. by some former
possessor: "Very rare: which will not be won-
dered at by any one who will read five pages care-
fully." E. D.

Lack-a-daisy (Vol. vi., p. 535.). — Todd had
better have allowed Johnson to speak for himself:
lack-a-daisy, lack-a-day, alack the day, as Juljet's
nurse exclaims, and alas-the-day, are only various
readings of the same expression. And of such In-
quiries and such solutions as Todd's, I cannot
refrain from expressing my sentiments in the

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

63

words of poor Ophelia, "Alack! and fye for
shame ! " Q-

Bloomsbury.

Bacon (Vol. ii., p. 247. ;^ Vol. In., p. 41.). — I
think that you have not noticed one very common
use of this word, as evidently meaning beechen.
Schoolboys call tops made of boxwood, boxers;
while the inferior ones, which are generally made
of beechwood, they call bacons. H. T. Riley,

Angel-beast — Cleek — Longtriloo (Vol. v.,
p.'559.). — An account of these games, the nature
of which is required by your correspondent, is
given in the Compleat Gamester, frequently re-
printed in the latter part of the seventeenth cen-
tury. The first, which is there called beast, is said
to derive Its name from the French la bett, mean-
ing, no doubt, bete. It seems to have resembled
the game of loo. Gleek is the proper name of the
second game, and not check, as your correspondent
suggests. It was played by three persons, and the
cards bore the names of Tib, Tom, Tiddy, Towser,
and Tumbler. Hence we may conclude that It
was an old English game. The third game, or
lanterloo, is evidently the original form of the
game now known as loo. Its name would seem to
indicate a Dutch origin. H. T. RiiiEX.

Hans Krauwinchel (Vol. v., p. 450.). — When
the ground in Charterhouse Square was opened In
1834, for the purposes of sewerage (I believe), vast
numbers of bones and skeletons were found, being
the remains, as was supposed, of those who died
of the Plague In 1348, and had been Interred in
that spot, as forming a part of Pardon Churchyard,
which had lately been purchased by Sir Walter
Manny, for the purposes of burial, and attached
to the Carthusian convent there. Among the
bones a few galley halfpence, and other coins, were
found, as also a considerable number of abbey
counters or jettons. I do not recollect if there
was any date on the counters; but the name
" Hans Krauwinckel " occurred on some of them
which fell Into my possession, and which I gave
some years ago to the Museum of the City Library,
Guildhall. If these were coeval, as was generally
supposed, with the Plague of 1348, It Is singular
that the same name should be found on abbey
counters with the date 1601. I should be obliged
if any of your correspondents could Inform me
when the use of jettons ceased in England ; and
whether Pardon Churchyard was used as a place
of sepulture after 1348, and, if so, how long?

H. T. KiLEY.

Revolving Toy (Vol. vi., p. 517.).— The Chinese
have lanterns with paper figures In them which
revolve by the heat, and are very common about
l^ew Year time. H. B.

Shanghai.

Rub-a-dub (Vol. ill., p. 388.). — Your corre-
spondent seems at a loss for an early Instance of
this expression. In Percy's Reliques there is a
song, the refrain or burden of which Is :
" Rub-a-dub, rub-a-dub, so beat your drums,
Tantara, tantara, the Englishman comes."

H. T. Riley.

Muffs worn by Gentlemen. — In one of Gold-
smith's Essays I remember well an allusion to the
practice. The writer of the letter, or essay, states
that he met his female cousin In the Mall, and after
some sparring conversation, she ridicules him for
carrying " a nasty oZc^-fashioned [a.d. 1760] muff;'*
and his retort Is, that he " heartily wishes It were
a tippet, for her sake," — glancing at her dress,
which was, I suppose, somewhat what we moderns
call " decoUetee. E. C. G.

Detached Church Towers. — The Norman tower
at Bury St. Edmund's should not be included in
the lists. Although now used as the bell tower of
the neighbouring church of St. James, It was
erected several centuries before the church, and
was known as the " Great Gate of the Church-
yard," or the " Great Gate of the Church of St.
Edmund." It would be very desirable to add to
the list the date of the tower, and its distance from
the church. Buriensis.

Add to the list the modern Roman Catholic
chapel at Baltinglass, Ireland. It has a detached
tower built in a field above it, and, although de-
void of architectural beauty, is so placed that it
appears an integral part of the chapel from almost
any point of view. Alexander Leeper.

Dublin.

Is not the bell-tower at Hackney detached from
the church ? I do not remember that it has been
yet named by your correspondents. B. H. C.

Christian Names (Vol. vli., pp. 406. 626.). — On
the name of Beslllus Fetiplace, Sheriflf of Berk-
shire, In 26 Elizabeth, Fuller remarks, —

" Some may 'colourably mistake it for Basilius or
Basil, Avhereas indeed it is Besil, a surname ....
Reader, I am confident an instance can hardly be pro-
duced of a surname made Christian, in England, save
since the Reformation ; before which time the priests
were scrupulous to admit any at font, except they were
baptized with the name of a Scripture or legendary
saint. Since, it hath been common ; and although the
Lord Coke was pleased to say he had noted many of
them prove unfortunate, yet the good success in others
confutes the general truth of the observation." — Worthies,
vol. i. pp. 159, 160., edit. Nuttall.

J. C. R.

Lord C. of Ireland, which Mr. William Bates

guesses to be Lord Castlereagh, was Lord Clare,
hancellor of Ireland, who used also to call men

64

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

with three names by a term opprobrious among
the Romans : " Homines trium literarum." C.

Hogarth's Pictures (Vol. vii. passim). — One of
the correspondents of " N. & Q." inquires where
he could see some pictures from this great artist.
May I ask if he is aware of the three very fine
large paintings in the Church of St. Mary, Red-
cliffe, Bristol? which I am told will shortly be
sold. Bbistouensis.

P.S. — They were painted for the church, and
the vestry holds his autograph receipt for the pay-
ment of them.

OldFogip. (Vol. vii., pp. 354. 559. 632.).— Whe-
ther the origin of this term be Irish, Scotch, or
Swedish I know not ; but I cannot help stating
the significant meaning which, as an Edinburgh
boy at the beginning of the century, I was taught
to attach to it. P^very High-School boy agreed in
applying it to the veterans of the Castle garrison,
to the soldiers of the Town Guard (veterans also,
and especial foes of my school-mates), and more
generally to any old and objectionable gentleman,
civil or military. It implied that, like stones which
have ceased to roll, they had obtained the pro-
verbial covering of moss, or, as it is called in Scot-
land (probably in Ireland also),/t>^. I have heard
in Scotland the " Moss Hose " called the " Fogie
Rose ;" and there is a well-known species of the
humble bee which has its nest in a mossy bank,
and is itself clothed with a moss-like covering : its
name among the Scottish peasantry is the fogie
bee. G. J. F.

Colton.

Clem (Vol. vii., p. 615.). — Mr. Keightley
considers this word to mean press or restrain, and
quotes three passages from Massinger and Jonson
in support of his opinion ; admitting, however,
that it is usually rendered starve. Now, whatever
may have been the root of this word, or whence-
soever it may have been derived, I think it must
be admitted that starve is the correct meaning of
the word in these passages. Let the reader test it
by substituting starve for clem in each case. In
Cheshire and Lancashire the word is in common
use to this day, and invariably means starved for
want of food. Of a thin, emaciated child it is
said, " His mother clems him." A person exceed-
ingly hungry says, " I'm welly clem'd ; I'm almost
or well-nigh starved." It is the ordinary appeal of
a beggar in the streets, when asking for food.

Edw. Hawkins.

Kissing Hands (Vol. vii., p. 595.). — Cape will
find in Suetonius that Caligula's hands were kissed.

C.

Uniform of the Foot Guards (Vol. vii., p. 595.).
— In answer to D. N., as to where he can see uni-

forms of the Foot Guards, 1660 to 1670, I have to
refer him to the Orderly-room, Horse Guards,
where he will see the costume of the three regi-
ments since they were raised. In Mackinnon's
History of the Coldstream Guards, he will find
that regiment's dress from the year 1650 to 1840.

CD.

Book Inscriptions (Vol. vii., p. 455.). — At the
end of No. 1801. Harl. MSS. is the following :

" Hie liber est seriptus,
Qui scripsit sit benedictus.
Qui scriptoris manum
Culpat, basiat anum."

In the printed catalogue there is this note :

" Neotricus quidam hos scripsit versiculos, ex alio
forsan Codice depromptos."

CO. (p.

I have not seen the following amongst your de-
precatory rhymes. It may come in with another
batch. The nature of the punishment is somewhat
different from that usually selected, and savours of
Spain :

" Si quisquis furetur
This little libellum,
Per Phoebum, per Jovem,

I'll kill him, I'll fell him !
In ventum illius

I'll stick my scalpellum,
And teach him to steal
My little libellum."

RuBl.

In a Gesner's Thesaurus I have the following
label of the date 1762 :

" Ex Caroli Ferd. Hommelii Bibliotheca.

" Intra quatuordecim dies comodatum ni reddl-
deris, neq' belle custodieris, alio tempore, Non habeo,
dicam."

L.

Humbug (Vol. vii., pp. 550. 631.). — I do not
remember any earlier use of this word than in
Fielding's Amelia, 1751. Its origin is involved in
obscurity : but may it not be a corruption of the
Latin ambages, or the singular ablative ambage ?
which signifies quibbling, subterfuge, and that kind
of conduct which is generally supposed to consti-
tute humbug. It is very possible that it may have
been pedantically introduced in the seventeenth
century. May, in his translation of Lucan, uses
the word ambages as an English word.

H. T. RiLEr.

A severe instance of the use of the term
"humbug" occurred in a court of justice. A
female in giving her evidence repeatedly used
this term. In her severe cross-examination, the
counsel (a very plain, if not an ugly person) ob-
served she had frequently used the term humbug,
and desired to know what she meant by it, and to

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

65

have an explanation ; to which she replied, " Why,
Sir, if I was to say you were a very handsome
man, would you not think I was humbugging
you ? " The counsel sat down perfectly satisfied.

G. H. J.

Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire on Railway
Travelling (Vol. viii., p. 34.). — The passage in
Daniel alluded to is probably the following : —
" Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall
be increased," chap. xii. v. 4. Mr. Craig should
send to your pages the exact words of Newton
and Voltaire, with references to the books in
which the passages may be found. John Bruce.

Engine- d-verge (Vol. vii., p. 619.). — Is not this
what we term a garden engine ? The French
vergier (viridarium) is doubtless so named, quia
virgd definita ; and we have the old English word
verge, a garden, from the same source. H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

" Popidus vult decipi" 8fc. (Vol. vii., p. 572.). —
The origin of this phrase is found in Thuanus,
lib. xvii. A.D. 1556. See Jackson's Works, book iii.
ch. 32. § 9. note. C. P. E.

Sir John Vanhrugh (Vol. vii., p. 619.). — Sir
John Vanbrugh was the grandson of a Protestant
refugee, from a family originally of Ghent in
Flanders. The Duke of Alva's persecution drove
him to England, where he became a merchant in
London. Giles, the son of this refugee, resided in
Chester, became rich by trade, and married the
youngest daughter of Sir Dudley Carleton, by
whom he had eight sons, of whom Sir John Van-
brugh was the second. The presumption is he
was born in Chester, but the precise date is un-
known. Anon.

Erroneous Forms of Speech (Vol. vii., pp. 329.
632.). — With regard to your two correspondents
E. G. R. and M., I hold that, with Cowper's dis-
putants, " both are right and both are wrong."

The name of the. field beet is. In the language of
the unlearned, mangel-wurzel, " the root of -po-
verty." It acquired that name from having been
used as food by the poor in Germany during a
time of great famine. Turning to Buchanan's
Technological Dictionary, I find, —

" Mangel-wurzel. Field beet; a variety between the
red and white. It has as yet been only partially cul-
tivated in Britain."

In reference to the assertion of your later cor-
respondent, that " such a thing as mangel-wurzel
is not known on the Continent," I would ask if
either he or his friends are familiar with half the
beautiful and significant terms applied to English
flowers and herbs ? If he prefer using mangold
for beet, he Is quite at liberty to do so, and I be-

lieve on sufficiently good authority. What says
Noehden, always a leading authority in German :
" Mangold. Red beet ; name of some other plants,
such as lungwort and sorrel."

Mangold is here, then, a generic term, standing
for other plants equally with the beet. One sug°
gestion, however ; I would recommend the generic
term, when used at all, to be used alone, leaving
the more familiar appellation as it stands, for the
adoption of those who prefer the homely but su"--
gestive phraseology to which it belongs. E. L. H.

Devonianisms (Vol. vii., p. 630.).— Plum, adj.
I am at a loss for the origin of this word as em-
ployed in Devonshire in the sense of " soft," e. g.
" a plum bed : " meaning a soft, downy bed.

Query : Can it be from the Latin pluma ? And
if so, what Is its history ?

There is also a verb to plum, which is obscure.
Dough, when rising under the influence of heat
and fermentation. Is said to be plumming well ; and
the word plum, as an adjective, is used as the
opposite of heavy with regard to currant and other
cakes when baked. If the cake rises well in the
oven, it is commonly said that it is "nice and
plum ;" and vice versa, that it is heavy.

Clunh, verb. This word is used by the com-
mon people, more especially the peasantry, to
denote the swallowing of masses of unmasticated
food ; and of morsels that may not be particularly
relished, such as fat. What is the origin of the
word ?

Dollop, subs. This word, as well as the one
last-named, is very expressive in the vocabulary
of the vulgar. It is applied to lumps of any sub-
stances, whether food or otherwise. Such a phrase
as this might be heard : " What a dollop of fat
you have given me!" "Well," would be the
reply, " if you don't like it, clunk it at once." I
should be glad to be enlightened as to the etymo-
logy of this term. Isaiah W. N. Keys.

Plymouth, Devon.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

A Naurative of the Holy Life and Happy Death of Mr.

John Angier, London. 1685.
Moore's Melodies. 15th Edition.

Wood's Athex^e Oxonienses (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1 813-20.'
The Complaynts of Scotland. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
Shakspeare's Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition,

in_15 vols. 8vo. 1739.

•«'» Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested
to send their names.

%* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Ml!. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND
QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

66

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 194.

iiaticti to C0rreiSp0utfeiiW.

Owing to the necessity of infringing on the present Number for
the Title-page of our Seventh Volume, we are compelled to omit
many interesting communications, and our usual Notes on
Books, &c.

Abredonensis must be referred to the Philosophical Transac-
tions, vol. xliii. p. 249., for a reply to his Query. It will be suffi-
cient here to state, that the fVillingham Boy was at his birth of gi-
gantic form, and an object of great curiosity to the philosophical
world. It is not slated how long he lived, or what education he
■received, so that we cannot ascertain whether he distinguished
Mmselfin any " department of literature or art."

H. N. will find in our Seventh Volume, p. 192., that the
Quotation —

" Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love," &c.,
is from J. P. Kemble's Comedy of The Panel, altered from
Bickerstaff's 'Tis well 'tis no worse.

Mr. Pollock's Process. — "7n answer to N. T. B., a saturated
solution of hypo, saturated with iodide (if silver.

" 21. Maddox Street. Henry Pollock."

T. B. (Coventry). Paper positives are seldom varnished.
The glossy appearance which they possess may depend either upon
their being printed on albumenised paper, or upon their being
hot-pressed. The latter process always much improves the pic-
ture. Where the size has been much removed, it is well to re-size
the paper, which may be done by boiling a few parchment cuttings
in water, and soaking the prints in the liquor.

H. H. H. (Ashburton). All the best authorities concur in the
uncertain properties of the sails of gold. We have seen some

Daguerreotypes which have been executed about three years, and
were treated with the salts of gold, and which are now mere
shades.

C. M. M. (Abbey Road). Your question as to the spots haa
been carefully answered in a late Number. The film which you
notice on the surface of your nit. silver bath depends upon the
remaining portion of ether in the collodion being liberated, which,
not being very soluble in water, causes the greasy appearance.
It soon evaporates, and is of no consequence.

T. Cook is thanked for his oSer of a cheap and easy method of
obtaining pictures for the stereoscope. We shall be glad to receive.
it.

Dr. Diamond's Photographic Notes.— TFe share in the desire
expressed by W. C, J. M. S., and many other Correspondents, for
the speedy publication of this volume. But we believe the delay is
not to be regretted. It is a very easy matter to tarite a book upon
Photography; but it requires no small labour, and great consider,
ation, to produce such a volume as Da. Diamond proposes, in
which it is his desire to explain everything so clearly, that a
person living in a remote part of the counti-y, or in the colonies,
may, from his directions, make a good photograph.

Errata — P. 25., last line, read "campus" for "campj-es;**
p. 26., fourth line, read " iaro " for " iars; " p. 36., 2nd col. line
18., read " regularity " for " irregularity."

A few complete sets o/" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. <o vii.,
price Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had j for which
early application is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in thai night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

GILBERT J. rRENCIl,

BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,

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that he replies immediately to all applications
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full information as to Prices, together with
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SPECTACLES. — WM. ACK-
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a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company^
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ACHROMATIC TELE-

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tained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the
various sizes on application to

WM. ACKLA.ND, Optician, 93. Hatton Gar-
deui London.

July 16. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

67

HAMILTON'S MODERN In-
structions for the PIANOFORTE.
Thirty-eig]ith Edition. Price is.

" So simple and clear are the directions laid
down that any one with a moderate degree oi
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68

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 194.

MURRAY'S

RAILWAY READING.

Tlus Day, new and revised Edition, post 8vo.,
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ANCIENT SPANISH BAL-

lyADS : Historical and Romantic. Trans-
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LIFE OF LORD BACON.

By LORD CAMPBELL.

WELLINGTON. By JULES

MAUREL.

FALL OF JERUSALEM. By

DEAN MILMAN.

STORY OF JOAN OF ARC.

By LORD MAHON.

LITERARY ESSAYS AND

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LIFE OF THEODORE

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CHARACTER OF WEL-
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ZETTE.

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Abies bracteata

Acorns, Mexican

Agriculture, progres-
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Anbury, by Mr. Good-
i«

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of

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Books noticed

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CONTENTS.
Notes : _ Page

Williain Blake 69

A roem by Shelley, not in Iiis Works - - - 71

The Impossibilities of History - - - - 72

" Qiiem Deus vult perdere prius dementat," by T. J.

Uuckton 73

Shakspeare Correspondence, by J. Payne Collier,

George Blink, &c. ----- 73

" The Dance of Death," by Weld Taylor - - 76

Minor Notes: — Old Lines newly revived — Inscrip-
tion near Cirencester — Wordsworth — "Magna est
Veritas et praevalebit " — " Putting your foot into it " 76

Queries : —

Fragments of MSS., by Philip Hale - - - 77

The Electric Telegraph, by W. Matthews - - 78

Minor Queries : — Sir Walter Raleigh — Ancient For-
tifications : Hertstone, Pale, Brecost — Newton and
Somers — Daventry, Duel at — Passage in Burial
Service — " They shot hira on the nine-stane rig" —
Wardhouse.and Fishermen's Custom there — "Adrian
tiirn'd the bull " — Cary's " Palaeologia Chronica " —
The Southwark Pudding Wonder — Roman Catholics
confined in Kens of Ely —White Bell Heather trans-
planted — Green's " Secret Plot " — "The full Moon
brings fine Weather" — Nash the Artist — Woodwork
of St. Andrew's Priory Ciiurch, Barnwell — "The
Mitre and the Crown"— Military Music - - 78

Minor Queries with Answers : — Stoven Church —
The Statute of Kilkenny — Kenne of Kenne — Rents

of Assize, &c Edifices of Ancient and Modern

Tunes — Gorram — " Rock of Ages " - - - 80

Replies: —

Remuneration of Authors - - - - - 81

On tlie Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits - - - 82

Ladies' Arms borne in a Lozenge - - - 83

Photographic Corresfondence:— Multiplication of
Piiotogiaplis — Yelljw Bottles for Photographic
Chemicals - ... - . 85

Replies to TNfiNOR Queries: — Donnybrook Fair —
Abigail — Honorary Degrees — Red Hair — Historical
Engraving — Proverbs quoted by Suetonius — "Sat
cito, si sat bene " — Council of Laodicea, Canon 35. —
Anna Lightfoot — Jack and Gill — Simile of the Soul
and tlie Magnetic Needle — Gibbon's Library — St.
Paul's Epistles to Seneca — " Hip, Hip, Hurrah !" —
Emblemata — Campvere, Privileges of — Slang Ex-
pressions: "Just the cheese " — The Honorable Miss
E. St. Leger — Queries from the Navorscher — " Pity
is akin to Love " - - - - - - 86

Miscellaneous :

Notes on Books, &c. - - - - - 89

Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - • - 90

Notices to Correspondents - - - - 90

Advertisements - .... - GO

Vol. VIII. — No. 195.

WILLIAM BLAKE.

My antiquarian tendencies bring me acquainted
with many neglected and obscure individuals con-
nected with our earlier English literature, who,
after " fretting their hour" upon life's stage, have
passed away ; leaving their names entombed upon
the title-page of some unappreciated or crotchetty
book, only to be found upon the shelves of the
curious.

To look for these in Kippis, Chalmers, Gorton,
or Rose would be a waste of time ; and although
agreeing to some extent with the Utilitarians, that
we have all that was worth preserving of the Arite-
diluvians, there is, I think, here and there a name
worth resuscitating, possessing claims to a niche in
our "Antiquary's Newspaper;" and for that dis-
tinction, I would now put in a plea on behalf of
my present subject, William Blake.

Although our author belongs to the eccentr-ic
category, he is a character not only deserving of
notice, but a model for imitation : the " bee in his
bonnet" having set his sympathies in the healthy
direction of a large philanthropy for tlie spiritual
and temporal interests of his fellow men.

The congenial reader has already, I doubt not,
anticipated that I am about to introduce that non-
descript book bearing the running title — and it
never had any other — of Silver Drops, or Serious
Things ; purporting, in a kind of colophon, to be
" written by William Blake, housekeeper to the
Ladies' Charity School."* The curious in old
books knows too, that, apart from its subject, the
Silver Drops of W. B, has usually an attractive
exterior ; most of the exemplaires which have
come under my notice being sumptuously bound
in old morocco, profusely tooled ; with the name
of the party to whom it had apparently been pre-
sented, stamped in a compartment upon the cover.
Its value is farther enhanced by its pictorial and
emblematical accompaniments. These are four in
number : the first representing a heart, whereon

* " Mr. Henry Cornish, merchant," was a coadjutor
of Blake's in this charitable undertaking ; and as that
Alderman was not executed until 1635, this publica-
tion may be assigned to about that date.

70

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

a fanciful picture of Chai-ity supported by angels ;
second, a view of Higligate Charity Schools (Dor-
chester House) ; third, Time with his scythe and
hour-glass*; and the fourth, in three compart-
ments, the centre containing butterflies ; the
smaller at top and bottom, sententious allusions
to the value of time — " Time drops pearles from
Lis golden wings," &c. These are respectable en-
gravings, but by whom executed 1 know not.
After these, and before coming to the Silver Drops,
which are perhaps something akin to Master
Brooks' Apples of Gold, the book begins abruptly :
"The Ladies' Charity School-house Roll of Iligh-
gate, or a subscription of many noble well-disposed
ladies for the easie carrying of it on." " Being
well informed," runs the Prospectus, " that there
is a pious, good, commendable work for main-
taining near forty poor or fatherless children,
born all at or near Ilighgate, Ilornsey, or Ham-
sted : we, whose names are subscribed, do engage
or promise, that if the said boys are decently
cloathed in blew, lined with yellow ; constantly
fed all alike with good and Avholsom diet ; taught
to read, write, and cast accompts, and so put out
to trades, in order to live another day ; then we
will give for one year, two or three (if we well
like the design, and prudent management of it,)
once a year, the sum below mentioned," &c. The
projector of this good work was the subject of my
present note ; and after thus introducing it, the
worthy " woollen-draper, at the sign of the Golden
Boy, Maiden Lane, Coven t Garden," for such he
was, goes on to recommend and enforce its im-
portance in a variety of caj oiling addresses, or, as
he calls them, "charity-school sticks," to the gi-eat
and wealthy ; ostensibly the production of the
boys, but in reality the concoctions of Mr. Blake,
and in which he pleads earnestly for his liohby.
In An Essay, or Hiimhle Guess, how the Noble
Ladies may be inclined to give to and encourage
their Charity-school at Highgate, Mr. Blake farther
humorously shows up the various dispositions of
bis fair friends : — "And first," says he, " my lady
such-a-one cryed, Come, we will make one purse
out of our family;" and "my ludy such-an-one
said she would give for the fancy of the Roll and
charity stick. My lady such-an-one cryed by her
troth she would give nothing at all, for she had

[* It appears, from the following advertisement at
the end of Silver Drops, that the plates of Time and
Charity were used as receipts: — "It is humbly de-
sired, that what you or any of you, most noble Ladies,
Gentlewomen, or others, are pleased to bestow or give
towards this good or great design, that you would be
pleased to take a receipt on the backside of Time or
Charity, sealed with three scales, namely, the Trea-
surer's, Housekeeper's, and Register's ; and it shall be
fairly recorded, and hung up in the school-house, to be
read of ail from Time to Time, to the world's end, we
hope." — Ed,]

wales enough for her money ; while another would
give five or six stone of beef every week." Again,
in trying to come at the great citizen-ladies, he
magnifies, in the following characteristic style, the
city of London ; and, by implication, their noble
husbands and themselves : — " There is," says Mr.
Blake, " the Tower and the Monument ; the old
Change, Guild-Hall, and Blackwall-Hall, which
some icouldfain hum again ; there is Bow steeple,
the Holy Bible, the Silver Sells of Aaron, the godly-
outed ministers ; the melodious musick of the
Gospels ; Smithfield martyrs yet alive ; and the
best society, the very best in all the world for
civility, loyalty, men, and manners ; with the
greatest cash, bulk, mass, and stock of all sorts of
silks, cinnamon, spices, wine, gold, pearls, Spanish
wooU and cloaths ; with the river Nilus, and the
stately ships of Tarshish to carry in and out the
great merchandizes of the world." In this the city
dames are attacked collectively. Individually, he
would wheedle them thus into his charitable plans :
— " Now pray, dear madam, speak or write to my
lady out of hand, and tell her how It is with us ;
and If she will subscribe a good gob, and get the
young ladies to do so too ; and then put In alto-
gether with your lordship's and Sir James's also :
for it is necessary he or you in his stead should do
something, now the great ship is come safe in, and
by giving some of the first-fruits of your great bay,
or neio plantation, to our school, the rest will be
blessed the better." The scheme seems to have
offered attractions to the Highgate gentry: —
" The great ladles do allow their house-keeper,"
he continues, " one bottle of wine, three of ale,
half a dozen of rolls, and two dishes of meat
a- day ; who is to see the wilderness, orchard, great
prospects, walks, and gardens, all well kept and
rolled for their honours' families ; and to give
them small treats according to discretion when
they please to take the air, which is undoubtedly
the best round London." NotAvithstandIng the
eloquent pleadings of Mr. Blake for their assist-
ance and support. It is to be feared that the noble
ladies allowed the predictions of his friends to be
verified, and did " suffer such an inferlour meane
and little person (to use his own phraseology) to
sink under the burden of so good and great a
work : " for we find that Gough, in allusion thereto,
says {Topographical Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 644.) : —

" This Hospital at Highgate, called the Ladies'
Charity School, was erected by one W. Blake, a
woollen-draper in Covent Garden ; who having pur-
chased Dorcliester House, and having fooled away his
estate in building, was thrown into prison."

Even here, and under such circumstances, our
subject was nothing daunted ; for the same
authority Informs us, that, still full of his philan-
thropic projects, he took the opportunity his lei-
sure there admitted to write another work upon
bis favourite topic of educating and caring for the

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

71

poor ; its title is, The State and Case of a Design
for the better Education of Thousands of Parish
Children successively in the vast Northern Suburbs
of London vindicated, ^x. Besides the above,
there is another remarkable little piece which I
liave seen, beginning abruptly, " Here folio weth a
briefe exhortation which I gave in my owne house
«t my wife's funerall to our friends then present,"
by Blake, with the MS. date, 1650 ; and exhibits
this original character in another not less amiable
light : — "I was brought up," says he, " by my
parents to learne Hail Mary, paternostei*, the
Beliefe, and learne to reade ; and where I served
my apprenticeship little more was to be found."
He attributes it to God's grace that he fell a
reading the Practice of Piety, by which means he
got a little persuading of God's love to his soul : —
*' Well, my time being out, I set up for myselfe ;
and seeking out for a wife, which, with long waiting
:and difficulty, much expence and charge, at last I
got. Four children God gave me by her ; but he
hath taken them and her all again too, who was a
woman of a thousand." Mr. B. then naturally
indulges in a panegyric upon this pattern of wives,
and reproaches himself for his former insensibility
to her surpassing merits : relating with great
naivete some domestic passages, with examples of
her piety and trials, in one of which latter the
enemy would tempt her to suicide : — " There lie
your garters," said he ; " but she threw them aside,
and so escaped this will of the Devil."

In conclusion, let me inquire if your Highgate
correspondents are cognisant of any existing in-
stitution raised upon the foundation of William
Blake's Charity School at Dorchester House ?

J.O.

[Our correspondent's interesting communication
•suggests a Query : Is there any biographical notice of
William Blake ; and was he the author of the following
piece, preserved among the Kings' pamphlets in the
British Museum ? " The Condemned Man's Reprieve,
or God's Love-Tokens, flowing in upon the heart of
William Blake, a penitent sinner, giving him assur-
ance of the pardon of his sins, and the enjoyment of
eternal happiness through the merits of Christ his
Saviour. Recommended by him (being a condemned
prisoner for manslaughter within the statute) unto his
sister, and bequeathed unto her as a legacy." It is
-dated from "Exon Jayle," June 25, 1653, and was pub-
lished July 14, 1653."— Ed.]

A POEM BY SHELLEY, NOT IN HIS WORKS.

The following poem was published in a South
■Carolina newspaper in the year 1839. The per-
son who communicates it states that it was among
the papers of a deceased friend, in a small packet,
endorsed " A letter and two poems written by
Shelley the poet, and lent to me by Mr. Tre-
lawney in 1823. I was prevented from returning

them to him, for which I am sorry, since this is
the only copy of them — they have never been
published." Upon this poem was written, "Given
to me by Shelley, who composed it as we were
sailing one eveninjr together." Uneda.

Philadelphia.

" The Cahn.

" Hush ! liark ! the Triton calls

From his hollow shell,

And the sea is as smooth as a well ;

For the winds and the waves
In wild order form,

To rush to the halls

And the crystal-roof'd caves

Of the deep, deep ocean,
To hold consultation

About the next storm.

" The moon sits on the sky

Like a swan sleeping
On the stilly lake :
No wild breath to break
Her smooth massy light

And rvffie it into beams :

" The downy clouds droop

Like moss upon a tree ;
And in the earth's bosom grope

Dim vapours and streams.
The darkness is weeping,

Oh, most silently 1
Without audible sigh,

All is noiseless and bright.

" Still 'tis living silence here,
Such as fills not with fear.
Ah, do you not hear

A humming and purring

All about and about ?

'Tis from souls let out,

From their day-prisons freed,
And joying in release.

For no slumber they need.

** Shining through this veil of peace,

Love now pours her omnipresence,
And various nature
Feels through every feature

The joy intense,

Yet so passionless.
Passionless and pure ;

The human mind restless
Long could not endure.

« But hush while I tell.

As the shrill whispers fuller
Through the pores of the sea,— •

Whatever they utter

I'll interpret to thee.
King Neptune now craves

Of his turbulent vassals
Their workings to quell ;

And the billows are quiet,

Though thinking on riot.
On the left and the right
In ranks they are coil'd up,

72

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

Like snakes on the plain ;
And each one has roll'd up

A bright flashing streak
Of the white moonlight

On his glassy green neck :
On every one's forehead

There glitters a star,
With a hairy train

Of Vight Jloatinc/ from afar.
And pale or fiery red.
Now old Eolus goes

To each muttering blast.
Scattering blows :

And some he binds fast

In hollow rocks vast.

And others he gags
AVith thick heavy foam,
« Twing them round

The sharp rugged crags

That are sticking out near,'

Growls he, ' for fear
They all should rebels
And so play hell.'
Those that he bound;

Their prison-walls grasp,
And through the dark gloorr*

Scream fierce and yell :;

While all the rest gasp,^

In rage fruitless and vain.
Their shepherd now leaves thenrr

To howl and to roar —
Of his presence bereaves them.

To feed some young breeze
On the violet odour,
And to teach it on shore
To rock the green trees.
But iw more can be said
Of what was transacted
And what was enacted
In the heaving abodes.
Of the great sea-gods."

THE IMPOSSIBILITIES OF HISTORY.

In The Tablet of June 18 is a leading article
on the proposed erection of Baron Marochetti's
statue of Richard Coeur de Lion. Theology and
history are mixed : of course I shall carefully ex-
clude the former. I have tried to trace the state-
ments to their sources ; and where I have failed,
perhaps some of your readers may be able to help
me.

" When the physicians told him that they could do
nothing more for him, and when his confessor had
done his duty faithfully and with all honesty, the stern
old soldier commanded his attendants to take him ofiT
the bed, and lay him naked on the liare floor. Wlien
this was done, he then bade them take a discipline
and scourge him with all their might. This was the
last command of their royal master ; and in this he
was obeyed with more zeal than he found displayed
when at the head of his troops in Palestine."

I find no record that "the stern old soldier,"
who was then forty-two years of age, and whom
the writer oddly calls Richard II., had any reason
to complain of want of zeal in his troops. They
fought well, and flogged well — if they flogged at
all. Richard died of gangrene in the shouWer ;
and I have the authority of an eminent physician
for saying, that gangrene, so near the vital parts,
would produce such mental and bodily prostra-
tion, that it is highly improbable that the patient,
unless in delirium, should give such an order,
and impossible that he should live through its
execution.

Hume and Lingard do not allude to the " disci-
pline ;" and the silence of the latter is important.
Henry says :

" Having expressed great penitence for his vices, and
having undergone a very severe discipline from the
hands of the clergy, who attended him in his last mo-
ments," &c. — Vol. iii. p. 161. ed. 1777.

He cites Brompton, and there I find the penance
given much stronger than in 2'he Tablet:

" Prsecepitque pedes sibi ligari, et in altum suspendi
nudumque corpus flagellis ca;di et lacerari, donee ipse
prKciperat ut silerent. Cumque diu casderetur, ex prae-
eepto, ad modicum siluerunt. Et spiritu iterum
reassumpto, hoc idem secundo ac tertio in abundantiSi
sanguinis compleverunt. Tamdiu in se revertens, afferrf
viaticum sibi jussit et se velut proditorem et hostem,
contra dominum suum ligatis pedibus fune trahi."

This is taken from Brompton's Chronicle in De-
cern Scriptores Historice Anglicance, 1652, p. 1279.,
edited by Selden. As Brompton lived in the
reign of Edward HI., he is not a high authorit;^
upon any matter in that of Richard I. I cannot
find any other. Hoveden and Knyghton are silent.
Is the fact stated elsewhere? Hoveden states^
and the modern historians follow him, that after
the king's death, Marchader seized the archer^
flayed him alive, and then hanged him. My
medical authority says, that no man could be
flayed alive: and that the most skilful operator
could not remove the skin of one arm from the
elbow to the wrist, before the patient would die
from the shock to his system.

Mr. Riley, in a note on the passage in Hoveden,
cites from the Winchester Chronicle a possible
account of Gurdum being tortured to death. The
historian of The Tablet, in the same article, says :

" We are far from attributing absolute perfection to
the son of Henry II., one of that awful race popularly
believed to be descended from the devil. When
Henry, as a boy, practising Whiggery by revoltmg
against his father, was presented to St. Bernard at the
Court of the King of France, the saint looked at hun
with a sort of terror, and said, ' From the Devil you
came, and to the Devil you will go.' "

The fact that Henry II. rebelled against his
father is not given in any history which I have

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

73

read; <and the popular belief in the remarkable
descent of Henry, and consequently of our present
royal family, is quite new to me, and to all of
whom I have inquired. Still, finding that the
writer had an autliority for the " discipline," he
may have one for the Devil. If so, I should like
to know it ; for I contemplate something after the
example of Lucian's Quomodo Historia sit coti-
scribenda. H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

*'quem deus vult peedere prius dementat.

Having disposed of the allegation that the
Greek Iambic,

was from Euripides, by denying the assertion, I
am also, on farther investigation, compelled to
deny to him also the authorship of the cited pas-
sage,—

"" orav Se AaifiOiy dvSpl iropcrivri KOKct, rov voxiv e§\wfie
irpu'Toy."

Its first appearance is in Barnes, who quotes it
from Athenagoras " sine auctoris nomine." Car-
meli includes it with others, to which he prefixes
the observation, —

" A me piacque come al Barnesio di porle per disteso,
ed a canto mettervi la traduzioiie in nostra favella.sejtza
entrnre tratlo iratto in qiiistioni inutili, se alcuni versi
iippartengano a Trcigedia di Euripide, o no.'"

There is, then, no positive evidence of this pas-
sage having ever been attributed, by any competent
scholar, to Euripides. Indirect proof that it could
not have been written by him is thus shown: — In
the Antigone of Sophocles (v. 620.) the chorus
sings, according to Brunck, —

" 'Zo<pia yap e/c rov
kXuvov tizos TTfcpavTai'
Th Kaichy SoKelp ttot' iad\hv
two' (finev, oTCjj (ppeyas
6ehs &7ei irpos arav
Tvpiaauv S' oXvyoffrhv XP^VOP eKrhs aras."

*' For a splendid saying has been revealed by the
wisdom of some one : That evil appears to be good to
him whose mind God leads to destruction ; but that he
^God) practises this a short time without destroying such
a one."

Now, had Barnes referred to the scholiast on the
Antigone, or remembered at the time the above-
cited passage, he would either not have omitted
the conclusion of his distich, or he would at once
have seen that a passage quoted as "ex: tow, of some
one" by Sophocles, seventeen years the senior of
Euripides, could not have been the original com-
position of his junior competitor. The conclusion
of the distich is thus given by the old scholiast :
" uTav 5' 6 ha.ip.wv dv^pi itopavvri KaKh,
rbv vovv %S\w^i vpuTov ^ fiov\eviTat."

The words " when he wills it " being left out by
Barnes and Carmeli, but which correspond with
the last line of the quotation from Sophocles.
The old scholiast introduces the exact quotation
referred to by Sophocles as " a celebrated (noto-
rious, aoi'Sijuoi/) and splendid saying, revealed by
the wisdom of some one, p-era aopias yap vk6 tivos."

Indeed, the sentiment must have been as old as
Paganism, wherein, whilst all voluntary acts are
attributed to the individual, all involantary ones
are ascribed to the Deity. Even sneezing was so
considered: hence the phrase common in the lower
circles in England, "Bless us," and in a higher
grade in Germany, " Gott segne euch," which
form the usual chorus to a sneeze.

The other scholiast, Trlclinius, explains the pas-
sage of Sophocles by saying, "The gods lead to
error (3\agTjv) him whom they intend to make
miserable (jSvarvx^Lv) : hence the application to
Antigone, who considers death as sweet."

T. J. BuCKTOIf,
Lichfield.

shakspeare correspondence.

A Passage in '■'■The Taming of the Shrew." — ■
Perhaps I mistake it, but Mr. C. Mansfield
Ingleby seems to me to write in a tone as if he
fancied I should be unwilling to answer his ques-
tions, whether public or private. Although I am
not personally acquainted with him, we have had
some correspondence, and I must always feel that
a man so zealous and intelligent is entitled to the
best reply I can afford. I can have no hesitation
in informing him that, in preparing what he terras
my "monovolume Shakspeare," I pursued this
plan throughout ; I adopted, as my foundation, the
edition in eight volumes octavo, which I completed
in 1844; that was "formed from an entirely new
collation of the old editions," and my object there
was to give the most accurate representation of
the text of the folios and quartos. Upon that
stock I engrafted the manuscript alterations in my
folio 1632, in every case in which it seemed to
me possible that the old corrector might be right —
in short, wherever two opinions could be enter-
tained as to the reading: in this way my text in
the " monovolume Shakspeare " was " regulated
by the old copies, and by the recently discovered
folio of 1632."

Mr. Ingleby will see that in the brief preface
to the " monovolume Shakspeare," I expressly
say that " while a general similarity (to the folio
1632) has been preserved, care has been taken to
rectify the admitted mistakes of the early impression,
and to introduce such alterations of a corrupt and
imperfect text, as Avere warranted by better au-
thorities. Thus, while the new readings of the
old corrector of the folio 1632, considerably ex-
ceeding a thousand, are duly inserted in the places

74

15T0TES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 195..

to -wbich they belong, the old readings, which,
during the last century and a half, have recom-
mended themselves for adoption, and have been
derived from a comparison of ancient printed
editions, have also been incorporated." I do not
know how I could have expressed myself with
greater clearness ; and it was merely for the sake
of distinctness that I referred to the result of my
own labom-s in 1842, 1843, and 1844, during which
years my eight volumes octavo were proceeding
through the press. Those labours, it will be seen,
essentially contributed to lighten my task in pre-
paring the " monovolume Shakspeare."

My answer respecting the passage in The
Taming of the Shrew, referred to by Mk. Ingleby,
will, I trust, be equally satisfactory ; it shall be
equally plain,

I inserted amblei', because it is the word sub-
stituted in manuscript in the margin of my folio
1632. I adopted mercatante, as proposed by
Steevens, not only because it is the true Italian
word, but because it exactly fits the place in the
Terse, mercatant (the word in the folios) being a
syllable short of the required number. In the
very copy of Florio's Italian Dictionary, which I
bought of Rodd at the time when I purchased my
folio 1632, I find mercatante translated by the
word " marchant," " marter," and " trader,"
exactly the sense required. Then, as to " surely "
instead of surly, I venture to think that " surely "
is the true reading :

" In gait and countenance surely like a father."

" Surely like a father " is certainly like a father ;
and although a man may be surly in his " counte-
nance," I do not well see how he could be surly in
his " gait ; " besides, what had occurred to make
the pedant suidy ? This appears to me the best
reason for rejecting surly in favour of " surely ; "
but I have another, which can hardly be refused
to an editor who professes to follow the old copies,
where they ai'e not contradicted. I allude to the
folio 1623, where the line stands precisely thus :
" In gate and countenance surely like a Father."
The folio 1632 misprinted " surely " iwrZy, as, in
Julius CcEsar, Act I. Sc. 3., it committed the op-
posite blunder, by misprinting " surly " su7-ely.
Another piece of evidence, to prove that " surely "
■was the poet's word in Tlie Taming of the Shrew,
has comparatively recently fallen in my way ; I did
not know of its existence in 1844, or it would have
been of considerable use to me. It is a unique
quarto of the play, which came out some years
before the folio 1623, and is not to be confounded
with the quarto of The Taming of the Shrew, with
the date of 1631 on the title-page. This new
authority has the line exactly as it is given in the
folio 1623, which, in truth, was printed from it.
It is now before me. J. Payne Coluer.

July 10,

Critical Digest of various Readings in the Works
of Shakspeare. — There is much activity in the lite-
rary world just now about the text of Shakspeare :
but one most essential work, in reference to that
text, still remains to be performed, — I mean, the
publication of a complete digest of all the various
readings, in a concise shape, such as those which we
possess in relation to the MSS. and other editions
of nearly every classical author.

At present, all editions of Shakspeare which
claim to be considered critical, contain much loose
information on readings, mixed up with notes
(frequently very difiuse) on miscellaneous topics.
This is not in the least what we require : we need
a regular digest of readings, wholly distinct from
long debates about their value.

What I mean will be plain to any one who i»
familiar with any good critical edition of the
Greek New Testament, or with such books as
Gaisford's Herodotus, the Berlin Aristotle, the
Zurich Plato, and the like. We ought to have,
first, a good text of Shakspeare : such as may
represent, as fairly as possible, the real results of
the labours of the soundest critics ; and, secondly,
page by page, at the foot of that text, the follow-
ing particulars :

I. All the readings of the folios, which should
be cited as A, B, C, and D.

II. All the readings of the quartos, which might
be cited separately in each play that possesses
them, either as a, b, c, d; or as 1, 2, 3, and 4.

III. A succinct summary of all the respectable
criticisms, in the way of conjecture, on the text.
This is especially needed. The recent volumes of
Messrs. Collier, Singer, and Dyce, show that even
editors of Shakspeare scarcely know the history of
all the emendations. Let their precise pedigree be
in the last case recorded with the most absolute
brevity ; simply the suggestion, and the names of
its proposers and adopters.

IV. To simplify this last point, a new siglatlon
might be introduced to denote the various critical
editions.

Such a publication should be kept distinct from
any commentary ; especially from one laid out in
the broad flat style of modern editors. Mr. Col-
lier's volume of Emendations, 8fc., for instance,
need not have occupied half its present space, if
he had first denoted his MS. corrector by some
short symbol, instead of by a lengthy phrase;
and, secondly, introduced his suggestions by some
such formularies as those employed in classical
criticisms, instead of toiling laboriously after vari-
ations in his style of expression, till we are wearied
by the real iteration which lies under the seeming
diversity.

There should be none of this phraseworh in the
digest which I recommend. If indeed it were
found absolutely necessary to connect it with a
commentary, then arrange the two portions of the

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

75

apparatus as in Arnold's edition of Thucydides :
the varice lectiones in the middle of the page, and
the comment in a different type below it. But
I repeat, it would be better still to give us the
digest without the comment. All would go into
one large volume. And it cannot be doubted
that such a volume, if thoroughly well done, would
furnish at once a sort of textus receptus, and a
critical basis, from which future editors might
commence their labours. It would also be an
Indispensable book of reference to all who treat of,
or are interested in, the poet's text. Such, I say,
would be its certain prospects if the editor were
at once an accurate, painstaking scholar, and a
man of true poetical feeling. The labour would
be great, but so would be the reward. It is only
■what the ablest scholars have proudly undertaken
for the classics, even in the face of toils far more
severe. Would that Mr. Dyce could be roused
to attempt it ! B.

[Some such edition as that alluded to by our corre-
spondent has been long desired and contemplated. A
proposal in connexion with it has been afloat for some
time past, and we had hoped would have been publicly
made in our pages before now. There are difficulties
in the way which do not exist in the parallel instances
from classical literature, and which do not seem to have
occurred, to our correspondent ; but the project is in
good hands, and we hope will soon be brought to
bear. — Ed. ]

Emendations of Shakspeare. — I am sadly afraid,
what with one annotator and another, that we,
in a very little time, shall have Shakspeare so
modernised and weeded of his peculiarities, that
he will become a very second-rate sort of a per-
son indeed ; for I now see with no little alarm,
that one of his most delightful quaintnesses is
to give way to the march of refinement, and
be altogether ruined. Hazlitt, one the most
original and talented of critics, has somewhere
said, that there was not in any passage of Shak-
speare any single word that could be changed to
one more appropriate, and as an instance he gives
a passage from Macbeth, which certainly is one of
the most perfect and beautiful to be found in the
■whole of his works :

" This castle hath a pleasant seat ; the air
Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself
Unto our gentle senses.

This guest of summer,
The temple-haunting martlet, does approve
By his loved mansionry, that the heaven's breath
Smells wooingly here : no jutty, frieze, buttress,
Nor coin of vantage, but tliis bird hath made
His pendent bed, and procreant cradle : where they
Most breed and haunt, I have observed, the air
Is delicate."

There are some who difier from Hazlitt in the
present day, and assert that there is an error in

the press in Dogberry's reproof of Borachio for
calling him an " ass." The passage as it stands is
as follows :

" I am a wise fellow ; and which is more, an officer,
and which is more, a householder, and which is more, as
pretty a piece of flesh as any is in Messina, and one
that knows the law, go to ; and a rich fellow enough,
go to ; and a fellow that hath had losses, and one that
hath two gowns, and everything handsome about him."

His having had losses evidently meaning, though
he was then poor, that his circumstances were at
one time so prosperous, that he could afford to
hear losses ; and he, even then, had a superfluity
of wardrobe in " two gowns, and everything hand-
some about him." But this little word losses, the
perfect Shakspearian quaintness of which is uni-
versally acknowledged, is to be changed into
leases ; if it should be leases, how is it that it does
not follow upon " householder," instead of being
introduced so many words after ? as, if leases were
the proper word, it would assuredly have sug-
gested itself immediately as an additional item to
his respectability as a householder : for a moment
only fiincy similar corrections to bo introduced ia
others of Shakspeai-e's plays, and FalstafF be made
to exclaim at the robbery at Gad's Hill, " Down
with them, they dislike us old men," instead of
" they hate us youth ;" for FalstafF was no boy at
the time, and this might be advanced as an au-
thority for the emendation. But seriously, if this
alteration is sent forth as a specimen of the im-
provements about to be effected in Shakspeare,
from an edition of his plays lately discovered, I
shall, for one, deeply regret that it was ever res-
cued from its oblivion ; for with my prejudices
and prepossessions against Interpolations, and la
favour of old readings, I shall find It no easy
matter to reconcile my mind to the new. Strip
history of its romance, and you deprive it of its
principal charm ; the scenery of a play-house Im-
poses upon us an illusion, and though Ave know it;
to be so, it is not essential that the impression
should be removed. I remember once travelling
at night In Norfolk, and a part of my way was
through a wood, at tlie end of which I came upon
a lake lit up by a magnificent moon. I subse-
quently went the same road by day : the wood, I
then found, was a mere belt of trees, and the lake
had dwindled to a duck-pond. I have ever since
wished that the first impression had remained un-
changed ; but this Is a digression. There is no
author so universal as Shakspeare, and would that
be the case If he was not thoroughly understood ?
He Is appreciated alike in the closet and on the
stage, quoted by saints and sages, in the pulpit
and the senate, and your nostrum-monger ad-
vertises his wares with a quotation from his pages;
does he then require interpreting who is his own
Interpreter ? Johnson says of him that —
" Panting Time toil'd after him in vain."

76

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

And that he —

" Exhausted worlds and then imagined new."

There is no passion that he has not pourtrayed,
and laid bare in its beauty or deformity ; no feel-
ing or affection to which his genius has not given
the stamp of immortality : and does he want an
interpreter ? It is treading on dangerous ground
to attempt to improve him. Even Mb. Knight,
enthusiast as he is in his veneration for Shak-
speare, and who, by his noble editions of the poet's
works, has won the admiration and secured the
gratitude of every lover of the poet, has gone too
far in his emendations when he changes a line in
Romeo and Juliet from

to

Hence will I to my ghostly father's cell."

" Hence will I to my ghostly friar's close cell."

As in the latter case the line will not scan unless
the word "friar" be reduced to a monosyllable,
which, on reflection, I think Mb, Knight will be
inclined to admit. But my paper is, I fear, ex-
tending to a limit beyond which you have occa-
sionally warned your correspondents not to go,
and I must therefore draw my remarks to a close,
with a hope that not any offence will be taken
where none is intended by those to whom any of
my observations may apply. Geokge Blink.

Canonbury.

"the dance of death.

Amongst the numerous emblematic works, it
has often appeared to me that the above work
should be republished entire ; to give any part of
it would be spoiling a most admirable series. I
should desire to see it executed not as a fac-slmile,
but improved by good modern artists. The his-
tory of " The Dance of Death " is too long and too
obscure to enter upon here ; but from the general
tenor of the accounts and criticisms of the work,
it does not appear to have originated at all with
Hans Holbein, or even his father, who also really
painted it at Basil, in Switzerland, but to have
had its origin in more remote times, as quoted
in several authors, that anciently monasteries
usually had a painted representation of a Death's
Dance upon the walls. It is a subject, therefore,
open to any artist, nor could it be said he had
pirated anything if he treated the subject after
his own fashion. " The Dance of Death " begins
of course with king, the queen, the bishop, the
lawyer, the lovers, &c., and ends with the child,
whom Death is leading away from the weeping
mother. The original plates of Hollar, from
Holbein's drawings, are possibly still extant, but
they are by no means perfect, although admirable
in expression. The deaths or skeletons are very
ill-drawn as to the anatomical structure, and were
they better the work would be excellent. The

Death lugging off the fat abbot is inimitable; and
the gallant way he escorts the lady abbess out the
convent door is very good. I have the engravings
by Hollar, and have made some of the designs
afresh, intending to lithograph them at some
future day ; but there being thirty subjects in all,
the work would be a difficult task. Mr. J. B.
Yates might, indeed, with his excellent collection
of Emblemata, revive this old and beautiful taste
now in abeyance : it is now rarely practised by
our painters. There is, however, a very fine
picture in the Royal Academy Exhibition, by
Mr. Goodall, which is, strictly speaking, an emblem,
though the artist calls it an historical episode.
Now it appears to me an episode cannot be re-
duced into a representation ; it might embrace a
complete picture in writing, but as I read the
picture it is an emblem, and would have been still
more perfect had the painter treated it accord-
ingly. The old man at the helm of the barge
might well represent Strafford, because, though he
holds the tiller, he is not engaged in steering
right, his eyes are not directed to his port.
Charles himself, rightly enough, has his back to the
port, and is truly not engaged in manly affairs,
nor attending to his duty ; but the sentiment of
frivolity here painted cannot, I should say, attach
itself to him, lor he is not to be reproached with
idling away his time with women and children, as
this more strictly must be laid to his son. But
the port where some grim-looking men are se-
riously waiting for him, completes a very happy
and poetical idea, but incomplete as an emblem,
which it really is ; and were the emblematic rules
more cultivated, it would have told its story much
better.

At present, the taste of the day lies in more
direct caricature, and our volatile friend Punch
does the needful in his wicked sallies of wit, and
his fertile pencil. His sharp rubs are perhaps
more effective to John Bull's temper, who can take
a blow with Punch's truncheon and bear no malice
after it, — the heavy lectures of the ancients are
not so well suited to his constitution.

^Veld Taylob.

Bayswater.

iHt'nnr ^attS.

Old Lines newly revived. — The old lines of
spondees and dactyls are just now applicable : —
" Conturbabantur Constantinopolitanl
Innumerabilibus solicitudinibus."

AY. COLLYNS.

Harlow.

Inscription near Cirencester. — In Earl Bathurst's
park, near Cirencester, stands a building — the
resort in the summer months of occasional pic-nic
parties. During one of these visits, at which I

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

77

•was present, I copied an inscription, painted in
old characters on a board, and nailed to one of the
■walls ; and as the whole thing had not the appear-
ance of belonging to modern times, and, as far as
I could decipher it, it referred to some agreement
between Alfred and some of his neighbouring
brother kings, concerning boundaries of territory,
I send it to you for insertion. A. Smith.

5< " FCEDVS . QUOD . ^LFREDVS . ET . LVTHRVNVS . KEGES
OMSES . ANGLIAM . INTOLEBANT . ORIENTALEM
FERIERVNT . ET . NON . SOLVM . DE . SEIPSIS
VERVM . ETIAM . DE . NATIS . SVIS . AC . NON-
nVM . IN . LVCEM . EDITIS . QVOTQVOT . MISK-
IIICORDI^ . DIVINE . AVT . REGI^ . VELVNT . ESSE
PARTICIl-ES . JVREJVRANDO . SANXERVNT." ^

^ " PRIJIO. DITIONIS . NOSTRA . FINES . TAMESIN .EVEHVN-
TOR.INDE. LEAM.VSQVE.FONTEM. EJVS . TAM. RECTA
AD . BEDFORDIAM . AC . DENIQVE . PER . VSAM . AD
VIAM . VETE . LINTIANAM."

Wordsworth. — In Wordsworth's touching "La-
ment of Mary Queen of Scots," one of the stanzas
opens with :

«' Born all too high ; hy wedlock raised
Still higher, to be brought thus low !"

Is it straining a point to suppose that the author
has here translated the opening words of the well-
known epitaph on the Empress Matilda, mother
of our Henry II. ?

" Ortu magna ; viro major ; sed maxima prole ;
Ilic jacet Henrici fiiia, sponsa, parens."

A. W.

Sunningdale.

" Magna est Veritas et prcevalehit" — I was
asked the other day whence came this hackneyed
quotation. It is taken from the uncanonical
Scriptures, 3 Esdras iv. 41. :

" Et desiit loquendo : Et omnes populi clamaverunt,
et dixerunt : Magna est Veritas, et prcevalet."

T. H. DE H.

" Putting your Fool into it." — The legitimate
origin of this term I have seen thus explained.
Perhaps it may pass as correct until a better be
found. According to the Asiatic Researches, a
very curious mode of trying the title to land is
practised in Hindostan. Two holes are dug in
the disputed spot, in each of which the lawyers on
either side put one of their legs, and remain there
until one of them is tired, or complains of being
stung by insects, in which case his client is de-
feated. An American writer has remarked that
in the United States it is generally the client, and
not the lawyer, " who puts his foot in it." W. W.

Malta.

TRAGMENTS OF MSS.

Dr. Maitland, in his valuable volume on the
" Dark Ages," has the following remarks on a
subject which I think has not met with the at-
tention it deserves :

" Those who are in the habit of looking at such
tilings, know how commonly early printed books,
whose binding has undergone the analytical operation
of damp, or mere old age, disclose the under end pieces
of beautiful and ancient manuscript. They know how
freely parchment was used for backs and bands, and
fly-leaves, and even for covers. The thing is so common,
that those who are accustomed to see old books have
ceased to notice it,"

In order to come within the design of your
pages, I must put this in the shape of a Query,
and ask, if it is not a pity that this fact has ceased
to be noticed? We do not know what treasures
may be contained in the shabby covers which we
contemplate getting rid of. " There are thou-
sands" (of MSS.), says the same writer, "equally
destroyed, — thousands of mui'dered wretches not
so completely annihilated : their ghosts do walk the
earth ; they glide unseen into our libraries, our
studies, our very hands ; they ai"e all about and
around us. AVc even take them up and lay them
down, without knowing of their existence ; unless
time and damp (as if to punish and mock us for
robbing them of their prey) have loosed their
bonds, and set them to confront us."

Archbishop Tenison had not " ceased to notice
it." He very diligently rescued these " fragments"
from the hands of his bookbinder : and it is tobe
regretted that he did not take equal precaution
in preserving them. Eecently, all that I could
collect have been cleaned, inlaid, and arranged
chronologically, making two interesting and valu-
able volumes.

How far would it be desirable to unite for the
purpose of collecting MS. fragments, and early
printed leaves ?

Might not a Society, which should have for its
especial object the discovery, cataloguing, and cir-
culating information about these stray bits, be of
great service ? E.g. 1 have before me five
volumes of Justinian's Codices and Digesta, Paris,
1526 ; the covers of which are made of MS.
Thirteen leaves go to make one board. They are
written on both sides ; and thus an easy multi-
plication gives us 260 pnges of MS., or early print-
ing, in the covers of one work !

It is not unlikely that, if the results of research
in this direction were carefully registered, many
perfect pieces might be recovered. Philip Hale.

Archbishop Tenison's Library,
St. Martin-in-the- Fields.

78

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

THE ELECTBIC TELEGRAPH.

I have just met -with a passage in tlie Pseudo-
doxia Epidemica of Sir Thomas Browne, wherein
this invention is foreshadoAvod in terms more re-
markable and significant, if less imaginative and
beautiful, than tliat from The Spectator, to which
public attention has already been directed, and
which, I conceive, must unquestionably have been
written, with this particular example of the " re-
ceived tenets and commonly presumed truths " of
tlie learned physician's day, distinctly present to
the mind of Addison. The passage referred to is
as follows :

" There is another conceit of better notice, and whis-
pered thorow the world with some attention ; credulous
and vulgar auditors readily believing it, and more
judicious and distinctive heads not altogether rejecting
it. The conceit is excellent, and, if the effect would
follow, somewliat divine : whereby we might commu-
nicate like spirits, and confer on earth with Menippus
in the moon. And this is pretended from the sym-
pathy of two needles touched with the same loadstone,
and placed in the centre of two abecedary circles, or
rings with letters described round about them, one
friend keeping one, and another the other, and agree-
ing upon the hour wherein they will communicate.
For then, saith tradition, at what distance of place
.soever, when one needle shall be removed unto any
letter, the other, by a wonderful syinpathy, will move
unto the same." — Book ii. chap, ii., 4to., 1669, p. 77.

Thus it is that " coming events cast their sha-
dows before :" and, in the pi-esent case, one is
curious to learn how far back the shadow may
be traced. By whom has this conceit been whis-
pered thorow the world? and in what musty tomes
is that tradition concealed, which speaks concern-
ing it ? Kircher's Catena Mugnetica might haply
tell us something in reply to these inquiries.

In conformity with an often repeated suggestion
to the correspondents of " N. & Q.," to the simple
signature of my habitat, alone hitherto adopted by
me, I now subjoin my name. Wm. Matthews.

Cowgill.

Sir Waller Raleigh. — In the discussions on the
copyright question some years ago. Sir Walter Ra-
leigh was mentioned as one of the authors whose
posterity is totally extinct; but in his Life, as
given in Lodge's Portraits, his descendants are
given as far down as his great-grandchildren, of
whom many were still living in 1699, at which
period, says Mr. Lodge, my information ceases.
It seems unlikely that a fiimily then so numerous
should have utterly perished since, both in its male
and female branches ; and perhaps some of your
correspondents may be able to trace their subse-
quent history : the name is certainly not extinct,
whether its bearers be his descendants or not.

Is the gallant Sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert de-
scended from one of Sir Walter's half-brothers ? .

J. S. Warden.

Ancient Fortifications : Hertstone, Pale, Brecost.
—In the Clause Rolls, 16 John, M. 6. (Public Re-
cords, vol. i. p. 192.) is a warrant of King John's,
addressed to the bailiffs of Peter de Maulay of
Doncaster, as follows :

" Mandam' vob' qi villa de Danecastl- claudi faciatis
heritone et palo scdm qd fossatu fcm exigit, et una.
leve bretasea fl faciatis sup ponte ad villa defen-
denda."

Which, in Miller's History of that town (p. 40.), is
thus translated :

" We command ye, cause the town of Doncaster to
be inclosed with hertstone and pale, according as the
ditch that is made doth require; and that ye make a
ligb.t brecost or barbican upon the bridge, to defend the
town."

I shall be obliged by being informed if hertstone
is the coiTect translation of the word " heritone,"
and, if so, what species of fortification it was. Pale
is probably a defence composed of high wooden
stakes. Bi-ecost is questionable, I imagine, and
should most likely be spelt bretesk or bretex. I
shall be glad, however, of explanations of the
words. C. J.

Newton and Somers. — It has been said that
thei'e is a complimentary allusion to Somers in
Newton's wi-itings. Where ? M.

Daventry, Duel at. —

" Veni Daintreo cum puella,
Procerum celebre duello."

" Thence to Daintree with my jewel,
Famous for a noble duel."

' Drunken Barnabj/'s Journal. ""

Can any Northamptonshire reader of " N. & Q."
say between whom, and when, this duel took place?

J. il. L.

Passage in Burial Service. — ^Whence comes the
expression in the Burial Service, " In the midst
of life we are in death." I have observed that
Mr. Palmer, in his Origines Liturgicce, refers for
a parallel passage to ancient liturgies, but, if I
mistake not, to none but those used in England.
The passage is very scriptural : but I do not
believe it exists in the Bible. J. G. T.

" They shot him on the nine-stane rig." — Where
is the ballad beginning with the words —

" They shot him on the nine-stane rig,
Beside the headless cross."
to be found ? Who is the author ? Bobderkh.

Wai'dhouse, and Fishermen^ s Custom there. — In
a MS. local history, written in 1619, there is this

July 23. 1853.']

NOTES AND QUERIES.

79

passage : " They bought herrings during the sea-
son, and then departed, as those fishermen which
Mil fish at Wardhouse do use to do at present."

"VV^here was ^^'^ardhouse, aad wbat was the
custom there ? _ C. J. P.

Great Yarmouth.

*' Adrian turn'd the hulV — In an old MS. in

my possession, the following verse occurs : —

" Of whate'er else your head be full,
llemember Adrian tiirn'd the bull ;
'Tis time that you should turn the chase.
Kick out the knave and take the place."

Would any of the correspondents of " N. & Q."
be so good as to explain to me the reference in
the second line of the verse ? G. M.

Canjs "Palaologia Ch?-onica" — I have an old
book entitled :

" Palajologia Chronica; a Chronological Account of
Ancient Time. Performed by Robert Cary, D.LL.,
Devon. London : printed by J. Darby, for Ricliard
Chiswell, at the Rose and Crown in St. Paul's Church
Yard, 1677."

tind shall be glad to be informed whether the
author was any relation of Dr. Valentine Carey,
who was consecrated bishop of Exeter in 1620,
iind died in 1626. (See Walton's Life of Dr.
Donne.') Chris. Egberts.

Bradford, Yorkshire.

*rhe Soidhicarh Puddivg Wonder. — I have been
very much pleased with the perusal of a collection
of MS. letters, written by the celebrated anti-
quary William Stukeley to Maurice Johnson, Esq.,
the founder of the Gentlemen's Society at Spald-
ing. These lettei's have not been published; the j
MSS. exist in the library of the Spalding Society. \
They contain much interesting matter, and fur- j
jiish many traits of the manners, character, and ;
modes of thinking and acting of their respected j
author.

Can any of your i-eaders explain the meaning of I
the following passage, which is found in a letter |
dated 19th June, 1718 : " The Southu-ai-k Pudding
wonder is over ? "

In the same letter the Dr. alludes to a con-
tested election for the office of Chamberlain of
the City of London, which took place in 1718 :

" The city is all in an uproar about the election of
a chamberlain, like a country corporation for burgesses,
where roast pig and beef and wine are dealt about
freely at taverns, and advertisements about it more
voluminous than the late celebrated Bangorean Notifi-
cation, though not in a calm and undisturbed way."

PisHEY Thompson.
Stoke Newingfon.

Roman Catholics confined in Fens of Ely. — ISIr.
Dickens, in Household Words, No. 169. p. 382., in

the continuation of a " Child's History of Eng-
land," says, when alluding to the threatened inva-
sion of England by the Spanish Armada :

" Some of the Queen's advisers were for seizing the
principal English Catholics, and putting them to
death ; but the queen — who, to her honour, used to
say that she would never believe any ill of her subjects,
wliich a parent would not believe of her own children
— neglected the advice, and only confined a kw of
those who were the most suspected among them, in
the fens of Lincolnshire."

Mr. Dickens had, of course, as he supposed,
good authority for making this statement ; but,
in reply to a private communication, he states it
should have been Fens of Fly. I am, perhaps,
convicting myself of gross ignorance by seeking for
information respecting it ; nevertheless, I venture
to ask the readers of " N. & Q." for a reference to
the authentic history, where a corroboration of Mr.
Dickens' statement is to be found ?

PiSHET Thompson.

Stoke Newington.

White Bell Heather transplanted. — Is it gene-
rally known that white bell heather becomes pink
on being transplanted from its native hills into a
garden ? Two plants were shown to me a few
days ago, by a country neighbour, flowering pink,
which were transplanted, the one three, and the
other two, years ago ; the former had white bells
for two years, the latter for one year only. What
I wish to know is, AVhether these are exceptional
cases or not ? VV. C.

Argyleshlre.

GreerHs ^'■Secret Plot" — Can you inform me
where the scene of the following drama is laid,
and the names of the di-amatis personoe ? The
Secret Plot; a tragedy by Kupert Green, 12mo.,
1777. Tlie author of this play, which was pub-
lished when he was only in his ninth year, was
the son of Mr. Valentine Gi'een, who wrote a
history of Worcester. A. Z.

" The fidl Moon brings fine Weather." — When
did this saying originate, and have we any proof
of its correctness ? The late Duke of Wellington
is reported to have said, that, as regarded the
weather, it was " nonsense to have any faith in the
moon." (Vide Larpent's Private Journal, vol. ii.
p. 283.) AV. W.

Malta.

Nash the Artist — li\ the year 1802, Mr. F.
Nash made a water-colour drawing of the Town
Hall, churches, &c., in the High Street of the
ancient borough of Dorchester ; a line engraving
(now rather scarce) was shortly afterwards pub-
lished therefrom by Mr. J. Frampton, then a
bookseller in the town. Can any reader of the

80

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 1^5.

" N. & Q." inform me what Mr. Nash this was,
and Avhat became of him ? Was he related to the
Caslles and Abbeys Nash ? John Gaeland.

Dorchester.

Woodwork of St. Andrew's Priory Church,
Barnwell. — The Cambridge Architectural Society,
ivhich is now attempting the restoration of St.
Andrew's Priory Church, Barnwell, v/ill feel
deeply indebted to any of your readers who can
give them any information respecting the carved
woodwork removed from that church some forty
years ago, to make way for the present hideous
arrangement of pews and pulpit. A man who
lives on the spot speaks of a fine wood screen, and
liighly decorated pulpit, some portions of which
were sold by auction ; and the rest was in his pos-
session for some time, and portions of it were
given away by him to all who applied for it.

The Treasurer.

Trin. Coll. Camb.

*' The Mitre and the Crown."' — I find the following
work, at first published anonymously, reprinted as
Dr. Atterbury's in Sir Walter Scott's edition of
the Somers" Tracts. No reason is assigned by the
editor for ascribing it to him, and I should be glad
to know whether there is any satisfactory evidence
for doing so. The original tract appears as anony-
mous in the Bodleian Catalogue :

" The Mitre and the Crown, or a real Distinction
between them : in a Letter to a Reverend Member
of the Convocation: Lond. 1711, 8vo."

Dublin.

Military 3fusic. — Was military music ever
played at night in the time of King Charles I. ?

MiLlTARIS.
Belfast.

Steven Church. — Can you give me any inform-
ation concerning the original church of Stoven,
Suffolk, which was of good Norman work through-
out, as lately ascertained by the vast number of
Norman mouldings found in the walls in restoring
it ? L. (2)

[In Jermyn's "Suffolk Collections," vol. vi. (Add.
MSS. 8173.), in the British Museum, are the following
Notes of this church, taken 1st June, 1808, by H. I.
and D. E. D. : "The Church consists of a nave and
chancel, both under one roof, which is covered with
thatch. The cliancel is 30 ft. 3 in. long, and 1 5 ft. 5 m.
■wide. 'Jhe communion-table is neither raised nor in-
closed. The floor of the whole church is also of the
same height. The nave is 30 ft. long, and 16 ft. 1 in.
wide. Between the chancel and nave are the remains
of a screen, and over it the arms of George II., between
two tables containing the Lord's Prayer, &c. In the

N. E. angle is the pulpit, which is of oak, hexagon,
ordinary, as are also the pews and seats. At the W..
end stands the font, which is octagon, the faces con-
taining roses and lions, and two figures holding blank
escutcheons, the pedestal supported by four lions. The
steeple is in tlie usual place, small, square, of flints,
but little liigher than the roof. In it is only one bell,
inscribed 17.59. The entrance into the church on the
N. side is through a circular Saxon arcli, not much
ornamented. On the side is another of the same de-
scription, but more ornamented, with zig-zag moulding,
&c." Then follow the inscriptions, &c. in the chancel,
of Mrs. Elizabeth Brown, John Brown, Thomas Brown ;
in the nave, of Henry Kcable, with extracts from the
parish register commencing in 1653.]

The Statute of Kilkenny. — Said to have been
passed in 1364. What was the nature of it?

Abkedonensis.

[This statute legally abolished the ancient code «f
the Irish, called the Brehon laws, and was passed in a
parliament held at Kilkenny in the 40th Edward III.,
under the government of Lionel, Duke of Clarence,
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. By tliis act, the English
are commanded in all controversies to govern them-
selves by the common laws of England, so that wlio-
ever submitted himself to the Brehon law, or the law
of the Marches, is declared a traitor. Among other
things the statute enacted that " the alliaunce of tlve
English by marriage with any Irish, the nurture of
infantes, and gossipred with the Irish, be deemed high
treason." And again, " If anie man of English race
use an Irish name, Irish apparell, or any otlier guize
or fashion of the Irish, his lands shall be seized, and
his bodie imprisoned, till he shall conform to English
modes and customs." This statute was followed by the
ISth Henry VI. c. i. ii. iii., and the 28th Hen. VT.>
c. i., with similar prohibitions and penalties. These-
prohibitions, however, had little effect ; nor were the
Englisli laws universally submitted to throughout Ire-
land until the time of James I., when the final extir-
pation of the ancient Brehon law was efTected.]

Kenne of Kenne. — Can any of your Kcntisb
correspondents inform me to whom a certain
Christ. Kenne of Kenne, in co. Somerset, sold the
manor of " Oakley," in the parish of Higham, near
llochester ; and in whose possession it was about,
the close of the reign of Queen Elizabeth or comt-
mencement of James I. ?

The above Kenne, by marrying Elizabetli, the
daughter of Sir Roger Cholmeley, and widow of
Sir Leonard Beckwith, of Selby, in co. York,
acquired possession of the same manor in co,
Kent.

After the death of his first wife, he married a
Florence Stalling, who survived him. He died in
1592. F. T.

[« Christopher Kenne of Kenne, In the county of
Somerset, Esq., was possessed of the manor of Little
Okeley, in Higham, Kent, in the right of his wife, the
daughter and co-heir of Sir Roger Cholmeley, anna

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

81

22 Eliz. ; and then, having levied a fine of it, sold it to
Thompson, and he, in the reign of Charles I., alienated
it to liest." — Hasted.

Of course, tlie Christian name of Thompson, and
other particulars if required, can be obtained by a
reference to the foot of the fine in the Record Office,
Carlton Ride.]

Rents of Assize, S^c. — In the Valor Ecclesias-
tlcus, the following varieties of income derived
from rent of land constantly recur, viz. :

" De redditu (simply).
De redditu assisEe.
De redditu libero.
De redditu ad voluntatem."

Can the distinction between these be exactly
explained by any corresponding annual payments
for land according to present custom ? And will
any of your readers be kind enough to give such
explanation ? J.

\_Reddilus. — Rents from lands let out to tenants;
modern farm rents.

Reddilus Assisee. — Quit rents : fixed sums paid by
the tenants of a manor annually to the lord ; as in
modern times.

Reddilus lAberi. — Those quit rents which were paid
to the lord by " liberi tenentes," freeholders ; as dis-
tinguished from '' villani bassi tenentes," &c.

Reddilus ad voluntatem. — Annual payments " ad
voluntatem donatium;" such as " confrana," &c. The
modern Easter Offering perhaps corresponds with them.]

Edifices of Ancient and Modern Times. — Can
any of your architectural or antiquarian readers
inform me where a chronological list of the prin-
cipal edifices of ancient and modern times can be
found ? Getskn.

[Consult Chronological Tables of Ancient and Modern
History Synchronistically and Ethnographically arranged,
fol., Oxford, 1835. For those relating to Great Bri-
tain, see Britton's Chronological and Historical IllustrO'
tions, and his Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain.^

Gorram. — Please to direct me where I can find
a short account of Gorram, an ecclesiastical writer
(I suppose) mentioned by D'Aubigne, vol. v.
p. 245. L. (2)

[The divine alluded to by D'Aubigne is no doubt
Nicholas de Gorran, a Dominican, confessor to Philip
the Fair of France. He was an admired and eloquent
preacher, and his Sermons, together with a Commen-
tary on the Gospels, appeared at Paris, 1523 and 1539.
He died in 1295.]

" Rock of Ages." — Who is the author of the
hymn beginning " Rock of Ages ? " J. G. T.

[That celebrated advocate for The Calvinism of the
Church of England, the Rev. Augustus Montague Top-
lady.]

BEMtJNERATION OF AUTHORS.

(Vol. vil., p.591.)

Responding to the challenge of your correspon-
dent Mr. Andrews, I copy the following from my
common-place book :

From Liniot's memorandum-booh of " Copies when
purchased."

Farquhar.

1705. Recruiting Officer - - - .

1706. Beaux Stratagem - - . _

Setterton.

1712. The Miller's Tale, with some charac-
ters from Chaucer - - .

£
16
30

s. d.
2 6
0 0

5 7 6

Mr, Centlivre.

1703. May 14. Love's Contrivance - -10 0 0

1709. May 14. Busy Body - - - 10 0 0

Mr, Cibber.

1701. Nov. 8. A third of Love's Last Shift 3 4 6

1705. Nov. 5. Perolla and Izadora - - 36 11 O

1707. Oct. 27. Double Gallant - - 16 2 6
Nov, 22. Lady's Last Stake - - 32 5 0
Feb. 26. Venus and Adonis - - 5 7 6

1 708. Oct. 9. Comical Lover - - - 10150

1712. Mar. 16. Cinna's Conspiracy - - 13 0 0
1718. Oct. 1. The Nonjuror - - - 105 0 0

3Ir. Gay.

1713. May 12. Wife of Bath - - - 25 O O

1714. Nov. 11. Letter to a Lady - - 5 76

1715. Feb. 14. The What-d'ye-call-it? - 16 2 6
Dec. 22. Trivia - - - - 43 0 0

Epistle to the Earl of Bur-
lington - - - - 10 15 O
1717. May 4. Battle of the Frogs - - 16 2 6
Jan. 8. Three Hours after Marriage 43 2 6
Revival of the Wife of Bath 75 0 0
The Mohocks, a farce - - 21. 10«.
Sold the Mohocks to him again. >

234 10 O

Captain Killegrew,
1718-19. Feb. 14. Chit Chat - - - 84 0 O

Mr. Ozell.

1711. Nov. 18. 7 Translating Homer's Iliad,

1712. Jan. 4. } books i. ii. iii. - - 10 8 6

1713. April 29. Translating Moliere - S7 12 6

N. Rowe, Esq,

Dec, 12. Jane Shore
1715. April 27. Jane Grey

Somerville.
1727. July 14. A Collection of Poems

- 50 15 0

- 73 5 O

35 15 0

82

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

Pope.

1715.

171G.

1712. Feb, 19. Statins, 1st book, and Ver-

tumnus and Pomona - - -
Mar. 21. First edition of the Rape
April 9. To a lady presenting Voi-
ture. Upon Silence. To the author
of a poem called Successio -
1712-13. Windsor Forest (Feb. 23)

1713. July 23. Ode to St. Cecilia's Day -

1714. Feb. 20. Addition to the Rape
Mar. 23. Homer, vol. i. - -
650 copies on royal paper
Feb. 1. Temple of Fame
April 21. Key to the Lock -
Feb. 9, Homer, vol. ii. -
May 2. 650 royal paper
July 17. Essay on Criticism -

1717. Aug. 9. Homer, vol. iii.

1718. Jan. 6. 650 royal paper - - -
Mar. S. Homer, vol. iv.

650 royal paper
Oct. 17. Homer, vol. v. -

1719. April 6. 650 royal paper

1720. Feb. 26. Homer, vol. vi.
May 7. 650 royal paper - - -

1721. Parnell's Poems . - - ►
Paid Mr. Pope for the subscription-
money due on the 2nd volume of his
Homer, and on his 5th volume, at
the agreement for the said 5th vol.

, — ( I had Mr. Pope's assignment for

the royal paper that was then left of

his Homer) . . - -

Copy-money for the Odyssey, vols. i. ii. iii.,

and 750 of each volume printed on royal

paper, 4tp. 615

Copy. money for the Odyssey, vols. iv. and
v., and 750 of each royal - . - 425

3

32

15

15

215

176

32

10

215

150

15

215

150

210

150

210

150

210

150

15

s. d.
2 6
O 0

16 6
5 0
0 0
O 0
0 0
O 0
5 0

15 0
O 0
0 0
O 0
0 0
O 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
O 0
0 0

840 0 0

0 0

18 7+

£4244 8 7i

From that storehouse of instruction and amuse-
ment, Nichols's Anecdotes, vol. viii. pp. 293 —
304.

I take this opportunity of forwarding to you a
curious memorandum which I found in rummaging
the papers of a "note-maker" of the last century.
It appears to be a bill of fare for the entertain-
ment of a party, upon the "flitch of bacon" being
decreed to a happy couple. It is at Harrowgate,
and not at Dunmow, which would lead us to be-
lieve that this custom was not confined to one
county. The feast itself is almost as remarkable,
as regards its component parts, as that produced
by Mr. Thackeray^ in his delightful " Lectures,"
as characteristic of polite feeding in Queen Anne's
reign :

"June 25 3Ir.. and . Mrs. LiddaVs Dinner at Green

Dragon, Harrowgate, on taking Fflitch Bacon Oath.
BUI Fare,
Beans and bacon.
Cabbage, colliflower.

Three doz. chickens.

Two shoulders mutton, cowcurabers.

Two turbets.

Rump beef, &c. &c.

Goose and plumbpudding. '

Quarter lamb, sallad.

Tarts, jellies, strawberries, cream.

Cherrys, syllabubs, and blomonge.

Leg lamb, spinnage.

Crawfish, pickled salmon.

Fryd tripe, calves' heads.

Gravy and pease soup.

Two piggs.

Breast veal, ragoud.

ice cream, pine apple.

Surloin beaf.

Pidgeons, green peas.

Lobsters, crabs.

Twelve red herrings, twenty-two dobifs."

StockwelL

W. R.

ON THE USB OF THE HOUR-GLASS IN PULPITS.

(Vol. vH., p. 489.)

Perhaps the following may be of service as a
farther illustration of this subject.

Zacharie Boyd says, in The Last Battell of the
S&vle in Deaths 1629, reprinted Glasgow, 1831, at
p. 469. :

" Now after his Battell ended hee hath surrendered
the spirit, Clepsydra effivxit, his hoitre-glasse is now
runne out, and his soule is come to its wished home,
where it is free from the fetters of flesh."

Tliis divine was minister of the barony parish
of Glasgow, the church for which was then in the
crypt of the cathedral. I have no doubt the hour-
glass was there used from which he draws his
simile. Your correspondent refers to sermons an
hour long, but, to judge from the contents of " Mr.
Zacharie's " MS. sermons still preserved in the
library of the College of Glasgow, each, at the rate
of ordinary speaking, must have occupied at least
an hour and a half in delivery. When he had be-
come infirm and near his end, and had found it
necessary to shorten his sermons, his " kirk ses-
sion " was offended, as —

« Feb. 13, 1651. Some are to speak to Mr. Z. Boyd
about the soon skailing (dismissing) of the Barouie
Kirk on Sunday afternoon."

Though sermons are now generally restricted
from three quarters to an hour's delivery, the
practice of long preaching in the olden times in
the west of Scotland had much prevailed. Withio
my own recollection I have heard sermons of
nearly two hours' duration ; and early among a few
classes of the first Dissenters, on "Sacramental
Occasions " as they are yet called, the services
lasted altogether (not unfrequently) continuously
from ten o'clock on Sabbath forenoon, to three and

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

83

four o'clock the following morning. A traditional
anecdote is current of an old Presbyterian clergy-
man, unusually full of matter, who, having preached
out his hour-glass, was accustomed to pause, and
addressing the precentor, " Another glass and then"
recommenced his sermon.

A pictorial representation of the hour-glass
in a country church is to be seen in front of
the precentor's des'K, or pulpit, in a very scarce
humorsome print, entitled " Presbyterian Pe-
nance," by the famous David Allan. It also
figures in the engraving of the painting by Wilkie,
of John Knox preaching before Mary Queen of
Scots. About twenty years ago it was either in
the Cathedral of Stirling or the Armory of the
Castle (the ancient chapel), that I saw the hour-
glass (about twelve inches high) which had been
connected with one or other of the pulpits, from
both of which John Knox is said to have preached.
It is likely the hour-glass is there " even unto
this day " (unless abstracted by some relic hunter) ;
and if it could be depended on as an original ap-
pendage to the pulpits, would prove that its use
was coeval with the times of the Scottish Re-
formation. I think its high antiquity as certain
as the oaken pulpits themselves.

At an early period the general poverty of the
country, and the scarcity of clocks and watches,
must have given rise to the adoption of the hour
sand-glass, a simple instrument, but yet elegant
and impressive, for the measurement of a brief
portion of our fleeting span. G. N.

Glasgow.

On the 31st May, 1640, the churchwardens of
Great Staughton, co. Huntingdonshire, " are, and
stand charged with (among other church goods), a
pulpit standinge in the church, having a cover
over the same, and an houre-glasse adjoininge."

Copy of a cutting from a magazine, name and
date unknown :

" Among Dr. Rawlinson's manuscripts in the Bod-
leian Library, No. 941 contains a collection of Miscel-
laneous Discourses, by Mr. Lewis of Margate, in Kent,
whence the following extract has been made :

" ' It appears that these hour-glasses were coeval with
our lleformation, la a fine frontispiece, prefixed to
the Holy Bible of the bishops' translation, printed in
4to. by John Day, 1569, Archbishop Parker is repre-
sented in the pulpit with an hour-glass standing on his
right hand ; ours, here, stood on the left without any
frame. It was proper that some time should be pre-
scribed for the length of the sermon, and clocks and
watches were not then so common as they are now.
This time of an hour continued till the Revolution, as
appears by Bishop Sanderson's, Tillotson's, Stilling-
fleet's, Dr. Barrow's, and others' sermons, printed dur-
ing that lime.'

"The writer of this article was informed in 1811
by the Rev. Mr. Burder, who had the curacy of St,

Dunstan's, Fleet Street, that the large silver hour-glass
formerly used in that church, was melted down into
two staff heads for the parish beadles.

" An hour-glass frame of iron, fixed in the wall by
the side of the pulpit, was remaining in 1797 in the
church of North Moor, in Oxfordshire."

Joseph Rix.

St. Neots, Huntingdonshire.

In many of our old pulpits built during the
seventeenth century, when hour sermons were the
rule, and thirty minutes the exception, the shelf
on which the glass used to stand may still be seen.
If I recollect rightly, that of Miles Coverdale was
thus furnished, as stated in the newspapers, at the
time the church of Bartholomew was removed.
Perhaps tliis emblem was adopted on gravestones
as significant of the character of Death as a minister
or preacher.

The late Basil Montague, when delivering a
course of lectures on " Laughter " at the Islington
Institution some few years since, kept time by the
aid of this antique instrument. If I remember
aright, he turned the glass and said, '^^ Another glass
and then" or some equivalent expression.

E. G. Ballabd.

There is an example at the church of St. Alban,
Wood Street, Cheapside. This church was rebuilt
by Sir C. Wren, and finished 1685 ; showing that
the hour-glass was in use subsequent to the times
alluded to. J. D. Allcroft.

I saw, on 13th January last, an iron hour-glass
stand affi-Kcd to a pillar in the north aisle of Beltou
Church, in the Isle of Axholme.

Edwahd Peacock.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

liADlES ASMS BOBNE IN A LOZENGE.

(Vol.vii., p.57l.)

The subject of the Query put by your corre-
spondent is one that has frequently occurred to
me, but which is involved in obscurity. Heraldic
writers generally have contented themselves with
the mere statement of ladies' arms being thus
borne; and where we do find an opinion hazarded,
it is more in the form of a quotation from a name-
less author, or of a timid suggestion, than an at-
tempt to elucidate the question by argument or
from history.

By some this form of shield is said to have
descended to us from the Amazons, who bore such :
others say, from the form of their tombstones!
Now we find it to i-epresent the ancient spindle
so much used *by ladies ; and again to be a shield
found by the Romans unfit for use, and therefore
transferred to the weaker sex, who were " allowed
to place their ensigns upon it, witli one corner
always uppermost."

84

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

Here are quotations from a few of our writers
on the science of Heraldry : —

BuKKE, Enajdop. Herald. 1844. Queen Victo-
ria bears her arms on a full and complete shield ;
" for," says the old rhyme —

" Our sagcst men of lore define
The kingly state as masculine,
Paiseant, martial, bold and strong.
The stay of right, the scourge of wrong ;
Hence those that England's sceptre wield,
Must buckle on broad sword and shield,
And o'er the land, and o'er the sea.
Maintain her sway triumphantly."

This, unfortunately, is only one side of the ques-
tion : and, though satisfactorily accounting for the
shape of the shield of royalty, does not enlighten
us on the " origin and meaning " of the lozenge.
Barrington, Display of Heraldry, 1844: —
" An immarried daughter bears her father's arms on
a lozenge-shaped shield, without any addition or altera-
tion."

Berry, Encycl. Herald. 1830 : —

" The arms of maidens and widows should be borne
in shields of this shape."

lloBSON, British Herald, 1830: —

•' Lozenge, a four-cornered figure, differing from
the fusil, being shorter and broader. Plutarch says
that in Megara [read Megura], an ancient town of
Greece, the tombslones under which the bodies of Ama-
zons lay were of that form : some conjecture this to be
the cause why ladies have their arms on lozenges."

PoRNT, Elements of Heraldry, 1795, supposes —

The lozenge may have been originally a fusil, or
fusee, as the French call it : it is a figure longer than
the lozenge, and signifies a spindle, which is a woman's
instrument."

This writer also quotes Sylvester de Petra
Suncta, who would have this shield to " represent
a cushion, whereon women used to sit and spin, or
do other housewifery."

Brydson, Summary View of Heraldry, 1795: —

" The shields on which armorial bearings are repre-
sented are of various forms, as round, oval, or some-
what resembling a heart ; which last is the most
common form. Excepting sovereigns, women un-
married, or widows, bear their arms on a lozenge
shield, which is of a square form, so placed as to have
one of its angles upwards, and is supposed to resemble a
distaff- "

BoYES, Great Theatre of Honour, 1754. In
this great work the various forms of shields, and
the etymology of their names, are treated on at
considerable length. The Greeks had five: — the
Aspis, the Gerron or Gerra, the Thurios, the
Laiveon, and the Pelte or Pelta. The Romans
had the Ancile, the Scutum, the Clypeus, the
Parma, the Cetra, and others ; but none of these
approached the shape of the lozenge. The shields

of modern nations are also dealt with at length ;
still the author appears to have had no informa-
tion nor an opinion upon the lozenge, which he
dismisses with these remarks : —

♦' L'ecu des filles est en lozenge, de meme de celui des
veuves ; et en France et ailleurs, celles-ci I'ornent et
I'entourent d'une cordeliere ou cordon a divers neuds.
Quant aux femmes mariees, elles accollent d'ordinaire
leurs armes avec celles de leurs epoux ; mais quelque-
fois elles les portent aussi en lozenge."

CoATES, Dictionary of Heraldry, 1725, quotes
Colombiere, a French herald, who, he says, gives
upwards of thirty examples of differently formed
shields ; but no allusion is made to the lozenge.

Carter, Honor Redivivus, 1660.

DuGDALE, Ancient Usage in hearing Arms,\^%2.

GwiLLiM, Display of HeraMry, 1638.

Camden, Remains, 1637.

Gerard Legh, Accedence of Armorie, 1576.

None of these authors have touched on the sub-
ject ; which, considering that at the least two of
them are the greatest authorities, appears some-
what strange.

Ferne, Blazon of Gentrie, 1586 —

" Tliinks the lozenge is formed of the shield called
Tessera or Tessela, which the Romans, finding unfit for
use, did allow to women to place their ensigns upon,
with one of its angles always upmost."

Though unable at this moment to furnish ex-
amples in proof of my opinion, I must say that
it is contrary to the one expressed by your corre-
spondent Ceyrep, that "formerly all ladies of
rank " bore their arms upon a complete shield, or
bore shields upon their seals. The two instances
cited by him are rather unfortunate, the connexion
of both ladies with royalty being sufEciently close
to suggest the possibility of their right to the "full
and complete " shield.

Margaret, Duchess (not Countess) of Norfolk,
was sole heir of her father, Thomas of Brotherton,
fifth Earl of Norfolk, son of King Edward I., and
Marshal of England. She, " for the greatness of
her birth, her large revenues and wealth,",^ was
created Duchess of Norfolk for life ; and at the
coronation of King Richard II. she exhibited her
petition "to be accepted to the office of High
Marshal," which was, I believe, granted. In such
case, setting aside her royal descent, I apprehend
that, by virtue of her office, she would not bear
her arms in a lozenge. She bore the arms of
England with only a label for difference.

Margaret, Countess of Richmond, was herself
royally descended, being great-granddaughter of
John of Gaunt, son of Edward IH. ; was daugh-
ter-in-law of Henry V.'s widow, and mother of
Henry VII. Being descended from the ante-
nuptial children of John of Gaunt's third wife,
who had been legitimatised by act of parliament
for all purposes except succession to the crown,

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

85

Henry VII. would probably desire by every
means in his power to suppress anything sugges-
tive of his unsubstantial title to the crown. It
might be by his particular desire that his mother
assumed the full regal shield, on which to emblazon
arms differing but slightly from those of her son,
the king.

It is not, however, my opinion that the form of
shield under consideration is anything like so
ancient as some of the authors would make it. I
do not believe it comes to us either from the
Amazons or the Romans.

My own opinion, in the absence of any from the
great writers to guide me, is, that we owe the
use of this form of shield amongst ladies to hatch-
ments OY funeral achievements. During the time of
mourning for persons of rank, their coats of arms
are set up in churches and over the principal
entrances of their houses. On these occasions it is
well known their arms are always placed in a large
black lozenge ; a form adopted as the most proper
figure for admitting the coats of arms of sixteen
ancestors to be placed round it, four on each of
the sides of the square.

It was not until the reign of Richard III. that
the College of Arms was regularly incorporated ;
and though the science of heraldry received its
highest polish during the splendid reigns of
Edward III. and Henry V., it had yet scarcely
been subjected to those rules which since the
establishment of the College have controlled it.
Mark Noble, in \nsHistoi-y of the College ofArms^
says that the latter reign —

" If it did not add to the wealth of the nation at
large, gave rise to a number of great families, enriched
by the spoils of Azincourt, the plunder of France, and
the ransom of princes. The heraldic body was pecu-
liarly prized and protected by the king, who, however,
was very whimsical in the adoption of cognizances and
devices."

During the greater portion of the fourteenth
century, and the early part of the fifteenth, there
was a rage for jousts, tilts, and tournaments ; and
almost every English nobleman had his officers of
arms ; dukes, marquesses, and earls were allowed
a herald and pursuivant ; the lower nobility, and
even knights, might retain one of the latter. To
these ofiicers belonged the ordering of everything
relating to the solemn and magnificent funerals,
which were so general in these centuries, and
which they presided over and marshalled.

During the reign of Edward IV. the exact form
of these obsequies was prescribed. Not only were
the noblemen's own heralds there, but the king's
also : and not in tabards bearing the sovereign's,
but the deceased's arms.

So preposterously fond of funeral rites were
monarchs and their subjects, that the obsequies of
princes were observed by such sovereigns as were
m alliance with them, and in the same state as if

the royal remains had been conveyed from one
Christian kingdom to another. Individuals had
their obsequies kept in various places where they
had particular connexions.*

Is it too much then to presume that in the
midst of all this pomp and affectation of grief, the
hatchment of the deceased nobleman would be
displayed as much, and continued as long, as pos-
sible by the widow ? May we not reasonably
believe that these ladies would vie with each
other in these displays of the insignia of mourning,
until, by usage, the lozenge-shaped hatchment
became the shield appropriated to the sex ?

These hypotheses are not without some found-
ation ; but if any of your correspondents will
enunciate another theory, I shall be glad to give
it my support If it is found to be more reasonable
than the foregoing. Broctuna.

Bury, Lancashire.

PHOTOGRAPniC CORRESPONDENCE.

Multiplication of Photographs. — In Vol. vlli.,
p. 60. is a letter from Mr. John Stewart of Pan
suggesting certain modes of operating in pro-
ducing positive photographs, and which sugges-
tions are apparently offered as novelties, when, in
fact, they have been for some considerable time ia
pi-actlce by other manipulators. Of course, I do
not suppose that they are otherwise regarded by
Mr. Stewart than as novelties, who cannot be
acquainted with what is doing here ; but it ap-
pears to me desirable to discriminate between facta
that are absolutely, and those that are relatively
new.

Most of the transparent stereoscopic photographs
sold in such numbers by all our eminent opticians,
are actually produced in the way recommended
by Mr. Stewart ; and reduced copies of photo-
graphs, &c., have been produced in almost every
possible variety by Dr. Diamond, and many
others of our most eminent photographers. Very
early in the history of this science, the idea was
suggested by Mr. Fox Talbot himself, of taking
views of a small size, and enlarging them for mul-
tiplication ; and, if I am rightly informed, Mr.
Ross was applied to to construct a lens specially
for the purpose. Some months back, as early at
least as March or April in the present year, Mr.
F. H. Wenham actually printed on common chlo-
ride paper a life-size positive from a small nega-
tive on collodion ; and immediately afterwards
adopted the use of iodized paper for the same pur-
pose ; and after he had exhibited the proofs, I
myself repeated the experiment. In fact, had
there been time at the last meeting of the Photo-
graphic Society, a paper on this very subject
Avould have been read by Mr. Wenham ; but the

* Noble.

86

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

business before the meeting was too extensive to
admit of it. My object is not, of course, to offer
any objection to the proposition, but simply to put
in a chaim of merit for the idea oriijinally due to
Mr. Fox Talbot, and secondarily to Mr. Wenham,
who I believe was an earlier operator in this way
than any one. Geo. Shadbolt.

Yellow Bottles for Photographic Chemicals. —
As light transmitted through a yellow curtain, or
yellow glass, does not affect photographic ope-
rations, would it not be desirable to keep the
nitrate of silver and its solutions in yellow glass
bottles, instead of covering the plain white glass
with black paper, as I see directed in some cases ?

Cekidwen.

Hfpltcd ta Minor <!B.utvitS.

Donnyhrook Fair (Vol. vii , p. 549.). — Abhba
will find his answer in D' Alton's History of the
County of Dublin, p. 804. :

" About the year 1 1 74, Earl ' Strongbow' gave Don-
nybrock (Devonalbroc), amongst other lands, to Walter
de Riddlesford ; and in 1204, King John granted to
the corporation of Dublin license for an annual eight-
day fair here, commenchig on the day of th2 finding of
the Holy Cross (May Srd), with similar stallages and
tolls, as established in Waterford and Limerick."

This scene of an Irishman's glory has been
daguerreotyped in lines that may be left in your
pages, as being probably quite as little known to
your readers as is the Avork above cited :
" Instead of weapons, either band
Seized on such arms as came to hand.
And as famed Ovid paints th' adventures
Of wrangling Lapithae and Centaurs,
"Who at their feast, by Bacchus led,
Threw bottles at each others' head ;
And these arms failing in their scuffles,
Attack'd with andirons, tonges, and shovels :
So clubs and billets, staves and stones.
Met fierce, encountering every sconce.
And cover'd o'er with knobs and pains.
Each void receptacle for brains."

J.D.

Abigail (Vol. iv., p. 424. ; Vol. v., pp. 38. 94.
450.; Vol. viii., p. 42.). — Not having my *' N. &
Q." at hand, I cannot say what may have been
already told on this subject, but I think I can
answer the Queries of your last correspondent,
H. T. Ryt.ey. There can be, I think, no doubt that
the fixmiliar use of the name Abigail, for t\iQ genus
" lady's maid," is derived from one whom I may
call Abigail the Great ; who, before she ascended
King David's bed and throne, introduced herself
under the oft-reiterated description of a " hand-
maid." (See 1 Sam. xxv. 24, 25. 27, 28. 31.) I
have no Concordance at hand, but I suspect there
is no passage in Scripture where the word hand-

maid is more prominent ; and so the idea became
associated with the name Abigail. An Abigail for
a hand-maid is therefore merely analogous to a
Goliath for a giant ; a Job for a patient man ; a
Samson for a strong one ; a Jezebel for a shrew,
&c. I need hardly add, that H. T. Ryley's con-
jecture, that this use of the term Abigail had any
relation to the Lady Masham, is, therefore, quite
supererogative — but I may go farther. The old
Duchess of Marlborough's Apology, which first
told the world that Lady Masham's Christian
name was Abigail, and that she was a poor cousin
of her own, was not published till 1742, when all
feeling about " Abigail Hill and her brother Jack"
was extinct. In fine, it will be found that the use
of the term Abigail for a lady's maid was much
more frequent before the change of Queen Anne's
Whig ministry than after. C.

Honorary Degrees (Vol. viii , p. 8.). — Honorary
degrees give no corporate rights. Johnson never
himself assumed the title of Doctor ; conferred on
him first by the University of Dublin in 1765,
and afterwards in 1775 by that of Oxford. See
Croker's Boswell, p. 168. n. 5., for the probable
motives of Johnsou's never having called himself
Doctor. C.

Bed Hair (Vol. vii., p. 616.). — The Danes are
said to have been (and to be even now) a red-
haired race.

They were long the scourge of England, and to
this possibly may bo attributed in some degree
the prejudice against people having hair of that
colour.

In Denmark, it is said, red-hair is esteemed a
beauty.

That red-haired people are fiery and passionate
is undoubtedly true ; at least I vouch for it as far
as my experience goes ; but that they emit a dis-
agreeable odour when inattentive to personal
cleanliness, is probably a vulgar prejudice arising
from the colour of their hair, resembling that of
the fox — wide the term " foxy." A. C. M.

Exeter.

Historical Engraving (Vol. vii., p. 619.). — I
am glad I happen to be able to inform E. S.
Taylor that his engraving, about the restoration
of Charles II., is to be found in a book entitled —

" Verhael in forme van Journal, van de Reys ende 't
Vertoeven van den seer Doorluchtige ende Machtige
Prins Card de II." &c. " In 's Graven- hage, by-
Adrian Vlack, M.DC.LX." &c.

Folio. The names at the corner of the engraving
are apparently " F. T. vliet, jn. P. Philippe,
sculp." J. M. G.

Proverbs quoted by Suetonius (Vol. vii., p. 594.).
— A full explanation of the proverb o-TreCSe fipaSfws

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

87

will be found In the Adagia of Erasmus, under the
head " Festina lente," p. 588., edit. 1599. That it
was a favourite proverb of the Emperor Augustus
is also stated by Gellius, Noct. Att. x. 11., and
Macrob.j Saturn, vi. 8. The verse, —

" dtT(pa\iis ydp tcTT* ofiuvwv ^ dpaavs ffTpaTr>\drr)S,'"
is from the PhoenisscB of Euripides, v. 599. L.

*' Sat cito, si sat bene" (Vol. v., p. 594 ; Vol. viii.,
p. 18.). — Your correspondent C. thinks that F.
W. J. is mistaken in calling it a favourite maxim
of Lord Eldon. Few persons are more apt to
make mistakes than F. W. J. He therefore sends
the following extract from Twlss's Life of Lord
C. Eldon, vol. i. p. 49. Tliey are Lord Eldon's
own words, after having narrated the anecdote to
which C. refers :

" In short, in all that I have had to do in future life,
professional and judicial, I have always felt the effect
of this early admonition on the pannels of the vehicle
which conveyed me from school, ' Sat cito, si sat bene.'
It was the impression of this which made me that de-
liberative judge — as some have said, too deliberative ;
and reflection on all that is past will not authorise me
to deny, that whilst I have been thinking ' Sat cito,
si sat bene,' I may not sufficiently have recollected
whether ' Sat bene, si sat cito' has had its influence."

The anecdote, and this observation upon it, are
taken by Twiss from a book of anecdotes in Lord
Eldon's own handwriting. F. W. J.

Council of Laodicea, Canon 25, (Vol. viii., p. 7.).
— Cjlericus (D.) will find Angelas in the text,
without Angulos in the margin, in any volume
which contains the version by Dionysius Exiguus,
or that by Gentianus Hervetus ; the former printed
Mogunt. 1525 ; Paris, 1609, 1661, and 1687 : the
latter, Paris, 1561 and 1618 ; and sufficiently sup-
plied by Beverege and Howel. Both translations
are given by Crabbe, Surius, Binius, and others.

The corrupt reading Angidos, derived from
Isldorus Mercatoi', appears in the text, and without
a marginal correction, in James Merlin's edition
of the Councils, Colon. 1530 ; in Carranzu's Summa,
Salmant. 1551, Lugd. 1601, Lovan. 1668 (in
which last impression, the twelfth, the true head-
ing of the Canon, according to Dionysius and
Crisconius, viz. " De his qui Angelos colunt," is
restored) ; and in the Sanctiones Ecclesiasticcc of
Joverius, Paris, 1555.

For Angelos in the text, with a courageous
"forte legendum" Angidos in the margin, in Pope
Adrian's Epitome Canonum, we are deeply in-
debted to Canisius {Thesaur. Monum., ii. 271. ed.
Basnage); and this is the method adopted by
Longus a Coriolano and Ball. R. G.

Anna Lightfoot (Vol. vii., p. 595.). — I have
heard my mother speak of Anna Lightfoot : her
fanuly belonged to the religious community called

Friends or Quakers. My mother was born 1751,
and died in the year 1836. The aunt of Anna
Eleanor Lightfoot was next-door-neighbour to my
grandfather, who lived in Sir Wm. Warren's
Square, Wapping. The family were from York-
shire, and the father of Anna was a shoemaker,
and kept a shop near Execution Dock, in the same
district. He had a brother who was a linendraper,
living in the neighbourhood of St. James's, at the
west end of the town ; and Anna was frequently
his visitor, and here it was that she became ac-
quainted with the great man of the day. She was
missing, and advertised for by her friends : and,
after some time had elapsed, they obtained some
information as to her retreat, stating that she
was well provided for; and her condition became
known to them. She had a son who was a corn-
merchant, but, from some circumstance, became
deranged in his intellects, and it Is said committed
suicide. But whether she had a daughter, I never
heard. A retreat was provided for Anna in one
of those large houses surrounded with a high wall
and garden, in the district of Cat-and-Mutton
Fields, on the east side of Hackney Road, leading
from Mile End Road ; where she lived, and it is
said died, but in what year I cannot say. All this
I have heard my mother tell when I was a young
lad ; furthermore your deponent knoweth not.

J. M. C.

Jack and Gill (Vol. vii., p. 572.). — A some-
what earlier instance of the occurrence of the ex-
pression " Jack and Gill " is to be found (with a
slight difference) in John Heywood's Dialogue of
Wit and Folly, page 11. of the Percy Society's
reprint :

" No more bathe he in mynde, ether payne or care,
Than bathe other Cock my hors, or Gyll my mare !'*

This is probably not more than twenty years
earlier than your correspondent's quotation from
Tusser. H. C. K.

Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle
(Vol. vi. passim ; Vol. vii., p. 508.). — Southey, in
his Omniana (vol. I. p. 210.), cites a passage from
the Partidas, in which the magnetic needle is used
in illustration. It is as follows :

" E bien assi como los marineros se guian en la
noche escura por el aguja, que les es medianera entre
la piedra e la estrella, e les muestra por de vayan, tam-
bien en los malos tiempos, como en los buenos ; otrosi
los que ban de consejar al Key, se deven siempre guiar
por la justicia ; que es medianera entre Dios e el
mundo, en todo tiempo, para dar guardalon a los
buenos, e pena a los malos, a cada uno segund su me-
rescimiento." — 2 Partida, tit. ix. ley 28.

This passage is especially worthy of attention,
as having been written half a century before the
supposed invention of the mariner's compass by
Flavius Giolas at Amalfi; and, as Southey re-

83

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 195.

marks, "it must have been well known and in
general use before it would thus be referred to as
a familiar illustration."

I do not think that any of your correspondents
have quoted the halting lines with which Byron
mars the pathos of the Rousseau-like letter of
Donna Julia (Dora Juan^ canto i. stanza cxcvi.) :

" My heart is feminine, nor can forget —
To all, except one image, madly blind ;
So shakes the needle, and so stands the pole,
As vibrates my fond heart to my fix'd soul."

William Bates.

Birmingham.

Gibbon's Library (Yol. vii., pp. 407. 455. 535.).
— The following quotation from Cyrus Redding's
" Recollections of the Author of Vathek " (New
Monthly Magazine, vol. Ixxi. p. 308.) may interest
J. H. M. and your other correspondents under this
head :

" ' I bought it (says Beckford) to have something to
read when 1 passed through Lausanne. I have not
been there since. I shut myself up for six weeks, from
early in the morning until night, only how and then
taking a ride. The people thought me mad. I read
myself nearly blind.'

" I inquired if the books were rare or curious. He
replied in the negative. There were excellent editions
of the principal historical writers, and an extensive
collection of travels. The most valuable work was an
edition of Eustathius ; there was also a MS. or two.
All the books were in excellent condition ; in number,
considerably above six thousand, near seven perhaps.
He should have read himself mad if there had been
novelty enough, and he had stayed much longer.

" * I broke away, and dashed among the mountains.
There is excellent reading there, too, equally to my
taste. Did you ever travel alone among mountains? '

" I replied that I had, and been fully sensible of
their mighty impressions. • Do you retain Gibbon's
library ? '

«' ' It is now dispersed, I believe. I made it a pre-
sent to my excellent physician. Dr. Schall or Sclioll
(I am not certain of the name). I never saw it after
turning hermit there.*"

William Bates.

Birmingham.

Si. Paul's Epistles to Seneca (Vol. vii., pp. 500.
583.). — The affirmation so frequently made and
alluded to by J. M. S. of Hull, that Seneca became,
in the last year of his life, a convert to Christianity,
is an old tradition, which has just been revived by
a French author, M. Amedee Fleury, and is dis-
cussed and attempted to be established by him at
great length in two octavo volumes. I have not
read the book, but a learned reviewer of it, M. S.
De Sacy, shows, with the greatest appearance of
reason and authority, that the tradition, instead
of being strengthened, is weakened by all that
M. Fleury has said about it. M. De Sacy's re-
view is contained in the Journal des Dibats of

June 30, in which excellent paper he is a frequent
and delightful writer on literary subjects. In the
hope that it may interest and gratify J. M. S. to
be informed of M. Fleury's new work, I send this
scrap of information to the " N. & Q."

John Macrat.
Oxford.

" Hip, Hip, Hurrah ! " (Vol. vii., pp. 595. G33.).
— The reply suggested by your correspondent
R. S. F., that the above exclamation originated in
the Crusades, and is a corruption of the initial
letters of " Hierosolyma est perdita," never ap-
peared to me to be very apposite.

In A Collection of National English Ballads,
edited and published by W. Chappie, 1838, in a
description of the song " Old Simon, the King,"
the favourite of Squire Western in Tom Jones, the
following lines are quoted :

" ' Hang up all the poor hep drinkers,'
Cries old Sim, the king of skinkers."*

A note to the above states, in reference to the
word " hep," that it was a term of derision, ap-
plied to those who drank a weak infusion of the
" hep " (hip) berry, or sloe. " Hence," says the
writer, " the exclamation of ' Hip, hip, hurrah,'
corrupted from ' Hip, hip, away.' " The couplet;
quoted above was written up in the Apollo Room
at the Devil Tavern, 'J'emple Bar, where Ben
Jonson's club, the " Apollo Club," used to meet.
Many a drinker of modern Port has equally good
reason to exclaim with his brethren of old, " Hip,
hip, away ! " J. Brent.

Emblemata (Vol. vii., 'p. 614.). — I have a small
edition of the Emblemata Horatiana, with the fol-
lowing title-page :

" Othonis Vsenl Emblemata Horatiana Imaglnlbus
in ces incisis atque Latino, Germanico, Galileo et
Belgico carmine lUustrata: Amstelsedami, apud Hen-
ricum Wetstenium, cId . loc. lxxxiv."

The engravings, of which there are 103, measure
about four inches by three ; the book contains
207 pages, exclusive of the index. " Amicitiaj
Trutlna," mentioned by Mr. Weld Taylor, is
the sixty-sixth plate on page 133.

There is another volume of Emblems by Otho
Venius, of which I have a copy :

" Amorum Emblemata Figurls jEneis Incisa, studio
Othonis Vaen I : Batavo Lugdunensls Antverpiae Venalia
apud Auctorem prostant apud Hieronymum Ver-
dussen, mdciix."

The engravings, of which (besides an allegorical
frontispiece representing the power of Venus)
there are 124, are oval, measuring five inches in
length by three and a half inches in height. The
designs appear to me to be very good. On the

* A skinker is one who serves drink.

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

89

first plate is the name of the engraver, " C. Boel
fecit." Each engraving has a motto, with verses
in Latin, Italian, and French. Recommendatory
verses, by Hugo Grotius, Daniel Heinsius, Max.
Vrientius, Ph. Rubentius, and Petro Benedetti,
are prefixed. It appears from Rose's Biographical
Dictionary (article "Van Veen'"), that Vcnius
published another illustrated work. The Seven
Ticin Sons of Lara. Is this work known ?

Horace AValpole did not appreciate Venius. He
says:

« The perplexed and silly emblems of Venius are
well known." — Anecdotes of Painting, vol. ii. p. 167.

The Emblems of Gabriele Rollenhagius (of
"which I have also a copy) consist of two centuries.
The engravings are circular, with a motto round
each, and Latin verses at foot. My edition was
published at Utrecht, mdcxiii.

I write rather in the hope of eliciting inform-
ation, than of attempting to give any, on a subject
which appears to me to deserve farther inquiry.

Q.D.

Campvei'e, Privileges of (Vol. vii., pp. 262. 440.).
— Will your contributors J. D. S. and J. L. oblige
me with references to the works in which these
privileges are mentioned ?

They will find them noticed also at pages 67.
and 68. of the second volume of L. Guicciardini's
Belgium (ed. 1 646) : " Jiis Gruis lihercBr This
is mentioned as one of the privileges of Campvere.
Can any of your legal friends tell me what this is,
and where I may find it treated of? E.

Slang Expressions : " Jtist the Cheese " (Vol. vii.,
p. 617.). — This phrase is only some ten or
twelve years old. Its origin was this : — Some des-
perate witty fellows, by way of giving a comic
turn to the phrase " C'est une autre chose," used
to translate it, " That is another cheese ; " and after
awhile these words became " household words,"
and when anything positive or specific was in-
tended to be pointed out, " That's the cheese " be-
came adopted, which is nearly synonymous with
" Just the cheese." Astolpho.

The Honorable Miss E. St. Leger (Vol. vii.,
p. 598.). — Perhaps your correspondent Mr.
Bbeen may like to be informed that the late
General the Honorable Arthur St. Leger related
to me the account of his relative having been made
a master mason, and that she had secreted herself
in an old clock-case in Doneraile House, on pur-
pose to learn the secrets of the lodge, but was dis-
covered from having coughed. The Rev. Richard
Arthur St. Leger, of Starcross, Devon, has an en-
graving of the lady, who is represented arrayed in
all the costume of a master mason, with the apron,
ring, and jewel of the order. W. Colltns.

Harbow.

Queries from the Navorscher (Vol. vii., p. 595.).
— " The Choice of Hercules," in the Tatter, was
written by Addison ; Swift did not contribute
more than one article to that publication, a treatise
on " Improprieties of Language." The allegory of
" Religion being the Foundation of Contentment"
in the Adventurer, was the work of Hawkesworth,
to whose pen most of those papers are attributable.

" Amentium hand amantium." — The alliteration
of this passage in the Andria of Terence is some-
what difficult to preserve in English ; perhaps to
render it

" An act oi frenzy rather ih&n friendship,"

would keep up the pun, though a weak translation,
bringing to mind the woi'ds of the song :

" O call it by some other name,
Foi friendship is too cold."

In French the expression might be turned "folle-
ment plutot que folatrement," although this is a
fault on the other side, and a stronger word than
the original. T. O. M.

" Pity is akin to love " (Vol. i., p. 248.). —
Though a long time has elnpsed since the birth-
place of these words was queried, no answer has,
I think, appeared in your columns. Will you then
allow me to refer H. to Southern's Oroonoko,
ActlL Sc. 1.?

" Blandford. Alas ! I pity you.

Oroonoko, Do pity me ;
Pity's akin to love, and every thought
Of that soft kind is welcome to my soul.
I would be pity'd here."

W. T. M.
Hong Kong.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Our library table is covered at this time with books
for all classes of readers. The theological student will
peruse with no ordinary interest the learned Disserta-
tion on the Origin and Cotinexion of the Gospels, with a
Synopsis of the Parallel Passages in the Original and
Authorised Version, and Critical Notes, by James Smith,
Esq., of Jordan Hill : and when he has mastered the
arguments contained in it, he may turn to the new
number of The Journal of Sacred Literature, in which
will be found a great variety of able papers. Our
antiquarian friends will be gratified with a volume
compiled in a great measure from original family
papers, by its author Mr. Bankes, the Member for
Dorsetshire; and which narrates The Story of Corfe
Castle, and of many who have lived there, collected from
Ancient Chronicles and Records ; also from the Private
Memoirs of a Family resident there in the Time of the
Civil Wars. The volume, which is with good feeling
inscribed by the author to his friends and neighbours.
Members of the Society for Mutual Improvement in
the borough of Corfe Castle, contains many interesting

90

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

notices of liis ancestors, the well-known judge, Sir John
Bankes and his lady — so memorahle for her gallant
defence of Corfe Castle — drawn from the family papers.
The Royal Descent of Nelson and Wellington from Ed-
ward I., King of England, with Tables of Pedigree and
Genealogical Memoirs, compiled by G. 11. French, is a
handsomely printed volume, whicli will please the
genealogist ; while the historical student will be more
interested in The Floicers of History, especially such as
relate to the Affairs of Britain from the Beginning of the
World to the Fear 1307, collected by Mattheiv of West-
minster, translated by C. D. Yonge, Vol. I., a new vo-
lume of Bohn's Antiquarian Library, and an important
addition to his series of translations of our early national
chronicles. The classical student is indebted to the
same publisher for the second volume of Mr. Owen's
Translation of the Organon, or Logical Treatises of
Aristotle : nor will he regard as the least important
addition to his library, the new Part (No. VII.) of
Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography,
which extends from Cyrrhus to Etruria, and is distin-
guished by the same excellences as the preceding Parts.
We must conclude these Notes with a brief reference
to a handsome reprint of the great work of De Quincy,
the appearance of which in the London Magazine some
thirty years since created so great a sensation, we
mean of course his Confessions of an English Opium-
eater.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

LiTERART Gakettb, 1834 to 1845.

Athen^um, commencement to 1835.

A Narrative of the Holy Life and Happy Death op Mr.

John Angier. London. 1685.
Moore's Melodies. 15th Edition.

Wood's Athene Oxonienses (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
The Complaynts of Scotland. 8to. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
Shakspeare's Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steeveus's edition,

in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.

*«• Correspondents sending Lists of Sookt Wanted are requested
to send their names.

%* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mn. Bell, Publisher of " NOTES AND
QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

The

|j0tt«^ to €aru^^aixismt^.

Cecil Harbottli m our next.

W. Merry and M. E. C. Our Correspondents are right,
oversight in question is certainly open to their censure.

Answers to other Correspondents next week.

A few complete sets o/" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to\\l.,
price Three Guineas and a Half, inay now be had ; for which
early application is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers ■>nay receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

Now ready. Price 25s., Second Edition, revised
and corrected. Dedicated by Special Per-
mission to

THE (LATE^ ARCHBISHOP OF
CANTEKBURY.

PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR
THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH.
The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H.
MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The
Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable
also to Two or One, including Cliants for tlie
Services, Responses to the Commandmenta,
and a Concise System of Chantino, by J. B.
SADE, Musical Instructor and Organist to
Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth,
price 25.1. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21.
Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on
the receipt of a Post-office Order for tliat
amount : and , by order, of the principal Book-
eellers and Music Warehouses.

" A great advance on the worlcs we have
hitherto had, connected with our Church and
Cathedral Service."— I'irnes.

" A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly un-
CQualled in tliis countvy." — Literari/ Gazette.

" One of the best collections of times wliich
we have yet seen. Well merits the distin-
guished patronage imder which it appears." —
Musical World.

_" A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together
•with a system of Chanting of a very superior
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— John Hull.

l/ondon : GEORGE BELL, 18G. Fleet Street.
Also, lately published,

' J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS,

COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as per-
formed at the Chapel Royal St. James, price 2s,
C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE
& CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from
three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
£g)ecimens of which may be seen at tlieir Esta-
blishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
micals, &e. &c. used in this beautiful Art. —
123. and 121. NewEate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC-
TURES. _ a Selection of the above
beautiful Productions (comprising Views in
VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.)
may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet
Street, where may also be procured Appara-
tus of every Description, and pure Chemicals
for the practice of Photography in all its
Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures
for the Stereoscope.

««* Catalogues may be had on application.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical
and Photographical Instrument Makers, and
Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.

rvTTEWILL'S REGISTERED

\J DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CA-
MERA, is superior to every other form of
Camera, for the Pliotographie Tourist, from its
capability of Elongation or Contraction to any
Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability ,and
its adaptation for taking either Views or Por-
traits.

Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tri-
pod Stands, Printing Frames, ic, may be ob-
tained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte
Terrace, Barusbury Road, Islington.

New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order
or from Drawings.

BROMIZED COLLODION. —
J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Cliemists, 289.
Strand, are ready to supply the above Photo-

fraphic Agent : Vide Photographic Journal,
une 21st. Their Iodized Collodion is highly
sensitive, and retains all its qualities unim-
paired for three months. The Sensitive So-
lution may be had separate. Pure Chemicals,
Apparatus, and all the requisites for the prac-
tice of Photography, and Instruction ia all its
Branches.

LA LUMIERE ; French Photo-
graphic Journal. The only Journal which
gives weekly all the principal Photographic
News of England and the Continent ; with
Original Articles and Communications on the
different Processes and Discoveries, Reports of
the French Academy of Sciences, Articles oa
Art, Reviews, JSc.

Published at PARIS every SATURDAY.

Terms, 16s. per annum in advance. All
English Subscriptions and Communications to
be addressed to the English Editor, 6. Heumau
Terrace, Camden Town, London.

^I

A very 9ui>erior Positive Fnpei.

The Twenty-eighth Edition.

EUROTONICS, or the Art of

J3I Strengthening the Nerves, containing
Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon
tlie Health of Body and Mind, and the
means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Me-
lancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by DR.
NAPIKli, M.D. London: HOULSTON &
STONEMAN. Price id., or Post Free from,
the Author for Five Penny Stamps.

" We can conscientiously recommend ' Nen-
rotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the careful perusal
of our invalid readers." — ybte Bull ^ewe-
paper, June 5, 1852.

' Just published, price Is., free by Post Is. id.,

THE WAXED -PAPER PHO-
TOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVK
LE GRAYS NEW EDITION. Translated
from the French.

Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for
VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated
Lenses for Portraits and Views.

General Depot for Turner's, Whatman's,
Canson Fr&res', La Croix, and other Talbotype
Papers.

Pure Photographic Chemicals.

Instructions and Specimens in every Branch,
of the Art.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane,
London.

July 23. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

91

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
3. PABLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

T Grissell, Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

J. A. Lethbridge.Esq.

E. Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys Seager, Esq,

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Caiter Wood, Esq.

H. E. Bieknell, Esq.
T. S. Cocks, J un. Esq.

O. H. brew, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.

Trustees.

"W.Whateley.Esq., Q.C. ; George Drew, Esq.:

T. Grissell, Esq.

P/i2/si"ciaii. — William Rich. Basham, M.D.

£a?iier«.— Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co.,

Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not be-
come void through temporary difficulty in pay-
ing a Premium, as permission is given upon
application to suspend the payment at interest,
according to the conditions detailed in the Pro-
spectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
100?., with a Share iu three-fourths of the
Profits:—

Age
17-
22-
27 -

£ s. d.

Age

- I 14 4

32-

- I 18 8

37-

-245

42-

£ s. d.

- 2 10 8

- 2 18 6

- 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S.
Actuary.
Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition,
with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN-
VESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a
TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO-
CIETIES, and on the General Principles of
Land Investment, exemplified iu the Cases of
Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies,
&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com-
pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR-
THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to
the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia-
ment Street, London.

SPECTACLES. — WM. ACK-
LAND applies his medical knowledge as
a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company,
London, his theory as a Mathematician, and
his practice as a Working Optician, aided by
Smee's Optometer, in the selection of Spectacles
suitable to every derangement of vision, so as
to preserve the sight to extreme old age.

ACHROMATIC TELE-
SCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as
exiiibited at the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
The Ileuses of these Eye-pieces are so con-
structed that the rays of light fall nearly per-
pendicular to the surface of the various lenses,
by which the aberration is completely removed ;
and a telescope so fitted gives one-third more
magnifying power and li^ht than could be ob-
tained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the
various sizes on application to

WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Gar-
den, London.

BENNETT'S MODEL
WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX-
HIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and
Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to
all Climates, may now be had at the MANU-
FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, G, and 4
gumeas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19
gumeas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,
50 gumeas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its performance
guaranteed. Barometers, 2i., 3?., and 4i. Ther-
mometers from Is. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of
Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
65. CH£ArSII>£,

UNITED KINGDOM LIFE
ASSURANCE COMPANY; established
by Act of Parliament in 1834. — 8. Waterloo
Place, Pall Mall, London.

HONORARY PRESIDENTS.
Earl of Courtown I Lord Elphinstone

Earl Leveu and Mel- Lord Belhaven and

ville Stenton

Earl of Norbury Wm. Campbell, Esq.,

Earl of Stair of TillLche wan.

Viscount Falkland '

LONDON BOARD.

Chairman. — Charles Graham, Esq.

Deputt/-Chai)inan. — Charles Downee, Esq.

H. Blair Avame, Esq.
E. Lennox Boyd.Esq.,

F.S.A., Resident.
C. Berwick Curtis,

Esg.
William Fairlie, Esq.

D. Q. Henriques, Esq.
J. G. Henriques, Esq.
F. C. Maitland, Esq.
William Railton, Esq.
F. H. Thomson, Esq.
Thomas Thorby,Esq.

MEDICAL OFFICERS,
/"/(j/sic/an.— Arthur II. Hassall, Esq., M.D.,

8. Bennett Street, St. James's.

Surgeon — F. H. Thomson, Esq., 48. Bemeis

Street.

The Bonus added to Policies from March,

1834, to December 31 . 1847, is as follows : —

Sum Time
Assured. Assured.

5000 14 years

*1000 7 years

500 I 1 year

Sum added to
Policy.

In 1841.' In 1848.

Sum
payable
at Death.

£ s. d.\ £ s. d.

787 10 0 6470 16 8

157 10 0 J1157 10 0

11 50 I 511 SO

* ExAHprB. _ At the commencement of the
year 1 84 1 , a person aged thirty took out a Policy
for lOOOi., the annual payment for which is
24?. Is. 8rf. ; in 1847 he had paid in premiums
168?. lis. Sd. ; but the profits being 2 J per cent,
per annum on the sum insured (which is
221. 10s. per annum for each 1000?.) he had
157?. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much
as the premiums paid.

The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most
moderate scale, and only one-half need be paid
for the first five years, when the Insurance is
for Life. Every information will be afforded
on application to the Resident Director.

GILBERT J. FRENCH,

BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,

RESPECTFULLY informs the
Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens,
that he replies immediately to all applications
by letter, for information respecting his Manu-
factures in CHUHCH FURNITURE, ROBES,
COMMUNION LINEN. &c., S:c., supplying
full information as to Prices, together with
Sketches, Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c.,
&c.

Having declined appointing Agents, MR.
FRENCH invites direct communications by
Post, as the most economical and satisfactory
arrangement. PARCELS delivered Free by
Railway.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUS-
TRATED CATALOGUE OF BED-
STEADS, sent free by post. It contains de-
signs and prices of upwards of ONE HUN-
DRED different Bedsteads ; also of every
description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts,
And their new warerooms contain an extensive
assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to
render their Establishment complete for the
general furnishing of Bed- rooms.
HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Ma-
nufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
man's, Turner's, Sonford's, and Canson
Fr^res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every
kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster
Row, London.

TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

1 TION, NERVOUSNESS. &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTOR-
INQ FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE RKVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,

the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
medy (without medicine, purging, inconveni-
ence, or expense, as it saves fifty times its cost
in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, in-
testinal, liver and bilious complaints, however
deeply rooted, dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual
constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, fla-
tulency, oppression, distension, palpitation,
eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
iu the aged as well as infants, fits, spasms,
cramps, paralysis, &c.

J few out o/ 50,000 Cttres:

Cure, No. 71, of dyspeiwia; from the Right
Hon. the Lord Stuart de Dccies : — " I have de-
rived considerable benefit from your Revalenta
ArabicaFood, and consider it due to yourselves
and the public to authorise the pubUcation of
these lines, — Stuakt ob Decjbs. '

Cure, No. 49332 : — " Fifty years' indescrib-
able aaiony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma ,
cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sick-
ness at the stomach, and vomitings have been
removed by Du Barry's excellent food. —
Maria Jolly, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Nor-
folk."

Cure, No. 180t_" Twenty-five years' nerv-ous-
ness, constipation, indigestion, and debility,
from M'hich I had suffered great misery, arid
which no medicine could remove or relieve,
have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food

in a very short time W. R. Reeves, Pool

Anthony, Tiverton."

Cure, No. 4.208 : — "Eight years' dyspepsia,
nervousness, debility, with cramps, spasms, and
nausea, for which my servant had consulted
the advice of many, have been effectually re-
moved by Du Barry's delicious food in a very
short time. I shall be happy to answer any in-
quiries— Rev. John W. I'lavell, Ridlington
Rectory, Norfolk."

Dr. Wtirzer's Testimonial.

" Bonn, July 19. 1852.
"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the
most excellent, nourisliing, and restorative
remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful
in confined habit of body, as also diarrhoea,
bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
bladder, such as stone or gravel ; inflammatory
irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemor-
rhoids. This really invaluable remedy is cm-
ployed with the most satisfactory result, not
only iu bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
where irritation and pain are to be removed,
but also in pulmonary and bronchial consump-
tion, in whicli it counteracts effectually the
troublesome cough ; and I am en»bled with
perfect truth to express the conviction that Du
Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. " Dn. Rod Wukzer,
•' Coimsel of Medicine, and practical M.D.
in Bonn."

London Agents : — Fortnum, Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Queen ; Hedges & Butler, 155. Kegent Street ;
and through all respectable grc cers, chemists,
and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
packed for all climates, and with full instruc"
tions, lib. 2s. 9(7. ; 21b. 4s. 6d. ; 51b. lis.; 121b.
22s. ; super-refined, 51b. 22s. ; 101b. 33s. The
lolb. andl2lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-
office order. — Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Rt"
gent Street, London.

Important Caution Many invalids having

been seriously injured by spurious imitations
under closely similar names, such as Erviilenta,
Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to
see that each canister bears the name Barry,
Du Barby & Co., 77. Regent Street, Lo&dOBi
in full, without which nmte is genuine.

92

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 195.

A CHEAP ISSUE OF

X/tVJtItA.V'S HiLM-SBOOKS

FOR TRAVEIiIiXiRS.

FOR THE CONTINENT.

HANDBOOK — TRAVEL

TALK. 3s. 6ct

HANDBOOK — BELGIUM

AND THE RHINE. 5s.

HANDBOOK — SWITZER-
LAND, SAVOY, AND PIEDMONT. 7s.M.

HANDBOOK — NORTH

GERMANY, AND HOLLAND. 9s.

HANDBOOK — SOUTH

GERMANY AND THE TYROL. 9».

HANDBOOK — FRANCE

AND THE PYRENEES. 9s.

HANDBOOK — SPAIN, AN-

DALUSIA, ETC. Ifo.

HANDBOOK — NORTH

ITALY AND FLORENCE. 9s.

HANDBOOK — SOUTH

ITALY AND NAPLES.

HANDBOOK— EGYPT AND

THEBES. 15s.

HANDBOOK — DENMARK,

NORWAY, AND SWEDEN. 12s.

HANDBOOK — RUSSIA

AND FINLAND. 12s.

FOR ENGLAND.

HANDBOOK— MODERN

LONDON. 5s.

HANDBOOK — ENGLAND.

Paiit I. — DEVON AND CORNWALL. 6s.
JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW,
No. CLXXXV., is published THIS DAY.

Contents :
I. IRELAND, BY THE FOUR MAS-
TERS.
IL HAXTHAUSEN ON RUSSIA.

III. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY —

PROFESSOR OWEN.

IV. ECCLESIASTICAL FORGERIES.
V. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SIGNOR

RUFFINI.
VI. COUNT FICqUELMONT ON FO-
REIGN POLICY.
VII. REPORT OF THE OXFORD COM-
MISSION.
Vni. LIFE OF THOMAS MOORE.

JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

Just published,

THE CHRISTIAN REMEM-
BRANCER, No. LXXXI., for JULY,
1853.

Contents.
I . Recent Metaphysics.
V. Jliss Yonge's JSiovels.

3. Palmer's Dissertations on the Orthodox
Communion.

4. Stirling's Cloister Life of Charles V.

5. Alford's Greek Testament. Vol. II.

6. Modern Poetry.

7. Church Penitentiary Association.

8. Snicilegium Solesmencc.

9. Notices of New Boolis, &c.

London : J. & C. MOZLEY, 6. Paternoster
Row.

J. It. SMITH'S

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

BRITANNIC RESEARCHES; or, New Facts and Rectifications

of Ancient British History. By the REV. BEALE POSTE, M.A. Just published, 8vo.
(pp. 488.), with engravings, cloth, 15s.

A FEW NOTES ON SHAKSPEARE, with Occasional Remarks

on Mr. Collier's Folio of 1632. By the REV. ALEXANDER DYCE. 8vo. cloth, 5j.

WILTSHIRE TALES, illustrative of the Manners, Customs, and

Dialect of that and adjoining Counties. By J. Y. AKERMAN, ESQ. I2mo. cloth, 2s. 6d.

FACTS AND SPECULATIONS on the Origin and History of

Playing Cards. By W. A. CHATTO, Author of " Jackson's History of Wood Engraving." In
one handsome volume, 8vo., illustrated with many Engravings, both plain and coloured, cloth,
U. Is.

BOSWORTH'S (Rev. Dr.) Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English

Dictionary. 8vo., closely printed in treble columns, cloth, 2s.

LOWER'S (M. A. ) ESSAYS on English Surnames. 2 vols, post 8vo.

Third Edition, greatly enlarged, cloth, 12s.

LOWER'S CURIOSITIES of HERALDRY, with Illustrations

from Old English Writers. 8vo., numerous Engravings, cloth. Us.

WRIGHT'S (THOS.) ESSAYS on the Literature, Popular Supersti-

tions, and History of England in the Middle Ages. 2 vols, post 8vo., cloth, 16s.

GUIDE to ARCHAEOLOGY. An Archaological Index to Remains

of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods. By JOHN YONGE
AKERMAN, Fellow and Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries. 1 vol. 8vo , illustrated with
numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of 500 objects, cloth, 15s.

A NEW LIFE OF SHAKSPEARE; including many Particulars

respecting the Poet and his Family, never before published. By JAMES ORCHARD HALLI-
WELL, F.R.S., r.S.A., &c. 8vo., 76 Engravings by Fairholt, cloth, 15s.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, .%. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

NEW EDITIONS OF SHARON TURNER'S
HISTORICAL WORKS, WITH THE
AUTHOR'S FINAL CORRECTIONS.

Just publislied, in 4 vols. 8vo., price 50s. cloth.

SHARON TURNER'S HIS-
TORY of ENGLAND DURING THE
MIDDLE AGES : Comprising the Reigns
from the Norman Conquest to the Accession
of Henry VIII. Tlie Fifth Edition, revised ;
M'ith tlie Author's final Corrections artded by
the Author's Son, the REV. SYDNEY TUR-
NER.

By the same Author, New Editions,

THE HISTORY OF THE

ANGLO-SAXONS. The Seventh Edition.
3 vols. 8vo., price 36s.

THE SACRED HISTORY OF

THE WORLD. The Eighth Edition, in
3 vols, post 8vo., price 31s. 6d.

London : LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN,
& LONGMANS.

A COMPLETE HISTORY OF

l\. DRUGS, by M. POMET ; with what
is Observable from MESSRS. LEMERQ and
TOUKNEFORT. Divided into Three Classes :
Vegetable. Animal, and Mineral, and their Use
in Chemistry, Pharmacy, and the Arts. Il-
lustrated with above 400 Copper Cuts. Done
into English. 2 vols. 4to. in one. London :
R. Bornirck & Co., 1712. Dedicated to Dr.
Sloane.

DE HUMANA PHYSIOGNO-

MIA JOANNIS BAPTIST^E PORT^
Neapolitani. Libri 4. 1601. Ursellis Typ.
Conellatorii. Numerous Woodcuts. To be
disposed of.

Apply by letter to W. C, care of MR. BELL,
186. Fleet Street.

XiZTERiVRT CITRXOSXTXES.

An Original and Highly Interesting News-

fiaper (A Little Mercurj/, of eisht pages), pub-
ished in the ever Memorable Year of the Mar-
tyrdom of Kino Charles the First, 205 years
ago ! Very rare, exceedingly curious, and in
fine preservation ! Sent free on receipt of
12s. 6(1.

An Original, Rare, and Curious Newspaper
(.1 Little Mercury, of sixteen pages), published
in Charlrs the Second's Reign, sent free on
receipt of 6s.

An Original Newspaper (.A Little Gazette),
rich in curious historical and domestic an-
nouncements, published in Chahi.es the Sb-
cond's Reign, sent free on receipt of 4s. 6<l.

An Original Newspaper of James the Se-
cond's Reign, rare and curious, sent free on
receipt of 3s. (k/.

An Original Newspaper of William and
Mabv's Reign, rare and curious, sent free on
receipt of 3s. 6(1.

An Original Newspaper of Qceen Anne's
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and very interesting, sent free on receipt of 3s.

An Oricinal Newspaper of George the
First's Reign, with a curious woodcut title,
rare, sent free on receipt of is. 6(1.

An Original Newspaper of Geoboe the Se-
cond's Reign, sent free on receipt of 2s.

An Original Newspaper of George the
Third's Reipn, sent free on receipt of l.«.

Apply, BY Letter only, inclosing a Remit-
tance, either Post-office Order, or Postage
Stamps, addressed to MR. JAMES HAMIL-
TON FENNELL, 1. Warwick Court, Hol-
born, London.

TO PRINTERS, PUBLISHERS, AU-
THORS, ETC.

WOOD ENGRAVINGS,—
Illustrations for Books, Periodicals,
Newspapers, and every Class of Wood Engrav-
ings executed in a Superior Style, at reason-
able Prices, by GEORGE DORKINGTON,
Designer and Engraver on Wood, 4. Ampton
Street, Gray's Inn Road Specimens and Esti-
mates forwarded upon receipt of particulars.

Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of
St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by George Beli,, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of Bt, Dunstan in the West, in the
City of London , Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.- Saturday, July 23. 1853.

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOB

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

'< "Wlien found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle.

No. 196.]

Saturday, July 30. 1853.

{Price Fourpence.
Stamped Edition, 5<^*

Notes :

CONTENTS.

Page

Books chained to Doslis in Churches : Font Inscription :

Parochial Libraries, by W. Sparrow Simpson, B.A. -

Keal Signatures versus Pseudo-names, by the Rev. James

Graves .......

Popular Stories of the English Peasantry, by Vincent
T. Sternberg ......

Shakspeare Correspondence, by Cecil Harbottle, &c. -
Epitaph and Monuments in Wingfield Church, Suffolk -
Original Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta -

Minor Notes: — Meaning of "Clipper" — Anathema,
Maran-atha — Convocation and the Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts — Pigs
said to see the Wind — Anecdote of the Duke of
Gloucester ......

Queries : —

Lord William Russell
Ancient Furniture — Prie-Dieu

. 100
- 101

Minor Queries :— Reynolds' Nephew —Sir Isaac New-
ton— Limerick, Dublin, and Cork — Praying to the
W'est — Mulciber — Captain Booth of Stockport —
"A saint in crape" — French Abbes — What Day is it
at our Antipodes ? — " Spendthrift " — Second Growth
of Grass — The Laird of Brodie — Mrs. Tighe, Au-
thor of" Psyche " — Bishop Ferrar — Sir Thomas de
I.ongueville — Quotations wanted — Symon Patrick,
Bishop of Ely : Durham : Weston : Jephson — The
Heveniiighams of Suffolk and Norfolk — Lady Percy,
Wife of Hotspur (Daughter of Edmund Mortimer, Earl
of March)— Shape of Coffins— St. George Family Pic-
tures— Caley (John), "Ecclesiastical Survey of the
Possessions, &c. of the Bishop of St. David's," &c. —
Adamson's " Lusitania Illustrata" — Blotting-paper —
Poetical Versions of the Fragments in Athenseus - 102

Replies: —

Robert Drury . - . . . .104

Tlie Termination -by .... - 105

The Kosicrucians, by William Bates - . - 106

Inscriptions on Bells, by W. Sparrow Simpson, B.A. • 108
Was Cook the Discoverer of the Sandwich Islands ? by

C. K. Bagot 108

Megatherium Americanum, by W. Pinkerton . - 109

Photographic Correspondence :— Stereoscopic Angles

— Yellow Bottles for Photographic Chemicals • 109

Eeplies to Minor Queries : — Earth upon Earth, &c.

— Picalyly — Mr. Justice Newton — Manners of the
Irish — Anns of the See of York — " Up, Guards, and
at 'em !"— Coleridge's Christabel : the 3rd Part —
Mitigation of Capital Punishment— The Man with
the Iron Mask — Gentleman executed for Murder of a
Slave — Jahn's Jahrbuch — Character of the Song of

the Nightingale, &c. ..... 110

Miscellaneous :

Books and Odd Volumes wanted . » • - 1 14

Notices to Correspondents . • - - 114

Advertisements - . . . . -115

V0L.VIII. — No. 196.

BOOKS CHAINED TO DESKS IN CHURCHES : FONT
INSCRIPTION : PAROCHIAL LIBRARIES.

It would be interesting to have a complete list
of the various books still to be found chained to
desks in our ancient churches. The " Bible of the
largest volume," the " Books of Homilies allowed
by authority," and the Book of Common Prayer,
are ordered by Canon 80. to be provided for every
church. In some places this regulation is still com-
plied with : at Oakington, Cambridgeshire, a copy
of a recent (1825) edition of the Homilies lies on
a small desk in the nave. But besides these au-
thoritative works, other books are found chained.
to their ancient desks : at Impington, Cambridge-
shire are, or were, " three black-letter volumes of
Fox's Ma7'tyrs chained to a stall in the chancel."'
(Paley's Ecclesiologist's Guide^ ^c.) At St. Ni-
cholas, Rochester, chained to a small bracket desk
at the south side of the west door, is a copy of A.
Collection of Cases and other Discourses to recover
Dissenters to the Church of England, small 8vo.,
1718. The Paraphrase of Erasmus may probably
be added to the list (see Professor Blunt's Sketch of
the History of the Reformation, 10th edit., p. 130.),
though I cannot call to mind any church in which
a copy of this work may now be found. In the
noble minster church at Wimborne, Dorsetshire, .
is a rather large collection of books, comprising;
some old and valuable editions : all these books>:
were, and many still are, chained to their shelves f
an iron rod runs along the front of each shelf, on
which rings attached to the chains fastened to the
covers of the works have free play ; these volumes
are preserved in an upper chamber on the south
side of the chancel. The parochial library at St.
Margaret's, Lynn, Norfolk, is one of considerable
interest and importance ; amongst other treasures
are a curious little manuscript of the New Testa-
ment very neatly written, a (mutilated) black-
letter copy of the Sarum Missal, and many fine
copies of the works of the Fathers, and also of the
Reformers ; these are preserved in the south aisle
of the chancel, which is fitted up as a library, and
are in very good order. At Margate Church are
a few volumes, of what kind my note-book does

94

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

not inform me. I may also mention, In connexion
with St. Nicholas, Rochester, that the font is oc-
tagonal, and inscribed with the following capital
letters, the first surmounted by a crown :

C.R.I. *.*.*. A.N.

The large panel on each side contains one of the
letters; the font is placed close to the wall, so
that the remaining letters, indicated by asterisks,
cannot now be read : the sexton said that the
whole word was supposed to be "Christian," or
rather " Cristian." Beside the font is a very
quaint iron bracket-stand, painted blue and gold,
" constructed to carry " two candles.

W. Spareow Simpson.

P. S. — Permit me to correct an error of the
press in my communication at p. 8. of your present
volume, col. 1. 1. 10. from bottom; for "worn,"
read " won."

REAIi SIGNATURES VERSUS PSEUDO-NAMES.

It is pleasant to see so many of the correspon-
dents of " N. & Q." joining in the remonstrance
against the anonymous system. Were one to set
about accumulating the reasons for the abandon-
ment of pseudo-names and initials, many of the
valuable columns of this periodical might be easily
filled ; such an essay it is not, however, my in-
tention to inflict on its readers, who by a little
thought can easily do for themselves more than a
large effusion of ink on the part of any corre-
spondent could effect. I shall content myself with
recounting the good which, in one instance, has
resulted from a knowledge of the real name and
address of a contributor.

The Rev. H. T. Ellacombe (one of the first to
raise his voice against the use of pseudo-names)
having observed in " N. & Q." many communi-
cations evincing no ordinary acquaintance with
the national Records of Ireland, and wishing to
enter into direct communication with the writer
(who merely signed himself J. F. F.), put a Query
in the " Notices to Correspondents," begging
J. F. F. to communicate his real name and address.
There in all probability the matter would have
ended, as J. F. F. did not happen to take
"N. & Q.," but that the writer of these lines
chanced to be aware, that under the above given
initials lurked the name of the worthy, the cour-
teous, the erudite, and, yet more strange still, the
unpaid guardian of the Irish Exchequer Records
— James Frederick Ferguson, — a name which
many a student of Irish history will recognise with
warm gratitude and unfeigned respect. Now it
had so happened that by a strange fortune Mr.
Ellacombe was the repository of information as
to the whereabouts of certain of the ancient
Records of Ireland (see Mr. Ellacombe's notice
of the matter, Vol. viii., p. 5.), abstracted at some

former period from the " legal custody " of some
heedless keeper, and sold by a Jew to a German
gentleman, and the result of his communicating
this knowledge to Mr. Ferguson, has been the
latter gentleman's " chivalrous " and successful
expedition for their recovery. The English Quar-
terly Revieiv (not Magazine, as Mr. Ellacombe
inadvertently writes), in a forthcoming article on
the Records of Ireland, will, it is to be hoped,
give the full details of this exciting record hunt,
and thus exemplify the great utility, not to speak
of the manliness, of real names and addresses,
versus false names and equally Will-o'-the-Wisp
initials. James Graves.

Kilkenny.

POPULAR STORIES OF THE ENGLISH PEASANTRY.
(Vol. v., p. 363, &C.)

Will you allow me, through the medium of " N.
& Q.," to say how much obliged I should be for
any communications on this subject. Since I last
addressed you (about a year ago) I have received
many intei-esting contributions towards my pro-
posed collection ; but not, I regret to say, quite to
the extent I had anticipated. My own researches
have been principally confined to the midland
counties, and I have very little from the north
or east. Such a large field requires many gleaners,
and I hope your correspondents learned in Folk-
lore will not be backward in lending their aid to
complete a work which Scott, Southey, and a
host of illustrious names, have considered a desi-
deratum in our national antiquities.

I propose to divide the tales into three classes —
Mythological, Humorous, and Nurse-tales. Of
the mythological I have already given several
specimens in your journal, but I will give the
following, as it illustrates another link in the
transmission of Mr. Keightley's Hindustani
legend, which appeared in a recent Number. It is
from Northamptonshire.

The Bogie and the Farmer.

Once upon a time a Bogie asserted a claim to a
field which had been hitherto in the possession of
a farmer ; and after a great deal of disputing,
they came to an arrangement by agreeing to
divide its produce between them. At seed time,
the farmer asks the Bogie what part of the crop
he will have, " tops or bottoms." " Bottoms," said
the spirit : upon which the crafty farmer sows the
field with wheat, so that when harvest arrives the
corn falls to his share, while the poor Bogie is
obliged to content himself with the stubble.
Next year the spirit, finding he had made such an
unfortunate selection in the bottoms, chose the
tops; whereupon cunning Hodge set the field
with turnips, thus again outwitting the simple

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

95

claimant. Tired of this unprofitable farming, the
Bogie agrees to hazard his claims on a mowing-
match, thinking that his supernatural strength
would give him an easy victoi'j ; but before the
day of meeting, the cunning earth-tiller procures
a number of iron bars which he stows among the
grass to be mown by his opponent ; and when the
trial commences, the unsuspecting goblin finds his
progress retarded by his scythe coming into con-
tact with these obstacles, which he takes to be
some very hard — very hard — species of dock.
" Mortal hard docks, these," said he ; " Nation
hard docks ! " His blunted scythe soon brings
him to a stand still, and as, in such cases, it is not
allowed for one to sharpen without the other, he
turns to his antagonist, now far ahead, and in-
quires, in a tone of despair, "When d'ye wiffle-
waffle (whet), mate?" " Wafile ! " said the
farmer, with a well-feigned stare of amazement,
•" O, about noon mebby." " Then," said the de-
spairing spirit, " That thief of a Christian has done
me ; " and so saying, he disappeared and was never
heard of more.

Under Nurse-tales, I include the extremely
puerile stories of the nursery, often (as in the
German ones) interlaced with rhymes. The fol-
lowing, from the banks of the Avon, sounds like
an echo from a German story-book.

LiUle Elly.

In the old time, a certain good king laid all the
ghosts, and hanged all the witches and wizards
save one, who fell into a bad way, and kept
a school in a small village. One day Little Elly
looked through a chink-hole, and saw him eat-
ing man's flesh and drinking man's blood ; but
Little Elly kept it all to herself, and went to school
as before. And when school was over the Ogee
fixed his eyes upon her, and said —

" All go home but Elly,
And Elly come to me."
And when they were gone he said, " What did you
see me eat, Elly ? "

" O something did I see.
But nothing will I tell,
Unto my dying day."

_ And so he pulled off her shoes, and whipped her
till she bled (this repeated three days) ; and the
third day he took her up, and put her into a rose-
bush, where the rain rained, and the snow snowed,
and the hail hailed, and the wind blew upon her
all night. Quickly her tiny spirit crept out of
her tiny body and hovered round the bed of her
parents, where it sung in a mournful voice for
evermore —

" Dark, weary, and cold am I,
Little knoweth Gammie where am I."
Of the Humorous stories I have already given
a specimen in Vol. v., p. 363.

Any notes of legends, or suggestions of any
kind, forwarded to my address as below, will be
thankfully received and acknowledged.

Vincent T. Steenbebg.

15. Store Street, Bedford Square.

SHAKSFEABE COBEESPONDENCE.

The old Corrector on '•'■The Winter's Tale'' —
I am glad to find that you have another corre-
spondent, and a very able one too, under the sig-
nature of A. E. B., who takes the same view of
" Aristotle's checks " as I have done ; though I
think he might have paid me the compliment of
just noticing my prior remonstrance on this sub-
ject. It is to be lamented, that Mr. Collier
shoiild have hurried out his new edition of Shak-
speare, adopting all the sweeping emendations of
his newly-found commentator, without paying the
slightest heed to any of the suggestions which have
been offered to him in a friendly spirit, or afford-
ing time for the farther objections which are con-
tinually pouring in. At the risk of probably
wearying some of your readers, I cannot forbear
submitting to you a few more remarks ; but I shall
confine them on this occasion to one play, The
Winter's Tale : which contains, perhaps, as many
poetical beauties as any single work of our great
dramatic bard. With reference to the passage
quoted in p. 437., I can hardly believe that Shak-
speare ever wrote such a poor unmeaning line as ■ —
** . . they are false as dead blacks.'*

nor can I perceive any possible objection to the
original words "o'er dyed blacks." They may
either mean false mourners, putting an over dark
semblance of grief ; or they may allude figuratively
to the material of mourning, the colours of which
if over-dyed will not stand. In either of these
senses, the passage is poetical ; but there is nothing
like poetry in " our dead blacks."

In p. 450. the alteration of the word " and" to
"heaven" may be right, though it is difficult to
conceive how the one can have been mistaken for
the other. At all events, the sense is improved
by the change ; but I do not see that anything is
gained by the substitution in the next line of
"dream" for "theme." Whatever the king said
in his ravings about Hermione, might as aptly be
called part of his " theme " as part of his " dream."
The subject of his dream was in fact his theme!

Neither can I discover any good reason for
changing, in p. 452.,

" . , and one may drink, depart.
And yet partake no venom,"

into " drink a part." The context clearly shows
the author's meaning to have been, that if any one
departed at once after tasting of the beverage, he
would have no knowledge of what he had drunk ;

96

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

but if he remained, some one present might point
out to him the spider in the cup, and then " he
cracks his gorge," &c.

In p. 4(30. Mr. Collier says that the passage,
" dangerous, unsafe lunes i' the king," is mere
tautology, and therefore he follows the old cor-
rector in substituting " unsane lunes." Now it
strikes me that there is quite as much tautology
in " unsane lunes " as in the double epithet, " dan-
gerous, unsafe." It is, in fact, equivalent to " in-
sane madness ; " and, moreover, drags in quite
needlessly a very unusual and uncouth word.

In p. 481. we have the last word of the follow-
ing passage —

" I never saw a vessel of like sorrow,
So fill'd and so becoming," —
converted into " o''er-7'unning." This may possibly
be the correct reading ; but, seeing that it is im-
mediately followed by the words —

« . . , in pure white robes.

Like very sanctity,"

I question whether " becoming " is not the more
natural expression.

" There weep — and leave it crying,"
is made —

" There wend — and leave it crying,"

which I submit is decidedly wrong. I will not be
hypercritical, or I might suggest that in that case
the words would have been '■'■thither wend ;" but I
maintain that the change is contrary to the sense.
The spirit of Hermione never could have been in-
tended to say that the child should be left crying.
She would rather wish that it might not cry ! The
meaning, as it seems to me, is, that Antigonus
should weep over the babe, and leave it while so
weeping.

In p. 487. the words " misslngly noted" are
altered to " musingly noted," which is a very ques-
tionable improvement. Camillo, missing Florigel
from court, would naturally note his absence ; and
he may have mused over the causes of it, but
there could be no necessity for musing to note the
fact of his absence : and I cannot help thinking
that the word missingly is more in Shakspeare's
style.

I cannot subscribe at all to the alteration in
p.492. of the word " unrolled " to "enrolled." To be
enrolled and placed in the book of virtue is very
like tautology ; but I conceive Shakspeare meant
Autolycus to wish that his name might be unrolled
from the company of thieves and gypsies with
whom he was associated, and transferred to the
book of virtue.

I am entirely at issue with the old corrector
upon his emendation in p. 498. :

" . . Nothing she does or seems,

But smacks of something greater than herself; "
he says, ought to be : " Nothing she does or says."
And how does Me. Collier explain this misprint?

Why, by stating that formerly "says" was often
written " sales." Now, I cannot for the life of me
discover why the word "saies" should have been
mistaken for " seems," any more than the word.
" says." But surely the phrase, " nothing she
does or seems," is far more poetical and elegant.
than the other. It says in effect : there is nothing:
either in her acts or her carriage, " but smacks of
something greater than herself." We have posi-
tive evidence, however, that the passage could not
have been " nothing she does or says," viz. that
this speech of Polixenes immediately follows a
long dialogue between Florizel and Perdita, which
could not have been overheard, because Camillo
directly afterwards says to the king :

" . . He tells her something,

That makes her blood look out."

Thereby clearly proving, that the king could not
have been remarking on what she said.

The transformation of the last-mentioned line
into — •

" That wakes her blood — look out ! "

cannot, I think, be justified on any ground. He
tells her something which " makes her blood look
out." That is, something which makes her blush
rush to the surface to look out upon it ! What
can be more natural ? The proposed alteration is
not only unnecessary, but awkward !

In p. 499., if the words " unbraided wares" must
be altered, I see no reason for the change to " em-
broided" wares. It seems to me that emb7-aided
would be the most proper word.

What possible reason can there be for convert-
ing " force and knowledge," in p. 506., to " sense
and knowledge ? " If I may be excused a play
upon the words, I should say the sense of the pas-
sage is not at all improved, and the force is enr
tirely lost.

I must protest most decidedly against the cor-
rection of the following lines, p. 507. :

« . . . . Can he speak ? hear ?

Know man from man? dispute his own estate?"

Dispute his own estate means, defend his property,
dispute with any one who questions his rights.
The original passage expresses the sense quite
perfectly, while "dispose his own estate" appears
to me poor and insipid in comparison.

Mr. Collier's objection to the speech of
Camillo, in p. 514.,

« . . it shall be so my care

To have you royally appointed, as if
The scene you play were mine ; "
is, that to make the scene appear as if it were
Camillo's, could be of no service to the young
prince. Now Camillo says nothing about the scene
appearing as his. He says he will have the prince
royally appointed, as if the scene he played were
really his own : that is, as if he were the party
interested in it, instead of the prince.

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

97

The reading of the old corrector —
" . . . , As if

The scene you play were true,"

■would be nonsense ; because, so far as the prince
appearing to be Bohemia's son (which was what
he was most anxious about), the scene to be
played was really true !

The last correction I have now to notice is in
the soliloquy of Autolycus in p. 522. : where Mr.
Collier proposes to read, " who knows how that
may turn luck to my advantage," instead of " may
turn hack to my advantage." I see no advantage
in the change, but the very reverse. " Who
knows but my availing myself of the means to do
the prince my master a service, may come back to
me in the shape of some advancement ? " This
seems to me to be the author's meaning, and it is
legitimately expressed. How frequently it has
been said that an evil deed recoils upon the head
of the perpetrator ! Then why not a good deed
turn lack to reward the doer ? Cecil Harbottle.

P. S. — It is rather singular that A. E. B., who,
as I have already shown, has so completely shelved
me in his remarks upon "Aristotle's checks,"
should now complain of the very same thing him-
self, and say that his " humble auxilia have been
coolly appropriated, without the slightest acknow-
ledgment." However, as our opinions coincide
upon the passage in question, I am not disposed
to pick a quarrel with him. I cannot, however, at
all concur in his alteration of the passage in King
Lear : " Our means secure us," to " Our means
recuse us." I will certainly leave him " in the
quiet possession of whatever merit is due to this
resto7-ation" or rather this invention ! Can A. E. B.
show any other instance in which Shakspcare has
used the verb recuse ; or will he point out any
other author who has adopted it in the sense re-
ferred to ? Johnson calls it a "juridical word :"
and T certainly liave no recollection of having met
with it, except in judicial proceedings.

I can neither subscribe to the emendation of
A. E. B., nor to that of the old commentator, but
infinitely prefer the original words, which appear
to me perfectly intelligible. The sense, as it
strikes me, is, that however we may desire things
which we have not, the means we already possess
are sufficient for our security ; and even our de-
fects prove serviceable. Blindness, for instance,
will make a man more careful of himself; and
then the other faculties he enjoys will secure him
from harm.

''King Lear," Act IV. ^c. 1.—

" Our means secure us, and our mere defects
Prove our commodities."

I should not object to your correspondent
A. E. B.'s conjectural emendation, "recuse" for
"secure," but that, unless my memory and Ays-

cough are both deceptive, the word " recuse " is
nowhere to be found in Shakspeare ; nor, as far as
I know, in any dramatist of the age. If it be used
by any of the latter, it is probably only in the
strict legal meaning, which is quite different from
that which A. E. B. would attach to it. This is
conclusive with me ; for I hold that there is no
sounder canon in Shakspearian criticism than
never to introduce by conjecture a word of which
the poet does not himself elsewhere make use, or
which is not at least strongly sanctioned by co-
temporary employment.

I therefore, as the passage is flat nonsense, re-
turn to the well-abused "corrector's" much mo-
dester emendation, " wants " for " means."

And now permit one word in defence of this
deceased and untoward personage.

I think much of the unpopularity into which he
has fallen with a certain class of critics, is owing
to their not allowing him fair play.

Suppose a MS. placed in our hands, containing,
beyond all doubt, what Mr. Collier's corrected
second folio is alleged to contain, authoritative
emendations of the text : what should we, d priori,
expect to find in it ?

That text is abominably corrupt beyond a
doubt; it contains many impossible readings,
which must be misprints or otherwise erroneous ;
it contains also many improbable readings, harsh,
strained, mean, inadequate, and the like.

Now it is excessively unlikely that a truly cor-
rected copy, could we find one, would remove all
the impossible readings, and leave all the impro-
bable ones.

It is still more unlikely that, in correcting the
improbable passages, it would leave those to which
Mr. A., or Mr. B., or Mr. C, ay, or all of us to-
gether, have formed an attachment from habit,
predilection, or pi*ejudice of some kind. Such
phrases as " the blanket of the dark," " a man that
hatli had losses," " unthread the rude eye of re-
bellion," and many more, have become consecrated
in our eyes by habit; they have assumed, as it
were, the character of additions to our ordinary
vocabulary ; and yet I think sound reason itself,
and that kind of secondary reason or instinct which
long familiarity with critical pursuits gives us,
conibine to suggest that, occurring in a corrupt
text, they are probably corruptions; and cor-
ruptions in lieu of some very common and even
prosaic phrases, such as the corrector substitutes
for them, and such as no conjectural critic would
venture on. .

In short, the kind of disappointment which
many of these corrections unavoidably give to the
reader, is with me an ax-gument in favour of their
genuineness, not against it.

And, lastly, in so very corrupt a text, it is d
priori probable that many phrases which appear
to need no correction at all, are misprints or mis-

98

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 196.

takes nevertheless. It is probable tbat the true
text of the poet contained many variations utterly
unimportant, as well as others of importance, from
the printed one. Now here it is precisely, that
we find in the corrector what we should anticipate,
and what it is difficult to account for on any
theory disparaging his authority. What could
have induced him to make such substitutions as
swift for " sweet," then for " there," all arose for
" are arose," solemn for " sorry," fortune for
*' nature," to quote from a single play, the Comedy
of Errors, vfhich happens to lie before me, — none
of them necessai'y emendations, most of them
trivial, unless he had under his eye some original
containing those variations, to which he wished
his own copy to conform ? It is surely wild
guessing to attribute corrections like these to a
mere wanton itch for altering the text ; and yet no
other alternative is suggested by the corrector's
enemies.

I am myself as yet a sceptic in the matter,
being very little disposed to hasty credulity on
such occasions, especially where there is a possi-
bility of deceit. But I must say that the doctrine
of probabilities seems to me to furnish strong ar-
guments in the corrector's favour; and that the
attacks of professed Shakspearian critics on him,
both in and out of " N. & Q.," have hitherto
rather tended to raise him in my estimation.

H.M.

\ Aristotle's Checks v. AristotWs Ethics. —

" Only, good master, while we do admire
This virtue, and this moral discipline,
Let's be no stoicks, nor no stocks, I pray ;
Or so devote to Aristotle's checks.
As Ovid be an outcast quite abjur'd."

Taming of the Shrew, Act I. Sc. 1 .

The following are instances of the use of the
substantive check by Shakspeare :

" Orlando. A tnan that had a wife with such a wit,
might say, — ' Wit whither wilt?'

" Rosalind. Nay, you might keep that check for it,
till you met your wife's wit going to your neighbour's
bed."

" Falstaff, I never knew yet, but rebuke and ehech
was the reward of valour."

" Antony. This is a soldier's kiss ; rebukable.
And worthy shameful check it were to stand
On more mechanic compliment."

" Belarius. . . . , O, this life

Is nobler, than attending for a check. "

" lago. However, this may gall him with some
check."

" Desdemona, And yet his trespass, in our common
reason

is not almost a fault
To incur a private check."

These instances may show that the word in
question was a favourite expression of the poet.
It is true there was a translation of the Ethics of
Aristotle in his time, The Ethiques of Aristotle.
If he spelt it ethiques, no printer would have blun-
dered and substituted checks.

Judge Blackstone suggested ethicks, but John-
son and Steevens kept to checks. And Johnson,
in his Dictionary, sub voce Devote, quotes the pas-
sage, but which, by a strange printer's misreading,
is referred to " Tim. of Ath." instead of Tam. of
Sh. In Todd's edit, oi Johnson's Dictionary (1818).

W. N.

Pall Mall.

EPITAPH AND MONUMENTS IN WINGFIELB CHURCH,
SUFFOLK.

I am not aware If the following epitaph has
yet appeared in print ; but I can safely assert
that it really has a sepulchral origin ; unlike those
whose doubtful character causes them to be placed
by your correspondent Mr. Shirley Hibberi>
among the " gigantic gooseberries " (" N. & Q. ,"
Vol. vil., p. 190.). I copied it myself from a gi-ave-
stone in the churchyard of the village of Wing-
field, Suffolk. After the name, &c. of the de-
ceased is the following verse :

" Pope boldly says (some think the maxim odd),
' An honest man's the noblest work of God ; '
If Pope's assertion be from error clear.
The noblest work of God lies buried here."
WIngfield Church Itself is an interesting old
place, but has been a good deal mauled In times
past ; and the brasses, of which there were once
several, are all gone. It is, I believe, a good deal
noted for a parvise, or room over the porch, from
which, by an opening in the wall, a view of the
altar is obtained. There are two or three piscinas
In different parts of the church, and a sedilla near
the altar. The most Interesting objects are, how-
ever, three altar tombs, with recumbent figures of
the Earls of Suffolk ; the earliest, which Is of
wood, representing either the first or second peer
of the family, with his spouse. The next in date
is that of the celebrated noble who figures in
Shakspeare's Henry VL The monument is, if I
recollect right, of alabaster. The figure Is attired
in complete armour, and was originally painted ; a
good deal of the colour still remaining. This and
the following monument are partly let into the
wall, and are surmounted by beautiful Gothic
canopies. The third Is, I believe, also of alabaster^
and is the effigy of (I think) the nephew of Mar-
garet of Anjou's earl, and who lies by the side of
his wife, one of Edward IV.'s family.

It is very likely that all I have been writing Is
no news to any one. In that case I have but to
ask your pardon for troubling you with such a
worthless Note. Pictor-

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

99

ORIGINAL ROYAL LBTTERS TO THE GRAND MASTERS
OF MALTA.

In searehinj? through the manuscripts now filed
away in the Record Office of this island with Dr.
Villa, who has charge of them, and for whose

assistance in my search I am greatly indebted, I
have been gratified by seeing several original
letters, addressed by difierent monarchs of Eng-
land to the Grand Masters of the Order of St.
John of Jerusalem. Each of the royal letters in
the following list bears the signature of the writer :

Writer.

Date.

In what Lan-

To whona addressed, or by whom

f!' J

guage written.

received.

Henry VIII.

8th January, 1523

Latin

Villiers de L'Isle Adam.

Ditto -

....

1st August, 1524

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

- . - -

14th January, 1526

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

- - - -

10th day, 1526 (month
omitted)

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

....

22nd November, 1530

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

. . . -

17th November, 1534

Ditto

Ditto. ■■

Charles II.

.

17th January, 1667-8

Ditto

Nicholas Cotoner

Ditto -

- . . -

29th April, 1668

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

- - _ -

26th January, 1675-6

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

- - " -

Last day of Novem-
ber, 1674

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

. . - _

21st June, 1675

Ditto

Ditto.

James II. -

-

13th July, 1689

French

Gregory Carafa.

Anne

....

8th July, 1713

Ditto

Raymond Perellos de Roccaful.

George I.*

.

24th August, 1722

Latin

Anthony Manoel de Villena.

James (the Pretender)

14th September, 1725

French

Ditto.

George II.

- - .

19th June, 1741

Latin

Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca.

Ditto -

....

8th December, 1748

Ditto

Ditto.

Ditto -

- . - -

6th November, 1756

Ditto

Ditto.

* The letter of George I. is countersigned « Carteret ; " those of George 1 1, by " Harrington," " H, Fox,"
and " Bedford." None of the other letters in the above list bear any signature but that of the king or queen
who wrote them. Among the letters nf Henry VIII., addressed to Villiers de L'Isle Adam, there is one of
much interest. I refer to that of the earliest date, in which his majesty strongly recommended the Grand
Master to accept of Tripoli, on the coast of Barbary, and the islands of Malta and Gozo, as a residence for the
convent, which Charles V. had offered him. The importance of Malta as a military station was known in
England three hundred years ago. L'Isle Adam (with the exception of La Valetta), the most distinguished of
all the Maltese Grand Masters, died on the 21st of August, 1534. The last letter of Henry VIII., addressed to
him, came to his successor, Nicholas Cotoner. On the mantle which covered the remains of this great man these
few words were inscribed, — " Here lies Virtue triumphant over Misfortune."

Intending in a short time to examine these royal
letters more closely, and hoping to refer to them
again in " N". & Q.," I refrain from writing more
at length on the present occasion. W. W.

La Valetta, Malta.

P.S. — Perhaps the following chronological table,
referring to the Maltese Grand Masters who are
mentioned in the above Note, may not be un-
interesting to the readers of " N. & Q." :

Name.

When elected.

When deceased at Malta.

Villiers de L'Isle Adam ......

Nicholas Cotoner .......

Gregory Carafa .......

Raymond Perellos - - - . . -
Anthony Manoel de Villena . - . - .
Emanuel Pinto de Fonseca , . . - .

At Rhodes, 1521
At Malta, 1663
Ditto 1 680
Ditto 1697
Ditto 1722
Ditto 1741

1534, 21st of August.

1680.

1690. (

1720.

1736.

1773.

100

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

iHinor 3ateS.

Meaning of " Clipper.'' — I have more than
once been asked the meaning and derivation of
the terra clipper, which has been so much in vogue
for some years past. It is now quite a nautical
term, at least among the fresh-water sailors : and
we find it most frequently applied to yachts,
steamers, fast-sailing merchant vessels, &c. And
in addition to the colloquial use of the word, so
common in praising the appearance or qualities of
a vessel, it has become one quite recognised in the
official description given of their ships by mer-
chants, &c. Thus we often see an advertisement
headed " the well-known clipper ship," " the
noted clipper bark," and so forth. This use of the
word, however, and its application to vessels, is
somewhat wide of the original.

The word in former times meant merely a
hackne}^ or horse adapted for the road. The
owners of such animals naturally valued them in
proportion to their capabilities for such service,
among which great speed in trotting was con-
sidered one of the chief: fast trotting horses were
eagerly sought after, and trials of speed became
the fashion. A horse then, which was pre-eminent
in this particular, was termed a clipper, i. e, a
hackney, par excellence.

The original of the term is perhaps the follow-
ing : Klepper-lehn was a feudal tenure, so termed
among the old Germans, where the yearly due
from the vassal to the lord was a Mepper, or, in its
stead, so many bushels of oats : and the word
Mepper, or kleopper, is explained by Haltaus. Glos.
Germ. Med. jEvi, 1758 :

" Equus qui corripit gradum, et gressus duplicat.
Nomen habet a celeri correptorum passuum sonitu."

H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Anathema, Mar an- afha. — Perhaps the follow-
ing observation on these words may be as in-
structive to some of the readers of "N. & Q." as
it was to me. Maran-atha means " The Lord
cometh," and is used apparently by St. Paul as a
kind of motto : compare 6 nvpios eyyvs, Phil. iv. 5.
The Greek word has become blended with the
Hebi'ew phrase, and the compound used as a for-
mula of execration. (See Conybeare and Howson's
Life and Epistles of St. Paul, p. 64., note 4.)

F. W. J.

Convocation and the Society for the Propagation
of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. —

" When the committee I have mentioned was ap-
pointed, March 13, 1700, to consider what might be
done towards propagating the Christian Religion as
professed in the Church of England in our Foreign
Plantations; and the committee, composed of very
venerable and experienced men, well suited for such
an inquiry, had sat several times at St. Paul's, and

made some progress in the business referred to them,
a charter was presently procured to place the con-
sideration of that matter in other hands, where it now
remains, and will, we hope, produce excellent fruits.
But whatever they are, they must be acknowledged to
have sprung from the overtures to that purpose first made
by the lower house of Convocation." — Some Proceedings
in the Convocation of 1705 faithfully represented, p. 10.
of Preface.

W. Frasee.
Tor-Mohun.

Pigs said to see the Wind. — In Hudibras, Inde-
pendant says to Presbyter :

" You stole from the beggars all your tones,
And gifted mortifying groans ;
Had lights when better eyes were blind.
As pigs are said to see the wind."

Pt. 3. c. ii. 1.1105.

That most delightful of editors. Dr. Zachary Grey,
with all his multifarious learning, leaves us here
in the lurch for once with a simple reference to
" Hudibras at Court," Posthumous Works, p. 2 13.

Is this phrase merely an hyperbolic way of
saying that pigs are very sharp-sighted, or is it an
actual piece of folk-lore expressing a belief that
pigs have the privilege of seeing " the viewless
wind ? " I am inclined to take the latter view.
Under the head of " Superstitions," in Hone's
Year-Book for Feb. 29, 1831, we find :

" Among common sayings at present are those, that
pigs can see the wind," &c.

The version I have always heard of it is —

" Pigs can see the wind 'tis said.
And it seeraeth to them red."

ElEIONNACH.

Anecdote of the Duke of Gloucester. — Looking
through some of the Commonwealth journals, I
met with a capital mot of this spirited little Stuart.

" It is reported that the titular Duke of Gloucester,
being informed that the Dutch fleet was about the Isle
of Wight, he was asked to which side he stood most
addicted. The young man, apprehending that his
livelihood depended on the parliament, and that it
might be an art to circumvent him, turning to the go-
vernor, demanded of him how he did construe ' Quam-
diu se bene gesserit.' " — Weekly Intelligeiicer.

Speriend.

LORD WILLIAM RUSSELL.

Can any of your correspondents inform me
where the virtuous and patriotic William Lord
Russell was buried ? It is singular that neither
Burnet, who attended him to the scaffold, nor his
descendant Lord John Russell in writing his life,
nor Collins's Peei-age, nor the accounts and letters
of his admirable widow, make any allusion to his

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

101

remains. At last I found, in the State Trials,
vol. ix. p. 684., that after the executioner had held
up the head to the people, " Mr. Sheriff ordered
his Lordship's friends or servants to take the body
and dispose of it as they pleased, being given
them by Ilis Majesty's favour." Probably, there-
fore, it was buried at Cheneys ; but it is worth a
Query to ascertain the fact.

My attention was drawn to this omission by the
discovery of the decapitated man found at Nune-
ham Regis (" N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 386.), and from
observing that the then proprietor of the place
appears to have been half-sister to Lady Russell,
viz. daughter of the fourth Lord Southampton,
by his second wife Frances, heiress of the Leighs,
Lords Dunsmore, and the last of whom was
created Earl of Chichester. But a little inquii-y
satisfied me this could not have been Lord Rus-
sell's body ; among other reasons, because it was
very improbable he should be interred at Nune-
ham, and because the incognito body had a peaked
beard, whereas the prints from the picture at
Woburn represent Lord Russell, according to the
fashion of the time, without a beard.

But who then was the decapitated man ? He
was evidently an offender of consequence, from
his having been beheaded, and from the careful
embalming and the three coffins in which his re-
mains were inclosed. The only conjecture I see
hazarded in your pages is that of Mr. Hesleden
(Vol. vi., p. 488.), who suggests Monmouth ; but
he has overlooked the fact stated in the original
communication of L. M. M. R., that Nuneham only
came into the possession of the Buccleuch family
through the Montagues, i. e. by the marriage of
Henry, third Dulve of Buccleuch, to Lady Eliza-
beth Montagu ; the present proprietor, Lord John
Scott, being their grandson. This marriage took
place in 1767, or eighty-two years after Mon-
mouth's execution, and thirty-three years after the
death of his widow, the Duchess of Buccleuch and
Monmouth, who is supposed to have caused the
body to be removed from Tower Hill.

Notwithstanding the failure of heirs male in
three noble families within the century, viz. the
Leighs, the Wriothesleys, and the Montagus, the
present proprietor is their direct descendant, and
there are indications in the letter referred to, that
the place of interment of his ancestors, as well as
of this singular unknown, will no longer be aban-
doned to be a depository of farm rubbish.

W. L. M.

ANCIENT FURNITURE PRIE-DIEU.

Perhaps some of the readers of " ISf. & Q." will
be able to give me some information as to the use
of an ancient piece of furniture which I have met
with. At Codrington, a small village in Glou-
cestershire, in the old house once the residence of

the family of that name, now a farm-house, they
show you in the hall a piece of furniture which
was brought there from the chapel when that part
of the building was turned into a dairy. It is a
cupboard, forming the upper part of a five-sided
structure, which has a base projecting equally
with the top, which itself hangs over a hollow
between the cupboard and the base, and is
finished off with pendants below the cupboard.
The panel which forms the door of the cupboard
is wider than the sides. All the panels are carved
with sacred emblems ; the vine, the instruments of
the Passion, the five wounds, the crucifix, the
Virgin and child, and a shield, with an oak tree
with acorns, surmounted by the papal tiara and
the keys. The dimensions are as follows :

Depth from front to back, 2 feet 4^ inches.

Height, 4 feet 8 inches.

Height of cupboard from slab to pendants,.
2 feet 6 inches.

Height of base, 9 J inches.

Width of side panels, 1 foot 8 inches ; of centre-
panel, 1 foot 10^ inches.

Width of the door of the cupboard, 1 foot
5 inches.

The door has carved upon it a scene represent-
ing two men, one an old man sitting upon a chair,
the other a young one falling back Irom a stool ; a
table separates them ; and in the next compart-
ment (for an arcade runs through the group) a
female figure clasps her hands, as if in astonish-
ment. This I can hardly understand. But the
panel with the papal ensigns I think may throw
some light on the use of the whole. In the year
1429, John Codrington of Codrington obtained a
bull from Pope Martin V. to have a portable altar
in his house, to have 'mass celebrated when and
where he pleased. I find that such a portable
altar ought to have " a suitable frame of wood
whereon to set it." Such altars are frequently
mentioned, though I believe very few remain ; but
I never could hear of the existence of anything to
show what the frame would be. It occurs to me
as possible that this piece of furniture may have
been used for the purpose. The whole question
of portable altars is an interesting one, and if this
account should by tlse means of "N. & Q." fall
into the hands of any one who is acquainted with
the subject, I hope he would consider it worth a
communication.

For some time I was at a loss for another in-
stance ; however, I have just received from a
friend, who took interest in the subject, a sketch
of something almost identical from the disused
chapel at Chillon in the Canton Vaud. Of this I
have not the measurements, but it stands about
breast-high. It is there called a " prie-dieu," and
is said to have belonged to the Dukes of Savoy,
but the size is very unusual for such a use. I
send sketches of each of the subjects of my Query,

102

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 196.

and hope that, if this should be thought worthy of
a place in " N. & Q.," some one will be able and
willing to afford some information about them. I
would add as a farther Query, the question of the
meaning of the battle-axe and pansy, which appear
on the "prie-dieu" at Chillon. Is it a known
badge of the Savoy family ? R. H. C.

Reynolds' Nephew. — In the Correspondence of
David Garrick, vol. i. pp. 664. 658., 4to., 1831,
there are letters of Sir Joshua Reynolds regarding
a play written by his nephew. Can you tell me
whether this was the Rev. Mr. Palmer, minister
of the Temple Church, and who was afterwards
Dean of Cashel ; or had Sir Joshua any other
nephew ? The letters are dated 1774, and the
author appears to have been resident in London
about that time. A. Z.

Sir Isaac Newton. — Which is the passage in
Newton's Optics to which Flamsteed refers, in his
account of the altercation between them, as having
given occasion to some of the enemies of the former
to tax him with Atheism ? and is there any evi-
dence, besides what this passage may afford, in
favour of Dr. Johnson's assertion, that Newton set
out as an infidel? (Boswell, July 28, 1763.) The
Optics were not published till 1704, but had been
composed many years previously. J. S. Wakden.

Limerick, Dublin, and Cork. — Can any of your
Irish or other correspondents inform me to whom
we are indebted for the lines —

" Limerick was, Dublin is, and Cork shall be,
ITie finest city of the three" ?

Also, in what respect Limerick was formerly su-
perior to Dublin ? N.
Dublin.

Praying to the West. — A friend of mine told
me that a Highland woman in Strathconan, wish-
ing to say that her mother-in-law prayed for my
friend daily, said : " She holds up her hands to the
West for you evei-y day." If to the East it would
have been more intelligible ; but why to the West ?

L. M. M. R.

Mulciber. — Who was Mulciber, immortalised (!)
in Qaivih's Dispensary (ed. 1699, p. 65.) as "the
Mayor of Bromlchani?" My copy contains on
the fly-leaf a MS. key to all the names save this.

R. C. Waede.

Kidderminster.

Captain Booth of Stockport (Vol. vi., p. 340.). —
As yet, no reply to this Query has been elicited ;
but as it is a subject of some interest to both
Lancashire and Cheshire men, I should like to

ascertain from Jattee in what collection he met
with the MS. copy of Captain Booth's Ordinary
of Arms ? Its existence does not appear to have
been known to any of our Cheshire or Lancashire
historians ; for in none of their works do I find
any mention of such an individual as Capt. Booth
of Stockport. Sir Peter Leycester, in his Anti-
quities of Bucklow Hundred, Cheshire, repeatedly
acknowledges the assistance rendered him by John
Booth of Twanbow's Book of Pedigrees ; but this
gentleman appears merely to have collected for
Cheshire, and not for Lancashire. Sir George
Booth, afterwards Lord Delamere, is the only
Captain Booth I have yet met with in my limited
sphere of historical research ; and I am not aware
that he ever indulged much in genealogical study.

T. Hughes.
Chester.

" A saint in crapeP —

" A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn."
Whence this line ? W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

French Abbes. — What was the precise ecclesi-
astical and social status of a French Abbe before
the Revolution ? W. Fbaseb.

Tor-Molmn.

What Day is it at our Antipodes ? — Perhaps you
can give me a satisfactory answer to the following
question, a reply to which I have not yet been
able to procure.

I write this at 11 p.m. on Tuesday, July 12 ; at
our Antipodes it is, of course, 1 1 a.m. : but is it
11 a.m. on Tuesday, July 12, or on Wednesday,
July 13 ? And whichever it is, what is the reason
for its being so ? for it seems to me that the solu-
tion of the question must be perfectly arbitrary.

H.

" Spendthrift." — In Lord John Russell's Memo-
rials of Charles James Fox, vol. i. p. 43., there is
a letter addressed to Mr. Richard Fitzpatrick, in
which Mr. Fox asks " if he was in England when
Lord Carlisle's Spendthrift came out." And at the
foot of the same page there is a note in which it is
stated that this " was probably some periodical
paper of 1767."

My object in writing the above is for the pur-
pose of asking what publication the Spendthrift
really was, and where it can be purchased or seen ?

w. w.

Malta.

Second Growth of Grass. — The second growth
of grass is known by different names in different
localities. In some it is csX\eA fog, in others after-
math and after-grass. The former name is com-
mon about Uxbridge, and the latter about Stoke
Pogis, in Buckinghamshire. In Hertfordshire it is

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

103

-called hugga-mahuff; I am not certain that this is
the correct spelling of the name, never having seen
it either in writing or print. In Leicestershire
and Cambridgeshire the name eddish prevails, I am
told, and hence eddish cheese, made from the milk
of cows which have grazed eddish. Gan any of
your correspondents add to the above names, or
throw a light upon their origin ? R. W. F.

Bath.

The Laird of Brodie. — Can any of your corre-
spondents explain what James V. of Scotland
means in his celebrated ballad when he says :

" I thocht you were a gentleman,
At least the Laird of Brodie."

According to the literal meaning, it would seem
that the Laird of Brodie was something less than
a gentleman ? Could his majesty intend to sa-
tirise the alleged royal descent of Brodie from
Bruidhle, the son of Billi, king of the Picts (see
James' Critical JEssay'), by insinuating that the
" Picts " and their descendants were not entitled
to be ranked as " Generosi ? " I. H. B.

Mrs. Tighe, Author of " Psyche." — There is a
monument in Inistioge churchyard, co. Kilkenny,
to the memory of the authoress of that beautiful
poem Psyche, Mrs. Mary Tighe, with a statue of
her, said to be by Flaxman, which statement, as to
its being from the chisel of that celebrated sculptor,
I have seen contradicted. She was the daughter
of the Rev. W. Blackford, and married Mr. Henry
Tighe of Woodstock, Ireland, in 1793. The in-
scription, which, I believe, is in existence, was not
added to the monument in 1845. Can any of your
correspondents favour me with a copy of it ? and
was the statue by Flaxman ? Is there any authentic
memoir of this delightful poetess ? When did her
husband Mr. Tighe die ? He is said to have sur-
vived his lady, who died In 1810, but a short time;
and that he was the author of a History of the
County of Kilkenny. I believe it was on visiting
the churchyard of Inistioge that Mrs. Hemans
wrote " The Grave of a Poetess." She is said to
have been very beautiful. Is there any other
engraved portrait of her in existence beside the
one annexed to the several editions of her poems.
Any particulars relating to this lady or her hus-
band will be esteemed by T. B. Whitborne.

Bishop Ferrar. — Was the Bishop Ferrar (or
Farrar), the martyr who suffered during the reign
of Mary, of the same family as Ferrers (or Ferrars)
earl of Derby and Nottingham, in the reign of
Henry IH. ? A Constant Reader.

Sir Thomas de Longiieville. — In the year 1753,
a Sir I'homas de Longueville, baronet, was a
lieutenant in his Majesty's fleet, and his commis-
sion bore date 3rd June, 1719. I should be glad

if any of your correspondents could inform me if
he was a descendant of the De Longueville, the
second Fides Achates of Scotland's " ill-requited
chief." The real Sir Thomas de Longueville
reposes in the churchyard of Bourtie, in the county
of Aberdeen. Bourtie is a parish fraught with
historic recollections. On the hill of Barra, with-
in a mile of the parish church, Bruce at once and
for ever put a period to the sway and power of the
Cuming. I should be glad to learn if any of the
descendants of the Lieutenant Longueville still
survive, and if he was any descendant of the fa-
vorite " De Longueville " of the olden time.

Abredonensis.

Quotations loanted. —

(1.) " Never ending, still beginning."

(2.) " Chew the bitter cud of disappointment."

Whence ? C. Mansfield Inglebit.

Birmingham.

Symon Patrick, Bishop of Fly — Durham—'
Weston — Jephson. — In a small autobiography
of Symon Patrick, the bishop's wife is stated to
have been Penelope Jephson, grandchild of Lady
Durham of Borstall. Can any of your readers
inform me who this Lady Durham was ?

Penelope Jephson was daughter of Sir Corne-
lius (?) Jephson, I suppose of Mallow in Ireland.

One of Bishop Patrick's granddaughters, Pe-
nelope, married Edward Weston, Under-Secretary
of State, of Corkenhatch (Herts ?). Query, Who
was he, and are there any descendants of this
marriage ? K. G.

The Ileveninghams of Suffolk and Norfolk. —
This ancient family traces its pedigree through
twenty-five knights in succession to Galtir He-
veninghame, who lived when Canute was king of
England, ann. 1020. (See Harleian MSS. 1449.
fol. 91b.; and Southey's Doctor, &c.)

From one of those knights. Sir John Hevenyng-
ham (ob. 1536), descended a collateral branch,
represented by Walter Heveningham of Pipe Hall
and Aston estates, Staflfordshlre (1562), who mar-
ried Annela, daughter of Fitzherbert the Judge.
His eldest son was Nicholas, who married Eliza,
daughter of Sir John Beevor ; and the eldest son
of the last-named was Sir Walter Heveningham.
(1612, ob. 1691).

Now I should feel greatly obliged to any of
your readers if, from any of the published or
written documents relating to the county of
Stafford, or from any other source, they could
favour me with answers to the following Queries :

1. Whom did Sir Walter Heveningham marry ?
His second son married the widow of Sir Edward
Simeon, Bart. ; but

2. What was the name of Sir Walter's eldest
son, and whom did he marry ? The issue of this

104

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

latter marriage was Charles Ileveningbam of
Lichfield (ob. 1782), who married a daughter of
Kobinson of Appleby, and John Heveningham.

A Chip of the Old Block.

Lady Percy, Wife of Hotspur (Dauglder of
Edmund Mortimer, Earl ofMarcK). — Upon what
authority does Miss Strickland say {Lives of the
Queens of England, vol. iv. p. 300.) that it is
stated "by all ancient heralds" that this lady died
without issue ? What herald can say this without
bastardising the second Earl of Northumberland ?
This assertion is a very sweeping one, and I have
sought in vain for the statement said to be made
by all heralds. G.

Shape of Coffins. — It would be interesting to
ascertain in what localities any peculiar form of
coffin is used ?

In Devonshire, particularly among the farmers
and poorer classes, the ridged coffin is very ge-
neral, the end being gabled. The top, instead of
being flat with one board, is made of two boards,
like the double roof of a house ; in other respects
the shape is of the common form. The idea is,
that such coffins resist much longer the weight of
the superincumbent earth ; but there can be no
doubt that it is a very ancient shape. _ Many years
ago I heard that in some parish in this county the
coffin was shaped like a flat-bottomed boat ; the
boat~shape is known to have been an old form.

H. T. Ellacombe.

Clyst St. George,

St. George Family Pictures. — In Gough's Sepul-
chral Monuments, vol. iii. p. 77., it is mentioned,
with reference to the estate of Hatley St, George,
in county of Cambridge, that, at the sale of the
house in 1782, "The family pictures were removed
to Mr. Pearce's house at Cople, Bedford." Can
any one tell me if the family pictures here spoken
of were those of the St. George family (which in-
habited the house for six hundred years) ; and if
so, what has become of them ? R. A. S. O,

Ceylon, June 11, 1853.

Caley (John), ^^Ecclesiastical Survey of the Pos-
sessions, Sfc. of the Bishop of St. David's,'' 8vo.
1812. — The above is said, in a bookseller's cata-
logue, to be privately printed. It is unknown to
the bishop of the diocese and Mr. Black. Can
any of your readers give any information about it?

John Maetin.

Froxfield,

Adamson's '■'■ Lusitania Illustrata.'" — Is there any
prospect of Mr. Adamson continuing his Lusitania
niustrata ? Could that accomplished Portuguese
student kindly inform me if there is any better
insight into Portuguese literature than that con-
tained in Bouterweck's Geschichte der Poesie und
Beredsamkeit? W. M. M,

Blotting-paper. — When did blotting-paper first
come into use, Carlyle, in his Life of Cromwell^
twice repeats that it was not known in those days.
Is not this a mistake ? I have a piece which I
am able to refer to 1670. Speriend.

Poetical Versions of the Fragments in Athenmus.
— Can any of your correspondents inform me of
the locus of any of these, in addition to Blackwood^.
xxxvi., and Eraser's Magazine ?

P. J. F. Gaktillon, B. a,.

Hcpltc^*

BOBEET DEURY.

(Vol. v., p. 533. ; Vol. vii., p. 485.)

Under the conviction that Robert Drury was a
real character, and his Madagascar a true narra-
tive of his shipwreck, sufferings, and captivity, I
crave your permission to give a few additional
reasons why 1 think he should be discharged from
the fictitious, and admitted into the catalogue of
real and bona fide English travellers.

I have before stated that Drury did not skulk in-
the background when he published his book in 1727.;
but, on the contrary, invited the public to Tom's
Coffee-house, where he engaged to satisfy the in-
credulous, and resolve the doubting. By the 3rd
edition of Madagascar, 1743, it farther appears
that he continued "for some years before his
death" to resort to the above-named house; "at
which place several inquisitive gentlemen received
from his own mouth the confirmation of those
particulars which seemed dubious, or carried with
them the air of romance." The period was certainly
unpropitious for any but a writer of fiction, and
Drury seems to have anticipated no higher rank
for his Treatise, in point of authenticity, than that
occupied by the several members of the Robinson
Crusoe school. He, however, positively affirms it
to be " a plain honest narrative of the matter of
fact;" which is endorsed in the following terms
by " Capt. William Mackett :"

« This is to certify, that Robert Drury, fifteen years
a slave in Madagascar, now living in London, was re-
deemed from thence and brought into England, his
native country, by myself. I esteem him an honest
industrious man, of good reputation, and do firmly be-
lieve that the account he gives of his strange and sur-
prising adventures is genuine and authentic."

Mackett was a commander in the E. I. Comp.
service ; and the condenser of Drury's MSS., after
showing the opportunities the Captain had of as-
suring himself upon the points he certifies to,
characterises him as a well-known person, of the
highest integrity and honour : a man, indeed, as
unlikely to be imposed upon, as to be guilty of
lending himself to others, to carry out a deception
upon the public.

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

105

Mr. Burton, in his lately published " Narra-
tives," points out another source of information
regarding Drury, in the Gent. Mag. for 1769,
where will be found an account of \V. Benbow ;
in this, allusion is made to his brother John Ben-
bow, who was wrecked with Drury in the " De-
grave" Indiaman, on Madagascar. W. D., who
communicates the information to Sylvanus Ur-
ban, asserts that he recollects hearing the MS.
Journal of this John Benbow read ; and that it
afforded to his mind a strong confirmation of the
truthfulness of Drury's Madagascar. He adds
the following curious particulars anent our sub-
ject : — " Robin Drury," he says, " among those
who knew him (and he was known to many, being
a ■porter at the East India House), had the charac-
ter of a downright honest man, without any ap-
pearance of fraud or imposture. He was known
to a friend of mine (now living), who frequently
called upon him at his house in Lincoln's Inn
Fields, which were not then enclosed. He tells
me he has often seen him throw a javelin there,
and strike a small mark at a surprising distance.
It is a pity," he adds, " that this work of Drury's
is not better known, and a new edition published*
(it having been long out of print) ; as it contains
much more particular and authentic accounts of
that large and barbarous island, than any yet
given ; and, though it is true, it is in many respects
as entertaining as Gulliver or Crusoe."

It may farther be mentioned that the French,
who have a good acquaintance with Madagascar,
" have found Drury's statement of the geography,
the natural history, the manners of the people,
and the conspicuous men of the time, in Mada-
gascar, remarkably accurate." (J5i6. Gen. des
Voyages, Paris, 1808.) Archdeacon Wrangham
says : " Duncombe (?) calls Drury's Madagascar
the best and most genuine account ever given of
the island ; " and the missionary Ellis quoted
Drury without the slightest suspicion that any
doubt hangs over the genuineness of his narrative.
Drury's account of himself runs thus : — "I,
Robert Drury," he says, when commencing his
book, "was born on July 24, 1687, in Crutched
Friars, London, where my father then lived ; but
soon after removed to the Old Jury, near Cheap-
side, where he was well known, and esteemed for
keeping that noted house called ' The King's
Head,' or otherwise distinguished by the name of
the Beef-stake House ; and to which there was all
my father's time a great resort of merchants, and
gentlemen of the best rank and character." To
this famous resort of the Revolutionary and Au-
gustan ages I lately betook myself for my stake, in
the hope that mine host might be found redolent

* The editions of Madagascar known to me are those
of 1727, 1731, and 1743, by the original publisher.
Meadows, Hull, 1807, and London, 1826.

of the traditional glory of his house. But alas !
that worthy, although firmly believing in the an-
tiquity of the King's Head, and of there being
some book in existence that would prove it, could
not say of his own knowledge whether the king
originally complimented by his predecessor was
Harry the Eighth or George the Fourth !

In conclusion, I would just add, is not the cir-
cumstance of our subject holding the humble post
of porter at the East India House confirmatory of
that part of his story which represents him as one
of the crew of Hon. Company's ship " Degrave,"
whose wreck upon Madagascar I take to be an
undoubted fact ? What so probable as this recog-
nition, in a small provision for a man in his old
age, whose misfortunes commenced while in their
service ? Finally, to me the whole narrative of
Robert Drury seems so probable, and so well
vouched for, that I have given in my adhesion
thereto by removing him to a higher shelf in my
library than that occupied by such apocryphal per-
sons as Crusoe, Quarle, Boyle, Falconer, and a
host of the like. J. O.

THE TERMINATION -BT.

(VoL vii., p. 536.)

I would suggest a doubt, whether the suffix -by,
in the names of places, affords us any satisfactory
evidence, per se, of their exclusively Danish origin.
This termination is of no unfrequent occurrence in
districts, both in this country and elsewhere, to
which the Danes, properly so called, were either
utter strangers, or wherein they at no time esta-
blished any permanent footing. The truth is, there
seems to be a fallacy in this Danish theory, in so
far as it rests upon the testimony of language ;
for, upon investigation, we generally find that the
word or phrase adduced in its support was one
recognised, not in any single territory alone, but
throughout the whole of Scandinavia, whose dif-
ferent tribes, amid some trifling variations of dia-
lect, which can now be scarcely ascertained, were
all of them as readily intelligible to one another
as are, at this day, the inhabitants of two adjoin-
ing English counties. If this were so, it appears
that, in the case before us, nothing can be proved
from the existence of the expression, beyond the
fact of its Norse origin ; and our reasonable and
natural course is, if we would arrive at its true
signification, to refer at once to the parent tongue
of the Scandinavian nations, spoken in common,
and during a long-continued period, amid the
snows of distant Iceland, on the mountains of
Norway, the plains of Denmark, and in the forests
of Sweden.

This ancient and widely-diffused language was
the Icelandic, Norman, or Donsk tunga, — that
in which were written the Eddas and Skilda, the

105

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 196.

Njala and Heimskringla. In it we have the suffix
%, undei' the forms of the verbs ek hy^ ek bio, or
cH bua, and ek byggi or byggia, manere, habitare,
incolere, struere, edificare ; also the nouns bu
(Ang.-Sax. by, Dan. bo, by'), domus, habitaculum ;
and bid, incola, colonus, vicinus ; closely assimi-
lated expressions all of them, in which the roots
are found of our English words bide, abide, be, by
(denoting proximity), build, borough, bury (Ed-
mondsbury), barroiv, byre, bower, abode, &c. Now,
these explanations undoubtedly confirm the inter-
pretation assigned by Me. E. S. Taylor to his
terminating syllable; and it is probable enough
that the villages to which he refers received their
titles from the Danes, who, we know, on the sub-
jugation of its former inhabitants, possessed them-
selves of the country in which they are situated.
This, however, is a begging the question ; for,
resting simply on the evidence of the suffix, it is
equally probable that these places preserved the
names assigned to them by their former northern
colonists. But our by or bua, the Ang.-Sax. bugan
and beun, and the Germ, (ich) bin and bauen, have
all been referred by learned philologists to the
Greek (piu, or to ^i6<», or to Trava>, navofiat ; and the
word has affinities scattered throughout numerous
languages (there are the Camb.-Brit. bydio, habi-
tare, and byio, vivere, for instance), so that we are
surrounded by difficulties, if we attempt to esta-
blish from its use any such point as that involved
in your correspondent's Query. Cowciuo.

THE B08ICEUCIANS.

(Vol. vii., p. 619.)

When Pope, In dedicating his Rape of the Loch
to Mrs. Arabella Fermor, was desirous of put-
ting within the reach of that lady the information
which Mr. E. S. Tatlor has sought through your
pages, he wrote :

*' The Rosicrucians are a people that I must bring
you acquainted with. The best account of them I
know is in a French book called Le Comjyte de Gabalis,
which, both in its title and size, is so like a novel, that
many of the fair sex have read it for one by mistake,"
— Dedicatory Letter to the Bape of the Lock.

This celebrated work was written by the Abbe
Montfaucon de Villars, and published in 1670.
" C'est une partie (says Voltaire, Siecle de Louis
XIV.) de I'ancienne mythologie des Perses.
L'auteur fut tue en 1675 d'un coup de pistolet.
On_ dit que les sylphes I'avaient assassine pour
avoir revele leurs mysteres." In 1680, an En-
glish translation appeared {penes me), entitled :

" The Count of Gabalis; or the Extravagant Mys-
teries of the Cabalists, exposed in Five Pleasant Dis-
courses on the Secret Sciences. Done into English by
P. A. (Peter Ayres), Gent., with short Animadver-
sions. London: printed for B. M., printer to the

Royal Society of the Sages at the Signe of the Rosy-
Crusian. "

The original French work went through several
editions : my own copy bears the imprint of Am-
sterdam, 1715, and has appended to it La Suite du
Compte de Gabalis, ou Entretiens sur les Sciences
secretes, touchant la nouvelle Philosophie," &c.

So much in deference to Pope, — whose only
object, however, was to make Mrs. Fermor ac-
quainted with so much of Rosicrucianism as was
necessary to the comprehension of the machinery
of his poem. Mr. E. S. Taylor must go farther
afield if he is desirous of " earning the vera
adeptus," and becoming, like Butler's Ralpho —

*' For Mystic Learning wondrous able,
In magic Talisman and Cabal,
Whose primitive tradition reaches
As far as Adam's first green breeches ;
Deep-sighted in Intelligences,
Ideas, Atoms, Influences ;
And much of Terra-Incognita,
Th' intelligible world could say ;
A deep Occult Philosopher,
As learned as the wild Irish are.
Or Sir Agrippa ; for profound
And solid lying much renowned.
He Anthroposophus, and Fludd,
And Jacob Behmen understood ;
Knew many an amulet and charm.
That would do neither good nor harm ; \
In Rost-Crucian lore as learned
As he that vere adeptus earned."

Hudibras, Part i. Canto 1.

These lines enumerate, in a scarcely satirical
form, the objects and results of a study oi Rosicru-
cianism, in'%o far as it differs from that of alchemy
and the occult sciences. The history of the
Rosicrucians, — or rather the inquiry as to whether
actually existed at any time such a college or
brotherhood, and, If so, to what degree of an-
tiquity can it lay claim, — forms another and, per-
haps, somewhat more profitable subject of atten-
tion. This question, however, having been fuUy
discussed elsewhere, I will conclude by a catalogue
raLionne of such books and essays (the most im-
portant of which are readily obtainable) as will
enable your correspondent to acquire for himself
the information he seeks.

Allgemeine und General Reformation der ganzen
weiten Welt, beneben der Fama Fraternitatis, oder
Enstehung der Briiderschaft des IcJblichen Ordens des
Rosenkreutzes, &c. 8vo. Cassel, 1614. [Ascribed to
John Valentine Andrea. In this pamphlet occurs the
first mention of the society ; no allusion being made to
it in the works of Bacon, Paracelsus, Agrippa, &c. It
was republished at Frankfort in 1617 under a some-
what different title. Appended to it is a tract en-
titled " Sendbrieff, oder Bericht an AUe welche von
den neuen BriiderschafFt des Ordens von Rosen- Creutz
genannt etwas gelesen," &c. This work contains a full
account of the origin and tenets of the brotherhood.

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

107

and is the source whence modern writers have drawn
their information. It called into existence a host of
pamphlets for and against the very existence and tenets
of the society.]

Histoire de la Philosophic Hermetique, accom-
pagnee d'un Catalogue raisonne des Ecrivains de cette
Science, par I'Abbo Lenglet du Fresnoy. 3 vols. 12mo.
Paris, 1742.

Theomagia, or the Temple of Wisdom, containing
the Occult Powers of the Angels of Astromancy in
the Telesmatical Sculpture of the Persians and ^Egyp-
tians ; the knowledge of the Rosie- Crucian Physick,
and the Miraculous in Nature, &c., by John Heydon.
8vo. 1664. [The works of this enthusiast are ex-
tremely curious and rare. He is also the author of
the following.]

The Wiseman's Crowne, or the Glory of the Rosie-
Crosx, &c. ; with the Regio Lucis, and Holy House-
hold of Rosie- Crucian Philosophers. 8vo. 1664.

Elhavarevna, or the English Physitian's Tutor in
the Astrabolismes of Mettals Rosie- Crucian, Mira-
culous Sapphiric Medicines of the Sun and Moon, &c.,
all Harmoniously United, and Operated by Astro-
mancy and Geomancy, in so Easie a Method that a
Fine Lady may practise and compleat Incredible,
Extraordinary. Telesmes (and read her Gallant's de-
vices without disturbing her fancy), and cure all
Diseases in Yong and Old, whereunto is added Pson-
thonphancia, &c. 8vo. 1665.

Dictionnaire Infernal ; ou Repertoire des Etres,
Apparitions de la Magique, des Sciences occultes,
Impostures, &c., par Collin de Plancy. 8vo. Paris,
1844,

To render this list more complete, a great num-
ber may be added, the titles of which -will be found
in the following essays, from which much inform-
ation on the subject will be gained : —

New Curiosities of Literature. By George Soane,
B. A. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1849. [In vol. ii, p. 135.
is an able and interesting essay entitled " Rosicrucian-
ism and Freemasonry," in which the author, with
considerable success, endeavours to show that Rosi-
crucianism had no existence before the sixteenth
century, and is a mere elaboration of Paracelsian
doctrines : and that Freemasonry is nothing more than
an offspring from it, and has, consequently, no claim
to the antiquity of which it boasts.]

Swift's Tale of a Tub, [In Section X. of this won-
derful book will be found a caustic piece of satire on
the futility of the Rosicrucian philosophy.]

Butler's Hudibras. [Gray's notes to part I.,
passim. ]

Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions, By
Charles Mackay, LL. D. 2 vols. 8vo. [In the section
devoted to the Alchymists, is a carefully compiled
account of the Rosicrucians.]

Chambers's Papers for the People, No, S3,, vol. v.,
" Secret Societies of the Middle Ages."

Idem, No. 66., " Alchemy and the Alchemists,"

The Guardian, No. 166,

The Spectator, No. 574.

Idem, No. 379, [This number contains Budgell's
Lege7id of the Sepulchre of Rosicrucius.']

The Rosicrucian : a Novel. 3 vols, 8vo,
Zanoni, By Sir E. L, Bulwer,

After the slumber of a century, with new ob-
jects and regulations, Rosia^ucianism (so to
speak) was revived in the country of its birth,

A very curious volume was published fifty years
ago, entitled Proofs of a Conspiracy against all
the Religions and Govemmevts of Europe, carried
on in the secret meetings of Freemasons, lUuminati,
and Reading Societies, by John Robinson, A.M.,
&c., 8vo., London, 1798. This volume is chiefly
occupied by a history of the origin, proceedings,
and objects of the lUuminati, a sect which had
rendered important services to revolutionary in-
terests, and laid the foundations of European
propagandism. Much curious matter relative to
this sect will also be found in George Sand's
Comtesse de Rudolstadt, vol, ii, ; upon, or just
before, its extinction, a new political association
was formed at Baden and Carlsruhe, under the
auspices of Baron von Edelsheim, prime minister
of the Elector, under the title oi Die Rosenhrietzer.
This society was called into existence by a re-
actionary dread of that republicanism in politics,
and atheism in morals, which seemed at that time
to prey upon the vitals of European society. The
society soon spread, and had its affiliations in
various parts of Germany, giving such uneasiness
to Buonaparte, to the accomplishment of whose
projects it exercised an adverse influence, that he
despatched a secret messenger for the purpose of
obtaining information as to its projects and de-
velopments. He did everything in his power to
destroy the association, which, however, survived,
until his murder of Palm, the bookseller, for pub-
lishing the Geist der Zeit, seeming to call for a
new and modified association, led to its extinction,
and the creation of a new secret society, the cele-
brated Tungen-Bund, in its place.

It will be seen that in the foregoing I have
confined myself to that part of your correspon-
dent's Query which relates to " the Brethren of
the Rosy-Cross," I have not ventured to allude
to the Alchymists, or the writings of Paracelsus,
his predecessors and followers, which form a
library, and demand a catalogue for their mere
enumeration. If Mr. E. S. Tayxob, however, is
desirous of farther information, and will favour
me with his address, I shall be happy to assist his
researches in Hermetic philosophy to the extent
of my ability. William Bates.

Birmingham.

The Society of Rosicrucians, or Rosecroix (whom
Collier calls a sect of mountebanks), first started
into existence in Germany in the seventeenth
century. They laid claim to the possession of
divers secrets, among which the philosopher's
stone was the least. They never dared to appear
publicly, and styled themselves The Invisible.

108

KOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 196.

In 1622 they put forth the following advertise-
ment :

"We, deputed by our College, the principal of the
brethren of the Rosicrucians, to make our visible and
invisible abode in this city, through the grace of the
Most High ; towards whom are turned the hearts of
the just : we teach without books or notes, and speak
the languages of the countries wherever we are, to draw
men like ourselves from the error of death."

The lUuminati of Spain were a branch of this
sect. In 1615 one John Bringeret printed a work
in Germany containing two treatises, entitled The
Manifesto and Confession of Faith of the Fraternity
of the Rosicrucians in Germany. H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS.

(Vol. vi., p. 554. ; Vol. vii., p. 633.)

My note-book contains a considerable number
of inscriptions on bells ; some extracted from
books, but others transcribed from the bells them-
selves. I send you a few of the most remarkable
inscriptions, with one or two notes on the subject.

Chesterton, Cambridgeshire :

1. " God save the Church."

2. " Non sono animabus raortuorum, sed viventium."

S. Benet's, Cambridge (see Le-Keux' Memo-
rials^ :

1. " Of all the bels in Bennet, I am the best,

And yet for my casting the parish paid lest.

1607."

2. " Non nomen fero ficti,

Sed nomen Benedicti. 1610."

S. " This bell was broke, and cast againe,

by John Draper, in 1618,

as plainly doth appeare :

Churchwardens were,

Edward Dixon,

for one,

who stood close to his tacklyn,

and he that was his partner then,

was Alexander Jacklyn."

Girton, Cambridgeshire :

" Non clamor sed amor cantat in aure Dei."

Stoneleigh, Warwickshire :

1. " Michaele te pulsante Winchelcombe a petente

daemone te libera.

2. " O Kenelme nos defende ne maligni sentiamus

focula."

Eastry, Kent :

" One bell inscribed with the names of the church-
wardens and the maker ; a shilling of William III.,
and other coins are let into the rim."

Erith, Kent :

" A tablet in the belfry commemorates the ringing
of a peal of 726 changes in twenty-six minutes."

S. Clement, Sandwich, Kent :

" In the ringing chamber of this noble tower is a
windlass for lowering the bells in case of repairs be-
coming necessary, with a trap-door in the floor open-
ing into the church."

S. Mary, Sandwich, Kent :

" This bel was bought and steeple built, A.n. 1718.
J. Bradley, R. Harvey, Ch. wardens. R. P. F."

S. Andrew, Histon, Camb. :

" Coins of Queen Anne in the rim of one bell ; but
dated 1723."

S. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster (Weever,
Fun. Mon., p. 491., edit. fol. 1631) :

" King Edward the Third built in the little sanc-
tuarie a clochard of stone and timber, and placed therein
three bells, for the vse of Saint Ste})hen's Chappel.
About the biggest bell was engrauen, or cast in the
metall, these words :

' King Edward made mee thirtie thousand weight
and three :
Take mee downe and wey mee, and more you shall
fynd mee.'
But these bells being to be taken downe, in the raigne
of King Henry the Eight, one writes vnderneath with
a coal :
' But Henry the Eight will bait me of my weight.' "

If any farther extracts may Interest you, they
are very much at your service.

W. Sparrow Simpson, B. A.

WAS COOK THE DISCOVERER OF THE SANDWICH
ISLANDS ?

(Vol. vIU., p. 6.)

Mr. Warden will find this question discussed
by La Perouse (English 8vo. edit., vol. il. ch. 6.),
who concludes unhesitatingly that the Sandwich
group is identical with a cluster of islands dis-
covered by the Spanish navigator Gaetan in 1542,
and by him named " The King's Islands." These
the Spaniard placed in the tenth, although the
Sandwich Islands are near the twentieth, degree
of north latitude, which La Perouse believed was
a mere clerical error. The difference in longi-
tude, sixteen or seventeen degrees, he ascribed
to the imperfect means of determination possessed
by the early navigators, and to their ignorance of
the currents of the Pacific.

Allowing for the mistake In latitude, the King's
Islands are evidently the same as those found on
some old charts, about the nineteenth and twen-
tieth degrees of north latitude, under the names
of La Mesa, Los Mayos, and La Disgraciada ;
which Capt. Dixon, as well as La Perouse, sought
for in vain in the longitude assigned to them.
They appear to have been introduced into the

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

109

English and Frencli charts from that found in the
galleon taken by Commodore Anson, and of which
a copy is given in the account of his voyage.
Cook, or Lieutenant Roberts, the compiler of the
charts to his third voyage, retained them ', and
La Porouse was the first to erase them from the
map. There can, indeed, be little doubt of their
identity with the Sandwich Islands. But although
Cook was not actually the first European who had
visited those islands, to him rightly belongs all the
glory of their discoveiy. Forgotten by the Spa-
niards, misplaced on the chart a thousand miles
too far to the eastward, and unapproached for
240 years, their existence utterly unknown and
unsuspected, Cook was, to all intents and pur-
poses, their real discoverer. C. E. Bagot.
Dublin.

of a stranger. But " N. & Q." must not be made a
channel for erroneous statements, and we "natives
and to the manner born" must be allowed to know
best what is in our own museums.

W. PiNKERTON.
Ham.

MEGATHERIUM AMBRICANUM.

(Yol. vii., p. 590.)

Is not the cast of a skeleton in the British Mu-
seum, recently alluded to by A Foreign Surgeon,
and which is labelled Megatherium Americanum
Blume., better known to English naturalists by its
more correct designation of Mylodon rohustus
Owen ; and if so, why is the proper appellation
not painted on the label ? If that had been done,
A Foreign Surgeon would not have fallen into
the ei-ror of confounding the remains of two dis-
tinctly different animals.

Might I beg leave to add, for the information of
your correspondent, that no British naturalist " of
any mark or likelihood," has ever assumed that
(though imdoubtedly sloths) either the Mylodon,
Scelidotherium, or Megatherium, were climbers.
Indeed, the whole osseous structure of those
animals proves that they were formed to uprend
the trees that gave them sustenance. By no other
hypothesis can we intelligibly account for the im-
mense expanse of pelvis, the great bulk of hind-
legs, the solid tail, the massive anterior limbs
furnished with such powerful claws, and the ex-
traordinary large spinal chord — all these the
characteristic features of the Mylodon,

Whether there were palms or not at the period
of the tellui'ic formation, I cannot undertake to
say ; but as A Foreign Surgeon assumes that a
palm is an exogenous tree (!), I am induced to
suspect that his acquaintance with geology may be
equally as limited as his knowledge of botany.
Besides, what can he mean by speaking of a sloth
" the size of a large bear ? " Why, the Mylodon
must have been larger than a rhinoceros or hippo-
potamus. The veriest tyro in natural history
would see that at the first glance of the massive
skeleton.

It is a painful and ungracious task to have to
pen these observations, especially, too, in the case

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Ste7'eoscopic Angles. — Like many of your cor-
respondents, I iiave been an inquirer on the sub-
ject of stereoscopic angles, which seems to be still
a problem for solution. What is this problem ?
for until that be known, we cannot hope for a
solution. I would ask, is it this? — Stereoscopic
pictures should create in the mind precisely such a
conception as the two eyes would if vicioing the ob-
ject represented by the stereograph. If this be the
problem (and I cannot conceive otherwise), its
solution is simple enough, as it consists in placing
the cameras invariably 2^ inches apart, on a line
parallel to the building, or a plane passing through
such a figure as a statue, &c. In this mode of
treatment we should have two pictures possessing
like stereosity with tliose on the retinas, and con-
sequently with like result ; and as our eyes enable
us to conceive perfectly of any solid figure, so
would the stereograph. I believe, therefore, that
this is, under every circumstance, the coi'rect
treatment ; simply because every other mode may
be proved to be false to nature.

Professor Wheatstone recommends 1 in 25 when
objects are more than 50 feet distant, and this
rule seems to be pretty generally followed. Its
incorrectness admits of easy demonstration. Sup-
pose a wall 300 feet in extent, with abutments,
each two feet in front, and projecting two feet
from the wall, at intervals of five feet. The
proper distance from the observer ought to be
450 feet, which, agreeably with this rule, would
require a space of 18 feet between the cameras.
Under this treatment the result would be, that
both of the sides, as well as the fronts, of the three
central abutments would be seen ; whilst of all
the rest, only the front and one side would be
visible. This would be outraging nature, and
false, and therefore should, I believe, be rejected.
The eyes of an observer situated midway between
the cameras, could not possibly perceive either of
the sides of the buttress opposite to him, and only
the side next to him of the rest. This seems to
me conclusive.

Again, your correspondent <£>. ("Vol. vii.,
p. 16.) says, that for portraits he finds 1 in 10 a
good rule. Let the sitter hold, straight from the
front, i. e. in the centre, a box 2^ inches in width.
The result would be, that in the stereographs the
box would have both its sides represented, and
the front, instead of being horizontal, consisting
of two inclined lines, i, e. unless the cameras were

110

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

placed on one line, wlien it would be horizontal.
In such treatment the departure from both is as
great as in the first example, and the outrage
greater, inasmuch as, under these circumstances
(I mean a boy with a box), to any person of
common sense, the caricature would be at a glance
obvious. This rule, then, although it produces
stereosity enough, being false, should also be re-
jected.

I believe that 2|- inches will be found to be
right under any circumstance ; but should suffi-
cient reasons be offered for a better rule, I trust I
am open to conviction, and shall hail with great
pleasure a demonstration of its correctness.

Should it, however, turn out that I have given
a right definition, and a correct solution of this
most interesting problem, I shall rejoice to know
that I have rendered an essential service to a
great number of anxious students in photography.

T. L. Meeritt.

Maidstone.

Yellow Bottles for Photographic Chemicals. —
The proposal of your correspondent Ceridwen to
employ yellow glass bottles for preventing the de-
composition of photographic solutions has been
anticipated. It was suggested by me, in some
lectures on Photography in November 1847, and
in January of the present year, that yellow bottles
might be so used, as well as for preventing the
decomposition, by light, of the vegetable sub-
stances used in pharmacy, such as digitalis, ipe-
cacuanha, cinchona, &c. For solutions of silver,
however, the most effectual remedy against pre-
cipitation is the use of very pure water, procured
by slow redistillation in glass vessels at a tempe-
ratm'e much below the boiling point.

Hugh Owen.

Earth upon Earth, ^c. — I think the Information
which has been elicited In connexion with the so-
called " Unpublished Epigram by Sir W. Scott,"
" N. & Q.," Vol. vli., p. 498., sufficiently curious
to justify an additional reference to the senti-
ment In question ; the more so as I have to men-
tion the name of its putative author. In Mont-
gomery's Christian Poet, 3rd edit. p. 58., he gives,
under the title of " Earth upon Earth," five verses,
which it would appear are substantially the same
as those published by Weaver (whose Funeral
Monuments, his only publication, I have not within
reach), but they exhibit considerable verbal dif-
ference in the verses corresponding with those
cited In " N. & Q.," Vol. vli., p. 576. Montgo-
mery tells us in a note that this extract, given
under the name of William Billyng, along with
another from a poem entitled " The Five Wounds

of Christ," by the same author, were from " a
manuscript on parchment of great antiquity, in
possession of William Bateman, Esq.," of which
a few copies had been printed at Manchester, and
" accompanied by rude but exceedingly curious
cuts." Now who was William Billyng ? And
when did he live ? Montgomery says " the age
of this author Is well known." The death of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, to whom Weaver
{Fun. Mon. 1G31) applies the Stratford epigraph,
is temp. Edward III. Is Mr. Bateman's MS. in a
hand indicating so early a date ? J. H.

Picalyly (Vol. vlii., p. 8.). — In Barnaby Rich's
Honestie of this Age, p. 37. of the Percy Society
reprint, we find this passage :

" But he that some fortie or fifty yeares sithens
should liaue asked after a Pickadilly, I wonder who
could haue understood him, or could haue told what a
Pickadilly had beene, either fish or flesh."

Little did the writer think that in future years
the name would become a "household word;"
though his prophecy as to the meaning of the
word has been fulfilled by the appearance of the
Query in the pages of " N. & Q."

The editor of tlie work, Mr. Peter Cunningham,
has a long note on the above passage ; and I am
Indebted to him for the following.

" Ben Jonson { Worlis by GiflTord, viii. 370.) speaks
o{a picardill as a new cut of band much in fashion :
• Ready to cast at one whose band stands stllJ,
And then leap mad on a neat picardill.'

"But Middleton, The World tost at Tennis, 1620,
speaks of a pickadill in connexion with the shears, the
needle, &c. of the tailor ; from which it appears to have
been an instrument used for plaiting the picked vaa-
dyke collar worn in those days.

" Mr. GifFord, in a note on another passage in Ben
Jonson, says ;

' Ficardil is simply a diminutive o£ picca (Span, and
Ital.), a spear -head ; and was given to this article of
foppery from a fancied resemblance of its stiffened
plaits to the bristled points of these weapons. Blount
thinks, and apparently with justice, that Picadilly took
its name from the sale of the ' small stiff collars so
called,' which was first set on foot in a house near the
western [eastern] extremity of the present street by
one Higgins, a tailor.' "

The bands worn by the clergy and judges, &c.,
at the present day, are lineal descendants of the
old picadils, reduced to a more sober cut ; and the
picked ornament alluded to by your correspon-
dent no doubt derived Its name from Its resem-
blance in shape to these tokens of ancient fashion.

H. C. K.

■ Rectory, Hereford.

Mr. Justice Newton (Vol. vll., pp. 528. 600.;
Vol. viii., p. 15.). — I did not answer Mr. F.
KyrriN Lenthall's first Query, because it was

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

Ill

palpable, from the context, that the *' Mr. Justice
Newton" he inquired after could not possibly be
the Chief Justice who flourished in the fifteenth
century; and because I am not aware of any
judge of the superior courts of that name, during
the time of the Commonwealth, or the years which
immediately preceded or followed that period.
Indeed, his designation as " Mr. Justice Newton,
of the Middle Temple" plainly proves that he
could not have been a judge upon the Bench at
Westminster. He may perhaps have been a AVelsh
judge; or, remembering that "Mr. Justice" was
the common title for a Justice of the Peace, it is
still more probable that he was merely a magis-
trate of the county in which he resided.

Edwabd Foss.

Manners of the Irish (Vol. viii., p. 5.). — In the
very curious extract given by your correspondent
H., boyranne is very likely to stand for horbhan,
the Irish for " lamentation " or " complaint." An
Irish landlord knows full well that, even up to the
present day, his tenants " keep the bread, and
make borbhan." Molchan, I suspect, comes from
miolc, whey. Localran stands for loisgrean, corn
turned out of the ear. As to the concluding line
of the extract, I must leave it to some better Irish
scholar than I can boast myself.

" I am the geyest mayed of all that brought the somer
houme,"

plainly has reference to the old practice, still pre-
valent in some parts of Ireland on May-day, when
young girls carry about a figure dressed as a baby,
singing the Irish song, ciijAnMjt fen; ^n fATt^fiA
It)I', "We have brought the summer with xis"
(See Transactions of the Kilkenny Archceological
Society). Ultagh (JJltach) is Irish for an Ulster
man, as H. will see by consulting any Irish dic-
tionary, and can have no connexion with Utlagh,
the Kilkenny money-lender. Ugteller is of course
a misprint for Kyteller. Would that H. would
give us his real name and address, or at least allow
me to ask whether H. F. H. do not constitute his
initials in full. James Graves.

Kilkenny.

Arms of the See of York (Vol. viii., p. 34.). —
I was about to send a note to " N. & Q.," pointing
out that Mr. Knight, in his heraldic illustrations
to 2 Hen. IV., in his Pictorial Edition of Shah-
speare, has given the modern bearings of the see
of York to Archbishop Scroope, instead of those
which belonged to that date, when I observed a
Query from Tee Bee, asking the date and origin
of the change of arms which took place. I am sorry
that I am unable to give any authority for my state-
ment, but I believe it to be not the less true, that
the change in question took place when Cardinal
Wolsey came to the see. Nor can I give any

farther reason for that change than the notorious
jealousy of the Cardinal towards the superior
rank of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Up to
this period the arms of the two sees were precisely
the same, though Tee Bee gives the number of
crosses " patee fitchee " on the pall for difference ;
I should be glad to know whether there is good
authority for this statement. The present arms of
the see evidently have reference to the dedication
of the ancient cathedral church to St. Peter.

H. C. K.
Rectory, Hereford.

" Up, Guards, and at 'em!'' (Vol. v., p. 426.). —
These oft-quoted words have already engaged the
attention of the readers of " N. & Q." Your fre-
quent correspondent C. (Vol. v., p. 426.) is of
opinion that the Duke did make use of these, or
equivalent, words. The following extract I have
copied from an article in the June number of
Bentleys Miscellany. It will be found at p. 700.
as a foot-note to a clever article, one of a series,
entitled " Random Recollections of Campaigns
under the Duke of Wellington," written by an
officer of the second brigade of Guards.

" The expression attributed to the Duke of ' Up,
guards, and at them again ! ' I have good reason for
knowing was never made use of by him. He was not
even with the brigade of Guards in question at the time
they rose from their recumbent position to attack the
French column in their front, and therefore could not
well have thus addressed them. I never heard this
story till long after, on my return to Englaad, when it
was related by a lady at a dinner-table ; probably it
was the invention of some goodly Botherby. I re-
member denying my belief at the time, and my view
has since been sufficiently confirmed. Besides, the
words bear no internal evidence of the style either of
thought or even expression of him to whom they were
attributed."

The invention of the goodly Botherby has pros-
pered ! CUTHBERT BeDE, B. A.

Coleridge's Christabel — The 3rd Part (Vol. viii.,
pp. 11, 12.). — Mr. J. S. Warden asks if I am
correct in stating the 3rd part of Christabel to be
the composition of Dr. Maginn. I can but "give
my authority " in a reference to a sketch of
Maginn's life, in a new and well-conducted peri-
odical. The Irish Quarterly Review, which, in the
number for September, 1852, after giving a most
humorous account of a first interview between
Blackwood and his wild Irish contributor, who
had for more than a year been mystifying the
editor by contributions under various signatures,
proceeds thus : —

" A few days before the first interview with Black-
wood, Maginn had sent in his famous ' Third part of
Christabel.' It is only to be found in the Magazine ;
and as many of our readers must be unacquainted with
the poem, we here subjoin it."

112

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

The poem follows, containing the lines which led
to the first inquiry on this subject.

It was having read the Memoir in The Irish
Quarterly which enabled me so promptly to re-
member where the lines were to be found ; but I
had long before heard, and never doubted, that the
clever parody was composed by Dr. Maginn.

A. B. R.

Belmont.

Mitigation of Capital Punishment (Vol. viii.,
p. 42 ). — I am sorry Mb. Gatty takes the phrase
" mythic accompaniments " as an imputation on
himself. I did not intend it for one, having no
doubt that he repeated the story as he heard it.
In it were two statements of the highest degree of
improbability. One I showed (Vol. v., p. 434.) to
be contrary to penal, the other to forensic practice.
One Mr. Gatty found to have been only a report,
the other to have occurred at a different place and
under different circumstances. Had these been
stated in the first version, I should not have dis-
puted them. Whittington was thrice Lord Mayor
of London — that is history, to which the pro-
phecy of Bow-bells and the exportation of the cat
are "mythic accompaniments."

A word as to " disclosing only initials." I think
you, as a means of authentification, should have
the name and address of every correspondent.
You have mine, and may give them to any one
who pays me the compliment of asking ; but I do
not seek farther publicity. H. B. C.

Oxford.

The Man with the Iron Mask (Vol. vii., pp. 234.
344.). — I think that Mr. James, in his Life and
Times of Louis XIV., has, to say the least, shown
strong grounds for doubting the theory which
identifies this person with Mathioli ; and since
then several writers have been inclined to fall
back, in the want of any more probable explana-
tion, on the old idea that the captive was a twin
brother of Louis. What has become of the letter
from M. de St. Mars, said to have been discovered
some years ago, confirming this last hypothesis ?
Has any such letter been published, and, if so,
what is the opinion of its genuineness ?

J. S. "Warden.

Gentleman executed for Murder of a Slave
(Vol. vii., p. 107.) — Sometime between 1800 and
1805, Lord Seaforth being Governor of Barbadoes,
a slaveowner, having killed one of his own slaves,
was tried for the murder and acquitted, the law
considering that such an act was not murder.
Thereupon Lord Seaforth came to England, ob-
tained an act of parliament declaring the killing of
a slave to be murder, and returned to Barbadoes
to resume his official duties. Soon afterwards
another slave was killed by his owner, who was
tried, convicted, and sentenced to be hanged for

murder under the new act of parliament. At the
time appointed the prisoner was brought out for
execution, but so strong was public feeling, that-
the ordinary executioner was not forthcoming;
and on the governor requiring the sheriff to per-
form his office either in person or by deputy, after
some excuses he absolutely refused. The go-
vernor then addressed the guard of soldiers, de-
siring a volunteer for executioner, adding, " who-
ever would volunteer should be subsequently
protected as well as rewarded then." One pre-
sented himself, and it thenceforth became as dan-
gerous to kill a slave as a freeman in Barbadoes.

G. M. E. C.

Jahris Jahrhxich (Vol. viii., p. 34.). — Permit
me to inform your correspondent E. C. that there
is a copy of Jahn's Jahrhilcher filr Philologie und
PcidagGgik in the librai'y of Sir Robert Taylor's
Institution, Oxford. Although this library is for
the use of members of the university, I am sure
the curators of the institution will give their ])er-
mission to consult the books in it, to any gentle-
man who is properly recommended to them.

J. Macbat.

Oxford.

Character of the Song of the Nightingale
(Vol. vii., p. 397.). — I imagine that many of the
writers quoted by your correspondent lived in
places too far removed to the north or west (as is
my own case) ever to have heard the niglitingale,
and are, in consequence, not competent authorities
as to a song they can only have described at
second hand ; but that Shelley was not far wrong
in styling it voluptuous, and placing it amidst the
luxurious bowers of Daphne, may receive some
confirmation from an anecdote told by Nimrod
(" Life and Times," Fraser's Magazine, vol. xxv.
p. 301 .) of the sad effects produced both on morals
and parish rates by the visit of a nightingale one
summer to the groves of Erthig, near Wrexham.

J. S. Warden.

I accidently met with a scrap of evidence on
this point lately, as I was driving at midnight on
a sudden call to visit a dying man. The nightin-
gales were singing in full choir, when my servant,
an intelligent young man from the covintry, re-
marked, " A cheerful little bird the nightingale,
Sir. It is beautiful to hear them singing when one
is walking alone on a dark night."

Unsophisticated judgment of this sort, when
met with unsought, seems to be of real value in a
question depending for its decision so much upon
the faithful record of impressions. Oxoniensis.

Walthamstow.

Mr. Cuthbebt Bede gives, in his list of
epithets of the nightingale, "solemn," as used
by Milton, Otway, Graingle. How the last two
employ the term I do not know, perhaps they

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

113

copied from Milton ; but lie uses it, not as an
epithet exactly, but to express the frequency
of the bird's appearance. " Night, her solemn
bird," means the customary attendant of the night :
solemn bein" used in the classical sense, and de-
rived from loles. So Virgil, " Solemnes turn forte
dapes et tristia dona ante urbem in luco," &c.

The word solemn probably acquired its present
signification from the staid manner in which En-
glTshmen go through their customary ceremonies.
" They took their pleasure sadly" as Froissart has
it, Sydney Gedge, B.A.

Mysterious Personage (Vol. viii., p. 34.), —
There is no mystery about the legitimate claimant
of the British throne. He is the Duke of Modena,
lineally descended from Henrietta of England,
youngest daughter of Charles I. : she married
Philip Duke of Orleans, son of Louis XIII. and
Anne of Austria, and had two daughters ; Louisa
married to Charles II. of Spain (she died without
issue), and Anna Maria, married to Victor Ama-
deus, Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia. Their
son Charles Emanuel III. succeeded in 1 730, and
was succeeded by his son Victor Amadeus III.
He was succeeded by his eldest son Charles Ema-
nuel IV., who died without issue, and was suc-
ceeded by his brother Victor Emanuel, who left
twin daughters, the elder of whom, Mary Beatrice,
married Francis Duke of Modena, while the crown
of Sardinia passed to her father's heirs male. The
Duchess Mary Beatrice of Modena has left two
sons, the elder of Avhom (born June 14, 1819) is
the direct, undoubted heir of the House of Stuart.

L. M. M. R.

Ken : " The Croivn of Glory'' (Vol. vii., p. 597.).
— This work was properly rejected by Mr. Round
in his edition of Bishop Ken's Works ; and in the
preface he gives the reasons for so doing. The
absence of certain forms of expression was the
chief test relied on. The book is so excellent, and
the prayers so warm and Ken-like, that its exclu-
sion indicates much critical acumen on the part of
Mr. Round. Subsequently to the publication of
this collection, it was ascertained that the prayers
and other parts of The Croion of Glory were taken
from a book of Dean Brough, of Gloucester, en-
titled Sacred Principles, which was published, I
believe (I am writing at a distance from my books),
in 1661. W. D— N.

Penny comequicli, adjoining Plymouth (Vol. viii.,
p. 8.). — In days gone by, when the boundai'ies
of the town were much more circumscribed than
at the present day, a well-known old female (a
perfect character in her way) had long fixed her
abode in a curiously built hut-like cot in the
locality in question ; the rusticity of which, toge-
ther with the obliging demeanour of its tenants,
had gradually induced the good folk of Plymouth

to make holiday bouts to this retired spot for the
purpose of merry-making. As years rolled on,
the shrewd old dame became a general favourite
with the pleasure-seekers ; the increasing frequency
of these pic-nics suggesting to her an opportunity
which might be turned to good account, viz. that
of providing her visitors with the cheap requisite,
boiling water, for the brewing their sober after-
noon's beverage, at the low rate of a penny a head.
Still later in the evening of life, shrugging herself
closely in her old scarlet cloak, which had served
her well for better than half a century, she would,
with much apparent gusto, recount to her pleased
auditory how many a time and often she had made
the " penny come quick," by the above-recited
inexpensive vocation ; until at length her saying
became a by-word in the neighbourhood, and
universal consent fixed on the ever-happy octo-
genarian's triplet as a fitting appellation for the
then nameless and retired little nook, but now
thickly studded grounds, of Pennycomequich.

That equally simple occurrences have frequently
given rise to the names of places, is shown by other
remarkable titles of localities not far distant from
Pennycomequich, such as those of " The Bold Ven-
ture," and of " No Place." Henry H. Hele.

Ashburton.

Your correspondent R. H. B. is informed that
the name of this village is Welsh, viz. Pen y cwn
gwich, and signifies a village at the head of a
valley. 11. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Longevitrj (Vol. vii., pp. 358. 504. 607.).— May
I be permitted a word with your correspondent
A. I., and at the same time assist Mb. Hughes in
his laudable attempt "to convert him to the faith ? "
To do this, it will not be necessary for me to
search either in annual or parish registers, or to
decipher half-defaced inscriptions on marble monu-
ments or humble headstones.

A lady is now living, or was two months ago, in
Williamsburg, State of South Carolina, by the
name of Singleton, who is known to be in the one
hundred and thirty -first year of her age :

" Her mental faculties are still unimpaired, and she
retains all her senses except that of sight, of which she
was deprived at the advanced age of ninety-nine years
by an attack of the measles. Her bodily energy ex-
hibits no diminution for many years, she being still
able to walk briskly about the room. She has outlived
all her children : her oldest descendant living being a
granddaughter, over sixty years old. The first grand-
daughter of this granddaughter, if now living, would
be over sixteen years of age."

w. w.

Malta.

Arms : Battle-axe (Vol. vii., p. 407.). — The
undermentioned families bore three battle-axes

114

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

simply, tteir coats of arms varying only in metal
and colour :

Ayniswoithe.

Gyves.

Bainbrige.

Gibbes.

Batten.

Hall.

Daueys.

Hakelett

Daverston.

Lewston.

Steplien Hoby (the earliest ancestor of the
Bisham family of whom any record is preserved),

married , the daughter and heiress of

Bylmore, whose arms were — Gu. three halberds
(long-handled battle-axes) in pale ar. handled
or. : hence, no doubt, the three battle-axes in con-
nexion with the Hoby or Hobby name at Bisham
Church. William Hoby, of Leominster, the tenth
in descent from the above-mentioned Stephen,
married Catherine, sole daughter and heiress of
John Forden alias Fordayne, by Gwentwynar,
daughter and heiress of Sir Griffith Vahan alias
Vaughan, Knight Banneret ; who was, as I am
led to think, of Denbigh or its neighbourhood.
I shall be happy to find I have thrown any light
upon the Query of A. C. H. C. C.

Sir G, Browne, Bart. (Vol. vii., p. 528.). — Your
correspondent Newbuky is in ei'ror in styling this
George Browne a baronet, nor was he of West
Stafford or Wickham. He was the sole son and
heir of Sir George Browne, Knight, of Wickham-
breux, co. Kent, Caversham, co. Oxford, and Cow-
dray in Midhurst, co. Sussex ; which last estate
devolved on this family by the will of William
Fitzwilliam, Earl of Southampton, the son of Lucy
(daughter and co-heiress of John Nevill, Marquess
of Montagu) by her first husband, Sir Thomas
Fitzwilliam of Aldwark, co. York ; which Lucy
became the wife of Sir Anthony Browne, who was
knighted at the battle of Stoke, June 6, 1487,
and succeeded as above-mentioned to the Cowdray
estate.

George Browne, who married Elizabeth or
Eleanor, the daughter of Sir Richard Blount, was
of Wickhambreux, Caversham, and also of West
Shefford in co. Berks ; his name appears as thus
in the Visitation of this county anno 1623. Of the
nineteen children, he had three sons whose names
are not given, and who died in the Royal cause
during the civil wars : but as Richard, the third
son, is expressly mentioned, he certainly was not
one of the three killed in the service of King
Charles I. Sir George Browne, second, but eldest
surviving son, was made a K.B. at the coronation
of King Charles IL ; and was celebrated by Pope
in his " Windsor Forest." He married Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir Francis Englefield, the second
baronet of Wootton Bassett, co. Wilts, and died
s. p. m. George, the eldest born, died an infant.
Henry, the fourth son, died unmarried March 19,
1668, and was burled at West ShefFord; and
John, the fifth son, was of Caversham, and created

a baronet May 19, 1665. He married the widow

of Bradley, and was the ancestor of the

baronets of Caversham, extinct in 1774. Three
daughters, whose names are not given, became
nuns. Eleanor, another daughter, died unmarried,
Nov. 27, 1662, and was buried at West Shefford:
and Elizabeth was the wife of John Yate of West
Hanney, co. Berks ; and who died Jan. 26, 1671,
before his wife. H. C. C.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED XO PURCHASE.

Memoirs of the Rose, by Mr. John Holland. I Vol. 12rao. 1824.

Literary Gazette, 1834 to 1845.

AtheNjEUM, commencement to 1835.

A Narrative of the Holy Life and Happy Death of Mh.

John Angier. London, 1685.
Moore's Melodies. 15th Edition.

Wood's Athen* Oxonienses (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
The Complaynts of Scotland. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
Shakspeare's Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition,

in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.

*«• Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested
to send their names.

%* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND
QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

i^atitti ta ^avvtS^antimtS,

In consequence of being compelled to go to press with the present
Number on Thursday, and of the number of Replies to Minor
Queries waiting for insertion, we have been co?npelled to omit our
Notes on Books, &c.

T. M. B. The oft-quoted lines —

" So down thy hill, romantic Ashbourn, glides.
The Derby dilly, carrying Three insides," &c. —

will be found in the Poetry of the Antiiacobin, at the close of the
Second Part of The Loves of the Triangles.

J. D. Where is the sentence of which you ask an explanation to
be found f Send the context, or farther particulars.

C. E. F. and T. D. (Leeds). Your inquiry as to the best mode
of constructing a glass chamber for photographic purposes will be
answered in our next.

Mr. John Cook has sent us a plan for taking cheaper pictures
for stereoscopic purposes by means of a coinmon camera, and the
substitution for the ordinary ground glass of a piece of plate glass
and a piece of paper, on which the outline of the figure is to be
traced. When one sketch is thus made, the camera is to be moved
fifteen or sixteen inches to the right or left, and a second drawing
made in the sa7ne way. The plan is a very obvious one ; arid
though adapted for those who can draw and have an ordinary
camera, it presents few advantages to photographers.

H. H. H. (Ashburton). Were we to recommend you to any
particular maker for your collodion tent, we should deviate front
our rule of impartiality where several vendors are concerned, and
we would therefore refer you to our advertising colutnns.

W. N. (Kingston). We are sorry we cannot afford space for
answering all your Queries on the making of gun cotton. A portion
made according to Dr. Diamond' s formulary has been forwarded
to your address ; and if it is not entirely soluble, then the fault is
in your ether.

A few complete sets of" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to yiU,
price Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had ; for which
early application is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

July 30. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

115

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-
TION, NERVOUSNESS, &c. - BARKY,
J>V BARRY & CO.'S HEALTII-RESTOR-
ING rOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,
the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
medy (witliout medicine, purginff, inconveni-
ence, or expense, as it saves fifty times its cost
in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, in-
testinal, liver and bilious complaints, however
deeply rooted, dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual
constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, fla-
tulency, oppression, distension, palpitation,
eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
in the aged as well as infants, fits, spasms,
cramps, paraljsis, &c.

A few out 0/ 50,000 Cures : —

Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right
Hon. the Lord Stuart de Decies : — " I have de-
rived considerable benefit from your Revalenta
Arabica Food, and consider it due to yourselves
and the public to authorise the publication of
these lines. — SxrABi de Decies."

Cure, No. 49,832: — "Fifty years' indescrib-
able a»ony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma,
ccugh, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sick-
ness at the stomach, and vomitings have been
removed by Du Barry's excellent food. —
Maria Jolly, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Nor-
folk."

Cure, No. 180 : _" Twenty-five years' nervous-
ness, constipation, indigestion, and debility,
from which I had sutfered great misery, and
which no medicine could remove or relieve,
have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food
in a very short time. — W. R. Rbevbs, Pool
Anthony, Tiverton."

Cure, No. 4,208 :_" Eight years' dyspepsia,
nervousness, debility, with cramps, spasms, and
nausea, for which my servant had consulted
the advice of many, have been effectually re-
moved by Du Barry's delicious food in a very
short time. I shall be happy to answer any in-
Quiries. _ Rev. .Toh» W. Flavell, Ridliugton
Rectory, Norfolk."

Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.

"■Bonn, July 19. 1852.
"Tlus light and pleasant Farina is one of the
most excellent, nourishing, and restorative
remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful
m confined habit of body, as also diarrhoea,
bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
bladder, such as stone or gravel ; inflammatory
irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemor-
rhoids. This really invaluable remedy is em-
ployed with the most satisfactory result, not
only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
where irritation and pain are to be removed,
but also in pulmonary and bronchial consump-
tion, in which it counteracts effectually the
troublesome cough ; and I am enabled with
perfect truth to exiwess the conviction that Du
Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. " Dn. Run Wubzer,
" Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D.
in Bonn."

London Agents : — Fortnum, Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Queen ; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street ;
and through all respectable grocers, chemists,
and medicine vcndei-s. In canisters, suitably
pocked for all climates, and with full instruc-
tions, lib. 2s. 9rf. ; 21b. 4s. 6rf. ; 51b. ll.i. ; 12lb.
22s. ; super-refined, 51b. 22s. ; 101b. 33s. The
101b. and l-21b. carriage free, on receipt of Post-
office order. — Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Re-
gent Street, Lohdou.

I.MPORTANT Cautio!! — Many invalids having
been seriously injured by spurious imitations
under closely similar names, surfi as Ervnlenta,
Arabaca. and others, the public will do well to
see that each canister bears the name B vrry,
Du Babbv & Co., 77. Regent Street, London,
ia full, witliaut which tione is genuine.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC-
TURES.—a Selection of the above
beautiful Productions (comprising Views in
VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA. NUBIA, &c.)
may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet
Street, where may also be procured Appara-
tus of every Description, and pure Chemicals
for the practice ot Photography in fUI its
Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures
for the Stereoscope.

*** Catalogues may be had on application.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical
and Photogiaphical Instrument Makers, and
Operative Chemists, 163. Fleet Street.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — THE
COLLODION PROCESS, with the latest
improvements ; Calotype, Daguerreotype, Ste-
reoscopic, and Microscopic Pictures : being a
most complete Guide to the successful Pro-
duction of good Pictures by this interesting
Art. Price Is. in wrapiier, and Is. 6rf. cloth,
gilt ; free by Post for 18</.

London : CLARK, 17. Warwick Lane. SHEW,
32. Rathbone Place. BAKER, 244. Holborn.

LA LUMIERE ; French Photo-
graphic Journal. The only Journal which
gives weekly all the principal Photographic
News of England and the Continent ; with
Original Articles and Communications on the
different Processes and Discoveries, Reports of
the French Academy of Sciences, Articles on
Art, Reviews, &c.

Published every SATURDAY at PARIS,
9. Rue de la Perle.

Terms, 16s. per annum in advance. All
English Subscriptions and Communications to
be addressed to the English Editor, 6. Uenmau
Terrace, Camden Town, London.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE
& CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from
three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
specimens of which may be seen at their Esta-
blishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. —
123. and 121. Newgate Street.

HEAL Si SON'S ILLUS-
TRATED CATALOGUE OF BED-
STEADS, sent free by post. It contains de-
signs and prices of upwards of ONE HUN-
DRED different Bedsteads ; also of every
description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
And their new warerooms contain an extensive
assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to
render their Establislimcnt complete for the
general furnishing of Bed- rooms.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Ma-
nufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

BENNETT'S MODEL
WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX-
HIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and
Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to
all Climates, may now be had at the MANU-
FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19
guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,
50 auineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its periwrmance
guaranteed. Baiometers, 2i.,3i.,and4i. Ther-
mometers from Is. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of
Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
65. CHEAPSIDE.

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.
n.E.Bicknell.Esq. T Grissell, Esq.

T.S. Cocks, Jun. Esq.

M.P.
G. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

J. A. Lethbridge,E3q.

E. Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys Seager, Esq,

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

George Drew, Esq. ;

Age

£ s. d.

Age

17-

- 1 14 4

32-

22 -

- 1 18 8

37-

27-

- 2 4 5

42-

■W.Whateley,Esq., Q.C. , v^c,.,

T. Grissell, Esq.

Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D.

Safiiers. — Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co..

Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not be-
come void through temporary difficulty in pay-
ing a Premium, as permission is given upon
application to suspend the payment at interest,
according to the conditions detailed in the Pro-
spectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
100?.. with a Share in three-fourths of the
Profits:—

£ a. d.

- 2 10 8

- 2 18 8

- 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S.
Actuary.
Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition,
with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN-
VESTJIENT and EMIGRATION; being a
TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO-
CIETIES, and on the General Principles of
Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of
Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies,
&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com-
pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR-
THUR SCR.ITCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to
the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia-
ment Street, London.

ESTABLISHED 1841.

JMEEDICAZi, ZZirVil.I.ID,

A!fD

GENEXtAXi XXFE OFFICE,

25. PALL MALL.

During the last Ten Years, this Society has
issued more than Four Thousand One Hundred
and Fifty Policies —

Covering Assurances to the extent of One
Million Six Hundred and Eighty-seven Thou-
sand Pounds, and upwards

Yielding Annual Premiums amounting to
Seventy-three Thousand Pounds.

This Society is the only one possessing Tables
for the Assurance of Diseased Lives.

Healthy Lives Assured at Home and Abroad
at lower rates than at most other Offices.

A Bonus of 50 per cent, on the premiums paid
was added to the policies at last Division of
Profits.

Next Division in 1853— in which all Policies
effected before 30th June, 1853, will participate.

Agents wanted for vacant places.
Prospectuses, Forms of Proposal, and every
otlier information, may be obtained of the
Secretary at the Chief Office, or on application
to any of the Society's Agents in the country.
F. G. P. NEISON, Actuary.
C. DOUGLAS SINGER, Secretary.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
man's, Turner's, Sanford'a, and Canson
Frferes' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every
kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster
BoWi Loudoo.

116

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 196.

J. R. SMITH'S

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

BRITANNIC RESEARCHES; or, New Facts and Rectifications

of Ancient British History. By tlie REV. BEALE POSTE, M.A. Just published, 8yo.
(pp. 488.), with engravings, cloth, lbs.

A FEW NOTES ON SHAKSPEARE, with Occasional Remarks

on Mr. Collier's Folio of 1632. By the REV. ALEXANDER DYCE. 8vo. cloth, 5«.

WILTSHIRE TALES, illustrative of the Manners, Customs, and

Dialect of that and adjoining Counties. By J. Y. AKERMAN, ESQ. 12mo. cloth, 2s. 6d.

FACTS AND SPECULATIONS on the Origin and History of

Playing Cards. By W. A. CHATTO, Author of " Jackson's History of Wood Engraving." In
one handsome volume, 8vo., illustrated with many Engravings, both plain and coloured, cloth,
U. Is.

BOSWORTH'S (Rev. Dr.) Compendious Anglo-Saxon and English

Dictionary. 8vo., closely printed in treble columns, cloth, 2s.

LOWER'S (M.A. ) ESSAYS on English Surnames. 2 vols, post 8vo.

Third Edition, greatly enlarged, cloth, I2s.

LOWER'S CURIOSITIES of HERALDRY, with Illustrations

from Old English Writers. 8vo., numerous Engravings, cloth, 14s.

WRIGHT'S (THOS.) ESSAYS on the Literature, Popular Supersti-

tions, and History of England in the Middle Ages. 2 vols, post 8vo., cloth, 16s.

GUIDE to ARCHEOLOGY. An Archaeological Index to Remains

of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano British, and Ansrlo-Saxon Periods. By JOHN YONGE
AKKRMAN, Fellow and Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries. 1 vol. 8vo , illustrated with
numerous Engravings, comprising upwards of 500 objects, cloth, I5s.

A NEW LIFE OF SHAKSPEARE ; including many Particulars

rcepectina the Poet and his Family, never before published, By JAMES ORCHARD HALLI-
VfELh, F.R.S., F.S.A., &c. 8vo., 76 Engravings by Fairholt, cloth, 15s.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

Bohn's Standard Libbaby fob Acocst.

FOSTER'S LECTURES, de-
livered at Broadmead Chapel, Bristol,
3rd Edition, edited, with Additions, byJ. E.
RYLAND, Esq. 2 vols, post 8vo., cloth, 3s. <ki.
per volume.
HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

Bohn's Classical Library for August.

THE COMEDIES OF ARISTO-
PUANES, literally translated into En-
glish Prose, with Copious Notes, by W. J.
HICKIE. In 2 vols, post 8vo., cloth. Vol. I.
with Frontispiece. Price 5s.
HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

Bohn's Antiquarian Library for AunusT,

MATTHEW OF WESTMIN-
STER'S FLOWERS OF HISTORY,
especially such as relate to the affairs of Britain,
from the beginning of the world to a.d. 1307.
Translated by C. D. YONGE, B.A. In 2 vols,
post 8vo., cloth. Vol. II. Price 5s.
HENRY G. BOHN, 4. 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

GILBKRT J. FRENCH,

BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,

EESPECTFULLY informs the
1 Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens,
that he replies immediately to all applications
by letter, for information respecting his Manu-
factures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES,
COMMUNION LINEN. &c., &c., supplying
full information as to Prices, together with
Sketches, Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c.,
&c.

Ifnvinz declined appointing Agents, MR.
FRENCH invites direct communications by
Post, as the most economical and satisfactory
arrangement. PARCELS delivered Free by
Railway.

This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile
from an early MS. at Dulwich College,
price Is.

pURIOSITIES OF MODERN

\J SHAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By
J. O. IIALLIWELL, ESQ., F.R.S.
JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square,
London.

The Twenty-eighth Edition.

■VTEUROTONICS, or the Art of

Aji Strengthening the Nerves, containing
Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon
the Health of Body and Mind, and the
means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Me-
lancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by DR.
NAPIER, M.D. London : HOULSTON &
STONEMAN. Price 4d., or Post Free from
the Author for Five Penny Stamps.

" We can conscientiously recommend ' Neu-
rotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the careful perusal
of our invalid readers." — John Bull Netvs-
paper, June 5, 1852.

SPECTACLES. — WM. ACK-
LAND applies his medical knowledge as
a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company,
London, his theory as a Mathematician, and
his practice as a Working Optician, aided by
Smee's Optometer, in the selection of Spectacles
suitable to every derangement of vision, so as
to preserve the sight to extreme old age.

ACHROMATIC TELE-

SCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as
exhibited at the Academy of Sciences in Paris.
The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so con-
structed that the rays of light fall nearly per-
pendicular to the surface of the various lenses,
by which the aberration is completely removed ;
and a telescope so fitted gives one-third more
magnifying power and light than could be ob-
tained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of tlie
various sizes on application to

WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Gar-
den, London.

TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR
GARDENS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRO-
NICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA-
ZETTE,

(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF.
LINDLEY,)
Of Saturday, July 23, contains Articles on
Agricultural Society's Mechi's (Mr.), gather-
show at Gloucester

Agricultural College
examination papers

Atmospheric agents,
influence of, by Mr.
Rigby

Attraction, capillary

Books reviewed

Bottles, to cut, by Mr.
Prideaux

Broccoli, winter

Calendar, horticul-
tural

agricultural

Cattle breeding

Diclytra v. Dielytra

Drainage and capil-
lary attraction

Ellipse

Fir leaves, uses of
dried, by Mr. Mac-
kenzie

Forests, royal

Frog, reproduction of,
by Mr. Lowe

Fruit preserving

Fungi, eatable

Gloucestershire, trip
through

Grove Gardens, no-
ticed

Guano, Peruvian

Heating, galvanised
iron for, by Mr.
Ayrcs

Holt forest

Honey

Implements, agricul-
tural, at Gloucester

Iron, galvanised

Manure, peat mould as

Blildew, grape

Mulberries, to propa-
gate, by Mr. Brown

Mushrooms, bad

Peat mould

Plant-houses, to fumi-
gate, Mr. Whalley

Potato disease

Potentilias

Poultry at Gloucester

Preserving fruit

Roses, bedding

Sheep, breeds of

handbook on

Skimmia Japonica, by

Messrs. Standishand
Noble

Societies, proceedings
of the Entomolo-
gical, Caledonian
and Cheltenham,
Horticultural, Na-
tional Floricultural,
Belfast Flax

Spermatozoids

Stock breeding

Strawberry, Nimrod

Stylidium fascicula-
tum

Tanks, galvanised, by
Mr. Ayres

Toad, reproduction of,
by Mr. Lowe

Vine, culture of

to propagate, by

Mr. Brown

mildew

Wheat, culture of, by
Mr. Rigby

THE GARDENERS' CHRO-
NICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
contains, in addition to the above, the Covent
Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool
prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay,
Coal, Timlier, Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets,
and a complete Newspaper, with a condensed
account of all the transactions of the week.

ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for
Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington Street,
Covent Garden, London.

Just published, 2s. 6d. cloth,

THE VICAR AND HIS DU-
TIES : being Sketches of Clerical Life in
a Manufacturing Town Parish. By the RKV.
ALFRED GATTY, M. A., Vicar of Eccles-
field.

" We sincerely thank Mr. Gatty for his in-
teresting Sketches." — English Churchman.
London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
Edinburgh : R. GRANT & SON.

For August, Now Ready,

WS. LINCOLN'S Ninety-
« Fifth Catalogue of Cheap Second-
Hand English and Foreign Books. A copy
will be sent GRATIS and POSTAGE-FREE
to any Gentleman in Town or Country, who
forwards his Address to Cheltenham House,
Westminster Road, London.

VERY MAN HIS OWN EN-

GRA VER : or, a New, Cheap, and Simple
Process, by which to produce from a Substitute,
and multiply to any extent, either Portraits,
Names on Cards, Drawings, Maps, &c., the
Proofs of which will be equal to (jopper-plate
Engravings.

This invaluable and profitable Art will be
taught to Ladies and Gentlemen, by printed
instructions, with ease and certainty, IN ONE
LESSON, upon receipt of Fourteen Postage
Stamps, addressed to MR. A. B. CLEVE-
LAND, 15. Western Cottages, Brighton.

Printed by Tromas Clark Sbaw, of No. 10. Stonefleld Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of
St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by George Bell, of No. 18S. Fleet Street, in the Faiish of St. Dunstan in the W^est, in the
City of Loudon , Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, July 30. 1853.

NOTES AND QUEIIIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOR

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

** "Wlieii found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttlk.

No. 197.]

SATURDAY, August 6. 1853.

f Price Fourponce.

l Stamped Edition, 5A

CONTENTS.

Notes : —

High Church and Low Church . - - -

Coiicliidiiig Notes on sev^r il misunderitood Words, by

the Rev. W. R. Arrowsmith . . - -

Sneezing an Omen and a Deicy, by T. J. Bnck'ou
Abuses of H/ickney Co.iches . . . -

Shakspeare C rrespondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby,

Thomas FalLOner, &c. . - . ^ -

Page
117
120
122

Notes on Books, &c.
Book^ and Odd Volumes wanted -
Notices to Correspondents
Advertisements . . _

- 123

Minor Notes: — Falsified Gravestone in Stratford
Churchvard — Barnacles in the River Thames — Note
for London Topographers — The Aliases and Initials
of Authors— Pure — Darling's "Cyclopaedia BiUlio-
graphica" - - - - - - - 124

Queries : —

Delft Manufacture, by O. Morgan - - - 125

Minor Qhfuies:— The Withered Hand and Motto
" Utinam " — History of York — " Hauling over the
coals" — Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury — Wash-
ington— Norman of Winster — Sir Arthur Ast n —
" Janiieson the Pip^r "— " Keis<;r Gomer " — Tu cU's
"Comoedia Divina" — Fossil J'ree-: between Cairo and
Suez : Stream lik- that in Bav of Argas.toli — Presby-
terian Titles— Mayors and Sheriffs — The Bea'ity of
J3utterinere — Sheer Hulk — 'I'he Lapwing or Peeivitt
(Vanellus cristatus) — "Could we with ink," &c —
Launching Query — Manliness . - . - 125

Minor Queries with Answers: — Pues or Pews —
" Jerniiigham " and " Dovcton " - - - 127

Battle of Villers en Cnurhe, by T. C. Smith, &c.
Snail -eating, hy John rinibs, &c. . - .

Inscription near Cirencester, by P. H. Fisher, &c. -
Curious Custom of ringing Bells for 'he Dead, by the

Rev. H. T. Ellacomhe and R. W. Elliot
^Vho first thought of Table-turning ? by John Macray
Scotchmen in Poland . . . . -

Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by Eden Warwick

Photographic CoRRFSPONnENCR : — Glass Chambers
for Photography — Dr. Diamond's Replies — Trial of
Lenses — Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate
of Silver?- -

Peplies to Minor Queriks : — Burke's Marriage —
The House of Falahdl — Descendants of Judas Iscariot
— Milton's Widow — Whilaker's Ingeniieus Kavl — Are
White Cats d af? — Consecrated Roses — Tie lie-
formed Faith — House-'i aik< — Trash — .^damsoniana
— Portrait of Cromwell - Burke's " Mi-litv Boar of
the Forest " — " .■\mentium baud .Am intiuni "—Talley-
rand's Maxim — Engli h Bishops deprived hy Q leen
Elizabeth— (Jloves at Fairs — St. Dominic — Names of
Plants — Specimens of Foreign English, &c.

Miscellaneous :

- 138

- 138

- 138

- lag

Vol. VIII. — No. 197.

HIGH CHORCH AND LOW CHUHCH.

A Universal History of Party ; with the Origin
of Party Names* would form an acceptable addi-
tion to literary history : " N. & Q." has contributed
towards such a work some disquisitions on our
party names Whig and Tory^ and The Good Old
Cause. Such names as Puritan, Malignant, Evan-
gelical f, can be traced up to their first commence-
ment, but some obscurity hangs on the mintage-
date of the numes we are about to consider.

As a matter of fact, the distinction of HigJt
Church and Low Church always existed in the
Reformed Enolish Church, and the history of these
parties would be her history. But the names were
not coined till the close of the seventeenth cen-
tury, and were not stamped in full relief as party-
names till the fii-st year of Queen Anne's reign.

In October, 1702, Anne's first Parliament and
Convocation assembled :

" Fro;n the disputes in Convocation at this period,
the appellations High Church and Low Church originated,
and they were afterwards used to distinguish the clergy.
It is singular that the bishops |: were ranked among

* There is a book called History of Party, from the
Rise of the Wliig mid Tory Factions Chas. II. to the
Passing of the Reform Bill, by G. W. Cooke : Lond.
ISSS-.'JT, 3 vols. 8vo. ; but, as the title shows, it is
limited in scope.

f See Haweis's Sermons on Evangelical Principles
and Practice : Lond. 1763, 8vo. ; T/te Tvae Churchmejt
ascertained ; or. An Apology for those of the Regular
C'ergy of the EsiahHs/iment, tvlio are sometimes called
Evangelical Ministers : occasioned by the Publications
of Drs. Paley, Hey, Croft ; Messrs. Daubeny, Ludlam,
Pohvhele, Fellowes ; the Reviewers, See. : by John Over-
ton, A.B., York, 1802, 8vo., 2nd edit. See also the
various memoirs of Whitfield, Wesley, &c. ; and Sir
J. Stephen's Essays on " The Claphara Sect " and " The
Evangelical Succession."

|: It is not so very "singular," when we remember
that the bishops were what Lord Campbell and Mr.
Macaulny call "judiciously chosen" by William. On
tiiis point a cotemporary remarks, " Some steps have
been made, and large ones too, towards a Scotch re-
formation, by suspending and ejecting the chief and
most zealous of our bishops, and others of the higher

118

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

the Low Churchmen (see Burnet, v. 138. ; Calamy,
i. 643. ; Tindal's Cont.,\v. 591.)" — Lathbury's Hist, of
the Convocation, Lond. 1842, p. 319.

Mr. Lathbury is a very respectable authority in
matters of this kind, but if he use " originated"
in its strict sense, I am inclined to think he is
mistaken ; as I am tolerably certain that I have
met with the words several years before 1702. At
the moment, however, I cannot lay my hands on
a passage to support this assertion.

The disputes in Convocation gave rise to a
number of pamphlets, such as A Caveat against
High Church, Lond. 1702, and The Low Church-
men vindicated from the unjust Imputation of being
No Churchmen, in Answer to a Pamphlet called
" The Distinction of High and Low Church con-
sidered:" Lond. 1706, 8vo. Dr. Sacheverell's
trial gave additional zest to the dudgeon eccle-
siastick, and produced a shower of pamphlets. I
give the title of one of them : Pulpit War, or Dr.
S — I, the High Church Trumpet, and Mr. H — ly,
the IjOw Church Drum, engaged by way of Dia-
logue, Lond. 1710, 8vo.

To understand the cause of the exceeding bit-
terness and virulence which animated the parties
denominated High Church and Low Church, we
must remember that until the time of William of
Orange, the Church of England, as a body — her
sovereigns and bishops, her clergy and laity —
comes under the former designation ; while those
who sympathised with the Dissenters were com-
paratively few and weak. As soon as William
was head of the Church, he opened the floodgates
of Puritanism, and admitted into the church what
previously had been more or less external to it.
This element, thus made part and parcel of the
Anglican Church, was denominated Low Church.
William supplanted the bishops and clergy who
refused to take oaths of allegiance to him as
king de jure ; and by putting Puritans in their
place, made the latter the dominant party. Add
to this the feelings of exasperation produced by
the murder of Charles I., and the expulsion of the
Stuarts, and we have sufficient grounds, political
and religious, for an irreconcilable feud. Add,
again, the reaction resulting from the overthrow

clergy ; and by advancing, upon all vacancies of sees
and dignities, ecclesiastical men of notoriously Presby-
terian, or, which is loorse, of Erastian principles. These
are the ministerial ways of undermining Episcopacy ; i
and when to the seven notorious ones shall be added |
more, upon the approaching deprivation, they will
make a majority ; and then we may expect the new
model of a church to be perfected." (Somers' Tracts,
vol. X. p. 368. ) Until Atterlmry, there were few High
Church Bishops in Queen Anne's reign in 1710. Bur-
net singles out the Bishop of Chester : " for he seemed
resolved to distinguish himself as a zealot for that
which is called High Church." — Hist. Own Time,
vol. iv. p. 260.

of the tyrannous hot-bed and forcing-system,
where a sham conformity was maintained by coer-
cion; and the Church-Papist, as well as the Church-
Puritans, with ill-concealed hankering after the
mass and the preaching-house, by penal statutes
were forced to do what their souls abhorred, and
play the painful farce of attending the services of
" The Establishment."

A writer in a High Church periodical of 1717
(prefacing his article with the passage irom Pro-
verbs vi. 27.) proceeds :

" The old way of attacking the Church of England
was by mobs and bullies, and hard sounds ; by calling
Whore, and Babylon, upon our worship and liturgy, and
kicking out our clergy as dumb dogs : but now they
have other irons in the fire ; a new engine is set up
under the cloak and disguise of temper, unity, compre-
hension, and the Protestant religion. Their business now
is not to storm the Church, but to lull it to sleep : to
make us relax our care, quit our defences, and neglect
our safety .... These are the politics of their Popish
fathers : when they had tried all other artifices, they
at last resolved to sow schism and division in the
Ouirch : and from thence sprang up this very gene-
ration, who by a fine stratagem endeavoured to set us
one against the other, and they gather up the stake?'.
Hence the distinction of High and Low Church." — IVje
Scourge, p. 251.

In another periodical of the same date, in the
Dedication " To the most famous University of
Oxford," the writer says :

" These enemies of our religious and civil establish-
ment have represented you as instillers of slavisli doc-
trines and principles . . . if to give to God and Casar his
due be such tow'ring, and High Church principles, I
am sure St. Peter and St. Paul will scarce escape being
censured for Tories and Highflyers." — The Entertainer,
Lond. 1717.

" If those who have kept their first love, and whose
robes have not been defiled, endeavour to stop these
innovations and corruptions that their enemies would
introduce, they are blackened for High Church Papists,
favourers of I know not who, and fall under the public
resentment." — lb. p. 301.

I shall now give a few extracts from Low Church
writers (quoted in The Scourge), who thus de-
signate their opponents :

" A pack or party of scandalous, wicked, and pro-
fane men, who appropriate to themselves the name of
High Church (but may more properly be said to be
Jesuits or Papists in masquerade), do take liberty to
teach, preach, and print, publickly and privately, sedi-
tion, contentions, and divisions among the Protestants
of this kingdom." — Motives to Union, p. 1.

" These men glory in their being members of the
High Church (Popish appellation, and therefore they
are the more fond of that) ; but these pretended sons
are become her persecutors, and they exercise their
spite and lies both on the living and the dead." — The
Snake in the Grass brought to Light, p. 8.

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

119

" Our common people of the High Church are as
ignorant in matters of religion as the bigotted Papists,
which gives great advantage to our Jacobite and Tory
priests to lead them where they please, or to mould
them into what shapes they please." — Reasons for an
Union, p, 39.

" The minds of the populace are too much debauched
already from their loyalty by seditious arts of the High
Church faction.'" — Convocation Craft, p. 34.

" We may see how closely our present Highflyers
pursue the steps of their Popish predecessors, in reck-
oning those who dispute the usurped power of the
Church to be hereticks, schismaticks, or what else they
please. " — lb. p. 30.

" All the blood that has been spilt in the late un-
natural rebellion, may be very justly laid at the doors
of the High Church clergy." — Christianity no Creature
of the State, p. 16.

" We see what the Tory Priesthood were made of in
Queen Elizabeth's time, that they were ignorant, lewd,
and seditious : and it must be said of 'em that they are
true to the stuff still." — Toryism the Worst of the Two,
p. 21.

" The Tories and High Church, notwithstanding their
pretences to loyalty, will be found by their actions to
be the greatest rebels in nature." — Reasons for an
Union, p. 20.

Sir W. Scott, in his Life of Dryden, Lond. 1808,
observes that —

" Towards the end of Charles the Second's reign,
the High- Church-men and tlie Catholics regarded them-
selves as on the same side in political questions, and not
greatly divided in their temporal interests. Both were
sufferers in the plot, both were enemies of the sectaries,
both were adherents of the Stuarts. Alternate con-
version had been common between them, so early as
since Milton made a reproach to the English Univer-
sities of the converts to the Roman faith daily made
within their colleges : of those sheep —

' Whom the grim woZ^with privy paw
Daily devours apace, and nothing said.' "

Life, .3rd edit. 1834, p. 272.

I quote this passage partly because it gives Sir
Walter's interpretation of that obscure passage in
Lycidas, respecting which I made a Query (Vol. ii.,
p. 246.), but chiefly as a preface to the remark
that in James II.'s reign, and at the time these
party names originated, the Roman Catholics were
in league with the Puritans or Low Chwch party
against the High Churchmen, which increased the
acrimony of both parties.

In those days religion was politics, and politics
religion, with most of the belligerents. Swift,
however, as if he wished to be thought an excep-
tioii to the general rule, chose one party for its
politics and the other for its religion.

" Swift carried into the ranks of the Whigs the
opinions and scruples of a High Church clergyman . . .
Such a distinction between opinions in Cliurch and
State has not frequently existed : the High Churchmen

being usually Tories, and the Low Church divines uni-
versally Whigs." — Scott's Life, 2nd edit.: Edin. 1824,
p. 76.

See Swift's Discourse of the Contests and Dissen-
sions between the Nobles and Commons of Athens
and Rome : Lond. 1701.

In his ({ua\ni Argument against abolishing Chris-
tianity, Lond. 1708, the follov/ing passage occurs :

" There is one advantage, greater than any of the
foregoing, proposed by the abolishing of Christianity :
that it will utterly extinguish parties among us by
removing those factious distinctions of High and Low
Church, of Whig and Tory, Presbyterian and Church
of England."

Scott says of the Tale of a Tub :

" The main purpose is to trace the gradual corrup-
tions of the Church of Rome, and to exalt the English
Reformed Church at the expense both of the Roman
Catholic and Presbyterian establishments. It was
written with a view to the interests of the High Church
party." — Life, p, 84.

Most men vyill concur with JeflTrey, who ob-
serves :

" It is plain, indeed, that Swift's High Church prin-
ciples were all along but a part of his selfishness and
ambition ; and meant nothing else, than a desire to
raise the consequence of the order to which he happened
to belong. If he had been a layman, we have no
doubt he would have treated the pretensions of the
priesthood as he treated the persons of all priests who
were opposed to him, with the most bitter and irre-
verent disdain." — Ed. Rev., Sept. 1816.

The following lines are from a squib of eight
stanzas which occurs in tlie works of Jonathan
Smedley, and are said to have been fixed on the
door of St. Patrick's Cathedral on the day of
Swift's instalment (see Scott, p. 174.) :

" For High Churchmen and polic)',
He swears he prays most hearty ;
But would pray back again to be
A Dean of any party."

This reminds us of the Vicar of Bray, of famous
memory, who, if I recollect aright, commenced his^
career thus :

" In good King Charles's golden days,
When loyalty no harm meant,
A zealous High Churchman I was,
And so I got preferment."

How widely different are the men we see chissed
under the title High Churchmen! Evelyn and
Walton*, the gentle, the Christian; the arrogant
Swift, and the restless Atterbury.

It is difficult to prevent my note running
beyond the limits of " N. & Q.," with the ample

* Of Izaak Walton his biographer. Sir John Hawr
kins, writing in 1760, says, "he was a friend to a
hierarchy, or, as we should now call such a one, a High
Churchman,"

120

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

materials I have to select from ; but I cannot wind
up without a definition ; so here are two :

" Mr, Thehvall says that he told a pious old lady,
■who asked him the difference between High Church and
Loio Church, * The High Church place the Church
above Christ, the Low Church place Christ above the
Church.' About a hundred years ago, that very same
question was asked of the famous South: — 'Why,'
said he, ' the High Church are those who think highly
of the Church, and lowly of themselves; the Low
Cluircb are those who think highly of themselves, and
lowly of the Church." — Rev. H. Newland's Lecture on
Tractarianism, Lond. 1852, p. 68.

The most celebrated High Churchmen who lived
in the last century, are Dr. South, Dr. Samuel
Johnson, Rev. Wm. Jones of Nayland, Bp. Home,
Bp. Wilson, and Bp. Horsley. See a long passage
on " High Churchmen" in a charge of the hitter to
the clergy of St. David's in the year 1799, pp. 34.
37. See also a charge of Bp. Atterbui-y (then
Archdeacon of Totnes) to his clergy in 1703.

Jarltzberg.

CONCLUDING NOTES ON SEVERAL MISUNDERSTOOD
WORDS.

(Continued from Vol. vii., p. 568.)

Xot being minded to broach any fresh matter
in "JT. & Q.," I shall now only crave room to
clear off an old score, lest I should leave myself
open to the imputation of having cast that in the
teeth of a numerous body of men which might, for
aught they would know to the contrary, be as
truly laid in my own dish. In No. 189., p. 567.,
I affirmed that the handling of a passage in
Cymbeline, there quoted, had betrayed an amount
of obtuseness in the connnentators which would
be discreditable in a third-form schoolboy. To
substantiate that assertion, and rescue the dis-
puted word " Britaine " henceforth for ever from
the rash tampering of the meddlesome sciolist, I
beg to advertise the ingenuous reader that the
clause, —

" For being now a favourer to the Britaine,"
is in apposition with Death, not with Posthumus
Leonatus. In a note appended to tliis censure,
referring to another passage from L. L. L., I
averred that Mr. Collier had corrupted it by
changing the singular verb dies into the plural
die (this too done, under plea of editorial li-
cence, without warning to the reader), and that
such corruption had abstracted the true key to
the right construction. To make good this last
position, two things I must do : first, cite the whole
passage, without change of letter or tittle, as it
stands in the Folios '23 and '32 ; next, show the
trivial and vulgar use of " contents " as a singular
noun. In Folio '23, thus :

*' Qu. Nay my good Lord, let me ore-rule you now ;
That sport best pleases that doth least know how.

Where Zeale striues to content, and the contents
Dies in the Zeale of that which it presents :
Their forme confoundfd, makes most forme in mirth,
When great things labouring perish in their birth."

Act IV. p. 141.
With this the Folio '32 exactly corresponds, save
that the speaker is Prin., not Qu. ; ore-rules is
•written as two words without the hyphen, and
strives for striues. I have been thus precise, be-
cause criticism is to me not " a game," nor admis-
sive of cogging and falsification.

I must now show the hackneyed use of contents
as a singular noun. An anonymous correspondent
of " N. & Q." has already pointed out one in Mea-
sure for Measure, Act IV. Sc. 2. :

" Duhe. The contents of this is the returne of the
Duke."
Another :

" This is the contents thereof." — Calvin's 82nd Ser-
mon vpon Job, p. 419., Golding's translation.

Another :

" After this were articles of peace propounded, y=
contents wherof was, that he should departe out of
Asia." — The 31st Booke of Justine, fol. 139., Golding's
translation of Justin's Tragus Fompeius.

Another :

" Plinie wrlteth hereof an excellent letter, the con-
tents wliereof is, that this ladie, mistrusting her husband,
was condemned to die," &c. — HistoricaU Meditations,
lib. iii. chap. xi. p. 178. Written in Latin by P. Came-
rarius, and done into English by John Molle, Esq. :
London, 1621.
Another :

" The contents whereof is this." — Id., lib. v. chap. vi.
p. 342.

Another :

" Therefore George, being led with an heroieall dis-
daine, and neuertheless giuiiig the bridle beyond mo-
deration to his anger, vnderstanding that Albert was
come to Newstad, resolued with himselfe (without
acquainting any bodie) to write a letter vnto him, the
contents whereof was," &c. — Id., lib. v. chap. xii. p. 366.

If the reader wants more examples, let him give
himself the trouble to open the first book that
comes to hand, and I dare say the perusal of a
dozen pages will supply some ; yet have we two
editors of Shakspeare, Johnson and Collier, so un-
acquainted with the usage of their own tongue,
and the imiversal logic of thought, as not to know
that a word like contends, according as it is under-
stood collectively or distributively, may be, and,
as we have just seen, in fact is, treated, as a sin-
gular or plural ; that, I say, contents taken seve-
rally, every content, or in gross, tlie whole mass, is
respectively plural or singular. It was therefore
optional with Shakspeai*e to employ the word
either as a singular or plural, but not in the same
sentence to do both : here, liowever, he was tied

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

121

to the singular, for, wanting a rhyme to contents,
the nominative to presents must be singular, and
that nominative was the prououn of contents.
Since, therefore, the plural die and the singular it
could not both be referable to the same noun con-
tents, by silently substituting die for dies, Mr.
Collier has blinded his reader and wronged his
author. The purport of the passage amounts to
this: i\xQ contents, or structure (to wit, of the show
to be exhibited), breaks down in the performer's
zeal to the subject which it presents. Johnson
very properly adduces a much happier expression
of the same thought from A Midsummei' Night's
Dreame :

" Hip. I love not to see wretchedness o'ercharged ;
And duty in his service perishing."

The reader cannot fail to have observed the fault-
less punctuation of the Folios in the forecited
passage, and I think concur with me, that like
many, ay, most others, all it craves at the hands
of editors and commentators is, to be left alone.
The last two lines ask for no explanation even to
the blankest mind. Words like contents are by no
means rare in English. We have tidings and news,
both singular and plural. Mr. Collier himself
rebukes Malone for his ignorance of such usage
of the latter word. If it be said that these two
examples have no singular form, whereas contents
has, there is means, at any rate precisely ana-
logous. On the other hand, so capricious is lan-
guage, in defiance of the logic of thought, we have,
if I may so term it, a merely auricular plural, in
the word corpse referred to a single carcase.

I should here close my account with " N. & Q."
were it not that I have an act of justice to per-
form. When I first lighted upon the two ex-
amples of chaumbre in Udall, I thought, as we say
in this country, it was a good " fundlas," and re-
garded it as my own property. It now appears to
be but a waif or stray ; therefore, suum cuique, I
cheerfully resign the credit of it to Mr. Singer,
the rightful proprietary. Proffering them for the
inspection of learned and unlearned, I of course
foresaw that speedy sentence would be pronounced
by that division, whose judgment, lying ebb and
close to the surface, must needs first reach the
light. I know no more appropriate mode of re-
quiting the handsome manner in which Mb. Singer
has been pleased to speak of my trifling contribu-
tions to " N. & Q.," than by asking him, with all
the modesty of which I am master, to reconsider
the passage in Romeo and Juliet; for though his
substitution (j-umourers vice runawai/es') may, I
think, clearly take the wall of any of its rivals, yet,
believing that Juliet invokes a darkness to shroud
her lover, under cover of which even the fugitive
from justice might snatch a wink of sleep, 1 must
for my own part, as usual, still adhere to the
authentic text. W. R. Areowsmitu.

P. S. — In answer to a Bloomsbury Querist
(^''ol. viii., p. 44.), I crave leave to say that I never
have met with the verb perccyuer except in Ilawes,
loc. cit. ; and I gave the latest use that I could call
to mind of the noun in my paper on that word.
Unhappily I never make notes, but rely entirely on
a somewhat retentive memory ; therefore the in-
stances that occur on the spur of the moment are
not always the most apposite that might be selected
for the purpose of illustration. If, however, he
will take the trouble to refer to a little book, con-
sisting of no more than 448 pages, published in
1576, and entitled A Panoplie of JSpistles, or a
Looking-glasse for the Vnleai-ned, by Abraham
Flemming, he will find no fewer than nine ex-
amples, namely, at pp. 25. 144. 178. 253. 277. 285.
(twice in the same page) 333. 382. It excites
surprise that the word never, as far as I am aware,
occurs in any of the voluminous works of Sir
Thomas More, nor in any of the theological pro-
ductions of the Reformers.

With respect to speare, the orthography varies,
as spere, sperr, sparr, unspar; but in the Prologue
to Troilus and Cressida, sperre is Theobald's cor-
rection of stirre, in Folios '23 and '32. Let me
add, what I had forgotten at the time, that an-
other instance of hudde intransitive, to bend, oc-
curs at p. 105. of The Life of Faith in Death, by
Samuel Ward, preacher of Ipswich, London, 1622.
Also another, and a very significant one, of the
phrase to have on the hip, in Fuller's Historic of the
Holy Warre, Cambridge, 1647 :

" Arnuljjhus was as quiet as a lambe, and durst never
challenge his interest in Jerusalem from Godfrey's do-
nation ; as fearing to wrestle with the king, who had
him on the hip, and could out him at pleasure for his
bad manners." — Book ii. chap. viii. p. 55.

In my note on the word tt-ash, I said (somewhat
too peremptorily) that overtop was not even a
hunting term (Vol. vii., p. 567.). At the moment.
I had forgotten the following passage :

" Therefore I would perswade all lovers of hunting;
to get two or three couple of tryed hounds, and once or
twice a week to follow after them a train-scent ; and
when he is able to top them on all sorts of earth, and to
endure heats and colds stoutly, then he may the better
relie on his speed and toughness." — The Hunting-horse,
chap. vii. p. 71., Oxford, 1685.

SNEEZING AN OMEN AND A DEITT.

In the Odyssey, xvii. 541-7., we have, imitating
the hexameters, the following passage :

" Thus Penelope spake. Then quickly Telcmachus

sneez'd loud,
Sounding around all the building: his mother, with

smiles at her son, said,
Swiftly addressing her rapid and high-toned words to

Eumaeus,

122

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

' Go tben directly, Eumaeus, and call to my presence
the strange guest.

See'st thou not that my son, ev'ry word I have spoken
hath gneez'd at 9*

Thus portentous, betok'ning the fate of my hateful
suitors,

All whom death and destruction await by a doom
irreversive.' "

Dionyslus Halicarnassus, on Homer's poetry
(s. 24.), says, sneezing was considered by that
poet as a good sign (^av^iSoXov ayaQov) ; and from
the Anthology (lib- ii.) the words ouSe Aeyej, ZsG
iroJo-oj', icLv Trrafyfj, sliow that it was proper to ex-
claim " God bless you ! " when any one sneezed.

Aristotle, in the Problems (xxxlii. 7.), inquires
why sneezing is reckoned a God (5(a ri tov fiev
irrapfj.hy, ^ehv ijyovfxeda f'ivai) ; to which he suggests,
that it may be because it comes from the head, the
most divine part about us (^ewraTov tcSc irepi Vfias).
Persons having the inclination, but not the power
to sneeze, should look at the sun, for reasons he
assigns in Problems (xxxiii. 4.).

Plutarch, on the Daemon of Socrates (s. 11.),
states the opinion which some persons had formed,
that Socrates' dajmon was nothing else than the
sneezing either of himself or others. Thus, if
any one sneezed at his right hand, either before or
behind him, he pursued any step he had begun ;
but sneezing at his left hand caused him to desist
from his formed purpose. He adds something as
to different kinds of sneezing. To sneeze twice
was usual in Aristotle's time ; but once, or more
than twice, was uncommon (Prob. xxxiii. 3.).

Petronius (Satyr, c. 98.) notices the " blessing "
in the following passage :

" Giton collectione spiritus plenus, ier continuo ita
sternutavit, ut grabatum concuteret. Ad quern motum
£umolpus conversus, salvere Ghana jubet."

T. J. BUCKTON.

: Birmingham.

ABUSES OF HACKNET COACHES.

[The following proclamation on this subject is of
interest at the present moment. ]

By the King.

A Proclamation to restrain the Abuses of Hackney
Coaches in the Cities of London and Westmin-
ster, and the Suburbs thereof.

Charles R.
Whereas the excessive number of Hackney
Coaches, and Coach Horses, in and about the
Cities of London and Westminster, and the Sub-
urbs thereof, are found to be a common nuisance
to the Publique Damage of Our People by reason

* The practice of snufT-taking has made the sneezing
at anything a mark of contempt, in these degenerate
days.

of their rude and disorderly standing and pass-
ing to and fro, in and about our said Cities and
Suburbs, the Streets and Highways being thereby
pestred and made impassable, the Pavements
broken up, and the Common Passages obstructed
and become dangerous, Our Peace violated, and
sundry other mischiefs and evils occasioned :

We, taking into Our Princely consideration-
these apparent Inconveniences, and resolving that
a speedy remedy be applied to meet with, and
redress them for the future, do, by and with the
advice of our Privy Council, publish Our Royal
Will and Pleasure to be, and we do by. this Our
Proclamation expressly charge and command. That
no Person or Persons, of what Estate, Degree, or
Quality whatsoever, keeping or using any Hack-
ney Coaches, or Coach Horses, do, from and after
the Sixth day of November next, permit or suffer
the said Coaches and Horses, or any of them, to
stand or remain in any the Streets or Passages
in or about Our said Cities either of London or
Westminster, or the Suburbs belonging to either
of them, to be there hired ; but that they and every
of them keep their said Coaches and Horses within
their respective Coach-houses, Stables, and Yards
(whither such Persons as desire to hire the same
may resort for that purpose), upon pain of Our
high displeasure, and such Forfeitures, Pains, and
Penalties as may be inflicted for the Contempt of
Our Royal Commands in the Premises, whereof
we shall expect a strict Accompt.

And for the due execution of Our Pleasure
herein. We do further charge and command the
Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Our City of London,
That they in their several Wards, and Our Jus-
tices of Peace within Our said Cities of London
and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs
thereof, and all other Our Officers and Ministers
of Justice, to whom it appertaineth, do take
especial care in their respective Limits that this
Our Command be duly observed, and that they
from time to time return the names of all those
who shall wilfully offend in the Premises, to Our
Privy Council, and to the end they may be pro-
ceeded against by Indictments and Presentments
for the Nuisance, and otherwise according to the
severity of the Law and Demerits of the Offenders.

Given at Our Court at Whitehall the 18th day
of October in the 12th year of Our Reign.

God save the King.

London : Printed by John Bell and Christopher
Barker, Printers to the King's most Excellent
Majesty, 1660.

Pepys, in his Diary, vol. i. p. 152., under date
8th November, 1660, says :

" To Mr. Fox, who was very civil to me. Notwith-
standing this was the first day of the King's proclama-

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

123

tion against hackney coaches coming into the streets to
stand to be hired, yet I got one to carry me home."

T. D.

SHAKSPEARE COBBESFONDENCE.

Passage in " IVie Tempest,''' Act I. So. 2. —

" The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch.
But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek,
Dashes the fire out."

"The manuscript corrector of the folio 1632,"
Mr. Collier informs us, " lias substituted heat for
'cheek,' which is not an unlikely corruption, a
person writing only by the ear."

I should say very unlikely : but if heat had been
actually printed in the folios, without speculating
as to the probability that the press-oopy was
written from dictation, I should have had no
hesitation in altering it to cheek. To this I
should have been directed by a parallel passage in
Richard IL, Act III. Sc. 3., which has been over-
looked by Mb. Collier :

" Methinks, King Richard and myself should meet
With no less terror than the elements
Of fire and water, when their thundering shock
At meeting tears the cloudy cheeks of heaven."

Commentary here is almost useless. Every one
who has any capacity for Shakspearian criticism
must feel assured that Shakspeare wrote cheek,
and not heat.

The passage I have cited from Richard II.
strongly reminds me of an old lady whom I met
last autumn on a tour through the Lakes of Cum-
berland, &c. ; and who, during a severe thunder-
storm, expressed to me her surprise at the per-
tinacity of the lightning, adding, " I should think,
Sir, that so much water in the heavens would
have put all the fire out."

C. Mansfield Inglebt.

jBirmingham,

77ie Case referred to by Shakspeare in Hamlet
(Vol. vii., p.550.).—

" If the water come to the man." — Shakspeare.

The argument Shakspeare referred to was that
contained in Plovvden's Report of the case of
Hales V. Petit, heard in the Court of Common
Pleas in the fifth year of the reign of Queen
Elizabeth. It was held that though the wife of
Sir James Hale, whose husband was felo-de-se,
became by survivorship the holder of a joint term
for years, yet, on office found, it should be for-
feited on account of the act of the deceased hus-
band. The learned Serjeants who were counsel
for the defendant, alleged that the forfeiture
should have relation to the act done in the party's
lifetime, which was the cause of his death. " And

upon this," they said, " the parts of the act are to
be considered." And Serjeant Walsh said :

" The act consists of three parts. The first is the
imagination, which is a reflection or meditation of the
mind, whether or no it is convenient for him to destroy
himself, and what way it can be done. The second is
the resolution, which is the determination of the mind
to destroy himself, and to do it in this or that par-
ticular way. The third is the perfection, which is the
execution of what the mind has resolved to do. And
this perfection consists of two parts, viz. the beginning
and the end. The beginning is the doing of the act
which causes the death ; and the end is the death, which
is only the sequel to the act. And of all the parts, the
doing of the act is the greatest in the judgment of our
law, and it is, in effect, the whole and the only part
the law looks upon to be material. For the imagination-
of the mind to do wrong, without an act done, is not
punishable in our law ; neither is the resolution to do
that wrong which he does not, punishable ; but the
doing of the act is the only point the law regards, for
until the act is done it cannot be an offence to the
world, and when the act is done it is punishable. Then,
here, the act done by Sir James Hale, which is evil and
the cause of his death, is the throwing of himself into
the water, and death is but a sequel thereof, and this
evil act ought some way to be punished. And if the
forfeiture shall not have relation to the doing of the
act, then the act shall not be pimished at all, for inas-
much as the person who did the act is dead, his person
cannot be punished, and therefore there is no way else
to punish him but by the forfeiture of those things
which were his own at the time of the act done ; and
the act was done in his lifetime, and therefore the for-
feiture shall have relation to his lifetime, namely, to
that time of his life in which he did the act which took
away his life."

And the judges, viz. Weston, Anthony Brown,
and Lord Dyer, said :

" That the forfeiture shall have relation to the time
of the original offence committed, which was the cause
of the death, and that was, the throwing himself into
the water, which was done in his lifetime, and this
act was felony." " So that the felony is attri-
buted to the act, which act is always done by a living
man and in his lifetime," as Brown said; for he said,
" Sir James Hale was dead, and how came he to his
death ? It may be answered, By drowning. And who
drowned him ? Sir James Hale. And when did he
drown him ? In his lifetime. So that Sir James
Hale being alive, caused Sir James Hale to die ; and
the act of the living man was the death of the dead
man. And then for this offence it is reasonable to
punish the living man who committed the offence, and
not the dead man. But how can he be said to be
punished alive when the punishment comes after his
death ? Sir, this can be done no other way but by
devesting out of him, from the time of the act done in
his life, which was the cause of his death, the title and
property of those things which he had in his lifetime."

The above extract is long, but the work from
which it is taken can be accessible to but very few

124

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

of your readers. Let them not, however, while
they smile at the arguments, infer that those who
took part in them were not deservedly among the
most learned and eminent of our ancient judges.

Thomas Falconer.
Temple.

Shdkspeare Suggestion. —

" These sweet thoughts do even refresh my labours ;
Most busy — less wheu I do it."

Tempest, Act III. Sc. 1.

I fear your readers will turn away from the
■very sight of the above. Be patient, kind friends,
I will be brief. Has any one suggested —

" Most busy, least when I do "?
The words in the folio are

" Most busy lest, when I do it."

The "it" seems mere surplusage. The sense re-
quires that the thoughts should be "most busy"
•whilst the hands "do least;" and in Shakspeare's
time, "lest" was a common spelling for least.

Icon.

Shakspeare Controversy. — I think the Shak-
speare Notes contained in your volumes are not
complete without the following quotation from
The Summer Night of Ludwig Tieck, as translated
by Mary Maynard in the Athen. of June 25, 1853.
Puck, in addressing the sleeping boy Shakspeare,

" After thy death, I'll raise dissension sharp.
Loud strife among the herd of little minds :
Envy shall seek to dim thy wondrous page,
But all the clearer will thy glory shine."

Ceridwen.

Falsified Gravestone in Stratford Churchyard.
— The following instance of a recent forgery
having been extensively circulated, may lead to
more careful examination by those who take notes
of things extraordinary.

The church at Stratford-upon-Avon was re-
paired about the year 1839; and some of the
workmen having their attention directed to the
fact, that many persons who had attained to the
full age of man were buried in the churchyard ;
and, wishing " for the honour of the place," to
improve the note-books of visitors, set about
manufacturing an extraordinary instance of lon-
gevity. A gravestone was chosen in an out-of-
the-way place, in which there happened to be
a space before the age (72). A figure 1 was
cut in this space, and the age at death then
stood 172. The sexton was either deceived, or
assented to the deception ; as the late vicar, the
Kev. J. Clayton, learned that it had become a
practice with him (the sexton) to show strangers

this gravestone, so fixlsified, as a proof of the ex-
traordinary age to which people lived in the parish.
The vicar had ihe fraudulent figure erased at once,
and lectured tlie sexton for his dishonesty.

These fiicts were related to me a few weeks since
by a sou of the late vicar. And as many strangers
visiting the tomb of Shakspeare "made a note" of
this falsified age, "!N. & Q." may now correct the
forgery. Robert Kawunson.

Barnacles in the River Thames. — Tn Porta's
Ndturcd Magic, Eng. trans., Lond. 1658, occurs
the following curious passage :

" Late writfrs report that not only in Scotland, but
also in the river of Tham'.^s hy London, there is a kind
of shell-tish In a two-leaved shell, that hath a foot full
of ])liiits and wruikles: these fish are little, round, and
outwardly white, smooth ar.d beetle-shellfd like an
almond shell ; inwardly they are great bellied, bred as
it were of moss and mud; tliey commonly stick in the
keel of some old ship. Some say they come of worms,
some of the boughs of trees which fall into the sea; if
any of them be cast upon shore they die, but they
whicli are swallowed still into the sea, live and get out
of tlieir shells, and grow to be ducks or such like
birds ^!)."

It would be curious to know what could give
rise to such an absurd belief. Spbklend.

Note for London Topographers. —

" The account of Mr. Mathias Fletcher, of Green-
wich, for carving the Anchor Shield and King's Arms,
for the .'Admiralty Office in York Buildings, delivered
Nov. 2, 16G8, and undertaken by His Majesty's com-
mand signified to nie hy the Hon. Samuel Pepys, £sq.,.
Secretary for the Affairs of the Admiralty :

" For a Shield for the middle of the £ s. d^
front of the said office towards the Thames,
containing the Anchor of Lord High Ad-
miral of England with the Imperial Crown
over it, and cyphers, being 8 foot deep and
6 foot broad, 1 having found the timber,
&c. SO 0 0

" For the King's Arms at large, with
ornaments thereto, designed for tlie pedi-
ment of tlu- said front, the same being in
the whole 1 5 foot long and 9 foot high, I
finding timber, &c. - - - - 73 15 O

£103 15 O*

Extracted from Rawlinson MS. A. 170, fol. 132.

J. Yeowell.

The Aliases and Initials of Authors. — It has
often occurred to me that it would save much
useless inquiry jtnd research, if a tolerable lists
could be collected of the principal authors who
have published their Avorks under assumed names
or initials : thus, " 11. B. Robert Burton," Nathaniel
Crouch, "R.F.Scoto-Britannicus," Robert Fairley,
&c. The commencement of a new volume of

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

125

" N. & Q." affords an excellent opportunity for at-
tempting this. If the correspondents of " N._ & Q."
would contribute their mites occasionally with this
view, by the conclusion of the volume, I have little
doubt but a very valuable list miLjht be obtained.
For the sake of reference, tlie whole contributions
obtained could then be amalgamated, and alpha-
betically arranged. Pertuensis.

Pure. — In visiting an old blind woman the
other day, I was struck with what to me was a
peculiar use of the word pure. Having inquired
after the dame's health, and been assured that she
was much better, I begged her not to rise from
the bed on which she was sitting, whereupon she
said, "Thank you, Sir, I feel quite pure this
morning." Oxoniensis.

Oakridge, Gloucestershire.

Darling's '■'■ Cijclopaidia Bibliographica."' — The
utility of Mr. Darling's Cyclopa>dia Bihliographica
is exemplified by the solution conveyed under the
title " Crellius," p. 813., of the following difficulty
expressed by Dr. Hey, the Norrlsian professor
(Lectures, vol. iil. p. 40.) :

" Paul Crellius and John iNIaclaurin seem to have
been of the same way of thinking with John Agricola.
Nicboll.s on this Article [Eighth of the Tliirty-nine
Articles], refers to Paul Crellius's book De Lihertate
Christiana, but I ilo not find it anywhere. A speech of
his is in the Bodleian Catalogue, but not this work."

Similar Information might have been received
by your correspondent (Vol. vll., p. 381.), who
inquired whether Huet's Navigations of Solomon
was ever published. In the Cyclopajdla reference
is made to two collections In which this treatise
has been inserted, Crit. Sac, viii. ; Ugolinus, vil.
277. With his usual accuracy, Mr. Darling states
there are additions in the Critici Sacri printed at
Amsterdam, 1698-1732, as Huet's treatise above
referred to is not in the first edition, London,

1660. BiBLIOTHECAE. ChETHAM.

DELFT MANUFACTURE.

I am extremely desirous of obtaining some in-
formation respecting the Dutch manufactories of
enamelled pottery, or Delft ware, as we call It.

On a former occasion, by your connexion with
the Navorscher, you were able to obtain for me
some very valuable and interesting information in
reply to some question put respecting the Dutch
porcelain manufactories. I am therefore in hopes
that some kind correspondent in Holland will be
so obliging as to impart to me similar information
on this subject also. I should wish to know —

When, by whom, at what places, and under
wliat circumstances, the manufacture of enamelled
pottery was first introduced into Holland ?

Whether there were manuHxctorles at other
towns besides Delft ?

Whether they had any distinctive marks ; and,
if so, what were they ?

Whether there was more than one manufactory
at Delft ; and, if so, what were their marks, and
what was the meaning of them ?

Whether any particular manufactories were
confined to the making of any particular sort or
quality of articles ; and, if so, what were they ?

Whether any of the manufactories have ceased ;
and, if so, at what period ?

Also, any other particulars respecting the ma-
nufactories and their products that it may be pos-
sible to communicate through the medium of a
paper like " N. & Q." Octavius Morgan.

The Withered Hand and Motto " Utinam." —
At Compton Park, near Salisbury, the seat of the
Penruddocke family, there is a three-quarter
length picture, in the Velasquez style, of a gen-
tleman in a rich dress of black velvet, with broad
lace frill and cuffs, and ear-rings, probably of the
latter part of Queen Elizabeth's reign. His right
hand, which he displays somewhat prominently, is
loilhered. The left one is a-kimbo, and less seen.
In the upper part of the painting is the single
Latin word "utinam" (Othat!). There is no
tradition as to who this person was. Any sug-
gestion on the subject would gratify 3,

History of York. — Who Is the author of a
History of York, in 2 vols,, published at that city
in 1788 by T, Wilson and II. Spence, High Ouse-
gate ? I have seen it in several shops, and heard
it attributed to Drake ; and obtained it the other
day from an extensive library in Bristol, in the
Catalogue of which it is styled Drake's Ehoracum.
Several allusions in the first volume to his work,
however, render it impossible to be ascribed to
him. It is dedicated to the Right Honourable Sir
William Mordaunt Milner, of Nunappleton, Bart.,
who was mayor at the time. 11. W. Elliot,

Clifton.

'■'■ Haiding over the coals." — What is the origin
and meaning of the phrase, " Hauling one over
the coals ;" and where does it first appear ? Fabek.

Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury. — Can any
of your readers give me any information respect-
ing the Mr. or Dr. Butler, of St. Edmund's Bury,
referred to in the extracts from the Post Boy and
Gough's Topography, quoted by Ma. Ballard in
Vol. vli., p. 617. ? Buriensis.

Washington. — Anecdotes relative to General
Washington, President of the United States, in-

126

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

tended for a forthcoming work on tlie " Homes of
American Statesmen," will be gratefully received
for the author by Joseph Stansbubt.

26. Parliament Street

Norman of Winste7\ — Can any of your corre-
spondents afford information bearing on the family
of Norman of Winster, county of Derby ?

" John Norman of Winster, county of Derby,
married, in 1715 or 1716, to Jane {maiden name t^&v-
ticularly wanted). The said J. Norman married
again in 1723, to Mary" (maiden name wanted
also).

I shall be particularly obliged to any one afford-
ing such information. W.

Sir Arthur Aston. — I shall be much obliged,
should any of your very numerous correspondents
be able to inform me in which part or parish, of
the county of Berkshire, the celebrated cavalier
Sir Arthur Aston resided upon his return from the
foreign wai-s in which he had been for so many
years engaged ; and previously to the rupture be-
tween Charles I. and the Houses of Parliament.

I believe one of his daughters, about the same
period, married a gentleman residing in the same
county : also that George Tattersall, Esq., of
Finchampstead, a family of consideration in the
same county of Berkshire, was a near relative.

Chartham.

'■'■Jamieson the Piper" — I am anxious to ascer-
tain who was the author of the above ditty ; it
■was very popular in Aberdeenshire about the
beginning of this century. The scene, if I remem-
ber rightly, is laid in the parish of Forgue, in
Aberdeenshire. Possibly some of the members of
the Spalding Club may be able to enlighten me
on the subject. Bathensis.

'■'■Keiser Glomer." — T have a Danish play enti-
tled Keiser Glonier^ Frit oversatte afdet Kyhlamske
vech C. Bredahl: Kiobenhavn, 1834. It is a mix-
ture of tragedy and farce : the former occasionally
good, the latter poor buffoonery. In the notes,
readings of the old MS. are referred to with
apparent seriousness ; but Gammel Gumbo's Saga
is quoted in a manner that seems burlesque. I
cannot find the word " Kyhlam" in any dictionary.
Can any of your readers tell me whether it signi-
fies a real country, or is a mere fiction ? The
work does not read like a translation ; and, if one,
the number of modern allusions show that it is
not, as it professes to be, from an ancient manu-
script. M. M. E.

Tieck's Comadia Divina. — I copied the follow-
ing lines six years ago from a review in a Munich
newspaper of Batornicki's Ungbttliche Comodie.
They were cited as from Tieck's suppressed (zu-
riickgezogen) satire, La Comodie Divina, from

which Batornicki was accused of plundering freely,,
thinking that, from its variety, he would not be
detected :

" Spitzt so hoch ihr konnt euer Ohr,
Gar wunderbare Dinge kommen liier vor,
Gott Vater identificirt sich mit der Kreatur,
Demi er will anschauen die absolute Natur ;
Aber zum Bewustseyn kann er nicht gedeilien,
Drum muss er sich mit sich selbst entzweien."

I omitted to note the paper, but preserved the
lines as remarkable. I have since tried to find
some account of La Divina Comedia, but in vain. .
It is not noticed in any biography of Tieck. Can
any of your readers tell me what it is, or who
wrote it ? M. M. E.

Fossil Trees between Cairo and Suez — Stream
like that in Bay of Argastoli. — Can any of your
readers oblige me by stating where the best in-
formation may be met with concerning the very
remarkable fossil trees on the way from Cairo to
Suez ? And, if there has yet been discovered
any other stream or rivulet running from the
ocean into the land similar to that in the Bay of
Argastoli in the Island of Cephalonia ? H. M.

Presbyterian Titles (Vol. v., p. 516.). — Where
may be found a list of " the quaint and uncouth
titles of the old Presbyterians ? "

P. J. F. Gantillon, B. a.

Mayors and Sheriffs. — Can you or any of your
readers inform me which ought to be considered
the principal oflicer, or which is the most import-
ant, and which ought to have precedence of the
other, the mayor of a town or borough, or the
sheriff of a town or borough ? and is the mayor
merely the representative of the town, and the
sheriff of the Queen ; and if so, ought not the re-
presentative of majesty to be considered more
honourable than the representative of merely a
borough ; and can a sheriff of a borough claim to
have a grant of arms, if he has not any previous ?

A Subscriber.

Nottingham.

The Beauty of Buttermere. — In an article con-
tributed by Coleridge to the Morning Post (vid.
Essays on his own Times, vol. ii. p. 591.), he says:

" It seems that there are some circumstances attend-
ing her birth and true parentage, which would account
for her striking superiority in mind and manners, in a
way extremely flattering to the prejudices of rank and
birth."
What are the circumstances alluded to ?

R. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

Sheer Hulk. — Living in a maritime town, and
hearing nautical terms frequently used, I had al-
ways supposed this term to mean an old vessel, ,

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

127

with sheers, ov spars, erected upon it, for the pur-
pose of masting and unmasting ships, and was led
to attribute the use of it, by Sir W. Scott and
other writers, for a vessel totally dismasted, to
their ignorance of the technical terms. But of
late it has been used in the latter sense by a
writer in the United Service Magazine professing
to be a nautical man. I still suspect that this use
of the word is wrong, and should be glad to hear
on the subject from any of your naval readers.

I believe that the word " buckle " is still used
in the dockyards, and among seamen, to signify to
" bend" (see " N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 375.),"though
rarely. J. S. Warden.

The Lapwing or Peewitt ( Vanellus cristatus). —
Can any of your correspondents, learned in natural
history, throw any light upon the meaning in the
following line relative to this bird ? —

" The blackbird far its hues shall know,
As lapwing knows the vine."

In the first line the allusion is to the berries of the
hawthorn ; but what the lapwing has to do with
the vine, I am at a loss to know. Having forgotten
whence I copied the above lines, perhaps some one
will favor me with the author's name.

J. B. Whitborne.

" Could we with ink," 8)X. — Could you, or any
of your numerous and able correspondents, in-
form me who is the bond fide author of the follow-
ing lines ? —

" Could we with ink the ocean fill,

And were the heavens of parchment made,
Were every stalk on earth a quill,

And every man a scribe by trade;
To write the Icve of God above,

Would drain the ocean dry ;
Nor could the scroll contain the whole,
Though stretch'd from sky to sky."

Naphtali.

Launching Querxj. — With reference to the acci-
dent to II. M.S. Caesar at Pembroke, I would ask,
la there any other instance of a ship, on being
launched, stopping on the ways, and refusing to
move in spite of all eflforts to start her ? A. B.

Manliness. — Query, What is the meaning of
the word as used in " N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 94.,
col. 2. 1. 12. Anonymous.

.Alitor ^mxitA lut't^ '^niiatxi.

Plies or Pews. — Which is the correct way of
spelling this word ? What is its derivation ? Why
has the form pue been lately so much adopted ?

Omega.

[The abuses connected with the introduction of pues
into churches have led to an investigation of their liis-
tory, as well as to the etymology of the word. Hence

the modern adoption of its original and more correct
orthography, that oi pve ; the Dutch puye, puyd, and
the English pue, being derived from the Latin podium.
In Vol. iii., p. 56., we quoted the following as the earliest
notice of the word from the Vision of Piers Plouman:

" Among wyves and wodewes ieh am ywoned sute
Yparroked in pues. The person hit knoweth."

Again, in Richard III., Act IV. Sc. 4. : "And makes
hei pue-fellow with others moan." — In Decker's JVest-
ward Hoe: " Being one day in church, she made mone
to her /jMe-/e//ott' . " — And in the Northern Hoe of the
same author : " He would make him a pue-fellow with
lords." — See a paper on The History of Pews, read be-
fore the Cambridge Camden Society, Nov, 22, 1841.]

'■'■ Jerningham" and ^'^ Doveton." — Who was the
author of Jerningham and Doveton, two admirable
works of fiction published some twelve or fifteen
years ago ? They are equal to anything written
by Bulwer Lytton or by James. J. Mt..

[The author of these works was Mr. Anstruther.J

BATTLE OF VILLERS EN COUCHE.

(Vol. viii., p. 8.)

I possess a singular work, consisting of a series
of Poetical Sketches of the campaigns of 1793 and
1794, written, as the title-page asserts, by an
" oflicer of the Guards ;" who appears to have been^
from what he subsequently states, on the personal
staff" of His Royal Highness the late Duke of York»
This work, I have been given to understand, was-
suppressed shortly after its publication ; the ludi-
crous light thrown by its pages on the conduct of
many of the chief parties engaged in the transac-
tions it records, being no doubt unpalatable to
those high in authority. From the notes, which
are valuable as appearing to emanate from an eye-
witness, and sometimes an actor in the scenes he
describes, I send the following extracts for the
information of your correspondent ; premising
that the letter to which they are appended is dated
from the " Camp at Inchin, April 26, 1794."

" As the enemy were known to have assembled in
great force at the Camp de Cassar, near Cambray,
Prince Cobourg requested the Duke of York would
make a reconnaissance in that direction : accordingly,
on the evening of the 2Srd, Major-General Mansel's
brigade of heavy cavalry was ordered about a league
in front of their camp, where they lay that night at
a farm-house, forming part of a detachment under
General Otto. Early the next morning, an attack was
made on the French drawn up in front of the village
of Villers en Couchee (between Le Cateau and Bou-
chain) by the 15th regiment of Light Dragoons, and
two squadrons of Austrian Hussars : they charged
the enemy with such velocity and force, that, darting
through their cavalry, they dispersed a line of infantry
formed in their rear, forcing them also to retreat pre-

128

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

cipltately and in great confusion, under cover of the
Tarnparts of Cambray ; with a loss of 1200 men, and
■three pieces of cannon. Tlie only British officer
\rounded was Captain Aylett : sixty privates fell, and
about twenty were wounded.

" 'i'hough the heavy brigade was formed at a dis-
tance under a brisk cannonade, while the light dragoons
had so glorious an opportunity of distinguishing them-
selves, tliere are none who can attach with propriety
any blame on account of their unfortunate delay ; for
which General Otto was surely, as having the com-
mand, alone accountable, and not General Mansel, who
acted at all tunes, there is no doubt, according to the
best of his judgment for the good of the service.

" The Duke of York had, on the morning of the
26th, observed the left flank of the enemy to be unpro-
tected ; and, by ordering the cavalry to wheel round
and attack on that side, afforded them an opportunity
of gaining the highest credit by defeating the French
army so much superior to them in point of numbers.

" General Mansel rushing into the thickest of the
enemy, devoted himself to death ; and animated by his
example, that very brigade performed such prodigies of
valour, as must have convinced the world that Britons,
once informed how to act, justify the highest opinion
that can possibly be entertained of their native courage.
Could such men have ever been willingly backward?
Certainly not.

" Genei-al Mansel's son, a captain in the 3rd I)ragoon
Guards, anxious to save his father's life, had darted
forwards, and was taken prisoner, and carried into
Cambray. Since his exchange, he has declared that
there was not, on the 26th, a shigh French soldier left
in the town, as Chapuy had drawn out the whole gar-
rison to augment the army destined to attack tlie camp
of Inchi. Had that circumstance been fortunately
known at the time, a detachment of the British army
might easily have marched along the Chaussee, and
taken possession of the place ere the Republicans could
possibly have returned, as they had in their retreat
described a circuitous detour of some miles."

Mr. Simpson will perceive, from tlie above
extracts, that the brilliant skirmish of Villers en
Couche took place on April 24th ; whereas the
defeat of the French army under Chapuy did not
occur until two days later. A larp;e quantity of
ammunition and thirty-five pieces of cannon were
then captured ; and althouj^h the writer does not
mention the number who were killed on the part
of the enemy, yet, as he states that Chapuy and
near 400 of liis men were made prisoners, their
loss by death was no doubt proportionately large.

The 15th Hussars have long borne on their
colours the memorable words "Villers en Couche"
to commemorate the daring valour they displayed
on that occasion. T. C. Smith.

In Cruttwell's Universal Gazetteer (1808), this
village, wliich is five miles north-east of Cambray,
is described as being " remarkable for an action
between the French and the Allies on the 24th of
April, 1794." The following officers of the 15th

regiment of light drngoons are there named as
having afterwards received crosses of the Order of
Maria Theresa for their gallant behaviour, from
the Emperor of Germany, viz. :

" Major W. Aylett, Capt. Robert Pocklington, Capt.
Edw. Michael Ryan, Lieut. Thos. Granby Calcraft,
Lieut. Wm. Keir, Lieut. Chas. Burrel Blount, Cornet
Edward Gerald Butler, and Cornet Robert Thos.
Wilson."

D. S.

SNAIL-EATING.

(Vol. viii., p. 33.)

Tlie Surrey snails referred to by H. T. Rilet,
are tlius mentioned by Aubrey in his account of
Box Hill :

" On the south downs of this county (Surrey), and
in those of Sussex, are the biggest snails that ever I
saw, twice or three times as big as our common snails,
which are the Bavoli or Drivalle, which Mr. Elias
Ashmole tells me that the Lord Marshal brought
from Italy, and scattered them on the Downs here-
abouts, and between Albury and Horsley, where are
the biggest of all."

Again, Aubrey, in his Natural History of Wilt-
shire, says :

" The great snailes on the downes at Albury, in
Surrey (twice as big as ours) were brought from Italy
jijy * * * Earle Marshal, about 1638." — Aubrey's
Historij, p. 10., edited by John Britton, F.S. A., pub-
lished by the Wiltshire Topographical Society, 1847.

The first of these accounts, from Aubrey's Surrey,
I have quoted in my Promenade round Dorking,
2nd edit. 1823, p. 274., and have added in a note :

" This was one of the Earls of Arundel. It is pro-
bably from this snail account that the error, ascribing
the planting of the box (on Box Hill) to one of the
Earls of Arundel, has arisen. The snails were brought
thither for the Countess of Arundel, who was accus-
tomed to dress and eat them for a consumptive com-
plaint."

When I lived at Dorking (1815—1821) a breed
of large white snails was found on Box Hill.

John Timbs.

Mr. II. T. Riley is informed that the breed of
white snails he refers to is to be plentifidly found,
in the neighbourhood of Shere. I have found
them frequently near the neighbouring village of
Albury, on St. Martha's Hill, and I am told they
are to be met with in the lanes as far as Dorking.
I have always heard that they were imported for
the use of a lady who was in a consumption ; but
who this was, or when it happened, I have never
been able to ascertain. Nedlam.

The breed of large white snails is to be found
all along the escarpment of the chalk range, and is

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

129

not confined to Surrey. It is said to have been
introduced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby,
and was considered very nutritious and wholesome
for consumptive patients. About the end of the
last century I was in the habit of collecting a few
of the common garden snails from the fruit-trees,
and taking them every morning to a lady who was
in a delicate state of health ; she took them boiled
or stewed, or cooked in some manner with milk,
making a mucilaginous drink. E. H.

I have somewhere read of the introduction of a
foreign bi'eed of snails into Cambridgeshire, I
forget the exact locality, for the table of the
monks who imported them ; but unfortunately it
was before I commenced making " notes " on the
subject, and I have not been able to recollect
where to find it. Seleucus.

park

INSCRIPTION NEAR CIRENCESTER.

(Vol. viii., p. 76.)

This inscription is not " in Earl Bathurst's
c," as your correspondent A. Smith says, but
13 in Oakley Woods, situated at some three or four
miles' distance from Cirencester, and being sepa-
rated and quite distinct from the park ; nor is the
inscrIj)tion correctly copied, lludder, in his new
History of Gloucestershire, 1779, says:

" Concealed as it were in the ■wood stands Alfred's
Hall, a building that has the semblance of great an-
tiquity. Over the door opposite to the south entrance,
on the inside, is the following inscription in the Saxon
cliaracter and language [of which tliere follows a
copy]. Over the south door is the following Latin
translation :

" * Foedus quod iElfredus & Gythrunus reges,
omncs Anylia sapientes, §• quicunq ; Angliam incolebant
orientalem, ferierunt ; & non solum de seipsis, verum
etiam de nati's suis, ac nondum in lucem editis, quot-
quot misericordia; divinEe aiit regi« veh'nt esse parti-
cipes jurejurando sanxerunt.

'"Primo ditionis nostras fines ad T/iamesin eve-
huntiir, inde ad Learn usq; ad fontem ejus ; twm recta
ad Bedfordiam, °ac deniq; per Usara ad viam Vete-
lin^ianam.' "

I copy from Rudder, with the stops and con-
tracted " et's," as they stand in his work ; though
I think the original has points between each word,
as marked by A. Smith.

The omissions and mistakes of your correspon-
dent (which you will perceive are important) are
mai'ked in Italics above.

lludder adds, —

" Behind this building is a ruin with a stone on the
chimney-piece, on which, in ancient characters relieved
on the stone, is tliis inscription :

*IN . MEM . ALFREDI . REG . RESTAVR . ANO . DO . 1085.'

" It would have been inexcusable in the topographer
to have passed by so curious a place without notice ;
but the historian would have been equally culpable

who should not have informed the reader that this
building is an excellent imitation of antiquity. The
name, the inscription, and the writing over the doors,
of the convention between the good king and his pagan
enemies, were probably all suggested by the similarity
o? Achelie, the ancient name of tliis place, io JEcglea,
where King .Alfred rested with his army the night
before he attacked the Danish camp at Ethandun,
and at length forced their leader Godrum, or Guthrum,
or Gormund, to make such convention."

It Is many years since I saw the inscription, and
then I made no note of it ; but I have no doubt
that lludder has given it correctly, because when
I was a young man I was intimately acquainted
with him, who was then an aged person ; and a
curious circumstance that occurred between us,
and is still full In my memory. Impressed me with
the Idea of his great precision and exactness.

I would remark on the explanation given by
Rudder, that the Iglea of Asser is supposed by
Camden, Gibson, Gough, and Sir Richard Colt
Hoare to be Clayhill, eastward of Warminster ;
and Ethandun to be Ellington, about three miles
eastward of Westbury, both in Wilts.

Asser says that, " in the same year," the year of
the battle, " the army of the pagans, departing
from Chippenham, as had been promised, went to
Cirencester, where they remained one year."

On the signal defeat of Guthrum, he gave hos-
tages to Alfred ; and it Is probable that, If any
treaty was made between them, it was made im-
mediately after the battle ; and not that Alfred
came from his fortress of JEthelingay to meet
Guthrum at Cirencester, where his army lay after
leaving Chippenham.

If the treaty was made soon after the battle, it
might have been at Alfred's Hall near Cirences-
ter, especially if Hampton (Minchlnhampton in
Gloucestershire), which is only six miles from
Oakley Wood, be the real site of the great and
Important battle, as was, a few years since, very
plausibly argued by Mr. John Marks Moflatt, in a
paper inserted, with the signature " J. M. M.," in
Bray ley's Graphic and Historical Illustrator, p. 105.
et seq., 1834.

The mention of Rudder's History brings to my
mind an inscription over the door of Westbury
Court, which I noticed when a boy at school, in
the village of Westbury In this county. This man-
sion was taken down during the minority of May-
nard Colchester, Esq., the present owner of the
estate. Rudder, in his account of that parish, has
preserved the inscription —

N. M. M. H. E. p. N. C.

He reads the first three letters "Deo Optimo
Maximo," and says the subsequent line contains
the initials of the following hexameter :

" Nunc mea, mox hujus, et postea nescio cujus,"

130

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

alluding to the successive descent of property from
one generation to another.

Perhaps one of your readers may be enabled to
tell me whether the above line be original, or
copied, and from whom. P. H. Fisher.

Stroud.

The agreement referred to is no other than
the famous treaty of peace between Alfred and
Guthrun, whose name, by the substitution of an
initial " L." for a " G.," among various other inac-
curacies for which your correspondent is perhaps
not responsible, has been disguised under the form
of " Lvthrvnvs." The inscription itself forms the
commencement of the treaty, which is stated, in
Turner's Anglo-Saxons, book iv. cb. v., to be still
extant. It is translated as follows, in Lambard's
Apxaiovofna, p. 36. : —

" Foedus quod Aluredus & Gythrunus reges ex sa-
pientum Anglorum, atque eorum omnium qui orien-
talera incolebant Angliam consulto ferierunt, in quod
prasterea singuli non solum de se ipsis, verum etiam de
natis suis, ac nondum in lucem editis (quotquot saltern
misericordiae divinae aut regiae velint esse participes),
jurarunt.

" Primo igitur ditionls nostrae fines ad Thamesim
fluvium evehuntor : Inde ad Learn flumen profecti, ad
fontem ejus deferuntor : turn recta ad Bedfordiam por-
riguntor, ac denique per Usam fluvium porrecti ad viam
Vetelingianam desinunto."

Another translation will be found in Wllkins's
Leges Anglo- Saxonicce, p. 47 , and the Saxon ori-
ginal in both. As to the boundaries here defined,
see note in Spelman's Alfred, p. 36.

At Cirencester Guthrun remained for twelve
months after his baptism, according to his treaty
with Alfred. (See Sim. Dunelm, de gestis Regum
Anglorum, sub anno 879.) J. F. M.

CUBIOUS CUSTOM OF HINGING BELLS FOB THE
DEAD.

(Vol. viii., p. 55.)

W. W., alluding to such a custom at Marshfield,
Massachusets, asks " if this custom ever did, or
does now exist in the mother country ? " The
curiosity is that your worthy Quei'ist has never
heard of it ! Dating from Malta, it may be he has
never been in our ringing island : for it must be
known to every Englishman, that the custom,
varying no doubt in different localities, exists in
every parish in England.

The passing bell is of older date than the canon
of our church, which dii'ects " that when any is
passing out of this life, a bell shall be tolled, and
the minister shall not then slack to do his duty.
And after the party's death, if it so fall out, then
shall be rung no more than one short peal."

It is interesting to learn that our colonists keep
up this custom of their mother country.

In this parish, the custom has been to ring as
quickly after death as the sexton can be found ;
and the like prevails elsewhere. I have known
persons, sensible of their approaching death, direct
the bell at once to be tolled.

Durand, in his Rituals of the Roman Church,
says : " For expiring persons bells must be tolled,
that people may put up their prayers : this must
be done twice for a woman, and thrice for a man."
And such is still the general custom : either before
or after the knell is rung, to toll three times three,
or three times two, at intervals, to mark the sex.*

" Defunctos plorare" is probably as old as any
use of a bell ; but there is every reason to believe,
that —

" the ringing of bells at the departure of the soul (to
quote from Brewster's Ency.) originated in the darkest
ages, but with a different view from that in which they
are now employed. It was to avert the influence of
Demons. But if the superstition of our ancestors
did not originate in this imaginary virtue, while they
preserved the practice, it is certain they believed the
mere noise had the same effect ; and as, according to
their ideas, evil spirits were always hovering around to
make a prey of departing souls, the tolling of bells
struck them with terror. We may trace the practice
of tolling bells during funerals to the like source. This
has been practised from times of great antiquity : the
bells being muffled, for the sake of greater solemnity,
in the same way as drums are muffled at military
funerals."

H. T. Ellacombb.

Rectory, Clyst St. George.

At St. James' Church, Hull, on the occurrence
of a death in the parish, a bell is tolled quickly
for about the space of ten minutes ; and before
ceasing, nine knells given if the deceased be a
man, six if a woman, and three if a child. As far
as I have been able to ascertain, the custom is
now almost peculiar to the north of England ; but
in ancient times it must have been very general
according to Durandus, who has the following in
his Rationale, lib. i. cap. 4. 13. :

" Verum aliquo moriente, campanaa debent pulsari ;
ut populus hoc audiens, oret pro illo. Pro muliere
quidem bis, pro eo quod invenit asperitatem .... Pro
viro vero ter pulsatur .... Si autem clericus sit, tot
vicibus slmpulsatur, quot ordines habnit ipse. Ad
ultimum vero compulsari debet cum omnibus campanis,
ut ita sciat populus pro quo sit orandum." — Mr. Strult's
Man. and Cast., iii. 176.

* This custom of three tolls for a man, and two for
a woman, is thus explained in an ancient Homily on
Trinity Sunday : — "At the deth of a manne, three
bells should be ronge as his knyll in worship of the
Trinitie. And for a woman, who was the second per-
son of the Trinitie, two bells should be ronge."

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES*

131

Also a passage is quoted from an old English
Homily, ending with :

" At the deth of a manne three bellis shulde be
ronge, as his knyll, in worscheppe of the Trinetee ; and
for a womamie, who was the secunde persone of the
Trinetee, two bellis should be rungen."

In addition to the intention of the "passing-
bell," afforded by Durandus above, it has been
thought that it was rung to drive away the evil
spirits, supposed to stand at the foot of the bed
ready to seize the soul, that it might " gain start."
Wynkyn de Worde, in his Golden Legend, speaks
of the dislike of spirits to bells. In alluding to
this subject, Wheatly, in his work on the Book of
Common Prayer, chap. xi. sec. viii. 3., says :

" Our Church, in imitation of the Saints of former
ages, calls in the minister, and others who are at hand,
to assist their brother in his last extremity."

The 67th canon enjoins that, " Avhen any one is
passing out of this life, a bell shall be tolled, and
the minister shall not then slack to do his duty.
And after the party's death, if it so fall out, there
shall be rung no more than one short peal."

Several other quotations might be adduced
(vid. Brand's Antiq., vol. ii. pp. 203, 204. from
which much of the above has been derived) to
show that " one short peal " was ordered only to
be rung after the Reformation : the custom of
signifying the sex of the deceased by a certain
number of knells must be a relic, therefore, of very
ancient usage, and unauthorised by the Church.

R. ^Y. Elliot.

Clifton.

WHO FIRST THOUGHT OF TABLE-TUBNING ?

(Vol. viii., p. 57.)

Respecting the origin of this curious pheno-
menon in America, I am not able to give your
correspondent, J. G. T. of Ilagley, any inform-
ation ; but it may interest him and others among
the readei's of " N. & Q." to have some account
of what appears to be the first recorded expei-i-
ment, made in Europe, of table-moving. These
experiments are related in the supplement (now
lying before me) to the Allgemeine Zeitung of
April 4, by Dr. K. Andree, who writes from
Bremen on the subject. His letter is dated
March 30, and begins by stating that the whole
town had been for eight days preceding In a state
of most peculiar excitement, owing to a pheno-
menon which entirely absorbed the attention of
all, and about which no one had ever thought
before the arrival of the American steam-ship
" Washington " from New York. Dr. Andree
proceeds to relate that the information respect-
ing table-moving was communicated in a letter,
brought through that ship, from a native of
Bremen, residing in New York, to his sister, who

was living In Bremen, and who, in her correspon-
dence with her bi*other, had been rallying him
about the American spirit-rappings, and other
Yankee humbug, as she styled it, so rampant in
the United States. Her brother instanced this
table-moving, performed in America, as no delusion,
but as a fact, which might be verified by any one ;
and then gave some directions for making the
experiment, which was forthwith attempted at the
lady's house in Bremen, and with perfect success,
in the presence of a large company. In a ^qvt
days the marvellous feat, the accounts of which
flew like wildfire all over the country, was exe-
cuted by hundreds of experimenters in Bremen.
The subject was one precisely adapted to excite-
the attention and curiosity of the imaginative and
wonder-loving Germans ; and, accordingly, in
a few days after, a notice of the strange pheno-
menon appeared in The Ti7nes, in a letter from
Vienna, and, through the medium of the leading:
journal, the facts and experiments became rapidly
diffused over the world, and have been repeated
and commented upon ten thousand fold. As the
experiment and its results are now brought within
the domain of practical science, we may hope ta
see them soon freed from the obscurity and uncer-
tainly which still envelope them, and assigned to
their proper place in the wondrous system of
" Him, in whom we live, and move, and have our
being." John Macrat.

Oxford.

SCOTCHMEN IN POLAND.

(Vol. vii., pp. 475. 600.)

" Religious freedom was at that time [the middle of
the sixteenth century] enjoyed in Poland to a degree
unknown in any other part of Europe, where generally
the Protestants were persecuted by the Romanists, or
the Romanists by the Protestants. This freedom, united
to commercial advantages, and a wide field for the exer-
cise of various talents, attracted to Poland crowds of
foreigners, who lied their native land on account of
religious persecution ; and many of whom became, by
their industry and talents, very useful citizens of their
adopted country. There were at Cracow, Vilna, Posen,
&c., Italian and French Protestant congregations. A
great number of Scotch settled in different parts of
Poland ; and there were Scotch Protestant congrega-
tions not only in the above-mentioned towns, but also
in other places, and a particularly numerous one at
Kieydany, a little town of Lithuania, belonging to the
Princes Radziwill. Amongst the Scotch families set-
tled in Poland, the principal were the Bonars, who
arrived in that country before the Reformation, but
became its most zealous adherents. This family rose,
by its wealth, and the great merit of several of its
members, to the highest dignities of the state, but be-
came extinct during the seventeenth century. There
are even now in Poland many families of Scotch de-
scent belonging to the class of nobles ; as, for instance.

132

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

the Haliburtoiis, Wilsons, Ferguses, Stuarts, Haslers,
Watsons, Sec. Two Protestant clergymen of Scotch
origin, Forsyth and Inglis, have composed some sacred
poetry. But the most conspicuous of all the Polish
Scotchmen is undoubtedly Dr. John Johnstone [born
in Poland 1603, died 1675], perhaps the most remark-
able writer of tlie seventeenth century on natural his-
tory. It seems, indeed, that there is a mysterious link
connecting the two distant countries ; because, if many
Scotsmen had in bygone days sought and found a
.second fatherland in Poland, a strong and active sym-
pathy for the sufferings of the last-named country, and
lier exiled children, has been evinced in our own times
by the natives of Scotland in general, and by some of
the most distinguished amongst them in particular.
Tluis it was an eminent bard of Caledonia, the gifted
author of The Pleasures of Hope, who, when

* Sarraatia fell, unwept, without a crime,'

has thrown, by his immortal strains, over the fall of her
liberty, a halo of glory which will remain luifaded as
long as the English language lasts. The name of
Thomas Campbell is venerated throughout all Poland ;
but there is also another Scotch name [Lord Dudley
Stuart] which is enshrined in the heart of every true
Pole." — From Count Valerian Krasinski's Sketch of
the Religious History of the Sclavonic Nations, p. 167. :
Edinburgh, Johnstone and Hunter, 1851.

J. K.

ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.

(Vol. vii., pp. 548. 629.)

I think The Writer of " Communications with
THE Unseen World " would have some difficulty
in referrini; to the works on which he based the
•statement that " it was a tradition in Mexico that
when that form (the cross) should be victorious,
the old religion should disappear, and that a
similar tradition attached to it at Alexandria."
He doubtless made the statement from memory,
and unintentionally confounded two distinct facts,
viz. that the Mexicans worshipped the cross, and
bad prophetic intimations of the downfall of their
nation and religion by the oppression of bearded
strangers from the East. The quotation by Mr.
Peacock at p. 549., quoted also in Purchas' Pil-
grims, vol. v., proves, as do other authorities, that
the cross was worshipped in Mexico prior to the
Spanish invasion, and therefore it was impossible
that the belief mentioned by The Writer, &c.
could liave prevailed.

On the first discovery of Yucatan, —

" Grijaha was astonished at the sight of large crosses,
evidently objects of worship." — Prescott's Mexico,
vol. i. p. 203.

Mr. Stephens, in his Central America, vol. ii.,
jjives a representation of one of these crosses.
The cross on the Temple of Serapis, mentioned in
Socrates' Ecc. Hist., was undoubtedly the well-
known Crux ansata, the symbol of life. It was as

the latter that the heathens appealed to it, and the
Christians explained it to them as fulfilled in the
Death of Christ.

Mr. Peacock asks for other Instances : I subjoin
some.

In India. — The great pagoda at Benares is
built in the form of a cross. (JNIaurlce's Ind.
Aiit., vol. ili. p. 31., City, Tavernier.)

On a Buddhist temi)le of cyclopean structure
at Mundore (Tod's llajasthan, vol. i. p. 727.), the
cross appears as a sacred figui-e, together with
the double triangle, another emblem of very wide
distribution, occurring on ancient British coins
(Camden's Brilunnica), Central American build-
ings (Norman's Travels in Yucatan'), among the
Jews as the Shield of David (Brucker's History
of Pldlosophy), and a well-known masonic symbol
frequently introduced into Gothic ecclesiastical
edifices.

In Palestine. —

" According to R. Solomon Jarchi, the Talmud, and
Maimonides, when the priest sprinkled the blood of
the victim on the consecrated cakes and hallowed
utensils, he was always careful to do it in the form of
a cross. The same symbol was used when the kings
and high priests were anointed." — Faber's Horm
Mosaicce, vol. ii. p. 188.
Sec farther hereon, Deane on Sc7-pent Worsliip.

In Persia. — The trefoil on which the sacrifices
were placed was probably held sacred from its
cruciform character. The cross (^) occurs on
Persian buildings among otlier sacred symbols.
(U. K. Porter's Travels, vol. ii.)

In Britain. — The crass was formed by baring
a tree to a stump, and inserting another crosswise
on the top ; on the three arms thus formed were
inscribed the names of the three principal, or
triad of gods, Hesus, Belenus, and Taranis. The
stone avenues of the temple at Classerniss are
arranged in the form of a cross. (Borlase's An-
tiquities of Cormvall.)

In Scandinavia. — The hammer of Thor was in
the form of the cross ; see in Herbert's Select Ice-
landic Poetry, p. 1 1 ., and Laing's Kings ofNoi-toay,
vol. I. pp. 224. 330 , a curious anecdote of King
Hacon, who, having been converted to Christianity,
made the sign of the cross when he drank, but
persuaded his irritated Pagan followers that it was
the sign of Thor's hammer.

The figure of Thor's hammer was held in the
utmost reverence by his followers, who were called
the children of Thor, who in the last day would
save themselves by his mighty hammer. ^ The
fiery ci'oss, so well known by Scott's vivid de-
scription, was originally the hammer of Thor,
which in early Pagan, as in later Christian times,
was used as a svimmons to convene the people
either to council or to w.ar. (Herbert's Select Ice-
landic Poetry, p. 11.) Eden Warwick.

Birmingham.

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

133

PHOTOGRAPHIC COBRESPONDENCE.

Glass Chamhers for Photography. — I am de-
sirous to construct a small glass chamber for
taking portraits in, and shall be much obliged if
you can assist me by giving me instructions how
it should be constructed, or by directing me where
I shall find clear and sutficient directions, as to
dimensions, materials, and arrangements. Is it
essential that it should be all of violet-coloured
glass, ground at one side, as that would add a good
deal to the expense ? or will white glass, with thin
blue gauze curtains or blinds, answer ?

Probably a full answer to this inquiry, accom-
panied with such woodcut illustrations as would
be necessary to render the description complete,
and such as an artificer could work by, would
confer a boon on many amateur photographers, as
well as your obliged servant, C. E. F.

[In the construction of a photograpliic house, we
beg to inform our correspondent that it is by no means
needful to use entirely violet-coloured glass, but the
roof tliereof exposed to the rays of the sun should be
so protected ; for although the light is much subdued,
and the glare so painful to the eyes of the sitter is
taken away, yet but few of the actinic rays are ob-
structed. It has been proposed to coat the interior with
smalt mixed with starch, and afterwards varnished ; but
this does not appear to have answered. Calico, both
■white and coloured, has also been used, but it is cer-
tainly not so effectual or pleasant. Upon the whole,
we think that the main things to attend to are, firmness
in its construction, so as to avoid vibration ; ample
size, so as to allow not only of room for the operator,
but also for the arrangements of background, &c., and
the sides to open so as to allow a free circulation of
air ; blinds to be applied at such spots only as shall be
found requisite. Adjoining, or in one corner, a small
closet should be provided, admitting only yellow light,
which may be effectually accomplished by means of
yellow calico. A free supply of water is indispensable,
which may be conveyed both to and from by means of
the gutta percha tubing now in such general use. We
apprehend, however, that the old proverb, " You must
cut your coat according to your cloth," is most es-
pecially applicable to our (juerist, for not only must
the house be constructed according to the advantages
afforded by the locality, but the amount of expense
will be very differently thought of by different persons :
one will be content with any moderate arrangement
which will answer the purpose, where another will be
scarcely satisfied unless everything is quite of an orne
character. ]

Dr. Diamond's Replies. — I am sorry I have
not before replied to the Queries of your cor-
respondent W.F.E., contained in Vol.viii., p. 41.;
but absence from home, together with a pressure
of public duties here, has prevented me from so
doing.

1st. No doubt a small portion of nitrate of
potash is formed when the iodized collodion is im-

mersed in the bath of nitrate of silver, by mutual
decomposition ; but it is in so small a quantity as
not to deteriorate the bath.

2nd. I believe collodion will keep good much
longer than is generally supposed ; at the be-
ginning of last month 1 obtained a tolerably good
portrait of Mr. Pollock from some remains in a
small bottle brought to me by Mr, Archer in
September 1850; and I especially notice this fact,
as it is connected with the first introduction of the
use of collodion in England. Generally speaking,
I do not find that it deteriorates in two or three
months ; the addition of a few drops of the iodizing
solution will generally restore it, unless it has be-
come rotten : this, I think, is the case when the
gun cotton has not been perfectly freed from the
acid. The redness which collodion assumes by
age, may also be discharged by the addition of a
few drops of liquor ammonia;, but I do not think
it in any way accelerates its activity of action.

3rd. "Washed ether," or, as it is sometimes
called, " inhaling ether," has been deprived of the
alcohol which the common ether contains, and it
will not dissolve the gun cotton unless the alcohol
is restored to it. I would here observe that au
excess of alcohol (spirits of wine) thickens the
collodion, and gives it a mucilaginous appearance,
rendering It much more difficult to use by its
slowness In flowing over the glass plate, as well as
producing a less even surface than when nearly all
ether is used, A collodion, however, with thirty-
five per cent, of spirits of wine, Is very quick,
allowing from Its less tenacious quality a more
rapid action of the nitrate of silver bath.

4th. Cyanide of potassium has been used to re-
dissolve the Iodide of silver, but the results are by
no means so satlsfactoi'y ; the cost of pure iodide
of potassium bought at a proper market is certainly
very inconsiderable compared to the disappoint-
ment resulting from a false economy.

H. W. Diamond.

Surrey County Asylum.

Trial of Lenses. — When you want to try a
lens, first be sure that the slides of your camera
are correctly constructed, which Is easily done.
Place at any distance you please a sheet of paper
printed in small type ; focus this on your ground
glass with the assistance of a magnifylng-glass ;
now take the slide which carries your plate of
glass, and if you have not a piece of ground glass
at hand. Insert a plate which you would otherwise
excite in the bath after the application of collodion,
but now dull It by touching it with putty. Ob-
serve whether you get an equally clear and well-
focussed picture on this ; If you do, you may con-
clude there is no fault In the construction of your
camera.

Having ascertained this, take a chess-board, and
place the pieces on the row of squares which run

1^4

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

from comer to corner ; focus the middle one,
■whether it be king, queen, or knight, and take a
picture; you will soon see whether the one best in
the visual focus is the best on the picture, or
whether the piece one or more squares in advance
or behind it is clearer than the one you had pre-
viously in focus. The chess-board must be set
square with the camera, so that each piece is
farther off by one square. To vary the experi-
ment, you may if you please stick a piece of
printed paper on each piece, which a little gum or
common bees'-wax will effect for you.

In taking portraits, if you are not an adept in
obtaining a focus, cut a slip of newspaper about
four inches long, and one and a half wide, and
turn up one end so as it may be held between the
lips, taking care that the rest be presented quite
flat to the camera ; with the help of a magnifying-
glass set a correct focus to this, and afterwards
draw in the tube carrying the lenses about one-
sixteenth of a turn of the screw of the rackwork.
This will give a medium focus to the head : ob-
serve, as the length of focus in different lenses
varies, the distance the tube is moved must be
learned by practice. W. M. F.

Is it dangerous to use the Ammonio-Nitrate of
Silver ? — Some time ago I made a few ounces of
a solution of ammonio-nitrate of silver for printing
positives; this I have kept in a yellow coloured
glass bottle with a ground stopper.

I have, however, been much alarmed, and re-
frained from using it or taking out the stopper,
lest danger should arise, in consequence of reading
in Mr. Delamotte's Practice of Photography^ p. 95.
(vide " Ammonia Solution ") :

' " If any of the ammonio-nitrate dries round the
stopper of the bottle in which it is kept, the least
friction will cause it to explode violently ; it is therefore
better to keep none prepared."

' As in pouring this solution out and back into
the bottle, of course the solution will dry around
the stopper, and, if this account is correct, may
momentarily lead to danger and accident, I will
feel obliged by being informed by some of your
learned correspondents whether any such danger
exists. Hugh Henderson.

Heplte^ to ilMin0r ^nttiti.

Burke's Marriage (Vol. vii., p. 382.). — Burke
married, in 1756, the daughter of Dr. Nugent of
Bath. (See Nat. Cycl, s. v. " Burke.")

P. J. F. GANTIIiLON, B. A.

The House of Fakihill (Vol. vi., p. 533.). — As
I have not observed any notice taken of the very
interesting Query of Aberdoniensis, regarding
this ancient baronial residence, I may state that
there is a Falahill, or Falahall, in the parish of

Heriot, in the county of Edinburgh. Whether it
be the Falahill referred to by Nisbet as having
been so profusely illuminated with armorial bear-
ings, I cannot tell. Possibly either Messrs. Laing,
Wilson, or Cosmo Innes might be able to give
some information about this topographical and
historical mystery. Stornowat.

Descendants of Judas Iscariot (Vol.viii., p. 56.). —
There is a collection of traditions as to this person
in extracts I have among my notes, which perhaps
you may think fit to give as a reply to Mr.
Creed's Query. It runs as follows :

" On dit dans I'Anjou et dans le Maine que Judas
Iscariot est ne a Sable ; la-dessus on a fait ce vers:

' Perfidus Judaeus Sabloliensis erat.'

" Les Bretons disent de meme qu'il est ne au Nor-
mandie entre Caen et Kouen, et a ce propos ils recitent
ces vers .

' Judas etoit Normand,

Tout le monde le dit —
Entre Caen et Rouen,
Ce malheureux naquit.
II vendit son Seigneur pour trente marcs contants.
Au diable soient tous les Normands.'

" On dit de ineme sans raison que Judas avoit de-
meure a Corfou, et qu'il y est ne. Pietro della Valle
rapporte dans ses Voyages qu'etant a Corfou on lui
montra par rarete un homme que ceux du pays assu-
roient etre de la race du traitre Judas — quoiqu'il le
niat. C'est un bruit qui court depuis long terns en
cette contree, sans qu'on en sache la cause ni I'origine.
Le peuple de la ville de Ptolemais (autrement de
I'Acre) disoit de meme sans raison que dans une tour de
cette ville on avoit fabrique les trente deniers pour
lesquelles Judas avoit vendu notre Seigneur, et pour
cela ils appellolent cette tour la Tour Maudite."

This is taken from the second volume of Me-
Jiagiana, p. 232. J. H. P. Leresche.

Manchester.

Milton's Widow (Vol. viii., p. 12.). — The in-
formation once promised by your correspondent
Cranmore still seems very desirable, because the
statements of your correspondent Mr. Hughes
are not reconcilable with two letters given in
Mr. Hunter's very interesting historical tract on
Milton, pages 37-8., to which tract I beg to refer
Mr. Hughes, who may not have seen it. These
letters clearly show that Richard Minshull, the
writer of them, had only two aunts, neither of
whom could have been Mrs. Milton, as she must
have been if she was the daughter of the writer's
grandfather, Randall IVIinshull. Probably this
Elizabeth died in infancy, which the Wistaston
parish register may show, and which register
would perhaps also show (supposing Milton took
his wife from Wistaston) the wanting marriage ;
or if Mrs. Milton was of the Stoke-Minshull fa-
mily, that parish register would most likely dis-.

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

135

close his third marriage, which certainly did not
take place sooner than 1662. Garlichithe.

Whitaker's Ingenious Earl (Vol. viii., p. 9.). —
It was a frequent saying of Lord Stanhope's, that
he had taught law to the Lord Chancellor, and
divinity to the Bishops ; and this saying gave rise
to a caricature, where his lordship is seated acting
the schoolmaster with a rod in his hand. E. H.

Are White Cats deaf f (Vol. vii., p. 331.).—
In looking up your Numbers for April, I observe
a Minor Query signed Shirley Hibberd, in
which your querist states that in all white cats
stupidity seemed to accompany the deafness, and
inquires whether any instance can be given of a
white cat possessing the function of hearing in
anything like perfection.

I am myself possessed of a white cat which, at
the advanced age of upwards of seventeen years,
still retains its hearing to great perfection, and is
remarkably intelligent and devoted, more so than
cats are usually given credit for. Its affection for
persons is, indeed, more like that of a dog than of
a cat. It is a half-bred Persian cat, and its eyes
are perfectly blue, with round pupils, not elon-
gated as those of cats usually are. It occasionally
suffers from irritation in the ears, but this has
not at all resulted in deafness. H.

Consecrated Roses (Vol. vii., pp. 407. 480. ;
Vol. viii., p. 38.). — From the communication of
P. P. P. it seems that the origin of the consecration
of the rose dates so far back as 1049, and was " en
reconnaissance " of a singular privilege granted to
the abbey of St. Croix. Can your correspondent
refer to any account of the origin of the conse-
cration or blessing of the sword, cap, or keys ?

G.

The Reformed Faith (Vol. vii., p. 359.). — I
must protest against this term being applied to
the system which Henry VIII. set up on his re-
jecting the papal supremacy, which on almost
every point but that one was pure Popery, and
for refusing to conform to which he burned Pro-
testants and Roman Catholics at the same pile.
It suited Cobbett (in his History of the Reform-
ation)^ and those controversialists who use him
as their text-book, to confound this system with
the doctrine of the existing Church of England,
but it is to be regretted that any inadvertence
should have caused the use of similar language in
your pages. J. S. Warden.

Home-marhs (Vol. vii., p. 594.). — It appears
to me that the house-marks he alluded to may be
traced in what are called merchants' marks, still
employed in marking bales of wool, cotton, &c., and
which are found on tombstones in our old churches,
incised in the slab during the sixteenth and seven-

teenth centuries, and which till lately puzzled the
heralds. They were borne by merchants who had
no arms. E. G. BAuiiASD.

Trash (Vol. vii., p. 566.). — The late Mr.
Scatchard, of Morley, near Leeds, speaking in
Hone's Table Book of the Yorkshire custom of
trashing, or throwing an old shoe for luck over a
wedding party, says :

"Although it is true that an old shoe is to this day
called ' a trash,' yet it did not, certainly, give the name
to the nuisance. To ' trash ' originally signified to
clog, encumber, or impede the progress of any one
(see Todd's Johnso/i) ; and, agreeably to this explana-
tion, we find the rope tied by sportsmen round the
necks of fleet pointers to tire them well, and check
their speed, is hereaboiits universally called ' trash
cord,' or ' dog trash.' A few miles distant from
Morley, west of Leeds, the • Boggart ' or ' Barguest,'
the Yorkshire Brownie is called by the people the
Gui-trash, or Ghei-trash, the usual description of which
is invariably that of a shaggy dog or other animal, en-
cumbered with a chain round its neck, which is heard
to rattle in its movements. I have heard the common
people in Yorkshire say, that they ' have been trashing
about all day ; ' using it in the sense of having had a
tiring walk or day's work.

" East of Leeds the ' Boggart ' is called the Pad-
foot."

G.P.

Adamsoniana (Vol. vii., p. 500.). — Michel
Adanson (not Ada/nson), who has left his name to
the gigantic Baobab tree of Senegal (^Adansonia
digitata), and his memory to all who appreciate
the advantages of a natural classification of plants
— for which Jussieu was indebted to him — was
the son of a gentleman, who after firmly attaching
himself to tlie Stuarts, left Scotland and entered
the service of the Archbishop of Aix. The En-
cyclopcedia Britannica, and, I imagine, almost all
biographical dictionaries and similar works, con-
tain notices of him. His devoted life has deserved
a more lengthened chronicle. Seleucus.

Your correspondent E. H. A., who inquires re-
specting the family of Michel Adanison, or Michael
Adamson, is informed that in France, the country
of his birth, the name is invariably written "Adan-
son;" while the author of Fanny of Caernarvon, or
the War of the Roses, is described as "John Adam-
son." Both names are pronounced alike in French;
but the difference of spelling would seem adverse
to the supposition that the family of the botanist
was of Scottish extraction. Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

Portrait of Cromwell (Vol. viii., p. 55.). — The
portrait inquired after by Mr. Rix is at the
British Museum. Being placed over the cases in
the long gallery of natural history, it is extremely
difficult to be seen. John Bruce.

136

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 197.

BurTie's '■'■Mighty Boar of the Forest" (Vol. iii.,
p. 493. ; Vol. iv., p. 391.). — It is not, I hope, too
late to notice that Burke's description of Junius is
an allusion neither to the Iliad, xiii. 471., nor to
Psalm Ixxx. 8-13., but to the Iliad, xvii. 280-284.
I cannot resist quoting the lines containing the
simile, at once for their applicability and their
own innate beauty :

""IQvfftv Se Sja irpofj.dx<>ii', (fvt elKeXos aXK^iv
Ka-rrpicfi, ocrr'' 4u opeffcri Kvvas da\fpovs r' d'iQ/]Ovs
'PrjTSiais hciSaffcrev, iKi^djJ.ei'os 5ta fi-rjaaas.
Cls vihs TeAafxwvos,"

W. FUASER.

Tor-Mohun.

" Amentium haud Amantium" (Vol. vii., p. 595.).
— The following English translation may be con-
sidered a tolerably close approximation to the
alliteration of the original : " Of dotards not of the
doting." It is found in the Dublin edition of
Terence, published by J. A. Phillips, 1845.

C. T. R.

Mr. Phillips, in his edition, proposes as a trans-
lation of this passage, " Of dotards, not of the
doting" Whatever may be its merits in other
respects, it is at all events a more pei-fect alliter-
ation than the other attempts which have been
recorded in "N. & Q." Ekica..

Warwick.

When I was at school I used to translate the
phrase " Amentium haud amantium " (Ter. Andr.,
i. 3. 13.) '^^ Lunatics, not lovers." Perhaps that may
satisfy Fidus Intekpres. n. B.

A friend of mine once rendered this " Lubbers,
not lovers." P. J. F. Gantillon, B. A.

Talleyrand's Maxim (Vol. vi., p. 575. ; Vol. vii.,
p. 487.). — Young's lines, to which Z. E. K. refers,
are:

" Where Nature's end of language is declined,
And men talk only to conceal their mind."

With less piquancy, but not without the germ of
the same idea, Dean Moss (ob. 1729), in his ser-
mon Of the Nature and Properties of Christian
Humility, says :

" Gesture is an artificial thing : men may stoop and
cringe, and bow popularly low, and yet have ambitious
designs in their heads. And speech is not alicays the
just interpreter of the mind : men may use a condescend-
ing style, and yet swell inwardly with big thoughts of
themselves." — Sermons, S^c, 1737, vol. vii. p. 402.

COWGILL.

English Bishops deprived by Queen Elizabeth
(Vol. vii., pp. 260. 344. 509.).— The following par-
ticulars concerning one of the Marian Bishops are
at A. S. A.'s service. Cuthbert Scot, D.D., some-
time student, and, in 1553, Master of Christ's
Church College, Cambridge, was made Vice-Chan-

cellor of that University in 1554-5 ; and had the
temporalities of the See of Chester handed to him
by Queen Mary in 1556. Pie was one of Cardinal
Pole's delegates to the University of Cambridge,
and was concerned in most of the political move-
ments of the day. He, and four other bishops,
with as many divines, undertook to defend the
principles and practices of the Romish Church
against an equal number of Reformed divines. On
the 4th of April he was confined, either in the
Fleet Prison or the Tower, for abusive language
towards Queen Elizabeth ; but having by some
means or other escaped from durance, he retired
to Louvain, where he died, according to Rymer's
Fcedera, about 1560. T. Hughes.

Chester.

Gloves at Fairs (Vol. vii., passim.'). — To the list
of markets at which a glove was, or is, hung out,
may be added Newport, in the Isle of Wight.
But a Query naturally springs out of such a note,
and I would ask. Why did a glove indicate that
parties frequenting the market were exempt from
arrest ? What was the glove an emblem of ?

W. D— N.

As the following extract from Gorr's Liverpool
Directory appears to bear upon the point, and as
it does not seem to have yet attracted the atten-
tion of any of your correspondents, I beg to for-
ward it : —

" Its (/. e. Liverpool's) fair-days are 25th July and
11th Nov. Ten days before and ten days after each
fair-day, a hand is exhibited in front of the Town-hall,
which denotes protection ; during which time no person
coming to or going from the town on business con-
nected with the fair can be arrested for debt within its
liberty."

I have myself frequently observed the " hand,"
although I could not discover any appearance of a
fair being held. R-

>S'^. Dominic (Vol. vii., p. 356.). — Your cor-
respondent Bookworm will find in any chronology
a very satisfactory reason why Machiavelll could
not reply to the summons of Benedict XIV.,
unless, indeed, the Pope had made use of " the
power of the keys," to call him up for a brief
space to satisfy his curiosity. J. S. Wardeii.

Names of Plants (Vol.viii., p. 37.). — Ale-hoof
means useful in, or to, ale ; Ground-ivy having
been used in brewing laefore the introduction of
hops. " The women of our northern parts" (says
John Gerard), "especially about Walesor Cheshire,
do tunne the herbe Ale-hoof into their ale ... .
being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth
the head from rhumaticke humours flowing^ from
the brain." From the aforesaid tunning, it was
also called Tun-hoof (World of Words) ; and ia
Gerard, Tune- hoof.

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

137

Considering what was meant by Lady in the
names of plants, we should refrain from supposing
that Neottia spiralis was called the Lady-traces
*' sensu obsc.," even if those who are more skilled
in such matters than I am can detect such a
sense. I cannot learn what a lady's traces are ;
but I suspect plaltings of her hair to be meant.
" Upon the spiral sort," says Gerard, " are placed
certaine small white flowers, trace fashion," while
other sorts grow, he says, " spike fashion," or " not
trace fiishion." Whence I infer, that in his day
trace conveyed the idea of spiral. A. N.

Specimens of Foreign English (Vol. lii. passim.).
— I have copied the following from the label on a
bottle of liqueur, manufactured at Marseilles by
" L. Noilly tils et C'^" The English will be best
understood by being placed in juxtaposition with
the original French :

" Le Vermouth
est un vin blanc legerement amer, parfume avec des
plantes aromatiques bienfaisantes.

" Cette boisson est tonique, stimulante, febrifuge et
astringente ; prise avec de I'eau elle est aperitive et
raffraichissante : elle est aussi un puissant preservatif
contre les fievres et la dysseatcrie, maladies si frequentes
dans les pays cbauds, pour lesquels elle a ete particu-
lierement composee."

" The Wermouth
is a brightly bitter and perfumed with aromatical and
good vegetables white wine.

" This is tonic, stimulant, febrifuge and costive
drinking; mixed with water it is aperitive, refreshing,
and also a powerful preservative of fivers and bloody-
flux; those latters are very usual in warmth countries,
and of course that liquor has just been particularly
made up for that occasion."

Henry H. Beeen.

St. Lucia,

Blanco White (Vol. xii., pp. 404. 486.). — Your
correspondent II. C. K. is right in his impression
that the sonnet commencing

" Mysterious Nigh.t ! when our first parents knew," &c.

was written by Blanco White. See his Life
(3 vols., Chapman, 1845), voL iii. p. 48.

J. K. R. W.

_P/.rfo?s (Vol. viii., p. 7.). — In Strype's Life of
Sir Thomas Smith, Works, O.xon. 1821, mention
is made of a statute or proclamation by the Queen
in the year 1575, which refers to that of 33
Hen. VIII. c. 6., alluded to by your correspondent
J. F. M., and in which the words pistol and pistolet
are introduced :

" The Queen calling to mind how unseemly a thing
it was, in so quiet and peaceable a realm, to have men
so armed ; . . . did charge and command all her sub-
jects, of what estate or degree soever they were, that
in no wise, in their journeying, going, or riding, they
carried about them privily or openly any dag, or pistol,

or any other barquebuse, gun, or such weapon for fire,
under the length expressed by the statute made by the
Queen's most noble father. , . . [Excepting however]
noblemen and such known gentlemen, which were
without spot or doubt of evil behaviour, if they carried
dags or pistolets about them in their journeys, openly,
at their saddle bows," &c.

Here the dag or pistolet seems to answer to our
" revolvers," and the pistol to our larger horse-
pistol. 11. C. K.
Rectory, Hereford.

Passage of Thucydides on the Greek Factions
(Vol. viii., p. 44.). — If L., or any of your readers,
will take the trouble to compare the passage
quoted, and the one referred to by him, in the
following translation of Smith, with Sir A. Alison's
supposititious quotation* (Vol. vii., p. 594.), they
will find that my inquiry is still unanswered.
The passage quoted by L. in Greek is, according
to Smith :

" Prudent consideration, to be specious cowardice ;
modesty, the disguise of effeminacy ; and being wise in
everything, to be good for nothing."

The passage not quoted, but referred to by L., is :

" He who succeeded in a roguish scheme was wise ;
and he who suspected such practices in others was
still a more able genius," — Vol. i. book iii. p. 281.
4to. : London, 1753.

In this " counterfeit presentment of two bro-
thers, L. may discern a family likeness ; but my
inquiry was for the identical passage, " sword and
poniard" included.

If L. desires to find Greek authority for the
general sentiment only, I would refer him to pas-
sages, equally to Sir A. Alison's purpose, ia
Thucydides, iii. 83., viii. 89. ; Herodotus, iii. 81. ;
Plato's Republic, viii. 11. ; and Aristotle's Politics,
v. 6. 9. I beg to thank L. for his attempt, although
unsuccessfuL T. J. Bdckton.

Birmingham.

The earliest Mention of the Word " Party "
(Vol. vii., p. 247.). — In a choice volume, printed
by " Ihon Day, dwelling over Aldersgate, be-
neath St. Martines," 1568, I find the word occur-
ring thus :

" The party must in any place see to bimselfe, and
seeke to wipe theyr noses by a shorte aunswere." — A
Discovery and playne Declaration of the Holy Inquisition
of Spayne, fol. 10.

Permit me to attach a Query to this. Am I
right in considering the above-mentioned book as
rare ? I do so on the assumption that " Ihon
Day" is the Day of black-letter rarity.

R. C. Wabde.

Kidderminster.

^ * Europe, vol. ix. p. 397., 1 2mo.

138

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

Creole (Vol. vii., p 381.). — It is curious to
observe how differently this word is applied by
different nations. The English apply it to white
children born in the West Indies ; the French, I
believe, exclusively to the mixed races ; and the
Spanish and Portuguese to the blacks born in
their colonies, never to whites. The latter, I
think, is the true and original meaning, as its
primary signification is a home-bred slave (from
" criar," to bring up, to nurse), as distinguished
from an imported or purchased one.

J. S. Warden.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

"We have before us a little volume by Mr. Willich,
the able Actuary of the University Life Assurance So-
ciety, entitled Popular Tables arranged in a new Form,
giving Information at Sight for ascertaining, according to
the Carlisle Table of Mortality, the Value of Lifehold,
Leasehold, and Church Property, Renewal Fines, §-c.,
the Public Funds, Annual Average Price and Interest on
Consols from 1731 to 1851 ; also various interesting and
useful Tables, equally adapted to the Office and the Li-
brary Table. Ample as is tliis title-page, it really gives
but an imperfect notion of the varied contents of this
useful library and writing-desk companion. For in-
stance, Table VIII. of the Miscellaneous Tables gives
the average price of Consols, with the average rate of
interest, from 1731 to 1851 ; but tliis not only shows
when Consols were highest and when lowest, but also
what Administration was then in power, and the chief
events of each year. We give this as one instance of
the vast amount of curious information here combined ;
and we would point out to historical and geographical
students the notices of Chinese Chronology in the pre-
face, and the Tables of Ancient and Modern Itinerary
Measures, as. parts of the work especially deserving of
their attention. In short, Mr. Willich's Popular Tables
form one of those useful volumes, in which masses of
scattered information are concentrated in such a way as
to render the book indispensable to all who have once
tested its utility.

Mormonism, its History, Doctrines, and Practices, by
the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson, is a small pamphlet
containing the substance of two lectures on this pestilent
heresy, delivered by the author before the Kennington
Branch of the Church of England Young Men's So-
ciety, and is worth the attention of these who wish to
know something of this now wide-spread mania.

On the Custom of Borough- English in the County of
Sussex, by George R. Corner, Esq. This well-con-
sidered paper on a very curious custom owes its origin,
we believe, to a Query in our columns. We wish all
questions agitated in " N, & Q." were as well illus-
trated as this has been by the learning and ingenuity
of Mr. Corner.

A Narrative of Practical Experiments proving to De-
monstration the Discovery of Water, Coals, and Minerals
in the Earth by means of the Dowsing Fork or Divining
Bod, 8fc., collected, reported, and edited by Francis Phip-

pen. A curious little pamphlet on a fact in Natural
Philosophy, which we believe no philosopher can either
understand or account for.

Serials Received. — Hurray's Railway Reading:
History as a Condition of Social Progress, by Samuel
Lucas. An able lecture on an interesting subject. —
The Traveller's Library, No. 46. : Twenty Fears in the
Philippines, by De la Gironiere. One of the best
numbers of this valuable series. — Cyclopcedia Biblio-
graphica. Part XL, August. This eleventh Part of
Mr. Darling's useful Catalogue extends from James
Ibbetson to Bernard Lamy. — Archaologia Cambrensis,
New Series, No. XV. ; containing, among other papers
of interest to the inhabitants of the principality, one on
the arms of Owen Glendwr, by the accomplished an-
tiquary to whom our readers were indebted for a paper
on the same subject in our own columns.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PaaCHASE.

SowERBv's English Botany, with or without Supplementary

Volumes.
DuGDALE's England and Wales, Vol. VIII. London, L. Tallis.
Lingard's HisTiiRV OF ENGLAND. Secoud Edition, 1823, Stb

and following Volumes, in Boards.
Long's Histomy of Jamaica.
Life of the Rev. Isaac Milles. 1721.
Sir Thomas Herbert's Threnodia Carolina : or, Last Days

of Charles I. Old Edition, ,ind that of 1813 by Nicol.
Sir Thomas Herbert's Travels in Asia and Africa. Folio.
Letters of the Hirbert Family.
Bishop Mosley's Vindication. 4to. 1683.
Life of Admiral Blakb, written by a (lentleman bred in hia

Family. London. I2itio. With Portrait by Fourdrinier.
OswALDi Crollii Opera. Genevse, 1635. I2mo.
Unhbard-op Ci'hiosities, translated by Cliilmead. London,

IG.W. 12mo.
Beaumont's Psyche. Second Edition. Camb. 1702. fol.
Memoirs op the Rose, by Mr. John Holland. 1 Vol. 12mo. 182t
Literary Gazette, 1834 to 1845.
AtheNjeum, commencement to 1835.
A Narrative of the Holy Life and Happy Death of Mr.

John Angier. London, 1685.
Moore's Melodies. 15th Edition.

Wood's Athrn/e Oxonienses (ed. Bliss). 4 vols. 4to. 1813-20.
The Complaynts of Scotland. 8vo. Edited by Leyden. 1804.
Shakspeare's Plays. Vol. V. of Johnson and Steevens's edition,

in 15 vols. 8vo. 1739.

*»• Correspondenli sending Lists of Bookt PVanled are requested
to send their names.

%• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND
QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

§iatkt& ta €avreSifaiHimU,

Mr. G. FiiRRUN'i qffcr is declined uilh thanks.

E. W., vtho inquires respecting the letters N and M in the Book
of Common Prni/cr. is referred to Vol. i., p. 415. ; Vol. ii., p. 61. ;
Vol. iii., pp. 323.437.

T. and other Correspondents who have written on the subject of
Collodion are injormed that we shall next week publish a further
communication from Dr. Diamond upon this point.

Addendum. — Vol. viii., p. 104., add to end of Query on Frag-
ments in Athpnaeus, " D'lsraeli's Cur. Lit., Bailey's Fragments
Comicorum."

A feir complete sets o/" Notes and QirEniEs," Vols. i. <o vii.;
price Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had j for which
early application is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so thai
the Country Booksellers mat/ receive Copies in that flight's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

Aug. 6. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

139

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
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3. PAKLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
Founded A.D. 1843.

Directors.

T Grissell.Esq.

J. Hunt, Es(j.

J. A. I.cthbridge.Esq.

E. Lucas, Esq.

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J. B. "White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

H. E. Bicknell,E8q.
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MP.
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W, Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
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Trustees.

W.Whateley, Esq., Q.C. ; George Drew, Esq. ;

T. Grissell, Esq.

Physician. — William Rich. Bo sham, M.D.

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Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not be-
come void tlirougli temporary difficulty in pay-
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Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
\00l., with a Share in three-fourths of the
Profits: —

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17-
22 -
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£ s. d.

Age

I 14 4

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1 18 8

37-

2 4 5

42-

£ s. d.

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with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN-
VESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a
TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO-
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Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of
Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies,
&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com-
pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR-
THUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to
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ment Street, London.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC-
TURES.—a Selection of the above
beautiful Productions (comprising Views in
VENICE, PAKIS, RUSSIA. NUBIA, Stc.)
may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet
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Published every SATURDAY at PARIS,
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Terms, 16s. per annum in advance. All
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PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.-
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
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Fr&res make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
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Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
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Row, Loudon.

UNITED KINGDOM LIFE
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by Act of Parliament in 1834. —8. Waterloo
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HONORARY PRESIDENTS.
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LONDON BOARD.

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Esg.
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D. Q. Henriques, Esq.
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MEDICAL OFFICERS.
Physician — Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D.,

8. Bennett Street, St. James's.
Surgeon. — V. H. Thomson, Esq., 48. Berners
Street.
The Bonus added to Policies from March,
1834, to December 31 . 1847, is as follows : _

Sum
Assured.

Sum added to
Time Policy.

Assured.

In 184L;In 1848.1

Sum
payable
at Death.

t £ s. rf.i £ s.d.t e s. d.
5000 I 14 years 683 6 8 1787 10 0 16470 16 8
»1000 7yearsj- - jl57 10 0 Ill57 10 0
500 ) 1 year I - - |_11 50 i 511 5 0

* Example At the commencement of the

year 18il, a pei-son aged thirty took out a Policy
for lOOOZ., the annual payment for which is
2il. Is. 8(/. ; in 1847 he had paid in premiums
168?. lis. 8d. ; but the profits being 2J- per cent,
per annum on tlie sum insured (which is
22/. IDs. per annum for eacli 1000?.) he had
i:>7L 10s. added to tlie Policy, almost as much
as the premiums paid.

The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most
moderate scale, and only one-half reed be paid
for the first five years, when the Insurance is
for Life. Every information will be afforded
on application to the Resident Director.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE

L & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from
three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
specimens of which may be seen at their Esta-
blishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art. —
123. and 121. Neweate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.

fkTTEWILL'S REGISTERED

\J DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CA-
MERA, is superior t > every other form of
Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its
capability of Elongation or Contraction to any
Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability, and
its adaptation for taking either Views or Por-
traits.

Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tri-
pod Stands, Printing Frames, &c.. may be ob-
tained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte
Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order
or from Drawings.

WANTED, for the Ladies' In-
stitute, 83. Regent Street, Quadrant,
LADIES of taste for fancy work, — by paying
21s. will be received as membirs, and taught
the new style of velvet wool work, which is ac-
quired in a few easy lessons. Each lady will be
guaranteed cnstant employment and ready
cash payment for her work. Apply personally
to Mrs. Thonghey. N.B. Ladies taught by
letter at any distance from London.

TNDIGESTTON, CONSTIPA-

1 TION, NERVOUSNESS. &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTOR-
ING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,

the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
medy (without medicine, purging, inconveni-
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in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, in-
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deeply rooted, dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual
constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, fla-
tulency, oppression, distension, palpitation,
eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
in the aged as well as infants, fits, spasms,
cramps, paralysis, &c.

J few out o/ 50,000 Cures: —

Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right
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these lines. — Stpakt de Decies.

Cure, No. 49,832 : — " Fifty years' indescrib-
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ccugh, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sick-
ness at the stomach, and vomitings have been
removed by Du Barry's excellent food. —
Maria Jolly, Wortbam Ling, near Diss, Nor-
folk."

Cure, No. 1 80 : — " Twenty-five years' nervous-
ness, constipation, indigestion, and debility,
from which I had suffered great misery, and
which no medicine could remove or relieve,
have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food

in a very short time W. R. Reeves, Pool

Anthony, Tiverton."

Cure, No. 4,208 : — " Eight years' dyspepsia,
nervousness, debility, with cramps, spasms, and
nausea, for which my servant had consulted
the advice of many, have been effectually re-
moved by Du Barry's delicious food in a very
short time. I shall be happy to answer any in-

Suiries Rev. .John W. Flavkll, RiUlington
lectory, Norfolk."

J>r. Wurzer's Testimonial.

"Bonn, July 19. 1852.
"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the
most excellent, nourishinar, and restorative
remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful
in confined habit of body, as also diarrhoea,
bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
bladder, such as stone or gravel ; inflammatory
irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemor-
rhoids. This really invaluable remedy is em-
ployed with the most satisfactory result, not
only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
where irritation and pain are to be removed,
but also in pulmonary and bronchial consump-
tion, in whicli it counteracts effectually the
troublesome cough ; and I am enabled with
perfect truth to express the conviction that Du
iBarry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. " Dr. Rod Wurzer,
" Counsel of Medicine, and practical SI.D.
ill Bonn."

London Agents : — Fortnum, Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Queen ; Hedges & Butler, 155. Kegent Street ;
and throush all respectable gn cers, chemists,
and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
packed for all climates, and with full iustruc-
tions, lib. 2s. 9d. ; 21b. 4s 6d. ; 5lb. Us.; 121b.
22.S. ; super-reflned, 5lb. 22s. ; lOlb. 33s. The
101b. and 12lb. carriage free, on receipt of Post-
office order. — Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Re-
gent Street, London.

Important Caption Many invalids haying

been seriously injured by spurious imitations
under closely similar names, such as Ervnlenta,
Arabaca. and others, the public will do well to
see that each canister bears the name Barrv ,
Do Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, London,
in full, without which none is genuine.

140

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 197.

TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR
GARDENS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRO-
NICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA-
ZETTE.

(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF.
LINDLEY,)

Of Saturday, July 30, contains Articles on

Agriculture, history of
Scottish

Agricultural Collenre
examiniition papers

Annuals, new

Azaleas, to propagate

Boolts noticed

Brick burning, a nui-
sance

Cabbages, club in

Calendar, horticul-
tural

agricultural

Carrot rot, by Dr.
Reissek

Carts V. wagjons

Cedar, gisantia

Cockroaches, to kill

Cyeas revoluta, by Mr.
Ruppen

Horticultural Socie-
ty's garden

Machine tools

Manures, concentrated

liquid, by Mr.

Bardwell

Marvel of Peru

Mechi's (Mr.) gather-

Mirabilis Jalapa
New Forest
Plant, hybrid
Potatoes, Bahama
Potato disease

origin of

Poultry, metropolitan

show of
Races, degeneracy of
Roses, Tea
from cuttings

Drainage bill, London Soil and its uses, by
Forests, royal Mr. Morton

Fruits, wearing out of Strawberry, NimroJ,
. disease in stone, i by Mr. Sponcer

by M. Ysabeau
Fumigator, Gi?ach's,

by Mr. Forsyth
Guano, new source of
Honey, thin
Horticultural Society

Truffles, Irish
Vegetables, lists of
Violet, Neapolitan
Waggons and carts
Wax insects Cwitii cn-
1 graving)

THE GARDENERS' CHRO-
NICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
contains, in addition to the above, the Covent
Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool
prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay,
Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets,
and a complete Newspaper, with a condensed
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ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for
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Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised
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THE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF
CANTERBURY.

PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR
THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH.
The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H.
MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The
Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable
also to Two or One, including Cliants for the
Services, Responses to the Commandments,
and a Concise System of (3aANTiNO, by J. B.
SALE, Blusical Instructor and Organist to
Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth,
price 25s. To be had of Jlr. J. B. SALE, 21.
Ilolywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on
the receipt of a Post-oftice Order for that
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" A great advance on the works we have
hitherto had, connected with our Church and
Cathedral Service."— Times.

" A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly un-
equalled in this country." — Literar)/ Gazette.

" One of the best collections of tunes which
we have yet seen. Well merits the distin-
jruished patronage under which it appears." —
Musical World.

" A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together
•with a system of Chanting of a very superior
character to any wliicli lias hitherto appeared."
— John Bull.

London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.
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9. Passage of the Pruth in the year 173U.

10. Early History of the Post-Office. 11. Cor-
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OBSERVATIONS ON SOME
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JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square,
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This day is published, in 8vo., with Fac-simile
from an early MS. at Dulwieh College,
price l.s.

pURIOSlTIES OF MODERN

\J SIIAKSPEARIAN CRITICISM. By
J. O. HALLIWELL, ESQ., F.R.S.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square,
London.

Just published, price 4s. 6d. per dozen, or nicely
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MORMONTSM: its HISTORY,
DOCTRINES, and PR A. CTIC OS. By
the REV. W. SPARROW SIMPSON, B A.
(Late Scholar anil Librarian of Queens' Col-
lege, Cambridge ; Curate of St. Mark's, Ken-
ningtou.)

A. M. PIGOTT, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster
Row ; and 39. Kennington Gate, London.

Just published, fcap. 8vo., price 5s. in cloth.

QYMPATHIES of the CONTI-

O NENT. or PROPOSALS fo- a NEW
REFORMATION. By JOHN B.-VP I'lST
VON HIR-JCHER, D.D., Dean of the Mjtro-
politan Church of Freiburg, Breisgau, aid I'ro-
fessor of Theology in the Roman Catholic Uni-
vers'.ty of tliat City. Translated and edited
with Notes and Introduction bv the Rev.
ARTHUR CLEVELAND COXR, M. A.,
Rector of St. John's Church, Hartford, Con-
necticut, U. S.

" The following work will be found a noble
apology for the position assvuned by the Church
of England in the sixteenth century, nnd for the
practical reforms she then introduced into her
theology and worship. If the author is right,
then the changes he so eloquently urges upon
the present attention of his brethren oujht
to have been made three hundred years a^o ;
and the obstinate refusal of the Council of
Trent to make such reforms in conformity
with Scripture and Antiquity, throws the
whole burthen of the sin of schism upon Rome,
and not upon our Reformers. The value of
such admissions must, of course, depend in a
great measure upon the learning, the character,
the position, and the influence of the author
from whom they proceed. The writer believes,
that questions as to these particulars can l)e
most satisfactorily answered." — Introduction
1)1/ Arthur Cleveland Coxe.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford ; and
377. Strand, London.

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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUiNICATION
rott

LITERARY MEN, xVRTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

" "Wben found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuttle.

No. 198.]

SA.TURDAY, August 13. 1853.

C Price Fourpence.

i Stamped Edition, Qd,

CONTENTS.

Hacon's Essays, by Marliljy
Tlie Isllimus of Panama

Page

- 141

- \U

Folk I,ore: — I>egends of the County Ciare — Moon
Superstitions — Warwickshire Folk Lore — Northamp-
tonsliire Folk Lore — Slow-worm Superstition — A
Devonshire Charm for the Thrush ... 1 15

Books and Odd Volumes wanted
Xoticps to Correspondents
Advertisements

147

Old Jokes

An Interpolation of the Players : Tobacco, by W. Robson

Minor Notes: — Curious Epitaph — Enigmatical Epi-
taph— Books worthy to be reprinted — Napoleon's
Thunderstorm — Istamboul: Constantinople.

Jur.r.iES : —

Stnit-stowers, and Yeathers or Yadders, by C. H.

Cooper .......

Minor Queuies : — Archbishop Parker's Correspon-
dence— Amor Nummi — The Number Nine — Position
of Font — Aix Ruochim or Uoinans loner — " Lessons
for Lent," &c. — " La Branche des rCaus Lignages " —
Marriage Service — " Czar " or " Tsar " — Little
Silver — On iEsop's (?) Fable of washing the Blacka-
)noor — Wedding Proverb — German Phrase — Ger-
man Heraldry — Leman Family — A Cob-wall — Inscrip-
tion near Chalcedon — Domesday Book — Dotinchem
— " Mirrour to all," &c — Title wanted — Portrait
of Charles L : Countess Du Barry ...

Minor Queries with Answers: — "Preparation for
Martyrdom" — Reference wanted — Speaker of the
House of Commons in 1G97 ....

Inscriptions in Books ..... 153

The Drummer's Letter, by Henry H. Breen . . 153

Old Fogies - - - - . - .154

Descendants of John of Gaunt, by William Hardy • 155

Photographic Corresfondencr : — Lining of Cameras

— Cyanuret of Potassium — Minuteness of Detail on
Paper — Stereoscopic Angles — SIsson's developing
Solution — Multiplying Photographs — Is it dangerous

to use tiie Ammonio-nitrate of Silver ? . . 157

Eeplies to H'inor Queriks : — Burke's Marriage

Stars and Flowers — Odour from the Rainbow

Judges styled Reverend — Jacob Bobart — " Putting
your foot into it" —Simile of the Soul and the Mag-
netic Needle — The Tragedy of Polidus — Robert

Fairlie — " Mater ait natse," &c Sir John Vanbrugh

— -Fct3 des Chandrons — Murder of Monaldeschi —
Land of Green Ginger— Unneath — Snail Gardens —
Parvise — Humbug — Table-moving — Scotch News-
papers— Door. head Inscriptions — Honorary Degrees

— •' Never ending, still beginning" ...

Miscellaneous :

158

162
163
165

Vot.VIIT. — No. 198.

bacon's ESSAYS, BY MASKEY.

Mr. Markby has recently published bis promised
edition of Bacon's Essays; and he has in this, as
in his edition of the Advancement of Learning,
successfully traced most of the passages alluded to
by Lord Bacon. The following notes relate to a
few points which still deserve attention :

Essay I. On Truth : — " The poet that beauti-
fied the sect that was otherwise inferior to the
rest."] By "beautified" is here meant "set off to
advantage," " embellished."

Essay II. On Death. —

Many of the thoughts in the Essaj/s recur in
the " Exempla Antithetorum," in the 6th book
De Augmeiitis Scientiarum.. AVith respect (o this
Essay, compare the article "Vita," Ko. 12., in
vol. viii. p. 360. ed. Montagu.

" You shall read in some of the friars' books
of mortification, that a man should think with
himself what the pain is, if he have but his finger's
end pressed or tortured, and thereby imagine what
the pains of death are when the whole body is cor-
rupted and dissolved."] Query, What books are
here alluded to ?

" Pompa mortis magis terret, quam mors ipsa."]
Mr. Markby thinks these words are an allusion
to Sen. Ep. xxiv. § 13. Something similar also
occurs in Ep. xiv. § 3. Compare Ovid, Hcroid.
X. 82. : " Morsque minus poenas quam mora mor-
tis habet."

" Galba, with a sentence, ' Fori si ex re sit populi
Romani.'"] In addition to the passage of Tacitus,
quoted by Mr. Markby, see Sueton. Galb. c. 20.

" Septimus Severus in despatch, ' Adeste si quid
mihi restat agendum.' "] No such dying words are
attributed to Severus, either in Dio Cassius,
Ixxvi. 15., the passage cited by Mr. Markby, or
in Spartian. Sever, c. 23.

In the passage of Juvenal, the words are, " qui
spatium vita?," and not " qui finem vita;," as quoted
by J.ord Bacon. Length of life is meant.

Essay III. Of Unity in Religion. —
" Certain Laodiceans and lukewarm persons."]
The allusion is to Rev. iii. 14 — 16.

142

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

" It is noted by one of the Fathers, Christ's coat
indeed had no seam, but the Church's vesture was
of divers colours ; whereupon lie saith, ' in veste
varietas sit, scissura non sit.' "] Query, Who is
the Father alluded to ?

" The massacre in France."] I. e. the massacre of
St. Bartholomew.

Essay IV. Of Revenge. — See Antitheta, No. 39.
vol. viii. p. 374.

The saying of Cosmo, Duke of Florence, as to
not forgiving friemls, recurs in the Apophthegms,
vol. i p. 394. ed. jVIontagu.

Essay V. Of Adversity. —

On the fable of Hercules sailing over the ocean
in an earthen pot, see Sap. Vet., vol. x. p. 335.
And concerning the Greek fable, see Schneidewin,
Del Foes, Gr., p. 329.

Essay VI. Of Simulation and Dissimulation. —
See Antitheta, No. 32. vol. viii. p. 370.

" Arts of state and arts of life, as Tacitus well
calleth them."] Mr. Markby does not trace this
allusion, which is not obvious.

Essny VII. Of Parents and Children. — See An-
titheta, No. 5. vol. viii. p. 356.

" The Italians make little difference between
children and nephews, or near kinsfolk."] Query,
What ground is there for this assertion ?

"Generally the precept is good: ' Optimum ellge,
suave et facile illud faciet consuetudo.' "] Query,
Who is the author of this precept ?

Essay VIII. Of Marriage and Single Life. — See
Antitheta, No. 5. vol. viii. p. 356.

The answer of Thales concerning marriage is
also given in Plut. Symp. iii. 3.

Essay IX. Of Envy. — See Antitheta, No. 16.
vol. viii. p. 362.

"The Scripture calleth envy an evil eye."] Lord
Bacon appears to allude to James iv. 5. : " Do ye
think that the Scripture saith in vain, the Spirit
that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy ?"

" Non est curiosus, quin idem sit malevolus."]
From Plautus, Stick. 1 . 3. v. 55. : " Nam curiosus
nemo est, quin sit malevolus."

" Therefore it was well said, ' Invidia festos dies
non agit.' "] Whence is this saying taken ? It
occurs likewise in the Antitheta.

Essay X. Of Love. — Sec Antitheta, No. 36.
vol. viii. p. 373.

" It hath been v/ell said, that the arch-flatterer,
■with whom all the petty flatterers have intel-
ligence, is a man's self."] Query, From whom is
this saying quoted ?

" It was well said, that it is impossible to love
and to be wise."] Mr. Markby cites a verse of
Publius Syrus, " Amare et sapere vix Deo conce-
ditur." Compare Menander, Andria, Fragm. 1.,
and Ovid, Met. ii. 846. : " JS'on bene conveniunt,
nee in una sedc morantur, Majestas et amor."

" I know not how, but martial men are given to
love."] Aristotle {Pol. ii. 9.) has the same remark,
adding that there was good reason for the fable
which made Venus the spouse of Mars.

Essay XL Of Great Place. — See Antitheta,
No. 7. vol. viii. p. 357.

" Cum non sis qui fuerls, non esse cur velis
vivere."] Whatever may be the source of this
quotation, the sense seems to require est for esse.

" It is most true that was anciently spoken : ' A
place showeth the man.' "] The allusion is to the
celebrated Greek proverb " apxh &vtpa. Se'iKwat," at-
tributed to Bias, Solon, Pittacus, and others. See
Diogenianus, Prov. ii. 94., with the note of Leutsch
and Schneidewin.

Essay XIL Of Boldness.— See Antitheta, No. 33.
vol. viii. p. 371.

" Question was asked of Demosthenes," &c.]
See Cic. de Orat. iii. 56. ; B7^ut. 38. ; Plut. Vit.
X. Orat. c. 8. By the Greek word tmSKpicTiS, and
the Latin word actio, in this anecdote, is meant all
that belongs to the acting or delivery of a speech.
Bacon appears, by his following remarks, not to
include elocution in actio; which was certainly not
Cicero's understanding of the word.

" If the hill will not come to Mahomet, M.ahomet
will go to the hill."] Query, AVhat is the au-
thority for this well-known story ?

Essay XIIL Of Goodness.—

" The Turks, a cruel people, nevertheless are
kind to beasts, and give alms to dogs and birds ;
insomuch, as Busbechius reporteth, a Christian
boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned
for gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl."]
A. G. Busbequius, Legalionis Turcica Epistolce
quattuor, in Epist. iii. p. 107. of his works, Lond.
1660, tells a story of a Venetian goldsmith at
Constantinople, who was fond of fowling, and had
caught a bird of the size of the cuckoo, and of the
same colour ; with a beak not very large, but with
jaws so wide that, when opened, they would admit
a man's fist. This bird he fastened over his door,
with extended wings, and a stick in his beak, so
as to extend the jaws to a great width, as a joke.
The Turks, who were passing by, took compassion
on the bird ; seized the goldsmith by the neck, and
led him before the criminal judge. He was with
difiiculty saved from an infliction of the bastinado
by the interference of the Venetian Bailo. The
man told the story to Busbequius, and showed
him the bird ; who supposed it to be the Capri-
mulgim, or goat-sucker. A full account of the
Caprimulgus Europceus (the bird here alluded to)
may be seen in the Penny Cyclopadia, art. Night-
jars. It will be observed that Bacon quotes the
story from memory, and does not represent the
particulars of it with accuracy. It is not a Chris-
tian boy, nor is he threatened with stoning, nor is
the bird a long-hilled fowl.

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AISTD QUERIES.

143

"Neither give tliou iEsop's cock a gem," &c.]
Compare Apophthegms, No. 203. p. 393.

" Such men in other men's calamities are, as it
were, in season, and are eve?- on the loading part"']
By " the loading part," seems to be meant the part
•which is most heavily laden ; the part which sup-
ports the chief burthen.

" Misanthropi, that make it their practice to
bring men to the bough, and yet have never a tree
for the purpose in their gardens as Timon had."]
Query, What is the allusion in this passage ?
Nothing of the sort occurs in Lucian's dialogue of
Timon.

Essay XIV. Of Nobility.— See Antilheta, No. 1.
vol. viii. p. 354.

Essay XV. Of Seditions and Troubles. —

"As Machiavel noteth well, when princes, that
ought to be common parents, make themselves as
a party," &c.] Perhaps Lord Bacon alludes to
Bixc. iii. 27.

" As Tacitus expresseth it well, ' Liberius quam
ut imperantium meminissent.' "] Mr. Markby is
at a loss to trace this quotation. I am unable to
assist him.

The verses of Lucan are quoted from memory.
The original has, " Avidumque in tempora," and
*' Et concussa fides."

" Dolendi modus, timendi non item."] Query,
Whence are these words taken ?

" Solvani cingula regum."] Mr. Markby refers
to Job xii. 18. ; but the passage alluded to seems
to be Isaiah xlv. 1.

The story of Epimetheus is differently applied
in Sap. Vet., vol. x. p. 342.

The saying of Cassar on Sylla is inserted in the
Apophthegms, No. 135. p. 379. That of Galba is
likewise to be found in Suet. Galb. 16.

Essay XVI. Of Atheism.— See Antitheta, No. 13.
vol. viii. p. 360.

" Who to him is instead of a god, or melior
natura."] From Ovid, Met. 1. 21. : " Hanc deus
et melior litem natura diremit."

Essay XVII. Of Superstition. — See Antitheta,
No. 13. vol. viii. p. 360.

Essay XIX. Of Empire.— See Antitheta, No. 8.
vol. viii. p. 358.

" And the like was done by that league, which
Guicciardini saith was the security of Italy," &c.]
The league alluded to, is that of 1485. See Guic-
ciardini, lib. i. c. 1.

" Neither is the opinion of some of the school-
men to be received, that a war cannot justly be
made but upon a precedent inj ury or provocation."]
Grotius lays down the same doctrine as Bacon,
Be J. B. et P., ii. 1. §§ 2, 3. Query, What school-
men are here referred to ?

Essay XX. Of Counsel.— See Antitheta, No. 44.
vol. viii. p. 377.

Jupiter and Metis.] See Sap. Vet, vol. xi.
p. 354.

"For which inconveniences, the doctrine of
Italy, and practice of France, in some kings' times,
hath introduced cabinet councils : a remedy worse
than the disease."] By " cabinet councils " are here
meant private meetings of selected advisers in the
king's own apartment.

"Principis est virtus maxima nosse suos."]
From Martial, viii. 15.

" It was truly said, '■Optimi consiliarii viortui^ "]
Compare Apophthegms, No. 105.: "Alonzo of
Arragon was wont to say of himself, that he was a
great necromancer ; for that he used to ask counsel
of the dead, meaning books."

Essay XXI. Of Delays.— See Antitheta, No. 41.
vol. viii. p. 376.

" Occasion (as it is in the common verse) turneth
a bald noddle," &c.] See ';N. & Q.," Vol. iii.,
pp. 8. 43., where this saying is illustrated.

Essay XXII. Of Cunning. —

" The old rule, to know a fool from a wise man :
' Mitte ambos nudos ad ignotos, et videbis.' "]
Attributed to " one of the philosophers " in Apo-
phthegms, No. 255. p. 404.

" 1 knew a counsellor and secretary that never
came to Queen Elizabeth of England with bills to
sign, but he would always first put her into some
discourse of estate, that she might the less mind
the bills."] King's or queen's bills is a technical
expression for a class of documents requiring the
royal signature, which is still, or was recently, in
use. See Murray's Official Handbook, by Mr.
Redgrave, p. 257. Query, To which of Queen
Elizabeth's Secretaries of State does Bacon allude ?
And again, who are meant by the " two who were
competitors for the Secretary's place in Queen
Elizabeth's time," mentioned lower down ?

Essay XXIII. Of Wisdom for a Man's Self.—

" It is the wisdom of rats, that will be sure to
leave a house somewhat before it fall."] Query,
IIow and when did this popular notion (now en-
grafted upon our political language) originate ?

" It is the wisdom of crocodiles, that shed tears
when they would devour."] This saying seems to
be derived from the belief, that the crocodile
imitates the cry of children in order to attract
their mothers, and then to devour them. See
Salgues, Bes Erreurs et des Prejuges, torn. ii.
p. 406.

Essay XXIV. Of Innovations. — See Antitheta,
No. 40. vol. viii. p. 375.

Essay XXV. Of Despatch. — See Antitheta,
No. 27. vol. viii. p. 368.

" I knew a wise man, that had it for a by-word,
when he saw men hasten to a conclusion, 'Stay a
little, that we may make an end the sooner.' "]
Mr. Markby says that Sir Amias Paulet is the

144

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

person alluded to. The saying is repeated in
Apophthegms, No. 14. p- 414.

" The Spartans and Spaniards have been noted
to be of small despatch : ' jNIi venga la muerte de
Spagna, — Let my death come from Spain, for
then it will be sure to be long in coming.' "] The
slow and dilatory character of the Lacedaemonians
is noted in Thucyd. i. 70. : " Kal /^V '<«! ^okvoi irphs
vfias lieXK-nrds." And again, i. 84. : " Kal rh PpaBv
Koi fieWoy, h fiefKpovTai ixolKkxtu tj/xccv" Livy repre-
sents the Rhodians making a similar remark to
the Roman senate in 167 b.c. : " Atheniensium
populum fama est celerera et supra vires audacem
esse ad conandum : Lacedasmonlorum cunctato-
rem, et vix in ea, qulbus fidit, ingredientem,"
xlv. 23. Bayle, in his Pensees sur les Cometes,
§ 243., has a passage which illustrates the slowness
of the Spaniards : — "D'un cote on prevoyoit, que
I'empereur et le roi d'Espagne se serviroient de
tres graudes forces, pour opprimer la chretlente :
inais on prevoyoit aussi de I'autre, qu'ils ne seroient
jamais en etat de I'accabler, parceque la lenteur
et les longues deliberations qui ont toujours fait
leur partage, font perdre trop de bonnes occasions.
Vous savez la pensee de Malherbe sur ce sujet :
S'il est vrai, dit-il dans quelqu'une de ses lettres,
que I'Espagne aspire ^ la monarchle universelle,
je lui conseille de doraander a Dieu une surscance
de la fin du monde."

Essay XXVI. Of seeming wise. —

" Magno conatu nugas."] From Terence, Heaut.
ili. 5.8.: " Ne ista, hercle, magno jam conatu mag-
nas nugas dixerit."

Essay XXVIL Of Friendship.—

"Epimenides the Candian."] Bacon calls the
ancient Cretan priest Epimenides a " Candian,"
as Machiavel speaks of the capture of Rome by
the " Frances!" under Brennus. Mr. Pashley, in
his Travels in Crete., vol. i. p. 189., shows that
Candia is a name unknown in the island ; and
that among the natives its ancient denomination
is still in use. The name Candia has been pro-
pagated over Europe from the Italian usage.

" The Latin adage meetetli with It a little :
' Magna civltas, magna solitude' "] See Erasm.
Adag., p. 1293. It Is taken from a verse of a Greek
comic poet, which referred to the city of Megalo-
polis in Arcadia : " 'Epijjui'o i-ieydxif (TtIv ?) MeyaATj
TTc/Ais."— Strab. viii. 8. § 1.

" The Roman name attalneth the true use and
cause thereof, naming them ' participes curarum.' "]
To what examples of this expression does Bacon
refer ?

" The parable of Pythagoras is dark, but true :
•Cor ne edito.'"] Concerning this Fythagoi'ean
precept, see Diog., Laert. viii. 17, 18., cum not.

The saying of Themistocles Is repeated in Apo-
phthegms, No. 199. p. 392.

The saying of Heraclitus is repeated, Apo-
phthegms, No. 268. ; De Sap. Vet., vol. xi. p. 346.

It is alluded to in Nov. Org., ii. 32. : " Quicquid
enim abducit intellectum a consuetis, a;quat et
complanat aream ejus, ad recipiendum lumen sic-
cum et purum notion um verarum."

" It was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say
that a friend Is another himself."] See Aristot.^
Mag. Mor. ii. 11.: "Mfa (pa^ikv ^vx^ I'l if-li '^R^ ft
TovTov '," and again, c. 15.: "TowCtos 6los trepos-
elvai iyi:, &v ye koL ffcpo^pa (piXov Troi-fiff-ps, ucrirep rh
Af} rf/.i€f oc ' ^AAoy ovtos 'Hpa/fA'/js,' ' &Wos <J)iAos iyw.
Eth. Eud. vii. 12.: "'O yhp <piAos /SouAerczt ehat,
wffTrep t'l irapoifiia (pr}crh', &\Aos 'HpaK\r}s, &Wos ovtos.'

L»
(To be continued.')

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.

The Interest which the execution of the railroad
across the Isthmus of Panama excites, induces me
{o transmit you the following extract from Gage' 3-
New Survey of the West Indies, 8vo., London, 1699.

A few lines relative to the author, of whom but
little is known, may be also of use. He was the
son of John Gage, of Haling ; and his brother was
Sir Henry Gage, governor of Oxford, killed at the
battle at Culham Bridge, Jan. 11, 1644. Hf»
family were of the Roman Catholic faith; and he
was sent by his father in 1612 Into Spain, to study
under the Jesuits, In the hope lie would join that
society ; but his aversion to them led him to enter
the Dominican Order at Valladolid, in 1612. His
motives were suspected; his father was Irritated —
threatened to disinherit him and to arouse against
him the power of the Jesuits of England If he re-
turned home. He now determined to pass over to
the Spanisli possessions In South America; but as an
order had been Issued by the king, forbidding this
to any Englishman, It was only by inclosing hitn
in an empty sea-biscuit case, he was able to sail
from Cadiz, July 2, 1625. He arrived at Mexico
on October 8 ; and after residing there for some
time to recruit himself from the voyage, resolved
to abandon a missionary scheme to the Philippine
islands he had planned, and accordingl}', on the
day fixed for their departure to Acapulco, escaped
with three other Dominicans for Chispat. He
was here well received, and went subsequently to
the head establishment at Guatimala. He \yas
soon appointed curate of Amatitlan ; and during
his residence at this and another district contrived
to amass a sum of 9000 piastres, with the aid of
which he sought to accomplish his long-cherished
desire of returning to England. Many difficulties
were in his way ; but on the 7th January, 1637,
he quitted Amatitlan, traversed the province of
Nicaragua, and embarked from the coast of Costa
Rica. °The ship was soon after boarded by a
Dutch corsair, and Gage was robbed of 800O
piastres. He succeeded in reaching Panama,
traversed the Isthmus, and sailed from Porto Bello

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

W5^

in the Spanish fleet, whicli readied San Sucar,
'Nov. 28, 1637. He returned to England after
an absence of" twenty-four years. His father was
<lead : he found himself disinherited, and although
hardly recognised by his family at first, he met
ultimately with kindly treatment. During his
residence in S. America, doubts had arisen in his
mind as to the truth and validiDy of the creed
and ritual to which he was attached. Whether
this was the consequence of reflection from his
theological studies, or animated love of change
which his conduct at times betrayed, cannot be
decided. He resolved to proceed to Italy, and
renew his studies there. Upon his return, after a
short residence, he renounced Catholicism in a
sermon he preached at St. Paul's. About 1642
he attached himself to the Parliament cause, and
it is said he obtained the living of Deal in Kent ;
as the parish registers contain an entry of the
burial of Mary daughtei", and Mary wife, of
Thomas Gage, parson of Deal, March 21, 1652 ;
but when he v/as married, and whom he married,
does not appear. Gage's work has been rather
too much decried. It contains matter of interest
relative to the state of the Spanish possessions ; and
his credulity and superstition must be considered
in relation to his opportunities and his age.
Perhaps some of your readers may contribute
farther Information concerning him, as the general
accounts I have been able to meet with are con-
tradictory and insuflicient. The Biographic Uni-
verselle states, that it was his Survey of the West
Indies that led to the English expeditious to the
Spanish ISIain, which secured Jamaica to the En-
jllish in 1654, and adds he died there in 1655.
The registers at Deal could probably prove this
fact ; but I confess to doubt as to whether Gage
really were the parson alluded to as resident there
in 1652. He was evidently of a roving unsteady
nature, fond of adventure, and the first to open to
English enterprise a knowledge of the state of the
Spanish possessions, to prevent which the council
of the Indies had passed so many stringent laws.
Colbert caused this work to be translated, and it
Las been often reprinted on the Continent, but
much mutilated, as his statements relative to the
Roman Catholic priesthood gave offence. A good
memoir of Gage is still to be desired. The follow-
ing is the extract relative to the Isthmus of Pa-
nama, West Indies, p. 151. : —

" The Peruvian part containeth all the southern
tract, and is tyed to the Mexican by the Isthmus or
Strait of Daricn, hehig no more tlian 1 7, or, as others
say, in the narrowest place, but 12 miles broad, from
the north to the south sea. Many have mentioned to
the Council of Spain the cutting of a navigable channel
through this small Isthmus, so to shorten the voyage
to Cliina and the Moluccoes. But the kings of Spain
have not yet attempted to do it ; some say lest in the
work lie should lose those few Indians which are left

(would to God it were so, that they were or Jiad been
so careful and tender of the poor Indians' lives, more
populous would that vast and spacious country be at
this day), but others say lie hath not attempted it lest
the passage by the Cape Bona Esperauza (Good
Hope) being left of!', those seas might become a re-
ceptacle for pirates. However, this hath not been
attempted by the Spaniards ; they give not for reason
any extraordinary great charge, for that would soon be
recompensed with the speedie and easie conveying thut
way the commodities from S. to N. seas."

This bears reference to projects before 1625,
or during his residence in S. America, between
1625 — 1637 ; but Gage could hardly have under-
stood the nature of the Spanish character, and the
genius of the government, to speculate upon the
cause of their neglect of every useful enterprise
for the promotion of commerce and public good.

S. H.

FOLK LORE.

Legends of the Countg Clare. — On the west
coast of Ireland, near the ClifTs of Moher, at some
distance out in the bay, the waves appear con-
tinually breaking in white foam even on the
calmest day. The tradition among the country
people is, that a great city was swallowed up there
for some great crime, and that it becomes visible
once every seven years. And If the person who
sees it could keep his eyes fixed on it till he
reached it, it would then be restored, and he
would obtain great wealth. The man who related
the legend stated farthci', that some years ago
some labourers were at work in a field on the hill
side in view of the bay ; and one of them, hap-
pening to cast his eyes seaward, saw the city In all
its splendour emerge from the deep. He called
to his companions to look at it ; but though they
were close to him, he could not attract their at-
tention : at last, he turned round to see why they
would not come ; but on looking back, when he
had succeeded In attracting their attention, the
city had disappeared.

The Welsh legend of the Islands of the Blessed,
which can only be seen by a person who stands
on a turf from St. David's churchyard, bears a
curious' coincidence to the above. It is not im-
possible that there may have been some found-
ation for the vision of the enchanted city at Moher
In the Fala Morgana, very beautiful spectacles of
which have been seen on other parts of the const
of Ireland. Francis Robert Davies.

Moon Superstitions (Vol. vlli., p. 79.). — In this
age of fact and science, it is remarkable that even
with the well-informed the old faith in the "change
of the moon " as a prognostic of fair and foul wea-
ther still keeps Its hold. AV. W. asks " have we
any proof of" the "correctness" of this faith ? To
suppose that the weather varies with the amount of

146

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

illuminated surface on the moon would make the
change in the weather vary with the amount of
moonshine, which of course is absurd, as in that case
the clouds would have much more to do with the
question than the moon's shadow. But still it may-
be said the moon may influence the weather as it
is supposed to cause the tides. In answer to this
I beg to state the opinion of Dr. Ick, who was for
upwards of ten years the curator of the Birming-
!iani Philosophical Institute, an excellent meteoro-
logist, geologist, and botanist. He assured me
that after the closest and most accurate observa-
tion of the moon and the weather, he had arrived
at the conclusion that there is not the slightest
observable dependence between them.

C. Mansfield Ingleby.
Birmingham.

• Warwickshire Folk Lore, — The only certain
remedy for the bite of an adder is to kill the
offending reptile, and apply some of its fat to the
wound. Whether the fat should be raw or melted
down, my informant did not say, but doubtless
the same effect would be produced in either case.
If a pig is killed in the wane of the moon, the
bacon is sure to shrink in the boiling ; if, on the
other hand, the pig is killed when the moon is at
the full, the bacon will swell. Erica,

Warwick.

Northamptonshire Folk Lore. — There is a sin-
gular custom prevailing in some parts of Nor-
thamptonshire, and perhaps some of your cor-
respondents may be able to mention other places
where a similar practice exists. If a female is
afflicted with fits, nine pieces of silver money and
nine threehalfpences are collected from nine ba-
chelors : the silver money is converted into a ring
to be worn by the afflicted person, and the three-
halfpences (z. e. 13irf.) are paid to the maker of
the ring, an inadequate remuneration for his la-
bour, but which he good-naturedly accepts. If
the afflicted person be a male, the contributions
are levied upon females. E. H.

Slow-worm Superstition (Vol. viii., p. 33.). — As
a child I was always told by the servants that if
any serpent was " scotched, not killed," it would
revive if it could reach its hole before sunset, but
that otherwise it must die. Hence the custom, so
universal, of hanging any serpent on a tree after
killing it. Seleucus.

A Devonshire Charm for the Thrush. — On
visiting one of my parishioners, whose infant was
ill with the thrush, I asked her what medicine she
had given the child ? She replied, she had done
nothing to it but say the eighth Psalm over it. I
found that her cure was to repeat the eighth Psalm
over the infant three times, three days running; and
on my hesitating a doubt as to the efficacy of the

remedy, she appealed to the case of another of her
children who had suffered badly from the thrush,
but had been cured by the use of no other means.
If it was said " with the virtue," it was, she de-
clared, an unfailing cure. The mention, in this
Psalm, of " the mouths of babes and sucklings,"
I suppose led to its selection. W. Fbaser.

Tor-Mohun.

OLD JOKES.

Every man ought to read the jest-books, that
he may not make himself disagreeable by re-
peating " old Joes " as the very last good things.
One book of this class is little more than the
copy of another as to the points, with a change
of the persons ; and the same joke, slightly varied,
appears in as many different countries as the same
fairy-tale. Seven years ago I found at Prngue
the " Joe " of the Irishman saying that there were
a hundred judges on the bench, because there was
one with two cyphers. The valet-de-place told
me that when the Emperor and Metternich were
together they were called " the council of ten,"
because they were eins und zero.

It is interesting to trace a joke back, of which
process I send an example. In the very clever
version of the Chancellor of Oxford's speech on.
introducing the new doctors {Punchy No. 622.)
are these lines :

" En Henleium ! en Stanleium ! Hie eminens pro-
sator :
IIlc, filius pulchro patre, hercle pulclirior orator ;
Demosthenes in herba, sed in ore retinens illos
Quos, antequam peroravit, Grcecus respuit lapillos."

Ebenezer Grubb, in his description of the oppo-
sition in 1814, thus notices Mr. P. Douglas :

" He is a forward and frequent speaker ; remarkable
for a graceful inclination of the upper part of his body
in advance of the lower, and spcaketh, I suspect (cifter
the manner of an ancient), with pebbles in his mouth." —
New Whig Guide, 1819, p. 47.

In Foote's Patron, Sir Roger Dowlas, an East
India proprietor, who has sought instruction in
oratory from Sir Thomas Lofty, is introduced ta
the conversazione : —

" Sir Thomas. Sir Roger, be seated. This gentle-
man has, in common with the greatest orator the world
ever saw, a small natural infirmity ; he stutters a little i
but I have prescribed the same remedy that Demo-
sthenes used, and don't despair of a radical cure. Well,
sir, have you digested those general rules ?

Sir Roger. Pr-ett-y well, I am obli-g'd to you.
Sir Th-omas.

Sir Thomas. Did you open at the last general
court ?

Sir Roger. I att-empt-ed fo-ur or five times.

Sir Thomas. What hindered your progress ?

Sir Roger, The pe-b-bles.

Aua. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

147

Sir Thomas. Oh, the pebbles in his mouth : but they
are only jnit in to practise in private : you should take
them out when you are addressing the public."

I cannot trace the joke farthei", but as Foote,
though so rich in wit, was a great borrower, it
might not be new in 1764. H. B. C.

Garrick Club.

AX i:STERPOLATION OF THE PLATERS : TOBACCO.

I have witnessed the representation of the Twelfth
Night as often, during the last five-and-forty years,
as 1 have had an opportunity ; and, in every in-
stance, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and the Clown, in
their rollicking orgies, smoke tobacco. Now, this
must be an " interpolation of the players ;" for not
only was tobacco unknown in Illyria, at the period
of the story, but Shakspeare does not once name to-
hacco in his works, and, therefore, was not likely
to give a stage-direction for the use of it. The
great poet is freely blamed for anachronisms ; it is
but fair he should have due credit when he avoids
them. The stories of his plays are all antecedent
to his own time, therefore he never mentions
either the drinking of tobacco, or the tumultuous
scenes of the ordinary which belonged to it, and
which are so constantly met with in his cotem-
porary dramatists. I see there is a note in my
commonplace-book, after some remarks upon
Green's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, " that this
play, though written by a pedant, and a Master of
Arts, contains more anachronisms than any one
play of Shakspeare's."

Can any of your correspondents learned in stage
traditions say when this " smoking interpolation"
was first made ?

But, Sir, I think I shall surprise some of your
readers by pointing out another instance of the
absence of tobacco or smoking. In the Arabian
Night's Entertainments, which are said to be such
faithful pictures of oriental manners, there is no
mention of the pipe. Neither is coffee to be met
with in those tales, so delightful to all ages. We with
difficulty imagine an oriental without his chibauk ;
and yet it is certain they knew nothing of this
luxury before the sixteenth century. At present,
such is the almost imperious necessity felt by the
Turk for smoking and cofTee, that as soon as the
gun announces the setting of the sun, during the
fast of the Ramada, before he thinks of satisfying
his craving stomach with any solid food, he takes
his cup of cofi'ee and lights his pipe. — As I think
it dishonest to deck ourselves with knowledge
that is not self-acquired, I confess to the having
but just read this "note" in the last number of
the Revue des Deux Mondes, in a fine work upon
America by the celebrated savant, M. Ampere.

W. ROBSON.
Stockwell.

Curious Epitaph. — In the Diary of Thomas
Moore, Charles Lamb is said at a certain dinner
party to have "quoted an epitaph by Clio Rickman,
in which, after several lines in the usual jog-trot
style of epitaph, he continued thus :

' He well perform'd the husband's, father's part,
And knew immortal Hudibras by heart.' "

There is an epitaph in the churchyard of New-
haven, Sussex, in which the last of these two lines
occurs, but which does not answer in other respects
to the character of the one quoted by Lamb. On
the contrary, it is altogether eminently quaint,
peculiar, and consistent. The stone is to the
meinory of Thomas Tipper, who departed this life
May the 14th, 1785, aged fifty-four years; and the
upper part is embellished with a representation,
in bas-relief, of the drawbridge which crosses the
river, whence it might be inferred that the compre-
hensive genius of Mr. Tipper included engineering
and architecture. The epitaph runs thus :

" Reader, with kind regard tliis grave survey,
Nor heedless pass where Tipper's ashes lay.
Honest he was, ingenuous, blunt and kind,
And dared do what ^q\v dare do — speak his mind»
Philosophy and History well he knew.
Was versed in Physick and in Surgery too :
The best old Stingo he both brew'd and sold,
Nor did one knavish act to get his gold.
He play'd through life a varied comic part,
And knew immortal Hudibras by heart.
Reader, in real truth this was the man :
Be better, wiser, laugh more if you can."

Is there any reason for supposing this epitaph
to have been written by Clio Rickman ; and is
anything known of Mr. Tipper beyond the bio-
graphy of his tombstone ? G. J. De AVilde.

Enigmatical Epitaph. — I offer for solution an
enigma, copied from a tomb in the churchyard of
Christchurch in Hampshire :

" WE WEUE NOT SLAYKE BUT RAYSD ;
RAYSD NOT TO LIFE,
BVT TO BE BVRIED TWICE
BY MEN OP STRIFE.

WHAT REST COVLD ™ LIVING HAVE,
WHEN DEAD HAD NONE ?
AGREE AMONGST YOV,
HERE WE TEN ARE ONE.
HEN. ROGERS DIED APRIL 17, 1641.
I. R."

The popular legend is, that the ten men perished
by the falling in of a gravel-pit, and that their re-
mains were buried together. This, however, will
not account for the " men of strife."

Is it not probable that, in the time of the civil
wars, the bodies might have been disinterred for
the sake of the leaden coffins, and then deposited
in their present resting-place ?

148

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[•No. 198.

The tomb may have been erected some time
afterwards by " I. R.," probably a relative of the
" Henry llogers," the date of whose death is com-
memorated. T. J.

Bath.

Boohs worth/ to he reprinted (Vol. vii., pp. 153.
203.). — In addition to those previously mentioned
in " N. & Q.," there is one for which a crying
necessity exists for a new edition, namely, The
Complmjnt of Scotland. It is often advertised
and otherwise sought for ; and when found, can
only be had at a most extravagant price. It was
originally written in 1548 ; and in 1801, a limited
impression, edited by Dr. Ley den, was published;
and in 1829, "Critiques upon it by David Herd,
and others, with observations in answer by Dr.
Leyden," to the number of seventy copies. The
Complaynt of Scotland and Sir Tristi-em, an edition
of which was edited by Sir Walter Scott, and
published in 1804, are two of the oldest works of
which the literature of Scotland can boast.

Inverness.

Napoleon's Thunderstoi'm. — The passage of the
Niemen by the French army, and its consequent
entry on Russian territory, may be said to have
been Napoleon's first step towards defeat and ruin.
A terrible thunderstorm occurred on that occasion,
according to M. Segur's account of the Russian
campaign.

When Napoleon commenced the retreat, by
which he yielded all the country beyond the Elbe
(and which, therefore, may be reckoned a second
step towards his downfall), it was accompanied by
a thunderstorm more remarkable from occurrinor
at such a season. Odelben says :

" C'etait un phenomene biLMi extraortlhiaire dans un
pareil salson, et avec le froid qu'on venalt d'eprouver,"
&c. — Odelben, Camp, de 1813, vol. i. p. 289.

The first step towards his second downfall, or
third towards complete ruin, was his advance upon
the British force at Quatre-Bras, June 17, 1815.
This also was accompanied by an awful thunder-
storm, which (akhough gathering all the forenoon)
commenced at the very moment he made his at-
tack on the British rear-guard (about two p. m.),
when the first gun fired was instantaneously re-
sponded to by a tremendous peal of thunder.

Thunder, to Wellington, was the precursor of
victory and triumph. Witness the above-men-
tioned introduction to the victory of Waterloo ;
the terrible thunder, that scattered the horses of
the dragoons, the eve of Salamanca; also, the
night preceding Sabugal. And perhaps some of
the Duke's old companions in arms may be able
to add to the category. 'A. C. M.

Exeter.

Istamhoul — Constantinople. — Mr. (afterwards
Sir George) Wheler, who took holy orders and

became rector of Houghton-le- Spring in the
diocese of Durham, makes the following remarks
in his Journey into Greece, &-c. (fob, Lond. 1682),
p. 178. :

" Constantinople is now vulgarly called Stumhol by
the Turks ; but by the Greeks more often IstampoU,
which must needs be a corruption from the Greek
either from Constantinopolis, which in pro-
cess of time might be corrupted into Stanpolis or Istan-
poH; or rather, from it being called iroAis /car' i^oxrivo.
For the Turks, hearing the Greeks express their going
to Constantinople by ets t)]vk6\iv, which they pronounce
Is-tin-polin, and often for brevity's sake Stiiipoli, might
soon ignorantly call it IntatipoU or Slambol, according
as either of them came into vogue first. And there-
fore I think theirs is a groundless fancy wlio fetch it
from the Turkish word Istamboal, wliich signifies a
city full of or abounding in the true faith, the name
being so apparently of Greek original."

W. S. G.
Newcastle-on-Tyne.

^uttitS.

STRUT-STOWEES, AND YEATUERS OR YABDERS.

In the Collection of divers curious Historical
Pieces printed by the Rev. Francis Peck at the
end of his Memoirs of Oliver Cromwell, is —

" Some account of the Murder of the Hermit of
Eskdale-sidc, near Whitby, in Com. Ebor. by William
de Bruce (Lord of Ugle Barnby), Ralph de Peircy
(Lord of Snealon), and one Allatson, a Gent., and of
the remarkable penance which the Hermit enjoyned
them before he died."

The Story is briefly this: — On the 16th Oc-
tober, 15 Henry II., De Bruce, De Peircy, and
Allatson were hunting the wild boar in Eskdale-
side, where was a chapel and hermitage, in which
lived a monk of Whitby, who was a hermit. The
boar being hotly pursued by the dogs, ran into
the chapel and there laid down and died. The
hermit shut the door on the hounds, who stood at
bay without. The three gentlemen coming up,
flew into a great fury, and ran with their boar-
staves at the hermit and so wounded him that he
ultimately died. The three gentlemen, fearing
his death, took sanctuary at Scarborough, but the
Abbot of Whitby being in great favour with the
king, removed them out of sanctuary, whereby
they became liable to the law. The dying hermit
(he survived till the 81 h December), on the
abbot's proposing to put them to death, suggested
the following penance, to which, in order to save
their lives and goods, they consented, and to which
the abbot likewise agreed :

" You and yours shall hold your lands of the Abbat
of Wliitby and his successors after this manner, viz.
upon the eve [or morrow before] Ascension Day, you,
or some of you, shall come to the wood of Stray- Head,
which is in Eskdale-side, by sun-rising, and there shall

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

149

the officer of the abbat blow his horn, that ye may
know how to find him. And he shall deliver to you,
William de Bruce, ten stakes, eleven strut-stowers, and
eleven yeathers, to be cut by you, and those that come
for von, with a knife of a penny price. And you,
Ralph de Peircy, shall take one and twenty of each
sort, to be cut in the same manner. And you, Al-
latson, shall take nine of each sort, to be cut as afore-
said. And then ye shall take them on your backs, and
carry them to the town of VVliitby, and take care to be
there before nine of the clock, and at the same hour, if
it be a full sea, to cease your service. But, if it be low
•water at nine of the clock, then each of you shall, the
same hour, set your stakes at the edge of the water,
each stake a yard from the otlier, and so yeather them
with your yeathers, and stake them on each side with
your strut-stowers, that they may stand three tides,
without removing by the force of the water. And
each of you shall really do, perform, and execute this
service yearly at the hour appointed, except it be a full
sea, when this service shall cease ; in remembrance that
ye did most cruelly slay me. And that ye may the
more seriously and fervently call upon God for mercy,
and repent unfeignedly of your sins, and do good
•works, the officer of Eskdale-side shall blo%v. Out on
you! Out on you ! Out on you! for this heinous crime
of yours. And if you or yours shall refuse this service
at the aforesaid hour, when it shall not be a full sea,
then you shall forfeit all your lands to the Abbat of
■Wliitby and his successors."

There is a similar account, with verbal and
otlier variations, " From a printed copy published
at Whitby a few years ago," in Blount's Jocular
Tenures, by Beckvvith, pp. 557 — 560. In that ac-
count the word, which in Mr. Peck's account is
" yeathers," is " yadders." Mr. Beckwith states,
" This service is still annually performed."

Sir Walter Scott (Marmion, Canto ii. st. 13.)
thus alludes to the legend :

" Then Whitby's nuns exulting told,
How to their house three Barons bold

Must menial service do ;
While horns blow out a note of shame.
And monks cry ' Fye upon your name !
In wrath, for loss of silvan game,
Saint Hilda's priest ye slew.' —
* This on Ascension Day, each year,
While labouring on our harbour pier.
Must Herbert, Bruce, and Percy hear.' "
In note 2. C. the popular account printed and
circulated at Whitby is given. It is substantially
the same with that given by Beckwith, but for
"strut-stowers" we have "strout-stowers ;" and
for "yadders" we have "y ethers." It appears,
also, that the service was not at that time per-
formed by the proprietors in person ; and that
part of the lands charged therewith were then
held by a gentleman of the name of Herbert.

I shall be glad if any of your correspondents
will elucidate the terms strut-stowers, and yea-
thers or yadders. C. II. Coopeb.
Cambridge.

Archbishop Parker's Correspondence. — I am
now engaged in carrying out a design which has.
been long entertained by the Parker Society, that
of publishing the Correspondence of the distin-
guished prelate whose name that Society bears.
If any of your readers can favour me with refer-
ences to any letters of the archbishop, either un-
published, or published in works but little known^
I shall feel extremely obliged. I add my own
address, in order that I may not encumber your
pages with mere references. Any information be-
yond a reference will probably be as interesting to
your readers generally as to myself.

John Bkucb..

5. Upper Gloucester Street, Dorset Square.

Amor Nummi. — Can any of your correspondents
inform me as to the authorship of the following
verses ?

Amor Nummi.
" ' The love of money is the root of evil,
Sending the folks in cart-loads to the devil.'
So says an ancient proverb, as we're told,
And spoke the truth, we [no ?] doubt, in days of old»
But now, thanlis to our good friend, Billy Pitt,
This wholesome golden adage will not sit [fit?] ;
On Englisli ground the vice dissolves in vapour.
Being at best only a love — of paper."

It must have appeared in an English ministerial
paper about the year 1805. — From the Navorscher..

DiONYSIOS.

The Numher Nine. — Can any of your mathe-
matical correspondents inform me of the law and
reason of the following singular property of the
numbers ? If from any number above nine the
same number be subtracted written backwards,
the addition of the figures of the remainder will
always be a multiple of nine ; for instance —

972619
916279

56340 the sum of which is 18, or 9x2.

925012
210529

714483 the sum of which is 27, or 9x3.

83
3^

45 the sum of which is 9.

John Lammens.

Position of Font. — The usual and very signifi-
cant position of the font is near the church door.
But there is one objection to this, viz. that the
benches being best arranged facing the chancel,
the people cannot without much confusion see the
baptisms. This being so, perhaps a better place

150

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

for the font is at the entrance of the chancel. The
holy rite, so edifying to the congregation, as well
as profitable to the recipient, can then be duly
seen ; and the position is tolerably symbolical,
expressing as it were " the wrry that is opened for
us into the holiest of all." I am curious to know
if there are any ancient examples of this position,
and how far the canon sanctions it, which directs
that the font be set np in " the ancient usual
places" [plural]? While on the subject let me
put another Query. The Rubric directs that the
font be "then," i.e. just before the baptism,
filled with pure water. In what vessel is the
water brought, and who fills the font? AA^hat
are the precedents in this matter? Rules, I
think, there are none. A. A. D.

Aix Ruocliim or Romans loner. — On the verge
of the cliff at Kingsgate, near the North Foreland,
is a small castle or fort of chalk and flint, known
by the above name. Can any of your readers give
any infoi-mation regarding the date of the erection
of this curious edifice ? Some of the local guide-
books attribute it to the time of Vortigern, or
about 448 ; but this seems an almost fabulous
antiquity. A. O. H.

Blackheath.

" Lessons for Lent,'' Sec. — Lessons for Lent., or
Instructions on the Tioo Sacraments of Penance
and the B. Eucharist, printed in the year 1718.
AVho was the author ? H.

"ia JBranche des reaus Lignages." — Have any
of your correspondents met with a romance, of
which I have a MS. copy, entitled " La Branche
des reaus Lignages ?" The MS. I possess is evi-
dently a modern copy, and begins thus :

" Et tens de celi mandement
Duquel j'ai fait ramembrement
Et qu'aucun homme d'avis oit
Jehan, qui Henaut justisoit
Gucrreoit et grevoit yglises
En la garde le roi coinmises
Ne . . . ii vouloit faire liommage."

The poem is divided by numbers, probably re-
ferring to the pages of the original : beginning with
1292, and ending with 1307. It is also evident,
from the first verses themselves, that I have only
a fragment before me. — From the Navorscher.

Ganske.

Marriage Service. — Are there any parishes in
which the custom of presenting the fee, together
with the ring, in the marriage service, as ordered
by the rubric, is observed ? E. VV.

"Czar'' or '■'■Tsar." — Whence the derivation
of the title Czar or Tsar ? I know that some
suppose it to be derived from Caesar, while others
trace it from the terminal -sar or -zar in the

names of the kings of Babylon and Assyria : as
Phalas-sa?-, Nebuchadnez-zar, &c. In Per.-ian,
sar means the supreme power. I have heard much
ai'guraent about its origin, and would be mucli
obliged if any reader of " N. & Q." could state
the correct derivation of the word.

By which Emperor of Russia v/as the title first
assumed ? J. S. A.

Old Broad Street.

Little Silver. — There are several places in
Devonshire so called, villages or hamlets. It is
said, they are alway situated in the immediate
neighbourhood of a Roman, or some other ancient
catup. Hence, some people suppose the name is
given to these localities from the number of silver
coins frequently found there.

Will any of your cori-espondents throw light on
this subject ?

As every one knows, there is also a Silverton in
Devonshire — Silver-town par excellence. Is it
in any Avay connected with the "Little Silvers ?"

A. C. M.

Exeter.

On .SEsops (?) Falle of icashing the Blacka-
moor.— Is it possible the well-known fable was a
real occurrence ? The following extract would
seem to allude to an analogous fact :

" Counting the labour as endlesse as the maids in
the Strand, which endeavoured by washhig the Black-
a-more to make him white." — Case of Sir Ignoramus
of Cumlridye, 1648, p. 23.

R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

Wedding Proverh. — Is the following distich
known in any part of England? —

" To change the name, but not the letter,
Is to marry for worse, and not for better."

I met with it In an American book, but it was
probably an importation. SpuisxER.

German Phrase. — What is the origin of a sar-
castic German phrase often used ?

*' Er erwartet dass der Ilimmel voU Bassgeigen
langt."

L. M. M. R.

German Heraldry. — Where can I refer to a
book in which the armorial bearings of all the
principal German families are engraved ?

Speriend.

Lcman Family. — About the middle of the seven-
teentli century, say 1650 to 1670, two gentlemen
left England for America, who are supposed to
have been brothers or near relatives of Sir John
Leman, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1616.
Traditions, which have been preserved in manu-
scx'ipt, and which can be traced back over one

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

151

hundred years, tell of a correspondence which
took place between the said Sir John and the
widow of one of the brothers, in relation to her
returning to England.

The writer of this (a descendant of one of these
gentlemen) is anxious to learn the names of the
hrothcrs and near relatives of this Sir John ; and
whether any evidence exists of their leaving Eng-
land for America, &c., &c. ; and would feel much
indebted to any one who would supply the inform-
ation through your paper. :K,. W. L.

Philadelphia.

A Coh-icall. — Why do the inhabitants of Devon-
■shire call a wall made of tempered earth, straw,
and small pebbles mixed together, a cob-wall ?
Walls so constructed require a foundation of stone
or bricks, which is commonly continued to the
height of about two feet from the surface of the
ground. Has the term coh reference to the fact
that such a wall is a superstructure on the found-
ation of stone or brick ? . A. B. C.

Inscription near Chalcedon. — In 1675, when
Sir Geo. Wheler and his travelling companion
visited Chalcedon (as recorded in his Voyage from
Venice to Constantinople, foL, Lond. 1682, p. 209.),
it was famous only for the memory of the great
council held there in a.d. 327, the twentieth of the
reign of Constantine the Great :

" The first thing we did (he saj's) was to visit the
■metropolitan church, where they say it was kept ; but
M. Nanteuil assured us that it was a mile from
thence, and tliat he liad there read an inscription that
mentioiieth it. Besides, it is a small obscure building,
incapable to contain such an assembly."

Has the inscription here spoken of been noticed
by any traveller, and can any of your readers refer
to a copy of it; and say whether it is cotem-
porarv, and whether it has been more recently
noticed ? W. S. G.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Domesday Book. — What does the 'abbreviation
old", or geld, applied to terra, signify ? Also, in
the description of places, there is frequently a
capital letter, B., or M., or S. before it, as in one
<5ase, e.g. " B. terr. gld wasta." Can any one in-
form me what it signifies ?

In tlie case of many parishes, it is stated that
there was a church there : is it considered con-
elusive autliority that there was not one, if it is
not mentioned in Domesday Book ? A. W. H.

Dotinchem. — What modern town in Holland,
or elsewhere, bore or bears the name of Dotinchem,
at which is dated a MS. missal I have inspected,
written in the fifteenth century ? The reason for
believing the place to be Dutch is, that the Calen-
dar marks the days of the principal saints of
• Holland with red letters. There are other indi-

cations in the Calendar of the missal having been
written in and for the use of a community situated
where the influence of Cologne, Liege, Maestricht,
and Daventer would have been felt.

Perhaps, should the above Query not be an-
swered in England, some correspondent of your
Dutch cotemporary the Navorscher may have (he
goodness to reply to it. G. J. E,. Gordon.

Sid mouth.

" Mirrour to all" ^c. — Can you refer me to any
possessor of the poetical work entitled a Mirrour
to all who love to follow the Wais (or Waves), 4to. :
London, printed by John Wolfe, 1589 ? A copy
was sold by Mr. Rodd for six guineas. (See his
Catalogue for 1846.) H. Delta.

Oxford.

Title wanted. — I have a copy of the Pugna
Porcorum, the margin of which is covered with
illustrative and parallel passages, among which is
the following :

*' Heros
Ad magnum se accinglt opus ferrumque bifurcum
Cote acuit, pinguique perunglt aciimina lardo ;
Delude suis, vasto consurgens corporc, rostrum
Perforat et furcam capulo tenus urget, at ilia
Prominuit rostro summisque in naribus hassit."

Xoipoxoipoy. 182.

I shall be much obliged to any one who will
give me the full title to the book from which this
is quoted, and any account of it. G. H. W.

Portrait of Charles I. — Countess Du Barry. —
In Baehaumont's Memoires Secrets, ^-c, I read
the following passage under date of March 25,
1771:

" L'imperatrice des Hussies a fait cnlever tout le
cabinet de tableaux de M. le Comte de Thiers, amateur
distingut'-, qui avail une tres-belle collection en ce
genre. M. de Marigny a eu la douleur de voir passer
ces richesses chez I'etranger, faute de fonds pour les
acquerir pour le compte du roi.

" On distinguait parmi ces tableaux nn portrait en
pied de Charles I., roi d'Angleterre, original de Van-
dyk. C'est le seul qui soit reste en France. Madame
la Comtesse Dubarri, qui deploie de plus en plus son
gout pour les arts, a ordonne de I'acheter : elle I'a paye
24,000 livres. Et sur le reproche qu'oii lui faisait de
choisir un pareil morceau entre tant d'autres qui auraient
du lui mieux convenir, elle a repondu que c'etait ua
portrait de famille qu'elle retirait. En efFet, les Du-
barri se pretendent parents de la Maison des Stuards."

Can you give me any account of this portrait of
King Charles by Vandyk, for which the Countess
Du Barry paid the sum of 1000^. sterling ?

What grounds are there for the allegation, that
the Countess was related to the royal House of
Stuart? Henky H. Bbeex.

St. Lucia.

152

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

" Pi'eparation for Martyrdom." — Can any of
your correspondents discover for me the author of
the following work ? —

" A Preparation for Martyrdom ; a Discourse about
the Cause, the Temper, the Assistances, and Rewards
of a Martyr of Jesus Christ : in Dialogue betwixt a
Mi^nister and a Gentleman his Parishioner. Lond.
1681, 4to."

In order to afford somewhat of a clue to this
discovery, I send a few extracts from another
anonymous work : A Letter to the late Author of
the '■'• Preparation for Martyrdom" alluding to va-
rious circumstances relating to the author :

" I must confess that I had once as great a vene-
ration for you as for any one [of] your figure in the
church ; but then you preach'd honestly, and liv'd
peaceably ; but since pride or ambitious discontent,
or some particular respects to some special friends of
the adverse party, or something I know not what else,
has thrust you upon scribbling, and a design of being
popular ; since you had forsaken your first love (if
ever you had any) to our church and establishment,
and appear to be running over ad partem Donati, to
the disturbers of our church and peace, you must needs
pardon this short reflection, though from an old friend,
and sometimes a great admirer of you.

" As for the present establishment, you have (you
conclude) as much already from that as you are likely
to have, but you claw the deraocratical party, hoping
at long run to see an (^English) Parliament ; that is,
■we must know, one that has no French pensioners
shuflSed into it to blast the whole business, such as will
be govern'd by your instructions ; and then Presbytery
(you trust) will be turn'd up Trump, the Directory
once more take place of the Liturgy, and God knows
■what become of the Monarchy, and Mr. C. be made a
great man,

" What an excellent design was that of your Stipu-
lation, which I heard one say was like a new modell'd
Independency. 'Twas intended, I suppose, as an ex-
pedient to reduce the sheep of your own flock, which
through your default chiefly (as is commonly reported)
were gone astray ; but because this tool could not
work, without the force of a law to move it, therefore
by law it must have been establisht, and the whole
nation forsooth comprehended under it, and all must
have set their instruments to your key, and their voices
to the tune of B — ley. Oh ! had this engine but met
■with firm footings in Parliament, as was hoped, our
English world had been lifted off its pillars long before
this day ; it had gone round, and in the church all old
things had been done away, and everything had ap-
peared new. But, Sir, I trust the foundations of our
church stand more sure than to need such silly props as
your Catholicon (as you vainly call it) to support 'em.

" What an excellent thing too is your book of Pa-
tronage? 'Twere no living for Simon Magus, or any
of his disciples here, if those rules you there lay down
were but duly attended to.

" But in those two books you showed yourself prag-
matical only ; but in this of Martyrdom not a little

impious, in your unworthy reflections upon almost all
the honest people of England since the beginning of
the reign of Oliver the First, and some time before ;
not sparing many loyal worthies' memory who held up
a good cause upon their sword points (as you express
it) as long as they could ; and when they could do so
no longer, either dy'd for't, or deliver'd themselves up
to the will of the conqueror, yet never (as you) abjur'd
the cause. Our rulers you suppose are ill affected
(otherwise your talk of Popery at your rate is like
that of one that were desirous and in conspiracy to
bring in Popery) : and, undoubtedly, it had been in
already, had not the prayers of Mr. C, and the fifty
righteous Non- Cons in every city, prevented it."

'AXjeuy.
Dublin.

[The Preparation for Martyrdom is not to be found
either in the Bodleian or British Museum Catalogues.
The author of the Letter in reply to it, however, has
afforded a clue to its authorship. Zachary Cawdrey,
who appears to have been an admirer of the Vicar of
Bray, was Rector of Barthomley in Clieshire during
the Commonwealth, and for fourteen years after the
Restoration ; this explains the hint in the Letter, of
" setting their voices to the tune of B — ley." Cawdrey,
moreover, was the author of Discourse of Patronage ;
being a Modest Inquiry into the Original of it, and a
farther Prosecution of the History of it : which is also
noticed in the Letter. Zachary Cawdrey was born at
Melton Mowbray about 1616; at the age of sixteen
he entered St. John's College, Cambridge; and in
1649 became Rector of Barthomley, where he died
Dec. 24, 1684. His brother David was one of th«
ejected, and the author of several works.]

Reference wanted. — I find, in Blackwood,
No. XXXVI. p. 43'2., a reference to an article in
the Edinburgh Review, by Sir D. K. Sandford, on
Greek banquets. As I cannot find the article
itself, may 1 ask your assistance ?

P. J. r. Gantillon.

N. B. — In the article in Blackwood, p. 441., for
" HegesancZer " read Hegesippus ; p. 444., for
" DemgZe " read Demglrw ,• p. 450., for "Nausif//ce"
read Nausinicjw ; p. 455., for " Hesperides " read
Hi/perides.

[The article will be found in the Edinburgh Iteviewy
vol. Ivi. p. 350. January, 1833.]

Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697. —
Who was the Speaker who succeeded Sir John
Trevor, and was Speaker of the House of Com-
mons in 1697 ? W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

[Peter Foley, Esq., succeeded Sir John Trevor,
March 14, 1694. Sir Thomas Littleton, Bart., was
chosen the next Speaker, December 3, 1 698.]

Aug, 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

153

INSCEIPTIONS IN BOOKS.

(Vol. vii. passim.)

Under this head the following translation of
part of the inscription at Behistun may be classed.
It is, I apprehend, the earliest of this sort of in-
scription :

•' Darius rex dicit : si banc tabulam, hasque effigies
spectas, et lis injuriam facias, et quamdiu tibi proles
sit non eas conserves, Oromasdes bostis fiat tibi, et
tibL proles non sit, et quod facias id tibi Oromasdes
frustretur."

See Kawlinson's " Translation of the Great Per-
sian Inscription at Behistun," par. 17. Asiatic So-
ciety s Transactions.

The following is an extract from Maitland's
Dark Ages, p. 270., notes 3 and 4 :

" Terrible imprecations were occasionally annexed
by the donors or possessors of books ; as in a sacra-
mentary which Mastene found at St. Benoit sur Loire,
and which he supposed to belong to the ninth century.
♦ Ut si quis emu de Monasterio aliquo ingenio non
redditurus abstraxerit cum Juda proditore, Anna et
Caipha, portionem aeternae damnationis accipiat. Amen,
Amen, Fiat, Fiat.' "

There is a curious instance of this in a manu-
script of some of the works of Augustine and Am-
brose in the Bodleian Library:

" Liber S. Marlae de Ponte Roberti, qui eum abs-
tulerit, aut vcndiderit, vel quolibet modo ab bac dofno
absciderit, sit anathema maranatha. Amen."

In another hand (aliena manu), —

" Ego Johannes Exon Epus, nescio ubi est domus
predicta, nee hunc librum abstuli, sed modo legitimo
adquisivi."

Also page 283. :

" Liber B. Marias de Camberone : si quis eum abstu-
lerit, anathema esto."

In the preface to a late publication (1853),
Fragments of the Iliad of Homer from a Syrian
Palimpsest, edited by William Cureton, the editor
tells us :

" The Palimpsest Manuscript, in which I discovered
these fragments of a very ancient copy of the Iliad of
Homer, formed a part of the library of the Syrian
convent of St. Mary Deipara, in the Valley of the
Ascetics, or the Deserts of Nigritia. On the first page
of the last leaf the following notice occurs: ' This vo-
lume of my Lord Severus belongs to the reverend and
holy my Lord Daniel, Bishop of the province of
Orrhoa (Edessa), who acquired it from the armour of
God, when he was down in the province of the city of
Amida, for his own benefit, and that of every one that
readeth it. But under the curse of God is he who-
soever steals it, or hides or removes it .... or
tears, or erases, or cuts off this memorial from it, for
ever. And through our Lord Jesus Christ may he

who readeth it pray for the same Daniel, that he may
find mercy in the day of judgment ! Yea, and Amen,
and Amen, And upon the sinner who wrote it, may
there be mercy in the day of judgment ! Amen. But
at the end of his life he bequeathed it to this sacred
convent of my Lord Silas, which is in Tarug (a city of
Mesopotamia), for the sake of the remembrance of
himself and of the dead belonging to him. May the
Lord have mercy upon him in the day of judgment !
Amen. Whosoever removeth this volume from this
same convent, may the anger of the Lord overtake him
in both worlds to all eternity ! Amen.' "

Anon.

In some of Dugdale's MS. volumes in this College
is the following, written by himself:

" Maledictus sit qui abstulerit."

Thomas W. King, York Herald.
College of Arms.

THE DRUMMER S LETTER.

(Vol. vii,, p. 431,)

Mr. Forbes rightly describes the Drummer's
Letter in the Sentimental Journey as "not only cor-
rectly but elegantly written." There is, more-
over, in two or tlujee places, a play upon words,
which indicates an intimate acquaintance with the
idiomatic turns of the language. But all these
circumstances are, to my mind, only so many
grounds for the belief that the French of the
letter is not Sterne's.

If we are to judge of Sterne's French from the
samples to be met with in Tristram Shandy and
the Sentimental Journal., there is ample evidence
that his knowledge of that language was some-
what superficial. I shall give a few examples.

Your readers are familiar with the incident in
Tristram Shandy, where the Abbess and Mar-
garita, having occasion to make use of two very
coarse and indecent expressions, resort to the
ludicrous expedient of splitting them in two, each
pronouncing a separate syllable. Those words
are scandalously common in the mouths of French-
men ; and yet Sterne seems so little aware of the
correct spelling of them, that he makes the poor
nuns give uttei*ance to two words, one of which,
"bouger," means "to move," and the other,
" fouter," is unknown to the French language.

Farther on, in chapter xxxiv., the commissary
employs the expression " C'est tout egal ; " but
this is merely the translation of our English
phrase " 'Tis all one." The French say " C'est
egal," but never " C'est tout egal."

In the Sentimental Journey, under the head of
" The Bidet," La Fleur is made to say " C'est un
cheval le plus opinlati-e du monde." Now, the
man who could write the Drummer's^ Letter
would not have applied the epithet "opiniatre"

154

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

to a horse ; and, at any rate, he would have said
" C'est le cheval le plus opiniatre du monde."

In the chapter headed " The Passport," and
also in another place, we have the phrase " Ces
Messieurs Anglais sont des gens tres extraordi-
nuires." This should be " Messieurs les Anglais,"
&c.

Again, under the head of " Characters," Count
de B. says, " But if you do support it, M. Anglais,
you must do it with all your powers." Tliis " M.
Anglais " is our " Mr. Englishman." The correct
expression is " M. I'Anglais " — Mr. the English-
man.

I might add other instances ; but these, I
trust, are sufficient to warrant the opinion that
the Drummer's Letter, in its present shape, was
not written by Sterne. Henry H. Brben.

St. Lucia.

OLD FOGIES.

(Vol. vii., p. 632.)

At the place above referred to, Mr. Keightlet
puts to me several Queries ; but being resident in
the country, I had not an opportunity of seeing
them till the 15th instant, and it took some days
to get the information that would enable me to
answer them.

I have now obtained the most ample evidence
of the existence, in the latter part of the last, and
the beginning of the present, centuries, of the
existence of a peculiar body of men called the
Fogies, in Edinburgh Castle. My informants
agree in describing them as old men, dressed in
red coats with apple-green facings, and cocked
hats. One says that they fired the Castle guns ;
another says that he understood them to be the
keepers, or, as we might say, the warders of the
Castle, and that they were sonaetimes brought into
the town to assist in quelling riots ; and this gen-
tleman's recollection of them goes back to 1784 at
least. But the oldest date I have been able to get
is from a much respected friend, the retired Town
Clerk of Edinburgh, who writes to me thus : " I
have a most vivid recollection of the Castle Foggies.
They were an Invalid company, and my recol-
lection of them goes as far back at least as 1780,
when I was at Stalker's English school in the
Lawnmarket."

To the testimony of these still living witnesses,
I have to add that of Dr. Jamieson, who gives the
word in his Dictionary as one of common and well-
known use in Scotland in his time, 1759 — 1808 ;
though he may have been mistaken In supposing
it to be exclusively Scottish. It was for his tes-
timony to {\nafact that I referred to Dr. Jamieson's
Dictionary, and not for his etymology, for I am
not so much of a " true Scot " as to consider him
infallible in that department. I have not leisure

at present to search any farther for the word in
books, but in the meantime I presume to think
the evidence I have pi-ocured of its use in Scot-
land, will carry us nearly as far back as Mr.
Keightley's for its use in Ireland.

I cannot pretend to much acquaintance with
the Swedish language, but I was quite well aware
that that " Is what is meant by the mysterious Su.-
G." I was also aware that In the kindred Teu-
tonic tongues the word runs through the various
forms of vogt, fogat, phogat, voget, voogd, fogde,
fogecl, fogeti, with the meaning of bailiff, steward,
preses, watchman, guard or protector, tutor, over-
seei", judge, mayor, policeman; and I doubt not
that fogie belongs to the same family, though it
has lost its tail. Mr. Keightley does not need
to be told that words frequently degenerate in
meaning, falling from the noblest to the basest,
from the purest to the most obscene. Is there
then anything improbable in supposing that a word
once applied to the governor or chief keeper of a
castle, came at last to be applied to all, even the
meanest, of his subordinates ? Dr. Jamieson as-
serts that tiie wordybo-^e in the Su.-G. has actually
had that fate ; can Mr. Keightley controvert
him ?

As a proof, quantum valeaf, that the Castle fogies
were so called for some other reason than merely
because of their being " old folks," I may men-
tion that there was in Edinburgh, for more than
a century, another body of veterans, called the
Town Guard, or City Guard, maintained by the
magistrates as a sort of military police, or gen-
darmerie, and finally disbanded in 1817. This
corps was generally recruited from old soldiers ;
and during the period of my acquaintance with
them (9i years) they were all aged, and some of
them very old men ; yet I never heard the word
fogies applied to them. On the contrary, they
were always distinguished from the fogies by the
elegant appellation of the " Toon Rottens," or
Town Rats, as well as by their facings, which
were dark blue. Some, Indeed, of my younger
friends, who remember the " Rats " very well, say
they never heard of the " Fogies " at all ; only
one of them, who lived when a boy at the Castle
Hill, perhaps about forty years ago, recollects of
the word " fogie " as being then applied to the
soldiers of the ordinary veteran or garrison bat-
talions, with blue facings, that had superseded the
fogies in the keeping of the Castle ; but of the
veritable apple-green fogies of the older establish-
ment, he has no remembrance. As ray own re-
collections of Edinburgh go back to 1808, the
fogies, I presume, must have been by that time
extinct, for I never saw any of them, though I
frequently heard them spoken of by those who
had seen them.

I may mention also that while "fogie" was in
use, and of well understood application in Scot-

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

155

land, tlic phrase " old folks," or, to write it accord-
ing to our vernacular pronunciation, " auld fo'lc,"
was also, and continues to be, in general and fa-
miliar use ; but nobody in Scotland, I dare say,
ever imagined that " the auld fo'k " of his or-
dinary acquaintance were just "old fogies," or
had anything whatever to do with that peculiar
class of men, properly so called, the keepers of the
royal castles. It is most remarkable, also, that
■while the corrupt derivative, as Mr. Kkightley
says " old fogie " is, has been almost quite foi--
gotten among its, having disappeared with the
men that bore the name of fogies, the parent form,
as he would have " old folks " or " auld fo'k " to
bo, sliould remain in full vigour and common use,
as part of our living speech. In a word, from all
I can learn it would appear that the word "fogie,"
in its most general acceptation, means by itself,
without the " old," an old soldier ; and that " old
fogie " is only a tautological form, arising from ig-
norance of its meaning. Be its origin, however,
what it may, I have no hesitation now in express-
ing my conviction that Mr. Keigutley's etymo-
logy of the word is utterly groundless. J. L.
City Chambers, Edinburgh.

DESCENDANTS OF JOHN OF GAUNT.

(Vol. vii., p. 628.)

All persons will, I think, agree with Mb. War-
den in his very just complaint of the carelessness
with which many of the English Peerages are com-
piled. It would be a task, little short of a new
compilation, to correct the eiTors and inaccuracies
with which many of these productions abound, the
less pardonable now, because of the facilities
afforded for consulting the Public Records, should
even our older genealogists, without such aids, be
in some degree excused ; but as Mr. Warden in-
vites, by a personal appeal, the rectification of a
chronological error which has crept into all the
Peerages, founded upon the authority of Dugdale,
respecting the period of the death of Thomas,
sixth Lord Fauconberge, I am induced to send
you a few Notes, whicli a recent examination of
the Records in the Tower of London has supplied.

When the facts are made patent, there will be
no need to dwell upon the inconsistencies pointed
out by Mr. Warden, and the alleged incompati-
bility in regard to age for an union between two
persons of some note in family history, the son of
the first Earl of Westmoreland and his Countess
Joan and the daughter and heir of the Lord Fau-
conberge, who formed an alliance from which the
co-heirs are, it is believed, represented at this
day.

The birth of William Nevill, Lord Faucon-
berge, afterwards created Earl of Kent, second
son of a marriage which took place early in, or

just before, the year 1397, may be assigned to in
or about the year 1400; and we shall presently
see that his future wife was born on the 18th of
October, 1406, and married to him before the 1st
of May, 1422.

Walter, fifth Lord Fauconberge, died on the
29th of September, 1362 (Esc. 36 Edw. ILL, 1st
part, No. 77.), leaving a sou Thomas (issue of his
first marriage with Matilda, sister and co-heir of
Sir William de Pateshull, Kt., Esc. 33 Edw. IIL,
1st part, No. 40., and Hot Orig., 34 Edw. IIL,
Ro. 2.), then a minor, under eighteen years of
age.

Thomas, who was born cii'ca 1345, was already
in 1362 married to his first wife Constancia, by
whom he does not appear to have left any issue
surviving. His was rather an eventful life ; some
Incidents not noticed by Dugdale will be briefly
cited. On the 10th of August, 1372, being then
a knight or chivaler, he had letters of protection
on going abroad in the king's service, in the com-
pany of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of \A'arwick
{Rot. Franc, 46 Edw. III.). Here it seems he
forgot his allegiance, and having gone over to the
French side was branded " tanquam proditor
domini Regis Angliaj " (Esc. 5 Ric. II., No. 67.,
6 Ric. II., No. 180., and 11 Ric. IL, No. 59.).
Can this have been the origin of the error In as-
signing his death to the year 1376? lie was,
however, yet living in 1401, as in that year he
succeeded to the reversion of the estates which his
step-mother Isabella (a sister of Sir John Bygot,
Chivaler), the widow of AValter Lord Faucon-
berge, held in dower (Esc. 2 Hen. IV., No. 47.)..
Not long after this, and apparently a fevr years
only vbefore his death, and when somewhat ad-
vanced in years, he married a second time. I
have not been able to ascertain to what family his
wife Joan, or Johanna, belonged, but she survived
her husband only a short time. About the period
of his marriage, too (9th August, 1405), an oc-
currence of some importance to his de.-^cendants
is recorded, namely, a grant by the king to Sir
Thomas Bromflete and Sir Robert Hilton, of the
custody and governance of all his estates In Eng-
land, which had come Into the king's hands " ra-
tione Ideocia? Thomae Fauconberge, Chivaler," to
hold during the life of the said Thomas. This
grant, however, was in the following yeai*, on
24th December, 1406, revoked and annulled, be-
cause the said Thomas had proved before the
king and his council in Chancery, " quod Ipse
Sanaa discretionis hactenus fuerit et ad tunc ex-
istat," and he was thereupon re-admitted to his
estates which had descended to him "jure haare-
ditario post mortem Walterl Fauconberge patrls
sui, cujus haeres ipse est" (Rot. Pat., p. 1.,
8 Hen. IV., m. 16.). He had only a few months
before (15th February, 1406) obtained from the
king livery of an estate which had come to him ia

156

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

1375 as one of the co-heirs, on his mother's side,
of his grandmother Mabilia, a sister of Otho de
Graunson, upon the death without issue of Thomas
de Graunson, son of the said Otho. {Rot. Pat,
p. 1., 7 Hen. IV., m. 6.)

Was there in fact any real ground for the sug-
gestion of Lord Fauconberge's idiocy ? This is
one of the gravest imputations that can be cast
upon a family, and it is a most unpardonable pre-
sumption to make it lightly and without justice;
but it is somewhat singular that nearly fifty years
afterwards, his only daughter and heir, born at
the very period when this charge was being re-
futed, and when he himself was upwards of sixty
years of age, became the subject of a commission
issued to inquire of her alleged imbecility and
idiocy. The commissioners sat at Gisburn in
Cleveland in the county of York, on the 28th of
March, 1463, and it was then found by the in-
quest that " Johanna Fauconberge nuper comi-
tissa de Kent, fatua et ydeota est, et a nativitate
sua semper fuit, ita quod se terras et tenementa
sua neque alia bona sua regere scit, aut aliquo
tempore scivit:" the jury also returned that she
had not alienated any lands or tenements since
the death of William, late Earl of Kent, her late
husband. That .Toan, the wife of Sir Edward
Bethom, Kt., thirty years old and upwards,
Elizabeth, the wife of Richard Strangeways, Esq.,
twenty-eight years old and upwards, and Alice,
wife of John Conyers, Esq., twenty-six years old
and upwards, were the daughters and heirs, as
well of the said William the late earl, as of the
said Joan the late countess. (Esc. 3 Edw. IV.,
Jfo. 33.)

Thomas Lord Fauconberge died on the 9th of
September, 1407, leaving the above-mentioned
Joan, or Johanna, his daughter and heir, an infant
of one year old. (Esc. 9 Hen. IV., No. 19. ; see
also Esc. 9 Hen. V., No. 42 ) His widow Joan
had assignment of dower after her husband's
death on 20th October, 1408, and she herself died
in the following year, on the 4th of March, 1409.
(Esc. 10 Hen. IV., No. 15.) A later inquisition,
however, taken on 1st of April, 1422 (Esc.
10 Hen. v., No.22».), states that the said Joan,
widow of Sir Thomas Fauconberge, Chivaler, died
on the 23rd of June, 1411. The first date is most
probably the correct one, as a fact would be more
likely to be accurately stated by a jury impan-
neled a few months only after the event recorded,
than by an inquest taken after an interval of
twelve or thirteen years.

On the formal proof of age (Esc. 10 Hen. V.,
No. 22''.) of Joan Fauconberge, daughter and heir
of Thomas Lord Fauconberge and Joan his wife,
taken at Northallerton, in the county of York, on
the 1st of May, 10 Henry V., 1422, she was de-
scribed as the wife of William Neville. She
appears to have been born at Skelton in the said

county, and baptized in the church there on the
feast of Saint Luke the Evangelist (18th of Oc-
tober), 1406 ; and on the same feast in 1421, being
the 9th of Henry V., she had accomplished her
fifteenth year. Dugdale (tom. ii. p. 4.) has fallen
into a singular mistake in alluding to this event,
not to speak of the obvious inconsistency which
those writers who follow his account have intro-
duced in assigning the year of Lord Fauconberge's
decease to 1372, thus making the daughter's birth
to have occurred more than thirty years after her
father's death. It is this : — One of the witnesses,.
who speaks to the period of the baptism of Joan,
was named Thomas Blawefrount the elder, fifty
years of age and upwards, and the reason as-
signed by him for his remembrance of the event
is as follows : " Et hoc scit eo quod Isabella filia
praadicti Thomse desponsata fuit cuidam Johanni
Wilton, et idem Thomas fuit ad sponsalia eodem
die quo pra;fata Johanna baptizata fuit, propter
quod bene recolit quod prsefuta Johanna fuit
aetatis praedictfe." Dugdale has by a strange over-
sight made the Isabella here described to be the
daughter of Thomas Fauconberge, and sister of
Joan, instead of the witness' own daughter.

It is not quite evident, from the language of the
document which records the imbecility of the
Countess of Kent in March 1463, whether she
was then actually dead. It appears, however,
clear that she survived her husband, who lived but
a few months to enjoy his newly acquired dignity.

The account given by Dugdale of John, son of
Thomas Lord Fauconberge, is scarcely intelligible.
He says this lord " left issue John, his son and
heir," and subsequently adds, " which John died
without issue in the lifetime of his father."

Lord Fauconberge may have had a son by his
former wife, but I have seen nothing to confirm
this supposition. By an inquisition taken after
the death of Sir Walter Fauconberge, Chivaler, at
Bedford, on the 18th of November, 1415, it was
found that Joan, widow of one Sir John Faucon-
berge, Chivaler, deceased, whom Thomas Broun-
flete, junior, afterwards married, was then living,
and that she granted to the said Sir Walter all the
estate which she had in certain rents payable by
Matilda Wake, formerly the wife of Sir Thomas
Wake, Chivaler; that the said Sir Walter died
on the 1st of September, 1415, but the jurors
knew not who was his heir. (Esc. 3 Hen. V.,
No. 15.) Dugdale (vol. ii. p. 234.) cites a feoff-
ment dated 9 Hen. IV., 1407-8, which shows that
Thomas Brounflete, Esq., was then married to the
said Joan, and consequently that Sir John Fau-
conberge was dead at that time.

I must close this, for I fear I have now ex-
ceeded the limits which your valuable paper may,
with justice to others, spare to subjects of this
nature. William IIabdt.

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

157

PHOTOGKAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Lining of Cameras. — I find nothing so good to
line a camera with as black velvet ; for, black the
inside of a camera as you will, if it is hard wood or
any size used, there will be reflection from the
bottom, which, with very sensitive plates, gives a
dulness which, I think I may say, is caused by
this reflection. I think even the inside of the lens
tube might advantageously be lined with black
velvet. W. M. F.

Cyamiret of Potassium. — I have been using lately
12 grs. of cyanuret of potassium in 1 oz. of water
for clearing the collodion plates, instead of hypo.
There is one advantage, that there are no crystals
formed if impei'fectly washed, which is too common
with hypo. You must take care to well wash off
the developing fluid, whether pyrogallic, proto-
nitrate, or protosulphitc : if you use the latter
40-grains strong, the whitest pictures can be ob-
tained, nearly as white as after bichloride of
mercury. A good formula to make it is —

Distilled water - - - 11 drachms.

Alcohol - - . - 1 drachm.

Nitric acid - - - 20 minims.

Protosulphate of iron - - 60 grains.

This I know to act well with care, and it will keep
a long time.

I find protonitrate solution —

Water - - - - 1^ ounce.
Barytes - - - - 150 grains.
Protosulph. - - - 150 „

mixed in a proportion of 8 to 4, with a 3-grain
solution of pyrogallic — a very nice developing
mixture ; and, if poured back again after beinf
used, will sufiiee 6 or 8 times over ; but it is best
new. ^ W. M. F.

Minuteness of Detail on Paper. — Being fond
of antiquarian studies, and having learned from
"N. & Q." the value of photography to the ar-
chiEologist, I have serious thoughts of taking up
the practice of the art. Before doing so, however,
I am anxious to learn how far that minuteness of
detail which I so much prize, and which is of such
value to the antiquary, is to be obtained by any of
the processes on paper. I have seen some spe-
cimens produced by collodion which certainly ex- !
hibit that quality in an eminent degree. Is any- j
thing approaching to such minuteness attainable '
by any of the Talbotype processes ? F. S. A.

[Had this Query reached us last week, we should
then, as now, have replied in the affirmative. We
should then have referred, for evidence in support of
our statement, to Mr. Fenton's Well Walk, Chelten-
ham, published in the Photographic Album, and to Mr.
Buckle's View of Peterborough. But we may now
adduce a work almost more remarkaljle for this quality,
namely, a view of Salisbury, by Mr. Russell Sedgefield,

a young wood engraver, which is about to appear in
the forthcoming part of tl)e Photographic Album.

To this beautiful specimen of the art we may cer-
tainly refer as a proof that it is quite possible to obtain
upon paper the greatest nicety of detail ; in short,
every minuteness that can be desired, or ought to be
attempted.]

Stereoscopic Angles. — I think there can be little
doubt that Mr. T. L, Merritt (Vol. viii., p. 1 10.)
has solved the problem as to stereoscopic angles :
there can be no reason why one angle should be
used for near objects, and another for distant. A
true representation of nature is required ; and, as
we cannot vicAv any object with one of our eyes
eighteen or twenty feet separate from the other,
so it appears to me a true picture cannot be ob-
tained by taking two views so fiir apart. The
result must be to dwajf the objects; and, in con-
firmation of this, I may state that I was not con-
vinced that the stereoscopic views were tnken
from nature till I understood the cause of their
reduction. All views that I have been able to
purchase, of out-door nature, appear to me to be
taken from models, and not from the objects them-
selves.

A view of a tower conveys the idea, not of a
tower of stone and lime, but of a very careful
model in cardboard ; and this Is exactly what
might be expected from taking the views at so
wide an angle. A church Is seen, as It would be
seen by a giant whose eyes were twenty feet apart,
or as we would see a small model of it near at
hand.

I hope that some of your photographic corre-
spondents will settle this question, by taking views
of the same object both by the wide and close
angle, and, by comparing them, ascertain which
conveys to the mind the truest representation of
nature. T. B. Johnston.

Edinburgh.

Sisson's developing Solution (Vol. vii., p. 462.).
— Will you be so good as to ask Mr. Sisson if he
finds the above to answer as a bath to plunge the
plate into, instead of pouring on, as in the case of
pyrogallic ?

He is entitled to the warm thanks of all photo-
graphers lor the discovery of a solution which
produces such pleasing lints with so much ease ;
and It needs but the qualification I Inquire after
to render It perfect. I have used It when at least
three weeks made, and am not sure that it is not
even better than when fresh. S. B.

P.S. — Why not devote a little more space to
this fascinating art in " N. & Q." ? I think, if
anything, it grows less latterly.

Midtiplying Photographs. — In Vol. viii., p. 60.,
you reprint a communication from Sir W. Her-
schel which has appeared in The Athenaum.

158

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 198.

It describes a method of printing from glass
negatives, but there being no cut renders the
meaning somewhat obscure.

In the last number of the Photographic Journal
(21st ult.), some mention is made of this letter.
They say it proves to be one already long
in use, Mr. Kilburn having practised it for four
years. I am very desirous of obtaining more
information about it. I want to know the length
of the box or camera required ; and also the focus
of the lens, and the best size. Probably Mr. Kil-
burn or Sir W. Herschel would one of them be
so kind as to say. W. M. F.

What kind of lens should be used for taking en-
larged copies of glass negatives according to Mr.
Stewart's plan? and will the same lens also dimi-
nish the picture ? Will not the usual camera lens
act ? Ply.

[The usual compound lens is all that is required.]

Would you have the goodness to explain, in
some detail, the two methods by which Mr.
Stewart and Mr. Kilburn multiply photographs
in a reduced or magnified size; the one by re-
flected light, the other by transmitted. Mr.
Stewart's experiments are upon glass, Mr. Kil-
burn's on cameras and daguerreotypes. I have
never seen any description of this latter process,
or of the method of preparing the stereoscope ob-
jects : vide Athenoeum, July 30, 1853.

I observe with great pleasure that the cost of
apparatus is becoming less, &c. Amateur.

[However much we may agree in the views ex-
pressed in the latter part of An Amateur's letter, we
have been obliged to omit it, as it violates our rule of
not opening the columns of " N. & Q." to the recom-
mendation of any particular manufacturer.]

Is it davgerous to use the Ammonio- Nitrate of
Silver? (Vol. viii., p. 134.). — No: it is now
generally used as the best of marking inks, tvithoui
preparation ; and we have never yet heard of an
explosion from its use. Mr. Delamotte has evi-
dently confounded this preparation with the chlo-
ride of silver precipitated with strong ammonia,
■which, when dried, forms the article known as
fulminating silver; or by adding to the oxide of
silver lime-water, and afterwards a strong solution
of ammonia, a black powder is thrown down, which,
■when dried, is known as Be?-thoUefs fulminating
silver. Tliere is also one other, formed by adding
chloric acid to oxide of silver ; after drying this,
and then adding potassa to a solution of it, the
precipitate, by again being dried, becomes an ex-
plosive compound.

The photographer forms a weak solution for his
purpose with one of the least soluble and weakest
of the ammoniacal preparations, and which, by
drying around the stopper of the bottle, is very un-

likely to become explosive, from its wanting the
addition of another element as necessary to the
formation of an explosive compound. For my
own part, I must say, that I have found, from ex-
perience, all the compound solutions of silver keep
much better, and the photogenic effect more
satisfactory, by mixing only so much as I may
require for immediate use, at this time of the year
especially. J. H.

iXcfUicS to jHtnar eauerftS.

Burke's Marriage. — I am obliged to Mr. Gan-
TiLLON (Vol. viii., p. 134.), but the authority re-
ferred to does not answer my questions (Vol. vii.,
p. 382.) : When and ivhere was Burke married ?
There is no doubt as to who he married. But
some biographers say the ceremony took place in
1766, others in 1767. Some leave it to be inferred
that he was married at Bath, others in London.

B. E. B.

Stars and Flowers (Vol. iv., p. 22. ; Vol. vii.,
pp. lol. .S41. 513.). — To the piissages quoted from
Cowley, Longfellow, Hood, Moir, and Darwin,
may be added the following ingenious application
of this metaphorical language: —

" Alas for life ! — but we will on with those
Who have an age beyond their being's day.
Mount with our Newton where Light ever flows;
See him unveil its marvels — and display
The hidden ricliness of a single ray !
Unfold its latent hues like blossoms slied,
Or flowers of air, outshining flowers of May !
A luminous wreath in rainbow beauty spread,
The noblest Fame could leave round starry Newton's
head."

The Mind, and other Poems, by Charles Swain, p. 64.

BiBLIOTHECAR. ClIETHAM.

Odour from the Rainbow (Vol. iii., pp. 224. 310.).
— This idea has been traced to Bacon's Si/lva,
Browne's Britannia's Pastorals, Snow's Miscella-
neous Poems, and to a Greek writer referred to by
Coleridge. Georgius de Rhodes, in his Peripatetic
Philosophy, mentions the same effect of the rain-
bow, and quotes Pliny :

" Dico sexto, iridis efFectus duos prascipue numerari.
Primus est, quod plantas, arbores, frutices, qnibus iii-
cubuerit, efficit odorationes. Tradunt, inquit Piinius
lib. xii. c. i'4., in quocunque frutice incurvetur crelestis
arcus, eandem quae sit aspalato suavitatem odoris ex-
istere ; aspalato autem inenarrabilem quandam. Terra
etiam ipsa suavius halare dicitur."

In the annotations on Pliny, in loco, Aristotle is
referred to in Problem. Quccst. xii.

BiBLIOTHECAR. ChETHAM.

Judges styled Reverend (Vol.iv., pp. 151.198.). —
The following is an extract from the title of a
small octavo volume, printed for the assignees of

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

159

John More, Esq., London, 1635, which lately came
into my hands : — La novel Nattira Breviiim duJuge
Tres7-everend Monsieur Anthony Fitzherbert ; with
a new table by William Rastall. The preface is
headed as follows : — " La Preface sur cest lieuz
compose per le Reverend Justice Anthony Fitz-
herbert."

. Anthony Fitzherbert was appointed Chief Jus-
tice of the Common Pleas in 1523, and died in
30 Hen. VIIL William Rastall was appointed
Serjeant-at-law in 1554, and one of the Justices
of the Common Pleas in 1558 : it would seem,
therefore, that as Rastall is not styled " Serjeant-
at-law " in the title-page of the book when he
made a new table to its contents, that the com-
plimentary style of Reverend, as applicable to the
judges, was used at least as late as the middle of
the sixteenth century.

Thomas W. King, York HEBAiiD.

College of Arms.

Jacoh Bohart (Vol. viii., p. 37.). — I beg to
supply the following additional particulars relating
to the Bobart family. In the Correspondence of
Dr. Richardson, edited by Mr. Dawson Turner,
will be found a letter from Bobart junior to the
Doctor, with a reference to two other letters. In
pages 9, 10, and 11, a copious note respecting the
Bobatt f.miily, by the editor, is given. A short
notice of Bobart jun. also appears in the Me-
moirs of John Martyn, Professor of Botany at
Cambridge. The following epitaph on Bobart
jun. is in Amherst's Terrce Filius, 1726 :
" Here lies Jacob Bobart,
NaiI'd up in a cupboard."

In the preface to Mr. Nichols' work on Autographs,
among other albums noticed by him as being in
the British Museum, is that of David Krieg, with
Jacob Bobart's autograph, and the following
verses :

" VIRTUS SUA GLORIA.

Think that day lost whose descending sun,
Views from thy hand no noble action done.
Your success and happyness
Is sincerely wished by

Ja. Bobart, Oxford."

Mr. Richardson's engraved portrait of Bobart
the Elder is only a copy of Burghers' engraving,
so highly spoken of by Granger, and cannol,
therefore, be nearly so valuable as the latter.

Garlichithe.

" Putting your foot into it" (Vol. viii., p. 77.). —
W. W. is certainly " Will o' the Wisp" himself.
We must not allow him to lead us into Asia, hunt-
ing for the origin of a saying which is nothing
more than a coarse allusion to an accident that
happens day after day to every heedless or be-
nighted pedestrian in England ; but if a foreign
origin must be found for this saying, let us travel

to Greece rather than to Hindostan, and we shall
see in the writings of iEschylus :

" 'EXacpphv, 5ams mifidrwu e^co ir6Sa
'Ex*') irapaiveiv vovQeTitv re rhv kukw?
TlpicraovT' ." k.t.A. — Prom, Vi7ic.27\.

C. Forbes.
Temple.

Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle
(Vol. vi., pp. 127. 207. 280. 368. 566. ; Vol. yii.,
p. 508.). — We have all overlooked the following
use of this simile in Thomas Hood's poem, ad-
dressed to Rae Wilson :

" Spontaneously to God should tend the soul,
Like the magnetic needle to the Pole ;
But what were that intrinsic virtue worth,
Suppose some fellow, with more zeal than knowledge.

Fresh from St. Andrew's College,
Should nail the conscious needle to the north?"

C. Mansfield Ingeebt.

Birmingham.

The Tragedy of Polidus (Vol. vii., p. 499.). —
This tragedy, printed at London 1723, 12mo., has
a farce appended to it called All BedeviCd, or the
House in a Hurry. Browne was patronised by
Hervey, the author of the Meditations. The scene
of the drama is in Cyprus. The lover of Polidus,
" the banished general," and Rosetta, daughter to
Orlont, chief favourite to the king, form the
groundwork of the plot. My copy was formerly
in the collection of plays which belonged to Stephen
Jones, author of the Biographia Dramatica.

J. Mt.

Robert Fairlie (Vol. vii., p. 581.). — In answer
to the Query as to Robert Fairley, or more pro-
perly Fairlie, I may mention that there is in my
possession a presentation by the Faculty of Advo-
cates, dated July 27, 1622, to "Robert Fairlie,
son lawfull to Umquhill Robert Faiilie, goldsmith,
Burgh of Edinburgh, to the said bursar place and
haill immunities quhill he pass his course of Phi-
losophic," in the College of Edinburgh. This un-
doubtedly was the author of the two very rare little
poetical volumes referred to ; and it proves, from
the use of the word " Umquhill," that his father
was then dead.

There is an error in stating that the Kalendarium
is dedicated to the Earl of Ancrum. In the copy
before me it is inscribed " lUustrissimo et Nobilis-
simo Domino, Domino Roberto Karo Comiti a Sum-
merset," &c. The other work is the one dedicated
to Lord Ancrum. I have both works, and they cer-
tainly were costly, as I gave five guineas for them.
They had originally been priced at ten guineas.

A Bursary, according to Jamieson, is " the en-
dowment given to a student in a university, an
exhibition." It is believed that Fairlie was of the
Ayrshire family of that name. J. Mt

160

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

"Mater ait natcs^'' ^c. (Vol.vli., pp.247, 248.).—
When calling attention to these lines in "N. & Q."
(Vol. vii., p. 155.), I at the same time asked if
such a relationship as that mentioned in them was
ever known to exist ? This Query was very
kindly and satisfactorily answered by your corre-
spondents Anon and Tte. But, remarkable as were
the instances mentioned by them of the two old
ladies in Cheshire and Liraington, who could speak
to their descendants in a female line to the fifth
generation, still that I am now to record of an old
man in Montenegro is much more singular, as he
could converse with his lineal descendants in an
uninterrupted male line one generation farther
from him, (i. e.) to the sixth. The case is too well
authenticated to admit of a doubt, and until some
one of your correspondents shall favour me with
another equally to be credited, it will remain in
the columns of " N. & Q." as the only one known
to its readers : —

" Colonel Vialla de Sommleres, a Frenchman, who
was for a long time governor of the province of Catano,
mentions a family lie saw in a village of Montenegro,
which reckoned six generations. The venerable head
of the fiimily was 117 years old, his son 100, his grand-
son 82, great-grandson 60, and the son of this last, who
was 43, had a son aged 21, whose child was 2 years
old ! '•

W. W.

Malta.

Sir John Vanbrugh (Vol. viii., p. 65.). — Anon.
points at Chester as the probable birthplace of the
above knight, named in Me. Hughes's Query.
Now, Mr. Davenport, in his Biog. Diet., p. 546.
(wherein is a wood-engraved portrait of Sir John),
states that he was born in London, about 1672 ;
but, supposing his place of nativity was, as your
cori'espondent suggests, Chester, it might very
easily be ascertained by searching the parochial
register of that city in or about the above year.

Gaelichithe.

Fete des Chaudrons (Vol. viii., p. 57.). — Some
account of this fete will probably be found in Du-
cange's Glossarium Medice et Irifimce Latinitatis.
I have not a copy of the work at hand for reference.

John Macbay.

Oxford.

Murder of MonaldescJii (Vol, viii., p. 34.). —
The following account of this event is taken from
the Biographie Universelle, article "Christine, reine
de Suede:"

" Get Italien avait joui de toute la confiance de la
reine, qui lui avait revele ses pensees les plus secretes.
Arrivee a Fontainebleau, elle I'accusa de trahison, et
resolut de le faire mourir. Un religieux de I'ordre de
la Trinite, le P. Lebel, fut appele pour le preparer a la
mort. IMonaldeschi se jeta aux pieds de la reine et
fondit en larmes. Le religieux, qui a publi;i luimeme

un recit de revenement, fit a Christine les plus fortes
representations sur cet acte de vengeance qu'elle voulait
exercer arbitrairement dans une terre etrangere ct dans
le palais d'un grand souverain ; mais elle resta inflex-
ible, et ordonna a Sentinelli, capitaine de ses gardes, de
faire cxecuter I'arret qu'elle avait prononce. Monal-
deschi, soupifonnant le danger qu'il courait, s'etait cui-
rasse : 11 fallut le frapper de plusieurs coups avant qu'il
expirat, et la galerie des Cerfs, on se passa cette scene
revoltante, fut teinte de son sang. Pendant ce temps,
Cliribtine, au rapport de plusieurs historiens, etait dans
une piece attenante, s'entretenant avec beaucoiip de
calme de choses indifFerentes; selon d'autres rapports,
elle fut presente a I'execution, accabla Monaldeschi de
reproches amers, et contempla ensuite son cadavre san-
glant avec une satisfaction qu'elle ne chercha point a,
dissimuler. Que ces details soient fondes ou non, la
mort de Monaldeschi est une tache inefFa9able a la me-
moire de Christine, et c'est a regret qu'on voit sur la
liste de ses apologistes le nom du fameux Leibnitz."

In the answer which Queen Christina sent to
the objections made in Poland to her election as
their sovereign, occurs the following passage :

" Le Pere dira en temoignage de la verite, que cet
homme me forga de le faire mourir par la trahison la
plus noire qu'un serviteur puisse faire a son maitre ;
que je n'ordonnai sa mort, qu'apres I'avoir convaincu
de son crime par les lettres en original ecrites de sa
propre main, et apres de lui avoir fait avouer a lui-
meme, en presence de trois temoins, et du Pere prieur
de Fontainebleau : qu'ils savent qu'il dit lui-meme :
• Je suis digne de mille morts,' et que je lui fis donner
les sacremens dont il etait capable avant que d-e le faire
mourir." — Memoires concernant Christine, Amst. et
Leipzig, 17o9, torn. iii. pp. 386-7.

Dublin.

Your correspondent Avill find an account of this
affair in the Appendix to Ranke's History of the
Popes. ' T. K. H.

Land of Green Ginger (Vol. viii., p. 34.). — It
is so called from the sale of ginger having been
chiefly carried on there in early times. As far as
I can recollect, none of the local histories gives any
derivation of the name; those of Gent and Frost
certainly do not, and this is the one generally re-
ceived by the inhabitants. Salthouse Lane and
Blanket Row are other streets, which may be
referred to as having obta^ined their names in a
similar way. R. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

An inhabitant of Hull has informed me that this
street Avas so named by a house-proprietor whose
fortune had been made in the West Indies, and I
think by the sweetmeat trade. T. K. H.

Unneath (Vol. vii., p. 631.). — It strikes me that
your correspondents Me. C. H. Coopee and PI G. R.,
in reply to Mb, Weight's inquiry respecting the

Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

161

use of the word " unneath," used in Parnell's
Fairy Tale, have fallen into a slight mistake in
supposing that the seemingly old words used in
this poein are really so. I make no doubt that
Mr. Halliwell is correct in noting the word
•• unneath " as signifying " beneath," in the patois
of Somerset; but I gravely suspect that Parnell
had picked up the word out of our older poets,
and used it in the passage quoted without con-
sideration.

The true meaning of " unneath " (which is of
Saxon origin, and variously written " unnethe,
imnethes ") is scarcely, not easily.

Thus Chaucer says :

" The miller that for-dronken was all pale.
So that unnethes upon his hors he sat,"

The Millers Prologue, v. 3123. [Tyrwhitt.]
And again :

" Yeve me than of thy gold to make our cloistre,
Quod he, for many a muscle and many an oistre,
When other men hau ben ful wel at ese
Hath been our food, our cloistre for to rese :
And yet, God wot, nnneth the fundament
Parfourmed is, ne of our pauement
N' is not a tile," &c.

The Sompnours Tale, v. 7685.

" Unneath," signifying difficult, scarcely, with
difficulty, occurs so frequently in Spenser, that it
is unnecessary to burden your pages with refer-
ences. It may be remarked, however, that this
latter author occasionally employs this word in the
sense of almost. T. H. de H.

Snail Gardens (Vol. viii., p. 33.). — In very
many places on the Continent snails are regularly
bred for the table : this is the case at Ulm, Wir-
temberg, and various other places. A very lively
description of the sale of snails in the Roman
market is given by Sir Francis Head, I have
collected much interesting information on t^liis
point, and shall feel grateful for any farther
" Notes " on the subject. Seleucus.

Farvise (Vol. vii., p. 624.). — Perhaps the fol-
lowing quotation may throw light on your cor-
respondent D. P.'s inquiry respecting this word,
in French Farvis, It is taken from a Dictionnaire
Universel, contenant generalement tous les mots
franqois, tant vieux que modernes, ^c, par feu
Messire Antoine Furetiere, Abbe de Chalivoi,
three vols, folio, La Haye et la Rotterdam, 1701 :

" Parvis, s. m. — Place publique qui est ordinaire-
ment devant la principale face dcs grandes Eglises.
Le parvis de Notre Dame, de Saint Genevieve. On
le disoit autrefois de toutes les places qui etoient de-
vant les palais, et grandes maisons, Les auteurs
Chretiens appellent le Parvis des Gentiles, ce que les
Juifs appelloient le premier Temple. II y avoit deux
Parvis dans le Temple de Jerusalem ; I'un interieur,
qui etoit celui des Pretres ; et I'autre exterieur, qu'on

appellolt aussi le Parvis cTIsrael, ou le Grand Parvit.
— Le Cl,

" Quelques-uns disent que ce mot vient de Paradtsvs ;
d'autres de parvisium, qui est un lieu au bas de la nef
ou Ton tenoit autrefois les petites Ecoles, a docendo
parvis pueris. Voyez Menage, qui rapporte plusieurs
litres curieux en faveur de I'une et de I'autre opinion.
D'autres le derivent de pervius, disant qu'on appelloit
autrefois pervis, une place publique devant un bail-
ment."

T. H. DE H.

Humbug (Yol. vii., p. 63 L). — Allow me to add
the following to the list of explanations as to the
origin of this word. There appeared in the Berioick
Advertiser the following origin of the word hum-
bug, and it assuredly is a very feasible one. It
may be proper to premise, that the name of bogue
is commonly pronounced bug in that district of
Scotland formerly called the " Mearns."

" It is not generally known that this word, presently
so much in vogue, is of Scottish origin. There was iu
olden time a race called Bogue, or Boag of Wiat ilk, in
Berwickshire. A daughter of the family married a
son of Hume of Hume. In process of time, by default
of male issue, the Bogue estate devolved on one Geor-
die Hume, who was called popularly ' Hume o' the
Bogue,' or rather ' Aum o' the Bug.' This worthy
was inclined to the marvellous, and had a vast incli-
nation to exalt himself, his wife, family, brother, and
all his ancestors on both sides. His tales however did
not pass current ; and at last, when any one made an
extraordinary statement in the Mearns, the hearer
would shrug up his shoulders, and style it just ' a hum
o' the bug.' This was shortened into hum-bug, and the
word soon spread like wildfire over the whole kingdom."

How far this is, or is not true, cannot be known ;
but it is certain that the Lands of Bogue, com-
monly called by country folk " Bug," passed by
marriage into the Hume ftxmily ; and that the male
representatives of this ancient family are still iu
existence. This much may be fairly asserted,
that the Berwickshire legend has more apparent
probability about it than any of the other ones.

J. Mt.

P. S. — " That ilk," in old Scotch, means "the
same:" in other words, Hume of that ilk is just
Hume of Hume ; and Brodie of that ilk, Brodie
of Brodie.

Table-moving (Yol. vii., p. 596.). — I imagine
that the great object in table-moving is to produce
the desired effect without pressure. During ex-
periments I have often heard the would-be " table-
movers" cry "Don't press: it must be done
without any pressure." J. A. T.

Scotch Newspapers (Vol. viii., p. 57.). — In Rud-
diman's Life, by G. Chalmers (8vo. Lond. 1794),
it is stated that Cromwell was the first who com-
municated the benefit of a newspaper to Scotland.

162

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

In 1652, Christopber Higgins, a printer, whom
Cromwell had conveyed with his army to Leith,
reprinted there what had been already published
at London, A Diurnal of some passages and affairs
for the information of the English Soldiers. A
newspaper of Scottish manufacture appeared at
Edinburgli, the same authority relates, on the 31st
of December, 1660, under the title of Mercurius
Caledonius ; comprising the affairs in agitation in
Scotland, with a survey of foreign intelligence.
It was published once a week, in a small 4to. form
of eight pages. Chalmers adds, that —

" It was a son of the Bisliop of Orkney, Thomas
Lydserfe, who now thought he had the wit to amuse,
the knowledge to instruct, and the address to cap ivate
the lovers of news in Scotland. But he was only able,
with all his powers, to extend his publication to ten
numbers, which were very loyal, very illiterate, and
very affected."

John Mac ray.

Oxford.

Door-Jicad Inscriptions (Vol. vii., pp. 23. 190.
588.; Vol. viii., p. 38.). — Over the door of the
house at Salvington, Sussex, in which Selden was
born, is this inscription :

" Gratvs, honeste, mihi ; non clavdar, inito sedeq'
Fvr, abeas ; non sv' facta solvta tibi."

It has been thus paraphrased :

1. By the late William Hamper, Esq., Gent.
Mag., 1824, vol. ii. p. 601.:

*' Thou'rt welcome, honest friend; walk in, make free:
Thief, get thee gone ; my doors are clos'd to thee."

2. By Dr. Evans :

" An honest man is always welcome here ;
To rogues I grant no hospitable cheer."

3. In Evans's Picture of Worthing., p. 129. :

«' Dear to my heart, the honest here shall find
The gate wide open, and the welcome kind ;
Hence, tkieoes, away ! on you my door shall close,
Within these walls the wicked ne'er repose."

4. In Shearsmith's Worthing, p. 71. :

" The honest man shall find a welcome here.
My gate wide open, and my heart sincere ;
Within these walls, for him I spend my store.
But thieves, away ! on you I close my door."

Anon.

Hono7-ary Degrees (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 86.). — The
short note of C. does not elucidate — if, indeed, it
touches upon — the matter propounded. It was
stated, whether correctly I know not, that hono-
rary doctors created by diploma (reference being
made to the Duke of Cambridge, and one or two
other royal personages) would have the distinctive
privilege of voting in Convocation. It then oc-
curred to me that Johnson — whose Oxford dignity
was conferred in 1776, by special requisition of
the Chancellor, Lord North (his M. A. degree had

been, I judge, likewise by diploma) — is not men-
tioned by Boswell or Croker, as having on any
occasion exercised the right referred to. Did he
possess that right ? and, if so, was it ever exer-
cised ? The frequency of his visits to Oxford, and
the alleged rigid adherence to academical costume,
make the question one of some interest : besides,
in regard to a person so entirely sui generis, and
upon whose character and career so much minute-
ness of biographical detail has been bestowe 1, it is
not a little remarkable how many points are almost
barren of illustration. M. A.

'■'■Never ending, still heginning"(Y o\.\\ii.,-^. 103.).
— See Dryden's Alexanders Feast, 1. 101.

F. B— w.

MiittWKntaxxi,

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Life op the Rev. Isaac Milles. 1721.

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Beginner 7nust consult some Photographic friend, or our Ad-
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A few complete sets o/" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vii.,
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Aug. 13. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

163

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Important CAtjTion.-Many invalids having
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under closely similar names, such as Erv.denta.
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164

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 198.

TO BOOK ClitrSS, JLEAUXSra

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(Notes : —

CONTENTS.

Page
J 65
167
168

. 168

' 170
171

Baron's Essaj-s, by Markby - - . .

Bishop Burnet, H. Wharton, and Smith -
Early Philadelphia Directories ....
Shakspeare Correspondence ....

Mottos of the Emperors of Germany, by Joshua G
Fitch ..-.-..

Poems by Miss Delaval - . - - .

Minor Notes:— The Rights of Women — Green Pots
used for drinking from by Members of the Temple —
Quarles and Pascal — Offer to intending Editors —
Head-dress - - - - - - 171

<Jleries : —

Minor Qukiues :— Fox-hunting — Broderie Anglaise —
" Tlie Convent," an Elegy — Memorial of Newton —
Mammon — Derivation of'Wellesley — The Battle of
Cruden : a Query for Copenhagen Correspondents —
Ampers and — Tlie Myrtle Bee — Henry Earl of
Wotton — Connexion between the Celtic and Latin
Languages — Queen Anne's Motto — Anonymous
Books - - 172

Minor Queries with Answers : — Major Andre —
"The Fatal Jlistake " — Anonymous Plays — High
Commission Court - _ - - - 174

■Kepliks:-

Rosicrucians ....... 175

Searson's Poems ...... 176

" From tlie Sublime to the Ridiculous," &c., by Henry

H. Breen 177

Passage in the Burial Service, by Geo. A. Treyor and
Jolin Booker ...... 177

Patrick's Purgatory, by William Blood - . .178

Lord William Russell ..... 179

■Oaken Tombs, &c. - - . - . .179

"" Could we with ink," &c., by the Kev. Moses Margo-
liouth, &c. ...... 180

J'hotographic Correspondence :— Washing or not
washing Collodion Pictures after developing, previous
to fixing — Stereoscopic Angles — Sisson's Developing
Solution - - - . . . - 181

Heplies to Minor Queries : — Robert Drury— Real
Signatures versus Pseudo-Names — Lines on the In.

stitution of the Garter — " Short red, God red," &c

Martha Blount — Longevity — Its — Oldham, Bishop
of Exeter — Boom — Lord North — Dutch Pottery —
Cranmer's Correspondences — Portable Altars— Poem
attributed to Shelley — Lady Percy, Wife of Hotspur
(Daughter of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March) —
" Up, guards, and at them ! " — Pennycomequick —
•Captain Booth of Stockport — " Hurrah," ^c De-
tached Belfrv Towers —Blotting-paper — Riddles for
the Post-Office — Mulciber . - . - 181

3I1SCELLANEOUS :

Notes on Books, &c.

Books and Odd Volumes wanted

Notices to Correspondents

Advertisements

- 185
. 186

- 186

- 186

YoL. Vlir. — No. 199.

bacon's essays, by markby.
(^Continued from Vol. viii., p. 144.)

Essay XXIX. Of the true Greatness of King-
doms.—

"The speech of Themistocles."] See Plut.
Them. 2., Cimon, 9.

" Negotiis pares."] An expression of Tacitus.
In Ann. vi. 39., he says of Poppaeus Sabinus :
" Maximis provinces per quatuor et viginti annos
impositus ; nuUam ob eximiam artem, sed quod
par negotiis neque supra erat." Again, in Ann. xvi.
18. of C. Petronius : " Pi-oconsul liithynia?, et mox
consul, vigentem se ac parem negotiis ostendit."

"As Virgil saith, 'It never troubles the wolf
how many the sheep be.' " j Lord Bacon, as Mr,
Markby observes, evidently alludes to the follow-
ing vei-ses of Eclogue vii. :

" Hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora, quantum
Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumiiia ripas."

The meaning is, however, doubtless correctly ex-
plained by Heyne : " Ut numerato pecori parcat."
" Quia solam considerat lupus prajdam," says Ser-
vius. The sense of the passage is, that after the
shepherd has " told his tale," after he has counted
his sheep, the wolf does not care how much he de-
ranges the reckoning.

For the advice of Parmenio to attack Darius by
night, and the refusal of Alexander to steal the
victory, see Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 10. ; Plut.
Alex. 31., Curt. iv. 13.

" Neither is money the sinews of war, as It is
trivially said."] " Nervi belli, pecunia infinita,"
Cic. Phil. V. 2. Machiavel, like Bacon, questions
the truth of this dictum. Disc. ii. 10.

" Solon said well to Crasus (when in ostentation
he showed him his gold), ' Sir, if any other come
that hath better iron than you, he will be master
of all this gold.' "] This saying is not in Herodotus,
or in Plutarch's Life of Solon. Query, In what
ancient author is it to be found ?

"Even as you may see in coppice-woods; if
you leave your staddles too thick, you shall never
have clean underwood, but shrubs and bushes."]
The same illustration is used by Lord Bacon, ia

166

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 199.

his History of Henry VII. : " Like to coppice-
woods, that, if you leave in tliem staddles too
thick, they will run to bushes and briars, and
have little clean underwood " (vol. iii. p. 236., ed.
Montagu). The word staddle means an uncut tree
in a coppice, left to grow. Thus Tusser says,
" Leave growing for staddles the likest and best."
See Richardson in v., and Narcs' Glossary in
Staddle, where other meanings of the word are
explained.

" The device of King Henry VII."] See Lord
Bacon's History, ib. p. 234.

" N"ay, it seemeth at this instant they [the
Spaniards] are sensible of this want of natives ;
as by the Pragmatical Sanction, now published,
appeareth."] To what law does Lord Bacon al-
lude ?

"Romulus, after his death (as they report or
feign), sent a present to the Romans, that above
all they should intend arms, and then they should
prove the greatest empire of the world."] See
Livy, i. 16., where Romulus is described as giving
this message to Proculus Julius. A similar mes-
sage is reported in Plut. Rom. 28.

"No man can by caretaking (as the Scripture
saith) add a cubit to his stature."] See Matt. vi.
27.

Essay XXX. Of Regimen of Health. — See
Antith.y iSTo. 4. vol. viii. p. 355.

Essay XXXI, Of Suspicion. — See Antith.,
'No. 45. vol. viii. p. 377.

Essay XXXn. Of Discourse. —

"I knew two noblemen of the west part of
England," &c.] Query, Who are the noblemen
referred to ?

Essay XXXIIL Of Plantations.—
" When the world was young it begat more
children ; but now it is old it begets fewer."]
This idea is taken from the ancients. Thus Lu-
cretius :

" Sed quia finem allquam pariendi debet habere,
Destitit, ut mulier spatio defessa vetusto."

V. 823-4.

" Consider likewise, what commodities the soil
where the plantation is doth naturally yield, that
they may some way help to defray the charge
of the plantation ; so it be not, as was said, to the
untimely prejudice of the main business, as it hath
fared with tohacco in Virginia."'] On the excessive
cultivation of tobacco by the early colonists of
Virginia, see Grahame's History of North Ame-
rica, vol. i. p. 67. King James's objection to to-
bacco is well known.

"But moil not too much underground."] This
old word, for to toil, to labour, lias now become
provincial.

" In marish and unwholesome grounds."] Marish
IS here used in its original sense, as the adjective of

mere. Spenser and Milton use it as a substantive ;
whence the word marsh.

" It is the guiltiness of blood of many com-
miscrahle persons."] No instance of the word
commiserahle is cited in the Dictionaries from any
other writer than Bacon.

Essay XXXIV. Of Riches.— See Antitli., No. 6.
vol. viii, p. 356.

"In sudore vultus alieni."] Gen, iii, 19,
" The fortune in being the first in an inven-
tion, or in a privilege, doth cause sometimes a
wonderful overgrowth in riches, as it teas ivith the
first sugar-man in the Canaries."'] When was tha
growth of sugar introduced into the Canaries ?
To what does Bacon allude ? It does not appear
that sugar is now grown in these islands ; at least;
it is enumerated among their imports, and not
among their exports.

Essay XXXV. Of Prophecies.—

" Henry VI, of England said of Henry VII.,
when he was a lad and gave him water, ' This is
the lad that shall enjoy the crown for which v/e
strive.' "] Query, Is this speech reported by any
earlier writer ?

" When I was in France I heard from one Dr.
Pena, that the queen-mother, who was given to
curious arts, caused the king her husband's na-
tivity to be calculated under a false name, and
the astrologer gave a judgment that he should be
killed in a duel ; at which the queen laughed,
thinking her husband to be above challenges and
duels ; but he was slain upon a course at tilt, the
splinters of the staff of Montgomery going in at his
beaver."] The king here alluded to is Henri II.,
who was killed at a tournament in 1559 ; his queen
was Catherine de Medici. Bacon's visit to France
v/as in 1576-9 {Life, by Montagu, p. xvi.), dur-
ing the reign of Heni-i III., when Catherine of
JMedici was queen-mother. Query, Is this pro-
phecy mentioned in any French writer ?

" Octogesimus octavus mirabilis annus."] Con-
cerning the prophecy which contained tliis verse,
see Bayle, Diet, art. Stofier, note e : art. Bruschius,
note E,

Essay XXXVIL Of Masques and Triumphs,—

" The colours that show best by candlelight are
white, carnation, and a kind of sea-water green ;
and oes, or spangs, as they are of no great cost, so
they are of most glory,"] Mr. Markby says that
Montagu and Spiers take the liberty of altering
the word oes to ouches. Halliwell, in his Dic-
tionary, explains oes to mean eyes, citing one
manuscript example. This would agree tolerably
v.'ith the sense of the passage before us. Ouches
would laQimjeicels.

Essay XXXVIII. Of Nature in Men. — See
Antith., No. 10. vol. viii. p. 459.

" Optimus ille animi vindex," &c,] " lUe fuit
vindex " in Ovid,

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

167

" Like as it was with ^sop's damsel, turned
from a cat to a woman."] See Babrius, Fab. 32.

" Ollierwise they may say, ' Multum incola fuit
anima mea.' "] Whence are these words bor-
rowed ?

Essay XXXIX. Of Custom and Education.—
See Antith., No. 10. vol.viii. p. 359.

" Only superstition is now so well advanced, that
men of the first blood are as firm as butchers by
occupation, and votary resolution is made equi-
pollent to custom, even in matter of blood."] This
is an allusion to the Gunpowder Plot.

" The Indian wives strive to be burnt with the
corpse of their husbands."] The practice of sut-
tee is of great antiquity. See Strabo, xv. 1. § 30.
62. ; Val. Max. ii. 6. 14.

" The lads of Sparta, of ancient time, were wont
to be scourged upon the altar of Diana, without so
much as quechingr'] To qiieche here means to
squeak.

" Late learners cannot so well tahe the ply"'\
To take the ply is to bend according to the pres-
sure ; to be flexible and docile under instruction.

Essay XL. Of Fortune. — See Antith., No. II.
vol. viii. p. 359.

" Serpens, nisi serpentem comederit, non fit
draco."] What is the origin of this saying ?

The character of Cato the elder, cited from
Livy, is in xxxix. 40. ; but the words are quoted
memorite?', and do not agree exactly with the ori-
ginal.

For the anecdote of Timotheus, see " N. & Q.,"
Yol. vii,, p. 493.

Essay XLII. Of Youth and Age. — See Antith.,
No. 3. vol. viii. p. 355.

" Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are
exceedingly subtle, who afterwards waxed stupid."]
Hermogenes of Tarsus, who lived in the reign of
Marcus Aurelius, wrote some able rhetorical works
while he was still a young man ; but at the age of
twenty-five fell into a state of mental imbecility,
from which he never recovered.

" Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith in effect,
' Ultima primis cedebant.' "] The allusion is to
Ovid, Heroid. ix. 23-4. :

" Coeplsti melius quam desinis : ultima primis
Cedunt : dissimiles hie vir et ille puer."

Essay XLIIL Of Beauty.— See Antith., No. 2.
vol. viii. p. 354.

" A man cannot tell whether Apelles or Albert
Durer were the more trifler ; whereof the one
would make a personage by geometrical propor-
tions, the other by taking the best parts out of
divers faces to make one excellent."] With re-
gard to Apelles, Lord Bacon probably alludes to
the story of Zeuxis in Cic. De Inv. ii. 1.

" Pulcrorum autumnus pidcher."] Query, What
is the source of this quotation ?

Essay XL VL Of Gardens.—

Many of the names of plants in this Essay re-
quire illustration. Gennitivgs appear to be broom,
from genista ; quodlins are codlings, a species of
apple ; ivardens are a species of pear, concerning
which see Hudson's Domestic Architecture of the
Thirteenth Century, p. 137. Bidlaces are explained
by Halliv/ell to be a small black and tartish plum,
growing wild in some parts of the country.

" My meaning is perceived, that you may have
ver perpetuum, as the place affords."] The allu-
sion, probably, is to Virgil, Georg. ii. 149. :

" Hie ver assiduum, atque alienis mensibus a'stas."

" Little low hedges, round, like welts, with some
pretty pyramids, I like well."] A welt was the-
turned-over edge of a garment.

" Abeunt studia in mores."] From Ovid's
Epistle of Sappho to Phaon, Ep. xv. 83.

" Let him study the schoolmen, for they are
cymini sectores."'] The word /cu^ji/oTrpio-Trjs is ap-
plied in Aristot., Eth. Nic. iv. 3., to a miserly-
person ; one who saves cheeseparings and candle-
ends.

Essay LII. Of Ceremonies and Respects. — See
Antith., No. 34. vol. viii. p. 371.

" It doth much add to a man's reputation, and
is (as Queen Isabella saith) like perpetual letters
commendatory, to have good forms."] Query,
Which Queen Isabella was the author of this
saying ?

Essay LIIL Of Praise.— See Antith., No. 10.
vol. viii. p. 358.

" Pessimum genus inimicorum laudantium."]
From Tacit. Agric. c. 41., where the words are:
" Pessimum inimicorum genus, laudantes." Lau-
dantium for laudantes in the text of Bacon is an
error.

Essay LIV. Of Vain-glory.— See^wfiVA., No. 19.
vol. viii. p. 364.

Essay LVI. Of Judicature. —

"Judges ought to remember that their office is
jus dicere, and not jus t?a?-e."] Compare Aph. 44.
and 46., in the eighth book De Augmentis. L.

BISHOP BTJRNET, H. WHARTON, ANI> SMITH.

The following curious piece of literary history
is quoted from pp. 145 — 147. of Smith's De Re
Nummaria :

" But having thus owned the bishop's generosity, I
must next inform the reader what occasion I have to
make some complaint of hard usage, partly to myself,
but infinitely more to Dr. H. Wharton, and that after
his decease also. The matter of fact lies in this order.
After Ant. Harmer had published his Specimen of
Errors to be found in the Bishop's History of the Re-
formation, there was a person that frequented the
coffee-house where we met daily at Oxon, and who

168

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

afterwards became a prelate in Scotland, that was con-
tinually running down that History for the errors dis-
covered in it, many of which are not very material, and
might in so large a work have been easily pardoned ;
and in order to obtain such a pardon, I acquainted his
Lordship with some more considerable errata to be
found in the first volume of Anglia Sacra, out of which
I had drawn up as many mistakes as I could possibly
meet with, and had descanted upon them, as far as I
■was able, in the same method Ant. Harmer had drawn
up his, and without acquainting the Bishop who was
the author, sent them up to his Lordship with license,
if he thought fitting, to print them. But when the
collection was made, I had prefixed a letter to his
Lordship, and next an epistle to the reader. In the
former it was but fitting to compliment his Lordship,
but the latter was altogether as large a commendation
of Dr. Wharton's skill, diligence, and faithfulness in
viewing and examining the records of our English
church history. The disgust that this last gave his
Lordship obliged him to stifle the whole tract ; but yet
he was pleased to show part of it to many by way, as
I suppose, of excuse or answer for his own mistakes ;
but as I take it, after the Doctor's decease, he made it
an occasion of foully bespattering him as a man of no
credit, and all he had writ in that Specimen was fit to
go for nothing ; which practice of his lordship, after I
came to read both in the preface and introduction to
"his third volume, 1 was amazed at his injustice both to
the living and the dead. For I b.ad acquainted his
Lordship that the faults were none of Dr. Wharton's
own making, who had never seen the MS. itself, but
only some exscript of it, writ by some raw and illiterate
person employed by some of his Oxford friends to send
him a copy of it. I once threatened my Lord Bishop's
son that I had thoughts of publishing this and some
other facts the Bishop had used to avoid the discovery
of some other errata communicated to him by other
hands ; but I forbore doing so, lest I should seem mi-
grateful for kindnesses done and offered to me."

E. H. A.

EABLT PHILADELPHIA DIRECTORIES.

The first Philadelphia Directories were published
in the year 1785, when two appeared : White's and
M'Pherson's. The latter is a duodecimo volume
of 164 pages, and contains some things worth
making a note of.

Some persons do not seem to have compre-
hended the object of the inquiries made of the
inhabitants as to their names and occupations ;
supposing, perhaps, that they had some connexion
with taxation. The answers given by such are
put down in the Directory as the names of the
respondents. Thus :

" ' I won't tell you,' 3. Maiden's Lane."
" ' I won't tell it,' 15. Sugar Alley."
" ' I won't tell you my name,' ] 60. New Market
Street."

" ' I won't have it numbered,' 478, Green Street."
"' I won't tell my name,' 185. St. John's Street."

" ' I shall not give vou my name,' 4;j. Stamper's
Alley."

" What you please,' 49. Market Street."

In the errata are the following :

" For Cross Woman read Cross Widow."
" For Cox Cats read Cox Cato."

The alphabetical arrangement of a Db'ectory is
as great a leveller as the grave. In the Directory
for 1798, after —

" Dennis, Mr., Taylor, Pewter Platter Alley."
appears the following :

" Dorleans, Messrs., Merchatits, near 100. South
Fourth Street."

These were Louis Philippe and one of his brothers,
who liveil at the north-west corner of Fourth and
Princes Streets, in a house still standing, and now
numbered 110.

Talleyrand and Volney lived for some time in
Philadelphia ; but, not being house -keepers, their
names do not appear in any of the Directories.

Uneda.

Philadelphia,

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Shakspeare Readings, No. X. — " Sheer" versus
" Warwick-sheer." — At page 143. of Notes and
Emendations, Mr. Collier indulges in the following
reverie : —

" Malone did not know what to make of ' sheer
ale,' but supposed that it meant aheering or reaping ale,
for so reaping is called in Warwickshire. What does
it mean ? It is spelt sheere in the old copies ; and that
word begins one line, Wanvick having undoubtedly
dropped out at the end of the preceding line.
It was formerly not at all unusual to spell ' shire '
sheere ; and Sly's ' sheer ale ' thus turns out to have
been Warwickshire ale, which Shakspeare celebrated,
and of which he had doubtless often partaken at Mrs.
Racket's. We almost wonder that, in his local parti-
cularity, he did not mention the sign of her house," &c.

The meaning of sheer ale was strong ale — that
which we now call "entire" — ale unmixed, un-
reduced, unmitigated — the antithesis of that
" small ale," for a pot of which poor Sly begged
so hard, sinking his demand at last to " a pot o' the
smallest ale." If Christopher lived in our own
times, he might, on common occasions, indulge in
small; but for great treats he would have Barclay's
entire : and, instead of bullying Dame Hacket
about " sealed quarts," he would perhaps, in these
educated days, be writing to The Times under the
signature of " A Thirsty Soul." Sly evidently was
rather proud of underlying a score of fourteen-
pence for sheer ale.

Let us hear in what sense old Phil, Holland, in
Precepts of Health, uses the Avord :

" And verily water (not that onely wherewith wine
is mingled, but also which is drunke betweene whiles,

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

169

apart by itselfe) causeth the M'ine tempered therewith
to doe the lesse harme : in regard whereof, a student
ought to use himselfe to drinke twice or thrice every
day a draught of sheere water," &c.

Here " sheere water " is put in apposition to
that with which " itwe is mingled;" the meaning
of sheer, therefore, is integer : and sheer milk
would be milk before it goes to the pump.

But perhaps it will be objected that sheer, ap-
plied to water, as in this place, may mean clear,
bright, free from foulness. Well, then, here is
another example from Fletcher's Double Marriage,
where Castruccio is being tantalised after the
fashion of the Governor of Earataria :
"Cast, pastes.') Why, what is this ? Why, Doctor 1

Doctor. Wine and water, sir. 'Tis sjvereign for your
heat : you must endure it.

Villio. Most excellent to cool your night-piece, sir I

Doctor. You're of a high and choleric complexion,
and must have allays.

Cast. Shall I have no sheer wine then ? "

The step from this to sheer ale is not very
difficult.

It may be remarked that, at present, we apply
several arbitrary adjectives, in this sense of sheer,
to different liquors. Thus, to spirits we apply
" raw," to wines and brandy " neat," to malt drink
" stout " or " strong ; " and then we reduce to
"half and half," until at length we come to the
very " small," a term which, like other lowly
things, seems to have been permitted to endure
from its very weakness. A. E. B.

Leeds.

" Clamour your tongues" ^"C. —

" Clamour your tongues, and not a word more."
Wint. Tale, Act IV. Sc. 4.

K^otwithstanding the comments upon this word
clamour, both in the pages of " N. & Q.," and by
the various editors of Shakspeare, I have not yet
seen anything that appears to my mind like a
satisfactory elucidation.

Gilford, not being able to make anything of the
word, proposed to read charm, which at all events
is plausible, though nothing more. Nares says the
word is in use among bell-ringers, though now
shortened to clam. Unfortunately the meaning
attached to the term by the ringers is at variance
with that of clamour in the text ; for to clam the
bells is what we should now call putting them on
sette or setting them, and this is but preparatory
to a general crash: still it is possible that the
words may be the same.

Mr. Akroavsmith (Vol. vii., p. 567.) maintains
the genuineness of clamour in preference to charm;
and, without a word of comment, quotes two pas-
sages from Udall's translation of Erasmus his
Apothegms — "oneless hee chaumbreed his tongue,"
&c. ; and again — " did he refrein or chaumbre
the tauntying of his tongue." I confess I cannot

fathom Mr. Arrowsmith's intention ; for the
obvious conclusion to be drawn from these quota-
tions is, that charm, and not clamour, is an. abbre-
viation of the older word chaumbre.

I am very much inclined to think that the verb
in question comes directly from the A.-S. We
find the word clam or clom — a bond, that which
holds or retains, a prison ; in the latter form the
word is frequently used, and for the use of the
former in the same sense Bosworth quotes Boe-
thius (Rawlinson's ed., Oxon. 1698, p. 152.), which
work I am unable to consult. From these words,
then, we have clommian, clcemian, &c., to bind or
restrain. It seems not very unlikely that from
this original came Shakspeare's word clammer or
clamour. 1 may add that Skinner explains the
word clum by a note of silence, quoting " Chaucer
in fab. Molitoris " (I have no copy of Chaucer at
this moment within reach) ; and in the A.-S. we
find clumian, to keep close, to press, to mutter,
comprimere, mussitare : all these words probably
have the same root.

An instance of the use of the word dame or
clamour is to be found in a work entitled The
Castel of Helthe ; gathered and made by Syr
Thomas Ehjot, Knight, Sfc. ; printed by Thomas
Berthelet : London, 1539 (black-letter). At p. 52.
is the following :

" Nauigation or rowynge nigh to the lande, in a
dame water, is expedient for them that haue dropsies,
lepries, palseyes, called of the vulgar people, takyngcs,
and francies. To be carried on a rough water, it is a
violent exercise," &c.

H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Shakspeare Suggestions (Vol. viil., p. 124.). —
Icon asks — "Has any one suggested 'Most
busy, when least I do.' The ' it ' seems mere sur-
plusage ?"

The same suggestion, nearly verbatim, even to
the curtailment of the " it," may be found in this
present month's number o( Blackwood's Magazine,
p. 186.

But Icon will also find the same reading, ivith
an anterior title of nearly three years, together with
some good reasons for its adoption, in " N. & Q.,"
Vol. ii., p. 338. And he may also consult with ad-
vantage an illustrative quotation in Vol.iii., p. 229.

In the original suggestion in " N. & Q.," there
is no presumption of surplusage : the word " it " is
understood in relation to labours ; that word being
taken as a collective singular, like contents, and
other words of the same construction.

The critic in Blackwood disclaims consulting
" N. & Q. ; " and it is, no doubt, a convenient dis-
claimer. He follows the herd of menstrual Aris-
tarchi, by hailing, with wondering admiration, the
substitution of ethics for checks! And he shows
his fitness for the task he has undertaken, by stat-

170

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

ing that " Mr. Singer alone had the good taste to
print it (ethics) in his text of 1826."

Mr. Halliwell, however, in a recent pamphlet,
states that —

" This new emendation has not only been mentioned
in a j;;reat variety of editions, but has been introduced
into the text by no fewer than fice editors, the first, I
believe, in point of time, being the !lev. J. llann, who
substituted ethics into the text as early as 1787."

A. E. B.

Leeds.

Critical Digest. — Your readers have seen
no more welcome announcement than that con-
tained in p. 75. of your present volume, that this
project of a work, bringing into one view the
labours of preceding editors and commentators, is
in good hands and likely to be brought to bear.
On ihQ form of such a work it is perhaps prema-
ture to offer an observation ; but, to be perfect, it
ought to range with that remarkable monument
of a lady's patient industry, Mrs. Cowden Clarke's
Concordance. On the materials to be employed,
all your readers have such an Interest in the sub-
ject as to warrant them in making suggestions ;
and it will be well to do so before the plans are
fully matured.

It ought, in my opinion, to be more compre-
hensive than even the largest scheme suggested by
your correspondent ; for, in addition to the com-
ments which may be thought most worthy of inser-
tion in full, or nearly so, it ought to contain at least
a reference to every known comment, in the slightest
degree worthy of notice, in relation to any passage
in the work. To accomplish this would of course
be a work of enormous labour, and the object of
the present Note is to suggest, as a first step, the
circulation of a list of works intended to be con-
sulted, for the purpose of inviting additions ; not
that such a list should encumber the pages of
"N. & Q.," but I am much mistaken if you would
not afford facilities for receiving the communica-
tions asked for. This course is the more necessary,
inasmuch as, in addition to works written exclu-
sively on the subject of Shakspeare, there is a
vast amount of Shakspearian criticism spread over
works, the titles of which give no indication of the
necessity for consulting them. For instance, up-
wards of two hundred pages of Coleridge's Literary
Remains are so employed; and though, perhaps,
the work is so well known that it would have
found a place in the first copy of the list I have
suggested, it may serve as an illustration of the
sort of information which it would be desirable to
invite. J. F. M.

MOTTOS OF THE EMPEBOHS OF GERMANY.

I was much interested in the lists given in
'* N. & Q." last year of the mottos adopted by

serjeants-at-law on arriving at that dignity ; and
it then occurred to me, that it would be curious
to collect in like manner a complete list of the
sentences, which, as Is well known to students of
history, the Emperors of Germany were accus-
tomed to assume at their coronations. A recent
visitto Frankfort has given me an opportunity of
making and sending you such a list. The materials
are collected from inscriptions on a series of im-
perial portraits which adorn the principal cham-
ber In the Eomer or town hall of that city. The
list. If it have no other interest, will at least serve
to remind us that some of the Latin aphorisms and
"wise saws" current among us now, have been
doing duty in the same capacity for centuries :

Conrad I. 911. (Franconia.) Foi-tuna cum Uan-

dltur fallit.
Henry I. 918. (Saxony.) Ad vindictam tardus, ad

heneficexitiam velox.
Otho I. (The Great.) 936. (Saxony.) Satius est

ratio?ie cequitatis mortem oppetere, quam fugere et

inhonesta vivere.
Otho II. 974. (Saxony.) Cum omnibus pacem ;

adversus vitia hellwn.
Otho III. 983. (Saxony.) Facile singula rum-

puntur jacula ; non conjuncta.
Henry II. 1002. (Bavaria.) Nildl impense a7nes,

itafiet vt in nidlo contristei'is.
Conrad II. 1024. (Franconia.) Omnium mores,

imprimis ohservato.
*IIenryIII. 1039. (Franconia.) Qui litem avfert ;

execrationem in benedictionem mutat.
Henry IV. 1056. (Franconia.) Multi multa sciunt,

se autem nemo.
Henry V. 1106. (Franconia.) Miser qui mortem

appetit, miserior qui timet.
Lothaire. 1125. (Saxony.) Audi alteram partem.
Conrad III. 1137. (Swabia.) Paucacumaliis,nnilta

tecum loquere.
Frederick I. (Barbarossa.) 1152. (Swabia.) PrcB-

stat uni probo quam mille iniprohis plncere.
Henry VI. 1190. (Swabia.) Qui tacendi non

Jiabet artem, nee novit loquendi.
Philip. 1197. (Swabia.) Quod male cceptum est,

ne pudeat mutasse.
Otho IV. 1208. (Brunswick.) Strepit anser inter

olores.
Frederick II. 1218. (Swabia.) Complurimum

Thriorum, ego strepitum audiri.
1250 — 1272. Grand interregnum. (See Hallam,

Middle Ages, ch. v.)
Kodolph of Hapsburgh. 1273. Melius bene im-

perare quam imperium ampliare.

* Hallam says, that the imperial prerogative never
reached so high a point as in the reign of this monarch.
The succession to tlie throne appears to have been
regarded as hereditary ; and a very efficient control
preserved by the emperor over the usually insubordi-
nate confederacy.

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

171

Adolplius. 1291. (Nassau.)

Albert I. 1298. (Austi-ia.) Fugam victoria neseit.

Henry VII. 130S. (Luxemburg.) Calicem vitce

dedisti mihi in mortem.^
Louis IV. 1314. (Bavaria.)
Charles IV. 1347. (Bohemia.)
AVenceslaus. 1378. (Bohemia.)
Eobert. (Count Palatine.) 1400. Misericordia

non causam, sed foi-tunam spectat.
Siglsmund. 1411. (Luxemburg.) Mala ultro ad-

sunt.
Albert II. 1438. (f Austria, House of Ilapsburgh.)

Amicus optima vitce possessio.
Frederick III. 1440. Austria! imperare orhi uni-

verso.
Maximilian I. 1493. Tene mensuram, et respice

finem.
Charles V. 1519. Plus ultra.
Ferdinand I. 1558. Fiat justitia, et pereat mundus.
Maximilian II. 1564. Deus providebit. '
llodolph II. 1576. Fulget Casaris astriim.
Matthew. 1612. Concordi lumine major.
Ferdinand II. 1619. Legitime certantibus.
Ferdinand III. 1637. Pietate etjustitid.
Leopold I. 1657. Consilio et industriu.
Joseph I. 1705. Amore et timore.
Charles VI. 1711. Constantid et fortitudine.
Charles VIL 1742.

Francis I. 1745. Pro Deo et imperio.
Joseph II. 1765. Virtute et exemplo.
Leopold 11. 1790. Opes regum, corda subditorum.
Francis II. 1792. Lege etjide.

I have added, by way of rendering the catalogue
more complete, the name of the particular family
of German princes, for which each emperor was
selected. A glance at these names furnishes a
remarkable illustration of an observation of Sis-
mondi :

" 'i'hat tlie great evil of an elective monarchy, is the
continual struggle on the part of the rulers to make it
hereditary."

It is scarcely necessary to remind your readers,
that the integrity of Charlemagne's empire was
preserved until the deposition of Chai'les the Fat ;
that France and Germany did not become sepa-
rate until after that event ; and that Conrad was,
therefore, the first of the German sovereigns, as
he was certainly the first elected by the confede-
rate princes. Joshua G. Fitch.

* At the death of Henry, Frederick the son of
Albert disputed Louis's election, alleging that he had
a majoiiiy of genuine votes. He assumed the motto,
Beatd morte nihil heatius.

•J" All the succeeding princes were of this family.

POEMS BY MISS EELAV.iX.

If the accompanying songs have not been
printed before, they may perhaps be worth pre-
serving. They were written and set to music by
a highly accomplished lady, the daughter of Ed-
ward Hussey Delaval, Esq., the last of his name
and race, sometime Fellow of Pembroke College,
Cambridge ; the cotemporary of Gray and Mason,
and well known for his literary and scientific at-
tainments :

" Where the murm'ring streams meander.

Where the sportive zephyrs play,
Whilst in sylvan shades I wander,

Softly steal the hours away.
I nor splendor crave nor treasure,

Calmer joys my bosom knows ;
Smiling days of rural pleasure.

Peaceful nights of soft repose."

Oh Music, if thou hast a charmj

That may the sense of pain disarm.

Be all thy tender tones address'd

To soothe to peace my Anna's breast.

And bid the magic of thy strain

To still the throb of wakeful pain ;

That, rapt in the delightful measure.

Sweet hope again may whisper pleasure,

And seem the notes of spring to hear,

Prelusive to a happier year.

And if thy magic can restore,

The shade of days that smile no more.

And softer, sweeter colors give

To scenes that in remembrance live.

Be to her pensive heart a friend ;

And wliilst the tender shadows blend.

Recall, ere the brief trace be lost,

Each moment that she priz'd the most."

E. H. A.

The Rights of Women. — Single women, who
were freeholders, voted in the State of New Jersey
as late as the year 1800. In a newspaper of that
date is a complimentary editoi-ial to the female
voters for having unanimously supported Mr.
John Adams (the defeated candidate) for Presi-
dent of the United States, in opposition to Mr.
Jefferson, who was denounced as wanting in
religion. Uneda.

Pliiladelphia.

Green Pots used for drinking from by Memhers
of the Temple. — During the summer of 1849, when
the new part of Paper Buildings in the Temple
was being built, the workmen, in making the ne-
cessary excavations, dug up a great number of
pots or cups, which are supposed to have been
used for drinking from by the students. I have
recently met with the following letter from Sir

172

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199-

Julius Caesar to Sir ^Y. More, -which may be in-
teresting to some of your readers :

" After my hartie commendac'ons, &c. Whereas in
tymes past the bearer hereof hath had out of the Parke
of Farnham, belonging to the Bishopricke of Winches-
ter, certaine wliite clay for the making of grene potts
usually drunk in by the gentlemen of the Temple, and
nowe understandinge of some restraint thereof, and that
you (amongst others) are authorized there in divers re-
spects during the vacancye of the said Bishopricke;
ray request, therefore, unto you is, and the rather for
that I am a member of the said house, that you would
in favo' of us all p'mytt the bearer hereof to digge and
Carrie away so muche of the said claye as by him shalbe
thought sufficient for the furnishinge of the said house
•w"" grene potts aforesaid, paying as he hath heretofore
for the same. In accomplishment whereof myself with
the whole societie shall acknowledge o'selves much be-
holden unto you, and shalbe readie to requite you at
all times hereafter w"" the like pleasure. And so I bid
you moste heartilie farewel.

" Inner Temple, this xix"" of August, 1591.
" To the right worshipful Sir Wm More, Knight,
geve these."

This letter is printed iu the Losely Manuscripts,
p. 311. B.

Bristol.

Quarles and Pascal. — In Quarles' Emblems,
book i. Emblem vx., there is a passage :

" The world's a seeming paradise, but her own

And man's tormentor ;
Appearing fixed, yet but a rolling stone

Without a tenter ;
It is a vast circumference where none

Can find a centre."

And Pascal, in one of his Pensees, says :

" Le monde est une sphere infinie, dont le centre est
partout, la circonfcrence nulle part."

Here we have two propositions, which, whether
taken separately, or opposed to each other, would
seem to contain nothing but paradox or contradic-
tion. And yet I believe they are but different
modes of expressing the same thing.

Heney H. Breen.

St. Lxicia.

Offer to intending Editors. — I had hoped that
some one would accept Me. Crossley's offer of
Ware's MS. notes for a new edition of Foxes and
Firebrands. I myself will with pleasure contri-
bute a copy of the book to print from (assuming
that it will be properly executed), and also of his
much rarer Coursing of the Romish Fox, which
should form part of the volume.

If any one is disposed to edit the works of Dr.
John Rogers, the sub-dean of Wells, I will, with
the same pleasure, supply his Address to the
Quakers, of which I possess Mr. Brand's copy,
which he has twice marked as extra rare ; arid

Rodd, from whom I purchased it, had never seen-
another copy. The entire works might be com-
prised in two volumes octavo.

It is to be regretted that Mr. FHntoff hns not
yet published Wallis's Se7-mon.i on the Trinity, tO'
accompany his excellent edition of Wallis's Letters,,
1840. Would it not be possible to obtain so many
names as would defray the expense of printing?

s. z. z. s.

Head-dress. — The enormous head-dresses worn
in the time of Charles I. gave rise to the follow-
ing lines :

*' Hoc magis est instar tecti quam tegminis ; hoc non
Ornare est ; hoc est asdificare caput."

Clebicus (D.y.

i^tttar ^uertc^.

Fox-hunting. — Can any of your correspondents-
inform me, when the great national sport of fox-
hunting first came into vogue ?

Gervase Markham, whose work on sports, called
Country Contentments, or the Hvshandman's Reci-e-
ations, was published in 1654, gives due honour to-
stag-hunting, which he describes as " the most
princely and royall chase of all chases." Speaking
of hare-hunting, he says, " It is every honest man's
and good man's chase, and which is indeed the-
freest, readiest, and most enduring pastime ;" but
he classes the hunting of the fox and tlie badger
together, and he describes them as " Chases of a
great deal lesse use or cunning than any of the
former, because they are of a much hotter scent,,
and as being intituled stinking scents, and not
sweet scents."

Although he does admit that this chase may b&
profitable and pleasant for the time, insomuch aa
there are not so many defaults, but a continuing
sport ; he concludes, " I will not stand much upon
them, because they are not so much desired as the
rest." R. W. R

Bi'odcric Anglaise. — Being a j'oung lady whose-
love for the fine arts is properly modified by a.
reverence for antiquity, I am desirous to know
whether the present fashionable occupation of tha
" Broderie Anglaise," being undoubtedly a revival^
is however traceable (as is alleged) to so remote a
period as the days of Elizabeth ? Saeau Anna..

" The Convent,^'' an Elegy. — Among the works-
ascribed to the Abbe Francois Arnaud, a member
of the French Academy, who died in 1784, there
is one entitled, Le Convent, Elegie truduite de
V Anglais. What is the English poem here alluded'
to ? Heney H. Beeen.

St. Lucia.

Memorial of Neicton. — The subscription now
in progress for raising a statue to Sir Isaac Newtoa

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

173

at Grantham, tlie place of his early education,
recalls to ray recollection a memorial of him, about
■which I may possibly leai'n a few particulars from
some one of the numerous readers of " N. & Q."

I remember hearing when a school-boy at the
college, Grantham, some thirty-five years ago, that
Newton's name, cut by himself on a stone in the
recess of one of the windows of the school-house,
was to be seen there no long time back ; but that
the stone, or the portion of it which contained the
name, had been cut out by some mason at a time
when the building was being repaired, and was in
the possession of a gentleman then living in the
largest house in Grantham — built, I believe, by
himself. Those of your readers who knew Gran-
tham at the time, will not need to be told the
name of the gentleman to whom I allude. The
questions I would wish to ask are these :

1. Was such a stone to be seen, as described,
-some forty or fifty years since ?

2. Is it true that it was removed in the way
that I have stated ?

3. If so, in whose possession is the stone at this
present time ? M. A.

Mammon. — Perhaps some of your readers could
refer me to some work containing information in
reference to the following allegation of Barnes, on
Matt. vi. 24. :

" Mammon is a S3'riac word, a name given to an idol
worshipped as the god of riches. It has tiie same mean-
ing as Plutus among the Greeks. It is not known that
the Jews even formally worshipped this idol, but they
iised the word to denote v/ealth."

My question relates to the passages in Italics.

B. H.,C.

Derivation of Wellesley. — In a note to the
lately published Aritohiogi-aphic Sketches of Thomas
De Quincey, I find (p. 131.) the following passage :

" It had been always known that some relationship
existed between the Wellesleys and John Wesley.
Their names had in fact been originally the same ; and
the Duke of Wellington himself, in the earlier part of
liis career, when sitting in the Irish House of Com-
mons, was always known to the Irish journals as
Captain Wesley. Upon this arose a natural belief,
that the aristocratic branch of the house had improved
the name into Wellesley. Cut the true process of
change had been precisely the other way. Not Wesley
had been expanded into Wellesley, but inversely, Wel-
lesley had been contracted by household usage into
Wesley. The name must have been Wellesley in its
earliest stage, since it was founded upon a connexion
with Wells Cathedral."

May I ask what this connexion was, and whence
the authority for the statement ? Had the illus-
trious_ Duke's adoption of his title from another
town in Somersetshire anything to do with it ?

J. M.

Cranwells, Bath. S ^m. ^ Z73.'

The Battle of Cniden — A Query for Copen-
hagen Correspondents. — In the year 1059, in the
reign of Malcolm III., king of Scotland, a battle
was fought on the Links of Cruden, in the county
of Aberdeen, between the Danes and the Scots,
in which the Prince Royal, who commanded the
Danish forces, was slain. He was buried on the
field, near to which, according to the custom of
the times, King Malcolm " biggit ane kirk." This
church was overblown with sand, and another
built farther inland, which is the present parish
church. To the churchyard wall there leans a
black marble gravestone, about 7 ft. X 3 ft. 6 in.,
which is said to have been sent from Denmark as
a monument for the grave of his royal highness.
The stone has the appearance of considerable an-
tiquity about it, and appears to have been inlaid
with marble, let into it about half an inch ; the
mai-ks of the iron brads, and the lead which se-
cured it, are still visible.

" Tradition says it did from Denmark come,
A monument the king sent for his son."

And it is also stated that, until within the last
hundred years, a small sura of money was annually
sent by the Danish government to the minister of
Cruden for keeping the monument in repair. I
should be glad to learn if there are any documents
among the royal archives at Copenhagen, which
would invalidate or substantiate the popular tra-
dition. Abeedosensis.

Ampers and (£5* or &). — I have heard this
symbol called both ampers and and apiisse and.
Which, if either, is the correct term ; and what is
its derivation ? C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

The Myrtle Bee. — I should feel ranch obliged
to- any reader of "N. & Q." who would answer
the following questions respecting the bird called
the Myrtle Bee ; separating carefully at the same
time the result of his personal experience from any
hearsay evidence that he may have collected on
the subject. In what places in the British Isles
has the bird been seen? During what months?
Is it gregarious, or solitary ? IVhat are its haunts
and habits, and on what does it feed ? What is
its colour, shape, and size ? Its mode of flight ?
Does any cabinet contain a preserved specimen,
and has any naturalist described or figured it
either as a British or a foreign biid ?

W. 11. D. Salmox.

Birmingham.

Henry Earl of Wotton. — Jan van Kerckhove,
Lord of Kerkhoven and Ileenvliet, who died at
Sassenheim, March 7, 1660, married Catherine
Stanhope, daughter of the Earl of Chesterfield ;
and had issue Charles Henry, who in 1659 was
chief magistrate of Breda, and was created Earl

174

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

of Wotton by the king of England. Could any
of your readers favour me with the date of the
above marriage, as also those of the birth of
the father and the son ; as well as that of the
elevation of the latter to the peerage of England ?
— From the Navorscher. A. I.

Connexion hetiveen the Celtic and Latin Lau'
guages. — Can any of your correspondents supply
any links of connexion between the Celtic and
Latin languages ? M.

Queen Anne's Motto. — What authority have we
ibr asserting that "Semper eadem" was Queen
Anne's motto, and that it expired with her ?

Cleric US (D.)

Anonymous Books. — Can any of the readers of
" N. & Q." furnish the names of the authors of
either of the following works ?

1. The Watch ; an Ode, humbly inscribed to the
Right Hon. the Earl of M— f— d. To which is added,
the Genius of America to General Carleton, an Ode.
London: J. Bew, 1778. 4to.

2. Fast Sermon, preached at — — Feb. 10th, 1779,

by the Reverend ; showing the Tyranny

and Oppression of the British King and Parliament
respecting the American Colonies. Inscribed to the
Congress. 8vo. (^Sine loco aid anno. An ironical
Piece, severe on America.)

3. National Prejudice opposed to the National In-
terest ; candidly considered in the Detention or Yield-
ing up Gibraltar;! and Cape Breton, by the ensuing
Treaty of Peace, &c. In a Letter to Sir John Bernard.
London : W. Owen, 1748. Svo.

4. The Blockheads; or Fortunate Contractor. An
Opera, in Two Acts, as it was performed at New York,
&c. Printed at New York. London : reprinted for
G. Kearsley, 1783. 12rao.

5. The Present State of the British Empire in
Europe, America, Asia, and Africa, &c. : London,
1768, 8vo., pp. 486.

Who prepared the chapters on America in this
Tolume ? Serviens.

Major Andre. — A subscriber having observed
the amount of valuable and recondite information
elicited by a happy Query concerning General
Wolfe, hopes to obtain like success in one he now
puts forward in regard to the personal history, &c.
of the unfortunate Major John Andre, who was
hung by the Americans as a spy during their
Revolutionary War. Being engaged upon a bio-
graphy of Llajor Andre, he has already collected
considerable matter ; but wishes to leave no stone
unturned in his task, and therefore begs his bre-
thren of " N. & Q." to publish therein any anec-
dotes or copies of any letters or documents con-
cerning that gallant but ill-fated gentleman. A
reference to passages occurring in printed books

bearing on this subject, might also well be given ;
for there is so little known about Major Andre,-
and that little scattered piecemeal in so many and
various localities, that it is hardly possible some of
them should not have escaped this writer's notice.

Serviens.
[Smith's Authentic Narrative of Major Andre, 8vo.
1808, has most probably been consulted by our cor-
respondent. There is a good account of the Major in
vol. ii. of the Biographical Dictionary/ of the Useful
Knowledge Society, and it is worth consulting for the
authorities quoted at the end of the article. See also
the Ejicyclopcedia Americana, article " Benedict Ar-
nold; " the American Whig Revietv, vol. v. p. 381.;
New England Magazine, vol. vi. p. 353. ; and for a vin-
dication of the captors of Andre, the Analectic Maga-
zine, vol. X. p. 307. Articles also will be found re-
specting him in Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 1. pp. 540.
610. ; vol. li. p. 320. ; vol. lii. p. 514. Major Andre is
one of the principal subjects of The British Hero in
Captivity, a poem attributed to Mr. Puddicombe, 4to.
1782.]

" The Fatal Mistake." — Can you tell me where
the scene of the following play is laid, and the
names of the dramatis personce : The Fatal Mistake,
a Tragedij, by Joseph Haynes, 4to., 1696?

The author of this play, who was known by the
name of Count Haynes, was an actor in the theatre
at Drury Lane about the time of James II., and
died in 1701. There is an account of his life
written by Tom Browne. Gw.

[The title-page of A Fatal Mistake states that it was
written by Jos. Hayns ; but according to the Biog.
Dramatica, it is not certain that Count Haines was
the author. The dramatis persona are : Men, Duke,
Duke of Schawden's ambassador, Rodulphus, Baldwin,
Eustace, Ladovick, Albert, Godfrey, Arnulph, Fre-
derick, Welpho, Conradine, Gozelo, Lewis, Ferdi-i
nando. Women, Duchess Gertruedo, Lebassa, de-
mentia, Idana, Thierrie, Maria, Lords and Ladies,
Masquers, Soldiers.]

Anonymous Plays. —

1. A Match for a Widow ; or, the Frolics of Fancy.
A Comic Opera, in Three Acts, as performed at the
Theatre Royal, Dublin. - London: C. Dilly, 1788.
8vo.

2. "The Indians ; a Tragedy. Performed at the
Theatre Royal, Richmond. London: C. Dilly, 1790.
8vo.

3. Andre ; a Trngcdy in Five Acts, as now per-
forming at the Theatre in New York. To which is
added the Cow Chase ; a Satirical Poem, by Major
Andre. With the Proceedings of the Court Martial,
and authentic Documents concerning him. London :
Ogilvy & Son, 1799. 8vo.

Serviens.

[I. A Match for a Widow is by Joseph Atkinson,
Treasurer of the Ordnance in Ireland, the friend and
associate of Curran, Moore, and the galaxy of Irish
genius. He died in 1818.

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

175

2. The Indians is by William Richardson, Pro-
fessor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow, who
died in 1814.

3. Andre is by William Dunlap, an American dra-
matist.]

HigJi Commission Court. — Can any of your
readers>efer me to works beai-ing on the proceed-
ings of the High Commission Court ? The sort of
information of which I am in search is not so much
on the great constitutional questions involved m
the history of this court, as in the details of its
mode of procedure ; as shown either by actual
books of practice, or the history of particular cases
brought before it. J. F. M.

[Some account of the proceedings of the High
Commission Court is given in Reeves's Hhtory of the
English Law, vol. v. pp. 215—218. The Harleian
MS. 7516. also contains Minutes of the Proceedings
of the High Commissioners at Whitehall, July 6, 1616,
on the question of Commendums, the khig himself
being present. It makes twenty-one leaves.]

SR^yttCg*

ROSICHUCIANS.

(Vol. vii., p. 619. ; Vol. viii., p. 106.)
"We frequently see Queries made in these pages
which could be satisfactorily answered by turning
to the commonest books of reference, such as
Brand, Fosbroke, Hone, the various dictionaries
and encyclopedias, and the standard works on
the subjects queried. Now It seems to me that
"N". & Q." Is not Intended for going over old
ground, and thus becoming a literary treadmill ;
but its mission lies In supplying information not
easily found, and in perfecting, as far as possible,
our standard works and books of reference. Mr.
Taylor's Query aflbrds an opportunity for this,
as the ordinary sources of Information are very
deficient as regards the Roslcruclans.

According to some, the name Is derived from
their supposed founder. Christian Rosencreutz, who
died In 1484. And they account for the fact of
the Roslcruclans not being heard of till 1 604, by
saying that Rosencreutz bound his disciples by an
oath not to promulgate his doctrines for 120 years
after his death. The mystical derivation of the
name Is thus given In the Encyc. Brit. : —

" The denomination evidently appears to be derived
from the science of chemistry. It is not compounded,
as many imagine, of the two words rosa and crux,
which signify rose and cross, but of the latter of these
two words and the Latin ros, which signifies deiu. OP
all natural bodies dew was deemed the most powerful
dissolvent of gold ; and the cross in the chemical lan-
guage is equivalent to light, because the figure of the
cross exhibits at the same time the three letters of
which the word lux, light, is compounded. Now lux
is called by this sect the seed or menstruum of the red

dragon, or, in other words, gross and corporeal light, ■
which, when properly digested and modified, produces
gold. Hence it follows, if this etymology be admitted,
that a Rosicrucian philosopher is one who, by the in-
tervention and assistance of the dew, seeks for light ; _
or, in other words, the philosopher's stone.

" The true meaning and energy of this denomination
did not escape the penetration and sagacity of Gassendi,
as appears by his Examen Philos. Fludd, torn. iii. s. 15.
p. 261 . ; and it was more fully explained by Renaudot
in his Conferences Publiqnes, torn. iv. p. 87." .

Tlie encyclopjEdist remarks that at first the title
commanded some respect, as it seemed to be bor-
rowed from the arms of Luther, which were a cross
placed upon a rose.

The leading doctrines of the Roslcruclans were-
borrowed from the Eastern philosophers* ; the
Christian Platonists, schoolmen, and mystics :
mixed up with others derived from writers on
natural history, magic, astrology, and especially
alchemy. All these blended together, and served
up In a professional jargon of studied obscurity,
formed the doctrinal system of these strange phi-
losophers. In this system the doctrine of elemental
spirits, and the means of communion and alliance
with them, and the doctrine of signatures, are the
most prominent points.

Let me refer Mr. Taylor to Michael Meyer's
Themis Aurea, hoc est de legibus Fraternitatis Roseau
Crucis, Col. 1615; the works of Jacob Behmen,
Robt. Fludd, John Heydon, Peter Mormlus, Eu-
gene PhlUiletlies ; the works of the Rosicrucian So-
ciety, containing seventy-one treatises In dIfForent
languages ; the Catalogue of Hermetic books by
the Abbe Lenglet du Fresnol, Paris, 1762 ; Man-
get's Bihlioth. Chem. Curios., Col. 1702, 2 vols,
folio; and the Theatrum Chemicum, Argent. 1662,
6 vols. 8vo.

I must make particular mention of the twa
most celebrated of the Rosicrucian works; the
first Is La Chiave del Cabinetto, Col. 1681, I2mo.
The author, Joseph Francis Borri, gives a most
systematic account of the doctrine of the Roslc
Cross in this Interesting little volume. He was
Imprisoned for magic and heresy, and died In his
prison at Rome In 1695 at the age of seventy
years. On this work was founded one still more
remarkable —

" Le Compte de Gabalis, ou Entretiens sur les
Sciences Secretes. ' Quod tanto impendio absconditur
etiam solum modo demonstraro, destruere est.' —
Terlull, Sur la Copie imprimee a Paris, chez Claude
Barbin. — m.bc.lxxi. 12mo., pp. 150."

* The Jewish speculations on the subject of ele-
mental spirits and angels (especially those that assumed
corporeal forms, and united themselves with the daugh-
ters of men) were largely drawn on by the Rosicrucians.
(See the famous Liher Zohar, Sulzbaci, 1684, fol. ; and
i Philo, Lib. de Gigantibus. See also Hoornbeek, Lib.
pro Convert, Jud., Lug. Bat., 1665, 4to.)

lie

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

This work, tlius publlslicd anonymously, was from
the pen of the Abbe de Villars. An English
translation was published at London in 1714.

The doctrine of the Rosy Cross entered largely
into the literature of the seventeenth century.
This applies especially to the masques of James I.
and Charles I. To the same source Shakspeare
owes his Ariel, and Milton much of his Comus.

It is strange, but instructive, to observe how
variously different minds make use of the same
materials. What greater contrast can we have
than The Rape of the Lock and Undine? — the
one redolent of the petit-maitre and the Cockney ;
the other a work sui generis, of human conceptions
•the most exquisite and spirit-fragi'ant. Wieland's
Idi'is und Zenide, Bulwer's Zanoni, and Mackay's
■Salamandrine, are also based on Rosicrucian prin-
ciples. Mention of the llosicrucians occurs in
Izaak Walton's Angler and Butler's Hudibi-as —
see Zachary Grey's note and authorities referred
to by him. See also two interesting papers on the
subject in Chambers's Edinh. Journal, ed. 1846,
vol. vi. pp. 298. 316. Eirionnach.

July 20, 1853.

P. S. — I may as well notice here a very curious
book of llosicrucian emblems, as I have it beside
me :

" Atalanta Fuglens, hoc est, Emblemata Nova de
Secretis Naturse Chymica. Accommodata partim
oculis et intellectui, figuris cupro incisis, adjectisque
sententiis, Epigrammatis et notis, partim auribus et
recreationi animi plus minus 50 Fugis Musiealibus
trium vocum, quarum duae ad unam simplicem melo-
diam distichis canendis peraptam correspondeant, non
absq; singular! jucunditate videnda, legenda, medi-
tanda, intelligenda, dijudicanda, canenda, et audienda.
Authore Michaele Majero, Imperial. Consistorii Comite,
Med. D. Eq. Ex. etc. : Oppenheimii, ex Typographia
Hieronymi Galleri, sumptibus Joh. Theodori de Bry,
MDCxviii." Small 4to. pp. 211.

The title-page is adorned with emblematical
figures. The work contains a portrait of the
author, and fifty emblems executed with much
spirit. Amongst others we have a Salamander in
the fire, a green lion, a hermaphrodite, a dragon,
&c. Every right page has a motto, an emblem,
and an epigram under the emblem in Latin. The
left page gives the same in German, with the Latin
words set to music. After each emblem we have
a " Discursus."

The following remarks on the title occur in the
preface :

" Atalanta Poetis celebrata est propter fugam, qua
omnes procos in certamine antevertit, ideoque ipsis
victis pro Virgine, praemio Victoriae proposito, mors
Obiigit, donee ab Hippomene, Juvene audaciore et
provido, superata et obtenta sit trium malorum aure-
orum per Vices inter currendum objectu, qua; dum
ilia tolleret, praeventa est ab eo, metam j.im attingente :

Ha?c Atalanta ut fiiglt, sic una vox musicalis semper
fugit ante aliam et altera insequitur, ut Hippomenes:
In tertia tamen stabiliuntur et iirmantur, qua simplex
est et unius valoris, tanquam malo anreo : Hajc eadem
virgo mere chymica est, nempe Mercurlus philoso-
phicus a sulfure aureo in fuga fixatus et retentus, quern
si quis sistere noverit, sponsam, quam ambit, habebit, sin
minus, perditionern suarum rerum est interitum," &c.
— Page 9.

SEA.RSOH S POEMS.

(Vol.vii., p. 131.)

John Searson was a merchant in Philadelphia in
the year 1766. A few days before seeing the in-
quiry respecting him, I came across his advertise-
ment in the Peniisylvania Gazette ; but not having
made a note of the date, I have since been unable
to find it. His stock was of a vei'y miscellaneous
character, as " Bibles and warming pans," " spell-
ing-books and swords," figured in it in juxta-
position. He taught school at one time in Bask-
ing Ridge, New Jersey.

A copy of his poem on " Down Hill" is before
me ; and it is quite as curious a production as the
volume of poems which he afterwards published.

He describes himself in the title-page as " Late
Master of the Free School in Colerain, and formerly
of New York, Merchant." Tlie volume was printed
in 1 794 by subscription at Colerain.

The work is introduced by " A Poem, being a
Cursory View of Belfast Town," thus commencing :

" With pleasure I view the Town of Belfast,
Where many dear friends their lots have been cast :
The Buildings are neat, the Town very clean,
And Trade very brisk are here to be seen ;
Their Shipping are numerous, as I behold,
And Merchants thrive here in riches, I'm told."

Here are some farther specimens from this poem :

" I've walk'd alone, and view'd the Paper Mill,
Its walk, the eye with pleasure fill.
I've view'd the Mountains that surround Belfast,
And find they are romantic to the last.

The Church of Belfast is superb and grand,
And to the Town an ornament does stand;
Their Meeting Houses also is so neat,
The congregation large, fine and complete."

The volume contains a dedication to the Rev.
Mr. Josiah Marshall, rector of Maghera, a pi'eface,
a table of contents, and "A Prayer previous to the
Poem."

The whole book is so intensely ridiculous that
it is difficult to select. The following are rather
cliosen for their brevity than for any pre-eminent
absurdity :

" The Earl of Bristol here some time do dwell.
Which after-ages sure of him will tell."

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

177

•* Down-Hill's so pleasing to the traveller's sight,
And th' marine prospect would your heart delight."

" The rabbit tribe about me run their waj-,
Their little all to man becomes a prey.
The busy creatures trot about and run ;
Some kill them with a net, some with a gun.
Alas ! how little do these creatures know
For what they feed their young, so careful go.
The little creatures trot about and sweat,
Yet for the use of man is all they get."

" He closed his eyes on ev'ry earthly thing.
Angles surround his bed : to heaven they bring
The soul, departed from its earthly clay.
He died, he died ! and calmly pass'd away,
His children not at home ; his widow mourn,
And all his friends, in tears, seem quite forlorn."

Some of the London booksellers ouglit to re-
print this -work as a curiosity of literature. Some
of the subsci'ibers took a number of copies, and
one might be pi'ocured for the purpose. The
country seats of the largest subscribers are de-
scribed in the poem.

The book ends with these lines (added by the
" devil " of the printing-office, no doubt) :

" The above rural, pathetic, and very sublime per-
formance was corrected, in every respect, by the author
himself."

This is erased with a pen, and these words written
below — "Printer's error." Uneda.

Philadelphia.

"trom the sublime to the ridiculous," etc.
(Vol. v., p. 100.)

Since my former communication on the use of
the phrase "From the sublime to the ridiculous
there is but a step," I have met with some farther
examples of kindred forms of expression, which
you may deem worth inserting in " N. & Q."

Shakspeare has an instance in Romeo and Juliet,
where he describes " Love " as —

" A madness most discreet,'
A choaking gall, and a preserving sweet."

Quarles has it in his Emblems, Book iv. Epi-
gram 2. : —

" Pilgrim, trudge on ; what makes thy soul complain?
Crowns thy complaint ; the way to rest is pain :
The road to resolution lies by doubt;
The next way home's the farthest way about."

We find it in this couplet in Butler :

" For discords make the sweetest airs,
And curses are a kind of prayers."

Eochester has it in the line —

" An eminent fool must be a man of parts."

It occurs in Junius's remark —

" Your Miijesty may learn hereafter how nearly the
slave and the tyrant are allied."

and in tlie following well-known passage in the
same writer :

" He was forced to go thrjugh every division, re-
solution, composition, and refinement of political
chemistry, before he happily arrived at the caput
moituum of vitriol in your grace. Flat and insipid in
your retired state; but, brought into action, you
become vitriol again. Such are the extremes of alter-
nate indolence or fury which have governed your
whole administration."

The thought here (be it said in passing) seems
to have been adopted from these lines in Ro-
chester :

" Wit, like tierce claret, when 't begins to pall,
Neglected lies, and 's of no use at all ;
But in its full perfection of decay
Turns vinegar, and comes again in play."

But the most beautiful application of this senti-
ment that I have met with, occurs in an essay on
" The Uses of Adversity," by Mr. Herman Hooker,^
an American wi-iter : —

" A pious lady, who had lost her husband, was for a
time inconsolable. She could not think, scarcely could
she speak, of anything but him. Nothing seemed to
take her attention but the three promising children he
had left her, singing to her his presence, his look, his
love. But soon these were all taken ill, and died within
a few days of each otlier ; and now the childless
mother was calmed even by the greatness of the stroke.
As the lead that goes quickly down to the ocean's
depth ruffled its surface less than lighter things, so the
blow which was strongest did not so much disturb her
calm of mind, but drove her to its proper trust."

Bb:NET H. Bbeex.

St. Lucia.

PASSAGE IN THE BURIAL SERVICE.

(\^ol.viii., p.78.)

" Tn the midst of life we are in death."

A wi'iter in the Parish Choir (vol. iii. p. 140.)
gives the following account of this passage. He
says :

" The pa,ssage in question is found in the Cantartum
Sti. Gain, or choir-book of the monks of St. Gall in
Switzerland, published in 1845, with, however, a slight
deviation from the text, as we are accustomed to it.

' Media Vita of St. Notker.

' Media Vita in morte sumus : quem quserimus ad-
jutorem, nisi Te Domine, qui pro peccatis nostris juste
irasceris. Ad te clamaverunt patres nostri, speraverunt,
et liberasti cos, Sancte Deus : ad te clamaverunt patres
nostri, clamaverunt et non sunt confusi. Sancte Fortis,
ne despicias nos in tempore senectutis : cum defecerit
virtus nostra, ne derelinquas nos. Sancte et misericors
Salvator amarse morti ne tradas nos.'

" On consulting the Thesaurus Hymnologicus of
Daniel (vol. ii. p. 329.) I find the following notice.

178

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

It is called ' Antiphona pro Peccatls/ or ' de Morte ;'
and the text there given corresponds nearly with that
in our Burial Service.

" Media vita in morte sumus :
Qiiem quaerimus adjutorom nisi Te Domine,
Qui pro peccatis nostris juste irasceris :
Sancte Deus, sancte fortis, sancte et misericors Sal-

vator,
AmarsB morti ne tradas nos.

" Rambach says, ' " In the midst of life " occurs in
MSS. of the thirteenth century, as an universally com-
mon dirge and song of supplication on all melancholy
occasions, and was in this century regularly sung at
Compline on Saturdays. A German translation was
known long before the time of Luther, and was en-
larged by him by the addition of two strophes.' Mar-
tene describes it as forming part of a religious service
for New Year's Eve, composed about the year 1300.

" Hoffmann says that this anthem ' by Notker the
Stammerer, a monk of St. Gall's (an, 912), was an
extremely popular battle-song, through the singing of
which, before and during the fight, friend and foe
hoped to conquer. It was also, on many occasions,
used as a kind of incantation song. Therefore the
Synod of Cologne ordered (an. 1316) that no one
should sing the Media vita without the leave of his
bishop.'

" Daniel adds that it is not, to his knowledge, now
used by the Roman Church in divine worship ; but
that the admirable hymn of Luther, ' Mitten wir im
Leben sind,' still flourishes amongst the Protestants of
Germany, just as the translation in our Prayer-Book
is popular with us."

Geo. a. Trevob.

Your correspondent J. G. T. asks wlience comes
the expression in the Burial Service, " In the
midst of life we are in death?" There are some
lines in Petrarch which express precisely the same
idea in nearly the self-same words ; but as the
thought is by no means an unlikely one to occur
to two separate and independent authors, we may
not go to the length of charging the seeming pla-
giarism upon the compilers of our Prayer-Book.
I have mislaid the exact reference"^, but subjoin
the lines themselves :

" Omnia paulatim consumit longior £Btas,
Vivendoque simul morimur, rapimurque manendo :
Ipse mihi collatus enim, non ille videbor ;
Frons alia est, moresque alii, nova mentis imago,
Voxque aliud mutata sonat."

John Booker.
Prestwich.

Patrick's purgatory.

(Yol. vii., p. 552.)

Dr. Lanlgan, in his learned Ecclesiastical His-
tory of Irelmid (vol. i. p. 368.), states that the so-
called Patrick's Purgatory is situated at Lough

["' Barbato Sulmonensi, epist. i. — Ed.]

Derg (Donegal). It is never mentioned in any.
of the lives of the apostle, nor heard of till the
eleventh century, the period at which the canons
regular of St. Augustine first appeared, for it was
to persons of that order, as the story goes, that
St. Patrick confided the care of that cavern of
wonders. Now there were no such persons in the
island in which it is situated, nor in that of St.
Dayoc [Dabeoc ?] in the same lake, until about the
beginning of the twelfth century. This purgatory,
or purging place, of Lough^Derg, was set up against
another Patrick's purgatory, viz. that of Crough
Patrick, mentioned by Jocelyn, which, liowever
ill-founded the vulgar opinion concerning it, was
less objectionable. Some writers have said that
it got the name of Patrick's Purgatory from an
Abbot Patrick, that lived in the ninth century ;
but neither were there canons regular of St. Au-
gustine at that time, nor were such abridged
modes of atoning to the Almighty for the sins of a
whole life then thought of. It was demolished in
the year 1497, by order of the Pope, although it
has since been in some manner restored.

The original Patrick's Purgatory then, it would
appear, was at Croagh Patrick, in Mayo, near
Westport ; speaking of the pilgrimages made to
which, the monk Jocelyn (In his Life of St. Patrick,
written a.d. 1180, cap. 172.) says that —

" Some of those who spent a night there stated that
they had been subjected to most fearful torments, which
had the effect, as they supposed, of purging them from
their sins, for which reason also certain of them gave
to that place the name of St. Patrick's Purgatory."

By the authority of the Lords Justices who
governed Ireland in 1633, previously to the ap-
pointment of Wentworth, Lough Derg Purgatory
was once more suppressed ; but the sort of piety
then fostered among the members of the Roman
communion in Ireland could 111 afford to resign
without a struggle what was to them a source of
so much consolation. High influence was, there-
fore, called Into action to procure the reversal of
the sentence ; and the Roman Catholic Queen of
Charles I. was induced to address to the Lord
Deputy of Ireland a letter in which she requested
that he would be pleased " to allow, that the
devotions which the people of that country have
ever been wont to pay to a St. Patrick's place
there, may not be abolished." The Lord Deputy
declined acceding to this request, and said in his
reply, " I fear, at this time, when some men's zeal
hath run them already, not only beyond their
wits, but almost forth of their allegiance too, it
might furnish them with something to say In pre-
judice and scandal to his majesty's government,
which, for the present indeed. Is by all means to
be avoided." And adds, " your Majesty might do
passing well to let this devotion rest awhile."
After this second suppression, the devotion has a
second time been " in some manner restored ;" and

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

179

multitudes throng to the phice on the faith of a
false ti-adition, so long since exposed and exploded
by their own authorities. Three hundred and
fifty years ago, the Pope, the representative of tlie
Bishop of Clogher, and the head of the Franciscans
in Donegal, combined their efforts to put down
the scandalous fabrication ; but yet it remains to
this day an object of cherished religious venera-
tion— an object of confidence and faith, on which
many a poor soul casts itself to find consolation
and repose. And those multitudes of pilgrims,
year after year, assemble there, no influence which
they look to for guidance forbidding them, to do
homage to the vain delusion.

D. W. S. P. will find farther information on
this subject in The Catholic Layman for April
last : Curry, Dublin. William Blood.

Wicklow.

LORD WILLIAM RUSSELL.

(Vol. viii., p. 100.)

In answer to W. L. M.'s inquiry, " where the
virtuous and patriotic William Lord Russell was
buried ? " I beg to state that I possess a pamphlet
entitled :

" The whole Tryal and Defence of William Lord
Russel, who Dyed a Martyr to the Romish Fury in
the Year 1683, with the Learned Arguments of the
Council on both sides. Togetlier with his Behaviour
and Speech upon the Scaffold : His Character and
Behaviour. London : printed by J. Bradford, at the
Bible in Fetter Lane."

There is no date to it ; but from the appearance
of the paper, type, a rude woodcut of the execu-
tion, &c., I doubt not that it was printed soon
after the event, or certainly immediately after the
Revolution, to meet the popular wishes to have
information on the subject. It consists of sixteen
octavo pages, very closely pi-inted. The opening
paragraph says :

" Among the many that suffered in a Protestant
cause [all the Italics used in this communication are
those of the pamphlet], and indeed whose measure
seem'd to be the hardest of all, was this honorable per-
son William Lord Russel, who was generally lamented
for his excellent Temper and good Qualities ; being
allowed to be one of the most sober and judicious
Noblemen in the Kingdom, which even his Enemies
could not deny ; and the Merit and Esteem he bore
was more cause of Offence against him than any Mat-
ter that was reap'd up at his Tryal ; all which in effect
was merely grounded upon Malice (I mean Popish
Malice) that could not be forgot, from his Lordship's
l)elng one of those earnest sticklers for Protestant
Liberty, and even the very foremost that prefer'd the
Bill of Exclusion," &c.

Then follows the trial, headed " July ] 3, 1 683,
the Lord Russel came to his Tryal at the Old

Bailey." The indictment is described ; the names
of the jury are given ; judges and counsel named ;
the evidence, examinations, and cross-examinations
(by Lord Russel) very interestingly narrated :
the Report concluding, after a short address from
Lord Russel, "Then the Court adjourned till
four In the afternoon, and brought him in guilty."
These particulars are followed by " The last
Speech and Carriage of the Lord Russel upon the
Scaffold, Sfc." As to the executioner's work, all
other accounts that I have seen state that after
" two " strokes the head was severed from the
body. The publication says :

" The Executioner, missing at his first Stroke,
though with that he took away his Life, at two more
severed the Head from the Body .... Mr. Sheriff
[continues the account] ordered his Friends or Ser-
vants to take the Body, and dispose of it as they pleased,
being given them by His Majesty's Favour and Bounty."

The narrative proceeds :

" His Body was conveyed to Cheneys in Buckingham-
shire, where 'twas Buried among his Ancestors. There
was a great Storm, and many loud Claps of Thunder.
the Day of his Martyrdom. An Eleyy was made on
him immediately after his Death ; which seems, by
what we have of it, to be writ with some Spirit, and a
great deal of Truth and Good-will ; only this Frag-
ment on't could ba retriev'd, which yet may not be
unwelcome to the Reader :

' ' Tis done — Ae's Crown'd, and one bright Martyr more^
Black Rome, is charg'd on thy too bulky score.
All like himself, he mov'd so calm, so free,
A general whisper qtiestipn'd — Which is he?
Deck'd like a Lover — tho' pale Death's his Bride,
He came, and saw, and overcame, and dy'd.
Earth weeps, and all the vainly pitying Crowd :
But Heaven his Death in Thunder groan'd aloud.* "

A " sketch of his character " closes the account.
Perhaps W. S. M. may deem these particulars not
wholly uninteresting, but tolerably conclusive,
considering the time of publication, when the fact
must have been notorious.

A Hermit at Hampstead.

OAKEN TOMBS, ETC.

(Vol. vii., p. 528.)

At Banham, Norfolk, in a recess in the wall of
the north aisle of the church, is an oaken effigy
of a knight in armour in a recumbent position.
Blomefield says :

" It is plain that it was made for Sir Hugh Bardolph,
Knight, sometime lord of Gray's Manor, in this town,
who died in 1203; for under his left arm there is a
large cinquefoil, which is the badge of that family," &c.

Since he wrote, however (1739), with a view to
the better preservation of this interesting relic,
some spirited churchwarden has caused it to be

180

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

well painted find sanded ; so that it now looks
almost as well as stone. At the same time, the
marks by which Blomefield thought to identify it
are necessarily obliterated. T. B. B. H.

"William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, who
was slain at Bayonne in 1296, — his effigy in wood
is in St. Edmund's Chapel in Westminster Abbey,
covered with enamelled brass. There is also in
Abergavenny Church, amongst the general wreck
of monumental remains there, a cross-legged effigy
in wood, represented in chain mail ; which the
late Sir Samuel Meyrick supposed to have been
that of William de Valence. It is mentioned in
Coxe's Monmouthshire, p. 192.

The effigy of Aymer de Valence referred to in
"Whitaker (" N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 528.) is not of
wood ; he evidently refers to that of William de
Valence.

In Gloucester Cathedral there is the wooden
monument of a cross-legged knight attributed to
Robert Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of the
Conqueror ; but it is probably of a little later
period. Thomas W. King (York Herald).

College of Arms.

In the Cathedral of Gloucester, there is a
wooden e^gy of the unfortunate Robert Duke of
Normandy, eldest son of the Conqueror, It is so
many years since I saw it, that I do not offiir any
description : but, if my memory be correct, it has
the legs crossed, and (what is curious) is loose,
and can be turned about on the tomb. A. C. M.

Exeter.

On the south side of the chancel of St. Giles'
Church, Durham, is a wooden effigy in full armour;
the head resting on a helmet, and the hands raised
as in prayer. It is supposed to be the tomb of
John Heath, who became possessed of the Hospital
of St. Giles Kepyer, and is known to have been
buried in the chancel of St. Giles' Church. He
died' in 1590. At the feet of the wooden Q^^gy,
are the words " hodie michi." The figure was
restored in colours about ten years ago.

CUTHBEET BeDE, B. A.

"could we with ink," &c.
(Vol.viii., p. 127.)
The 'bond fide author of the following lines —
*' Could we with ink the ocean fill.

And were the heavens of parchment made,
Were every stalk on earth a quill,

And every man a scribe by trade ;
To write the love of God above,

Would drain the ocean dry ;
Nor could the scroll contain the whole,
Though stretch'd from sky to sky."

is Rabbi Mayir ben Isaac. The above eight lines
are almost a literal translation of four Chaldee

ones, which form part of a beautiful ode on the
attributes of God, not unmixed with a considerable
proportion of the fabulous, which is sung in every
synagogue during the service of the first day of
the feast of Pentecost.

May I now be permitted to ask you, or any of
your numerous correspondents, to inform me who
was the hond fide translator of Rabbi Mayir ben
Isaac's lines ? The English lines are often quoted
by itinerant advocates of charity societies as hav-
ing been found insci'ibed, according to some, on
the walls of a lunatic asylum, according to others,
on the walls of a prison, as occasion requires ; but
extempore quotations on platforms are sometimes
vague. MosES Makgoliouth.

Wybunbury.

The verses arc in Grose's Olio (p. 292.), and
are there said to be written by nearly an idiot,
then living (March 16, 1779) at Cirencester. It
happens, however, that long before the supposed
idiot was born, one Geoffrey Chaucer made use of
the same idea, and the same expressions, although
ap])lied to a totally different subject, viz. in his
"Balade warnynge men to beware of deceitful
women : " —

" In soth to saie though all the yerth so wanne
Wer parchment smoth, white and scribbabell, ' ]
And the gret see, that called is th' Ocean,
Were tourned into ynke blackir than sabell.
Echo sticke a pen, oche man a scrivener able.
Not coud thei writin woman's treacherie.
Beware, therefore, the blind eteth many a flie."

Again in the " Remedie of Love," the same lines
occur with a few slight alterations.

In vol. X. of the Modern Universal History.,
p. 430. note, I meet with this sentence :

" He was succeeded by Jochanan ; not in right of
descent, but of his extraordinary merits ; which the
Rabbles, according to custom, have raised to so sur-
prising a height, that, according to them, if the whole
heavens were paper, all the trees in the world pens,
and all the men writers, they would not suffice to pen
down all his lessons."

In later times, in Miss C. Sinclair's Hill and
Valley, p. 25., we have :

" If the lake could be transformed into an ink-stand,
the mountains into, paper ; and if all the birds that
hover on high were to subscribe their wings for quills,
it would be still insufficient to write half the praise and
admiration that are justly due."

C. I. R.

These lines are by Dr. Watts. I cannot jus6
now distinctly recollect lohere they are to be found,
but I think in Milner's Life of Watts. My recol-
lection of them is that they were impromptu, given
at an evening party. H. S. S.

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

181

PHOTOGEAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Washing or not ■washing Collodion Pictures after
developing, previous to fixing. — Since the question
has been mooted I have tried both ways, and have
come to the conclusion that there is very litde
difference in the resulting appearance of the pic-
ture. The hypo, is certainly deteriorated when
no washing is adopted. I think it is best to pour
off the first quantity applied into a cup kept for
the purpose ; this is discoloured : I then pour on
more clean hypo., and let it remain till the picture
clears, and pour this into another cup or bottle for
future use. What was poured into the first cup
may, when a sufficient quantity is obtained, be
filtered, and by adding more of the salt is not use-
less. I pour on merely enough at first to wash off
the developing fluid, and pour it off at once. The
picture is cleared much sooner if the saturated
hypo, solution is warmed, which I do by plunging
the bottle into a pewter pint pot filled with hot
water. W. M. F.

Stereoscopic Angles (Yol. viii., pp. 109. 157.). —
I perfectly agree with your correspondent Mr. T.
L. Merritt (p. 109.) respecting " stereoscopic
angles," having ai-rived at tlie same conclusion
some months since, while at Hastings, where I
produced stereoscopic pictures by moving the
camera only two inches : having in one, seven
houses and five bathing-machines ; and in the
other, j'Jce houses and eight bathing-machines. If
I had separated the two pictures more, I should
have had all bathing-machines in one and all houses
in the other ; which convinced me that nothing
more is required than the width of the two eyes
for all distances, or, slightly to exaggerate it, to
three inches, which will produce a pleasing and
natural effect : for it is quite certain that our eyes
do not become wider apart as we recede from an
object, and that the intention is to give a true
representation of nature as seen by one person.
Now, most stereoscopic pictures represent nature
as it never could be seen by any one person, from
the same point of view ; and I feel confident that
all photographers, who condescend to make stereo-
scopic pictures, will arrive at the same conclusion
before the end of this season.

If this be correct, all difficulty is removed ; for
it is always advisable to take two pictui-es of the
same prospect, in case one should not be good :
and two very indifferent negatives will combine
into one very good positive, when viewed by the
stereoscope : thus proving the old saying, that two
negatives make an affirmative.

Henry Wilkinson.
■ Brompton.

Sissons Developing Solution. — In answer to
S. B.'s inquiry, I beg to say, that I have not tried
the above solution as a bath. I have always poured

it on, believing that it was easier to observe the
progress of the picture by that mode. If S. B.
will forward me his address, I shall be happy to
enter more minutely into my mode of operating
with it than I can through the medium of " N.
& Q." I have received other favourable testi-
mony as to the value of my developing fluid for
glass positives.

While I am writing, will you allow me to ask
your photographic correspondents whether any of
them have tried Mr. !Muller's paper process re-
ferred to by Mr. Delamotte at p. 145. of his work?
It was first announced in the Athenceum of Nov. 2,
1851. When I first commenced photography
(June, 1 852), I tried the process ; and from what
I did with it, when I was almost entirely ignorant
of the manipulation, I am inclined to think it a
valuable process. The sharpness of the tracery in
my church windows, in a picture I took by the
process, is remarkable. Mr. Delamotte truly says :
"This is a most striking discovery, as it super-
sedes the necessity of any developing agent after
the light has acted on the paper." Mr. Muller
says, that simple washing in water seems to be
sufiicient to fix the picture. This is also a striking
discovery, and totally unlike any other very sensi-
tive process that I am acquainted with ; and more
striking still, that the process should not have been
more practised. J. Lawson Sisson.

Edingthorpe Rectory.

Robert Drury (Vol. v., p. 533. ; Vol. vil., p. 485. ;
Vol. viii., p. 104.). — I believe the Journal of Ro-
bert Drury to be a genuine book of travels and
adventures, and here Is my voucher :

" The best and most authentic account ever given
of Madagascar was published in 1729, by Robert
Drury, who being shipwrecked in the Degrave East
India'man, on the south side of that island, in 1702,
being then a boy, lived there as a slave fifteen years,
and after his return to England, among those who
knew him (and he was known to many, being a porter
at the East India House), had the character of a down-
right honest man, without any appearance of fraud or
imposture." — John Buncombe, JM. A., one of the six
preachers in Christ Church, Canterbury, 1773.

Mr. Duncombe quotes several statements from
Drury which coincide with those of the Reverend
William Hirst, the astronomer, who touched at
Madagascar, on his voyage to India, in 1759. Tea
years afterwards Mr. Hirst perished In the Aurora,
and with him the author of The Shipwrech.

Bolton Cornet.

Beal Signatures versus Pseudo-Names (Vol. vi.,
p. 310. ; Vol. viii., p. 94.). —There is no doubt
that the straightforwardness of open and undis-
guised communications to your excellent miscel-

182

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

lany is desirable ; but a few words may be said on
behalf of your anonymous contributors. If the
rule were established that every correspondent
should add his name to his communication, many
of your friends might, from motives of delicacy,
decline asking a question or hazarding a reply.
By adopting a nom-de-guei-re, men eminent in
their various pursuits can quietly and unosten-
tatiously ask a question, or contribute information.
If the latter be done with reference to standard
works of authority, or to MSS. preserved in our
public depositories, the disclosure of the name of
the contributor adds nothing to the matter con-
tributed, and he may rejoice that he has been the
means of promoting the objects of the " N. & Q."
without the " blushing to find it fame." It should,
however, be a sine qua noii that all original com-
munications, and those of matters of fact, should
be authenticated by a real signature, when no re-
ference can be given to authorities not accessible
to the public ; and it is to be regretted that such
authentication has not, in such cases, been ge-
nerally afforded.

Thos. Wm. King (York Herald).

Lines on the Institution of the Garter (Vol. viii.,
p. 53.).-

" Her stocking's security fell from her knee.
Allusions and hints, sneers and whispers went round."

May I put a Query on the idea suggested by
these lines — that the accidental dropping of her
garter implied an imputation on the fair fame of
the Countess of Salisbury. Why should this be ?
That it did imply an imputation, I judge as well
from the vindication of the lady by King Edward,
as also from the proverbial expression used in
Scotland, and to be found in Scott's Woi-ks, of
"casting a leggin girth," as synonymous with a
female " faux pas." I have a conjecture, but
should not like to venture it, without inquiring
the general impression as to the origin of this
notion. A. B. K.

Belmont.

"Short red, God red" Sfc. (Vol. vii., p. 500.).
— Sir Walter Scott has committed an oversight
■when, in Tales of a Grandfather, vol. i. p. 85., he
mentions a murderer of the Bishop of Caithness to
have made use of the expression, " Schort red,
God red, slca ye the bischop," Adam, Bishop of
Caithness, was burnt by the mob near Thurso, in
1222, for oppression in the exaction of tithes ;
John, Earl of Orkney and Caithness, was killed in
retaliation by the bishop's party in 1231,

The language spoken at that time on the sea-
coast of Caithness must have been Norse. Suther-
land would appear to have been wrested from the
Orkney-Norwegians before that period, and the
Celtic tongue and race gaining on the Norse; but
on the sea- coast of Caithness I should apprehend

the Norse continued to be the spoken tongue till
a later period, when it was superseded by the
Scottish. The Norwegians in the end of the
ninth century colonised Orkne}^ and expelled or
destroyed the former inhabitants. The Western
Isles were also subjugated by them at that time,
and probably Caithness, or at all events a little
later. It would be desirable to know the race and
tongue previously existing in Caithness, and if
these were lost in the Norwegians and Norse, and
an earlier Christianity in Scandinavian Paganism.
Tills may, however, lead to the unfathomably dark
subject of the Picts. Is it known when Norse
ceased to be spoken in Caithness ? The story of
the burning of the Bishop of Caithness forms the
conclusion of the Orhneijinga Saga; and vide
Torfajus, Orcades, ji. 154., and Dalryinple's Annals
of Scotland, of dates 1222 and 1231. F.

Martha Blount (Vol. vii., pp.38. 117.). — At
" Bi'andon," the seat of the Harrisons on the
James River, Virginia, is a likeness of iliss Blount
by Sir Godfrey Kneller ; and at " Berkeley," also
on the James Biver, and the residence of another
branch of the same family, is one of the Duchess
of Montagu, also by Kneller. Thus much in an-
swer to the Query. But in this connexion I would
mention, that on the James lliver are many fine
pictures, portraits of worthies famous in English
history. At " Shirley" there is one of Col. Hill,
by Vandyke ; at Brandon, one of Col. Byrd, by
Vandyke ; also Lord Orrery, Duke of Argyle,
Lord Albemarle, Lord Egmont, Sir Robert Wal-
pole, and others, by Kneller.

These pictures are mentioned in chap. ix. of
Travels in No7'th America daring the Years 1834 —
1836, by the Hon. Charles Augustus Murray ; a
gentleman who either is, or was, Master of the
Queen's Household. T, Balch.

Philadelphia.

Longevity (Vol. viii,, p. 113.). — As W. W.
asserts that there is a lady living (or was two
months ago) in South Carolina, who is Jaioivn to
be 131 years old, he will no doubt be good enough
to let the readers of " N. & Q." know it also. And
although W. W. thinks it will not be necessary to
search in " annual or parish registers " to prove
the age of the singular Singleton, yet he must
produce documentary evidence of some sort ;
unless, indeed, he hnoivs an older person who re-
members the birth of the aged Carolinian.

Having paid the well-known Mr. Barnum a fee
to see a negress, whom the cute showman exhibited
as the nurse of the great Washington, I have fifty
cents worth of reasons to subscribe myself

A DODBTEB.

Its (Vol. vii., p.57S.).— B.H. C. is perfectly
correct in saying that I was mistaken in my quo-
tation from Fairfax's Tasso. It only remains for

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

183

me to explain liow I fell Into the error. It was,
then, from using Mr. Knight's edition of the work ;
for though the orthography was modernised, which
I like, I never dreamed of an editor's taking the
liberty of altering the text of his author. 1 love
to be corre(!ted when wrong, and here express my
thanks to B. H. C. I inlbrm him that there is
another passage in Shakspeare with its in it, but
not having marked it, I cannot find it just now : I
think it is in Lear,

I have said that I like modernised orthography.
We have modernised that of the Bible, and of the
dramatists ; why then are we so superstitious with
respect to the barbarous system of Spenser ? I
am convinced that the Fairy Queen, if printed In
modern orthography, would find many readers who
are repelled by the uncouth and absurd spelling
of the poet, who wanted to rhyme to the eye as
well as to the ear. Let us then have a " Spenser
for the People." Thos. Keightxey.

Oldham, Bishop of Exeter (Vol. vil., pp. 14,
164. 189. 271.).— Mr. Walcott will be Interested
to learn, that Bishop Hugh Oldham was not a
native of Oldham, but was born at Crumpsall, In
the parish of Manchester ; as appeal's from Dug-
dale's Visitation of Lancashire, and the " Lanca-
shire MSS.," vol. xxxl. His brother, Richard
Oldham, appointed 22nd Abbot of St. Werburgh's
Abbey, Chester, in 1452, was afterwards elevated
to the Islshoprick of Man, and, dying Oct. 13, 1485,
was burled at Chester Abbey, Chester.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

Boom (Vol. vli., p. 620.). — This word, expi-es-
slve of the cry of the bittern, is also used as a
noun :

" And the loud bittern from his bull-rush home,
Gave from the salt-ditch side his bellowing loom."
Crabbe, The Borough, xxii.

Ebenezer Elliott is another who uses the word
as a verb :

" No more with her will hear the bittern hooin
At evening's dewy close."

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

Lord North (Vol. vil., p. 317.). — If C. can pro-
cure a copy of Lossing's Pictorial Field-book of
the American Revolution, he will find in one of the
volumes a woodcut from an English engraving,
presenting to our view George III. as he appeared
at the era of the American Revolution. It may
serve to modify his present opinion as to the
king's figure, face, &c. M. E.

Philadelphia,

Dutch Pottery (Vol. v., p. 343. ; Vol. vi., p. 253.),
— At Arnhem, about sixty-five or seventy years
ago, there existed a pottery founded by two Ger-

mans : H. Brandels, and the well-known savant
II. von Laun, maker of the planetarium (orrery)
described by Professor van Svvlnden, and pur-
chased by the Society Felix Mentis in Amsterdam.
The son of Mr. Brandels has still at his residence,
'No. 419. Rapenburgerstraat, several articles manu-
factured there : such as plates, &c. What I have
seen is much coarser than the Saxon porcelain,
yet much better than our Delft ware. Perhaps
Mr. Van Embden, grandson and successor of Von
Laun, could give farther information.

S. J, Mulder.

P. S. — Allow me to correct some misprints in
Vol. vi., p. 253. Dutch and German names
are often cruelly maltreated in English publica-
tions. In this respect " N. & Q." should be an ex-
ception. For " Lrchner " read Leichner ; for " Dorp-
^eschryver" read Dorpieschryver ; for "Blasse"
read Blwsse ; for " Heeren " read Haeren ; for
"PallandA" read Pall an d ; for "Daenbar" read
Daewber. — From the Navorscher.

Cranmers Correspondences (Vol. vli., p. 621.). —
Will Mr. Walter be so good as to preserve in
your columns the letter of which Dean Jenkyns
has only given extracts ?

Two points are to be distinguished ; Cranmer's
wish that Calvin should assist In a general union
of the churches protesting against llomish error
— Calvin's offer to assist in settling the Church of
England. The latter was declined ; and the reason
is demonstrated in Archbp, Laurence's Bampton
Lectures. S. Z. Z. S.

Portable Altars (Vol. vill., p. 101.). — I am not
acquainted with any treatise on the subject of
portable altars, from which your correspondent
can obtain more Information, than from that which
occupies forty-six pages in the Decas Disserta-
tionum Historico-Theologicarum, published, for the
second time, by Jo. Andr. Schmidt, 4to. Helrastad.
1714. R. G.

Poem attributed to Shelley (Vol. vIII., p. 71.). —
The ridiculous extravaganza attributed to Shelley
by an American newspaper, was undoubtedly
never written by that gifted genius. It bears
throughout unmistakeable evidence of Its trans-
atlantic origin. No person, who had not actually
witnessed that curious vegetable parasite, the
Spanish moss of the southern states of America,
hanging down in long, hairy-like plumes from the
branches of a large tree, could have Imagined the
lines, —

" The downy clouds droop
Like moss upon a tree."

Who, again, could believe that Shelley, an En-
glish gentleman and scholar, could ever, either in
writing or conversation, have made use of the
common American vulgarism, " play hell ! "

184

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

The question of the authorship of such a pro-
duction, apart from its being attributed to Shelley,
is, in my humble opinion, a matter of little or no
interest. But as a probable guess, I should say
that it carries strong internal evidence of having
been written by that erratic mortal, Edgar Poe.

W. PlNKERTON.

Ham.

Lady Percij, Wife of Hotspur (DaugJiter of
Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March) (Vol. viii.,
p. 104.). — On reference to the volume and page
of Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of Eng-
land, cited by your correspondent G., I find that
not only does this lady, by her sweeping assertion,
bastardise the second E. of Northumberland, but,
in her zeal to outsay all that " ancient heralds "
ever can have said, she annihilates, or at least
reduces to a myth, the mother of Thomas, eighth
Lord Clifibrd. This infelicitous statement may
have been corrected in the second edition of the
Lives, for in " N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 42., there is
a detailed pedigree tracing the descent of Jane
Seymour thi'ough Margaret Wentvvorth, her mo-
ther, by an intermarriage with a Wentworth, and
a granddaughter of Hotspur, Lord Percy, (not
daughter, as Miss Strickland writes) from the
blood-royal of England. My object, however, in
■writing this is not farther to point attention to
Miss Strickland's mistake, but to invite discussion
to the point where this pedigree may be possibly
faulty. I will not say " all ancient heralds," but
some heralds, at least, of acknowledged reputation,
viz. Nicolas, Collins, and Dugdale*, have stated
that the wife of Sir Philip Wentworth was a
daughter of Roger fifth Lord Clifford. If this be
so, in truth there is an end at once of the Sey-
mour's claim to royal lineage ; for it is an un-
doubted fact that it was the grandson of Roger
fifth Lord, namely, John, seventh Lord Clifford,
K.G., who married Hotspur's only daughter.

C.V.

" Up, gtiards, and at themT'' (Vol. v., p. 426. ;
Vol. viii., p. 111.). — Some years ago, about the
time that the Wellington statue on the arch at
Hyde Park Corner was erected, I was dining at a
table where Wyatt the artist was present. The
conversation turned much upon the statue, and
the exact period at which the great Duke is repre-
sented. Wyatt said that he was represented at
that moment wlien he is supposed to have used
the words : " Up, guards, and at them ! " It having
been questioned whether he ever uttered the
words, I asked the artist whether, when he was
taking the Duke's portrait, the Duke himself
acknowledged using them ? To which he replied,

* Nicolas, Scrope and Grosvenor Roll, ii. 471. ;
Collins, Peerage, 5th ed., vi. 358. ; Dugdale, Baronage,
L 341.

that the Duke said that he did not recollect having
uttered those words ; and, in fact, that he could
not say what expression he did use on that occa-
sion. The company at dinner seemed much satis-
fied with Wyatt's authority on this point.

J. D. Gardneb.

Pennycomequick (Vol. viii., p. 113.). —A similar
story to that related by your correspondent Mb.
Hele is told of Falmouth . Previously to its being
incorporated as a town by Charles II., it was called
Smithick, from a smith's shop, near a creek, which
extended up the valley. The old Cornish word
ick signifies a "creek ;" and as it became a village it
was called " Pennycomequick," which your corre-
spondent H. C. K. clearly explains. The Welsh
and Cornish languages are in close affinity. The
name "Pennycomequick" is evidently a corrupted
old Cornish name : see Pryce's A?-cha;ologia Cornu-
Britannica, v. " Pen," " Coomb," and " Ick," the
head of the narrow valley, defile or creek. It lias
been thought by some to mean " the head of the
cuckoo's valley; " and your correspondent's Welsh
derivation seems to countenance such a translation.
The cuckoo is known in Scotland, Wales, and
Cornwall as " the Gawh Gwich." Mr. Helb,
perhaps, will be amused at the traditional story
of the Falmouthlans respecting the origin of
Pennycomequick. Before the year 1600, there
were few houses on the site of the present town :
a woman, who had been a servant with an ancestor
of the late honourable member for AVest Cornwall,
Mr. Pindarves, came to reside there, and that
gentleman directed her to brew some good ale, as
he should occasionally visit the place with his
friends. On one of his visits he was disappointed,
and expressed himself angry at not finding any ale.
It appeared on explanation that a Dutch vessel
came into the harbour the preceding day, and the
Dutchmen drained her supply; she said the Penny
come so quick, she could not refuse to sell it.

James Cobkish.

Falmouth.

Captain Booth of Stockport (Vol. viii., p. 102.).
— In answer to Mr. Hughes's inquiry about this
antiquary, I beg to state that he will find an
Ordinary of Arms, drawn up by Captain Booth
of Stockport, in the Shepherd Library, Preston,
Lancashire. It is one among the numerous valu-
able MSS. given by the executors of the late
historian of Lancashire, Ed. Baines, Esq., M.P.,
to that library. In Lysons' Magna Bi-itannia
(volume Cheshire), your correspondent will also
find a mention of a John Booth, Esq., of Twemlow,
Cheshire, who was the author of various heraldic
manuscripts. It may, perhaps, be hardly necessary
to inform Cheshire antiquaries that an almost in-
exhaustible fund of information, on heraldry and
genealogy, is to be found in the manuscripts of
Randle Holme, formerly of Chester, which are

Aug. 20. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

185

now preserved among the Ilarleian MSS. in the
British Museum. Jaytee.

" Hurrah" Sf'c. (Vol. viii., p. 20.).— The clameur
de Haro still exists in Jersey, and is the ancient
form there of opposing all encroachments on
landed property, and the first step to be taken by
which an ejectment can be finally obtained. It
was decided in Pinel and Lg Gallais, that the
clameur de Haro does not apply to the opposal of
the execution of a decree of the Royal Court.

It is a remarkable feature in this process, that
it is carried on by the crown ; and that the losing
party, whether plaintiff or defendant, is mulcted
in a small fine to the king, because the sacred
name of Haro is not to be carelessly invoked with
impunity.

See upon the subject of the clameur, Lc Geyt
sur les Constitutions, etc. de Jersey, par Marett,
vol. i. p. 294. M. L.

Xiincoln's Inn.

I do not think that the explanation of these
words, quoted by Mr. Brent, is much more pro-
bable than that of " Hierosolyma est perdita." In
the first place, if we are to believe Dr. Johnson,
hips are not sloes, but the fruit or seed-vessels of
the dog-rose or briar, which usually go by that
name, and from which it would be difficult to
make any infusion resembling wine. In the next
place, it will be found, on reference to Ben Jon-
son's lines " over the door at the entrance into the
Apollo" (vol. vii. p. 295., ed. 1756), of which the
distich forms a part, that it is misquoted. The
words are, —

" Hang up all the poor /io/j-tlrinkers,
Cries old Sym, tlie king of skinkers;"

the hop or ale-drinkers being contrasted with the
votaries of wine, " the milk of Venus," and " the
true Phoebeian liquor." Is it not possible, after
all, that the repetition of, " Hip, hip, hip," is
merely intended to mark the time for the grand
exertion of the lungs to be made in enunciating
the final " Hurrah !" ? Cheverells.

Detached Belfry Toicers (Vol. vii., p. 333. ;
Vol. viii., p. 63.). — Tiie bell-tower at Hackney,
mentioned by B. II. C, is that of the old parish
church of St. Augustine. This church was rebuilt
in the early part of the sixteenth century, which
is about the time of the present tower ; and when
the church was finally taken down in 1798, the
tower was forced to be left standing, because the
new parish church of St. John-at-Hackney was
not strong enough to support the peal of eight
bells. H. T. GRirriTH.

Hull.

Blotting-paper (Vol. \m., p. 104.). — I am dis-
posed to agree with Spertend in thinking Carlvle
must be mistaken in saying this substance was not

used in Cromwell's time. The ordinary means for
drying writing was by means of the fine silver
sand, now but rarely used for that purpose ; but
I have seen pieces of blotting-paper among MSS.
of the time of Charles I., so as to lead me to think
it was even then used, though sparingly. This is
only conjecture ; but I can, however, establish its
existence at a rather earlier date than 1670. la
an "Account of Stationery supplied to the Receipt
of the Exchequer and the Treasury, 1666 — 1668,"
occur several entries of " one quire of blotting-
paper," " two quires of blotting," &c. Earlier
accounts of the same kind (which may be at the
Rolls House, Chancery Lane) might enable one to
fix the date of its introduction. J. B — t.

The following occui-s in Townesend's Preparative
to Pleading (Lond. 12mo. 1675), p. 8. :

" Let the dustnig or sanding of presidents in books
be avoided, rather using _^ne brown paper to prevent hlot-
ting, if time of the ink's drying cannot be allowed ; for
sand takes away the good colour of the ink, and getting
into the backs of books makes them break their
binding."

From this passage it may be inferred, that fine
brown paper, to prevent blotting, was then rather
a novelty. C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge.

Riddles for the Post-Office (Vol. vii., p. 258.),—
The following is an exact copy of the direction of
a letter mailed a few years ago by a German living
in Lancaster county, Pa. :

" Tis is fur old Mr. Willy wot brinds de Baber in
Lang Raster ware ti gal is gist rede him assume as it
cums to ti Pushtufous."

meaning —

" This is for old Mr. Willy, what prints the paper in
Lancaster, where the jail is. Just read him as soon as
it comes to the Post- Office."

Inclosed was an essay against jndjlic schools.

Uneda.
Philadelphia.

Mulciber (Vol. viii., p. 102.). — I beg to inform
Mr. Warde that in the printed Key to the Dis-
pensary it is said, " 'Tis the opinion of many that
our poet means here Mr. Thomas Foley, a lawyer
of notable parts." T. K.

:^t^ccnanc0u^.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Although, like Canning's knife-grinder, wo do not
care to meddle with politics, we have one volume on
our table belonging to that department of life which
deserves passing mention, we mean Mr. Urqnharts
Progress of Russia in the West, North, and , South, lij
opening the Sources of Opinion, and appropriating the

w

186

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 199.

Channels of Wealth and Power, which those who differ
most widely fi-om Mr. Urquhart will probably deem
•worth reading at a moment when all eyes are turned
towards St. Petersburgh, It is of course a knowledge
of the great interest everywhere felt in the Russian-
Turkish question, which has induced Messrs. Longman
to reprint in their Traveller s Library, in a separate
form and with additions, Turkey and Christendom, an
Historical Sketch of the Relations between the Ottoman
Empire and the States of Europe.

The Rev. R. W, Eyton announces for publication
by subscription Antiquities of Shropshire, which is in-
tended to contain such accessible materials as may
serve to illustrate the history of the county during the
first two centuries after the Norman Conquest, thou.;;h
that period is not proposed as an invariable limit. The
preface to the first Number will give an account of the
public authorities which the author has consulted, as
well as of the materials which have been supplied or
promised by the kindness of individuals. Each Number
will contain six sheets (96 pages), and v>'ill be accom-
panied by maps or illustrations referable to the period.
Each fourth Number will include an Index. The
first part will be put to press as soon as 200 Subscribers
are obtained, and the number of copies printed will be
limited to those originally subscribed for.

We are again indebted to Mr. Bohn for several
valuable additions to our stores of cheap literature. In
his Standard Library he has published two volumes of
Lectures delivered at Broadmead Chapel, Bristol, by the
late John Foster. In his Antiquarian Library he has
given us the second volume of Matthew of Westminster's
Floiuers of History, translated by C. D. Yonge, who
has added a short but very useful Index : while in his
Classical Library we have the first volume of The
Comedies of Aristophanes : a New and Literal Trans-
lation from the revised Text of Dindorf, with Notes and
Extracts from the best Metrical Versions, by W. J. Hickie.
The present volume contains The Acharnians, Knights,
Clouds, Wasps, Peace, and Birds.

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NOTES AND QUEEIES.

187

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5000

*1000

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U 50 ! 511 5 0

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188

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 199.

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No. 200.]

Saturday, August 27. 1853.

{Price Fourpence.
Stamped Edition, 5A

CONTENTS.
IJoTEs : — Page

The English, Irish, and Scotch Knights of the Order of

St. John of Jerusalem, by William Winthrop .» - 189

Diiport's Lines to Izaak Walton - - - - 193

Shakspeare Cnrrespondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby,
James Cornish, &c. . . . - . 193

JVIiNOR Notes : — Sir Francis Drake — Similarity of Idea
in St. Luke and Juvenal — Sincere — Epitaph in
Appleby Churchyard, Leicestershire - - - 195

•QuKniES : —

The Crescent, by W. Robson - - - .196

Minor Queries: — The Hebrew Testament — Dr.
Franklin — Flemish liefugees — "Sad are the rose
leaves " — References wanted — Tea-marks — William
■the Conqueror's Surname — Old Saying — To pluck
« Crow with One — " Well's a fret " — Pay the Piper

— Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by
Jeremy Taylor — Acharis — Attainment of Majority—
'Hartman's Account of W^aterloo — Henry Chicheley,
Archbishop of Canterbury— Translation of Athenasus

— Passages from Euripides — Anderson's Royal Gene>
alogies --..... 196

Minor Queries with Answers : — Louis le Hutin - 199

Bee-Park — Bee-Hall

Milton's Widow, by J. F. Marsh and T. Hughes

Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church
'Curious Mistranslations, by Henry H. Breen
'^ To speak in lutestring," by the Rev. W. Eraser

Burial in Unconsecrated Places, by Wm. T. Hesleden
and R. W. Elliot

Photographic Corresfondknce :— Mr. Mailer's Pro-
cei,,-! — Detail on Negative Paper — Ammonio-nitrate
■of Silver -.----.

Ueflies to Minor Queries: — "Up, guards, and at
them!" — German Heraldry — The Kve — Canute's
Point, Southampton — Symon Patrick, 6ishnp of Ely:
Durham: Weston — Battle of Villers en Couche —
Curious Posthumous Occurrence — Passage in Job—.
St. Paul and Seneca — Haulf naked — Books chained
to Desks in Churches — Scheltrum — Quarrel — Wild
Plants, and their Names — Jeremy Taylor and Chris-
topher Lord Hatton — Burial on the North Side of
Churches — Rubrical Query — Stone Pillar Worship

— Bad — Porc-pisee — Lowbell — Praying to the West

— Old Dog — Contested Elections — " Rathe" in the
Sense of "early" — Chip in Forricige — " A saint in
<;rape is twice a saint in lawn" — Gibbon's Library :
West's Portrait of Franklin — Derivation of "Island"

— Spur— On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits —
Selling a Wife —Impossibilities of History — Lad and
Lass — Enough ---...

SiIiscellaneous :

Books and Odd Volumes wanted
Notices to Correspondents

Advertisements

I

Vol,, viir.— N0.200.

199
200
20'J
201
202

202

- 210

- 2i0

- 210

THE ENGLISH, IRISH, AND SCOTCH KNIGHTS OF
THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM.

For the following list of the English, Irish, and
Scotch knights of the Order of St. John, who are
mentioned in the records of this island when
under its rule, I am in a great measure indebted
to Dr. Vella, who, after having made at my re-
quest a diligent search through very many old
volumes and manuscripts, has kindly favoured me
with the result of his labours. The names of the
knights and places mentioned in this Note are
written, in every instance, as Dr. Vella and my-
self have seen them recorded. Before commenc-
ing with the list, I have a few remarks to offer,
that the terms peculiar to the Order which I shall
make use of may be understood by those of your
readers who are unacquainted with its history.

The English tongue comprised the priories of
England, Ireland, and Scotland, and thirty-two
different comraanderies. Its property, which was
seized by Henry VIII. in 1534, was afterwards
restored by Queen Mary, and finally and effec-
tually confiscated by Elizabeth in the first year
of her reign. Her Majesty's order for the seizure
of the Irish estates was dated on the 3rd of June,
1559, and addressed to William Fitzwilliam.
Vide the " Diplomatic Code of the Order," and
Rymer, vol. xv. p. 527.

Although Dr. Vella and myself had every wish
to classify the knights of the English tongue
under their different languages, still we have
failed in our first attempt, and to enable us to
succeed we must ask for assistance from your cor-
respondents in England. They must be known
by their names ; thus, for instance, the Dundas's of
1524 and 1538 were as evidently of Scotch, as the
Russells of 1536, 1537, and 1554 were of English
descent. We might apply the same remark to
many other knights whose names will be found
recorded in the following list.

Whenever a vacancy occurred by the death of
a grand master, who was always a sovereign
prince, the election for his successor could only
take place in the convent. It was not necessary that
the person elected should be present. Villiers De

190

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

L'Isle Adam was residing in France in 1521, when
his brethren at Rhodes made him their chief. The
grand priors, commanders, and knights, who were
absent from Malta, whether employed in the
service of the Order or not, had neither a voice nor
ballot in the election ; and the more effectually to
prevent their interference, as also that of the
Koman pontiff, only three days were allowed to
transpire before a successor was chosen, and pro-
claimed as the head of the convent.

Henry VIII. addressed L'Isle Adam as follows :
"Reverendissimo in Christo Patri Domini, F. de
Villers L. Isleadam, Magno Hierosolymitani Or-
dinis Magistro, et consanguineo, et amico nostro
carissimo." George II., as the king of a Protestant
country, sent a letter to Emmanuel Pinto, bear-
ing the follov/ing superscription : "Eminentissimo
Principi Domino Emmanueli Pinto, Magno Or-
dinis Melitensis Magistro, Consanguineo, et Amico
Nostro Carissimo."

Boisgelin has stated in the first volume of his
Histoj'y of Malta, p. 194., that the —

" King of England addressed the grand master by
the following titles : ' Eminentissime princeps consan-
guinea et avnice nostcr carissime.' The King of
France gave the Order the title of ' Tres chers et bons
amis ; ' and the grand master that of ' Tres cher et tres
aime cousin,' in the same style as he addressed the
Dukes of Tuscany."

That this note may not occupy too much space
in your interesting publication, I would now
merely remark that the "convent" was known as
the place where the grand master, or his lieute-
nant, resided, and the "tongue," according to the
code of the Order, v/as the terra applied to a
nation. A grand prior was the chief of his lan-
guage, who resided in his native country. A
" Turcopolier " was the title of the conventual
bailiff of the venerable language of England, " and
it took its name from the Turcopoles, a sort of
light horse mentioned in the history of the wars
carried on by the Christians in Palestine." The
English knights won for themselves this high
honour by their gallantry in the Holy Land, and
in remembrance it ever after remained with their
tongue. A Turcopolier was the third dignity in
the convent, and the last knight who enjoyed it
was Sir Richard Shelley, Prior of England. At
his decease the grand master assumed the title for
himself. The two interesting letters addressed
by Sir Richard Shelley to Henry VIII., in which
he complained of his majesty's treatment to the
Order of St. John, and pleaded in its favour, were
published in the English language, and five years
iigo were to be seen in the government library of
this island. But, on my asking a short time ago to
refer to them, I regretted to find that they had
been taken from the library by a gentleman who
was well introduced to the librarian, and whose
conduct in this, and some other transactions where

valuable books are concerned, cannot be too
strongly condenjued. Before returning from this
bi-ief digression to the subject of my Note, might
I ask if these letters are known in England, and
whether copies could be easily procured for a
friend who is desirous of having them inserted in
a forthcoming publication?

The Knights of St. John being members of a
masonic institution, termed each other brothers, as
is customary Avith members of the craft at the
present time. And it may not be out of place to
remark that several of the chapels, churches, and
fortifications of Iilalta are ornamented with ma-
sonic signs and emblems, which have been several
times referred to, and cleverly explained within
the last three years in different numbers of the
Masonic Qitarterly Review. Those of your
readers who take an interest in masonry may
peruse these papers of a distinguished mason, now
stationed in the West Indies, with instruction and
pleasure.

Boisgelin has recorded in the first volume of his
RiHtorij of Malta, p. 182., that the Order of St.
John of Jerusalem "might with propriety be con-
sidered as being at the same time hospitaller, re-
ligious, military, republican, aristocratical, mon-
archical," and lastly, as if these different terms,
which, without his explanation, would appear to
be incorrect as ap[)lying to one institution, were
not sufficient, he has added in a note, that in the
last days of its existence it might also have been
called deniocratical. He has stated that it was —

" Hospitaller, from having hospitals constantly open
for the reception of the sick of all countries and re-
ligions, whom the knights attended in person. Re-
ligious, because the members took the three vows of
chastity, obedience, and poverty, which last consisted
in having no property independent of the Order at
large, and on that account the Pope was their superior.
Slilitary, from being constantly armed, and always at
war with the infidels. Republican, as their chief was
chosen from among themselves, and could not enact
laws, ar carry them into execution, without their con-
sent. Aristocratical, since none but the knights and
grand master had any share in the legislative and ex-
ecutive power. Monarcliical, from having a superior
who could i:ot be dispossessed of his dignity, and was
invested with the right of sovereignty over the subjects
of the order, together with those of Malta and its de-
pendencies. .And lastly, Democratical, from the in-
troflnetion of a language which did not require any
proofs of nobility."*

Before taking leave of Boisgelin, it should bo
recorded that he was a Knight of Malta ; and his
history, one of the best now extant, appeared in

* The language to which Boisgelin refers, was that
of England. A "icw years after the Reformation, and
in 1545, the council decreed that it Avas no longer re-
quired for those who joined the English tongue to be
noblemen. Vide fol. 35.

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

191

those troubled times, when he hoped by concili-
ating all jj;overnments, to see his Order again re-
stored. Influenced in all things by this hope,
vain as It was, his statements should be received
with some grains of allowance.

Before calling attention to the following list, I
have to state that a knight could not become a
commander before he had made four cruises in
tlie galleys, or served five years in the convent.
He had also to remain three years a commander
before he could claim a pension. Those knights
Avho are known to have been at Malta will be dis-
tinguished by a t-

A.

f Aylmer, Sir George ... - 1521

Commander of Holstone.

Adfil, George _ - . - - 1524

Albrit, Oliver 1527

B.

Bouth, John 1522

Turcopolier, killed at the siege of Rhodes.

Blasly, Robert 1526

Boydel, Edward ----- 1529

fBabington, John ----- 1531
Bailiff of Aguila, Commander of Dalby.

fBabington, Philip 1531

f Belingham, Edward - - - - 1531
Co:nmander of Dynraore.

fBalfard, Richard 1531

fBrown, Edward 1531

JBroke, Richard 1531

Commander of Mount St. Jolin.

Boydel, George ----- 1532

Boydel, Roger 1533

Turcopolier.

fBentham, Anthony - - - - 1536

Boyse, Andrew ----- 1588

c.

Corbet, William 1522

Commander of Templebruer.,

Cane, Sir Ambrose - - - - 1525

Chanure, John ----- 1525

Campledik, Thomas - - .^ - 1529

Commander of Corbroke.

Chambers, Sir James - - . - 1533

D.

Deston, Claude 1522

Docray, Thomas ----- 1523

Prior of the English tongue.
Dundas, George ----- 1524
Commander of Turfichin in Scotland.
fDingley, Thomas - - - - -1531

fDundas, Alexander _ - -
f Dudley, George - - - -
Received in the Order at Malta in 1545.

E.

Edward, George - - - -
jEluyn, Edmund - - - -
Received in the Order at Malta in 1545.

- 1538

- 1545

- 1525

- 1545

1522

Fairfax, Nicholas - - - -
Commander of Temple Combe.

Fitzmorth, Robert - - - - 1527

Fortescue, Adrian - - - . 1532

This brave knight perished on the scaffold in Eng-
land at the time of the Reformation (vide-
"N.& Q.," Vol. vii., p.62S.); was enrolled among
the Saints ; and his portrait, with a sprig of palm
in the hand, as an emblem of his martyrdom, is
now to be seen in one of the chapels of St. John's
Church at this island. The 8th of July is tlio
day now observed in commemoration of his suf-
ferings, and of those who suffered with him.

Fortescue, Nicholas - - - - 1638
This nobleman, of the same family as the preceding,
was received in the Order on his own urgent ap-
plication ; and with the hope that, by his assist-
ance, the English language would be restored.

G.

- 1520

Golings, Thomas - - -
Commander of Bodisford.
tGonson, Sir David - - - - 1533

Tlie last lieutenant of the Turcopolier at Malta.

f Gerard, Sir Henry - - - - 1541

Glene, Lewis ----- 1555

H.

Hyerton, George ----- 1523

Hall, Thomas - - - - - 1526

fHalison, James ----- 1526

Hussey, Edmund ----- 1528

Hussey, Nicholas ----- 1531

Hill, Edward 1531

yHornehill, Thomas - - - - 1536

I.

Irving, James - - - - - 1569
Solely by the strenuous exertions of this knight it
was decided, in a general chapter held in 1569,
that tlie Scotch should enjoy the same dignities
and emoluments which had been previously
granted to the Englisli and Irish knights.

J.

Jones, William - - -

L.

Layton, Ambrose - - -
Commander of Beverly.

- 1522

- 1527

192

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

Layton, Cuthbert
Lyndesey, Walter
Lambert, Nicholas

- 1528

- 1532

- 1538

M.

Mobysteyn, John ----- 1526
Capellano, and Chancellor, of the Provincial Chap-
ter of the English Language.

Massinbert, Oswaldus - - - - 1527

N.

Newport, Thomas - - - - 1528

Bailiff of Aquila, and Commander of Newland.

Nevll, Richard 1528

Commander of Willington.

Newton, Thomas 1529

Newdegatt, Donston . - - - 1536

O.
Ozis, John.

On the 16th of March, 1533, this knight obtained
permission to return to England. Vide fol. 168.

Pole, Alban - . -

Commander of Mount St. John.

Philip, Thomas - - -

Plunket, Nicholas

Pool, George - - .

Pool, Henry . . -

Pemperton, Thomas

Commander of Mount St. John.

R.

- 1520

- 1521

- 1527

- 1531

- 1531

- 1533

1521

Ransom, John (Senior)
Prior of Ireland.

Roberts, Nicholas - - - - 1522

Roche, Edward ... - - 1527

Ransom, William 1527

tRoger, Anthony ----- 1533

fRansom, John (Junior) _ _ - 1533
Turcopolier.

fRussell, Philip 1536

fRussell, Anthony ----- 1537

jRussell, Egidius 1554

Governor of the city, and Captain of the forces.

s.

- 1521

- 1528

- 1530

- 1530

- 1537

- 1555
Confidential secretary of La Valetta, and buried in

St. John's Church, at the foot of his tomb.

Sheffield, Thomas -
Commander of Beverly

Sand, George
fSandiland, James -
Sutton, John
Salisbury, William
f Starkey, Oliver

tShelley, Sir Richard - - - . 1566
Prior of England, and last Turcopolier of his lan-
guage. On the 25th of June, 1567, Sir Richard
obtained permission to dispose of his property as
he wished.

fShelley, James 1566

tShelley, John 1582

fStuart, Fitzjames 1689

A natural son of James II. A letter is now exist-
ing in which this monarch requested the Grand
Master to receive his son as Grand Prior of the
English language, if it should be agreeable to the
will of the Pope. It may be noted that the
Germans were the only knights in the Convent
who would never admit a natural son of a noble
or monarch amonar them.

Theril, William
Tyrell, William

- 1533

- 1535

U.

Urton, George ----- 1523
Upton, Nicholas ----- 1536
Turcopolier, and greatly distinguished in July,
1551, when, at the head of thirty knights and
four hundred mounted volunteers, he very gal-
lantly repulsed Dragut's attack on the island.
Returning to the convent he died of his wounds.
On the 20th of June, 1565, Dragut fell mortally
wounded in the famous siege of Malta, and the
point where he was killed still bears his name.
His scimetar is now to be seen in the Maltese
amioury.

w.

Wagor, John 1523

Weston, Sir William - - - - 1525

A brief historical description of Sir William
Weston's sufferings, decease, and burial will be
found in the second volume of Sutherland's
Knights of Malta, p. 115., which appears to be a
correct translation from Vertot's History of the
Order. — Vide " N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 629. ; and
Vertot, lib. 10.

Wyhtt, Sir Rowland - - - . 1528
West, Clement 1532

This knight was a Turcopolier, and never placed
his signature to a document without writing im-
mediately above it " As God wills."

Wise, Andrew 1593

Nominally Prior of England in 1598. Being re-
duced to the greatest extremity, the Roman
Pontiff decreed that tlie language of Castile and
Leon should allow him out of its revenue a
thousand ducats a-year. The Spanish knights
objecting to pay this sum, there was a trial
before the Grand Master to enforce it; a report
of which is now in the Record Office. The
Pope's decree was confirmed.

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

193

In looking through the records of the " English
tongue," I have met with the name of only one
lady, Catherine Burchier, who was prioress of
Buckland in 1524. Any information respecting
her history, or that of the knights whose names
are recorded in the above list, will be most ac-
ceptable. William Winthbop.

La Valetta. Malta.

DUPORT S LINES TO IZAAK WALTON.

Sometime since I met with the following epigrams
of the learned scholar, divine, and loyalist James
Duport, written on the fly-leaf of a copy of his Muscb
Suhsecivee, seu Poetica Sti'omata, presented by him
to Izaak Walton. I presume that they have never
been printed, and that they were written inDuport's
own hand. If so, they may be thought worthy of
a place in the columns of " N. & Q." They will
be read with some interest by those who respect
Duport, and love the memory of good old Izaak
Walton. I may add, that the autograph of I. W.
is in the book, thus :

"Izaak Walton,

Given by the Author,

S" May, 1679."

Winchester.

W. H. G.

"Ad virum optimum mihique amicissimura Isaacum
Waltonum, de libris a se editis, mihiqvie dono missis,
nee non de vita Hookeri, Herbert), et aliorum :
Munera magna mihi mittis ; nee mittis in hamo

Rex Piseatorum sis licet, atque Pater.
Mutus ego ut piscis semper ! nunquamne reponam?

Piscibus immo tuis et tibi mitto Sales :
Sed quid pro vitis Sanctorum? mitto Salutem ;
Vita eteaim non est vita, Salutis inops.

Tuissimus,

J. D.»
" Ad eundem de sua Episeopi Sandersoni Vita.

Quern Juvenis quondam didici, Tutore magistro,
Nunc Sandersonunn, te duce, disco Senex.

Macte nove o Plutarche Biographe; dans aliorum
Qui vitas, vitam das simul ipse tibi :

Nempe eris teternum in Scriptis, Waltone, superstes,
Non etenitn norunt haec monumenta mori. •

J. DUFOET."

SHAKSPEAKE CORRESPONDENCE.

Zachariah Jackson. — "N. & Q." will not, I am
sure, refuse to give his due to Zachariah Jackson,
the author of Shakspeare' s Genius Justified, by
showing to how great an extent the conjectures
of Jackson had, by thirtij-four years, anticipated
the Notes and Emendations. I subjoin a list of the
old corrector's emendations, which are also found
in Jackson's work :

Play.

Text.

Emendation.

Page in
Collier.

Page in
Jackson.

Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act II. Sc. 1.

" In telling her mind."

" In telling yoM her mind."

18.

9.

Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I. Sc. 3. -

" She carves."

"She craves."

SO.

17.

Measure for Measure, Act I. Sc S.

" Propagation of a dower."

" Procuration of a dower."

43.

39.

Ditto Ditto Act III. Sc. 2. -

" What say'st thou, trot?"

" What say'st thou, trot/i ? "

49.

44.

Taming of the Shrew, Act IV. Sc. 4. -

" Except they are busied."

" Except while they are busied."

152.

127.

All's Well that Ends Well, Act III. Sc. 1. -

" Happiness and prime."

" Happiness in prime."

159.

S9.

Twelfth Night, Act V. Sc. 1. -

" Then cam'st in smiling."

" Thou cam'st in smiling."

181.

31.

Winter's Tale, Act IV. Sc. 3. - - -

" So attir'd, sworn."

" So attir'd, so worn."

192.

142.

Henry V., Act V. Sc. 2. ....

" Untempering effect." ,

" Untempting effect."

264.

229.

Besides these nine verbatim coincidences, the fol-
lowing four are very approximate.

Taming of the Skreiv, Induction, Sc. 2. :
Folios. — " And when he says he is, say that he dreams."
Collier MS. — " When he says what he is, say that he

dreams." — Notes and Emendations, p. 142.
Jackson. — "And what he says he is, say that he

dreams." — Restorations and Illustrations, p. 114.

Taming of the Shrew, Act II. Sc 1. :
Folios. — " No such jade, Sir, as you, if me you mean."
Collier MS. — " No such jade to bear you, if me you

mean." — Notes and Emendations, p. 147.
Jackson — " No such jade as you, — hear ! if me you

mean." — Restorations and Illustrations, p. 1 1 9.

1 Henr?/ VI., Act V. Sc. 3. :

Folios. — " Confounds the tongue, and makes the senses
rough."

Collier MS.' — " Confounds the tongue, and mocks the
sense of touch." — Notes and Emendations, p. 276.

Jackson. — " Confounds the tongue, and makes the
senses touch." — Restorations and Illustrations, p. 233.

Cymbeline, Act III. Sc. 4. :

Folios. — . . . . " Some jay of Italy,
Whose mother was her painting, hath betray'd him."

Collier MS. — "Who smothers her with painting, hath
betray'd him." — Notes and Emendations, p. 495.

Jackson. — " Who smoother was : her painting hath be-
tray'd him." — Restorations and Illustrations, p. 375.

Besides these four emendations, which at any
rate are very suggestive of those in Mr. Collier's
folio, I beg to call attention to Jackson's defence
of Theobald's (and his own) proposition to read
untread for unthread, in King John, Act V. Sc. 4.,
which is strikingly like ]\Ir. Collier's defence of
the same reading in the margin of the Folio 1632.

194

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

The whole of Jackson's notes on King John are
■well -worth reading. I beg to mention two of
these, as illustrations of old Jackson's acuteness,
when not under the warping influence of the ca-
coethes emendandi. His defence of untrimmed
bride, in Act II. So. 1., is most convincing. He
says, —

" Constance stimulates [Lewis] to stand fast to his
purpose, and not to let the devil tempt him, in the like-
ness of an tintrimmed bride, to waver in his determin-
ation ; for that the influence of the Holy See would
strip King John of his present royalty. Where then
would be the great dowry Lewis was to receive with
his wife? At present he his only the promise of five
provinces, and 30,000 raaiks of English coin ; there-
fore, as the dowry has not been paid, Blanche is still
an untrimmed bride." — Recollections and Illustrations,
p. 179.

His note on the itse o£ invisible, in Act V. Sc. 7.,
is also excellent :

" Death having prayed upon the reduced body of the
king, quits it, and now invisible, has laid siege to the
mind."

I have elsewhere stated my opinion that " all
Jackson's emendations are bad." I should have
added that some few are very plausible and spe-
cious, and worthy of consideration. I will men-
tion one In King John, Act IV. Sc. 2. Pembroke
says, —

" It, what in rest you have, in right you hold," &c.

Kow, rest and right are no antithesis, nor are they
allied in meaning. Jackson inserts a f between in
and rest —
"If, what infrest you have in right you hold," &c. —

•wliich he supports by admirable parallels from the
same play. I will cite one more example of Jack-
son's sagacity, from his notes on 1 Henry IV., Act I.
Sc. 3. Hotspur says, —

" Never did bare and rotten policy," &c.
Jackson reads, —

" Never did barren, rotten policy," &c.

Mr. Collier never once refers to Jackson. Mr.
Singer, however, talks familiarly about Jackson,
in his Shakspeare Vindicated, as if he liad him at
his fingers' ends ; and yet, at page 239., he favours
the world with an original emendation (viz. " He
did behood his anger," Timon, Act III. Sc. 1.),
which, however, will be found at page 389. of
Jackson's book. I may be in error, but I cannot
but think such ignorance, on the part of profes-
sional Shakspearians, very culpable.

C. MANsriELD Ingieby.

Birmingham.

On Three Passages in '■'■ Measure for Measure.''''
— I have to crave a small space in your columns,
■which have already done much good service for
the text of Shakspeare, to make a very few re-

marks on three passages in the play of Measure
for Measure. It is no sweeping change of reading
that I am about to advocate, noi', as I think, any-
thing over ingenious ; inasmuch as, in two of the
passages in question, I propose to defend the
reading of the first folio, which, I contend, has
been departed from unnecessarily ; while, in the
third, I suggest the simple change of an f Into
an s.

In Act II. Sc. 4., these lines occur in Angelo's
soliloquy, in my folio of 1G23 :

" The state whereon I studied
Is like a good thing, being often read,
Growne feard and tedious."

Mr. Knight, and other editors, read y'earf?, as in
the original, but give no explanation ; though such
a strange epitb.et would seem to require one. I
propose to read seared, i. e. dry, the opposite of
fresh. This, as the saying is, "requires," I think,
" only to be pointed out to be admitted."

Lower down in the same scene we find the
following passage, in one of Angelo's addresses to
Isabel :

" Such a person.

Whose creadit with the judge, or owne great place.

Could fetch your brother from the manacles

Of the all-building law,"

The word building has always been a stumbling-
block to editors. Johnson first proposed to read
binding, and his successors have adopted it, and
such is now the generally received reading. Mr.
Collier's old corrector is also in favour of the
same change. I have always felt convinced, how-
ever, that building was the word which Shakspeare
wrote. That which answers to it in the A.-S. is
bytUng, bytleing, a building ; bytlian, to build ;
which are Inflected from byth, b'lotul, a hammer or
mallet (whence our beetle) ; so that the strict
meaning of the verb is firmare, covfirmare, ^ to
fasten, close, or bind together. This will give
much the same meaning to building as that Im-
plied in the proposed substitute binding.

Not having met with the word used in this
peculiar sense by any old writer, I could not
venture to maintain the reading of the folio on
these grounds, Avhich I have just mentioned, alone.
At length, however, I have been successful, and I
am now able to quote a passage from a work
published very shortly before this play, entitled :

« The Jewel House of Art and Nature," &c., "faith-
fully and familiarly set downe according to the
Author's owne experience, by Hugh Platte, of Lin-
coln's Inne, gentleman. London, 1594."

in which this word building is used in precisely
the same sense as that which I defend. In " the
Preface of the Author," the following passage
occurs :

" I made a condicionall promise of some farther dis-
couerie in arteficiall conceipts, then either my health

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

195

or leisure would then permit : I am now resolued
(notwithstanding the vnkind acceptation of my iirst
fruits, whidi then I feared and liath since faine out, is
a sufficient release in law of the condition) to make the
same in some sort absolute (tliough not altogether
according to the fulnesse of my first purpose), and to be-
come a building word unto me."

I apprelicnd that this parallel instance is all
that is wanting to preserve, for the future, the
reading of the first folio unimpaired.

The third passage on which I have a remark to
offer, is that much tormented one in Act III.
Sc. 1., which stands in my first folio thus :
" Cla. The prenzie, Angelo?

ha. Oh, 'tis the cunning liuerie of hell,
The damnest bodie to inuebt, and couer
In prenzie gardes,"

I need not say a word about the various sug-
gestions of prinizie, jyriestly, princely, precise, &c.,
which have appeared from time to time ; my
business is solely with the original word in the
first folio. I have always felt sure that this is
none other than the poet's own word, and no error
of the printer ; for how could it be possible to
make a gross mistake in a word which occurs
twice within four lines, and one, moreover, so un-
usual ; the printer must surely have been able to
decipher the letters from one of the two written
speciu\ens. It will be observed that there is a
comma after prenzie in the original, indicating
that the word is a substantive, not an adjective.
Now what is tlie Italian for a prince? Not only
principe, but also prenze ; and in like manner we
find principessa and prenzessa, I have no doubt
that what Shakspeare did write was —
" The prenzie, Angelo ? "

while a little lower down he converted the word
into an adjective :

" To inuest and couer
In prenzie gardes."

It is obvious to remark that this meaning of
prenzie exactly fits the sense: Angelo was a prince,
and he was clad in robes of office, adorned with
princely " gardes," or trappings. Shakspeare, no
doubt, was very well acquainted with Italian
tales and poems ; the word may have become
quite familiar to him. His intention here, in put-
ting the term in question into Claudio's mouth,
may have been to give an Italian character to the
scene, introducing thus the local term of dignity of
the deputy ; thus recalling the audience, by the
occurrence of a single word, to the scene of the
plot ; for though this is said to be in Vienna, yet
it is to be observed that not a name throughout
the play is German, everything is Italian. And
let it not be objected that the use of this Avord
involves an obscurity which Shakspeare would
have avoided; we are hardly able to judge, now-
a-days, whether a particular word was obscure or

not in his time : at all events, there would be no
difficulty in adducing instances of what we should
call more obscure allusions, and I think tliere can
be little doubt that the well-educated in those
days well understood the Italian prenze to mean a
prince. H. C. K.
Rectory, Hereford.

"Hamlet" and G. Steemns. — In Act I. Sc. 4.,

Horatio asks Hamlet : " What does this mean, my

Lord?" (The noise of music within). Hamlet

replies :

" The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse.

Keeps wassel, and the swaggering up-spring reels."

G. Steevens, in a note of this passage, says:
" The swaggering up-spring was a German dance."
Is not the allusion directed to the king, whom
Hamlet describes as " a swaggering up-spring,'' or
" upstart ?" ShoiUd not the line —

" O horrible, 0 horrible, viost horrible ! "

in the Ghost's narrative in the Jlfth scene, be given
to Hamlet ? James CoRNisn.

Falmouth,

i&inax J2atc5.

Sir Fj-ancis Drake. — Having traversed the
globe within three years, his travels were thus
noticed by a poet of his day :

" Drake, pererrati novit quern terminus orbis,
Quemque semel mundi vidit uterque Polus.
Si taceant homines, faciant te sidera notum,
Sol nescit coraitis non memor esse sui."

Cleric US (D.)

Similarity of Idea in St. Lulie and Juvenal. —
Examples of identity of expression existing be-
tween the Scriptures and ancient heathen writers
have already appeared in " N. & _Q." Permit me
to add the following passages, which appear to me
to afford an instance of fcimilarity of idea :

" Aeyco viiiv, Zri eav ovroi aLtaTr'fjffOKUV, ol KiOoi iceKpa-
lorrai." — Luc. cap xix, v. 40.

" Audis,
Jupiter, li£ec, nee Libra moves, quum mittere vocem
Debueras, vel raarmoreus, vel aeneus?

Juven. Silt. xiii. v. 113.

The satirist would seem to say (taking the scep-
tic's view), that even if Jupiter existed only in
brass and marble, the very statues would " cry
out " against the impious perjury.

I drop my initials, and beg to subscribe myself

Arch. Weir.

Sincere. — Trench, On the Study of Words, 4th
ed., p. 197., says :

" They would be pleased to learn that ' sincere ' may
be, I will not say that it is, without wax (sine cera),
as the best and finest honey should be."

196

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

Is not this derivation erroneous ? Sincere does
not mean " pure, like virgin-honey ; " but it ex-
presses the absence of deception. I doubt not
that it is derived from —

" The practice of Roman potters to rub wax into the
flaws of their unsound vessels when they sent them to
market. A sincere [without wax] vessel was the same
as a sound vessel, one that had no disguised flaw."

So says Bushnell {God in Christ, p. 17.). The
derivation is no novelty. I reproduce it merely
to correct an error which is obtaining currency
under the name of Mr. French. I should be
obliged to any of your correspondents who would
refer me to, or still better cite, any passages in
the Latin classics relating to the practice I have
mentioned. C. Mansfieli) Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Epitaph in Applehy Chuixh-yai-d, Leicester-
shire.—

" I was a fine young man.
As you would see in ten.
And when I thought of this,
I took in hand my pen.
And wrote it down so plain
That every one might see ;
How I was cut down,
Like blossoms from a tree."

J. G. L.

^wtxiei.

THE CRESCENT.

I shall be obliged to any correspondent of
*' N. & Q." who will point out the period at
which the crescent became the standard of Ma-
hometanism. Poets and romancers freely bestow
it upon any time or scene in which Mussulmans
are introduced ; Sir Walter Scott mentions it
in the Talisman, but after the strange liberties
he has taken with Saladin and Richard, he be-
comes, on such a question, no higher authority
than writers of meaner name. I cannot find it in
the history of Mahomet, or in that of his imme-
diate successors. The first time Michaud, in his
fine Histoire des Croisades, speaks of it is in the
reign of Mahomet II., which Is many centuries
after periods at which modern poets, and even
historians, have named it as the antagonistic
standard to the cross. The crescent is common
upon the reverses of coins of the Eastern empire
long before the Turkish conquest, and was, I have
reason to believe, in some degree peculiar to the
Sclave nations. Was it the standard of the Turks,-
as contradistinguished from other Saracens ? or,
Avas it adopted by Mahomet II. after his conquests
of Constantinople and the eastern countries of
Europe ? I am aware that if this last idea be
substantiated, it will make it much more modern
than it is generally supposed to be, but our ideas I

of everything Turkish were for so long a lime
mixed with the wonderful and the romantic, that
we must not expect much correctness on such
points. The Turks came Into fearful contiguity
with the West in the fifteenth century ; Europe
had as much to dread from them then as from the
Russians now. This event and the art of printing
were almost cotemporary, and the crescent has-
been presented to us as the symbol of Maho-
metanism ever since ; but I much doubt it can be
proved to have been so at a far remoter period.

W. ROBSON.

Stockwell.

The Hebrew Testament. — Having lately com-
pleted the above work, so as to be " ready for the
press " without much delay, I should be glad,,
before I resign the MS. to the hands of the
printer, to have the advantage of the suggestions
of those of your erudite readers who have made
sacred criticism their study.

MosEs Margolioutit.

Dr. Franklin. — I possess the following lines in
the handwriting of Dr. Franklin, written in the
year 1780. Can any of your readers tell me who-
was the author of them, and when and where they
were first printed ?

" When Orpheus went down to the Regions below.

Which men are forbidden to see ;
He tun'd up his Lyre, as historians show.

To set his Euridice free.
All Hell was astonish'd, a person so wise

Should so rashly endanger his life,
And venture so far ! But how vast their surprise.

When they heard that he came for his wife.

" To find out a punishment due to the fault.

Old Pluto had puzzled his brain ;
But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought.

So he gave him his wife back again.
But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart.

And, pleas'd with his playing so well,
Jle took her again, in reward of Ills Art ;

Such power had Music in Hell !"

G. U. B.

Flemish Refugees. — In the troubled times of
the Reformation, England was not seldom the
refuge for Flemings who, for the sake of religion,
abandoned their country. Among these was Mr..
Joos Tuck, who, according to a consistorial deci-
sion of Dec. 14, 1582, was proposed by G. Van
Den Haute, then pastor at Sluis, to the brethren
of the Flemish Class, since " they had taken know-
ledge of the sound and good gifts of their brother."^
He left Sluis soon after, probably in July, 1583,
and withdrew to England. I should be glad to-
learn what befell him there.

Peter Lambert was a student'of the University
of Ghent : though, as far as I rtra aware, he is not

Aug. 27.

1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

197

mentioned in Te Water's History of the Reformed
Church and University in Ghent. On July 21,
1583, a student made known his wish to propose
himself as candidate for the ministry ; and on
August 4 appeared Peter Lambert, student of
the University of Ghent, before the consistory,
requesting the brethren to grant him the twenty-
five guilders which had been promised ; because,
on account of the troubled state of the country,
he wished to flee to England, on which request
was decided : " Since a well-known and pious
brother, who is compelled to flee, is in need of
help, let the deacons and pensionary of the town
be addressed thereon." Very probably, therefore,
Jie also took refuge in England. Can any one give
me farther information ? — From the Navorscher.

J. H. Van Dale.

" Sad are the rose leaves" 8)'C. — Can you or
Any of your correspondents tell me whence come
the following lines ? —

" Sad are tlie rose leaves which betoken
That there the dead lie buried low ;
But sadder, when the heart is broken,
Are smiles upon the lips of woe."

They are quoted from memory from the album of
a lady friend. Iseldunensis.

Wanted, the original habitat of the following
Sentences :

1. " Ministerium circa, non magisterium supra,
Scriptures."

2. " Virtus rectorem ducemque desiderat, vitia
sine magistro discuntur."

3. " In nccessariis unitas, in non-necessariis
iibertas, in omnibus charitas."

4. " Exiguum est ad legem bonum esse." Wet-
stein assigns this last to Seneca, Epist. 17.; but
there is some error. It very likely is in Seneca.

5. "Verbum audimus, motum sentlmus, praj-
sentiam credimus, modum nescimus." Durandus
is the author.

6. " En rem indignam ! nos qui jam tot annos
sumus doctores S. Theologian, denuo cogimur adire
ludos literai'ios." Spoken by the adversaries of
Erasmus.

What is the earliest authority for the story of
St. John and his partridge ?

Will Mr. Bolton Coknet be kind enough to
explain the occasion of Porson's notable speech
recorded on the last page of his Curiosities Illus-
trated ?

His sagacity was not at fault in suspecting a
French origin for D'Israeli's story, p. 89. See
Bassompiere, in Retrospective Revieiv, xiii. 346.

s. z. z. s.

Tea-7narhs. — Accident threw In my way lately a
-catalogue of a large sale of teas in Mincing Lane ;
^nd my attention was drawn to certain marks

against the several lots, which appeared to Indi-
cate particular qualities, but to me, as uninitiated,
perfectly incomprehensible. In this dilemma I
asked one of our principal brokers the meaning of
all this, and I was informed that teas are sampled
and tasted by the brokers, and divided In the
main Into seven classes, distinguished as follows :

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

No. 4.

No. 5.

No. 6.

No. 7.

r

Gal-
lows.

h
Tee.

//.a

Good

middling

A.

//.

Good
mid-
dling.

/•»

Mid-
dling
A.

/•

Mid-
dling.

/

Ordi-
nary.

Can any of your correspondents tell us when
this classification was first introduced, or the ori-
gin of the first two characters ? Can they be
Chinese, and the names given from some fancied
resemblance to the gallows, or the letter T turned
sideways ? My friend the broker, though a very
Intelligent man, could give me no information
whatever on these points. W. T.

42. Lowndes Square.

William the Conqueror'' s Surname. — Had Wil-
liam a surname ? If so, what was it ? By sur-
name I mean such as is transmitted from father to
son, not the epithets he used to bestow on himself
in documents, as " I, William the Bastard," " I,
William the Conqueror," &c. Tee Bee.

Old Saying. —

" Merry be the first
And merry be the last,
And merry be the first of August."

Having frequently heard this old saying, I take
the liberty of asking, through your much valued
paper. If any of your readers are able to tell me
Its origin ? Edm. L. Bagshawe,

Bath Literary Institution.

To pluck a Crow with One. — It Is a common
expression in all ranks, I believe, of this country,
to speak of " plucking a crow " with such a one ;
meaning, to call him to account for some delin-
quency. Can any of your correspondents Inform
me of the origin of the phrase ? W. W.

" WelVs a fret." — When, after a short pause In
conversation, any one utters the Interjection,
" Well ! " it Is a very common practice In Not-
tingham to say :

" . . . . . . and iveWs a fret.

He that dies for love will not be hang'd for debt."

I have asked a great number of persons for an
explanation, but they all use the phrase without
any meaning. Can you, or any of your readers,
tell me If it have any ; or if it be only nonsensical
docsrel ? Devonieksis.

198

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 200.

— This expression surely has a

Can any of your correspondents

W. T. M.

Pail the Piper.
firm foundation,
trace it ?

Hong Kong.

Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by
Jeremy Tat/lor. —

" This was ingeniously signified by that Greek in-
scription upon a font, wliich is so prettily contrived,
that the words may be read after the Greek or after
the Hebrew manner, and bo exactly the same :

' Lord, wash my sin, and not ray face only.' " — Life of
Christ, part i. sect. 9. disc. 6., " On Baptism," vol. ii.
p. 235., Eden's edition.

Can any reader of " N. & Q." state the bishop's
authority for this ingenious device ? A. Tatloe.

Acharis. — The following is extracted from Dug-
dale's Monasticon :

" Radulphus Wicliff armiger tenet in WiclifT duas
partes decimarum de dominicis quondam Acharis, quon-
dam ad 5. s. modo nihil quia ut diclt sunt inelusa; in
parco suo, ideo ad consilium,"

What is the meaning of the term Acharis, and
of the passage ? It is an extract from the Rentale
spiritualium Possessionum atqiie temporalium Prio-
ratus Sancti Martini juxta Richnund in agro Ebo'
racensi. A. W. H.

Attainment of Majority. — ^Professor De Morgan
will, I am sure, permit me to put this question to
him :

In a short treatise " On Ancient and Modern
Usage in Reckoning," written by him for the
Companion to the Almanac of 1850, he explains, at
page 9., the usage of attainment of majority in
these words :

" Nevertheless in the law, which here preserves the
old reclioning, he is of full age on the 9th : though he
were born on the 10th, he is of age to execute a
settlement a minute after midnight on the morning of
the 9th."

I want to have this statement reconciled with the
opening scene of Ben Jonson's Staple of Neivs,
where Pennyboy jun. counts, as his watch sti'ikes
— " one, two, three, four, five, six ! " —
" Enough, enough, dear watch,
Thy pulse hath beat enough
— The hour is come so long expected," &c.

Then " the fashioner" comes in to fit on' the heir's
new clothes ; he had " waited below 'till the clock
stfuck," and gives, as an excuse, "your worship
might have pleaded nonage, if you had got 'em
on ere I could make just affidavit of the time."

All these particulars are too verbatim to admit
of doubt as to the peculiar usage of that time ; and
from other sources I know that Ben Jonson was
right : but it is not alluded to in the treatise first

mentioned, nor is it stated when the usage was
altered to " a minute after midnight." A. E. B.
Leeds.

Ilurtmans Account of Waterloo. — In the note
to the 3rd Canto of Childe Harold, Stanza 29,
Lord Byron says :

" The place where Major Howard fell was not far
from two tall and solitary trees, which stand a few
yards from each other at a pathway's side. Beneath
tliese lie died and was buried. The body has since
been removed to England."

I have a copy on which one has written —

" Hartman's account is full and interesting. He
was in conversation with Major Howard when he was
killed ; and afterwards gave directions for his burial.
Though no poet, he could describe graphically what
he saw and did."

The position of Hartman, and his apparent
familiarity with Major Howard, seem to take him
out of the herd of writers on Waterloo ; but I
cannot learn who he was, or what he wrote. Can
any of your readers tell me ? The note may have
been made in mere wantonness, but it looks
genuine. G. D.

Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury. —
When was Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Can-
terbury, born ; who, Camden tells us, was the
" greatest ornament" of Higham Ferrers ? I have
seen his birth somewhere stated to have taken
place in the year 1360; but no day or month was
given. I should also be glad to know to what
extent he was a contributor towards the restoration
of Croydon Church, the tower and porch of which
bear his arms ? K. W. Elliot.

Translation of Athenaus. — I find, in the Clas-
sical Journal, xxxviii. 11., published in 1828, that
an English translation of Athenacus had been com-
pleted before his death by R. Fenton, Esq., F.R.S.,
author of the History of Pembrokeshire. The
writer farther says : " We have reason to believe
that the MS. is now In possession of his son, the
Rev. S. Fenton, Vicar of Fishguard in Pembroke-
shire." Has this version, or any part of it, ever
been published? P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.

Passages from Euripides. — Rogers translates
two fine passages from Euripides :

" There is a streamlet issuing from a rock," &c.
and

" Dear is that valley to tlie murmuring bees," &c.

Where is the original Greek to be found ? F.

Anderson^ s Poyal Genealogies. — Is there any
memoir or biographical account extant of James
Anderson, D.D., the learned compiler of that most
excellent and valuable work bearing the above
title, and published in London, 1732, fol. ? G.

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

199

Louis le Hutin. — When or for what reason was
the sobriquet " Hutin " attached to Louis X. of
France ? And what is the meaning of " Hutin ? "

F. S. A.

\_Hutin is defined by Roquefort, brusque, emportc,
querelleiir, from the Low Latin Hidinus ; and in illus-
trating the word he furnishes the following reply to
our correspondent's Query : " Mezerai rapporte que
Louis X. fat surnomme Hutin, parceque, des son en-
fance, il aimait a quereller et a se battre, et que ce
surnom fut lui donne par allusion a un petit maillet
dont se servent les tonneliers, appele hutinet, parce-
qu'il fait beaucoup de bruit. "J

aaciiitc^.

BEE-PAEK BEE-HAIiL.

(Vol. v., pp. 322. 498.)

Enjoying as we do the advantages of the ex-
tension of scientific knowledge, and its application
to our routine of daily v/ants, we are apt to forget
that our forefathers were without many things we
deem essentials. Your correspondents C. W. G.
and B. B. have touched upon a curious feature of
antiquity, which science and commerce have ren-
dered obsolete. Yet, before the introduction of
sugar, bees were important ministers to the luxu-
ries of the great, as mentioned at the above-cited
pages. I was struck with the following passage in
the first forest charter of King Henry III. :

" Every freeman . . . shall likewise have the
honey which shall be found in his woods."

This, in a charter second only in importance,
perhaps, to Magna Charta Itself, sounds strange to
our ideas ; moderns would not think It a very
royal boon. But the note with which Mr. K.
Thomson {Historical Essay on the Magna Charta
of King John, p. 352.) illustrates this passage is
interesting, and, though rather long, may be worth
insertion in your columns :

" The second part of this chapter secures to the
woodland proprietor all the honey found in his woods ;
which was certainly a much more important gift than
it would at first appear, since the Hon. Daines Bar-
rjngton remarks, that perhaps there has been no law-
suit or question concerning it for the last three hun-
dred years. In the middle ages, however, the use
of honey was very extensive in England, as sugar was
not brought hither untd the fifteenth century ; and it
was not only a general substitute for it in preserving,
but many of the more luxurious beverages were prin-
cipally composed of it, as mead, metheglin, pigment,
and morat, and these were famous from the Saxon days,
down even to the time of the present charter (1217).
In the old Danish and Swedish laws bees form a prin-
cipal subject ; and honey was a considerable article of
rent in Poland, in which it was a custom to bind any

one who stole it to the tree whence it was taken. The
Baron de Mayerberg also relates, that when he tra-
velled in Muscovy in 1661, he saw trees there ex-
pressly adapted to receive bees, which even those who
felled their own wood were enjoined to take down in
such a manner that they who prepared them should have
the benefit of the honey. Nor was the wax of less im-
portance to the woodland proprietors of England, since
candles of tallow are said to have been first used only
in 1290, and those of wax were so great a luxury, that
in some places they were unknown : but a statute con-
cerning wax-chandlers, passed in 1433 (the Ilth of
Henry VI. chap. 12.), states that wax was then used
in great quantities for the images of saints. Only re-
ferring, however, to the well-known use of large wax
tapers by King Alfred in the close of the ninth cen-
tury, it may be observed that in the laws of Hoel Dha,
king of South Wales, which are acknowledged as au-
thentic historical documents, made about a. d. 940, of
much older materials, is mentioned the right of the
king's chamberlain to as much wax as he could bite
from the end of a taper." — Coke; Manwood ; Bar-
ri7igton ; Statutes of the Realm.

Perhaps you will allow a few words more in
Illustration of B. B.'s Query (Vol. v., p. 498.).
A recent correspondent, writing of some modern
experiments on the venom of toads, suggests the
propriety of contributing to a list of " vulgar
errors " which have proved to be " vulgar truths."
It would not much surprise me to learn tliat, after
all, the popular belief in the efficacy of the rough
music of the key and warming-pan might be
added to his list. At all events the reason stated
by B. B. to prove Its uselessness, viz. that bees
have no sense of hearing, must, I think, be
abandoned, as a Query of Mr. Sydney Smirke
(Vol. vll., p. 499.), and an answer (Vol. vii.,
p. 633.), win show. That all insects are possessed
of hearing, naturalists seem now as well convinced
of as that they have eyes ; though some naturalists
formerly considered they were not, as Linnceus
and Bonnet ; while Huber (his interesting ob-
servations on bees notwithstanding) seems to have
been quite undecided on the point. Bees, as well
as all other insects, hear through the medium of
their antenna?, which In a subordinate degi'ee are
used as feelers ; observing which, perhaps, Huber
and others were indisposed to ascribe to them the
sense in question.

In reference to Mr. Sydney Smirke's Query,
so far from other naturalists confirming Huber's
observations as to the effect produced by the sound
emitted by the Sphynx atropos on the bees, be-
sides Dr. Bevan (quoted Vol. vii., p. 633.), the
intelligent entomologist, Mr. Duncan, author of the
entomological portion of The Naturalist's Library
(vol. xxxiv. pp. 53 — 55.), completely disproves
them. He tells us that he has closely watched
bees, and has seen the queen attack the larva cells ;
but the sentinels, notwithstanding the reiteration
of the queenly sound, so far from remaining mo-

iOO

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

tionless, held their sovereip;n in check, and stub-
bornly persisted in the defence of their charge
against the attacks of their queen and mother.
Besides this disproval of the incapacitation of bees
by the emission of a sound, another from the ex-
periments of Huber himself may be mentioned.
He introduced a SpJiynx atropos into a hive in the
daytime, and it was immediately attacked and
killed by the workers. Query, Might not the
explanation of the robbery of hives by this moth
be, that the darkness of night incapacitates the
bees, while it is the time nature has provided for
the wanderings of the Sphynx ? Tee Bee.

MILTON S WIDOW.

^Vol. vii., p. 596. ; Vol. viii., pp. 12. 134.)

A contribution of mine to the miscellaneous vol.
'of the Chetham Society's publications having been
introdiiced to your readers by the handsome no-
tice of Mb. Hughes, I feel bound to notice the ob-
jection raised by your correspondent Garlichithe
(Vol. viii., p. 134.), who has confounded Randle the
grandfather and Randle the son of the writer of
theseletters quoted by Mr. Hunter. Richard Min-
shuU, who was the writer of these letters in 1656,
and died in the following year, had several sons,
of whom the eldest, Randle, correctly described
by Mr. Hughes as the great-great-grandson of
the MinshuU who first settled at Wistaston, had
seven children, of whom Elizabeth, the widow
of Milton, was one. She was baptized at Wistaston
on the 30th Dec. 1638. In 1680 (about six years
after her husband's death), by means of a family
arrangement with Richard MinshuU of Wistaston,
frame-work knitter, who, there can be little doubt,
was her brother, evidenced by a bond in my posses-
sion, she acquired a leasehold interest in a farm
at Brindley, near Nantwich. On the 20th July,
1720, by her name and description of Elizabeth
Milton, of Nantwich, widow, she administered to
the effects of her brother, John MinshuU, in the
Consistory Court of Chester ; and her will, the
probate of which is also in my possession, is dated
22nd August, and proved 10th October, 1727. Mr.
Hughes having given a reference to the volume
where this information will be found in detail, a
reference to it might have saved Garlichithe
the trouble of starting an objection, and sliown
Lira that, so far from the facts stated being' irre-
concilable with Mr. Hunter's tract, that gentle-
man's reference to Randle Holme's Correspondence
w.as suggested by a communication of my own to
The Athenceum, and in its turn furnished me with
the clue from which I eventually ascertained the
particulars of Mrs. Milton's birth and parentage.
I am sorry to say that I have wholly failed in
finding the register of her marriage : it is not in
the register-book of her native place. It might

be worth while to search the register of the
parishes in which Milton's residence in Jewin
Street, and Dr. Paget's in Coleman Street, are
situate. There is no uncertainty as to the date,
which Aubrey tells us was in " the yeare before
the sicknesse."

Though Cranmore (Vol. v., p. 327.) is said to be
a deserter from the ranks of " N. & Q.," I hope he
is known to some of your readers, and that they
will convey to him a hint that he is under some-
thing like a promise to furnish information, which,
as regards Dr. Paget's connexion with the poet's
widow, will still be welcome. J. F. Marsh.

Despite his acknowledged infidelity, I must
tender my thanks to Garlichithe for his oblig-
ing reference to Mr. Hunter's tract ; albeit there
is, I may be permitted to suggest, no position
assumed in my note upon Milton's widow which
that tract in any way contravenes or sets aside.
The fact is, Garlichithe, in the outset, entirely
misapprehends the nature of my argument ; and
so leads himself, by a sort of literary " Will-o'-
the-wisp," unconsciously astray.

It was not Randle the grandfather of Richard
MinshuU, writer of the two letters transcribed by
Mr. Hunter, but Randle the eldest son of this
Richard MinshuU to whom I referred as the father
of Elizabeth Milton. Nor is it possible that this
Elizabeth could have " died in infancy," seeing
that I possess a copy of a bond (the original is
also extant) from her brother Richard, then of
Wistaston, where he was baptized April 7, 1641,
secured to her as Elizabeth Milton^ dated June 4,
1680.

As to the marriage itself, it may have taken
place in London, where the poet resided ; or,
which is more probable, at or near the residence
of their mutual friend. Dr. Paget. Milton was
certainly not over-careful about ritual observances,
and it is not therefore unlikely that the rigid
Puritan preferred a private, or what is termed a
civil marriage, to one religiously and properly
conducted in the church of his forefathers.

T. Hughes.

PECULIAR ORNAMENT IN CROSTHWAITE CHURCH.

(Vol. viii., p. 55.)

It is probable that these circles with eight ra-
diations are the original dedication-crosses of the
church. Such crosses are still to be seen painted
on the piers of the nave in Roman Catholic
churches. Durandus, describing the consecration
of a church, says :

" In the meanwhile within the building twelve
lamps be burning before twelve crosses, wliich be de-
picted on the walls of the church Lastly, he

[the bishop] anointeth with chrism the twelve crosses

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

201

depicted on the wall." — Durandus On Symbolism, ed.
Neale and Webb, p. 115.

In the Pontifical, De Ecclesics Dedicatione, the
rubric directs, —

" Item, depingantur in parietibus Ecclesiae intrinse-
ciis per circuitum duodecim eriices, circa decern palmos
super terram, videlicet tres pro quolibet, ex quatuor
parietibus. Et ad caput cujuslibet crucis figatur unus
clavus, cui affigatur una candela unius uncia?."

Dedication-crosses occur at Salisbury Cathedral,
and at Uffington Church, Berks, and in both cases
on the exterior of the buildings.

The crosses at Salisbury are seven in number,
viz. one over each side-door at the west end, two
on the buttresses of the north and south transepts,
two on the buttresses of the east end, and one in
the centre of the east wall. The number at Uf-
fington is twelve, disposed as follows : Three under
the east window, three under the west window,
one under the south window of the south tran-
sept, one under the north window of the north
transept, one on the south wall of the nave, one
on the north wall of the nave, one on the south
wall of the chancel, and one in the east wall of
the south transept. In each case the crosses have
been of brass inlaid in the wall, with the exception
of one, which is of stone, and of more elaborate
design. The rationale of dedication-crosses, ac-
cording to Durandus, is, —

" First, as a terror to evil spirits, that they, having
been driven forth thence, may be terrified when they
see the sign of the cross, and may not presume to enter
therein again. Secondly, as a mark of triumph ; for
crosses be the banners of Christ, and the signs of his

triumph Thirdly, that such as look on them may

call to mind the passion of Christ, by which he hath
consecrated his Church, and their belief in his passion,"
&c. — Page 125.

Under these aspects the exterior would seem the
more fitting, and may have been the original posi-
tion of them. Perhaps Mr. Elliot will inform us
what is the number of crosses at Crosthwaite ?

Chevebells.

CURIOUS MISTRANSLATIONS.

(Vol. vi., p. 321.)

I have found, in D'Israeli's Curiosities of Litera-
ture, two or three instances in which he mistrans-
lates from the French. The first occurs in the
following passage in the article headed " Inquisi-
tion : "

" Once all were Turks when they were not Ro-
manists. Raymond, Count of Toulouse, was con-
strained to submit. The inhabiiants were passed on the
edge of the sword, without distinction of age or sex."

Prom the words which I have marked for Italics,
it is clear thatDTsraeli translated the passage from

some French author ; but not being aware of the
idiomatic expression " passer au fil de I'epee," and
that it means "to put to the sword," he trans-
lated the words in their literal sense, which ia
English is no sense at all.

The second example will be found in the article
headed "Mysteries, Moralities," &c. D'Israeli
quotes some extracts from the Mystery of St.
Dennis, and concludes with the following on the
subject of baptism :

" Sire, oyez que fait ce fol prestre :
II prend de I'yaue en une escuelle,
Et gete aux gens sur le cervele,
Et dit qae partants sont sauves."

which he translates thus :

" Sir, hear what this mad priest does :
He takes water 0M< q/" a ladle.
And, throwing it at people's heads,
He says that when they depart they are saved 1"

The error of "out of" for "into" is unimpor-
tant; but not so where he renders "partants" by
" when they depart." The word " partant," in the
original, is an adverb, and means " thereupon,"
"forthwith." This DTsraeli has mistaken for
" partant," the participle of " partir : " and hence
the erroneous construction given to the passage.

A third sample occurs in the same article, where
the author quotes from one of the dramas called
Sotties, a passage in which are these lines :

" Tuer les gens pour leurs plaisirs,
Jouer le leur, I'autrui saisir."

These he translates as follows :

" Killing people for their pleasures,
Minding their own interests, and seizing on what be-
longs to another."

Here we have "jouer le leur," to gamble, ren-
dered by " to mind their own interests ; " a rather
equivocal method, it must be confessed, of accom-
plishing that object.

These are among the very few instances in
which D'Israeli, by quoting from the original au-
thorities, enables us to form an opinion as to the
correctness of his anecdotes ; and when we con-
sider that by far the greater proportion of these
are drawn from French sources, there is reason to
apprehend that they may not have always been
given with sufficient fidelity. I am confirmed in
this view by another quotation which DTsraeli
seems to have misunderstood. He is speaking of
the feudal custom of the French barons, according
to which they were allowed to cohabit with the
new bride during the first three nights after mar-
riage. Upon this he remarks :

" Montesquieu is infinitely French when he could
turn this shameful species of tyranny into a bo7i mot ;
for he boldly observes on this : ' C'etait blen ces trois
nuits la qu'il fallait choisir; car pour les autres on

202

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

n'anrait pas donne beaucoup d'argent.' The legislator,
in the wit, forgot the feelings of his heart."

I have never been able to conceive what mean-
ing D'lsraeli could have attached to this quotation
from Montesquieu, so as to torture it into a hon
mot. Not only is there nothing of the kind in the
words he quotes, but there is not even an attempt
at it. The writer merely suggests a reason for the
preference given to the first three nights ; and in
doing so he expresses the sentiments of the barons,
and not his own. And yet, it is upon this strange
misapprehension of Montesquieu's meaning, that
D'Israeli lays at the door of that illustrious man
the imputation of being " infinitely French," and
of forgetting, for the sake of a hon mot, the feelings
of his heart ! Henry H. Bbeen.

St. Lucia.

" TO SPEAK IN LUTESTRING.

(Vol. iii., p. 188.)

The Query on the meaning of the phrase " to
speak in lutestring," used by Philo-Junius, has
remained so long without an answer, that to at-
tempt to give one now seems almost to require an
apology. I will however do so. In Letter XL VII.,
dated May 28, 1771, Philo-Junius says :

" I was led to trouble you with these observations
by a passage, which, to speak in lutestring, ' I met with
this morning in the course of my reading,' and upon
which I mean to put a question to the advocates for
privilege."

Now we know, that if two lutes, or other
stringed instruments, be placed near each other,
when a chord of one of them is struck, the corre-
sponding chord of the other will vibrate in unison,
and give a similar note ; one lutestring will echo
tHe other. The story of the maiden who believed
that the spirit of her dead lover was near her,
because his harp sounded responsive notes to hers,
and who died heart-broken when she was unde-
ceived, is sufficiently well known. " To speak in
lutestring" is then to speak as another man's
echo ; and Philo-Junius here was the echo of the
Duke of Grafton, and used this affected phrase
derisively, as being a favourite, or at least well-
known expression of his. In a letter which is
appended as a note to Letter XX., and which is
dated six days previous to the one just quoted,
viz. May 22, 1771, he says :

" But Junius has a great authority to support him,
which, to speak with the Duke of Graf/on, ' I acci-
dentally met with this morning in the course of my
reading.' It contains an admonition which cannot be
repeated too often," &c.

I have not found the phrase " to speak in lute-
string" anywhere else ; but I think, from a com-
parison of these two quotations, that it must mean

what I have supposed it to mean — to speak as the
echo or exact repeater of another man's words.
Where can instances be found of the Duke of
Grafton's using this expression, which Philo-
Junius ridicules ? W. Fraser.
Tor-Mohun.

BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES.

(Vol. vi. passim.')

So many interesting notices have been made by
your correspondents on the subject of peculiar
interments, — skipping about from one part of the
country to another, and dropping down from the
south into Lincolnshire, as if in search of far-
ther instances, — that I am induced to add to the
number of records, by stating the fact as to the
late Mr. Dent, of Winterton, whose body, at his
particular request, was deposited after his death
in his own garden, on the south of the house in
Winterton, where he not only lived but died.

Friend Jonathan, as he was familiai-ly called,
was a man of shrewd understanding, and possessing
strong common sense ; yet, like others, he had his
failings, and amongst them the amor nummi was
not the least obtrusive. As a very wealthy man he
was looked up to by a little aspiring community of
Quakers in the neighbourhood ; and his own dress,
when in a better suit, exhibited an appearance of
his connexion with that fraternity.

The Quakers had a small burial-ground at
Thealby, in the parish of Burton-upon-Stother,
which I some years ago had the curiosity to in-
spect, but such a forlorn lost place for such a sober
and serious purpose I never in my life before
looked upon ; it is posited at a little distance from
the public road entering Thealby from Winterton,
where no doubt at one time stood a lot of cottages
and crofts, surrounded by common stone walls,
made from the flat stone of the neighbourhood.
But so small and so neglected was this burial
place, that I could compare it to nothing better
than an old parish pinfold ; it had been so little
attended to when I visited it, that the whole area
was under a most luxuriant crop of flourishing
nettles, six or seven feet high. And as to graves,
or the purport of its occupation, we could see
nothing ; and yet its position was such that with
ordinary attention it might have been even a
picturesque spot, having three or four large trees
overlooking it.

Upon an after Inquiry I was told that a funeral
had lately taken place here, at which Friend Jona-
than was the presiding attendant. But in pre-
paration for this ceremony they had found so much
difficulty in stubbing up the strong nettles, and
digging the roots to form a decent grave ; and
it°was after all so difficult to find comfortable
standing-room about the grave, that I have ever

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

203

since concluded that Mr. Dent must have been
disgusted with it, as, tipon depositing their lost
friend in the eartli, he, as spokesman, thought it
unnecessary to make any observations, and he
recommended that they should at once cover the
body up ; and so it was done.

That Mr. Dent had any antipathy to the church
I do not know, but that he had a great dislike to
paying unnecessary fees I have a good recollection
of. Before his death he requested that his body
should be deposited in his own garden ; and his
request was attended to by his nephew.

After the old gentleman's death, the present
Mr. Dent, with a praiseworthy attention, repaired
and restored in the Elizabethan style the old
dilapidated dwelling-house and homestead where
his uncle lived. And I one day paid a, visit to the
grave, which is an unpretending ridge on a well-
mown grass-plat, and which, with the house and
ground, appeared to be properly attended to ; and
so, I presume, it continues to be.

Wm. T. Hesleden.

J. H. M., in bringing forward Baskerville as an
example of this imusual occurrence, says, that " he
directed he should be buried under a windmill near
his garden." In a volume of Epitaphs, printed at
Ipswich in 1806, once the property of Archdeacon
Nares, and containing several MS. notes by him,
Baskerville's is given, with a note by the editor, in
which he is stated to have been "inurned accord-
ing to his own desire in a conical huilding near his
late Avidow's house." The epitaph, written by
Baskerville himself, commences with these lines —
" Stranger,
Beneath this cone, in unconsecrated ground,
A friend to the liberties of mankind directed
His body to be inurned."

The expression in each case, x'especting the place
of his interment, seems scarcely strong enough for
us to conclude it was a windmill. Perhaps J. H. M.
will kindly favour me with the authority for his
statement. Nares has made the following note on
the epitaph at the bottom of the page :

" I beard John Wilkes, after praising Baskerville, add,
» But be was a terrible infidel ; he used to sbock me ! ' "

R. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORKESPONDENCE.

[At the suggestion of several correspondents we have
reprinted from The AthencEum of the 22nd Nov. 1851,
the article detailing the new process by Mr. Muiler
referred to by the Rev. Mr. Sisson in our last Number.]

Mr. Mutter's Process. — " The following photo-
graphic process has been communicated to us by
Mr. C. J. Muiler, from Patna in the East Indies.
We have submitted it to an experienced photo-
grapher; and he informs us that it offers many

advantages over the Talbotype or the Catalisso-
type of Dr. Woods, which it somewhat resembles ;
that it is easy In all its manipulatory details, and
certain in its results. We give Mr. Muller's own
words : —

" ' A solution of bydriodate of iron is made in
the proportion of eight or ten grains of iodide of
iron to one ounce of water. This solution I pre-
pare in the ordinary way with iodine, iron-turnings,
and water. — The ordinary paper employed in pho-
tography is dressed on one side with a solution of
nitrate of lead (fifteen grains of the salt to an
ounce of water). When dry, this paper is Iodized
either by Immersing it completely in the solution
of the bydriodate of iron, or by floating the leaded
surface on the solution. It Is removed after the
lapse of a minute or two, and lightly dried with
blotting-paper. This paper now contains Iodide
of lead and protonitrate of iron. While still moist,
it is rendered sensitive by a solution of nitrate of
silver (one hundred grains to the ounce) and
placed in the camera. After an exposure of the
duration generally required for Talbot's paper, it
may be removed to a dark room. If the image is
not already out, it will be found speedily to ap-
pear in great strength and with beautiful sharp-
ness without any farther application. The yellow
tinge of the lights may be removed by a little
hyposulphite of soda, though simple washing in
water seems to be suflicient to fix the picture.
The nitrate of lead may be omitted ; and plain
paper only, treated with the solution of the bydrio-
date of Iron, and acetic add may be used with the
nitrate of silver, which renders it more sensitive.
Thelead, however, Imparts apecullar colorific effect.
The red tinge brought about by the lead may be
changed to a black one by the use of a dilute solu-
tion of sulphate of Iron : — by which. Indeed, the
latent image may be very quickly developed. The
papers however will not keep after being iodized.'

"Mr. Muiler suggests, that as Iodide of lead is
completely soluble In nitrate of silver, it might
furnish a valuable photographic fluid, which could
be applied at any moment when required.

" ISTo small degree of interest attaches to this
process, originating In experiments carried on in
Central India. It appears perfectly applicable to
the albumenized glass and collodion processes."

Detail on Negative Paper. — I have not observed
before this, that any photographic operator has
"noted" the burnishing of the Iodized paper
previous to adding the exciting solution, though
I know it is usual to burnish before taking a proof.
This is a very useful adjunct to obtaining minute-
ness, and it Is a plan I have sometimes adopted. I
at first thought it would injure or knock off the
iodized surface, but no injury whatever arises
from the rubbing. I use a small piece of glass
rod, polished flat at one end, so that it may present

204

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

a facet about half an inch square ; but I should
imagine a better instrument might be manufactured
with a proper handle, and some mode of obtaining
pressure ; not obtaining sufiicient is the cause of
a little after-disarrangement if the nitrate of silver
is laid on with a brush, but if floated the polish
remains.

It cannot be doubted but paper is adequate to
any detail ; and when a paper shall be manufac-
tured of a perfect kind, there is no reason to sup-
pose but paper generally will rival collodion for
most purposes.

Nothing prevents it at present but the uneven
surAice of paper. It is very nearly perfect in the
French negative paper ; but that has so many
other drawbacks to its use that it cannot be safely
depended upon. Our manufacturers have still
some improvements to make; for if Canson Freres
had left out the blackening chemical in the paper,
it would have been better than any of ours in my
estimation. Weld Taylor.

Ammonio -nitrate of Silver. — Will any of your
scientific coi'respondents explain the chemical
cause of my inability to form the aramonio-nitrate
of silver from a solution of nitrate of silver upon
which albumenized paper has been previously
floated? Having excited some albumenized paper
on a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, I kept
the solution which had not been consumed for the
purpose of converting it into the ammonio-nitrate.
But on dropping in the ammonia, not only did no
precipitate take place, but the ammoniacal smell
which usually gives place to the tarry odour re-
mained. No albumen appeared to be dissolved
fi-om the paper, and the solution had lost none of
its silver, which I subsequently collected by means
of having formed a chloride. This has occurred
to me more than once, and I call attention to it,
as the investigation of it may lead to some new
results. Philo-Piio.

T^t^Mti to iHtuor <k\itxiti.

" Up, Gttards, and at them I " (Vol. v., p. 426. ;
Vol. viii., pp. 111. 184.). — It will, I hope, close all
debate on this anecdote, to state that the account
I gave of it in Vol. v., p. 426., was from the Duke
himself. I thought it very unlike him to have
given his order in such a phrase, and I asked him
how the fact was, and he answered me to the efiect
I have already stated. C.

German Heraldry (Vol. viii., p. 150.). — Your
Querist will probably find what he inquires for in
Fursten's German Arms, published at Nurenberg
in folio, 1696. The plates are sometimes divided
and bound in three or four oblong volumes. The
work known as Fursten's German Arms was com-
menced by Siebmacker, continued by Furst and

Ilelman, and, in 1714, by Weigel. It is often
quoted under these respective names ; but of later
years, more frequently luider that of Weigel's
Book of German Arms (AVeigel Wapenbuch). It
consists of six Parts, and professes to give the
arms of the principal nobility of the Roman king-
dom : dukes, princes, princely counts ; lords and
l^ersons of position, foregone and existing, in all
the provinces and states of tlie Gei-man empire.
The Preface is by John David Kohler. G.

In the year 1698 a book was published by -J. A.
Rudolphi, at Nurenberg, entitled Heraldica Cu-
riosa. It is in German, a thin folio, with an in-
numerable quantity of engravings of the ai'ms of
German families. J. B.

The Eye (Vol. viii., p. 2d.). — I hope that in-
teresting question raised by your correspondent
H. C. K., respecting the term " apple of the
eye," will meet with attention fiom some philo-
logist. It might help to solve it, if it could be
discovered when the phrase first came into use
in our language. Is it possible that the word
" apple" is a corruption of the Latin " pupilla ?" or
is it, according to H. C. K.'s suggestion, that the iris,
and not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple ?
Doubtless your learned correspondent is aware
that in Zech. ii. 12. the Hebrew phrase is varied,
the word n32l being used, and occurring only in
this passage. If Gesenius's derivation of this word
be correct, which makes it to signify " the gate of
the eye," we have this idea put into a fresh shape.
Have not the Arabs a phrase, " He is dearer to
me than the pupil of mine eye," as well as the
other one, "The- man of the eye?" Curiously
enough, the Greeks express this idea by another
word than /cJpr), viz. yXitvr) (i. e. Koprjs avyi], the
splendour of the pupil (kin. aiyXri), or the pupil
itself, o(pda\fj.ov KSpri). in which the change of signi-
fication is exactly the converse of what it is in
Ko'pTj ; viz., 1st, pupil; 2nd, a little girl; whence,
as a term of reproach, epoe kukti yK^fjurj. Qu^stor.

Canute's Point., Soidhampton (Vol. vii., p. 380.).
— A correspondent having noticed the inscription
on the Canute Castle Inn, Southampton, inquires
for proof to authenticate the locality of the tra-
dition referred to. I submit the following extract
from a local history :

" Canute's Point was a projection of the shore near
the mouth of the Itchen, where it is supposed the cele-
brated but much-embellished reproof to his courtiers
was administered ; and it was preserved by a line of
piles driven into the beach, until the construction of
the docks, which efT.iced the old beach line. Of Ca-
nute's Palace there are still a few remains, and the
position fully justifies the presumption of its identity."

These piles were, I believe, in existence in the
year 1836, when the act for the construction of
the docks was obtained. William Spoor.

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

205

Sf/mon Patrick, Bishop of Ely — Durham —
Weston (Vol. viii., p. 103.).—

"Edward Weston, A. 13. 1723, A.M. 1727, born at
Eton, son of Steven Weston of 1682, Bishop of Exeter.
He was secretary to Lord Townsend at Hanover,
during the king's residence there in 1729. He con-
tinued several years in the office of Lord Harrington
as secretary. He was also transmitter (query, trans-
lator ?) of the State Papers, and one of the clerks to the
Signet. In 1741 he was appointed gazetteer, a place
of considerable emolument. In 1746 he was secretary
to Lord Harrington, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and
became a privy councillor of that kingdom. He pub-
lished, though a layman, a volume of sermons. His
son is now [viz. 1797] a prebendary of Durham and
St. Paul's, and rector of Therfield near Royston." —
llarwood's Alumni Etonenses, p. 300., under 1719.

Corkenhatch must be Cockenbatch, near Bark-
way. J. H. L.

Battle of Villers en Couche (Vol. viii., pp. 8.
127.). — An authoritative record of this action may
be found in —

" An Historical Journal of the British Campaign
on the Continent, in the year 1794; witli the Retreat
through Holland, in the year 1795. By Captain L. T.
Jones, of the 14th regiment. Dedicated, by permis-
sion, to his Royal Highness Field Marshal the Duke
of York. Printed for the Author. Birmingham,
1797."

The list of subscribers contains about a hundred
names. There is a copy of it in the British Museum.
The one now before me is rendered more valuable
by copious marginal notes, evidently written by the
author, which are at the service of your corre-
spondents. They furnish the following extra-
ordinary instance of personal bravery :

" The same officer of this corps (3rd dragoon
guards), who bore off the corpse of General Mansell,
relates some particulars in the action of the 24th, under
Gen. Otto : — that a man of the name of Barnes, who
had been unfortunately reduced from a serjeant to the
ranks, had bravely advanced, doing execution on the
enemy, till his retreat was foreclosed, and he was seen
engaged with five French dragoons at once; all of
these he fairly cut down, when nine more came upon
him, whom he faced and fairly kept at bay, till one of
them got behind him, and shot the brave fellow in the
head."

In reference to ihe action of the 26th, Captain
Jones observes :

" It is not possible to describe the bravery of the
.irmy on that day, nearly the whole of the British
cavalry were engaged, and gained immortal honour."

The Duke of York's address to the army,
published on the 28th of April, thus concludes :

" His Royal Highness has, at all times, had the
highest confidence in the courage of the British troops
in general, and he trusts that the cavalry will now be

convinced that whenever they attack with the firmness,
velocity, and order which they showed on this occasion,
no number of the enemy (we have to deal with) can
resist them."

BiBLIOTHECAR. ChETHAM.

Curious Posthumous Occurrence (Vol. viii., p. 5.).
— Though the worthy grave-digger's account, re-
ported by A. B. C, may be chargeable with some
exaggeration as to the generality of body-turning,
and though the decomposing reason assigned may
not be true, yet, that many dead human bodies
are found with their faces downwards, is never-
theless quite correct.

Works are now in progress, at the east end of
this metropolis, under my own immediate observ-
ation, where this fact has been incontestably veri-
fied. How long since, or on what occasion, these
remains of mortality were placed there, I know
not ; but, in the course of excavation required for
the foundations, they are frequently met with,
and, in many instances, in this strange position.

I had come to the conclusion, that, during some
raging pestilence (and which may indeed again
occur, unless an acceleration takes place in our
wounded-snake-like motion in the way of sanitary
improvement), I say, it had been my impression,
that during some such awful calamity, the anxiety
of the uncontaminated to avoid infection had in-
duced them to remove their less fortunate fellow-
creatures out of the way with so much haste as
actually to bury them alive ! and in some con-
vulsive struggle between life and death, they had
turned themselves over ! R. M.

In reply to this Note, I would remark that I
have consulted a grave-digger "grown old in
the service" here, and he tells me he never re-
members a case where, after interment, in pro-
cess of time the occiput takes the place of the
facial bones ; but, he says, very frequently the
head drops either on one side or the other — a cir-
cumstance which any one conversant with the
human skeleton and the connexion of the cranium
with the vertebras would deem most natural.

Bristoliensis.

Passage in Job (Vol. vii., p. 14.). — This question
is answered, as far as it seems possible, by Barnes,
in his Notes on Job, which Mb. Edwin Jones may
easily consult. The fact appears to be that we have
no information respecting the passage in question
beyond what is furnished by itself. B. H. C.

St. Paul and Seneca (Vol. viii., p. 88.). — There
is an account of the work referred to in the July
number of the Journal of Sacred Literatui^e, edited
by Dr. Kitto. It will be found among the "Foreign
Intelligence." B. H. C.

Haidf-naked (Vol. vii., pp. 432. 558.). — As my
Query in reference to this place has drawn forth a

206

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 200.

Walberton and'
Haulf-naked.

Note or two from some correspondents of yours,
allow me to tliank them, and at the same time to
inform them that " A general Collection of all
the Offices of England, with the Fees, in the
Queene's guifte," a manuscript temp. Elizabeth,
contains the following reference. Under the head
" Castles," &c. occurs, —

" Com. Sussex.

'Keeper of tlie Manor of £ s. d.
Half-naked and Good-
wood - - - 20 0 O
Keeper of the Wood and

Chace of Walberton - 3 0 10."

Chaeles Reed.

Boohs chained to Desks i?! Churches (Vol. viii.,
p. 94.). — An engraving of a very fine perpendi-
cular lettern, having a book fastened to it by a
chain, is given in the Proceedings of the Arch. Inst.
for 1846, as existing at that time in the church of
St. Crux, York. In 1851 I noticed the upper
part of one in Chesterton Church near Canibridge,
placed on the sill of the east window of the south
aisle with a book lying upon it, vei-y much torn
and wanting the title-page. I ascertained the
subject of it at the time ; but omitted to make a
note of it, and I am sorry to say it has now slipped
my memory.

Rutter, in his Somersetshire, speaks of some old
reading-desks, which were still remaining in 1829
in Wrington Church, fastened to the walls of the
chancel, on which were several books, " especially
Fox's Martyrs, and the Clavis JBiMiorum of
F. Roberts, who was rector of the parish in 1675."
There was one also about the same time at Chew
Magna Church, Somersetshire ; with a copy of
Bishop Jewel's Defence of the Church chained to
it. In Redcliff Church, Bristol, there is a small
mahogany one supported by a bracket, with a
brass chain attached, near the vestry on the north
side of the choir. Until within a very few years,
a desk, with Fox's Martyrs lying upon it, was in
the Holy Trinity Church, Hull, affixed to one of
the pillars in the nave.

A fine old Bible and chain is shown amongst the
relics at Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon.

It would appear that theological works were
not the only ones secured in this manner : for I
find (Rutter's Somersetshire, p. 258.) that one
Captain S. Sturmy of Easton in Gordano pub-
lished a folio, entitled The Mariner s or Artisan's
Magazine, a copy of which he gave to the parish
to be chained and locked in the desk, until any
ingenious person should borrow it, leaving 3Z. as
a security in the hands of the trustees against
damage, &c. R. W. Elliott.

It is somewhat strange that I should have
omitted the following passage whilst writing on
this subject in a recent Number, as the work

to which it refers. Bishop Jewel's Defence of his
Apology for the Church of England, is so well
known :

" At the desire of Archbishop Parker, a copy of the
Defaice was set up soon after Jewel's death, in almost
every parish church in England ; and fragments of it
are still to be seen in some churches, together with the
chain by which it was attached to the reading-desk
provided for it."

This extract is taken from the Life of Bishop
Jewel, prefixed to the English translation of the
Apology, edited by Dr. Jelf for the Society for
promoting Christian Knowledge (Svo.Lond. 1849),
p. XX.

An order for the setting up of " the Paraphrases
of Erasmus in English upon the gospels " in some
convenient place within all churches and chapels
in the province of York, will be found in xlrch-
bishop Grindal's Injunctioiis for the Laity, § 4.
(Remains, SfC, Parker Societ}^ p. 134.) See also
the Articles to he enquired of within the Pi'ovince
of Cantei-hurie, § 2. (Ibid. p. 158.)

\V. Sparrow Simpson.

In Malvern Abbey Church is a stand to which
two books are chained. The one is a commentary
on the Book of Common Prayer ; the other is a
treatise on Church Unity. In Kinver Church
(Worcestershire) are three books placed in a desk
{not chained) in the south aisle : being The Whole
Didy of Man (1703) ; A Sermon made in Latinein
the Reigne of Edward the Sixte, by John Jewel,
Bishop of Sarisburie ; and 21ie Actes and Monu-
mentes of Christian Martyrs (1583).

CCTHBERT BeDE, B. A.

At Bowness Church, on Windermere Lake,
there is (or at least was, in 1842) a copy of
Erasmus's Paraphrase chained. If I am not mis-
taken, some of Jewel's works will also be found
there. E. H. A.

Schellrum (Vol. vi., p. 364.). — Karl will find
scheltrum, variously written " scheltrun, sheltrun,
shiltroun, schetrome," of very common occurrence
in the translation of the Old Testament by WicUff
and his followers ; it is there rendered from the
Lat. acies. The instances quoted by Jamieson,
from the Latin testudo, come nearer to the origin,
shield. Q»

Bloomsbary.

Quarrel (Vol. vi., p. 172.). — Balliole?sSis will
be pleased with Mr. Trench's ingenious account of
our conversion of a complaint into a quarrel.

" The Latin word {querela) means properly ' com-
plaint,' and we have in ' querulous ' this its proper
meaning coming distinctly out. Not so, however, in
' quarrel,' for Englishmen, being wont not merely to
' complain,' but to set vigorously about righting and
redressing themselves, their griefs being also grievances,
out of this word, which might have given them only

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

207

' querulous ' and ' querulousness,' have gotten ' quarrel'
as well. " — On the Study of Words, p. 57.

" We might safely conclude," Mr. Trench premises,
•' that a nation would not be likely tamely to submit
to tyranny and wrong, which made ' quarrel ' out of
* querela.' "

This, I say, is very ingenious, but did ^^w nation
make quarrel out of querela ? Did they not take
it ready made from their neighbours, the French,
Itah"an, Spanisli, who have all performed, and, I
presume, led the way in performing, the same
exploit ; showing that they must all have had the
same disposition inhering in them to set about
righting and redressing themselves, though not
always, perhaps, Avith so prompt and active a
vigour as that ascribed to the English by Mr.
Trench. Q,

Bloomsbury.

Wild Plants^ and their Names (Vol. vii., p. 233.).
— A preparation from St. John's Wort, called red
oil, is used in the United States for the cure of
bruises and cuts. It may have been formerly
used in England. St. John's Wort is one of the
commonest v/eeds in the Middle States. Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton
(Vol. vii., p. 305.). — Bishop Taylor uses the word
relative in the sense of a dependant or humble
friend in several places in his works ; a fact which
his editor. Bishop Heber, missed observing, as
appears from a passage in the Preface to Taylor's
Works. M. E.

Philadelphia.

Burial on the North Side of Churches (Vol. vi.,
p. 112. &c.). — The opinion of your corre:;pondent
Seleucus, that the avoidance of burial on the
north side of a churchyard is to be attributed to
its being generally the unfrequented side of the
church, is borne out by the fact, that in the rare
cases where the entrance to the church is only on
the north side, the graves are also to be found
there in preference to being on the south, which
in such a case would of course be " the back of
the church." Seleucus mentions one instance of
a church entered only from the north. To this
example may be added the little village church
of Martin Hussingtree, between Worcester and
Droitwich, where the sole entrance is on the
north, and where all the burials are on the same
side of the church. Cuthbeet Bede, B. A.

Rubrical Query (Vol. vii., p. 247.). — The con-
tradiction of the two rubrics is purely imaginary.
Both are to be closely construed. The j^r*^ enjoins
notice to be given of Communion as of any other
festival ; the second provides that in the same ser-
vice (notice having been so given) the Exhortation

shall be the last impression on the thoughts of the
congregation. S. Z. Z. S.

Stone Pillar Worship (Vol. vii., p. 383.). — The
Rowley Hills near Dudley, twelve in number, and
each bearing a distinctive name, make up what
may be called a mountain of basaltic rock, which
extends for several miles in the direction of Hales
Owen. From the face of a precipitous termin-
ation of the southern extremity of these hills rises
a pillar of rock, known as the " The Hail Stone."
I conjecture that the word hail may be a corrup-
tion of the archaic word haly, holy ; and that this
pillar of rock may have been the object of religious
worship in ancient times. The name may have
been derived directly from the Anglo-Saxon Haleg
stan, holy stone. It is about three quarters of a
mile distant from an ancient highway called
"The Portway," which is supposed to be of British
origin, and to have led to the salt springs at
Droitwich. I have no knowledge of any other
place bearing the name of Hail Stone, except a
farm in the parish of West Fetton in Shropshire,
which is called " The Hail Stones." No stone
pillars are now to be found upon it : there is a
quarry in it which shows that the sand rock lies
there very near the surface. Dr. Plot, in his
History of Staffordshire (p. 170.), describes the
rock on the Rowley Hills as being " as big and as
high on one side as many church steeples are."
He relates that he visited the spot in the year
1680, accompanied by a land-surveyor, who, ten
years before that time, had noticed that at this
place the needle of the compass was turned six
degrees from its due position. The influence
which the iron in basaltic rocks has on the needle
was not known at that period, and the Doctor
makes two conjectures in explanation of the phe-
nomenon observed. First, he says, " there must
be in these lands that miracle of Nature we call a
loadstone ;" and he adds, " unless it come to pass
by some old armour buried hereabout in the late
civil war." The sonorous property of the rock led
him to conjecture " that there might be here a
vault in which some great person of ancient times
might be buried under this natural monument ;
but digging down by it as near as I could where
the sound directed, 1 could find no such matter."

Plot does not mention the name by which this
I'ock was known. It is not mentioned at all by
either Erdeswick, Shaw, or Pitt, in their Histories
of Staffordshire. N. W. S.

Bad (Vol. vi., p. 509.). — Home Tooke's ety-
mology may, perhaps, satisfy B. H. Cowper's in-
quiry, or at least gratify his curiosity. He as-
sumes the bay or bark of a dog to be excited by
what it abhors, hates, defies; and farther, that our
epithet of bad is applied by us to that, which, for
reasons wliich we may call moral (cestheticy I be-

208

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

lieve I ought to say) reasons or feelings, we hate,
or abhor. And lie forms it thus, hay-ed, bay'd,
ba'd, bad. Q.

Bloomsbury.

Porc-pisee (Vol. vi., p. 579.). — Mr. Warde
"will find that this is the old English way of writing
porpoise, more nearly to the French and Italian.
Spenser writes porcpisces, and Ray porpesse, i. e.
porc-pesee. Both are quoted in Richardson.

" Wheal instead of milk," is tvhei/ or ivhig. " To
^esh in sin," is to indulge in, to accustom to, to
inure to, the gratification of the sinful lusts of the
jftesh. Johnson has from Hales the same expres-
sion " fleshed in sin," which he interprets " har-
dened." Q.
Bloomsbury.

Lowbell (Vol.vii., pp. 181. 272.). — Your cor-
respondents H. T. W. and M. H. will find suffi-
cient reasons from Nares' quotations to convince
them that lowbell is so called from its sound ; and
the usage by Hammond (in Johnson) that the
verb, to lowbell, was used consequentially to sig-
nify to frighten into a snare, and thus, to ensnare.
And the noun, a snare, allurement, temptation.

" Now commonly he who desires to be a minister
looks not at the work, but at the wages ; and by that
lure or lowbell may be toll'd from parish to parish all
the town over." — Milton, " Hirelings," &c., Works,
vol. i. p. 529.

Q.

Bloomsbmy.

Praying to the West (Vol. viii., p. 102.). — The
isles of the West, by which is understood what we
term the British Isles, in the ancient Hindoo
writings are described as the Sacred Isles, or the
abode of religion. The Celtic tribes used the
practice of turning to the AVest in their religious
rites, having adopted it in a very early age from
a reason similar to that which led the Twks in a
later age to turn towards Mecca, and other nations
towards the East; that is, the superior sanctity
attached by each to these several points. This
practice^ the Celtic tribes brought with them in
their migration from the East to those parts in j
which we now find it in the West ; where it has
been retained by their descendants after the cir- I
cumstances which gave rise to it had been long i
forgotten. G. W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

Old Dog (Vol. iv., p. 21.).— See The Observer
(Cumberland's), No. 131. : — " Uncle Antony was
an old dog at a dispute." P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.

Contested Elections (Vol. vii., p. 208.). — An
account of many of the English contested elec-
tions may be found in Oldfield's Representative
History of Great Britain and Ireland, 6 vols. :

London, 1816. I hope that X. Y. Z. does not
rank this among the "wretched compilations."
Oldfield was a man of much experience as a par-
liamentary agent, and his book is entertaining —
at least, to us Americans. M. E.

Philadelphia.

^^ Rathe" in the Sense of ^^ early" (Vol.vii.,
p. 634. et alibi.). — See The Antiquary, cap. xxxix.
(vol. i. p. 468. People's Edition), where Maggie
Mucklebacket says :

" I havena had the grace yet to come down to thank
your honour for the credit ye did puir Steenie, wi'
laying his head in a rath grave."

The Glossary explains the word as ready, quick,
early. P. J. F. Gantillon, B. A.

Chip in Porridge (Vol. L, p. 382.). — Though
a long time has elapsed, I see nothing more on the
subject of this phrase than Q. D.'s application for
information regarding it.

I take it to mean a nonentity, a thing of no im-
portance, and to have no more distinctive origin
than the innumerable other cant sayings in daily
use.

In a book recently published. Personal Adven-
tures of our own Correspondent, by M. B. Honau,
vol. i. p. 151., occurs this passage :

" It is very easy to stand well with all by being,
what is vulgarly called, 'a chip in porridge.' "

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

" A saint in crape is twice a saint in laivn "

(Vol. viii., p. 102.) See Pope's Moral Essays,

Ep. 1. 1. 136. F. B— w.

Gibbon's Library (Vol. vii., p. 407.) — Wesfs
Portrait of Franklin (Vol. vii., p. 409.). — Gibbon's
library was sold at Lausanne in 1833. I have a
copy of Le Theatre de Marivaux, four volumes
12mo. (Amst. et il Leipzig, 1756), which contains
the following MS. note on the fly-leaf of the first
volume : " Gibbon's copy, bought at the sale of his
library at Lausanne, Sept. 1833. — John Worus-
woRTH." You will find a reference to this gentle-
man, "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 604. About four
hundred of Gibbon's books were in the library of
the late Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, of Con-
necticut, who bought them at Lausanne. Among
them was Casiri, Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispania.
Some of these books had his name, E. Gibbon,
printed in them in Roman letters ; others had his
coat of arms. Dr. Jarvis's library was sold by
Lyman and Rawdon in New York on the 14th
of October, 1851, for very good pi-ices. I possess
Gibbon's copy of Herrera's America, in English,
6 vols. 8vo.

I think there must be some mistake about the
portrait of Dr. Franklin by West, mentioned by

Aug. 27. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

209

your correspondent H. G. D. I have never heard
of but one portrait by West of Dr. Franklin, and
that was painted for my grandfather, Mr. Edward
Duffield, one of the executors of the Doctor's will,
and sent to him by the Doctor himself. It is now
in my possession, in excellent pi-eservation. A short
notice of it will be found in the ninth volume of
Franklin's Writings (Sparks's ed.), p. 493.

Edward D. Ingbaham.
Walnut Street, Philadelphia,

Derivation of '■'■Island" (Vol.viii., p. 49.). — H. C.
K.'s derivation of island from eye, the visual orb,
because each are surrounded by water, seems to
me so like a banter on etymologists, that I am
doubtful whether I ought to notice it ; but as our
Editor seems, by the space he has given it, to take
it as serious, I shall venture to say two or three
words upon it. H. C. K. begins by begging the
question : he says that " the etymon from the Fr.
isle. It. isola, Lat. insula, is manifestly erroneous^
Now I think I can prove — and that by a single
word — that it is "manifestly" the true one. I
only reverse his order of placing these words; they
should stand, the mother first, the children after ;
instda Lat., isola It., isle Fr., and to them I add
my single word, which H. C. K. has chosen to
ignore altogether, isle English ; as. Isle of Wight,
Isle of Man, Isle of Thanet, Isles of Arran, &c.
This single word, thus supplied, is to my mind a
sufficient answer to H. C. K.'s theory ; but I may
add, as a corroboration, the peculiarity of retain-
ing in spelling, and dropping in pronunciation, the
s in the English isle and island, just as it is in the
French isle and islot. Indeed the relation between
the French and English words is, in this case, not
derivation but identity. I may also observe that
the Scotch and Irish names for an island, inch, innis,
ennis — as, Inck-ke'ith, Lmis-f-dWen, Ennis-kWlen
— are "manifestly" derived from instda, the com-
mon parent of all. I half suspect that H. C. K.
is a wag, and meant to try whether we should take
seriously what he meant as all my eye ! C.

Spur (Vol.vi., pp.242. 329.). — To spiir is to
spere, by Gower written sper, to search or seek,
to inquire into ; and your correspondents might
have found the word fully treated and illustrated
by Jamieson, and more briefly by Richardson.
To ask at church is a common expression, and
Spur Sunday is merely Asking Sunday. Q.

Bloomsbury.

On the Use of the Hour-glass inPidpits (Vol.vii,,
p. 489.; Vol.viii., p. 82.). — The complete iron
framework of an hour-glass remained affixed to
the pulpit of Shelsley Beauchamp Church, Worces-
tershire, until the restoration of the church, about
eight years ago, by the present rector, the Rev.
D. Melville, who carefully preserved the hour-
glass relic. In order to show how much had been

done for the church, I drew interior and exterior
views of the old building, with its great dilapi-
dations and unusually-monstrous disfigurements,
which drawings were hung in the vestry, at the
suggestion of the rector, as parish memorials ; a
proceeding which I think might be copied with
advantage in all cases of church restoration. In
the one drawing mentioned the hour-glass stand
Is a conspicuous object. Cuthbebt Bede, B.A.

The following extract Is from a ti'act published
by the Cambridge Camden Society, entitled A few
Hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiastical Anti-
quities :

" Hour-glass Stand. A relick of Purltanick times,
Tliey are not very uncommon ; they generally stand
on the right-hand of the pulpit, and are made of iron.
Examples : Coton, Shepreth. A curious revolving
one occurs at Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey, and in St. John
Baptist, Bristol, vi^here the hour-glass itself remains.
Though a Puritanick innovation, it long kept its place:
for Gay in his Pastorals writes :

* He said that Heaven would take her soul no doubt.
And spoke the hour-glass in her praise quite out : '

and it is depicted by the side of a pulpit in one of
Hogarth's paintings."

I saw, a few weeks ago, an Iron hour-glass stand
affixed to the pulpit in Odell Church, Beds.

W. P. Stoker.
OIney, Bucks.

" The Inventorie of all such church goods, etc

which the churchwardens [of Great Staughton, co.
Hunt.] are and stand charged with. May 31, 1640.
[_Inter alia.']

" Itm. A pulpit standinge in the church, having a
cover over the same, and an houre-glasse adjoininge."

Joseph Rix.
St. Neots.

Selling a Wife (Vol.vii., pp.429. 602.). — There
can be no question that this offence is an Indictable
misdemeanor. I made, at the time, a memoran-
dum of the following case :

" West Riding Yorkshire Sessions, June 28, 1837.
Joshua Jackson, convicted of selling his wife, im-
prisoned for one month with hard labour."

S. E.

Chiswick.

Impossibilities of History (Vol. vlii., p. 72.). — •
St. Bernard, according to Gibbon, lived from 1091
to 1153. Henry I., who did rebel against his
father, was twelve years older than the Saint, and
ascended the throne at the age of twenty-one in
the year 1100, when the Saint was nine yenrs old.
The descent from the devil alludes, I should think,
to Robert le Diable, the father of the Conqueror.
The historian of The Tablet found the authority
most probably In some theatrical review or fly-leaf
of the libretto. J. H. L.

210

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 200.

Lad and Lass (Vol. vii., p. 256.). — Lass,
Hickes (quoted by Lye in Junius) says, was
originally written, and is a corruption of laddess ;
thus, we may suppose laddess, ladse, lass : and lad
may correlate with the Gr. 07*7^?, a leader, so
familiar to us in the sneered at -psiA-agogue, i. e.
the hoy-leader. The lad, from the Anglo-Saxon
Icedian, to lead (says Junius), is the lecid — " One
who, on account of his tender years, is under a
leader, a guide, a director."

We apply the [common expression " Pie is yet
in leading strings " to him who has not strength or
courage to go alone, to act independently for him-
self. Q.

Bloomsbury.

Enough (Vol. vii., p. 455.). — Enough was not,
and is not always, nor was it originally, pro-
nounced enuf. The old way of writing was
"ynou, inouh, ynowgh;" and in Gower, enough is
made to rhyme with slough, i. e. slow or slew, the
past tense of slay. Mr. Wright will find this to
be so by looking into Richardson's quotations.
The word, he will see also, Avas from very early
times written, as still not unfrequently pronounced,
enew or e7iow. Q.

Bloomsbury.

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certain learned Professor, who. we think we can assure C. M. I.,
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elucidation of difficult passages."

J. C. E., who writes respecting Milton's Lycidas, is requested to
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NOTES AND QUERIES.

211

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SOME ACCOUNT of DOMES-
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FOB

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

« "Wiien found, make a note of." — Caftain Cuttle.

No. 201.]

Saturday, September 3. 1853.

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CONTENTS.
^OTES : — Page

"Tliat Swinney" - - - - - - 213

Monumental Inscription in Peterborough Cathedral, by

Thos. Wake 215

Folk Lore: — Superstition of the Cornish Miners —

Northamptonshire Folic Lore ... - 215

Shakspeare Correspondence . - - - 2IG

Minor Notes: — I^mon-juice administered in Gout
and Rheumatism — Weather Proverbs — Dog Latin —
Thomas Wright of Duriiam — A Funeral Custom - 217

■Queries : —

Littlecott — Sir John Popham, by Edward Foss - 218

Early Edition of the New Testament, by A. Boardmaii 219

Minor Queuies : — Ravilliac: — Emblem on a Chimney-
piece — "To know ourselves diseased," &c. — " Paetus
and Arria" — Heraldic Query — Lord Chancellor
Steele — " A Tub to the Whale " — Legitimation (Scot-
land)— " Vaut mieux," &c Shakspeare First Folio

— The Staffordshire Knot — Sir Thomas Elyot —
"Celsior exsurgens pluviis," &c. — The Bargain Cup

— School- Libraries — Queert Elistabeth and her
"true" Looking-glass — Bishop Thomas Wilson —
Bishop Wilson's Works — Hobbes, Portrait of - 219

Minor Queries with Answers: — Brasenose, Oxford

— G. Downing — Unkid — Pilgrim's Progress — John
Krewen — Histories of Literature — " Mrs. Shaw's
Tombstone" - - - - - - 221

Seplies: —

Cranmer and Calvin, by the Rev. H. Walter - - 222

Barnacles, by Sir J. E. Tennent and T. J. Buckton - 223
Dial Inscriptions, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A. - - 224

The "Saltpeter Maker" ----- 22r)

Tsar, by T. J. Buckton, &c. - - - - 226

" Land of Green Ginger," by John Richardson and
T.J. Buckton - - - - - - 227

Photographic Correspondence :— Stereoscopic Angles

— Protonitrate of Iron — Photographs in natural
Colours — Photographs by artificial Lights - - 227

■Replies to Minor Queriks : — Vandyke in America —
Title wanted : Choirochorographia — Second Growth
of Grass — Snail-eating — Sotades — The Letter " h "
in "humble" — Lord North — Singing Psalms and
Politics — Dimidiation by Impalement — " Inter
cuncta micans," &c. — Marriage Service — Widowed
Wife— Pure— Mrs. Tigiie— Satirical Medal— " They
shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig" — Hendericus
du Booys : Hel-'na Leonore de Siev6ri — House-
marks, &c " Qui facit per alium, facit per se " —

:Engin-Si-verge — Campvere, Privileges of — Humbug:
Ambages — "Goi.g to Old Weston" — Reynolds's
Nephew— The Laird of Brodie — Mulciber — Voiding
Knile — Sir John Vanbrugh — Portrait of Charles I.

— Burial in an erect Posture — Strut-Stowers and
Yeathers or Yadders — Arms of the See of York —
Leman Family— Position of Font - - - 228

Miscellaneous :

Notes on Books, &c. - - - - - 234

Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - - - 234

Notices to Correspondents . . - . 234

Advertisements ----.- 235

Vol. Vlir. — No.201.

" THAT SWINNEY."

Junius thus wrote to II. S. Woodfall In a private
note, to which Dr. Good has afBxed the date
July 21st, 1769 (vol. i. p. 174.*) :

" That Swinney is a ■wretched but dangerous fool.
He had the impudence to go to Lord G. Sackville,
whom he had never spoken to, and to ask him whetlier
or no he was the author of Junius : take care of him."

This paragraph has given rise to a great deal of
speculation, large inferences have been drawa
from it, yet no one has satisfactorily answered the
question, who was " that Swinney ? "

That neither Dr. Good nor Mr, George Wood-
fall, the editors of the edit, of 1812, knew anything
about him, is manifest from their own bald note
of explanation, " A correspondent of the printers."
Some reports say that he was a collector of news
for the Public Advertiser, and subsequently a
bookseller at Birmingham, but I never saw any
one fact adduced tending to show that there was
any peison of that name so employed. Others
that the Rev. Dr. Sidney Swinney was the party
referred to : and Mr. Smith, in his excellent notes
to the Grenville Papeis, vol. iii. p. Ixviii., assumes
this to be the fact. I incline to agree with him,
but have only inference to strengthen conjecture.
What may be the value of that inference will
appear in the progress, of this inquiry, Who was
Dr. Sidney Swinney ?

Reports collected by Mr. Butler, Mr. Barker,
Mr. Coventry, and others, say that the Doctor had
been chaplain to the Russian Embassy, chaplain
to the Embassy at Constantinople, and chaplain to
one of the British regiments serving in Germany.
Mr. Falconer, in his Secret Revealed, p. 22., quotes
a paragraph from one of Wray's letters to Lord
Hardwick with reference to the proceedings at
the Royal Society :

" Dr. Swinney, your Lordship's friend, presented
his father-in-law Howell's book."
Swinney's father-in-law, here called Howell, was
John Zephaniah Holwell, a remarkable man, whose
name is intimately associated with the early his-
tory of British India, one of the few survivors of
the Black Hole imprisonment, the successor gf

214

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

Clive as governor, and a writer on many subjects
connected with Hindoo antiquities. Swinney
enrols bim amongst his heroes,

" Holwell, Clive, York, Lawrence, Adams, Coote,
Of Draper, Bath-strung for his baffled suit."
And he refers, in a note, to those

" Ungrateful monsters (heretofore in a certain trading
company), who have endeavoured to vilify and sully
one of the brightest characters that ever existed."

I learn farther, from a volume of Fugitive
Pieces, published by Dr. Swinney, that he was
the son of Major Mathew Swinney, whom after
his flourishing fashion he calls on another occasion
" Mathew Swinney of immortal memory ; " from
one of his dedications that the Doctor himself was
educated at Eton ; from the books of the Royal
Society that he was of Clare Hall, Cambridge ;
from dates and dedications, that from 1764 to
1768, he was generally resident at Scarborough ;
and from the Gentleman's Magazine, that he died
there 12th November, 1783.

That Swinney had been chaplain to the Russian
Embassy I have no reason to believe ; but that he
had been in the East for a time, possibly as chap-
lain to the Embassy at Constantinople, is asserted
in the brief biographical notice in the Gentleman's
Magazine, and would seem to he proved by a work
which he published in 1769, called —

" A Tour through some parts of the Levant : in
which is included An Account of the Present State of
the Seven Churches in Asia, Also a brief Explanation
of the Apocalypse. By Sidney Swinney, D.D."

Nothing, however, can be inferred from a title-
page of Swinney 's. Here we have two or three
distinct works referred to : — A Tour, including
"An Account of the Seven Churches," and the
"Explanation of the Apocalypse." Now I must
direct attention to the fact, that from the peculiar
punctuation and phraseology — the full-stop after
Asia in this title-page — it may have been Swinney's
intention to indicate, without asserting, that the
Account of the Apocalypse only was by Sidney
Swinney. If so, though Swinney's name alone
figures in the title-page of the work, he is re-
sponsible only for one or two notes !

I would not have written conjecturally on this
subject if I could have avoided it ; but though
Swinney was a F.A.S. F.R.S., and though the
work is dedicated to the Fellows of those Societies,
no copy of it is to be found in the libraries of
either, or in the British Museum. I cannot,
therefore, be sure that my own copy is perfect.
What that copy contains is thus set forth in half a
dozen lines of introduction :

"Before I [S. S.] enter upon the more important
part of my dissertation [The Explanation of the Apo-
calypse], it may not be improper to give you some
account of ihe present state of the Seven Churches in
Asia, as they are, which was communicated to me by a

certain friend of mine, in the description of a short
tour which he made through the principal parts of the
Levant : should they be accompanied with a few casual
notes of my own, I trust the work will not be less ac-
ceptable to you on that account."

It must be obvious, after this declaration, that
the Tour set forth so conspicuously in the title-
page, was not written by Swinney. Now the
" Itinerary " which follows is advowedly " wrote by
the author of the preceding account" and this brings
the reader and the work itself to " The End ! "

The truth I suspect to have been this : — Swin-
ney was not prudent and was poor, and raised
money occasionally, after the miserable fashion of
the time, by publishing books on subscription, and
receiving subscriptions in anticipation of publi-
cation.

About this time, from 1767 to 1769, he pub-
lished a Sermon ; The Ninth Satire of Horace, a
meaningless trifle of a hundred lines, swollen, by
printing the original and notes, into a quarto ; a
volume of Fugitive Pieces; and the first canto of
The Battle of Minden,^ a Poem in three Books,
enriched with critical Notes by Two Friends, and
with explanatory Notes by the Author. Of the
latter work, as of the Tour, I have never seen but
one copy, a splendid specimen of typography,
splendidly bound, containing the first and second
canto. Whether the third canto was ever pub-
lished is to me doubtful ; some of your corre-
spondents may be able to give you information.
My own impression is that it was not, and for the
following reasons.

Swinney, it appears, had received subscriptions
for the work, and promised In his prospectus a
plan of the battle, and portraits of the heroes,
which the work does not contain. " However, to
make some little amends" to his "generous sub-
scribers," Swinney announces his intention to
present them with " three books instead of one."

The first book is dedicated to Earl Waldegrave,
who commanded " the six British regiments of
infantry" on the "ever memorable 1st August,
1759," and a note alfixed states that "Book the
Second" will be published on 1st January, and
" Book the Third " on 1st of August.

But the public, as Swinney says, were kept " in
suspense " almost three years for the second book,
which was not published until 1772 ; and In the
dedication of this second book, also to Earl Wal-
degrave, Swinney says :

" Doubtless many of my subscribers have thought
me very unmindful of the promise I made them in my
printed proposal, in which I undertook to publish my
poem out of hand. Ill health has been the sole cause
of my disappointing their expectations. A fever of the
nerves . . . for these four years, has rendered me in-
capable. ... In my original proposals I undertook to
publish this work in two books. [In the introduction
he says, as I have just quoted, one book.] Poetical

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

215

matter hath increased upon me to such a degree, in the
genial climate of Languedoc, as to have enabled me to
compose several more books on this interesting subject,
all which I purpose presenting my subscribers with at
the original price of half a guinea. . . . Many months
ago this Second Book was printed off; but on my
arrival in town from Montauban (whither I purpose
to return), I found there were so many faults and
blunders in it throughout, that I was under the neces-
sity of condemning five hundred copies to the inglorious
purpose of defending pye bottoms from the dust of an
oven. . . . Profit, my Lord, has not been my motive
for publishing : if it had, I should be egregiously dis-
appointed, for instead of gaining I shall be a consider-
able loser by the publication ; and yet many of my
subscribers have given me four, Jive, and six times over
and above the subscription-price for my Poem. How even
the remaining books will see the light must depend entirely
upon my pecuniary, not my poetical abilities. The work
is well nigh completed; but not one solitary brother
have I throughout the airy regions of Grub Street
who is poorer than I. It is not impossible, however,
but when some of my partial friends shall know this, they
may enable me by their bounty to publish out of hand."

This leads me to doubt whether the third book
was ever published, for I think the most " partial "
of his friends — those who had given " four, five,
and six times over and above the subscription
price " — must have had enough in two books. If
it were not published, it is a curious fact that, in a
poem called The Battle of Minden, the battle of
Minden is not mentioned ; though not more extra-
ordinary perhaps than the omissions of the " Ex-
planation of the Apocalypse " in his previous work.

I come now to the question. Why did Junius
speak so passionately and disrespectfully of Swin-
ney, and what are the probabilities that Swinney
had never before (July) 1769 spoken to Lord G.
Sackville ? These I must defer till next week.

T. S. J.

MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTION IN PETERBOROtJH
CATHEDRAL.

.The following Notes occur on a fly-leaf at the
end of a copy of Gnnton's History of Peterborough
Cathedral, and appear to have been written soon
after that book was printed :

" Among other things omitted in this history, I can-
not but take notice of one ancient inscription upon a
tomb in y« body of the church, written in old Saxon
letters, as followeth :

^ 'ws : Ki : PAR : ci : passez : pvr : le : alme :

ESTRAVNGE : DE : WATERVILtE : PRIEZ.'

" This inscription may seem to challenge some rela-
tion to William de Waterville, one of the abbots of
this church. (See p. 23.)"

_ " On Sennour Gascelin de Marrham's tomb, men-
tioned p. 94., these letters seem to be still legible :
* CI : GIST : EDOVN : gascelin -. sennovr : de

MARRHAM : lADIS : DE : RI : ALM . . "' EV
EST MERCIS : PATER : NOSTER.'"

" In St. Oswald's Chapel, on y« ground round the
verge of a stone :

' HIC lACET COR .... ROBERTI DE SVTTOK
ABBATIS ISTIVS MOVASTERII CVIVS ANIMA
REQVIESCAT IN PACE. AMEN."*

" In y« churchyard is this inscription :

— '^— ~r\- _ ,

^ ' ANA lOANNIS DE SCO IVONE QVOA PORIS

PMA A M Dim PACE REQVIESCAT. AMEN.'

" This may probably relate to Ivo, sub-prior of this
monastery, whose anniversary was observed in y* Ka-
lends of March. (See page 324. of this book,)"

" In y' churchyard :

'Joannes Pocklington, S. S. Theologiae doctor, obiit
Nov. 14, A. D' 1642.'

'Anne Pocklington, 1655.'

' Mary, y« wife of John Towers, late Lord Bp. of
Peterborough, dyed Nov. 14, a. v. 1672.'

' Quod mori potuit pr^stantissimae foeminae

Compton Emery

Filia9 Joannis Towers S. T, P.

Hujus EcclesisB quondam Episcopi

Viduae Robert! Rowell LL. D.

Nee non charissimae conjugis

Richardi Emery Gen:

In hoc tumulo depositum : Feb. 4.

A" ^tatis 54,

A<> Domini 1683.'"

A marginal note states that " The Chapter-house
and Cloyster sold in 1650 for 800Z., to John Baker,
Gent., of London." H. Thos. Wake.

FOLK LORE.

Superstition of the Cornish Miners (Yol. viil.,
p. 7.). — I cannot find the information desired by
your correspondent in the Cornish antiquaries, and
have in vain consulted other works likely to ex-
plain this tradition ; but the remarks now offered
will perhaps be interesting in reference to the
nation alluded to. The Carthaginians being of
the same race, manners, and religion as the Phoe-
nicians, there are no particular data by which we
can ascertain the time of their first trading to the
British coast for the commodity in such request
among the traders of the East. The genius of
Carthage being more martial than that of Tyre,
whose object was more commerce than conquest,
it is not improbable that the former might by
force of arms have established a settlement in the
Cassiterides, and by this means have secured that
monopoly olF tin which the Phoenicians and their
colonies indubitably enjoyed for several centuries.
Norden, in his Antiquities of Cornwall, mentions
it as a tradition universally received by the inha-
bitants, that their tin mines were formerly wrought
by the Jews. He adds that these old works are
there at this day called Attal Sarasin, the ancient

216

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 201.

cast-off works of the Saracens, in wblch their tools
are frequently found. Miners are not accustomed
to be very accurate in distinguishing traders of
foreign nations, and these Jews and Sai-acens have
probably a reference to the old merchants from
Spain and Africa ; and those employed by them
might possibly have been Jews escaped the
hori'ors of captivity and the desolation which
about that period befel their country.

" The Jews," says Whitaker ( Origin of Arianism,
p. 334.), "denominated themselves, and were deno-
minated by the Britons of Cornwall, Saracens, as the
genuine progeny of Sarah. The same name, no doubt,
carried the same reference with it as borne by the
genuine, and as usurped by the spurious, offspring of
Abraham."

BiBLIOTHECAR. CnETIIAM.

Northamptonshire Folk Lore (Vol. vii., p. 146.).
— In Norfolk, a ring made from nine sixpences
freely given by persons of the opposite sex is con-
sidered a charm against epilepsy. I have seen
nine sixpences brought to a silversmith, with a
request that he would make them into a ring ; but
13|j. was not tendered to him for making, nor do
I think that any threehalfpences are collected for
payment. After the patient had left the shop,
the silversmith informed me that such requests
were of frequent occurrence, and that he supplied
the patients with thick silver rings, but never
took the trouble to manufacture them from the
sixpences.

A similar superstition supposes that the sole of
the left shoe of a person of the same age, but op-
posite sex, to the patient, reduced to ashes is a
cure for St. Anthony's fire. I have seen it applied
with success, but suppose its efficacy is due to
some astringent principle in the ashes. E. G. R.

SHAKSPEAEE COKRESPONDENCE.

Oh Tivo Passages in Shahspeare. — Taking up a
day or two since a Number of " N. & Q.," my at-
tention was drawn to a new attempt to give a
solution of the difficulty wliich has been the tor-
ment of commentators in the following passage
from the Third Act of Romeo and Juliet :

" Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,
Towards Phoebus' mansion ; such a waggoner
As Phaeton would whip you to the West,
And bring in cloudy night immediately. —
Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,
That runaways' eyes may wink, and Romeo
Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."

" Runaways' " being a manifest absurdity, the
recent editors have substituted " unawares," an
uncouth alteration, which, though it has a glim-
mering of sense, appears to me almost as absurd
as the word it supplies. In this dilemna your

correspondent Mb. Singer ingeniously suggests
the true reading to be, —

" That rumourers' eyes may wink, and Romeo
Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."

No doubt this is a felicitous emendation, though
I think It may be fairly objected that a rumourer,
being one who deals in what he hears, as opposed
to an observer, who reports what he sees, there is
a certain inapproprlateness in speaking of a ru-
mourer's eyes. Be this as it may, I beg to sug-
gest another reading, which has the merit of having
spontaneously occurred to me on seeing the word
" runaways' " In your correspondent's paper, as If
obviously suggested by the combination of letters
In that word. I propose that the passage should
be read thus :

" Spread thy close curtain, love-performing Night,
That rude day's eyes may wink, and Romeo
Leap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen."

A subsequent reference to Juliet's speech has left
no doubt In ray mind that this is the true reading,
and so obviously so, as to make It a wonder that
it should have been overlooked. She first asks
the " fiery-footed steeds " to bring in " cloudy
night," then night to close her curtain (that day's
eyes may wink), that darkness may come, under
cover of which Romeo may hasten to her. In the
next two lines she shows why this darkness is pro-
pitious, and then, using an unwonted epithet, in-
vokes night to give her the opportunity of dark-
ness :

" Come, civil night,
Thou sober suited matron all in black.
And learn me how to lose a winning game," &c.

The peculiar and unusual epithet "civil," here
applied to night, at once assured me of the accu-
racy of the proposed reading, it having evidently
suggested Itself as the antithesis of " rude " just
before applied to day ; the civil, accommodating,
concealing night being thus contrasted with the
unaccommodating, revealing day. It is to be re-
marked, moreover, that as this epithet civil Is,
through Its ordinary signification, brought Into
connexion with what precedes It, so Is It, through
Its unusual meaning of grave, brought into con-
nexion with what follows, it thus furnishing that
equivocation of sense of which our great dramatist
is so fond, rarely missing an opportunity of " pal-
tering v^ith us in a double sense."

I think, therefore, I may venture to offer you
the proposed emendation as rigorously fulfilling
all the requirements of the text, while at the same
time it necessitates a very trifling literal disturb-
ance of the old reading, since by the simple change
of the letters naio into ded, we convert "run-
aways'" Into "rude day's," of which It was a very
easy misprint.

Having offered you an emendation of my own,
I cannot miss the opportunity of sending you

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

217

another, for which I am indebted to a critical
student of Shakspeare, my friend Mr. W. R.
Grove, the Queen's Counsel. In AlFs Well that
ends Well, the third scene of the Second Act opens
•with the following speech from Lafeu •.

" They say miracles are past ; and we have our phi-
losophical persons to make modern and familiar things,
supernatural and causeless. Hence is it that we make
trifles of terrors ; ensconcing ourselves in a seeming
knowledge when we should submit ourselves to an un-
known fear."

On reading this passage as thus printed, it will
be seen that the two sentences of v/hich it is com-
posed are in direct contradiction to each other ;
the first asserting that we have plulosophers who
give a causeless and supernatural character to
things ordinary and familiar : the second stating
as the result of this, " that we make trifles of
terrors," whereas the tendency v/ould necessarily
be to make " terrors of trifles." The confusion
arises from the careless pointing of the first sen-
tence. By simply shifting the comma at present
after " things," and placing it after " familiar," the
discrepancy between the two sentences disappears,
as also between the two members of the first sen-
tence, which are now at variance. It should be
pointed thus :

" They say miracles are past ; and we have our phi-
losophical persons to make modern and familiar, things
supernatural and causeless."

It is singular that none of the editors should have
noticed this defect, which I have no doubt will
hereafter be removed by the adoption of a simple
change, that very happily illustrates the import-
ance of correct punctuation. 11. H. C.

Shalispeare' s Skull. — As your publication has
been the medium of many valuable comments
upon Shakspeare, and interesting matter con-
nected with him, I am induced to solicit inform-
ation, if you will allow me, on the following sub-
ject. I have the Works of Shakspeare, which
being in one volume 8vo., I value as being more
portable than any other edition. It was published
by Sherwood without any date afiixed, but pro-
bably about 1825. There is a memoir prefixed by
Wm. Harvey, Esq., in which, p. xiii., it is stated
that while a vault was being made close to
Shakspeare's, when Dr. Davenport was rector, a
young man perceiving the. tomb of Shakspeare
open, introduced himself so far within the vault
that he could have brought away the skull, but
he was deterred from doing so by the anathema
inscribed on the monument, of —

" Curs'd be he that moves my bones."
This is given upon the authority of Dr. IsTathan
Drake's work on Shakspeare, in two vols. 4to.
Now in this work much is given which is copied
into the memoir, but I do not there find this

anecdote, and perhaps some reader of " N. & Q."
may supply this deficiency, and state where I may
find it. I may be allowed to state, that Pope's
skull was similarly stolen and another substituted.
I annex Wheler's remark that no violation of
the grave had, up to the time of his work, taken
place.

" Through a lapse of nearly two hundred years have
his ashes remained undisturbed, and it is to be hoped
no sacrilegious hand will ever be found to violate the
sacred repository." — • History of Stratford-upon-Avon,
by R. B. Wheler (circa 1805 ?), 8vo.

A SUBSCBIBER.

On a Passage in ^^ Macbeth." — Mr. Singleton
(Vol. vii., p. 404.) says, " Vaulting ambition, that
overleaps itself," is nonsense — the thing is impos-
sible ; and proposes that " vaulting ambition "
should " rest his hand upon the pommel, and over-
leap the saddle (sell)," a thing not uncommon in
the feats of horsemanship.

Did Mb. Singleton never overleap himself, and'
be too late — later than himself intended ? Did he
never, in his younger days, amuse himself with a
soprasalto; or with what Donne calls a " vaulter's
sombersault ? " Did he never hear of any little
plunderer, climbing a wall, d erreaching himself to
pluck an apple, and falling on the other side, into
the hands of the gardener ? " By like," says Sir
Thomas More, " the manne there overshotte him-
self."

What was the marine about ? Attempting such a
perilous gambol, perhaps, as correcting Shakspeare.

To overleap ~| , . .-fmerely, to leap, reach, shoot^
overreach 1- I over or beyond the mark

overshoot J (_ himself intended.

Q.

Bloorasbury.

P. S. — Mb. Abbowsmith reminds us of the old
saw, that "great wits jump." He should recol-
lect also that they sometimes nod.

Lemon-juice administered in Gout and Rheuma-
tism.— At a time when lemon-juice seems to be
frequently administered in gout and rheumatism,
as though it were an entirely new remedy, I have
been somewhat amused at the following passage,
which may also interest some of your readers ; it
occurs in Scelta di Lettere Familiari degli Autori
piu celeh-i ad uso degli studiosi della lingua Ita-
liana, p. 36., in a letter "Di Don Francesco a
Teodoro Villa" :

" lo non posso star meglio di quel che sto, e forse
perche uso di spesso il bagno freddo, e beo limonata a
pranzo e a cena da molti mesi. Q,uesta e la mia quoti-
diana bevanda, e dacche mi ci sono messo, m' ha fatto
un bene che non si puo dire. Di quelle doglie di capo.

218

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

che un tempo mi sconquassavano le tempie, non ne
sento piu una. Le vertigini, che un tratto mi favori-
vano SI di spesso, se ne sono ite. Sino un reumatismo,
che m' aveva afFerrato per un braccio, s' e dileguato,
cosi ch' io farei ora alia lotta col piu valente marinaro
calabrese che sia. L' appetito mio pizzica del vorace.
Che buona' cosa il sugo d' un limone spremato nell'
acqua, e indolciato con un po' di zucchero! Fa di pro-
varlo, Teodoro. Chi sa che non assesti il capo e lo
stomaco auche a te."

S. G. C.

Weather Proverbs. — Are these proverbs worth
recording ?

" Rain before seven, fine before eleven."

•" A mackerel sky and mare's tails,
Make lofty ships carry low sails."

^' If the rain comes before the wind,
Lower your topsails and take them in :
If the wind comes before the rain,
Lower your topsails and hoist them again."

The expressions in the latter two are maritime,
and the rhymes not very choice ; but they hold
equally in terrestrial matters, and I have seldom
found them wrong. Kubi.

Dog Latin. — The answer of one of your late cor-
respondents (E. M. B., Vol. vii., p. 622.) on the
subject of "Latin — Latiner," has revived a Query
in your First Volume (p. 230.) as to the origin of
this expression which does not appear to have been
answered. I do not remember having seen any
explanation of the term, but I have arrived at one
for myself, and present it to your readers for what
it is worth. Nothing, it must be admitted, can be
more inconsistent with the usual forms of language
than the Latin of medieval periods ; it Is often, in
fact, not Latin at all, but merely a Latin form
given to simple English or other words, and ad-
mitting of the greatest variety. Now of all ani-
mals the distinctions of breed are perhaps more
numerous in the canine race than any other. The
word " mongrel," originally applied to one of these
quadruped combinations of variety, has long been
used to signify anything in which mixture of class
existed, especially of a debasing kind, to which
such mixture generally tends. Nothing could be
more appropriate than the application of the term
to the " infima latinitas " of the Middle Ages ; and
from " mongrel " the transition to the name of the
genus from that of the degenerate species appears
to me to be very easy, though fanciful. J. B — x.

Thomas Wright of Durham. — In the Philoso-
phical Magazine for April, 1848, 1 gave an account
of the "Original Theory 'or new Hypothesis of the
Universe " of Thomas Wright, whose anticipations
of modern speculation on the milky way, the
central sun, and some other points, make him one
of the most remarkable astronomical thinkers of
his day. In the biography in the Gentleman s

Magazine for 1793, he is described as struggling
for a livelihood when a young man, and no account
is given of the manner in which he obtained the
handsome competence with which he emerges in
1756, or thereabouts. A few days after my ac-
count was published, I was informed (by Captain
James, R.E.) that a large four-foot orrery, con-
structed by Wright for the Royal Academy at Ports-
mouth, was still in that town ; and that by the title
of "J. Harrises Use of the Globes " It appears that he
(Wright) kept his shop at the Orrery., near Water
Lane, Fleet Street (No. 136.), under the title of
instrument-maker to his Majesty. In an edition
of Harris (the 8th, 1767), which I lately met
with, the above is described as " late the shop of
Thomas Wright," &c. By the advertisements which
this work contains, Wright must have had an ex-
tensive business as a philosophical instrument-
maker. The omission In the biography Is a strange
one. Possibly some farther information may fall
in the way of some of your readers.

A. De Moegan.

A Funeral Custom. — At Broadwas, Worcester-
shire, in the valley of the Teame, it is the custom
at funerals, on reaching " the Church Walk," for
the bearers to set down the coffin, and, as they
stand around, to bow to it. Cuthbekt Bede, B.A.

LITTLECOTT

SIB JOHN POPHAM.

Every one knows the tradition attached to the
manor of Littlecott in Wiltshire, and the alleged
means by which Chief Justice Sir John Popham
acquired its possession. It is told by Aubrey,
Sir Walter Scott, and many others, and Is too no-
torious to be here repeated. Let me ask you or
your learned correspondents whether there exists
any refutation of a charge so seriously detrimental
to the character of any judge, and so inconsistent
with the reputation which Chief Justice Popham
enjoyed among his cotemporaries ? See Lord
Ellesmere's notice of him in the case of the Post-
natl {Slate Trials, il. 669.), and Sir Edward Coke's
flattering picture of him at the end of Sir Drew
Drury's case (Reports, vi. 75.). Are there any
records showing that a Darell was ever in fact
arraigned on a charge of murder, and the name of
the judge who presided at the trial ? Is the date
known of the death of the last Darell who pos-
sessed the estate, or that of Sir John Popham's
acquisition of It? The discovery of these might
throw great light on the subject, and possibly
afford a complete contradiction.

Sir Francis Bacon, in his argument against Sir
John HoUis and othei's for traducing public justice,
states that —

" Popham, a great judge in his time, was complained
of by petition to Queen Elizabeth ; it was committed

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

21»

to four privy councillors, but the same was found to
be slanderous, and the parties punished in the court." —
State Trials, vol. ii. p. 1029.

If this petition could be discovered, and it should
turn out that the slander complained of in it had
reference to this story, the investigation which it
then underwent by the four privy councillors, and
the chief justice's enjoyment of his high office for
so many subsequent years, would go far to prove
the utter falsehood of the charge. This is a " con-
summation devoutly to be wished " by every one
who feels an interest in the purity of the bench,
and particularly by the present possessors of the
estate, who must be anxious for their ancestor's
fame.

Your useful publication has acted the part of
the " detective police " in the elucidation of many
points of history less interesting than this, and I
trust you will consider the case curious enough to
justify a close examination. Edward Foss.

EARLY EDITION OF THE NEW TESTAMENT.

I should be greatly obliged if I could obtain
through " N. & Q." when, where, and by whom
an imperfect black-letter copy of the New Testa-
ment, lately come into my possession, was printed,
and also who was the translator of it.

It is bound in boards, has three thongs round
which the sheets are stitched, seems never to have
been covered with cloth, leather, or other material
like our modern books, has had clasps, and is four
inches long and two inches thick.

The chapters are divided generally into four
or five parts by means of the first letters of the
alphabet. The letters are neither placed equi-
distant, nor do they always mark a fresh para-
graph.

It is not divided into verses. There are a few
marginal references, and the chapter and letter of
the parallel passages are given.

Crosses are placed at the heads of most chapters,
and also throughout the text, without much ap-
parent regularity. It contains a few rude cuts of
the Apostles, &c. The Epistles of St. Peter and
St. John are placed before that to the Hebrews.

Letters are frequently omitted in the spelling,
and this is indicated by a dash placed over the one
preceding the omitted letter. A slanting mark (/)
is the most frequent stop used. I will transcribe
a few lines exactly as they occur, only not using
the black-letter.

" B. As some spake of the temple/ howe yt was
garnesshed with goodly stones and iewels he sayde.
The dayes will come/ when of these thyngis which ye
se shall not be lefte stone upon stone/ tliat shall not be
throwen doune. And they asked hym sayinge/ Master
whe shall these thynges be ? And what sygnes wil
there be/ when suche thynges shal come to passe." —
St. Luke, ch. xxL

Land is spelt londe ; saints, sainctis : authority,
auctorite, &c. A. Boaedman.

P.S. It commences at the 1 9th chapter of St.
Matthew, and seems perfect to the 2ist chapter
of Revelation.

JRavilliac. — I have read that a pyramid was
erected at Paris upon the murder of Henry IV.
by Ravilliac, and that the inscription represented
the Jesuits as men —

" Maleficae superstitionis, quorum instinctu peculiaris
adolescens (Ravilliac) dirum facinus instituerat." — —
Thesaiir. Hht., torn. iv. lib. 95, ad ann. 1598.

We are also informed that he confessed that it
was the book of Mariana the Jesuit, and the
traitorous positions maintained in it, which in-
duced him to murder the king, for which cause
the book (condemned by the parliament and the
Sorbonne) was publicly burnt in Paris. Is the
pyramid still remaining ? If not, when was ife
taken down or destroyed, and by whom or by
whose authority ? Clericus (D),

Emblem on a Chimney-piece. — In the com-
mittee room of the Church Missionary Society,
Nos. 16. and 17. Upper Sackville Street, Dublin,
a curious emblem-picture is carved on the centre'
of the white marble chimney-piece. An angel or
winged youth is sleeping in a recumbent posture;
one arm embraces a sleeping lion, in the other
hand he holds a number of bell flowers. In the
opposite angle the sun shines brightly ; a lizard is
biting the heel of the sleeping youth. I shall not
offer my own conjectures in explanation of this
allegorical sculpture, unless your correspondents
fail to give a more satisfactory solution.

Ath Chliath.

" To know ourselves diseased" ^'c. —
" To know ourselves diseased, is half the cure."
Whence ? C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

" Pcetus and Arria." — Can you inform me who is
the author of Pcetus and Ai-ria, a Tragedy, 8vo.,
1809 ?

In Genest's Account of the English Stage, this
play is said to be written by a gentleman of the
University of Cambridge. Can you tell me whe-
ther this is likely to be W. Smyth, the late Pro-
fessor of Modern History in that university, who
died in June, 1849 ? Gw.

Heraldic Query. — A. was killed in open re-
bellion. His son B. lived in retirement under a
fictitious name. The grandson C. retained the
assumed name, and obtained new arms. Query,

220

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

Can the descendants of C. resume the arms of A. ?
If so, must they substitute them for the arms of
C, or bear them quarterly, and in which quarters ?

Francis P.

Ijord Chancellor Steele. — Is any pedigree of
William Steele, Esq , Lord Chancellor of Ireland
temp. Commonwealth, extant ; and do any of his
descendants exist ?

It is believed he was nearly related to Captain
Steel, governor of Beeston Castle, who suffered
death by military execution in 1643 on a charge
of cowardice. Statfou).

'■'A Tub to the TF/iiaZe." — What is the origin of
this phrase ? Pimlico.

Legitimation (^Scotland). — Perhaps some of
your Scotch readers " learned in the law " would
obligingly answer the subjoined Queries, referring
to some decisions.

1. Will entail property go to a bastard, legiti-
mated before the Union under the great seal (by
the law of Scotland) ?

2. Will titles and dignities descend ?

3. Will armorial bearings ? M. M.
Inner Temple.

•' Vaid mieux" 8fc. — The proverb " Vaut mieux
avoir affaire a Dieu qu'a ses saints " has a Latin
origin. What is it ? M.

Shakspeare Fii'st Folio. — Is there any obtain-
able edition of Shakspeare which follows, or fully
contains, the first folio ? M.

The Staffordshire Knot. — Can any of your
readers give the history of the Staffordshire knot,
traced on the carriages and trucks of the North
Staffordshire Railway Company ? T. P.

Sir Thomas Elyot. — I shall be extremely
obliged by a reference to any sources of inform-
ation respecting Sir Thomas Elyot, Knight, living
in the time of Henry VIIL, son of Sir Richard
Elyot, Knight, of Suffolk.

I shall be glad also to know whether a short
work (among others of his in my possession) en-
titled The Defence of good Women, printed in
London by Thomas Berthelet, 1545, is at all a
rare book? H.C.K.

" Celsior exsurgens pluviis," ^~c. —

" Celsior exsurgens pluviis, nimbosque cadentes,
Sub pedibus cernens, et caeca tonitiua calcans."

Can you oblige me by stating where the above
lines are to be found ? They appear to me to
form an appropriate motto for a balloon. J. P. A.

The Bargain Cup. — Can the old English cus-
tom of drinking together upon the completion of
a bargain, be traced back farther than the Nor-

man era ? Did a similar custom exist in the
earlier ages ? Danl. Dyke, in his Mysteries (Lon-
don, 1634), says :

" The Jews being forbidden to make couenants with
the Gentiles, they also abstained from drinking with
them ; because that was a ceremonie vsed in striking'
of couenants."

This is the only notice I can find among old
writers touching this custom, which is certainly
one of considerable antiquity : though I should
like confirmation of Dyke's words, before I can
recognise an ancestry so remote. R. C. Wabde.

Kidderminster.

School- Libraries. — I am desirous of ascertaining
whether any of our public schools possess any
libraries for the general reading of the scholars, in:
which I do not include mere school-books of Latin,
Greek, &c., which, I presume, they all possess, but
such as travels, biographies, &c.

Roys fresh from these schools appear generally
to know nothing of general reading, and from the
slight information I have, I fear there is nothing
in the way of a library in any of them. If not,
it is, I should think, a very melancholy fact, and
one that deserves a little attention : but if any of
your obliging correspondents can tell me what
public school possesses such a thing, and the facili-
ties allowed for reading in the school, I shall take
it as a favour. Weld Taylor.

Bayswater.

Queen Elizabeth and her " true " Looking-glass.
— An anecdote is current of Queen Elizabeth
having in her later days, if not during her lasfe
illness, called for a true looking-glass, having for a
long time previously made use of one that was in
some manner purposely falsified.

What is the original source of the story ? or at
least what is the authority to which its circulation
is mainly due ? An answer from some of youu
correspondents to one or other of these questions
would greatly oblige Veronica.

Bishop Thomas Wilson. — In Thoresby's Diary y
a. ». 1720, April 17 (vol. ii. p. 289,), is the fol-
lowing entry :

« Easter Sunday . . . after evening prayers
supped at cousin Wilson's with the Bishop of Man's
son."

Was there any relationship, and what, between
this " cousin Wilson," and the bishop's son. Dr.
Thomas Wilson? I should be glad of any in-
formation bearing on any or on all these subjects.

William Denton.

Bishop Wilson's Works. — The Rev. John
Keble, Ilursley, near Winchester, being engaged
in writing the life and editing the works of Bishop
Wilson (Sodor and Man), would feel obliged by

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

221

the communication of any letters, sermons, or other
writings of the bishop, or by reference to any in-
cidents not to be found in printed accounts of his
life.

Hohhes, Po7'irait of. — In the Memoirs of
T. Hobbes, it is stated that a portrait of him was
painted in 1669 for Cosmo de Medici.

I have a fine half-lenrrth portrait of him, on the
back of whicli is the following inscription :

" Thomas Ilobbes, aet. 81. 1669.
Jo". Wick Wrilps, Londiensis, Pictor Carol! S'". R.
pinx'."

Is this painter the same as John Wycke, who
-died in 1702, but who is not, I think, known as a
portrait painter ?

Can any of your readers inform me whether a
portrait of Hobbes is now in the galleries at Flo-
rence, and, if so, by whom it was painted ? It is
possible that mine is a duplicate of the picture
which was painted for the Grand Duke.

W. C. Tkevelyan.

Wallington.

Brascnose, Oxford. — I am anxious to learn the
•origin and meaning of the word Srasenose. I have
somewhere heard or read (though I cannot recall
where) that it was a Saxon word, b7-asen haus or
" brewing-house ;" and that the college was called
by this name, because it was built on the site of
the brewing-house of King Alfred. All that
Ingram says on the subject is this :

" This curious appellation, which, whatever was the
origin of it, has been perpetuated by the symbol of a
brazen nose here and at Stamford, occurs with the
modern orthography, but in one undivided word, so
«arly as 1278, in an Inquisition, now printed in the
Hundred Rolls, though quoted by Wood from the
manuscript record." — See his Memorials of Oxford.

CUTHBERT BedE, B.A.

[Our correspondent will find the notice of King
Alfred's brew-house in the review of Ingram's Memo-
rials in the British Critic, vol. xxiv. p. 139. The writer
•says, " There is a spot in the centre of the city where
Alfred is said to have lived, and which may be called
the native place or river-head of three separate so-
cieties still existing, University, Oriel, and Brascnose,
Brasenose claims his palace. Oriel his church, and
University his school or academy. Of these Brasenose
College is still called, in its formal style, • the King's
Hall,' which is the name by which Alfred himself, in
ills laws, calls his palace ; and it has its present sin-
gular name from a corruption of hrasinium, or brasin-
huse, as having been originally located in that part of
the royal mansion which was devoted to the then im-
portant accommodation of a brew-house." Churton,
in his Life of Bishop Simjth, p. 277., thus accounts for
the origin of the word: — "Brasen Nose Hall, as the

Oxford antiquary has shown, may be traced as far back
as the time of Henry III., about the middle of the
thirteenth century ; and early in the succeeding reign,
6th Edward J., 1278, it was known by the name of
Braseti Nose Hall, which peculiar name was undoubt-
edly owing, as the same author observes, to the cir-
cumstance of a nose of brass affixed to the gate. It is
presumed, however, this conspicuous appendage of the
portal was not formed of the mixed metal, which the
word now^ denotes, but the genuine produce of the
mine ; as is the nose, or rather face, of a lion or leo-
pard still remaining at Stamford, which also gave
name to the edifice it adorned. And hence, when
Henry VIII. debased the coin, by an alloy of copper^
it was a common remark or proverb, that ' Testons
were gone to Oxford, to study in Brasen Nose.* "J

^ G. Downing. — Can any one point out to me a
biography of G. Downing, or at least indicate a
work where the dates of the birth and death of
this celebrated statesman may be found ? He
was English ambassador in the Hague previous to
and in the year 1664, and to him Downing Street
in London owes its name. A very speedy answer
would be most welcome. — From the Navorscher.

A. T. C-

[In Pepys's Diary, vol. i. p. 2. edit. 1848, occurs the
following notice of Sir George Downing : — " Wood
has misled us in stating that Sir George Downing was
a son of Dr. Calibut Downing, the rector of Hackney.
He was beyond doubt the son of Emmanuel Downing,
a London merchant, who went to New England. It
is not improbable that Emmanuel was a near kinsmaa
of Calibut ; how related has not yet been discovered.
Governor Hutchinson, in his History of Massachusetts,
gives the true account of Downing's affiliation, which
has been fartiier confirmed by Mr. Savage, of Boston^
from the public records of New England. Wood calls
Downing a sider with all times and changes ; skilled
in the common cant, and a preacher occasionally. He
was sent by Cromwell to Holland, as resident there.
About the Restoration, he espoused the King's cause,
and was knighted and elected M. P. for Morpeth, in
1661. Afterwards, becoming Secretary to the Trea-
sury and Commissioner of the Customs, he was in 166S
created a Baronet of East Hatley, in Cambridgeshire,
and was again sent ambassador to Holland. His
grandson of the same name, who died in 1749, was the
founder of Downing College, Cambridge. The title
became extinct in 1764, upon the decease of Sir John
Gerrard Downing, the last heir male of the family.'*
According to Hutchinson, Sir George died in 1684.]

Unhid. — Can any of your readers inform me as
to the derivation of this word, or give any instance
of its recent use ? I have frequently heard it ia
my childhood (the early part of the present cen-
tury) among the rural population of Oxon and
Berks. It was generally applied to circumstances
of a melancholy or distressing character, but some-
times used to express a peculiar state of feeling,
being apparently intended to convey nearly the
same meaning as the ennui of the French. I re-

222

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

collect an allusion to tbe phrase somewliei-e in
Miss Mitford's writings, who speaks of it as pecu-
liar to Berks; bat as I was then ignorant of
Captain Cuttle's maxim, I did not " make a note
of it," so that I am unable to lay my hand on the
passage. G. T.

Reading.

[IMr. Sternberg also found this word in North-
amptonshire : for in his valuable work on The Dialect
and Folk Lore of that county occurs the following
derivation of it: — " Unked, Hunkid, s. lonely, dull,
miserable. ' I \vas so united when ye war awaj-.' ' A
unked house,' &c. Mr. Bosworth gives, as the deriv-
ative, the A.-S. ttncyd, solitary, without speech. In
Batchelor's lAat of Bedfordshire JVords, it is spelt
■ujigkid."'\

Pilgrhns Progress. — The common editions con-
tain a third part, setting forth the life of Tender-
conscience : this third part is thought not to have
been written by Bunyan, and is omitted from
some, at least, of the modern editions. Can any of
your readers explain by whom this addition was
made, and all about it ? The subject of the Pil-
grim^s Progress generally — the stories of a similar
kind which are said to have preceded — especially
in Catholic times — the history of its editions and
annotations, would give some interesting columns.

M.

[Mr. George OfTor, in his Introduction to The Pil-
grim's Progress, published by the Hanserd Knollys
Society in 1847, notices the third part as a forgery : —
" In a very few years after Bunyan's death, this third
part made its appearance ; and although the title does
not directly say that it was written by Bunyan, yet it
was at first generally received as such. In 1695, it
reached a second edition ; and a sixth in ] 705. In
1708, it was denounced in the title to the ninth edition
of the second part, by a ' Note, the third part, suggested
to be J. Bunyan's, is an imposture.' The author of this
forgery is as yet luiknown." Mr. Offor has also de-
voted fifty pages of his Introduction to the conjec-
tured prototypes of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. He
says, " Every assertion or suggestion that came to my
knowledge has been investigated, and the works re-
ferred to have been analysed. And beyond this, every
allegoriciil work that could be found, previous to the
eighteenth century, has been examined in all the Euro-
pean languages, and the result is a perfect demonstra-
tion of the complete originality of Bunyan."]

John Frewen. — What is known of this divine ?
He was minister at Northiam in Sussex in 1611 ;
and published, the following year, a small volume
of Sermons, bearing reference to some quarrel
between himself and parishioners. Are these
Sermons rare ? Any particulars would be accept-
able. R. C. Wabdk.

Kidderminster.

[Accepted Frewen, Archbishop of York, was the
eldest son of John Frewen, "the puritanical Rector of

Northiam," as Wood calls him, and indeed his name
carries a symbol of his father's sanctity. Wood has
given a few particulars of John, who, he says, " was
a learned divine, and a frequent preacher of the time,
and v.-rote, 1. Fruitfd Instntctions and N^ecessarg Doc-
trine, to edify in the Fear of God, §-c., 1587. 2. Fruit-
ful Instructions for the General Cause of Reformation,
against the Slanders of the Pope and League, §-c., 1589.
3. Certain Choice Grounds and Principles of our
j Christian Religion, with their several Expositions, by
i JFay of Questions and Answers, Sj'c., 1621, and other
things. He died in 1G27 (about the latter end), and
was buried in Northiam Church, leaving then behind
these sons, viz. Accepted, Thankful, Stephen, Joseph,
Benjamin, Tliomas, Samuel, John, &c., which John
seems to have succeeded his father in the Rectory of
Northiam ; but whether the said father was educated at
Oxford, I cannot tell."}

Histories of Literature. — Can any correspon-
dent inform me of the best, or one or two prin-
cipal Histories of Literature, published in the
English language, with the names of the author
and publisher ; as well as, if possible, the size and
price ? Ilmonasteriensis.

[Our corres])ondent cannot do better than procure
Hal lam's Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the
Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries, ?> vols.
8vo. (.^6x.). He may also consult with advantage
Dr. Maitland's Dark Ages, which illustrates the state
of religion and literature in from the ninth to the
twelfth centuries, 8vo., 12s. ; and Berrington's Literary
History of the Middle Ages, ^s. 6cf.]

'■'■ Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone." — In Leigh's Observ-
ations (London, 1660) are several quotations from
a work entitled Mrs. Shaw's Tombstone. Where
may a copy of this be seen ? R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

[Mrs. Dorothy Shaw's Tombstorie, or the Saint's
Remains, 1658, may be seen in the British Museum.
Press-mark, 1418. i. 41.]

CRAKMEB AND CALVIN.

(Vol. viii., p. 182.)

A correspondent who seems to delight in sibi-
lants, signing himself S. Z. Z. S., invites me to
" preserve, in your columns, the letter of Calvin to
Cranmer, of which Dean Jenkyns has only given
extracts," as noticed by me in your Vol. vii.,
p. 621.

I would not shrink from the trouble of tran-
scribing the whole letter, if a complete copy were
only to be found in the short-lived columns of a
newspaper, as inserted in the Record of May 15,
1 843, by Merle d'Aubigne ; but the Dean has
given a reference to the volume in which both the
letters he cites are preserved and accessible, viz.
Calvin Epistles, pp. 134, 135., Genev. 1616.

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

223

S. Z. Z. S. justly observes that there are two
points to be distinguished : first, Cranmei-'s wish
that Calvin should assist in a general union of the
churches protesting against Romish errors; se-
cond, Calvin's offer to assist in settling the Church
of England. He adds, " The latter was declined ;
and the reason is demonstrated in Archbishop
Laurence's Bampton Lectures." I neither possess
those lectures, nor the volume of Calvin's epistles ;
but all I have seen of the correspondence between
him and Cranmer, in the Parker Society's editions
of Cranmer, and of original letters between 1537-
58, and in Jenkyns' Remains of Cramner, indis-
poses me to believe that Calvin made any " offer
to assist in settling the Church of England." It
appears from Dean Jenkyns' note, vol. i. p. 346.,
that Archbishop Laurence made a mistake in the
order of the correspondence, calculated to mislead
himself; and as to lieylyn's assertion, Eccles,
Restaur., p. 65., that Calvin made such an offer,
and " that the Archbishop (Cranmer) knew the
man and refused his offer," the Dean says :

" He gives no authority for the latter part of his
statement, and it can hardly be reconciled with Cran-
mer's letter to Calvin of March 20, 1 552."

The contemptuous expression, he " knew the man
and refused his offer," is, in fact, utterly irrecon-
cilable with Cranmer's language in all his three
letters to Melancthon, to BuUinger, and to Calvin
(Nos. 296, 297, 298. of Parker Society's edition of
Cranmer's Remains, and Nos. 283, 284, 285. of
Jenkyns' edition), where he tells each of the other
two that he had written to Calvin from his de-
sire —

" Ut in Anglia, aut alibi, doctissimorum et opti-
morum virorum synodus convocaretur, in qua de puritate
ecclesiastics doctriiiae, et pracipue de consensu con-
troversiae sacramentariae tractaretur."

Or, as he said to Calvin himself:

" Ut docti et pii viri, qui alios antecellunt eruditione
et judicio, convenirent. "

Your correspondent seems to have used the
word " demonstrated " rather in a surgical than in
its mathematical sense.

Having taken up my pen to supply you with an
answer to this historical inquii-y, I may as well
notice some other articles in your No. 199. For
example, in p. 167., L. need not have referred your
readers to HaUiwell's Researches in Archaic Lan-
guage for an explanation of Bacon's word " bul-
laces." The word may be seen in Johnson's
Dictionary, with the citation from Bacon, and in-
stead of vagnely calling it "a small black and
tartish plum," your botanical readers know it as
the Prunus insititia.

Af^^i^i^ p_)7.'^.. J. M. may like to know farther,
that theDuke of Wellington's clerical brother was
entered on the boards of St. John's College, Cam-

bridge, as Wesley, where the spelling must have
been dictated either by liimself, or by the person
authorised to desire his admission. It continued
to be spelt Wesley in the Cambridge annual ca-
lendars as late as 1808, but was altered in that of
1809 to Wellesley. The alteration was probably
made by the desire of the family, and without
communicating such desire to the registrary of the
university. For it appears in the edition of
Graduati Cantahrigienses, printed in 1823, as
follows :

" Wesley, Gerard Valerian, Coll. Joh. A. M. 1 792.
Comitis de Mornington, Fil. nat. 4'>'«." S^Ji-Jj - 2.^'

In p. 173., C. M. Inglebt may like to know, as
a clue to the origin of his apttssee and, that I was
taught at school, sixty years ago, to call & And
per se, whilst some would call it And-per-se-and.

In the same page, the inquirer B. H. C. re-
specting the word mammon, may like to know that
the history of that word has been given at some
length in p. 1. to p. 68. of the Parker Society's
edition of Tyndale's Parable of the wicked Mam-
mon, where I have stated that it occurs in a form
identical with the English in the Chaldee Targum
of Onkelos on Exod. xviii. 21., and in that of
Jonathan on Judges, v. 9., as equivalent to riches ;
and that in the Syriac translation it occurs in a
form identical with Ma^uwx'a, in Exod. xxi. 30., as
a rendering for 133, the price of satisfaction.
In B. H. C.'s citation from Barnes, even seems a
misprint for ever. The Jews did not again fall
into actual idolatry after the Babylonish captivity ;
but we are told that in the sight of God covetous-
ness is idolatry. Hbnby Walter.

Hasilbury Bryan.

BAKNACIiES.

(Vol. viii., p. 124.)

A Querist quoting from Porta's Natural Magic
the vulgar error that " not only in Scotland, but
in the river Thames, there is a kind of shell-fish
which get out of their shells and grow to be ducks,
or such like birds," asks, what could give rise to
such an absurd belief ? Your correspondent
quotes from the English translation of the Magia
Naturalis, A. d. 1658; but the tradition is very
ancient. Porta the author having died in 1515 a.i>.
You will find an allusion in Hudihras to those —

"Who from the most refin'd of saints,
As naturally grow miscreants,
As barnacles turn Solar.d geese.
In th' islands of the Orcades."

The story has its origin in the peculiar formation
of the little mollusc which inhabits the multivalve
shell, the Pentalasmis anatifera, which by a fleshy
peduncle attaches itself by one end to the bottoms
of ships or floating timber, whilst from the other

■24

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

there protrudes a bunch of curling and fringe-like
cirrhi, by the agitation of which it attracts and
collects its food. These cirrhi so much resemble
feathers, as to have suggested the leading idea of
a bird's tail : and hence the construction of the
remainder of the fable, which is thus given with
grave minuteness in The Herhal, or General His-
torie of Plants, gathered by John Gerarde, Master
in Chirurgerie : London, 1597 :

" What our eyes have seen, and our hands have
touched, we shall declare. There is a small island in
Lancashire called the Pile of Foulders, wherein are
found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships, some
-whereof have been cast thither by shipwreck ; and also
the trunks or bodies, with the branches of old and
■rotten trees, cast up there likewise, whereon is found
a certain spume or froth, that in time breedeth unto
■certain shells, in shape like tliose of a mussel, but
-sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour ; wherein is
contained a thing in form like a lace of silk finely
woven as it were together, of a whitish colour ; one
end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the shell,
even as the fish of oysters and mussels are ; the other
end is made fast unto the belly of a rude mass or lump,
which in time cometh to the shape and form of a bird.
When it is perfectly formed, the shell gapeth open,
and the first thing that appeareth is the foresaid lace
or string ; next come the legs of the bird hanging out,
and as it groweth greater, it openeth the shell by
degrees, till at length it is all come forth, and hangeth
only by the bill. In short space after it cometh to full
maturity, and falleth into the sea, where it gatherelh
feathers, and groweth to a fowl, bigger than a mallard,
and lesser than a goose ; having black legs, and a bill
or beak, and feathers black and white, spotted in such
manner as our magpie, called in some places a Pie-
Annet, which the people of Lancashire call by no other
name than a tree-goose ; which place aforesaid, and all
those parts adjacent, do so much abound therewith,
that one of the best may be bought for threepence.
For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it please them
to repair unto me, and I shall satisfy them by the testi-
mony of credible witnesses." — Page 1391.

Gerarde, who is doubtless Butler's authority,
says elsewhere, that " in the north parts of Scot-
land, and the islands called Orcades," there are
certain trees whereon these tree-geese and barna-
cles abound.

The conversion of the fish into a bird, however
fabulous, would be scarcely more astonishing than
the metamorphosis which it actually undergoes —
the young of the little animal having no feature to
identify it with its final development. In its early
stage (I quote from Carpenter's Physiology, vol. i.
p. 52.) it has a form not unlike that of the crab,
" possessing eyes and powers of free motion ; but
afterwards, becoming fixed to one spot for the re-
mainder of its life, it loses its eyes and forms a
shell, which, though composed of various pieces,
has nothing in common with the jointed shell of
the crab."

Though Porta wrote at Naples, the story has
reference to Scotland; and the tradition is evi-
dently northern, and local. As to Speriend's
Query, What could give rise to so absurd a story ?
it doubtless took its origin in the similarity of the
tentacles of the fish to feathers of a bird. But I
would add the farther Query, whether the ready
acceptance and general credence given to so ob-
vious a fable, may not have been derived from
giving too literal a construction to the text of the
passage in the first chapter of Genesis :

" And God said. Let the tvaters bring forth ahundanthj
the moving creature that hath life, and the fowl that
may fly in the open firmament of heaven ? "

J. Emerson Tennent.

Drayton (1613) in his Poly-olbion, iii., in con-
nexion with the river Dee, speaks of —
" Th' anatomised fish, and fowls from planchers sprung."

to which a note is appended in Southey's edition,
p. 609., that such fowls were " bajmades, a bird
breeding upon old ships." In the Entertaining
Library, " Habits of Birds," pp. 363—379., the
whole story of this extraordinary instance of igno-
rance in natural history is amply developed. The
barnacle shells which I once saw in a sea-port,
attached to a vessel just arrived from the Medi-
tei'ranean, had the brilliant appearance, at a dis-
tance, of flowers in bloom * ; the foot of the
Lepas anatifera (Linna3us) appearing to me like
the stalk of a plant growing from the ship's side :
the shell had the semblance of a calyx, and the
flower consisted of the fingers (tentacula) of the
shell-fish, " of which twelve project in an elegant
curve, and are used by it for making prey of small
fish." The very ancient error was to mistake the
foot of the shell-fish for the neck of a goose, the
shell for its head, and the tentacula for a tuft of
feathers. As to the body, non est inventus. The
Barnacle Goose is a well-known bird : and these
shell-fish, bearing, as seen out of the water, re-
semblance to the goose's neck, were ignorantly,
and without investigation, confounded with geese
themselves, an error into which Albertus Magnus
(d. 1280) did not fall, and in which Pope Pius II.
proved himself infallible. Nevertheless, in France,
the Barnacle Goose may be eaten on fast-days by
virtue of this old belief in its marine origin.

T. J. BUCKTON.

DIAL INSCRIPTIONS.

(Vol. iv., p. 507.; Vol. v., p. 155., &c.)
In the churchyard of Areley-Kings, "Worces-
tershire (where is the singular memorial to Sir
Ilari'y Coningsby, which I mentioned at Vol. vi ,

* See Penny Cycl, art. Cirripeda, vii. 208., revers-
ing the woodcut.

Sept, 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

225

p. 406.), is a curious dial, tlie pillar supporting
which has its four sides carved with figures of
Time and Death, &c., and the following inscrip-
tions.

On the south side, where is the figure of
Time:

" Asp ice — ut aspicias."

" Time's glass and scythe o

Thy life and death declare, §

Spend well thy time, and 5;

For thy end prepare." "

" O man, now or never ;
While there is time, turn unto the Lord,
And put not off from day to day."

On the north side, where is the figure of Death
standing upon a dead body, with his dart, hour-
glass, and spade :

" Three things there he in very deede,
Which make my heart in grief to hleede :
The first doth vex my very heart,
In that from hence I must departe ;
The second grieves me now and then,
That I must die, but know not when ;
The third with tears bedews my face,
That I must die, nor know the place.
I. W.
fecit, Anno Dnii.
1687."

" Behold my killing dart and delving spade ;
Prepare for death before thy grave be made ;
for
After death there's no hope."

" If a man die he shall live again.
All the days of my appointed time
Will I wait till my days come," — Job xiv. 14.

« The death of saints is precious.
And miserable is the death of sinners,"

The east side of the pillar has the following :

" Si vis ingredi in vitam,
Serva mandata."

"Judgments are prepared for sinners." — Prov. xiv, 9,

And on the west :

" Sol non occidat
Super iracundiam vestram."

" Whatsoever ye would that men

Should do unto you,

Do ye even so unto them."

I subjoin a few other dial inscriptions, copied
from churches in Worcestershire.

Kidderminster (parish church) :

" None but a villain will deface me."

Himbleton (over the porch) :

" Via Vit£E."
Bromsgrove :

" We shall — " (i.e. we shall die-all).

Shrawley :

" Ab hoc momento pendet asternltas."

CUTHBEBT BeDE, B.A.

THE " SALTPETER MAKER,

(Vol. vii., pp. 377. 433. 460. 530.)

The following humble petition will give an idea
of the arbitrai-y power exercised by the " Salt-
peter maker" in the days of Good Queen Bess ;
and of the useful monopoly that functionary con-
trived to make of his employment, in defiance of
county government :

" Righto honorable, our humble dewties to yo' good
Lordshippe premised, maye it please the same to be
advertised, that at the Quarter sessions holden at New-
arke within this countie of Nottingham, There was a
generall Complaynte made unto us by the Whole
Countrie, that one John Ffoxe, saltpeter maker, had
charged the Whole Countrie by his precepts for the
Caryinge of Cole from Selsonn, in the Countie of Not-
tingham, unto the towne of Newarke wii'ln the same
countie ; beinge sixteene myles distante] for the make-
inge of saltpeter, some townes w"' five Cariages and
some w"' lesse, or els to geve him foure shillinges for
everie Loade, whereof he hath Recyved a great parte.
Uppon w°'» Complaynte we called the same Ffoxe be-
fore some of us at Newarke at the Sessions, there to
answere the premisses, and also to make us a propclon
what Loades of Coales would serve to make a thowsand
of saltpeter, To thend we might have sett some order for
the preparing of the same : But the said Ffoxe will not
sett downe anie rate what would serve for the make-
inge of a Thowsande. Therefore we have thoughte
good to advertise your good Lordshippe of the pre-
misses, and have appoynted the clarke of the peace of
this countie of Nottingham to attend yo' good Lord-
shippe to know yo'' Lordshippes pleasure about the
same, who can farther informe yo'' good Lordshippe of
the particularities thereof, if it shall please yo' good
Lordshippe to geve him hearlnge, And so most humblie
take our Leaves, Newarke, the viij"" of OctobS 1589.
" Your Lpp most humblie to Comaunde,
Ro. Markham, William Sutton,

Rauf Barton, 1589, Nihs Roos,

Brian Lassels, John Thornhagh."

The document is addressed on the back " To
the Right Honorable our verie good Lord the
Lord Burghley, Lord Heighe Threasoro"" of Eng-
land, yeve theis ;" and is numbered LXL 72. among
the Lansdowne MSS., B. M.

The proposal quoted below has no date at-
tached, but probably belongs to the former part
of the seventeenth century :

" The Service,
"1, To make 500 Tunne of refined Saltpetre within
his Ma"" dominions yearely, and continually, and
cheaper.
2. Without digging of houses or charging of carts, or
any other charge to the subject whatsoever.

226

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

3. To performe the whole service at our owne cost.

4. Not to hinder any man in his owne way of makeing

saltpetre, nor importation from forreine parts."

The following memorandum is underwritten :

" Mr. Speaker hath our Bill ; Be pleased to-morrow
to call for it."

The original draft of the above disinterested
offer may be seen Harl. CLVIII. fol. 272.

FuBVUS.
St. James's.

(Vol. viii., p. 150.)

The difficulty in investigating the origin of this
word is that the letter c, " the most wonderful of
all letters," says ^'ichhoff (Vergleichu7ig der Spra-
chen, p. 55.), sounds like k before the vowels a, o,
u, but before e, i, in French, Spanish, Portuguese,
and Dutch, as s, in Italian as tsh, in German as
ts. It is always ts in Polish and Bohemian. In
Russian it is represented by a special letter iij,
tsi; but in Celtic it is always k. Conformably
with this principle, the Russians, like the Germans,
Poles, and Bohemians, pronounce the Latin c as
ts. So Cicero in these languages is pronounced
Tsitsero, very differently from the Greeks, who
called him Kikero. The letter tsi is a supple-
mentary one in Russian, having no cori'esponding
letter in the Greek alphabet, from which the
Russian v/as formed in the ninth century by St.
Cyril. The word to be sought then amongst
cognate languages as the counterpart of tsar (or
as the Germans write it czai^) is car, as pronounced
in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and
Dutch. The most probable etymological con-
nexion that I can discover is with the Sanscrit

•rf 4 J car, to move, to advance ; the root of the

Greek ko/J^oc, in English car, Latin curro, French
cours. So Sanscrit caras, carat, movable, nimble ;
Greek XP«»"') Latin currens. And Sanscrit caras,
motion, Greek xopos, Latin currus, cwsus, French
char, English car, cart, &c. The early Russians
were doubtless wanderers, an off-shoot of the
people known to the Greeks as Scythians, and to
the Hebrews and Arabians as Gog and Magog,
who travelled in cars, occupying first one terri-
tory with their flocks, but not cultivating the land,
then leaving it to nature and taking up another
resting-place. It is certain that the Russians
have many' Asiatic words in their vocabulary,
which must necessarily have occurred from their
being for more than two centuries sometimes
under Tatar, and sometimes under Mongol do-
mination ; and the origin of this word tsar or car
may have to be sought on the plateaus of North-
east Asia. In the Shemitic tongues (Arabic, He-
brew, Persian, &c.) no connexion of sound or

meaning, so probable as the above Indo-European
one, is to be found. The popular derivations of
Nabupolassar, Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, &c.,
are not to be trusted. It is remarkable, however,
that these names are significant in Russian. (See
" N. & Q.," Vol. vii., pp. 432, 433, note:) The
cuneatic inscriptions may yet throw light on these
Assyrian names. In Russian the kingdom is
Tsarstvo, the king Tsar, his queen Tsarina, his
son is Tsarevitch, and his daughter Tsarevna.
The word is probably pure Russian or Slavic.
The Russian tsar used about two hundred years
ago to be styled duke by foreign courts, but he
has advanced in the nomenclature of royalty to be
an emperor. The Russians use the word impe-
ratore for emperor, Kesar for Csesar, and samo-
derslietse for sovereign. T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

In Voltaire's History of the Russian Empire, it
is stated that the title of Czar may possibly be
derived from the Tzars or Tchars of the kingdom
of Casan. When John, or Ivan Basilides, Grand
Prince of Russia, had completed the reduction of
this kingdom, he assumed this title, and it has
since continued to his successors. Before the
reign of John Basilides, the sovereigns of Russia
bore the name of Velihe Knez, that is, great prince,
great lord, great chief, which in Christian coun-
tries was afterwards rendered by that of great
duke. The Czar Michael Federovitz, on occasion
of the Holstein embassy, assumed the titles of
Great Knez and Great Lord, Conservator of all
the Russias, Prince of Wolodimir, Moscow, No-
vogorod, &c., Tzar of Casan, Tzar of Astracan,
Tzar of Siberia. The name of Tzar was there-
fore the title of those Oriental princes, and there-
fore it is more probable for it to have been de-
rived from the Tshas of Persia tlian from the
Roman Caesars, whose name very likely never
reached the ears of the Siberian Tzars on the
banks of the Oby. In another part of Voltaire's
Historij, when giving an account of the celebrated
battle of Narva, where Charles XII., with nine
thousand men and ten pieces of cannon, defeated
" the Russian army with eighty thousand fighting
men, supported by one hundred and forty-five
pieces of cannon," he says, " Among the captives
was the son of a King of Georgia, whom Charles
sent to Stockholm ; his name was Mittelesky
Czarowitz, or Czar's Son, which is farther proof
that the title of Czar or Tzar was not originally
derived from the Roman Caesars." To the above
slightly abbreviated description may not be unin-
terestingly added the language of Voltaire, which
immediately follows the first reference :

" No title, how great soever, is of any signification,
unless they M'ho bear it are great and powerful of
themselves. The word emperor, which denoted only
the ge?tcral of an army, became the title of the sove-

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

227

reigns of Rome ; and it is now conferred on the su-
preme governor of all the Russias."

A Hermit at Hampstead.

I beg to inform J. S. A. that the right word is
Tsar, and that it is the Russian word answering
to our king or lord, the Latin Rex, the Persian
Shah, &c. There may be terms in other lan-
guages that have an affinity with it, but I believe
we should seek in vain for a derivation. T. K.

" LAND OF GREEN GINGER.

(Vol. viii., p. 160.)

I wish that R. W. Elliot of Clifton, whom I
recognise as a former inhabitant of Hull, had given
the authority on which he states, that " It is so
called from the sale of ginger having been chiefly
carried on there in early times." The name of
this street has much puzzled the local antiqua-
ries ; and having been for several years engaged
on a work relative to the derivations, &c., of the
names of the streets of Hull, I have spared no
pains to ascertain the history and derivation of
the singular name of this street.

I offer then a conjecture as to its derivation as
follows : — The ground on which this street stands
was originally the property of De la Pole, Duke
of Suffolk, on which he had built his stately manor-
house. On the attainder of the family it was
seized by the king ; and Henry VIH. several times
held his court here, on one of his visits having
presented his sword to the corporation. It was
then, 1538, called Old Beverley Street, as seen in
the survey made of the estates of Sir William
Sydney, Kt. In a romance called Piraute el
Blanco, it is stated : " The morning collation at
the English Court was gi'een ginger with good
Malmsey, which was their custom, because of the
coldness of the land." And in the Fcedern, vii.
233., it is stated that, among other things, the
cargo of a Genoese ship, which was driven ashore j
at Dunster, in Somersetshire, in 1380, consisted of
green ginger (ginger cured with lemon-juice). In
Hollar's Map of Hull, 1640, the street is there laid
out as built upon, but without any name attached \
to it. No other plans of Hull are at present
known to exist from the time of Hollar, 1640, to \
Gent, 1735. In Gent's plan of Hull, it is there ■
called " The Land of Green Ginger ;" so that pro-
bably, between the years 1640 and 1735, it re-
ceived its peculiar name.

I therefore conjecture that, as Henry VIII.
kept his Court here with his usual regal magni-
ficence, green ginger would be one of "the luxu- •
ries of his table ; that this portion of his royal
property, being laid out as a garden, was pecu-
liarly suitable for the growth of ginger — the same
as Pontefract was for the growth of the liquorice

j plant ; and that, upon the property being built

: upon, the remembrance of this spot being so
suitable for the growth of ginger for the Court,
would eventually give the peculiar name, in the
same way that the adjoining street of Bowl- Alley-
Lane received its title from the bowling-green

j near to it. John Richardson.

I 13. Savile Street, Hull.

This has long been a puzzle to the Hull anti-
; quaries. I have often inquired of old persons
j likely to know the origin of such names of places
I at that sea-port as " The Land of Green Ginger,"
"PIg_ Alley," "Mucky-south-end," and "Rotten
Herring Staith ;" and I have come to the conclu-
sion, that "The Land of Green Ginger" was a
very dirty place where horses were kept : a mews,
in short, which none of the Muses, not even with
Homer as an exponent, could exalt ("•'E7r€a
Trrepoei'Ta iv adcwdTOKTi &€o7(rt") into the regions of
poesy.

Ginger has been cultivated in this country as a
stove exotic for about two hundred and fifty years.
In one of the histories of Hull, ginger is supposed
to have grown in this street, where, to a recent
period, the stables of the George Inn, and those of
a person named Foster opposite, occupied the
principal portion of the short lane called " Land
of Green Ginger." It is hardly possible that the
true zingiber can have grown here, even in the
manure heaps ; but a plant of the same order
(Zingiberacece) may have been mistaken for it.
Some of the old women or marine school-boys of
the Trinity House, in the adjoining lane named from
that guild, or some druggist, may have dropped,
either accidentally or experimentally, a root, if
not of the ginger, yet of some kindred plant.
The magnificent Fuchsia was first noticed in the
possession of a seaman's wife by Fuchs in 1501,
a century prior to the introduction of the ginger
plant into England. T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Stereoscopic Angles. — The discussion in " N",
& Q." relative to the best angle for stereoscopic
pictures has gone far towards a satisfactory con-
clusion : there are, however, still a few points which
may be beneficially considered.

In the first place, the kind of stereoscope to be
used must tend to modify the mental impression;
and secondly, the amount of reduction from the
size of the original has a considerable influence
on the final result.

If in viewing a stereoscopic pair of photographs,
they are placed at the same distance from the eyes
as the length of the focus of the lens used in pro-
ducing them, then without doubt the distance be-
tween the eyes, viz. about two and a quarter

228

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

inches, is the best difference between the two
points of view to produce a perfectly natural re-
sult ; and if the points of operation be more distant
from one another, as I have before intimated, an
effect is produced similar to what would be the
case if the pictures were taken from a model of the
object instead of the object itself.

When it is intended that the pictures taken are
to be viewed by an instrument that requires their
distance from the eyes to be less than the focal
length of the lens used in their formation, what is
the result P Why, that they subtend an angle
larger than in nature, and are consequently appa-
rently increased in bulk ; and the obvious remedy
is to increase the angle between the points of
generation in the exact ratio as that by which the
visual distance is to be lessened. There is one
other consideration to which I would advert, viz.
that as we judge of distance, &c. mainly by the
degree oi convergence of the optic axes of our two
eyes, it cannot be so good to arrange the camera
with its two positions quite parallel, especially for
objects at a short or medium distance, as to let
its centre radiate from the principal object to be
delineated ; and to accomplish this desideratum in
the readiest Avay (for portraits especially), the in-
genious contrivance of Mr. Latimer Clark, de-
scribed in the Journal of the Photographic Society,
appears to me the best adapted. It consists of a
modification of the old parallel ruler arrangement
on which the camera is placed ; but one of the
sides has an adjustment, so that within certain
limits any degree of convergence is attainable.
Now in the case of the pictures alluded to by Mr.
H. Wilkinson in Vol. viii., p. 181., it is probable
they were taken by a camera placed in two po-
sitions parallel to one another, and it is quite clear
that only & portion of the two pictures could have
been really stereoscopic. It is perfectly true that
two indifferent negatives will often combine and
form one good stereoscopic positive, but this is in
consequence of one possessing that in which the
other is deficient ; and at any rate two good pictures
will have a better effect : consequently, it is better
that the two views should contain exactly the same
range of vision. Geo. Shadbolt.

Frotonitrate of Iron. — "Being in the habit of
using protonitrate of iron for developing collodion
pictures, the following method of preparing that
solution suggested itself to me, Avhich appears to
possess great advantages : —

Water - - - - 1 oz.

Protosulphate of iron - - 14 grs.

Nitrate of potash - - - 10 grs.

Acetic acid - - - - i drm.

Nitric acid - - - - 2 drops.
In this mixture nitrate of potash is employed to
convert the sulphate of iron into nitrate in place
of nitrate of baryta in Dr. Diamond's formula, or

nitrate of lead as recommended by Mr. Sisson;
the advantage being that no filtering is required,
as the sulphate of potash (produced hy the double
decomposition) is soluble in water, and does not
interfere with the developing qualities of the
solution.

" The above gives the bright deposit of silver
so much admired in Dr. Diamond's pictures, and
will be found to answer equally well either for
positives or negatives. If the nitric acid be
omitted, we obtain the effects of protonitrate of
iron prepared in the usual way. John Spilleb."
(From the Photographic Journal.')

Photographs in natural Colours. — As " N. & Q."
numbers among its correspondents many residents
in the United States, I hope you will permit me
to inquire through its columns whether there is
really any foundation for the very startling an-
nouncement, in Professor Hunt's Photography, of
Mr. Hill of New York having "obtained more
than fifty pictures from nature in all the beauty
of native coloration," or whether the statement
is, as I conclude Professor Hunt is inclined to
believe, one of those hoaxes In which many of our
transatlantic friends take so much delight.

Matter-of-Fact.

Photographs ly artijiciul Lights. — May I ask
for references to any manuals of photography, or
papers in scientific journals, in which are recorded
any experiments that have been made with the
view of obtaining photographs by means of arti-
ficial lights ? This is, I have no doubt, a subject
of interest to many who, like myself, are busily
occupied during the day, and have only their
evenings for scientific pursuits : while it is obvious,
that if such a process can be successfully prac-
tised, there are many objects — such as prints,
coins, seals, ohjects of natural history and antiquity —
which might well be copied by it, even though
artificial light should prove far slower in its action
than solar lisht. A Clerk.

JR^pIie^ to iMtn0r <!h\itxiti.

Vandyke in America (Vol. viii., p. 182.). — I
would take the liberty of asking Mr. Balch of
Philadelphia whom he means by Col. Hill and
Col. Byrd, "worthies famous in English history,
and whose portraits by Vandyke are now on the
James River ? " I know of no Col. Hill or Byrd
whom Vandyke could possibly have painted. I
should also like to know what proof there is that
the pictures, whomsoever they represent, are by
Vandyke. Mr. Balch says that he favours us
with this information " in answer to the query "
(Vol, vii., p. 38.) ; but I beg leave to observe that
it is by no means " in answer to the query," which
was about an engraved portrait and not picture, and

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

229

Lis thus bringing in the Vandykes a prapos de
hottes makes me a little curious about their au-
thenticity. C.

Title wanted — Choirochorographia (Vol. viii.,
p. 151.). — The full title of the book inquired
after is as follows :

" Xoipox<»poypa(pta : sive, Hoglandije Descriptio

Plattdite PorctUi Porcorum pigra Propago (^K\eg. Poet.):
Londini, Anno Domini 1709. Pretium 2'," 8vo.

The printer, as appears from the advertisement
at the end of the volume, was Henry Hills. The
middle of the title-page is occupied by a coarsely
executed woodcut, representing a boar with a
barbed instrument in his snout, and a similar in-
strument on a larger scale under the head, sur-
mounted with some rude characters, which I read

" TUBX TRVYE BEVIS O HAMTVN,"

The dedication is headed, " Augusto admodum &

undiquaq; Spectabili Heroi Domini H S

Maredydius Caduganus Pymlymmonensis, S.P.D."
The entire work appears to be written in ridicule
of Hampshire, and to be intended as a retaliation
for a work written by Edward Iloldsworth, of
Magd. Coll. Oxford, entitled Mnscipida, sive Ka/x-
epo-ixvo-fiax'a, published by the same printer in
the same year, and translated by Dr. Hoadly in
the fifth volume of Dodsley's Miscellany, p. 277.,
edit. 1782.

Query, AVho was the author ? and had Holds-
worth any farther connexion with Hampshire
than that of having been educated at Winchester
School ? J. F. M.

Second Growth of Grass (Vol. viii., p. 102.). —
R. W. F. of Bath inquires for other names than
" fog," &c. In Sussex we have " rowens," or
"rewens" (the latter, I believe, a corruption),
used for the second growth of grass.

Halliwell, in his Dictionai^y of Archaic and Pro-
vincial Words, has '•'•Rowens, after-grass," as a Suf-
folk word. Bailey gives the word, with a some-
what different signification; but he has "Rowen
hay, latter hay," as a country word.

William Figg.

Xicwes.

In Norfolk this is called "aftermath eddish,"
and " rowans " or " rawins."

The first term is evidently from the A.-S. mceth,
a mowing or math : Bosworth's Dictionary. Ed-
dish is likewise from the A.-S. edisc, signifying
the second growth; it is used by Tusser, Oc-
tober's Husbandry, stanza 4. :

" Where wheat upon eddish ye mind to bestow.
Let that be the first of the wheat ye do sow."

Bawings also occurs in Tusser, and in the Prom-
ptorium Parvulorum, 7-aivynhey is mentioned. In
Bailey's Dictionary it is spelt rowen and ronghings :

this last form gives the etymology, for roire, as
may be seen in Halliwell, is an old form for rough.

E.G.R.

I have always heard it called in Northumberland,
fog ; in Norfolk, after-math ; in Oxfordshire, I am
told, it is latter-math. This term is pure A. -Saxon,
mceth, the mowing ; the former word fog, and
eddish also, are to be found in dictionaries, but
their derivation is not satisfactoiy. C. I. R.

Snail eating (yo\.\n\., p. 34.). — The beautiful
specimens of the large white snails were brought
from Italy by Single-speech Hamilton, a gentleman
of verta and exquisite taste, and placed in the
grounds at Paynes Hill, and some fine statues
likewise. On the change of property, the snails
were dispersed about the country ; and many of
them were picked up by my grandfather, who
lived at the Grove under Boxhill, near Dorking.
They were found in the hedges about West Hum-
ble, and in the grounds of the Grove. I had this
account from my mother ; and had once some of
the shells, which I had found when staying in
Surrey. Julia II. Bockett.

Southcote Lodge.

The snails asked after by Mr. H. T. Rilet are to
be met with near Dorking. When in that neigh-
bourhood one day in May last, I found two in the
hedgerow on the London road (west side) between
Dorking and Box Hill. They are much larger
than the common snail, the shells of a light brown,
and the flesh only slightly tinged with green. I
identified them by a description and drawing given
in an excellent book for children, the Parent's
Cabinet, which also states that they are to be found
about Box Hill. G. Rogers Long.

The large white snail {Helix pomatia) is found
in abundance about Box flill in Surrey, It is
also plentiful near Stonesfield in Oxfordshire,
where have, at different periods, been discovered
considerable remains of Roman villas ; and it has
been suggested that this snail was introduced by
the former inhabitants of those villas.

W. C. Trevelyan.

Wallington.

Sotades (Vol. vii., p. 417.). — Sotades is the sup-
posed inventor of Palindromic verses (see Mr.
Sands' Specimens of Macaronic Poetry, p. 5., 1831.
His enigma on "Madam" was written by Miss
Ritson of Lowestoft). S. Z. Z. S.

The Letter " h " in " humble " (Vol. viii., p. 54.).
— The question has been raised by one of your
correspondents (and I have not observed any
reply thereto), as to whether it is a peculiarity of
Londoners to pronounce the h in humble. If, as a
Londoner by birth and residence, I might be
allowed to answer the Query, I should say that

230

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

the h is never heard in humble, except when the
word is pronounced from the pulpit. I believe it
to be one of those, either Oxford or Cambridge, or
both, peculiarities, of which no reasonable expla-
nation can be given.

I should be glad to hear whether any satisfactory
general rule has been laid down as to when the h
should be sounded, and when not. The only rule
which occurs to me is to pronounce it in all words
coming to us from the Celtic " stock," and to pass
it unsounded in those which are of Latin origin.
If this rule be admitted, the pronunciation sanc-
tioned by the pulpit and Mr. Dickens is con-
demned. Benjamin Dawson.

London.

Lord North (Vol.vii., p. 317. ; Vol.viii., p.l84.).

— Is M. E. of Philadelphia laughing at us, when
he refers us to a woodcut in some American pic-
torial publication on the American Revolution for
a true portraiture of the figure and features of
King George III. ; different, I presume, from that
which I gave you. His woodcut, he says, is taken
"from an Eagllsh engraving ;" he doe5 not tell us
who either painter or engraver was — bu»t no matter.
"We have hundreds of portraits by the best hands
which confirm my description, which moreover
was the result of personal observation : for, from
the twentieth to the thirtieth years of my life, I
had frequent and close opportunities of approach-
ing his Majesty. I cannot but express my sur-
prise that " N. & Q." should have given iasertlon
to anything so absurd— to use the gentlest term —
as M. E.'s appeal to his " woodcut." C.

Singing Psalms and Politics (Vol. vIII., p. 56.).

— One instance of the misapplication of psalmody
must suggest itself at once to the readers of " N.
& Q.," I mean the melancholy episode in the his-
tory of the Martyr King, thus related by Hume :

" Another preacher, after reproaching him to liis face
with his misgovernment, ordered this Psalm to be
sung, —

' Why dost thou, tyrant, boast thyself,
Thy wicked deeds to praise ? '

The king stood up, and called for that Psalm which
begins with these words, —

' Have mercy. Lord, on me, I pray ;
For men would me devour.'

The good-natured audience, in pity to fallen majesty,
showed for once greater deference to the king than to
the minister, and sung the psalm which the former had
called for." — Hume's History of England, ch. 58.

W. Fkaser.
Tor-Mohun.

Dimidiation by Impalement (Vol. vii., p. 630.). —
Your correspondent D. P. concludes his notice on
this subject by doubting if any instance of "Dimi-
diation by Impalement" can be found since the

time of Henry VIII. If he turn to Anderson's
Diplomata Scotice (p. 164. and 90.), he will find
that Mary Queen of Scots bore the arms of France
dimidiated with those of Scotland from a.d. 1560
to December 1565. This coat she bore as Queen
Dowager of France, fi-om the death of her first
husband, the King of France, until her marriage
with Darnley. T. H. de H.

^^ Inter cuncta micaus" ^c. (Vol. vi., p. 413.;
Vol. vii., p. 510.). — The following translation is
by the Rev. Geo. Greig of Kennington. It pre-
serves the acrostic and mesostic, though not the
telestic, form of the original :

" In glory rising see the sun. Illustrious orb of day.

Enlightening heaven's wide expanse, Expel night's gloom away.
So light into the darkest soul, JESUS, Thou dost impart.

Uplifting Thy life-giving smiles Upon the deaden'd heart :

Sun Thou of Righteousness Divine, Sole King of Saints Thou

art."

H. T. Griffith.
Hull.

Mai'riage Service (Vol. vlii., p. 150.). — I have
seen the Rubric carried out, in this particular, in
St. Mary's Church, Kidderminster.

CUTHBEET BeDE, B. A.

Widowed Wife (Vol.viii., p. 56.). — Eur. Hec.
612. " Widowed wife and wedded maid," occurs
in Vanda's prophecy ; Sir W. Scott's The Be-
trothed, ch. xv. S. Z. Z. S.

Pure (Vol. vili., p. 125.). — The use of the
word pure pointed out by Oxoniensis is nothing
new. It is a common provincialism now, and was
formerly good English. Here are two examples
from Swift (Letters, by Hawkes worth, vol. iv. 1768,
p. 21.):

" Ballygall will be a pure good place for air."

Ibid. p. 29. :

" Have you sraoakt the Tattler yet ? It is much
liked, and I think it a pure one."

C. Mansfield Ingleby.
Birmingham.

" Purely, I thank you," is a common reply of
the country folks in this part when accosted as
to their health. I recollect once asking a mar-
ket-woman about her son who had been ill, and
received for an answer : " Oh he's quite fierce
agiiin, thank you, Sir." Meaning, of course, that
he had quite recovered. Norris Deck.

Cambridge,

Mrs. Tighe (Vol.viii., p. 103.). — "There is a
likeness of Mrs. Henry Tighe, the authoress of
' Psyche,' In the Ladies' Monthly Museum for
February, 1818. It is engraved by J. Hopwood,
jun., from a drawing by Miss Emma Drummond.
Underneath the engraving referred to, are the
words ' Mrs. Henry Tighe ; ' but she is called in

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

231

the memoir, ' wife of William Tiglie, Esq., M.P.
for Wicklow, whose residence is Woodstock, county
of Kilkenny, author of llie Plants, a poem, 8vo. :
published in 1808 and 1811 ; and Statistical Ob-
servations on the County of Kilkenny, 1800. Mrs.
Tifi^he is described as having had a pleasing per-
son, and a countenance that indicated melancholy
and deep reflection ; was amiable in her domestic
relations ; had a mind well stored with classic lite-
rature ; and, with strong feelings and affections,
expressed her thoughts with the nicest discrimi-
nation, and taste the most refined and delicate.
Thus endued, it is to be regretted that Mrs. Tighe
should have fallen a victim to a lingering disease
of six years at the premature age of thirty-seven,
on March 24, 1810.' — The remainder of the short
notice does not throw any additional light on
Mrs. Tighe, or family; but if you, Sir, or the
Editor of " N. & Q." wish, I will cheerfully tran-
scribe it. — I am, Sir, yours in haste, Vix.

" Belfast, Aug. 15."

[We are indebted for the above reply to the Dublin
Weekly Telegraph, which not only does us the honour
to quote very freely from our pages, but always most
liberally acknowledges the source from which the
articles so quoted are derived.]

Satirical Medal (Vol. vlii., p. 57.). — I have
seen the same medal of Sir R. Walpole (the latest
instance of the media3val hell-mouth with which I
am acquainted) bearing on the obverse — " the
GENERousE (sic) DUKE OF ARGYLE ;" and at the

foot " NO PENTIONS." S. Z. Z. S.

" They shot him dead at the Nine-Stone Rig "
(Vol. viii., p. 78.). — Your correspondent the
Borderer will find the fragment of the ballad he
is in search of, commencing with the above line,
in the second volume of the Minstrelsy of the Scot-
tish Border, p. 114. It is entitled "Barthram's
Dirge," and " was taken down," says Scott, " by
Mr. Surtees, from the recitation of Anne Douglas,
an old woman, who weeded his garden."

Since the death of Mr. Surtees, however, it has
been ascertained that this ballad, as well as " The
Death of Featherstonhaugh," and some others in
the same collection, were composed by him and
passed off upon Scott as genuine old Scottish
ballads.

Farther particulars respecting this clever li-
terary imposition are given In a review of the
" Memoir of Robert Surtees, " in the Athenceum of
August 7, 1852. J. K. R. W.

Hendericus du Booys : Helena Leonora de Sieveri
(Vol. v., p. 370.).— Are two different portraits of
each of these two persons to be found ? By no
means. There exists, however, a plate of each,
engraved by C. Visscher ; but the first impres-
sions bear the address of E. dii Booys, the later

that of E. Cooper. As I am informed by Mr.
Bodel Nijenhuis, Hendericus du Booys took part
in the celebrated three-days' fight, Feb. 18, 19,
and 20, 1653, between Blake and Tromp. — From
the Navorscher. M.

House-marks, ^c. (Vol. vil., p. 594. ; Vol. viii.,
p. 62.). — May I be allowed to Inform Mr. Col-
LTNS that the custom he refers to is by no means
of modern date. Nearly all the cattle which
come to Malta from Barbary to be stall-fed for
consumption, or horses to be sold In the gai-rlson,
bring with them their distinguishing marks by
which they may be easily known.

And it may not be out of place to remark,
that being one of a party in the winter of 1830,
travelling overland from Smyrna to Ephesus, we
reached a place just before sunset where a roving
band of Turcomans had encamped for the night.
On nearing these people we observed that the
women were preparing food for their supper,
while the men were employed In branding with
a hot iron, under the camel's upper lip, their own
peculiar mark, — a very necessary precaution, it
must be allowed, with people who are so well
known for their pilfering propensities, not only
practised on each other, but also on all those who
come within their neighbourhood. Having as
strangers paid our tribute to their great dexterity
In their profession, the circumstance was published
at the time, and to this day Is not forgotten.

W.W.

Malta.

" Quifacitper alium, facit per se." — In Vol. vii.,
p. 488., I observe an attempt to trace the source
of the expression, " Qui facit per alium, facit per
se." A few months since I met with the quotation
under some such form as " Qui facit per alium,
per se facere videtur," in the preface to a book on
Surveying, by FItzherbert (printed by Berthelet
about 1535), where It is attributed to St. Au-
gustine. As I know of no copy of the works of
that father in these parts (though I heard him
quoted last Sunday In the pulpit), I cannot at
present verify the reference. J. Seeednot.

Halifax.

Engin-u-verge (Vol. vii., p. 619. ; Vol. viii.,
p. 65.). — H. C. K. is mistaken in his conjecture
respecting this word, as the following definition of
it will show :

" Enffins-d-verge. lis comprenaient les diverses es-
peces de catapultes, les pierriers, &c." — Bescherelle,
Dictionnaire National.

B. H. C.

Campvere, Privileges of (Vol viii., p. 89.). —
"Jus Gruis liberae." Does not this mean the
privilege of using a crane to raise their goods free
of dues, municipal or fiscal ? Grus, grue, krahn,

232

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

kraan, all mean, in their different languages, crane
the bird, and crane the machine. J. PL L.

Sumhug — Ambages (Vol. viii., p. G4.)- — May
I be permitted to inform your correspondent that
Mr. May was certainly correct when using the
word " ambages " as an English word in his trans-
lation of Lucan.

In Howell's Dictionary, published in London in
May 1660, I find it thus recorded:

" Ambages, or circumstances."

" Full of ambages."

w.w.

Malta.

" Going to Old Weston" (Vol. iii., p. 449.).— In
turning over the pages of the third volume of "N.
& Q." recently, I stumbled on Arun's notice of
the above proverb. It immediately struck me
that I had heard it used myself a few days before,
without being conscious at the time of the singu-
larity of the expression. I was asking an old man,
who had been absent from home, where he had
been to ? His reply was, " To Old Weston, Sir.
You know I must go there before I die." Know-
ing that he had relatives living there, I did not,
at the time, notice anything extraordinary in the
answer; but, since reading Arun's note, I have
made some inquires, and find the saying is a com-
mon one on this (the Northamptonshire) side
of Old Weston, as well as in Huntingdonshire.
I have been unable to obtain any explanation of
it, but think the one suggested by your corre-
spondent must be right. One of my informants
(an old woman upwards of seventy) told me she
had often heard it used, and wondered what could
be its meaning, when she was a child. W. W.

B Rectory, Northamptonshire.

Reynolds's Nephew (Vol. viii., p. 102.). — I think
I can certify A. Z. that two distinct branches of
the Palmer family, the Deans, and another claim-
ing like kindred to Sir Joshua Reynolds, still
exist ; from which I conclude that Sir Joshua had
at least two nephews of that name. I regret that
I cannot inform your correspondent as to the
authorship of the piece about which he inquires ;
but, in the event of A. Z. not receiving a satisfac-
tory answer to his Query through the medium of
your publication, if he will furnish me with any
farther particulars he may possess on the subject,
I shall be happy to try what I can do towards
possessing him with the desired information.

J. Sansom.

Oxford.

The Laird of Brodie (Vol. viii., p. 103.). —
I. H. B. mistakes, I think, the meaning of the
lines. The idea is not that the Laird was less
than a gentleman, but that he was a gentleman of
mark 5 at least, I have never heard any other in-

terpretation put upon it in Scotland, where the
ballad of " We'll gang nae mair a-roving," is a
great favourite. King James is the subject of the
ballad. That merry monarch made many lively
escapades, and on this occasion he personated a
beggarman. The damsel, to whom he successfully
paid his addresses, saw through the disguise at
first ; but from the king's good acting, when he
pretended to be afraid that the dogs would " rive
his meal pokes," she began to think she had been
mistaken. Then she expressed her disgust by
saying, that she had thought her lover could not
be anything less than the Laird of Brodie, the
highest untitled gentleman probably in the neigh-
bourhood : implying that she suspected he might
be peer or prince. W. C.

Midciber (Vol. viii., p. 102.). — It may not be a
sufficient answer to Mb. Ward's Query, but I
wish to state that there was no " Mayor of Bromig-
ham" until after the passing of the Reform Bill.
I think that it may be inferred from the extract
given below, that the mayor was no more a reality
than the shield which he is said to have wrought:

" His shield was wrought, if we may credit Fame,
By Mulciber, the Mayor of Bromigham.
A foliage of dissembl'd senna leaves
Grav'd round its brim, the wond'ring sight deceives.
Embost upon its field, a battle stood,
Of leeches spouting hemorrhoidal blood.
Tlie artist too expresst the solemn state,
Of grave physicians at a consult met;
About each symptom how they disagree !
But how unanimous in case of fee !
And whilst one ass-ass-in another plies
With starch'd civilities — the patient dyes."

N. AV. S.

Voiding Knife (Vol. vi., pp. 150. 280.). — The
following quotation from Leland will throw more
light on the ancient custom of voyding :

" In the mean time the server geueth a voyder to
the carver, and he doth voyde into it the trenchers that
lyeth under the knyues point, and so cleanseth the
tables cleane." — Collectanea, vol. vi. p. 11., "The In-
tronization of Nevill."

Q.

Bloomsbury.

Sir John Vanbrugh (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160.). —
Previous to sending you my Query about the
birthplace of Sir John Vanbrugh, I had carefully
gone through the Registers of the Holy Trinity
parish, Chester, and had discovered the baptisms
or burials of seven sons and six daughters of
Mr. Giles Vanbrugh duly registered therein. Sir
John's name is not included in the list ; therefore,
if he was born in Chester, his baptism must have
been registered at one of the many other parish
churches of this city. The registers of St. Peter's
Church, a neighbouring parish, have also been

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

233

examined, but contain no notice of the baptism of
the future knight. I will, however, continue the
chace ; and should I eventually fall in with the
object of my search, will give my fellow-labourers
the benefit of my explorations. Mr. Vanbrugh
sen. died at Chester, and was buried with several
of his children at Trinity Church, July 19, 1689.

T. Hughes.
Chester.

Portrait of Charles I. — The portrait of Charles I.
by Vandyke (the subject of Mk. Brees's Query,
"N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 151.) is no less than the
celebrated picture in which the monarch is repre-
sented standing, with his right hand resting on a
walking cane, and his left (the arm being beauti-
fully foreshortened) against his hip ; and immedi-
ately behind him his horse is held by an equerry,
supposed to be the Marquis of Hamilton. The
picture hangs in the great square room at the
Louvre, close on the left hand of the usual en-
trance door, and is undoubtedly one of the finest
in that magnificent collection. As a portrait, it is
without a rival. It is well known in this country
by the admirable engraving from it, executed in
1782, by Sir Robert Strange.

The description of this picture in the Catalogue
for 1852 du Musee Nationale du Louvre, is as
follows : —

" Grave par Strange ; par Bonnefoy ; par Duparc ;
— -Filhol, t. 1. pi. 5.

" Collection de Louis XV. — Ce tableau, qui a etc
execute vers 1635, ne fut paye a van Dyck que 100
livres sterling. En 1754, il faisait partie, suivant
Descamps, du cabinet du marquis de Lassay. On
trouve cette note dans les iriemoires secrets de Bachau-
ment," &c.

Then follows the passage quoted by Mr. Breen.
I can find no mention of a Dubarry among the
ancestors of the monarch. H. C. K.

Burial in an erect Posture (Vol. viii., p. 59.). —

" Pass, pass, who will yon chantry door,
And through the chink in the fractured floor
Look down, and see a grisly sight,
A vault where the bodies are buried upright ;
There face to face and hand by hand
The Claphams and Maulcverers stand."

Wordsworth, White Doe of Rylstone, Canto I.,
p. 59., line 17., new edition, 1837.

See note on line 17 taken from Whitaker's
Craven :

" At the east end of the north aisle of Bolton Priory
Church is a chantry belonging to Bethmesley Hall,
and a vault where, according to tradition, the Claphams
were buried upright."

r. w. J.

Strrit-Stowers and Yeathers or Yadders (Vol. viii.,
p. 148.). — The former of these words is, I believe,
obsolete, or nearly so. It means bracing-stakes :

strut, in carpentry. Is to hrace ; and stower Is a small
kind of stake, as distinguished from the " ten
stakes " mentioned in the legend quoted by Mb.
Cooper.

The other word, Yeather or Yadder, is yet In use
In Northumberland (vid. Brockett's Glossary^,
and is mentioned by Charlton in his History of
Whitby. The legend referred to by Mr. Cooper
Is, I suspect, of modern origin ; but Dr. Young,
in his History of Whitby, vol. i. p. 310., attributes
it to some of the monks of the abbey ; on what
grounds he does not say. The records of the
abbey contain no allusion to the legend ; and no
ancient MS. of it, either In Latin or English, has
ever been produced. The penny-hedge is yearly
renewed to this day ; but it is a service performed
for a different reason than that attributed In the
legend. (See Young and Charlton's histories.)

F. M.

The term strut Is commonly used by carpenters
for a brace or stay. Stower, in Bailey's Dic-
tionary, is a stake ; Halliwell spells it stoure, and
says it is still in use. Forby connects the Norfolk
word stour, stiff, inflexible, applied to standing
corn, with this word, which he says Is Lowland
Scotch, and derives them both from Sul.-G. stoer^
stipes. A yeather or y adder seems to be a rod to
wattle the stakes with. In Norfolk, wattling a
live fence is called ethering it, which word, evi-
dently with yeather, may be derived from A.-S.
ether or edor, a hedge. The barons, therefore,
had to drive their stakes perpendicularly Into the
sand, to put the strut-stowers diagonally to enable
them to withstand the force of the tide, and
finally to wattle them together with the yeathers.

E. G. E.

Arms of See of York (Vol. viii., p. 111.). — It
appears that the arms of the See of York were
certainly changed during Wolsey's time, for on
the vaulting of Christ Church Gate, Canterbury,
Is a shield bearing (in sculpture) the same arms
as those noAV used by the IMetropolItan See of
Canterbury, impaling those of Wolsey, and over
the shield a cardinal's hat. This gateway was
built in 1517; yet in the parliament roll of
6th Henry VIII., 1515, the keys and crown are
impaled with the arms of Wolsey as Archbishop
of York (see fac-simile, published by Willement,
4to. Lond. 1829), showing that the alteration was
not generally known when the gateway was built.

Although the charges on the earlier arms of the
See of York were the same as on that of Canterbury,
the colours of their fields differed ; for In a north
window of the choir of York Minster is a shield
of arms, bearing the arms of Archbishop Bowett,
who held the see from 1407 to 1423, impaled by
the pall and pastoral staff, on a field gules. The
glass is to all appearance of the fifteenth century.

T. Wt.

234

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 201.

Leman Family (Vol. viii., p. 150.), — Without
being able to give a substantial reply to R. W. L.'s
Query, it may assist him to know that Sir John
Leman had but one brother (William), who cer-
tainly did not emigrate from his native land. Sir
John died, March 26, 1632, without issue ; and
■was buried in the chancel of St. Michael, Crooked
Lane, London. His elder brother, William, had
five sons ; all settled comfortably in England, and
not at all likely to have left their native country.
One of the Herald^ Visitations for the counties of
Norfolk or Suffolk would materially assist your
Philadelphian correspondent. T. Hughes.

Chester.

Position of Font (Vol. vii., p. 149.). — In the
church of Milton near Cambridge, the font is
huilt into the north pier of the chancel arch ; and
from the appearance of the masonry, &c., this is
evidently the orii^inal position. I have visited
some hundreds of churches, and this is the only
instance I have observed of a font in this position.
Numerous instances occur where it is huilt into
the south-western pier of the nave.

NoBRis Deck.

Cambridge.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Our worthy publisher has just issued a volume which
will be welcome, for the excellence of its matter and
the beauty of its various illustrations, to all archaeolo-
gists. These Memoirs illustrative of the History and
Antiquities of Bristol and the Western Counties of Great
Britain, and other Communications made to the Annual
Meeting of the Archwological Institute held at Bristol in
1851, certainly equal in interest and variety any of
their predecessors, and whether as a memorial of their
visit to Bristol to those who attended the meeting, or
as a pleasant substitute to those who did not, will
doubtless find a resting-place on the shelf of every
member of the Society whose proceedings they record.

We cannot better recommend to our readers Dr.
Madden's newly published Life and Martyrdom of Sa^
vonarola, illustrative of the History of Church and State
Connexion, than by stating that this remarkable man,
whom some Protestants have claimed as of their own
creed, while as many Romanists have rejected him as
a heretic, is viewed by Dr. Madden as a monk of Flo-
rence at the close of the fifteenth century, who was of
opinion that the mortal enemy of Christ's gospel in all
ages of the world had been mammon ; that simony was
the sin against the Holy Ghost ; that the interests of
religion were naturally allied with those of liberty ;
that the Arts were the handmaids of both, of a Divine
origin, and were given to earth for purposes that tended
to spiritualise humanity ; and who directed all his
teachings, preachings, and writings to one great object,
namely, the separation of religion from all worldly in-
fluences. On this theme Dr. Madden discourses with
great learning, and, some few passages excepted, with

great moderation ; and the result is a Life of Savonarola,
which gives a far more complete view of his character
and his writings than has heretofore been attempted.

Books Received History of England from the

Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, by Lord
Mahon, Vol. V. This volume embraces the period
between the early years of George III, and 1774, when
Franklin was dismissed from his office of Deputy Post-
master-General ; and, as it includes the Junius period,
gives occasion to Lord Mahon to avow his adherence
to " the Franciscan theory ; " while the Appendix con-
tains two letters in support of the same view, — one
from Sir James Macintosh, and one from Mr. Macau-
lay. — Confessions of a Working Man, from the French of
Emile Souvestre. This interesting narrative, well de-
serving the attention both of masters and working men,
forms Part XLVIII. of Longman's Traveller's Library.
— Remains of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli
in England, drawn from the Originals : described and
illustrated by J. Y. Alderman, Part VI. containing
coloured engravings of the size of the originals of
Fibulas and Bullae, from cemeteries in Kent ; and
Fibulae, Beads, &c. from a grave near Stamford.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

History and Antiqcities of Newbury. 8vo. IS39. 340 pages.

Two Copies.
Vancouver's Survey of Hampshire.
Hemingway's History op Chester. Large Paper. Parts I.

and HI.
Correspondence on the Formation of the Roman Catholic

Bible Society. 8vo. London, 1813.
Atiien«um Journal for 1844.
Howard Family, Historical Anecdotes of, by Charles

Howard. 17G9. 12mo.
TooKE's Diversions of Purley.
NuCES PhilosophiCjE, by E. Johnson.
Paradise I^ost. First Edition.

Sharpe's (Sir Cuthbert) Bishoprick Garland. 1834.
Lashley's York Miscellany. 1734.
Dibdin's Typographical Antiquities. 4to. Vol. H.
Bayley's Londiniana. Vol. H. 1829.

The Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity Justified. 1774.
Parkburst on the Divinity of Our Saviour. 1787.
Berriman's Seasonable Review of Whiston's Doxologibs.

1719.
Second Review. 1719.

*«• Correspondents sending Lis/s of Bonlcs Wanted are requested

to send their names.
•«* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,

to be sent to Mil. Bell, Publisher of •' NOTHS AND

QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

S. Z. Z. S. We have a letter for this Correspondent ; how
shall it be forwarded?

J. S. G. (Howden) is thanked for his collection of Proverbial
Sayinps — all of which are however, ire believe, too well known to
justify their republication in our columns.

Y. S. M. would oblige us by naming the subject of the communi-
cations to which he refers.

Photography. Mr. Sisson'* communicniion is unavoidably
postponed until our next Number, in which Mr. Lyte'« Three
New Processes will also appear.

A few complete sets o/" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vii.,
price Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had ; for which
early application is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so thai
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver Ihetn to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

Sept. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

235

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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF K(T£R-COMMUNICATION

FOE

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTiaUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

u vrben found, make a note of." — Caftain Cuttle.

No. 202.]

Saturday, September 10. 1853.

f Price Fourpence.
Stamped Edition, 5^

CONTENTS.

NoTrs : — • Page

Milton and Miilatesti, by Bolton Corney - - - 237

" That Swinnpy" 238

Tom, Mythic and Material, by V. T. Sternberg - 239

Shakspeare Correspondence, by T. J. Buckton, Thos.

Keightley, &c 240

Minor Notes: — Gray: " The ploughman homeward
plods " — Poetical Tavern Signs — " Aquse in Vinum
conversjB. Vidit et eriibuit lyraplia pudica Deum " —
Spurious Edition of Baily's "Annuities" — " Illus-
trium I'oetarum Flores " — French Jeux d'Esprit - 241

'Queries : —

Samuel Wilson - - - - - - 242

Minor QuEUiES : — The Rothwell Family — Definition
of a Proverb — Latin Riddle — D. Ferrand : French

Patois — " Fac precor, Jesu bcnigne," &c The

Arms of De Sissonn-; — Sir George IJrown — Pro-
fessional Poems — "A mockery," &c. — Passage in
Whiston — Sli mlder Knots and Epaulettes — The Yew
Tree in Village Churchyards — Passage in Tennyson

— "When thj Maggot bites" — Eclipses of the Sun

— "An" Lefjre "u" long — Reversible Names —
Gilbert White of Selborne — Hoby, Family of; their
Portraits, &c. — Portrait of Sir Anthony Wingficld —
Lofcopp, Lufcopp, or Luvcopp — Humming Ale - 243

Minor Queuies with Answers : — Dr. Richard Sher-
lock— Cardinal Fleury and Bishop Wilson — Dr.Uodd
a Dramatist — Trosachs — Quarter ... 24G

Jacob Bohme, or Behmen, by J. Yeowell
Inscriptions on Bells, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A. .
Passage in Milton -...-.
Designed false English Rhymes ....
Attainment of Majority, by Professor De Morgan
Lady Percy, Wife of Hotspur (Daughter of Edmund
Mortimer, Earl of March), and Jane Seymour's Royal
Descent ...-.-.

Photographic Corresfondence : — Three New Pro-
cesses by Mr. Lyte — Mailer's Processes: Sissou's
Developing Solution .....

Replies TO MiNoa Queries: — Alterius Orbis Papa— "AH
my eye" — "Clamour your tongues" — Spiked Maces
represented in Windows of t!ie Abbfty Church, Great
Malvern — Ampors and — Its — " Hip, hip, hurrah ! "

— Derivation of " Wellesley " — Peniiy-come-quick

— Eugene Aram's Comparative Lexicon — Wooden
Tombs and Effigies — Queen Anne's Motto — Lon-
gevity— Irish Bi-^hops as English Suffragans — Green
Pots used for drinking from by Members of the
Temple —Shape of CofTins— Old Fogies — Swan-
marks — Limerick, Dublin, and Cork— "CouM we
with ink," &c._ Character oftlie Song of the Night-
ingale—Adamson's " Lusitania Illustrata" — Adain-
soniana — Crassus' Saying, &c. - ...

^•IlSCELLANEOUS : —

Books and Odd Volumes wanted -
Notices to Correspondents
Advertisements - . .

240
248
249
249
250

- 258

- 2o8

- 259

Vol-. VIII. — No. 202.

MILTON AND MALATESTI.

About nine years after Milton visited Italy, lie
thus briefly noticed, in a letter to Carlo Dati, bis
surviving Florentine friends :

" Carolo Dato patrlcio Florentino Tu in-
terim, mi Carole, valebis, et Cultellino, Francino, Fres-
cobaldo, MalatestEe, Clementillo minori, et si quern
alium iiostri atnantiorem novistl ; toti denique Gad-
dlanae academiaj, salutem meo nomine plurimam dices.
Interim vale. — Londino, Aprilis 21. 1G47."

The above extract is from The prose worlis of
John Milton, as printed In 1806, and I shall add to
it the translation by Robert Fellowes, A.M., from
the same edition :

" To Carolo Deodati, a Florentine noble In

the mean time, my dear Charles, farewell, and present
my kind wislies to Cultellino, Francisco, Trescobaldo,
Malatesto, the younger Cleraantillo, and every other
inquiring friend, and to all the members of tlie Gaddian
academy. Adieu. — London, April 21. 1647."

AVarton states, in a note on the minor poems of
Milton, that Mr. Brand discovered, on a book-
stall, a manuscript of La tina of Malatesti, dedi-
cated to Milton while at Floi-ence, and that he
gave it to Mr. Hollis, who sent it in 1758, to-
gether with the works of Milton, to the Accademia
della Crusca. Warton justly observes, " The first
piece would have been a greater curiosity in Eng-
land," With these facts the information of the
most recent biographers of Milton seems to ter-
minate. I am enabled, however, to prove that the
work is IN PRINT, and shall transcribe my authority
verbatim :

" Malatesti, Antonio. La tina, equivoci rustical! (in
50 sonetti). Londra, Tommaso Edlin, 1757, in 8°.

Non e fatla in Londra quesV ediz. net 1757, t7ia presso
che 80 a7i7ti dopo in Venezia, ed in nwnero dl 50 esemplari
in carta velina, due in carta grande iiiglese da discgno, ed
uno, unico, in pergajiena.

II Malatesti aveva regalato una copia di quest!
grazlosissimi sonetti al celebre inglese Gio. Milton,
neir .nnno in cui egli visitava I'ltalia. Dopo la morte
del Milton pervennero in mano del sig. Erant, gen-
tiluomo inglese, il quale una copia ne fece trarre per

238

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

regalarla a Gio. Marsili, prof, dell' Universita di Pa-
dova, che nel 1757 si trovava in Londra. II ms. del
Marsili servi a questa ristatnpa che porta in fronte
quella stessa prefazione in inglese che stava nel ms.
Marsiliano."

The authority alluded to is the fourth edition of
the Serie dei testi di lingua of Bartolomnieo Gamba,
Venezia, 1839, royal 8vo. — one of the best biblio-
graphical compilations ever produced. I was led
to suspect, on glancing at the note, that Gamba
himself was the editor of the volume, and now
consider it as certain, for La Una appears under his
name in the index. As copies of the work must
have reached England I hope to see the dedication
reprinted, and am sure it would be received as a
welcome curiosity.

I cannot commend Mr. Fellowes as a translator
of Milton. To Carolo is a solecism ; Deodati
should be Dati ; the period which precedes the
extract is entirely omitted ; and the five names
which follow Cha?-les, besides being mis-spelt, have
the termination which can only be required in
Latin composition ! I believe we should read
Coltellini, Francini, Frescobaldi, Malatesti, and
Clementini. On Coltellini and Malatesti there is
much valuable information in Poggiali and Gamba.

Bolton Corney.

" THAT SWINNEY."

(Continued from p. 215.)

Swinney was the devoted servant of all men in
power — of all who had been or were likely to be in
power — except, perhaps, the peace-makers, who,
curiously enough, did not please this minister of
peace — of all, perhaps, who subscribed to his pub-
lications, or had the means to subscribe ; and
who, if they did not, might hereafter. Swinney's
volume of Fugitive Pieces was dedicated to the
Duke of Grafton. A third edition contains additions
which show how Swinney's great zeal outran his
little discretion. The following verses appeared
originally in The Public Advertiser on the 27th of
May, 17G8, and are bad enough to be preserved
as a curiosity :

" An Extempore Effusion on reading a Scurrilous In-
vective against t/ie Duke of G n [ Grafton^,

published in yesterday's Newspapers.

Cursed be the Wretch, and blasted rot his name,

Who dares to stab an injured G n's fame !

Who (while his public virtue stands confest,
And lives within his Royal Master's breast)
Can rake for Scandal in liis private life,
And widen breaches between man and wife ;
Who casts a stone (like some unthinking Elf),
That liaply shall recoil against himself!
Anguish, Remorse, and Terror seize his Soul,
And waste it quick where fiends malicious howl ;
May those rank pests through which his father fell,
Announce his coming to the Gates of Hell !

And yet, or ere he plunge into tlie Lake,
Where no cool stream his endless thirst can slake.
May Christ in mercy deprecate his doom,
And may to Him his promised Kingdom come !
" Sidney Swinney."
Not content with future punishment, the Doctor,
in another poem, threatens present vengeance :
" But hark thee, wretch ; believe him while he swears;
Sid (by the gods) will crop thine asses ears,

Should thou persist a G n to impeach,

And blast those virtues thou canst never reach."
As Draper had taken Granby under his pro-
tection, so Swinney must needs play the chivalrous
in defence of Grafton. The dedication of The
Battle ofMinden is dated 20th May, 1769, and the
poet in the exordium goes out of his way to notice,
as I suppose, the attacks of Junius :

" His [Sid's] blood recoils with an indignant rage,
'Gainst the base hirelings of a venal age.
Wretches ! tliat spare nor ministers nor kings,
Blend good with bad, profane with sacred things ;
Whose vengeful hearts, with wrath and malice curst.
Blast virtuous deeds ; and then, with envy burst,
They dart their arrows, innocence traduce.
And load e'en G n with their vile abuse."

To this passage he appends the following note,
which occupies, in his magnificent typographical
volume, a whole quarto page :

" It is observable that this amiable personage [the
Duke of Grafton], and most consummate states'.nan,
has been bespattered with as inuch low calumny and
abuse, from various quarters, as if he had been the
declared enemy of his country, instead of having man-
fully and courageously stood up in support of its true
interests. — S."

Let us consider now, What are the probabilities
of Swinney never having spoken to Lord George
Sackville ?

That he did on that occasion speak to Lord
George — that he did ask him " whether or no he
was the author of Junius" — may be assumed:
and it is very probable that Junius heard of it, at
first or at second hand, from Swinney himself ; for
the impertinent blockhead that would ask such a
question, was just the man to tell what he had
done, and to think it a good thing. But had he
never before spoken to Sackville ? ^Vas this a
fact or a flourish — an affectation of secret in-
formation, like the "sent" and "went" about
Garrick — the "every particular next day" —
which we now know to have been untrue.

That Swinney had been chaplain to one of the
British regiments serving in Germany is manifest
from twenty different references in the poem and
the notes. I lay no stress on his poetical flights
about Euphorbus ; but he speaks repeatedly from
personal experience — specially refers to circum-
stances occurring when quartered at a farm-house
near Embden — at the camp at Crossdorf — ac-
knowledges personal favours received during the

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

239

campaign from General Harvey, and on another
occasion attentions from Granby. Here, for ex-
ample, is a poetical picture which brings Swinney
vividly before us :
" At Marienbourn, the vaunting army halts,

A pastor from the heiv'n-devoted train,

Brings hams and fowls, and spreads them on the plain :

The jovial officers their bellies fill.

Rally their chaplain, and applaud him still."

Swinney must therefore have served under
Sackville ; for, as he tells us, Sackville

" by George was made
Good Marlbro's successor " —

and certainly the probabilities are that he must
have been personally known to — had before
spoken to him. Sackville must at this very time
have been particularly anxious about Swinney
and his doings, wise or unwise. That fatal battle
of Minden had been the ruin of all his hopes — the
overthrow of all his ambition. In my opinion,
Sackville had been shamefully and shamelessly
run down on that occasion ; but whether justly or
unjustly stripped of his honours and degraded for
his conduct, here was a man about to write
a poem on the battle, to immortalise those who
fought in it ; and Sackville must have been keenly
alive to what he might say of him. Swinney
foreshadowed what his opinion would be in the
First Book, where he enumerates Sackville
amongst his " choice leaders " —

" Good JVIarlbro', Sackville, Granby, Waldgrave bold,
Brudenell and Kingsley."

This was published early in 1 769.

In the Second Book Lord George is brought
prominently forward. The " bewilder'd Ferdi-
nand," " doubtful himself," summons a council of
war, and calls first on Sackville for advice.
" Sackville, disclose the secret of thy breast :
Say, shall we linger in ignoble rest ?
Shall we retreat ? advance, or perish here ?
Resolve our queries : state thy judgment clear."

Sackville now plays the "high herolcal," and
talks through six pages ; but to what purpose I
am unable to conjecture. There seems to be a
great deal of angry remonstrance — of offensive
remonstrance :

" When I ask [says Sackville to Ferdinand], didst ever
thou consult
A chief, till now, and wait the sage result ?
When Aalm's camp was deluged all in rain,
And floods rusht o'er an undistinguisht plain,
To thy flint heart remonstrances were vain :
What, then, avail'd neglected Mailbro's prayers !
His instances? His unremitted cares?
The Elector's stables had sufficient room.
Stalls, without end, anticipate the doom
Of British chargers, forced to march, at noon.
Beneath their riders' weight and scorching sun."

Swinney then gives in a note what he calls the
genuine queries proposed by Prince Ferdinand,
with Sackville's answer : which answer is nearly
as void of distinct meaning as the poetry, but in
favour I think of risking a battle. The general pur-
port, however, foreshadows what Swinney's conclu-
sion would have been — that Sackville, the friend of
the British soldier, protested against the frauds by
which they were robbed and starved ; protested
against their being called on to do all the work,
and run all the risks of the campaign ; and dis-
dains to humour or flatter Prince Ferdinand.
These were, in brief, the explanations given by
Sackville's friends as the cause of his disgrace —
Granby the favoured, a gallant soldier indeed,,
but a mere soldier, being comparatively indifferent
about such commissarial matters, and much more
easily deceived by the cunning of the selfish Ger-
mans and English. This intention is made still
more clear in another note, wherein Swinney
states :

" We may be enabled to account for a certain dis-
graceful event, in some future observation of ours,
equally to the honour of the person disgraced, and to the
innocent cause of that disgrace."

Under these circumstances there can be little
doubt that Sidney Swinney, D.D., was the party
alluded to by .Junius ; as little, I think, that Swinney
had before, and long before, spoken to Lord George
Sackville, — must have been dear to Sackville, as
one of the few who had served under, and yet had a
kind word to say for him, — had said it indeed, and
was about to repeat it emphatically. That Swin-
ney was the fool Junius asserted, the extract al-
ready given must have abundantly proved ; but I
will conclude with one other, in which he not
only anticipated Fitzgerald, but anticipated the
burlesque exaggerations in the "Rejected Ad-
dresses :"
" Horse, Foot, Hussars, or ere they march review'd.

The Foot, that form the first and second line.
All smartly drest, like Grecian heroes shine;
Their bold cock'd hats, their spatterdashers white,
And glossy shoes, attract his ravish'd sight."

T. S. J.

TOM, MYTHIC AND MATERIAL,

"All Toms are alike," quoth the elegant Pelhani ;
and if we were asked to define the leading idea of
him, we should describe a downright honest John
Bull, essentially manly, but withal a bit — perhaps
a large bit — of a dullard. His masculinity is un-
questionable. A male cat, as every body knows,
is a 7y?tt-cat; a romping boy-like girl is a Tom-
boy, or a Tom-rig ; a large nob-headed pin is a
Tom-T^tm : and in many pi'ovincial dialects the
great toe h,par excellence, the Tow-toe. Last, not

240

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

least, there is the nectar of St. Giles, the venerable
Old Tom. In proof of his stupidity we can adduce
a goodly show of epithets — 7^o»i-fool, S'bm-neddy,
To/«-noddy, 7'om-cull, J'o??/-coney, 2''(>?n-farthing,
&c. We know, Indeed, there are people wlio hold
that even in these instances Tom is merely the
masculine prefix to distinguish the Ae-fool (/. e.
the Tom-fool) from the Molly or .vAe-fool of the
ancient mumming. But tlie race of Toms must
not lay this flattering unction to their souls, for
the hypothesis won't stand. The very monosyllable
itself, like " Sammy," has a strong twang of the
bauble in it. An open truth-loving fellow is a
Tom Tell-truth : but, on the other hand, all tin-
kers— a sadly libelled race of men — are invariably
Tom-tinkers, as all tars have been JacZi-tars from
time immemorial. In some of the old-fashioned
country games at cards the knave is called Tom ;
and the wandering mendicants who used to levy
black-mail, under the plea of insanity, were Mad
Toms, or " 7'o;ras-o'-Bedlam." " Ton^ all alone "
is a northern sobriquet for the Wandering Jew,
who, the last time we heard of him, was caught
stealing gingerbread nuts at Richmond Fair. In
the legendai-y division there is the notorious Tom-
Styles — the depredatory Tom the piper's son
(legitimate issue of Tom Piper, the musician of
the old Morris Dance) — the fortunate 2'om Tidier
of the oriirinal dijcglniT-s, and that heroic little liege
of Queen Mab, the knight of the thumb. Tom-
Tumbler was a saltatory fiend in the days of Regi-
nald Scott ; and Tom Poker still devours little
folks in Suffolk, without doubt (thinks Forby) a
descendant of the Sui.-G. tompte poeche, or house-
goblin. As for the ignominious Tom Tiler (North
Country for hen-pecked husband) we cannot
allow him to belong to the family ; for who can
imagine a hen-pecked Tom ! he must have been
a wretched individuality, a suffering, corporeal
Tiler.

Tom also bestows his name on divers other
things, animate and inanimate. Among fishes
there are Tomm2/-Loacli, To?ramy-Bar, and 7'om-
Toddy (the Cornish name of the tod-pole). The
Long- Tom and the Tom-tit are both ornithological
Toms. Tom Tailor is a child's niime for the
Hai"ry-long-legs — another singular Instance, by
tlie way, of Christian names applied .to animals.
Tom-trot reminds one of pre-pantaloon orgies,
and is (I think) something In the brandy-ball line.
Finally, we may remark, that a large proportion
of her Majesty's subjects are In the habit of con-
ferring the endearing name upon the staff of life
itself. " Navvies," agricultural labourers, and
such like gentry, are accustomed to divide all
human food into two classes, which they euphoni-
cally denominate respectively Todge and Tommy;
the former comprising spoon-meat, and the latter
all hard food which requires mastication. But
thia, we think, Is not a case of Tom per se, but

rather referable to the Camb.-Brlt. iama, which
has exactly the same acceptation.

V. T. Sternberg.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE,

Shakspearian Parallels. — Searching for Shak-
spearlan parallels, I find the following, which may
have suggested to our bard his Seven Ages. The
first is by Solon, extracted from Clemens Alexan-
drinus {Stromat. vl. p. 685., Paris, 1629), which
differs from Philo Judasus (i. p. 25.), the only two
authorities to whom we owe the preservation of
this ode, as also from the text of the critic Brunck
and the grammarian Dalzell. An Imitation of the
Greek metres is attempted in the paraphrased
translation attached. The second Is a sonnet from
Tusser, who extends the period of life beyond
seventy, the age of Solon and David in hotter
climes, to eighty-four for hyperboreans, but as-
signs, with David, the imbecility belonging to
such advanced years.

7. Xlcus ix\v SfrjSos ewv en vf}TrLos 'ipicos o^ovTCop

4>u(Tas, inSdWei irpcoroy ev sW ^TecLv.
14. Toils 8' erepovs ore StJ reAfVct Qe'js eVr' ivMurovs,

"Hgijs eK(paivei ffirepnara 'yeivo/x4vr]S.
21. T_^ rpiTdrri Se yevstov ae^oj-t-evxy eTri yvitcu

Aaxyourai, XP'^^V^ &i>Oos a/istgOjUcVrjs.
28. Tp SI rerdpTri iras tjs ev e§SofJ.dBi fxe"/ &piaTOS

'l(TX"V, t^vt' &y5pes aiiixar'' eX"'-'0'' a.perrjs.
35. ne^TTTTj 5' biptov avSpa ydpiov f.i.iju.vrij.isvov ehai.

Kal naiScoy Qr]Te7u els oivicrd} yeve'fiv,
42. Tj; 5' 6«T77 irepiirdvra KaTapTverai y6os avdphs,

OvS' ecTi.0(7v e6' Sfiais epya [xaTaia Se'Aei.
49. 'EiTTo Se povv koI* yXcicrcra.i' ev e§Sofxd(n /xe'-/ ifpt-

(TTOS'
56. O/CTCi) S' afi^orepciiy reffjapa Koi Se«' errj,
63. TjJ S' eyaTrj en fxey Suvarai, jxeTpiccTepa 5' alrov,

Uphs fieydXTjV aper^jy aSijxd Te /cot Swa.ais.
70. T^ Se/caTTj S' 'dre 5^ reXecrr) Qehs eVr' iviauTOvs,

OuK ay &ojpos edjy fxolpay exoi IdraydTOV.

7. Youth immature, not a tooth in bis jaws, while an
infant he slumbers ;
Growing, shows teeth i' th' first seven years of
his life.
14. God, in the next seven years, to him grants ev'ry
pow'r of production ;
Thus soon commands man, sacred, to look on
the sex.
21. Thirdly, his beard, while it roughens his chin;
and his limbs, freely playing.
Grow lust'rously bright, changing their flowery
hue.
28. Fourth, in this sev'n-fold order, the 7nan very
speedily shoots forth,
Mighty in muscular limbs, proud of his vigour
and strength.

* Read tj for koI.

Sept. 10. 1853.]

KOTES AND QUERIES.

241

35. Fifth, in maturity, glowing in health, with his
heart in the right place.
Let him, wisdom-join'd, think upon children
to come,
42. Sixth, let him carefully ponder on things of im-
portance to mankind ;
Disdaining whate'er, formerly, foolish he sought.

49, Seventh, in mind or in tongue is he best, either
one or the other:

56. Eighth, both join'd in excelling, for a term of
fourteen,

63, Ninth, he declines in his powers of force, and the
deeds of his youthhood ;
Shorn of the vigour of manhood, he awaits his
recall,

70, God in the tenth of the seven, mature, all his
functions develop'd,
Consigns him, full ripe, darkly to sleep in the
dust.

So far Solon, Tusser quaintly but wisely :

" Man's age divided here ye have.
By 'prentieeships, from birth to grave,

7. The first seven years bring up as a child,
14. The next to learning, for waxing too wild,
21. Tlie next, keep under Sir Hobbard de Hoy;
ii8. The next, a man, no longer a boy,
35, The nexti let Lusty lay wisely to wive ;
42. The next, lay now, or else never to thrive.
49. The next, make sure for term of thy life ;
56. The next, save somewhat for children and wife,
63, The next, be stayd, give over thy lust ;
70, The next, think hourly, whither thou must.
77. The next, get chair and crutches to stay ;
84. The next, to heaven ; God send us the way !

Who loseth their youth shall rue it in age.
Who hateth the truth in sorrow shall rage,"

T. J. BUCKTON.

Birmingham.

" Contents dies" — Lovers Labours Lost, Act V.
Sc. 2, (Vol. viii., pp. 120. 169.). —I must be
permitted, with all due courtesy, to correct Mr.
Arkowsmith's assertion respecting this phrase ;
because, from its dogmatic tone, it is calculated
to mislead readers, and perhaps editors. He
maintains that this is a good concord, and pro-
nounces Johnson and Collier (myself, of course,
included) to be " unacquainted with the usage of
their own tongue, and the universal language of
thought," for not discerning it.

Now it may, perhaps, surprise Mr. Arrowsmitii
to be told that he has proved nothing — that not a
single one of his instances is relevant. In this
passage the verb is neute?- or active ; in all of Lis
quotations it is the verb substantive Ave meet.
Surelyone so well versed, as we must suppose him
to be, in general grammar, requires not to be told
that this verb takes the same case after as before
it, and that the governing case often follows.

Indeed, he has recognised this principle by giving
"This is the contents thereof" as one of his in-
stances of " contents " governing a singular verb.
Let him then produce an exact parallel to "contents
dies," or even such a structure as this, " the con-
tents is lies and calumnies," and then we may
hearken to him. Till that has been done, my in-
terpretation is the only one that gives sense to the
passage without altering the text.

An exact parallel to the sense in wliich I take
" contents " is found in —

" But heaven hath a hand in these events.
To whose high will we bound our calm C07itents"
Rich. II., Act V. Sc. 2.

In conclusion, I must add that I still regard this
emendatory ci'iticism as a "game," the Latin
ludus, as it gives scope to sagacity and ingenuity,
but can rarely hope to arrive at certainty ; and it
does not, like questions of ethics or politics, involve
important interests, and should never excite our
an^ry feelings. As to " cogging and falsification,"
which Mr. A, joins with it, they can have no just
reference to me, as I have never descended to the
employment of such artifices, Thos. Keightley.

P. S, — I have just seen H. C, K,'s observation
on " clamour your tongues" in the Winter's Tale,
and it really seems strange that he should not
have read, or should have forgotten my view of it
in " N. & Q.," which is precisely similar to his
own. As to suspecting him of pilfering from me,
nothing is farther from my thoughts.

Meaning of Delighted. — With reference to the
word delighted in Shakspeare, much discussed in
" N. & Q.," may I remind you that we call that
which carries (or is furnished, or provided with)
wings, winged ; that which carries wheels, wheeled;
that which cai-ries masts, masted ; and so on. Why
then should not a pre- Johnsonian writer call that
which carries delight, delighted f It appears to
me that this will sufficiently explain " delighted
beauty;" and "the delighted spirit" I would
account for in the same way : only remarking that
in this case, the borne delights meant are delights
to the bearer ; in the other case, delights to all
whom the bearer approaches, J, W. F.

:^Xtuar §.atti.

Gray — " The 'ploughman homeivard plods." —
On looking over some JMSS. which I had not seen
for years, I met with one of which the following is
a copy :

" A person had a paper folded with this line from
Gray marked on it —

' The ploughman homewards plods his weary way.'

A poetical friend, on looking at the quotation, thought
it might be expressed in various ways without destroy-

242

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[Xo. 202.

ing the rhyme, or altering the sense. In a short time
he produced the following eleven different readings.
It is doubtful whether another line can be found, the
words of which admit of so many transpositions, and
still retain the original meaning : —

1. The weary ploughman plods his homeward way.

2. The weary ploughman homeward plods his way.

3. The ploughman, weary, plods his homeward way.
•4. The ploughman weary homeward plods his way.
S. Weary the ploughman plods his homeward way.
€. Weary the ploughman homeward plods his way.

7. Homeivard the ploughman plods his weary way.

8. Homeward the ploughman weary plods his way.

9. Homeward the weary ploughman plods his way.
10. The homeward ploughman weary plods his way.
Jl. The homeward ploughman plods his weary way."

I know not whether this has ever appeared in
print. To me it is new, at least it was, as I now
recollect, when I read it several years ago ; but
as the exercise Is ingenious, I thought 1 would
trespass on " N. & Q." with it, so that, if not here-
tofore printed or known, it might be made " a note
of." A Hermit at Hampstead.

Poetical Tavern Signs. — Passing through Dudley
the other day, I jotted down two signs worthy, I
think, of a place in " N. & Q."

No. I. rejoices in the cognomen of the " Lame
Dog " with the following distich :

" Step in, my friend, and rest awhile,
And help the Lame Dog over the style."

No. 2., with a spirited representation of a round
of beef, invites her Majesty's subjects thus :

" If you are hungry, or adry,

Or your stomach out of order,
Their's sure relief at the ' Round of Beef,'
For both these two disorders."

R. C. Warde.
Kidderminster.

"AqucB in Vinum conversce. Vidit et erubiiit lym-
pha pudica Deum." — The interesting note under
this title (Vol. vi., p. 338.) refers to Campbell's
Poets. The following is an extract from Camp-
bell:

"Richard Crashaw there [Cambridge] published his
Latin poems, in one of which is the epigram from a
Scripture passage :

' Lympha pudica Deum vidit et erubuit.'"

Campbell's Brit. Poets, ed. 1841, p. 198.

In the Poemata Anglorum Latina is the follow-
ing epigram on our Saviour's first miracle at the
marriage feast :

" Unde rubor vestris et non sua purpura lymphis,
Q,u£e rosa mirantes tarn nova mutat aquas?
Numen (convivae) prsesens agnoscite numen —
Vidit et erubuit nympha pudica Deum."

I presume this epigram is Crash aw's poem to
which Campbell refers ; but query. Until I saw

the note In " N. & Q.," I supposed that the cele-
brated line —

" Lympha pudica Deum vidit et erubuit."

was the happy ex tempore produce of Dryden's
early genius, when a boy, at Westminster School.
If the epigram which I have copied is the original,
the last line is surely much improved by the (tra-
ditional) line which Campbell has recorded. Surely
lympha is preferable to nympha ; and surely the
order of the word er-ubuit ending the line is the
best. F. W. J.

Spurious Edition ofBailys '■'■ Annuities'''' (Vol. iv.,
p. 19.). — In the place just referred to, I pointed
out how to distinguish the spurious edition, among
other marks, by the title-page. I looked at a copy
on a stall a few days ago, and found that the title-
page has been changed. Those who have re-
printed it have chosen the old title-page, which
stood in the work before two volumes were made
of it. A. De Morgan.

" lllustrium Poetarum Flores." — On leaving
London I thought of bringing with me two or
three pocket classics ; unfortunately, In looking
for them, I picked up lllustrium Poetarum Flores
per Octaviunum Mirandulam ohm Collecti, &c.,
Londini, 1651, and brought that little book with,
me instead ; and, upon looking into it, I find it the
worst printed book I ever saw ; and I send you
this Note as to it, as a warning against so dis-
graceful a publication. Such a work. If well
executed and properly printed, would be a very
pleasant companion in a vacation ramble.

S. G. C.

Fi-ench Jeux d Esprit. — In the spring of 1852,
when Prince Louis Napoleon was doing all he
could to secure the imperial crown, the following
hexameter line was passed from mouth to mouth
by the Legitimates. I am inclined to think that it
never appeared In print :

" Napoleo cuplt Imperium, indeque Gallia ridet."

Which translated mot-a-mot gives a clever
double sense :

" Napoleon desire I'empire, et la France en rit
\ Henri]."

J. H. DE H.

SAMUEL WILSON.

I should be glad of any Information respecting
Samuel Wilson, Esq., of Hatton Garden, in the
parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, whose will was
proved October 24, 1769, and which I have read.
He was the donor of the bequest, known as
"Wilson's Charity," to the Corporation of the

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

243

City of London, for loans to poor tradesmen. I
wish to ask, —

1. What is known of his origin, family, personal
history, &c. ?

2. \Vliat was his precise degree of relationship
to the Halseys, whom he calls " cousins " in his
will ? Were they related to the family of that
name at Great Gaddesdeii, Herts ?

3. Did he publish any, and what, letters or
books ? for he leaves his MSS. of every kind to
his friend Richard Glover, Esq. (the poet I pre-
sume), with full power to collect any letters or
papers he may have already published, and also
to arrange and publish any more which he may
think intended or suitable for publication.

4. Is there any published sketch of his life ?
The only notice I have seen is the one of a few
lines in the Gentleman's Magazine, just after his
death.

In compliance with your excellent suggestion
(Vol. vii., p. 2.), I send my address in a stamped
envelope lor any private communication which
may not interest the general reader. E. A. D.

The Rothwell Family. — When William Flower,
Esq., Norroy, confirmed the ancient ai'ms of this
family to Stephen Rothwell, gent., of Ewerby,
county of Lincoln, on the 1st April, 1585, and
granted a crest (no such being found to his ancient
arms), the said Stephen Rothwell was stated to be
" ex sui cognominis familia antiqua in comitatu
Lancastrise oriundus." Can any of the readers of
" N. & Q." give any information respecting the
family from which he is stated to be descended ?

Glaius.

Definition of a Proverb. — Where can I find
the source whence I. D'Israeli took his definition
of a proverb, viz. " The wisdom of many and the
wit of one ?" C. Mansfield Inglebt.

Birmingham.

Latin Riddle. — Aulus Gellius {Nodes Atticce,
lib. xir. cap. vi.) proposes the following enigma,
which he terms " Per hercle antiquum, perque le-
pidum : "

" Semel mlnusne, an bis minus, non sat scio,
An utrumque eorum, ut quondam audivi dicier,
Jovi ipsi regi noluit coneedere."

The answer he withholds for the usual reason,
" Ut legentium conjecturas in requirendo acuere-
mus."

Is there among the readers of " N. & Q." an
CEdipus who will furnish a solution ? R. Price.

St. Ives.

D. Ferrand— French Patois. — llaWnvm, in the
7th chapter of his Poesie und Beredsamkeit der

Franzosen, gives several specimens of the French
provincial poets of the sixteenth century, and
among these the following from a poem on the dis-
persing of a meeting of Huguenots by the soldiers :

" Quand des guerrievs fut la troupe entinchee
Non n'aleguet le dire du Prescheux,
Que pour souffrir I'ame est de Dieu tomb^e,
Femme et Mary, comme le fianchee,
Pour se sauver quitest leu zamoreux
En s'enfiant ocun n'avet envie,
De discourir de TEternelle vie,
Sainct Pol estet en alieur guissement
No ne palet do Bible en Apostille
Qui en eut pale quand fut en un moment
Les pretendus grippez par la Soudrille.

" Le millenr fut quand la troupe enrang^e
Fut aux Fauxbourgs, hors de lieu perilieux,
Car tie! n'estet o combat qu'un Pygmee,
Qui se diset o milieu de stermee
S'estre monstre un geant orgueilleux
Les femmes ossi disest ma sceur, m'amie,
De tout su brit ie sis toute cspamie,
Petit troupeau que tu as de tourment.
Pour supporter le faix de I'Evangile
SoufFrira-t-on qu'on vaye impudement
Les pretendus grippez par la Soudrille."

D. Ferrand, Inv. Gen,, p. 304.

Hallman gives no farther information. I shall
be glad if any of your readers can tell me who
D. Ferrand was, what he wrote, and of what pro-
vince the above is the j^atoe*. B. Snow.

Birmingham.

" Fac precor, Jesu henigne" 8fc. — In the Sacra
Privata, new edition, Bishop Wilson quotes the
following lines :

" Fac precor,
Jesu benigne, cogitem
Hsec semper, ut semper tibi
Summoque Patri, gratias
Agam, piecjue vos colam,
Totaque mente diligam."

Can any of your readers inform me where they
come from ? William Denton.

The Arms of De Sissonne. — Can any of your
correspondents inform me where I could find a
copy of Histoire Genealogique de la Maison Royale
de France, or any other work in which are bla-
zoned the arms of "De Sissonne" of Normandy,
connected with that regal house ? J. L. S.

Sir George Brown. — Sir George Brown, of West
Stafford, Berks, and of Wickham Breaux, Kent,
married Eleanor, daughter of Sir R. Blount, of
Maple Durham, Oxon ; and by her had issue several
children, and amongst them one son Richard, who
was a child under five years of age in 1623. I
shall feel obliged if any of your correspondents
can tell ine where I can find a pedigree of this
Richard, and in particular Avhether he married,

244

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 202.

whom he married, and the names of his several
children, if any. Newburiensis.

Professional Poems. — Can you tell me who is
the author of Professional Poems by a Profes-
sional Gentleman, 12mo., 1827, published at Wol-
verhampton ; und by Longman, London ? Gw.

" A mockery" Sfc. — Whence is the quotation,
*' A mockery, a delusion, and a snare?" W. P.

Passage in Wliiston. — In Taylor on Original
Si?i, Lond. 1746, p. 94., it is said :

" IMr. Whiston maintains that regeneration is a
literal and physical beinff born again, and is granted to
the fiiithful at the beginning of the millennium."

The marginal reference is, Whiston on Original
Sin, Sfc, p. 68.

I cannot find the book or the doctrine in any
collection of Whiston's writings which I have met
with ; but as he was a copious writer and a ver-
satile theologian, both may exist. Can any reader
of " N. & Q." tell me where to find them ? J. T.

Shoulder Knots and Epaulettes. — What is the
origin of the shoulder knot, and its ancient use ?
Has it and the epaulette a common origin ?

Getskn,

_ The Yew Tree in Village Churchyards. — Why
did our forefathers choose the yew as the insepar-
able attendant upon the outer state of the churches
raised by them ? Apart from its .grave and
sombre appearance, I cannot help recognising a
mysterious embodiment of the spirit of evil as the
intention of the planters. We know that in all
mediasval edifices there is an apparent and dis-
cernible endeavour to place in juxta-position the
spirits of good and evil, to materialise the idea of
an adversative spirit, antagonistic to the church's
teachings, and hurtful to her efforts of advance-
ment. I look upon the grotesque cephalic corbels
as one modification of this, and would interpret
many equally mysterious emblems by referring
them to the same actuating desire. Now the yew
is certainly the most deadly of indigenous pro-
ductions, and therefore would be chosen as the
representative of a spirit of destruction, the op-
posite to one that giveth life by. its teachings, of
which the building itself is the sensible sign. I
crave more information from some learned eccle-
siologist on the subject, which is certainly a most
interesting one. R. C. Wakde.

Kidderminster. •

Passage in Tennyson. —

" Or underneath tlie barren bush,
Flits by the blue sea-bird of March."

In ^lemoriam, xc. What bird is meant ?

W. T. M,
Hong Kong.

" When the Maggot bites." — A note will oblige
to explain the origin of the phrase, that a thing
done on the spur of the moment is done " When
the maggot bites." Anon.

Eclipses of the Suji. — Where can I find a list
of solar eclipses that have taken place since the
time of the invasion of Julius Cajsar ? I am
greatly in want of this information, and shall her
grateful to any correspondent who will give me-
the reference required. C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

"An" before "?<" lo7ig. — I should be much
obliged to any of my fellow-students of " N. & Q.""
who would answer the following Query : What
is the reason of the increasingly prevailing custom
of writing an before words beginning with u longy
or with diphthongs having the sound of u long ?
Surely a written language is perfect in proportion
as it represents the spoken tongue ; if so, this is
one of the many instances in which modern
fashions are making English orthography still
more inconsistent than it was wont to be. It ap-
pears to me just as reasonable to say "«?i youthful
(pronounced yoothful) person," as "an useful
(pronounced yooseful) person."

If there is a satisfactory reason for the practice^.
I shall be delighted to be corrected ; but, if not, I
would fiiln see the fashion " nipped in the bud."

Benjamin Dawson^

London.

Reversible Names. — Some female names spelt
backwards and forwards the same, as Hannah, Anna,
Eve, Ada : so also does madam, which is feminine.
Is this in the nature of things, or can any one pro-
duce a reversible proprium quod maribus ? No
arguments, but instances ; no surnames, which are
epicene ; no obsolete names, such as Odo, of which
it may be suspected that they have died precisely
because an attempt was made to marify them : or
say, rather, that Odo, to live masculine, vv'as obliged
to become Otho. Failing instances, I shall main-
tain that varium et mutabile semper fcmina only
means that whatever reads backwards and for-
wards the same, is always feminine. M.

Gilbert White of Selborne. — Can any of the
correspondents of " N. & Q." inform me whether
any portrait, painted, engraved, or sculptured,
exists of this celebrated naturalist ; and if so, a
reference to it will greatly oblige "W. A. L.

St. John's Square.

Hoby, Family of; their Portraits, ^-c. — In the
parish church of Bisham, in the county of Berks,
are some fine and costly monuments to the me-
mory of several members of this fomlly, who were
long resident in the old conventual building there.
Are there any engravings of these monuments ?

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

245

And if so, in wbat work ; or where are the in-
scriptions to be met with? I possess two fine
engraved portraits of this fomily : the originals by
Hiins Holbein are said to be in " His Majesty's
Collection;" where are the originals now? Do
they still adorn the walls of Windsor Castle ? The
one is inscribed —

The other —

Phillip Hobble, Knight."
« The Lady Hobble."

The orthography of the names is the same as
engraved on the portraits. The former was Sir
Plulip Iloby, one of the Privy Council to King
Henry VIII. ; and the lady was, I believe, the
wife of Sir Thomas Hoby, of Leominster, co.
Hereford, who died in lo96, aged thirty-six. Was
this the learned Lady Hoby, who wrote one of the
epitaphs above referred to ? Arc there any other
portraits of members of this ancient, but now
extinct family, in existence ? They bore for arms,
" Arg. three spindles in fesse gules, threaded or."
What was their crest and motto ?

J. B. Whitborne.

Porti'aii of Sir Anthony/ Wiyigfield. — Can any
person inform me where the picture of Sir An-
thony Wingfield is, described in Horace Walpole's
Letters, and which he saw in an old house in
Suffolk belonging to the family of IsTaunton, de-
scended from Secretary IsTaunton, temp. James I. ;
he says :

" Sir .Anthony Wingfield, who, having his hand
tucked into his girdle, the housekeeper told us had had
his fingers cut off by Henry VIII."

Q.

Lofcopp, Lnfcopp, or Liivcopp. — In some of
the charters granted by our earlier monarchs
(Henry I. for instance), there is contained a grant
of a toll called lofcopp, lufcopp, or liivcopp. Could
any of your correspondents give me any farther
information respecting the meaning of the word,
than is contained in the first volume of " N. & Q.,"
pp. 319. 371.? J. Ctus.

Humming Ale. — Having lately met with the
above epithet applied to ale in one of James's
novels {Forest Days), I should be glad to know
its meanins:. AV. H. P.

Miliar ^wtxit^ &)ttl) ^u^tocr^.

Dr. Ricliard Sherlock. — Dr. Richard Sherlock,
afterwards Vicar of Winwick, had his first cure In
Ireland. I should be glad to know where he offi-
ciated, and to receive any information respecting
him beyond Avhat is met with in his nephew,
Bishop Wilson's, life of him. William Denton.

[A few additional notes have been added to Bishop
"Wilson's Life of Dr. Richard Stierloclt, in the seventh

edition, 2 vols. 1841-44. The editor, the Rev. H. H.
Sherlock, M. A., has the following note on his first
cure in Ireland : " Wood (At/ten. Oxon., vol. iv. p. 259.
Bliss) leads us to suppose that Dr. Sherlock was or-
dained immediately after taking his Master's degree,
and adds, that ' soon after he became minister of se-
veral small parishes in Ireland, united together, and
yielding no more than 807. a year.' The editor has not
been able to obtain any particulars of his ordination,
nor the names of the united parishes in Ireland where
he ministered. Canonically, he could not have been
ordained earlier than a. d. 1C33."]

Cardinal Fleiiry and Bishop Wilson. — There
exists a tradition to the effect that during a war
between this country and France, Cardinal Fleury
gave directions to the French cruisers not to mo-
lest the Island of Man, and this out of regard to
the character of its apostolic bisliop, Wilson. I
should be glad to know whether any and what
authority can be assigned for this story.

William Dentox.

[The story rests upon the authority of the Rev. C.
Cruttwell, the bishop's biographer and editor. The
following passage occurs in the Life of Bishop Wilson,
vol. i. p. 22b'. of his Works, third edition, 8vo., 1784,
and in the folio edition, p. 57. : — " Cardinal Fleury
wanted much to see him [the bishop], and sent over
on purpose to inquire after Ids liealtli, his age,
and the date of his consecration ; .is they were the
two oldest bishops, and he believed the poorest, in
Europe ; at the same time inviting him to France.
Tlie I3ishop sent the Cardinal an answer, which gave
him so high an opinion of him, that he obtained an
order that no French privateer should ravage the Isle
of Man." Feltham, in his Tour through the Isle of Man y
1798, after quoting this story, adds, " And that the
French still respect a Manksman, some recent instancess
confirm."]

Dr. Dodd a Dramatist. — I have seen it some-
where stated, that after Dr. Dodd's trial, he sent
for Mr. Woodfall to consult him respecting the
publication of a comedy he had written in his
youth, entitled Sir Roger de Coverley, and which
he had actually revised and completed while in
Newgate. Was it ever published ; and if not,
Avhere is the MS. ? V. T. Sternberg.

[Woodfall's interview with Dr. Dodd at the Old
Bailey, is given in Cooke's Memoirs of Samuel Foots,
vol. i. p. 195., and is quoted in Baker's Biographia
Dramatica, vol. ill. p. 278., edit. 1812. It appears
that Dodd's comedy was commenced in his earlier
days, and finished during his confinement in Newgate;
but was neither acted nor printed. In a -pamphlet,
entitled Historical Memoirs of the Life and Writings of
the late Rev. William Dodd, published anonymously in
1777, but attributed to Mr. Reed, it is stated at p. 4.,
that " Sir Roger de Coverley is now in the hands of
Mr. Harris of Covent Garden Theatre."]

Trosachs.— Q,^n I learn through "N. & Q." the
derivation and meaning of the name Trosachs, as

246

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 202.

nppliecl to the mountain pass bordering on Loch
Katrine ? J. G. T.

Trosachs Hotel.

[The name Trosachs signifies in Gaelic the rough or
bristled territory ; a signification perfectly applicable to
the confused mass of abrupt crags which, in some con-
vulsion of nature, has been separated from the neigh-
bouring mountains of Ben Vennu and Ben An. This
glen was first rendered an object of popular attention
by Sir Walter Scott, in his poem of The Lady of the
Lake.']

Quarter. — Whence comes the use of the word
Qua?ier, as applied to sparing of life in battle ?

J. G. T.

Trosachs Hotel.

[A correspondent of the Gent. Mar;., vol. Ixvi. p. 920.,
suggests, that it may be traced to the reverence for the
sacred symbol of our faith, which the early Christian
warriors wore depicted on their military habiliments:
Orlando, who bore this emblem on his sliield, was
called ' II Cavaliere del Quartlero ; ' though it is some-
thing singular that he won the device from Almonte, a
Saracen chief.]

JACOB BOHME, OR BEHMEK.

(Vol. viii., p. 13.)

Some fiarther particulars respecting the writings
of that remarkable character, who, according to
your correspondent, " led astray William Law,
and through him tinctured the religious philoso-
phy of Coleridge, and from whom Schelling stole
the corner-stones of his Philosophy of Nature"
may perhaps interest the readers of " N. & Q."

Who Bohme, or Behmen, was, may be seen by
a. reference to Francis Okely's Memoir of him,
and to the article In the Penny Cyclopcedia (vol. v.
p. 61.) written by Dr. Bialloblotzky ; which, with
the exception of a few trifling errors, is carefully
compiled. The true character of his philosophy
has been ably and fully described In the later
writings of William Law, especially in his Anim-
adversions on Dr. Trapp (at the end of An Appeal
to all that Doubt or Disbelieve the Truths of Reve-
lation) ; in The Way to Divine Knowledge ; The
Spirit of Love ; his Letters ; and in the fragment
of a Dialogue, prefixed to the first of the four
volumes in 4to. of Behmen's Works.

Behmen's writings first became generally known
in this country by translations of the most im-
portant of them \>y a gentleman of the name of
Elllstone, and of minor ones by Mr. Humphrey
Blunden and others. Elllstone dying before he
had completed the translation of the great work
upon Genesis, it was continued by his cousin,
John Sparrow, a barrister in the Temple ; who
also translated and published the remainder of
Behmen's writings In the English language. Re-

specting these Individuals, William Law, In a
letter written In reply to one received from a
Mr. Stephen Penny, speaks In the following terms :

" The translators of Jacob Behmen,- Elllstone and
Sparrow, are much to be honoured for their work ;
they had great piety and great abilities, and well ap-
prehended their author, especially Elllstone : but the
translation is too much loaded with words, and in many
places the sense is mistaken.*

" A new translator of Jacob Behmen is not to have
it in intention to make his author more Intelligible by
softening or refining his language. His style is what
it is, strange and uncommon ; not because he wanted
learning and skill in words, but because what he saw
and conceived was quite new and strange, never seen
or spoken of before ; and therefore if he was to put it
down in writing, words must be used to signify that
which thej' had never done before.

"If it shall please God that I undertake this work,
I shall only endeavour to make Jacob Behmen speak
as he would have spoken, had he wrote in English.
Secondly, to guard the reader at certain places from
wrong apprehensions of his meaning, by adding here
and there a note, as occasion requires. Thirdly, and
chiefly, by Prefaces or Introductions to prepare and
direct the reader in the true use of these writings.
Tills last is most of all necessary, and yet would be en-
tirely needless, if the reader would but observe Jacob
Behmen's own directions. For there is not an error,
defect, or wrong turn, which the reader can fall into,
in the use of these books, but is most plainly set before
him by Jacob Behmen.

" Many persons of learning in the last century read
Jacob Behmen with great earnestness ; but it was only,
as it were, to steal from him certain mysteries of
Nature, and to run away with the philosopher's stone;
and yet nowhere could they see the folly and impos-
sibility of their attempt so fully shown them, as by
Jacob Behmen himself."

A well-engraved portrait of John Sparrow may
occasionally be met with in some of the small
quarto English treatises of Behmen.

The four- volume edition of Jacob Behmen's
Worhs, In large 4to., 1764-81, Is an unsatisfactory
performance ; having, in fact, nothing In common
with the projected edition by William Law, as
expressed in the above letter. Nevertheless, it
has been useful in many respects; especially as
being Instrumental in making the productions of
Dion. Andreas Freher more generally known:
This edition, moreover, is incomplete ; as several
important treatises, besides his Letters, are en-
tirely omitted. The order, too, in which the pieces
are Inserted from the Book of the Incarnation Is
altogether wrong.

It is a common, but erroneous supposition, that
William Law was the editor of this edition. From
his work, The Way to Divine Knorvledge, printed
some years after the date of the letter quoted

* This remark especially applies to the Answer to
the fourth of the Theosophic Questions.

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

247-

above, it appears that he intended to publish a
new and correct translation of Behmen's Woj-ks ;
but did not survive to accomplish it. He died in
1761, before the first of the four volumes was
published ; and if he were in any way identified
with it, it could only be by some one or two of his
corrections (found in his own copy of the Works
after his decease) being incorporated therein ; but
of this there is some uncertainty. The Symbols,
or Emblems, which are stated in the title-page of
this edition to have been "left by Mr. Law," were
not his production, but merely copies of the
originals themselves. These were all designed by
the above Dionysius Andreas Freher, a learned
German, who had resided in this countiy from
about the year 1695 till his death in 1728, in
illustration of his own systematic elucidations of
the ground and principles of the central philo-
sophy of Deity and Nature, opened as a new
original, and Jinal revelation from God, in " his
chosen instrument, Behmen." It was, I believe,
from Freher, that Francis Lee (see " N. & Q ,"
Vol. ii., p. 355.) became so deeply versed in the
scope and design of high supersensual and mys-
tical truth. From the year 1740, Freher, by his
writings, demonstrations and diagrams, may be
considered the closet-tutor of William Law at his
philosophical retreat at King's Clifie, in respect to
the great mysteries of Truth and Nature, the
origin and constitution of things, glanced at in
what are popularly called Law's later or mystical
writings.

Next to Behmen's Works, and coupled with
those of Law, Freher's writings and illustrations
must, in regard to theosophical science, be con-
sidered the most valuable and important in exist-
ence. Freher also was personally acquainted with
Gichtel, who was deeply imbued with the philo-
sophy of Jacob Behmen, viz. ^^ the fundamental open-
ing of all the poivers that work hoth in Nature and
Grace ;" and who, perhaps more than any other in-
dividual, experimentally lived and fathomed it.

Freher's original manuscripts and copies of
others (besides those formerly in the possession of
William Law), as well as the manuscripts of Law
and of Francis Lee, and some original documents
relating to the Philadelphian mystic author, Mrs.
Jane Lead (Lee's mother-in-law), are now in the
possession of Mr. Christopher Walt' n, of Ludgate
Street ; who, I understand, is on the eve of com-
pleting, for private circulation, a voluminous ac-
count of these celebrated individuals. It will also
contain, if I am correctly informed, a represent-
ation of the whole nature and scope of mystical
divinity and theosophical science, as apprehensible
from an orthodox evangelical — or> in a word, a
standard point of view ; as likewise of the nature
and relations of the modern experimental tran-
scendentalism of Animal Magnetism, with its in-
ductions of the trance and clairvoyance, in respect

to the astral as well as Divine magic ; with other
similar recondite, but now lost, philosophy. But
to return to Behmen.

The publication of the large edition of his
Wo7-ks in question was undertaken at the sole
expense of Mrs. Hutcheson, one of the two ladies
who were Mr. Law's companions and friends in
his retirement at King's ClifTe, out of respect to
his memory ; and who furnished the books Mr.
Law left behind him relating to this object. The
chief editor was a Mr. George Ward, assisted by
a Mr. Thomas Langcake, two former friends
and admirers of Law ; who occasionally superin-
tended his pieces through the press, being then
resident in London. And the reason of this edi-
tion not being completed was, that both Mrs.
Hutcheson and Mr. Ward died about the time of
the publication of the fourth volume ; Mrs. Gib-
bon*, the aunt of the historian, it appears, not
being willing to continue the publication. All
that these parties did as editors was, to take the
original translations, change the phraseology here
and there without reference to the German ori-
ginal (which language it is supposed they did not
understand), omit certain portions of the trans-
lator's Prefaces, alter the capital letters of a few
words, and conduct the treatises through the press.

The literary productions which have com-
manded the admiration and approbation of such,
deep thinkers as Sir Isaac Newtonf, William Law,
Schelling, Hegel, and Coleridge, may perhaps,'
before long, be thought worthy of republication.
What is required is a well-edited and correct
translation of Behmen's entire Works, coupled with

* Among the papers of this lady were found, after
lier decease, several letters to lier from her nephew,
Edward Gibbon, the historian, and his friend Lord
Sheffield, from which it would appear^ that the re-
ligious views of the former liad, at least from the year
1788, undergone considerable change. From one of
these interesting letters, shortly to be published, I
have been kindly permitted to make the following
extract : — " Whatever you may have been told of my
opinions, I can assure you with truth, that I consider
religion as the best guide of youth, and the best sup-
port of old age ; that I firmly believe there is less real
liappiness in the business and pleasures of the world,
than in the life which you have chosen of devotion and
retirement."

f William Law, in the Appendix to the second edi-
tion of his Appeal to all that Doubt or Disbelieve the
Truths of the Gospel, p. 314., 1756, mentions that
among the papers of Newton (now in Trinity College,
Cambridge) were found many autograph extracts from
the Works of Behmen. This is also confirmed in an
unpublished letter, now before me, from Law to Dr.
Cheyne in answer to his inquiries on this point. Law
affirms that Newton derived liis system of fundamental
powers from Behmen ; and that he avoided mention-
ing Behmen as the originator of his system, lest it
should come into disrepute.

248

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

those of Frelier, Iils great illustrator, (includ-
ing also the Emblems, &c. of Gichtel's German
edition), and preceded by those of Law, which
treat upon the same subject, namely: — 1. Answer
to Ploadley on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper.
2. Christian llegeneration. 3. Animadversions on
Dr. Trapp. 4.' The Appeal. 5. The Way to Di-
vine Knowledge. 6. The Spirit of Love. 7. Con-
■futation of Warburton. 8. Letters.

To conclude. The following are the terms in
which William Law speaks of Behraen's writings
in one of his letters :

" Therein is opened the true ground of the un-
changeable distinction between God and Nature, making
all nature, whether temporal or eternal, its own proof
that it is not, cannot be, God, but purely and solely
the want of God ; and can be nothing else in itself but
a restless painful want, till a supernatural God mani-
fests himself in it. This is a doctrine which the learned
of all ages have known nothing of; not a book, ancient
or modern, in all our libraries, has so much as at-
tempted to open the ground of nature to show .its hirth
and state, and its essential unalterable distinction from
the one abyssal supernatural God ; and how all the
glories, powers, and perfections of the hidden, unap-
proachable God, have their wonderful manifestation in
nature and creature."

And on another occasion :

" In the Revelation made to this wonderful man, the
first beginning of all things in eternity is opened ; the
whole state, the rise, workings, and progress of all Nature
is revealed ; and every doctrine, mystery, and precept
of the Gospel is found, not to have sprung from any
arbitrary appointment, bat to have its eternal, unalterable
ground and reason in Nature. And God appears to
save us by the methods of the Gospel, because there
was no other possil)le way to save us in all the possi-
bility of Nature."

And again :

" Now, though the difference between God and
Nature has always been supposed and believed, yet the
true ground of such distinction, or the why, the liow,
and in what they are essentially different, and must be
so to all eternity, was to be found in no books, till the
goodness of God, in a way not less than that oi miracle,
made a poor illiterate man, in the simplicity of a child,
to open and relate the deep mysterious ground of all
things."

Thus much upon the " reveries " of our " poor
possessed cobbler." It may be well to add, that
Freher's writings (in sequence to those of Law
above named) are all but essential for the proper
understanding of Behmen, especially of his descrip-
tions of the generation of Nature, as to its seve7i
properties, two co-eternal princl[)le3, and three
constituent parts : which is the deepest and most
difficult point of all others to apprehend rightly
(that is, with intellectual clearness, as well as
sensitively in our own spiritual regeneration),

and indeed the key to every mystery of truth and
^•^-^ J. Yeowell.

life

Hoxton

INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS.

(Vol. vl., p. 554. ; Vol. vii., pp. 454. 633. ;
Vol. viii., p. 108.)

Hirableton, Worcestershire :

1. " Jesus be our GoD-speed. 1675."

2. " All prayse and glory be to God for ever. 1675."

3. " John Martin of Worcester, he made wee ;

Be it known to all that do wee see. 1675."

4. " All you that hear my roaring sound.

Repent before you lie in ground. 1675."

Ilanley Castle, Worcestershire :

1. " Ring vs trve,

We praise you. a.r. 1699."

2. " God prosper all our benefactors, a.r. 1699."

3. " God save y" King.

Abr" Rudhall cast vs all. 1699."

4. " God save y" King and y Chvrch. 1699."

5. " Abr» Rudhall cast vs all. 1699."

6. " Jas. Badger, minister. Rd. Ross, Gorle Chetle,

C. W. 1699."

From the ten bells of St. Thomas's Clmrch,
Dudley (rebuilt 1816), the following are the most
remarkable :

5. " William, Viscount Dudley and Ward ;

To doomsday may the name descend —
Dudley, and the poor man's friend."*

6. " Ring and bid thee cry Georgius Rex III., Eng-

land, thy Sovereign's name. Gon save the
King. T. Mean of London, 1818,"

Of the eight bells in St. Mary's Church, Kidder-
minster, the following are the inscriptions on the
first five :

1 . " When you us ring

We'll sweetly sing. 1754."

2. " The gift of the Rt. Hon. Lord Foley. 1754."

3. " Fear God and honour the King. 1754."

4. " Peace and good neighbourhood. 1754."

5. " Prosperity to this parish and trade. 1754."

There is a small bell (dated 1780) which Is com-
monly called the " Ting-tang," and is rung for the
last five minutes before each service, which bears
the appropriate inscription :

" Come away,
Make no delay."

* The worthy nobleman's sobriquet must not be con-
founded with a popular ointment.

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

24a

On one of the bells of Burford Church, near
Tenbury, is the following inscription :

" At service-time I sound.
And at the death of men ;
To serve your God, and well to die,
Remember then."

The inscriptions on the bells of St. Helen's
Church, Worcester, are veiy singular ; the names
they bear tell their date :

1. "Blenheim.
First isiny note, and Blenheim is my name ;
For Blenheim's story will be first in fame,"

2. " Barcelona.

Let me relate how Louis did bemoan

His grandson Philip's flight from Barcelon."

3. " liamilies.
Deluged in blood, 1, Ramilies, advance
Britannia's glory in the fall of France."

4. " Menin.

Let Menin on my sides engraven be,
And Flanders freed from Gallic slavery."

5. " Turin.

When in harmonious peal I roundly go,
Think on Turin, and triumph of the Po."

6. " Eugene.
With joy I bear illustrious Eugene's name,
Fav'rite of Fortune, and the boast of fame."

7. " Marlborough.

But L with pride, the greater Marlborough bear.
Terror of tyrants, and the soul of war."

8. " Queen Ann.

Th' immortal praises of Queen Ann I sound ;
With union blest, and all these glories crown'd."

In Clifton-on-Teme Church (dedicated to St.
Kenelm) are the two following bell-inscriptions,
the second of which appears to contain a date :
" Per Kenelmi merita sit nobis ccelica vita."
« HenrlCVs lefFreyes KeneLMo DeVoVIt."

The following are from the six bells of Kinver
Church, Worcestershire :

1. " In Christo solo spem meam repono. a.r. 1746."

2. " Cui Deus pater ecclesia est mater, a.r. 1746."

3. " In sue templo numen adoro. a.r. 1746."

4. « We were all cast at Gloucester by Abel Rudhall,

1746. Fac manus puras coelo attollas."

5. " Jos. Lye and John Lowe, churchwardens,

A.R. 1745. Opem petentibus subvenit Deus."

6. "■\\n. Gosnell and Sam. Brown, churchwardens.

John Rudhall /ec^ 1790."

CUTHBEBT BeDE, B, A.

PASSAGE IN MILTON.

" And every shepherd tells his tale
Under the hawthorn, in the dale."

I have read with interest the " Notes " (Vol. i.,
pp. 286. 316.) on these lines of the Allegro ; be-
cause, in spite of early prepossession in favour of
the idea commonly attached to them, I was con-
verted, some years ago, by the late Mr. Constable,
R.A., whose close observation of rural scenery
and employments no one can question.
His account of the matter was this:
" It is usual in Suffolk, and I have seen it often my-
self, for the shepherd, assisted by another man or boy,
to make the whole flock pass through a gap, in order
to facilitate the tale. One fellow drives them through
the opening by moving about, shouting, and clapping
his hands, while his comrade, on the other side of the
hedge, and under cover of a thorn or other thick bush,
counts them as they leap through. I have not only
seen but assisted, when a boy, at the shepherd's tale ;
and I do believe Milton had no other idea in his mind.
For, in'deed, the early morning is not the time the
poets choose for lovers to woo, or maids to listen ; and
Milton has described a scene where all were up and
stirring. Neither is the word « every ' appropriate,
according to the common interpretation of the passage ;
every shepherd would not woo on the same spot ; but
that spot might be particularly favourable for making
the tale of his sheep."

Your correspondent J. M. M. adduces an argu-
ment in favour of the romantic versus the pastoral,
which seems to me entirely devoid of weight. He
thinks that Handel's " ' Let me wander ' breathes
the shepherd's tale of love." Surely there is more
imagination than truth in this. There is a series
of images in the words of that song : it was neces-
sary, unless the music varied unreasonably to suit
them all, to choose a pleasing, but not very signi-
ficant, melody, and, above all, to make the close of
it a fit introduction for the " merry bells," and
"jocund Rebecs," which burst in immediately
after. I confess I find nothing of the amatory
style in Handel's setting of the two disputed lines.
He chose the Pastorale or f time, as for " He shall
feed his flock," " O lovely Peace," &c. But were
It so, I could not admit Handel as an authority,
because, as a foreigner, and an inhabitant of towns,
he could not possibly be conversant with the rural
customs of England. S. K.

DESIGNED FALSE ENGLISH BHTMES.

(Vol. vll., p. 483.)

I was much surprised to see in your paper such
a lengthened defence of Irish rhymes by a reference
to those of English poets, and particularly to Pope.
I thought It was well known that he, at last, be-
came sensible of the cloying effect of his never-vary-
ing melody, and sought to relieve it by deviations

250

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

from propriety. This is particularly remarkable in
his Homer, where he has numerous Irish rhymes
like "peace" and "race:" besides "war" and
"car ;" "far," " dare ;" with many other still more
barbarous metres. But all those were by regular
design : for, if ever poet " lisped in numbers," it
was he; and "the numbers came" at his command.
He introduced those uncouth rhymes to somewhat
roughen his too long continued melody, just as
certain discords are allowed in great musical com-
positions. It stowed good judgment, for they are
an agreeable change by variation. Other English
poets too have false rhymes : for even Gray, in his
celebrated Elegy, has "toil" and "smile;" "abode"
and " God."

But, with respect to Irish poets, Swift should
not have been mentioned at all ; because, with
perhaps the exception of his " Cadenus and Va-
nessa," his poetry was of the doggerel kind ; and
he purposely used Irish rhymes and debased
English. Thus, in the "Lady's Dressing-room:"

" Five hours, and who could do it less in ?
By haughty C^lia spent in dressing."

Will any one say it was through ignorance that he
did not sound the g in dressing ? Pope, in his
" Eloisa to Abelard," which is sweetness to excess,
concludes with :

" He best can paint 'era who has felt 'em most."

Why this is a downright vulgarism compared to
Swift's open and undisguised doggerel :
" Libertas et natale solum :
Fine words ! I wonder where you stole 'em."

Leaving Swift out of the question, Irish poets
are much more careful about their rhymes than
the English ; because they know that what would
be excused or overlooked in them, would be
deemed ignorance on their own parts. I venture
to assert, that there are more false rhymes in
Pope's Iliad alone than in all the poems of Gold-
smith and Moore together ; though I must again
observe that those of Pope were all intentional.

A. B. C.

ATTAINMENT OF MAJORITT.

(Vol. viii., p. 198.)

A. E. B. has not quoted quite correctly. He has
put two phrases of mine into Italics, which makes
them appear to have special relation to one another,
while the word which / put in Italics, " ninth,'' he
has made to be " 9th." Farther, he has left out
some words. The latter part should run thus, the.
words left out being in brackets :

"... though he were born [a minute before mid-
night] on the 10th, he is of age to execute a settlement
at a minute after midnight on the morning of the 9th,
forty-eight hours all but two minutes before he has
drawn breath for the space of twenty-one years."

Had the quotation been correct, it would have
been better seen that I no more make the day of
majority begin a minute after midnight, than I
make the day of birth end a minute before mid-
night. A second, or even the tenth of a second,
would have done as well.

The old reckoning, of which I was speaking, was
the reckoning which rejects fractions ; and the mat-
ter in question was the day. For my illustration,
any beginning of the day would have done as well
as any other ; on this I must refer to the paper
itself. Nevertheless, I was correct in implying
that the day by which age is reckoned begins at
midnight ; and I believe it began at midniglit in
the time of Ben Jonson. The law recognised two
kinds of days; — the natural day of twenty-four
hours, the artificial day from sunrise to sunset.
The iairthday, and with it the day of majority,
would needs be the natural day; for otherwise
a child not born by daylight would have no birth-
day at all. I cannot make out that the law ever
recognised a day of twenty-four hours beginning at
any hour except midnight. For payment of rent,
the artificial day was recognised, and the tenant
was required to tender at such time before sunset as
would leave the landlord time to count the money
by daylight ; a reasonable provision, when we
think upon the vast number of different coins
Avhich were legal tender. But even here it seems
to have been held that though the landlord might
enter at sunset, the forfeiture could not ' be en-
forced if the rent were paid before midnight. A
legal friend suggested to me that perhaps Ben
Jonson had more experience of the terminus of the
day as between landlord and tenant, than of that
which emancipates a minor. This would not have
struck me : but a lawyer views man simply as the
agent or patient in distress, ejectment, quo war-
ranto, &c.

A. E. B. twice makes the question refer to
usage, whereas I was describing laio. If I were
as well up in the drama as I should like to be, I
might perhaps find a modern plot which turns
upon a minor coming of age, in which the first
day of majority is what is commonly called the
birthday, instead of, as it ought to bo, the day
before. Writers of fiction have in all times had
fictitious law. If we took decisions from the
novelists of our own day, we should learn, among
other things, that married women can in all cir-
cumstances make valid wills, and that the destruc-
tion of the parchment and ink which compose the
material of a deed is also the destruction of all
power to claim under it.

Singularly enough, this is the second case in
which my paper on reckoning has been both mis-
quoted and misapprehended in "N. & Q." My
knowledge of the existence of this periodical began
with a copy of No. 7. (containing p. 107., Vol. i.),
forwarded to me by the courtesy of the Editor, on

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

251

account of a Query signed (not A. E. B. but) B.,
afBrming that I had " discovered a flaw in the
great Johnson ! " Now it happened that the flaw
was described, even in B.'s own quotation from
me, as "certainly not Johnson's mistake, for he was
a clear-headed arithmetician." B. gave me half a
year to answer ; and then, no answer appearing,
privately forwarded the printed Query, with a
request to know whether the readers of " N. & Q."
were not of a class sufficiently intelligent to appre-
ciate a defence from me. The fact was, that I
thought them too intelligent to need it, after the
correction (by B. himself, in p. 127.) of the mis-
quotation. It is not in letters as in law, that
judgment must be signed for the plaintifi* if the
defendant do not appear. There is also an ano-
nymous octavo tract, mostly directed, or at least
(so far as I have read) much directed, against the
arguments of the same article, and containing mis-
apprehensions of a similar kind. That my unfor-
tunate article should be so misunderstood in three
distinct quarters, is, I am afraid, sufficient pre-
sumption against its clearness ; and shows me that
obscurus fio is, as much as ever, the attendant of
hrevis esse laboro : but I am still fully persuaded
of the truth of the conclusions. A. De Morgan.

liADY PERCY, WIFE OF HOTSPUR (DAUGHTER OF
EDMUND MORTIMER, EARL OF MARCH), AND

JANE Seymour's royal descent.

(Vol. vii., p. 42. ; Vol. viii., pp. 104. 1 84.)

The mischief that arises from apparently the
most ti'ifling inaccuracy in a statement of fact is
scarcely to be estimated. A mistake is repeated,
multiplied, and perpetuated often to an extent
that no after rectification can thoroughly efface.
Blunders even become sacred by antiquity ; and
the attempt to correct any misstatement, if it does
not entirely fail through the subsequent destruc-
tion of evidence that would have contained the
refutation, is frequently received with a coldness
and suspicion, and can seldom, with every aid from
undoubted sources, be brought to prevail against
the more familiar and preconceived impression.
An illustration of this may be seen in the refer-
ence made by your correspondent C. V. to the
authority of Dugdale, as overriding the result of
later investigations relative to the issue respec-
tively of the fifth and seventh Lords Clifford of
Westmoreland. The loose and ill-advised asser-
tion o{ Miss Strickland, intended as it clearly was
to insinuate a mean origin in Jane Seymour, and
to lessen her pretension to an exalted birth, has
fortunately received a most complete and signal
disproof; but a question is now raised, which, if
it can be supported, will suit Miss Strickland's
view quite as well as her own inconclusive state-
ment. I cannot but think that what she wished

to say is, as hinted In the suggestion of C. V., that
the claim contended for cannot be supported
through the alleged marriage of a Wentworth with
the descendant of Elizabeth Percy, because Eliza-
beth, Lady Percy's only daughter. Lady Elizabeth
de Percy, who married John, Lord Clifford, is by
some ancient heralds stated to have left no daugh-
ter. This would have been an intelligible asser-
tion, and not entirely Inconsistent with what may
be gathered from peerages, and other works com-
piled solely upon the authority of Dugdale ; and
it is indeed the very point of difficulty contem-
plated by your learned correspondent C. V., who,
if I do not mistake the signature. Is himself an
authority entitled to much respect.

Dugdale, Collins, and Nicolas make the Inter-
marriage of Wentworth to have taken place with
a daughter of Roger, fifth Lord Clifford ; and
Dugdale and Collins are silent as to any female
Issue of John, the seventh Lord. Edmondson
(Baronagium Genealogicum, vol. Iv. p. 364.)
adopts the same conclusion ; taut no higher autho-
rity is cited by any one of the above writers, upon
which to found this statement. On the other
hand, both Collins and Edmondson, in the Went-
worth pedigree, show the marriage of Sir Philip
Wentworth, of Nettlested, to have taken place
with a daughter of John, seventh Lord Clifford.
Edmondson describes the daughter as Elizabeth ;
but Collins more accurately calls her Mary.
Banks (Baj'onage, vol. ii. p. 90.) gives both state-
ments with an asterisk, implying a doubt as to
which of the two is to be accepted.

The Pembroke MS. contains a summary of the
lives of the Veterlponts, Cliffords, and the Earls
of Cumberland, compiled from original documents
and fiimily records for the celebrated Lady Anne
Countess Do-.vager of Pembroke, daughter and
sole heir of George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland,
who died In 1605. This valuable collection gives
the most minute particulars and anecdotes con-
nected with the ancient family of the Lords
Clifford and their descendants, and being a few
years anterior In date to the publication of Dug-
dale's Baronage, the Information contained there
Is entitled to the greatest possible weight as an
original and independent authority.

In this MS. (a copy of which is In the British
Museum, Harl. 6177.) the descendants of Roger,
fifth Lord Clifford, are named, but there is no
mention of any daughter who formed an alliance
with a Wentworth. Afterwards come the issue of
the marriage of John, seventh Lord Clifford, with
Elizabeth Percy, the only daughter of Henry
Lord Percy, surnamed Hotspur, son to Henry
Earl of Northumberland.

" This Elizabeth Percy was one of tlie greatest
women of her time, both for her birth and her mar-
riages, &c. Their eldest son, Thomas de Clifford,
succeeded his father both in his lands and honours, &C.

252

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

Henry, their second son, died without issue, but is
mentioned in the articles of his brotlier's marriage.
Mary Clifford, married to Sir Philip Wentworth, Kt.,
of whom descended the Lords Wentworth that are
jiow living, and the Earl of Strafford, and the Earl of
Cleveland."

To which of the above statements must we give
■credit? If Dugdale be right, there will appear a
startling discrepance in the ages of the two persons
who are presumed to have formed the alliance in
<|ue3tIon ; whereas if the filiation given in the
Pembroke MS. is relied upon, their ages will be
quite consistent, and all the other circumstances
perfectly in accordance.

Roger, fifth Lord Clifford, was born and bap-
tized at Brougham on the 20th of July, 7 Edw. III.,
1333 ; his eldest son Thomas, sixth lord, was born
circa 1363, being twenty-si.K years old at his
father's death, which happened on 13th July,
1389, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Thomas
Lord Clifford died on 4th of October, 1392,
leaving his son and heir John (seventh Lord
Clifford) an infant of about three years old.
This lord raai-ried the Lady Elizabeth de Percy
circa 1413, and his eldest son was born on 20th of
August, 1414: he died on 13th March, 1422.

The wife of Sir Philip Wentworth, were she a
daughter of Roger, fifth Lord Clifford, must have
been born between 1363 and 1389 ; if a daughter
of John, seventh Lord Clifford, she must have
been born between 1414 and 1422.

In my former note, it was shown that the father
and mother of Sir Philip Wentworth were married
before June, 1423 ; that Sir Philip was born circa
1424, and married in 1447; and that his eldest
son, Henry Wentworth, being thirty years of age
at his grandmother's death in 1478, must have
been born circa 1448. It is therefore clear, that
if his wife, Mary de Clifford, were a daughter of
the fifth Lord Clifford, she could not have been
less than thirty-five years older than her husband,
and sixty years old when her eldest son was born.
On the other supposition, she may have been
about the same age with her husband, or perhaps
two or three years only his senior.

Can there then be any longer a doubt that this
is a mistake of Dugdale ? The other eminent
genealogists, cited by your correspondent, have
adopted the statement without farther Investiga-
tion and upon no better authority, and the error
has thus become familiarised by constant repeti-
tion. Had the misrepresentation been set right
in the first Instance, your readers would have
been spared the infliction of this lengthy confu-
tation ; Miss Strickland herself protected from
the humiliation of a defeat, " in daring to dispute
a pedigree with King Henry VIII. ;" and some of
the numei'ous living descendants of the Protector
Somei'set been saved from much concern at find-
ing a pedigree demolished, through which they

had been wont to cherish the harmless vanity of
being allied to the honour of a royal lineage.

W. H.

PHOTOGRAPHIC COREESPONDENCE.

Three New Processes hy Mr. Lyte. — Will you
kindly allow me room in your pages for the In-
sertion of tlie following thi'ee processes, which may
not, perhaps, be uninteresting to some of your
readers ? The first Is respecting a very excellent
com'oination with which to excite collodion. The
second Is on the subject of a capital developing
agent, and, I believe, a partially new one. The
third, a certain improvement in the production of
positives on albumen paper.

To make my collodion, I use the Swedish fil-
tering paper, as recommended by the Count de
Montizon, Mr. Crookes, &c., not so much on ac-
count of its superior properties, as the easier ma-
nipulation, and the greater certainty of obtaining
a completely soluble substance. Having obtained
a clear and tolerably thick collodion, take

Rectified spirits of wine - . - 1 oz.

Iodide of ammonium - - - 45 grs.

Bromide of ammonium - - - 12 grs.

Chloride of ammonium - - - 1 gr.

Iodide of silver, freshly precipitated from the ana-
moniated nitrate, as much as the solution thus
produced will take up — a small excess, which will
settle at the bottom, will not signify. Neai'ly the
same compound, one which Is equally good, Is
produced as follows. Take

Rectified spirits of wine - - - 1 oz.

Iodide of ammonium - - - 50 grs.

Bromide of ammonium - - - 12 grs.

Chloride of silver - - - - 5 grs.

Whichever of these two sensitizers is used, take
1 h drachms, and add to every ounce of the collo-
dion.

Collodion thus prepared is most rapid in its
action, giving a deep negative (with Ross's sixteen
guinea lens, and the developing agent I shall here-
after describe) In ten seconds in clear weather,
and Instantaneous positive pictures, which may be
afterwards darkened with the solution of ter-
chlorlde of gold. In chloride of ammonium. It
does not easily solarize, and, what Is best of all,
gives the most pleasing half-tones.

I find it preferable, in taking landscapes, to
rather increase the quantity of the iodide of am-
monium. In order to give complete opacity to the
sky ; but if the operator pleases, he may produce
the most admirable effect with the above-named,
proportions, by painting in clouds at the back of
the plate with Indian ink : and this latter plan is
preferable, as the addition of more of the iodide
lowers the half-tones.

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

253

If more of the chloride than above specified be
added, it will cause the plate to blacken all over
during development, before the extreme lights are
fully brought up.

My developing agent is made as follows. Take

Distilled water - - - - 10 oz.
Pyrogallic acid - - . - 6 grs.
Formic acid - - - - - 1 oz.

The latter is not to be the concentrated acid, but
merely the commercial strength. These, when
mixed, form so powerful a developing agent, that
the picture is brought out in its full intensity,
almost instantly, while at the same time all the
deep shades are quite unaffected, and the half-
tones come out with a brilliancy I have never
seen before.

Another excellent developing agent is composed
as follows. Take

Distilled water -

- .

- 10 oz.

Sulphuric acid -

-

- 3 drops

Protosulphate of iron -

-

J oz.

Formic acid

-

- 1 oz.

The formic acid is also a most capital addition to
the protonitrate of iron, and either this or the
former liquid produce most brilliant positives,
leaving a tine coating of white dead silver. I may
also make mention of the improYement I have
made in the albumen paper, which consists in the
introduction of the chloride of barium into the albu-
men, in place of chloride of ammonium or chloride
of sodium. Take

Water -
Albumen
Chloride of barium

- 6 oz.

- 6 oz.

- 7i dr.

Whip these up, till they are converted entirely
into a white froth ; when this has settled into a
liquid, pour it into a tall jar, and allow the pre-
cipitate, which will then separate, to settle com-
pletely, and strain the supernatant liquid through
fine muslin. The paper, being laid on the surface
of this fluid for a space of from five to ten mi-
nutes, may be taken off and hung up by a crooked
pin to dry, and then ironed. It is to be sensitized
with nitrate of silver, 120 grains to the ounce of
water. The setting liquid I use is prepared ac-
cording to the formula given by me in Vol. vii.,
p. 534. of your journal, except that I prefer to
use half to one grain of pyrogallic acid, and 120
grains of chloride of silver. This paper must be
soaked for a few minutes or so in rain water, after
being printed, before being placed in the hypo. ;
the presence in the water of any salt seems to de-
stroy the tone of this paper.
Florian, Torquay.

Muller's Processes — Sisson's Developing Solu-
tion. — I am glad to find that I have called the
attention of your photographic correspondents to

Mr. Muller's process, as detailed in The Athenceum
of Nov. 22, 1851, which seems to have been
strangely overlooked and neglected. As your
correspondents have Induced you to reprint the
article, perhaps you will also yield to my request,
and reprint an article from the same journal of
later date (Jan. 10, 1852) containing another
process, more economical and more sensitive than
the other, invented also by Mr. Muller, and the
value of which I have proved. In that, as in the
other, there is no developing agent required. To
save time I have copied from my note-book the
article itself, and append it to this communica-
tion.

A photographer of several years' standing in-
forms me that my developing solution produces
excellent negatives upon glass, and that he has
been trying it as a bath with success. He writes
me : — "I use your developing solution for nega-
tives only ; and by using a very small opening,
say about ■~^i\\?: of an inch diameter, single achro-
matic lens, I have produced negatives in one
minute, which print most beautiful bright positives.
The views I have taken and developed with your
solution were without sunshine, the sky very
cloudy, three o'clock p.m. The collodion was pre-
pared by Messrs. Knight & Son."

Since I received his letter I have tried a nega-
tive so developed, with the best success; and I
attribute the success to the fact that you may go
on developing with that solution any length of
time almost, without any fear of spoiling the
negative, thus getting thickness of deposit ; and
that the deposit on pictures taking so long a time
to develop has a very perceptible yellow tinge,
which, like the gold in Professor Maconochie's
method (detailed in Photographic Journal for this
month), stops the chemical rays.

J. Lawson Sisson.

Edingthorpe Rectory.

" Patna, India, Nov. 9, 1851.

" Plain paper is floated on a bath of aceto-
nitrate of silver, prepared of 25 grs. of nitrate of
silver, 1 fluid oz. of water, 60 minims of strong
acetic acid. When well moistened on one side,
the paper is removed, and lightly dried with blot-
ting-paper ; it is then placed with the prepared side
downwards on the surface of a bath of hydriodate
of iron (8 grs. of the iodide in 1 oz. of water). It
is not allowed to remain on this solution, for if this
were the case it would become almost insensitive.
The silvered surface must be simply moistened
with the hydriodate — the object being to get a
minimum quantity of it diffused equally over the
silvered surface. The photographer accustomed
to delicacy of manipulation will find no difiiculty
in this. While still wet the paper is placed upon
a glass (face downwards), and exposed in the

254

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

camera for periods varying from 10 to 60 seconds,
according to circumstances. In sunshine, and
when the object to be copied is bright, 5 seconds
in this climate (India) is sufficient. Excellent
portraits are obtained in shade in 30 seconds ; 60
seconds is the maximum of exposure. The pic-
ture is remo^ted• from the camera and allowed to
develop itself spontaneously in the dark, then
soaked in water, and fixed in the usual manner
with the hyposulphite of soda." — Athenceum,
Jan. 10, 1852.

HcpIiCiS to :^tn0r €ix\txiti.

Alterius Orbis Papa (Vol. iii., p. 497.). — It was
Pope Urban TI. who, at the Council of Bari, in
Apulia, gave this title to St. Anselm, the cotem-
porai'y Ai'chbishop of Canterbury, who was pre-
sent, and, in a learned and eloquent discourse,
confuted the Greeks. See Laud's Wo)'ks (Ang.-
Cath. Lib.), vol. li. p. 190. : note where the autho-
rities William of Malmesbury and John Capgrave
iare cited. E. H. A.

"All my eye" (Vol. vii., p. 525.). — An earlier
use of this " cant phrase " than that given by Mr.
Daniel may be found in Archbishop Bramhall's
Ansuier to the Epistle of M. de la Milletiere^ which
answer was first published in 1653 : —

" Fifthly, suppose (all this notwithstanding) such a
conference should hold, what reason have you to pro-
mise to yourself such success as to obtaui so easy a
victory? You have had conferences and conferences
again at Poissy and other places, and gained by them
just as much as you might put in your eye and see never
the worse." — Bramhall's IVorks, vol. i. pp. 68-9., edit.
0.f. 1842.

The Archbishop elsewhere makes use of the
same expression. Of its origin I can say nothing :
nor of " over the left." 11. Blakiston.

" Clamour your tongues" &fc. (Vol. viii., p. 169.).
— Surely, surely, the " cZame water," in II. C. K.'s
extract from The Castel of Helthe, and which is
set in antithetical opposition to " a rough water,"
is only calme water ; by that common metathesis
which gives us hriddes for birds, brunt for burnt,
&c. H. T. GRirriTH.

Spiked Maces represented in the Windows of
the Abbey Church, Great Malvern. — There is an
instrument of this nature described by some of the
martyrologists under the name of " Scorpio," and
figured by Hieronymus Magius (Jerome Maggi)
in his treatise De Equxdeo. It is there repre-
sented as a thick stick, set with iron points, and
was used, together with rods, and the plumbetae or
loaded chain scourges, to torment the confessors.

I am inclined to think, however, that the wea-
pons represented in the windows at Great Malvern

are intended for morning stars, which were much
employed in arming the watch in the cities of
northern Europe in the Middle Ages, and at a
later period as well. This weapon (a variety of
which was called a holy-water sprinkle, from the
brush-like arrangement of its spikes) had a long
shaft like a halbert, and is often introduced in
paintings of the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-
turies, as borne by the Jewish guard who appear
in the various scenes of Our Lord's Passion.

Of course the artists represented their charac-
ters as wearing the dress and provided with arms
of their own period ; as we see the Koman soldiers
at the foot of the cross in some German and Dutch
pictures, mere portraits of the sworders and swash-
bucklers of the seventeenth century.

I may mention that a weapon of this coarse
description is generally put into the hands of a
ruffian, or at least of some very inferior character.
In La ISIort D'Artur, Sir Launcelot encounters
on a bridge " a passing foul churl," who disputes
his passage, and " lashes at him with a great club,
full of iron pins."

I remember seeing a barbarous weapon taken
from a piratical vessel, which consisted of a mas-
sive wooden club, heavily loaded with lead, fur-
nished with a spike at the smaller end, and thickly
studded with iron nails, tenter hooks, and the
hammers of gun locks. This was something like
the old Danish club. W. J. Bebnhard Smith,

Oxford.

Ampers and (iff or Sf^) (Vol. viii., p. 173.). —
" N. & Q." has exhibited a forgetfulness, of which
he is very seldom guilty. If he and his corre-
spondent Mr. Mansfield Ingleby will refer to
Vol. ii., p. 230., they will find the same question
asked by Mr. M, A. Lower ; and if they will
turn over the leaves to p. 284., they will find an
answer by *., which be now begs to repeat. The
word designated is and-per-se-and. Curiously
enough, the first of the above printed symbols
seems to have been formed from <I>.'s explanation,
that it was nothing more than a flourishing " et."

Its (Vol. viii., p. 12.). — In compliance with the
request of your correspondent B. II. C, I have the
pleasure to inform him that in Richard Burnfield's
Poems (reprinted by James Boswell for the Rox-
burgh Club), " The Complaint of Poetrie for the
death of Liberalitie," 1598, is one of the pieces,
and on the first page of signature C. the word its
occurs, but as a contraction of it is :

" The maimed souldier commlng from the warre ;

The woefull wight, whose house was lately burnd;
The sillie soule ; the woful traueylar ;

And all, whom Fortune at her feet hath spurnd ;

Lament the losse of Liberalitie ;
Its ease to haue in griefe some companie."

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

255

While on the opposite page we have " it soule "
for " its soule," thus :

" But as a woefiill mother docth lament,

Her tender babe, with cruel death opprest ;
Whose life was spotlessc, pure and innocent,

(And therefore sure it soule is gone to rest) :
So Bountie, which herselfe did upright keepe,
Yet for her losse, loue cannot chuse but weepe."

May not this lead to the conclusion that it was
to avoid confusion with the ellipsis of it is, that
the possessive case was thus written it f

S. W. Singer.

'■'•Hip, hip, hurrah!" (Vol. viii., pp. 20. 185.). —
No one, I think, who heard the cheering of the
ships' companies at the late naval review can
doubt that Cheverell's explanation of " hip, hi[),"
is the true one. They are not icards, but inter-
jectional sounds ; with no other meaning than to
prey)are for and time the coming "hurrah!"
When the men are ready to cheer, the boatswain's
mate gives the signal " hip, hip," and then follows
the general " hurrah ! " This practice is adopted
in public assemblies for the same reason — to ensure
concert and unity in the final cheer. " Hurrah ! "
also I take ( pace Sir F. Palgrave) to be a mere
sound : a natural exclamation of pleasure, with no
more instrinsic meaning than " Oh ! " or " Ah ! "
for pain, or " Bah !" for contempt. It surely can
have no connexion with the phrase of old Norman
law — "clameurs de haro:" for "haro" Is an
exclamation of dissent and opposition. " Crier
haro sur quelqu'un," is to excite mischief and scan-
dal against him — the very reverse o£ hurrah! C.

Derivation of '■'• WeUesley" (Vol. viii., p. 173.). —
In reply to J. M., I think the following particulars
may not be uninteresting to him. There is good
reason to believe that the name of Wellesley was
derived from an ancient manor about one mile
south of Wells, called Wellesleigh, which once
belonged to the Bishops of Bath and Wells. It is
certain that a family called " De Wellsleigh" lived,
and held considerable lands in this manor at a
very remote period. In 1253, a Philip de Wells-
leigh, and in 1349 another of the same name, are
recorded as holding part of the manor of the
Bishops of Bath and Wells. These lands, with
the serjeanty and office of bailiff and " cryer of
the hundred," passed into the family of the Hills
of Spaxton, A.D. 1435. In 7 Henry VII., John
Stourton held half a knight's fee in this manor :
"formerly held by William de Wellsleigh." I
have an original deed in my possession dated 26th
Edward I., being a feoffment or grant of lands in
Binder (an adjoining parish) by William Le
Fleming, " Dns de Dynder," in which " Thomas
de Welesle5e" and "Robert de Welesle^e" (so
the name is spelt) are, among others, named as
witnesses. Thus manor was held by the Bishops

of Bath and Wells until the time of Ralph de
Salopia (succeeded a.d. 1329, died a.d. 1363), who
gave it to the vicars choral of the cathedral, by
whom it has been held down to the last year (1852),
when they sold the fee of it to Robert Charles
Tudway, Esq., M.P. for Wells. Ina.

Wells. J<jt^lnr//K^f> 2)1

Penny-come-quick (Vol. viii., pp. 8, 113. 184.). —
Your correspondents on the subject of this name
do not appear to be aware that there is a place
also so called in Ireland : a small public-house,
and one or two others, on the high road between
Wicklow and Arklow, near the sea-shore, three
miles north of the latter town. In Taylor and
Skinner's Road Maps of Ireland (1776), it is
spelled "Penny-co?i- quick." I have been there,
and do not think that the site countenances
H. C. K.'s ingenious etymology. C.

Eugene Aram's Comparative Lexicon (Vol. vii.,
p. 597.). — Mr. E. S. Taylor will perhaps be glad
to know that specimens of the above Lexicon were
printed at the end of a small work published about
twenty-five years since by Mr. Bell of Richmond
(Yorkshire), entitled The Trial and Life of
Eugene Aram. Norkis Deck.

Cambridge.

Wooden Tombs and Effigies (Vol. vii., pp. 528.
607., &c.). — At Sparsholt, Berks, in the south
transept, are two female effigies of wood, under
sepulchral arches, richly carved in stone : one of
them is engraved in HoUis's Monuments. At
Burghfield and Barkham, in the same county, are
also wooden effigies of the fourteenth century.

At Hildersham Church, Cambridgeshire, within
the altar rails, on the north side, is a wooden
monument of a knight and his lady : the knight
cross-legged, and drawing his sword. They are
said to be the effigies of Sir Thomas Busteler and
lady, temp. Edward 11. Norris Deck.

Cambridge.

Queen Anne's Motto (Vol. viii., p. 174.). — By
an order of the queen in council, 17th of April,
1707, consequent upon the union of Scotland with
England, it was declared in what manner the en-
signs armorial of the United Kingdom (called -
Great Britain) should thenceforth be borne ;
when it was also declared that her majesty's motto,
" Semper eadem," should be continued. G.

Longevity (Vol. vii., p. 358. &c.). — Several of
the upland parishes bordering on the river Yare
have had remarkable instances of longevity. One
of the best authenticated was a man named Pottle,
who resided on the Reedham estate of the late
J. F. Leathes, Esq., of Herringfleet. When
Pottle was 104 years old, the tenantry on the
estate subscribed to have his portrait painted.

256

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 202.

which they presented to theii* landlord, each re-
taining a lithograph copy of it. Many of these
copies I have seen. Two years after this I con-
versed with the old man, who was then keeping
cows on a common. There was nothing remark-
able about him except his voice, which was very
loud and powerful. He has now been dead some
time, but I do not know his exact age at death.

In the register of burials for the parish of
Eunham, Norfolk, is this entry :

"August 12, 1788. William Russels, aged One
hundred and one years."

The clergyman has entered the age in round text-
hand, evidently that the entry might not escape
notice. E. G. R.

^ Irish Bishops as English Suffragans (Vol. vii.,
p. 569.). — The following instances of Irish bishops
acting as bishops in England will be additional
illustrations of the facts adduced by An Oxford
B.C.I...

" Requisitus idem Simon de suis Ordinibus dicit,
quod apud Oxoniam recepit Ordinem subdiaconi a
quodam Episcopo Ybernice, Albino nomine, tunc vicario
Episcopi Lincolnlensis. Item ab eodem recepit Ordi-
nem diaconi ^ Capellanus de Sandhurst

Johannes De Siveburn dicit, quod ordinatus fuit sudia-
coniim apud Cicestriam, Diaconum apud Winton.,
ah Episcopo Godfrido, in Yhernia." — Maskell's Ancient
Liturgy of the Church of England, p. 181., note.

W. Fbasee.
Tor-Mobun.

Green Pots used for drinking from hy Members
of the Temple (Vol. viii., p. 171.). — The green
pots mentioned in Sir Julius Ca2sar's letter had
been introduced into the Inner Temple about
thirty years before its date. This appears from
the following passage in Dugdale's Origines Ju-
ridiciales (1680), p. 148., where he refers to the
register of that Society, fol. 127 a. :

" Untill the second year of Q. Eliz. reign, this So-
ciety did use to drink in Cups of Ashen- Wood (such
as are still used in the King's Court), but then those
were laid aside, and green earthen pots introduced,
which have ever since continued."

When were these green pots discontinued ?
Paper Buildings were erected nearly fifty years
before Dugdale's time. The new part built in
1849 was on the south of these, which may,
perhaps, have been the site of the dust-hole of the
Society, and thus become the depositary of the
broken pots mentioned by B. Edward Foss.

Shape of Coffins (Vol. viii., p. 104.). — As bearing
somewhat upon Mr. Ellacombe's Query, allow
me to remark that when travelling a few years
since in the United States, having about an hour's
delay in the city of Rochester, N. Y., I entered
one of the churches during a funeral service.

When the ceremony (at which a considerable
number of persons attended) was concluded, the
congregation left their seats and walked in very
orderly procession towards the reading-desk, in
front of which was placed the coffin, without any
pall or covering. They then slowly walked round
it, in order, as I afterwards found, to take their
last look at the departed. This they were enabled
to do without the removal of the lid, by raising
the upper or head portion of it, which was hinged,
a square of glass beneath allowing the face to be
seen. This strange custom, which, for my own
part, I think would be " more honoured by the
breach than the observance," as the recollection
of the living face to me is far preferable to that
of death, I do not remember to have seen noticed
by any of our many travellers in America, though
I afterwards found it to be general. The coffins,
which are somewhat differently shaped to ours,
sloping towards the feet, are rarely covered with
cloth ; but are generally made of some hard wood,
such as walnut, highly polished.

Robert Wright.

Old Fogies (Vol. viii., p. 154.). — There may-
be too much of even a good thing, and I wish
some of the writers in "N. & Q." would study
compression a little. A short paragraph which I
wrote, more in jest than earnest, on the above
phrase, has drawn down on me no less than two
columns from J. L. But this comes of meddling
with Scotland.

One might fancy that J. L. was the Irish, not
the Scottish advocate, for he proves the prior
claim of Scotland by showing that the word which
I had stated to have been in use in Dublin in the
first half of the last century, was known in Edin-
burgh in the last half of it. He must also excuse
my saying that he does not seem ever to have
studied etymology, one of the rules of which is,
that if a probable origin of a word can be found in
the language to which it belongs, we should not
seek elsewhere. 'No'wfugie (i. e.folkie, the Dutch
volkje) comes as surely from folk, as lassie from
lass, or any other diminutive from its primitive.
I now have done with the subject.

Thos. Keighti-ey.

Swan-marlis (Vol. viii., p. 62.). — W. Colltns's
remark on swan-marks may mislead ; therefore it
is worth noting that " the swan with two necks " is
not "a corruption of the private mark of the owner
of the swans, viz. two nicks made by cutting the
neck feathers close in two places." The nicks were
made in the beak; and the privilege of having
swan-marks was by grant from the crown.

The Vintners' Company's mark for their swans
on the Thames was two nicks ; hence a two-nicked
swan was a very appropriate sign for a tavern.
The royal swans are marked with five nicks, two
lengthwise, and three across the bill. (See Hone's

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

257

Every-day Book, 1827, p. 963. ; Yarrell's British
Birds ; Jardine's Nat. Lib. ; Penny Cyclop., art.
" Swan.") It is to be noted, however, that Hone
is in error in sajing the two nicks are the roycd
swan-mark. Eden Warwick.

Birmingham.

Limerick, Dublin, and Cork (Vol. viii., p. 102.).
— I should think the author of this doggrel couplet,
if we are to consider it as a fair specimen of his
poetic genius, may safely be permitted to remain
in obscurity. Be that as it may, the lines are by
no means new, nor are they confined to the sister
isle alone. In the Prophecies of Nixon, the Che-
shire Merlin, who lived nobody knows when,
except that it was certainly a " long time ago," we
are given to understand that :

" London streets shall run with blood,
And at last shall sink ;
So that it shall be fulfilled,

That Lincoln was, London is, and York shall be
The finest city of the three."

As I have just stated, the original date of these
Prophecies is somewhat involved in mystery ; but
I myself possess copies of three different editions
published during the last century, tlie first of the
three, purporting to be the sixth edition, bearing
date London, 1719. A Life of Nixon, affixed to
this edition, states him to have lived and prophe-
sied in the reign of King James I. ; at whose court,
we are farther told, he was, in conformity with
his own prediction, starved to death. His Pro-
phecies are, by the learned, held to be apocryphal ;
the country folk of Cheshire, on the contrary,
have as much faith in them and their author as
they have in the fact of their own existence.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

" Coidd we with ink," S^c. (Vol. viii., pp. 127.
180.). — I am surprised that none of your corre-
spondents has referred to Smart, the translator of
Horace, who has been frequently stated to be the
writer of these lines, and 1 believe with truth.

E. H. D. D.

Character of the Song of the Nightingale
(Vol. vii., p. 397. ; Vol. viii., p. 112.).— Although
Milton seems to have generally used the epithet
solemn in its classical sense (as cleverly pointed
out by Mr. Sydney Gedge), and meant to repre-
sent the nightingale as the customary attendant of
"in^i^ y<^fc there, is at least one passage where the
epithet appears to me not to have this meaning ;
but to express that the song of the nightingale
caused " a holy joy," and was heard not only in
the day-time, but all through the night. For
although Milton calls the nightingale ""the night-
warbling bird," and so makes it " the customary
attendant of the night," yet he also elsewhere as
truly speaks of it as a day singer. The passage I

referred to is in Paradise Lost, book vii., and
seems to me to bear the meaning above spoken of:
though Mr. Gedge may perhaps make " solemn"
refer back to the last noun " even." And I con-
fess that the meaning seems dubious :

" From branch to brand), the smaller birds with song
Solac'd the woods, and spread their painted wings
Till even ; nor then the solemn nightingale
Ceas'd warbling, but all night tun'd her soft lays."

I can add one other epithet to the one hundred,
and nine which I have already given of the night-
ingale's song :

Wond/ring. Dryden (" Palaraon and Arcite").

I may add, that Otway and Grainger (errone-
ously printed Graingle) appear to have used
" solemn" in the ordinary meaning of the v/ord.

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

Adamsons '■'• Lusitania Illustrata" (Vol. viii.,
p. 10-1.), — Your correspondent W. M. M. may
consult the following works with great advantage :

" Resume de I'Histoire Littoraire du Portugal, suivi
du Resume de I'Histoire Litteraire du Bresil, 12mo. :
Paris, 1826."

" Parnaso Lusitano, ou Poesias selectas dos auctores
Portuguezos antigos e modernos, illustrados cum notas,
percedido de una Tlistoria abreviada da lingua e
poesia Portugueza, tom. v., 18mo. : Paris, 1826."

The destruction by fire of Mr. Adamson's
library, which was so rich in Portuguese litera-
ture, has, with other circumstances, hitherto pre-
vented the continuation of the Lusitania Illustrata ;
but the appearance of future parts, In furtherance
of the original plan, is by no means abandoned.

E. H. A.

Adamsoniana (Vol. vii., p. 500. ; Vol. viii.,
p. 135.). — I was aware of the way in which the
fiimous naturalist spelt his name, but supposed
that Michel Ada7ison and Llichael Adamson were
the same, the former being merely the French
mode of writing according to their pronunciation.
I was also aware of the leading events in the
naturalist's own career, but was desirous if pos-
sible of identifying his father : " the gentleman
who, after firmly attaching himself to the Stuarts,
left Scotland, and entered the service of the
Archbishop of Aix."

Perhaps I may be more fortunate In obtaining
some information respecting another Scot of the
same name : James Adamson, for thirty-one years
rector of Tigh, in Rutlandshire, who is described
in the inscription upon his tombstone as "natu
Scotus, Anglus vita, moribus antiquis, cum rege
suo in prosperis et adversis." I believe he was
the father of John Adamson, M.A., Rector of
Burton Goggles, in Lincolnshire : the author of
two sermons; one published in 1698, and entitled
The Duty of Daily frequenting the Public Service

258

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

of the Church; another published In 1707, being
the Funeral Sermon for Sir E. Tumor of Stoke
Rochford * (whose chaplain he was), a great pro-
moter of pious and charitable undertakings. Can
these sermons be now procured ? Is anything
farther known respecting the author or his family ?

E. H. A.

C7-assus^ Saying (Vol. vii., p. 498.). — Mr. Ewart
will not easily extract his English from the Latin,
which is simply, " Fit salad for such lips."

s. z. z. s.

Stanzas in '■'■ Childe Harold" (Vol. iv. passim).

— This stanza has already occupied too many of
your pages ; will you, however, allow me to put a
ryder on it, by referring your correspondents
to Lord Byron's own ignorance of the meaning of
an expression in this stanza, expressed in a letter
to Murray, published in Moore's Life, Letter 323,
dated Venice, 24th September, 1818, when, after
pointing out an error in the same canto, he says :

" What does ' thy waters tvasted them ' mean ? That
is not vie. Consult the MS. always."

And in a note by Moore on this letter, he says,
" This passage remains also uncorrected."

At the end of this letter Byron writes, '■'■I saw the
canto hy accident." Query : If Byron only saw
his cantos by " accident," would not a new edition
of his works collated with his MSS. be " a con-
summation devoutly to be wished." S. Wmson.

Glasgow.

^'■WelTs a fret" (Vol. viii., p. 197.).— This is one
of a class which will be lost if not recorded.
Forty years ago, in the West of England, and
perhaps elsewhere, a servant, when teased by a
child to know where such a person Avas, would
answer —

" In his skin.
When he jumps out, you may jump in."

The answer to Eh ? was always Straw. I dare
say more of these things will be produced. What
ought they to be called ? M.

Tenet or Tenent (Vol. vii., p. 205.). — We speak
of the tenets of a sect. Somewhat less than a cen-
tury ago the formula would have been their
tenents ; and was not this the more correct ?

Balliolensis.

Mrs. Catherine Barton (Vol. iii., pp. 328. 434.).

— When I answered the Query, I was not aware
of what Baily states in the Supplement to Fhim-
stead, p. 750. Rigaud ascertained for Baily that
Mrs. C. B. (the title Mistress being given at that
period to marriageable young ladies) was not the
wife, but the sister of Colonel Barton. Both were
the children of Hannah Smith, Newton's half-

£* This sermon is in the British Museum. — -Ed.]

sister, and Robert Barton. Mrs. C. B. was born
about 1680. M.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

wanted to purchase.

Proceedings of the Londom Geological Socirty.
Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico. 3 Vols.

London. Vol. III.
Mrs. Ellis's Soci.\L Distinctions. Tallin's Edition. Vols. II.

and III. 8vo.
History and Antiquities of Newbury. 8vo. 1S39. 340 pages.

Two Copies.
Vancouver's Survey of Hampshire.
Hemingway's History of Chester. Large Paper. Parts I.

and III.
Correspondence on the Formation of the Rom^n Catholic

Bible Society. 8vo. London, 1813.
Athen/EUM Journal for 1844.
*»* Correspandenti sending Lists of Bottkt Wanted are requested

to send their names.
%• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage Jreey
to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTKS AND
QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

^ottre^ to (Eorrc^pautitttW.

We have postponed Icon's friendly letter on the Sliakspeare
Correspondence until next u-eek, when we propose to accompany
it by some few observations of our own. We shall take that oppor.
tunity also of noticing a communication with which we have been
favoured by Mr. Singer.

Z. will find so?ne illustrations of his Queries on Passages from
Milton and Gray discussed in our prcs.nl Number. The other
shall appear in an early Number.

A. B. C. It docs not follow that, because we thought the one
paper sent us by this Correspondent wortliy of insertion in our
columns, every other which he may favour us with is to be printed.

Greek Inscription on a Font. — We have been rrmindcd by
several friendly Correspond nts that this Query, inserted. ant6,
p. 198., had been discussed in our preceding Volume, pp. 178.
3C6. 417.

Z. Mr. Winston's book, published hy Parker of Oxford, will
give him the best information on the subject of Stained or Coloured
Glass.

R. W. E. (Clifton). Would our Correspondent oblige ns by
forwarding a copy of the \st No. of the Curiosities of Bristol ana

its Neighbourhood V

C will fi'id that his Query respecting Grinning like a Cheshire
Cat has been anticipated, " N. & Q.," Vol. ii., pp. 377. 412.;
Vol. v., p. 402.

J. E.'s Query has been long since pu' and answered, as he will
see by an article in the present Number.

T. D. S. (Ruihin). In all probability there is a deficiency of
acetic arid in your developing solution, or the acetic acid is impure
and is adulterated with sulphuric acid. A few drops of nitrate of
baryta would test the purity.

Colouring Collodion Pictures. — We should like to see a
specimen of .Mr. Lane's skill, and should be very happy to instrt
his process.

Photography at Bath We understand that a pamphlet im-
pugning the correctness of some processes given in '" N. & Q."
has been published nt Bath, but, as we know neither the authir's
name nor the publisher, have to request information on those
points from sovie Bath photographer.

Errata. — In p. 194., for "bytleing" read "bythin?;" for
" byth " read " bytl. ; " p. 195., the 24th line from the bottom of
the page, for " the prenzie Angelo " read " the prenze Angelo ; "
p. 207., for "parish of West Fetton " read "parish of Weit
Felton."

A feir complete sets o^" Notes *nd Queries," Vols. i. <o vi!.,
price Three (luineas and a Half, may now be hud y fur which
early application is des'ritble.

" Notes and Queries " is pnl>lisheil at noon on Friday, so that
the Country liooksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

Sept. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

259

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-
TION, NERVOUSNESS, &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTOR-
ING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,
the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
medy (without medicine, purging, inconveni-
ence, or expense, as it saves fifty times its cost
in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, in-
testinal, liver and bilious complaints, however
deeply rooted, dyspepsia (Indigestion), habitual
constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, fla-
tulency, oppression, distension, palpitation,
eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
in the aged as well as infants, fits, spasms,
cramps, paralysis, &e.

yf few out 0/50,000 Cures .•—

Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right
Hon. the Lord Stuart de Decies : — " I have de-
rived considerable benefit from your Revalcnta
ArabicaFood, and consider itduc to yourselves
and the public to authorise the publication of
these lines. — Stuart de Decies. *

Cure, No. 49,832 :_" Fifty years' indescrib-
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cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sick-
ness at the stomach, and vomitings have been
removed by Du Barry's excellent food. —
Maria Jou.y, "Wortham Ling, near Diss, Nor-
folk."

Cure, No. 180: — " Twenty-five years' nervous-
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from which I had suffered great misery, and
which no medicine could remove or relieve,
have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food
in a very short time. — W. R. Reeves, Pool
Anthony, Tiverton."

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the advice of many, have been effectually re-
moved by Du Barry's delicious food in a very
short time. I shall be happy to answer any in-
quiries. — Rev. JoHiN W. Fi.AvEi.1,, Kldlington
Rectory, Norfolk."

Dr. fl'urzer's Testimonial.

"Bonn, July 19. ISiiS.
" This light and pleasant Farina is one of the
most excellent, nourishing, and restorative
remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
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only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
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but also in pulmonary and bronchial consump-
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troublesome cough ; and I am en hied with
perfect truth to express the conviction that Du
Barry's Revalenta -'\rabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. " Dn. Rid Witrzer,
" Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D.
in Bonn."

London Agents : — Fortnum. Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Queen i Hedges & Butler. 155. Regent Street ;
and throuirh all respectable gr c. rs, chemists,
and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
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tions, lib. 2.l.9f/. ; 21b. 4s 6rf. ; 51b. Us.; 121b.
S2s. ; super-refined, 51b. 22s. ; 101b. 33s. The
101b. and 121b. carriage free, on receipt of Post-
olfice order. — Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Re-
gent Street, London.

Important Cactiox — Many invalids having
been seriously injured by spurious imitations
under closelysimilar names, such as Erv lenta,
Arabaca and others, the public will dn well to
see that each canister bears the name Barry,
Dc Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, London,
in full, without which none is genuine.

TirESTERN LIFE ASSU-

T T RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

T Grissell, Esq.

J. Hunt, Es(j.

J. A. Lethbridge.Esq.

E. Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys SeaKcr, Esq,

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

H. E. Bicknell. Esq.
T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq.

M.P.
G. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evan*, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.

W.Whateley, Esq., Q.C. ; George Drew, Esq.;
T. Grissell, Esq.

Ph}/sician William Rich. Basham, M.D.

Bankers. — Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co.,
Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not be-
come void through temporary difhculty in pay-
ing a Premium, as permission is given upon
application to susiiend the payment at interest,
according to the conditions detailed in the Pro-
spectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
100?., with a Share in three- fourths of the
Profits: —

22-

£ s. d.

- 1 14 4

- 1 13 8

Age
32-
37-
42-

£ s. d.
- 2 10 8
■ 2 18 6
■382

27-

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260

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 202.

M

On Tuesday will be published, the Second
Volume of

ISS AGNES STRICK-

^._ LAND'S LIFE OP MARY QUEEN
OF SCOTS, forming the Fourtli Volume of
her LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF SCOT-
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Mary at the Age of Twenty-five, from the
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Volumes I. to III. contain the Lires of Slar-
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Price 10s. 6d. each, with Portraits and His-
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WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edin-
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TIHE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA-

l ZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW
FOR SEPTEMBER, contains the following
articles : —

1. The Grenville Correspondence.

2. The Byzantine Ca^ars of the Iconoclastic
Period.

3. The Fine Arts at Rome in 1 736.

4. State Papers of Heury the Eighth.

5. Dr. Bathurst, Bishop of Norwich.
fi. Notes on Shakspeare's Text.

7. Wanderings of an Antiquary : by T.
Wright, F.S.A.— The Roman Villa atBignor
(with Engravings').

8. Virtuosi of the Eighteenth Century.

With Correspondence, Notes of the Month,
Historical and Miscellaneous Reviews, Reports
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cle, and OBiieiABV.
NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.

ARCHEOLOGY OF SUSSEX.

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA-
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win, Mr. Durrant Cooper on Sussex Nomen-
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Tlie Magazine also contains the following
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3. The Prospero of "The Tempest." 4. Letter
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lary Church, Cornwall (with an Engraving).
7. Benjamin Robert Haydjn. 8. Tlie Northern
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10. Early History of the Post-Offlce. 11. Cor-
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THE DOCTRINE OF THE
HOLY EUCHARIST. By ARCHDEA-
CON WILBERFORCE.

"A work greatly needed in the Church of
England."— Guardian.

London : J. & C. MOZLEY, C. Paternoster
Row. Oxford : J. H. PiUilCER.

6vo., price 21s.

SOME ACCOUNT of DOMES-
TIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND,
from the Conquest to the end of tlie l hirtcenth
Centuiy, with ntmierous Illustrations of Ex-
isting Remains from Original Drawings. By
T. HUDSON TURNER.

" What Horace Walpole attempted, and what
Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has done for oil-
painting — elucidated its Iiistory and traced its
progress in England by means of the records
of expenses and mandates of the successive
Sovereigns of the realm — Mr. Hudson Turner
has now achieved tor Domestic Architecture in
this country during the twelfth and tliirtecnth
centuries." — Architect.

" The writer of tlie present volume ranks
among the most intelligent of the craft, and
a careful perusal of its contents will convince
the reader of the enormous amount of labour
bestowed on its minutest details, as well as the
discriminating judgment presiding over the
general arrangement." — Morning Chronicle.

" The book of which tlie title is given above
is one of the very few attempts that have been
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"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and
research, and he has cocsequently laid before
the reader much interesting information. It
is a book that was wanted, and that affords us
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" The work is well illustrated throughout
with wood-engravings of the more interesting
remains, and will prove a valuable addition to
the antiquary's library." -X/terarjy Gazette.

" It is as a text-book on the social comforts
and condition of the Squires and Gentry of
England during the twelfth and thirteenth cen-
turies, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's
present publication will be found to consist.

"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is
profusely illustrated with careful woodcuts of
all important existing remains, made from
drawings by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny .' ' —
Atlienceum.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford ; and
377. Strand, Loudon.

Now ready, price 21s. uniform with the above,

fTHE DOMESTIC ARCHI-

1 TECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

Vol. II THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.

By the Editor of " The Glossary of Architec-
ture."

This volume is issued on the plan adopted by
the late Mr. Hudson Turner in the previous
volume ! viz., collecting matter relating to
Domestic buildings of the I'eriod, from cotcm-
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so acquired to the existing remains.

Not only does the volume contain much
curious information both as to the building's
and manners and customs of the time, but it is
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Engravings of the finest examples will prove as
serviceable to the profession and their em-
ployers in building man.sions, as the Glossary
was found to be in building churches.

The Text is interspersed throughout with
numerous woodcuts.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford ; and
377. Strand, London.

A'ow ready. Two New Volumes (price 28s.
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(THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND

! and the Courts at Westminster. By
EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.

Volume Three, 1272 — l.W.
Volume Four, 1377-1485.

Lately published, price 28s. cloth,

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Volume Two, 1199 — 1272.

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TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR
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npHE GARDENERS' CHRO-

1 NICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA-
ZETTE,

(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF.
LINDLEY,)

Of Saturday, September 3, contains Articles on

Agricultural College i
examination papers I

Apple trees, cider I

Bramley Horticultu-
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Bugainvilla;a, by Mr.
Napier

Calendar, horticultu-

ral

agricultural

Carnations and pico-
tees

Chrj'santheniuras in
small pots, flowering
of, by Mr. Bester

Corn, saving of, in
damp weather, by
Mr. Prideaux

Cotton in India, Dr.
Royle on

Drainage, depths of,
by Mr. Milward

Fork, Wintou's, by
Mr. Russell

Forking, rotatory

Gourds on lawns

Grape, Mustang

Grass seeds for pastu-
rage

Hardenbergias

Horticultural Socie-
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Irish Agricultural
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Italian Rye-grass

Lawns, Gourds on

Leaves, variegated

Manure, management
of

for wheat, by Mr.

Stickney

Jlealy bug, to kill

Mildew, vine, Amici
on (with engraving)

Mutton manufacture,
by Mr. Milburn

Nightingales, breed-
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by Mr. Hanley

Paulovnia, flowering
of

Picotees and carna-
tions

Pig breeding

Pine pits, glass for, by
Mr. Jackson

Plants, duration of
species

variegated

Plough V. forking

Poultry show, Surrey

Royle (Dr.) on Cot-
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Rye-grass, Italian

Stanhopea tricorni*

Steam forking

Vine, Mustang

Vine mildew, Amici
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Wheat, Lois Weedoa
culture of

manure for, by

Mr. Stickney

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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOR

IITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIUIJARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

** VTben found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuttlk.

No. 203.]

Saturday, September 17. 1853.

C Price Fourpence.

i Stamped Edition, ^d.

CONTENTS.

Our Shakspearian Correspondence
'Notes : —

Mr. Pepys and East London Topograph}-, Sec. -
Picts' Houses in Aberdeenshire ...

Page
- 261

2f)3
204

Polk Lore : — Legends of the County Clare — Devon-
shire Cures for the Thrush . _ - - 2f)4

Heraldic Notes: — Arms of Granville — Arms of
Richard, King of the Uomans .... 265

Shakspeare Correspondence, by J. O. Halliwell and
Thos. Keightley - . . . - - 265

MiNon Notes : — Longfellow's Poetical Works — Sir
Walter Raleigh — Curious Advertisement — Grave-
stone Inscription — Monumental Inscription . - 267
/QiJEniEs : _

Sir Philip Warwick - . - - . 26S

Seals of the Borough of Great Yarmouth, by E. S.
Taylor -....-_ 2G9

JVIi.voR Queries :— Hand in Bishop Canning's Church

— "I put a spoke in his wheel" — Sir W. Hewit — -
Passage in Virgil — Fauntleroy — Animal Prefixes
descriptive of Size and Qu;ility — Punning Devices

— " Pinece with a stink " — Soiled Parchment Drfods

— Roger Wilbraham, Esq.'s, Chesliire Collection

— Cambridge and Ireland — Derivation of Celt —
Ancient Superstition against the 'King of England
entering or even beholding the Town of I^eicester

— Burton — The Camera Lucida — Francis Moore —
Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle — Palace at Enfield —
" Solamen miseris,"&c Soke Mills — Second Wife

of Mallet ------. 2C9

liliNOR Queries with Answers: — Books burned by
the Common Hangman — Captain George Cusack —
Sir Ralph Winwood - . . _ . 272

Replies: —

Books chained to Desks in Churches, by J. Booker, &c. 273

Epitaphs, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A., &c. ... 273

Parochial Libraries ..... 274

" Up, Guards, and at them ! " by Frank Howard • 275

apHOTOGRAPnic Correspondence : — Mr. Muller's Pro.
cess — Stereoscopic Angles — Ammonio-nitrate of
Silver ....... 275

Heplies TO Minor Queries: — Sir Thomas Elyot —
Judges styled "Reverend" — "Hurrah" and other
War-cries —Major Andr^_ Early Edition of the
New Testament — Ladies' Arms borne in a Lozenge
— Sir William Hankford — Mauilies, Manillas — The
Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits — Derivation of the
Word "Island" — A Cob-wall — Oliver Cromwell's
Portrait— Manners of the Irish— Chronograms and
Anagrams— "Haul over the Coals,"— Sheer Hulk —
The Magnet — Fierce — Connexion between the
Celtic and Latin Languages — Acharis, &c. - - 270

3HlSCElLANE0US :

Notes on Books, &c. ' -
Books and Odd Volumes wanted -
Notices to Correspondents
Advertitementg . - -

- 282

. 282

. 282

. 283

Vox. VIII. — No. 203.

OUR SHAKSPEARIAN CORRESPONDENCE.

We have received from a valued and kind corre-
spondent (not one of tliose emphatically good-natured
friends so wittily described by Sheridan) the following
temperate remonstrance against the tone which ha&
distinguished several of our recent articles on Shak-
speare : —

Shakspeare Suggestions (Vol. viii., pp. 124.
169.). —

" Most busy, when least I do."

I am grateful to A. E. B. for referring me to
the article on " Shakspeare Criticism " in the last
number of Blackwood's Magazine. It is a very
able paper, and worthy of general attention.

I ought to add some few explanatory observa-
tions upon the subject of my former communica-
tion, but the tone of A. E. E.'s comments forbids
me to proceed with the discussion ; the more
especially as my suggestion has been made a reason
for introducing into your pages comments which
seem to me to be altogether unwarrantable upon
other portions of the article in Blackwood. Who-
ever may be the writer of that article — I do not
know — he needs no other defence than a re-
ference to his paper. It is not on his account
that I venture to allude to this subject; it is
rather on yours, Mr. Editor, and with a view to
the welfare of your paper. I cannot think that
you or it will be benefited by converting conver-
sational gossip about Shakspeare difficulties into
"a duel in the form of a debate," seasoned with
sarcasm, insinuation, and satiric point. This is
not the kind of matter one expects to find ia
" N, & Q.; " neither do I think your pages should
be made a vehicle for " showing up" such of " the
herd of menstrual Arlstaixhl" as chance to differ
in opinion from some of your smart and peremp-
tory, but not unfrequently inaccurate and illiberal
correspondents.

I know that you yourself are in this respect
much in the power of your contributors. Pro-
bably you were as ignorant of the existence of the
article in Blackwood as I was.* It is now brought

* We had not seen this very able article until our
attention was called to it by this letter. We regret

262

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

before your notice, and I invite you to look at
it, and judge for yourself whether A. E. B. has
treated you, your paper, or the writer of that very
excellent article, with common fairness in the
remarks to which I allude.

I make these observations on two grounds : first,
as one who has many reasons for being anxious
for the prosperity of " N. & Q. ; " and secondly,
because I know it to be the opinion of several of
your earliest and warmest friends, that there is a
tendency in some of your Shakspeare contributors
to indulge in insinuation, imputation of motives,
and many other things which ought never to
appear in your pages. We lately observed, with
deep regret, that you were misled (not by A.E.B.)
into the insertion of unjustifiable insinuations,
levelled against a gentleman whom we all know to
be a man of the highest personal honour.

The questions which are mooted in your pages
ought to be discussed with the mutual forbearance
and enlarged liberality which are predominant in
the general society of our metropolis ; not with
the keen and angry partizanship which distin-
guishes the petty squabbles of a country town.

Icon.

Our readers know that we ourselves recently noticed
the tendency of too many of our correspondents to de-
part from the courteous sp;rit by which the earlier
communications to this Journal were distinguished.
The intention we then announced of playing the tyrant
in future, and exercising with greater freedom our
'•editorial privilege of omission," we now repeat yet
more emphatically. Icon well remarks that we are
much in the power of our contributors. Indeed we
are more so than even he supposes.

An article on the Notes and Emendations which
lately appeared in our columns concluded, in its ori-
ginal form, with an argument against their genuine-
ness, based on tiie use of a word unknown to Shak-
speare and his cotemporaries. This appeared to us
somewhat extraordinary, and a reference to Richard-
son's excellent Dictionary proved that our correspon-
dent was altogether wrong as to his facts. We of course
omitted the passage ; but we ought not to have received
a statement founded on a mistake which might have
been avoided by a single reference to so common a
book.

Again, at p. 194. of the present volume, another
correspondent, after pointing out some coincidences
between the old Emendator and some suggested cor-
rections by Z. Jackson, and stating that Mr. Collier
never once refers to Jackson, proceeds: "Ma. Singer,

that the author of it was not aware of what had been
written in " N. & Q." on many of the points discussed
by him. Such knowledge might have modified some of
his views.

however, talks familiarly about Jackson, in his Shak-
speare Vindicated, as if he had him at his fingers' ends ;
and yet, at p. 239., he favours the world with an ori-
ginal emendation (viz. ' He did behood his anger,'
Timon, Act III. Sc. 1.), which, however, will be found
at page 389. of Jackson's book." Now, after this, who
would have supposed that, as we learn from Mr.
Singer, " Mr. Ingleby has founded his charge on
such slender grounds as one cursory notice of Jack-
son at p. 283. of my book, where I mentioned him
merely on the authority of Mr. Collier." And who
that knows Mr. Singer will doubt the truth of his
assertion, that he has not even seen Jackson's book for
near a quarter of a century, and that he had not the
slightest reason to doubt that the conjecture of behood
for behave was his own property ?*

But there is another gentleman who, although he has
never whispered a remonstrance to us upon the subject,
has even more grounds of complaint than Mr. Singer,
for the treatment which he has received in our columns ;
we mean our valued friend and contributor jMr. Col-
lier, who we feel has received some injustice in our
pages. But the fact is that, holding, as we do un-
changed, the opinion which we originally expressed of
the great value of the Notes and Emendations — know-
ing Mr. Collier's character to be above suspicion — and
believing that the result of all the discussions to which
the Notes and Emendations have given rise, will even-
tually be to satisfy the world of their great value, — we
have not looked so strictly as we ought to have done,
and as we shall do in future, to the tone in which they
have been discussed in " N. & Q^"

And here let us take the opportunity of oflTering a
kw suggestions which we think worthy of being borne
in mind in all discussions on the text of Shakspeare,
whether the object under consideration be what Shak-
peare actually wrote, or what Shakspeare really meant
by what he did write.

First, as to this latter point. Some years ago a
distinguished scholar, when engaged in translating
Giithe's Faust, came to a passage involved in con-
siderable obscurity, and which he found was inter-
preted very diflTerently by different admirers of the
poem. Unable, under these circumstances, to procure
any satisfactory solution of the poet's meaning, the
translator applied to Giithe himself, and received from
him the candid reply which we think it far from im-
probable that Shakspeare himself might give with re-
ference to many passages in his own writings, — " That

*.0n this point we would call especial attention to
Mr. Halliwell's communication on the Difficulty of
avoiding Coincident Suggestions 07i the Text of Shakspeare,
which will be found in our present Number.

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

263

he was very sorry lie could not assist him, but he really
did not know exactly what he meant when he wrote
it." We doubt not some of our contributors could sup-
ply us with many similar avowals.

This opinion will no doubt offend many of those
blind worshippers of Shakspeare, who will not believe
that he could have written a passage which is not per-
fect, and who, consequently, will not be satisfied with
any note, emendation, or restoration which does not
make the passage into which it is introduced *' one en-
tire and perfect chrysolite." But this is unreasonable.
We have direct evidence of the imperfect character of
much that Shakspeare wrote. When told that Shak-
speare had never blotted a line, Ben Jonson — no
mean critic, and no unfriendly one — wished he had
" blotted a thousand," Would rare Ben have uttered
such a wish iguorantly and without cause ? We be-
lieve the existence of such defects in the writings of
Shakspeare, as they were left by him. It follows, there-
fore, that in our opinion Shakspeare is under great
obligations to the undeservedly-abused commentators.*
It would be strange indeed, when we consider how
many men of genius and learning have busied them-
selves to illustrate his writings, if none of them should
have caught any inspiration from his genius. We be-
lieve they have done so. We believe Theobald's " bab-
bled o' green fields" to be one of many instances in
which, with reference to some one particular passage,
the scholiast has proved himself worthy of and excelling
his author. Yes, Shakspeare, the greatest of all un-
inspired writers, was but mortal ; and his worshippers
would sometimes do well bear in mind that their golden
image had but feet of clav.

^attS,

MR. PKPYS AND EAST LONDON TOPOGRAPHY, ETC.

In ''N. & Q." (Vol. i., p. 141.) there appeared
an article upon the Isle of Dogs, &c., which spoke
of the neglected topography of the east of London,
and requested information on one or two points.
Having felt ranch interested in this matter, I have
endeavoured to obtain information by personal
investigation, and send you the following from
among a mass of Notes : —

1. Isle of Dogs. In a map drawn up in 1588
by Robert Adams, engraved in 1738, this name is
applied to an islet in the river Thames, still in

One of the most specious arguments which have
been advanced against the genuineness of the Notes and
Emendations is, that they agree in many instances with
readings which had been suggested many years before
the discovery of the MS. Notes. Of course it is obvious
that, wherever the readings are right, they must do so ;
and these coincidences serve to satisfy us of the correct-
ness of both.

part existing, at the south-west corner of the
peninsula. From this spot the name appears to
have extended to the entire marsh.

2. Dick Shore, Limehouse. This is now called
Duke Shore, Fore Street. In Gascoyne's Map of
Stepney, 1703, it is called Dick Shoar. Since
that time Dick has become a Duke. Mr. Pepya
would find boats there now if he visited the spot.
. 3. Mr. Pepys, in his Diary of Mar. 23, 1660,
speaks of " the great breach," near Limehouse.
The spot now forming the entrance to the City
Canal or South Dock of the West India Dock
Company was called " the breach," when the canal
was formed.

4. July 31, 1665. Mr. Pepys speaks of the
Ferry in the Isle of Dogs. This ferry is named
as a horse-ferry by Norden in the Britannim
Speculum, 1592 (MS.). The ferry is still used, but
only seldom as a horse-ferry.

5. Oct. 9, 1661. Mr. P. mentions Captain
Marshe's, at Limehouse, close by the lime-house.
There is still standing there a large old brick
house, which may be the same ; and the lime-kiln
yet exists, for, as Norden says, " ther is a kiln
contynually used."

6. Sept. 22, 1665. Mr. P. speaks of a discovery
made " in digging the late docke." This discovery
consisted of nut trees, nuts, yew, ivy, &c., twelve
feet below the surface. Johnson no doubt told
him the truth. The same discovery was made in
1789, in digging the Brunswick Dock, also at
Blackwall, and elsewhere in the neighbourhood.

This very week (Aug. 25, 1853) I procured
specimens of several kinds of wood, with land and
freshwater shells, from as great a depth in an
excavation at the West India Docks; the wood
from a bed of peat, the shells from a bed of clay
resting upon it. There exists an ancient house at
the dock which Mr. P. visited, and which is pro-
bably the same.

Other illustrations of the Diary from this
quarter might be adduced ; let these, however,
suffice as a specimen.

It may probably be new to most of your readers,
as it is to me, that an ancient house in Blackwall
(opposite the Artichoke Tavern) is said to have
been the residence of Sebastian Cabot at one
time, and at another that of Sir Walter Raleigh.
Whether the tradition be true or not, the house
is very curious, and worth a visit, if not worthy
of being sketched and engraved to preserve its
memory. Perhaps the photograph in this case
could be applied.

It is not impossible that Sir John de Pulteney
or Poultney, to whom the manor of Poplar was
granted in the 24th of Edward III., resided on
this spot. My reasons for thinking it are — this
fact, which connects him with the neighbourhood ;
and the inference from two other facts, viz. that
the house in which Sir John resided in town was

2G4

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

called Cold Harhour, and tbat CoJcl Harbour is
here also to be found. Sir John Pulteney is tlins
connected with both the places known by this
name.

I would give my name in verification, but you
have it, as you should have the names and ad-
dresses of all your correspondents. \^. II. C.

Poplar.

PICTS HOUSES IN ABEKDEENSHIKE.

A short time ago, one of those remarkable re-
mains of a very remote antiquity, and called by
the country-people Picts' Houses, Yird, Eirde, or
Erde houses, was discovered by Mr. Douglass,
farmer, Culsh, in the pai-ish of Tarland, Aberdeen-
shire, near his farm-steading, on the property of
our noble Premier. It is a subterranean vault,
of a form approaching the semicircular, but elon-
gated at the farther end. Its extreme length is
thirty-eight feet ; its breadth at the entrance a
little more than two feet, gradually widening
towards the middle, where the width is about six
feet, and it continues at about that average. The
height is from five and a half to six feet. The
sides are built with stones, some of them in
the bottom very large ; the roof is formed of
large stones, six or seven feet long, and some of
them weighing above a ton and a half. They
must have been brought from the neighbouring
hill of Saddle-lick, about two miles distant, being
of a kind of granite not found nearer the spot.
The floor is formed of the native rock (horn-
blende), and is very uneven. When discovered
it was full of earth, and in the process of excava-
tion there was found some wood ashes, fragments
of a glass bottle, and an earthenware jar (modern),
some small fragments of bones, and one or two
teeth of a ruminant animal, and the upper stone
of a querne (hand-corn-mill, mica schist), together
with a small fragment, probably of the lower
stone. But, alas ! there were no hieroglyphics or
cuneiform inscriptions to assist the antiquary in
his researches. These underground excavations
have been found in various parishes in Aberdeen-
shire, as well as in several of the neighbouring
counties. In the parish of Old Deer, about fifty
years ago, a whole village of them was come upon ;
and about the same time, in a den at the back of
Stirlinghill, in the parish of Peterhead, one was
discovered which contained some fragments of
bones and several flint arrow-heads, and battle-
axes in the various stages of manufacture. In no
case, however, have any of those previously dis-
covered been of the same magnitude as the one
described above. They were generally of from
twelve to fifteen feet in length, and from three to
four feet in height, and some only six feet in
length, so that this must have been in its day
(when?) a rather aristocratic affair. Have any

similar excavations been found in England ? The
earliest mention of the parish of Tarland, of which
there is any account, is in a charter granted by
Moregun, Earl of Mar, to the Canons of St.
Andrews, of the Church of S. Machulnoche (S.
Mochtens, Bishop and Confessor) of Tharuclund,
with its tithes and oblations, its land and mill, and
timber from the Earl's woods for the buildings of
the canons, a.d. 1165-71 ; and a charter of King
William the Lion, and one of Eadward, Bishop of
Aberdeen, both of same date, confirming the said
grant. Abredonensis.

FOLK LOKE.

Legends of tlie County Clare. — How Fuen-
Vic-Couil (Fingall) obtained the knowledge of
future events. — Once upon a time, whenFuen-Vic-
Couil was young, he fell into the hands of a giant,
and was compelled to serve him for seven years,
during which time the giant was fishing for the
salmon which had this property — that whoever ate
the first bit of it he would obtain the gift of pro-
phecy ; and during the seven years the only nou-
rishment which the giant could take was after this
manner : a sheaf of oats was placed to windward of
him, and he held a needle before his mouth, and
lived on the nourishment that was blown from the
sheaf of corn through the eye of the needle. At
length, when the seven years were passed, the
giant's perseverance was rewarded, and he caught
the famous salmon and gave it to Fuen-Vic-Couil
to roast, with threats of instant destruction if he
allowed any accident to happen to it. Fuen-Vic-
Couil hung the fish before the fire by a string, but,
like Alfred in a similar situation, being too much
occupied with his own reflections, forgot to turn the
fish, so that a blister rose on the side of it. Terrified
at the probable consequences of his carelessness,
he attempted to press down the blister with his
thumb, and feeling the smart caused by the burn-
ing fish, by a natural action put the injured
member into his mouth. A morsel of the fish ad-
hered to his thumb, and immediately he received
the knowledge for which the giant had toiled so
long in vain. Knowing that his master would
kill him if he I'emained, he fled, and was soon pur-
sued by the giant breathing vengeance : the chace
was long, but whenever he was in danger of being
caught, his thumb used to pain him, and on put-
ting it to his mouth he always obtained knowledge
how to escape, until at last he succeeded in putting
out the giant's eyes and killing him ; and always
afterwards, when in difficulty or danger, his thumb
used to pain him, and on putting it to his mouth
he obtained knowledge how to escape.

Compare this legend with the legend of Cerid-
wen, Hanes Taliessin, Mabinogion, vol. iii.
pp. 322, 323., the coincidence of which is very
curious. Where also did Shakspeare get the

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

265

speech be makes one of the witches utter in Mac-
beth :

" By the pricking of my thumbs.
Something wicked this way comes."

Francis Robert Davies,

Davonshire Cures for the Thrush. — " Take
three rushes from any running stream, and pass
them separately through the mouth of the infant :
then plunge the rushes again into the stream, and
as the current beai's them away, so will the thrush
depart from the child."

Should this, as is not unlikely, prove ineffectual,
" Capture the nearest duck that can be met with,
and place its mouth, wide open, within the mouth
of the sufferer. The cold breath of the duck will
be inhaled by the child, and the disease Avill gra-
dually, and as I have been informed, not the less
surely, take its departure." T. Hughes.

Chester.

HERALDIC NOTES.

Arms of Granville. — The meaning of the pecu-
liar bearing which, since the thirteenth century,
has appertained to this noble family, has always
been a matter of uncertainty to heraldic writers :
it has been variously blazoned as a clarion, clavi-
cord, organ-rest, lance-rest, and sufHue. The
majority of heralds, ancient and modern, term it
a clarion without quite defining what a clarion is :
that it is meant for a musical instrument (pro-
bably a kind of hand-organ), I have very little
doubt ; for, in the woodcut Mrs. Jameson gives
in her Legends of the Madonna (p. 19.) of Piero
Laurati's painting of the " Maria Coronata," the
uppermost angel on the left is represented as car-
ryiiig_ an instrument exactly similar to this charge
as it is usually drawn. The date of this painting
is 1340. This is probably about the date of the
painted glass window in the choir of Tewkesbury
Abbey Church, where Robert Earl of Gloucester
bears three of these clarions on his surcoat ; and
upon a careful examination of these, I was con-
vinced that they were intended to represent in-
struments similar to that carried by the angel in
Laurati's painting.

Arms of Richard, King of the Romans. — This
celebrated man, the second son of King John,
Earl of Cornwall and Poictou, was elected King
of the Romans at Frankfort on St. Hilary's Day
(Jan. 13th) 1256. His earldom of Cornwall was
represented by — Argent, a lion rampant gules
crowned or ; his earldom of Poictou by a bor-
dure sable, bezantee, or rather of peas {poix) in
reference to the name Poictou; and as king of
the Romans he is said to have borne these arms
upon the breast of the German double-headed
eagle displayed sable, which represented that dig-
nity. I do not recollect having seen them under

this last form, but I have "made a Note of" several
other variations I have met with : —

1. InDorchester Church, Oxfordshire, in painted
glass : Argent, a lion rampant, gules crowned or,
within a bordure sable bezantee.

2. On the seal of a charter granted by the
earl to the monks of Okeburry : a lion rampant
crowned. No bordure.

3. On an encaustic tile in the old Singing-school
at Worcester : A lion rampant not crowned, with
a bordure bezantee. Another tile has the eagle,
single-headed, displayed.

4. Encaustic tiles at Woodperry, Oxfordshire :
A row of tiles with the lion rampant, apparently
within a bordure, but without the bezants ; fol-
lowed by another row which has the eagle dis-
played, but not double-headed.

5. On an encaustic tile at Ilailes Abbey, Glou-
cestershire, founded by him : The double-headed
eagle only, countercharged.

6. On a tile in the Priory Church of Great Mal-
vern : The double-headed eagle displayed, within
a circular bordure bezantee.

7. On a tile which I have seen, but cannot just
now recollect where : The double-headed eagle^
bezantee, without any bordure.

A curious instance of ex-officio arms added to
the paternal coat, occurs on the monument of
Dr. Samuel Blythe, at the east end of St. Edwai'd's
Church, Cambridge. He was Master of Clare Hall,
and in this example his paternal arms — Argent, a
chevron gules, between three lions rampant sable —
occupy the lower part of the shield, being divided
at the fess point by something like an inverted
chevron, from the arms of Clare Hall, which thus
occupy the upper half of the shield. The date is
1713. Is this way of dividing the arms a blunder
of the painter's, or can any of your readers point
out a similar instance ? Norris Deck.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Difficidty of avoiding Coincident Suggestions on
the Text of Shakspeare. — A correspondent in
Vol.viii., p. 193., is somewhat unnecessarily severe
on Mr. Collier and Mr. Singer, for having over-
looked some suggestions in Jackson's work : the
enormous number of useless conjectures in that
publication rendering it so tedious and unprofit-
able to consider them attentively, the student is
apt to think his time better engaged in investi-
gating other sources of information. I think,
therefore, little of Mr. Collier overlooking the
few coincident suggestions in Jackson, which are
smaller in number than I had anticipated ; the
real cause for wonder consisting in the ignoring
so many conjectures that have been treated of
years ago, often at great length, by some of the

266

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

most distinguished critics this country has pro-
duced. Generally speaking, however, there is in
these mattei's such a tendency for reproduction,
I should for one hesitate to accuse any critic of
intentional unfairness, merely because he puts
forth conjectures as new, when they have been
previously published ; and I have found so many
of my own attempts at emendation, thought to be
original, in other sources, that I now hesitate at
introducing any as novel. These attempts, like
most others, have only resulted occasionally in
one that will bear the test of examination after it
•has been placed aside, and carefully considered
■when the impression of novelty has worn off. I
think we may safely appeal to all ci-itics who
occupy themselves much with conjectural criti-
cism, and ask them if Time does not frequently
seriously impair the complacency with which they
regard their efforts on their first production.

Vol. viii., p, 21G., contains more instances of
coincident suggestions, R. H. C. indulging in two
conjectures, both supported very ably, but in the
perfect unconsciousness that the first, 7'ude days,
was long since mentioned by Mr. Dyce, in his
JRemarJis, 1844, p. 172. ; and that the second, the
change of punctuation in All's Well that JEnds
Well, is the reading adopted by Theobald, and
it is also introduced by Mr. Knight in the text of
his " National Edition," p. 262., and has, I believe,
been mentioned elsewhere. It may be said that
this kind of repetition might be obviated by the
publication of the various readings that have been
suggested in the text of Shakspeare, but who is
there to be found Quixotic enough to undertake
so large and thankless a task, one which at best
can only be most imperfectly executed: the mate-
rials being so scattered, and often so worthless, the
compiler would, I imagine, abandon the design
before he had made great progress in it. No fair
comparison can be entertained in this respect
between the text of Shakspeare and the texts of
the classic authors. What has happened to
R. H. C, happens, as I am about to show, to all
who indulge in conjectural criticism.

Any reader who will take a quantity of disputed
passages in Shakspeare, and happens to be igno-
rant of what has been suggested by others, will
discover that, in most of the cases, if he merely
tries his skill on a few simple permutations of the
letters, he will in one way or another stumble on
the suggested words. Let us take, for example,
what may be considered in its way as one of the
most incomprehensible lines in Shakspeare —
" Will you go, An-heircs ? " the last word being
printed with a capital. Running down with the
vowels from a, we get at once an apparently
plausible suggestion, " Will you go on here f "
but a little consideration will show how extremely
unlikely this is to be the genuine reading, and that
Mr. Dyce is correct in prefei-ring Mynheers — a

suggestion which belongs to Theobald, and not,
as he mentions, to Hanmer. But what I main-
tain is, that on here would be the correction that
would occur to most readers, in all probability to
be at once dismissed. Me. Collier, howevei-, says
" it is singular that nobody seems ever to have
conjectured that on here might be concealed under
An-heires: " and it would have been singular had
this been the case ; but the suggestion of 07i here
is to be found in Theobald's common edition.
Oddly enough, about a year before Me. Colliee's
volume appeared, it was again suggested as if it
were new.

Let us select a still more palpable instance
(Measure for Measure, Act IL Sc. 1.) : " If this
law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the fairest
house in it after threepence a bay." If this read-
ing be wrong, which I do not admit, the second
change in the first letter creates an obvious altera-
tion, day, making at least some sort of sense, if not
the correct one. Some years ago, I was rash
enough to suggest day, not then observing the alter-
ation was to be found in Pope's edition ; and Me.
CoLLiEE has fallen into the same oversight, when he
gives it as one of the corrector's new emendations.
I regard these oversights as very pardonable, and
inseparable from any extensive attempt to correct
the state of the text. All Shakspearian conjec-
tures either anticipate or are anticipated.

Mr. Dyce being par excellence the most judi-
cious verbal critic of the day, it will scarcely be
thought egotistical to claim for myself the priority
for one of his emendations — " Avoid thee, friend,"
in the Few Notes, p. 31., a reading I had men-
tioned in print before the appearance of that
work. This is merely one of the many evidences
that all verbal conjecturers must often stumble on
the same suggestions. Even the MS. corrector's
alteration of the passage is not new, it being found
in Pope's and in several other editions of the last
century; another circumstance that exhibits the
great difficulty and danger of asserting a conjec-
ture to be absolutely unknown.

J. O. IIalliwell.

P.S. The subject is, of course, capable of almost
indefinite extension, but the above hasty notes will
probably occupy as much space as you would be
willing to spare for its consideration,

Alcides' Shoes. — There is merit, in my opinion,
in elucidating, if it were only a single word in
our great dramatist. Even the attempt, though
mayhap a failure, is laudable. I therefore have
made, and shall make, hit or miss, some efforts
that way. For example, I now grapple with that
very odd line —

" As great Alcides' shoes upon an ass."

King John, Act II. Sc. 1.

out of which no one has as yet extracted, or I
think ever will extract, any good meaning : Argal^

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

267

it is corrupt. Now it appears to me that the
critic who proposed to read shows, came very
near the truth, and would have hit it completely
if he had retained Alcides\ for it is the genitive
with robe understood. To explain :

Austria has on him the " skin-coat " of Coeur-
de-Lion, and Blanch cries, —

" O ! well did he become that lion's robe,
That did disrobe the lion of that robe."

" It lies," observes the Bastard,

" It lies as sightly on the back of him {Austria)
As great Alcides' {robe) shows upon an ass: —
But, ass, I'll take that burden from your back," &c.

Were it not that doth is the usual word in this
play, I might be tempted to read does. In read-
ing or acting, then, the cwsura should be made at
Alcides\ with a slight pause to give the hearer
time to supply role. I need not say that the robe
is the lion's skin, and that there is an allusion to
the fable of the ass.

Now to justify this reading. Our ancestors
knew nothing of our mode of making genitives by
turned commas. They formed the gen. sing., and
nom. and gen. pi., by simply adding s to the nom.
sing. ; thus king made kings, kings, kings (not
king's, kings, kings'), and the context gave the
case. If the noun ended in se, ce, she, or che, the
addition of s added a syllable, as horses, princes,
&c., but it was not always added. Shakspeare,
for example, uses Lucrece and cockatrice as ge-
nitives. I find the first instances of such words
as James s, &c., about the middle of the seven-
teenth century, but I am not deeply read in old
books, so it may have been used earlier.

In foreign words like Alcides, no change ever
took place ; it was the same for all numbers and
Gases, and the explanation was left to the context.
Here are a couple of examples from Shakspeare
himself :

" My fortunes every way as fairly ranked —
If not with vantage — as Demetrius."

Midsummer Night's Dream, Act I, Sc. 1,

" To Brutus, to Cassius. Burn all. Some to De-
cius house, and some to Cascas ; some to Ligarius.
Away ! go !" — Julius Ccesar, Act III. Sc. 3.

All here are genitives, as well as Cascas. If any
doubt, Brutus and Cassius, we had just been told,
" Are rid like madmen through the gates of Borne,"
so they could not be burned. I say now, judicet
lector !

I must not neglect to add that there was an-
other mode of forming the genitive, namely, by
the possessive pronoun, as the king his palace.
"_ A fly that flew into my mistress her eye," is the
title of one of Carew's poems.

Thos. Keightlet.

iHtnor itaUS.

Longfellow s Poetical Works. — One of the best
printed editions of Longfellow's Poetical Works
which has appeared in England is ushei'ed in by
"An Introductory Essay" by the Bev. G. GilfiUan,
A.M. I had lived in hopes, through each suc-
cessive edition, that either the good taste of the
publishers would strike out the preface entirely,
or the amended taste of its author curtail some of
its redundancies. As neither has been the case,
but the 4th edition of the book now lies before
me, I beg to ofibr the following examples :

1. Of Ancient History :

" His [Longfellow's] ornaments, unlike those of the
Sabine maid, have not crushed him."

2. Of Modern Histoi'y — Dickens a Poet :

" A prophet may wrap himself up in austere and
mysterious solitude : a poet must come ' eating and
drinking.' Thus came Sliakspeare, Dry den, Burns,
Scott, Gothe ; and thus have come in our day, Dickens,
Hood, and Longfellow."

Is the song of " The Ivy Green " in Pickwick suffi-
cient to justify this appellation ? I do not re-
member any other " Poem " by Charles Dickens.

3. Of Metaphors. Out of sixteen pages it is
difficult to make a selection ; but the following
are striking :

" If not a prophet, torn hy a secret burden, and uttering
it in wild tumultuous strains, .... he has found in-
spiration ... in the legends of other lands, whose
7iative vein, in itself exquisite, has been highly cultivated
and delicately cherished."

" Excelsion," we are told, " is one of those happy
thoughts which seem to drop down, like fine days, from
some serener region, or like moultings of the celestial
dove, which meet instantly the ideal of all minds, and run
on afterwards, and for ever, in the current of the human
heart."

Does not this almost come up to Lord Castle-
reagh's famous metaphor ? It certainly goes
beyond Mr. Gilfillan's own praise of Longfellow,
whose sentiment is described as " never false, nor
strained, nor mawkish. It is alxoays mild, . . . and
sometimes it appi'oaches the sublime" Mr. G. goes
one step farther. W. W.

Northamptonshire.

Sir Walter Raleigh. — I find the following re-
monstrance in defence of this distinguished man,
against the imputation of Hume, in a letter ad-
dressed by Dr. Parr to Charles Butler :

" Why do you follow Hume in representing Raleigh
as an infidel? For Heaven's sake, dear Sir, look to
his preface to his History of the World ; look at his
Letters, in a little 1 8mo., and here, but here only, you
will find a tract [entitled The Sceptic], which led
Hume to talk of Raleigh as an unbeliever. It is an
epitome of the principles of the old sceptics ; and to
me, who, like Dr. Clarke and Mr. Hume, am a reader

268

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

of Sextus Empiriciis, it is very intelligible. Indeed,
Mr. Butler, it is a most ingenious performance. But
mark me well : it is a mere lusus tngenii."

Mr. Butler appends this note :

" Mr. Fox assured the Reminiscent, that either he,
or Mrs. Fox to him, had read aloiid the whole, with a
small exception, of Sir Walter llaleigh's History." —
Butler's Remiiiiscences, vol. ii. p. 232.

Balliolensis.

Curious Advertisement. — The following genuine
advertisement is copied from a recent number of
the Connecticut Courant, published at Hartford in
America :

" Julia, my v/ife, has grown quite rude.
She has left me in a lonesome mood ;
She has left my board.
She has took my bed,
Slie has gave away my meat and bread.
She has left me in spite of friends and church.
She has carried with her all my shirts.
Now ye who read this paper.
Since she cut this reckless caper,
I will not pay one single fraction
For any debts of her contraction.

Levi Rockwell.
East Windsor, Conn. Aug. 4, 1853."

G. M. B.

Gravestone Inscription. — I send an inscription
on a gravestone in Northill churchyard, Bedford-
shire, which is now nearly obliterated, given me
by the Rev. John Taddy :

" Life is a city full of crooked streets.
Death is the market-place where all men rncets.
If life were merchandise which men could buy.
The rich would only live, the poor would die."

Julia R. Bockett.
Southcote Lodge.

JSIonumental Inscription. —

"Here lyeth the body of the most noble Elizabeth,
daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, own
sister to King Henry the Fourth, wife of John Holland,
Earl of Huntingdon and Duke of Exeter, after married
to Sir John Cornwall, Knight of the Garter, and Lord
Fanhope. She died the 4th year of Henry the Sixth,
Anno Domini 1426."

The above is on a monument in Burford Church,
in the county of Salop, and will perhaps be inter-
esting to your correspondent Mr. Hakdy.

Burford Church, in which there are several
other interesting monuments, is situated in the
luxuriant valley of the Teme, about eight miles
south-east of Ludlow. A Salopian.

SIR PHILIP WARWICK.

" A Discourse of Government, as examined by
Reason, Scripture, and the Law of the Land. WritteiY
in 1678, small 8vo. ; London, 1694."

" Memoirs of the Reign of King Charles I., &c.,
Svo. : London, 1 702."

To one'or the other of these publications there
was prefixed a preface which, as giving offence to-
the government, was suppressed. I agree with
]\Ir. Bindley, who says (writing to Mr. Granger),

" The account you have given in your books of the
suppressed preface to Sir Philip Warwick's Memoirs, is
an anecdote too curious not to make one wish it authen-
ticated."— Letters to Mr. Granger, p. 389.

The statement of Granger is adopted also by
the Ediojinrgh editor of the Memoirs in 1813.
(query, Sir W. Scott ?), who says in his prefiice,

" These Memoirs were first published by the learned
Dr. Tliomas Smith, a nonjuring divine, distinguished
by oriental learning, and his writings concerning the
Greek Church. Tlie learned editor added a preface so
much marked by his political principles, that he was.
compelled to alter and retrench it, for fear of a prose-
cution at the instance of the crown." — Preface, p. ix.

So far as concerns the Memoirs. But in a note
prefixed to a copy of the Discourse of Governmentj
now in the Bodleian among Malone's books, and
in his handwriting, it is stated, —

" This book was published by Dr. Thomas Smith, the
learned writer concerning the Greek Church. The
preface, not being agreeable to the Court at the time it
was published (the 5th year of William III.), was sup-
pressed by authority, but is found in this and a few
other copies. Granger says (vol. iv. p. 60., vol. v.
p. 267., new edit.) that this preface by Dr. Smith was
prefixed to Sir P. W.'s Memoirs of Charles I. ; but this
is a mistake. Whether Smith was the editor of the
Memoirs I know not. — Edjiond Malone."

The obnoxious preface is assigned to the Dis-
course of Government also, by a writer in the
Gentleman's Magazine for 1790, p. 509., where i*
a portrait of Warwick, and a notice of his life.

The Edinburgh editor of the Memoirs gives the
original preface of that work, which presents no-
thing at which exception could be taken. But as
my copy of the Discourse is one of the fevf whlck
(according to Malone) retains the address of " the
publisher to the reader," I transcribe the following
passages, which perhaps will sufficiently explain
the suppression in 1694 :

" As to the disciples and followers of Buchanan,
Hobbs and Milton, who liave exceeded their masters ia
downright impudence, scurrility, and lying, and the
new modellers of commonwealths, who, under a zealous
pretence of securing the rights of a fancied original
contract against the encroachments of monarchs, are
sowing the seeds of eternal disagreements, confusions.

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

269

and bloody wars throughout the world (for the influ-
ence of evil principles hath no bounds, but, like infec-
tious air, spreads everywhere), the peaceable, sober,
truly Christian, and Church-of-England doctrine con-
tained in this book, so directly contrary to their furious,
■mad, unchristian, and fanatical maxims, it cannot other-
wise be expected but that they will soon be alarmed,
iind betake themselves to tlieir usual arts of slander
and reviling, and grow very fierce and clamorous upon
it. Whatever shall happen," &c.

Subsequently tlie author is spoken of as

•"A gentlemen of sincere piety, of strict morals, of a
great and vast understanding, and of a very solid judg-
ment ; a true son of the Church of England, and con-
zsequentli/ a zealous asseiter and defender of the truly
Christian and apostolical doctrine of non-resistance ; al-
■ways loyal and faithful to the king his master in the
svorst of times," &c.

After these specimens, there will be little dlfli-
•culty, I think, in determining that Granger Avas
mistaken in describing the preface to the Memoirs
as that which was suppressed, and that it was the
publisher's " address to the reader " of the Dis-
'Course which incurred that sentence. Dr. Thomas
Smith appears to have edited both works ; and in
the same address informs us of other works of
Warwick in

'" Divinity, philosophy, history, especially that of Eng-
land, practical devotion, and the like. This I now
.publish [the Discourse'] was written in the year 1678
•^and designed as an appendix to his Memoirs of the
Reign of King Charles the First, of most blessed me-
mory, which hereafter may see the light, when more
auspicious times shall encourage and favour the publi-
cation), which he, being very exact and curious in his
-compositions, did often refine upon," &c.

It may be well to inquire whether any of these
theological or philosophical lucubrations are yet
extant. "Was Sir Philip connected at all Avith
Dr. Smith, or was he descended from Arthur
Warwick, author of Sjjare Minutes f

Balliolensis.

■SEALS OF THE BOKOUGH OF GREAT YARMOUTH.

I shall be exceedingly obliged by any explana-
tory remarks on the following list of seals : —

1. Oval (size 2-1 in. by 1'3). The angel Ga-
briel kneeling before a standing figure of the
Virgin, and holding a scroll, on which is inscribed
AVE MARIA. Legend:

* 1^ s. nos * riTALis * lEa * ne * nach.

Yarmouth was anciently called Gernemutha, or
lernemutha ; and Ives attributes this seal to Yar-
mouth, though both the legend and the workman-
ship have a decidedly foreign appearance.

Can any more satisfactory locality be assigned
it?

2. Circular (1 in. in diameter). Three fishes
naiant (the arms of Yarmouth), within a bordure
of six cusps. Legend :

SAAI- n' ASAI d' GUANT GARNA5IVT.

Workmanship of about the fourteenth century ;
use unknown ; but it has been employed for seal-
ing burgess letters for many years past, until
1847.

Can it have reference to the staple ? (Vid. Sta-
tutes at Large, Anne ; 27 Ed. IIL stat. 2. ; 43
Ed. IIL cap. 1. ; 14 Ric. IL cap. 1.)

3. Circular (size I'l in. diameter). On an es-
cutcheon a herring hauriant; the only instance of
this bearing in connexion with Yarmouth. Legend :

^ . ofKc : c0rrotulnt : i : nabe : Sfci-nmutl).
Of this seal nothing whatever is known. Its work-
manship is of the fifteenth century. The sug-
gested extension of the legend is " Sigillum officii
contrarotulatoris " — in nova Jernemutha, or in
nave Jernemuthe. But was Yarmouth ever called
nova Gernemutha ? or what was the office alluded
to ?

The above are required for a literary purpose ;
and as speedy an answer as possible would much
oblige me. E. S. Taylok.

Hand in Bislwp Canning's Church. — In Bishop
Canning's Church, Wilts, is a curious painting
of a hand outstretched, and having on the fingers
and thumb several inscriptions in abbreviated
Latin. Can any correspondent tell me when and
why this was placed in the church ; and also the
inscriptions which appear thereon ?

Russell Gole.

^^ I put a spoke in his wheel.''' — What is the
meaning of the phrase, "I put a spoke in his
wheel ?"

In April last, a petition was heard in the Eolls
Court on the part of the trustees of Manchester
New College, praying that they might be allowed
to remove that institution to London ; and a single
trustee was heard against such removal. One of
the friends of the college was on this occasion
heard to remark, " the removal to London was
going on very smoothly, and it would have been
done by this time, if this one trustee had not put
his spoke ill the wheel:" meaning, that the con-
scientious scruple of this trustee was the sole I'wi-
pediment to the movement. Is this the customary
and proper mode of using the phrase ; and, if so,
how can putting a spoke to a wheel impede its
motion ?

On the other hand, having heard some persons
say that they had always imderstood the phrase to
denote affording help to an undertaking, and con-
fidently allege that this must be the older and

270

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

more correct usage, for " what," say they, " is a
wheel without spokes ? " I inquired of an intel-
ligent lady, of long American descent, in what
way she had been accustomed to hear the phrase
employed, and the answer was : " Certainly as a
help : we used to say to one who had anything in
hand of difficult accomplishment, ' Do not be
faint-hearted, I'll give you a spoke.' "

Dr. Johnson, in the folio edition of his Dic-
tionary, 1755, after defining a spoke to be the
"bar of a wheel that passes from the nave to the
felly," cites :
" . . . . . . All you gods,

In general synod, take away her power,
Break all the spokes aiul fellies to her wheel.
And bowl the round nave down the hill of Heaven."

Shakspeare.

G. K.

Sir W. Hewit. — At p. 159. of Mr. Thoms's
recent edition of PuUeyn's Etymological Compen-
dium, Sir W. Hewit, the father-in-law of Edward
Osborne, who was destined to found the ducal
family of Leeds, is said to have been " a pin-
maker." Some other accounts state that he was
a clothworker ; others again, that he was a gold-
smith. Which is correct ; and what is the
authority ? And where may any pedigree of the
Osborne family, previous to Edtuard, be seen ?

H. T. Griffith.

Passage in Vii-gil. — Dr. Johnson, in his cele-
brated Letter to Lord Chesterfield, says, in refe-
rence to the hollowness of patronage : " The
shepherd, in Yirgil, grew at last acquainted with
Love ; and found him a native of the rocks." To
what passage in Virgil does Johnson here refer,
and what is the point intended to be conveyed ?

K.. FlTZSIMO'S.

Dublin.

Faunileroy. — In Binns' Anatomy of Sleep it is
stated that a few years ago an affidavit was taken
in an English court of justice, to the effect that
Fauntleroy was still living in a town of the
United States.

Can any of your con-espondents refer me to the
circumstance in question ? C. Ci-ifton Barry.

Animal Prefixes, descriptive of Size and Quality.
— Will somebody oblige me by pointing out in
the modern languages any analogous instances to
the Greek ^ov, English /(orse-radlsh, dog-rose, bull-
finch, &c. ? C. Clifton Barry.

Punning Devices. — Sir John Cullum, in his Hist,
of Hawsted, 1st edit. p. 114., says that the seal
of Sir William Clopton, knight, t. lien. VII., was
" a ton, out of which issues some plant, perhaps a
calti'op, which might be contracted to the first
syllable of his name." This appears to be too

violent a contraction. Can any of your readers
suggest any other or closer analogy between the
name and device ? " Buhiensis.

" Pinece ivith a stinJi." — In Archbishop Bram-
hall's Schism Guarded (written against Serjeant)
there Is a passage in which the above curious
expression occurs, and of which I can find no sa-
tisfactory, nor indeed any explanation whatever.
The passage is this (Works, vol. 11. p. 545., edit.
Ox.) :

" But when he is baffled in the cause, he hath a re-
serve, — that Venerable Bede, and Gildas, and Foxe in
his Acts and Monuments, do brand the Britons for
wicked men, making them ' as good as Atheists ; of
which gang if this Dinoth were one,' he ' will neither
wish the Pope such friends, nor envy them to the Pro-
testants.'

" Wliat needeth this, when he hath got the worst of
the cause, to defend himself like a pinece with a stink ?
We read no other character of Dinoth, but as of a pious,
learned, and prudent man."

Can any of your readers furnish an explanation?

R. Blakiston.

Soiled Parchment Deeds. — Having in my pos-
session some old and very dirty parchment deeds,
and other records, now almost illegible from the
accumulation of grease, &c., on the surface of
the skins, I am desirous to know if there be
any "royal road" to the cleansing and restoration
of these otherwise enduring MSS. ? T. Hughes.

Chester.

Roger Wilbraham, Esq.^s Cheshire Collection.
— Can any of your correspondents say where the
original collection made by the above-named
gentleman, or a copy of them, referred to In Dr.
Foote Gower's Sketch of the Materials for a
Cheshire History, may now be met with ?

Cestriensis.

Cambridge and Ireland. — In the first volume
of the Pictorial History of England, p. 270., it is
stated that —

" Martin skins are mentioned in Domesday Book
among the commodities brought by sea to Chester;
and this appears from otlier authorities to have been
one of the exports in ancient times from Ireland. No-
tices are also found of merchants from Ireland landing
at Cambridge with cloths, and exposing their mer-
chandise to sale."

The authority quoted for this statement is Turner,
vol. Hi. p. 113.

On referring to Turner's Anglo-Saxons, I find
it stated :

" We read of merchants from Ireland landing at
Cambridge with cloths, and exposing their merchan-
dise to sale."
Mr. Turner refers to Gale, vol. il. p. 482.

I do not know to what work Mr. Turner refers,
unless to Gale's Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores Ve-

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

271

teres ; on examining this I can find no passage at
the page and volume Indicated, on the subject.

Can any of your readers state where it is to be
found ? It appears remarkable that the merchants
from Ireland should land at the inland town of
Cambridge, and it seems a probable conjecture
that Cambridge Is a mistake for Cambria.

William of Malmesbury speaks of a commerce
between Ireland and the neighbourhood of Chester,
and It seems much more probable that the mer-
chants of Ireland landed In "NVales than in Cam-
bridge. John Theupp.

Derivation of Celt. — What is the proper de-
rivation of the word celt, as applied to certain
weapons of antiquity ? A good authority. In Dr.
Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiqui-
ties, p. 351., obtains the term from —

" Celtes, an old Lathi word for a chisel, probably
derived from ccelo, to engrave,"

Mr. Wright (The Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 73.)
says that Hearne first applied the word to such
implements In bronze, believing them to be
" Roman celtes or chisels ;" and that —

" Subsequent writers, ascribing these instruments to
the Britons, have retained the name, forgetting its
origin, and have applied it indiscriminately, not only to
other implements of bronze, but even to the analogous
instruments o^ stone,"

And he objects to the term " as too generally Im-
plying that things to which it is applied are Celtic."
On the other hand. Dr. Wilson {Prehistoric An-
nals, p. 129.) prefers to retain the word, inasmuch
as the Welsh etymologists, Owen and Spurrell,
furnish an ancient Cambro-British word celt, a
flint stone. M. Worsaae (Primeval Antiq., p. 26.)
confines the term to those Instruments of bronze
which have a hollow socket to receive a wooden
handle ; the other forms being called paalstabs on
the Continent. It seems clear that there Is no
connexion between this word and the name of the
nation (Celtcc) ; but Its true origin may perhaps
be elicited by a little discussion in the pages of
"N.&Q." C.R.M.

Ancient Superstition against the King of England
entering or even beholding the Town of Leicester. —
The existence of a superstition to this effect is
recorded In Rishanger's Chronicle, and also, as I
am informed, in that of Thomas Wikes; but this I
have not at present an opportunity of consulting.

Rishanger's words are :

" Rex [Henricus III.] autem, capta Norhamptun.,
Leycestr. tendens, in ea hospitatus est, quam nullu-s
regni prater eunti etiain videre, prohibentibus quibus-
dam superstitiose, pra;sumpsit." — P. 26.

It Is also mentioned by Matthew of Westmin-
ster. (Vide Bohn's edition, vol. ii. p. 412.) The
statement, that no king before Henry III. had

entered the town, is however incorrect, as William
the Conqueror and King John are instances to the
contrary.

Can any of your correspondents explain the
origin of this superstition, or favour me with any
farther notices respecting it?

It is not unworthy of observation that very
many of the royal personages who have visited
Leicester, have been either unfortunate in their
lives, or have met with tragical deaths.

We may, however, hope, for the credit of the
town, that their misfortunes may be attributed to
other causes, rather than to their presence within
Its time-hallowed walls. Wm. Kelly.

Leicester.

Burton. — Is there any family of this name who
can make out a descent from, or connexion with,
a Mr. John Burton, alderman of Doncaster, who
died 1718 ? C. J.

The Camera Lucida. — I should feel much
obliged to any reader of " N. & Q." who would be
kind enough to answer the following questions,
and refer me to any work treating of the handling
and management of the Camera Lucida. I have
one made by King of Bristol, and purchased about
thirty years ago : It draws out, like a telescope,
in three pieces, each six inches long ; and at full
length will give a picture of the dimensions of
twenty Inches by twelve. The upper piece is
marked from above downwards, thus : at two
Inches below the lens, " 2 ; " at an inch below that
point, " 3 ;" at half an Inch lower, " 4 ;" at half an
inch lower still, " 5 ;" half an Inch below the point
" 5," a " 7 " Is marked ; and half an inch below
the " 7," there is a " 10 ;" at seven-eighths below
this last, " D " is marked. What reference have
these nicely graduated points to the distance of an
object from the instrument ? Do the figures
merely determine the size of the picture to be
taken ? How Is one to be guided In tlieir use
and application to practice ? Caret.

Francis Moore. — Francis Moore was born at
Bakewell about the year 1592, and was Proctor of
Lichfield Cathedral at the time of the Great Rebel-
lion. I am anxious to know who were his parents,
and what their place of abode.

Edward Peacock.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle. — What were the
family arms of Dr. John Waugh, Bishop of Car-
lisle, who died October 29, 1734? Was he of a
Scotch family, and are any of his descendants now
living ? RuFus.

Palace at Enfield. — We read that there was
formerly a royal palace at Enfield In JNliddlesex,
ten miles north from London ; and one room still

272

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[Xo. 203.

remains in its original state. Can yoix, or any of
your subscribers, inform me whereabouts in the
town it is situated ? Also, the date of erection of
the church ? Hazelwood.

" Solamen miseris" S,'C. — Please to state in
what author is the following line ? No one knows.
" Solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris."

A Constant Reader.

Soke Mills. — Correspondents are requested to
communicate the names of " Soke " or Manorial
Mills, to which the suit is still enforced. S. M.

Second Wife of Mallet. — The second wife of
■Jlallet was Lucy Elstob, a Yorkshire lady,
■daughter of a steward of the Earl of Carlisle.
'Can any of your readers inform me at what place
in Yorkshire her father resided, and where the
marriage with Mallet in 1742 took place ? She
- survived her husband, and lived to the age of
'eighty years. Where did she die, and what family
<lid Mallet leave by his two wives ? F.

Leamington.

Boohs hurned hj the Common Hangman. —

" Historia Anglo- Scotica : or an Impartial History
of all that liappen'd between the kings and kingdoms
of England and Scotland from tlie beginning of the
Reign of William the Conqueror to the Reign of Queen
Elizabeth, &c., by James Drake, M.D , 8vo., London,
1703."

Of this work it is said, in a note in the Catalogue
of Geo. Chalmers' library (fourth day's sale,
Sept. 30, 1841), that —

" On June 30, 1703, the Scotch parliament ordered
this book to be burned by the liands of the common
hangman, and that the magistrates of Edinburgh should
see it carried into effect at eleven o'clock on the fol-
lowing day."

Will any correspondent of yours furnish me
with some notice of Dr. Drake, the author, and
also explain the ground of offence upon which his
book was condemned ? I confess to be unable to
discover anything to offend ; neither, as it seems,
could jNIr. Surtees, for he says :

"I quote Drake's Historia Anglo- Scotica, 1703, a
book which, for what reason I never could discover,
was ordered to be burned by the common hangman."
— History of Durham, vol. iv. p. 55. note I.

Any notices of books which have been signalised
by being subjected to similar condemnation, would
much interest me, and perhaps others of your
readers. Balliolensis.

[The ground of offence for burning the Historia
Anglo- Scotica is stated in The Acts of the Parliaments of
Scotland, vol. xi. p. 66., viz. : " Ordered, that a book pub-

lished by the title of Historia Anglo- Scotica, by James
Drake, M. D., and dedicated to Sir Edward Symour,
containing many false and injurious reflections upon
the sovereignty and independence of this crown and
nation, be burnt by the hand of tlie common hangman
at the mercat Cross of Edinburgh, at eleven o'clock
to-morrow (July 1, 1703), and the magistrates of Edin-
burgh appointed to see the order punctually executed."
It would appear from the dedication prefixed to this
work, that Drake merely pretended to edit it, for he
says, that "upon a diligent revisal, in order, if possible,
to discover the name of the author, and the age of his
writing, he found that it was written in, or at least not
finished till, the time of Charles I." But he says no-
thing more of the MS., nor how it came into his hands.
A notice of Dr. Drake is given in Chalmers's Biogra-
phical Dictionanj, and in the preface to The Memorial
of the Church of England, edit. 1711, which was also
burnt by the common hangman in 1705. See " N. &
Q.," Vol. iii., p. 519.]

Captain George Cusach. — It appears by an
affidavit made by a Mr. Thomas Nugent in the
year 1674, and now of record in the Exchequer
Record Office, Dublin, that —

" He, being on or about the 20th of September
preceding in London, was by one Mr. Patrick Dowdall
desired to goe along with him to see one George
Cusack, then in prison there for severall hainous of-
fences alleadgcd to have bccne by him committed,
which he could not do by reason of other occasions ;
but having within two or three days afterwards mett
with Mr. Dowdall, was told by him that he had since
their last meeting scene the said Cusack in prison
(being the Marshalsea in Southwark) v^ith bolts on,
and that none of Cusack's men who were alsoe in
prison were bolted : "

that on the 11th of November Cusack was still in
restraint, and not as yet come to his trial :

" That there were hookes written of the said Cusack's
offences, which he heard cryed about in the streets of
London to be sold, and that y'' generall opinion and
talke was that the said Cusack should suffer death for .
his crimes."

By a fragment of an affidavit made by a Mr.
Morgan O'Bryen, of the Middle Temple, London,
it appears that this man was a Captain George
Cusack, who, I presume, was a pirate. May I
take leave to ask, are the above-mentioned books
in existence, and where are they to be found ?

James F. Ferguson.

Dublin,

[In the British Museum is the following pamphlet:
— " The Grand Pyrate : or the Life and Death of
Captain George Cusack, the Great Sea- Robber, with
an Accompt of all his notorious Robberies both at Sea
and Land; together with his Tryal, Condemnation,
and Execution. Taken by an Impartial Hand."
London, 167G, pp. 24. 4to.]

Si}- Ralph Wimoood. — I am particularly de-
sirous of obtaining some information respecting

Sept. 17. 1853.]

XOTES AND QUERIES.

273

Sir Ralph Winwood, private secretary to James I.,
and should feel much obliged if any of your nu-
merous correspondents would favour me with any-
thing they may know concerning him, or with the
titles of any works in which his name is mentioned.

H. P. W. R.

[Ciograpliical notices of Sir Ralph Winwood will
be found in Biographia Britamiica, Supplement ; Lloyd's
State Worthies; VI ooA's AthencB ; Granger and Chal-
mers' Biographical Dictionaries. Sir F. Drake's Voyage,
by T. Maynarde, is dedicated to him. Letters to him
from Sir Thomas Roe, in 1615, 1616, are in the
British Museum, Add. MS. 6115. fol. 71. 75. 146.
And a letter to him from Sir Dudley Carlton will be
found in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. Ivii. p. 143.
The Diaries of the time of James L may also be con-
sulted ; a list of them is given in " N. & Q.," Vol. vi.,
p. ^6S.']

BOOKS CHAINED TO DESKS IN CHURCHES.

(Vol.viii., p.93.)

The authority for this ancient custom appears
to be derived from an act of the Convocation which
assembled in 1562. Strype informs us (^Annals,
vol. i. c. 27.) that at this Convocation the follow-
ing injunctions were given :

" First, That a Catechism be set forth in Latin,
whicli is already done by Mr. Dean of Paul's [Dean
No well], and wanteth only viewing. Secondly, That
certain Articles [the Thirty-nine Articles], containing
the principal grounds of Christian religion, be set forth
much like to such Articles as were set forth a little
before the death of King Edward, of which Articles
the most part may be used with additions and correc-
tions as shall be thought convenient. Thirdly, That
to these Articles also be adjoined the Apology, writ by
Bishop Jewell, lately set forth after it, hath been once
again revised and so augmented and corrected as occa-
sion serveth. That these be joined in one book ; and
'by common consent authorised as containing true doc-
trine, and be enjoined to be taught the youth in the
Universities and grammar schools throughout the
realm, and also in cathedral churches, and collegiate,
and in private houses : and that whosoever shall preach,
declare, write, or speak anything in derogation, de-
praving or despising of the said book, or any doctrine
therein contained, and be thereof lawfully convicted
before any ordinary, &c., he shall be ordered as in case
of heresy, or else shall be punished as is appointed for
those that offend and speak against the Book of Com-
mon Prayer, set forth in the first year of the Queen's
Majesty's reign that now is : that is to say, he shall
for the first offence forfeit 100 marks ; for the second
offence, 400 marks ; and for the third offence, all his
goods and chattels, and shall suffer imprisonment
during life."

It is probable that this book found a place in
churches as affording a standard of orthodoxy
easy of reference to congregations in times not

sufficiently remote from the Reformation, to render
the preaching of Romish doctrines unlikely. This,
if the surmise be correct, would be emphatically
to bring the officiating minister to book. In Prest-
wich Church, the desk. yet remains, together with
the " Book of Articles," bound up as prescribed
with Jewel's Apology (black-letter, 1611), but the
chain has disappeared. The neighbouring church
of BIngley has also Its desk, to which the chain is
still attached; but the "Book of Articles" has
given place to some more modern volume.

John Bookek.
Prestwich.

Mr. Simpson will find some account of the
Paraphrase of Erasmus so chained (of which he
says he cannot recal an instance) at Vol i., p. 172.,
and Vol. v., p. 332.

The following list (remains of which more or
less perfect, with chains appended, are still ex-
tant) will probably be Interesting to many of your
readers :

" Boohs chayned in the Church, 25th April, 1606.
Dionisius Carthusian vpon the New Testament, ia
two volumes.

Origen vpon St. Paules Epistle to the Romanes.

Origen against Celsus.

Lira vpon Pentathucke of Moses.

Lira vpon the Kings, &c.

Theophilact vpon the New Testam'.

Beda vpon Luke and other P" of the Testam*.

Opuscula Augustini, thome x.

Augustini Questiones in Nouu Tcstamentii.

The Paraphrase of Erasmus.

The Defence of the Apologye.

Prierius Postill vpon the Dominicall Gospells."

From Ecclesfield Church accounts.
J. Eastwood.

In Malvern Abbey Church is a copy of Deau
Combei''s Companion to the Temple, chained to
a desk, and bearing a written inscription to the
effect that it should never be removed out of the
church ; but should remain chained to Its desk
for ever, for the use of any parishioner who might
choose to come in and read it there.

N. B. I have mislaid my copy of this Inscrip-
tion : and should feel greatly obliged to any of
your correspondents who may be residing in or
near Great Malvern, for a transcript of It. As it
may be thought somewhat long for your pages,
perhaps some correspondent would kindly copy it
out for me, and inclose it to Rev. H. T. GRirriTH,
Hull.

University Club.

EPITAPHS.

(Vol. vll. passim^
A goodly collection of singular epitaphs has ap-
peared in "N. & Q." ; but I believe it yet lacks

274

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

a specimen of the following tombstone tomfoolery
— an initial epitaph. Green, in his History of
Worcester, gives the following inscription from a
monument under the north-west window of St.
Andrew's Church in that city :

" Short of Weight

H L T B O

R W

I H O A J R

A n 1780 A 63."

Green adds the following explanation of this
riddle :

" In full measure it would have stood thus : ' Here
Lieth The Body Of Richard Weston, In Hopes Of A
Joyful Resurrection. Anno Domini 1780. Aged 63.'"

Richard Weston was a baker, and the " Short
of "weight" gives the clue to the nature of his
dealings, and also to the right reading of the
epitaph.

The following is from Ombersley Churchyard,
Worcestershire :

" Sharp was her wit,

i\Iild was her nature ;
A tender wife,

A good humoured creature."

From the churchyard of St. John, Worcester :

" Honest John's
Dead and gone."

From the churchyard of Cofton Hackett, Wor-
cestershire, are the two following :

" Here lieth the body of John Galey, sen., in expect-
ation of the Last Day. What sort of man he was that
day will discover. He was clerk of this parish fifty-
five years. He died in 1756, aged 75."

The next is also to a Galey. Your correspondent
PiCTOB (Vol. viii., p. 98.) gives the same epitaph,
slightly altered, as being at Wingfield, Suffolk :

" Pope boldly asserts (some think the maxim odd),
An honest man's the noblest work of God.
If this assertion is from error clear,
One of the noblest works of God lies here."

From Alvechurch, Worcestershire ; to a man
and wife :

" He, an honest, good-natured, worthy man ; slie, as
eminent for conjugal and maternal virtues during her
marriage and widowhood, as she had been before for
amiable delicacy of person and manners."

The following, which is probably not to be sur-
passed', appeared in one of the earliest numbers of
Household Words. It is from the churchyard of
Pewsey, Wiltshire :

" Here lies the body of Lady O'Looney, great-niece
of Burke, commonly called the Sublime. She was
bland, passionate, and deeply religious : also, she
painted in water-colours, and sent several pictures to

the Exhibition. She was first cousin to Lady Jones:
and of such is the kingdom of heaven."

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

If epitaphs of recent date are admitted in " N.
& Q.," perhaps the following, upon an editor, which
lately appeared in the Halifax Colonist, may not
be out of place in your publication :

" Here lies an editor !

Snooks if you will ;
In mercy, kind Providence,

Let him lie still.
He lied for his living : so

He lived, while he lied.
When he could not lie longer,

He lied down, and died."

w. w.

Malta.

" Here lies a Wife, a Friend, a Mother,
I believe there never was such another ;
She had a head to earn and a heart to give.
And many poor she did relieve.
She lived in virtue and in virtue died,
And now in Heaven she doth reside.
Yes ! it is true as tongue can tell.
If she had a fault, it was loving me too well.
And when I am lying by her side,
Who was in life her daily pride,
Tho' she's confined in coffins three,
She'd leave them all and come to me ! "
The above lines, written on a tablet in a church
at Exeter, were composed by Mr. Tuckett, tallow-
chandler, to the memory of his wife. An old sub-
scriber of "N. & Q." thinks this epitaph more
strange and curious than any which has yet ap-
peared in the columns of that valuable publication.

Anon.

PAKOCHIAL LIBBABIES.

(Vol. vii., p. 507.)

I copy the following from the fly-leaf of A
Treatise of Ecclesiastical BeJiefices and Revenues,
by the learned Father Paul, translated by Tobias
Jenkins, 8vo., Westminster, 1736 :

" Bibliotheca de Bassingbourn in Com. Cant. Dono
dedit Edvardus Nightingale de Kneese worth Armiger
Filius et Hares Fundatoris. Feb. 1™", 1735'°."

How the volume got out of the library I know
not : it was purchased some years since at a sale
in Oxford. Y. B. N. J.

To the list of parochial libraries allow me to
add that of Denchworth, near Wantage, Berks.
In a small apartment over the porch, the parvise,
I recollect, some years since, to have seen a very
fair collection of old divinity, the books being, all
of them, confined by chains, according to the
ancient usage, an instance of which I never saw
elsewhere.

Sept, 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

275

At St. Peter's Cliurcli, Tiverton, there is also a
collection of books, mostly the gift of the Newtes,
Eichard (rejected in 1646 and restored in 1660),
and John his son, rectors of the portions of Tid-
combe and Clare in that church. The books are
preserved in a room over the vestry.

Balliolensis.

Another venerable archdeacon now living per-
mitted the churchwardens of Swaffham to give
him a fine copy of Cranmer's Bible belonging to
the church library. S. Z. Z. S.

Add to the list Finedon, in N'orthamptonshire,
where there is a collection of upwards of 1000
volumes in the.parvise over the porch. E. H. A.

" UP, GUARDS, AND AT THEM ! "

(Vol. v., p. 426. ; Vol. viii., pp. 111. 184.)

The authority for the Duke of Wellington hav-
ing used these words at the battle of Watei'loo is
Capt. Batty, of the Grenadier Guards, in a letter
written a few days after the battle, published in
Booth's Battle of Waterloo, and illustrated by
George Jones, Esq., R.A., who is believed to have
superintended the whole publication. I append
the extract : —

" Upon the cavalry being repulsed, the Duke him-
self ordered our second battalion to form line with the
third battalion ; and, after advancing to the brow of
the hill, to lie down and shelter ourselves from the fire.
Here we remained, I imagine, near an hour. It was
now about seven o'clock. Tlie French infantry had in
vain been brought against our line ; and, as a last
resource, Buonaparte resolved upon attacking our part
of the position with his veteran Imperial Guard, pro-
mising them the plunder of Brussels. Tlieir artillery
and they advanced in solid column to where we lay.
The Duke, who was riding behind us, watched their
approach ; and at length, when within a hundred yards
of us, exclaimed ' Up, guards, and at them again ! '
Never was there a prouder moment than this for our
country or ourselves," &c. — Second Letter of Capt.
Batty, Grenadier Guards, dated June 22, 1815, from
the village of Gommignies ; his First Letter being
dated Bavay, June 21, 1815.

This circumstantial account, written so few days
after the battle, detailing affirmatively the com-
mand to the guards as heard by one of themselves,
will probably countervail the negative testimony
of C. as derived from the Duke's want of recol-
lection : as well as the " Goodly Botherby's " of
Mr. Cuthbert Bede. As an instance of the
Duke's impressions of the battle, I may add, that
he stated that there was no smoke, though Mr.
Jones told me, that when he was on the ground
two days afterwards the smoke was still hanging
over it, Frank Howard.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Mr. Mullers Process. — Mr. Sisson inquires
for any one's experience in the use of the above
formula, and I beg to say I remember when it was
published I tried it, but gave it up. It is an excel-
lent plan, but requires improvement. The follow-
ing were my objections :

If the objects are not well illuminated by the
sun, the image is not sharp. The . skies taken are
singularly the reverse of the iodide-of-potash me-
thod, as they are almost transparent.

The solutions of iron are a constant trouble by
precipitating.

It has the same disadvantages as other modes
on paper from inequality in the strength of the
image. The photographic pons asinorum appears
however to be got over by the process, viz. taking
the picture at once In the camera ; and it is very
possible that it can be made perfect. A small
quantity of chromate of potash, about one grain to
three ounces of solution of iodide of iron, gives a
little more force to the picture.

I find the nitrate of lead a very tiseful salt in
iodizing paper. Six grains of the salt to the
ounce of water, and tincture of iodine added till
a pale yellow, will give additional sensitiveness to
iodized paper, if the sheets are floated upon the
solution. This will shorten the time in the camera
nearly five minutes ; but it requires care, as it is
apt to solarize.

A weak solution of iodide of iron has also the
same effect, and, if blotted oiF at once, it will not
blacken by the use of gallic acid. Weld Taylor.

Bayswater.

Stereoscopic Angles. — When I last addressed
you, I fancied I should set the stereoscopic-angle
question at rest. It appears, however, that Mr. G.
Shadbolt is unconvinced ; and as I alone (to the
best of my knowledge) have defined and solved
the problem in relation to this subject, you will
perhaps allow me to offer a few words in rejoinder
to Mr. S.'s arguments ; which, had that gentle-
man thought more closely, would not have been
advanced. This is also requisite, because, from
their speciousness, they are likely to mislead such
as take what they read for granted. Mr. S. says
that when the stereographs are placed at the same
distance from the eyes as the focal length of the
lens, that 2^ inches is the best space for the
cameras to be apart ; and that were this space
increased, the result would be as though the pic-
tures were taken from models. To this I reply,
that the only correct space for the cameras to be
apart is 2^ inches {i. e. the space usually found to
be from pupil to pupil of our eyes), and this
under every circumstance ; and that any depar-
ture from this must produce error. As to the
model-like appearance, I cannot see the reason of

276

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

it. Next Mb. Shadbolt says, and rightly, that
when the pictures are seen from a less distance
than the focal lenQ;th of the lens, they appear to
be increased in bulk. But the "obvious remedy"
I pronounce to be wrong, as it must produce
error, Tlie remedy is nevertheless obvious, and
consists in placing tlie stereographs at the same
distance from the eyes as the focal length of tlie
Jens. But, if this cannot be done, it wei-e surely
better to submit to some trifling exaggeration
than to absolute deformity and error. Mr. S.
says also, that as we mainly judge of distance, &c.
by the convergence of the optic axis of our eyes
(Query, How do persons with only one eye judge?),
«o, in short or medium distances, it were better
to let the camera radiate from its centre to the
principal object to be delineated. The result of
this must be error, as the following illustration
will show. Let the sitter (for it is especially re-
commended in portraits) hold before him, hori-
zontally, and in parallelism with the picture, 'a
ruler two feet long ; and let planes parallel to the
ruler pass through the sitter's ears, eyes, nose,
&c. The consequence would be that the ruler, and
all the other planes parallel to it, would have two
vanishing points, and all the features be errone-
ously rendered. This, to any one conversant with
perspective, should suflice. But, as all are not
acquainted with perspective, perhaps the follow-
ing illustration may prove more convincing. Sup-
pose an ass to stand facing the observer ; a boy
astride him, with a big drum placed before him.
N'ow, under the treatment recommended by Mr.
G. Shadbolt, both sides of the ass would be
visible ; both the boy's legs ; and the drum would
have two heads. This would be untrue, absurd,
ridiculous, and quite as wonderful as Mr. Fenton's
twelve-feet span view from across the Thames.

Once moi'e, and I shall liave done with the pre-
sent arguments of Ma. G. Shadbolt. He says
that the two pictures should have exactly the
same range of vision. This I deny : for, were it
so, there would be no stereoscopic effect. Let the
object be a column : it is evident that a tangent to
the left side of the column from the right eye,
could not extend so far to the left as a tangent
to the left side of the column from the left eye,
and vice versa. And it is only by this difference
in the two pictures (or, in other words, the range
of vision) that our conceptions of solidity are
created. This is not exactly the test to suit the
views of Mr. Shadbolt, as I am quite aware ;
but I chose It for its simplicity, and because it will
bear demonstration ; and my desire has been to
elicit truth, and not to perpetuate error.

Li conclusion, I beg to refer Mr. G. Shadbolt
to my definition and solution of the stereoscopic
problem — which I then said I believed — but
which I now unhesitatingly assert to be correct.

T. L. Marriott.

Ammonio-nitrate of Silver. — The inability of
your correspondent Philo-pho. to form the am-
monio-nitrate of silver from a solution of nitrate
of silver, which has been used to excite albu-
menized paper, Is in all probability owing to the
presence of a small quantity of nitrate of am-
monia, which has been imparted to the solution
by the paper.

Salts of ammonia form, with those of silver,
double salts ; from which the oxide of silver is
not precipitated by the alkalies.

I cannot however explain how it was that the
solution had lost none of its silver, for the paper
could not in such case have been rendered sensi-
tive. J. Leachman.

20. Compton Terrace, Islington.

JRcpItc^ to iMfnor €i\\tviti.

Sir Thomas Elyot (Vol.viii., p. 220.).— Parti-
culars respecting this once celebrated diplomatist
and scholar may be collected from Beriiet's Hist.
Reformation, ed. 1841, i. 95.; Strype's Ecclesias-
tical Memorials, i. 221. 263., Append. No. LXIL;
Ellis's Letters, ii. 113.; ArchcBologia, xxxlli. ;
Wright's Suppression of Monasteries, 140. ; Le-
landi Encomia, 83. ; Leland's Collectanea, iv. 136
— 148. ; Retrospective Revieio, ii. 381. ; PrivrjPiuse
Expenses of Princess Mary, 82. 230. ; Chamber-
lain's Holbein Heads ; Smith's Autogi-aphs ; Ful-
ler's Worthies (Cambridgeshire) ; Wood's Athencs
Oxonienses, i. 58. ; Lysons' Cambridgeshire, 159.

The grant of Carlton cum Willingham in Cam-
bridgeshire to Sir Thomas Elliot and his wife is
enrolled in the Exchequer (Originalia, 32 Hen.
VIIL, pars 3. rot. 22. vel 221.) ; and amongst the
Inquisitions filed in that Court is one taken after
his death (Cant, and Hunt, 37 vel 38 Hen. VHL).

I believe it will be found on investigation, that
Sir Richard Elyot (the father of Sir Thomas) was
of Wiltshire rather than of Suffolk. See Leland's
Collectanea, iv. 141. n., and an Liqulsition in the
Exchequer of the date of 6 or 7 Hen.WII. thus
described In the Calendar : " de manerio de Wan-
borough com. Wlltes proficua cujus manerii Rlcar-
dus EHot perceplt." C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge.

Judges styled " Reve7md" (Yol. vill., p. 158.). —
As it is more than probable that your pages may
in future be referred to as authority for any state-
ment they contain, especially when the fact they
announce is vouched by so valued a name as that of
my friend York Herald, I am sure that he will
excuse me for correcting an error into which he
has fallen, the more especially as Lord Campbell
is equally mistaken {Loid Chancellors, i. 539.).

York Herald states, that " Anthony Fitz-Hcr-
bert was appointed Chief Justice of the Commoa

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

277

Pleas in 1523, and died in 30 Henry VIII." Fltz-
Herbert was never Chief Justice. He was made
a judge of the Common Pleas in 1522 ; and so
continued till his death at the time mentioned,
1538. During that period, the office of Chief
Justice of the Common Pleas was successively held
by Sir Thomas Brudenell till 1531, by Sir Robert
Norwich till 1535, and then by Sir John Baldwin,
who was Chief Justice at the time of Fitz-Herbert's
death.

William Rastall (afterwards Judge), in the
early part of his career, joined his fatiier in the
printing business, and there are several books
with his imprimatur. It was during that time
probably that he formed the table to the Natura
Brevium of Anthony Fitz-Herbert, mentioned in
the title-page to Yokk Herald's volume.

Edwaed Foss.

'■^Hurrah'" and otlicr Wm^- cries (Vol. vii.,
pp. 595. 633. ; Vol. viii., pp. 20. 88.). — Hurrah is
the war-ci-y of many nations, both in the army and
navy. The Dutch seem to have adopted it from
the Russians, poeta invito, as we see in the follow-
ing verses of Staring van den Wildenborg :

" Is 't hoera? Is 't hoera ?
Wat drommel kan 't u schelen ?

Brul, smeek ik, geen Kozakken na !
Als Fredrik's batterijiin spelen —

A\s Willem's trommen slaan

Blijv' Neerland's oorlogskreet : ' Val aan !*
Waar jong en oud de vreugd der overwiiuiing deelen,

Bij Quatre-Bras' trofee,

Blijve ons gejuich Hoezee!"

Accept or reject this doggerel translation :
" Is it hurrah ? Is it hurrah ?
What does that concern you, pray ? \
Howl not like Cossacks of the Don !'
But, when Frederic's batteries pour —
When William's drums do roar —
Holland's war-cry still be : ' Fall on !*
When old and young
Raise the victor's song,
At Quatre-Bras' trophy,
Let Huzzah our joy-cry be !"

Hoera (hurrah) and hoezec (huzza), then, in
the opinion of Staring, and indeed of many others,
have not the same origin. Some have derived
hoezee from hmcsse, a French word of applause at
the hoisting (Fr. haiisser) of the admiral's flag.
Bilderdijk derives it from Hussein, a famous
Turkish warrior, whose memory is still celebrated.
Dr. Brill says, " hoezee seems to be only another
mode of pronouncing the German juchhe." Van
Iperen thinks it taken from the Jewish shout,
"Hosanna!" Siegenbeek finds "the origin of
hoezee in the shout of encouragement, 'Hou zee !'
(hold sea)." Dr. Jager cites a Flemish author,
who says " that this cry (' hou zee,' in French,
Hens me?-) seems especially to belong to us ; since

it was formerly the custom of our seamen always
'zee te houden' (to keep the sea), and never to
seek shelter fi-om storms." Dr. Jager, however,
thinks it rather doubtful " that our hoezee should
come from ' hou zee,' especially since we find a
like cry in other languages." In old French huz
signified a cry, a shout ; and the verb huzzer, or
hucher, to cry, to shout ; and in Dutch husschen
had the same meaning. — From the Navorscher.

Major Andre (Vol. viii., p. 174.). — The sisters
of Major Andre lived until a comparatively very
recent date in the Circus at Bath, and this fact
may point Serviess to inquiries in that city.

T. F.

In reply to Serviens's Query about Major
Andre, I beg to inform him that there is a good
picture of the Major by Sir Joshua Reynolds in
the house of Mrs. Fenning, at Tonbridge AVells,
who, I have no doubt, would be enabled to give
him some particulars respecting his life.

W. H. P.

Early Edition of the New Testament (Vol. viii.,
p. 219.). — The book, about which your corre-
spondent A. BoARDMAN inquires, is an imperfect
copy of Tyndale's Version of the New Testament :
probably it is one of the first edition ; if so, it was
printed at Antwerp in 1526 : but if it be one of
the second edition, it was printed, I believe, at
the same place in 1534. Those excellent and
indefatigable publishers, Messrs. Bagster & Sons,
have within the last few years reprinted both
these editions ; and if your correspondent would
apply to them, I have no doubt but they will be
able to resolve him on all the points of his inquiry.

F. B w.

Ladies' Arms home in a Lozenge (Vol. vii.,
p. 571. ; Vol. viii., pp. 37. 83.). — As this question
is still open, I forward j'ou the translation of an
article inserted by me in the first volume of the
Navorscher. Lozenge-formed shields have not
been always, nor exclusively, used by ladies ; for,
in a collection of arms from 1094 to 1649 (see
Descriptive Catalogue of Impressions from Scottish
Seals, by Laing, Edinburgh) are many examples
of ladies' arms, but not one in which the shield has
any other form than that used at the time by
men. In England, however, as early as the four-
teenth century, the lozenge was sometimes used
by ladies, though perhaps only by widows. Nisbet
(St/stem of Heraldr!/, ii. 35.) mentions a lozenge-
formed seal of Johanna Beaufort, Queen Dowager
of Scotland, attached to a parchment in 1439;
while her arms, at an earlier period, were borne
on a common shield {Gent. Mag., April, 1851).
In France the use of the lozenge for ladies was
very general ; yet in the great work of Flacchio
{Genealogie de la Maison de la Tour) are found
several hundred examples of ladies' arms on oval

278

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

shields ; and in Vredii Genealogia comitum Flan-
dincB (p. 130.), on shields rounded off below. On
the other hand, lozenges have sometimes been
used by men : for instance, on a seal of Ferdinand,
Infant of Spain, in Vredius, 1. c. p. 148. ; also on
a dollar of Count Maurice of Hanau, in Kohler's
Milntzhelustig. 14. See again the arms of the
Count of Sickingen, in Siebmacher, Suppl. xi. 2.
So much for the use of the lozenge. Most ex-
planations of its origin appear equally far-fetched.
That of Menestrier, in his Pratique des Armoires
(p. 14.), seems to me the least forced. He derives
the French name lozange from the Dutch lofzung:

" In Holland," he says, " the custom prevails every year,
in May, to affix verses and lofzangen (songs of praise)
in lozenge-formed tablets on the doors of newly-made
magistrates. Young men hung such tablets on the
doors of their sweethearts, or newly-married persons.
Also on the death of distinguished persons, lozenge-
shaped pieces of black cloth or velvet, with the arms,
name, and date of the death of the deceased, were ex-
hibited on the front of the house. And since there is
little to be said of women, except on their marriage or
death, for this reason has it become customary on all occa-
sions to use for them the lozenge-shaped shield."

In confirmation of this may be mentioned, that
formerly lozange and lozanger were used in the
French for louange and louer ; of which Menes-
trier, in the above- quoted work (p. 431,), cites
several instances.

Besides the conjectures mentioned by H. C. K.
and Beoctuna, may be cited that of Laboureur :
who finds both the form and the name in the
Greek word o^uyduws (ozenge with the article,
Vozenge) ; and of Scaliger, who discovers laiisan-
gia in laurangia, laiwi folia. See farther, Bernd.
Wapenwesen, Bonn, 1841. John Scott.

Norwich.

Sir William Hanhford (Vol. ii., p. 161. &c.).
— Your learned correspondent Mr, Edward
Foss proves satisfactorily that Sir W. Gascoigne
was not retained in his office of Chief Justice by
King Hen. V. But Mr. Foss seems to have over-
looked entirely the Devonshire tradition, which
represents Sir William Hankford (Gascoigne's
successor) to be the judge who committed Prince
Henry. Risdon {v. Bulkworthy, Survey of Devon,
ed. 1811, p. 246.), after mentioning a chapel built
by Sir W. Hankford, gives this account of the
matter :

" This is that deserving judge, that did justice upon
the king's son (afterwards King Henry V.), wlio, when
he was yet prince, commanded him to free a servant
of his, arraigned for felony at the king's bench bar ;
whereat the judge replied, he would not. Herewith
the prince, enraged, essayed himself to enlarge the
prisoner, but the judge forbad; insomuch as the prince
in fury stept up to the bench, and gave the judge
a blow on the face, who, nothing thereat daunted, told

him boldly : ' If you will not obey your sovereign's
laws, who shall obey you when you shall be kino- ?
Wherefore, in the king's (your father's) name, I com-
mand you prisoner to the king's bench.' Whereat the
prince, abashed, departed to prison. When King
Henry IV., his father, was advertised thereof (as fast
flieth fame), after he had examined the circumstances
of the matter, he rejoiced to have a son so obedient to
his laws, and a judge of such integrity to administer
justice without fear or favour of the person ; but withal
dismissed the prince from his place of president of the
council, which he conferred on his second son."

Risdon makes no mention of Sir W. Hankford's
being retained in office by King Henry V. But
at p. 277., V. Monkleigh, he gives the traditional
account of Hankford's death (anno 1422), which
represents the judge, in doubt of his safety, and
mistrusting the sequel of the matter, to have com-
mitted suicide by requiring his park-keeper to
shoot at him when under the semblance of a
poacher :

" Which report (Risdon adds) is so credible among
the common sort of people, that they can show the tree
yet growing where this fact was committed, known by
the name of Hankford Oak."

J. Sansom.

Mauilies, Manillas (Yol. vii., p. 533.).— W. H. S,

will probably find some of the information which
he asks for in Two Essays on the Ring-Money of
the Celt(B, which were read in the year 1837 to
the members of the Royal Irish Academy by Sir
William Betham, and in some observations on
these essays which are to be found in the Gentle-
man^ s Magazine of that year. During the years
1836, 1837, and 1838, there were made at Bir-
mingham or the neighbourhood, and exported from
Liverpool to the river Bonney in Africa, large
quantities of cast-ii^on rings, in imitation of the
copper rings known as " Manillas " or " African
ring-money," then made at Bristol. A vessel
from Liverpool, carrying out a considerable quan-
tity of these cast-iron rings, was wrecked on the
coast of Ireland in the summer of 1836. A few
of them having fallen into the hands of Sir
William Betham, he was led to write the Essays
before mentioned. The making of these cast-iron
rings has been discontinued since the year 1838,
in consequence of the natives of Africa refusing to
give anything in exchange for them. From in-
quiry which I made in Birmingham in the year
1839, I learnt that more than 250 tons of these
cast-iron rings had been made in that town and
neighbourhood in the year 1838, for the African
market. The captain of a vessel trading to Africa
informed me in the same year that the Black
Despot, who then ruled on the banks of the river
Bonney, had threatened to mutilate, in a way
which I will not describe, any one who should
be detected in landing these counterfeit rings
within his territories. N. W. S.

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

279

The Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits (Vol. vii.,
p. 589. ; Vol. viii., p. 82.). — Your correspondent
A. W. S. having called attention to the use of the
hour-glass in pulpits (Vol. vii., p. 589.), I beg to
mention two instances in which I have seen the
stands which formerly held them. The first is at
Pilton Church, near Barnstaple, Devon, where it
still (at least very lately it did) remain fixed to
the pulpit ; the other instance is at Tawstock
Church (called, from its numerous and splendid
monuments, the Westminster Abbey of Korth
Devon), but here it has been displaced, and I saw
it lying among fragments of old armoui", banners,
&c., in a room above the vestry. They were
similar in form, each representing a man's arm,
cut out of sheet iron and gilded, the hand holding
the stand ; turning on a hinge at the shoulder it
lay flat on the panels of the pulpit when not in
use. When extended it would project about a
yard. Balliolensxs.

George Poulson, Esq., in his History and Anti-
quities of the Seignory of Holderness (vol. ii.
p. 419.), describing Keyingham Church, says
that —

" The pulpit is placed on the south-east corner ;
beside it is an iron frame-work, used to contain an
hour-glass."

Edward Peacock;.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

Derivation of the Word "Island" (Vol. viii.,
p. 209.). — Your correspondent C. gives me credit
for a far greater amount of humour than I can
honestly lay claim to. He appears (he must ex-
cuse me for saying so) to have scarcely read
through my observations on the derivation of the
word island, which he criticises so unmercifully ;
and to have understood very imperfectly what he
has read. For instance, he says that my " deri-
vation of island from eye, the visual orb, because
each are (sic) surrounded by water, seems like
banter," &c. Had I insisted on any such analogy,
I should indeed have laid myself open to the
charge ; but I did nothing of the kind, as he will
find to be the case, if he will take the trouble of
perusing what I wrote. My remarks went to
show, that, in the A.-S. compounded terms, Ea-
lond, Igland, &c., from which our word island
comes, the component ea, ig, &c., does not mean
water, as has hitherto been supposed to be the
case, but an eye; and that on this supposition
alone can the simple ig, used to express an island,
be explained. Will C. endeavour to explain it in
any other way ?

Throughout my remarks, the word isle is not
mentioned. And why ? Simply because it has
no unmediate etymological connexion with the
word isla7id,^ being merely the French word na-
turalised. The word isle is a simple, the word

island a compound term. It is surely a fruitless
task (as it certainly is unnecessary for any one,
with the latter word ready formed to his hand in
the Saxon branch of the Teutonic, and, from its
very form, clearly of that family), to go out of his
way to torture the Latin into yielding something
utterly foreign to it. My belief is, that the re-
semblance between these two words is an acci-
dental one ; or, more properly, that it is a question,
whether the introduction of an s into the word
island did not originate in the desire to assimilate
the Saxon and French terms. H. C. K.

A Cob-wall (Vol. viii., p. 151.). — A "cob" is
not an unusual word in the midland counties,
meaning a lump or small hard mass of anything :
it also means a blow; and a good "cobbing" is
no unfamiliar expression to the generality of school-
boys. A " cob-wall," I imagine, is so called from
its having been made of heavy lumps of clay,
beaten one upon another into the form of a wall.
I would ask, if " gob," used also in Devonshire
for the stone of any fruit which contains a kernel,
is not a cognate word ? W. Fkaser.

Tor Mohun.

Oliver CromwelVs Portrait (Vol. vi. passim), —
In reference to this Query, the best portrait of
Oliver Cromwell is in the Baptist College here,
and 500 guineas have been refused for it.

I am not aware if it is the one alluded to by
your correspondents. The picture is small, and
depicts the Protector without armour : it is by
Cooper, and was left to its present possessors by
the Eev. Andrew Gilford, a Baptist minister, in
1784.

Two copies have been made of it, but the
original has never been engraved ; from one of the
copies, however, an engraving is in process of ex-
ecution, after the picture by Mr. Newenham, of
" Cromwell dictating to Milton his letter to the
Duke of Savoy." The likeness of Cromwell in
this picture is taken from one of the copies.

The original is not allowed to be taken from off
the premises on any consideration, in consequence
of a dishonest attempt having been made, some time
ago, to substitute a copy for it. Beistoliensis.

Manners of the Irish (Vol. viii., pp. 5. 111.). —
A slight knowledge of Gaelic enables me to sup-
ply the meaning of some of the words that have
puzzled your Irish correspondents. Molchan
(Gaelic, Mulachan) means " chuse."

" Deo gracias, is smar in Doleagh."
I take to mean " Thanks to God, God is good."
In Gaelic the spelling would be — "is math in
Dia." A Roman Catholic Celt would often hear
his priest say " Deo Gratias."

The meaning of the passage seems to be pretty
clear, and may be rendered thus: — The Irish
farmer, although in the abundant enjoyment of

280

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 203.

bread, butter, cheese, flesh, and broth, is not only
not ashamed to complain of poverty as an excuse
for non-payment of his rent, but has the effrontery
to thank God, as if he were enjoying only those
blessings of Providence to which he is justly en-
titled. W. C.
Argyleshire.

Chronograms and Anagrams (Vol. viii., p. 42.).
— Perhaps the most extraordinary instance to be
found in reference to chronograms is the follow-
ing:

«' Chronographica Gratulatio in Felicisslmum ad-
ventum Serenissimi Cardinalis Ferdinand!, Hispani-
arum Infantis, a Collegio Soc. Jesu. Bruxellse publico
Belgaruin Gaudio exhibita."

This title is followed by a dedication to S. Michael
and an address to Ferdinand ; after which come
one hundred hexameters, every one of which is a
chronogram^ and each chronogram gives the same
result, viz. 1634. The first three verses are, —

" AngeLe Cc-eLIVogl MIChaeL LUX UnICa CcetUs.
Pro nUtU sUCCInCta tUo GUI CUnCta Mlnls-

trant.
SIDera qUIqUe poLo gaUDentIa sIDera VoL-
VUnt."

The last two are, —

"Vota Cano: hreC LeVIbus qUamVIs nUnC In-
CLyte prInCeps.
VersICULl3 InCLUsa, fLUent in sa;CULa Cen-
tUm."

All the numeral letters are printed in capitals,
and the whole is to be found in the Parnassus
Poeticus Societatis Jesu (Francofurti, 1654), at
pp. 445-448. of part i. In the same volume there
is another example of the chronogram, at p. 261.,
in the " Septem Maria; Mysteria " of Antonius
Chanut. It occurs at the close of an inscription :

" StatUaM hanC— eX Voto ponit
FernanDUs TertlUs AUgUstUs."

The date is 1647.

♦'Henriot, an ingenious anagrammatist, discovered
the following anagram for the occasion of t!ie 15th :

• Napoleon Bonaparte sera-t-11 consul a vie,
La [le] peuple bon reconnoissant votera Oui.'

There is only a trifling change of a to e." — Gent. Mag.,
Aug. 1602, p. 771.

The following is singular :

" Quid est Veritas? =Vir qui adest."

I add another chronogram " by Godard, upon the
birth of Louis XIV. in 1638, on a day when the
eagle was in conjunction with the lion's heart :"

"EXorlens DeLphIn AqUILa CorDIsqUe Leonis
CongressU GaLLos spe LaetltlaqUe refeCIt."

B. H. C.

" Haul over the Coals " (Vol. viii., p. 125.). —
This appears to mean just the same as "roasting"
— • to inflict upon any one a castigation per verhum
and in good humour.

To cover over the coals is the same as to lower
over the coals, as a gipsy over a fire. Thus Hodge
says of Gammer Gurton and Tib, her maid :

"'Tis their daily looke.
They cover so over the coles their eies be bleared with
smooke."

To carry coals to Neivcastle is well understood
to be like giving alms to the wealthy ; but
vicM'cd in union with the others would show what
a prominent place coals seem to have in the popu-
lar mind. B. H. C.

Poplar.

Sheer Hulk (Vol. viii., p. 126.). — This phrase
is certainly correct. jSAeer = mere, a hulk, and
nothing else. Thus we say sheer nonsense, sheer
starvation, &c. ; and the song says :

" Here a sheer hulk lies poor Tom Bowling,
The darling of our crew," &c.

The etymology of sheer is plainly from shear.

B. H. C.
Poplar.

The Magnet (Vol. vi. passim). — This was used
by Claudian apparently as symbolical of Venus or
love :
•' Mavors, sangulnea qui cuspide veiberat uibes,
Et Venus, humanas quas laxat in otia curas,
Aurati delubra tenent communia templi.
Effigies non una Deis. Sed ferrea Martis
Forma nitet, Venerem magnetica gemma figurat."
Claud. De Magnete.

B. H. C.
Poplar.

Fierce (Vol. viii., p. 125.). — Oxoniensis men-
tions a peculiar use of the word "fierce."* An in-
habitant of Staffordshire would liave answered
him : "I feci quite J?erce this morning."

\Y. Fbaser.

Tor-Mohun.

Connexion hetween the Celtic and Latin Lan-
guages (Vol. viii., p. 174.). — Your correspondent
M. will find some curious and interesting articles
on this subject in vol. ii. of The Scottish Journal^
Edinburgh, 1848, p. 129. et infra.

Duncan Mactavish.

Lochbrovin.

Acharis (Vol. viii., p. 198.). — A mistake, pro-
bably, for achatis, a Latinised form of achat, a
bargain, purchase, or act of purchasing. The
passage in Dugdale seems to mean that " Ralph
VVicklifr, Esq., holds two-thirds of the tithes of
certain domains sometime purchased by him, for-

Sept. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

281

merly at a rental of 5s., now at nothing, because,
as be says, they are included in his park."

J. Eastwood,

Henr?/, Earl of Wotton (Vol. viii., p. 173.).—
Philip, first Earl of Chesterfield, had a son Henry,
Lord Stanhope, K.B., who married Catherine, the
eldest daughter and co-heir of Thomas, Lord
Wotton, and had issue one son Philip, and two
daughters, Mary and Catherine. Lord Stanhope
died s. p. Nov. 29, 1G34. His widow was governess
to the Princess of Orange, daughter of Charles I.,
and attending her into Holland, sent over money,
arms, and ammunition to that king when he was
distressed by his rebellious subjects. For such
services, and by reason of her long attendance on
the princess, she was, on the restoration of
Ciiarles II. (in regard that Lord Stanhope, her
husband, did not live to enjoy his father's ho-
nours), by letters patent bearing date May 29,
12 Charles II., advanced to the dignity of Countess
of Chesterfield for life, as also that her daughters
should enjoy precedency as earl's daughters.

She took to her second husband John Poliander
Kirkhoven, Lord of Kirkhoven and Henfleet, by
wliom she had a son, Charles Henry Kirkhoven,
the subject of the Query.

This gentleman, chiefly on account of his mo-
ther's descent, was created a baron of this realm
by the title of Lord Wotton of Wotton in Kent,
by letters patent bearing date at St. Johnstone's
(Perth) in Scotland, August 31, 1650, and in
September, 1660, was naturalised by authority of
parliament, together with his sisters. He was
likewise in 1677 created Earl of Bclhmont in Ire-
land, and, dying without issue, left his estates to
his nephew Chai-les Stanhope, the younger son of
his half-brother the Earl of Chesterfield, who took
the surname of Wotton.

This information is principally from Collins,
who quotes " Ec. Stem, per Vincent." I have
consulted also Bank's Dormant Baronage, Burke's
Works, and Sharpe's Peerage. Broctuna.

Bury, Lancashire.

Anna Lightfoot (Vol. vii., p. 595.). — An ac-
count of " the left-handed wife of George III."
appeared in Sir Illchard Phillips' Monthbj Ma-
gazine for 1821 or 1822, under the title of (I
think) " Hannah Lightfoot, the fair Quaker."

Alexander Andrews.

Lawyers Bags (Vol. vlii., p. 59.). — Previous
correspondents appear to have established the
fiict that green was the orthodox colour of a
lawyer's bag up to a recent date. May not the
change of colour have been suggested by the sar-
casms and jeers about " green bags," which were
very current during the proceedings on the Bill
of Pains and Penalties, commonly known as the

Trial of Queen Caroline, some thirty years ago ?
The reports of the evidence collected by the com-
mission on the Continent, was laid on the table in
a sealed green bag, and the very name became for
a time the signal for such an outcry, that the
lawyers may have deemed it prudent to strike
their colours, and have recourse to some other less
obnoxious to remark. Balliolessis.

" When Orpheus ivent down" (Vol. viii., p. 196.).
— In reply to the Query of G. M. B. respecting
" When Orpheus went down," I beg to say that
the author was the Rev. Dr. Lisle (most probably
the Bishop of St. Asaph). The song may be found
among Ilitson's English Songs. When it was
first published I have not been able to ascertain,
but it must have been in the early part of the
last century, as the air composed for it by Dr.
Boyce, most likely for Vauxhall, was afterwards
used in the pasticcio opera of Love in a Village^
which was brought out in 1763. C. Oldenshaw.

Leicester.

Mujfs worn by Gentlemen (Vol. vi. passim;
Vol. vii., p. 320.). — In Lamber's Travels in Canada
and the United States (1815), vol. i. p. 307., is the
following passage :

" I should not be surprised if those delicate young
soldiers were to introduce muflTs : they were in general
use among the men under the French government, and
are still worn by two or three old gentlemen."

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Wardhouse, and Fisherman's Custom there
(Vol. viii., p. 78.). — Wardhouse or Wardhuuse,
is a port in Finland, and the custom was for the
English to purchase herrings there, as they were
not permitted to fish on that coast. In Trade's
Increase, a commercial tract, written in the earlier
part of the seventeenth century, the author, when
speaking of restraints on fishing on the coasts of
other nations, says :

" Certain merchants of Hull had their ships taken
away and themselves imprisoned, for fishing about the
Wardhouse at the North Cape."

W. PiNKERTON.

Ham.

" J?i necessariis unitas," S)-c. (Vol. viii., p. 197.). —
The sentence, " In necessariis unitas, in dubiis
libertas, in omnibus caritas," may be seen sculp-
tured in stone over the head of a doorway leading
into the garden of a house which was formerly the
residence of Archdeacon Coxe, and subsequently
of Canon Lisle Bowles, in the Close at Salisbury.
It is quoted from Melancthon. The inscription
was placed there by the poet, and is no less the
record of a noble, true, and generous sentiment,
than of the discriminating taste and feeling of him
by whom it was thus appreciated and honoured.

282

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 203.

Would that it might become the motto of all our
cathedral precincts ! W. S.

Northiam.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The Botany of the Eastern Borders, with the Popular
Names and Uses of the Plants, and of the Customs and
Beliefs which have been associated with them, by George
Johnson, M.D, This, the first volume of The Natural
History of the Eastern Borders, is a book calculated to
please a very large body of readers. The botanist will
like it for the able manner in which the various plants
indigenous to the district are described. The lover of
Old World associations ivill be delighted with the in-
dustry with which Dr. Johnson has collected, and the
care with wliich he has recorded their popular names,
and preserved the various bits of folk lore associated
■with those popular names, or their supposed medicinal
virtues. The antiquary will be gratified by the bits of
archteological gossip, and the biographical sketches so
pleasantly introduced ; and the general reader with the
kindly spirit with which Dr. Johnson will enlist him
iu his company —

" . . . Unconstrain'd to rove along

The bushy brakes and glens among."

Marry, it were a pleasant thing to join the Berwick-
shire Natural History Club in one of their rambles
through the Eastern Borders.

Mr. Bohn has just added to his Antiquarian Library
a volume which will be received with great satisfaction
by all who take an interest in the antiquity of Egypt.
It is a translation by the Misses Horner of Dr. Lep-
sius' Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of
Sinai, with Extracts from his Chronology of the Egyp-
tians, with reference to the Exodus of the Israelites, re-
vised by the Author. Dr. Eepsius, it may be men-
tioned, was at the head of the scientific expedition
appointed by the King of Prussia to investigate the
remains of ancient Egyptian and Ethiopian civilisation,
still in preservation in the Nile valley and the adjacent
countries ; and in this cheap volume we have that
accomplished traveller's own account of what that ex-
pedition was able to accomplish.

We are at length enabled to answer the Query
which was addressed to us some time since on the
subject of the continuation of Mr. MacCabe's Catholic
History of England. The third volume is now at
press, and will be issued in the course of the next
publishing season.

Books Received. — yi Letter to a Convocation- Man
concerning the Rights, Powers, and Privileges of that
Body, first published in 1697. Edited, with an Intro-
duction and Notes, by the Rev. W. Eraser, B. C. L.
This reprint of a very rare tract will no doubt be
prized by the numerous advocates for the re-assembling
of Convocation, who must feel indebted to Mr. Eraser
for the care and learning with which he has executed
his editorial task. — A Collection of Curious, Interesting,
and Facetious Epitaphs, Monumental Inscriptions, 8fc.,

by Joseph Simpson. We think the editor would
have some difficulty in authenticating many of the
epitaphs in his collection, which seems to have been
formed upon no settled principle. — The Physiology of
Temperance and Total Abstinence, being an Examination
of the Effects of the Excessive, Moderate, and Occasional
Use of Alcoholic Liquors on the Healthy Human System,
by Dr. Carpenter : a shilling pamphlet, temperately
written and closely argued, and well deserving the
attention of all, even of the most temperate.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

The Monthly Army List from 1797 to 1800 inclusive. Pub-
lished by Hookham and Carpenter, Bond Street. Square 12mo.

Jer. Collier's Ecclesiastical History of England. Folio
Edition. Vol. II.

London Labour and the London Poor.

Lowndes' Bibliographer's Manual. Pickering.

Proceedings of the London Geological Society.

Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico. 3 Vols.
London. Vol. III.

Mrs. Ellis's Social Distinctions. Tallis's Edition. Vols. II.
and III. 8vo.

History and Antiquities of Newbury. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages.
Two Copies.

Vancouver's Survey of Hampshire.

Hemingway's History of Chester. Large Paper. Parts I.
and III.

Correspondence on the Formation of the Roman Catholic
Bible Society. 8vo. London, 1813.

AtuenjEUM Journal for 1844.

PAMPHLETS.

JuNRis Discovered. By P. T. Publislicd about 1789.

Reasons for rejecting the Evidence of Mr. Almon, &c. 1807.

Another Guess at Junius. Hookham. 1809.

The Author of Junius Discovered. Longmans. 1821.

The Claims of Sir P. Francis refuted. Longmans. 1822.

Who was Junius? Glynn. 1837.

Some New Facts, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850.

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NOTES AND QUERIES.

283

TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

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sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
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cramps, paralysis, &c.

yl fetv out o/ 50,000 Cvres :—

Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right
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Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.

"Bonn, July 19. 1852.
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m confined habit of body, as also diarrhcca,
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only m bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
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Serfect truth to express (he conviction that Du
•arrj- s Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. " Dr. Rud Wcrzer,
" Counsel of MiHicine, and practical JLD.
in Bonn."

,oJ'°?,?°°,^'^™*5= — Fortnum, Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Uueen ; Hedges & Butler, 155. Regent Street ;
ana through all respectable grocers, chemists,
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Important Caution-.— Many invalids havin"
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under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta
Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to
sec that each canister bears the name Barry.
P''„^ARRv & Co., 77. Regent Street, Loudon
in lull, without which none is genuine .

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284

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[No. 203.

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C Price Fourpence.

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CONTENTS.

Notes : — Page

Extinct Volcanos and Mountains of Gold in Scotland - 283
Tiiomas Blount. Autlior of " Fragmenta Antiquitatis,"

&c., by J. B. Wiiitborne - - - - 286
" Give liim a Uoll." — A Plea for the Horse, by C.

Forbes 287

Dream Testimony, by C. H. Cooper . - - 287

Shakspeare Correspondence ... - 288

Minor Notes : — Epitaph from Stalbridge — Curious
Extracts : Dean Nowell : Bottled Beer — A Collec-
tion of Sentences out of some of the Writings of the
Lord Bacon — Law and Usage — Manichaean Games

— Bohn's Hoveden — Milton at Eyford House - 289

jQuEniES : —

Earlof Leicester's Portrait, 1585 - - . - 290

Early Use of Tin - - . - - - 291

JSt. Patrick — Maune and Man, by J. G. Gumming - 291

Passage in Bingham, by Richard Bingham . . 291

Minor Queries: — "Terra; filius " — Daughter pro.
nounced Dafter — Administration of the Holy Com-
munion — Love Charm from a Foal's Forehead — A

Scrape — "Plus occidit Gula," &c Anecdote of

Napoleon — Canonisation in the Greek Church — Bi.
nometrical Verses — Dictionary of English Phrases

— Lines on Woman — Collections for Poor Slaves —
The Earl of Oxford and the Creation of Peers —
"Like one who wakes," &c, ... - 292

Minor Queries with Answers: — Glossarial Queries

— Military Knights of Windsor — " Elijah's Mantle " 294

Replies: —

Milton and Malatesti, by S. W. Singer - - - 295

Attainment of Majority ----- 296

John Frewen ...... 296

" Voiding Knife," " Voider," and " Alms-Basket," by

W. Chaffers - . - - - - 297

The Letter " h " in Humble - - • - 298

School Libraries, by Mackenzie Walcott, M. A., &c. - 298

Dr. John Taylor - . - - - - 299

Portrait of Sir Anthony Wingfield, by John Wodder-

spoon, &c. - - - . . - 299

Barnacles . - - - - - -300

Photographic Correspondence : — Precision in Pho-
tographic Processes — Tent for Collodion — Mr.
Sisson's Developing Solution — Mr. Stewart's Panto-
graph - - - - - - - 301

Replies to Minor Queries : — George Browne of
Shefford — Wheale — Sir Arthur Aston — " A Mock-
ery," &c. — Norman of Winster — Arms of the See of
York — Roger Wilbraham, Esq.'s, Cheshire Collection

— Pierrepont — Passage in Bacon — Monumental In-
scription in I'eterborough Catliedral — Lord North —
Land of Green Ginger — Sheer, and Shear Hulk —
Serpent with a Human Head — "When the maggot
bites"— Definition of a Proverb— Gilbert White

of Selborne, &-c. - . - - . - 301

Miscellaneous :

Notes on Books, &c. ..... 306

Books and Odd Volumes wanted . - - .306

Notices to Correspondents . - - - 300

Advertisements . . . . . .307

Vol. VIII. — No. 204.

EXTINCT VOLCANOS AND MOUNTAINS Or GOLD IN
SCOTLAND.

It is by some supposed that tlie Hill of Notb,
in the parish of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, had at
one time been a volcano in full operation : others,
again, maintain that the scoria found on and in
the neighbourhood are portions of a vitrified fort,
which had at one time stood on its summit. I am
not aware that the matter has been investigated
since our advancement in the science of geology
has enabled us to have a more intimate know-
ledge of these things than formerly. The last
statistical account of Scotland has suffered severely
in its Aberdeenshire volume, in consequence of
the temporary deposition of the " seven Strath-
bogie clergymen." The accounts of their several
parishes were written by parties only newly come
to reside in them, and who appear to have taken
little interest in it ; and Rhynie is one of these-
Those who argue for its having been a volcano,
say that it is very possible that there may at one
time have been an electric or magnetic chain con-
necting it with subterranean fire in some other
quarter of the world ; and that by some convul-
sion of nature, the spinal cord of its existence had
been broken, and life became extinct. This hypo-
thesis has been acted on, in accounting for the
earthquakes which occur at Comrie in Perthshire.
The great storm which devastated the princely
estates of Earl Goodwin in Kent (circa anno
1098), and now so well known to mariners as the
Goodwin Sands, is also said to have laid waste the
parish of Forvie, in Aberdeenshire. On the oc-
casion of the great earthquake at Lisbon in 1755,
a flock of sheep were drowned in their cot in the
neighbourhood of Lossiemouth, near Elgin, by
the overflowing of the tide, although far removed
from ordinary high-water-mark. Assuming this
mountain to have been a volcano, are there any
others in Great Britain ? While on the subject
of mountains in that quarter, there is another
which also demands attention for quite a different
reason, the Hill of Dun-o-Deer, in the parish of
Insch : a conical hill of no great elevation, on the
top of which stand the remains of a vitrified fort

286

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

or castle, said to have been builfc by King Gregory
about the year 880, and was used by that monarch
as a hunting-seat ; and where, combining business
with pleasure, he is said to have meted out even-
handed justice to his subjects in the Gariodi. It
has long been tlie popular belief that this hill con-
tains gold ; and that the teeth of sheep fed on it
assume a yellow tinge, and also that their fat is of
the same colour. Notwithstanding this, no at-
tempt at scientific investigation Las ever been
made. The operations on the line of the Great
North of Scotland Railway, now in progress in
the immediate neighbourhood, may possibly bring
something to light. This line passes for many
miles through a country particularly rich in recol-
lections of the "olden time" — cairns, camps, old
chapels, druidical circles, sculptured stones, &c. ;
and where ancient coins, battle-axes of all the
three periods, urns and elf-arrow heads, Roman
armour, &c., have been disinterred by the ordi-
nary labours of the field. Within a short dis-
tance of its route lies the Hill of Barra, where the
famous battle was fought, anno 1308, between the
"Bruce" and the "Coniyn;" the Bass at In-
verary, the Hill of Benachie, with the remains of
a fortification on its summit, said to have been
erected by the Picts ; the field of Harlaw, famed
in song, where the battle was fought in 1411, in
which Donald of the Isles was defeated. There
are many traditional ballads and stories relating
to Benachie and Noth. There is a ballad called
" John O'Benachie ;" and another, "John O'Rhy-
nie, or Jock O'Noth ; " and they do not appear in
any collection of ancient ballads I have seen. It
is said that long "before King Robert rang," two
giants inhabited these mountains, and are supposed
to be the respective heroes of the two ballads.
These two sons of Anak appear to have lived
on pretty friendly terms, and to have enjoyed a
social crack together, each at his own residence,
although distant some ten or twelve miles. These
worthies had another amusement, that of throwing
stones at each other ; not small pebbles you may
believe, but large boulders. On one occasion,
however, there appears to have been a coolness
between them ; for one morning, as he of Noth
was returning from a foraging excursion in the
district of Buchan, his friend of Benachie, not
relishing what he considered an intrusion on his
legitimate beat, took up a large stone and threw
at him as he was passing. Noth, on hearing it
rebounding, coolly turned round; and putting him-
self in a posture of defence, received the ponde-
rous mass on the sole of his foot : and I believe
that the stone, with a deeply indented foot-mark
on it, is, like the bricks in Jack Cade's chimney,
" alive at this day to testify." Legendary lore
and fabulous ballads aside, it would indeed be
strange if something interesting to the antiquary
does not turn up in such a mine as this. It is

curious, however, that in all the operations ante-
cedent to covering Great Britain with, as it were,
a network of iron, so very {QVf discoveries should
have been made of any importance, either to the
antiquary or geologist. Abbedonjbnsis.

THOMAS BLOUNT, AUTHOR OF " FKAGMENTA ANTI-
QUITATIS," ETC.

Being on a visit to some friends on the confines
of the county of Salop, bordering on Hereford-
shire, I took the opportunity long cherished of
visiting the spot where lie the remains of the
author of Boscobcl; Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or
Ancient Tenures of Land, and Jocular Customs of
Manors, §-c., and copied the following inscription
from his monument, in the chancel of the ancient
church of Orleton in the latter county. I believe
it has never been published ; and although neither
Note nor Query is connected with it, it may serve
to fill up a corner in your valuable miscellany,
and thus preserve from the oblivion of a retired
country church, a memorial of one well known to
the antiquarian world of literature. It is on a
brass ])late inserted in a stone monument against
the wall of the chancel :

" D. O. M.

Hie seminatur Corpus Animale

Spiritale resurrecturum

Thom^ Blount.

De Orleton in agro Herefordiensl Armigeri,

Ex interior! Templo Londini JCti.

Viri priscis Moribus avitse Fidei,

Vitffi integerrimse, Pietatis solidse,

Fidelitatem, Dilectionem, Amorem, Charitatem,

In Principem, Suos, Amicos, Omnes,

Illibate c'oluit.

Uxorem duxit

Annam

Filiam Eadmundi Church Armigeri

E Maldonia East Saxonum.

Unica Corporis prole.

(Elizabetha)

Mentis niultiplici

(Libris utilissimis)

Famillam propagavit, perennavit Farnam.

Requiem, Lector, si fas ducis, huic apprecare

Et meiior ahi.

Obiit Decembris 26, 1679. iEtatis 61.

Pientissima Coniunx
moerens
Posuit."

The village of Orleton is celebrated for a very
large annual fair, which occurs on April 23 ; and
a saying is connected therewith : " That the cuckoo
always comes on Orleton fair-day;" which lias
doubtless arisen from the circumstance, that this
" messenger of spring" generally arrives in this
country by that day. J. B. Whitbobne.

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

287

GIVE HIM A ROLL.

•A PLEA FOB THE HORSE.

We learn, from the comedy of the The Clouds,
that the Athenians were accustomed to refresh
their horses after a race by allowing them to roll
on the ground ; for Pheidippides, the wild young
man of the play, who spent much of his own time
and of his father's money on the " turf," and who
is shown in the opening scene fast asleep in bed,
dreaming of his favourite amusement, says very
quietly,

"'Aira7€ rbv 'bnrov f^aXiffas oXKaSe" [32] —

an order which he had probably often given to his
gi'oora at the Hippodrome, the Newmarket or
Ascot of Athens.

I have often seen racing, I have often seen
hunters brought home after a hard day's work,
and I have read of forced marches, &c. made. by
cavalry and artillery ; but never yet have I heard
of an English Houyhnhnm, either at home or
abroad, who was invited to refresh himself after
his labours, civil or military, classically, Avith a
roll.

Dobbin, that four-footed Ofellus,

•' Rusticus, abnormis sapiens, crassaque Minerva,"

whenever he has the luck to spend his summer
Sunday's otium cum dignitate in a paddock, in-
variably indulges in a baker's dozen, without
waiting for an invitation to do so, and without
saying " with your leave " or " by your leave."

They ordered this matter better in Africa some
fifty years ago, and I hope they still continue so to
oi'der it.

By one of the stipulations of the hollow Peace
of Amiens, the colony of the Cape of Good Hope
was restored by Greafr Britain to the Batavian
Republic, which immediately appointed Mr. J. A.
de Mist its Commissary-General, and despatched
him to receive the ceded territory from the hands
of the English, to Instal the new Governor, Gene-
ral J. W. Janssens, into his high office, and to re-
organise the constitution of the colony.

Having fulfilled these duties, Mr. De Mist de-
termined to make a tour of inspection, and he
accordingly travelled on horseback nearly 4500
English miles through the interior. Among his
suite was a Dr. Lichtenstein, the physician and
savant of the party, who afterwards published an
account of the expedition.

The extract that I am about to make from his
work may at first sight appear unnecessarily long ;
but I wish the "courteous reader" to bear in mind
that 1 do not cite it for tlie sake of parading a long
rambling comment on five short words of Aristo-
phanes, but for that of bringing forward additional
evidence, to prove that a dry roll may occasionally
be of as much service in recruiting the strength
and spirits of that noble animal, the horse, when
jaded by violent exertion or long-protracted toil,

as our English nostrums, a warm mash or a bottle
of water. Dr. Lichtenstein says, —

" Our road led us soon again over the Vogel river,
and here we were obliged to supply ourselves with
water for the whole day, since not a drop was to be
met with again till the Melk river, a distance of ten
hours [=50 English miles]. When we had filled our
vessels, and our cattle had drunk plentifully, we pro-
ceeded on our way.

" It is difficult for an European to form an idea of
the hardships that are to be encountered in a journey
over such a dry plain at the hottest season of the year.
All vegetation seems utterly destroyed ; not a blade of
grass, not a green leaf, is anywhere to be seen ; and
the soil, a stiff loam, reflects back the heat of the sun
with redoubled force : a man may congratulate himself
that, being on horseback, he is raised some feet above
it. Nor is any rest from these fatigues to be thought
of, since to stop whore there is neither shade, water,
or grass, would be only to increase the evil, rather than
to diminish it.

" Yet the African horses are so well accustomed to
hardships, although they have in fact much less innate
strength than the European, that it is incredible what
a length of way they will go, in the most intense heat,
without either food or drink. It is, however, cus-
tomary for the riders to dismount at intervals, when
the saddles are taken off, and the animals are suffered
to roll upon the ground and stretch out their limbs for
a short time. This they do with evident delight, and
after they have well rolled, stretched, and shaken them-
selves, they rise up and go on as much refreshed as if
they had had food and drink given them. On arriving
at a farm, the invitation of the host, who comes imme-
diately to the door, is, ' Get off. Sir, and let him roll.'
A slave then appears, takes the horse, and leads him
backwards and forwards for a few minutes, to recover
his breath, and he is then unsaddled and left to roll,

" These rollings were then the only refreshment we
could offer our horses, and both they and their riders
were, when towards evening they arrived at the Melk
river, exceedingly exhausted." — Travels in Southern
Africa in the Years 1803—1806. By Henry Lichten-
stein. Doctor in Medicine and Philosophy, &c. &c.
Translated from the original German by Anne Plump-
tre : London, Henry Colburn, 1812; vol. i. chap. xxv.

C. Forbes.
Temple.

DREAM TESTIMONY.

On Saturday the 30th of July, 1853, the dead
body of a young woman was discovered in a field
at Littleport, in the Isle of Ely. The body has
not yet been identified, and there can be little
doubt that the young woman was murdered. At
the adjourned inquest, held on the 29th of August,
before Mr. William Marshall, one of the coroners
for the isle, the following extraordinary evidence
was given :

"James Jessop, an elderly, respectable- looking la-
bourer, with a face of the most perfect stolidity, and

288

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

who possessed a most curiously-shaped skull, broad and
flat at the top, and projecting greatly on each side over
the ears, deposed : ' I live about a furlong and a lialf
from where the body was found. I have seen the
body of the deceased. I had never seen her before her
death. On the night of Friday, the 29th of July, I
dreamt three successive times that I heard the cry of
murder issuing from near the bottom of a close called
Little Ditchraent Close (the place where the body was
found). The first time I dreamt I heard the cry it
woke me. I fell asleep again, and dreamt the same
again. I then woke again, and told my wife, I could
not rest ; but I dreamt it again after that. I got up
between four and five o'clock, but I did not go down
to the close, the wheat and barley in which have since
been cut. I dreamt once, about twenty years ago,
that I saw a woman hanging in a barn, and on passing
the next morning the barn which appeared to me in
my dream I entered, and did find a woman there hang-
ing, and cut her down just in time to save her life. I
never told my wife I heard any cries of murder, but I
have mentioned it to several persons since. I saw the
body on the Saturday it was found. I did not mention
my dream to any one till a day or two after that. I
saw the field distinctly in my dream and the trees
thereon, but I saw no person in it. On the night of
the murder the wind lay from that spot to my house.'
" Rhoda Jessop, wife of the last witness, stated that
her husband related his dreams to her on the evening
of the day the body was found."

In Mr. John Ilill Burton's Narratives from
Criminal Trials in Scotland, is a chapter entitled
" Spectral and Dream Testimony," to which the
above evidence will be a curious addition.

C. II. COOPEK.

Cambridge.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

" Priam's six-gated city,'" Sfc.
to Troilus and Cressida occurs

-In the prologue

" . . . . Priam's six-gated city,

Dardan and Tymbria, Ilias, Chetas, Trojan,
And Antenorides, with massy staples.
And corresponsive and fulfilling bolts."

What struck me here was the omission of the
only gate of Troy really known to fame, the Sccean,
which looked on the tomb of the founder Laome-
don ; before which stood Hector, " full and fixed,"
awaiting the fatal onslaught of Achilles ; where
Achilles, in turn, received his deatli-wound from
the shaft of Paris; and through which, finally, the
wooden horse was triumphantly conveyed into the
doomed city.

The six names are shown to be taken by Shak-
speare in part from Caxton, and in part from
Lydgate : and in Knight's edition we are told that
they are " pure inventions of the middle age of
romance- writers."

Let us examine this assertion. The names are
to be found pretty nearly as above, but with one

important difference, in Dares' History of the
Trojan War. My authority is Iluasus, the Del-
phine editor of Virgil (see his note at ^n. ii.
612.). Now Dares (perhaps the oldest of the pro-
fane writers whom we know) was a Phrygian, who
took part in the Trojan war, and wrote its history
in Greek : and the Greek original was still e.xtant
in the time of iElian, from a.d. 80 to 140. Of
this, now lost, a Latin translation still survives, by
some attributed to Cornelius Nepos, and by some
regarded as spurious ; but, either way, its date must
be long antecedent to " the middle age of romance-
writers." It was doubtless from this Latin history
that Caxton or Lydgate, or both, derived directly
or indirectly the names they adopted ; and yet it
is to be noted that they give respectively the
names of Chetas and Cetheas to one of their gates,
and omit the well-known Scaan, which Dares
expressly mentions ; for I presume that no prin-
ciple of philology will sanction the identification
of Sccean with either of the terms used by these
two writers.

I have trespassed somewhat on your space, but
let me hope the subject may be farther elucidated.
The points I wish to put forward are, Shakspeare's
omission of the Scajan gate, and the proposition
by Knight (for a proposition it is, though in a
participular form), that these six names are " pure
inventions of the middle age of romance-writers."

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

On the Wo7'd "delighted" in "Measure for
Measure" Sj-c. (Vol. viii., p. 241.). — Inasmuch as
the controversy respecting this word seems to be
over, and no one of the critics and commentators
on Shakspeare's text appefTTs to have the slightest
clue to the real meaning and derivation, I will
enlighten them. But, first, I must say, I am sur-
prised that Dr. Kennedy should (though he has
certainly hit on the right meaning) be unable to
give a better account of the word than that in
Vol. ii., pp. 139. 2.:!;0. And as to the passage quoted
(Vol. ii., p. 200.) by Mr. Singer from Sidney's
Arcadia, I beg to inform him that the word delight,
which occurs therein, is a misprint for daylight !

We find, in the Latin, the substantive delicice,
delight, pleasure, enjoyment; and the adjective
(derived from the same roof, and guiding us to the
original meaning of the substantive) delicatus, which,
amongst other meanings, has that of tender, soft,
gentle, delicate, dainty.

As the early English scholars were not very
particular about the form of the words they intro-
duced from the Latin, or indeed of those which
were purely English, for they changed them at
their pleasure, — and that this is the case, I pre-
sume no one at all versed in the literature of the
time of Henry VIII. will dispute, — it requires no
great exertion of fancy to believe, that, finding

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

289

tlie substantive delicia; Englished delight, they
rendered the adjective delicatus delighted. The
fact that they did use the words delight and deli-
cate as synonymous, Is proved by a passage In " a
boke named the Gouernour deuised by Syr Thomas
Elyot, Knyght, Londini, 1557 ;" In which, at folio
203., p. 1., we find Titus, the son of Vespasian,
who was ordinarily termed " the delight of man-
kind," called " the delicate of the woi'ld."

We are therefore to conclude that the words
delicate and delighted were used Indifferently by
writers of the age of Shakspeare, as well as by
those previous to him, to express the same thing ;
and that by the phrase " delighted spirit " In
Measure for Measure, " delighted beauty " In
Othello, " delighted gifts " In Cymheline, we are
to understand, exquisitely tender, delicate, or
precious.

I cannot agree with Dr. Kennedy that delicice,
delicatus come from deligere rather than delicere ;
since, if my memory does not deceive me, the
former Is as often, if not oftener, used by good
writers to express to drive away, to upset, to re-
move from, or detach — as to select or choose —
which is the only meaning the word has akin to
delicice ; whereas delicere is actually used by one
of the earlier Latin poets for to delight.

The word dainty, I may Inform Dk. Kennedy,

is from the obsolete French dein or dain, delicate ;

which probably came from the still older Teut.

deinin, minuta (vid. Schilter). H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Epitaph from Stalbridge. — The following
epitaph from the churchyard of Stalbridge, Dor-
setshire, may perhaps be thought worthy of pre-
servation, if it be not a hackneyed one :
" So fond, so young, so gentle, so sincere,
So loved, so early lost, may claim a tear :
Yet mourn not, if the lite, resumed by heaven,
Was spent to ev'ry end for which 'twas given.
Could he too soon escape this world of sin?
Or could eternal life too soon begin ?
Then cease his death too fondly to deplore,
What could the longest life have added more ? "

C. W. B.

Curious Extracts. — Dean Noioell — Bottled
Beer.—-1 was somewhat hasty In assuming (see
Vol. vii., p. 135.) that bottled beer was an unknown
department In early times, as the following extract
will show. It Is from Fuller's Worthies of Eng-
land, under " Lancashire," the subject of the no-
tice being no less a person than the grave divine
Alexander No well, dean of St. Paul's, author of
the Catechism, whose fondness for angling Is also
commemorated by Izaak Walton. Fdler, having

noticed the narrow escape which Nowell had from
arrest by some of Bishop Bonner's emissaries In
Queen Mary's reign, having had a hint to fly
whilst fishing In the Thames, " whilst Nowell was
catching of fishes, Bonner was catching of Nowell,"
proceeds to say, —

" Without offence It may be remembered that, leav-
ing a bottle of ale, when fishing, in the grass, he found
it some days after no bottle, but a gun, such the sound
at the opening thereof: and this is believed (casualty
is the mother of more inventions than industry*) the
original of bottled ale in England." — Nuttall's edit.,
vol. ii. p. 205.

Balliolensis.

A Collection of Sentences out of some of the
Writings of the Lord Bacon (i. 422. edit. Mon-
tagu), with the ensuing exceptions, is taken out
of the Essays, and In regular order :

No. 1 . p. 33. of the same volume.

No. 2. p. 21.

No. 3. p. 5.

No. 4. p. 8.

No. 51. My reference Is Illegible: the words
are, — " Men seem neither well to understand their
riches nor their strength : of the former they be-
lieve greater things than they should ; and of the
latter, much less. And from hence, certain fatal
pillars have bounded the progress of learning."

No. 68. pp. 173. 272. 321.

No. 69. p. 185.

No. 70. p. 176.

No. 71. Vol. vl., p. 172. The Charge of Owen,
&c.

Nos. 72, 73. Vol. vii., p. 261. The Speech be-
fore the Summer Circuits, 1617. S. Z. Z. S.

Law and Usage. — In The Times of September 1,
the Turkish correspondent writes as follows :

" Mahmoud Pasha declared in the Divan of the 17th
that ' he would divorce his wife, but would not advise
a dishonourable peace with Russia.' Tliis is an ex-
pression of the strongest kind in use amongst the
Turks."

It is worth a Note that, In spite of polygamy
and divorce, a common proverb Is monogamic,
and divorce Is spoken of as the greatest of un-
likelihoods. M.

Manichcean Games. — Take any game played
by two persons, such as draughts, and let the play
be as follows : each plays his best for himself, and
follows It by playing the worst he can for the
other. Thus, when it is the turn of the white to
play, he first plays the white as well as he can ;
and then the black as badly (for the other player)
as he can. The black then does the best he can
with the black, and follows it by the worst he can

* Fuller might have quoted the Greek proverb, TiJ^I
rexfrjs ^arep^e Kal rexvTj Tvxris.

290

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 204.

do foi- the white. Of course, by separating the
■good and evil principles, four persons might play.

Bohn's Hoveden. — By way of expressing my
sense of obligation to Mr. Bohn and his editors
for the Antiquaiian Library, perhaps you will
suffer me to point out what appears to be an inac-
curacy in the translation of Roger de Hoveden's
Annals? At p. 123. of vol. ii., the word Suuelle
(as it appears to stand in the original text) is
translated into Swale : but surely no other place
is here meant than the church of St. Mary's at
Southivell* (or Suthwell, Sudwell, Suwell, or Suell,
as variously spelt, but never Swale), in Notting-
hamshire.

I would also notice a trifling error (perhaps
only a misprint) at p. 125. ; where we are informed
in a note, that the Galilee of Durham Cathedral is
at the east end, whereas its real position is at the
west J. Sansom.

Oxford.

Milton at Eyford House, Gloster. — In the
British Museum (says Wilson in his description
of Christ's College, Cambridge) is the original
proclamation for Milton's appearance after the
Kestoration. Where was he secreted ? I find this
note in my book : — At Eyford House, Gloucester-
shire, within two miles of Stow-on-the-Wold, on
the road to Cheltenham, a spring of beautiful
water is called " Milton's Well," running into a
tributary of the Thames. The old house, &c.,
at the time would be out of the way of common
information. !*• J*

^uexiti.

EAEIi OF LEICESTEE'S PORTRAIT, 1585.

There is at Penshurst, among many other in-
teresting memorials of the Dudleys, an original
portrait of Elizabeth's Earl of Leicester, with the
following painted upon it : " Robert, E. of Lei-
cester, Stadtholder of Holland, a.d. 1585." After
this comes the ragged staff, but without its usual
accompaniment, the bear. Under the staff follow
these enigmatical lines, which I request any of
your correspondents to translate and explain. I
send you a translation in rhyme ; I should thank
them the more if they would do the same : as to
explanation, the longer the better.

" Principis hie Baculus, patrijB columenque, decusque,
Hoc uno, ingratos quod beet, ipse miser."
This ragged staff by Leicester's potent hand,
Brought succour, safety, to this threaten'd land :

* The seal of the vicars of Southwell, ann. 1262,
had in its circumference the words " Commune sigil-
lum Vicariorum Suuell." — Vid. Thoroton's Notting-
hamshire, North Mushham, ed. 1796, vol. iii. p. 156.

One thing alone embitters every thought,
He to ungrateful men these blessings brought.

Now for a word of commentary : and first as to
" Stadtholder of Holland, a.d. 1585." The good
woman who showed the picture informed us that
it was painted by order of the stadtholder, and
presented to Leicester ; if so, there would have
been a jussu provinciarum foederatariim depictus,
or something of that sort ; but no such compli-
ment was to be expected from the Dutch, for they
hated him, complained of his conduct, memo-
rialised the queen against him : see the pamphlets
in the British Museum, 4to. 1587, C. 32. a. 2. But
though it was most unlikely that the Dutch or
their stadtholder should have presented this pic-
ture to Leicester, it well accorded with Leicester's
vanity and presumption, and still more with that
vanity and presumption as displayed in his conduct
as commander-in-chief of the forces in Holland,
to call himself The Stadtholder, and to order his
painter to put that title under his portrait.

The verses may now be referred to in support
of this view of the subject. Leicester therein re-
presents himself as unhappy, because he had be-
stowed blessings on the ungrateful Dutch.

In conclusion, take the following full-length
portrait of Leicester's indignation {Leicester, a
Belgis vituperatus, loquitur) :

" Tliis ragged staff my resolution shows,
To save my Queen and Holland from their foes :
Still deeply seated in my heart remains
One cause, one fruitful cause, of all my pains ;
'Tis base ingratitude — 'tis Holland's hate.
My presence sav'd that country, chang'd its fate.
But the base pedlars gain'd my sov'reign's ear,
And at my counsels and my courage sneer ;
They call me tyrant, breaker of my word,
Fond of a warrior's garb without his sword.
A servile courtier, saucy cavalier,
Bold as a Hon when no danger's near,
They say I seek their country for myself.
To fill my bursting bags with plunder'd pelf;
They say with goose's, not with eagle's wing,
I wish to soar, and make myself a king.
Dutchmen ! to you I came, I saw, I sav'd :
Where'er my staff, my bear, my banner wav'd,
The daunted Spaniard fled without a blow,
And bloodless chaplets crown'd my conquering brow.
Dutchmen ! with minds more stagnant than your

pools,
(But in reproachful words more knaves than fools),
You will not see, nor own the debt you owe
To him who conquers a retreating foe.
Such base ingratitude as this alloys
My triumph's glory, and my bosom's joys."

V. T.

Tunbridge Wells.

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIEa

291

EARLY USE OF TIN.

Mr. Layard, in his work upon Nineveh and
Babylon, in reference to the articles of bronze
from Assyria now in the British Museum, states,
that the tin used in the com2:)Osition was probably
obtained from Phoenicia ; and, consequently, that
Mfl^used in the Assyrian bronze may actually have
been exported nearly three thousand years ago from
the British Isles.

The Assyrians appear to have made an exten-
sive use of this metal ; and the degree of perfec-
tion which the making of bronze had then reached,
clearly shows that they must have been long ex-
perienced in the use of it. lliey appear to have
received what they used from the Phoenicians.
When and hy tvhom was tin first discovered in our
island ? Were the Celtic tribes acquainted with
it jjreviously to the arrival of the Phoenicians upon
our shores ?

It is said that the Phoenicians were indebted to
the Tyrian Hercules for their trade in tin ; and
that this island owed to them its name of Barat-
miac, or Britain, the land of tin. Was the Tyrian
Hercules, or, as he was afterwards known and
worshipped, as the Melkart of Tyre, and the Mo-
loch of the Bible, was he the merchant-leader of
the first band of Phoenicians who visited this
island ? When did he live ? G. W.

Stansted, Moiltfichet.

ST. PATRICK — MAUNE AND MAN.

Amongst the many strange derivations given of
the name of Mona or Man (the island), I find one
in an old unpublished MS. by an unknown au-
thor, of the date about 1658, noticed by Feltham
{Tour through the Isle of Man, p. 8.), on which I
venture to ground a Query. The name of the
island is there said to have been derived from
Maune, the name of the great apostle of the Mann,
before he received that of Patricius from Pope
Celestine.

Now if St. Patrick ever had the name Maune,
he could not have given it to the island, which
was called Mona, Monabia, and Menavia, as far
back as the days of Caesar, Tacitus, and Pliny. I
have not access to any life of St. Patrick in which
the name Maune occurs ; but in the Penny Cy-
clopaedia, under the head " Patrick," I find it said,
"According to Nennius, St. Patrick's original
name was Maur," and I find the same stated in
Rose's Biographical Dictionary. But the article
in the latter is evidently taken from the former,
and I suspect the Maur may in both be a mis-
print for Maun.* Can "N. & Q." set me right, or

[* In Monumenta Historica Britannica the passage
reads " Quia Maun prius vocabatur." In a note from
another MS. the word is spelt Mauun. Ed.]

give me any information likely to solve the diffi-
culty ?

I may as well notice here that amongst the
many ways in which the name of this island has
been pronounced and spelt, that of Maun seems to
have prevailed at the period of the Norwegian
occupation. On a Runic monument at Kirk
Michael, we have it very distinctly so spelt.

With regard to the name Mona, applied both to
Man and Anglesea, I have little doubt we may-
find its root in the Sanscrit man, to know, wor-
ship, &c., whence we have Manu, the son of
Brahma, Menu, Menes, Minos, Moonshee, and
Monk. The name Mona would seem to have
been applied to both islands, as being specially
the habitation of the Druids, whose name pro-
bably came either from the Celtic Trow-wys,
wisemen, or the Saxon dru, a soothsayer, very
close in signification to the Sanscrit mooni, a holy
sage, a leurned person. As connected with this
idea I may ground another Query : Might not
these two Monas, the abode of piety and wisdom,
be the true fiaKapoou v7]croi, the Fortiinatw Insidcs of
the ancients ? J. G. Cumming.

Castletown.

PASSAGE IN BINGHAM.

Mr. Richard Bingham, whose new and im-
proved edition of his ancestor's works is now
printing at the Oxford University Press, would
feel sincerely obliged to any literary friend who
should become instrumental in discovering the
following passage from one of the sermons of
Augustine :

" Non mirari debetis, fratres carissimi, quod inter
ipsa mysteria de mystcriis nihil diximus, quod non
statim ea, quae tradidimus, interpretati sumus. Ad-
hibuimus enira tarn Sanctis rebus atque divinis honorem
silentii."

Joseph Bingham (b. x. ch. v. s. 11.) cites those
words as from " Serm. I., inter 40. a Sirmondo
editos," which corresponds with Serm. V. accord-
ing to the Benedictine edition, Paris, 1689 — 1700,
torn. v. p. 28. ; but no such words occur In that
sermon. The passage is daggered by Grishovius,
who first gave the citations at length ; neither has
Mr. R. Bingham hitherto been able to meet with
it, though a great many similar desidei'ata in
former editions he has discovered and corrected.

An answer through " N. & Q." will oblige;
still more so if sent direct to his present address,
57. Gloucester Place, Portman Square, London.

Mr. Bingham would also be glad to be informed
where Athanasius uses the term ^liicovo^, generally
for any minister of the church, whether deacon,
presbyter, or bishop? Joseph Bingham (b. ii.
ch. XX. s. 1.) cites the tract Contra Gentes, but
the expression is not there.

292

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

TLe earlier a reply comes llie more acceptable
will it be.

51. Gloucester Place, Portman Square.

^^ TerrcE jiliusr — When was the last " Terra3
filius" spoken at Oxford; and what was the origin
of the name ? W. Fbasbk.

Tor-Mohun.

Daughter pronounced Dafter. — In the Verney
Papers lately yn-inted by the Camden Society is a
letter from a Mistress Wiseman, in which she spells
daughter "daftere." It Is evident that she pro-
nounced the -aiigh as we do in laughter. Is this
pronunciation known to prevail anywhere at the
present day ? C. W. G.

Administration of the Holy Communion. — ^Which
side, north or south, is the more correct for the
priest to commence administering the Holy Sacra-
ment of the Lord's Supper ? Give the authority
or reasons in support of your opinion. I cannot
find any allusion in Hook's CMwch Dictionary, or
in Wheatly's Common Prayer ; and I have seen
some clergymen begin one end, some the other,

Clericus (A.).

Love Charm from a FoaVs Forehead. — I have
searched some time, but in vain, in order to find
out what the lump or love charm, taken out of a
foal's forehead, was called. Virgil mentions it in
^neid, lib. iv. 515., where Dido is preparing her
funeral pile, &c. :

*' Quseritur et nascentis equi de fronte revulsus,
Et matri prcereptus, amor."

Tacitus also makes mention of it continually. I
have no doubt but that through your interesting
and learned columns I shall obtain an answer. It
■jvas not philtrum. H. P.

A Scrape. — What is the origin of the ex-
pression " Getting into a scrape ? " Y. B. N". J.

" Plus occidit Gula," ^c. — Can any of your
correspondents direct me where the following
passage Is to be found ? —

" Plus occidit gula, quam gladius."

T.

Anecdote of Napoleon. — I remember to have
heard of a young lady, one of the detenus In France
after the Peace of Amiens, having obtained her
liberation through a very affecting copy of verses
of her composition, which, by some means, came
under the notice of Napoleon. The Emperor was
60 struck with the strain of this lament, that he
forwarded passports, with an order for the Imme-
diate liberation of the fair writer. Can any of

your correspondents verify this anecdote, and sup-
ply a copy of the verses ? Balliolensis..

Canonisation in the Greek Church. — Does the
Greek Church ever now canonise, or add the-
names of the saints to the Calendar ?

If so, by whom is the ceremony performed ?

Antony CiiOSE^

Woodhouse Eaves.

Binomctrical Verses. — Who made the follow-
ing verse ? —

" Quando nigrescit nox, rem latro patrat atrox."

It Is either hexameter or pentameter, according to-
the scansion ? C. Mansfiel,!) Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Dictionary of English Phrases. — Is there in
English any good dictionary of phrases similar ta
the excellent Frasologia Italiana of P. Daniele ?

G. K.

Lines on Woman. — W. Y. will be glad to know
if any of the correspondents of " N. & Q." can tell
where the following lines are to be found ? —
" Not she with traitrous kiss her master stung,
Not she denied him with unfaithful tongue ;
She, when apostles fled, could danger brave.
Last at his cross, and earliest at his grave."

Collections for Poor Slaves. — I have met witb
the following memorandum in a parish register,
and have seen notices of similar entries in others :

" 1680. Collected for the redemption of poor slaves
in Turkey, the sum of 2s. 8d."

Can you refer me to the king's letter authorising^
such collections to be made ? W. S.

Northiam.

[Some information upon this point will be found in
« N. & Q.," Vol. i., p. 441. ; Vol. ii., p 12.]

TTie Earl of Oxford and the Creation of Peers,
— Where will be found the answer made by the
Earl of Oxford when impeached in the reign of
Queen Anne for creating in one day twelve peers ?

S.N".

" Like one who wakes," ^c. — Can any of your
readers supply the authorship and connexion of
the following lines ? —

" Like one who wakes from pleasant sleep.
Unto the cares of morning."

C.W.F.

Bells at Berwick-upon-Tweed. — Can any one
favour me with a parallel or similar case, in
respect to bells, to what I recently met with at
Berwick-upon-Tweed ? The parish church, which
is the only one in the town, and a mean structure
of Cromwell's time, Is without either tower or

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

293

bell; and the people are summoned to divine
service from the belfry of the town-hall, which has
a very respectable steeple. Indeed, so much more
•ecclesiastical in appearance is the town-hall than
the church, that (as I was told) a regiment of
soldiers, on the first Sunday after their ari-ival at
Berwick, marched to the former building for divine
service, although the church stood opposite the
barrack gate. My kind informant also told me
that he found a strange clergyman one Sunday
morning trying the town-hall door, and rating the
absent sexton ; having undertaken to preach a
missionary sermon, and become involved in the
same mistake as the soldiers.

But more curious still was the news that there
is a meeting-house in Berwick belonging to the
anti-burghers, who are dissenters from the Church
of Scotland, which has a bell, for the ringing of
which, as a summons to worship, Barrington,
Bishop of Durham, granted a licence, which still
exists. I was not aware that bishops either had,
or exercised, the power of licensing bells ; but
my informant will, I doubt not, on reading this,
either verify or correct the statement. At the
time when the bell was licensed, the congregation
were in communion with the Church of Scotland.

Alfred Gatty.

The Keate Family, of the Hoo, Herts. — I shall
be obliged to any of your readers for information
respecting the Sir Jonathan Keate, Bart., of the
Hoo, Hertfordshire, who was living in the year
1683 ; also for any particulars respecting his
family ? I especially desire to know what were
his relations to tlie religious parties of the time,
as I have in my possession the journal of a non-
conformist minister, who was his domestic chaplain
from 1683 to 1 688. G. B. B.

Cambridge.

Divining-rod. — Can any of the correspondents
of " N. & Q." supply instances of the use of the
divining-rod for finding water ? I know several
circumstances which might incline one, in these
table-turning days, to inquire seriously whether
there be any truth in the popular notion.

G. W. Sktking.

Medal and Helic of Mary Queen of Scots. — I
have in my possession a medal, the size of a crown
piece, of base metal, with perhaps some admixture
of silver. On one side of this are the arms of
Scotland with two thistles, and the legend —

MARIA ET HENRICDS DEI GRATIA R: ET R *. SCOTORUM,

and the reverse, a yew-tree with a motto of three
■words, of which the last seems to be vires, the
date 1566, and the legend —

EXQRGAT DF.US ET DISSIPANTUR INIMICI.

Associated with this for a very considerable period
bas been a small wooden cross, which is said to

have been made from the yew-tree under which
Mary and Darnley had been accustomed to meet.

I have been told that there is some farther tra-
dition or superstition connected with these relics :
if there be, I shall be glad to be informed of it, or
of any other particulars concerning them.

W. Feaseb.

Tor- Mob un.

Bulstrode's Portrait. — Prefixed to a copy la
my possession of Essays upon the following Sub-
jects: 1. Generosity, Sfc, by Whitelock Bulstrode,
Esq., Svo. Lond. 1724, there is a portrait of the
author, bearing this note in MS. : " This scarce
portrait has sold for 71." It is engraved by Cole,
from a picture by Kneller, in oval with armorial'
bearings below, and is subscribed " Anno Salutis
1723, a3tatls 72." I am at a loss to suppose it
ever could have fetched the price assigned to my
impression by its previous owner, and should feel
obliged if any of your correspondents would state
whether, from any peculiar circumstances, it may
have become rare, and so acquired an adventitious
value. It does not appear to have been known to
Granger.

"While the two names are before me, I venture
to inquire how the remarkable interchange oc-
curred between that of Whitelock Bidst7-ode the
Essayist, and Bulstrode Whitelock the Memorialist,
of the parliamentary period. Was there any
family connexion ? Balholensis.

The Assembly House, Kentish Town. — Can
any of your antiquarian correspondents give me a
clue as to the date, or probable date, of the erection
of this well-known roadside public-house (I be^
pardon, tavern), which is now being pulled down ?
I am desirous of obtaining some slight account of
the old building, having just completed an etching,
from a sketch taken as it appeared in its disman-
tled state. Possibly some anecdotes may be
current regarding it. I learn from a rare little
tome, entitled Some Account of Kentish Town,
published at that place in 1821, and written, I
believe, by a Mr. Elliot, that the Assembly House
was formerly called the Black Bull. The writer
of this Query asked "one of the oldest inha-
bitants," who was seated on a door-step opposite
the house, his opinion concerning its age : con-
sidering a little, the old gentleman seriously said
he thought it might be two or three thousand years
at least ! This opinion I am afraid to accept as
correct, and I would therefore seek, through the
medium of " N. & Q.," some information which
may be more depended upon. W. B. K,

Camden New Town.

Letters respecting Hovgomont. — Could any
reader of " N. & Q." kindly furnish the under-
signed with certain Letters, which have recently

294

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

appeared in The Times, on "The Defence of Hou-
gomont?" Such letters, extracted, would be of
much service to him, as they are wanted for a
specific purpose. The letters from Saturday,
Sept. 10, inclusive, are already obtained : but the
letters on the subject previous to that date are
wanting, and would greatly favour, if it were pos-
sible to have them, Aran.
Swillington.

Peter Lombard. — Mr. Hallam, in his Literature
of Europe (vol. i. p. 128.), says, on the authority
of Meiners (vol. iii. p. 11.) :

" Peter Lombard, in his Liber Sententiarum, the
systematic basis of scholastic theology, introduces manij
Greek words, and explains them rightly."

Having, however, examined this work for the
purpose of ascertaining Peter Lombard's know-
ledge of Greek, I must, out of regard to strict
truth, deny the statement of Meiners ; for only
one Greek word in Greek letters is to be found in
the Liber Sententiarum, and that is fierdvoia : and
so far from Peter explaining this word rightly, he
says, "Pcenitentia dicitur a puniendo" (lib. iv.
dist. xiv.) ; an etymological notion which caused
Luther to think wrongly of the nature of repent-
ance, till he learnt the meaning of the Greek
word, which he received with joy as the solution
of one of his greatest difficulties in Romanism, I
do not consider the introduction of such Latinized
church words as ecclesia, episcopus, presbyter, or
even homoousius, as evincing any knowledge of
Greek on the part of Peter Lombard, wherein he
appears to have been lamentably deficient, as the
great teacher and authority for centuries in
Christian dogmatics. Your correspondents will
greatly oblige me by showing anything to the con-
trary of my charge against Peter Lombard of
being ignorant of Greek. T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

Life of Savigny. — Is there in French or En-
glish any life or memoir of Savigny ? C. H.

Picture by Hogarth. — Some years since a gentle-
man purchased at Bath the first sketch of a picture
said to be by Hogarth, of " Fortune distributing
ber favours." Shortly afterwards a gentleman
called on the purchaser of it, and mentioned to
him thnt he knew the finished painting, and that
it was in the panelling of some house with which
he was acquainted.

I am desirous of finding out for the family of
the purchaser, who died recently, 1st, whether
there is any history that can be attached to this
picture ; and 2ndly, to discover, if possible, in
whose possession, and where, the finished painting
is preserved. J. K. R. W.

Glossarial Queries. — In a Subsidy Roll of 25
Edward I., in an enumeration of property in the
parish of Skirbeck, near Boston, Lincolnshire,
upon which a ninth was granted to the king, I find
the following articles and their respective value.
What where they ? —

" 3 alece, 18s,
1 bacell cum arment. 15s."

In the taxation of Leake I find —

" 9 hocastr. 6s."
In that of Leverton —

"4 hocastr, 4s."
In Butterwick —

"1 pull. 12d."

In Wrangle —

" 1 stagg. 2s."

PiSHEY Thompson,

Stoke Newington.

[It is very desirable that in all cases Querists desir-
ous of explanations of words, phrases, or passages, should
give the context.

3 Alece, were it not for the price, one would
render "herrings;" but the price, 18s., forbids such
interpretation. Perhaps alece is a misreading for vacce,
cows ; which might well occur in a carelessly written
roll temp. Edward I.

1 bacell cum arment. is 1 bacellus cum armamcntis, one
ass (or pack-horse) with its furniture.

9 hocastr. is 9 piffs. " Hogaster, porcellus." — Du
Cange.

1 pull. (i. e. pullulus), I colt.

1 stagg., a yearling ox.]

Military Knights of Windsor. — I shall feel
obliged to any of your correspondents who will
furnish some account, or refer me to any work in
which notices may be found of this foundation,
its statutes, mode of appointment, endowments,
&c. ? Up to the reign of Williiim IV. they were
known, I believe, as Poor Knights of Windsor.

Y. B. N. J.

[Consult Ashmole's History of the Order of the
Garter, pp. 99 — 104., edit. 1715. Among the Birch
and Sloane MSS. in the British Museum are the fol-
lowing articles : No. 4845. Statutes for the Poor
Knights of Windsor, 1 Eliz. Orders and rules for the
establishment and good government of the said thirteen
poor knights. The Queen's Majestie's ordinances for
the continual charges. No. 4847. Articles of com-
plaint exhibited by the Poor Knights (to the Knights
of the Garter) against the Dean and Canons. The
Dean and Canons' answer to the Poor Knights' second
replication. The complaint of the Poor Knights to
King Richard II. A petition of the Poor Knights to
the king and parliament for a repeal of the act of in-
corporation, A. 22 Edw. IV. The petition of the
Poor Knights of Windsor to George II., Jan. 28,
1735. This petition was drawn up by Mr. Fortescue,

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

295

afterwards Master of the Rolls. The Poor Knights'
rejoinder to their former petition. The memorial of
the Poor Knights to John Willes, Esq., Attorney-
General. Another petition to J. Willes, Esq. Copy
of an indenture between Queen Elizabeth and the
Dean and Chapter of Lands, to the value of 600/. a
year and upwards, for the maintenance of the Poor
Knights, 1 Eliz. Orders and rules for the establish-
ment and good government of the said thirteen Poor
Knights. The case of the Poor Knights (printed),
with several other papers relating to them.]

" Elijah's Mantle." — Who was the author of
Elijah's Mantle f And are there any ajrounds for
ascribing it to Canning ? W. Frasee.

Tor-Mohun.

[This poem was attributed to Canning, as noticed
by Mr. Bell, in his Life of George Cunning, p. 206.
He says, " Mr. Canning's reputation was again put
into requisition as sponsor for certain verses that ap-
peared at this time in the public journals. The best of
these is a piece called Elijah's Mantle."2

MILTON AND MALATESTI.

(Vol. ii., p. 146. ; Vol. viii., p. 237.)

When I gave some account of La Tina of
Antonio Malatesti, and its dedication to Milton,
two years since, I was not aware that it had been
printed, as I had no other edition of Gamba's
Serie delV Edizioni de' Testi di Lingua, than the
first printed in 1812. That account was derived
from the original MS. which formerly passed
through my hands. I fear that my friend Mr.
Bolton Corney will be disappointed if he should
meet with a copy of the printed book, for the MS.
contained no other dedication than the inscription
on the title-page, of which I made a tracing. It
represents an inscribed stone tablet, in the follow-
ing arrangement :

«LA

Tina Equiuoci Rusticali

di Antonio Malatesti co-

posti nella sua Villa di

Taiano il Settembre dell'
L'Anno, 1637.

Sonetti Cinquanta
Dedicati all' 111"° Signore
Et Padrone Oss"" II Signor'
Giouanni Milton Nobil'
Inghilese."

I copied at the time eight of these equivocal
sonnets, and in my former notice gave one as a
specimen. They are certainly very ingenious,
and may be "graziosisslmi" to an Italian ear and
imagination ; but I cannot think that the pure
mind of Milton would take much delight in ob-
scene allusions, however neatly wrapped up.

Milton seems to have dwelt with pleasure on
his intercourse with these witty, ingenious, and
learned men, during his two-months' sojourn at
Florence ; and it is remarkable that Nicolas Hein-
sius has spoken of the same men, in much the
same terms, in his dedication to Carlo Dati of the
second book of his Italici Componimenti :

" Sanctum mehercules habebo semper Jo. Bapt. Donij
memoriam, non tarn suo nomine (et si hoc quoque)
aut quod Frescobaldos, Cavalcantes, Gaddios, Cultel-
linos, alios urbis vestra; viros precipuos mihi conciltarit,
quorum amicitiam feci hactenus, et faciam porro
maximi, quam quod tibi me conjunxerit, mi Datej
cujus opera in notitiam, ac familiaritatem plurimorum
apud vos hominum eximiorum mox irreperem."
And, after mentioning others, he adds :

" Quid de Valerlo Chimentellio, homine omni litera-
tura perpalita, dicam ? Quid de Joanne Pricteo? qui
ingens civitati vestrae ornamentum ex ultima nuper
accessit Britannia."

One feels some degree of disappointment at not
meeting here with the name of Milton.

Of the distinguished men mentioned by Milton,
some interesting notices occur in that curious
little volume, the Bihliotheca Aprosiana. Bene-
detto Buommattel and Carlo Dati are well known
from their important labours ; and of the others
there are scattered notices In Itilli Notizie degli
Uomini Illustre Florentine, and In Salvini Fasti
Consolari delV Accademia Fiorentina. I have an
interesting little volume of Latin verses by Jacopo
Gaddi, with the following title : Poetica Jacohi
Gaddii Corona e Selectis Poematiis, Notis Alle-
goriis contexta, Bononiae, 1637, 4to.

There is a good deal of Ingenious and pleasing
burlesque poetry extant by Antonio Malatesti.
I have before mentioned his Sphinx : of this I
have a dateless edition, apparently printed about
the middle of the last century at Florence : the
title Is La Sfinge Enimmi del Signor Antonio Ma-
latesti. Commendatory verses are prefixed by
Chimentelli, Coltellini, and Galileo Galilei. The
last, from the celebrity of the writer, may deserve
the small space It will occupy in your pages. It
is itself an enigma :

" Dei, Signor Galileo Galilei

SONETTO.

Mostro son' io piii strano, e piu difForme,
Che I'Arpia, la Sirena, o la Chimera ;
Ne in terra, in aria, in acqua e alcuna fiera,
Ch' abbia di membra cosi varie forme.
Parte a parte non ho che sia conforme,
Piu che s' una sia bianca, e 1' altra nera j
Spesso di Cacciator dietro ho una schiera,
Che de' miei pie van ritracciando 1' orme.
Nelle tenebre oscure e il mio soggiorno ;
Che se dall' ombre al chiaro lume passo,
Tosto r alma da me sen fugge, come
Sen fugge il sogno all' apparir del giorno,
E le mie membra disunito lasso,
E r esser perdo con la vita, e' 1 nome."

296

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

Three more sonnets by this illustrious man are
printed, by Salvini in his Fasti, of which he says :

" I quali essendo parto di si gran mente, mi con-
cedera la gloria il benigno lettore, chc io, ad lionore
della Toscana Poesia, gli esponga il primo alia publica
luce."

Dr. Fellowes was not singular in confounding
Dati and Deodati ; it had been done by Fen ton
and others : but that Dr. Symmons, in his Life of
Milton (p. 133.), should transform La Tina into
-a ivine-press, is ludicrously amusing. La Tina is
the rustic mistress to whom the sonnets are sup-
posed to be addressed ; and every one knows that
rusticale and contadinesca is that naive and pleas-
ing rustic style in which the Florentine poets
delighted, from the expressive nature of the patois
of the Tuscan peasantry ; and it might have been
said of Malatesti's sonnets, as of another rustic
poet:

" Ipsa Venus laetos jam nunc migravit in agros
Verbaque Aratoris Rustica discit Amor."

I may just remark that the Clementillo of Milton
should not be rendei-ed Clementini, but Chimentelli.
As Rolli tells us, —

" Clementillus fu quel Dottore Valeria CMmenteUi
di cui leggesi una vaghissima Cicalata nel sesto volume
delle Prose Fiorentine."

S. W. Singer.

Mickleham.

ATTAINMENT OF MAJORITY.

(Vol.viii., pp.198. 250.)

I greatly regret that there should be anything
in the matter or manner of my Query on this sub-
ject to induce Mr. De Morgan to reply to it
■more as if repelling an oifence, than assisting in
the investigation of an interesting question on a
subject with which he is supposed to be especially
conversant. I can assure him that I had no other
object in writing ninth numerically instead of
literally, or in omitting the words he has restored
in brackets, or in italicising two words to which I
wished my question more particularly to refer,
than that of economising space and avoiding need-
less repetition ; and in the use of the word
" usage " rather than " law," of which he also
complains, I was perhaps unduly influenced by the
title of his own treatise, from which I was quoting.
But however I may have erred from exact quo-
tation, it is manifest I did not misunderstand the
sense of the passage, since Mr. De Morgan now
repeats its substance in these words, —

" I cannot make out tbat the law ever recognised a
day of twenty-four hours, beginning at any hour ex-
cept midnight."

This is clearly at direct issue with Ben Jonson,
whose introduced phrases, " pleaded nonage,"

" wardship," " pupillage," &c., seem to smack too
much of legal technology to countenance the sup-
position of poetic license.

But had I not accidentally met with an in-
teresting confirmation of Ben Jonson's law of
usage, or usage of law, I should not have put
forth my Query at all, nor presumed to address it
to Professor De Morgan ; my principal reason
for so doing being that the interest attaching to
discovered evidence of a forgotten usage in legal
I'eckoning, must of course be increased tenfold if
it should appear to have been unknown to a gen-
tleman of such deep and acknowledged research
into that and kindred subjects.

In a black-letter octavo entitled A Concordancie
of Yeares, published in and for the year 1615, and
therefore about the very time when Ben Jonson
was writing, I find the following in chap. xiii. :

" The day is of two sorts, natural and artificiall : the
natural day is the space of 24 hours, in which tiir.e the
sunne is carried by the first Mover, from the east into
the west, and so round about the world into the east
againe."

" The artificiall day continues from sunne-rising to
sunne-setting : and the artificiall night is from the
sunne's setting to his rising. And you must note that
this natural day, according to divers, hath divers be-
ginnings : As the Romanes count it from mid-night to
mid-night, because at that time our Lorde was borne,
being Sunday ; and so do wc account it for fasting
dayes. The Arabians begin their day at noone, and
end at noone the next day ; for because they say the
sunne was made in the meridian; and so do all as-
tronomers account the day, because it alwayes falleth
at one certaine time. The Umbrians, the Tuscans, the
Jewes, the Athenians, Italians, and Egyptians, do begin
their day at sunne-set, and so do we celebrate festivall
dayes. The Babylonians, Persians, and Bohemians
begin their day at sunne-rising, holding till sunne-
setting ; and so do our lawyers count it in England."

Here, at least, there can be no supposition of
dramatic fiction ; the book from which I have
made this extract was written by Arthur Hopton,
a distinguished mathematician, a scholar of Ox-
ford, a student in the Temple ; and the volume
itself is dedicated to " The Right Honourable Sir
Edwai-d Coke, Knight, Lord Chiefe Justice of
England," &c. A. E. B.

Leeds, Sept. 10.

JOHN FREWEN.

(Vol. viii., p. 222.)

He is supposed to have been the son of Richard
Frewen, of Earl's Court, in Worcestershire, and
was born either at that place or in its immediate
vicinity in the early part of the year 1558. Richard
Frewen purchased the presentation to Northiam
rectory, in Sussex, of Viscount Montague, and
presented John Frewen to it in Nov. 1583 ; and

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

297

be continued to hold that living till his death,
which took place at the end of April, 1628.
He was buried in the chancel of his own church,
May 2nd ; and a plain stone on the floor, with an
inscription, marks the place of his interment. He
was a learned and pious Puritan divine, and
wrote :

1. " Ceitaine Frultfull Instruction.? and necessary
Doctrine meete to edify in the feare of God." 1587,
18mo.

2. " Certaine Fruitful! Instructions for the generall
Cause of Reformation against tlie Slanders of the Pope
and League, &c." 1589, small 4to.

3. He edited and wrote the preface to —

" A Courteous Conference with the English Catho-
lickes Romane, about the Six Articles ministered unto
the Seminarie Priestes, wherein it is apparently proved
by theire owne divinitie, and the principles of their
owne religion, that the Pope cannot depose her Majestie,
or release her subjects of their alleageance unto her,
&c. ; written by John Bishop, a recusant Papist."
1598. Small 4to.

4. " Certaine Sermons on the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8
verses of the Eleventh chapter of S. Paule his Epistle
to the Romanes." 1612, 12rao.

5. " Certaine choise Grounds and Principles of our
Christian Religion," 1621, 12mo.

6. A large unpublished work in MS. entitled
" Grounds and Principles of Christian Religion,"
left unfinished (probably age and infirmity pre-
vented him from completing it) : it consisted of
seven books, of which two only (the fourth and
fifth, of 95 and 98 folio pages respectively) have
been preserved.

John Frewen had three wives, and by each of
the first two several children, of whom the follow-
ing lived to grow up, viz. by Eleanor his first
wife, (1.) Accepted Frewen, Archbp. of York;
(2.) Thankful F., Purse Bearer and Secretary of
Petitions to Lord Keeper Coventry; (3.) John
P., Rector of Northiam ; (4.) Stephen F., Alder-
man of the Vintry Ward, London ; (5.) Mary,
wife of John Bigg of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; (6.)
Joseph F. By his second wife, Helen, daughter

of Hunt, J. F. had (7.) Benjamin, Citizen

of London; (8.) Thomas F. ; (9.) Samuel,
Joseph, Thomas, and Samuel joined Cromwell's
army for invading Ireland ; and one of them
(Captain Frewen) fell at the storming of Kil-
kenny ; another of them died at Limerick of the
plague, which carried oflf General Freton ; the
other (Thomas) founded a family at Castle Connel,
near Limerick.

John Frewen's Sermons in 1612 are In some
respects rare ; but the following copies are extant,
viz. one in the Bodleian at Oxford ; one in the
University Library at Cambridge ; one in posses-
sion of Mr. Frewen at Brickwall, Northiam ; and
one sold by Kerslake of Bristol, for 75. 6c?., to the
Rev. John Frewen Moor, of Bradfield, Berks.

If R. C. Wabdb, of Kidderminster, has a copy
which he would dispose of, he may communicate
with T. F., Post-office, Northiam, who would be
glad to purchase It. J. F.

" VOIDING KNIFE," " VOIDER," AND " ALMS-BASKET."

(Vol. vl., pp. 150. 280. ; Vol. vlii., p. 232.)

In later times (the sixteenth century) the good
old custom of placing an alms-dish on the table was
discontinued, and with less charitable intentions
came the less refined custom of removing the
broken victuals after a meal by means of a voiding-
knife and voider : the latter was a basket into
which were swept by a large wand, usually of
wood, or voiding-hnife, as It was termed, all the
bones and scraps left upon the trenchers or scat-
tered about the table. Thus, in the old plays,
Lingua^ Act V. Sc. 13. : " Enter Gustus with a
voiding-knife ;" and in A Woman killed with Kind-
ness, " Enter three or four serving men, one with
a voider and loooden knife to take away."

The voider was still sometimes called the alms-
basket, and had its charitable uses In great and
rich men's houses : one of which was to supply
those confined in gaols for debt, and such pri-
soners as had no means to purchase any food.

In Green's Tu Quoque, a spendthrift is cast Into
prison ; the jailer says to him :

" If you have no money, you had best remove into
some cheaper ward ; to the twopenny ward, it is
likeliest to hold out with your means ; or, if you will,
you may go into the hole, and there you may feed for
nothing."

To which he replies :

" Ay, out of the alms-baskei, where charity appears
in likeness of a piece of stinking fish."

Even this poor allowance to the distressed pri-
soners passed through several ordeals before It
came to them ; and the best and most wholesome
portions were filched from the alms-basket, and
sold by the jailers at a low price to people out of
the prison. In the same play it is related of a
miser, that —

" He never saw a joint of mutton in his own house these
four-and-twenty years, but always cozened the poor
prisoners, for he bought bis victuals out of the alms'
basket."

In the ordinances of Charles II. (Ord. and Reg.
Sac. Ant. 367.), it is commanded —

" That no gentleman whatsoever shall send away any
meat or wine from the table, or out of the chamber,
upon any pretence whatsoever ; and that the gentle-
men-ushers take particular care herein, that all the
meate that is taken off the table upon trencher-plates
be put into a basket for the poore, and not undecently
eaten by any servant in the roome ; and if any person
shall presume to do otherwise, he shall be prohibited

298

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

immediately^ to remaine in the chamber, or to come
there again, until further order."

The alms-basket was also called a maund, and
those who partook of its contents maunders.

W. Chaffebs.
Old Bond Street.

THE LETTER

IN HUMBLE.

(Vol. viii., p. 229.)

The recent attempt to introduce a mispronun-
ciation of the word humble should be resisted by
every one who has learned the plain and simple
rule of grammar, that " a becomes an before a
vowel or a silent h." That the rule obtained a
considerable time ago, we have only to look into
the Book of Common Prayer to prove, where the
congregation are exhorted to come " with an
humble, lowly, penitent, and obedient heart," and
I believe it will be admitted that the compilers of
that work fully understood the right pronunciation.

It may assist to settle the question by giving
the etymology of the word humble. It is derived
from the Celtic ui7n, the ground, Latin humus.
Umal in Celtic is humble, lowly, obedient; and
the word signifies the bending of the mind or dis-
position, just as a man would kneel or become
prostrate before a superior. Fras. Crossley.

In the course of a somewhat long life I have
resided in the North of England, in the West, and
in London, upwards of twenty years each, and my
experience is directly the reverse of that of Mb.
Dawson. I have very rarely heard the h omitted
in humble, and when I have heard it, always con-
sidered a vulgarity. The u at the beginning of a
word is always aspirated. I believe the only
words in which the initial h is not pronounced are
derived from the Latin. If that were the general
rule, which, however, it is not, as in habit, herb,
&c., still, where h precedes u, it would be pro-
nounced according to the universal rule for the
aspiration of m. E. H.

The letter " h " to be passed unsounded in those
words which are of Latin origin. — Try it :

" Ha ! 'tis a horrible hallucination
To grudge our hymns their halcyon harmonies.
When in just homage our rapt voices rise
To celebrate our heroes in meet fashion ;
Whose hosts each heritage and habitation,
Within these realms of hospitable joy.
Protect securely 'gainst humiliation,
When hostile foes, like harpies, would annoy.
Habituated to the sound of h
In history and histrionic art,
We deem the man a homicide of speech.
Maiming humanity in a vital part, \
Whose humorous hilarity would treat us.
In lieu of A, with a supposed hiatus."

SCHOOL libraries.

(Vol. viii., p. 220.)

I have great pleasure in removing from the
mind of your correspondent an erroneous im-
pression which must materially affect his good
opinion of a school to which I am sincerely at-
tached. He asks if in any of the public schools
there are libraries of books giving general inform-
ation accessible to the scholars. Now my in-
formation only refers to one, that of Eton. There
is a library at Eton Consisting of some thousand
volumes, filled with books of all kinds, ancient and
modern, valuable and valueless. It is open to the
150 first in the school on payment of eighteen
shillings per annum, and on their refusal the
option of becoming subscribers descends to the
next in gradation. The list, however, is never
full. The money collected goes to the support
of a librarian, and to buy pens, ink, and paper,
and the surplus (necessarily small) to the purchase
of books. The basis of the library is the set of
Delphin classics, presented by George I. The
late head master (now provost) has been a most
munificent contributor; Prince Albert has also
presented several valuable volumes. Whenever
the Prince has Come to Eton he has always visited
the library, and taken great interest in its welfare ;
and on his last visit said to the provost that he
should be quite ready and willing to obey the call
whenever he was asked to lay the first stone of a
museum in connexion with the library.

Etonbnsis.

The free grammar school at Macclesfield,
Cheshire, has always had a library. It did contain
some rare volumes of the olden time ; it was at
various times more or less supported by a small
payment from the scholars. Some years since
Mr. Osborn, the then head master, solicited sub-
scriptions from former pupils, and with some
success. Of the present state of the school li-
brary I know nothing. Edward Hawkins.

At Winchester there are libraries for the com-
moners and scholars containing books for general
reading : they are under the several charge of the
commoner-prefects and the prefect of library, who
lend them on application to the juniors.

Mackenzie Walcott, M.A.

Christ's Hospital has a library such as inquired
after by Mr. Weld Taylor. The late Mr.
Thackeray, of the Priory, Lewlsham (who died
about two years ago), bequeathed to this school
his valuable library of books on general literature
for the use of the boys. Previously to this be-
quest the collection of books was small. N.

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

299

DR. JOHN TAYLOR.

(Vol. i., p. 466.)
My attention has been caught by some remarks
in the early volumes of your work upon my learned
ancestor Dr. John Taylor, minister at Norwich,
and subsequently divinity tutor at Warrington.
Wiiatever opinion may have been attributed to
Dr. Parr concerning Dr. Taylor, this I know, that
on revisiting Norwich he desired my father (the
Dr.'s grandson) to show him the house inhabited
by him while he was the minister of the Octagon
Chapel.

Dr. Parr looked serious and solemn, and in his
usual energetic manner pronounced, " He was a
great scholar."

Dr. John Taylor was buried at Kirkstead *,
Lancashire, where his tomb is distinguished by
the following simple inscription :

" Near to this place lies intcrr'd
what was mortal of
loHN Taylor, D. D.
Reader,
Expect no euloglum from this Stone.
Enquire amongst the friends of
Learning, Liberty, and Truth ;
These will do him justice.
Whilst taking his natural rest, he fell
asleep in Jesus, tlie 5th of March, 1761,
Aged 66."
The following inscription. In Latin, was com-
posed by Dr. Parr for a monumental stone erected
by grandchildren and great-grandchildren In the
Octagon Chapel, Norwich :

" JoANNi Tavi.or, S.T.P.

Langovicl nato

Albi ostii in agro Cumbriensi

bonis diseiplinis instituto

Norvici

Ad exequendum munus pastoris deleeto a.d. 1733.

Rigoduni quo in oppido

Senex quotidie aliquid addiscens

Theologiam et philosophiam moralem docuit

Mortuo

Tert. non. Mart.

Anno Domini mdcclxi.

^tat. Lxvi.

Viro integro innocent! pio

Scriptori Grrecis et Hebraicis litterls

probe erudito

Verbi divini gravissimo interpret!

Religlonis simplicis et incorruptae

Acerrimo propugnatori

Nepotes ejus et pronepotes

In hac Capella

Cujus ille fundamenta olim jecerat

Monumentum hocce honorarium

Poni curaverunt."

S. R.

* His first appointment, as minister of the Gospel,
was at Kirkstead Chapel,

PORTRAIT OF SIR ANTHONY WINGFIBLD.

(Vol. vlil., p. 245.)

It Is most likely that Q., who Inquired relative
to a picture of Sir Anthony WIngfield, may occa-
sionally meet with an engraving of this worthy,
though the depository of the original portrait is
unknown. The tale told Horace Walpole by the
housekeeper at the house of the Nauntons at
Letherlngham, Suffolk, is not correct. Sir An-
thony was a favourite of the monarch, and was
knighted by him for his brave conduct at Te-
rouenne and Tournay. A private plate of Sir
Anthony exists, the original portrait from which
it was taken being at Letheringham at the time
the engraving was made. The position of the
hand In the girdle only indicates the fashion of
portraiture at the time, and is akin to the frequent
custom of placing one arm a-kimbo in modern
paintings.

The Query of your correspondent opens a tale
of despoliation perhaps unparalleled even in the
days of Iconoclastic fury, and but very imperfectly
known.

The estate of Letheringham devolved, about the
middle of the last century, upon William Leman,
Esq., who, being obliged to maintain his right
against claimants stating they descended from a
branch of the Naunton family who had migrated
into Normandy at the end of the preceding cen-
tury, was placed in a position of considerable dif-
ficulty to defend his occupation of the house and
lands. I will not say by whom, but in 1770 down
came the residence In which the author of the
well-known Fragmenta Regalia had resided, and,
what is far worse, the Priory Church, which, after
the Dissolution, was made parochial, and which
was filled with tombs, effigies, and brasses to
members of the family — Bovilles, Wingfields, and
Nauntons — was also levelled with the ground.
It was stated at the time that the sacred edifice
had only become dilapidated from age, and that
the parishioners were therefore obliged to do
something. What was done, however, was no re-
edification of the fabric, but its entire destruction,
and the erection of a new church. Fortunately,
Horace Walpole saw the edifice before the con-
tractor for the new building had cast his "desiring
eyes " upon it, and has recorded his impressions in
one of his letters. More fortunate still, the late
]\Ir. Gough and Mr. Nichols visited It, and the
former employed the well-known topographical
draughtsman, the late James Johnson of \Vood-
bridge, Suffolk, to copy some of the efligles, which
Avere afterwards engraved and inserted in the
second volume of the Sepulchral Monuments. The
zeal of Johnson, however, led him to preserve, by
his minute delineation, not only every monument
(only two, I think, are given by Gough), but also
the Interior and exterior of the church, with the

300

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

position of the tombs. The interior view may be
seen among Craven Ord's drawings in the library
of the British Museum ; and I am happy to say
I possess Johnson's original sketches of all the
monuments, and of the exterior of the building.
A fair idea of the extent of the destruction m.ay
1)6 gained by the mention of the fact, that six
hundred-weight of alabaster effigies were beaten
into powder, and sold to line water-cisterns. Some
of the figures were rescued by the late Dr. W.
Clubbe, and erected into a pyramid in his garden
at Brandeston Vicarage, with this inscription :

" Fuimus. Indignant Reader, these monumental re-
mains are not (as thou mayest suppose) the ruins of
Time, but were destroyed in an irruption of the Goths
so late in the Christian era as the year 1789. Credite
posteri."

John "Woddehspoon.

Norwich.

William ITaunton, son and heir of Thomas
Naunton (temp. Hen. VII.), and Margery, daugh-
ter and heiress of Richard Busiarde, married Eli-
zabeth, daughter of Sir Anthony Wingfield. Their
only child, Henry Naunton, was the father of two
sons, viz. Robert the secretary (temp. James I.),
whose son died unmarried, and daughter, married
to Paul Viscount Bayning, died without issue ; and
William Naunton (fil. 2'). His son and heir, who
married a Coke, had one daughter, Theophila,
married to William Leman (ancestor of the family
whose great estates are in search of an owner) :
their only issue, Theophila, married Thomas Rede,
who thereby became possessed of Letheringham
in Suffolk, and the whole of the Naunton pro-
perty. His estates went to his son Robert, who,
dying without issue in 1822, left them much di-
minished to his nephew, the Rev. Robert Rede
Cooper, second son of the Rev. Samuel Lovick
Cooper and Sarah Leman, youngest daughter, and
eventually heiress, of the above Thomas Rede.
The Rev. Robert Rede Rede (for he assumed that
name) died a few years ago possessed of Ashmans
Park, Suff., which was independent of the Naun-
ton property, and of certain heir-looms, the sole
remains of the great estates of the " Nauntons of
Letheringham," which continue in the possession
of the descendants of that family. It is at Ash-
mans that the portrait inquired for by your corre-
spondent Q. will probably be found. Whether
that estate has already been sold by the daughters
of the late possessor (four co-heiresses) I am un-
able to say. H. C. K.

BARNACLES.

(Vol. viii., p. 223.)

In reference to the article on the barnacle bird
in " N. & Q." as above, I send you a paper which
I lately put in our local journal (The Tralee

Chronicle'), containing a collection of notices of
the curious errors and gradual correction of them,
on the subject of the barnacle. 1 fear it may be
long for your columns, but don't know how to
shorten i t ; nor can I well omit another amusing
notice of the subject, to Avhich, since I published
it, an intelligent friend called my attention ; it is
from the Memoirs of Lady Fanshaw : —

" When we came to Calais, we met the Earl of
Strafford and Sir Kenelm Dlgby, with some others of
our countrymen ; we were all feasted at the Governor's
of the castle, and much excellent discourse passed ;
but, as was reason, most share was Sir Kenelm Digby's,
who had enlarged somewhat more in extraordinary
stories than might be averred, and all of them passed
with great applause and wonder of tlie Frencli then at
table ; but the concluding one was — that barnacles, a
bird in Jersey, was first a shell-fish to appearance, and
from that sticking upon old wood, became in time a
bird. After some consideration, they unanimously burst
out into laughter, believing it altogether false, and, to
say the truth, it was the only thing true be bad dis-
coursed with them! — that was his infirmity, tho'
otherwise a person of most excellent parts, and a very
free bred gentleman." — Lady Fanshaw's Memoirs,
pp. 72-3.

A. B. R.

Belmont.

As a tail-piece to the curious information
communicated respecting these strange creatures
in Vol. i., pp. 117. 169. 2.54. 340., Vol. viii.,
pp. 124. 223., may be added an advertisement, ex-
tracted from the monthly compendium annexed
to La Belle Assemblee, or Bell's Court and Fa-
shionable Magazine, for June, 1807, in the follow-
ing terms :

" Wonderful natural curiosity, called the Goose Tree,
Barnacle Tree, or Tree bearing Geese, taken up at sea,
on the 12th of January, 1807, by Captain Bytheway,
and was more than twenty men could raise out of the
water, which may be seen at the Exhibition Rooms,
Spring Gardens, from ten o'clock in the morning till
ten at night, every day. Admission, one shilling ;
children half-price.

" The Barnacles which form tlie present Exhibition,
possess a neck upwards of two feet in length, resem-
bling the windpipe of a chicken; each shell contains
five pieces, and notwithstanding the many thousands
which hang to eight inches of the tree, part of the fowl
may be seen from each shell. Sir Robert Moxay, in
the Wonders of Nature and Art, speaking of this sin-
gularly curious production, says, in every shell he
opened he found a perfect sea-fowl, with a bill like
that of a goose, feet like those of water-fowl, and the
feathers all plainly formed.

" The above wonderful and almost indescribable
curiosit}', is the only exhibition of the kind in the
world."

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

301

PHOTOGRAPHIC COKBESPONDENCE.

Precision in Photographic Processes. — I have
for a long period observed, and been much an-
noyed at the circumstance, that many of your
photographic correspondents are very remiss when
they favour you with recipes for certain processes,
in not stating the specific gravity of the articles
used ; also, in giving the quantities, in not stating
if it is by weight or measure.

To illustrate my meaning more fully, I will
refer to Vol. viii., p. 252., where a correspondent,
in his albumen process, adds " chloride of barium,
7j dr." Now, as this article is prepared and sold
both in crystals and in a liquid state, it would be
desirable to know which of the two is meant before
bis disciples run the risk of spoiling their paper
and losing their time.

How easy would it be to prefix the letter f
where fluid oz., dr., or other quantity is meant.

Trusting that this hint may in future induce
your correspondents to be as explicit as possible
on all points, believe me to be an

Amateur Photographer.

Tent for Collodion. — As I have frequently be-
nefited from the hints of your correspondents, I
in my turn hasten to communicate a very simple
plan I have contrived for a portable tent for the
collodion process, in the hope it may be found to
answer with othei'S as well as it has done with me :
it is as follows.

Kound the legs of my camera stand (a tripod
one) I have made a covering for two of the sides,
of a double lining of glazed yellow calico, with a
few loops at the foot to stake to the ground ; the
third side is made of thick dark cloth, much wider
and larger than to cover the side, which is fastened
at one leg of the stand to the calico. The other
side is provided with loops to fasten to correspond-
ing buttons on the other leg, and by bending on
my knees I can easily pull the dark cloth over
my head and back, fasten the loops to the buttons,
and then I can perfectly perform any manipulation
required, without the risk of any ray of white
light entering ; and certainly nothing can be more
portable.

The simplicity of the thing makes any farther
description of it unnecessary, to say nothing of
your valuable space. Jan.

Mr. Sisson's Developing Solution. — The Eev.
Mr. Sisson, in a letter I received from him a few
days ago, stated that he had been trying, at the
recommendation of a gentleman who had written
to him upon the subject, a stronger developing
solution than that the formula for which he pub-
lished some time back in your pages, and that it
gave splendid positive pictures with very short
exposure in the camera.

Since I received his letter I have been able to
corroborate his testimony in favour of the stronger
solution, and have much pleasure in sending you
the formula for the benefit of your readers. It is
this : 1^ drachms of protosulphate of iron in five
ounces of water, 1 drachm of nitrate of lead,
letting it settle for some hours ; pour oif the clear
liquid, and then add to it 2 drachms of acetic
acid. J. Leachman.

20. Compton Terrace, Islington.

Mr. Stewarts Pantograph. — Will some of your
photographic readers, who may know the proper
size of Mb. Stewabt's pantograph, give a detailed
description of it ? We should have focal length
of lens, size of box, and the length of the sliding
parts of it. Cannot the lens be made fast in the
middle of the box, provided the frames can be
adjusted for difierent- sized pictures? R. Elliott.

3RejjIic» to iHtnor cauerfeiJ.

George Broicne of Shefford (Vol. viii., p. 243.).
— I observe that in your interesting publication
you have inserted the Query which I sent you
long since. A somewhat similar Query of mine
has already appeared, and been answered by your
correspondents II. C. C. and T. Hughes ; the
latter stating that my particulars are not strictly
correct, inasmuch as the individual styled by me
as " Sir George Browne, Bart." was in reality
simple " George Browne, Esq." I admit this
error ; but if I was wrong Mb. Hughes was so
too, for George Browne's wife was Eleanor, and
not Elizabeth, Blount, as appears by his affidavit
in the State Paper Office, wherein he deposes that
he " had by JEllinor, his late wife, deceased daugh-
ter of Sir Richard Blount, eight sons, namely,
George, Richard, Anthony, John, William, Henry,
Francis, and Robert, and seven daughters."

The sons are thus disposed of :

1. George, created K. B. at the coronation of
Charles II. ; married Elizabeth Englefield ; had
issue two daughters ; died 1678.

2. Richard, a captain in the king's army, 1649,
and was dead in 1650.

3. Anthony, who was " preferred to the trade
of a Merchant," 1650.

4. John, a page to Prince Thomas, uncle to the
Duke of Savoy ; created Bart. 1665 ; married
Mrs. Bradley ; had issue.

5. William, had a " reversion of a copyhold in
Shefford."

6. Henry, died unmarried, 1668 ; buried at
Shefford.

7. Francis, nine years old in 1651 ; and

8. Robert, four years old in 1651.

In that year (1651) Henry, Francis, and
Robert were living with their guardian, Mr.

302

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

Libb, of Haidwick, Oxon ; and soon afterwards
we find them placed under the care of a clergy-
man at Appleshaw. But here we seem to lose
sight of them altogether.

Mr. Hughes savs that the only sons who married
were George, the heir, and John, the younger
brother ; but we have no evidence of this ; and as
it is probable that some of the others, namely,
Richard, Anthony, William, Francis, and Robert,
married, I wish to procure proof either that they
did or did not. If any of these married, I wish to
know which of them, to whom, and when and
where.

Perhaps some of your correspondents can tell
me where Richard, Anthony, and William re-
sided, and what became of Francis and Robert
after they had left their tutor, the minister of
Appleshaw. Newburiensis.

Wheale (Vol. vi., p. 579. ; Vol. vii., p. 96.).—
Since this word is once more brought forward in
" N. & Q." (Vol. viii., p. 208.), I will answer the
Query respecting it. I was prepared to do so
shortly after it first appeared, but I had reason to
expect a reply from one more conversant with
such archaisms. If the Querist, or either respon-
dent, had examined the context, he could not
have failed to discover a clue to the meaning, as
the words " gall of dragons " instead of " wine,"
and " wheale " instead of " milk," are evidently
translations of some expressions in tlie preface of
Pope SIxtus (or Xystus) V., to his edition of the
Vulgate. The words there are "fel draconum pro
yino, pro lacte sanies obtruderetur." W^heale more
commonly signified, in later times, a pustule or
boil; but it is from the Ang.-Sax. hwele, putre-
faction. The bad taste of such language is too
manifest to require farther comment.

If I were disposed to conclude with a Query, I
might ask where Q. found that wheale ever meant
whey f W. S. W.

Middle Temple.

Sir Arthur Aston (Vol. viii., p. 126.). — He was
appointed Governor of Reading, November 29,
1642 ; that his relative, Geo. Tattershall, Esq.,
was of Stapleford, Wilts, and only purchased the
estate. West Court in Finchampstead, which went,
on the marriage of his daughter, to the Hon. Chas.
Howard, fourth son of the Eaii of Arundel, and
was sold by him. A Reader.

^^ A Mockery," g^c. (Vol. viii., p. 244.). — Thomas
Lord Denman is the author of the phrase in ques-
tion. That noble lord, in giving his judgment in
the case of O'Connell and others against the Queen,
in the House of Lords, September 4, 1844, thus
alluded to the judgment of the Court of Queen's
Bench in Ireland, overruling the challenge by the
traversers to the array, on account of the fraudu-

lent omission of fifty-nine names from the list of
jurors of the county of the city of Dublin :

" If it is possible that such a practice as that which
has taken place in the present instance should be al-
lowed to pass without a remedy (and no other remedy
has been suggested), trial by jury itself, instead of
being a security to persons who are accused, will be a
delusion, a mockery, and a snare"

See Clark and Finnelly's Reports of Cases in the
House of Lords, vol. xi. p. 351. C. H. Cooper.
Cambridge.

Norman of Winster (Vol. viii., p. 126.). — I do
not know if W. is aware that there was a family
of Norman who was possessed of a share of the
manor of Beeley, in the parish of Ashford, Derby-
shh'e, which came from the Savilles, the said
manor having been purchased by Wm. Saville,
Esq., 1687. A Reader.

Arms of the See of York (Vol. viii., pp. 34. 111.
233.). — Thoroton has a curious note on this sub-
ject in his History of Nottinghamshire (South
Muskham, in the east window of the chancel), from
which it would appear that neither Thoroton
himself, nor his after-editor Thoresby, could be
aware of the change that had taken place. The
note, however, may help to complete the catena
of those incumbents of the see of York who
(prior to Cardinal Wolsey) boi-e the same arms as
the see of Canterbury :

" There are the arms of the see of Canterbury, im-
paling Arc/, three hoars' heads erased and erected sable.
Booth, I doubt mistaken for the arms of Fork, as they
are with Archbishop Lee's again in the same window ;
and in the hall window at Newstede the see of Canter-
bury impales Savage, who was Archbishop of York also,
but not of Canterbury that I know of." — Vol. iii.
p. 152., ed. Notts, 1796,

Can any of your antiquarian contributors say
why the sees of Canterbury and York bore
originally the same arms ? Had it any relation
to the struggle for precedence carried on for so
many years between the two sees ? J. Sansom.

Mr. Waller, in his volume on Monumental
Brasses, in describing that of William de Gren-
feld. Archbishop of York, says :

" The arms of the two archiepiscopal sees were for-
merly the same, and continued to be so till the Re-
formation, when the pall surmounting a crozier was
retained by Canterbury, and the cross keys and tiara
(emblematic of St. Peter, to wliom the minster is de-
dicated), which until then had been used only for the
church of York, were adopted as the armorial bearings
of the see."
To the word " tiara " he appends a note :

« Or rather at this period a regal crown, the tiara
having been superseded in the reign of Henry VIII."

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

303

He gives no authority for the statement, but
the note appears contradictory, and implies two
changes in the first to the cross-keys and tiara,
■which may corroborate the notion of its having
been adopted by Cardinal Wolsey ; secondly, the
substitution of tie crown for the tiara. Can this
be proved ? F. H.

Roger Wilbraham, Esq.^s, Cheshire Collection
(Vol. viii., p. 270.). — It is probable these MSS.
are still at the family seat of the Wilbrahams,
Delamere Lod^i'e, Northwitch. When Ovmerod
published his History of Cheshire, in 1819, they
were in the custody of the family. He says
(vol. iii. p. 232.) :

" In the possession of the family is a curious series of
journals commenced by Richard Wilbraham of Nant-
wich, who died in 1G12, and continued regularly to the
time of his great-great-grandson, who died in 1732.
As a genealogical document, such a memorial is in-
valuable ; and it contains many curious incidental no-
tices of passing events, and of minute particulars relat-
ing to the town of Nantwich, of whose rights the
Wilbrahams of Townsend were the never-failing and
active guardians."

J. Yeowexjl.

Pierrepont (Vol. vii., p. 606.). — A descendant
thanks C. J. The information wanted is parent-
age and descent of John Pierrepont of Wad-
worth, who in a family mem. by his great-great-
granddaughter is called " Uncle to Evelyn, Earl
of P." Any information respecting John Pierre-
pont or his descendants through Margaret Stevens
■will much oblige A. F. B.

Diss.

Passage in Bacon (Vol. viii., p. 141.). — In the
Notes on Bacon's Essay II. " On Death," there
appears the following :

" In the passage of Juvenal, the words are ' Qui
spatium vitJB,' and not ' Qui finem vit»,' as quoted by
Lord Bacon. Length of days is meant."
His lordship's memory and ear too certainly misled
him with i-espect to the wording, but he has cor-
rectly given us the sense. Juvenal has been
arguing (1. iv. Sat. x.) on the vanity of earthly
blessings, so called, in quite a philosophic way ;
it is hardly possible to suppose him closing his
sermon with —

" Fortem posce animum, mortis terrore carentem,
Qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat
Naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores,
Nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores
Herculis serumnas credat, sffivosque labores,
Et Venere, et ccenis, et pluma Sardanapali."
if by spatium he meant " length ; " but how apt
and beautiful in Lord Bacon's sense ! A note on
the passage in the Var. Ed. of 1684 has " Qui
sciat mortem munus aliquod naturae esse."

Emmanuel Cantab.

Monumental Inscription in Peterborough Cathc'
dral (Vol. viii., p. 215.). — In consequence of the
very curious Notes communicated by H. Thos.
Wake, I would beg to draw that gentleman's
attention to the very important MS. collections of
Bp, White Kennet on the subject of this cathedral
in the Lansd. MSS., British Museum, to which I
shall be happy to give him the references in a
private letter, if he will favour me with his address.

E. G. Ballaed.

Lord North (Vol. vii., p. 207.). — I feel much
obliged to your correspondent C. for his courtesy
in replying to my inquiry concerning this noble-
man. His remembrance of the personal appear-
ance of George III., and his remai-ks on the
subject, are in my opinion conclusive ; but the
appearance of the statement in the Life of Gold-
smith was such as to provoke inquiry. May I
ask your correspondent C. (who appears to be ac-
quainted with the North genealogy) whether a
sister of the premier North, by the same mother,
was not alive some years after the year 1734?
Collins records the birth of an infant daughter,
but the fact is overlooked in modern peerages.

Observer.

Landof Green Ging-er(Vol.viii.,pp.34. 160.227.).
— Mr. Frost, in his History, p. 71., &c., has shown
many instances of alteration in the names of streets
in Hull from the names of persons, as from Aide-
gate to Scale Lane, from Schayl, a Dutchman;
and Mk. Richardson has made it most probable
that the designation " Land of Green Ginger"
took place betwixt 1640 and 1735. It has oc-
curred to me, that a family of the Dutch name of
Lindegreen (green lime-trees) resided at Hull
within the last fifty years or more. Now the
"junior" of this name would be called in Dutch
" Lindegroen jonger," which may have originated
the corruption "Land o' green ginger." This
conjecture would amount to a solution of the
question, if the Lindegreens had about 150 years
ago any property or occupation in this lane. The
Dutch had necessarily much intercourse with
Hull : one of their imports was the lamprey,
chiefly as bait for turbot, cod, &c., obtained in the
Ouse near the mouth of the Derwent ; which fish
was conveyed in boats in Ouse Water, and was
kept alive and lively by means of poles made to
revolve in these floating fish-ponds, as I was in-
formed by an alderman prior to the reform of that
ancient borough. But lamprey has now either
migrated, or been exterminated by clearing the
Ouse of stones*, or by the excessive cupidity of
the fisherman or gastronomer. T. J. Bcckton.

Birmingham,

* The Petromyzon by attaching itself to a stone
forms a drill, by which it furrows the shoal for the
deposit of its spawn.

304

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

Sheer, and Shear Hulk (Vol. vH., p. 126.). — A
sheer hulk is a mere hulk, simply the hull of a
vessel unfurnished with masts and rigging. A
shear hulk, on the contrary, is the hull of a vessel
fitted with shears (so termed from their resem-
blance to the blades of a pair of shears when
opened), for the purpose of masting and dismasting
other vessels.

The use of the word buckle, in the signification
of bend, is exceedingly common both among sea-
men and builders. For its use among the former
I can vouch ; and among the latter, see the evi-
dence at the coroner's inquest on the late melan-
choly and mysterious accident at the Crystal
Palace. W. Pinkerton.

Ham.

Serpent with a Human Head (Vol. iv., p. 191.).
— The following passage from Gervasius Tilberi-
ensis (Oiia Imperialia, lib. i. sect. 15.) shows that
the idea of the serpent which tempted Eve, having
a woman's head, was current in the time of Bede.
I having not had an opportunity of finding where-
abouts in Bede's writings the passage quoted by
Gervasius occurs :

" Nee erit omittendum, quod ait Beda, loquens de
serpente qui Evam seduxit : • Elegit enim diabolus
quoddam genus serpentis foemineum vultum habentis,
quia similes similibus applaudunt, et movit ad loquen-
dum linguam ejus."

C. W. G.

" Whe7i the maggot bites" (Vol. viii., p. 244.). —
An Anon correspondent asks for a note to explain
the origin of the saying that a thing done on the
spur of the moment is done "when the maggot
bites." Perhaps the best explanation is that
afibrded in the following passage from Swift's
Discourse on the Mechanical Operation of the
Spirit :

" It is the opinion of choice virtuosi that the brain is
only a crowd of little animals with teeth and claws
extremely sharp, and which cling together in the con-
texture we behold, like the picture of Hobbes's Levia-
than ; or like bees in perpendicular swarm on a tree j
or like a carrion corrupted into vermin, still preserving
the shape and figure of the mother animal : that all
invention is formed by the morsure of two or more of
these animals upon certain capillary nerves which pro-
ceed from thence, whereof three branches spring into
the tongue and two into the right hand. They hold
also that these animals are of a constitution extremely
cold : that their food is the air we attract, their excre-
ment phlegm. And that what we vulgarly call rheums,
and colds, and distillations, is nothing else but an epi-
demical looseness to which that little commonwealth is
very subject from the climate it lies under. Farther,
that nothing less than a violent heat can disentangle
these creatures from their hamated station in life ; or
give them vigour and humour, to imprint the marks of
their little teeth. That if the morsure be hexagonal,

it produces poetry ; the circular gives eloquence. If
the bite hath been conical, the person whose nerve is
so affected shall be disposed to write upon politics ;
and so of the rest."

J. Emekson Tennent.

Definition of a Proverb (Vol. viii., p. 242.).—
The proverb, "Wit of one man, the wisdom of
many," has been attributed to Lord John Russell :
I think in a recent number of the Quarterly Re-
view. The foundation was laid most probably by
Bacon :

" The genius, wit, and spirit of a nation arc dis-
covered by their proverbs."

It may not be perhaps generally known to your
readers, that in a small volume, called Origines de
la Lengua Espanola, ^t., por Don Gregorio Ma-
yans y Siscar, Bihliothecario del Rei nuestro
Sehor, en Madrid, Aiio 1737, will be found a
numerous collection of Spanish proverbs. A MS.
note in my copy has a note, stating that the MS.
made for Mayans, from the original, in the na-
tional library at Madrid, is now in the British
Museum, Additional MSS., No. 9939.

The work is divided into dialogues ; and in the
copy in question are some remarks by a Spanish
gentleman, I fear too long for your pages : but I
send you an English version by a friend, of one of
the couplets in the dialogues, " Diez marcos tengo
de oro : "

" Ten marks of gold for the telling.
And of silver I have nine score,
Good houses are mine to dwell in,
And I have a rent-roll more :
My line and lineage please me :
Ten squires to come at my call.
And no lord who flatters or fees me,
Which pleases me most of them all."

John Martin.
Woburn Abbey.

Gilbert White of Selhorne (Vol. viii., p. 244.).—
Oriel College, of which Gilbert White was for
more than fifty years a Fellow, some years since
offered to have a portrait of him painted for their
hall. An inquiry was then made of all the mem-
bers of his family ; but no portrait of any descrip-
tion could be found. I have heard my father say
that Gilbert White was much pressed by his
brother Thomas (my grandfather) to have his
portrait painted, and that he talked of it ; but it
was never done. A. Holt White.

"J Tub to the Whale'' (Vol. viii., p. 220.). — In
the Appendix B. to Sir James Macintosh's Life of
Sir Thomas More is the following passage :

" The learned Mr. Douce has informed a friend of
mine, that in Sebastian Munster's Cosmography there
is a cut of a ship, to which a whale was coming too
close for her safety ; and of the sailors throwing a tub

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

305

to the whale, evidently to play with. The practice of
throwing a tub or barrel to a large fish, to divert the
animal from gambols dangerous to a vessel, is also
mentioned in an old prose translation of the Ship of
Fuuls. These passages satisfactorily explain the com-
mon phrase of throwing a tub to a whale,"

Sir James Macintosh conjectures that the phrase
"the tale of a tub" (which was fomiliarly known
in Sir Thomas More's time) had reference to the
tub thrown to the whale. C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge.

The Number Nine (Vol. viii., p. 149.). — The
property of numbers enunciated and illustrated by
Mb. Lammens resolves itself into two.

1. If from any number above nine be subtracted
the number expressed by writing the same digits
backwards, the remainder is divisible by nine.

2. If the number nine measure a given number,
it measures the sum of its digits.

As the latter is proved in most elementary books
on Algebra, I confine my proof to the former.
Let the number in question be —

ao + a^ . W + a^ . 10*+ . . .+ a„_i . lO""'

Then

+ a„ . 10,,

«n + ««_i • 10 + a„_2 . 102+ .. +a, . 10"" + a,, . 10,j
is " the same number written backwards." The
difference is —

ia^-a,) (10»-l) + («„_i-a,) (lO""--!) . 10+ . .

+ (a — « iClO-— I) . \0i~ if n be even, but
1.- + 1 1-1^

+ (a^,—a ,VlO-l).IO^ if?ibeodd.

And every term of this difference, as involving a
factor of the form (1 — 10"), is divisible by 9; and
therefore the difference is divisible by 9.

C. Mansfield Inglebt.
Birmingham.

The WiUingham Boy. — Abredonensis will find
full information on all the points he appears from
your Notices to Correspondents (Vol. viii., p. 66.)
to have inquired after in —

" Prodigium Willinghamense, or Authentic Memoirs
of the Life of a Boy born at Willingham, near Cam-
bridge, with some Reflections on his Understanding,
Strength, Temper, Memory, Genius, and Knowledge,
by Thos. Dawkes, Surgeon."

W.P.

Unluchy Bays (Vol. vii., p. 232.). — The Latin
verses contained in the old Spanish breviary, ad-
verted to by W. PiNKERTON, bear a close resem-
blance to those which are to be found in the Red
Book of the Irish Exchequer. The latter form
part of a calendar which is supposed to have been
written either during the reign of John or

Henry III. A similar calendar, with like verses,
has been printed by the Archseological Society,
Dublin. As the lines in the Red Book vary in
some respects from those which have appeared in
" N. & Q.," I have taken the liberty of inclosing
a transcript of them.

" January. Prima dies mensis, et septima truncal ut

ensis.
February. Quarta subit mortem, prosternit tertia

fortem.
March. Primus mandantem, dirumpit quarta bl-

bentem.
April. Denus et undenus, est mortis vulnere plenus.
May. Tertius occidit, et septimus bora relidlt.
June. Denus pallescit, quindenus federa nescit.
July, Terdecimus mactat, Julii denus labefactat.
August. Prima necat fortem, perditque secunda oho-

ortem.
September. Tertia Septembris, et denus fert mala

membris.
October. Tertia cum dena, clamat sit Integra vena.
November. Scorpius est quintus, et tertius est nece

cinctus.
December. Septimus exanguis, virosus denus ut r.n-

guis,"

James F. Ferguson.
Dublin.

Rhymes on Places (Vol. vii. passim.'). — Midlo<
thian :

" Musselboro' was a boro',

Whan Edinboro' was nane ;
An Musselboro' '11 be a boro',
Whan Edinboro's gane."

W. T. M.
Hong Kong.

Cambridgeshire folks say, —

" Hungry Hardwick,
Greedy Toft,
Hang-up Kingston,
Caldecott* naught."

P. J. F. Gantillon, B. a.

Quotation Wanted (Vol. vi., p. 421.). — See
Byron's Dream, stanza ii. v. 30. :

" She was his life,
The ocean to the river of his thoughts."

P. J. F. Gantillon, B. A.

Lamech (Vol. vii., p. 432.). — For "Lamech,"
see Mr. Browne's excellent Ordo Sceclorum, ch. vii.
§ 302., 1844 — a book deserving to be much more
widely known. S. Z. Z. S.

Muggers (Vol. viii., p. 34.). — The names mug-
gers and potters, betokening dealers in mugs and
pots, are, in the north of England, applied indis-
criminately to hawkers of earthenware, whether
of gipsy blood or not. Indeed, the majority are
evidently not gipsies. T. D. Ridlkt.

* Pronounced Caiccote.

306

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

"We have received from Messrs. Williams and Nor-
gate copies of the first number of two new German
periodicals, with which, when they know their nature,
some of our readers may desire better acquaintance.
Our antiquarian friends, for instance, may be glad to
know, that the opening number of one of these, the
Anzeige fur Kunde des Deutschen Vorzeit, Organ des
Germanischen Museums (which is to appear monthly),
contains, among other articles of antiquarian interest,
notes on the earliest known MS. of the Nuremburg
Chronicle, and on an early MS. of the Nibelungen ;
notice of an original Letter of Pirkheimer, relative to
the wars of Maximilian against the Swiss ; and also of
a remarkable, and hitherto unknown, old copper-plate
engraving on six sheets by an unknown artist, apparently
of the school of Martin Schon, illustrative of that cam-
paign ; and an account of an early miscellaneous MS.,
in which is a List of Masons' Marks. The second is
one which will interest all lovers of folk lore. It is
edited by J. W. Wolf, and entitled Zeitschrift fiir
Deutsche Mythologie und Sittenkunde, and numbers
among its contributors, W. Grimm, Nordnagel, Kuhn,
and many other good men and true, who have devoted
their talents to the study of popular antiquities. We
hope shortly to find room for a specimen or two of the
" Old World" stories and customs which they have
here recorded.

Books Received. — A Guide containing a Short His-
torical Sketch of Lynton and Places adjacent in North
Devon, including Ilfracombe, by T. H. Cooper : a well-
timed guide to the most picturesque portion of one of
the most beautiful parts of North Devon, pleasantly
interlarded with scraps of folk lore and historical anec-
dote.— In Bohn's Standard Library, we have a farther
issue of Miss Bremer's works, comprising A Diary ;
The II Family ; Axel and Anna, and other Tales :

and the second volume of Mr. Hickie's translation of
The Comedies of Aristophanes forms the issue for the
present month of the same publisher's Classical Library.
— Mr. Darling proceeds with great regularity in the
publication of his Cyclopaedia Bibliographica, of which
■we have received No. XII., which extends from Ber-
nard Lancy to Martin Madan. — The Irish Quarterly
Review, No. XL for September, contains, among other
articles of general interest, such as those on French
Social Life and Fashion in Poetry, and the Poets of
Fashion, a farther portion of the amusing anecdotical
paper, entitled The Streets of Dublin.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

wanted to purchase,

The Builder, No. 520.

OswALLi Crollii Opera. 12mo. Geneva, 1635.

Gaffarell's Unheakd-op Curiosities. Translated by Chelmead.
L'mdon. 12mo. 1650.

Beaumont's Psyche. 2n(I Edit, folio. Camb., 1702.

The Monthly Army List from 1797 to 1800 inclusive. Pub-
lished by Hookham and Carpenter, Bond Street. Square I2itio.

Jer. Collier's Ecclesiastical History of England. Folio
Edition. Vol. II.

London Labour and the London Poor.
Proceedings of the London Geological Society.
Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico. 3 Vols

London. Vol. III.
Mrs. Ellis's Social Distinctions. Tallis's Edition. Vols. II

and III. 8vo.

PAMPHLETS.

Junius Discovered. By P. T. Publislied about 1789.

Rba.sons for rejecting the Evidence of Mr. Almon, &c. 1807.

Another Guess at Junius. Hookham. 1809.

The Author of Junius Discovered. Longmans. 1821.

The Claims of Sir P. Francis refuted. Longmans. 1822.

Who WAS Junius ? Glynn. 1837.

Some New Facts, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850.

*** Correspondents sending Lists of Bookt fVanled are requested
to send their names.

*«• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of " NOTHS AND
QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

G. T. (Reading). We are happy to be able to assure our Cor.
respondent that that venerable antiquary John Bhitton is still
among us, and, when we last saw him, as hale as his best friends
could toish.

H. H. R. will find in our earlier volumes several Notes on the
subject of his Query.

W. M. The line —

" Incidis in Scyllam cupiens vitare Charybdim,"
is from lib. v. 301. of the Alexandreis of Philip Gualtier : and not
Tempora, but

" Omnia mutantur, nos et mutaraur in illis,"
is from a poem by Matthno Borbonius in <A<; Delitiae Poetarura
Germanorum, vol. i. p. 683.

H. C. C. Will this Correspondent favour us with his address in
exchange for that ^/Newbury, which we have, and who wishes to
correspond with him ?

J. O. May we insert the interesting Beply sent by this Cor-
respondent, or is it his wish that we should forward it?

W. S. F. will find an interesting article on the loss of Gray's
original US. from La Grande Chartreuse, in our First Volume,
p. 410.

J. M. G. 7s not the translation of The OAe, spoken of in the
article alluded to as being by James Hay BeatCie, the one respect-
ing which our Querist inquires ?

F. M. (A Maltose). I. IVe shotild recommend our Correspon-
dent to make his gun cotton with the nitrate of potash and sulphuric
acid, as originally recommended in " N. & Q.," taking care that
they are both thoroughly incorporated before the addition of the
cotton. Much vexation often occurs in consequence if the various
strengths of nitric acid. But the gun cotton can now be procured
at some of the photographic houses quite as reasonably as it can be
prepared. 2. Acetic acid is added to the pyrogaltic acid to prevent
its too rapid decomposition, and to facilitate the more easy flowing
of the fluid over the plate. But the more acetic acid is used, the
more slow will be the development. 3. Is not the cracking of the
albumen the result of the climate of Malta ?

F. (Manchester). We do not think that you can do better than
adopt strictly the mode of obtaining positives recommended by Mr.
Pollock, and which we printed some ti?ne since ; or that pursued
by Dr. Diamond, wliich we have in type, but have been compelled
to postpone until next week.

A. B. C. Having ourselves practised the Paper Process, ac-
cording to the directions given in our first Number for the present
year {with the correction of using the gallic acid, wliich, ax staled
in a subsequent Number, ions by accident omitted), we would ad-
vise our Correspondent to adhere strictly to those rules rather than
any other with which we have since become acquainted. We are
of opinion that sufficient care is very rarely jjsed in the preparation
of t/ie iodized paper, and upon which all future success must de-
pend.

A fetit complete sets oA" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vVi.,
price Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had ; for which
early application is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on tlie Saturday.

Sept. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

307

TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

JL TION, NERVOtrSNESS, &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HKALTH-RESTOR-
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in full, without which none is genuine.

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308

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 204.

MURRAY'S

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TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OB
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PHE GARDENERS' CHRO-

(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF.
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Of Saturday, September 17,contains Articles on

Agricultural College
examinations

Anacharis alsinas-
trum, by Mr. Mar-
shall

Antwerp, effect of the
winter at

Araehis, oil of

Ash tree, leaves of

Books noticed

Bossiseas

Burnturk farm, no-
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Calendar, horticultu-
ral

agricultural

Cider apple trees

Cineraria, culture of

Climate of Antwerp

of ludia (with en-
graving)

College (Agr.) exa-
minations

Conifers, new applica-
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M. Seemann

Coppice, how to pre-
pare for fruit trees

Dahlias at Surrey
show

Drainage discussion

Evergreens at Ant-
werp, effect of the
winter on

Gomphrcna amaran-
thus

Grass laud, to improve

Groundnuts

Gymnopsis uniscrialis

Henderson's (Messrs.
E. G.) nursery

Hop mould
India,climateof(with

engraving^
Leavts of the ash tree
Leschenaultia for-

mosa
Manure, faw-dust as,

by Mr. Mackenzie
Manuring, liquid
Martin Doyle
Milk preserving, by

Mr. Symington
Newcastle Farmers'

Club
Nuts, ground
Onions, by Mr. Sy-

mons
Orchard houses
Pii breeding farm, by

Mr. Hulme
Pir.e wool, by M. See-
mann
Plants, variegated, by

Mr. Mackenzie

vitality of

new

Plums, Dowling's
Potato sets, dried, by

Mr. Goodiff
Radish, Black Spanish
Reaping machines
Sawdust as manure, by

Mr. Mackenzie
Sobralia fragrans
Steam culture
Stock, does live, pay ?

by Mr. Mechi
value of, in the

ITnited States, by

Mr. Shechan
Village excursions

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BONNECHOSE'S HISTORY
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MISS AGNES STRICK-
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OF SCOTS, forming the Fourth Volume of
her LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF SCOT-
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City of London, Publisher, at No. 136. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, September 24. 1853.

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION
roR

IITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

** "Wlien found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuttlx.

No. 205.]

Saturday, October 1. 1853.

f Price Fourpence.

t Stamped Edition, S^i*

■Notes : —

CONTENTS.

The Groaning-board, a Story of the Days of Charles II.,
by Dr. E. F. Uimbault -----

The Etymology of the Word " Awkward " - -

Inedited Poem — "The Deceitfulness of Love," by

Chris. Roberts --..-.

Bale MSS., referred to in Tanner's " Bibliotheca

Britannico-Hibernica," by Sir F. Madden
Charles Fox and Gibbon . - - . _

Samuel Williams ------

Shakspeare Correspondence, by Samuel Hickson, &c. .

Minor Notes :— Doings of the Calf's Head Club —
Epitaph by Wordsworth — Tailor's "Cabbage" —
Misquotations — The Ducking Stool — Watch-paper
Inscription ......

JUERIES : —

Birthplace of Gen. Monk, by F. Kyffin Lenthall

Minor Queries: — Harmony of the Four Gospels —
The Noel Family — Council of Trent — Roman
Catholic Patriarchs — The "Temple Lands" in
Scotland — Cottons of Fowey — Draught or Draft
of Air — Admiral Sir Thomas Tyddeman — Pedigree
Indices — Apparition of the White Lady — Rundle-
stone — Tottenham — Duval Family — Noses of the
Descendants of John of Gaunt — General Wall —
John Daniel and Sir Ambrose Nicholas Salter —
Edward Bysshe — President Bradshaw and John
Milton - - - -

Page

309
310

Minor Queries with Answers :
" Namby-pamby "

■ Ket the Tanner -

Miscellaneous : —

Books and Odd Volumes wanted
Notices to Correspondents
:Advertisements

316

Editions of Books of Common Prayer, by the Rev.

Thomas Lathbury,&c. ----- 318

The Crescent, by J. W. Thomas - - - - 319

Seals of the Borough of Great Yarmouth - - 321

Moon Superstitions, by J. N. Iladcliffe and G.William

Skyring - - - - _ ' - - 321

Latin Riddle, by the Rev. Robert Gibbings - - 32-2

"Hurrah !" by Sir J. E. Tennent and J. Sansom - 323

Photographic Correspondence : — Process for Print-
ing on Albumenized Paper - - - - 324

llEPLiEs to Minor Queries: — Anderson's Rnval Ge-
nealogies—Thomas Wright of Durham— Weather
Tredictions — Bacon's Essays: Bullaces — Nixon the
Prophet — Parochial Libraries — " Ampers and," &c.

— The .Arms of De Sissonne — St. Patrick's Purga-
tory— Sir George Carr — Gravestone Inscription —

-"A Tub to the Whale"— Hour-glasses in Pulpits

— Slow-worm Superstition — Sincere — Books chained
Xo Desks in Churches: Seven Candlesticks — D.
Ferrand : Frencli Patois ~ Wood of the Cross —
Ladies' Arms in a Lozenge — Burial in unconsecrated
■Ground — Table-turning — " Well's a fret" —Tenet

for Tenent --_-_-

320

- 330

- 330

- 331

ToL. VIII. — No. 205.

THE GROANING -BO AKD, A STORY OF THE DATS OP
CHARLES II.

The Englisli public has ever been distinguished
by an enormous amount of gullibility.

*' Ha ha, ha ha ! this world doth pass
Most merrily I'll be sworn ;
For many an honest Indian ass
Goes for an unicorn." ,

So sung old Thomas Weelkes in the year 1608,
and so echo we in the year 1853! What
with "spirit-rapping," "table-moving," "Chelsea
ghosts," " Aztec children," &c., we shall soon, if
we go on at the same rate, get the reputation of
being past all cure.

In looking over, the other day, a volume in the
Museum, marked MS. Sloane 958., I noticed the
following hand-bill pasted on the first page :

" At the sign of the Wool-sack, in Newgate Market,
is to be seen a strange and wonderful thing, which is an
elm board, being touched with a hot iron, doth express
itself as if it were a man dying with groans, and trem-
bling, to the great admiration of all the hearers. It
hath been presented before the king and his nobles,
and hath given great satisfaction. Fivat Sex."

At the top of the bill is the king's arms, and the
letters C. R., and in an old hand is written the
date 1682. On the same page is an autograph of
the original possessor of the volume, " Ex libris
Jo. Coniers, Londini, pharmacopol, 1673."

In turning to Malcolm (^Anecdotes of the Man-
ners and Customs of London, 4to. 1811, p. 427.),
we find the following elucidation of tjiis mysterious
exhibition :

" One of the most curious and ingenious amuse-
ments ever offered to the publick ear was contrived in
the year 1682, when an elm plank was exhibited to the
king and the credulous of London, which being touched
by a hot iron, invariably produced a sound resembling
deep groans. This sensible, and very irritable board,
received numbers of noble visitors ; and other boards,
sympathising with their afflicted brother, demonstrated
how much affected they might be by similar means.
The publicans in different parts of the city immediately
applied ignited metal to all the woodwork of their
bouses, in hopes of finding sensitive timber ; but I do

310

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

not perceive any were so successful as the landlord of
the Bowman Tavern in Drury Lane, who had a mantle
tree so extremely prompt and loud in its responses,
that the sagacious observers were nearly unanimous in
pronouncing it part of the same trunk which had
afforded the original plank."

The following paragraph is also given by Mal-
colm from the Loyal London Mercury, Oct. 4,
1682 :

" Some persons being this week drinking at the
Queen's Arms Tavern, in St. Martin's-le- Grand, in the
kitchen, and having laid the fire-fork in the fire to light
their pipes, accidentally fell a discoursing of the groan-
ing'hoard, and what might be the cause of it. One in
the company, having the fork in his hand to light his
pipe, would needs make trial of a long dresser that
stood there, which, upon the first touch, made a great
noise and groaning, more than ever the board that was
showed did ; and then they touched it three or four
times, and found it far beyond the other. They all
having seen it, the house is almost filled with specta-
tors day and night, and any company calling for a glass
of wine may see it ; which, in the judgment of all, is
far louder, and makes a longer groan than the other ;
which to report, unless seen, would seem incredible."

Among the Bagford Ballads in the Museum
(three vols., under the press-mark 643. m.) is pre-
served the following singular broadside upon the
subject, which is now reprinted for the first time :

"a new song, on the strange and wonderful
groaning-boart).

" What fate inspir'd thee with groans,
To fill phanatick brains?
What is't thou sadly thus bemoans,
In thy prophetick strains ?
" Art thou the ghost of William Pryn,

Or some old politician?
Who, long tormented for his sin,

Laments his sad condition?
" Or must we now believe in thee,
The old cheat transmigration ?
And that thou now art come to be
A call to reformation ?
" The giddy vulgar to thee run,
Amaz'd with fear and wonder ;
Some dare affirm, that hear thee groan.
Thy noise is petty thunder.
" One says and swears, you do foretell
A change in Church and State ;
Another says, you like not well
Your master Stephen's fate.*
" Some say you groan much like a whigg.
Or rather like a ranter ;
Some say as loud, and full as big,
As Conventicle Canter.

* This was Stepheri College, a joiner by trade, but a
man of an active and violent spirit, who, making him-
self conspicvious by his opposition to the Court, ob-
tained the name of the Protestant joiner. His fate is
well known.

" Some say you do petition,
And think you represent
The woe and sad condition
Of Old Rump Parliament.
" The wisest say you are a cheat ;
Another politician
Says, 'tis a misery as great

And true as Hatfield's vision.*

" Some say, 'tis a new evidence,
Or witness of the plot ;
And can discover many things.
Which are the Lord knows what.

" And lest you should the plot disgrace,
For wanting of a name,
Narrative Board henceforth we'll place
In registers of fame.
" London : Printed for T, P. in the year 1682."

The extraordinary and long-lived popularity
of the " groaning-board " is fully evinced by the
number of cotemporary allusions : a few will
suffice.

Mrs. Mary Astell, in her Essay in Defence of
the Female Sex, 1 696, speaking of the character of
a " coifee-house politician," observes :

'•' He is a mighty listener after prodigies : and never
hears of a whale or a comet, but he apprehends some
sudden revolution in the state, and looks upon a
groaning-board, or a speaking-head, as forerunners of
the day of judgment."

Swift, in his Tale of a Tub, written in the fol-
lowing year (1697), says of Jack :

" He wore a large plaister of artificiall causticks
on his stomach, with the fervor of which he would set
himself a groaning like the famous hoard upon appli-
cation of a red-hot iron."

Steele, in the 44th number of the Tatler, speak-
ing of Powell, the " puppet showman," says :

" He has not brains enough to make even wood
speak as it ought to do : and I, that have heard the
groaning-board, can despise all that his puppets shall be
able to speak as long as they live."

So much for the " story" of the groaning-board.
As to "how it was done," we leave the matter
open to the reader's sagacity.

Edward F. Rimbault.

THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD " AWKWAKD."

Most persons who have given their attention to
the formation of words, and have employed their
leisure in endeavouring to trace them to their
source, must have remarked that there are many
words in the English language which show on the

* Martha Hatfield, a child twelve years old in Sept.
1 652, who pretended to have visions " concerning Christ,
faith, and other subjects." She was a second edition of
the " holy maid of Kent."

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

311

part of learned philologists, the compilers of dic-
tionaries, either a strange deficiency in reading, or
a want of acquaintance with the older tongues :
or perhaps, if we must find an excuse for them, a
habit of " nodding."

The word aivkward is one of these. Skinner's
account is as follows :

" Ineptus, afi^apiffT(p6s, praeposterus, ab A.-S. aeperd,
perversus ; hoc ab <e praep. loquelari negativa privativa,
et weard, versus."

Johnson follows Skinner, interpreting awkward
in the same way, and with the same derivation ;
but unfortunately he had met with the little word
awh, and, not caring to inquire into the origin of
it, as it seemed so plain, he explains it as " a bar-
barous contraction of awhward^'' giving the follow-
ing example from L'Estrange :

" We have heard as arrant jingling in the pulpits as
the steeples ; and the professors ringing as awk as the
bells to give notice of the conflagration."

Now the real state of the case is, that just as
forward and backward are correlatives, so also are
toward and aivkward. We speak of a toward child
as one who is quick and ready and apt ; while, by
an aivkward one, we mean precisely the contrary.
By the former we imply a disposition or readiness
to press on to the mark ; by the latter, tliat which
is averse to it, and fails of the right way. Parallel
instances, though of course not corresponding in
meaning, are found in the Latin adversus, re-
versus, inversus, aversus.

The term awkward is compounded of the two
A.-S. words aweg or awceg (which is itself made
•up of a, from, and w(Bg, a way), meaning away,
out : " auferendi vim habet," says Bosworth, of
which we have an instance in aweg iveorpan, to
throw away ; and weard, toward, as in hamweard,
homewards. We thus have the correlatives to-
weard and aweg-weard, with the same termination,
but with prefixes of exactly opposite meanings.
In the latter word, the prefix would naturally
come to be pronounced as one syllable, and the g
as naturally converted into k.

The propriety of the use of the word awkward
by Shakspeare, in the Second Part of Henry VI.,
Act III. Sc. 2., is thus rendered apparent :

" And twice by awkward wind from England's bank,
Drove back again," &c.,

i. e. untoward wind, or contrary : an epithet which
editors, while they thought it required an apology,
have been unable to explain rightly.

With regard to the word awk, I can only say
that it is one of very unfrequent occurrence ; I
have met with it but once in the course of my
own reading, so that I am unable to confirm my
view as fully as I could wish ; still, that one in-
stance seems, as far as it goes, satisfactory enough :

it occurs in Golding's translation of Ovid's Metam^
London, 1567, fol. 177. p. 2. :

" She sprincled us with bitter jewee of uncouth herbesj

and strake
The awk end of her charmed rod uppon our heads,

and spake
Woordes to the former contrarie," &c.

The awk end here is, of course, the wrong end,
that which was not towards them.

Perhaps some of the readers of " N. & Q." may
have met with other instances of the usage of the
word. It does not occur in Chaucer nor (I am
pretty sure) in Gower. H. C. K.

INEDITED POEM.

'THE DECEITFtTLNESS OF lOTE.

The following lines, written about 1600, are, I
think, well worthy of preservation in your columns.
I believe they have never been published ; but if
any of your correspondents should have met with
them, and can inform me of the author, I shall feel
much obliged. Chris. Robbbts.-

Bradford, Yorkshire.

Deceitfulness of Love.
Go, sit by the summer sea,

Thou, whom scorn wasteth.
And let thy musing be

Where the flood hasteth.
Mark how o'er ocean's breast
Rolls the hoar billow's crest ;
Such is his heart's unrest

Who of love tasteth.

Griev'st thou that hearts should change ?"

Lo ! where life reigneth.
Or the free sight doth range,

What long remaineth ?
Spring with her flow'rs doth die ;
Fast fades the gilded sky ;
And the full moon on high

Ceaselessly waneth.

Smile, then, ye sage and wise ?

And if love sever
Bonds which thy soul doth love^

Such does it ever !
Deep as the rolling seas,
Soft as the twilight breeze,
But of more than these

Boast could it never !

BALE MSS., REFERRED TO IN TANNER's " BIBLIO-
THECA BRITANNICO-HIBERNICA."

Most persons who consult this laborious and
useful work will probably have been struck and
puzzled by the frequent occurrence of two refer-
ences given by the Bishop as his authorities,
namely, " MS. Bal. Sloan." and "MS. Bal. Glynn."

312

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

To answer, therefore (by anticipation), a Query
very likely to be made on this subject, I have to
state, that by "MS. Bal. Sloan." Tanner refers to
a manuscript work in two volumes, in Bale's hand-
writing, formerly in Sir Hans Sloane's collection,
and numbered 287, but presented by him to the
Bodleian Library ; as appears by a letter from
Hearne to Baker (in MS. Harl. 7031. f. 142,),
dated August 6, 1715, in which he writes :

" We have Bale's accounts of the Carmelites, in two
volumes, being not long since given to our public
library by Dr. Sloane."

In the original MS. Sloane Catalogue, the work
was thus entered : Joannes Balceus de Sanctis et
ilhistribus viris Ordinis Carmelitaj'um, et eorum
Scriptis : Joannis Balcei Annales Carmelilarum.
Another volume, partly, if not wholly, in Bale's
handwriting, relative to the Carmelite Order,
existed formerly in the Cottonian Library, under
the press-mark Otho, D. iv., but was almost en-
tirely destroyed in the fire which took place in
1731.

By " MS. Bal. Glynn.," or (as more fully re-
ferred to under " Adamus Carthusiensis") "MS.
Bale penes D. Will. Glynn.," Tanner undoubtedly
means a printed copy of Bale's Scriptormn Illus-
trium Majoris BrytannicB Caialogtis, with marginal
notes in manuscript (probably by Bale himself)
which was preserved in the library of Sir William
Glynne, Bart., of Ambrosden. I learn this from
Tanner's original Memoranda for his Bibliotheca,
preserved In the Additional MSS. 6261. 6262.,
British Museum ; in the former of which, if. 122 —
124., is a transcript of the " MS. notaj In margine
Balei, penes D. Will. Glynne." The Glynne MSS.
are described In the Catt. MSS.Avgliai, fol. 1697,
vol.11, pt. 1. p. 49. ; but the copy of Bale, here
mentioned, is not included among them. These
MSS. are said to be preserved at present In the
library of Christ Church College, Oxford ; and it
is somewhat singular, that no account of the
MSS. In this college should have been printed,
either in the folio Catalogue of 1697, or in the
valuable Catalogue of the MSS. In the college
libraries recently published. Perhaps some of the
correspondents of " IST. & Q." may communicate
information on this head. F. Madden.

CHARLES FOX AND GIBBON,

The following Is taken from the fly-leaves of my
copy of Gibbon's Rome, 1st vol. 1779, 8vo. :

" The following anecdote and verses were written by
the late Charles James Fox in the first volume of his
Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

" The author of this work declared publicly at
Brookes's (a gaming-Iiouse in St. James' Street), upon
the delivery of the Spanish Rescript in June, 1779, that
there was no salvation for this country unless six of the

heads of the cabinet council were cut off and laid upon
tlie tables of both houses of parliament as examples;
and in less than a fortnight he accepted a place under
the same cabinet council.

" On the Author's Promotion to the Board of
Trade in 1779.

By the Right Hon. C. J. Fox.

" King George in a fright

Lest Gibbon should write
The story of Britain's disgrace,

Tliought no means more sure

His pen to secure
Than to give the historian a place.

" But his caution is vain,

'Tis the curse of his reign
That his projects should never succeed ;

Tho' be wrote not a line,

Yet a cause of decline
In our author's example we read.

" His book well describes

How corruption and bribes
O'erthrew the great empire of Rome;

And his writings declare

A degeneracy there.
Which his conduct exhibits at home."

G.M.B.

SAMUEL WILLIAMS.

The obituary of the past week records the death
of Samuel William?, a self-taught artist, whose
pencil and graver have Illustrated very many of
the most popular works during the last forty years,
and to whose productions the modern school of
book-illustrations owes Its chief force and charac-
ter. Samuel Williams was born Feb. 23, 1788, at
Colchester in Essex ; and during his very earliest
years, his self-taught powers were remarkable, as
he could draw or copy with the greatest ease any-
thing he saw ; and he would get up at early dawn,
before tlie other members of the family were stir-
ring, to follow the bent of his genius. His boyish
talents attracted much notice, and, had he not
been very diflident, would have brought him be-
fore the world as a painter. In 1802, he was ap-
prenticed to Mr. J. Marsden, a printer In Col-
cliester, and thenceforward his pencil was destined
to be employed in illustrating books. Whilst yet
a lad, he etched on copper a frontispiece to a bro-
chure entitled the Coggeshall Volunteers; and
this was a remarkable production, as he had never
seen etching or engraving on copper ; and he
about the same time taught himself engraving on
wood, executing numerotis little cuts for Mr.
Marsden : amongst others, a frontispiece to a
History of Colchester, So much was his talent
seen by parties calling at his employer's, that Mr.
Crosby, a publisher of some note in his day, pro-
mised that, when his apprenticeship ended, he

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

313

should draw and engrave for him a natui*al his-
tory ; and this promise was faithfully performed,
and a series of three hundred cuts given lo him
immediately. Besides these, he executed nume-
rous commissions for Mozley, Darton and Harvey,
Arliss's Pocket Magazine, and other works ; in all
which a strong natural feeling and vigorous draw-
ing were leading characteristics.

In 1809 he visited London for a short time, and
returned to Colchester ; and resided there till 1819,
when he settled in London. In 1822, Mr. C.
Whittingham published an edition of Robinson
Crusoe, the illustrations to which were drawn and
engraved by the subject of this notice; and the
freedom of handling, as compared with cotem-
porary works, was conspicuous. After these, Trim-
mer's Natural History, published by Whittingham;
the illustrations to Wiffin's Garcilasso de la Vega ;
and other works, showed his talents as a designer
as well as engraver.

In 1825, William Hone started his Every -Day
JBook, employing Mr. Williams to make the draw-
ings for the " Months," and other illustrations; and
the peculiar style, like pen-and-ink sketches, at-
tracted much notice, the freedom and ease of these
drawings being greatly admired ; and some of our
present artists confess to having been first taught-
by copying the free oS'-hand sketches in Hone's
JEvery-Day Book. A second volume followed in
1846, and the Table Book in 1847 ; in 1848 the
Olio was published, and afterwards the Parterre ;
both Avorks remarkable for their spirited illustra-
tions. Several of the engravings to the London
Stage, 1847, displayed great variety of expression
in the figures and faces. Howitt's Rural Life of
England, Selby's Forest Trees, Thomson's Sea-
sons (the edition published by Bogue), Miller's
Pictures of Country Life, all drawn and engraved
by him, exhibit exquisite rural " bits," in which,
like Bewick, Samuel Williams could express with
the graver the touch of his pencil, thus far excel-
ling his cotemporaries. The Memorials of the
Martyrs was the last work on which be exercised
his double skill. Of works not drawn by himself,
Wiffin's Tnsso shows some of his best efforts ; but
as for years past he had been engaged on most of the
best works of the day, it is impossible to specify all.
Had he devoted his time to painting, which the
constant employment with pencil and graver
prevented, he would have taken high rank as a
painter of rural life, as his pictures of " Sketching
a Countryman," and " Interior of a Blacksmith's
Shop," exhibited in the Royal Academy when at
Somerset House, testify, as they are marked by
perfect drawing and admirable expression. Some
miniatures on ivory, painted in his very youthful
days, are marvellous for close manipulation and
correct likeness. After a long and painful ill-
ness, borne with great fortitude, Mr. Williams ex-
pired on the 19th September, his wife having pre-

deceased him not quite six weeks, leaving behind
him four sons. J. T.

SIIAKSPEARE COKEESPONDENCE.

On a Passage in the Second Part of Henry IV.
— The Death of Falstaff. — I have read with
much pleasure your very temperate remarks on
the fiery contributions of some of your corre-
spondents ; and I trust that, after so gentle a
rebuke from certainly the most good-natured
Editor living, all will henceforth go " merry as a
marriage bell." Amongst the lore that 1 have
picked up since my first acquaintance with
" N. & Q.," is that profound truth,

" 'Tis a very good world that we live in : "

but I must say I think it would be a very dull
one if we all thought alike ; as " N. & Q." would
be a very dull book if it were not seasoned with
differences of opinion, and its pages diversified
with discussions and ingenious argument. And
what can be more agreeable, when, like an ani-
mated conversation, it is conducted with fairness
and good temper ?

However, now we are to start fair again ; and
to begin with a difference, I must presume to
question a decision of your own which I would
fain see recalled. I believe with you that Mr.
Collier's Notes and Emendations gives the true
reading of the passage in Henry V., " on a table
of green frieze," and I, moreover, think that
Theobald's conjecture " and 'a babbled o' green,
fields," was worthy of any poet. Theobald was
engaged in the laborious work of minute verbal
correction, and necessarily took an isolated view
of particular passages. Presenting the difficulty
which this passage did, his suggestion was a happy
and poetical thought. But when you say that the
scholiast excelled his author, we must take an-
other view of the case. The question is not as to
which passage is the most poetical, but which is
most in place ; which was the idea most natural to
be expressed. And in this I think you will admit
that Shakspeare's judgment must be deferred to,
and that taking the character of Falstaff, together
with the other circumstances detailed of his death, it
is not natural that he should be represented as
" babbling o' green fields."

You are aware that Fielding, in his Journey
from this World to the next, met with Shakspeare,
who, in answer to a similar question to that put
to Gothe, gave a like answer to the one you re-
port. This arises in a great measure from the
imperfection of language ; the most careful writers
at times express themselves obscurely. But with
regard to Ben Jonson, I should say that, though
neither a mean nor an unfriendly critic, he was
certainly a prejudiced one. He saw Shakspeare
from the conventional-classic point of view, and

314

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

would doubtless have "blotted" much that we
should have regretted submitting to his judgment.
Yet, after all, the anecdote is not according to the
fact. Shakspeare did " blot " thousands of lines,
probably many more than Ben Jonson himself
ever did ; and of this we have the best evidence
in whole plays almost re-written. Even in the
single instance rare Ben gives of Shakspeare's in-
correctness, published many years after the latter's
death, the memory or hearing of the former either
were at fault, or the line had been " blotted."

Absolute perfection is, of course, not to be
looked for ; there is no such thing in reference to
human affairs, unless it be in constant and unob-
structed growth and development. This is ex-
hibited in Shakspeare's writing to a degree shown
by no other writer. The shortcomings of Shak-
speare are most evident when he is compared with
himself, — the earlier with the later writer. But
take his earliest work, so far as can be ascertained,
in its earliest form, and the literature of the age
cannot produce its equal. Samuel Hickson.

" I knew there was but one way, for his nose was as
sharp as a pen, and 'a babbled of green fields." —
Shakspeare.

" I knew there was but one way, for his nose was as
sharp as a pen on a table of green frieze." — Shakspeare
corrected.

Some of the alterations in the manuscript cor-
rections in Mr. Collier's old edition of Shak-
speare's plays I agree with, but certainly not in
this one, since we lose much and gain nothing by
it. Shakspeare, in drawing a character such as
Falstaff, loaded with every vice that flesh is heir
to, and yet making him a favourite with the au-
dience, must have been most anxious respecting
his death, and therefore awakened our sympathy
in his favour. In ushering in the account of the
death-bed scene, he makes Bardolph say :

" Would I were with him, wheresome'er he is, either
in heaven or in hell."

This expression Burns the poet considered the
highest mark of regard that one man could pay to
another, for in his poem on a departed friend, he
says:

" With such as he, where'er he be,
May I be saved, or damn'd."

Mrs. Quickly, in describing the scene, says :

" He's in Arthur's (Abraham's) bosom, if ever man
went to Arthur's bosom. 'A made a finer end, and went
away, an it had been any christom child ; for after I
saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers,
and smile upon his finger's ends, I knew there was but
one way ; for his nose was as sharp as a pen, and 'a
babbled of green fields."

Mrs. Quickly, after describing the outward signs
of decay and second childishness, tells us he bab-
bled. Shakspeare, as the only means of gaining

our forgiveness, makes him die in repentance for
his sins, and seems to have had the Twenty-third
Psalm in his mind, where David puts his trust in
God's grace, when amongst other passages it says :
" He maketh me lie down in green pastures^' and
further on, "Yea, though I walk through the
valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil,
for thou art with me." I have endeavoured to
give you a reason why I prefer the old reading of
the text : if any of your correspondents will give
a better for the new, I shall be glad to see it, as I
am convinced the more we examine into the works
of our wonderful bard, the more we shall be con-
vinced of his superhuman genius ; we are, there-
fore, all indebted to Ma. Collier for his searching
investiiiations, as they set us in a reflective mood.
J.B.

Your just remarks on Theobald's " 'a babbled
of green fields " recalls to me a note which I find
appended to the passage in the margin of my
Shakspeare,

" ''A babbled of green fields, i.e. singing snatches of
the 23rd Psalm :

' In pastures green He feedeth me,' &c.
' And though 1 walk e'en at death's door,' &c."
This note I jotted down in my schoolboy days,
and thirty years' experience at the beds of the
dying only convinces me of its correctness.
Again and again have I heard the same sweet
strains hymned from the lips of the dying, and
soothing with hope the sinking spirit, ay, even of
great and grievous sinners. Indeed, I have come
to stamp it as a sure mark of impending death,
and have said with the dame, " I knew there was
but one way, for 'a babbled of green fields ; "
though I trust with different doctrine than her's,
viz. that religion is the business of none but the
dying, and thence, that to talk of religion is a
sure sign of approaching death.

When Falstaff " babbled of green fields," he
was labouring under no " calenture." His heart
was far away amid the early fresh pure scenes of
childhood, and he was babbling forth snatches of
hymns and holy songs, learned on his mother's
knee, and now called up, in his hour of need, to
cheer, as best they might, his parting spirit.
Strange is it that Theobald, when he suggested so
happy an emendation, missed half its beauty and
its real bearing.

Throughout the whole passage it is evident that
Falstaff was ejaculating scraps of long forgotten
hymns and Scripture texts, which were utterly
incomprehensible to those about him. " 'A h&h-
bled of green fields," — "he cried out of sack," —
" and of women," — " incarnate," — " whore of
Babylon," — all suggest holy ejaculations, per-
verted by the ignorance of the godless bystanders.
In all Shakspeare there is hardly to be found a
more touching scene, or one more true to nature ;

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

315

it is most graphic and characteristic. The lone-
liness of the dying sinner, with none to stand by
him but the godless companions of bis riot and
debauchery ; the eagerness of the despairing man
to catch at anything of the semblance of hope that
he could recall from the lessons of his childhood,
"Pie shall feed me in a green pasture," &c. ; — then —
ere he could reach those assuring words, " Yea,
though I walk through the valley of the shadow
of death, I will fear no evil, for Thou art with me.
Thy rod and Thy staff comfort me," the miser-
able consciousness that it is all too late, " So 'a
cried out God, God, God ;" — then — the utter want
of religious sympathy in the bystanders, Nym,
Quickly, Bardolph, Boy, in their misinterpretations,
and pervei'se commentaries on his ejaculations,
just such as we might expect from hearts gorged to
the full with vice and sensuality; — then — the x'e-
deeming touch of tenderness in the Dame, beaming
through all her benighted efforts to cheer, in her
own way (awful to think on, the only way known
to her), the last hours of her dear old roysterer,
" Now I, to comfort him, bid him 'a should not
think of God, I hoped there was no need to
trouble himself with any such thoughts yet ;" and
the undying fondness with which she upholds his
memory, and will not brook a word of ribaldry, or
what she deems slander, against it, all evidencing
that —

" The worst of sin had left her woman still."

Surely a scene more characteristic of all the
parties in it, is not to be found in Shakspeare.

Nemo.

Mixiax ^attS.

Doings of the Calfs Head Club. — In an old
newspaper called The Weekly Oracle, of Feb. 1,
1735, is the following curious paragraph :

"Thursday (Jan. 29) in the evening a disorder of
a very particular nature happened in Suffolk Street ;
'tis said that several young gentlemen of distinction
having met at a house there, calling themselves the
Calf's Head Club ; and about seven o'clock a bonfire
being lit up before the door, just when it was in its
height, they brought a calf's head to the window
dressed in a napkin-cap, and after some huzzas, threw
it into the fire. The mob were entertained with strong
beer, and for some time hallooed as well as the best ;
but taking a disgust at some healths which were pro-
posed, grew so outrageous that they broke all the
windows, forced themselves into the house, and would
probably have pulled it down, had not the guards been
sent to prevent further mischief. The damage is com-
puted at some hundred pounds. The guards were
posted all night in the street for the security of the
neighbourhood."

E. G. Ballard.

Epitaph hy Wordsworth There is a beautiful

epitaph by Wordsworth in Sprawley Church,

Worcestershire, to the wife of G. C. Vernon, Esq.,
of Hanbury. Wordsworth has made the follow-
ing slight alterations to it, in his published poems :
I quote from the one-volume 8vo. edition of
Moxon (1845). The first two lines are not on the
tablet. The words within brackets are those
which appear in the original epitaph : —
" By a blest husband guided, Mary came

From nearest kindred, Vernon her new name ;

She came, though meek of soul, in seemly pride

Of happiness and hope, a youthful bride.

O dread reverse I if aught be so which proves

That God will chasten whom he dearly loves.

Faith bore her up through pains in mercy given,

And troubles that [which] were each a step to Heaven.

Two babes were laid in earth before she died ;

A third now slumbers at the mother's side;

Its sister-twin survives, whose smiles afford [impart]

A trembling solace to her widow'd lord [her father's
heart.]
Reader 1 if to thy bosom cling the pain

Of recent sorrow combated in vain ;

Or if thy cherish'd grief have fail'd to thwart

Time, still intent on his insidious part,

Lulling the mourner's best good thoughts asleep,

Pilfering regrets we would, but cannot, keep ;

Bear with him [those] — judge him [those] gently
who makes [make] known

His [their] bitter loss by this memorial [monumental]
stone ;

And pray that in his [their] faithful breast the grace

Of resignation find a hallow'd place."

CuTHBERT Beds, B.A.

Tailor's " Cabbage.'''' —

" The term cabbage, by wliich tailors designate the
cribbed pieces of cloth, is said to be derived from an
old word, 'cablesh,' i. e. wind-fallen wood. And their
' hell,' where they store the cabbage, from ' helan,' to
hide."

Cleric us Rustic us.

Misquotations. — 1. Sallust's memorable de-
finition of friendship, as put into the mouth of
Catiline (cap. 20.), is quoted in the " Translation
of Aristotle's Ethics," in Bohn's Classical Library
(p. 241. note h), as the saying of Terence.

2. The Critic of September 1st quotes the
" Viximus insignes inter utramque facem " of
Propertius (lib. iv. 11. 46.) as from Martial.

3. In Eraser's Magazine for October 1852,
p. 461., we find " Quem patente porta," &c. quoted
from Terence instead of Catullus, as it is correctly
in the number for May, 1853.

P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.

The Ducking Stool. — In the Museum at Scar-
borough, one of these engines is preserved. Ifc
is said that there are persons still living in the
town, who remember its services being employed
when it stood upon the old pier. It is a sub-
stantial arm-chair of oak ; with an iron bar ex-

316

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

tending from elbow to elbow, just as the wooden
one is placed in a child's chair to prevent the
occupant from falling forward.

W. J. Beknhakd Smith.
Temple.

Watch-paper Insmption, — Akin to dial in-
scriptions are inscriptions on watch-papers used
in the days of our grandfathers, in the outer case
of the corpulent watch now a-days seldom seen.
I send you the following one, which I read many
years since ; but as I did not copy the lines, I can-
not vouch for their being strictly accurate :

" Onward perpetually moving,
These faithful hands are ever proving

How quick the hours fly by ;
This monitory pulse-like beating, '

Seems constantly, methinks, repeating.
Swift ! swift ! the moments fly.
Reader, be ready — for perhaps before
These hands have made one revolution more.
Life's spring is snapt — you die ! "

F. James.

^utxit^.

BIRTHPI-ACE OF GEN. MONK.

In a clever biographical sketch by M. Guizot,
originally published in a French periodical (the
Hevue Franqaise) under the title of " Monk,
Etude Historique," George Monk, first Duke of
Albemarle, is said to have been born on the 6th
of December, 1608, at the manor-house of Pothe-
ridge, the ancient inheritance of his family, in the
county of Devon.

This Potheridge (otherwise Pen-the-ridge) is,
it appears, a village or hamlet situated "on the
ascendant ridge of a small hill," in the parish of
Merton, about four miles south-west of Torrington.
As M. Guizot's statement, in so far as locality is
concerned, seems open to doubt at least, if not
positive exception, I wish to elicit, and place on
record, through the medium of " N. & Q." if I
can, some farther and perhaps more decisive in-
formation on the subject. In opposition to M.
Guizot's authority (whence derived or whatever
it might be), Lysons, in his account of Devonshire
in the Magna Britannia, positively lays the venue
of Monk's birth in the parish of Lancros or
Landcross, near Bideford, confirmatorily alleging
that his baptism took place there on the 11th of
December in the year above mentioned. In
another account, a notice of the Restoration by
M. Riordan de Muscry, appended to Monteth's
History of the ReheUio7i, he is said to have been
born in Middlesex, an assertion to which (in the
absence of all authority) little value can, of course,
be given. The slightest local investigation, in-
cluding a reference to the parochial registers of
Landcross and Merton, would, however, probably

at once solve the difficulty. But for the known
fidelity of Lysons, and the probability of his pos-
sessing superior information on the specific point
at issue over that of M. Guizot, I should be most
reluctant to impeach the accuracy of any state-
ment of fact, however trifling or minute, emanating,
from that distinguished writer. Few indeed there-
are, even amongst our own historians, whose claims
on our faith, arising from close and accurate re-
search, intimate knowledge, clear perception, and
thorough comprehension of the events of that
most eventful period of English history, com-
mencing with the Revolution of 1640, can (a»
manifested in their published works at least) vie-
with those of M. Guizot. "With some few of the
opinions, interpretations, constructions, and com-
ments passed or placed by M. Guizot on the life-
and actions of Monk in this same " Etude His-
torique," I shall, perhaps (with all deference)^
be tempted to deal on some future occasion. An
able translation of the Avork, from the pen of the-
present Lord Wharncliffe, appeared in 1838, the
year immediately succeeding its first publication^
The prefatory observations and valuable notes-
there introduced richly illustrate the text of M.
Guizot, whose labours, in this instance, are cer-
tainly not discreditably reflected through the-
medium of his English editor. With one expres-
sion of Lord Wharncliffe' s, however (in the note
to which this paper chiefly refers), I take leave to
differ, wherein he hints that the question of
Monk's birthplace can have little interest beyond,
the limits of the county of Devon, clearly a palp-
able error. F. KyrriN Lenthall..

Harmony of the Four Gospels. — Can any of
your correspondents furnish me with the date of
the earliest Harmony, or the titles of any early
ones ? Any information on the subject will niucb
oblige Z. 4.

The Noel Family. — Will any of your readers
be kind enough to give me information on the-
following point ? About the commencement of
the last century, a Rev. Wm. Noel lived at Rid-
lington, county of Rutland : he was rector of that
parish about the year 1745. What relation was-
he to the Earl of Gainsborough then living ? Wa»
it not one of the daughters of this clergyman who
married a Capt. Furye ? Teecee.

Council of Trent. — References are requested to-
any works illustrative of the extent of knowledge-
attainable by the Romish clergy, at the sittings of
this council, in (1.) ecclesiastical antiquities, (2.)>
historical traditions, (3.) biblical hermeneutics.

T. J. BUCKTOK-
Birmingham.

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

317

Roman Catholic Patriarchs. — Has any bishop
in the Western Church held the title of patriarch
besides tlie Patriarch of Venice ? And what
peculiar authority or privileges has he ?

W. Fbaser.

Tor-Mohun.

The " Temple Lands " in Scotland. — I am
txnxious to learn some particulars of these lands.
I recollect of reading, some time ago, that the
superiorities of them had been acquired by John
B. Gracie, Esq., W. S. Edinburgh; but whether by
purchase or otherwise, I did not ascertain. Mr.
Xjrracie died some four or five years ago. Perhaps
some correspondent will favour me with some
information on the subject. In the Justice Street
of Aberdeen, there is a tenement of houses called
Mauchlan or Mauchline Tower Court, which is
said to have belonged to the order. In the
charters of this property, themselves very ancient,
reference is made to another, of about the earliest
date at which the order began to acquire property
in Scotland. Abeedonensis.

Cottons of Fowey. — A family of " Cotton" was
settled at Fowey, in Cornwall, in the seventeenth
century. The first name of which I have any
•notice is that of Abraham Cotton, who married
■at Fowey in 1597. They bore for their arms.
Sable, a chevron between three cotton-hanks. Or
a crescent for difference : crest, a Cornish chough
liolding in the beak a cotton-hank proper. William
<Dotton, mayor of Plymouth in 1671, was probably
one of this family. The name is not Cornish ; and
these Cottons had without doubt migrated at no
distant period from some other part of the king-
dom. Any information relating to the family or
its antecedents will be very gratefully received by

R. W. C.

Draught or Draft of Air. — Will some of your
■contributors inform a reader what term or word
may be correctly used to signify the phrase
■" cui-rent of air " up the flue of a chimney, or
through a room, &c. ? The word draught or draft
is generally or universally used ; but that signifi-
cation is not to be found attached to the word
draught or draft in any dictionary accessible to
the Inquirer. The word is used by many English
scientific writers, and was undoubtedly used by
Dr. Franklin to signify a current of air in the flue
of a chimney (see also lire's Diet.). Yet the word
cannot be found in Johnson or Ogllvle's Imp. Diet.
with this signification. The word " tirage " is also
used by French writers with the above signifi-
cation ; and though in French dictionaries its
meaning is nearly the same, and nearly as ex-
tended as the English word draught or draft, yet
it cannot be found in the Diet, de VAead. to signify
iis above.

New York.

Admiral Sir Thomas Tyddeman commanded
the squadron sent during the war with the Dutch
in the reign of Charles 11. to assist in the capture
of certain richly laden merchant vessels which
had put into Bremen, but (owing to the treachery
of the Danish governor, who instead of acting in
concert with the English, as had been agreed,
opened fire upon them from the town) Nvas unable
to effect his purpose.

After the admiral's return to England, a question
was raised as to his conduct during the engage-
ment; and some persons went so fixr as to accuse
him of cowardice; but the Duke of York, who was
then in command of the fleet, entirely freed him
from such charges, and declared that he had acted
with the greatest discretion and bravery in the
whole affair.

He died soon after this. In 1668, according to
Pepys's account, of a broken heart occasioned by
the scandal that had been circulated about him,
and the slight he felt he was suflTering from the
Parliament. Perhaps some of your readers can
inform me where I may meet with farther particu-
lars relating to Admiral Tyddeman. I am parti-
culaidy desirous to gain information as to his
family and his descendants ; also to learn upon
what occasion he was created a baronet or knight.

Captaiiv.

Pedigree Indices. — Is there any published table
of kin to Sir Thomas White, the founder of St.
John's College, Oxford, or of William of Wyke-
ham, after the plan of Stemmata Chicheliana ?

Is there any Index to the Welsh and Irish
pedigrees in the British Museum? Sims' valu-
able book is confined to England.

Are there Indices to the pedigrees in the Lam-
beth Library, or the Bodleian Library at Oxford ?

The proper mode of making a search In the
Universities of Oxford and Cambridge wanted ?

Y. S. M.

Apparition of the White Lady. — I observe in
two works lately published, an allusion made to an
apparition of the "White Lady," as announcing
the death of a prince ; in the one case of the
throne of Brandenburgh *, the other that of
France, t Can any of your readers point out the
origin of this popular tradition ? C. M. W,

Rundlestone. — Can any Information be given of
the origin of the term " Rundlestone," as applied
to a rock off" the Land's End ; and also to a remark-
able stone near Hessory Tor ? (Vide Mr. Bray's
Journal, Sept. 1802, in Mrs. Bray's work on the
Tamar and Tavy : and see also in the Ordnance
Maps.) J. S. Pw

Garrison Library, Malta.

* In Michaud's Biographie.

f Louis XVII., by A. De Beauchesne.

318

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

Tottenham. — What is the derivation of Totten-
ham Park, Wilts, and of Tottenham Court Road?
The ancestor of the Irish family of that name was
from Cambridgeshire. Y. S. M.

Duval Family. — Is or was there a French
family of the name of Duval, gentilhommes ; and
if so, cart any relationship be traced between
such family and the " Walls of Coolnamuck," an
ancient Anglo-Norman family of the south of
Ireland, who are considered to have been originally
named " Duval ? " H.

Noses of the Descendants of John of Gaunt
(Vol. vli., p. 96.). — What peculiarity have they ?
I am one, and I know many others ; but I am at
a loss to know the meaning of E. D.'s remark.

Y. S. M.

General Wall. — Can any of your Irish corre-
spondents give me any information respecting the
parentage and descent of General Richard Wall,
who was Prime Minister at the Court of Spain in
the year 1750 or 1753 (vide Lord Mahon) ; also
whether the General belonged to that branch of
the Walls of Coolnamuck, whose pi-operty fell
into the hands of certain English persons named
Ruddall, in whose family some Irish property still
remains ?

Did the general have any sisters? la there
any monograph life of the general ? H.

John Daniel and Sir Ambrose Nicholas Salter. —
Can any of the readers of " N. & Q." give any
information respecting one John Danyel or
Daniel, of Clement's Inn, who translated from the
Spanish, " Jehovah. A free Pardon ivith many
Graces therein contained., granted to all Christians
hy our most Holy and Beuerent Father God
Almightic, the principal High Priest and Bishoppe
in Heaven and Earth, 1576 ; and An excellent
Comfort to all Christians against all kinde of Cala-
mities y 1576 ?

Also any information respecting Sir Ambrose
Nicholas Salter, son of John Nicholas of Reding-
Avorth, in Huntingdonshire, to whom the first
tract is dedicated ; or of his mayoralty of the city
of London, 1575-6. B. B. W.

Edward Bys.she. — I shall feel particularly
obliged to any of your correspondents who will
favour me with a biographical notice of Edward
Bysshe, author of The Art of English Poeti-y,
The British Parnassus, &c., especially the dates
and places of his birth and death. Civis.

President Bradshaio and John Milton. — In a
pamphlet by T. W. Barlow, Esq., of the Honorable
Society of Gray's Inn, entitled Cheshire, its His-
torical and Literary Associations, published in
1852, it Is stated that among the memorials of
friends which President Bradshaw's will contains,

is a bequest of ten pounds to his kinsman, John
Milton, which cannot be said to be an Insignificant
legacy two centuries ago.

Can any of your numerous correspondents
afford a clue to the family connexion between
these distinguished Individuals ? T. P. L.

Manchester.

Ket the Tanner. — Can you or any of your
correspondents give me any information about
" Ket the Tanner ; " or refer me to any book or
books containing a history or biography of that
remarkable person ? As I want the information
for a historicnl purpose, I hope you will give me
as lengthy an account as possible. W. J. Linton .

Brantvvood, Coniston, Lancashire.

[A lonn; account of Ket, and his insurrection, is
given in Blomefield's Norfolk, vol. iii. pp. 222 — 260.,
edit. 1806. Incidental notices of him will be also
found in Alexander Nevyllus' Norfolke Furies and their
Fohje, under Ket, their accursed Captaine, 4 to., 1623;
Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. i. ; Heylin's His-
tory of the Reformation; Stow's Chronicle; Godwin's
Annates of England ; and Sharon Turner's Modern His-
tory of Englajid, under Edwa'd VI. A Fragment of
the Requests and Demands of Ket and his Accomplices
is preserved in the Harleian MS. 304. art. 44.]

"Namby-pamby." — What Is the derivation of
namhy-pambi/ ? CtERicus Rusxicus.

[Sir John Stoddart, in his article " Grammar "
(Ency. Metropolitana, vol. i. p. 118.), remarks, that the
word " Namhrj-pamhy seems to be of modern fahrication,
and is particularly intended to describe that style of
poetry which affects the infantine simplicity of the
nursery. It would perhaps be difficult to trace any
part of it to a significant origin."]

EDITIONS OF BOOKS OF COMMON PRATER.

(Vol. vli., pp. 18.91.321.)

As you have printed various lists of Prayer-
Books, I send you the following of such books as
are in my own possession. Other persons may,
perhaps, send lists of copies In private libraries :

1549. Book of Common Prayer. Whitchurch. June.

Folio.
1549. May. Folio. (Wants title and last leaf.)
1549. June. Folio, (Last leaf wanting. )
1552. Whitchurch. Folio.
1552. Grafton. Folio. (Title wanting )
1552. Whitchurch. 4to. The first edition to which

the prose Psalter and the Godly Prayers were

appended.
1567. 4 to. (No title.)
1571. 24mo.

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

319

1580. Folio,

1574. 4to.

1578. Folio.

1551. Ordinatio Ecclesiae sen Ministerii, &c. 4to. A
Latin translation of the Book of 1549.

1548. Ordo Distributionis Sacramenti, &c. 12itio. A
Latin translation of the Order of Com-
munion.

1571. Liber Precum Publicarum, &c. Londini, 24n}o.

1574. Svo.

1596. Svo.

1604. Book of Common Prayer. Folio. (Royal Arms

on sides.) The first edit, of the reign of
James I.

1605. Folio.
1605. Folio.

1614. 4to.

1615. Folio.
1618, 4to.

1616. 12mo., bound in silver by the nuns of Little

Giddiiig.
.1621. 4to. In Welsh.
1622. Folio.

Liturgia Inglesia, 4to , large paper. A Spanish

translation, made at the cost of Archbishop

Williams.
4to. The same.
1616, La Liturgie Anglolse, 4to., large paper. This

translation was also made at the charge of

Williams.
4to. The same.
1625, Common Prayer. Folio. First edition of the

reign of Charles L This copy was used by

Secretary Nicholas, in his family, during the

period of tiie Commonwealth. A clause in

his own hand is inserted in the Prayer for the

King.
1628. 12mo.
1631. Folio.
1633. Folio.
1633. Edinburgh. 12mo.

1633, 12mo. The same.

1634. 4to.
1636, Folio, large paper.

1636. Folio.

1637. 4to.
1637. 12mo.

1639. 4to.

1640. 24mo.

1637. Edinburgh. Folio. (Young.)
1713. 8vo., large paper. (Watson's reprint of the pre-
ceding.)
1660. Folio.
1660. Folio. (A different edition.)

1660. 4to.
1690. 12 mo.

1661. Folio, large paper, with the Form at the Heal-

ing.

1662. Folio, large paper, with the Form at the Heal-

ing.
1662. Folio, large paper.
1662. Folio.
1662. Folio.
1662. Folio. Second edition of this year.

(Young.)

(Royal Arms on sides.)

1662. Cambridge. Svo.

1662. Cambridge. Svo. Different edition.

1669. Folio.

1686. Folio.

1687. Folio, large paper.
1692. 8vo.

1694. Folio.

1699. Svo.

1700. Svo.

1703. Folio, with the Form at the Healing.

1708. Svo., with the Form at the Healing.

1769. 12mo , with the Form at the Healing.

1715. Folio, with the Form at the Healing.

I have excluded from my list all those thin
editions of the Prayer Book, which were usually
bound up with Bibles, except in three instances.
The exceptions are these: — The folio, 1578;
Youpif's edition, 1633 ; and that of 1715. Gene-
rally these thin books, which have only references
to the Epistles and Gospels, are of no value what-
ever. The exceptions in this list, however, are
important books. The book of 1578 was prepared
by the Puritans, and is so altered that the word
p7-iest does not occur in a single rubric. Young's
book of 1633 is the first Prayer Book printed in
Scotland; and the edition of 1715 is remarkable
for " The Healing," though George I. never at-
tempted to touch for the king's evil.

Should you deem this list worth printing, I will
send another of occasional forms, now in my pos-
session, from the reign of Elizabeth to the acces-
sion of the House of Hanover. It may lead others
to do the same, and thus bring to light some forms
not generally known. The Prayer Books and oc-
casional forms in our public libraries are known
to most persons ; but it is important to ascertain
the existence of others in private collections.

Thomas Lathbubt.

Bristol.

I possess a copy of the Prayer Book of an edi-
tion I do not see mentioned in any of the lists
published in " N. & Q." It is small octavo, im-
printed by Bonhani, Norton, and John Bill, 1627.

K.L.

THE CRESCENT.

(Vol. vill,, p. 196.)

Your correspondent W. Robson, in asking to
have pointed out " the period at which the crescent
became the standard of Mahometanism," appears
to assume, what Is more than doubtful, that it has
been, and still is so. For although " modern poets
and even historians have named it as the anta-
gonistic standard to the cross," the crescent cannot
be considered as " the standard " of Mahometanism
— empliatioally, much less exclusively — except
In a poetical and figurative sense. That it is one
among several standards, I admit ; it is used by

320

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

tbe Turks as an ornament, and probably as a
symbol, of their dominion, or in connexion with
their religion. This may have originated in the
following fact : — Mahomet, at the introduction of
his religion, said to his followers, who were ig-
norant of astronomy, " When you see the new
moon, begin the fast ; when you see the moon,
celebrate the Bairam." And at this day, although
.the precise time of the lunar changes may be
•ascertained from their ephemerides, yet they never
begin either the Ramazan, or the Bairam, till some
have testified that they have seen the new moon.
v(Cantemir's History of the Othman Empire, pref.
pp. Iv, V.) But the ancient Israelites had precisely
the same custom in commencing their " new moons
•and appointed feasts." (See Calmet, art. " Month.")
That which may properly be called the standard
of the Turks, is the Sarijah Cherif, or Standard of
the Prophet. It is of green silk*, preserved in
the treasury with the utmost care, and never
brought out of the seraglio but to be carried to
the army. This banner is supposed by the Turks
to ensure victory, and is the sacred signal to
which they rally. (De Tott's Memoirs, vol. ii.

PP- 2, 3-)

The military ensigns which the grand seignior

' bestows on the governors of provinces and other
great men, Include the following : 1. The savjak,
or standard, only distinguished from that of Ma-
homet by the colour, one being red and the other
^reen. 2. The tug, or standard consisting of one,
two, or three horse-tails, according to the dignity
of the office borne by him who receives it. Pachas
of the highest rank are distinguished by three
tails, and the title heglei-beg, or prince of princes.
Those next in rank are the pachas of two tails,
and the beys are honoured but with one. These
tails are not ivorn by the pachas, but fastened at
the end of a lance, having a gilt handle, and carried
before the pacha, or fixed at the side of his tent.
3. The alem is a large broad standard, which In-
stead of a spear-head has a silver plate in the
middle, bored In the shape of a crescent or half-
moon. (Cantemir, Hist. 0th. Emp., p. 10.)

The sultan's barge, with canopy of purple silk,
supported throne-like by four gilt pillars, is
adorned with three gilt candlesticks ; and only the
capudan pacha, when going to sea. Is allowed to
have similar ornaments, as he Is then considered as
deriyd padishahi, emperor of the sea. Even the
vizier Is only permitted to display a canopy of
green silk on ivory pillars, but without candle-
sticks, (lb., p. 424.)

* So says De Tott ; Cantemir says it is red. But
this discrepancy in the autliorities is easily accounted
for, since the Satijak Cherif is so sacred that it must
be looked upon by none but the Muslimans, the true
believers. If seen by the eyes of giaours (unbelievers),
it would be profaned. (De Tott, Memoirs, p. 3.)

Thus It appears that the crescent holds but a
subordinate position among the ensigns at present
in use among the Turks. As to its history, I
have found no trace of it In connexion with that
of the Crusades. Tasso, in La Gerusalemme Li-
herata, mentions " the spread standards " of the
soldan's army "waving to the wind " (" Sparse al
vento ondeggiando Ir le bandiere," canto xx,
St. 28.), but he makes no allusion to the crescent.
I have not access to Michaud's Histoire des Croi-
sades, and shall be glad if your correspondent will
quote the passage to which he has referred. Does
Michaud speak of it as existing at that time f
This does not clearly appear from the reference.
There were several sultans named Mahomet who
reigned in or near the age of the Crusades, two
of the Seljak dynasty; the first the conqueror of
Bagdad, the second cotemporary with Bald-
win III., king of Jerusalem. In the Carizmlan
dynasty, Mahomet I. was cotemporary with
Godfrey, Baldwin I., and Baldwin 11. ; and Ma-
homet II. commenced his reign about a.d. 1206.
But the conqueror of Constantinople, Mahomet II.,
was of the Othman dynasty, and lived some cen-
turies later, the fall of that city having taken
place A.D. 1 453. To which of these eras does Mi-
chaud ascribe the use of the crescent for the first
time ?

After all, perhaps, the Turkish crescent, like the
modern crown of Western Europe, may be but a
variation of the horn, the ancient symbol of au-
thority, so often alluded to in the Old Testament.
The tivo cusps or horns of the crescent, and the
circle of diverging rays in the diadem, suggest
that the variation Is simply one of number; and
the derivation is strongly corroborated by ety-
mology. The Hebrew word yyp (keren) is con-
nected with, and possibly the original source of,
our two words horn and crown. Its dual (ha7--
naim) signifies horns or rays, as In Habak. Hi. 4.

A fact mentioned by D'Herbelot may have
some connexion with the Turkish crescent. When
the celebrated warrior, Tamugln, whose conquests
preceded those of the Othman dynasty, assumed
in a general assembly of the Moguls and Tartars
the title of Ghenghis Khun, or king of kings, " II
y ordonna qu'une cornette blanche seroit dore-
navant I'etendart general de ses troupes" (^Bihlio-
theque Orientate, p. 379.). Thus did the Mogul
conqueror (to use the words of the Psalmist) "lift
up the horn on high." (Psalm Ixxv. 5.) About
half a century after the death of Ghengis Khan,
Aladin, Sultan of Iconlum, conferred on Othman,
who afterwards founded the Turkish empire, the
tabl alem — the drum, standards, and other orna-
ments of a general. (Cantemir, Hist. 0th. Emp.,
p. 10.) The explanation of the alem by the his-
torian In his annotations, I have already quoted.
This is the only allusion to the crescent as an en-
sign that I have met with in Cantemir.

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

321

The painters of Christendom (no high autho-
rities in this matter) often represent the crescent
as a part of Turkish costume, worn in front of the
turban. But in the portraits of the Turkish em-
perors, "taken from originals in the grand seig-
nior's palace," there appears no such ornament.
(See the plates in Cantemir's History.) Many of
them are represented as wearing the sorgus, a
crest of feathers adorned with precious stones.
Like the horn, it is an emblem of authority.
Many of them have two fastened to the turban.

Your correspondent states that " the crescent is
common upon the reverses of coins of the Eastern
empii*e long before the Turkish conquest." I
think this highly probable, but would be glad to
see the authorities for the fact. I cannot admit,
however, that the crescent was in any degree
" peculiar to Sclave nations ;" for, first, the Sclave
nations reached no farther south than Moravia,
Bohemia, and their vicinity ; they did not occupy
the seat of the Eastern empire, which was partly
Greek and partly Koman, Secondly, though I
have no work on numismatics to consult, I have
casually met with instances in which the heavenly
bodies are represented on Persian, Phoenician, and
Koman coins. As instances, in Calmet's Dic-
tionary, art. "Moloch," is represented a Persian
coin with the figures of a star and crescent ; in
the Pictorial Bible, 2 Chron. xv. 16., a Phoenician
coin bearing a crescent; and in Matt. xx. 1., on a
Roman coin of Augustus, there is the figure of
a star. The Turks, however, stamp nothing on
their coins but the emperor's name and the date
of coinage.

Again, in European heraldry, Frank, German,
Gothic, and not Sclave, the crescent appears ; in
"common charges," for example, as one of the
emblems of power, glory, &c. ; and among " dif-
ferences," to distinguish a second son.

Should the above facts tend to throw any light
on the subject of your correspondent's inquiry, I
shall be gratified ; and if any of my views can be
shown to be erroneous, it will afford me equal
pleasure to correct them. J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

SEALS OP THE BOROUGH OF CHEAT TAKMOUTH.

(Vol. vlll., p. 269.)

I fear that the result of my researches will be
but of little service ; but your Querist is heartily
welcome to the mite I offer.

The second seal appears to have been the seal
of assay ; probably used for certifying the cor-
rectness of the king's beam, or for sealing docu-
ments authorising exports, of which ther'e were
formerly many and various from this port. Yar-
mouth was held by the kings until 9 John, when
a charter was granted to hls'burgesses, inhabitants

of Gernemue, that they should henceforth hold
the town in "fee-farm," paying yearly the sum of
55Z. in lieu of all rents, tolls, &c. Probably on
tills occasion a seal of arms was granted. About
the year 1306 a dispute fell out between Great
Yarmouth and the men of Little Yarmouth and
Gorleston adjoining, the latter insisting on the
right to load and unload fish in their harbours ;
but the former prevailed as being a free burgh,
which the others were not. In 1332 a charter
was granted (6 Ed. III.) for adjusting these dis-
putes, wherein it was directed —

" That ships laden with wool, leather, and skins
upon which the great custom is due, shall clear out
from that port where our beam and the seal called
cohet remain, and nowhere else (ubi thronus noster et
sigillum nostrum, quod dicltur coket, existunt, et non
alibi carcentur)."

What cohet is, I am unable to say : but the king's
beam for weighing mercliandise, called thronus or
ironus, stood usually in the most public place of
the town or port. The legend on this seal appears
to be old French, and is evidently the " seal of
assay of Great Yarmouth."

The thii'd seal has probably belonged to Little
Yarmouth. The arms of Great Yarmouth were
" azure three herrings in pale argent." It is not
unlikely that during the disputes between the two
ports the Little Yarmouthites might assume a
seal of arms ; but .as such things were more care-
fully looked after then than in these degenerate
days, they would not venture on the three
herrings, but content themselves with one ; and
they might desire to dignify their town as " New"
instead of " Little " Yarmouth.

With regard to the first seal, I should judge
from its oval shape, the cross, and legend, that it
is ecclesiastic, and has no connexion with Yar-
mouth. Bboctuna.

Bury, Lancashire.

MOON SUPEESTITIONS.

(Vol.viii., pp.79. 145.)

Notwithstanding the authority upon which Me.
Ingleby founds the assertion, that there is not the
"slightest observable dependence" between the
moon and the weather, the dictum is open to some-
thing more than doubt. That the popular belief
of a full moon bringing fine weather is not strictly
correct, is undoubted ; and the majority of the
popular ideas entertained on the influence of the
moon on the weather are equally fallacious ; but
that the moon exerts no influence whatever on the
changes of the weather, is a statement involving
grave errors.

The action of the moon on meteorological pro-
cesses is a highly complex problem ; but the prin-

322

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

cipal conclusions to which scientific observations
tend, on this matter, may be pointed out without
perhaps encroaching too much on the space of
" N. & Q."

Luke Howard, of Ackworth, several years ago,
concluded, from a series of elaborate observations,
extending over many years, that the moon exerted
a distinct influence on atmospheric pressure : and
Col. Sabine has more recently shown, from observ-
ations made at the British Magnetical and Meteor-
ological Observatory at St. Helena since 1842 —
" That the attraction of the moon causes the mercury
in the barometer to stand, on the average, '004 of an
English inch higher when the moon is on the meridian
above or below the pole, than when she is six hours
distant from the meridian." — Cosmos, vol. i. note 381,
(author, trans.); Phil. Trajis., 1847, art. v.

Luke Howard farther gives cogent reasons,
from his tabulated observations, for the conclusion
that the moon has an appreciable effect upon the
weather, exerted through the influence of its at-
traction on the course and direction of the winds,
upon which it acts as a marked disturbing cause ;
and through them it affects the local distribution
of temperature, and the density of the atmosphere.
There is no constant agreement between the phases
of the moon and certain states of the weather ; but
an apparent connexion is not unfrequently ob-
served, due to the prevalence of certain winds,
which would satisfactorily account for the origin
and persistence of the popular belief: for, "it is
the peculiar and perpetual error of the human
understanding to be more moved and excited by
affirmatives than negatives" (Nov. Org.^ Aph. 46.).
For example, in 1807, "not a twentieth part of
the rain of the year fell in that quarter of the
whole space, which occurred under the influence
of the moon at full " {Lectures on Meteorology, by
L. Howard, 1837, p. 81.). In 1808, however, this
phase lost this character completely.

A more marked relation is found between the
state of the weather and the declination of the
moon : for —

" It would appear, that while the moon is far south of
the equator, there falls but a moderate quantity of rain
with us ; that while she is crossing the equator to-
wards tiiese latitudes, our rain increases ; that the
greatest depth of rain falls, with us, in the week in
which she is in the full north declination, or most j
nearly vertical to these latitudes ; and that during her !
return over the equator to the south, the rain is re-
duced to its minimum quantity. And this distribution
obtains in very nearly the same proportions both in an ex-
tremely dry and in an extremely wet season." — Climate of
London, by L. Howard, vol. ii. p. 251., 1820.

Still more recently, Luke Howard has summed
up the labours of his life on this subject, and he
writes :

" We have, I think, evidence of a great tidal wave,
or swell in the atmosphere, caused by the moon's attrac-

tion, preceding her in her approach to us, and follow-
ing slowly as she departs from these latitudes. Were
the atmosphere a calm fluid ocean of air of uniform
temperature, this tide would be manifested with as
great regularity as those of the ocean of waters. But
the currents uniformly kept up by the sun's varying
influence effectually prevent this, and so complicate
the problem.

" There is also manifest in the lunar influence a
gradation of effects, which is here sliown, as it is found
to operate through a cycle of eighteen years. In these
the mean weight of our atmosphere increases through
the forepart of the period ; and having kept for a year
at the maximum it has attained, decreases again through
the remaining years to a minimum ; about which there
seems to be a fluctuation, before the mean begins to
rise again." — " On a Cycle of Eighteen Years in the
Height of the Barometer" (Papers on Meteorology,
Part 11. ; Phil. Trans., 1841, Part II.).

It is satisfactory to all interested in this matter
to know that " the incontestable action of our
satellite on atmospheric pressure, aqueous preci-
pitations, and the dispersion of clouds, will be
treated in the latter and purely telluric portion of
the Cosmos" (vol. iii. p. 368., and note 596, where
an interesting illustration is given of the effects
of the radiation of heat from the moon in the
upper strata of our atmosphere).

Jno. N. Radcliffe.

Dewsbury.

Not being quite satisfied with Mk. Inglebt's
answer to W. W.'s Query, I beg to refer inquirers
to the Nautical Magazine for July, 1850, and three
subsequent months, in which will be found a
translation by Commander L. G. Heath, R.N., of
a paper published by M. Arago in the Annuaire du
Bureau des Longitudes for the year 1833, entitled
" Does the Moon exercise any appreciable In^
fluence on our Atmosphere ?" This treatise enters
fully into the subject, and gives the results of
several courses of experiments extending over
many years ; which go to prove that in Germany,
at all events, there is more rain during the waxing
than during the waning moon. Several popular
errors are shown to have arisen in the belief that
certain appearances in the moon, really the effect
of peculiar states of the atmosphere, were the
cause of such atmospheric peculiarities ; but we
ai'e allowed some ground for supposing that this
"vulgar error" may have some foundation in
" vulgar truth." G. William Sktring.

LATIN RIDDLE.

(Vol. vlii., p. 243.)

The enigma of Aulus Gellius (Nodes Atticce,
lib. xii. cap. vi.), though transmitted to us in a
corrupt form, is solved at once by the story men-
tioned by Livy (lib. i. cap. Iv.). When Tarquinius

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

323

Superbus was about to build the Temple of Jupi-
ter Capitolinus, it was found necessary to " ex-
augurate" or dispossess the other deities whose
shrines had previously occupied the ground. All
readily gave way to Father Jupiter with the ex-
ception of Terminus ; and the point of the riddle
lies in the analogy between " Scmel minus," "5w
minus," and " Ter minus."

I extract a note from the copy of Aulus Gelllus
before me :

" Barthius (^Adv., lib. xvi. cap. xxii.) lies versus ita
legebat :

* Semel minus ? Non. Bismlnus ? Non. Sat scio.
An utruiuque? Verum ; ut quondam audivi dicier,
Jovi ipsi regi noluit concedere.'

" Ita et trimetri sua slbi constant lege, et acumen
repetitis interrogatiunculis. Alioquin frigidum re-
sponsum. Potest tamen ita intelligi, ut semel, bis, imo
ter Jove minus sit, et noluerit tamen Jovi cedere." —
Page 560. N. : Lugd. Batav., 1706, 4to.

Lactantius, " the Christian Cicero," thus tells
the story :

" Nam cum Tarquinius Capitolium facere vellet ; eo-
que in loco multorum deorum sacella essent : consu-
luit eos per augurium ; utriim Jovi cederent, et ce-
dentibus ceteris, solus Terminus mansit. Unde ilium
Poeta ' Capitoli immobile Saxum'vocat (Virg., ^n.
ix. 441.). Facto itaque Capitolio, supra ipsum Ter-
minum foramen est in tecto relictum : ut quia non
cesserat, libero coelo frueretur." — De Falsa Relig., lib. i.
cap. XX. ad Jin.

Livy, in a subsequent book (v. 45.), Dionysius
of Halicarnassus (Antiqu. Horn., lib. iii. cap. Ixix.)
and Florus assert that Juventaa also refused to
move ; and St. Augustine tells the same story of
Mars. I may as well quote his words :

" Cum Rex Tarquinius Capitolium fabricare vellet,
eumque locum qui ei dignior aptiorque videbatur, ab
Diis aliis cerneret praeoccupatum, non audons aliquid
contra eorum facere arbitrium, et credens eos tanto
numini suoqne principi voluntate cessuros ; quia multi
erant illic ubi Capitolium constitutum est, per augu-
rium quaesivit, utrum concedere locum vellent Jovi :
atque ipsi inde cedere omnes voluerunt, prater illos,
quos commemoravi, Martem, Terminum, Juventatem :
atque ideo Capitolium ita constitutum est, ut etiam
iste tres intus essent tarn obscuris signis, ut hoc vix
homines doctissimi scirent." — De Civit. Dei, lib. iv.
cap. xxiii. S.

Nor must I omit the following from Ovid :

" Quid, nova quum fierent Capitolia ? Nempe Deorum
Cuncta Jovi cessit turba, locumque dedit,
Terminus ut memorant veteres, inventus in sede,

Restitit, et magno cum Jove templa tenet.
Nunc quoque, se supra ne quid nisi sidera cernat,
Exiguum templi tecta foramen habent."

Fast, lib. ii. 667., &c.

Much more information may be found in Smith's
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, &c..

sub voc. Tekminus. Servius, ad Aen. ix. '448.
Politiani, Miscell. c. 36. Histoire Bomaine, par
Catrou et Rouille, vol. i. p. 343. &c., N. : "k Paris,
1725, 4to. Grtevii, Thesaur. Antiqu. Rom., vol. ix.
218. N., and vol. x. 783. Trajecc. ad Rhen., 1699,
fol. Plutarch, in Vit. NumcB. Robert Gibbings.

(Vol. viii., p. 20. &c.)

In two previous Numbers (Vol. vi., p. 54. ; Vol.
vii., p. 594.) Queries have been inserted as to the •
derivation of the exclamations Hurrah! and Hip,
hip, hwrah! These have elicited much learned
remark (Vol. vii., p. 633. ; Vol. viii., pp. 20. 277.),
but still I think the real originals have not yet
been reached by your correspondents.

As to hip, hip ! I fear It must remain question-
able, whether It be not a mere fanciful conjecture
to resolve It into the Initials of the war-cry of
the Crusaders, " HIerosolyma est perdlta!" The
authorities, however, seem to establish that it
should be written " hep" Instead of hip. I would
only remark, e7i passant, that there Is an error in
the passage cited by Mr. Brent (Vol. viii., p. 88.)
In opposition to this mediajval solution, which en-
tirely destroys the authority of the quotation. He
refers to a note on the ballad of " Old Sir Simon
the King," In which, on the couplet —

" Hang up all the poor hep drinkers.
Cries Old Sir Sim, the king of skinkers."

the author says that " hep was a term of derision
applied to those who drank a weak infusion of the
hep (or hip) berry or sloe : and that the exclam-
ation ' hip, hip, hurrah ! ' is merely a corruption
of ' hip, hip, away !' " But, unfortunately for this
theory, the hip Is not the sloe, as the annotator
seems to suppose ; nor Is It capable of being used
in the preparation of any infusion that could be
substituted for wine, or drunk " with all the
honours." It is merely the hard and tasteless
huckey of the wild dog-rose, to the flower of which
Chaucer likens the gentle knight Sir Thopas :

" As swete as is the bramble flour,
That beareth the red hepe."

This demurrer, therefore, does not affect the
validity of the claim which has been set up In
favour of an oriental origin for this convivial
refrain.

As to hurrah ! If I be correct In my Idea of Its
parentage, there are fevf words still in use which
can boast such a remote and widely extended
prevalence. It is one of those interjections in
which sound so echoes sense, that men seem to
have adopted It almost instinctively. In India
and Ceylon, the Mahouts and attendants of the
baggage-elephants cheer them on by perpetual
repetitions of ur-re, ur-rel The Arabs and camel-

324

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

■drivers in Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt encourage
their animals to speed by shouting ar-re, ar-re!
The Moors seem to have carried the custom with
"them into Spain, where the mules and horses are
■still driven with cries of arre (whence the mule-
teers derive their Spanish appellation o^ arrieros).
In France, the sportsman excites the hound by
shouts of hare, hare ! and the waggoner turns
his horses by his voice, and the use of the word
hurhant ! In Germany, according to Johnson
(m verho Hurry), " Hurs was a word used by
tlie old Germans in urging their horses to speed,"
And to the present day, the herdsmen in Ireland,
and parts of Scotland, drive their cattle with
shouts of hurrish, hurrish ! In the latter country,
in fact, to hurry, or to han-y, is the popular term
descriptive of the predatory habits of the border
reivers in plundering and " driving the cattle" of
the lowlanders.

The sound is so expressive of excitement and
energy, that it seems to have been adopted in all
nations as a stimulant in times of commotion ;
and eventually as a war-cry by the Russians, the
English, and almost every people of Europe. Sir
Francis Paljxrave, in the passage quoted from his
History of Normandy ("N.& Q.," Vol. viii., p. 20.),
has described the custom of the Normans in
raising the country by " the cry of haro," or haron,
upon which all the lieges were bound to join in
pursuit of the offender. This clameur de haron is
the origin of the English "hue and cry;" and the
word hue itself seems to retain some trace of the
prevailing pedigree.

This stimulating interjection appears, in foct, to
have enriched the French language as well as our
own with some of the most expressive etymologies.
It is the parent of the obsolete French verb harer,
" to hound on, or excite clamour against any one."
And it is to be traced in the epithet for a worn-
out horse, a haridelle, or haridan.

In like manner, our English expressions, to
hurry, to harry, and harass a flying enemy, are all
instinct with the same impulse, and all traceable
to the same root. J. Emersox Tennent.

The following extract from Mr. Thos. DIcey's
Hist, of Guernsey (edit. Lond. 1751), pp. 8, 9, 10.,
may be worth adding to the foregoing notes on this
subject :

" One thing more relating to Rollo Mr. Falle, in
his account of Jersey, hitroduces in the following
manner, not only for the singularity of it, but the
particular concern which that island has still in it,
viz. : —

" Whether it began through RoUo's own appoint-
ment, or took its rise among the people from an awful
reverence of him for his justice, it matters not ; but so
it is, that a custom obtained in his time, that in case
of incroachment and invasion of property, or of any
other oppression and violence requiring immediate
remedy, the party aggrieved need do no more than call

upon the name of the Duke, though at never so great
a distance, thrice repeating aloud Ha-Ro, &c., and
instantly the aggressor was at his peril to forbear
attempting anything further. — Aa ! or Ha ! is the
exclamation of a person suffering ; lio is the Duke's
name abbreviated ; so that Ha-Ro is as much as to say,
O ! Rollo, my Prince, succour me. Accordingly (says
Mr. Falle) with us, in Jersey, the cry is. Ha- Ro, a
Vaide, man Prince ! And this is that famous Clameur
do Haro, subsisting in practice even when Rollo was
no more, so much praised and commented upon by
all who have wrote on the Norman laws. A notable
example of its virtue and power was seen about one
hundred and seventy years after Rollo's death, at
William the Conqueror's funeral, when, in confidence
thereof, a private man and a subject dared to oppose
the burying of his body, in the following manner:

" It seems that, in order to build the great Abbey of
St. Stephen at Caen, where he intended to lie after his
decease, the Conqueror had caused several houses to
be pulled down for enlarging the area, and amongst
them one whose owner had received no satisfaction for
his loss. The son of that person (others say the per-
son himself) observing the grave to be dug on that
very spot of ground which had been the site of his
father's house, went boldly into the assembly, and for-
bid them, not in the name of God, as some have it, but
in the name of Rollo, to bury the body there.

" Paulus .(Emylius, who relates tlie story, says that
he addressed himself to the company in these words: —
' He who oppressed kingdoms by his arms has been my
oppressor also, and has kept me under a continual fear
of death. Since I have outlived him who injured me,
I mean not to acquit him now he is dead. The ground
whereon you are going to lay this man is mine ; and I
affirm that none may in justice bury their dead in
ground which belongs to another. If, after he is gone,
force and violence are still used to detain my right
from me, I appeal to Rollo, the founder and father
of our nation, who, though dead, lives in his laws. I
take refuge in those laws, owning no authority above
them.'

"This uncommonly brave speech, spoken in presence
of the deceased king's own son. Prince Henry, after-
wards our King Henry I., wrought its effect : the
Ha-Ro was respected, the man had compensation made
him for his wrongs, and, all opposition ceasing, the
dead king was laid in his grave."

J. Sansom.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Process for Printing on Alhumenized Paper. —
The power of obtaining agreeable and well-printed
positives from their negatives being the great ob-
ject with all photographers, induces me to com-
municate the following mode of preparing alhu-
menized paper ; a mode which, although it does
not possess any remarkable novelty, seems to me
deserving of being made generally known, from
its giving a uniformity of results which may at all
times be depended upon.

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

325

Independently of the very rich and agreeable
tones which may be produced by the process which
I am about to describe, it has the property of
allbrding permanent pictures, not liable to that
change by time to which pictures produced by the
use of the ammonio-nitrate solution are certainly
liable. I have upon all occasions advocated the
economical practice of photography, and the
present process will be found of that character ;
but at the same time I can assure your readers
that a rapidity of action and intensity are hereby
obtained with a 40-grain solution of nitrate of
silver, fully equal to those gained from solutions
of 120, or even 200, grains to the ounce, as is fre-
quently practised.

In eight ounces of water (distilled or not) dis-
solve forty grains of common salt, and the same
quantity of muriate of ammonia.* Mix this so-
lution with eight ounces of albumen ; beat f the
whole well together, allow it to stand in a tall
vessel from twenty-four to forty hours, when the
clear liquor may be poured off into a porcelain
dish rather larger than the paper intended to be
albumenized.

Undoubtedly the best paper for this process,
nnd relative quantity of chemicals, is the thin
Canson Freres' ; but a much cheaper, and per-
haps equally suitable paper, is that made by Tow-
good of St. Neots. Neither with Whatman's nor
Turner's papers, excellent as they are for some
processes, have I obtained such satisfactory results.
If the photographer should unfortunately possess
some of the thick paper of any inferior makers,
he had far better throw it away than waste his
chemicals, time, and temper upon the vain en-
deavoui; to turn it to any good account.
_ The paper, having first been marked on the
right-hand upper corner of the smooth side, is
then to be floated with that marked side on the
albumen. This operation, which is very easy to
perform, is somewhat difficult to describe. I will
however try. Take the marked corner of the
sheet in the right-hand, the opposite corner of the
lower side of the paper in the left ; and bellying
out the sheet, let the lower end fall gently on to
the albumen. Then gradually let the Avhole sheet
fall, so as to press out before it any adherent par-
tides of air. If this has been carefully done, no
air-bubbles will have been formed. The presence
of an air-bubble may however soon be detected by
the puckered appearance, which the back of the

* The addition of one drachm of acetic acid much
facilitates the easy application of the albumen to the
paper ; but it is apt to produce the unpleasant redness
so often noticeable in photographs. The addition of
forty grains of chloride of barium to the two muriates,
yields a bistre tint, which is admired by some photo-
graphers.

t Nothing answers so well for this purpose as a
small box-wood salad spoon.

paper assumes in consequence. When this is the
case, the paper must be carefully raised, the bubble
dispersed, and the paper replaced. A thin paper
requires to float for three minutes on the albumen,
but a thicker one proportionably longer. At the
end of that time raise the marked corner with the
point of a blanket pin ; then take hold of it with
the finger and thumb, and so raise the sheet
steadily and very slowly, that the albumen may
drain off at the lower left corner. I urge this
raising it very slowly, because air-bubbles are very
apt to form on the albumen by the sudden snatch-
ing up of the paper.

Each sheet, as it is removed from the albumen,
is to be pinned up by the marked corner on a long
slip of wood, which must be provided for the pur-
pose. In pinning it up, be careful that the albu-
menized side takes an inward curl, otherwise, from
there being two angles of incidence, streaks will
form from the middle of the paper. During the
drying, remove from time to time, with a piece of
blotting-paper, the drop of fluid which collects at
the lower corner of the paper.

In order to fix the albumen, it is necessary that
the paper should be ironed with an iron as hot as
can be used without singeing the paper. It should
be first ironed between blotting-paper, and when
the iron begins to cool. It may be applied directly
to the surface of each sheet.

To excite this paper it is only needful to float it
carefully from three to five minutes, in the same
way as it was floated on the albumen, upon a
solution of nitrate of silver of forty grains to the
ounce. Each sheet is then to be pinned up and
dried as before. It is scarcely necessary to add,
that this exciting process must be carried on by
the light of a lamp or candle.

This paper has the property of keeping good
for several days, if kept in a portfolio. It has also
the advantage of being very little aflfected by the
ordinary light of a room, so that it may be used
and handled in any apartment where the direct
light is not shining upon it ; yet in a tolerably in-
tense light it prints much more rapidly than that
prepared with the ammonio-nitrate.

The picture should be fixed in a bath of sa-
turated solution of hypo. The hypo, never gets
discoloured, and should always be carefully pre-
served. When a new bath is formed, it is well to
add forty grains of chloride of silver to every eight
ounces of the solution.

A beautiful violet or puce tint, with great
whiteness of the high lights, may be obtained by
using the following bath as a fixing solution :

Hyposulphite of soda - - 8 ounces.

Sel d'or ----- 7 grains.

Iodide of silver - - _ 10 grains.

Water ----- 8 ounces.

It may be as well to add, that although the ni-
trate of silver solution used for exciting becomes

326

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

discoloured, It acts equally well, even when of a
dark brown colour ; but it may always be de-
prived of its colour, and rendered sufficiently pure
again, by filtering it through a little animal char-
coal. Hugh W. Diamond.

JRcplteiS to Minav ISiuttitS.

Ander soli s Royal Genealogies (Vol.viii., p. 198.).
— In reply to your correspondent G., I may be
permitted to remark that it is generally under-
stood that no " memoir or biographical account "
is extant of Dr. James Anderson ; but short
notices of him and his works will be found on re-
ference to the Gentlematis Magazine, vol. liii.
p. 41. ; Chalmers' General Biographical Diction-
ary, 1812 ; Chambers' Lives of Illustrious Scots-
men, 1833 ; Biographical Dictionary of the Society
of Useful Knowledge, 1843 ; and also in Rose's
New Biographical Dictionary, 1848. T. G. S.

Edinburgh.

Thomas Wright of Durham (Vol. viii., p. 218.).
— ^^It may interest Mr. De Mokgan to be referred
to a manuscript in the British Museum, marked
"Additional, 15,627.," which he will find to be one
of the original " note-books," if not the very note-
book itself, from which the notice of the life of
Thomas Wright was compiled for the Gentleman^s
Magazine. It is, in fact, an autobiography by
Wright, written in the form of a journal ; and
although containing entries as late as the year
1780, it ceases to be continuous with the year
1748, and has no entries at all between that year
and 1756. This break in the journal sufficiently
accounts for the deficiency in the biography given
by the Gentleman s Magazine.

I may mention, also, that the Additional MS.
15,628. contains Wright's unpublished collections
relative to British, Roman, and Saxon antiquities
in England. E. A. Bond.

Weather Predictions (Vol. vlil., p. 218. &c.). —
The following is a Worcestershire saying :

" When Bredon Hill puts on his hat,
Ye men of the vale, beware of that."

Similar to this is a saying I have heard in the
northern part of Northumberland :

" When Cheevyut (i. e. the Cheviot Hills) ye sec put
on his cap.
Of rain ye'U have a wee bit drap."

There is a saying very common In many parts of
Huntingdonshire, that when the woodpeckers are
much heard, rain is sure to follow.

CUTHBERT BeDE, B. A.

Bacon's Essays: Bullaces (Vol.viii., pp.167.
.223.). — "BuUace" (I never heard Bacon's plural
used) are known in Kent as small white tartish

plums, which do not come to perfection without
the help of a frost, and so are eaten when their
fellows are no more found. They have only been
cultivated of late years, I believe, but how long
I cannot tell. G. William Sktring.

Somerset House.

" Bullaces " are a small white or yellow plum,
about the size of a cherry, like a very poor kind
of greengage, which, in ordinai-y seasons, when
I was a boy, were the common display of the fruit-
stalls at the corners of the streets, so common and
well known that I can only imagine Mr. Halli-
WELL to have misdescribed them by a slip of the
pen writing black for white. Frank. Howard.

" Gennitings " are early apples {quasi June-
eatings, as " gilliflowers," said to be corrupted
from July flowers). For the derivation suggested
to me while I write, I cannot answer ; but for the
fact I can, having, while at school in Needham
Market, Suffolk, plucked and eaten many a
" striped genniting," while " codlins " were on a
tree close by. And many a time have I been
rallied as a Cockney for saying I had gathered
" enough " instead of " enow," which one of your
Suffolk correspondents has justly recorded as the
county expression applied to number as distin-
guished from quantity. Frank Howard.

Nixon the Prophet (Vol. viii., p. 257.). — Mr.
T. Hughes mentions Nixon " to have lived and
prophesied in the reign of James I., at whose
court, we are farther told, he was, in conformity
with his own prediction, starved to death." I
have an old and ragged edition, entitled J'he Life
and Prophecies of the celebrated Robert Nixon, the
Cheshire Prophet. The " life " professes to be
prepared from materials collected in the neigh-
bourhood of Vale Royal, on a farm near which,
and rented by his father, Nixon was born —

" on Whitsunday, and was christened by the name
of Robert in the year 1467, about the seventh year of
Edward IV."

Among various matters It is mentioned, —

" What rendered Nixon the most noticed was, that
the time when the battle of Bosworth Field was fought
between King Richard III. and King Henry VII., he
stopped his team on a sudden, and with his whip
pointing from one land to the other, cried ' Now Ri-
chard ! now Henry I ' several times, till at last he said,
' Now Harry, get over that ditch and you gain the
day 1 ' "

This the plough-holder related; It afterwards
proved to be true, and In consequence Robert was
required to attend Henry VII.'s court, where he
was "starved to death," owing to having been
locked In a room and forgotten. The Bosworth
Field prophecy, which has often been repeated,

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

327

carries the time of Nixon's alleged existence much
before tbe period named by T. Hughes, namely,
James I.'s reign. A Hermit at Hampstead.

Parochial Libraries (Vol. viii., p. 62.). — There
is an extensive, and rather valuable, library at-
tached to St. Mary's Chui'ch, Bridgenorth, pre-
sented to and for the use of the parishioners, by
Dean Stackhouse in 1750. It comprises some eight
hundred volumes, chiefly divinity. There are two
or three fine MSS. in the collection, one especially
worthy of notice. A splendidly illuminated Latin
MS., dated about 1460, engrossed upon vellum,
and extending to three hundred leaves (C. 62. in
the Catalogue). I noticed many fragments of
early MSS. bound up with Hebrew and Latin
editions of the Bible ; and a portion of a remark-
ably tine missal, forming the dexter cover of a
copy of Laertius de Vita Philosophica (4to. 1524).
Surely a society may be formed, having for its
object the rescuing, transcribing, and printing of
those scarcely noticed fragments. Mb. Hales'
plan appears perfectly feasible. I am convinced
much interesting matter would be brought to light,
if a little interest was excited on the subject.

R. C. Wabde.

Kidderminster.

Over the porch of Nantwich Church is a small
room, once the repository of the ecclesiastical
records ; but latterly (in consequence of the sacri-
legious abstraction of those documents by an un-
known hand) used for a library. of theological
works, placed there for the special behoof of the
neighbouring clergy. The collection is but a
small one ; and is, I I'ear, not often troubled by those
for whose use it was designed. T. Hughes.

Chester.

" Ampers and" Sec. (Vol. viii., p. 173.). — Mb.
C. Mansfield Ingleby having revived this Query
without apparently being aware of the previous
discussion and of Mb. Nicholl's solution, " and joer
se and," may I be permitted to enter a protest
against the latter mixture of English and Latin,
though fully concurring in the statement of Mb.
KiCHOLL, that it is a rapidly formed et (Iff). To
the variety of pronunciations already appearing in
"N. & Q.," let me add what I believe will be
found to be the most general, empesand, which I
believe to be a corruption from emm, ess, and
(MS. and) by the introduction of a labial, as in
many other instances. But has any one ever seen
it spelt till the Query appeared in " N. & Q.," and
where ? Fbank Howabd.

The Arms of De Sissonne (Vol. viii., p. 243.).
— There is a copy of Histoire Genealogique et
Chi-omlogique de la Maison Royale de France, par
le Pc7-e Anselme, nine vols, folio, Paris, 1726-33,
in the library of Sir R. Taylor's Institution, Ox-

ford. The arms of the Seigneurs de Sissonne are
not blazoned in it. It is stated by Anselme, that

" Louis, Batard de Sarrebruche-Roucy, fils nature!
de Jean de Sarrebruche, Comte de Roucy, fut Seigneur
de Sissonne, servit sous Jean d'Humieres, et est nomme
dans plusieurs actes des ann^es 1510, 151,5, 1517, et
1518. II fit un accord devaiit le prevot de Paris avec
Robert de Sarrebruche, Comte de Roucy, le 28 Mars,
1498, touchant la terre et chatellenie de Sissonne." —
Tome viii. p. 537.

The arms of the "Comte de Sarrebruche, Sire de
Commercy en Lorraine, Conseiller et Chambellan
du Roi, Bouteiller de France," &c., are repre-
sented —

" D'azur seme de croix recroisetees au pied fich6
d'or, au lion d'argent couronne d'or sur le tout."

The following are also extracts from the Histoire
Genealogique :

" Louis de Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, election de
Laon, portoit d'or au lion d'azur." ....
"Le Nobiliairede Picardie, in 4", p. 46., donnea Louis
de Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, deux neveux, Charles et
Louis de Roucy, Seigneurs d'Origny et de Ste Preuve."
— Tome viii. p. 538.

J. Macbat.

St. Patrick's Purgatory (Vol. vii., p. 552.). —
Some degree of doubt appearing to exist, by the
statement in p. 178. of the present volume, as to
the position of the real St. Patrick's Purgatory, I
send the following from Camden :

" The Liffey" says he, " near unto his spring head,
enlarges his stream and spreads abroad into a lake,
wherein appears above the water an island, and in it,
hard by a little monastery, a very narrow vault within
the ground, much spoken of by reason of its religious
horrors. Which cave some say was dug by Ulysses
when he went down to parley with those in hell.

" The inhabitants," he continues, *' term it in these
days Elian w' Frugadory, that is, The Isle of Purgatory,
or St, Patrick's Purgatory. For some persons devoutly
credulous affirm that St. Patrick, the Irishmen's
apostle, or else some abbot of the same name, obtained
by most earnest prayer at the hands of God, that the
punishments and torments which the wicked are to
sufifer after this life, might here be presented to the
eye ; that so he might the more easily root out the
sins and heathenish errors which stuck so fast to his
countrymen tbe Irish,"

G.W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

Sir George Carr (Vol. vii., pp. 512. 558.). —
Since W. St. and Gulielmus replied to my Query,
I have discovered more particular information
regarding him. In a MS. in Trinity College,
Dublin, I find the following :

" Sir George Carr of Southerhall, Yorkshire, mar-
ried, on Jan. 15, 1637, Grissell, daughter of Sir Robert
Meredith, Chancellor of the Exchequer in Ireland ;
their son, William Carr, born Jan. 11, 1639, married

328

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

on August 29, 166.5, Elizabeth, daughter of Francis
(Edward) Synge, Bishop of Cork. There were two
children of this marriage : Edward, born Oct. 7, 1671
(who died unmarried); and Barbara, born May 12,
3 672 ; she married John ClifFe, Esq., of Mulrankin, co.
Wexford, and had several children, of whom the eldest,
John, was grandfather of the present Anthony ClifFe of
Bellevue, co. Wexford, Esq."

Edward Synge was Bishop of Cork from Dec.
1663 to his death in 1678.

Sir George Carr appears to be the son of Wil-
liam Carr, the eldest son of James Carr of York-
fihire : see Harl. MS. 1487, 451.

Sir Robert Meredith, father of Lady Carr, mar-
ried Anne, daughter of Sir William Upton, Clerk
of the Council in Ireland.

Could any of your correspondents give any ac-
count of the family of either of them ? Y. S. M.

Gravestone Inscription (Vol. viii., p. 268.). —
The gravestone inscription communicated by
Julia R. Bockett consists of the last four lines of
the ballad of " Death and the Lady " (see Dixon's
Ballads, by the Percy Society). They should
be:

" The grave's the market-place where all men meet.
Both rich and poor, as well as small and great :
If life were merchandise that gold could buy.
The rich would live, the poor alone would die."

In the introduction to Smith's edition of Hol-
bein's Dance of Death, the editor says :

" The concluding lines have been converted into an
epitaph, to he found in most of our village churchyards."

Of the truth of which assertion the churchyard
of Milton-next-Gravesend, in Kent, furnishes an
illustration, as I copied the lines from a stone
there some years ago. Being generally, I imagine,
quoted from memory, they do not appear to be
exactly similar in any two instances.

S. Singleton.
Greenwich.

" A Tub to theWhale" (Vol.viii., pp.220. 304.).—
I observe that a Querist, Pimlico, asks the origin
of the phrase to " throw a tub to the whale." I
think an explanation of this will be found in the
introduction to Swift's Tale of the Tub. I cannot
lay my hand on the passage, but it is to the effect
that sailors engaged in the Greenland fisheries
make it a practice to throw over-board a tub to a
wounded whale, to divert his attention from the
boat wliich contains his assailants.

J. Emerson Tennekt.

Hour-glasses in Pulpits (Vol. vil., p. 489. ;
Vol. viii., pp. 82. 209.). — Whilst turning over the
pages of Macaulay's History, I accidentally stum-
bled upon the following passage, which forms an
interesting addition to the Notes already col-

lected in your pages. Speaking of Gilbert
Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, he says :

" He was often interrupted by the deep hum of his
•audience ; and when, after preaching out the hour-glass,
which in those days was part of the furniture of the
pulpit, he held it in his hand, the congregation cla-
morously encouraged him to go on till the sand had
run off once more."-,- Macaulay's History, vol, ii.
p. 177. edit. 3., with a reference in a foot-note to
Speaker Onslow's Note on Burnet, i. 596. ; Johnson's
Life of Sprat.

The hour-glass stand at St. Alban's, Wood
Street, appears to be a remarkable example : see
Sperling's Church Walks in Middlesex, p. 155., and
Allen's Lambeth, And in the report of the
meeting of the Archseological Association at Ro-
chester, in the Illustrated London News of the 6th
August, 1853, it is noted that in the church at
Cliff, " the pulpit has an hour-glass stand dated
1636 :" the date gives an additional interest to this
example. W. Spakrow Simpson.

Slow-worm Superstition (Vol. viii., p. 33.). —
The slow-worm superstition, about which Toweb
inquires, and to whom I believe no answer has
been returned, is quite common in the North of
England. One of the many uses of " N. & Q." is
the abundant proof that supposed localisms are in
fact common to all England. I learn from the
same Number, p. 44., that in Devonshire a slater
is called a hellier. To hill, that is to cover, " hill
me up," i. e. caver me up, is as common in Lanca-
shire as in Wicliff's Bible. We have not, how-
ever, hellier or hillier for one whose business it is
to cover in a house. P. P.

Sincere (Vol. viii., p. 195.). — I should be glad
if Mr. Ingleby would point out any authority for
the practice of the Roman potters to whicii he
refers. The only passage I can call to mind as
countenancing his derivation is Ilor. Ep. i. 2. 54. :
" Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis, acescit.*

in which there is no reason why sincerum should
not be simply sine cera, sine fuco, i. e. pure as
honey, free or freed from the wax, thence any-
thing pure. This derivation is supported also by
Donatus, adTer. Eun. i. 2. 97., and Noltenius, Lex.
Antibar. Cicero also, wlio chose his expressions
with great accuracy, employs sincerus as directly
opposed to fucatiis in his Dialogus de Amicit. 25. :
" Secernere omnia fucata et simulata a sinceris atque
veris."

In the absence of positive proof on the other
side, I am inclined to think Mr. Trench is right.

n. B.

Boohs chained to Desks in Churches — Seven
Candlesticks (Vol. viii., pp.94. 206.).— In Mr,
Sperling's Chxirch Walks in Middlesex, it is noted

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

329

in the account of the church at Whitchurch (alias
Little Stanmore), that —

" Many of the prayer books, given by the duke [of
Chandos], still remain chained to the pues for the use
of the poorer parishioners." — P. 104.

At p. 138. a curious ornament of some of the
London churches is referred to :

" We find several altar-pieces in which seven wooden
candlesticks, with wooden candles, are introduced, viz.
St. Mary-at-Hill; St. Ethelburga, Bishopsgate; Ham-
mersmith, &c. : these are merely typical of the seven
golden candlesticks of the Apocalypse." — Rev. i. 20.

This portion of ecclesiastical furnitui-e appears
to me sufficiently unusual to be worth noting in
your pages : is it to be found elsewhere than in
churches in and near London ? If not, a list of
those churches in which it is now to be seen would
be acceptable to ecclesiologists.

W. Spabuow Simpson.

Oxford.

D.Ferravd; Trench Patois (Vol.viii., p. 243.). —
The full title of Ferrand's work, referred to by
your correspondent Mb. B. Snow of Birmingham,
is as follows :

" Inventaire General de la Muse Normande, divisee
en xxviii parties ou sont descrites plusieurs batailles,
assauts, prises de villes, guerres etrangeres, victoires
de la France, histoires comlques, Esmotions popu-
laires, grabuges et choses remarquables arrivees a
Rouen depuis quarante annees, in 8o., et se vendent
a Rouen, chez I'avthevr, rue du Bac, a I'Enseigne de
I'imprimerie, m.dc. lv., pages 484."

There is also another publication by Ferrand
with the title of —

" Les Adieux de la Muse Normande aux Palinots,
et quelques autres pieces, pages 28."

The author was a printer at Rouen, and the
patois in which his productions are written is the
Norman. The Biographic Universelle says they
are the best known of all that are composed in
that dialect. J. Mackay.

Wood of the Cross (Vol. vii., pp. 177. 334. 437.
488.). — Is it an old belief that the cross was com-
posed of four different kinds of wood ? Boys, in a
note on Ephesians iii. 18. (Worhs, p. 495.), says,
" Other have discoursed of the foure woods, and
dimensions in the materiall crosse of Christ, more
subtilly than soundly," and refers in the margin to
Anselra and Aquinas, but without giving the re-
ference to the exact passages. Can any of your
readers supply this deficiency ? R. J. Allen.

Ladies' Arms in a Lozenge (Vol. vili., pp. 37.83.).
—Broctuna has a theory that ladies bear their arms
in a lozenge, because hatchments are of that shape;
and it is probable that widows in old time " would
vie with each other in these displays of the in-

signia of mourning." It has, however, escaped his
memory, that maids with living fathers also use
the lozenge, and that in a man's hatchment it is
the frame only, and not the shield at all, which
has the lozenge shape. The man's arms in the
hatchment not being on a lozenge, it is scarcely
possible his widow could thence have adopted it.
He suggests that the shape was adopted for hatch-
ments as being most convenient for admitting the
arms of the sixteen ancestors.

I wish to insert a Query, as to whether the six-
teen quarters ever were made use of this way in
English heraldry ? Perhaps your readers will be
willing to allow that the lozenge is surely a fitting
emblem for the sweeter sex ; but is not the routine
reason the true one after all ? The lozenge has a
supposed resemblance to the distaflT, the emblem of
the woman. "We have spinster from the same idea;
and, though I cannot now turn to the passage, I
am sure I have seen the Salic law described as
forbidding " the holder of the distaff to grasp the
sceptre." P. P.

Burial in unconsecrated Ground (Vol. vi., p. 448. ;
Vol. viii., p. 43.). — The late elegant and accom-
plished Sir W. Temple, though he laid not his
whole body in his garden, deposited the better
part of it (his heart) there ; " and if my executors
will gratify me in what I have desired, I wish my
corpse may be interred as I have bespoke them ;
not at all out of singularity, or for want of a dor-
mitory (of which there is an ample one annexed
to the parish church), but for other reasons not
necessary here to trouble the reader with, what I
have said in general being sufficient. However,
let them order as they think fit, so it be not in the
church or chancel''' (Evelyn's Sylva, book iv.)

" In the north aisle of the chancel [of Wotton
Church] is the burying-place of the Evelyns (within
which is lately made, under a decent arched chapel, a
vault). In the chancel on the north side is a tomb,
about three feet Iiigh, of freestone, shaped like a coffin;
on the top, on white marble, is this inscription :

' Here lies the Body
of John Evelyn, Esq.'"*

This Inscription commemorates the author of
Sylva, and evinces how unobsequiously obsequies
are sometimes solemnised.

Evelyn mentions Sumner On Garden Burial,
probably " not circulated."

BlBLIOTHECAE. ChETHAM.

Table-turning (Vol. viii., p. 57.). — Without
going the length of asserting, with La Bruyere,
Ihat "tout est dit," or believing, with Dutens, that
there is no modern discovery that was not known,
in some shape or other, to the ancients, it seems

* Aubrey's Natural History and Antiquities of Surrey,
vol. iv.

330

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

not unreasonable to suppose that table-turning,
the principle of which lies so near the surface of
social life, was practised in former ages.

This reminds one of the expression, so familiar j,
among controversialists, of " turning the tables "
upon an adversary. What is the origin of the
latter phrase ? It is time some explanation of it
were offered, if only to caution the etymologists
of a future age against confounding it with our
"table-turning." Henry H. Breen.

St Lucia.

"Well's a fret" (Vol. viii., p. 197.).— I beg
leave to suggest to Devoniensis the following as
a probable explanation of the use of this phrase ;
the rhyme that follows being superadded, for the
sake of the jingle and the truism, in the best style
of rustic humour.

Well ! is often used in conversation as an ex-
pletive, even by educated people, a slight pause
ensuing after the ejaculation, as if to collect the
thoughts before the reply is given. Is it not
therefore called a jfret, or stop, in the Devon
vernacular, figuratively, like the fret or stop in
a musical instrument, the cross bars or protube-
rance in a stringed, and a peg in a wind instru-
ment ?

Hamlet says, in taunting Rosencrantz for his
treasonable attempts to worm himself into his con-
fidence, —

" Call me what instrument you will ; though you
can fret me, you cannot play upon me."

Taken in this other sense in which we use the
■word fret, is it not probable that it has passed into
a proverb ; and that the lines, as given by Devo-
NiENSis, are a corruption of

" Well ! don't fret ;
He who dies for love will never be hang'd for debt."

— the invention of some Damon to comfort Stre-
phon in his loneliness. M. (2)

Tenet for Tenent (Vol. viii., p. 258.).— The note
of your correspondent Balliolensis does not
address itself to the Query put by Y. B. N. J. in
Vol. vii., p. 205., When did the use of tenent
give way to tenet ?

You will find that Burton, in the Anatomy of
Melancholy, which was published in 1621, uses
uniformly tenent (vide vol. i. pp. 1. 317. 408. 430.
446. &c.).

But Sir Thomas Browne in 1646, twenty-four
years later, printed the first edition of his Vulg^ar
Errors under the title of Pseudodoxia epidemica,
or Enquiries into very many received Tenets and
commonly presumed Truths.

I cannot find that Burton in any passage respects
the grammatical distinction suggested by both
your correspondents, that tenet should denote the
opinion of an individual, and tenent those of a sect.
He applies the latter indifferently, both as regards

the plural and singular. Thus, "Aponensis thinks
it proceeds," but "Laurentius condemns his
tenent" (parti, sect. iil. mem. 3.). And again,
"they are furious, impatient in discourse, "stiff
and irrefragable in their tenents" (ib. p. I. s. iv.
mem. 1. sub. 3.). J. Emersox Tbnnent.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

NicEPHORus Catena on the Pentateuch.

Puocopius Gaz^us.

Watt's Bibliographia Britannica. Parts "V. and VI.

Maxwell's Digest of the Law of Intestates.

Carlyle's Chartism. Crown 8vo. 2nd Edition.

The Builder, No. 520.

OswALLi Crollii Opeua. 12mo. Geneva, 1635.

Gaffarell's Unheard-of Curiosities. Translated by Chelmead.
London. I2mo. 1650.

Beaumont's Psyche. 2nd Edit, folio. Camb., 1702.

The Monthly Army List from 1797 to 1800 inclusive. Pub-
lished by Hookham and Carpenter, Bond Street. Square 12mo.

Jer. Collier's Ecclesiastical History of England. Folio
Edition. Vol. II.

London Labour and the London Poor.

Proceedings op the London Geological Society.

Prescott's History of the Conquest op Mexico. 3 Vols.
London. Vol. III.

Mrs. Ellis's Social Distinctions. Tallis's Edition. Vols. II.
and III. 8vo.

PAMPHLETS.

Junius Discovered. By P. T. Published about 1789.

Reasons for rejecting the Evidence op Mr. Almon, &c. 1807.

Another Guess at Junius. Hookham. 1809.

The Author op Junius Discovered. Longmans. 1821.

The Claims of Sir P. Francis reputed. Longmans. 1822.

Who WAS Junius? Glynn. 1837.

Some New Facts, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850.

*»■* Correspondents sending Lists of Bonks iVanted are requested

to send their names and addresses.
*«* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,

to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of " NOTliS AND

QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

fiatitti ta Cnrre)Sj)0ntfeut^.

Our Shakspeare Correspondence. — JVe have been assured
that our ohservations under this head have been understood by
some readrrs as being directed especial];/ against the gentleman
whose contribution called forth the letter from Icon, on which we
were commenting. Although toe are satisfied that there is nothing
in them to warrant such a supposition, we can have no objection
to assure A. E. B., and his friends, thai they were intended to be
of general, and not of individual, application. We may add, to
prevent any misconception on this point, that that gentle?nan was
not the writer of the unfounded argument against the genuineness
of the Notes and Emendations referred to in the same rernarks.

The communications sent to us for H. C. K. and the Rev. W.
SissoN have been forwarded ; as have also the Letters from The
Times to Arah from two Correspondents.

S. C. P. will find Landsborough's Popular History of British
Seaweeds, published by Reeve and Co., price \0s. 6d., a small but
comprehensive work.

J. S. (Islington). Any letter sent to us shall be forwarded to
Cuthbert Bede.

Brian O'Linn loillfind his Query as to Cold Harbour discussed
in our 1st and 2nd Vols.

Henley. Nothing preserves the Collodion pictures so loell as
the amber varnish originally recommended in " N. & Q." {see
No. 188.), and which may now be had at most of the Photographic
Chemists.

Answers to other Correspondents next week.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

Oct. 1. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

331

TNDIGESTTON, CONSTIPA-

J. TION, NERVOUSNESS, &c. - BARRY,
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. Important Caution Many invalids having

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in full, without which none, is genuine.

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Instructions given in every branch of the Art.

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Founded A.D. 1842.

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T.S. Cocks, Jun. Esq.

M.P.
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W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
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Trustees.

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Physician — William Rich. Basham, M.D.

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POLICIES effected in this Office do not be-
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Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
loot., with a Share in three-fourths of the
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Now ready, price 10s. 6d.. Second Edition,
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DAGUERREOTYPE MATE-
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Best and Cheapest. To be had in great variety
at
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Street.
Price List Gratis.

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guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
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Cases, 8,6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
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guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,
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BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
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65. CHEAPSIDE.

332

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 205.

BoHN*s Staxdahd Libraut for October.

SMITH'S (ADAM) THEORY
OF MORAT. SENTIMENTS; with liis
ESSAY ON THE FIRST FORMATION OF
LANGUAGES; to which is added a Biogra-
phical and Critical Memoir of the Autlior by
DUGALD STEWART. Post 8vo. cloth.
3s. 6/1.

HENRY G. BOnN, 4. 5, & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

BoHx^s Classtcal XiIdrart for October.

/CICERO ON THE NATURE

\J OF THE GODS. DIVINATION,
FATE, I.AWS, REPUBLIC, ETC., trans-
lated by r. D. YONGE, B. A., and FRANCIS
BARHAM, ESQ. Post 8vo. cloth, bs.

7DSCHYLUS, APPENDIX TO

JTj the prose TRANSLATION, con-
taining the new readings given in Hermann's
posthumous edition of iEschvhis, translated
and edited by GEORGE SURGES, M.A.
Post 8vo. cloth. 3«. 6fZ.

HENRY G. BOHN. 4, 5. & 6. York Street,
Covent Garden.

Bohn's Scientific Librart for October.

riOMTE'S PHILOSOPHY OF

\J THE SCIENCES, edited, from the
"Conrs de Pliilosophic Positive," by G. H.
LEWES, ESQ. Post 8VO., cloth, bs.

HENRY G. BOHN, 4. 5, & 6. York Street,
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Bohn's Antiqcariax Librart for Octobkb.

ORDERICUS VITALIS; his
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Normandy, translated with Notes «nrt the In-
troduction of Guizot, by T. FORESTER, M.A.
Vol. I. Post 8vo., cloth. 5s.
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Covent Garden.

MUSIC, ITS HISTORY AND
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Foreign National Songs. — Just miblished.
Gratis, a Catalogue of B. QTTARITCH'S
Choice Collection of Books in this Literature,
comprising tlie Works of Afzelius, Bonanni,
Bumey. Fink.Forkel. Gerbert, Hawkins. Mar-
tini, Alorley, Meibomii Mus. Ant. Script., Pur-
cell, Ritson, &c.

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*** B. Q.'s Monthly Catalogues are sent
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Corbinelli. D'Hozier, Kopp, Mabillon, Wailly,
&c. ; further rare Armorials, curious Chroni-
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*** B. QUARITCH'S Monthly Catalogues
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This Day, complete in One Volume, 7.'.

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London : JOHN W. PARKER & SON,
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THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA-
ZINE AND HISTORICAL REVIEW
FOR OCTOBER, contains the following
articles : —

Memorials of the Author of " The Seasons "
and Riecaltoun of Hobkirk (with an Engrav-
ing).

Some Account of Relics, by .T. G. Waller.

Inscription on the Church Tower at West
Bridaford. Notts (with Engravings).

Wanderings of an Antiquary, by Thomas
Wright, F.S.A. No. XlV.-Stoneheuge (with
Engravings).

The "Tour of James Augustus St. John in
Search of Beauty.

Cotele ; and the Edgcumbes of the Olden
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Sir John Bankes's Correspondence — The
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The Original Ancient Mariner.

Malchus the Captive Monk.

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npHE ART OF REASONING:

X a Popular Exposition of the Principles of
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London : WALTON & MABERLY.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITU-
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TURES, by the most celebrated French,
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Process, One Guinea ; Three extra Copies for

Price 2s. 6d. ; by Post a?.

ILLUSTRATIONS AND EN-

X QUIRIES RELATING TO MESMER-
If^M. Parti. BytheRev.S.R. MAITLAND.
D D. F.R.S. F.S.A. Sometime Librarian to
the late Archbishop of Canterbury , and Keener
ofthe MSS. at Lambeth.

" One of the most valuable and interestinj
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" This publication, which promises to be the
commencement of a larger work, will well
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"A small pamphlet in which he throws a
startling light on the practices of modem Mes-
merism."— A'b*(i'«6rAa»i Jonnial.

" Dr. Maitland, we consider, has here brought
Mesmerism to the ' touchstone of truth,' to the
test of the standard of right or wrong. We
thank him for this first instalment of his in-
quiry, and hope that he will not long delay
the remaining portions." — London Medical
Gazette.

" The Enquiries are extremely curious, we
should indeed say important. 'That relating-
to the Witch of Endor is one of the most suc-
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" We recommend its general perusal as being
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" Dr. Maitland has bestowed a vast deal of
attention on the subject for many years past,
and the present pamphlet is in part the result
of his thoughts and inquiries. There is a good
deal in it which we should have been glad to
quote .... but we content ourselves with re-
ferring our readers to the pamphlet itself." —
Brit. Mag.

PIPER, BROTHERS. & CO.,
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Price Is. 6f?., in cloth,

PHOTOGRAPHY: the Cello-
dion, Calotype, and Daguerreotype Pro-
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duction of good Pictures upon Prepared Sur-
faces of Paper, Glass, and Metal ; also simple
Rules for taking Stereoscopic Pictures. By
J.HOGG.

" We heartily recommend this book to the
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CLARK, 1 7. Warwick Lane. BAKER, 24 1.
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WH. HART, RECORD
• AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUA-
RIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to
manjr of the early Public Records whereby his
Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform
Authors and Gentlemen engaged in Antiqua-
rian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared
to undertake searches among the Public Re-
cords, MSS. in the British Museum, Anci°nt
Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Na-
ture, in any Branch of Literature, History,
Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in
which he has had considerable experience.
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HATCHAM, SURREY.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUS-
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description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
And their new warerooms contain an extensive
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Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefleld Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of
St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by Georois Bei.i., of No. 186. Fleet Street, ia the Parish of St. Ounstan in the West, in thft
Otyof London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, October 1. 1853.

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OP INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOE

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

« Wlien found, make a note of." — Caftaik Cuttle.

No. 206.]

Saturday, October 8. 1853.

{Price Fourpence.
Stamped Edition, ^i^.

CONTENTS.

NoTHs : —

Notes on Newspapers : " The Times," Daily Press,

&c., by H. M. Bealby

♦' In quietness and confidence shall be your strength,"

by Joshua G. Fitch .....

Binders of tlie Vohimes in the Harleian Library
French Verse, by Tlios. Keightle^ ...

A Spanish Play-bill, by William Robson
Shakspeare Correspondence, by Kobert Rawlinson,

C. Mansfield Ingleby, &c. _ - - .

MiNon Notes :— Injustice, its Origin — Two Brothers
of the same Christian Name — Female Parish Clerk -

QuEniEs : —

Descendants of Milton - . - - •

An anxious Query from the Hymmalayas
Mi.voR QuEKiES : — " De la Schola de Sclavoni " —
Mineral Acids — Richard Geering — Stipendiary
Curates— Our Lady of Rounceval — Roden's Colt —
Sir Christopher Wren and the Young Carver —
Vellum Cleaning — Dionysia in Boeotia — Poll Tax
in 1641 — Thomas Chester, Bishop of Klphin, 1580 —
Rev. Urban Vigors — Early English MSS. — Curing
of Henry IV. — Standard of Weights and Measures —
Parish Clerks' Company — Orange Blossom — Mr.
Pepys his Queries — Foreign Medical Education

Minor Queries with Answers: — Chandler, Bishop
of Durham — Huggins and Muggins — Balderdash —
Lovell, Sculptor— St. Werenfrid and Butler's " Lives
of the Saints" ------

TlEfLIES: —

Sir W. Hankford— Gascoigne's To'mb, by Mr. Foss, &c.

Translation of the Prayer Book into French

Praying to the West . . . - -

.Tacob Bobart, by Dr. E. F. Rimbault -

Early Use of Tin Derivation of the Name of Britain,

by the Rev. Dr. Hincks and Fras. Crossley -
Yew-trees in Churchyards, by J. G. Cumming

W. King, &c.

Stars are the Flowers of Heaven, by W. Fraser -
Books burned by the common Hangman, by John S.

Burn, &c. ......

riioTOGRAPinc CoRRESFONDENCE ;— Stercoscopic Angles
— Mr. Pumphrey's Process for securing black Tints
in Positives . . - .

Page

335
335
33'!
336

Wm.

- 348

Heplies to Minor Queriks : — Baskerville the Printer

— Lines on Woman — Haulf-naked — Cambridge and
Ireland — Autobiographical Sketch — Archbishop
Chichely — " Discovery of the Inquisition " — Divin-
ing Ro'd — " Pinece with a stink" — Longevity —
■Chronograms — Heraldic Notes — Christian Names —
" I put a spoke in his wheel " — Judges styled
Reverend — Palace at Enfield — Sir John Vanhrugh

— Greek Inscription on a Font — "Fierce" — Giving
Quarter — Sheriffs of Glamorganshire — " When the
maggot bites " — Connexion between the Celtic and
Latin Languages — Bacon's Essays, &c.

Kjscellaneous : —

Notes on Books, &c. -----

Books and Odd Volumes wanted . - • -

Notices to Correspondents - . _ -

Advertisements , • - - - a

351
354
354
3i5

ToL. Ylir. — Is'o.206.

NOTES OS NEWSPAPERS : " THE TIMES," DAILY
PRESS, ETC.

A newspaper, rightly conducted, is a potent
power in promoting the well-being of universal
man. It is also a highly moral power — for it
quickens mind everywhere, and puts In force those
principles which tend to lessen human woe, and
to exalt and dignify our common humanity. The
daily press, for the most part, aims to correct
error — whether senatorial, theological, or legal.
It pleads In earnest tones for the removal of public
wrong, and watches with a keen eye the rise and
fall of great interests. It teaches with command-
ing power, and makes its Influence felt in the
palace of the monarch, as well as through all
classes of the community. It helps on, in the path
of honorable ambition, the virtuous and the good.
It never hesitates or falters, however formidable
the foe. It never crouches, however injurious
to itself the free and undisguised utterance of
some truths may be. It is outspoken. When the
nation requires them, it Is bold and fearless In
propounding great changes, though they may clash
with the expectations of a powerful class. It
heeds the reverses to which a nation is subjected,
and turns them to good account. It does not
abuse Its power, and is never menaced. It Is un-
shackled, and therefore has a native growth. It
looks on the movements of the wide world calmly,
deliberately, and intelligently. We believe the
independency of the daily press can never be
bribed, or its patronage won by unlawful means.
Its mission is noble, and the presiding sentiment
of the varied intellect employed upon it is " the
greatest -good to the greatest number." It never
ceases in its operations. It is a perpetual thing :
always the same in many of Its aspects, and yet
always new. It is untiring In Its efforts, and un-
impeded in its career. We look for it every day
with an unwavering confidence, with an almost
absolute certainty. Power and freshness are its
principal characteristics ; and with these it com-
bines a healthy tone, a fearless courage, and an
invincible determination. That it has Its imper-
fections, we do not deny — and what agency is

334

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

without them ? It is not free from error, and no
estate of the realm can be. The purity of the
public press will be increased as Christianity ad-
vances. There is no nation in the world which
can boast of a press so moral, and so just, as the
daily newspaper press of Great Britain. The vic-
tories it achieves are seen and felt by all : and
when compared with the newspaper press of other
countries, it has superior claims to our admiration
and regard.

Taking The Times as the highest type of that
class of newspapers which we denominate the daily
press, these remarks will more particularly apply.
The history of such a paper, and its wonderful
career, is not sufficiently known, and its great
commercial and intellectual power not adequately
estimated. The extinction of such a journal (could
we suppose such a thing) would be a public
calamity. Its vast influence is felt throughout
the civilised world ; and we believe that influence,
generally speaking, is on the side of right, and for
the promotion of the common weal. It is strange
that such an organ of public sentiment should have
been charged with the moral turpitude of receiv-
ing bribes. That it should destroy its reputation,
darken its fair fame, and undermine the very
foundation of its prosperity, by a course so de-
grading, we find it impossible to believe. We feel
assured it is far removed from everything of the
kind : that its course is marked by great honesty
of purpose, and its exalted aim will never allow it
to stoop to anything so beneath the dignity of its
character, and so repugnant to every sense of rec-
titude and propriety. It is no presumption to
assert that, under such overt influences, it remains
unmoved and immovable ; and to reiterate a re-
mark made in the former part of this article, " its
independency can never be bribed, or its patron-
age won by unlawful means." Looking at it in
its colossal strength, and with its omnipotent
power (tor truth is omnipotent), it may be classed,
without any impropriety, among the wonders of
the world.

Allow me to give to the readers of " N. & Q."
the following facts in connexion with The Times,
and on the subject of newspapers generally. They
are deserving of a place in your valuable journal.
There were sold of The Times on Nov. 19, 1852,
containing an account of the Duke of Wellington's
funeral, 70,000 copies : these were worked ofl" at
the rate of from 10,000 to 12,000 an hour. The
Times of Jan. 10, 1806, with an account of the
funeral of Lord Nelson, is a small paper com-
pared with The Times of the present day. Its size
is nineteen inches by thirteen : having about eighty
advertisements, and occupying, with woodcuts of
the cofHn and funeral car, a space of fifteen inches
by nine. Nearly fifty years have elapsed since
then, and now the same paper frequently publishes
a double supplement, which, with the paper itself.

contains the large number of about 1,700 adver-
tisements. * 54,000 copies of The Times were sold
when the Royal Exchange was opened by the
Queen ; 44,500 at the close of Rush's trial. In
1828, the circulation of The Times was under
7,000 a day ; now its average circulation is about
42,000 a day, or 12,000,000 annually, f The gross
proceeds of The Times, in 1828, was about 45,000/.
a year : and, from an article which appeared twelve
months ago in its columns, it now enjoys a gross
income equal to that of a flourishing German
principality.

We believe we are correct when we assert, that
there were sold of the Illustrated London Netvs,
with a narrative of the Duke's funeral (a double
number), 400,000 copies. One newsman is said to
have taken 1000 quires double number, or 2000
quires single number : making 27,000 double
papers, or 54,000 single papers (twenty- seven
papers being the number to a quire), and for
which he must have paid 1075Z. J It is a remark-
able fact, that Manchester, with a population of
400,000, has but three newspapers ; Liverpool,*
with 367,000, eleven ; Glasgow, with 390,000,
sixteen ; Dublin, with but 200,000, no less than
twenty-two. The largest paper ever known was
published some years ago by Brother Jonathan,
and called the Boston Notion. The head letters
stand two inches high ; the sheet measures five
feet ten inches by four feet one inch, beijig about
twenty-four square feet ; it is a double sheet, with
ten columns in each page ; making in all eighty
columns, containing 1,000,000 letters, and sold
for 3^d. In the good old times, one of the earliest
provincial newspapers in the southern part of the
kingdom was printed by a man named Mogridge,
who used to insert the intelligence from Yorkshire
imder the head " Foreign News."

It is curious to search a file of old newspapers.
It is seldom we have the opportunity of doing so,
because we rarely preserve them in consecutive
order. It is easy to keep them, and would repay
the trouble, and their value would increase as
years rolled on. Such reading would be very in-
teresting, and more so than we can at all imagine.
It is a history of every day, and a record of a
people's sayings and doings. It throws us back
on the past, and makes forgotten times live again.
Some of the early volumes of The Times new.s-
paper, for instance, would be a curiosity in their

* The largest number of advertisements in one
paper with a double supplement was in June last,
2,250.

f The quantity of paper used for The Times with a
single supplement is 126 reams, each ream weighing
92 lbs., or 7 tons weight of paper; with a double sup-
plement, 168 reams.

X During the week of the Duke's funeral, there
were issued by the Stamp Office to the newspaper
press more than 2,000,000 of stamps.

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

335

way. We should read them with special interest,
as reflecting the character of the age in which
they appeared, and as belonging to a series exer-
cising a mighty influence in moulding and guiding
the commercial and political opinions of this great
nation. Tlie preservation of a newspaper,^ if it be
but a weekly one, will become a source of instruc-
tion and amusement to our descendants in gene-
rations to come. H. M. Bealbt.
North Brixton.

" IN QDIETNESS AND CONFIDENCE SHALL BE TOUB
STRENGTH."

There is an old house in the "Dom Platz," at
Frankfort, in which Luther lived for some years.
A bust of him in relief is let into the outer wall ;
it is a grim-looking ungainly efiigy, coarsely
coloured, and of very small pretensions as a work
of art; but evidently of a date not much later
than the time of the great Iconoclast. Round the
figure, the following words are deeply cut : " In
silentio et in spe, erit fortitudo vestra." Can any
of your readers tell me whether any particular cir-
cumstance of Luther's life led him to adopt this
motto, or otherwise identified it with his name ;
or whether the text was merely selected by some
admirer after his death, to garnish this memorial ?

In either case it is not uninteresting to notice,
that this passage of Scripture has been employed
more than any other as the watchword of that
religious movement in the English Church which
we are accustomed to associate with Oxford and
the year 1833. It forms the motto on the title-
page of the Christian Year; it has been very
conspicuous in the writings of many eminent de-
fenders of the same school of theology ; and it is
thus alluded to by Dr. Pusey in the preface to
that celebrated sermon on the Eucharist, for which
he received the University censure :

" Since I can now speak hi no other manner, I may
in this way utter one word to the young, to whom I
have heretofore spoken from a more solemn place ; I
would remind them how almost prophetically, sixteen
years ago, in the volume which was the unknown
dawn and harbinger of the re-awakenuig of deeper
truth, this was given as the watchword to those who
should love the truth, 'In quietness and confidence
shall be your strength.' There have been manifold
tokens that patience is the one great grace which God
is now calling forth in our church," &c.

I will not here inquire which of the two great
religious revolutions I have mentioned has been
more _ truly characterised by the spirit of this
beautiful and striking text, but perhaps some of
your readers will agree with me in thinking that
the coincidence is at least a note-worthy one ; and
not the less so, because it was probably unde-
signed. Joshua G. Fitch.

BINDERS OF THE VOLUMES IN THE HARLKIAN
LIBRABT.

In Dr. Dibdin's Bibliographical Decame7-on,
1817, vol. ii. p. 503., he thus introduces the sub-
ject:

" The commencement of the eighteenth century saw
the rise and progress of the rival libraries of Harley
and Sunderland. What a field, therefore, was here for
the display of the blbliopegistic art ! Harley usually
preferred red morocco, with a broad border of gold, and
the fore-edges of the leaves without colour or gilt.
Generally speaking, the Harleian volumes arc most
respectably bound ; but they have little variety, and the
style of art which they generally exhibit rather belongs
to works of devotion."

In a note on the above passage, Dibdin adds :

" I have often consulted my bibliomaniacal friends
respecting the name of the binder or binders of the
Harleian Library. Had Bagford or Wanley the chief
direction ? I suspect the latter."

If Dr. Dibdin and his "bibliomaniacal friends "
had not preferred the easy labour of looking at
printed title-pages to the rather more laborious
task of examining manuscripts, they might readily
have solved the Query thus raised by referring
to Wanley's Autograph Diary, preserved in the
Lansdowne Collection, Nos. 771, 772, which proves
that the binders employed by Lord Oxford were
Christopher Chapman of Duck Lane, and Thomas
Elliot. Very many entries occur between Ja-
nuary 1719-20 and May 1726, relative to the
binding both of manuscripts and books in mo-
rocco and calf; and It appears. In regard to the
former material, that It was supplied by Lord
Oxford himself. Some of these entries will show
the jealous care exercised by honest Humphreys
Wanley over the charge committed to him.

" 25th January, 1 719-20. This day having inspected!
Mr. Elliot's bill, I found him exceedingly dear in all
the work of Morocco, Turkey, and Russia leather,
besides that of velvet.

" 28th January, . Mr. Elliot the bookbinder

came, to whom I produced the observations I made
upon his last bill, showing him that (without catching
at every little matter) my Lord might have had the
same work done as well and cheaper, by above 31/.
He said that he could have saved above eight pounds
in the fine books, and yet they should have looked
well. That he now cannot do them so cheap as be
rated them at ; that no man can do so well as himself,
or near the rates I set against his. But, upon the
whole, said he would write to my Lord upon the
subject.

"13th July, 1721. Mr. Elliot having clothed the
CODEX AVREvs in my Lord's Morocco leather, took the
same from hence this day, in order to work upon it
with his best tools ; which, he says, he can do with
much more conveniency at his house than here.

" 19th January, 1721-22. Mr. Chapman came, and
received three books for present binding. And upon

336

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

his request I delivered (by order) six Morocco skins to
be used in ray Lord's service. He desires to have
them at a cheap price, and to bind as before. I say
that my Lord will not turn leather-seller, and there-
fore he must bring hither his proposals for binding with
my Lord's Morocco skins ; otherwise his Lordship will
appoint some other binder to do so.

" 17th September, 1725. Mr. Elliot brought the
parcel I last delivered unto him, but took one back to
amend a blunder in the lettering. He said that he
has used my Lord's doe-skin upon six books, and that
they may serve instead of calf; only the grain is
coarser, like that of sheep, and this skin was tanned
too much.

« 23rd December, 1725. Mr. Chapman came, but I
gave him no work ; chiding him for being so slow in
my Lord's former business, wliich he had frequently
postponed, that he might serve the booksellers the
sooner."

FRENCH VERSE.

In the Biarij of T. Moore I lately read, with
some surprise, the following passages :

" Attended watchfully to her [Mdlle Ducliesnois]
recitative, and find that in nine verses out of ten ' A
cobbler there was, and he lived in a stall ' is the tune
of the French heroics."— April 24, 1821.

" Two lines I met in Athalie ; how else than accord-
ing to the ' Cobbler there was,' &c., can they be re-
peated ?

' N'a pour servir sa cause et venger ses injures,
Ni le coeur assez droit, ni les mains assez pares.' "

May SO, 1821.

Now, If this be the mode of reading these lines,
I confess all my ideas are erroneous with respect
to French poetry. I have always considered that
though liemistichs and occasionally whole lines
occur in it, -which bear a resemblance to the
Spanish Versos de Arte Mayor, the anapaestic
measure of "A Cobbler" is quite foreign to It.
I may, however, be mistaken ; and It is In the
hope of eliciting Information on the subject that I
send these few remarks to " N. & Q." Should It
appear that I am not wrong, I will on a future
occasion endeavour to develop my Ideas of the
French rhythm ; a subject that I cannot recollect
to have seen treated In a satisfactory manner In
any French work.

Bishop Tegner, the poet of Sweden, seems also
to have differed In opinion with Moore respecting
the rhythm of French poetry, for he compares it
to the dancing of a deaf man, who forms his steps
accurately, but who does not keep time. Both
are alike mistaken, In my opinion ; and their error
arises from their judging French poetry by rules
that are foreign to it. The rhythm of French
verse Is peculiar, and differs from that of any other
language. . Tiios. KEiGHXLEr.

A SPANISH PLAT-BILIi.

Though not much a frequenter of theati-es of
late, I was recently Induced, by the flourishing
public announcements, to go to Drury Lane
Theatre; with the chance, but scarcely in the
hope, of seeing what I never yet have seen, a per-
fect Othello. Alas ! echo still answers never yet.
But yours are not the pages for dramatic criticism.

As my bill lay before me, I could not help
thinking what an execrably bad taste our modern
managers show In the extravagant and ridiculous
announcement of the splendour of the star you
come to contemplate ! If Mr. Brooke have great
merit, he needs not all this sound of trumpets ; if
he have it not, he is only rendered the more con-
temptible by It. I have some of the play-bills of
John Kemble's last performances before me, and
there Is none of this fustian : the fact, the per-
formance, and the name are simply announced.
If our taste improves In some respects, It does not
In this; it Is a retrogression — a royal theatre
sinking back Into the booth of a fair. Shak-
speare's and Byron's texts have been converted
into the showman's explanations of panoramas : to
what vile uses they may be next applied, there is
no guessing. Poor Shakspeare ! how I have pitied
him, and you too, Mr. Editor, as I have seen him
for so many months undergoing the operation of
the teazle in " N. & Q. !" I hope there will be
soon an end of this " sklmble stuff," " signifying
nothing."

But my observation upon the Drury Lane play-
bill reminded me of one I have In my common-
place book ; and, as a correspondent and reader of
" N. & Q.," I think it my duty to send It :

A Spanish Plaij-hill, exhibited at Seville, 1762.
" To the Sovereign of Heaven — to the Mother of the
Eternal World — to the Polar Star of Spain — to the
Comforter of all Spain — to the faithful Protectress of
the Spanish Nation — to the Honour and Glory of the
Most Holy Virgin Mary — for her benefit, and for the
Propagation of her Worship — the company of Come-
dians will this day give a representation of the Comic
Piece called —

Nanine,
The celebrated Italian will also dance the Fandango,
and the Theatre will be respectably illuminated."

William Rocson.
Stockwell.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

The MeteorologTj of Shdlispea7'e. — A treatise
might be written on meteorology, and might
be Illustrated entirely by passages taken from
the Avritings of " the world's greatest poet."
" JST. & Q." may not be the fitting medium for a
lengthened treatise, but It Is the most proper de-
pository of a few loose Notes on the subject.

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

337

Those who study Shakspeare should, to undei'-
stand him, thoroughly study Nature at the same
time : but to our meteorology. Recent observers
have classified clouds as under :

Howard's L;'.tin
Nomenclature.

Foster's English
Names.

Local Names.

Cumulus.
Cirrus.
Stratus.
Nimbus.

Stackencloud.
Curlcloud.
Fallcloud.
Raincloud.

Woolbarr.
Goatshair, Grey
Marestails.

There are composite forms of cloud, varieties of
the above, which need not be noticed here. The
Cumulus is the parent cloud, and pi'odiices every
other form of cloud known, or which can exist.
Mountain ranges and currents of air of unequal
temperatures may produce visible vapour, but not
true cloud.

Cumulus. This cloud is always formed at " the
dew point." The vapour of the lower atmosphere,
at this elevation, is condensed, or rendered visible.
In fog the dew point is at the surftice of the earth ;
in summer it may be several thousands of feet
above. The Cumulus cloud forms from below.
The invisible vapour of the lower atmosphere is
condensed, parts with its thousand degrees of
latent heat, which rush upwards, forcing the va-
pour into the vast hemispherical heaps of snowy,
glittering clouds, which, seen in midday, appear
huge mountains of clouds ; the "cloud-land" of
the poet, floating in liquid air. The Cumulus
cloud is ever changing in foi'm. Cumulating
from a level base, the top is mounting higher and
higher, until the excessive moisture is precipitated
in heavy rain, hail, or thunder showers.

The tops of the Cumulus, carried away by the
upper equatorial currents, form the Cirrus clouds,
which clouds must be frozen vapour, as they are
generally from twenty to thirty thousand feet
above the level of the sea. The base of the Cu-
mulus is probably never more, in England, than
five thousand feet high, rarely this. The Nimbus is
the Cumulus shedding its vapour in rain ; and the
Stratus is the partially exhausted and fading Nimbus.

Poets in all ages have watched the clouds with
interest ; and Shakspeare has not only correctly
described them, but has, in metaphor, used them
in some of his sublimest passages. Ariel will
" ride on the curled clouds" to Prospero's "strong
bidding task ;" that is, ride on the highest Cirrus
cloud, in regions impassable to man. How admir-
ably the raining Cumulus (Nimbus cloud) is de-
scribed in the same play :

" Trinculo. Here's neitlicr bush * nor shrub, to bear
oHT any weather at all, and another storm brewing. I

* Bush, not brush, as misprinted in Knight's edition.

hear It sing i' the wiud : yond' same black cloud, yond'
huge one, looks like a foul''' bumbard that would slied
his liquor ....

• • • • Yond' same cloud cannot choose but fail
by pailfuls."

Hamlet points to a changing Cumulus cloud,
when he says to Polonius, "Do you see that cloud,
that almost in shape like a camel ?"

'• Fol. By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed.
Ham. Methinks it is like a weasel.
Pol. It is back'd like a weasel.
Ham. Or like a whale ?
Pol. Very like a whale."

But the finest cloud passage in the whole range
of literature is contained in Antony and Cleopatra,
painting, as it does, the fallen and wasting state of
the emperor (Act IV. Sc. 12.) :

" Ant. Eros, thou yet behold'st me ?

Eros. Ay, noble lord !

Ant. Sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish:
A vapour, sometime, like a bear, or lion,
A tower'd citadel, a pendant rock,
A forked mountain, or blue promontory
With trees npon't, that nod unto the world.
And mock our eyes with air. Thou hast seen these

signs :
Tliey are black vesper's pageants.

Eros, Ay, my lord.

Ant. That which is now a horse, even with a thought,
The rack dislimns ; and makes it indistinct,
As water is in water.

Eros. It does, my lord.

Ant, My good knave, Eros, now thy captain Is
Even such a body : here I am Antony ;
Yet cannot hold this visible shape, my knave."

Those who wish to understand this sublime pas-
sage must watch a bank of Cumulus clouds at the
western sky on a summer's evening. The tops of
the clouds must not be more than five or ten de-
grees above the apparent horizon. There must
also be a clear space upwards, and the sun fairly
set to the last stages of twilight. It will then be
comprehended as to what is meant by "black
vesper's pageants," and Warton and Knight Avill
no more mislead by their note. It is only at
"black vespers " that such a pageant can be seen,
when the liberated heat of the Cumulus cloud is
forcing the vapour into the grand or fantastic
shapes indicated to the poet's eye and mind.

How truly does Antony read his own condition
in the changing and perishable clouds. Shakspeare
names or alludes to the clouds in more than one
hundred passages, and the form of cloud is ever
correctly indicated. Who does not remember the

* Foul. Surely this ought to he full. A foul bum-
hard might be empty. " Foulness" and " shedding his
liquor" are not necessarily contingent; but fulness
and overflowing are. A full vessel, shaken, cannot
choose " but shed his liquor,"

338

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

passages in Romeo and Juliet? Much more might
be written on this subject.

Robert Rawlinson-

At 'the Hull meeting of the British Association,
Mr. Russell, farmer, Kilwhiss, Fife, read a paper
on " The Action of the Winds which veer from the
South-west to West, and North-west to North."
This he wound up by a reference to Shakspeare,
■which may be worthy of noting :

" In concluding, I cannot help remarking that this
circuit of the wind from SW. by W. to NW. or N.,
from our insular position, imparts to our climate its
fickleness and inconstancy. How often will our
brightest sky become suffused by the blackest vapours
on the slightest breach of SW. wind, and the clouds
will then disappear as speedily as they formed, when
the NW. upper current forces their stratum of moist
air to rise and mingle with the dryer current above.
I do not know who first noticed and recorded this
change of the wind from SW. to NW., but the re-
gularity of the phenomenon must teach us that the
law which it obeys is part of a grand system, and in-
vites us to trace its action. I do not think it will be
out of place to point out the fact that the great English
poet seems to have been quite familiar with this feature
of our weather, not only in its most striking manifest-
ations in the autumn and winter months, to which he
especially refers, but even in its more pleasant aspects
of summer. Shakspeare likens the wind in this shift-
ing to an individual who pays his addresses in succes-
sion to two fair ones — first he wooes the North, but in
courting that frigid beauty a difference takes place,
whereupon he turns his back upon her and courts the
fair South. You will observe the lines are specially
applied to the winter season —

' And more inconstant than the wind, who wooes
Even now the frozen bosom of the north,
And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,
Turning this /ace to the dew-dropping south.'

— I am not aware that the philosophic truth contained
in these lines has ever before been pointed out. The
beautiful lines which the poet, in his prodigality, put
into the mouth of one of his gay frolicsome characters.
the meaning of them he no doubt thought might have
been understood by every one ; but his commentators
do not seem to have done so. In some editions turning
his side has been put for /ace, which is feeble and un-
meaning. And I do not think the recent emendation
by Mr. Collier on the text is any improvement, where
tide is substituted for face, which impairs both the
beauty and harmony of the metaphor."

Anon.

A Word for ^'' the Old Corrector." — Allow me, as
an avowed enemy to " the Old Corrector's" novel-
ties, to render " the Great Unknown " one act of
justice. I am convinced there are but two prac-
tically possible hypotheses, on which to account
for the MS. emendations : either the emendations
were for the most part made from some authori-
tative document, or they are parts of a modern

fabrication. No third supposition'can be reason-
ably maintained. Mr. Knight's view, for ex-
ample, gives no account of the immense number of
coincidences with the conjectural emendations of
the commentators. Whichever of the two hypo-
theses be the true one, I need hardly say that
Mr. Collier's name is a suflScient guarantee for
all honorable dealing, so far as he is connected
with the MS. corrections.

Permit me farther to do an act of justice to
Mr. Collier himself. In my note on a passage
in The Tempest, I stated that Mr. Collier had
overlooked a parallel passage in Richard II. It
was I who had overlooked Mr. Collier's supple-
mental note. However, I must add, that how
Mr. Collier could persuade himself to print heat
for "cheek," in his " monovolume edition," after
he had seen the passage in Richard II., is utterly
beyond my power of comprehension.

C. Maksfibld Inglbbt.

Birmingham.

JMinor §,atti.

Injustice, its Origin. — In looking through a file
of papers a few days since, I met with the follow-
ing as being the origin of this term, and would
ask if it is correct ?

" When Nushervan the Just was out on a hunting
excursion, his companions, on his becoming fatigued,
recommended him to rest, while they should prepare
him some food. There being no salt, a slave was
dispatched to the nearest village to bring some. But
as he was going, Nushervan said, ' Pay for the salt you
take, in order that it may not become a custom to rob,
and the village ruined.' They said, ' What harm will
this little quantity'do ? ' He replied, ' The origin of in-
justice in the world was at first small, but every one
that came added to it, until it reached its present
magnitude.' "

W. w.

Malta.

Two Brothers of the same Christian Name. —
An instance of this occurs in the family of Croft
of Croft Castle. William Croft, Esq., of Croft
Castle, had issue Sir Richard Croft, Knight, his
son and heir, the celebrated soldier in the wars of
the Roses, and Richard Croft, Esq., second son,
" who, by the description of Richard Croft the
Younger, received a grant of lands" in 1461. (Re-
trospective Review, 2nd Series, vol. i. p. 472.)

Tewabs.

Female Parish Clerk. — In the parish register
of Totteridge appears the following :

" 1802, March 2. Buried, Elizabeth King, widow,
for forty-six years clerk of this parish, in the ninety-
first year of her age." — Burn on Parish Registers, 110.

Is there any similar instance on record of a
woman being a parish clerk ? Y. S. M.

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

339

DESCENDANTS OF MILTON.

It is well known that tlie issue of the poet became
extinct in 1754, unless they survived in the de-
scendants of Caleb Clarke, the only son of Milton's
third daughter, Deborah. Caleb Clarke went out
to Madras, and was parish clerk at Fort St. George
from 1717 to 1719. In addition to a daughter, who
died in infancy, he had two sons, Abraham and
Isaac ; of neither of whom is anything known, ex-
cept that the former married a person of the same
surname as himself; and had a daughter Mary,
baptized in 1727. Sir James Mackintosh made
some ineffectual attempts to trace them, and came
to the conclusion that they had migrated to some
other part of India.

I am perhaps catching at a straw : but it is pos-
sible there may be something more than a coinci-
dence in the name of Milton Clark, who is spoken
of in the fourth chapter of the Key to Uncle TonCs
Cabin as brother to Lewis Clark, the original of
the character of George Harris. Perhaps some of
your transatlantic friends can inform us :

1st. Whether there is, or has been, in use any
system of assigning names to slaves, which would
account for their bearing the Christian and sur-
name of their owners or other free men, and thus
lead to the inference that there has been some free
man of the name of Milton Clark.

2nd. Whether there is any family in America
of the name of Clark, in which Milton, or even
Abraham or Isaac, is known to have been adopted
as a Christian name ; and, if so, whether there is
any tradition in the family of migration from
India. J. F. M.

AN ANXIOUS QUEET FROM THE HYMMALAYAS.

I was honoured, a few days ago, with a com-
munication from India, which contains a Query
that is out of my power to answer. But being
very solicitous to do my best towards affording
the desired information, I bethought myself of
sending the letter, in extenso, for insertion in your
very valuable and exceedingly useful miscellany.
I venture to think that you will agree with me,
that the interesting nature of the communication
entitles it to a place in " N. & Q." As the letter
speaks for itself, I shall say no more about it, but
proceed to transcribe the greatest part of it at
once.

"Landour Academy, May 26th, 1853.

" Rev. M. Margoliouth,

" Sir, — I do not know in what terms to apolo-
gise to you for this communication, especially as
it may entail trouble on you, which can result in
my advantage alone.

"I am a Jew, believing that Jesus is the
Messiah ; and I trust this will induce you to

assist me in my search after some of my relations,
whom I believe to be in England.

" I wrote to Dr. Adler, Chief Rabbi of the
Jews in England, some years ago, but his inform-
ation was limited to some distant connexions, the
Davises, Isaacs, and Lewises, who still professed
Judaism. Subsequent inquiries discovered two
uncles of mine, Charles Lewes and Mordan Lewes,
in London, who informed me that my grandfather,
Isaac Levi, was for ten years a clergyman of the
Church of England, and had a congregation at
Lynn, in Norfolk, and that he had published a
tract against Judaism. Beyond this I can get no
farther information : my uncles are either too
poor or unwilling to prosecute their inquiries any
farther. Could you ascertain for me whether my
grandfather left any family, and if any member is
still alive ? My object is to discover their exist-
ence, and to renew a correspondence which has
been interrupted for more than forty years.

" I am the grandson of Isaac Levi, for many
years dead, reader of a congregation of Jews ia
London; my father, Benjamin Levi, is still alive,
and is with me. I keep a school at Landour, in
the Hymmalayas, in the north-western provinces
of India. I have been led to write to you after
reading your Pilgrimage to the Land of My Fathers,
and seeing in it that you are the autlior of a work
entitled The Jeivs in Great Britain, which I have
not seen, and concluding from this that if any one
can obtain information you can.

" I send this letter to Messrs. Smith and Elder,
booksellers, of Cornhill, London, with a request
to send it to you through your publisher, Mr. R.
Bentley," &c. &c.

I do not feel justified in publishing the last two
paragraphs in my correspondent's letter, and have
therefore omitted them. I shall feel extremely
obliged to any of the readers of " N. & Q." who
could and would help me to answer the anxious
Query from the Hymmalayas. M. M.

Wybunbury, Nantwich.

" De la Schola de Sclavoni." — On a large marble
slab at North Stoneham, near Southampton, is the
following inscription :

" Alio Dni mcccclxxxxi Sepvltvra de la Schola de
Sclavoni."

Is this the burial-place of the family of one of
the foreign merchants settled in this country, and
can any of the correspondents of " N. & Q." give
any inibrraation about it ? John S. Burn.

Mineral Acids. — As it is generally supposed that
these powerful solvents were not known anterior
to circiter A. d. 1 100, 1 should be glad to learn what
opinion is entertained by the learned concerning

340

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206,

tbe deatb of the prophet Haken al Llokannah.
This person is said to have disappeared in 785, or
163 of the Hejrah, by casting himself into a
barrel of corrosive fluids, which dissolved his
body. Is it not tlie best supposition, that this
story was supposed by Ivhondemir and others, in
more advanced ages of science, to account for the
fact of his having disappeared, and of his real
fate having never been ascertained? I have
never seen this apparent anticipation of chemical
discoveries animadverted on. A. N.

• Richard Geering. — Wanted, arms, pedigree,
and particulars of the family of Richard Geering,
one of the six clerks in Chancery in Ireland from
March 1700 to April 1735. One of his daughters,
Prudence, married, in 1722, Charles Coote, Esq.,
M.P., and by him was motiier of tlie last Earl of
Bellamont. Another daughter, Susannah, was
wife of Mr. Charles Wilson ; who was, it is be-
lieved, a connexion of the family of Ward of
Newport, in Shropshire. Any information about
Mr. Wilson's ancestry Avould be very acceptable.

Y. S. M.

Stipendiary Cui'ates. — What is the earliest
mentionof stipendiary curates in our ecclesiastical
establishment ? And what other national churches
have priests placed in a corresponding position ?

Bekosus.

Our Lady of Itounceval. — Can you or any of
your correspondents furnish me with particulars
of our Lady of Rounceval ? A. J. Dunkin.

JRodens Colt. — A lady of a certain age is said
in common parlance to be "Forty, save one, the
age of Roden's colt." What can Nimrod tell us
touching this proverbialised animal ?

E. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

Sir Christopher Wren and the Young Carver.
— A reader has a floating notion in his head of
having once read in the Literary Gazette a strange
story of a country boy going to town to seek em-
ployment as a c.irver or sculptor ; of his being
accosted by Sir Christopher Wren, and offering to
carve for him a sow and pigs, &o. Can any cor-
respondent have pity on him, and tell him where
to find the tale ? A. H.

Vellum Cleaning. — Are there not preparations
in use for cleaning the backs of old vellum-bound
books without destroying the polish ? How made,
or where procurable ? J. F. M.

Dionysia in Baotia. — Can any of your readers
refer me to a passage in any ancient author in
which this supposed town is mentioned ?

Dumersan refers to Diodorus Siculus as his au-
thority for its existence, but my search in that

author has been vain, and I am not alone in that
respect. Augustus Langdon.

Bloomsbury.

Poll Tax in 1641. — I find In Somers' Tracts^
2nd ed. vol. iv. p. 298. :

" Tlie copy of an order agreed upon in the House of
Commons upon Friday, 1 8th June, wherein every man
is rated according to his estate, for the king's use."
Is there on record the return made to this order ;
and where may it be consulted ? Tewaks.

Thomas Chester, Bishop of Elpliin, 1580. —
This prelate, who was the second son of Sir
William Chester, Kt., Lord Mayor of London
in 1560, by his first Avife Elizabeth, daughter of
Thomas Lovett, Esq., of Astwell in iSTorthampton-
shire, is said by Anthony a Wood (Athence Oxon.,
ed. Bliss, vol. ii. p. 826.) to have " given way to
fate at Killiathar in that city, in the month of
June in 1584." The calendars of the Will Office
of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury do not
contain his name ; can any of your Irish contri-
butors inform me whether his will was proved in
Ireland ? I should be glad to know, too, what
will offices exist in Ireland, and from what period
they date their commencement. He is said to

have married , daughter of Sir James Cla-

vering, Kt., of Axwell Park in iSlorthixmberland :
does any pedigree of the Claverings supply this
lady's Christian name ? His eldest brother, Wil-
liam Chester, Esq., married his cousin-german
Judith, daughter and co-heiress of Anthony Cave,
Esq., of Chichley Hall, Bucks, and was ancestor
to the extinct family of the baronets of that name
and place. Bishop Chester died s.p. Tewaks^

Itev. Urhan Vigors. — Amongst the chaplains of
King Charles I., was there one of the name of
Vigors, the Rev. Urban Vigors of Taunton ? Any
particulars of him will be acceptable. Y. S. M.

Early English MSS. — What is the earliest
document, of any historical import to this country,
now existing ii^ MS. ? T. Hughes.

Curing of Henry LV. — The best account of the
curing of Hen. iV. from the leprosy : vide Lam-
bard's Dictionary, p. 306. A. J. Dunkin.

Standard of Weights and Measures. — I would
gladly learn something of the system of weights
and measures in other countries, and particularly
whether in England and America there exists
for this object any government inspection ; and if
so, how this is executed ? A list of works on this
subject would be most welcome. I am acquainted
only with the works of Ravon, Fuhrication des
Poids et Mesu7'es, Paris, 1843, and of Tarbe, Poids,
Mesures et Verif cation, both found in the En-
cyclopedic Poret; and the Vollstclndige Darstellung

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

341

des Masz- und Gnwiclit- Systems in GrossJierzog-
thum Hessen, by F. W. Griinm, Darmstadt, 1840.
— From the Navorscher. $. *.

Parish Clerlis Company. —

" In making searches in registers of parishes within
the bills of mortality, a facility is afforded by the com-
pany of parish clerks ; by paying a fee of about two
guineas, a circular is sent to all the parish clerks, with
the particulars of information required : the registers
are accordingly searched, and the result communicated
to the clerk of the company."

The above I give from Burn's History of Parish
Registers, p. 217. note, published in 1829. Is this
the case at present ; and if so, what is the direc-
tion of the clerk of the Company ? I wish this
system existed in Oxford. Y. S. M.

Orange Blossom. — Can any reader of " N. & Q."
inform me why the flowers of the orange blossom
are so universally used in the dress of a bride?
and from what date they have been so used ?

Augusta.

Mr. Pepys his Queries. — I cannot say that I
met with Pepys as Fielding did Shakspeare, in a
Journey from this World to the next ; but I met
with seven of his Queries among the Kawlinson
MSS. in the Bodleian, addressed to Sir William
Dugdule, a name dear to all orthodox antiquaries.
It would appear the Secretary to the Admiralty
felt the want of a " medium of inter-communi-
calion " in his day. Plere are his Queries :

1. Whether any foi'cigners are to be found in
our list of English admirals?

2. The reason or account to be given of the
place assigned to our admirals in the Act of Pre-
cedence ?

3. Whether any of the considerable families of
our nobility or gentry have been raised by the
sea?

4. Some Instances of the greatest ransoms here-
tofore set upon prisoners of greatest quality.

5. The descent and posterity of Sir Francis
Drake ; and what estate is now In the possession
of any of his family derived from him.

6. Who Sir Anthony Ashby was ?

7. What are and have been generally the pro-
fessions, trades, or qualifications, civil or military,
that have and do generally raise families in Eng-
land to wealth and honour in Church and State ?

J. Yeowell.
50. Burton Street.

Foreign^ Medical Education. — Can any con-
tributor direct me to any sources of information
on the regulations concerning medical instruction
and medical degrees in the principal universities
on the Continent ? Medicus.

Chandler., Bishop of Durham. — Lord Dover, in
the second volume of his edition of Walpole's
Letters to Sir Horace Mann, p. 373., in a note,
thus speaks of this prelate :

" A learned prelate and author of various polemical
works, he had been raised to the see of Durham ia
1730, as it was then said, by symoniacal means."

Can any of your readers Inform me where I can
obtain evidence of the symoniacal means by which
it is said this bishop obtained the bishopric of
Durham ? One would scarcely think so cautious
a man as Lord Dover would refer to the Impu-
tation, without some evidence on which his lord-
ship could rely.

Mr. Surtees, In his History of the Bishops of
Durham, makes no allusion to the symoniacal
means by which Chandler obtained his promotion
to the see of Durham. He gives a list of the
bishop's printed works, amongst which is a " charge
to the grand jury of Durham concerning engross-
ing of corn, &c., 1740." Can you, or any of your
readers, inform me where this pamphlet is to be
met with ? For I am curious to know how a
bishop could make a charge to a grand jury.
There must surely be some mistake in the title of
the pamphlet. Fka. Mewburn.

Darlington.

[The charge of simony is loosely noticed by Shaw
in his History of Staffordshire, vol. i. p. 278. He says,
" Edward Chandler was translated from Lichfield and
Coventry to Durham in 1730; and it was then publicly
said that he gave 9000Z. for that opulent see." To this
Chalmers, in his Biog. Diet., adds, " which is scarcely
credible." The Charge by the bishop is in the British
Museum : it is entitled, " A Charge delivered to the
Grand Jury at the Quarter- Sessions held at Durham,
July 16, 1740, concerning engrossing of corn and grain,
and the riots that have been occasioned thereby." 4to.,
Durham.]

Huggins and Muggins. — Can any of your
readers assign the origin of this jocular appella-
tion ? I would hazard the conjecture, that it
may be a corruption of Hogen Mogen, High
Mightinesses, the style, I believe, of the States-
General of Holland ; and that It probably became
an expression of contempt in the mouths of the
Jacobites for the followers of William HI., from
whence it has passed to a more general application.

F. K.

Bath.

[Hugger-mugger, says Dr. Richardson, is the com-
mon way of writing this word, from Udal to the present
time. No probable etymology, he adds, has yet been
given. Sir John Stoddart (^Ency. Metropolitana, vol. i.
p. 120.) has given a long article on this word, which
concludes with the following remarks : — " The last ety-
mology that we shall mention is from the Dutch title.

342

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 206.

Hoog Moogende (High Mightinesses), given to the
States- General, and much ridiculed by some of our
English writers ; as in Hudibras ;

' But I have sent him for a token
To your Low-country, Hogen Mogen.'

It has been supposed that hugger-mugger, corrupted
from Hogen Mogen, was meant in derision of the secret
transactions of their Mightinesses ; but it is probable
that the former word was known in English l)efore the
latter ; and upon the whole it seems most probable that
hugger is a mere intensitive form of hug, and that 7nug~
ger is a reduplication of sound with a slight variation,
■which is so common In cases of this kind."]

Balderdash. — What is the meaning and the
etymology of " balderdash ? " W. Fraseb.

Tor-Mohun.

[Skinner suggests the following etymology : " Bal-
derdash,/jo^ms mixtus, credo ab A.-S. hald, a.udax,balder,
audacior vel audncius, et nostro dash ; miscere, q. d. potus
temere mixtus." Dr. Jamieson explains it as " foolish
and noisy talk. Islandic, bulldur, stultorum balbuties."
Dr. Ogilvie, however, has queried its derivation from
the " Spanish balda, a trifle, or baldonar, to insult with
abusive language ; Welsh, baldorz, to prattle. Mean,
senseless prate ; a jargon of words; ribaldry; anything
jumbled together without judgment."]

Lovell, Sculptor. — What is known of this
artist ? That he was in advance of the age he
flourished in is evinced by his beautifully ex-
ecuted engravings in Love's Sacrifice (fol. Lond.
1652), which for delicacy of work are far beyond
anything of the period. R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

[Is the name Lovell, or Loisell ? for we find that
Strutt, in his Dictionary of Engravers, vol. ii. p. 101.,
speaks of " P. Loisell having affixed some slight etcli-
ings, something in the style of Gaywood (if I mistake
not), to Benlowe's Theophilia, or Love's Sacrifice."'\

St. Werenf rid and Butler s "Lives of the Saints."
— One of your correspondents will perhaps ex-
plain the cause of an omission in Butler's Lives of
the Saints. The life of St. Werenfrid, whose an-
niversary is the 14th of August, is abstracted,
vol. iii. p. 492. His name occurs in the table of
contents ; and pages 493 and 494, where the life
should have appeared, are wanting ; still page
495 follows 492 correctly in type, so that the
former must have been reprinted after the cas-
tration of the leaf. Was the saint deemed un-
worthy of the place which had been allotted to
him ? J. H. M.

[In the best edition of Butler's Lives (12 vols.,
1812-13), the life of St. Werenfrid is given on Nov. 7.
He is honored in Holland on the 14th of August ; and
his life appears in Britannia Sancta on that day, but
in the Bollandists on the 28th of August.]

3£lej3Tt?^,

SIB W. HANKFORD — GASCOIGNe's TOMB.

(Vol. viii., p. 278.)

On reading Mb. Sansom's letter, it occurred to
me that I had seen a different account of the
master being shot by his park-keeper ; and on
search I found the following in 1 Hale's P. C.
p. 40., which I send, as it may tend to clear up
the question :

" In the case of Sir William Hawksworth, related
by Baker in his Chronicle of the Time of Edward IV.,
p. 223. {sub anno 1471), he being weary of his life, and
willing to be rid of it by another's hand, blamed his
parker for suffering his deer to be destroyed ; and com-
manded him that he should shoot the next man that
he met in his park that would not stand or speak. The
knight himself came in the night into the park ; and
being met by the keeper, refused to stand or speak.
The keeper shot and killed him, not knowing him to
be his master. This seems to be no felony, but ex-
cusable by the statute of Malefactores in Parcis."

This account varies from Ritson's in the name
"Hawksworth" instead of " Hankford," and the
date 1471 instead of 1422. It seems plain that
Lord Hale had no idea that the person shot was a
judge ; and possibly the truth may be, that it was
a descendant of the judge that was shot. Even if
Hankford's death were in 1422, as stated by Ris-
don, the traditional account that he caused his
own death " in doubt of his safety" does not seem
very probable, as Henry V. came to the throne
in 1412-13. Probably some of your readers may
be able to clear up the matter.

I was at Harewood the other day, and examined
a tomb there alleged to be that of the C.-J. Gas-
coigne. In the centre of the west end of the tomb
is a shield : first and fourth, five fleurs-de-lys
(France) ; second and third, three lions passant
gardant (England). — May I ask how these arms
happen to be on this tomb ?

There are several other shields on the tomb,
but all are now undistinguishable except one ;
which appears to be a bend impaling a saltire, as
far as I can make it out : the colours are wholly
obliterated. The head of the figure has not a coif
on it, as I should have anticipated ; but a cap fit-
ting very close, and a bag is suspended from the
left arm. — Is it known for certain that this is
C.-J. Gascoigne's tomb ? S. G. C.

Harrogate.

Mb. Sansom need not have been very much
surprised that I should have omitted noticing a
tradition concerning Sir William Hankford, when
I was merely rectifying an error with reference to
Sir William Gascoigne. That I have not over-
looked entirely " the Devonshire tradition, which
represents Sir William Hankford to be the judge

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEHIES.

343

who committed Prince Henry," may be seen in
The Judges of England, vol. iv. p. 324., wherein I
show the total improbability of the tale. And my
disbelief in the story of Hankford's death, and its
more probable application to Sir Robert Danby,
is already noticed in " N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 93.

Edward Foss.

TRANSLATION OF THE PRATER BOOK INTO FRENCH.

(Vol. vii., p. 382.)

In answer to some of the qu^tions proposed by
O. W. J. respecting the Prayer Book translated
into French, I am able to give this information.

A copy of a French Prayer Book is to be found
in the Bodleian Library (Douce Coll.), which is
very probably the first edition of the translation.
A general account of this book may be gained
from Strype's Mem. Eccl. K. Ed. VI. (vol. iii.
p. 208. ed. 1816) ; also Strype's Mem. Abp.
Cranmer (b. ii. c. 22. sub fin. and c. 33., and
App. 54. and 261.) ; also Collier's Eccl. Hist,
vol. ii. p. 321.

From these sources we may conclude that a
translation of the first book of K. Ed. VI. was
begun very soon after its publication in England,
at the instigation of Pawlet (at that time governor
of Calais), with the sanction of the king and the
archbishop "for the use of the islands of Guernsey
and Jersey, and of the town and dependencies of
Calais ; " but it does not seem to have been com-
pleted before the publication of the second book
took place, and so the alterations were incorpo-
rated into this edition.

The translator was " Frangoys Philippe, a
servant of the Lord Chancellor" (Thos. Goodrick,
Bishop of Ely), as he styles himself. The printer's
name is Gaultier. It was put forth in 1553.

There is still extant an " Order in Council " for
the island of Jersey, dated April 15, 1550, com-
manding to " observe and use the service, and
other orders appertaining to the same, and to the
ministration of the sacraments, set forth in the
booke sent to you presentlye." It is uncertain
what the book here referred to was, whether a
translation or a copy of the English liturgy.

There are copies extant of another liturgy put
forth in 1616, purporting to be "newly translated
at the command of the king." The printer's
name is Jeban Bill, of London. The name of
John Bill appears also as king's printer in the
English authorised edition of 1662.

Another was published in 1667, by Jean Dun-
more and Octavien Pulleyn.

The edition of 1695, published by Erringham
(Everingham) and R. Bentley, has the sanction
of K. Charles II. appended to it.

Numerous editions have since been published,
varying in many important points (even of

doctrine) from one another, and from their En-
glish original. There is now no authorised
edition fit for general use ; the older translations
having become too antiquated by the variations
in the French language to be read in the churches.

M. A. W. C.

PRATING TO THE WEST.

(Vol. viii., p. 208.)

Although going over old ground, yet, if it be
permitted, I would note a curious coincidence
connected with this far-spread veneration for the
West.

As mentioned by G. W., the Puranas point to
the " Sacred Isles of the "West" as the elysium of
the ancient Hindus, " The White Islands of the
West." The Celtaj of the European continent
believed that their souls were transported to-
England, or some islands adjacent. (See Ency ■
clopedie Methodique, art. " Antiquites," vol. i.
p. 704.) The Celtic elysium, " Flath-Innis," a re-
mote island of the West, is mentioned by Logan in
his Celtic Gael, vol. ii. p. 342., who no doubt
drew his information from the same source as
Professor Rafinesque, whose observations on this
subject I transcribe, viz. :

" It is strange but true, that, throughout the earth,
the place of departed souls, the land of spirits, was
supposed to be in the West, or at the setting sun. This^
happens every where, and in the most opposite religions,
from China to Lybia, and also from Alaska to Chili
in America. The instances of an eastern paradise were
few, and referred to the eastern celestial abode of yore,
rather than the future abode of souls. The Ashinists,
or Essenians, the best sect of Jews, placed Paradise in
the Western Ocean; and the Id. Alishe, or Elisha of
the Prophets, the happy land. Jezkal (our Ezekiel)
mentions that island ; the Phoenicians called it Alizut,
and some deem Madeira was meant, but it had neither
men nor spirits ! From this the Greeks made their
Elysium and Tartarus placed near together, at first in
Epirus, then Italy, next Spain, lastly in the ocean, as
the settlers travelled west. The sacred and blessed
islands of the Hindus and Lybians were in this ocean j
Wilford thought they meant the British Islands.
Pushcara, the farthest off, he says, was Iceland, but
may have meant North America.

" The Lybians called their blessed islands ' Aimones;'
they were the Canaries, it is said, but likely the At-
lantldes, since the Atlantes dwelt in the Aimones," &c.

And farther he says, the Gauls had their Cocagne,
the Saxons their Cockaign, Cocana of the Lusita-
nians, —

" A land of delight and plenty, which is proverlial to
this day ! By the Celts it was called ' Dunna fead-
huigh,' a fairy land, &c. But all these notions have
earlier foundations, since the English Druids put their
paradise in a remote island in the west, called ' Flath-

344

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

Iiinis,' the flat island," &c. — American Nations, vol. ii.
p. 245. et infra.

The coincidence then is this. The same ve-
neration for the West prevails among many of our
Indian tribes, who place their Paradise in an
island beyond the Great Lake (Pacific), and far
toward the setting sun. There, good Indians
enjoy a fine country abounding in game, are
always clad in new skins, and live in warm new
lodges. Thither they are wafted by prosperous
gales ; but the bad Indians are driven back by
-adverse storms, wrecked on the coast, where the
remains of their canoes are to be seen covering
"the strand in all directions.

I cannot refrain from adding here another coin-
cidence connected with futurity. The above idea
of sailing to the Indian Paradise, though prevalent,
is not general ; for instance, the Minnetarees and
Mandans believed that to reach Paradise the souls
of the departed had to pass over an extremely
narrow bridge, which was done safely by the good
Indians, but the bad ones slipped off and were
buried in oblivion. (See Long's Expedition to the
Itochy Mountains, vol. i. p. 259.)

The Chepewa crosses a river on a bridge formed
by the body of a large snake (see Long's Expe-
dition to St. Peters River, vol. i. p. 154.) ; and in
the same volume it is stated that the Dacota, or
Sioux, believe they must pass over a rock with a
sharp edge like a knife. Those who fall off go to
the region of evil spirits, where they are worked,
tormented, and frequently flogged unmercifully.

Now, this bridge for gaining Paradise is just
the Alsirat of the Mahomedans ; I think it will be
found in the Bibliotheque Orieiitale of D'Herbelot;
at all events it is mentioned in the preliminary
■discourse to Sale's Koran. Sale thinks Mahomet
borrowed the idea from the Magians, who teach,
that on the last day all mankind must pass over
the " Piil Chinavad " or " Chinavar," i. e. " The
Straight Bridge." Farther, the Jews speak of
the " Bridge of Hell," which is no broader than a
thread. According to M. Hommaire de Hell, the
Kalmuck Alsirat is a bridge of iron (or causeway)
traversing a sea of filth, urine, &c. When the
wicked attempt to pass along tins, it narrows be-
neath them to a hair's breadth, snaps asunder, and
thus convicted they are plunged into hell. (Travels
in the Steppes of the Caspian, Sfc, p. 252.)

Having already trespassed most unconscionably,
I foi'bear farther remark on these coincidences,
except that such ideas of futurity being found
amongst nations so widely separated, cannot but
induce the belief of a common origin, or at least
of intimate communication at a former period,
and that so remote as to have allowed time for
diverging dialects to have become, as it were,
distinct languages. A. C. M.

Exeter.

JACOB BOBART,

(Vol. viii., p. 37.)

The completion of a laborious literai-y work has
taken my attention away from the " N. & Q." for
some weeks past, otherwise I should sooner have
given Mr. Bobaut the following information.

The engraving of old Jacob Bobart by W.
Richardson is not of any value, being a copy from
an older print. Query if it is not a copy of the
very rare engraving by Loggan and Burghers ?

The original print of the " founder of the phy-
sick garden," "D. Loggan del., M. Burghers
sculp., 1675," which Mr. Bobart wishes to procure,
may be purchased of A. E. Evans, 403. Strand, for
2^. 12a'. 6f/. I also learn from Mr. Evans' inva-
luable Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits
(an octavo of 431 pages, lately published), that
there exists a portrait of Bobart, " the classical
alma mater coachman of Oxford," whole length,
by Dighton, 1808. The same catalogue also con-
tains other portraits of the Bobarts.

Since my last communication on the present
subject, I find the following memorandums in one
of my note-books, which possibly may be unknown
to your correspondent; they relate to MSS. in
the British Museum.

Add. MS. 5290. contains 227 folio drawings of
various rare plants, the names of which are added
in the autograph of Jacob Bobart the elder.

Sloane MS. 4038. contains some letters from
Jacob Bobart to Sir Hans Sloane, 1685-1716 ;
also one from Anne Bobart, dated 1701.

Sloane MS. 3343. contains a catalogue of plants
and seeds saved at Oxford, by Mr. Bobart,
1695-6.

Sloane MS. 3321., consisting of scientific letters
addressed to Mr. Petiver, contains one from Jacob
Bobart, and another from Tilleman Bobart. The
latter has a letter dated " Blenheim, Feb. 5,
1711-12," to some person unknown, in Sloane
MS. 4253.

TiYZeman Bobart appears to have been employed
in laying out the park and gai'dens at the Duke of
Marlborough's magnificent seat at Blenheim. A
number of his original papers and receipts were
lately disposed of by auction at Messrs. Puttick
and Simpson's. (See the sale catalogue of July 22,
1853, lot 1529.) Edward F. Eimbault.

EARLY USE OF TIN. DERIVATION OF THE NAME

OF BRITAIN.

(Vol. viii., p. 290.)

Many questions are proposed by G. W., to which
it is extremely improbable that any but a conjec-
tural answer can ever be given. That tin was in
common use 2800 years ago, is certain. Probably
evidence may be obtained, if it have not been so

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

345

already, of its use at a still earlier period; but It
is unlikely that we shall ever know who first
brought it from Cornwall to Asia, and used it to
harden copper. It is, however, a matter of in-
terest to trace the mention of this metal in the
ancient inscriptions, Egyptian and Assyrian, which
have of late years been so successfully interpreted.
Mistakes have been made from time to time, which
subsequent researches have rectified. It was
thought for a long time that a substance, men-
tioned in the hieroglyphical inscriptions very fre-
quently, and in one instance said to have been
procured from Babylon, was tin. This has now
been ascertained to be a mistake. Mr. Birch has
proved that it was Lapis lazuli, and that what was
brought from Babylon Avas an artificial blue-stone
in imitation of the genuine one. I am not aware
whether the true hieroglyphic term for tin has
been discovered. Mention was again supposed to
have been made of tin in the annals of Sargon. A
tribute paid to him in his seventh year by Pirhu
(Pharaoh, as Col. Rawlinson rightly identifies the
name ; not Pihor, Boccharis, as I at one time sup-
posed), king of Egypt, Q'samtsi, queen of Arabia,
and Idhu, ruler of the Isabeans, was supposed to
have contained tin as well as gold, horses, and
camels. This, however, was in itself an impro-
bable supposition. It is much more likely that in-
cense or spices should have been yielded by the
countries named than tin. At any rate, I have
recently identified a totally different word with
the name of tin. It reads a?»i« ; and I supposed
it, till very lately, to mean " rings." I find, how-
ever, that it signifies a metal, and that a different
word has the signification " rings." When Assur-
yuchura-bal, the founder of the north-western
palace at Nimrud, conquered the people who
lived on the banks of the Orontes from the con-
fines of Hamath to the sea, he obtained from them
twenty talents of silver, half a talent of gold, one
hundred talents of anna (tin), one hundred talents
of iron, &c. His successor received from the same
people all these metals, and also copper.

It is already highly probable, and farther dis-
coveries may soon convert this probability to cer-
tainty, that the people just referred to (whom I
incline strongly to identify with the Shirutana of
the Egyptian inscriptions) were the merchants of
the world before Tyre was called into existence ;
their port being what the Greeks called Seleucia,
when they attempted to revive its ancient great-
ness. It is probably to them that the discovery
of Britain is to be attributed ; and it was probably
from them that it received Its name.

In G. W.'s communication, a derivation of the
name from harat-anac, " the land of tin," is sug-
gested. He does not say by whom, but he seems
to disclaim it as his own. I do not recollect to
have met with it before ; but it appears to me,
even as it stands, a fiir more plausible one than

hruit-tan, " the land of tin : " the former term being
supposed to be Celtic for tin, and the latter a ter-
mination with the sense of land: or than hrit-
daoine, " the painted (or separated) people."

I am, however, disposed to think that the name
is not of Phoenician origin, but was given by their
northern neighbours, whom I have mentioned as
their predecessors in commerce. These Avere evi-
dently of kindred origin, and spoke a language of
the same class ; and I think it all but certain, that
in the Assyrian name for tin (anna} we have the
name given to it by this people, from whom the
Assyrians obtained it. "The land of tin" would
be in their language barat (or probably ha7-it}
anna, from which the transition to Britannia pre-
sents no difficulty. I assume here that b-r-t,
without expressed vowels, is a Phoenician term for
" land of." I assume it on the authority of the
person, whoever he may be, that first gave the
derivation that G. W. quotes. I have no Phoeni-
cian authority within reach : but I can readily
believe the statement, knowing that banit would
be the Assyrian word used in such a compound,
and that n, r, and b are perpetually interchanged
in the Semitic languages, and notoriously so in
this very root. Ummi banitiya, "of the mother
who produced me," is pure Assyrian ; and so
would banit-anna, " the producer of tin," be ; all
names of lands being feminine in Assyrian.

It would be curious if the true derivation of the
world-renowned name of Britain should be ascer-
tained for the first time through an Assyrian
medium. Edw. Hincks.

Killyleagh, Down.

As there are several Queries in the Note of
G. W. which the Celtic language is capable of
elucidating, I beg to offer a few derivations from
that language.

Britain is derived from briot, painted, and
tan, a country — i. e. "the country of the painted
people." It is a matter of history, that the people
of Britain dyed their bodies with various colours.

Tin is from the Celtic tin, to melt readily, to
dissolve. It is also called stan : Latin, stannum.

Hercules is from the Phoenician or Celtic, Eai-r-
aclaide, pronounced Er-aclaie, i. e. the noble
leader or hero.

Melkarthus is derived from Mal-catair, pro-
nounced Mal-cahir, i. e. the champion or king of
the city (of Tyre).

Moloch cannot be identical with the Tyrlan
Hercules, as Moloch was the god of fire : pro-
bably a name for the sun, from the Celtic mole,
i. e. ifire. Feas. Ckosslet.

346

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

TEW-TREES IN CHCKCHT AR1>S .

(Vol. vlii., p. 244.)

Whilst offering a solution to the Query of R. C.
TVarde, as to the placing yew-trees in church-
yards, I am obliged to differ from him toto ccelo,
by considering the derivation of the name of the
plant itself, though I must candidly confess that
the solw '.ion of the Query and the derivation of
the word are my own.

Yew is ancient British, and signifies existent and
enduring, having the same root as Jehovah ; and
yetv is Welsh for it is, being one of the forms of
the third person present indicative of the aux-
iliary verb bod, to be. Hence the yew-tree was
planted in churchyards, not to Indicate death, de-
spair, but life, hope and assurance. It is one of
our few evergreens, and is the most enduring of
all, and clearly points out the Christian's hope in
the immortality of the soul : Resurgam.

Whilst on the word i/etv, I may perhaps observe
that I am hardly inclined now (though I once was
so) to derive from it, as the author of the Etijmo-
logical Compendium does, the name yeoman. I
think that yeoman is not yc?o-raan, " a man using
the yew-bow," but yoAe-man, a man owning as
much land as a yohe of oxen could plough in a
certain time. J. G. Gumming.

The following extract from the Handbook of En-
glish Ecclesiology, p. 190., may be of some assist-
ance to your correspondent :

" Yew. These were planted generally to the south
of the church, to supply green for the decoration of
churches at the great festivals ; this tree being an em-
blem of immortality. It is a heathen prejudice which
regards it as mournful. It is not probable yews were I
used as palms ; the traditional name given to the withy
showing that this was used in the procession on that
festival."

William W. King.

Instead of troubling you with a particular answer 1
to Mr. Warde's inquiry, let me refer him to the i
Forest Trees of Britain, by the Rev, C. A. Johns,
p. 297. et seq., where, among many other curious
and interesting facts, he will find the various
reasons assigned by different authors, ancient and
modern, for the plantation of yew-trees in church-
yards. I do not find, however, that the origin in-
geniously assigned by Mr. Warde is among the
number. $.

I have always supposed, but I know not upon
what authority, that the custom of planting yew-
trees in churchyards originated in the idea of sup-
plying the yeomen of the parish with bows, in the
good old archery days. Ignoramus.

STARS are the FLOWERS OF HEAVEN.

(Vol. vii. passim.)

I sent a Note to " N. & Q." some time ago, ex-
pressing my conviction that the original locale of
this beautiful idea was in St. Chrysostom ; but, as
I could not then give a reference to the passage
which contained it, my suggestion was of course
not definite enough to call for attention. I am
now able to vindicate to the " golden-mouthed "
preacher of Antioch this expression of poetic
fancy, the origination of which has excited, and
deservedly, so much inquiry among the readers of
" N. & Q." It occurs in Homily X., " On the
Statues," delivered at Antioch. I transcribe the
passage from the translation in The Library of the
Fathers :

" Follow me whilst I enumerate the meadows, the
gardens, the flowering tribes ; all sorts of herbs and
their uses, their odours, forms, disposition ; yea, but
their very names ; the trees which are fruitful and the
barren ; the nature of metals ; that of animals, in the
sea or on the land ; of those that swim and those that
traverse the air ; the mountains, the forests, the groves ;
the meadow below and the meadow above ; for there is a
meadow on the earth, and a meadow too in the sky ; the
VARIOUS FLOWERS OF THE STARS ; the rose ])elow, and
the rainbow above ! . . . . Contemplate with me the
beauty of the sky ; how it has been preserved so long
without being dimmed, and remains as bright and
clear as if it had been only fabricated to-day ; more-
over the power of the earth, how its womb has not be-
come effete by bringing forth during so long a time !"

&c Homily X., " On the Statues," pp. 178-9.

W. Fraseb.

Tor-Mohun.

P. S. — Are the following lines, which contain
this idea, and were copied long ago from the
poet's corner of a provincial paper, with the title
of "The Language of the Stars, a fragment," worth
preserving ?

" The stars bear tidings, voiceless though they are :
'Mid the calm loveliness of the evening air,
As one by one they open clear and high,
And win the wondering gaze of infancy,
They speak, — yet utter not. Fair heavenly flowers
Strewn on the floor- way of the angels' bowers !
'Twas His own hand that twined your chaplets

bright ;
And thoughts of love are in your wreaths of light,
Unread, unreadable by us: — there lie
High meanings in your mystic tracery ;
Silent rebukings of day's garish dreams,
And warnings solemn as your own fair beams."

BOOKS BURNED BY THE COMMON HANGMAN.

(Vol. viii., p. 272.)

Your correspondent Balliolensis should re-
member that at the time Dr. Drake published his

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

347

Historia Anglo- Scotica, 1703, there were no bounds
to the angry passions and jealousies evoked by the
discussion of the projected union ; consequently,
what may appear to us in the present day an in-
sufficient reason for the treatment the book met
with in the northern metropolis, wore a very
different aspect to the Scots, who, under the
popular belief that they were to be sold to their
enemies, saw every movement with distrust, and
tortured everything said or written on this side
the Tweed, upon the impending question, to dis-
cover an attack upon their national independence,
their church, and their valour.

Looking at Dr. Drake's book, then, for the
data upon which it was condemned, we find that
it opens with a prefatory dedication to Sir E.
Seymour, one of Queen Anne's Commissioners
for the Union, and a high churchman, wherein the
author distinctly ventures a blow at Presbytery
when he says to his patron :

" The languishing oppressed Church of Scotland is
not without hopes of finding in you hereafter the same
successful champion and restorer that her sister of
England has already experienced."

He farther calculated upon Sir Edward inspiring
the neighbouring nation "with as great a respect
for the generosity of the English as they have
heretofore had to dread their valour." Now the
Scots neither acknowledged the Episcopacy which
Seymour is here urged to press upon them, nor
had they any such slavish fear of the vaunted
English prowess with which Dr. Drake would have
them intimidated ; without going farther, there-
fore, into the book, it appears to me that the
Scots parliament had a right to consider it written
in a bad spirit, and to pacify the people by con-
demning it.

Defoe, in his History of the Union (G. Chal-
mers' edition, London, 1786), says:

" One Dr. Drake writes a preface to an abridgment
of the Scots History, wherein, speaking something re-
flecting upon the freedom and independence of Scot-
land, the Scots parliament caused it to be burned by
the hangman in Edinburgh."

In his Northern Memoirs, 1715, Oldmixon ob-
serves :

" They (the Jacobites) therefore put Dr. Drake, au-
thor of the High Church Memorials, upon publishing
an antiquated Scotch history, on purpose to vilify the
whole nation in the preface, and create more ill blood.
This had the desired effect. The Scots parliament
highly resented the affront, and ordered it to be burnt
by the common hangman at Edinburgh."

D'Israeli, in his Calamities of Authors, has the
following interesting notice of Drake :

" I must add one more striking example of a political
author in the case of Dr. James Drake, a man of
genius and an excellent writer. He resigned an ho-
norable profession, that of medicine, to adopt a very

contrary one, that of becoming an author by profession
for a party. As a Tory writer he dared every ex-
tremity of the law, while he evaded it by every sub-
tlety of artifice ; he sent a masked lady with his MSS.
to the printer, who was never discovered ; and was
once saved by a flaw in the indictment, from the simple
change of an r for a t, or nor for not, one of those
shameful evasions by ^ich the law, to its perpetual
disgrace, so often protects the criminal from punish-
ment. Dr. Drake had the honor of hearing himself
censured from the throne, of being imprisoned, of
seeing his Memorials of the Church of England burned
at (the Royal Exchange) London, and his Hist. Angl.
Scot, at Edinburgh. Having enlisted himself in the
pay'of the booksellers, among other works, I suspect,
he condescended to practise some literary impositions ;
for he has reprinted Father Parson's famous libel
against the Earl of Leicester, under the title of Secret
Memoirs of Robert Dudley, E. of L., 1706, with a
preface pretending it was printed from an old MS."

The same instructive writer adds :

" Drake was a lover of literature ; lie left behind him
a version of Herodotus, and a system of anatomy, once
the most popular and curious of its kind. After all
this turmoil of his literary life, neither his masked lady
nor the flaws in his indictments availed him ; govern-
ment brought a writ of error, severely prosecuted him ;
and abandoned, as usual, by those for whom he had
annihilated a genius which deserved a better fate, his
perturbed spirit broke out into a fever, and he died
raving against cruel persecutors, and patrons not much
more humane."

Another book before me, and one which shared
the fate of Drake's in Edinburgh, is The Supe-
riority and Direct Dominion of the Imperial Crown
of England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scot-
land, the true Foundation of a compleat Union re-
asserted: 4to. London, 1705. This had appeared
the year before, but was reproduced to answer
the objections to it from the other side. It was
written by William Attwood, Esq. If it required
a nice discrimination to discover the offence of
Drake, there was no such dubiety about this
book, which goes the whole length of Scottish
vassalage ; and Mr. Attwood would lead us to be-
lieve that he knocks over the arguments of Hodges
and Anderson * for Scottish independence with as
much ease as he would ninepins.

* Jas. Hodges, a Scotch gentleman, who supported
the Independency in a work entitled War betwixt the
Two Kingdoms considei-ed, for which, says Attwood,
" he had 4800 Scots Funds given him for nothing but
begging the question, and bullying England with the
terror of her arms."

" An Historical Essay, showing that the Crown of
Scotland is Independent ; wherein the gross Errors of
a late book, entitled ' The Superiority and Direct Do-
minion,' &c., and some other books for that purpose,
are exposed by Jas. Anderson, A. M., Writer to His
Majesty's Signet," Edin. 1705. For this work An-

348

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

Unfortunately these subjects are again forced
upon 113, and a reference to some of the books I
have cited will enable gentlemen who are curious
upon the point to judge for themselves in the
jnatter of the present agitation of "Justice to
Scotland." , J- 0-

On May 5, 1686, M.Claude's account of the
Massacre of St. Bartholomew was burnt in the
Old Exchange, " so mighty a power and ascendant
here had the French ambassador." (Evelyn's Me-
„ioi7-s.) John S. Burn.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Stereoscopic Angles. — As I presume that Mr.
T. L. Merritt is, like myself, only desirous of
arriving at truth, I beg to offer the following
reply to his last communication (Vol. viii.,
pp. 275-6.), in which he misinterprets some ob-
servations of mine upon the subject in question.

With regard to the distance quoted by _rae of
2^ inches, "l look upon it as the same thing as
intended by Mb. Merritt — that ij, the average
distance between the centres of the eyes ; and it
amounts simply to a difference of opinion between
us ; but, so far as that point is concerned, I am
quite ready to adopt 2i inches as a standard, al-
though I believe that "the former is nearer the
truth : however, I require more than a mere asser-
tion that " the only correct space for the cameras
to be apart is 2| inches, and this under every
circumstance, and that any departure from this
vinst produce error." I quote verbatim, having
merely Italicised three words to point my meaning
more clearly. An object being 5 feet distant, and
another at 10 feet from the observer, a line be-
tween the eyes will subtend a very much larger
angle in the former than in the latter instance :
hence the inclination of the axes of the eyes is the
chief criterion by which people with the usual
complement of those useful organs judge of proxi-
mity : but if half a dozen houses are made to ap-
pear as if 10 or 12 feet distant (by means of the
increase of the angle between the points of form-
ation of the pictures), while the angle which each
picture subtends is relatively small; it is clear
that both eyes will see in relief at a short distance
half a dozen houses in a space not large enough
for a single brick of one of them, and, consequently,
the view will appear as if taken from a model.
Mr. Merritt will object that an erroneous effect
is produced; If he will refer to my statement

derson received the tlianks of the Scottish parliament,
as well as some pecuniary reward. (Chalmers' Life of
Euddiman.) Tlie authors of these books having made
out a case which was adopted as the national one, it is
nowise surprising that they should hand over Drake
and Attwood to the hangman for attempting to de-
molish it.

(Vol. viii., p. 228.), he will find that it is precisely
what I admitted; and he appears to have over-
looked the p7-oviso attached to my next observ-
ation (judging by his comment thereon), so 1 shall
make no farther remark upon that point, beyond
inquiring why the defect he is content to put up
with is called a trifling exaggeration, while that
Avhich is less offensive to me is designated as absolute
deformity and error ? Persons with one eye are
not good judges of distance, and this may be easily
tested thus: — Close one eye, and endeavour to
dip a pen in an inkstand at some little distance
not previously ascertained by experiment, with
both eyes open ; it will be found far less easy than
would be imagined. One-eyed people, from habit,
contrive to judge of distance mainly by relative
position, and by moving the head laterally cause a
change therein : to them, all pictures are, to an
extent, stereoscopic.

I am really amazed that my advocacy of the
radial, instead of the parallel, position of tha
cameras should have been so misunderstood.
Surely, it cannot be seriously asserted that the
former will produce two vanishing points, and the
latter only one ? And as to the supposition con-
nected with the boy, the ass, and the drum, a
camera that would produce the effect of showing
both sides of the ass, both legs of the boy, and
both heads of the drum, icith a movement of only
2^ inches, whether radially or parallel, would in-
deed be a curiosity. But if the motion of the
camera extended over a space sufficiently large to
exhibit the phenomena alluded to, then it would
confirm what I have before advanced, viz. present
the idea of a small model of the objects, which
could be so placed as to show naturally these very-
effects.

That the axes of the eyes are inclined when
viewing objects, is readily proved thus : — Let a
person look across the road at any object — say a
shop-window ; but stand so that a lamp-post near
him shall intervene, and be in a di7'ect line between
the observer's nose and the object viewed. If he
be requested to observe the post instead of the
distant object, the pupils of his eyes will be seen
to approach one another; and on again looking
to the distant object, will instantly recede. The
range of vision Is another point that appears to be
misunderstood, as we are differing about words
instead of facts. The column Is an Illustration
that will exactly suit my views; for I call the
range of vision the same if taken from side to side
of the column, although It is perfectly true that
the tangents to the two eyes differ by the angle
they subtend : but certainly Ma. AVilkinson's case
(Vol. viii., p. 181.) of seven houses and five bathing-
machines In one picture, and five houses and eight
machines In the other, illustrates an instance where
the range of vision is not the same ; but I contend
that the stereoscopic effect Is then confined to five

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

349

houses and five macliines, otherwise Mr. Wilkin-
son's supposititious case (ibid.), of all machines in
one, and all houses in the other, might be con-
sidered as stereoscopic.

In concluding this very lengthened and, I fear,
tedious reply, I beg to assert that I am most
willing to recant any proposition I may have put
Ibrth, li proved to be erroneous ; but I must have
proof, not mere assertion. And farther, my wil-
ling thanks arc always tendered to any one kind
enough to correct an error. Geo. Shadbolt.

Mr. Pumphrei/s Process for securing black Tints
in Positives. — The importance that appears to be
attached by some of thy correspondents to the
stereoscopic appearance of photographs, induces
me to call the attention of those who may not
have noticed it to the fact that, as all camera
pictures are monocular, they are best seen by
closing one eye, and then tliey truly represent
nature ; and the eifect of distance (which so often
appears wanting in photographs) is given with
marvellous effect, so well indeed as to render the
use of a stereoscope unnecessary. Like other pho-
tographers, I have been long seeking for a method,
easy, cheap, and certain, for obtaining the black
tints that are so highly prized by many in the
French positives ; and having at last attained the
object of my search, I lose no time in laying it
before my fellow-operators.

_ I obtain these results with a twenty-grain solu-
tion of nitrate of silver, a fact that will, I think,
commend the plan to most operators. Thou wilt
be able to judge of the result from the inclosed
specimen.* I use Canson's paper, either albumen-
ized or plain (but the former is far preferable).
If albumen is used, I dilute it with an equal mea-
sure of water, and add half a grain of conmion salt
(chloride of sodium) to each ounce of the mixture.
This is applied to the paper with a soft flat brush,
and all bubbles removed, by allowing a slender
stream of the mixture to flow over its surface : it
is then hung up to dry, and afterwards the albu-
men is coagulated with a hot iron. If tlie paper
is used plain, a solution of common salt (half a
grain to one ounce of water) is placed in a shallow
tray, and the paper floated on its surface for a
minute, and then hung up to dry. Excite, in
either case, with an ammonio-nitrate of silver so-
lution (twenty grains to one ounce of water), by
floating the paper, prepared side downwards, for
one minute, and hang up to dry.

Print tolerably strongly, and the proof will be
of a reddish-brown. Fix in tolerably strong solu-
t!on of hypo, sodas (I never weigh my hypo., so
cannot give the proportion), that either has been
in use some time, or else, if new, has been nearly
saturated with darkened chloride of silver. When

* The specimens forwarded by Mr. PuMPHREr are
most satisfactory. — Ed.

fixed, remove the proofs into another vessel of the
same solution of hypo., to which has been added
chloride of gold and acetic acid. The way I do
this is to dissolve one drachm of chloride of gold
in two and a half ounces (1200 minims) of water.
Of this I take twenty minims (which will contain
one grain Au CI 3) and forty minims of acetic
acid (Beaufoy's) lor every dozen proofs (of the
size_ of 7 X 9 in.), that I mean to operate on, and
having mixed the gold and acetic acid with the
solution of hypo., place the proofs in it till they
attain the desired colour : they are then to be
washed and dried in the usual way.

Knowing that so cheap and easy a process for
obtaining these tints would have been a great
boon to me a short time since, I lose no time in
communicating this to the readers of " N. & Q."
I shall feel a pleasure in explaining the plan more
in detail to any photographer who may feel dis-
posed to drop me a line. William Pumpheev.

Osbaldwick, near York.

3RejjTte^ ta i^iiiar CSiurtc;*.

Baslterville the Printer (Vol. viii., p. 203.). —
In reply to Mr. Elliott's inquiry, I beg to say
that Baskerville the printer was merely named as
one who had directed his interment in unconse-
crated ground. The exact place of his burial was
not deemed a point of importance, but it having
been questioned, I am able to state that the spot
was correctly described by me. Nichols, in his
Literary Anecdotes (vol. viii. p. 456.), tells us that
" Baskerville was buried in a tomb of masonry, in
the shape of a cone, under a windmill in his garden ;
on the top of this windmill, after it fell into dis-
use, he had erected an urn, and had prepared an
inscription," of which Mr. Elliott has given a
portion.

In his will, dated January G, 1773, he directs
his body " to be buried in a conical building here-
tofore used as a mill, which I have lately raised
higher, and painted and prepared for it." It
seems somewhat surprising that one, who shocked
even John Wilkes as " a terrible infidel," should
have printed a most beautiful folio Bible, at an
expense of 2000^., and three or more editions of
the Book of Common Prayer. Still more, in
1762, he tells Walpole that he had a grant from
the University of Cambridge to print their 8vo.
and 12mo. Common Prayer Books, and that for
this privilege he laboured under heavy liabilities
to the University. Baskerville doubtless regarded
these books with a tradesman's eye, indifferent to
the subjects of the works issued from his press,
provided they sold. It would, however, be very
unjust to this admirable printer to name him
without praise for the distinguished beauty of his
typography : it was clear and elegant, and he

350

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

was most curious in tlie cboice both of his paper
and ink. J. H. M.

Lines on Woman (Vol. viii., p. 204.) The

four beautiful lines which W. V. cites are the
conclusion of a poem entitled " Woman," written
by Eton Barrett. About the close of the last
century, Eton Barrett and his younger brother
Richard Barrett were at a private school on
Wandsworth Common. My brothers and I were
their schoolfellows. The Barretts were Irish
boys ; I think (but I speak very doubtfully) from
Cork. Eton Barrett was a boy of more than ordi-
nary talent. He was a genius among the lesser
lights around him. I remember his writing a play
with prologue and epilogue, which was performed
before the master and his family, &c., with so
much success, that the master prohibited any future
dramatic performances, fearing that he might
incur blame for encouraging too much taste for
the theatre. Our master gave up his school be-
fore the year 1800. Eton Barrett, a great many
years ago, published a little volume of poems, of
which " Woman" was one. I do not remember
that I ever met him since our school-days. I have
heard that he adopted Tory politics in Ireland,
and that his brother attached himself to O'Connell,
and conducted some newspaper ; but this is mere
report. Allow me to take this opportunity for
observing, tliat many of the communications to
" N. & Q.," such as those in which matters of fact
are stated, ought, it may justly be urged, to be
authenticated by the signature of the contributor.
I feel the truth of this so strongly, that, though I
do not sign my name, yet I have thought it right
to make myself known to you, so that you know
the person who contributes under the signature

r. w. J.

Haulf -naked (Vol. viii., p. 205.). — The manor
house of Halnaker, adjoining Walberton and Good-
wood, is thus spoken of by Dallaway in his Hist,
of Sussex, "Rape of Chichester," p. 131. : — "Hal-
naker, called in Domesday 'Halneche,' and in
writings of very ancient date Halnac, Halnaked,
and Halfnaked." Then follows a short description
of the old manor-house.

It has been lately visited by the Archajological
Association, under the direction of Lord Talbot
de Malahide ; and it is probable that the indus-
trious antiquaries of Sussex will soon give us a
more detailed account of it in their next volume
of Transactions. M. (2.)

Cambridge and Ireland (Vol. viii., p. 270.). —
The story of Irish merchants landing at Cambridge
is " very like a whale," " touched upon the deserts
of Bohemia." I think, however, that I can trace
the source of this glaring and oft-repeated error,
as there really exists a documentary connexion
between Irish cloth and the town of Cambridge.

Referring to a collection of notes on the ancient
commerce and manufactures of Ireland, which I
have lately made, I find — cited as an instance of
the general use of Irish cloth in England at an
early period — that Henry IV., in 1410, gave a
royal grant of tolls, for the purpose of paving the
town of Cambridge ; in which, among other arti-
cles, Irish cloth is taxed at the rate of twopence
per hundred. The grant, " De villa CantabrigiaB
paveanda," will be found in Rymer's Fcedera.

W. PiNKERTON.

Ham.

Autobiographical Sketch (Vol. vii., p. 477.). —
The fragments found by Chevebells are parts of
The Library of Useless Knowledge, by Athanasius
Gasker, Esq., F.R.S., &c. : London, W. Pickering,
1837. H. J.

Archbishop Chichely (Vol. viii., p. 198.). — The
Statute Book of All Souls College ; Robert Hove-
den's Life of Chichely ; and the respective Lives
by Arthur Duck and O. L. Spencer, have all been
examined for the date of Henry Chichely's birth,
but without success.

The most probable conjecture is, that he was
born in 1362; since in 1442 (see his "Letter to
Pope Eugenius," printed in the Appendix to Spen-
cer's Life) he describes himself as having either
completed or entered upon his eighteenth year.

Edwakd F. Rimbault.

'■'•Discovery of the Inquisition'''' (Vol. viii., p. 137.).
— It is a mistake to suppose that all John Day's
publications are rare. Montanus's Discovery and
playne Declaration of sundry subtill Practices of
the Holy Inquisition of Spayne, newly translated,
4to., 1568, is not uncommon. Herbert and Heber
possessed copies ; and a copy sold at Saunders's
in 1818 for five shillings. My own copy (a re-
markably fine one) cost sixteen shillings at Evans's
in 1840. The edition of 1569, containing some
additions, is of greater rarity.

Edward F. Rimbault.

Divining Rod (Vol. viii., p. 293.). — In the first
edition of his Mathematical Recreations, Hutton
laughed at the divining rod. In the interval be-
tween that and the second edition, a lady made
him change his note, by using one before him at
Woolwich. Hutton had the courage to publish
the account of the experiment in the second edi-
tion (vol. iv. pp.216 — 231.), after the account he
had previously given. By a letter from Hutton to
Bruce, printed in the memoir of the former which
the latter wrote, it appears that the lady was Lady
Milbanke. M.

" Pinece with a stinh " (Vol. viii., p. 270.). —
Archbishop Bramhall's editor should have spelled
the first word pinnace, and then your correspondent
Mr. Blakiston could easily have understood the

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

351

allusion. In speaking of the offensive compo-
sition, well known to sailors, the word revenge,
and not defend, was used by Bramhall. R. G.

Longevity (Vol. viii., p. 113.). — I do not think
any of your correspondents has noticed the case
of John Whethamstede, Abbot of St. Albans, who
wrote a Chronicle of the period between 1441 and
14G1 : " He was ordained a priest in 1382, and died
in 1464, when he had been eighty-two yeai's in
priest's orders, and was above one hundred years
old." Surely this is a case sufficiently authen-
ticated for your more sceptical readers. (Henry's
History of Great Britain, 2nd ed., Lond. 1788,
vol. X. p. 132.) Tewabs.

Chronograms (Vol. viii., pp. 42. 280.). — The
following additional specimen of this once popular
form of numerical puzzle is not, I think, unworthy
a corner in " N. & Q."

On the upper border of a sun-dial, affixed to
the west end of Nantwich Church, Cheshire, there
appeared, previous to its removal about 1800, the
undermentioned inscription :

" Honor DoMIno pro paCe popVLo sVo parta,"

Now, seeing that Nantwich was, during the
civil dissensions which culminated in the murder
of Charles I., a rampant hot-bed of anarchy and
rebellion, we should hardly be prepared for such
a complete repudiation of those principles as is
conveyed in the line before us, did we not know
that the same anxiety to get rid of the " Bare-
bones" incubus universally prevailed. The nu-
merals, it will be seen, make up the number 1661,
which was the year of the coronation of King
Charles II. ; and, no doubt, also the year in which
the dial in question was erected. T. Hughes.

Chester.

Heraldic Notes (Vol. viii., p. 265.). — The bear-
ing of the arms oif Clare Hall by Dr. Blythe is not
strictly correct, because, with the exception of the
three principal Kings of Arms, the Earl Marshal,
the Master of Ordnance, and a few others espe-
cially, arms of office do not exist in England. The
general mode of bearing them is by impalement,
giving the preference (dexter) to the arms of dig-
nity. In the example under notice, the arms of
dignity or office are borne upon a pile, which has
somewhat the appearance of an inverted chevron.
It is not at all a common mode of bearing addi-
tions; but I remember one case, viz. the grant by
King Henry VIII. to the Seymours, after his mar-
riage to Lady Jane, of the lions of England on a
Pi^6- Bboctuna.

Bury, Lancashire.

Christian Names (Vol. \i\. passim). — May I be
permitted to correct one or two errors in Mb.
Bates's Note on this subject, Vol. vii., p. 627. ?

The person described as a "certain M. L-P.
Saint-Florentin " was no less a person than the
Duke de la Vrilliere, who filled several important
offices during the reign of Louis XV, The allu-
sion in the epigram to his " trois noms " has no
reference to his names, whether Christian or patro-
nymic, in the sense in which the question has been
discussed in " N. & Q.," but to the three titles
which he successively bore as a public man. He
commenced his career as M. de Phelippeaux ; was
afterwards created Comte de Saint-Florentin, and
sometime before his death was raised to the dignity
of Duke de la Vrilliere.

My authority for this statement is the cotempo-
rary work, Les Memoires secrets de Bachaumont,
where, under date of December, 1770, the epigram
is thus introduced, with a variation in the first
line :

" Un autre plaisant a fait d'avance I'epitaphe de M.
le due de la Vrilliere. EUe roule sur ses trois noms dif-
ferents de Phelippeaux, Saint-Florentin, et la Vrilliere:

• Ci-git, malgre son rang, un homme fort commun,
Ayant porte trois noms, et n'en laissant aucun.' "

The sense being, that his titles had been his only
distinction, and that even they had not been suffi-
cient to rescue his chai*acter from obscurity and
contempt.

However " applicable " this epigram may be to
the bearers or borrowers of three names, it will be
some comfort to them to know that its point was
not directed against them, but against a class of
men of much higher pretensions, of one of whom
it has been said :

" He left the name, at which the world grew pale,
To point a moral, or adorn a tale."

Henby II. Bbeen.
St. Lucia.

^'■I put a spoke in 7iis wheel" (Vol. viii., p. 269.).
— If G. K., being wronged, should cherish the un-
christian spirit of revenge, let him playfully insert
a spoke in the wheel of his friend's tandem, as it
bowls along behind a pair of thorough-bred tits,
with twelve months' hard condition upon old oats
in them.

By simply putting a spoke in the wheel of the
waggon employed in the removal of the Manchester
College to London, one trustee opposed a decided
" impediment to the movement" of that institution.

w. c.

p. S. — Allow me to point out a misprint at
Vol. viii., p. 279., "Manners of the Irish:" for
chuse read cheese.

Judges styled Reverend (Vol. viii., pp. 158. 276.).
— ^With respect to the error into which I was led
in making Anthony Fitzherbert Chief Justice of
the Common Pleas, I beg to express my thanks
for our good friend's correction. My statement

352

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

•was founded on the authority of the Visitation-
Book of the county of Derby, a.d. 1634, in which
Anthony Fitzherbert is called " Chief Justice

of ;" and, as the question of his rank as a

judge was not one at the moment of communi-
cating my Note, I made no farther inquiry. I
fmd, however, upon reference to Vincent's Col-
lections for Dei'hyshire, that Anthony Fitzherbert
is styled, in a very good pedigree of his family,
" Unus justiciariorum de Coi Banco." Had I
turned to Dugdale's Origines Juridiciales, the
error might have been avoided.

Thos. W. King (York Herald).

Palace at Enfield (Vol. viii., p. 271.). — Queen
Elizabeth, in the early part of her reign, frequently
kept her court at Enfield. Her palace was the
manor-house, near the church, of which little now
remains. In Lysons' time (1793) it had been in
a great measure rebuilt, and divided into tene-
ments. He adds, " the part which contains the
old room is in the occupation of Mrs. Perry."

When I saw this room, about twenty years
ago, it Avas in its original state, with oak panels
and a richly ornamented ceiling. The chimney-
piece was supported by columns of the Ionic and
Corinthian order, and decorated with the cogni-
zances of the rose and portcullis, and the arms of
France and England quartered, with the garter
and the royal supporters. Underneath was this
motto, " Sola salus servire Deo, sunt caetera
fraudes."

In the garden was a magnificent tree, a cedar
of Libanus, which was pointed out to me as
having been planted by Queen Elizabeth. But
upon this point tradition was at fault. In the
Gcntlemaii's Magazine for 1779, p. 138., may be
seen an account of this remarkable cedar, which
was planted by Dr. Kobert Uvedale, the botanist,
a tenant of the manor-house in 1670.

The church at Enfield does not date farther
back than the middle of the fifteenth century.
The devices of a rose and ring, which occur over
the arches of the nave, seen also upon the tower
of Hadley Church, with the date 1444, " supposing
it to have been, as is very probable," says Lysons,
" a punning cognizance adopted by one of the
priors of Walden, to which monastery both
churches belonged, will fix the building of the
present structure at Enfield to the early part of
the fifteenth century." Edward F. Rimbault.

• Sir John Vanhrugh (Vol. viii., pp. 65. 160. 232.).
— Are not your correspondents on the wrong
scent as regards the birthplace of Sir John Van-
brugh ? In the memoir prefixed to the collection
of his Plays^ 2 vols. 12mo., 1759, it is said:

" Sir John Vanbrugh, an eminent dramatic writer,
son of Mr. Giles Vanbrugh of London, merchant, was
born in the parish of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, in 1G66.

The family of Vanbrugh were for many years mer-
chants of great credit and reputation at Antwerp, and
came Into England in the reign of Queen Elizabeth,
on account of the persecution for religion."

Mr. Cunningham (^Handbook of London, p. 282.)
speaks of William Vanderbergh, the supposed
father of Sir John, as residing in Lawrence-
Poultney Lane in 1677. He refers to Strype's
map of Walbrook and Dowgate wards, and A
Collection of the Names of the Merchants living in
and about the City of London, 12mo. 1677.

The writer of the notice of Sir John Vanbrugh
in Chambers' Cyclopaedia of English Literature,
vol. i. p. 597., says :

" Vanbrugh was the son of a successful sugar-baker,
who rose to be an esquire, and comptroller of the
treasury chamber, besides marrying the daughter of
Sir Dudley Carlton. It is doubtful whether the
dramatist was born In the French Bastlle, or the
parish of St. Stephen's, AValbrook. The time of his
birth was about the year 1666, when Louis XIV. de-
clared war against England. It is certain he was in
France at the age of nineteen, and remained there some
years."

The family vault of the Vanbrughs is certainly
in St. Stephen's Church, Walbrook, where Sir
John was buried on the 30th of March, 1726.

Edward F. Bimbault.

Greeh Inscription on a Font (Vol. viii., p. 198.).
— This Query has already been answered and
illustrated in Vol. vii., pp. 178. 366. 417. ; but the
following passage may be of interest, as affording
instances of the same inscription in France, and
pointing out the probable source of its usage, viz.
from the ancient Greek metropolitan church at
Constantinople :

« St. Memin est una abbaye celebre sous Tancien
nom de Micy, sur la riviere de Loire, proche d'Orleans.
II y a dans I'uglise de ce monastere un benetler de
forme ronde, avec cette inscription gfecque gravee sur
le bord du bassln, NI^ON ANOMHMA MHMONAN
O^IN. La meme chose est a Paris, au benetler de
St. Etlenne d'Egres, et aussi autrefois a celul de Sainte
Sophie a Constantinople." — Voijages liturgiques de
France,par le Sieur Molton, p. 219., Svo. 1718.

It may be added (on Cole's authority, vol. xxxv.
f. 19 b.) that the same inscription is inscribed round
a large silver basin used formerly at the master's
table on festival days, in Trinity^ College Hall,
Cambridge : and I have also seen it on a silver-
"•ilt rose°vater basin, introduced at the banquets
given by the master of Magdalene College in the
same university. ^*

« Fierce"" (Vol. viii., p. 280.). — In this part of
the country the words pert, i)ronounced "peart,"
Viwdi pure, bear the same meaning, of well in health
and spirits. Francis John Scott.

Tewkesbury.

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

353

Giving Quarter (Vol. viii., p. 246.)- — It must
he observed that the older form of the expression
is " keeping quarter : "

" That every one should kill the man he caught,
To heep no quarter." — Drayton 171 Richardson.

Now a very obvious application of the word
quarter, instanced' by Todd, is to signify the
proper station or appointed place of any one.

" They do best who, if they cannot but admit Jove,
yet make it keep quarter, and sever it wliolly from their
serious affairs." — Bacon's Essays.

To keep quarter, then, is to keep within measure,
within the limits or bounds appointed by some
paramount consideration ; and hence, as in the fol-
lowing passage from Shakspeare (where it is
clumsily interpreted amity or companionship), the
word is used as synonymous with terms or con-
ditions :

" Friends all but now,
III quarter and in terms like bride and groom
Divesting them for bed, and then but now
Swords out and tilting one at other's breast."

In the same sense Clarendon speaks of " offering
them quarter for their lives if they would give up
the castle," i. e. offering them conditions for their
lives on their performing their part of the bargain.

Again, in a passage of Swift, cited by Todd :
" Mr. Wharton, who detected some hundred of the
bishop's mistakes, meets with very ill quarter
from his Lordship," i. e. meets witli very ill con-
ditions of treatment from him. Finally, to give
quarter in the military sense is to give conditions
absolutely, as opposed to the unmitigated exercise
of the victor's power, and, as the most important of
all conditions, to spare life. H. W.

Sheriffs of GlamorgansTiire (Vol. lii., p. 186.).
— Tlie list of the Glamorganshire sheriffs here
inquired for was not printed by Mr. Traherne,
but by the Rev. II. H. Knight, M. A., of Neath,
and of Nottnge Court, in Glamorganshire : it is a
little pamphlet in a paper cover. Tewaks.

" When the maggot bites " (Vol. viii., p. 244.). —
A correspondent asks why a thing done on the
spur of the moment is said to be done "when the
manffvot bites." It siornifies rather doins: a thinjj
when the fancy takes one. When a person acts
from no apparent motive in external circumstances,
he is said to have a maggot in his head, to have a
bee in his bonnet ; or, in French, " Avoir des rats
dans la tete;" in Platt-Deutsch, to have a mouse-
nest in his head, the eccentric behaviour being at-
tributed to the influence of the internal irritation.

H. W.

Connexion between the Celtic and Latin Lan-
guages (Vol. viii., p. 174.). — Your correspondent
M. will find much valuable information on this

subject in a work entitled Thoughts on the Origin
and Descent of the Gael, by James Grant, Esq.,
Advocate : Edinburgh, Constable & Co., 1814.

Francis John Scott.
Tewkesbury.

Bacon's Essays (Vol. viii., p. 143.). — Bacon's
Essay VII. : " Optimum elige," &c. Pythagoras, in
Plutarch de Exilio. — Essay XV. : " Dolendi mo-
dus," &c. Plin., .lib. viii. ep. 17. fin. C. P. E.

''Exiguum est," §v. (Vol.viii., p. 197.). — " Exi-
guum est ad legem bonum esse." Vide Senec. de
Ira, ii. 27. ' C. P. E.

Miffs worn by Military Me7i on a March
(Vol.viii., p. 281.). —In the year 1592 the Duke
of Nevers was despatched by Henry IV. witli all
speed to a place called Bully, in order to cut off
the retreat of the Duke of Guise, lately defeated
near Bures. Sully speaks of him thus :

" The Duke of Nevers, the slowest of men, began
by sending to make choice of the most favourable roads,
and marched with a slow pace towards Bully, with his
hands and his nose in his muff, and his whole person
well packed up in his coach." — 3Iemoirs of Sully,
vol. i. p. 235., English edit, Edinburgh, 1773.

Francis John Scott.
Tewkesbury.

"Earth smjs to EartV (Vol.vii., pp. 498. 576.).
— A fac-simile of these lines, discovered in the
chapel of the Guild of the Holy Cross at Strat-
ford-on-Avon (with many other curious plates),
may be seen in Fisher's Illustrations of the Faint-
ivgs, &c., edited by J. G. Nichols, Esq., and pub-
lished in 1802, and afterwards continued.

Erica speaks of " Weaver's " Account. Unless
this is a misprint for " Wheler's" {Account of Strat-
ford-on-Avori), perhaps he will oblige me with the
full title of Weaver's work. Estb.

Poetical Tavern Signs (Vol. viii., p. 242.). — I
would add the following sign-inscription to those
noted by R. C. Warde. It was on the walls of a
tavern half-way up Richmond Hill, three miles
south of Douglas, Isle of JNIan, kept by a man of
the name of Abraham Lowe :

" I'm Abraham Lowe, and half-way up the hill,
If I were higher up, what's funnier still,
I should be belowe. Come in and take your fill
Of porter, ale, wine, spirits, what you will.
Step in, my friend, I pray no farther go ;
My prices, like myself, are always low."

J. G. C.

Unkid (Vol. viii., p. 221.). — Is not the word
hunks, so common in people's mouths, — An old
hunks, an old miser or miserable wretch, to be re-
ferred to the same derivation as unhid, hunhid?

F. B— w.

354

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 206.

Camera Lucida (Vol, viii., p. 271. )• — Caret
will find Dr, Wollaston's description of his in-
vention, the " Camera Lucida," in the 17th vo-
lume of Nicholson's Journal. M. C. M.

MiictXltimmg,

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

Messrs. MacMillan of Cambridge have commenced
the publication of a series of theological manuals by
A History of the Christian Church (^Middle Age), by
Charles Hardwick, M.A. ; which, although written
for tliis series, claims to be regarded as an integral and
independent treatise on the Mediieval Church. The
work, which extends from the time of Gregory the
Great to 1520, when Luther, having been extruded
from those churches that adhered to the communion
of the Pope, established a provisional form of govern-
ment, and opened a fresh era in the history of Europe,
is distinguished by the same diligent research and con-
scientious acknowledgment of authorities which pro-
cured for Mr. Hardwick's History of the Articles of
Religion such a favourable reception. The work is
illustrated by four maps, which have been especially
constructed for it by Mr. A. Keith Johnston.

The amiable and accomplished author of Proposals
for Christian Union, and of Welsh Sketches, has just
issued the third and concluding series of his little vo-
lumes on Welsh history, civil and ecclesiastical. We
have no doubt that the eight chapters of which it con-
sists, and in which he treats of Edward the Black
Prince, Owen Glyndwr, Prince of Wales, Mediaeval
Bardism, and the Welsh Church, will be read with
great satisfaction, not only by all sons of the Prin-
cipality, but by all who look with interest on that
portion of our island in which the last traces of our
ancient British race and language still linger.

Books Received. — The Journal of Sacred Litera-
ture, No. IX. for October, continues to put forth strong
claims to the support of those who have a taste for
pure biblical literature. From the address of its new
editor, it would seem not to be so well known as the
object for which it is established plainly deserves. —
Cyclopcedia Bihliographica, Part XIII. for October,
continues its useful course. Every succeeding number
only serves to prove how valuable the work will be
when completed. — The Shakspeare Repository, edited
by J. H. Fennell, No. III., is well worth the attention
of our numerous Shakspearian readers.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Ford's Handbook of Spain. Vol. I.

Austin Cheironomia.

Rev. E. Irving's Orations on Death, Judgment, Heaven,

and Hell.
Thomas Gardener's History of Ddnwich.
Marsh's History of Hursley and Baddesley. About 1805.

8vo. Two Copies.
NicEPHORUs Catena on the Pentateuch.

PrOCOPIUS GAZjEUS.

Watt's Bibliographia Britannica. Parts V. and VI.
Maxwell's Digest op the Law of Intestates.
Carlyle's Chartism. Crown Svo. 2nd Edition.

The Builder, No. 520.

Oswalli Crollii Opera. 12mo. Geneva, 1635.

Gaffarell's Unheard-of Curiosities. Translated by Chelraead.

London. 12mo. 1650.
Beaumont's Psyche. 2nd Edit, folio. Camb., 1702.

PAMPHLETS.

Junius Discovered. By P. T. Published about 1789.

Reasons for rejecting the Evidence of Mr. Almon, &c. 1807."

Another Guess at Junius. Hookham. 1809.

The Author op Junius Discovered. 'Longmans. 1821.

The Claims of Sir P. Francis refuted. Longmans. 1822.

Who WAS Junius ? Glynn. 1837.

Some New Facts, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850.

*** Correspondents sending Lists oj Books Wanted are requested

to send their names and addresses.
*«* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,

to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of " NOTES AND

QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

^otftei t0 C0rre^i)0iiUcnW.

Books Wanted. — We believe that gentlemen in want of par-
ticular books, either by way of loan or purchase, would find
great facilities in obtaining them >f their names and addresses
were published, so that parties having the books might communi-
cate directly with those who toant them. Acting on this belief, we
shall take advantage of the recent alteration in the law respecting
advertisements, and in future, where our Correspondents desire
to avail themselves of this new arrangetnent, shall insert their
names and addresses — unless specially requested not to do so.

J. N. Radcliffe. H'e shall be glad to receive the Legendary
Lore mentioned by our Correspondent.

Rev. H. G. Your letter has been forwarded to A. F. B. (Diss).

S. Z. Z. S. We have a letter waiting for this Correspondent ;
how can we forward it f

C. E. F. Warm water and a few small shot will thoroughly
cleanse the bottles in which collodion has been kept.

An Amateur Experimentalist. Formerly the pint used in
the compounding of medicines, chemicals, SjC. consisted of sixteen
fluid ounces, weighing one pound Avoirdupois weight. Now the
imperial pint of twenty ounces is in general use. The Troy and
apothecaries' ounce are the same, and contain forty grains more
than the Avoirdupois ounce, hi making collodion, take any
quantity of ether, and dissolve the gun cotton in it ; if too thick, it
may always be reduced by the addition of mare ether . Uniodized
collodion may be bought quite as cheap as it may be made ; and
it generally has the advantage of having been made in a large
body, and alloxoed time to settle, whereby the clear portion only is
more easily decanted off for sale.

Having active professional duties, it has been only at his leisure
that Dr. Diamond has been enabled to give his allentioti to Pho-
tograph!/, which has been the main cause of the delay complained
of; but the delay will prove an advantage, for such important im-
provements are almost daily taking place in the art that works
published a short time since are becoming comparatively useless.

Hugh Henderson. \st. Black Japan varnish is very improper
for your positive pictures ; it often cracks, and is long in drying.
Black lacquer varnish, procurable at Strong's, the varnish
maker's in Long Acre, is the best we have been able to procure.
2nd, The solution for development will keep any length of time ;
you may use it by dipping or otherwise.

W. C, %oho recommends the use of a plate glass bath enveloped
in gutta percha, is informed that we have had such a bath in use
for many months, and it answers our purpose exceedingly well.

Abraham. As we have often said before, we think that a good
lens requires no " actinic " focus to find. In a properly con-
structed lens the chemical and visual foci are identical ; and we
would ourselves not be troubled with the use of one in which they
differed. Our advertising columns will point out to you where
sttch a lens may be procured. We believe, where there is a differ-
ence between the two foci, chemical and visual, that other distor-
tions also take place, accounting for some of the unpleasant effects
complained of in Photography.

A few complete sets o/ " Notes and Queries," Vols. i. <o vii.,
price Three Guineas and a Half, may now be had ; for which
early application is desirable.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Sttbscribers on the Saturday.

Oct. 8. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

355

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors,

T. Griseell, Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

J. A. Lethbndge.Esij.

E. Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys Seager, Esq,

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

H. E. Bicknell.Esq.
T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq.

M.P.
O. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Ksq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.

Tnateet.

W.Whatelcy, Esq., Q.C. ; George Dreir, Esq.;

T. Grissell, Esq.

Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D.

Bankers. — Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co.,

Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
POLICIES effected in this Office do not be-
come void through temporary difficulty in pay-
ing a Piemium, as permission is given upon
application to suspend the payment at interest,
according to the conditions detailed in the Pro-
spectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
100?.. with a Share in three-fourths of the
Profits: —

Age £ s. d. ] Age £ ». d.

17 . . - 1 14 4 I 32- - - 2 10 8
22 - - - 1 18 8 I 37- - - 2 18 6
27- - -245|42- - -382

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A,, F.R.A.S.,
Actuary.
Now ready, price 10«. 6rf.. Second Edition,
•with material additions, INDUSTRIAL IN-
VESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a
TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO-
CIETIES, and on the General Principles of
Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of
Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies,
&e. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com-
pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR-
THUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to
the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia-
ment Street, London.

BANK OF DEPOSIT.

7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square,
London.

PARTIES desirous of INVEST-
ING MONEY are requested to examine
the Plan of this Institution, by which a high
rate of Interest may be obtained with perfect
Security.

Interest payable in January and July.
PETER MORRISON,

Managing Director.
Prospectuses free on application.

DAGUERREOTYPE MATE-
RIALS. — Plates, Cases, Passepartoutes,
Best and Cheapest. To be had in great variety
at
M'MILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet
Street.
Price List Gratis.

BENNETT'S BIODEL
^^^ WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX-
HIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and
Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to
all Climates, may now be had at the MANU-
FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
gumeas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19
gumeas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,
*? .'^VT,'^''' ' Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skiltuUy exammed, timed, and its performance
guaranteed. Barometers, 2;.,3;., and 4?. Ther-
mometers from Is. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of
Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
65. CHEAPSIDE.

TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

JL TION, NERVOUSNESS, &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTOR-
ING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,
the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
medy (without medicine, purging, inconveni-
ence, or expense, as it saves fifty times its cost
in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, in-
testinal, liver and bilious complaints, however
deeply rooted, dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual
constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, fla-
tulency, oppression, distension, palpitatioti,
eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
in the aged as well as infants, fits, spasms,
cramps, paralysis, &c.

J few out o/50,000 Cures:—

Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia -, from the Right
Hon. the Lord Stuart de Decies :— " I have de-
rived considerable benefit from your Revalenta
ArabicaFood, and consider itdue to yourselves
and the public to authorise the publication of
these lines. — Stoart de Decies.

Cure, No. 49,832 :_" Fifty years' indescrib-
able agony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma,
ccugh, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sick-
ness at the stomach, and vomitings have been
removed by Du Barry's excellent food. _
Mabia Jolly, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Nor-
folk."

Cure, No. 180:—" Twenty-five years' nervous-
ness, constipation, indigestion, and debility,
from which I had suffered great misery, and
which no medicine could remove or relieve,
have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food
in a very short time. — W. R. Reeves, Pool
Anthony, Tiverton."

Cure, No. 4,208 : — " Eight years' dyspepsia,
nervousness, debility, with cramps, spasms, and
nausea, for which my servant had consulted
the advice of many, have been effectually re-
moved by Du Barry's delicious food in a very
short time. I shall be happy to answer any in-
quiries. — Rev. John W. Flavell, RidlingtOU
Rectory, Norfolk."

Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.

" Bonn, July 19. 1852.
"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the
most excellent, nourishing, and restorative
remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful
in confined habit of body, as also diarrhoea,
bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
bladder, such as stone or gravel ; inflammatory
irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemor-
rhoids. This really invaluable remedy is em-
ployed with the most satisfactory result, not
only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
where irritation and pain are to be removed,
but also in pulmonary and bronchial consump-
tion, in which it counteracts. effectually the
troublesome cough ; and I am enabled with
perfect truth to express the conviction that Du
Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. " Dh. Rcd Wuhzer,
" Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D.
in Bonn."

London Agents: — Fortnum, Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Queen ; Hedges & Butler, IS.'J. Kegent Street ;
and through all respectable grocers, chemists,
and medicine venders. In canisters, suitably
packed for all climates, and with full instruc-
tions, lib. 2s. M. ; 21b. 4s. 6rf. ; 5lb. Us. ; 121b.
22«-. ; super-refined, 51b. 22s. ; lOlb. 33s. The
101b. and 121b. carriage free, on receipt of Post-
office order. — Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Re-
gent Street, London.

Important C/lvtion Many invalids having

been seriously injured by spurious imitations
under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta,
Arabaca. and others, the public will do well to
see that each canister bears the name Barky,
Do Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, London,
in full, without which none is gemnne .

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC-
TURES.—a Selection of the above
beautiful Productions (comprising Views in
VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA. NUBIA, &c.)
may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet
Street, where may also be procured Appara-
tus of every Description, and pure Chemicala
for the practice of Photography in all ita
Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures
for the Stereoscope.

*»« Catalogues may be had on application.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical
and Photographical Instrument Makers, and
Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE
& CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in front
three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
specimens of which may be seen at their Esta-
blishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
micals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.—
123. and 121. Newgate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson
Fr&res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every
kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13, Paternoster
Row, London.

TMPROVEMENT IN COLLO-

X DION.— J. B. HOCKXN & CO., Chemists,
289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of
Iodizing, succeeded m producing a Collodion
equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness
and density of Negative, to any other hitherto
published ; without diminishing the keeping
properties and appreciation of half tint for
which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the re-
quirements for the practice of Photography.
Instruction in the Art.

PHOTOGRAPIC CAMERAS.
-OTTEWTLL'S REGISTERED
DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA,
is superior to every other form of Camera,
for the Photographic Tourist, from its capa-
bility of Elongation or Contraction to any
Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability, and
its adaptation for taking either Views or Por-
traits.

Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tri-
pod Stands, Printing Frames, kc, may be ob-
tained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte
Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order
or from Drawings.

Now ready, price 4s. 6rf. By Post, 5s.

THE PRACTICE OF PHOTO-
GRAPHY. A Manual for Students and
Amateurs. By PHILIP DELAMOTTE,
F.S.A. Illustrated with a Photographic Pic-
ture taken by the Collodion Process. This
Manual contains much practical information
of a valuable nature.

JOSEPH CUNDALL, 198. New Bond Street.

356

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 206.

MURRAY^S

HAWDBOOKS FOR TSA-

vsz>Ii:c:rs ixj XTAtiV.

The following are now ready.

HANDBOOK FOR NORTH

ITALY. — Bijinz a Ouide to SARDINIA.,
I.OMBAllDY, VENICE, PARMA, PIA-
CENZA, MODENA, LUCCA. FLORENCE,
»nd TUSCANY, as far 03 the VAL D'ABNO.
With Maps and Plans. PostSvo. 9s.

handbook" for cen-
tral ITALY. Part I. — Being a Guide to
SOUTHERN TUSCANY and the PAPAL
STATES. With Maps and Plans. Post 8vo.

III.
HANDBOOK FOR CEN-
TRAL italy, Part IL — Being a Guide to
HOME and its Environs. With Plan, Post
8vo. (Nearly Ready.)

HANDBOOK FOR SOUTH-
ERN ITALY. — Bfins a Guide to the CON-
TINENTAL PORTION of the TAVO SICI-
LIES, including NAPLES. POMPEII. HEll-
CULANEUM, VESUVIUS, BAY OF NA-
PLES, &c. With Map and Plans. Post
8vo. 15*.

V.

HANDBOOK TO THE

ITALIAN SCHOOLS OF PAINTING.
From the Gsrman of Ku;ler. "With 100 Illus-
trations from tlie Old Misters. Post 8vo.
JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle Street.

A

LLEN'S ILLUSTRATED

_, CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price,

and Descrintion of upwards of 100 articles,
consistinz of PORT.M ANT E AU3, TR AVE L-
LTNG-BAGS, Ladies' Portmanteaus, DE-
SPATCH - BOXES, WRITING - DESKS,
DRESSING-CASES, and other travellinsr re-
quisites. Gratis on apolicition, or sent free by
Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-
box and Writing-desk, their Travelling-bag
with the openini as large as the bag, and the
new Portmanteau cintaining four compart-
ments, are undoubtedly the best articles of the
kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEY, 18. & 22. West Strand.

HEAL Sc SON'S n.LUS-
TRATED CATALOGUE OF BED-
STEADS, sent free by post. It contains de-
piens and prices of upwards of ONE HUN-
DRED diflercnt Bedsteads : also of every
description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
And their new warcrooms contain an extensive
assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
Chintzes. Damasks, and Dimities, so as to
render their Establishment complete for the
general furnishing of Bed-rooms.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Ma-
nufacturers, 190. Tottenham Court Road.

WH. HART, RECORD
• AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUA-
KIAN (who is in t1ie possession of Indices to
many of the early Public Records whereby his
Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform
Authors and Gentlemen engaged in Antiqua-
rian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared
to undertake searches among the Public Re-
cords, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient
Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Na-
ture, in any Branch of Literature, History,
"Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in
■which he has had considerable experience.
1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCILAM, SURREY.

DAILY CHURCH SERVICES
i/i one Portable Volume, containing the
Prayeirs and Lessons for daily use, or the
Course of Scripture Readings for the Year, au-
tl>«rised by the Church. Also a Table of the
Proper Lessons for Sundays and Holydays,
with references to the pages. Price 10s. 6d.
bound, or 163. in Hayday's Morocco.

This book is also kept by any respectable
bookseller in a variety of elegant bindings.

Cxford & London : J. II. PARKER.

rHE NATIONAL MISCEL-
LANY, No. VL, OCTOBER.

Contents.

1. Cyphers.

2. Roman London.

3. The Table-Turner outdone.

4. Turkej'— its Fast and Present.

5. A String of Facts about Siara.

6. Symbolic Jewellery.

7. Tanglewood Tales, for Girls and Boys.

8. A few Notes from Cairo.

Priee One Shilling.
London : JOHN HENRY PARKER.

Just published in fcp. 8vo., illustrated with
Wood-engravings by Jewitt, price bs. cloth.

DCOTLAND AND THE

O SCOTTISH CHURCH, by the REV.
HENRY CASWALL, M. A., Vicar of Fighel-
dean, Wilts, Author of " America and the
American Church," &c.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and
377. Strand, London.

Now ready, price 25s., Second Edition, revised
and corrected. Dedicated by Special Per-
mission to

THE (LATE) ARCHBTSHOP OF
CANTERBURY.

PSALMS AND HYMNS FOR
THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH.
The words selected by the Very Rev. H. H.
MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The
Music arranged for Four Voices, but applicable
also to Two or One, including Chants for the
Services, Responses to the Commandments,
and a Concise Svstkm of Chanttno, by J. B.
SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to
Her Majesty. 4to., neat, in morocco cloth,
price 25s. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21.
Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster, on
the receipt of a Post-office Order for that
amount : and , by order, of the principal Book-
sellers and Music Warehouses.

" A great advance on the works we have
hitherto had, connecteil with our Church and
Cathedral Service."— Times.

" A collection of Psalm Tunes certainlj' un-
equalled in this country,"— Ztterar// Gazette.

" One of the best collections of tunes which
we have yet seen. Well merits the distin-
guished patronage under which it appears." —
Musical World.

" A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together
with a system of Chanting of a very superior
character to any which has hitherto appeared."
— John Bull.

London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

Also, lately published,

J. B. SALE'S SANCTUS,

COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as per-
formed at the Chapel Royal St. James, price 2s.

C. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.

Fifth Edition, 16s.

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH
OF ENGLAND. By THOMAS VOW-
LER SHORT, D. D., Lord Bishop of St.
Asaph.

By the same Author,

WHAT IS CHRISTIANITY?

Cheaper Edition. Is. 6d.
JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

Cheaper Edition, Two Volumes octavo, 25».

SYSTEM OF LOGIC. By
JOHN STUART MILL.
By the same Author,

PRINCIPLES OF POLITI-
CAL ECONOMY. Tliird Edition. Two Vo-
lumes octavo, 303.
JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

Foolscap Octavo, 3s. 6d.

GOETHK'S OPINIONS ON
THE WORLD, MANKIND, LITE-
RATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART. Traus-
lated by OTTO WENCKSTERN.

JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

Book Auction Rooms, 191. Piccadilly.
Established 1794.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON
beg to announce that their Season for
Sales of Literary Property will commence on
Wednesday next, October 12. In addressing
Executors and others entrusted with the dis-
posal of Libraries, and collections (however
limited or extensive) of Manuscripts. Auto-
graphs, Prints. Pictures, Music, Musical In-
struments, Objects of Art and Vertu, anl
Worl<s connected with Literature, and tlij
Arts generally, would suigest a sale by Aua-
tion as the readiest and surest method of ob-
taining their full value ; and they flatter
themselves that the central situation of their
premises (near St. James's Chureh\ their ex-
tensive connexion of more than half a cen-
tury's standing, and the careful circulation of
their Catalogues in all parts of the country,
and occasionally throughout Europe and
America, are advantages that will not be un-
appreciated. Messrs. P. & S. will also receive
erriall parcels of Bjoks or other Literary Pro-
perty, and insert them in occasional sales with
property of a kindred description, thus giving
the same advantages to tlic possessor of a few
Lots as to the owner of a large Collection.

»*» Libraries Catalogued, Arranged, and
Valued for the Probate or Legacy Duty, or for
Public or Private Sale.

Library, Bookcase, Fire-proof Safe, &c.
SIX DAYS' SALE.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON,
Auctioneers of Literary Propertj-, will
SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room,
191. Piccadilly, on Wednesday, October 12th,
and Five following days, Sunday excepted,
a Large and Valuable Collection of Books,
from several Private Libraries, consisting of
Standard Works, English and Foreign, in most
Departments of Literature : amongst which
are. Manning and Bray's History of Surrey,
3 vols. ; Clutterbuck's History of Hertford-
shire, 3 vols. ; Polwhele's History of Devon,
3 vols. : Stowe's London, by Strype, 2 vols.,
best edition ; Vesputius' Neue unbekanthe
Landte. 1508, rare ; Ludolphus de Suchen de
Terra Sancta, cditio princeps, rare ; Shak-
speare's Works, second edition 1632, third edi-
tion 1663 : Holy Bible. Mackliu's splendid edi-
tion, 3 vols., half russia ; D'Oyley and Mants'
Commentary, 3 vols. ; Penny Cycloptedia, 27
vols., calf extra i the separate and collected
works of many Popular Authors ; Law Books ;
a few Curious Broadsides ; some Interesting
Heraldic and Genealogical Collections ; abnat
bOO vols, of Novels and Romances ; a few En-
gravings ; a Set of Raphael's Cartoons, framed ;
a neat Mahogany Bookcase ; Fire-proof Safe ;
Curious Antique Guipure Lace ; and other
valuable Miscellaneous Properly. Catalogue*
will be sent on application; if in the country,
on receipt of six stamps.

Printed by Thomas Ci.ark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefleld Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of
8t. Bride, in the City of I^ondon s and published by Geoiioi Bkll, of No. l«fi. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstau lu the West, in UM
City of London, I'ublisher, at No. 186, Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, October 8. 1853.

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOB

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

•* 'Wlien fouad, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle.

No. 207.]

Saturday, October 15. 1853.

C Price Fourpence.

i Stamped Edition, gd-.

CONTENTS.

^OTEs : — Page

Notes on Midland County Minstrelsy, by C. Clifton

Barry _..-... 357

Comet Superstitions in ISSS _ _ . . 3o8

The Old Englisli Word " Belike " - - - 3-^8

Druses, by T. J. Buckton - . _ . _ 3G0

Folk Lore: — Legends of the County Clare - - 360

Shakspeare Correspondence, by Thomas Keightley, &c. 301

T>eath on the Fingers . . - - . 3G2

Minor Notes: — On a "Custom of ye Englyshe " —
Epitaph at Crayford — The Font at islip — " As good

as a Play " ...... 363

'Queries : —

Lovett of Astwell -

Oaths

The Electric Telegraph

IVIlSCEU-iNEOUS : —

Books and Odd Volumes wanted
Notices to Correspondents
Advertisements

- 363

- 364

- 364

Minor Qoehies : — Queries relating to the Porter
Family— Lord Ball of Baashot — Marcarnes — The
Claymore — Sir William Chester, Kt. — Canning on
the Treaty of 1824 between the Netherlands and
Great Britain — Ireland a bastinadoed Elephant —
Memorial Lines by Thomas Aquinas — " Johnson's
turgid style " — Meaning of " Lane," &c. — Theobald
le Botiller — William, fifth Lord Harrington — Sin.
gular Discovery of a Cannon-ball — Scottish Castles —
Sneezing — Spenser's " Fairy Queen " — Poema del
Cid — The Brazen Head 3G4

Minor Queries with Answers: — " The Basilics " —
Fire at Honitou — Michaelmas Goose . - - 367

.Replies: —

Portraits of Hobbes and Letters of Hollar, by S. W .

Singer ..-.--- 308

Parochial Libraries, by the Rev. Thos. Corser - - 369

Battle of Villers en Couche, by H. L. Mansel, B.D.,&c. 370
Attainment of Majority, by Russell Gole and Professor

De Morgan ...... 371

-Similarity of Idea in St. Luke and Juvenal - - 372

Photographic Correspondence : — Mr. Sisson's de-
f; veloping Fluid — Dr. Diamond's Process for Albu-

menized Paper — Mr. Lyte's New Process - - 373

"Replies to Minor Queries: — Derivation of the Word
" Island " — " Pa;tus and .■irria "— " That Swinney "

— The Six Gates of Troy — Milton's Widow — Boom

" Nugget " not an American Term — Soke Mill —

"Uinometrical Verse — Watch-paper Inscription —

Dotinchem — Reversible Names and Words — De-
tached Church Towers — Bishop Ferrar — "They
shot him by the nine stone rig " — Punning Devices —
jAshman's Park — "Crowns have their compass," &c.

— Ampers and — Throwing Old Shoes for Luck —
Ennui --....- 374

- 377

- 377

. 378

ToL. Ylir. — No.20r.

NOTES ON MIDLAND COUNTY MINSTRELST.

It has often occurred to me that the old coun-
try folk-songs are as worthy of a niche in your
mausoleum as the more prosy lore to which you
allot a separate division. Why does not some
one write a Minstrelsy of the Midland Counties ?
There is ample material to work upon, and not
yet spoiled by dry-as-dust-ism. It would be vain,
perhaps, to emulate the achievements of the
Scottish antiquary; but surely something might
be done better than the county Garlands, which,
with a few honorable exceptions, are sad abortions,
mere channels for rhyme- struck editors. There is
one peculiarity of the midland songs and ballads
which I do not remember to have seen noticed,
viz. their singular affinity to those of Scotland, as
exhibited in the collections of Scott and Mother-
well. I have repeatedly noticed this, even so far
south as Gloucestershire. Of the old Staffordshire
ballad which appeared in your columns some
months ago, I remember to have heard tAvo dis-
tinct versions in Warwickshire, all approaching
more or less to the Scottish type :

" Harae came our gude man at e'en."

Now whence this curious similarity in the ver-
nacular ideology of districts so remote ? Are all
the versions from one original, distributed by the
wandering minstrels, and in course of time
adapted to new localities and dialects ? and, if so,
whence came the original, from England or Scot-
land ? Here is a nut for Db. Rimbault, or some
of your other correspondents learned in popular
poetry. Another instance also occurs to me.
Most of your readers are doubtless familiar with
the pretty little ballad of " Lady Anne " in the
Border Minsti-elsy , which relates so plaintively the
murder of the two innocent babes, and the ghostly
retribution to the guilty mother. Other versions
are given by Kinloch in his Ancient Scottish
Ballads, and by Buchan in the Songs of the Norths
the former laying the scene in London :

« There lived a ladye in London,
All alone and alonie,
She's gane wi' bairn to the clerk's son,

Down by the green-wood side sae bonny."

358

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

And the latter across the Atlantic :

" The minister's daughter of New York,
Hey with the rose and the Lindie, O,
Has fa'en in love wi' her father's clerk,
A' by the green burn sidie, O."

A Warwickshire version, on the contrary, places
the scene on our own " native leas : "
" There was a lady lived on lea.
All alone, alone O,
Down the greenwood side went she,
Down the greenwood side, O.

" She set her foot all on a thorn *,
Down the greenwood side, O,
There she had two babies born,
All alone, alone O.

" O she had nothing to lap them in.
All alone, alone O,
But a white appurn and that was thin,
Down the greenwood side, O," &c.

Here there are no less than four versions of the
same ballad, each differing materially from the
other, but all bearing unmistakeable marks of a
common origin. It would be interesting to know
the process by which this was managed.

C. Clifton Bahby.

COMET SCPERSTITIOSS IN 1853-

From the 1 9th of August to the present time
that brilliant comet, which was first seen by M.
Klinkerfues, at Gottingen, on the 10th of June
last, has been distinctly visible here, and among
the ignorant classes its appearance has caused no
little alarm. The reason of this we shall briefly
explain.

During the past fifty-five years the Maltese
have grievously suffered on three different occa-
sions; firstly, by the revolution of 1798, which
was followed by the plague in 1813; and lastly, by
the cholera in 1837. In these visitations, all of
which are in the recollection of the oldest inhabit-
ants, thirty thousand persons are supposed to have
perished.

Mindful as these aged people are of these sad
bereavements, and declaring as they do that they
were all preceded by some " curious signs " in the
heavens which foretold their approach, men's
minds have become excited, and, reason as one
may, still the impression now existing that some
fatal harm is shortly to follow will not be removed.

A few of the inhabitants, more terrified than
their neighbours, have fancied the comet's tail to
be a fiery sword, and therefore predict a general
war in Europe, and consequent fall of the Ottoman
Empire. But as this statement is evidently

* In one of the Scottish ballads the same idea is
more prettily expressed " leaned until a brier. "

erroneous, we still live in great hopes, notwith-
standing all previous predictions and " curious
signs," that the comet will pass away without
bringing in its train any grievous calamity.

By the following exti-acts, taken from some
leading journals of the day, it will be seen that the
Maltese are not alone in entertaining a supersti-
tious dread of a comet's appearance. The Ameri-
cans, Prussians, Spaniards, and Turks come in
the same list, which perhaps may be increased by
your correspondents :

" The Madrid journals announce that the appear-
ance of the comet has excited great alarm in that city,
as it is considered a symptom of divine wrath, and a
presage of war, pestilence, and affliction for humanity."
— Vide Galignani's Messenger of August SI, 1853.

" The entire appearance (of the comet) is brilliant
and dazzling ; and while it engrosses the attention and
investigation of the scientific, it excites the alarm of
the superstitious, who, as in ancient times, regard it as
the concomitant of pestilence and the herald of war." —
Vide New York correspondence of The Sun, Aug. 24,
1853.

" The splendid comet now visible after sun-set on
the western horizon, has attracted the attention of every
body here. The public impression is, that this celestial
phenomenon is to be considered as a sign of war ; and
their astrologers, to whom appeal is made for an inter-
pretation, make the most absurd declarations : and I
have been laughed at by very intelligent Turks, when
I ventured to persuade them that great Nature's laws
do not care about troubles here below." — Vide Turkish
correspondence of Ttie Herald, Aug. 25, 1853.

" The comet which has lately been visible has served
a priest not far from Warsaw with materials for a very
curious sermon. After having summoned his congre-
gation together, although it was neither Sunday nor
festival, and shown them the comet, he informed them
that this was the same star that had appeared to the
Magi at the birth of our Saviour, and that it was only
visible now in the Russian empire. Its appearance on
this occasion was to intimate to the Russian eagle,
that the time was now come for it to spread out its
wings, and embrace all mankind in one orthodox
and sanctifying church. He showed them the star
now standing immediately over Constantinople, and
explained that the dull light of the nucleus indi-
cated its sorrow at the delay of the Russian army in
proceeding to its destination." — Vide Berlin corre-
spondence of Tlie Times.

w. w.

Malta.

THE OLD ENGLISH WORD " BELIKE.

The word helike, much used by old writers, but
now almost obsolete, even among the poor, seems
to have been but very imperfectly understood —
as far as regards its original meaning and deriv-
ation. Most persons understand it to be equiva-
lent, or nearly so, to vei-tj likMy, in all likelihood,
perhaps, or, ironically, forsooth ; and in that

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

359

opinion they are not far wrong. It occurs in this
sense in numerous passages in Shakspeare ; for
instance :

" Some merry mocking lord, belike."

Love's Labour's Lost,
" O then, belike, she was old and gentle."

Henry V.
" Belike, this show imports the argument."

Hamlet.

Such also was Johnson's opinion of the word,
for he represents it to be " from like, as by liheli-
Tiood;" and assigns to it the meanings of "pro-
babl;^^, likely, perhaps." However, I venture to
say, in opposition to so great an authority, that
there is no immediate connexion whatever between
the words belike and likely, with the exception of
the accidental similarity in the syllable like.

We find three different meanings attached to
the same form like in English, viz. like, simills ; to
like, i. e. to be pleased with ; and the present word
belike, whose real meaning I propose to explain.

The first is from the A.-S. lie, gelic; Low Geinn.
lick ; _ Dutch gelyk ; Dan. lig (which is said to
take its meaning ibrm lie, a corpse, i. e. an essence),
which word also forms our English termination -ly,
sometimes preserving its old form like ; as manly
or manlike. Godly or Godlike ; A.-S. werlic, Godlic ;
to which the Teut. adjectival termination lick is
analogous.

The second form, to like, i. e. to be pleased with,
is quite distinct from the former (though it has
been thought akin to it on the ground that simili
similis placet) ; and Is derived from the A.-S.
lician, which is from lie, or lac, a gift; Low Germ.
licon ; Dutch lyken.

The third form, the compound term belike
(mostly used adverbially) is from the A.-S. licgan,
belicgan, which means, to He by, near, or around ;
to attend, accompany ; Low Germ, and Dutch,
liggen; Germ, liegen. In the old German, we
have licken, ligin, liggen— jacere ; and geliggen — se
habere ; which last seems to be the exact counter-
part of our old English belike; and this it was
yhich first suggested to me what I conceive to be
its true meaning. We find the simple and com-
pound words in juxtaposition in Otfridi Evang,,
lib. i. cap. 23. 110. in vol. i. p. 221. of Schilter's
Thes. Teut. :

" Thoh er nu biliban si,

Farames thoh thar er si
Zi thiu'z nu sar giligge,
Thoh er bigraben ligge."
" Etsi vero is (Lazarus) jam mortuus est,
Eamus tamen ubi is sit,

Quomodo id jam se habeat (quo in statu sint res ejus),
Etiamsi jam sepultus jaceat."

On which Schilter remarks :

"Zi thiu'z nu sar giligge quomodo se res habeat,
bodie standi verbo utimur,— wie es stehe, zustehe."

\Ye thus see that the radical meaning of the
word belike is to lie or be near, to attend ; from
which it came to express the simple condition, or
state of a thing : and it is in this latter sense that
the word is used as an adverbial or rather an in-
terjectional expression, when it may be rendered,
it may be so, so it is, is it so, &c. Sometimes ironi-
cally, sometimes expressing chance, &c. ; in the
course of time it became superseded by the more
modern term_ perhaps. Instances of similar ellip-
tical expressions are common at the present day,
and will readily suggest themselves : the modern
please, used for entreaty, is analogous.

It is not a little singular that this account of
the word belike enables us to understand a passage
in Macbeth, which has been unintelligible to all
the commentators and readers of Shakspeare down
to the present day. I allude to the following,
which stands in my first folio. Act IV. Sc. 3., thus :

" . . . . . What I am truly

Is thine, and my poor countries, to command :
Whither indeed before they heere approach.
Old Seyward, with ten thousand warlike men.
Already at a point, was setting foorth :
Now we'll together, and the chance of goodnesse
Be like our warranted quarrel."

Now it is not easy to see why Malcolm should
wish that " chance" should " be like," i. e. similar
to, their "warranted quarrel;" inasmuch as that
quarrel was most unfortunate and disastrous.
Chance is either fortunate or unfortunate. The
epithet just, which might apply to the quarrel in
question, is utterly irreconcilable with chance.
Still this sense has pleased the editors, and they
have made " of goodnesse " a jirecatory and inter-
jectlonal expression. Surely it is far more pro-
bable that the poet wrote belike (belicgan, geliggen')
as one word, and that the meaning of the passage
is simply " May good fortune attend our enter-
prise." Mr. Collier's old corrector passes over
this diflSculty in silence, doubtless owing to the
circumstance that the word was well understood
in his time.

I have alluded to the word like as expressive
in the English language of three distinct ideas,
and in the A.-S. of at least four ; is it not possible
that these meanings, which, as we find the words
used, are undoubtedly widely distinct, having
travelled to us by separate channels, may never-
theless have had originally one and the same
source ? I should be glad to elicit the opinion of
some one of your more learned correspondents as
to whether the unused Hebrew f?> may not be
that source. H. C. E.

Rectory, Hereford.

deo

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

Comparing the initiatory undertaking or co-
Tenant of the Druses, as represented by Col.
Churchill in his very important disclosures (Le-
lanon, ii. 244.), with the original Arabic, and the
German translation of Eichhorn {Bepertorium fib'
Bill, unci Morgeidand, lib. xii. 222.), I find that
the following additions made by Col. Churchill (or
De Sacy, whom he follows) are not in the Arabic,
but appear to be glosses or amplifications. For
example :

" I put my trust and confidence in our Lord Hakcm,
the One, the Eternal, without attribute and without
number."

" That in serving Him he will serve no other,
whether past, present, or to come."

" To the observance of which he sacredly binds him-
self by the present contract and engagement, should he
ever reveal the least portion of it to others."

" The most High, King of Kings, [the creator] of
the heaven and the earth."

« Mighty and irresistible [force]."

Col. Churchill, although furnishing the amplest
account which has yet appeared of the Druse re-
ligion, secretly held under the colour of Maho-
metanism, has referred very sparingly to the cate-
chisms of this sect, which, being for the especial
instruction of the two degrees of monothelsts,
constitute the most authentic source of accurate
knowledge of their faith and practices, and which
are to be found- in the original Arabic, with a
German triinslation in Elchhorn's llepei-torium
(xii. 155. 202.). In the same work (xiv. 1., xvii.
27.), Bruns (Kennicott's colleague) has furnished
from Abulfaragius a biography of Ilamsah, the
Hakem ; and Adler (xv. 265.) has extracted, from
Tarious oriental sources, historical notices of the
founder of the Druses.

The subject is peculiarly interesting at the
present juncture, as it is probable that the Chinese
religious movement, partaking of a peculiar kind
©f Christianity, may have originated amongst the
Druses, who appear from Col. Churchill to have
been in expectation of some such movement in
India or China in connexion with a re-appearance
of the Hakem. T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

rOLK LORE.

Legends of the County Clare. — How TJssheen
(^Ossian) visited the Land of " Thiemah Ogieh^' (the
Country of perpetual YoutK). — Once upon a time,
when Ussheen was in the full vigour of his youth,
it happened that^atigued with the chace, and sepa-
rated from his companions, he stretched himself
vnder a tree to rest, and soon fell asleep. "Awaking
with a start," he saw a lady, richly clothed and of
■lore than mortal beauty, gazing on him ; nor was it

long until she made him understand that a warmer
feeling than mere curiosity had attracted her ; nor
was Ussheen long in responding to it. The lady
then explained that she was not of mortal birth,
and that he who wooed an immortal bride must
be prepared to encounter dangers such as would
appal the ordinary race of men. Ussheen, with-
out hesitation, declared his readiness to encounter
any foe, mortal or immortal, that might be opposed
to him in her service. The lady then declared
herself to be the queen of "Thiernah Ogieh,"
and invited him to accompany her thither and
share her throne. They then set out on their
journey, one in all respects similar to that under-
taken by Thomas the Rhymer and the queen of
Faerie, and having overcome all obstacles, arrived
at " the land of perpetual youth," where all the
delights of the teri-estrial paradise were thrown,
open to Ussheen, to be enjoyed with only one
restriction. A broad flat stone was pointed out
to him in one part of the palace garden, on which
he was forbidden to stand, under penalty of the
heaviest misfortune. One day, however, finding
himself near the fatal stone, the temptation to
stand on it became irresistible, and he yielded to
it, and immediately found himself in full view of
his native land, the existence of which he had
forgotten from the moment he had entered the
kingdom of Thiernah Ogieh. But alas ! how was
it changed from that counti'y he had left only a
few days since, for " the strong had become weak,"
and " the brave become cowards," while oppres-
sion and violence held undisputed sway through
land. Overcome with grief, he hastened to the
the queen to beg that he might be restored to
his country without delay, that he might endea-
vour to apply some remedy to its misfortunes.
The queen's prophetic skill made her aware of
Ussheen's transgression of her commands before
he spoke, and she exerted all her persuasive
powers to prevail upon him to give up his desire
to return to Erin, but in vain. She then asked
him how long he supposed he had been absent
from his native land, and on his answering " thrice
seven days," she amazed him by declaring that
three times thrice seven years had elapsed since
his arrival at the kingdom of Thiernah Ogieh;
and though Time had no power to enter that land,
it would immediately assert its dominion over him
if he left it. At length she persuaded him to
promise that he would return to his country for
only one day, and then come back to dwell with her
for ever ; and she gave him a jet-black horse of
surpassing beauty, from whose back she charged
him on no account to alight, or at all events not
to allow the bridle to fall from his hand. She
farther endued him with wisdom and knowledge
far surpassing that of men. Having mounted his
fairy steed, he soon found himself approaching his
former home ; and as he journeyed he met a man

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

961

driving before liiin a horse, across whose back
was thrown a sack of corn : the sack having fallen
a little to one side, the man asked Ussheen to
assist him in balancing it properly ; Ussheen
instantly stooped from his horse, and catching the
sack in his right hand, gave it such a heave that
it fell over on the other side. Annoyed at his
mistake, he forgot the injunctions of his bride, and
sprung from his horse to lift the sack from the
ground, letting the bridle fall from his hand at
the same time : instantly the horse struck fire
from the ground with his hoofs, and uttering a
neigh louder than thunder, vanished ; at the same
instant his curling locks fell from Ussheen's head,
darkness closed over his beaming eyes, the more
than mortal strength forsook his limbs, and, a
feeble helpless old man, he stretched forth his
hands seeking some one to lead him : but the
mental gifts bestowed on him by his immortal
bride did not leave him, and, though unable to
serve his countrymen Avith his sword, he bestowed
upon them the advice and instruction which
flowed from wisdom greater than that of mortals.
Francis Egbert Davies.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

On " Run-awayes " in Romeo and Juliet. —

" Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steedes,
Towards Phoebus' lodging such a wagoner
As Phaeton would whip you to the west,
And bring in cloudie niglit immediately.
Spred thy close curtaine, Love-performing night,
That run-awayes eyes may wincke, and Romeo
Leape to these armes, vntalkt of and vnseene."

Your readers will no doubt exclaim, is not this
question already settled for ever, if not by Mr.
Singer's substitution of rumour ers, at least by
that of R. H. C, viz. rude days ? I must confess
that I thought the former so good, when it first
appeared in these pages, that nothing more was
wanted ; yet this is surpassed by the suggestion
of R. H. C. As conjectural emendations, they
may rank with any that Shakspeare's text has
been favoured with ; in short, the poet might un-
doubtedly have written either the one or the other.

But this is not the question. The question is,
did he write the passage as it stands in the first
folio, which I have copied above? Subsequent
consideration has satisfied me that he did. I find
the following passage in the Merchant of Venice,
Actll. Sc. 6.: J ^

" but come at once,

For the close night doth play the run-away.
And we are staid for at Bassanio's feast."

Is it very difficult to believe, that the poet who
called the departing night a run-aioay would apply
the same term to the day under similar circum-
stances ?

Surely the first folio is a much more correctly
printed book than many of Shakspeare's editor*
and critics would have us believe. H. C. K-

Rectory, Hereford.

The Word " clamour " in " The Winters TaLeT
— Mr. Keightley complains (Vol viii., p. 241.)
that some observations of mine (p. 169.) on the
word clamow\ in The Winters Tale., are precisely
similar to his own in Vol. vii., p. 615. Had
they been so in reality, I presume our Editor
would not have inserted them ; but I think they
contain something farther, suggesting, as they do,
the A.-S. origin of the word, and going far te
prove that our modern calm, the older dame, the
Shakspearian clamour, the more frequent cZe«,
Chaucer's clum, &c., all of them spring from the
same source, viz. the A.-S. clam or clom, which
means a band, clasp, bandage, chain, prison ; from
which substantive comes the verb clcemian, to
clam, to stick or glue together, to bind, to imprisoa.

If I passed over in silence those points on which
Mr. Keightley and myself agreed, I need scarcely
assure him that it was for the sake of brevity, and
not from any want of respect to him.

I may remark, by the way, on a conjecture of
Mr. Keightley's (Vol. vii., p. 615.), that perhaps,
in Macbeth, Act V. Sc. 5., Shakspeare might
have written " till famine clem thee," and not, as it
stands in the first folio, " till famine cling thee,"
that he is indeed, as he says, "in the region of
conjecture : " cling is purely A.-S., as he will find
in Bosworth, " Clingan, to wither, pine, to cling
or shrink up ; marcescere." H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Three Passages in " Measure for Measured —
H. C. K. has a treacherous memory, or rather,
what I believe to be the truth, he, like myself,
has not a complete Shakspeare apparatus. Col-
lier's first edition surely cannot be in his library,
or he would have known that Warburton, long
ago, read seared for feared, and that the same
word appears in Lord Ellesmere's copy of the
first folio, the correction having been made, as
Mr. Collier remarks, while the sheet was at press.
I however assure H. C. K. that I regard his cor-
rection as perfectly original. Still I have my
doubts if seared be the poet's word, for I have
never met it but in connexion with hot iron ; and
I should be inclined to prefer sear or sere; but this
again is always physically dry, and not meta-
phorically so, and I fear that the true word is not
to be recovered.

I cannot consent to go back with H. C. K. to
the Anglo-Saxon for a sense of building, which I
do not think it ever bore, at least not in our poet's
time. His quotation from the " Jewel House,"
&c. is not to the point, for the context shows that
" a building word" is a word or promise that will

362

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 207.

set me a-building, i. e. writing. After all I see no
difficulty in " the all-building law ; " it means the
law that builds, maintains, and repairs the whole
social edifice, and is well suited to Angelo, whose
object was to enhance the favour he proposed to
grant.

Again, if H. C. K. had looked at Collier's edit.,
he would have seen that in Act I. Sc. 2., princely
is the reading of the second folio, and not a
modern conjecture. If he rejects this authority,
he must read a little farther on perjury for
penury. As to the Italian prenze, I cannot re-
ceive it. I very much doubt Shakspeare's know-
ledge of Italian, and am sure that he would not, if
he understood the word, use it as an adjective.
Mb. Collier's famed corrector reads with War-
burton priestly, and substitutes garb for guards, a
change which convinces me (if proof were want-
ing) that he was only a guesser like ourselves, for
it is plain, from the previous use of the word
■living, that guards is the right word.

Thos. Keightlet.

Shakspeare's Works with a Digest of all the
Readings (Vol. viii., pp. 74, 170.). — I fully concur
with your correspondent's suggestion, and beg to
suggest to Mr. Halhwell that his splendid mono-
graph edition would be greatly improved if he
would undertake the task. As his first volume
contains but one play (Tempest), it may not be
too late to adopt the suggestion, so that every
variation of the text (in the briefest possible form)
might be seen at a glance. Este.

DEATH ON THE FINGERS.

" Isaac saith, I am old, and I know not the day of
my death ( Gen. xxvii. 2.) ; no more doth any, though
never so young. As soon (saith the proverb) goes the
landi's skin to the market as that of the old sheep ; and
the Hebrew saying is, There be as many young skulls
in Golgotha as old; young men may die (for none have
or can make any agreement with the grave, or any
covenant with death, Isa. xxviii. 15. J 8.), but old men
must die. 'Tis the grant statute of heaven (Heb. ix.
27.). Senex quasi seminex, an old man is half dead ;
yea, now, at fifty years old, we are accounted three
parts dead ; this lesson we may learn from our fingers'
ends, the dimensions whereof demonstrate this to us,
beginning at the end of the little finger, representing
our childhood, rising up to a little higher at the end
of the ring-finger, which betokens our youth ; from it
to the top of the middle finger, which is the highest
point of our elevated hand, and so most aptly repre-
sents our middle age, when we come to our aKfii], or
height of stature and strength ; then begins our de-
clining age, from thence to the end of our forefinger,
which amounts to a little fall, but from thence to the
end of the thumb there is a great fall, to show, when
man goes down (in his old age) he falls fast and far, and
breaks (as we say) with a witness. Now, if our very

fingers' end do read us such a divine lecture of mor-
tality, oh, that we could take it out, and have it perfect
(as we say) on our fingers' end, &c.

" To old men death is prce januis, stands before their
door, &c. Old men have (pedem. in cymbd Charonis)
one foot in the grate already ; and the Greek word
y^pav (an old man) is derived from irapa ro els yi]V
opay, which signifies a looking towards the ground;
decrepit age goes stooping and grovelling, as groaning
to the grave. It doth not only expect death, but oft
solicits it." — Christ. Ness's Compleat History and
Mystery of the Old and New Test, fol. Lond. 1690,
chap. xii. p. 227.

From The Barren Tree, a sermon on Luke xiiiv
7., preached at Paul's Cross, Oct. 26, 1623, by
Thos. Adams :

" Our bells ring, our chimneis smoake, our fields
rejoice, our children dance, ourselues sing and play,
Jovis omnia plena. But when righteousnesse hath sowne
and comes to reape, here is no haruest ; ovk evpiaKu,
I finde none. And as there was neuer lesse wisdome
in Greece then in time of the Seven Wise Men : so
neuer lesse pietie among vs, then now, when vpon good,
cause most is expected. When the sunne is brightest
the stars be darkest: so the cleerer our light, the more
gloomy our life with the deeds of darkness. The
Cimerians, that live in a perpetuall mist, though they
deny a sunne, are not condemned of impietie ; but
Anaxogoras, that saw the sunne and yet denied it, is
not condemned of ignorance, but of impietie. Former
times were like Leah, bleare-eyed, but fruitful ; the
present, like Rachel, faire, but barren. Wc give such
acclamation to the Gospell, that we quite forget to
observe the law. As vpon some solemne festivall, the
bells are nmg in all steeples, but then the clocks are
tyed vp : there is a great vntun'd confusion and clangor,
but no man knowes how the time passeth. So in this
vniuersall allowance of libertie by the Gospell (which
indeed rejoyceth our hearts, had we the grace of sober
vsage), the clocks that tel vs how the time passes.
Truth and Conscience, that show the bounded vse and
decent forme of things, are tyed vp, and cannot be
heard. Still Fructiim non invenio, I finde no fruits. I
am sorry to passe the fig-tree in this plight :. but as I
finde it, so I must leave it, till the Lord mend it." —
Pp. 39, 40., 4to. Lond. 1623.

Balliolensis.

Jfltn0r §,atti.

On a " Custom of y'^ Englyshe.'' — When a more
than ordinarily doubtful matter is offered us for
credence, we are apt to inquire of the teller if he
" sees any green " in our optics, accompanying the
query by an elevation of the right eyelid with the
forefinger. Now, regarding this merely as a
" fast " custom, I marvelled greatly at finding a
similar action noted by worthy Master Blunt, as
conveying to his mind an analogous meaning.
I can scarcely credit its antiquity ; but what other
meaning can I understand from the episode he

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

363

relates ? He had been trying to pass himself ofF
as a native, but —

" The third day, in the morning, I, prying up and
down alone, met a Tiirke, who, in Italian, told me —
Ah ! are you an Englishman, and with a kind of
malicious posture laying his forefinger under his eye,
methought he had the lookes of a designe." — Voyage in
the Levant, performed by Mr, Henry Blunt, p. 60. : Lond.
1650.

— a silent, but expressive, "posture," tending to
eradicate any previously formed opinion of the
verdantness of Mussulmans ! E.. C. Wardb.

Kidderminster.

Epitaph at Cray ford. — I send the following
lines, if you think them worthy an insertion in
your Epitaphiana : a friend saw them in the church-
yard of Crayford, Kent.

" To the Memory of Peter Izod, who was thirty-
five years clerk of this parish, and always proved him-
self a pious and mirthful man.

" The life of this clerk was just three score and ten,
During half of which time he had sung out Amen.
He married when young, like other young men ;
His wife died one day, so he chaunted Amen.
A second he took, slie departed, — what then ?
Pie married, and buried a third with Amen.
Thus his joys and his sorrows were treble, but then
His voice was deep bass, as lie chaunted Amen.
On the horn he could blow as well as most men.
But his horn was exalted in blowing Amen.
He lost all his wind after threescore and ten,
And here with three wives he waits till again
The trumpet shall rouse him to sing out Amen."

Tradition reports these verses to have been com-
posed by some curate of the parish. Qu^stok.

The Font at Islip. —

" In the garden is placed a relic of some interest —
the font in which it is said King Edward the Con-
fessor was baptized at Islip. The block of stone in
which the basin of immersion is excavated, is unusually
massy. It is of an octangular shape, and the outside
is adorned by tracery work. The interior diameter of
the basin is thirty inches, and the depth twenty. The
whole, witli the pedestal, which is of a piece with the
rest, is five feet high, and bears the following imperfect
inscription :

' This sacred Font Saint Edward first receavd,

From Womb to Grace, from Grace to Glory went,
His virtuous life. To thisfayi-e Isle beqveth'd,

Prase .... and to vs but lent.
Let this remaine, the Trophies of his Fame,
A King baptizd from hence a Saint became.'
" Then is inscribed :
♦ This Fonte came from the King's CbapeU in Islip.' "
Extracted from the Beauties of England and
Wales, title " Oxfordshire," p. 454.

In the gardens at Kiddington there —
" was an old font wherein it is said Edward the Con-

fessor was baptized, being brought thither from an old
decayed chapel at Islip (the birth-place of that religious
prince), where it had been put up to an indecent use,
as well as the chapel." — Extracted from The English
Baronets, being a Historical and Genealogical Account of
their Families, published 1727.

The Viscounts Montague, and consequently the
Brownes of Kiddington, traced their descent from
this king through Joan de Beaufort, daughter of
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. C. B.

" As good as a Play" — I note this very or-
dinary phrase as having royal origin or, at least,
authority. It was a remark of King Charles II.,
when he revived a practice of his predecessors,
and attended the sittings of the House of Lords.

The particular occasion was the debate, then
interesting to him, on Lord Roos' Divorce Bill.

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

^itert'r^.

LOVETT OF ASTWELIi.

It is stated in all the pedigrees of this family which
I have seen, that Thomas Lovett, Esq., of AstweU
in Northamptonshire, who died in 1542, married
for his first wife Elizabeth, daughter (Burke calls
her " heir," Extinct Baronetage, p. 11 0.) of John Bo-
teler, Esq., of Woodhall Watton, in Hertfordshire.
The pedigree of the Botelers in Clutterbuck's
Hertfordshire (vol. il. p. 476.) does not notice this
marriage, nor is there any distinct allusion to it in
the wills of either family. Thomas Lovett's will,
dated 20th November, 1542, and proved on the
following 19th January, does not contain the
name of Boteler. (Testamenta Vetusta, vol. ii.
p. 697.) His father Thomas Lovett, indeed, in
his will dated 29th October, 7 Henry VII., and
proved 28th January, 1492 (^Test. Vetust., vol. ii.
p. 410.), bequeaths to Isabel Lovett and Margaret,
his daughters, "CZ. which John Boteler oweth
me," but he refers to no relationship between the
families. Again, "John Butteler, Esquier," by
his will, dated 7th September, 1513, and proved
at Lambeth 1 1th July, 1515, appoints "his most
gracious Maister, Maister Thomas Louett," to be
supervisor of his will, and bequeaths to him "a
Sauterbook as a poore remembraunce ; " but he
alludes to no marriage, nor does he mention a
daughter Elizabeth. This John Boteler is said
by Clutterbuck to have married three wives :
1. Katherine, daughter of Thomas Acton ; 2. Mar-
garet, daughter of Henry Belknap, who died
18th August, 1513 ; 3. Dorothy, daughter of
William Tyrrell, Esq., of Gipping in Suffolk : the
last-mentioned was the mother of his heir. Sir
Philip Boteler, Kt. ; but I can nowhere find who
was the mother of the son Richard, and the
daughters Mary and Joyce mentioned in his will.

364

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

or of Thomas Lovett's wife. I cannot help fancy-
ing that Elizabeth Lovett was his only child by
one of his wives, and was perhaps heir to her
mother. Can one of your contributors bring
forward any authority to confirm or disprove this
conjecture ? Whilst I am speaking of the Lovett
pedigree, I would also advert to two other con-
tradictions in the popular accounts of it. That
most inaccurate of books, Betham's Baronetage,
vol. V. p. 517., says, Giles Pulton, Esq., of Des-
borough, married Anne, daughter of Thomas
Lovett, Esq., of Astwell : the same author, vol. i.
p. 299., calls her Catherine ; which is correct ?
JS'either Anne nor Catherine is mentioned in
Thomas Lovett the Elder's will {Test. Vetnst.,
vol. ii. p. 410.). Again, Betham, Burke, and
Bridges (Histo7'y of NorthamptonsTiire, " Astwell ")
have rolled out Thomas Lovett into two persons,
and in fact have made him appear the son of his
second wife Joan Billinge, who was not the an-
cestress of the Lovett s of Astwell at all. Nor
was it possible she could be ; for Thomas Lovett,
in his will, dated 1492, speaks of her as "Joan,
my wife, late the wife of John Hawys, one of the
Justices of the Common Pleas." Now this John
Hawys was living in 1487, and Lovett's son and
heir, Thomas, was seventeen years old in 1492.
The absti-act of Lovett's will in the Test. Vetust.,
calling Thomas Lovett the Younger " my son and
heir by the said Joan my wife," must therefore
be manifestly incorrect. I will not apologise for
the minuteness of this account, as I believe the
correction of detail in published pedigrees to be
one of the most valuable features of " N. & Q. ; "
but I am almost ashamed of the length of my com-
munication, which I hope some of your readers
may throw light upon. Tewars.

The very remarkable distinction between the
manner in which English and "Welsh witnesses
take the book at the time when they are sworn,
has often struck me. An English witness always
takes the book with his fingers under, and his
thumb at the top of the book. A Welsh witness,
on the contrary, takes it with his fingers at the
top, and his thumb under the book. How has
this singular difference arisen ? I am inclined to
suggest that originally the oath was taken by
merely laying the hand on the top of the book,
without kissing it. Lord Coke (3 Inst. 165.) says,
" It is called a corporal oath, because he toucheth
with his hand some part of the Holy Scripture."
And Jacob {L.D., "Oath"), says it is so called
" because the witness, when he swears, lays his
right hand tipon, and toucheth the Holy Evan-
gelists." And Lord Hale (2 H. P. C. 279.) says,
" The regular oath, as is allowed by the laws of
England, is ' Tactis sacrosanctis Dei Evangeliis,' "

and in case of a Jew, " Tacto libro legis Mosaicas :"
and, if I rightly remember, the oath as administered
in the Latin form at Oxford concludes : " Ita te
Deus adjuvet, tactis sacrosanctis Christ! Evan-
geliis." In none of these instances does kissing
the book appear to be essential. Whereas the
present form used in the Courts is, " So help you
God, kiss the book;" but still the witness is^
always required to touch the book with his hand,
and he is never permitted to hold the book with
his hand in a glove. When then did the practice-
of kissing the book originate ? And how happens
it that the Welsh and English take the book in
the hand in the different manners I have de-
scribed ? C. S. G.

THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.

Powerful as this extraordinary agent has be-
come, and incalculably useful as its operation
is now found to be, it would appear that the
principle of the electric telegraph and its modus'
ope7-andi, almost identically as at present, were
known and described upwards of a century
ago. On the occasion of a late visit to Robert
Baird, Esq., of Auchmeddan, at his residence,.
Cadder House, near Glasgow, my attention was-
called by that gentleman to a letter initialed
C. M., dated Renfrew, Feb. 15, 1653, and pub-
lished that year in the Scots Magazine, vol. xv^
p. 73., where the writer not only suggests elec-
tricity as a medium for conveying messages and
signals, but details with singular minuteness the
method of opening and maintaining lingual com-
munication between remote points, a method
which, with only ie,ff improvements, has now been
so eminently successful. It is usual to attribute
this wonderful discovery to the united labours of
Mr. W. F. Cooke and Professor Wheatstone ; but
has any one acknowledged the contribution of
C. M., and can any of the learned correspondents
of " N. & Q." inform me who he was ?

Inquirendc

Glasgow.

Que7-ies relating to the Poi'ter Family. — Above-
the inscription on the tablet erected by a devoted
friend to the memory of this highly-gifted family
in Bristol Cathedral, is a medallion of a portcullis
surrounded by the word agincourt, and sur-
mounted by the date 1415. — What connexion is-
there between Agincourt * and the Porter family ?

[* It refers to Sir Robert Ker Porter's third great
battle-piece, Agincourt : which memorable battle took
place October 25, 1415. Sir Robert presented it to tbe
city of London, and it is still in the possession of tUe-

Oct. 15. 1853.]

J^OTES AND QUERIES.

365

Did not Sir R. K. Porter write an account of
Sir John Moore's campaign in the Peninsula? —
What is the title of the book, and where can it be
procured ? *

Who was Charles Lemprlere Porter (who died
Feb. 14, 1831, aged thirty-one), mentioned on the
Porter tombstone in St. Paul's churchyard at Bris-
tol ? — Who was Phcebe, wife of Dr. Porter, who
died Feb. 20, 1845, aged seventy-nine, and whose
name also occurs on this stone ?

Did this f\imily (which is now supposed to be
extinct) claim descent from Endymion Porter,
•the loyal and devoted adherent of King Charles
the Martyr? 'D. Y. N.

Lord Ball of Bagshot. — Coryat, in his Cru-
dities, vol. ii. p. 471., edit. 1776, tells us that at
St. Gewere, near Ober- Wesel —

" There hangeth an yron collar fastened in the wall,
with one linke fit to be put upon a man's neck, with-
out any manner of hurt to the party that weareth it.

" This collar doth every stranger and freshman, the
first time that he passeth that way, put upon his neck,
which he must weare so long standing till he hath re-
deemed himself with a competent measure of wine."

Coryat submitted himself to the collar " for no-
velty sake," and he adds :

" This custome doth carry some kinde of affinity
with certain sociable ceremonies that wee have in a
place of England, which are performed by that most
reuerend Lord Ball of Bagshot, in Hampshire, who
doth with many, and indeed more solemne, rites imiest
liis brothers of his vnhallowed chappell of Basingstone
•(Basingstoke?) (as all our men of the westerne parts
of England do know by deare experience to the smart
of their purses), then these merry burgomaisters of
Saint Gewere vse to do."

Will any of your readers state whether the
custom is remembered in Hampshire, and aflford
explanation as to the most Rev. Lord Ball ? The
writers that I have referred to are silent, and I do
not find mention of the custom in the pages of
Mr. Urban. J. H. M.

Marcarnes. — In Guillim's Display of Heraldry
(6th edit., London, 1 724), sect. 2. chap. v. p. 32.,
occurs the following description of a coat of arms :
■" Marcarnes, vaire, a pale, sable."

There is no reference to a Heralds' Visitation,
or to the locality in which resided the family
bearing this name and coat. It is only mentioned

corporation ; it was hung up in the Guildhall a few
years since.

* In 1808, Sir R. K. Porter accompanied Sir John
Moore's expedition to the Peninsula, and attended the
campaign throughout, up to the closing catastrophe of
the battle of Corunna. On his return to England, he
published anonymously. Letters from Portugal and
Spain, tvrittcn during the March' of the Troops under Sir
John Moore, 1809, 8vo Ed.]

as an instance among many others of the use of a
pale in heraldry. I have searched many heraldic
books, as well as copies of Heralds' Visitations,
but cannot find the name elsewhere. Will any
herald advise me how to proceed farther in tracing
it ? G. R. M.

The Claymore. — What Is the original weapon,
to which belongs the name of claymore (claidh
mhor') ? Is it the two-handed sword, or the
basket-hilted two-edged sword now bearing the
appellation ? Is the latter kind of sword peculiar
to Scotland ? They are frequently to be met
with in this part of the country. One was found
a fQVT years since plunged up to the hilt in the
earth on the Cotswold Hills. It was somewhat
longer than the Highland broadsword, but exactly
similar to a weapon which I have seen, and which
belonged to a Lowland Whig gentleman slain at
Bothwell Bridge. If these swords be exclusively
Scottish, may they not be relics of the unhappy
defeat at Worcester ? Fbancis John Scott.

Tewkesbury.

Sir William Chester, Kt. — It Is said of this
gentleman in all the Baronetages, that " he was a
great benefactor to the city of London in the time
of Edward VI., and that he became so strictly re-
ligious, that for a considerable time before his
death he retired from all business, entered himself
a fellow-commoner at Cambridge, lived there some
years, and was reputed a learned man." Did he
take any degree at Cambridge, and to what college
or hall did he belong ? ISlust there not be some
records in the University which will yield this in-
formation ? I observe the " Graduati Cantabri-
gienses " only commence in 1659 in the printed list ;
but there must be older lists than this at Cam-
bridge. Collins mentions that he was so con-
spicuous in his zeal for the Reformed religion,
that he ran great risk of bis life in Queen Mary's
reign, and that one of his servants was burnt in
Smithfield. Can any one inform me of his au-
thority for this statement ? Tewars,

Canning on the Treaty of 1824 between the
Netherlands and Great Britain. — When and under
what circumstances did Canning use the following
words ? —

" The results of this treaty [of 1 824 between England
and Holland, to regulate their respective interests in
the East Indies] were an admission of the principles
of free trade. A line of demarcation was drawn,
separating our territories from theirs, and ridding them
of their settlements on the Indian continent. All these
objects are now attained. We have obtained Sinca-
pore, we have got a free trade, and in return we have
given up Bencoolen."

Where are these words to be found, and what
is the title of the English paper called by the

366

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

French Courier du Commerce ?
NavorscJier.

From the
L. D. S.

Ireland a bastinadoed Elephant. — " And Ireland,
like a bastinadoed elephant, kneeled to receive
her rider." This sentence is ascribed by Lord
Byron to the Irish orator Curran. Diligent
search through his speeches, as published in the
United States, has been unsuccessful in finding it.
Can any of your readers " locate it," as we say in
the backwoods of America? A taastinado pro-
perly is a punishment inflicted by beating the soles
of the feet : such a flagellation could not very con-
veniently be administered to an elephant. The
figure, if used by Curran, has about it the cha-
racter of an elephantine bull. W&i-

Philadelphia.

Memorial Lines by Thomas Aquinas. —

" Thomas Aquinas summed up, in a quaint tetrastic,
twelve causes which might found sentences of nullitj',
of repudiation, or of the two kinds of divorce ; to which
some other, as monkish "as himself, added two more
lines, increasing the causes to fourteen, and to these
were afterwards added two more. The former are
[here transcribed from] the note :

'Error, conditio, votum, cognatio, crimen,
Cultus disparitas, vis, ordo, ligaraen, honcstas,
Si sis affinis, si forte coire nequibis.
Si parochi, et duplicis desit praesentia testis,
Raptave si mulier, parti nee reddita tutae ;
Hffic facienda vetant connubia, facta retractant.' "
From Essay on Scripture Doctrines of AduUery
and Divorce, by H. V. Tabbs, Svo. : Load.
1822.

The subject was proposed, and a prize of fifty
pounds awarded to this essay, by the Society for
Propagating Christian Knowledge in the Diocese
of St. David's in 1821, This appears to me to
have been a cui-ious application of its funds by
such a society. Can any of your readers explain
it ? Balliolensis.

- " Johnson's tu7'gid style " — " What does not
Jade ? " — Can any of your readers tell me where
to find the following lines ?

" I own I like not Johnson's turgid style,
That gives an inch th' importance of a mile,"
&c. &c.
And

"What does not fade? The tower which long has
stood
The crash of tempests, and the warring winds,
Shook by the sura but slow destroyer. Time,
Now hangs in doubtful ruins o'er its base,"
&c. &c.

A. F. B.

Meaning of " Lane" ^c. — By what process of
development could the Anglo-Saxon laen (i. e. the
Englisli word lane, and the Scottish loaning) have

obtained its present meaning, which answers to
that of the limes of the Koman agrimensores ?

What is considered to be the English measure-
ment of the Roman jMg-er, and the authorities for
such measurement ?

What is the measurement of the Anglo-Saxon
hyde, and the authorities for such measurement ?

II.

Theobald le Botiller. — What Theobald le Bo-;
tiller did Kose de Vernon marry ? See Vernon,
in Burke's Extinct Peerage ; Butler, in Lynch's
Feudal Dignities ; and the 2nd Butler (Ormond),
in Lodge's Peerage. Y. S. M.

William, fifth Lord Harrington. — Did William,
fifth Lord Harrington, marry Margaret JSTeville
(see Burke's Extinct Peerage) or Lady Catherine
Courtenay ? The latter is given in Burke's Peer-
age and Baronetage, in Sir John Harrington's
pedigree. Y. S. M.

Singular Discovery of a Cannon-ball. — A heavy
cannon-shot, I should presume a thirty-two pound
ball, was found embedded in a large tree, cut
down some years since on the estate of J. W.
Martin, Esq., at Showborough, in the parish of
Twyning, Gloucestershire. There was never till
quite lately any house of importance on the spot,
nor is there any trace of intrenchments to be dis-
covered. The tree stood at some distance from
the banks of the Avon, and on the other side of
that river runs the road from Tewkesbury through
Bredon to Pershore. The ball in question is
marked with the broad arrow. From whence and
at what period was the shot fired ?

Fkancis John Scott.

Tewkesbury.

Scottish Castles. — It is a popular belief, and
quoted frequently in the Statistical Account of
Scotland, and other works referring to Scottish
affiiirs, that the fortresses of Edinburgh Castle,
Stii-ling Castle, Dumbarton Castle, Blackness
Castle, were appointed by the Articles of Union
between England and Scotland to be kept in
repair and garrisoned. Can any of your readers
refer to the foundation for this statement*? for no
reference is to be found to the subject in the
Articles of Union. Scrymzeour.

Edinburgh.

Sneezing. — Concerning sneezirig, it is a curious
circumstance that if any one should sneeze in
company in North Germany, those present Avill
say, "Your good health;" in Vienna, gentlemen
in a cafe will take oflT their hats, and say, " God
be with you ;" and in Ireland Paddy will say, "God
bless your honour," or " Long life to your honour."
I understand that in Italy and Spain similar ex-
pressions are used ; and I think I remember hear-

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

S67

ing, that in Bengal the natives make a " salam"
on these occasions.

There is also, I believe, a popular idea among
some of sneezing having some connexion with
Satanic agency ; and I lately met with a case
where a peculiar odour was invariably distinguish-
able by two sisters, on a certain individual vio-
lently sneezing.

I shall be very much obliged if any of your
readers can furnish me with any facts, theories,
or popular ideas upon this subject. Medicus.

Spenser's "Fairy Queen.'" — Allow me to employ
an interval of leisure, after a visit to the remains
of Kilcolman Castle, in inquiring whether any of
your Irish readers can afford information respect-
ing the existence of the long missing books of the
FairT/ Queen ? Mrs. Hall, in her work on Ireland
(vol. i. pp. 93, 94.), says that —

" More than mere rumour exists for believing that
the lost books have been preserved, and that the MS.
was in the possession of a Captain Garrett Nagle within
the last fortv years."

W. L. N.

Buttevant, co. Cork.

Poema del Cid. — Is there any edition of the
Poema del Cid besides the one published by
Sanchez {Poesias Castellanas anteriores al sigh
XV.), and reprinted by Ochoa, and appended like-
wise to an edition of Ochoa's Tesoro de los Ro-
manceros, &c., published at Barcelona in 1840?
I shall feel obliged by being referred to an edition
in a detached form with glossary and notes, if
such there be. J. M. B.

TTie Brazen Head. — As upon two former occa-
sions, through the useful and interesting pages of
" N. & Q.," I have been enabled to obtain inform-
ation which I could procure in no other way, I
am glad to have an opportunity of recording the
obligations I myself, like many more, am under to
" N. & Q.," and to some of your talented and
kindly correspondents. Being anxious still far-
ther to trespass upon your space, I take this op-
portunity of alike thanking you and them. — Could
any reader of "N. & Q." inform me whether more
than two numbers of The Brazen Head were ever
published? Through the great courtesy of a
talented correspondent of " N. & Q." from Wor-
cestei*, I have the first two ; but I am anxious, for
a literary purpose, to ascertain whether the pub-
lication was continued after. A. F. A. W.

" The Basilics." — "What is the manuscript
called the " Basilics " in the following passage,
which occurs in a cotemporary MS., " Memoirs of

the Life of the Right Hon. John Lord Scudamore,
Viscount Sligo in Ireland," in the library of P.
Howard, Esq., at Corby Castle ? Is it known
where it is now preserved ?

Have these memoirs been printed ? Lord S.
was born in 1600, and was ambassador to France
when this circumstance occurred.

" There having been intelligence given to his Excel-
lence by that renowned person, and his then great
acquaintance, Mons. Grotius, lieger in Paris for the
crown of Sweden, of a very valuable manuscript of
many volumes, being the body of the civil law in
Greek, commonly called the ' Basilics,' in the hands of
the heirs of the famous lawyer lately deceased, Petrus
Faber, — desirous to enrich his country with this
treasure, he transacted and agreed with the possessors
for the price of it, whicli was no less than 500/. But
when it should have been delivered, and the money
was ready to be paid down. Cardinal Richelieu (the
great French minister of state at that time) having
notice of the transaction interposed, and forbad the
going on upon the contract, as thinking it would have
been a diminution to their nation to permit such a
prize to come into the hands of strangers, and by their
charge and labour be communicated to the world."

W. C. Treveltan.

Wallington.

[Basilica is a name given to a digest of laws com-
menced by the Emperor Basilius in the year 867, and
completed by his son Leo the philosopher in the year
880, the former having carried the work as far as forty
books, and the latter having added twenty more, in
which state it was published. The complete edition
of Charles Annibal Fabrot, which appeared at Paris in
1647, proved of great service to the study of ancient
jurisprudence. It is contained in seven volumes folio,
and accompanied with a Latin version of the text, as
well as of the Greek scholia subjoined. See a valu-
able article on the Greek texts of the Roman law, in
the Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. vii. p. 461. — The
MS. " Memoirs of the Hon. John Lord Scudamore "
seem to have been used by Matthew Gibson in his
View of the Ancient and Present State of the Churche&
of Door, Home- Lacy, and Hempsted, with Memoirs of
the Scudamore Family, 4to., 1727, as the substance of
the passage quoted by our correspondent is given at
p. 95. of that work.]

Fire at Honiton. — I am solicitous to learn the
particulars of a fire which occurred at Honiton, in
Devonshire, in the year 1765, when the chapel
and school-house were burned down, and the
former thereupon rebuilt by collections uvAer a'
brief.

In a review of Mr. Digby Wyatt's " Industrial
Arts of the Nineteenth Century " (in the Athe-
nceum for June 18th of the current year), reference
is made by Mrs. Treadwin of Exeter to " a hook
mentioning two great fires which occurred in
1756 and 1767 in Honiton," but it is not stated
who was the author of that book.

S68

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

Can you or any of your readers furnish me witli
the title of the book intended, or direct me to any
other sources of information on the subject of the
Honiton fires ? S. T.

[Notices of fires at Honiton occur in the following
works : — The Wisdom and Riyhteousness of Divine
Providence. A sermon preached at Honiton on oc-
casion of a dreadful fire, 21st August, 1765, which
consumed 140 houses, a chapel, and a meeting-house.
By R.Harrison, 4to. 1765. — Shaw, in his To»7- to
the West of England, \>.4A'i., mentions a dreadful fire,
19th July, 1747, which reduced three parts of the
town to ashes. — Lysons' Devonshire, p. 281., states that
Honiton has been visited by the destructive calamity
of fire in 1672, 1747, 1754, and 1765. The last-men-
tioned happened on the 21st August, and was the most
calamitous; 115 houses were burnt down, and the
steeple of AUhallows Chapel, with the school, were
destroyed. The damage was estimated at above
10,500/.]

Michaelmas Goose, — The following little incon-
sistency in a commonly-received tradition has led
lae, at the request of a large party of well-read
and literary friends, to request your solution of
the difficulty in an early Number of your paper.

It is currently reported, and nine men in ten
•will tell you, if you ask them the reason why
goose is always eaten on the 29th Sept.,'or Michael-
mas Day, that Queen Elizabeth was eating goose
when the news of the destruction of the Invincible
Armada was brought, and she immediately put
down her knife and fork, and said, " From this day
forth let all British-born subjects eat goose on this
d^y."

Now in Creasy's Battles it is stated that the
Spanish fleet was destroyed in the month of July.
How could it then be the 29th of Sept. when the
Bews of its defeat reached lier majesty ? If any of
your readers can solve this seeming improbability
he will greatly oblige Michaelmas Dat.

[Although it may be difficult to show how it is that
the custom of eating goose has in this country been
transferred to Michaelmas Day, while on the Continent
it is observed at Martinmas, from which practice the
goose is often called St. Martin's bird, it is very easy to
prove that there is no foundation for the tradition
referred to by our correspondent. For the following
extract from Stow's AnnaJes (ed. Howes), p. 749., will
show that, so far from the news of the defeat of the
Armada not reaching Elizabeth until the 29th of
September, public thanksgivings for the victory had
been offered on the 20th of the preceding month :

"On the 20ih of August, M. Nowell, Deane of
Paules, preached at Paules Crosse, in presence of the
lord Maior and Aldermen, and the companies in their
best liveries, moving them to give laud and praise
wnto Almightie God, for the great victorie by him
given to our English nation, by the overthrowe of the
Spanish fleete,"]

SRPiJTtf^.

PORTRAITS OF HOBBES AND LETTERS OF HOLLAR.

(Vol.viii., p. 221.)

Although I cannot answer the question of Sir
Walter Trevelyan, the following notices re-
specting the portraits of the Pliilosopher of
Malmesbury may not be unacceptable to him and
to those who hold this distinguished man's memory
in high respect.

That admirable gossip, .Tohn Aubrey, who lived
in habits of intimacy with Hobbes, has left us such
a lively picture of the man, his person, and his
manners, as to leave nothing to desire. In reading
it we cannot but regret that Aubrey had not been
a cotemporary of our great poet, about whom he
has been only able to furnish us with some hearsay
anecdotes.

Aubrey tells us that —

" Sir Charles Scarborough, M. D., Physician to his
Royal Highness the Duke of York, much loved the
conversation of Hobbes, and hath a picture of him
(drawne about 1655), under which is this distich :

' Si quaeris de me, mores inquire, sed ille
Qui quEerit de me, forsitan alter erit.' "

" In their meeting (/. e. the Royal Society) at Greshara
College is his picture drawne by the life, 1663, by a
good hand, which they much esteeme, and several
copies have been taken of it."

In a note Aubrey says :

" He did me the honour to sit for his picture to
Jo. Baptist Caspars, an excellent painter, and 'tis a
piece. I presented it to the Society twelve years

In other places he tells us :

" Amongst other of his acquaintance I must not
forget Mr. Samuel Cowper (Cooper), the prince of
limners of this last age, who drew his picture as like
as art could afford, and one of tlie best pieces that ever
he did ; which his Majesty, at his returne, bought of
him, and conserves as one of his greatest rarities in his
closet at Whitehall."

In a note he adds :

" This picture I intend to be borrowed of his Ma-
jesty for Mr. Loggan to engrave an accurate piece by,
which will sell well both at home and abroad."

Again he says :

" Mr. S. Cowper (at whose house Hobbes and Sir
William Petty often met) drew his picture tv/ice : the
first the King has ; the other is yet in the custody of
his (Cooper's) widowe; but he (Cowper) gave it in-
deed to me (and I promised I would give it to the
archives at Oxon), but I, like a fool, did not take pos-
session of it, for something of the garment was not
quite finished, and he died, I being then in the
country."

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

369

This picture is, I believe, now in my possession.
It is a small half-length oil painting, measuring
about twelve inches by nine. Hobbes is repre-
sented at an open arch or window, Avith his book,
the Leviathan, open before him ; the dress is, as
Aubrey states, unfinished, and beneath is the re-
markable inscription, —

" AUT EGO INSANIO SOLUS : A0T EGO SOLUS NON INSANIO."

It represents the philosopher at an advanced age,
and is conformable in every respect to the follow-
ing description of his person :

" In his old age he was very bald, yet within dore he
used to study and sit bareheaded, and said he never
tooke cold in his head, but that the greatest trouble
was to keepe off the flies from pitching on the bald-
ness. His head was of a mallet forme, approved by
the physiologers. His face not very great, ample
forehead, yellowish-red whiskers, which naturally
turned up ; belovve he was shaved close, except a
little tip under his lip ; not but that nature would
liave afforded him a venerable beard, but being mostly
of a cheerful and pleasant humour, he affected not at
all austerity and gravity, and to look severe. He con-
sidered gravity and heavlnesse of countenance not so
good marks of assurance of God's favour, as a cheerful,
charitable, and upright behaviour, which are better
signes of religion than the zealous maintaining of con-
troverted doctrines. He had a good eie, and that of a
hazel colour, which was full of life and spirit, even to
his last ; when he was in discourse, there shone (as it
were) a bright live coale within it. He had two
kinds of looks ; when he laught, was witty, and in a
merry humour, one could scarce see his eies ; by and
by, when lie was serious and earnest, he opened his
eies round his eie-lids : he had middling eies, not very
big nor very little. He was six foote high and some-
thing better, and went indifferently erect, or rather,
considering his great age, very erect."

Aubrey was one of the patrons of Hollar, of
whom he has also given us some brief but in-
teresting particulars. The two following letters,
which were transcribed by Malone when he con-
templated a publication of the Aubrey papers,
deserve preservation ; indeed, one of them relates
immediately to the subject of this notice :
" Sir,

*' I have now done the picture of Mr, Hobbes, and
have showed it to some of his acquaintance, who say it
to be very like ; but Stent has deceived me, and maketh
demurr to have it of me ; as that at this present my
labour seemetli to be lost, for it lyeth dead by me.
However, I returne you many thankes for lending mce
the Principall, and I have halve a dozen copies for
you, and the painting I have delivered to your Mes-
senger who brought it to mee before.

«' Your humble servant,

« W. Hollar,

" The 1st of August, 1661."

" [For Mr. Aubrey,!
« Sir, ^ -*

" I have beene told this morning that you are in
Town, and that you desire to speak with mee, so I did

presently repaire to your Lodging, but they told mee
that you went out at 6 o'clock that morning, and it
was past 7 then. If I could know certaine time when
to finde you I would waite on you. My selve doe
lodge without St, Clement's Inne back doore ; as soon
as you come up the steps and out of that doorc is the
first house and doore on the left hand, two paire of
staires into a little passage right before you ; but I am
much abroad, and yet enough at home too.

" Your most humble servant,

" W. Hollar.
" If you had occasion to aske for mee of the people
of the house, then you must say the Frenchman
Limmner, for they know not my name perfectly, for
reasons sake, otherwise you may goe up directly,"

This minute localising of one of the humble
workshops of this admirable artist may not be
unacceptable to Mr, Peter Cunningham for some
future edition of his very interesting Handbook
of London. It may not be amiss to add that
Hollar died on the 25th of March, 1677, in the
seventieth year of his age, and that he was burled
in St. Margaret's churchyard, Westminster, near
the north-west corner of the tower, but without
a stone to mark the spot. S. W. Singer,

Mickleham,

PAROCHIAL LIBRARIES,

(Vol. viii., p. 62.)

In the vestry of the fine old priory church at
Cartmel, in Lancashire, there is a good library,
chiefly of divinity, consisting of about three hun-
dred volumes, placed in a commodious room, and
kept in nice order. This small but valuable col-
lection was left to the parish by Thomas Preston,
of Holker, Esq.

There is another in the vestry of the church at
Castleton, in Derbyshire ; or rather in a room
built expressly to contain them, adjoining the
vestry. They were left to the parish by the Rev.
James Farrer, M.A., who had been vicar of Cas-
tleton for about forty-five years, and consist of
about two thousand volumes in good condition,
partly theological and partly miscellaneous, about
equally divided, which are lent to the parishioners
at the discretion of the vicar, Mr. Farrer left
behind him a maiden sister, and a brother-in-law
Mr, Hamilton, who resided in Bath ; the former
of whom erected the room containing the books,
and a vestry at the same time ; and both con-
siderably augmented the number of volumes, and
made the library what it now is.

Under the chancel of the spacious and venerable
parish church of Halifax, in Yorkshire, are some
large rooms upon a level with the lower part of
the churchyard, in one of which is contained a
good library of books. Robert Clay, D.D., vicar
of Halifax, who died April 9, 1628, was buried ia
this library, which he is said to have built.

370

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

In the Rectory House at Whitchurch, In Shrop-
shire, built by Richard Newcome, D.D., rector of
that place, and afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph,
there is a valuable library left as an heirloom by
the bequest of Jane, Countess Dowager of Bridge-
water; who, in the year 1707, having purchased
from his executors the library of the Reverend
Clement Sankey, D.D., rector of Whitchurch, for
305/., left it for ever for the use of the rectors for
the time being. The number of the volumes was
2250 : amongst which are a fine copy of Walton's
Polyglott Bible, some of the ancient Fathers, and
other valuable theological works. This collection
has been subsequently increased by a bequest
from the late Rev. Francis Henry, Earl of Bridge-
water (of eccentric memory), rector of Whitchurch,
who by his will, dated in 1825, gave the whole of
his own books in the Rectory House at Whitchurch,
to be added to the others, and left also the sum of
150?. to the rector to be invested In his name, and
the dividends thereof expended by him, together
with the money arising from the sale of his lord-
ship's wines and liquors in his cellars at Whit-
church, in the purchase of printed books for the
use of the rectors of that parish for the time being.

The same noble earl presented to the rector of
Middle, In the county of Salop, a small collection
of books towards founding a library there : and
bequeathed by his will the sum of 800?., to be ap-
plied, under the direction of the rector of Middle
for the time being, for augmenting this library.
He also left a farther sum of 150?. to be invested
in the name of the rector ; and the dividends
thereof expended by him in the purchase of books
for the continual augmentation of the library, In
the same manner as he had done at Whitchurch.

It Is to this Eai-1 of Bridgewater that we are
indebted not only for those valuable works the
Bridgewater Treatises, but also for large be-
quests of money and landed property to the trus-
tees of the British Museum, for the purchase of
manuscripts, in addition to those from his own
collection, which he had already bequeathed to the
same institution. Thos. Cokser.

Stand Rectory.

BATTLE OF VILLEKS EN COtJCHE.

(Vol. vIII., pp. 8. 127.)

I am in a position to furnish a more complete
account of this skirmish, and of the action of
April 26, in which my grandfather, General
Mansel, fell, from a copy of the Evening Mail of
May 14, 1794, now In the possession of J. C.
Mansel, Esq., of Cosgrove Hall, Northamptonshire.
Your correspondent Mr. T. C. Smith appears to
have been misinformed as to the immediate sup-
pression of the Poetical Sketches by an officer of

the Guards, as I have seen the third edition of that
work, printed In 1796.

" Particulars of the Glorious Victory obtained hy the
English Cavalry over the French under the Command
of General Chapnis, at Troisoille, on the 26th of April,
i794.

" On the 25th, according to orders received from the
Committee of Public Safety, and subsequently from
General Pichegru, General Chapuis, who commanded
the Camp of Caesar, marched from thence with his
whole force, consisting of 25,000 infantry, SOOO cavalry,
and seventy-five pieces of cannon. At Cambray he
divided them into three columns ; the one marched
by Ligny, and attacked the redoubt at Troisoille,
which was most gallantly defended by Col. Corigreve
against this column of 10,000 men. The second
column was then united, consisting of 12,000 men,
which marched on the high road as far as Beausois,
and from that village turned off to join the first column ;
and the attack recommenced against Col. Congreve's
redoubt, who kept the whole at bay. The enemy's
flank was supported by the village of Caudry, to de-
fend which they had six pieces of cannon, 2000 in-
fantry, and 500 cavalry. During this period Gen.
Otto conceived it practicable to fall on their flank
with the cavalry ; in consequence of which, Gen.
Mansel, with about 1450 men — consisting of the
Blues, 1st and 3rd Dragoon Guards, 5th Dragoon
Guards, and 1st Dragoons, 15th and 16th Dragoons,
with Gen. Dundas, and a division of Austrian cuiras-
siers, and another of Archduke Ferdinand's hussars
under Prince Swartzenburg — after several manoeuvres,
came up with the enemy in the village of Caudry,
through which they charged, putting the cavalry to
flight, and putting a number of infantry to the sword,
and taking the cannon. Gen. Chapuis, perceiving the
attack on the village of Caudry, sent down the regi-
ment of carabineers to support those troops; but the
succour came too late, and this regiment was charged
by the English light dragoons and the hussars, and
immediately gave way with some little loss. The
charge was then continued against a battery of eight
pieces of cannon behind a small ravine, which was soon
carried ; and, with equal rapidity, the heavy cavalry
rushed on to attack a battery of fourteen pieces of
cannon, placed on an eminence behind a very steep
ravine, into which many of the front ranks fell ; and
the cannon, being loaded with grape, did some execu-
tion : however, a considerable body, with Gen. Mansel •
at their head, passed the ravine, and charged the can-
non with inconceivable intrepidity, and their efforts
were crowned with the utmost success. This event
decided the day, and the remaining time was passed
in cutting down battalions, till every man and horse
was obliged to give up the pursuit from fatigue. It,
was at the mouth of this battery that the brave and ;
worthy Gen. Mansel was shot : one grape-shot enter-
ing his chin, fracturing the spine, and coming out be-
tween the shoulders ; and the other breaking his arm
tosplinters ; his horse was also killed under him, his
Brigade- Major Payne's horse shot, and his son and
aide-de-camp, Capt. Mansel, wounded and taken pri-
soner ; and it is since known that he was taken into

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIEa

ni

Arras. The French lost between 14,000 and 15,000
men killed ; we took 580 prisoners. The loss in tum-
brils and ammunition was immense, and in all fifty
pieces of cannon, of which thirty-five fell to the English;
twenty-seven to the heavy, and eight to the light
cavalry. Thus ended a day which will redound with
immortal honour to the bravery of the British cavalry,
who, assisted by a small body of Austrians, tlie whole
not amounting to 1500, gained so complete a victory
over 22,000 men in sight of their co7-ps de reserve, con-
sisting of 6000 men and twenty pieces of cannon.
Had the cavalry been more numerous, or the infantry
able to come up, it is probable few of the French
would have escaped. History does not furnish such
an example of courage.

•' The whole army lamented the loss of the brave
General, who thus gloriously terminated a long mili-
tary career, during which he had been ever honoured,
esteemed, and respected by all who knew him. It
should be some consolation to those he has left behind
him, that his reputation was as unsullied as his soul
was honest; and that he died as he lived, an example
of true courage, honour, and humility. On the 24th
General Mansel narrowly escaped being surrounded at
Villers de Couche by the enemy, owing to a mistake
of General Otto's aide-de-camp, who was sent to bring
up the heavy cavalry : in doing which he mistook the
way, and led them to the front of the enemy's cannon,
by which the 3rd Dragoon Guards suffered consider-
ably."— Extract from the Eveniyig Mail, May 14, 1794.

From the above extract, compared with the
communication of Mb. Smith (Vol. viii., p. 127.),
it appears that the 15th Light Dragoons were en-
gaged in both actions, that of Villers en Couche
on April 24, and that of Troisoille (or Cateau) on
the 26th. In the statement communicated by
Mr. Simpson (Ibid. p. 8.), there appears to be
some confusion between the particulars of the two
engagements. H. L. Mansel, B.D.

St. John's College, Oxford.

As the action at Villers en Couche has lately
been brought before your readers, allow me to
direct your correspondent to the Journals and
Correspondence of Sir Hai-ry Calvert, edited by
Sir Harry Verney, and just published by Messrs.
Hurst and Co., — a book which contains a good
deal of valuable information respecting a memor-
able campaign. Sir Harry Calvert, under the
date of the 25th of April, 1794, thus describes the
action at Villers en Couche :

" Snice Tuesday, as I foresaw was likely, we have
been a good deal on the qtd vive. On Wednesday
morning we had information tiiat the enemy had moved
in considerable force from the Camp de Cesar, and
early in the afternoon we learned that they had crossed
the Selle at Saultzoir, and pushed patrols towards
Quesnoy and Valenciennes. The Ditke [of York]
sent orders to General Otto, who had gone out to
Cambray on a reconnoitring party with light dragoons
and hussars, to get into the rear of the enemy, find out
their strength, and endeavour to cut them off. The

enemy retired to Villers en Couch^ that night, but'
occupied Saultzoir and Haussy. Otto, finding their
strength greater than he expected, about 14,000, early
in the evening sent in for a brigade of heavy cavalry
for his support, which marched first to Fontaine An-
tarque, and afterwards to St. Hilaire ; and in the
night he sent for a farther support of four battalions
and some artillery. Unfortunately he confided this
important mission to a hussar, who never delivered it,
probably having lost his way, so that, in the morning,
the general found himself under the necessity of
attacking with very inferior numbers. However, by
repeated charges of his light cavelry, he drove the
enemy back into their camp, and took three pieces of
cannon. He had, at one time, taken eight ; but the
enemy, bringing up repeated reinforcements of fresh
troops, retook five.

" Our loss I cannot yet ascertain, but I fear the 15th
Light Dragoons have suffered considerably. Two
battalions of the enemy are entirely destroyed."

The especial bravery of the troops engaged on
the 26th, which is another subject noticed by your
correspondent Bibliothecar. Chetham. prompted
the following entry on his journal by Sir Harry
Calvert :

" April 26. — The enemy made a general attack on
the camp of the allies. On their approaching the
right of the camp, the Duke of York directed a
column of heavy cavalry, consisting of the regiment
of Zedwitsch Cuirassiers, the Blues, Royals, 1st, 3rd,
and 5th Dragoon Guards, to turn the enemy, or en-
deavour to take them in flank, which service they per-
formed in a style beyond all praise, charging repeat-
edly through the enemy's column, and taking twenty-
six pieces of cannon. The light dragoons and hussars
took nine pieces on the left of the Duke's camp."

Sir Harry Verney has printed in an Appendix
his father's well-considered plans for the defence
of the country against the invasion anticipated in
1796. J. B.

ATTAINMENT OF MAJORITY.

(Vol. viii., pp. 198. 250. 296.)

The misunderstanding which has arisen between
Peoeessob De Morgan and A. E. B. has pro-
ceeded, it appears, fi-om the misapplication of the
statement of the latter's authority (Arthur Hop-
ton) to the question at issue. Where Hoptoa
says that our lawyers count their day from sunrise
to sunset, he, I am of opinion, merely refers to
certain instances, such as distress for rent:

" A man cannot distrain for rent or rent-charge in
the night (which, according to the author of The Mirror,
is alter sunset and before sunrising). " — Impey on
Distress and Replevin, p. 49.

In common law, the day is now supposed among
lawyers to be from six in the morning to seven at
night for service of notices ; in Chancery, till eight
at nijiht. And a service after such times at night

372

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

would be counted as good only for the next day.
In the case of Liffia v. Pitcher, 1 Doid. N. S.
T67., Justice Coleridge said, " I am in the habit
of giving twenty-four hours to plead when I give
one day." Thus it will be perceived that a
lawyer's day is of different lengths.

With regard to the time at which a person
arrives at majority, we have good authority in
support of PRorEssoB De Morgan's statement :

" So that full age in male or female is twenty-one
yicars, which age is completed on the day preceding
the anniversary of a person's birth, who till that time
is an infant, and so styled in law." — Blackstone's
Commentaries, vol. i. p. 463.

There is no doubt also that the law rejects
fractions of a day where it is possible :

" It is clear that the law vejecteth all fractions of
clays for the uncertainty, and commonly allows him
that hath part of the day in law to have the whole day,
unless where it, by fraction or relation, may be a pre-
judice to a third person." — Sir O. Bridgm, 1.

And in respect to the present case it is quite
c^ear. In the case of Reg. v. The Parish of St.
Maiy, Warwick, reported in the Jurist (vol. xvii.
p. 551.), Lord Campbell said:

" In some cases the Court does not regard the fraction
of a day. Where the question is on what day a person
came of age, the fraction of the day on which he was
born and on which he came of age is not considered."

And farther on he says :

" It is a general maxim that the law does not regard
the fraction of a day."

EUSSELL GOLE.

I only treat misquotation as an offence in the
old sense of the word ; and courteously, but most
positively, I deny the right of any one who quotes
to omit, or to alter emphasis, without stating what
he has done. That A. E. B. did misunderstand
me, I was justified in inferring from his implica-
tion (p. 198. col. 2.) that I made the day begin " a
minute after midnight."

Arthur Hopton, whom A. E. B. quotes against
me (but the quotation is from chapter xiv., not
xlii.), is wrong in his law. The lawyers, from
Coke down to our own time, give both days, the
natural and artificial, as legal days. See Coke
Littleton (Index, Day), the current commentators
on Blackstone, and the usual law dictionaries.

Nevertheless, this discussion will serve the
purpose. No one denies that the day of majority
now begins at midnight : no one pretends to prove,
by evidence of decisions, or opinion of writers on
law, that it began otherwise in 1600. How then
did Ben Jonson make It begin, as clearly A. E. B.
shows he does, at six o'clock (meaning probably a
certain sunrise) ? Hopton throws out the natural
day altogether In a work on chronology, and lays
down the artificial day as the only one known to

lawyers : it is not wonderful that Jonson should
have fallen into the same mistake.

A. De Morgan.

SIMILARITY OF IDEA IN ST. LUKE AND JUVENAL.

(Vol. vill., p. 195.)

I send, as a pendant to Mr. Weir's lines from
Juvenal, the following extract from Cicero :

" Sed in ea es urbe, in qua hjBC, vel plura, et ornatiora,
parietes ipsi loqui posse videantur." — C'lc. Epist., 1. vi. S.:
Torquato, Pearce's 12ino. edition.

Most, if not all, of the readers of " N. & Q." are,
I believe, pleased by having their attention drawn
to parallel passages in which a similarity of idea
or thought is found. Let us adopt for conciseness
the term "parallel passages" (frequently used in
" N. & Q."), as embracing every kind of similarity.
Contributions of such passages to " N. & Q." would
form a very interesting collection. I should be
particularly pleased by a full collection of parallel
passages from the Scriptures and ancient and mo-
dern literature, and especially Shakspeare. (See
Mr. Buckton's " Shakspearian Parallels," ante,
p. 240.)

To prevent sending passages that have been in-
serted in "N. & Q.," every note should refer to
the note immediately preceding. I send the fol-
lowing parallel passages with some hesitation, be-
cause I have not my volumes of " N. & Q." at
hand, to ascertain whether they have already ap-
peared, and because they are probably fixmillar to
your readers. I do not, however, send them as
novelties, but as a contribution to the collection
which I wish to see made :

" 'Airb 5e tov (xt] exo»''''os Kol o exf, opdricreTat ott'
avTov." — Matt. xxv. 29., Luke xix. 26.

" Nil habuit Codrus. Quis enim hoc negat ? et tamea
illud
Perdidit infelix totum nihil." — Juvenal, i. iii. 208.

The rich man says :

" 'Vuxi], <X^'^ ■JroWi aryaOa Kelfieva els err) iroWd' avo-
iravov, fpdye, irie, evcppaivov." — Luke xii. 1 9.

«'Lo, this is the man that took not God for hiss
strength : but trusted unto the multitude of his
riches." — Ps. Iii. 8.

" For he hath said in his heart. Tush, I shall never
be cast down : there shall no harm happen unto me." — •
Ps. X. 6., &c. (See Obadiah v. 3. ; " Who shall bring
me down to the ground ? ")

So NIobe boasts :

" Felix sum, quis enim hoc neget? felixqiic manebo.
Hoc quoque quis dubitet? tutam me copia fecit.
Major sura quam cui possit Fortuna nocere."

Ovid, Met.\i. 194.

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

373

" T£ 5e jBAeVeis rb Kdp<pos to iv T(j? 6<p6a>^t^^ tov aScA-
<pov aov, tV 8e €f t^J ff^ u<pOaAfJ.ifi SoKhu oh Ka-ravous."
Matt. vii. 3.

" Cum tua pervideas oculis mala lippus inunctis,
Cur in amicorum vitiis tarn cernis acutum,
Quam aut aquila, aut serpens Epidaurius ? "

Hor. Serm. i. iii. 25.

*''H vv^ irpoiKO^iv, fj 5e rifH€pa ij-yyiKtv." — liom. xiii.
12.

*' 'AAA' "iofiey ' ixd\a "yap vv^ hverat, 4yyv6t 5' i]<is."
Horn. Iliad, x, 251.

F. W. J.
Brighton.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORBESPONDENCE.

Mr. Sissoii's developing Fluid. — Since I sent
you the new formula for Mr. Sisson's positive de-
veloper, which you published in Vol. viii., p. 301.,
Mr. Sisson has written to me to say that if, in-
stead of the acetic acid, you add two drachms of
formic acid, the new agent proposed by Mr. Lyte,
you certainly obtain the sweetest-toned positives
he has ever seen. The pictures, he says, come out
very quickly with it indeed ; and with a small
lens in a sitting-room he can in about ten seconds
obtain the most wonderful detail. Every wrinkle
in the face, and ladies' lace ribbons or cap-strings,
he sayg, come out beautifully.

The formula then, as improved by Mr. Sisson,
is —

Water

_

_

- 5 oz.

Protosulphate of iron

-

-

- li drs

Nitrate of lead

.

-

- 1 dr.

Formic acid -

-

.

- 2 drs.

Perhaps you will give your readers the benefit
of it in your next Number. Having tried it my-
self, I think they will be delighted with the beau-
tiful white silvery tone, without any metallic re-
flection, produced in pictures developed with it.

J. Leachman.

20. Compton Terrace, Islington.

Dr. Diamond's Process for Alhumenized Paper.
— Photographers are under many obligations to
Dr. Diamond, particularly for the valuable in-
formation communicated through " N. & Q.," and
his obligingness in answering inquiries. I make
no doubt he will readily reply to the following
questions, suggested by his late letter on the pro-
cess for printing on albumenized paper.

Will the solution of forty grains of common salt
and forty grains of mur. amm., without the albumen,
be found to answer for ordinary positive paper
(say Canson's, Turner's, or Whatman's) ? and, in
that case, may it be applied with a brush ?

Will the forty-grain solution of nit. sil. (with-
out amm.) answer for paper so prepared? and
may this also be applied with a brush ?

Should the positives be printed out very
strongly ? and how long should they remain in
the saturated bath of hypo. ?

Is not the use of sel d'or subject to the objec-
tion that the pictures with which it is used are
liable to fade in time ?

Dr. Diamond says that pictures produced by
the use of amm. nit. of silver are not to be de-
pended on for permanency. If this be so, it is
very important it should be known, as the use of
amm. nit. is at present generally recommended
and adopted. C. E, F.

Mr. Lyte's New Process. — Although I presume
it is none of your affair what is said or done in
" another place," will you kindly ask Mr. Lytb
for me, if he will be so good as to explain the
discrepancy which appears between his "new
processes," as given in the Journal of the Photo-
graphic Society of Sept. 21, and " N. & Q." of
Sept. 10? In the former he says, for sensitizing,
take (amongst other things) iodide of ammonia
60 grains : in " N. & Q.," on the contrary, what
would seem to be the same receipt, or intended as
the same, gives the quantity of this salt one fourth
less, 45 grains — a vast difference. Again, in
the developing solution the quantity of formic
acid is double in your paper what it is in the
journal.

I should not have trespassed on your space, but
would have written to Mr. Lyte directly, except
from the fear that some other unfortunate prac-
titioner may have stumbled over the same impedi-
ment as I have done, and may not have had
courage to make the inquiry, S. B.

[Having forwarded this communication to Ma.
Lyte, we have received from that gentleman the fol-
lowing explanations of his process, &C.3

The process which was published in the Photo-
graphic Journal was, I am sorry to say, not quite
correct in its proportions, on account of a mistake
in inclosing the wrong letter to the Editor ; but
the mistake will, I trust, be rectified by another
communication which I have now sent.

The whole of the formulse, however, as given in
" N. & Q.," are quite correct.

Let me now, however, trespass on your pages
by a few more answers to several other Querists,
and which at the same time may be acceptable to
some of your readers.

1. The developing agents which are made with
iron are very applicable as baths to immerse the
plate in ; and the formic acid, from its powerful
deoxidizing property, renders the iron salt more
stable during long use and exposure to the air.

2. In coating paper with albumen, if the upper
edge of the paper be sufficiently turned back, and
the paper be forced down sufficiently on to the
surface of the albumen, no bubbles will form ; and

374

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 207.

the operator will not be troubled with the streaks
so often complained of.

3. No time can possibly be fixed for the expo-
sure of the positive to the action of the hypo. ; and
to produce the best effects, the positive must be
continually watched, both while printing and
while in the hypo.

4. No hot iron should be applied to the positive
after being printed, but the picture should be al-
lowed to dry spontaneously.

5. The developing agent with the pyrogallic
and formic acids will keep good a very long time,
longer, I think, than that in which acetic acid is
used, but cannot be used as a dipping bath.

6. I find the formic acid which I obtain from
different chemists rather vai'Iable In its strength.
What I use Is rather below the average strength,
so that In general about six drachms of the com-
mercial acid win suffice where I use one ounce ;
but the excess seems to produce no bad result.

7. A great advantage of the pyrogallic deve-
loper which I recommend, is that of its being able
to be diluted to almost any extent, with no other
result than simply making the development slower.
Another point is also worthy of notice, viz. a
method by which even a very weak positive on
glass may be converted into a very strong negative.

I take a saturated solution of bichloride of
mercury in hydrochloric acid, and add of this one
to six parts of water. This I pour over the col-
lodion plate, and watch it till the whitening pro-
cess Is quite complete. Having well washed the
surface with water, I pour over It a solution of
iodide of potassium, very weak, not more than
two or throe grains to the ounce of water. The
effect of this Is to turn the white parts to a bril-
liant yellow, quite impervious to actinic rays.
This process is only applicable to weak negative
or Instantaneous pictures, as, if used on a picture
of much intensity, the opacity produced is too
great. By using, however, instead of the iodide
of potassium, a weak solution of ammonia, as re-
commended by Mr. Hunt, a less degree of intensity
may be produced ; again a less intensity by hypo-
sulphate of soda ; and a less degree again, but still
a slight darkening, by pouring on the bichloride,
and pouring It off at once, before the whitening
commences. I thus can tell the exact degree of
negative effect in any picture of whatever intensity.
The terchlorlde of gold is most uncertain in its
results, at any rate I find it so.

I must again beg you to excuse the great length
of my communication, and hope it will be of ser-
vice to my fellow photographers.

F. Maxwell Ltte.

Florian, Torquay.

Derivation of the Word "Island" (Vol. viii.,
p. 49.). — I have received through the kindness of
Hensleigh Wedgwood, Esq., a copy of the Philo-
logical Journal for Feb. 21, 1851, in which my late
observations on the etymology of the word island
are shown to be almost Identical with his own,
published more than two years ago, even the
minutest particulars. His own surprise on seeing
my remarks must have been at least as great as
my own, on learning how singularly I had been
anticipated ; and those of your readers who will
refer to the number of the journal In question, will
be doubtless as much surprised as either of us.

This coincidence suggests two things : first, the
truth of the etymology in question ; secondly, the
excellency of that spirit which (as In this Instance)
" thinketh no evil ; " and, in so close a resemblance
of ideas as that before us, rather than at once start
a charge of plagiarism, will believe that it is pos-
sible for two persons, with similar habits of thought,
to arrive at the same end, and that, too, by singu-
larly identical means, when engaged on one and
the same subject. H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

" Pcetus and Arria " (Vol. viii., p. 219.). — As I
have not observed a reply to the Query respect-
ing the author of Pcetus and Arria, a tragedy, I
beg to state that the work was not written by a
gentleman of the University of Cambridge, but
by Mr. Nicholson, son of Mr. Nicholson, a well-
known and highly respectable bookseller In Cam-
bridge, in the early part of the present century.
The young man, who, besides being unfailing In
his attention to business, had a literary turn, and
was attached to the fine arts, died In the prime of
life. After his death, the poor father, with tears
in his eyes, presented me with a copy of the
tragedy. I am glad to record this testimony to
the character of persons well known to me during
several years. Vldprvs Ultards.

''That SwinncT/" (Vol. viii., p. 2 1 3.). — I am
well pleased with the manner in which T. S. J.
has unearthed " that Swinney," if indeed, as is
very probable, Sidney Swinney really was the
man who interfered with the gi-eat unknown. It
may not be Impertinent to state that Sidney
Swinney, who was of Clare Hall, Cambridge, be-
came B.A. in 1744, M.A. in 1749, and D.D.
{per saltum) in 1763. It may also be worth noting
that a George Swinney, of the same college, be-
came B.A. In 1767, and M.A. in 1770. This
Oeorge Swinney nunj have been Sidney Swinney's
son, or his near relation ; and may have been the
man who went to Lord G. Sackville in July, 1769 ;
but I think this not likely. I will only observe
farther that, In the "GraduatI Cantabriglenses,"

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

375

the names are spelled Swiney ; but changes of this
kind, by the parties themselves, are by no means
uncommon.

The question, whether Swinney had ever before
spoken to Lord G. Sackville, remains unanswered,
although Junius most probably made a mistake in
that matter. Valentine Weston.

The Six Gates of Troy (Vol. viii., p. 288.).—
The passage of Dares relative to the gates of
Troy describes the deeds of Priam on succeeding
to the throne :

" Priamus ut Ilium venit, minime moram fecit, am-
pliora mcenia exstruxit, et civitatem munitissimam red-
didit ...... Regiam quoque a;dificavit, et ibi Jovi

Statori aram consecravit. Hectorem in Paeoniam misit,
Ilio portas fecit, quarum hxe sunt nomina : Antenorea,
Dardania, Ilia, Scaea, Thymbrsea, Trojana. Deinde,
postquam Ilium stabilitura vidit, tempus expectavit." —
Chap. 4.

It will be observed that these six names corre-
spond with the six names in Shakspeare, except
that Shakspeare, following some ignorant tran-
scriber, substitutes Chetas for Soman.

The work, consisting of forty-four short chap-
ters, which has come down to us under the title of
De JExcidio Troja Historia, by Dares Phrygius,
is a pseudonymous production, which cannot be
placed earlier than the fifth or sixth century.
See the preface to the edition of Dederick, Bonnse,
1835 ; or the article "Dares," by Dr. Schmitz, in
Dr. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Bio-
graphy. Other writers spoke of four gates of
Troy. (See Heyne, Exc. xiv. ad ^n. ii.) L.

Milton's Widow (Vol. vli., p. 596. ; Vol. viii.,
pp. 12. 134. 200.). — Having noticed several
Queries and Replies in your pages concerning the
family of the poet Milton's third wife, I beg to
give the following extracts from a pamphlet printed
by Pullan of Chester so recently as 1851, entitled
Historical Facts connected iviih Nantwich and its
Neighbou7'hood :

" In tbat same year (1662), Milton was received at
Stoke Hall as the kushand of Elizabeth MinshuU, the
grand-davghter of Geoffrey MinshuU." — P. 50. " Not far
from the Hall, where Milton was once a welcome visitor,
stands the Yew Tree House."

There can be little doubt the author of the
pamphlet referred to derived the information on
which those statements were made from an au-
thentic source ; and if so, it seems pretty clear, the
Elizabeth MinshuU whom Milton married was
grand-daughter of Geoffrey MinshuU of Stoke Hall.

T. P. L.

Manchester,

Boom (Vol.vii., p. 620. ; Vol. viii., p. 183.).—
The Bittern is not an uncommon bird in some
parts of Wales, where it is very expressively called

Aderyn-y-Bwn (the Boom-bird), or Bwmp-y-Gors
(Boom of the Fen) : the w is pronounced as
double o. W. R. D. S.

'■'■ NuggeV not an American Term (Vol. vii.
passim). — It is a mistake in your correspondent
to suppose that the word " nugget " was used in
California by American " diggers " to denominate
a lump of gold. That word was never heard of
in this country until after the discoveries in Aus-
tralia. It is not used now in California ; " lump "
is the proper term ; and when a miner accumulates
a quantity, he boasts of his " pile," or rejoices in
the possession of a " pocket full of rocks." 2121.
Philadelphia,

Soke Mill (Vol. viii., p. 272.). — Suit is not
now enforced to the King's Mills in the manor of
Wrexham, in the county of Denbigh, but the
lessee of the manorial rights of the crown receives
a payment at the rate of threepence per bushel
for all the malt ground in hand-mills within the
limits of the manor. Taffy.

Binometrical Verse (Vol. viii., p. 292.). — This
verse appeared in the Athenceum (Sept. 2, 1848,
No. 1088, p. 883.), given by one correspondent as
having been previously forwarded by another ;
but it does not appear to have been previously
published. M.

Watch-paper Inscription (Vol. viii., p. 316.). —
Twenty-five years ago this inscription was set to
music, and was popular in private circles. The
melody was moderately good, and the " monitory
pulse-like beating " of course was acted, perhaps
over-acted, in the accompaniment. I am not
sure it was printed, but the fingers of young ladies
produced a great many copies. Your corre-
spondent's version is quite accurate, and I think
he must have heard it sung, as well as read it.
Segnius irritant, &c. is not true of what is read as
opposed to what is heard with music. M,

Dotinchem (Vol, viii,, p, 151.), — Dotinchem
appears to be the place which is called Deutichem
in the map of the Netherlands and Belgium, pub-
lished by the Useful Knowledge Society in 1843,
and Deutekom in the map of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, published by the same society in
1830, Moreri spells the name Dotechem, Dote-
kom, and Dotekum. It is situated on the Yssel,
south-east of Doesburg, B. J.

Reversible Names and Words (Vol. viii., p. 244.),
— I cannot call to mind any such propria mascula :
but I think I can cast a doubt on your corre-
spondent's crotchet. Surely our civic authorities
(not even excepting the Mayor) are veritable
males, though sometimes deserving the sobriquet
of " old women." Surveyors, builders, carpenters,

376

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

and bricklayers are the only persons who use the
level. On board ship, it is the males who profes-
sionally attend at the poop. Our foreign-looking
friend rotator, at once suggestive of certain cele-
brated personages in the lower house, is by ter-
mination masculine ; and such members, in times
of political probation, never fail to show them-
selves evitative rather than plucky.

But some words are reversible in sense as well
as in orthography. If a man draw "on" me, I
should be to blame if at least I did not ward " off"
the blow. Whom should we repel sooner than
the leper? Who will live hereafter, if he be a
doer of evil? We should always seek to deliver
him who is being reviled. Even Shakspeare was
aware of the fact, that it is a God who breeds
magots in a dead dog^m^Q Hamlet). " Cum mul-
tis aliis." The art of composing palindromes is
one, at least, as instructive as, and closely allied
to, that of c?e-ciphering. If any one calls the com-
positions in question " trash," I cannot better an-
swer than in palindrome. Trash ? even interpret
Nineveh's art! for the deciphering of the cuneiform
character is both a respectable and a useful exer-
cise of ingenuity. The English language, how-
ever, is not susceptible of any great amount of
palindromic compositions. The Latin is, of all,
the best adapted for that fancy. I append an in-
scription for a hospital, which is a paraphrase of a
verse in the Psalms :

" Acide me malo, sed non desola me, medica."

I doubt whether such compositions should ever
be characterised by the term sotadic. Sotadic
verses were, I believe, restricted to indecent love-
songs. C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Detached Church Towers (Vol. vii. passim ;
Vol. viii., p. 63.). — At Morpeth, in Northumber-
land, the old parish church stands on an eminence
at the distance of a mile from the town. In the
market-place is a square clock tower, the bells in
■which are used for ordinary parochial purposes.

At KIrkoswald, in Cumberland, where the
church stands low, the belfry has been erected on
an adjoining hill. E. H. A.

Bishop Ferrar (Vol. viii., p. 103.). — Bishop
Ferrar, martyred in Queen Mary's reign, was not
of the same family with the Ferrers, Earl of
Derby and Nottingham. Was your correspon-
dent led to think so from the fact of the martyr
having been originally a bishop of the Isle of Man ?
A Lineal Descendant of the Maetye.

Cambridge.

" They shot him by the nine stone rig" (Vol. viii.,
p. 78.). — This fragmentary ballad is to be found
in the Border Minstrelsy. It was contributed by
K. Surtees of l^Iainsforth, co. Durham, and de-

scribed by him as having been taken down from
the recitation of Anne Douglas, an old woman
who weeded in his garden. It is however most
likely that it is altogether factitious, and Mr.
Surtees' own production, Anne Douglas being a
pure invention.

The ballad called " The Fray of Haltwhistle,"
a portion of which, " How the Thirlwalls and the
Ridleys a'," &c., is interwoven with the text in
the first canto of Marmion, is generally understood
to have been composed by Mr. Surtees. He,
however, succeeded in palming it upon Scott as a
genuine old ballad ; and states that he had it from
the recitation of an ancient dame, mother of one
of the miners of Alston Moor. Scott's taste for
old legends and ballads was certainly not too dis-
criminating, or he would never have swallowed
" The Fray of Haltwhistle." Perhaps he suspected
its authenticity, for he says of it :

" Scantily Lord Marmion's ear could brook
The harper's barbarous lay."

T. D. KiDLEV.

Punning Devices (Vol. viii., p. 270.). — In the
4tli volume of Surtees' History of Durham^ p. 48.,
there is an account of the Orchard Chamber in
Sledwish Hall :

" In the centre is a shield of the arms of Clopton ;
being two coats quarterly, a lion rampant and a cross
pattee Jitchee ; over all, a crescent for difference.* On
two other shields, impressed from one mould, are the
initials E. C, the date 1584, and a tun with a rose
clapt o«."f

Old Geumbleum.

Ashman's Park — Wingjield s Portrait (Vol. viii.,
p. 299.). — Could any correspondent in Suffolk
inform me if Ashman's Park has been sold ; and
if the pictures are anywhere to be found, espe-
cially that of Sir Anthony Win^field ? The com-
munication of H. C. K. relative to the above
subject is very interesting. Q.

" Crowns have their compass^' 8fC. (Vol. iv.,
p. 428.). — In the well-known lines attributed to
Shakspeare, and quoted in the above volume, the
third stands thus :
" Of more than earth can earth make none partaker."

I find that Quarles has borrowed this in his
Emblems, book i. Emblem vi. :
" Of more than earth can earth make none possest."

Henry H. Breen.
St. Lucia.

* This note says the arms are reversed, being im-
pressed from a mould.

f " The crest of Clopton is a falcon clapping his
wings, and rising from a tun ; and I verily believe the
rose clapt on to be the miserable quibble intended."

Oct. 15. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

377

Ampers ^ (Vol. ii., pp. 230. 284.; Vol.vili.,
pp. 173. 223. 254.). — Allow me to thank both $.
and Mr. Henry Walter for their replies to my
Query ; but I am unhappily no wiser than Mr.
Lower was after *.'s first response. What on
earth " et-per-se" or " and-per-se-and" can mean,
I am at a loss to imagine. Why should et be
called "e^ by itself?" Until this Query is an-
swered, I am as much in the dark as ever. While
I am upon the matter, I would farther ask this
mysterious Ampers and, "who gave thee that
name?" May it find a proxy to answer for^it !

C. Mansfield Ingleby,

Birmingham,

The origin of this expression is explained in
Vol. ii., p. 318. With regard to the orthography of
the word, it seems to me that, if the etymon be
followed, it ought to be written and-per-se-and ;
if the pronunciation, ampussy and. L .

Throwing Old Shoes for Luck (Vol. vii., p.411.).
— There is an old rhyme still extant^ which gives
an early date to this singular custom :

" When Britons bold,

Wedded of old,
Sandals were backward thrown,

The pair to tell,

That, ill or well,
The act was all their own."

An octogenarian of my acquaintance informs
me that he heard himself thus anathematised when,
leaving his native village with his bride, he re-
fused to comply with the extortionate demands of
an Irish beggar :

" Then it's bad luck goes wld yer,
For my shoe I toss,
An ye niver come back,
"Twill be no great loss."

Charles Reed.

Ennui (Vol. vii., p. 478.). — It is a curious fact
that in English, properly so called, we have no
word to express this certainly un-English sensa-
tion, which we are obliged to borrow from our
friends across the channel. They repay themselves
with " comfortable," which is quite as character-
istically wanting in their vocabulary : so they
lose nothing by the exchange. Were we disposed
to supply the gaps in our language, by using our
own native words (which is much to be desired),
we might find a sufficient (and I believe the only)
synonyme in the Bedfordshire folk-word unhed:
at any rate, it is near enough for us, for we neither
require the word nor the feeling it is meant to
designate. E. S. Taylor.

iflUi^CfllaiicoitiS.
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RhV. E. IuVING's OllATIONS ON DEATH, JUDGMENT, HeAVEN,

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Maush's History of Hursley and Baddesley. About 1805.

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The Builder, No. 520.

Oswalli Ckollii Opera. 12mo. Geneva, 1635.
Gaffarell's Unheard-of Curiosities. Translated by Chelraead.

London. 12mo. 1650.

pamphlets.
Junius Discovered. By P. T. Published about 1789.
Reasons for rejecting the Evidence of Mr. Almon, &c. 1807.
Another Guess at Junius. Hookham. 1809.
The Author of Junius Discovered. Longmans. 1821.
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Some New Facts, &c., by Sir F. Dwarris. 1850.
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NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

J. R. (Bangor), who inquires respecting Vox Populi Vox Dei,
is informed thai the proverb is found in William of Malinesbury ;
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:n^otes and queries.

379

TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

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380

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 207.

ARCH JEOXiOSIC All ^iVORKS

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CONTENTS.
Notes : — Page

A Propiiet -381

Folk Lorr: — Folk Lore in Cambridgeshire — New
Brunswick Folk I-ore — North Lincolnshire Folk
Lore — Portuguese Folk Lore - - - - 382

Pope and Cowper, by J. Yeowell - - - - 383

Sbakspeare Correspondence, by Patrick Muirson, &-c. - 383

Minor Notes : — Judicial Families — Derivation of
"Topsy Turvy" — Dictionaries and Encyclopasdias —
" Marv, weep no more for me " — Epitaph at Wood
Dittoii — Pictorial Pun - - - - - 384

•QnERiES : —

Sir Thomas Button's Voyage, 1G12, by John Petheram 385

Minor Queries : —The Words " Cash " and '■ Mob "

"Hist 'ry of Jesus Christ "—Quantity of the Latin

Termination -anus — Webb and Walker Families —
Cawdrey's " Treasure of Similes " — Point of Etiqviette

Napoleon's Spelling — Trench on Proverbs— Kings

formerly worn by Ecclesiastics — Butler's "Lives of
the Saints " — Marriage of Cousins— Castle Thorpe,
Bucks — Where was Edward 1 1, killed ? — Encore —
Amcotts' Pedigree — Blue Bell: Blue Anchor —
" We've parted for the longest time " — Matthew

'Lewis Paradise Lost— Colonel Hyde Seymour —

A^ault at Richmond, Yorksiiire — Poems published at
Manchester — Handel's Dettingen Te Deum —
Edmund Spenser and Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. - - 386

Minor Queries with Answers : — The Ligurian Sage

— Gresebrok in Yorkshire — Stillingfleet's Library —
The whole System of Law — Saint Malachy on the
Popes Work on the Human Figure . - - 389

vSeplies: —

" Namby Pamby," and other Words of the same Form 390

F.arl of Oxford - - - - - - 392

Picts' Houses ...-•- 392

Pronunciation of " Humble " - - - - 393

School Libraries ------ 395

Jhotographic Correspondence :—Albumenized Paper

— Cement for Glass Baths— New Process for Positive
Proofs 395

Replies to Minor Queries: — The Groaning Elm-
plank in Dublin — Passage in Whiston — " When
Orpheus went down" — Foreign Medical Education
— "Short red, good red " — Collar of S3 — Who first
thought of Table-turning— Passage of Thucydides on
the Greek Factions — Origin of " Clipper " as applied
to Vessels — Passage in Tennyson — Huet's Naviga-
tions of Solomon — Sincere— "The Saltpetre Man —
Major Andrfe — Longevity — Passage in Virgil — Love
"Charm from a Foal's Forehead — Wardhonse, where
was ? — Divining llod — Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle —
Pagoda 397

Miscellaneous : —

Books and Odd Volumes wanted -
Notices to Correspondents
Jidvertisements . . . -

- 401

- 401

- 402

Toi.. VIU. — No. 208.

i^attS,

A PROPHET.

What a curious book would be " Our Prophets
and Enthusiasts ! " The literary and biographical
records of the vaticinators, and the heated spirits
who, after working upon the fears of the timid,
and exciting the imaginations of the weak, have
flitted into oblivion! As a specimen of the odd
characters such a work would embrace, allow me
to introduce to your readers Thomas Newans, a
Shropshire farmer, who unhappily took it into his
head that his visit to the lower sphere was on a
special mission.

Mr. Newans is the author of a book entitled
A Key to the Prophecies of the Old and Neio
Testament ; showing (among other impending
events) "The approaching Invasion of England ;"
" The Extirpation of Popery and Mahometisme ;"
" The Restoration of the Jews," and " The Mil-
lennium." London : printed for the Author (who
attests the genuineness of my copy by his signa-
ture), 1747.

In this misfitted key he relates how, in a vision,
he was invested with the prophetic mantle :

" In the year 1723, in the night," says Mr. Newans,
" I fell into a dream, and seemed to be riding on the
road into the county of Cheshire, When I was got
about eight miles from home, my horse made a stop on
the road ; and it seemed a dark night, and on a sudden
there shone a light before me on the ground, which
was as bright as when the sun shines at noon-day. In
the middle of that bright circle stood a child in white.
It spoke, and told me that I must go into Cheshire,
and I should find a man with uncommon marks upon
his feet, which should be a warning to me to believe ;
and that the year after I should have a cow that would
calve a calf with his heart growing out of his body in
a wonderful manner, as a token of what should come
to pass ; and that a terrible war would break out in
Europe, and in fourteen years after the token it would
extend to England."

In compliance with his supernatural communi-
cation, our farmer proceeded to Cheshire, where
he found the man indicated ; and, a year after, his
own farm stock was increased by the birth of a
calf with his heart growing out. And after taking
his family, of seven, to witness to the truth of

382

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 208.

■what he describes, he adds with great simplicity :
" So then I rode to London to acquaint the
ministers of state of the approaching danger ! "

This story of the calf with the heart growing
out, is not a bad type of the worthy grazier him-
self, and his hearty and burning zeal for the
Protestant faith. Mr. Newans distinctly and re-
peatedly predicts that these " two beastly reli-
gions," i. e. the Popish and Mahomedan, will be
totally extirpated within seven years ! And " I
have," says he, " for almost twenty years past,
travelled to London and back again into the
country, near fifty journies, and every journey
was two hundred and fifty miles, to acquaint the
ministers of state and several of the bishops, and
other divines, with the certainty, danger, and
manner of the war" which was to bring this about.
Commenting on the story of Balaam, our prophet
says : " And now the world is grown so full of sin
and wickedness, that if a dumb ass should speak
with a man's voice, they would scarce repent : "
and I conclude that the said statesmen and divines
did not estimate these prophetic warnings much
higher than the brayings of that quadruped which
they turned out to be. Mr. Newan professes to
have penned these vaticinations in the year 1 744,
twenty-one years after the date of his vision ; so
that he had ample time to mature them. What
would the farmer say were he favoured with a
peep at our world in 1853, with its Mussulman
system unbroken ; and its cardinal, archbishops,
and Popish bishops firmly established in the very
heart of Protestant England ? J. O.

FOLK LOBE.

Folk Lore in Cambridgeshire . — About twenty
years ago, at Hildersham, there was a custom of
ringing the church bell at five o'clock in the
leasing season. The cottagers then repaired to
the fields to glean ; but none went out before the
bell was rung. The bell tolled again in the
evening as a signal for all to return home. I
would add a Query, Is this custom continued ;
and is it to be met with in any other place ?

F. M. MiDDLETON.

New Brunswick Folk Lore : — Common Notions
respecting Teeth. — Among the lower orders and
negroes, and also among young children of re-
spectable parents (who have probably derived the
notion from contact with the others as nurses or
servants), it is here very commonly held that
when a tooth is drawn, if you refrain from thrust-
ing the tongue in the cavity, the second tooth
WL& be golden. Does this idea prevail in England ?

Superstition respecting Bridges. — ]\Iany years
ago my grandfather had quite a household of
blacks, some of whom were slaves and some free.

Being bred in his family, a large portion of my
early days was thus passed among them, and I
have often reverted to the weird superstitions
with which they froze themselves and alarmed
me. Most of these had allusion to the devil :
scarcely one of them that I now recollect but
referred to him. Among others they firmly held
that when the clock struck twelve at midnight, the
devil and a select company of his inferiors regu-
larly camQ upon that part of the bridge called
" the draw," and danced a hornpipe there. So
firmly did they hold to this belief, that no threat
nor persuasion could induce the stoutest-hearted
of them to cross the fatal draw after ten o'clock at
night. This belief is quite contrary to that which
prevails in Scotland, according to which, Robin
Burns being my authorit)'^, " neither witches nor
any evil spirits have power to follow a poor wight
any farther than the middle of the next running
stream."* C. D, D.

New Brunswick, New Jersey.

North Lincolnshire Folk Lore. — Here follow
some shreds of folk lore which I have not seen as
yet in " N. & Q." They all belong to ISTorth
Lincolnshire.

1. Death sign. If a swarm of bees alight on a
dead tree, or on the dead bough of a living tree,
there will be a death in the family of the owner
during the year.

2. If you do not throw salt into the fire before
you begin to churn, the butter will not come.

3. If eggs are brought over running water they
will have no chicks in them.

4. It is unlucky to bring eggs into the house
after sunset.

5. If you wear a snake's skin round your head
you will never have the headache.

6. Persons called Agnes always go mad.

7. A person who is born on Christmas Day will
be able to see spirits.

8. Never burn egg-shells ; if you do, the hens
cease to lay.

9. If a pigeon is seen sitting in a tree, or comes
into the house, or from being wild suddenly be-
comes tame, it is a sign of death.

10. When you see a magpie you should cross
yourself; if you do not you will be unlucky.

Edward Peacock.
Bottesford Moors.

Portuguese Folk Lore. —

" The borderer whispered in my ear that he was one
of the dreadful Lobishomens, a devoted race, held in
mingled horror and commiseration, and never mentioned

* " Now, do thy speedy utmost, Meg,
And win the key-stane of the brig :
There at them thou thy tail may toss,
A running stream they dare na crass."

Tarn O' Shunter.

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

383

without emotiorr by the Portuguese peasantry. They
believe that if a woman be delivered of seven male
infants successively, the seventh, by an inexplicable
fatality, becomes subject to the powers of darkness ;
and is compelled, on every Saturday evening, to
assume the likeness of an ass. So changed, and fol-
lowed by a horrid train of dogs, he is forced to run an
impious race over the moors and tlirough the villages ;
nor is allowed an interval of rest until the dawning
Sabbath terminates his sufferings, and restores him to
his human shape." — From Lord Carnarvon's Portugal
and Gallicia, vol. ii, p. 268.

E. H. A.

POPE AND COWPEB.

In Cowper's letter to Lady Hesketh, dated
January 18, 1787, oceurs a notice for the first
time of Mr. Samuel Rose, with whom Cowper sub-
sequently corresponded. He informs Lady Hes-
keth that —

" A young gentleman called here yesterday, who
came six miles out of his way to see me. He was on
a journey to London from Glasgow, having, just left
the University there. He came, I suppose, partly to
satisfy his own curiosity, but chiefly, as it seemed, to
bring me the thanks of some of the Scotch professors
for my two volumes. His name is Rose, an English-
man."

Prefixed to a copy of Hayley's Life and Letters
of William Cowper, Esq., in the British Museum,
is an extract in MS. of a letter from the late
Samuel Rose, Esq., to his favourite sister, Miss
Harriet Rose, written in the year before his mar-
riage, at the age of twenty-two, and which, I be-
lieve, has never been printed. It may, perhaps,
merit a corner of " N. & Q."

•'Weston Lodge, Sept. 9, 1789.

" Last week Mr. Cowper finished the Odyssey, and
we drank an unreluctant bumper to its success. The
labour of translation is now at an end, and the less
arduous work of revision remains to be done, and then
we shall see it published. I promise both you and
myself much pleasure from its perusal. You will
most probably find it at first less pleasing than Pope's
versification, owing to the difference subsisting between
blank verse and rhyme — a difference which is not
sufficiently attended to, and whereby people are led
into injudicious comparisons. You will find Mr.
Pope more refined: Mr. Cowper more simple, grand,
and majestic ; and, indeed, insomuch as Mr. Pope is
more refined than Mr. Cowper, he is more refined than
bis original, and in the same proportion departs from
Homer himself. Pope's .must universally be allowed
to be a beautiful poem : Mr. Cowper's will be found a
striking and a faithful portrait, and a pleasing picture
to those who enjoy his style of colouring, which I am
apprehensive is not so generally acceptable as the other
master's. Pope possesses the gentle and amiable graces
of a Guido : Cowper is endowed with the bold sub-
lime genius of a Raphael. After having said so much

upon their comparative merits, enough, I hope, to re-
fute your second assertion, which was, that women, in
the opinion of men, have little to do with literature.
I may inform you, that the Iliad is to be dedicated to
Earl Cowper, and the Odyssey to the Dowager Lady
Spencer ; but this information need not be extensively
circulated."

J. Yeoweuu
50. Burton Street.

suaespeabe correspondence.

" As You Like It.''' — Believing that whatever
illustrates, even to a trifling extent, the great
dramatic poet of England will interest the readers
of " N. & Q.," I solicit their attention to the re-
semblance between the two following passages :

" All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players."

" Si recte aspicias, vita hcec est fabula qiccedam.
Scena autem, mundus versatilis : histrio et actor
Quilibet est hominum — mortaks nam propria cuncti
Sunt personati, et falsa sub imagine, vulgi
Praestringunt oculos: ita JDiis, risumque jocumque,
Slultitiis, nuffisqwe suis per sacula prcebent.

" Jam mala quse humanum patitur genus, adnumerabo.
Principid postquam e latebris male olentibus alvi
Eductus tandem est, materno sanguine foedus,
Vagit, et auspicio lacrymarum nascitur infans, ,

" Vix natus jam vincla subit, tenerosque coercet
Fascia longa artus : praesagia dira futuri
Servitii. . . . . .

" Post ubi jam valido se poplite sustinet, et jam
Rite loqui didicit, tunc servire incipit, atque
Jussa pati, sentitque minas ictusque magistri,
Saspe patris matrisque manu fratrisque frequenter
Pulsatur : facient quid vitricus atque noverca ?
Fit juvenis, crescunt vires : jam spernit habenas,
Occluditque aures monitis, furere incipit, ardens
Luxuria atque ira : et temerarius omnia nuUo
Consilio aggreditur, dictis melioribus obstat,
Deteriora fovens : non uUa pericula curat,
Dummodo id efiSciat, suadet quod cceca libido.

" Suceedit gravior, melior, prudentior cetas,
Cumque ipsa curae adveniunt, durique labores ;
Tunc homo mille modis, studioque enititur omni
Rem facere, et nunquam sibi multa negotia desunt.
Nunc peregre it, nunc ille domi, nunc rure laborat,
Ut sese, uxorem, natos, famulosque gubernet,
Ac servet, solus pro cunctis sollicitus, nee
Jucundis fruitur dapibus, nee nocte quietS.
Ambitio hunc etiam impellens, ad puhlica mittit
Mania : dumque inhiat vano male sanus lionori,
Invidise 'atque odii patitur mala plurima: deinceps
Obrepit canis rugosa senecta capillis,
Secum multa trahens incommoda corporis atque
Mentis : nam vires abeant, speciesque colorque.
Nee non deficiunt sensus : audire, videre

384

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 208.

Languesctint, gustusque minor fit : denique semper
Aut hoc, aut illo morbo vexantur — inermi
Manduntur vix ore cihi, vix crura bacillo
Sustentata meant : animus quoque vulnera sentit.
Desipit, et longo torpet confectus ab avo."
It would have only occupied your space need-
lessly, to have transcribed at length the celebrated
description of the seven ages of human life from
Shakspeare's As You Like It; but I would solicit
the attention of your readers to the Latin verses,
and then to the question, Whether either poet has
borrowed from the other ? and, should this be de-
cided affirmatively, tlie farther question would arise,
Which is the original ? Arterus.

Dublin.

[These lines look like a modern paraphrase of Shak-
speare ; and our Correspondent has not informed us
from what book he has transcribed them. — Ed.]

Passage in '■'■King John^' and " Borneo and Juliet^
— I am neither a commentator nor a reader of
commentators on Shakspeare. AVhen I meet with a
difficulty, I get over it as well as I can, and think
no more of the matter. Having, however, acci-
dentally seen two passages of Shakspeare much
ventilated in "N. & Q.," I venture to give my
poor conjectures respecting them.

1, Kii\g John. —

" It lies as sightly on the back of him.
As great Alcides' shows upon an ass."

I consider shows to be the true reading ; the re-
ference being to the ancient myste7-ies, called also
^hows. The machinery required for the celebra-
tion of the mysteries was carried by asses. Hence
the proverb : " Asinus portat mysterijc." The
■connexion of Hercules — "great Alcides" — with
the mysteries, may be learned from Aristophanes
and many other ancient writers. And thus the
meaning of the passage seems to be : The lion's
skin, which once belonged to Richard of the Lion
Heart, is as sightly on the back of Austria, as
were the mysteries of Hercules upon an ass.

2. JRomeo and Jidiet. —

" That runaways eyes may wink."

Here I would retain the reading, and interpret
runaways as signifying " persons going about on
the watch." Perhaps runagates, according to
modern usage, would come nearer to the proposed
signification, but not to be quite up with it. Many
words in Shakspeare have significations very re-
mote from those which they now bear.

Patrick Muirson.

Shakspeare and the Bible. — Has it ever been
noticed that the following passage from the Second
Part of Henry IV., Act I. Sc. 3., is taken from the
fourteenth chapter of St. Luke's Gospel ?

" What do we then, but draw anew the model
In fewer offices ; or, at least, desist

To build at all ? Much more, in this great work,

(Which is almost to pluck a kingdom down,

And set another up) should we survey

The plot, the situation, and the model ;

Consult upon a sure foundation,

Question surveyors, know our own estate,

How able such a work to undergo.

A careful leader sums what force he brings

To weigh against his opposite ; or else

We fortify on paper, and in figures.

Using the names of men, instead of men :

Like one that draws the model of a house

Beyond his power to build it."

The passage in St. Luke is as follows (xiv.
28-31.):

" For which of you, intending to build a tower, sit-
teth not down first, and counteth the cost, whether he
have sufficient to finish it ?

" Lest haply, after he hath laid the foundation, and
Is not able to finish it, all that behold it begin to mock
him,

" Saying, This man began to build, and was not able
to finish.

" Or what king, going to make war against another
king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he
be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh
against him with twenty thousand?"

I give the passage as altered by Mr. Collier's
Emendator, because I think the line added by
him,

" A careful leader sums what force he brings,"
is strongly corroborated by the Scripture text.

Q. D.

Judicial Families. — In vol. v. p. 206. (new-
edition) of Lord Mahon's History of England, we
find the following passage :

•' Lord Chancellor Camden was the younger son of
Chief Justice Pratt, — a case of rare succession in the
annals of the law, and not easily matched, unless by
their own cotemporaries, Lord Hardwicke and Charles
Yorke."

The following case, I think, is equally, if not
more, remarkable : —

The Right Hon. Thomas Berry Cusack-Smith,
brother of the present Sir Michael Cusack-Smith,
Bart., is Master of the Rolls in Ireland, having
been appointed to that high ofllice in January,
1846. His father, Sir William Cusack-Smith,
second baronet, was for many years Baron of the
Court of Exchequer in Ireland. And his grand-
father, the Right Hon. Sir Michael Smith, first
baronet, was, like his grandson at the present day,
Master of the Rolls in Ireland.

Is not this " a case of rare succession in the
annals of the law, and not easily matched ? "

Abhba.

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

385

Derivation of " Topsy Turvy." — When things
are in confusion they are genei'allj said to be
turned "topsy turvy." The expression is de-
rived from a way in which turf for fuel is placed
to dry on its being cut. The surface of the ground
is pared off with the heath growing on it, and the
heath is turned downward, and left some days in
that state that the earth may get dry before it is
carried away. It means then top-side-turf-way.
Clericus Rusticus.

Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. — Allow me to
offer a suggestion to the publishers and. compilers
of dictionaries ; first as to dictionaries of the lan-
guage. A large class refer to these only to learn
the meaning of words not familiar to them, but
■which may occur in reading. If the dictionaries
are framed on the principle of displaying only the
classical language of England, it Is ten to one they
will not supply the desired information. Let
there be, besides classical dictionaries, glossaries
which will exclude no word whatever on account
of rarity, vulgarity, or technicality, but which may
vei-y well exclude those which are most familiar.
As to encyclopajdias, their value is chiefly as sup-
plements to the library ; but surely no one studies
anatomy, or the differential calculus, or archi-
tecture, in them, however good the treatises may
be. I want a dictionary of miscellaneous subjects,
such as find place more easily in an encyclopaedia
than anywhere else ; but why must I also purchase
treatises on the higher mathematics, on navigation,
on practical engineering, and the like, some of
which I already may possess, others not want, and
none of which are a bit the more convenient be-
cause arranged in alphabetical order in great vo-
lumes. Besides, they cannot be conveniently re-
placed by improved editions. Encyclopj3dicus.

" Mary^ weep no more for me." — There is a well-
known ballad of this name, said to have been
written by a Scotchman named "Low." The
first verse runs thus :

" The moon had climbed the highest hill,
Which rises o'er the souice of Dee,
And from the eastern summit sped
Its silver light on tower and tree."

I find, however, amongst my papers, a fragment
of a version of this same ballad, of, I assume,
earlier antiquity, which so surpasses Low's ballad
that the author has little to thank him for his
interference. The first verse of what I take to be
the original poem stands thus :

» The moon had climbed the highest hill,
"Where eagles big* aboon the Dee,
And like the looks of a lovely dame,
Brought joy to every body's ee."

Build.

No poetical reader will require his attention to
be directed to the immeasurable superiority of
this glorious verse : the high poetic animation, the
eagles' visits, the lovely looks of female beauty,
the exhilarating gladness and joy affecting the
beholder, all manifest the genius of the master
bard. I shall receive It as a favour If any of your
correspondents will furnish a complete copy of the
original poem, and contrast it with what " Low "
fancied his " improvements." James Cornish.

Epitaph at Wood Ditton. — You have recently
appropriated a small space In your " medium of
intercommunication " to the subject of epitaphs.
I can furnish you with one which I have been ac-
customed to regard as a " grand climacterical ab-
surdity." About thirty years ago, when making
a short summer ramble, I entered the churchyard
of Wood Ditton, near Newmai'ket, and my at-
tention was attracted by a headstone, having in-
laid Into its upper part a piece of iron, measuring
about ten Inches by six, and hollowed out into the
shape of a dish. 1 Inquired of a cottager residing
on the spot what the thing meant ? I was in-
formed that the party whose ashes the grave
covered was a man who, during a long life, had
a strange taste for sopping a slice of bread in a
dripping-pan (a pan over which meat has been
roasted), and would relinquish for this all kinds
of dishes, sweet or savoury ; that In his will he
left a request that a dripping-pan should be fixed
in his gravestone ; that he wrote his own epitaph,
an exact copy of which I herewith give you, and
which he requested to be engraven on the stone :
" Here lies my corpse, who was the man

That loved a sop in the dripping-pan;

But now believe me I am dead, —

See here the pan stands at my head.

Still for sops till the last I cried.

But could not eat, and so I died.

My neighbours they perhaps will laugh,

When they read my epitaph."

J.H.

Cambridge.

Pictorial Pun. — In the village of Warbleton, in
Sussex, there is an old public-house, which has for
Its sign a War Bill in a tun of beer, in reference
of course to the name of the place. It has, how-
ever, the double meaning of " Axe for Beer."

R. W. B.

eaucrtf^.

SIB THOMAS button's VOYAGE, 1612.

I am about to print some information, hitherto
I believe totally unknown, relative to the voyage
of Sir Thomas Button in 1612, for the discovery
of the north-west passage.

Of this voyage a journal was kept, which was In
existence many years afterwards, being offered by

386

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 208.

its author to Secretary Dorchester in 1629, then
engaged in forwarding the projected voyage of
" North-West " Foxe ; it is remarkable, however,
that no extended account of this voyage, so im-
portant in its objects, has ever been published. I
am desirous of knowing if this journal is in ex-
istence, and where ? Also, Lord Dorchester's
letter to Button in February, 1629 ; of any farther
information on the subject of the voyage, or of
Sir Thomas Button.

What I possess already are, 1-. " Motiues in-
ducing a Proiect for the Discouerie of the North
Pole terrestriall ; the streights of Anian, into the
South Sea, and Coasts thereof," anno 1610.
2. Prince Henry's Instructions for the Voyage,
together with King James's Letters of Credence,
1612. 3. A Letter from Sir Thomas Button to
Secretary Dorchester, dated Cardiff, 16th Feb.,
1629 (from the State Paper Office). 4. Sir
Dudley Digges' little tract on the N.-W. Passage,
written to promote the voyage, and of which there
were two distinct impressions in 1611 and 1612.
5. Extracts from the Carleton Correspondence,
and from the Hakluyt Society's volume on Voy-
ages to the North- West.

I shall be glad also to learn the date, and any
other facts connected with the death of John
Davis, the discoverer of the Straits bearing his
name. John Pethekam.

94. High Holborn.

Minat aSmetits.

The Words " Cash " and " Mob.'" — In^ Moore's
Diary I find the following remark. Can any of
your numerous readers throw any light on the
subject ?

" Lord Holland doubted whether the word ' Cash '
was a legitimate English word, though, as Irving re-
marked, it is as old as Ben Jonson, there being a
character called Cash in one of his comedies. Lord
Holland said Mr. Fox was of opinion that the word
' Mob ' was not genuine English." — Moore's Diary,
vol. iii. p. 247.

CiERICUS RUSTICUS.

'[History of Jesus Christ." ~G. L. S. will feel
obliged by any correspondent of " N. & Q." stat-
ing who is the author of the following work ? —

" The History of the Incarnation, Life, Doctrine,
and Miracles, the Death, Resurrection, and Ascension
of Our Blessed Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, In
Seven Books ; illustrated with Notes, and interspersed
with Dissertations, theological, historical, geographical,
and critical.

" To which are added the Lives, Actions, and Suf-
ferings of the Twelve Apostles ; also of Saint Paul,
Saint Mark, Saint Luke, and Saint Barnabas, To-
gether with a Chronological Table from the beginning
of the reign of Herod the Great to the end of the

Apostolic Age. By a Divine of the Church of
England.

" London : printed for T. Cooper, at the Globe, in
Paternoster Row, 1737."

This work is in one folio volume, and all I can
ascertain of its authorship is that it was not writ-
ten by Bishop Gibson, of " Preservative " fame.

Quantity of the Latin Termination -aims. — Proper
names having the termination -amis are always
long in Latin and short in Greek : thus, the Clau-
dianus, Lucianus, &c. of the Latins are KKavSiavos
and AovKicivos in Greek. What is to be said of the
word XpiffTLayoe ? Is it long or short, admitting It
to be long in the Latin tongue ?

While on the subject of quantities, let me ask,
where is the authority for that of the name of the
queen of the Ethiopians, Candace, to be found?
We always pronounce it long, but all books of
authority mark it as short. Anti-Barbaeus.

Webb and Walker Families. — Perhaps you or
some of your numerous readers could inform me
if the Christian names of Daniel and Roger were
used 160 or 180 years ago by any of the numerous
families of Webb or Webbe, resident in Wilts or
elsewhere ; and if so, in what family of that name ?
And is there any pedigree of them extant ? and
where is it to be found ?

Was the Rev. Geo. Walker, the defender of
Derry, connected with the Webbs ? and if so, how,
and with what family ?

Is there any Webb mentioned in history at the
siege of Derry ? and if so, to what family of that
name did he belong ? Gulielmus.

Cawdreys " Treasure of Similes." — I stumbled
lately at a book-stall on a very curious old book
entitled A Treasurie or Store-house of Similes
both pleasant., delightfull, and p7-ofitable. The
title-page is gone ; but in an old hand on the cover
it is stated to have been written by a certain
"Cawdrey," and to have been printed in 1609,
where I cannot discover. Can any of your cor-
respondents oblige me with some information con-
cerning him ? The book is marked " scarce."

J. H. S.

Point of Etiquette. — Will some of your numerous
correspondents kindly inform me as to the rule
in such a case as the following : when an elder
brother has lost both his daughters in his old age,
does the eldest daughter of the younger brother
take the style of Miss Smith, Jones, Brown, or
Robinson, as the case may be ? F. D., M,R. C.S.

Napoleon's Spelling. — Macaulay, in his History
of England, chap, vii., quotes, in a foot-note,
a passage from a letter of William III., written
in French to his ambassador at Paris, and then
makes this remark, " The spelling is bad, but not
worse than Napoleon's."

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

3«7

Can you refer me to some authentic proof of
the fact that Napoleon was unable to spell cor-
rectly ? It is well known that he affected to put
his thoughts upon paper with great rapidity ; and
the consequence of this practice was, that in almost
every word some letters were dropped, or their
places indicated by dashes. But this was only
one of those numerous contrivances, to which he
was in the habit of resorting, in order to impress
those around him with an idea of his greatness.

Henry H. Bkeen.

St. Lucia.

Ti-ench on Proverbs. — Mr. Trench, in this ex-
cellent little work, states that the usual translation
of Psalm cxxvii. 2. is incorrect :

" Let me remind you of such [proverbs] also as the
following, often quoted or alluded to by Greek and
Latin authors : The net of the sleeping (^fisherman)
takes*; a proverb the more interesting, that we have
in the words of the Psalmist (Ps. cxxvii. 2.), were they
accurately translated, a beautiful and perfect parallel ;
* He giveth his beloved' (not 'sleep,' but) ' in their
sleep ;' his gifts gliding into their bosoms, they know-
ing not how, and as little expecting as having laboured
for them."

The Hebrew is K^t^ H^T^ \r\\, the literal trans-
lation of which, " He giveth (oi', He will give) to
his beloved sleep," seems to me to be correct.

As Mr. Trench is a reader of " N. & Q.," per-
haps he would have the kindness to mention in its
pages the grounds he has for his proposed trans-
lation. E. M. B.

Rings formerly worn by Ecclesiastics. — In de-
scribing the finger-ring found in the grave of the
Venerable Bede, the writer of A brief Account of
Durham Cathedral adds, —

" No priest, during the reign of Catholicity, was
buried or enshrined without his ring." — P. 81.

I have seen a similar statement elsewhere, and
wish to ask, 1st, Were priests formerly buried
with the ring ? 2ndly, If so, was it a mere cus-
tom, or was it ordered or authorised by any rubric
or canon of our old English Church ?

I am very strongly of opinion that such never
was the custom, and that the statement above
quoted has its origin in the confounding priests
with bishops. Martene says, when speaking of
the manner of burying bishops, —

" Episcopus debet habere annulum, quia sponsus
est. Cwteri saeerdotes non, quia sponsi nou sunt, sed
amici sponsi vel vicarii." — De Antiquis EcclesicB Riti-
bus, lib. III. cap. xii. n. 1 1.

Ceteep.

Butlers '■'■Lives of the Saints." — Can any of your
correspondents supply a correct list of the various

* " EuSovTi KvpTos a'ipel. — Dormientl rete trahit."

editions of this popular work ? The notices In
^Vatt and Lowndes are very unsatisfactory.

J. Yeowell.

Marriage of Cousins. — It was asserted to me
the other day that marriage with ^a second cousin
is, by the laws of England, Illegal, and that suc-
cession to property has been lately barred to the
issue of such marriage, though the union oi first
cousins entails no such consequences. Is there
any foundation for this statement ? J. P.

Castle Thorpe *, Bucks. — A traditional rhyme
is current at this place which says that —

« If it hadn't been for Cobb-bush Hill,
Thorpe Castle would have stood tliere still."

or the last line, according to another version, —

" There would have been a castle at Thorpe still."

Now It appears from Lipscomb's History of the
county, that the castle was demolished by Fulke
de Brent about 1215 ; how then can this tradition
be explained ?

Cobb-bush Hill, I am told, is more than half a
mile from the village. H. Thos. Wake.

Where was Edward II. MEedf — Hume and
LIngard state that this monarch was murdered at
Berkeley Castle. Echard and Rapin are silent,
both as to the event and as to the locality. But
au earlier authority, viz. Martyn, In his Historic
and Lives of Twentie Kings, 1615, says :

" He was committed to the Castle of Killingworth,
and Prince Edward was crowned king. And not long
after, the king being removed to the Castle of Corflf,
was wickedly assayled by his keepers, who, through a
home which they put in his," &c.

What authority had Martyn for these statements ?
C. Mansfield Inglebt.
Birmingham.

Encore. — Perhaps some correspondent of " N.
& Q." can assign a reason why we use this French
word in our theatres and concert rooms, to express
our desire for the repetition of favourite songs,
&c. I should also like to know at what period it
was Introduced. A. A.

Amcotts" Pedigree. — Can any of your corre-
spondents supply me with a full pedigree of Am-
cotts of Astrop, CO. Lincolnshire ? I do not refer
to the Visitations, but to the later descents of the
family. The last heir male was, I believe, Vincent
Amcotts, Esq., great-grandfather to the present
Sir William Amcotts IngUby, Bart. Elizabeth
Amcotts, who married, 19th July, 1684, John
Toller, Esq., of Blllingborough Hall In Lincoln-
shire, was one of this family, and I suppose aunt
to Vincent Amcotts. I may mention, the calendars

* Pronounced Thrup.

388

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 208.

of the Will Office at Lincoln have no entries of
the name of Amcotts between 1670 and 1753.

Tewaks.

Blue Bell — Blue Anchor. — A bell painted blue
is a common tavern sign in this country (United
States) ; and the blue anchor is also to be met
with in many places. As these sigirs evidently
had their origin in England, and one of them is
alluded to in the old Scotch ballad " The Blue
Bell of Scotland," it seems to me that the best
method to apply for information upon the subject
is to ask " N. & Q." Are these signs of inns
heraldic survivors of old time ; are they corrup-
tions of some other emblem, such as that which
in London transformed La Belle Sauvage into the
Bell Savage, pictorialised by an Indian ringing a
hand-bell; or is the choice of such improper
colour as blue for a bell and an anchor a species
of symbolism the meaning of which is not gene-
rally known ? 2123^.

Philadelphia,

" We've parted for the longest time." — Would
you insert these lines in your paper, the author of
which I seek to know, as well as the remaining
verses ?

" We've parted for the longest time, we ever yet did
part,
And I have felt the last wild throb of that enduring

heart :
Thy cold and tear-wet cheek has lain for the last

time to mine,
And I have pressed in agony those trembling lips of
thine."

R. Jermyn Coopek.

/ The Rectory, Chiltlngton Hunt, Sussex.

Matthew Lewis. — Allow me to solicit inform-
ation, through the medium of " N. & Q.," where
I can see a pedigree of Matthew Lewis, Esq., De-
puty Secretary of War for many years under
the Right Hon. William Windham, then M.P. for
Norwich, and other Secretaries-at-War. I rather
think Mr. Lewis married a daughter of Sir Thomas
Sewell, Kt., Master of the Rolls from 1764 to
1784 ; and had a son, Matthew Gregory Lewis,
known as Monk Lewis, who was M.P. for Hindon
at the close of the last century : a very clever but
eccentric young man. I also believe Lieut.-Gen.
John Whitelocke, and Gen. Sir Thos. Brownrigg,
G.C.B., who died in 1838, were connected by
marriage with the Sewell or Lewis families.

C. H. F.

f Paradise Lost. — In A Treatise on the Dramatic
Literattire of the Greeks, by the Rev. J. R. Darley,
I read the following remark :

" In our own literature also, the efforts of our early
dramatists were directed to subjects derived from reli-
gion ; even the Paradise Lost is composed of a series

of minor pieces, originally cast in the dramatic form, of
which the creation and fall of man, and the severai
episodes which were introduced subordinately to these
grand events, were the subject-matter."

This statement being at variance with the re-
ceived opinion, that Milton, from his early youth,
had meditated the composition of an epic poem, I
would inquire whether there is any evidence to
support Mr. Barley's view ? Milton has been
charged with having borrowed the design of'
Paradise Lost from some Italian author ; and this
allegation, coupled with that made by Mr. Darley,
would, if founded, reduce our great national epic
to what Hazlitt has described as " patchwork and
plagiarism, the beggarly copiousness of borrowed
wealth." Henry H. Bheen.

St. Lucia.

Colonel Hyde Seymour. — Who was " Colonel
Hyde Seymour ? " I find his name written in a
book, The Life of William the Third, 1703.

H. T. Ellacombe.

Vaidt at Richmond., Yorkshire. — In Speed's
plan of Richmond, in Yorkshire, is represented
the mouth of a " vault that goeth under the river,
and ascendeth up into the Castell." Was there
ever such a vault, and how came it to be destroyed
or lost sight of? One who knows Richmond well
tells me that he never heard of it. O. L. R. G.

Poems pullished at Manchester. — Can any con-
tributor to " N. & Q." inform me who was thfr
author of a volume of Poems on Several Occasions,
published by subscription at Manchester ; printed
for the author by R. Whitworth, in the year 1733 ?
It is an 8vo. of 138 pages; has on the title-page
a line from Ovid :

" Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago,"

and begins with an "Address to all my Sub-
scribers ; " after which follow several pages of
subscribers' names, which consist chiefly of Staf-
fordshire and Cheshire gentry. _ My copy (for
the possession of which I am indebted to the
kindness of Dr. Bliss, the Principal of St. Mary's
Hall, Oxford) was formerly in the library of Mr.
Heber, who has thus noted its purchase on the
fly-leaf, "Feb. 1811, Ford, Manchester, 7.?. 6rf."
Dr. Bliss has added, on the same fly-leaf, " Heber' s-
fourth sale, No. 1908, not in the Bodleian Cata-
logue." The first poem in the book is " A Pasto-
ral to the Memory of Sir Thomas Delves, Baronet."
It is probably a scarce book ; but possibly some
of your book-learned correspondents may help me
to the author's name. W. SnEyi*.

Denton.

HandeVs Dettingen Te Deum. — Any inform-
ation as to the circumstances under Avhich Handet
composed this celebrated Te Deum., and the place

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

389

and occasion of its first public performance, will be
welcome to Philo- Handel.

Edmund Spenser and Sir Hans Sloane, Bart. —
As I believe myself (morally speaking) to be
lineally descended from tbe former of these cele-
brated men, and collaterally from the latter, may I
request that information may be forwarded me,
either throu^xh your columns or by correspon-
dence, regarding the descendants of the great poet
iind liis ancestry ; and also whether, among the
many thousand volumes bequeathed by Sir Hans
to the nation, some record does not exist tending
to prove his genealogical descent ? At present I
linow of no other pedigree than that Mr. Burke has
given of him in his Extinct Baronetage. I shall feel
•CKceedingly gratified if any assistance can be given
ine relating to these two families.

W. Sloane Sloane-Evans.

Cornwortby Vicarage, Totnes,

The Ligurian Sage. — In Gifford's Mceviad,
lines 313-316, I read,—

" Together we explored the stoic page
Of the Ligurian, stern tho' beardless sage !
Or trac'd the Aquinian thro' the Latin road,
And trembled at the lashes be bestow'd."

The Aquinian is of course Juvenal ; but I must
•confess me at fault with respect to the Ligurian.

W. T. M.

[The Ligurian sage is no doubt Aulas Persius
Placcus, who, according to ancient authors, was born
at Volaterra; in Etruria ; but some modern writers
conclude tliat he was born at Lunce Portus in Liguria,
Trom the following lines (Sat. vi. 6.), which seem to
relate to the place of his residence :

" Mibi nunc Ligus ora
Intepet, hybernatque metim mare, qua latus ingens
Dant scopuli, et multa littus se valle receptat.
Lunai portum est operas cognoscere, cives."

"When approaching the verge of manhood, Persius be-
came the pupil of Cornutus the Stoic, and his death
"took place before he had completed his twenty-eiglith
year.]

Greseh'ok in YorTishire. — Can you or any of
jour correspondents give me any information as
to what part of Yorkshire the manor of Grese-
brok lies in ? In Shaw's History of Staffordshire
(2 vols, folio), there is a " Bartholomew de
■Gresebrok" mentioned as Avitness to a deed of
Henry III.'s time, made between Robert de Gren-
don. Lord of Shenston, and Jno. de Baggenhall ;
which family of Gresebrok, it is said, " probably
took their name from a manor so called in York-
shire, and had property and residence in Shen-
£tone, from this early period to the beginning of

the century, many of whom are recorded iu the
registers from 1590 to 1722."

The above is quoted by Shaw from Sanders's
History of Shenstone, p. 98., and perhaps some of
your correspondents may possess that work, and
will oblige me by transcribing the necessary in-
formation.

Any particulars of the above family will much
oblige your constant reader 'Hpa\5j/cos.

[According to Sanders, the family of Greisbrook
was formerly of some note at Shenstone. He sajs that
" Greisbrook, whence the family had their name, is a
manor in Yorkshire, which, in the reign of Henry III,,
was in the great House of Mowbray, of whom the
Greisbrooks held their lands. Roger de Greisbrook
(temp. Henry II.) is mentioned as holding of the fee
of Alice, Countess of Augie, or Ewe, daughter of
William de Albiney, Earl of Arundel, by Queen Alice,
relict of Henry I." T'.ien follow some particulars of
various branches of the family, from the year 1580 to
the death of Robert Greisbrook in 1718. Sanders's
History is included in vol. i\.oi Bihliotheca Topographica
Britannica.'^

Stillingfleet's Library. — The extensive and
valuable library of Edward Stillingfleet, the
learned Bishop of Worcester, who died in 1699,
is said to be contained in the library of Primate
Marsh, St. Patrick's, Dublin. Can any of your
correspondents state how it came there ? Was
it bequeathed by the bishop, or sold by his de-
scendants ? He died at Westminster, and was
buried in Worcester Cathedral.

J. B. Whitbobnb.

[Bishop Stillingfleet's library was purchased by
Archbishop Marsh for his public library in Dublin.
A few years since Robert Travers, Esq., M. D., of
Dundrum near Dublin, was engaged in preparing for
publication a catalogue of Stillingfleet's printed books,
amounting to near 10,000 volumes. The bishop's
MSS. were bought by the late Earl of Oxford, and
are now in the Harleian Collection. See The Life of
Bishop Stillingfleet, 8vo., 1735, p. 135., and Biog. Brit.
s. v.]

The whole System of Law. — On December 26,
1651, the Long Parliament, stimulated by Crom-
well to various important reforms in civil matters,
resolved, —

" That it be referred to persons out of the House to
take into consideration what inconveniences there are
in the law, and how the mischiefs that grow from the
delays, the chargeableness, and the irregularities in the
proceedings of the law, may be prevented ; and the
speediest way to reform the same."

The commission thus appointed consisted of
twenty-one persons, among whom were Sir Ma-
thew Hale, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, and John
Rushworth. They seem to have set to work with
great vigour, and submitted a variety of impor*
tant measures to Parliament, many of which were

390

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 208.

adopted. They also prepared a document " con-
taining the whole system of the law," which was
read to the House on January 20 and 21, 1652 ;
and it was resolved " That three hundred copies
of the said book be forthwith printed, to be deli-
vered to members of the Parliament only."

Is anything known of this work at the present
day ? A Leguleian.

[It appears doubtful whether this work was ever
printed, for in a pamphlet pul)lished April 27, 1653,
entitled A Supply to a Draught of an Act or System
proposed (as is reported) by the Committee for Regula-^
tions concerning the Law, &c., the writer thus notices

it : " Having lately heard of some propositions called

* The System of the Law,' which are said to be in-
tended preparatives to several Acts of Parliament
touching the regulation of the law, we cannot but with
thankfulness acknowledge the care and industry of
those worthy persons who contrived the same, it con-
taining many good and wholesome provisions for the

future perpetual good and quiet of the nation

We know not, at present, wherein we could give a
more visible testimony of our affections to the peace-
able government of the free people here, than by offer-
ing to them and the supreme authority, what we
humbly conceive prejudicial and inconvenient to well-
government, in case that System (as it is said to be now
prepared) should take effect." A week before the
publication of this work, the Long Parliament had
been turned out of doors by Cromwell. ]

Saint MalacJiy on the Popes. — Saint Malachy,
Archbishop of Armagh, who flourished in the first
half of the twelfth century, is said to be the author
of a curious prophecy respecting the Popes. Some
years ago I met with this prophecy in an old
French almanack, and was particularly struck
with its applicability to the life and character of
the present Pope ; but I omitted to make a Note.

Can you Inform me where I may find a copy of
this prophecy ? Henry H. Breen.

[St. Malachy's hieroglyphical descriptions or pro-
phecy on the succession of Roman Pontiffs will be
found in Flosculi Historici delibati nunc delibatiores red-
diti, sive Historia Universalis ; Auctore Joanne de
Bussieres, Societatis Jesu Sacerdote, Oxon. 1668. An
explanation of each prophecy is given from the pontifi-
cate of Celestus IL a.d. 1143, to that of Innocent X,
A.I). 1644. The present Pope being the nineteenth
from Innocent X., the following prophecy relates to
him, " Crux de Cruce." We subjoin the remainder :
20. Lumen in coelo. 21. Ignis ardens. 22. Religio
depopulata. 23. Fides intrepida. 24. Pastor an-
gelicus. 25. Pastor et nauta. 26. Flos florum.
27. De medietate lunae. 28. De labore solis. 29.
Gloria Olivse. St. Malachy concludes his prophecy
with the following prediction of the downfall of the
Roman Church : " In persecutione extrema Sacrae llo-
manae Ecclesiaj sedebit Petrus Romanus, qui pascet
oves in multistribulationibus ; quibus transactis civitas
septicoliis diruetur, et Judex tremendus judicabit po-
pulum."]

Work on the Human Figure. — A few years
ago there was a little work published on Dress
and the Art of improving the Human Figure, by
(I believe) a nobleman's valet : I wish to consult
this for a literary purpose, and should be much
obliged to any of your readers who can favour
me with the exact title and date.

Charles Dematne.

[The following two works on dress appear in the
London\ Catalogue: — The Whole Art of Dress; by a
Country Officer, 12mo. Lond. 1830 ; and The Art of
Dress, or a Guide to the Toilette, fcp. 8vo., Lond. 1839. J

"namby-pamby," and other words or the

SAME FORM.

(Vol. viii., p. 318.)

The origin of the word namby-pamby is ex-
plained in the following passage of Johnson's Life
of Ambrose Philips :

" The pieces that please best are those which from
Pope and Pope's adherents procured him the name
of namby-pamby, the poems of short lines, by which
he paid his court to all ages and characters — from
Walpole, 'the steerer of the realm,' to Miss Pulteney
in the nursery. The numbers are smooth and sprightly,
and the diction is seldom faulty. They are not loaded
with much thought, yet, if they had been written by
Addison, they would have had admirers. Little things
are not valued but when they are done by those who
can do greater."

In the Treatise on the Bathos, the infantine style
is exclusively exemplified by passages from Am-
brose Philips :

" This [says Pope] is when a poet grows so very
simple as to think and talk like a child. I shall take
my examples from the greatest master in this way :
hear how he fondles like a mere stammerer :

' Little charm of placid mien.

Miniature of Beauty's queen,

Hither, British Muse of mine.

Hither, all ye Grecian nine.

With the lovely Graces three.

And your pretty nursling see.

When the meadows next are seen,

Sweet enamel, white and green ;

When again the lambkins play.

Pretty sportlings full of May,

Then the neck so white and round,

(Little neck with brilliants bound)

And thy gentleness of mind,

(Gentle from a gentle kind), &c.

Happy thrice, and thrice again.

Happiest he of happy men,' &c.
And the rest of those excellent lullabies of his com-
position."— C xi.

These verses are stated by Warburton, in his
note on the passage, to be taken from a poem to

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

^91

Miss Cuzzona. They are however in fact selected
from two poems addressed to daughters of Lord
Carteret, and are put together arbitrarily, out of
the order in which they stand in the original
poems. There is a short poem by Philips in the
same metre, addressed to Signora Cuzzoni, and
dated May 25, 1724, beginning, " Little syren of
the stage;" but none of the verses quoted in the
Treatise on the Bathos are extracted from it.

Namby-pamby belongs to a tolerably numerous
class of words in our language, all formed on the
same rhyming principle. They are all familiar,
and some of them childish; which last circum-
stance probably suggested to Pope the invention
of the word Tiamby-pamby, in order to designate
the infantine style which Ambrose Philips had in-
troduced. Many of them, however, are used by
old and approved writers ; and the principle upon
which they are formed must be of great antiquity
in our language. The following is a collection of
words which are all formed in this manner : :

Bow-wow. — A word formed in imitation of a |
dog's bark. Compare the French aboyer. j

Chit-chat. — Formed by reduplication from cAa^.
A word (says Johnson) used in ludicrous conver- j
sation. It occurs in the Spectator and Tatler. I

Fiddle-faddle. — Formed in a similar manner '
from to fiddle., in its sense of to trifle. It occurs
in the Spectator. \

Flim-flam. — An old word, of which examples
are cited from Beaumont and Fletcher, and Swift.
It is formed ivova flam, which Johnson calls "a
cant word of no certain etymology." Flam, for a
lie, a cheat, is however used by South, Barrow, :
and Warburton, and therefore at one time ob-
tained an admission into dignified style. See ,
Nares' Glossai-y in v. _ j

Hob or nab. — That is, according to Nares, |
have or have not; subsequently abridged into j
hob, nab. Hob or nob is explained by him to mean ,
" Will you have a glass of wine or not ? " Hob, '
nob is applied by Shakspeare to another alterna- ;
tive, viz. give or take {Twelfth Night, Act III. j
Sc. 4.). See Nares in v. Habbe or Nabbe. j

Handy-dandy. — "A play in which children |
change hands and places " (Johnson). Formed
from hand. The word is used by Shakspeare. \
' Harum-scarum. — " A low but frequent expres- !
sion applied to flighty persons ; persons always in |
a hurry" (Todd). Various conjectures are offered
respecting its origin : the most probable seems to
be, that it is derived from scare. The Anglo- !
Saxon word hearmsceare means punishment (see
Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthibner, p. 681.) ; but
although the similarity of sound is remarkable, it
is difficult to understand how harum-scarum can
be connected with it.

Heltei'-shelter. — Used by Shakspeare. Several
derivations for this word are suggested, but none
probable.

Higgledy-piggledy. — "A cant word, corrupted
from higgle, which denotes any confused mass, as
higglers carry a huddle of provisions together"
(Johnson). It seems more probable that the word
is formed from pig; and that it alludes to the
confused and indiscriminate manner in which pigs
lie together. In other instances (as chit-chat,
flim-flam, pit-a-pat, shilly-shally, slip-slop, and
perhaps harum-scarum), the word which forms the
basis of the rhyming reduplication stands second,
and not first.

Hocus-pocus. — The words ocus bochus appear,
from a passage cited in Todd, to have been used
anciently by Italian conjurers. The fanciful idea
of Tillotson, that hocus-pocus is a corruption of
the words hoc est corpus, is well known. Compare
Richardson in v.

Hoddy-doddy. — This ancient word has varioiZB
meanings (see Richardson in ».). As used by
Ben Jonson and Swift, it is expressive of con-
tempt. In Holland's translation of Pliny it sig-
nifies a snail. There is likewise a nursery rhyme
or riddle :

« Hoddy-doddy,
All legs and no body."

Hodge-podge appears to be a corruption of
hotch-pot. It occurs in old writers. (See Richard-
son in Hotch-pot.)

Hoity-toity. — Thoughtless, giddy. Formed from
the old word to hoit, to dance or leap, to indulge
in riotous mirth. See Nares in Hoit and Hoyt,

Hubble-bubble. — A familiar word, formed from
bubble. Not in the dictionaries.

Hubbub. — Used by Spenser, and other good
writers. Richardson derives it from hoop or
whoop, a shout or yell. It seems rather a word
formed in imitation of the confused inarticulate
noise produced by the mixture of numerous voices,
like mur-mur in Latin.

Hugger-mugger. — Used by Spenser, Shak-
speare, and other old writers. The etymology is
uncertain. Compare Jamieson in Hudge-mudge.
The latter part of the word seems to be allied
with smuggle, and the former part to be the re-
duplication. The original and proper sense of
hugger-mugger is secretly. See Nares in v., who
derives it from to hugger, to lurk about ; but query
whether such a word can be shown to have existed ?

Humpty-dumpty. — Formed from hump. This
word occurs in the nursery rhyme :

" Humpty-dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty-dumpty h&il a great fall," &c.

Hurdy-gurdy. — The origin of this word, which
is quoted from no writer earlier than Foote, has
not been explained. See Todd in v.

Hurly-burly. — This old word occurs in the well-
known verses in the opening scene oi Macbeth —

'' When the hurly burly's done,
When the battle's lost and won"—

392

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 208.

trhere see the notes of the commentators for other
instances of it. There are rival etymologies for
this word, but all uncertain. The French has
Tiurlu-burlu. Nares in Hurhj.

Hurry-scurry. — This word, formed from hurry,
;1s used by Gray in his Long Story.

Nick-nack. — A small ornament. Not in the
'dictionaries.

Pic-nic. — For the derivation of this word, which
, seems to be of French origin, see " N. & Q.,"
Vol. vii., pp. 240. 387.

Pit-pat, or Pit-a-pat. — A word formed from
-pat, and particularly applied to the pulsations of
the heart, when accelerated by emotion. Used by
Ben Jonson and Dryden. Congi-eve writes it
a-pit-pat.

Riff-raff. — ThQ refuse of anything, "II ne lui
lairra rif ny raf." Cotgrave in Rif, where rif is
said to mean nothing.

Rolly-pooly. — "A sort of game" (Johnson). It
is now used as the name of a pudding rolled with
sweetmeat.

Rowdy-dowdy, and Rub-a-dub. — Words formed
in imitation of the beat of a drum.

Shilly-shally. — Used by Congreve, and formerly
written " shill I, shall I."

Slip-slop. — " Bad liquor. A low word, formed
by reduplication of slop" (Johnson). Now gene-
rally applied to erroi's in pronunciation, arising
from ignorance and carelessness, like those of
Mrs. Malaprop in The Rivals.

Tip-top. — Formed from top, like slip-slop from
slop.
, Tirra-lirra. — Used by Shakspeare :

" Tlie lark that tirrn lirra chants."

Winters Tale, Act IV. Sc. 2.

From the French, see Nares in v.

The preceding collection is intended merely to
illustrate the principle upon which this class of
■words are formed, and does not aim at complete-
ness. Some of your correspondents will doubtless,
if they are disposed, be able to supply other ex-
amples of the same mode of formation. L.

EARL OF OXFORD.

(Vol. viii., p. 292.)

S. N. will find the Earl's answer in a volume,
not very common now, entitled A Compleat and
Impartial History of the Impeachments of the Last
Ministry, London, 8vo., 1716. The charge re-
specting the creation of twelve peers in one day
formed the 16th article of the impeachment. I in-
close a copy of the answer, if not too long for
your pages. G.

" In answer to the 16th article, the said Earl doth
insist, that by the laws and constitution of this realm,
it is the undoubted right and prerogative of the Sove-

reign, who is the fountain of honor, to create peers of
this realm, as well in time of Parliament as when there
is no Parliament sitting or ia being ; and that the
exercise of this branch of the prerogative is declared in
the form or preamble of all patents of honor, to pro-
ceed ex mero moUi, as an act of mere grace and favor,
and that such acts are not done as many other acts of a
public nature are, by and with the advice of the Privy
Council ; or as acts of pardon usually run, upon a
favorable representation of several circumstances, or
upon reports from the Attorney- General or other
officers, that such acts are lawful or expedient, or
for the safety or advantage of the Crown ; but flows
entirely from the beneficent and gracious disposition
of the Sovereign. He farther says, that neither the
warrants for patents of honor, the bills or other en-
grossments of such patents, are at any time communi-
cated to the council or the treasury, as several other
patents are ; and tlierefore the said Earl, either as
High Treasurer or Privy Councillor, could not have
any knowledge of the same : Nevertheless, if her late
sacred Majesty had thought fit to acquaint him with
her most gracious intentions of creating any number of
peers of this realm, and had asked his opinion, whether
the persons whom she then intended to create were
persons proper to have been promoted to that dignity,
he does believe he should have highly approved her
Majesty's choice ; and does not apprehend that in so
doing he had been guilty of any breach of his duty, or
violation of the trust in him reposed ; since they were
all persons of honor and distinguished merit, and the
peerage thereby was not greatly increased, considering
some of those created would have been peers by descent,
and many noble families were then lately extinct: And
the said Earl believes many instances may be given
where this prerogative hath been exercised by former
princes of this realm, in as extensive a manner ; and
particularly in the reigns of King Henry the Eighth,
King James the First, and his late Majesty King Wil-
liam. The said Earl begs leave to add, that in the
whole course of his life he hath always loved the esta-
blished constitution, and in his private capacity as well
as in all public stations, when he had the honor to be
employed, has ever done his utmost to preserve it, and
shall always continue so to do."

PICTS HOUSES.

(Vol. viil., p. 264.)

The mention there made of the recent discovery
of one of these subterranean vaults or passages in
Aberdeenshire, induces me to ask a question in
regard to two subterranean passages which have
lately been discovered in Berwickshire, and which
so far differ from all others that I have heard or
read of, that whereas all of them seem to have
been built at the sides with large flat stones, and
roofed with similar ones, and then covered with
earth, those which I am about to mention are both
hewn out of the solid rock. They are both situated
in the Lammermoor range of hills. Those persons
who have seen them are at a loss to know for what

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

893

purpose they could have been excavated, unless
for the purpose of sepulture in the times of the
aborigines, or of very early inhabitants of Britain,
SLS they in many respects resemble those stone graves
which are mentioned in Worsaae's Description of
the Primceval Antiquities of Denmark, translated
and applied to the illustration of similar remains
in England by Mr. Thorns.

One of these cavities is situated on a remote
pasture farm, among the hills belonging to the
Earl of Lauderdale, called Braidshawrigg ; and
was discovered by a shepherd very near his own
house, within less than a quarter of a mile up a
small stream which runs past it, and on the oppo-
site side of the water, a few yards up the steep hill.
The shepherd had observed for some time that one of
his dogs was in the habit of going into what he sup-
posed to be a rabbit hole at this place, and when he
was missing and called, he generally came out of
this hole. At last, curiosity led his master to take a
spade and dig into it ; and he soon found that, after
digging down into tlie soil to the rock, the cavity
became larger, and had evidently been the work
of human hands. Information was given to Lord
Lauderdale, and the rubbish was cleared away.
It (the rubbish) did not extend far in, and after
that the passage was clear. The excavation con-
sists of a passage cut nearly north and south (the
entrance being to the south) through various
strata of solid rocks, partly grauwacke, or what is
there called whinstone), and partly gray slate : the
strata lying east and west, and nearly vertical.
The whole length of it is seventy-four feet. From
the entrance the passage, for four or five yards,
slopes downwards into the hill ; it then runs hori-
zontally the length of sixty-three feet from the
entrance, when it changes its direction at right
angles to the westward for a distance of eleven
feet ; when it ends with the solid rock. It is
regularly from three feet four inches to three feet
six inches wide, and about seven feet high, the
ceiling being somewhat circular. The floor is the
rock cut square. The time and labour must have
been great to cut this passage, as not more than
one man could conveniently quarry the rock at
the same time. It might have been supposed that
this was a level to a mine, as copper has been
worked in this range farther eastward ; but the
passage does not follow any vein, but cuts across
all the strata, and keeps a straight line, till it
turns westward, and then in another straight line ;
and the floors, sides, and roof are all made quite
regular and even with a pickaxe or a hammer.
There does not appear to have been at any time
any other habitation than the shepherd's house, and
another cottage a little lower down the stream, in
the neighbourhood. The discovery of this cavern
recalled to the recollection of myself, and some of
my family, that a few years ago, in cutting a road
through the rock into a whinstone quarry, about

four miles south of Braidshawrigg, near a mill,
we had cut across the east end of a passage some-
what similar to the one before mentioned, but
running east and west ; that we had cleared it out
for a short way, but as it then went under a
corner of one of the houses belonging to the mill,
we stopped, for fear of bringing down the building,
as this passage, though cut out of the solid rock,
was not a mine, but had been worked to the sur-
face ; and, if it ever had been used for purposes of
sepulture, must have been roofed with flagstones,
and then covered with earth like other Picts'
houses. But these roof-stones must have been
carried away, and the whole trench was filled with
rubbish, and all trace of it on the surface was
obliterated. This passage we have lately opened,
and cleared out. To the westward it passes into
the adjoining water-mill, which is itself in great
part formed by excavation of the rock ; and the
east wall of the upper part of the mill is arched
over the passage. Beyond the west wall of the
mill which adjoins the stream, there is a continu-
ation of the trench through the rock down to the
water, which serves to take away that which passes
over the millwheel at right angles to where the
rock has been cut away to make room for the mill-
wheel itself. That which has been cut away in
making the trench, is a seam of clay slate about
three feet six inches in breadth, between two solid
whinstone rocks. The length of the passage, from
the east end, which terminated in rock, to the mill,
is sixty-three feet. The mill is thirty feet, and
the cut beyond it twelve feet : in all, one hundred
and five feet. The average depth is about twelve
feet ; but as it slopes down to the stream, some of
it is sixteen feet deep. It has been suggested that
it might have been dug out in order to obtain the
coarse slate ; but the difficulty of working a con-
fined seam like this, in any other way than by
picking it out piecemeal with immense labour,
seems impossible. It can never have been meant
to convey water to the mill, as the highest part
begins in the solid rock, and the object must
always have been to keep the water on the
highest possible level, until it reached the top
of the millwheel. Nothing was found in either
of these excavations. — After this long discussion.
Query, What can have been the purpose for which,
these laborious works can have been executed ?

J. S. s.

PRONUNCIATION OF " HUMBLE.

(Vol. viii., pp. 229. 298.)

It Is my misfortune entirely to differ from Mr.
Dawson (p. 229.) and Mr. Crossley (p. 298.) as
to the pronunciation of humhie ; and permit me to
say (with all courtesy) that I was unfeignedly
surprised at the Litter's assertion, that sounding

394

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 208.

the A is " a recent attempt to introduce a mispro-
nunciation," as I have known that mode of pro-
nunciation all but universally prevalent for nearly
the last forty years ; and I have had pretty good
opportunities for observing what the general usage
in that respect was, as I was for some years at a
very large public school, then at Oxford for more
than the usual time, and have since resided in
London more than twenty-five years, practising
as a barrister in Westminster Hall, and on one of
the largest circuits. If, therefore, I have not had
ample means of judging as to the pronunciation of
humble, I know not where the means are to be
found ; especially as I doubt whether humble and
humbly are anywhere so frequently used as in
courts : a counsel rarely making a speech without
'■^humbly submitting" or making a '■'■humble ap-
plication." Now the result of my experience is,
that the h is almost universally sounded ; and at
this moment I cannot call to mind a single gen-
tleman who omits it, who does not also omit it in
many other instances where no doubt can exist
that it ought to be sounded.

Mr. Dawson believes the sounding the h to be
" one of those, either Oxford, or Cambridge, or
both, peculiarities of which no reasonable expla-
nation can be given." Now I believe Mr. Daw-
son is right in supposing that that usage is general
both at Oxford and Cambridge, and I rather
think that not only an explanation of the fact may
be given, but that the fact itself, that in both the
Universities the h is sounded, is extremely cogent
evidence that it is correct. It cannot be doubted
that the fact that a word is spelled with certain
letters is clear proof that, at the time when that
spelling was adopted, the word was so sounded as
to give a distinct sound to each of the letters used,
and that clearly must have been the case with
words beginning with h especially. When, there-
fore, the present spelling of humble was adopted,
the h was sounded. Now, whilst I freely admit
that the utterance of any word may be changed —
" Si volet usus, quem penes arbitrium est, et jus et
norma loquendi" — still it cannot be questioned
that the usage must be so general, clear, and dis-
tinct among the better educated classes (where-
ever they may have received their education) as
to leave no reasonable doubt about the matter ;
and that it lies on those who assert that such a
change has taken place, to show such a usage as I
have mentioned. And when the number of the
members of the Universities is considered, and
their position as men of education, it must at least
admit of doubt whether, if a general usage pre-
vailed among them to pronounce a particular word
in the manner in which it originally was pro-
nounced, this would not alone prevent a different
pronunciation among others from having that
general prevalence, which would be sufficient to
justify a change in the utterance of such word.

But let us consider whether the usage of the
Universities is not very cogent evidence that the
h is generally sounded throughout England, 1.
Each University contains a large number of the
higher and better educated classes. 2. The mem-
bers come from all parts of England indiscrimi-
nately. 3. Infinitely the majority come from
schools ; and some of the large schools have gene-
rally many members at each University. By such
persons the pronunciation of the schools cannot
fail to be represented. 4. Every one on entering
the University is expected at least to know his
own language. 5. There is no instruction, as far
as I know (however much the fact may be to be
regretted), ever given in English at either Univer-
sity. 6. There is a perpetual change of about a
third of the members every year, few remaining
above three years. Now can any one, who can-
didly considers these facts, doubt that a usage in
pronouncing a particular word at either Univer-
sity, if generally prevalent, is very strong evi-
dence that the same usage is generally prevalent
throughout England ; but if any one does enter-
tain such a doubt, surely it must be done away,
when he finds that the same usage prevails at both
Universities ; though there exists such a degree
of rivalry between them as would prevent the one
from adopting from the other any usage which
was liable to any the least doubt, and though
there is no communication between them that
could account for the same usage prevailing in both.

Mr. Crosslet appeals to the Prayer Book as a
decisive authority, and instances " an humble," &c.
If any one will examine the Prayer Book, he will
find that it is no authority at all; as "an" is at
least as often used erroneously before h as not.
In reading over the first sixty-eight Psalms, I
found the following instances : — Ps. xxvii. 3. and
Ps. xxxiii. 15., " An host of men ;" Ps. xlvii. 4. and
Ps. Ixi. 5., "An heritage;" Ps. xlix. 18., "An
happy man;" Ps. Iv. 5., "An horrible dread;"
Ps. Ixviii. 15., " An high hill." And in the same
Psalms I only found one instance of a before h,
viz. in Ps. xxxiii. 16., "A horse;" and in this
case the Bible version has " An horse." In the
first Lesson for the 19th Sunday after Trinity,
Dan. iii. 4., "An herald," and 27., "An hair of
their head," occur ; and in the next chapter (iv.
13.), "An holy one." It is plain from these in-
stances (and doubtless many others may be found),
that the use of " an " before h, in the Bible or
Prayer Book, can afford no test whatever whether
the h ought to be sounded or not. S. G. C.

After the sensible Note of your correspondent
E. H., it is perhaps hardly necessary to say more
on the subject of aspirated and mute h. If these
remarks, therefore, seem superfluous, they may
easily be suppressed, and that too without any
offence to the writer.

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

395

It is very dangerous to dogmatise on the En-
glish language. We really have no authority to
which we can confidently appeal, except the usage
of good society: "Quera penes arbitriura est, et
jus et norma loquendi." Unfortunately, however,
every man is convinced, that in his own society
that usage is to be found; and your correspon-
dents, who have agreed in approving the Heapian
pronunciation, will probably, on that ground, still
retain the same opinion.

The only words in the English language, in
which h is written, but not pronounced, are words
derived from Latin through the French ; but of
these, many in English retain the aspirate, though
in French nearly all lose it. The exceptions col-
lected by E. H. satisfactorily prove that we do not
follow the French rule implicitly. They indeed
carry the non-aspiration farther than to words of
Latin derivation. They omit the aspirate to nearly
all words derived from Greek. This we never do.
I think that E. H.'s rule, of always aspirating h
before u, is not entirely without exceptions.
Except in Ireland, I never heard humour or
humorous aspirated, though in humid and humect
the h is always sounded. If this be right, it de-
pends solely on the usage of good society, and not
on rules laid down by Walker or Lindley Murray,
whose authority we do not acknowledge as infal-
lible. I may here remark, that no arguments can
be drawn from our Liturgy or translation of the
Bible that would not prove too much. If, because
we find in our Liturgy " an humble, lowly, and
obedient heart," we are to read " an^umble" we must
also read " an 'undred, an 'ouse, an 'eap, an 'eart ;"
for an was prefixed in our Liturgy as well as in our
translated Bible to evert/ word beginning with h,
and not (as one of your correspondents supposes)
only to words beginning with silent h. Among
young clergymen there is a growing habit (de-
rived I suppose from Walker, or other such
sources) of indulging in the Heapian dialect. I
think Mr. Dickens will have done us more good
by his ridicule, than will ever be effected by
serious arguments ; and I feel as much obliged to
him as to E. H. To show how dangerous it is to
be bound by a mere grammarian authority, a
disciple of Vaugelas or Restaut (no insignificant
names in French philology) would be led to read
les her OS as if it were " les zeros." E. C. H.

SCHOOL LIBKARIES.

(Vol. viii., p. 220.)

I can answer Mr. Weld Taylor for at least one
public school having no library, nor any books for
other purposes than tasks, /. e. Christ's Hospital,
London : whether any other metropolitan schools
are provided with books I do not know. When I

was at the above school, at all events, we had no
books except for learning out of ; whether reform
has crept In since I was there, twenty-five years
ago, I cannot say. I speak of then, not now.

I remember very well a dusty cupboard with
" Read, Mark, Learn," painted in ostentatious let-
ters on it. And these profound words were just
like a park gate with high iron railings, where you
may peep in and get no farther — no more could
we : for we never saw the inside of it, and nobody
could say where the key was; therefore what
flowery pleasaunce of knowledge it contained
nobody perhaps knows to this day. I also remem-
ber how greedily any entertaining book was bor-
rowed, begged, and circulated ; and thumbed and
dog's-eared to admiration. Rasselas and Gulli-
vers Travels, Robinson Crusoe, or Sandford and
Merton, poor things ! they became at last what
might be supposed a public arsenal of umbrellas
would at the last.

When I reflect on that time, and the drearj
winter's evenings, trundled to bed almost by day-
light, my very heart sinks. What a luxury if
some Christian had been allowed to read aloud for
an hour, instead of lying awake studying the
ghastly lamp that swung from the ceiling in the
dormitory ; or if some one with a modicum of in-
formation had given half an hour's lecture on
some entertaining branch of science. Perhaps
these antique schools are reformed in some mea-
sure, or perhaps they are waiting till their betters
are.

I observe, however, that certain parish work-
house schools have, within these few days, taken
the hint. Pei-haps our public schools, for some
are very wealthy, may be able to afford to follow
their example. E. H.

Wimborne Minster, Dorset.

Marlborough College possesses a library of about
four thousand volumes, entirely the munificent
contribution of Mr. M'Geachy, one of the council.
The boys of the fifth and sixth forms are allowed
access daily at certain fixed hours, the librarian
being present. In addition to this, libraries are
now being formed in each house, which are main-
tained by small half-yearly subscriptions, and
which will contain books of a more amusing cha-
racter, and better suited for the younger boys.

B.J.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Albumenized Paper. — If this subject be not
already exhausted, the following account of my
method of preparing the material in question,
which differs in some few important particulars
from any I have seen published, may be of in-
terest to some of my brother operators.

396

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 208.

I have, after a very considerable number of ex-
periments, succeeded in producing the very highly
varnished appearance so conspicuous in some of
the foreign proofs ; and although I cannot say I
admire it in general, more especially as regards
landscapes, yet it is sometimes very effective for
portraits, giving a depth of tone to the shadows,
and a roundness to the flesh, which is very strik-
ing. Moreover, a photographer may just as Avell
be acquainted Avith every kind of manipulation
connected with the art.

Having but a very moderate amount of spare
time, and that at uncertain intervals, to devote to
this seductive pursuit, I am always a great stickler
for economy of time in all the processes, as well as
for economy of material, the former with me having,
perhaps, a shade more influence than the latter.

As in all other processes, I find that the kind of
paper made use of has a most important bearing
upon the result. That which I find the best is of
French manufacture, known as Canson 'Freres'
(both the thin and the thick sorts), probably in
consequence of their being sized with starch.
The thin sort (the same as is generally used for
waxed-paper negatives) takes the highest polish,
but more readily embrowns after being rendered
sensitive, and the lights are not ever quite so white
as when the positive paper is used.

In order to save both time and labour, I prepare
my papers in the largest sizes that circumstances
will admit of, as it takes little or no more time to
prepare and render sensitive a large sheet than a
small one ; and as I always apply the silver solu-
tion by means of the glass rod, I find that a half-
sheet of Canson's paper (being seventeen inches
by eleven inches the half-sheet) is the best size to
operate on. If the whole sheet is used, it requires
more than double the quantity of solution to en-
sure its being properly covered, which additional
quantity is simply so much waste.

A most convenient holder for the paper whilst
being operated upon, is one suggested by Mr.
Home of Newgate Street, and consists of a piece
of half-inch Quebec yellow pine plank (a soft
kind of deal), eleven inches by seventeen inches,
screwed to a somewhat larger piece of the same
kind, but with the grain of the wood at right
angles to the upper piece, in order to preserve a
perfectly flat surface. On to the upper piece is
glued a covering of japanned flannel, such as is
used for covering tables, taking care to select for
the purpose that which has no raised pattern, the
imitation of rosewood or mahogany being un-
exceptionable on that account. The paper can be
readily secured to the arrangement alluded to
by means of a couple of pins, one at each of two
opposite angles, the wood being sufficiently soft
to admit of their ready penetration.

To prepare the Albumen. — Take the white -of
one egg; this dissolve in one ounce of distilled

water, two grains of chloride of sodium (common
salt), and two grains of grape sugar; mix with the
egg, whip the whole to a froth, and allow it to
stand until it again liquefies. The object of this
operation is to thorouglily incorporate the ingre-
dients, and render the whole as homogeneous as
possible.

A variety in the resulting tone is produced by-
using ten grains of sugar of milk instead of the
grape sugar.

The albumen mixture is then laid on to the
paper by means of a flat camel's-hair brusli, about
three inches broad, the mixture being first poured
into a cheese plate, or other flat vessel, and all
froth and bubbles carefully removed from the
surface. Four longitudinal strokes with such a
brush, if properly done, will cover the whole half-
sheet of paper with an even thin film ; but in case
there are any lines formed, the brush may be
passed very lightly over it again in a direction at
right angles to the preceding. The papers should
then be allowed to remain on a perfectly level
surface until nearly dry, when they may be sus-
pended for a few minutes before the fire, to com-
plete the operation. In this condition the glass is
but moderate, and as is generally used ; but if,
after the first drying before the fire, the papers
are again subjected to precisely the same pi'ocess,
the Negative paper will shine like polished glass.
That is coated again with the albumenizing mix-
ture, and dried as before.

One egg, with the ounce of water, &c., is enough
to cover five half-sheets with two layers, or five
whole sheets with one.

I rarely iron my papers, as I do not find any
advantage therein, because the moment the silver
solution is applied the albumen becomes coagu-
lated, and I cannot discover the slightest differ-
ence in the final result, except that when the
papers are ironed I sometimes find flaws and
spots occur from some cax'elessness in the ironing
process.

If the albumenized paper is intended to be kept
for any long time before use, the ironing may be
useful as a protection against moisture, provided
the iron be sufficiently hot; but the temperature
ought to be considerable.

To render the paper sensitive, I use a hun-
dred-grain solution of nitrate of silver, of which
forty-five minims will exactly cover the sheet of
seventeen inches by eleven inches, if laid on with
the glass rod. A weaker solution will do, but
with the above splendid tints may be produced.
As to the ammonio-niti'ate of silver, I have totally
abandoned its use, and, after many careful ex-
periments, I am satisfied that its extra sensitive-
ness is a delusion, while the rapid tendency of paper
prepared with it to spoil is increased tenfold.

The fixing, of course, modifies considerably the
tone of the proof, but almost any desired shade

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

397

may be attained by following the plan of Mr, F.
M. Lytb, published in "N. & Q.," provided the
negative is sufficiently intense to admit of a con-
siderable degree of over-printing.

It is a fact which appears to be entirely over-
looked by many operators, that the intensity of the
negative is the chief agent in conducing to black
tones in the positive proof; and it is almost im-
possible to produce them if the negative is poor
and weak : and the same observation applies to a
negative that has been owr-exposed.

Geo. Shadbolt.

Cement for Glass Baths. — The best I have
tried is Canada balsam. My baths I have had in
use five years, and have used them for exciting,
developing hypo, and cyanide, and are as good as
when first used. Noxin.

New Process for Positive Proofs. — I have tried
a method of preparing my paper for positive
proofs, which, as I have not seen it mentioned as
employed by others, and the results appear to me
very satisfactory, I am induced to communicate to
you, and to accompany by some specimens, which
will enable you to judge of the amount of success.

I use a glass cylinder, with air-pump attached,
such as that described by Mr. Stewart as em-
ployed by him for iodizing his paper. I put in
this the salt solution, and that I use is thus com-
posed : 2 drachms of sugar of milk, dissolved in
20 ounces of water, adding —

Chloride of barium
Chloride of sodium
Chloride of ammonium -

- 15 grs.

- 15 grs.

- 15 grs.

In this I plunge several sheets of paper rolled into
a coil (taking care that they are covered by the
solution), and exhaust the air. I leave them thus
for a few minutes, then take them out and hang
them up to dry ; or as the sheets are rather diffi-
cult to pin, from the paper giving way, spread
them on a frame, across which any common kind
of coarse muslin or tarletan, such as that I inclose,
is stretched.

I excite with ammonio-nitrate of silver, 30
grains to 1 ounce^of water, applied with a flat
brush.

I fix in a bath of plain hypo, of the strength of
one-sixth. The bath in which the inclosed spe-
cimens were fixed has been in use for some little
time, and therefore has acquired chloride of silver.
I previously prepared my paper by brushing it
with the same salt solution, and the difference of
effect produced may be seen by comparing a proof
so obtained, which I inclose, with the others.
This latter is of rather a reddish-brown, and not
very agreeable tint. I have inclosed the proofs as
printed on paper of Whatman, Turner, and Canson
Freres, so as to show the effect in each case. The

advantages which the mode I have detailed pos-
sesses are, I think, these :

Greater sensitiveness in the paper,

A good black tint, and

Greater freedom from spots and blemishes, all
very material merats. C. E. F.

[Our Correspondent has forwarded five specimens,
four of which are certainly very satisfactory ; the fifth
is the one prepared by brushing.]

The Groaning Elm-plank in Dublin (Vol. viii.,
p. 309.). — Dr. Rimbault has given an account
of the groaning-board, one of the popular delusions
of two centuries ago : the following notice of it,
extracted from my memoir of Sir Thomas Moly-
neux, Bart., M.D., and published in the Dublin
University for September, 1841, may interest your
readers :

" In one of William Molyneux's communications he
mentions the exhibition of ' the groaning elm-plank ' in
Dublin, a curiosity that attracted much attention and
many learned speculations about the years 1682 and
1683. He was, however, too much of a philosopher to
be gulled with the rest of the people who witnessed
this so-called ' sensible elm-plank,' which is said to
have groaned and trembled on the application of a hot
iron to one end of it. After explaining the probable
cause of the noise and tremulousness by its form and
condition, and by the sap being made to pass up
through the pores or tubuli of tlie plank which was in
some particular condition, he says : ' But, Tom, the
generality of mankind is lazy and unthoughtful, and
will not trouble themselves to think of the reason of a
thing : when they have a brief way of explaining any-
thing that is strange by saying " The devil's in it,"
what need they trouble their heads about pores, and
matters, and motion, figure, and disposition, when the
devil and a witch shall solve all the phenomena of
nature.' "

W. R. Wilde.

Passage in Whiston (Vol. viii., p. 244.). — J. T.
complains of not being able to find a passage in
Whiston, which he says is referred to in p. 94. of
Taylor on Original Sin, Lond. 1746. I do not
know what Taylor he refers to. Jeremy Taylor
wrote a treatise on original sin ; but he lived
before Whiston. I have looked into two editions
of the Sa-ipture Doctrine of Original Sin, by John
Taylor, one of Lond. 1741, and another of Lond.
1750; but in neither of these can I find any
mention of Mr. Whiston. 'A\ie6s.

Dublin.

" When Orpheus ivent doton" (Vol. viii., pp. 196.
281.). — In addition to the information given
upon this old song by Mr. Oldenshaw, I beg to
add the following. It was written for and sung

398

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 208.

by Mr. Beard, in a pantomimic entertainment en-
titled Orpheus and Euridice, acted at the theatre
in Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1740. The author of
the entertainment was Mr. Henry Sommer, but
the song in question was "translated from the
Spanish " by the Rev. Dr. Samuel Lisle, who died
Rector of Burclere, Hants, 1767. It was long
very popular, and is found in almost all the song-
books of the latter half of the last century. Mr.
Park, the editor of the last edition of Ritson's
English Songs (vol. ii. p. 153.), has the following
note upon this song :

" An answer to this has been written in the way of
echo, and in defence of the fair sex, whom the Spanish
author treated with such libellous sarcasm."

As this " echo song " is not given by Ritson or his
editor, I have transcribed it from a broadside in
my collection. It is said to have been written by
a lady.

" When Orpheus went down to the regions below,

To bring back the wife that he lov'd.
Old Pluto, confounded, as histories show,

To find that his music so mov'd :
That a woman so good, so virtuous, and fair.

Should be by a man thus trepann'd.
To give up her freedom for sorrow and care,

He own'd she deserv'd to be damn'd.

" For punishment he never study'd a whit,
The torments of hell had not pain
Sufficient to curse her ; so Pluto tliought fit

Her husband should have her again.
But soon he compassion'd the woman's hard fate,

And, knowing of mankind so well.
He recall'd her again, before 'twas too late,
And said, she'd be happier in hell."

Edward F. Rimbault.

Foreign Medical Education (Vol. viii., p. 341.).
— Your correspondent Mbdicus will find some
information respecting some of the foreign univer-
sities in the Lancet for 1849, and the Medical
Times and Gazette for 1852. For France he will
find all he wants in Dr. Roubaud's Annuaire Me-
dical et Pharmaceutique de la France, published
by Bailliere, 219. Regent Street. M. D.

^^ Short red, good red" (Vol. viii., p. 182.). —
Sir Walter has probably borrowed this saying
from the story of Bishop Walchere, when he re-
lated the murder of Adam, Bishop of Caithness.
This tragical event is told in the Chronicle of
Mailros, under the year 1222 ; also in Forduni
Scotichronicon, and in Wyntoun's Chronicle, book
vii. c. ix. ; but the words " short red, good red,"
do not appear in these accounts of the transaction.

J. Mn.

Collar of SS. (Vols. iv. — vii. passim). — At
the risk of frightening you and your correspon-
dents, I venture to resume this subject, in conse-

quence of a circumstance to which my attention
has just been directed.

In the parish church of Swarkestone in Derby-
shire there is a monument to Richard Harpur, one
of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas in
the reign of Elizabeth ; on which he is represented
in full judicial costume, with the collar of SS.,
which I am told by the minister of the parish is
" distinctly delineated." It may be seen in Fair-
holt's Costumes of England, p. 278.

As far as I am aware, this is the only instance,
either on monuments or in portraits, of a puisne
judge being ornamented with this decoration.
Can any of your correspondents produce another
example ? or can they account, from any other
cause, for Richard Harpur receiving such a dis-
tinction ? or may I not rather attribute it to the
blunder of the sculptor ? Edward Foss.

Who first thought of Tahle-turning (Vol. viii.,
p. 57.). — It is impossible to say who discovered
the table-turning experiment, but it undoubtedly
had its origin in the United States. It was prac-
tised here three years ago, and, although some-
times associated with spirit-rappings, has more
frequently served for amusement. On this con-
nexion it may be proper to say that Professor
Faraday's theory of unconscious muscular force
meets with no concurrence among those who know
anything about the subject in this coimtiy. It is
notorious that large tables have been moved fre-
quently by five or six persons, whose fingers
merely touched them, although upon each was
seated a stout man, weighing a hundi-ed and fifty
or sixty pounds : neither involuntary nor volun-
tary muscular force could have effected that phy-
sical movement, when there was no other purchase
on the table than that which could be gained by a
pressure of the tips of the fingers. Wi-

Philadelphia.

Passage of Thucydides on the Oreek Factions
(Vol. vii., p. 594.; Vol. viii., pp.44. 137.). — My
attempt to find the passage attributed by Sir A.
Alison to Thucydides in the real Thucydides was
unsuccessful for the best of reasons, viz. that it
does not exist there. He has probably borrowed
it from some modern author, who, as it appears
to me, has given a loose paraphrase of the words
which I cited from Thucyd. in. 82., and has ex-
panded the thought in a manner not uncommon
with some writers, by adding the expression about
the " sword and poniard." Some other misquo-
tations of Sir A. Alison from the classical writers
may be seen in the Edinburgh Review for April
last, No. CXCVIII. p. 275. L.

Origin of ^^ Clipper" as applied to Vessels
(Vol. viii., p. 100.). — For many years the fieetest
sailing vessels built in the United States were

Oct. 22. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

399

constructed at Baltimore. They were veiy sharp,
long, low ; and their masts were inclined at a
much greater angle than usual with those in other
vessels. Fast sailing pilot boats and scliooners
were thus rigged ; and in the last war with Eng-
land, privateers of the Baltimore build were uni-
versally famed for their swiftness and superior
sailing qualities. " A Baltimore clipper" became
the expression among shipbuilders for a vessel of
peculiar make ; in the construction of which, fleet-
ness was considered of more importance than a
carrying capacity. When the attention of naval
architects was directed to the construction of swift
sailing ships, they were compelled to adopt the
clipper shape. lience the title " Clipper Ship,"
which has now extended from America to England.

Philadelphia.

Passage in Tennyson (Vol. vlii., p. 244.). — In
the third edition of In Memoriam, lxxxix., 1850,
the last line mentioned by W. T. M. is " Flits by
the sea-blue bird of March," instead of " blue sea-
bird." This reading appears to be a better one.
I would suggest that the bird meant by Tennyson
was the Tom-tit, who, from his restlessness, may
be said to flit among the bushes.

F. M. MiDDLETON.

Huefs Navigations of Solomon (Vol. vii., p. 381.).
— This work of the learned Bishop of Avranches
was written in Latin, and translated into French
by J. B. Desrockes de Parthenay. It forms part
of the second volume of a collection of treatises
edited by Bruzen de la Martiniere, under the title
of Traites Geographiques et Historiques pour faci-
liter VintelUgence de VEcriture Sainte, par divers
auteurs celebres, 1730, 2 vols. 12mo.

I am unable to reply to Edina's second Query,
as to the result of Huet's assertions.

Henrx H. Bb££N.

St. Lucia.

Sincere (Vol. viii., pp. 195. 328.). — The deriva-
tion of this word from sine cerd appears very fanci-
ful. If this were the correct derivation, we should
expect to find sinecere, for the e would scarcely be
dropped ; just as we have the English word sine-
cure, which is the only compound of the preposi-
tion sine I know ; and is itself 7iot a Latin word,
but of a later coinage. Some give as the deriv-
ation semel and Kepdu — that is, once mixed, with-
out adulteration ; the e being lengthened, as the
Greek an-nparos. The proper spelling would then
be simcenis, and euphonically sincerm : thus we
have sim-plex, which does not mean without a
fold, but (semel plico, TrAe/cco) once folded. So
also singnlus, semel and termination. The proper
meaning may be from tablets, cerafa; tabellce,
which were "once smeared with wax" and then
written upon ; they were then sincerce, without

forgery or deception. If they were in certain
places covered with wax again, for the purpose of
adding something secretly and deceptively, they
cease to be sincere. J. T. jBFrcocK.

n. B. asks me for some authority for the
alleged practice of Roman potters (or crock-
vendors) to rub wax into the flaws of their un-
sound vessels. This was the very burden of my
Query ! I am no proficient in the Latin classics :
yet I think I know enough to predicate that n. B.
is wrong in his version of the line —
" Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcunque infundis acescit."

I understand this line as referring to the noto-
rious fact, that some liquors turn sour if the air
gets to them from without. " Sincerum vas" is a
sound or air-tight vessel. In another place (Sat,
lib. i. 8.), Horace employs the same figure, where
he says that we " call evil good, and good evil,"
figuring the sentiment thus :

" At nos virtutes ipsas invertimus, atque
Sincerum cupimus vas incrustare" —

meaning, of course, that we bring the vessel into
suspicion, by treating It as If It were flawed.
Dryden, no doubt, knew the radical meaning of
sincere when he wrote the lines cited by Johnson :

" He try'd a tough well-chosen spear ;
Th' inviolable body stood sincere."

C. Mansfield Inglebt.
Birmingham.

The Saltpetre Man (Vol. viii., p. 225.). — la
addition to the curious particulars of this ofiice,
I send you an extract-from Abp. Laud's Diary :

" December 13, Monday. I received letters from
Brecknock ; that the saltpeter man was dead and buried
the Sunday before the messenger came. This saltpeter
man had digged in the Colledge Church for his work,
bearing too bold upon his commission. The news of
it came to me to London about November 26. I went
to my Lord Keeper, and had a messenger sent to
bring him up to answer that sacrilegious abuse. He
prevented his punishment by death."

John S. Burn.

Major Andre (Vol. viii., p. 174.). — There is
In the picture gallery of Yule College, New Haven,
Conn., an original sketch of Major Andre, ex-
ecuted by himself with pen and ink, and without
the aid of a glass. It was drawn In his guard-
room on the morning of the day first fixed for his
execution, J- E.

Longevity (Vol. viii., p. 182.). — A Doubtee is
informed that the National Intelligencer (published
at Washington, and edited by Messrs. Gales and
Seaton) Is the authority for my statement re-
specting Mrs. Singleton, and her advanced age.
If A Doubter is desirous of satisfying himself
more fully respecting Its correctness, he has but

400

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 208.

to write to the above-named gentlemen, or to the
English Consul at Charleston, S. C, and his wish
will doubtless be gratified. I cannot but hope
that your correspondent's "fifty cents worth of
reasons" for doubting my statement is now, or
shortly will be, removed.

If A Doubter intends to be in New York
■while the present Exhibition is open, he will have
an opportunity of seeing a negro of the age of one
hundred and twenty-four, who once belonged to
General Washington, and from whom he could
very possibly obtain some information respecting
the aged "nurse" of the first President of the
United States mentioned in his note. W. W.

Malta.

Passage in Virgil (Vol. viii., p. 370.). — The
passage for which your correspondent K. Fitzsi-
MONS makes inquiry is to be found in the Eighth
Eclogue, at the 44th and following lines :

" Nunc scio quid sit Amor," &c.
The application by Johnson seems to be so plain
as to need no explanation. F. B — w.

Love Charm from a FoaVs Forehead (Vol. viii.,

f). 292.). — Your correspondent H. P. will find the
ove charm, consisting of a fig-shaped excrescence
on a foal's forehead, and called Hippomanes,
alluded to by Juvenal, Sat. vi. 133. :

" HippomaneSjCarmenque loquar, coctumque venenum,
Privignoque datum ? "

And again, 615. :

"ut avunculus ille Neronis,
Cui totam tremuli frontem Csesonia puUi
Infudit."

It was supposed that the dam swallowed this
excrescence immediately on the birth of her foal,
and that, if prevented doing so, she lost all affec-
tion for it.

However, the name Hippomanes was applied to
two other things. Theocritus (ii. 48.) uses it to
signify some herb which incites horses to madness
if they eat of it.

And again, Virgil (Geor. iir. 280.), Propertius,
Tibullus, Ovid, &c., represent it as a certain
virus :

" Hippomanes cupldse stillat ab inguine equae."

The subject is an unpleasant one, and H. P. is
referred for farther information to Pliny, viii. 42.
s. 66., and xxviii. 11. s. 80. H. C. K.

This lump was called Hippomanes ; which also
more truly designated, according to Virgil, an-
other thing. The following paragraphs from Mr.
Keigbtley's excellent Notes on Virgil's Bucolics
and Georgics will fully explain both meanings :

" Hippomanes, horse-rage : the pale yellow fluid
which passes from a mare at that season [i. e, when she

is horsing] (cf. Tibul, ii. 4. 58.), of which the smell
{aura, v. 251.) incites the horse.

" Vero nomine. Because the bit of flesh which was
said to be on the forehead of the new-born foal, and
whlcli the mare was supposed to swallow, was called
by the same name (see JEii. iv. 515.); and also a
plant in Arcadia (^Theocr. ii. 48.). With respect to the
former Hippomanes, Pliny, who detailed truth and false-
hood with equal faith, says (viii. 42.) that it grows on
the foal's forehead ; is of the size of a dried fig (^carica),
and of a black colour ; and that if the mare does not
swallow it immediately, she will not let the foal suck
her. Aristotle (^H. A., viii. 24.) says this is merely an
old wives' tale. He mentions, however, the ircbMov, or
bit of livid flesh, which we call the foal's bit, and which
he says the mare ejects before the foal." — Notes, Sfc,
p. 273. on Georgic. in. 280. ff.

With regard to the plant called Hippomanes,
commentators, as may be seen from Kiessling's
note on Theocritus, ii. 48., are by no means
agreed. Certainly Andrews, in his edition of
Freund, is wrong in referring Virgil Georgic. iir.
283. to that meaning. The use of legere probably
misled. E. S. Jackson.

Wardhouse, where icas? (Vol. viii., p. 78.). —
It probably is the same as Wardoehuus or
Vardoehus, a district and town in Norwegian
Finmark, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in-
habited principally by fishermen.

W. C. Treyelyan.

Wallington.

Divining Rod (Vol. viii., p. 293.). — The in-
quirer should read the statement made by Dr.
Herbert Mayo, in his letters On the Truths con-
tained in Popular Superstitions, 1851, pp. 3 — 21.
To the facts there recorded I may add, that I
have heard Mr. Dawson Turner relate that he
himself saw the experiment of the divining rod
satisfactorily carried out in the hands of Lady
Noel Byron ; and some account of it is to be
found, I believe, in an article by Sir F. Palgrave,
in the Quarterly Review. p-

Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle (Vol. viii., p. 271.).—
His arms are engraved on a plate dedicated to
him by Willis, in his Survey of the Cathedrals of
England, 1742, vol. i. p. 284., and appear thus.
Argent, on a chevron gules, three hesants ; but in a
MS. collection by the late Canon Rowling of
Lichfield, relating to bishops' arms, I find his
coat thus given, — Argent, on a chevron engrailed
gules, three besants. The variation may have
arisen from an error of the engraver. It appears
from Willis that Dr. Waugh was a fellow of
Queen's College, Oxford; and the entry of his
matriculation would no doubt show in what part
of England his family resided. He was succes-
sively Rector of St. Peter's, Cornhill ; Prebendary
of Lincoln ; Dean of Gloucester ; and Bishop of

Oct. 22 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

401

Carlisle ; to -which latter dignity he was promoted
in August, 1723, ji«.

Pagodn (Vol. v., p. 415.), — The European word
pagoda is most probably derived, by transposition
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or Sanscrit name for a Budhist temple. It ap-
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the word in Ceylon, the modern holy isle of
Budhism. Ph.

llangroon.

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CONTENTS.
'Notes : —

The Scottish National Records - - -

Patrick Carey . . . . -

Inedited Lyric by Felicia Heraans, by Weld Tajlor
■' Green Eyes," by Harry Leroy Temple

Page

- 405

- 40G
407
407

Shakspeare Correspondence, by Samuel Hickson, &c. - 408

Minor Notes : — Monumental Inscriptions — Marlbo-
rough at Blenheim — Etymology of "till," "until"

— Dog-whipping Uf.y in Hull — State- • - 408

;QuERlES : —

Polarised Light - - - - - - 409

HiNOR Queries :—" SaUis Populi," &c — Dramatic
Representations by the Hour-glass — John Campbell
of Jamaiiia — llodKkins's Tree, Warwick — The
Doctor — English Clergyman in Spain — Caldecott's
Translation of the New Testament — Westhumble
Chapel — Perfect Tense — La Fleur des Saints —
Oasis — Book Reviews, their Origin — Martyr of
Collet Well — Black as a Mourning .Colour— The
Word " Mardel," or " Marille," whence derived? —
Analogy between the Genitive and Plural — Ballina
Castle — Henry L's Tomb— " For man proposes, but
God disposes " — Garrick Street, May Fair — The
'Forlorn Hope— Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church,
Wilts — Eevnolds' Portrait of Barretti — Crosses on
Stoles — Te'mporalities of the Church — Etymology
of "The Lizard"— Worm in Books - - - 410

Minor Queries with Answers: — Siller Gun of Dumfries

— Margery Trussell — Caves at Settle, Yorkshire— •
The Morrow of a Feast — Hotchpot — High and Low
Dutch — "A Wilderness of Monkies " — Splitting
Paper — The Devil on Two Sticks in England - 412

Stone Pillar Worship and Idol Worship, by William

Blood, &c. 413

"BUgueur" and "Blackguard," by PhilarSte Chasles 414
Harmony of the Four Gospels, by C. Hardwick, T. J.

Buckton, Chris. Roberts, &c. . - - - 415

Small Words and Low Words, by Harry Leroy Temple 416

A Chapter on Rings . . - . . 416
Anticipatory Use of the Cross. — Ringing Bells for the

Dead - - - . - - -417

Photographic Corresfondence :— Stereoscopic Angles 419

iReplies to Minor Queries : — Berefellarii — " To

know ourselves diseased," Ac Gloves at Fairs —

•" An" before " u " long — " The Good Old Cause "

— Jeroboam of Claret, &c Humbug — " Could we

-with ink," &c. — " Hurrah ! " — " Qui facit per alium
facit per se " — Tsar — Scrape — Baskerville —
Sheriffs of Glamorganshire — Synge Family — Lines
on Woman — Lisle Family— Duval Family - - 420

Miscellaneous : —

Books and Odd Volumes wanted
Notices to Correspondents
Advertisements

- 423

- 424
. 424

Vol.. VIIL— No.209.

THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL EECOEDS.

The two principal causes of the loss of these
records are, the abstraction of them by Edward I.
in 1292, and the destruction of a great many
others by the reformers in their religious zeal.
It so happens that up to the time of King Robert
Bruce, the history is not much to be depended on.
A great many valuable papers connected with the
ancient ecclesiastical state of Scotland were carried
off to the Continent by the members of the ancient
hierarchy, who retired there after the Reformation.
Many have, no doubt, been destroyed by time,
and in the destruction of their depositories by
revolutions and otherwise. That a great many
are yet in existence abroad, as well as at home,
which would throw great light on Scottish history,
and which have not yet been discovered, there
is no doubt, notwithstanding the unceremonious
manner in which many of them were treated. At
the time when the literati were engaged in investi-
gating the authenticity of Ossian's Poems (to go
no farther back), it was stated that there was ia
the library of the Scotch College at Douay a
Gaelic MS. of several of the poems of great anti-
quity, and which, if produced, would have set the
question at rest. On farther inquiry, however, it
was stated that it had been torn up, along with
others, and used by the students for the purpose
of kindling the fires. It is gratifying to the an-
tiquary that discoveries are from time to time
being made, of great importance : it was announced
lately that there had been discovered at the Trea-
sury a series of papers relating to the rebellion
of 1715-16, consisting chiefly of informations of
persons said to have taken part in the rising ; and
an important mass of papers relative to the rebel-
lion of 1745-46. There has also been discovered
at the Chapter House at Westminster, the corre-
spondence between Edward I., Edward II., and
their lieutenants in Scotland, Aymer de Valance,
Earl of Pembroke, John, Earl of Warren, and
Hugh Cressingham. The letters patent have also
been found, by which, in 1304, William Lamber-
ton. Bishop of St. Andrew's, testified his having
come into the peace of the king of England, and

406

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

bound himself to answer for the temporalities of
his bishopric to the English king. Stray dis-
coveries are now and then made in the charter-
rooms of royal burghs, as sometime ago there
was found in the Town-house of Aberdeen a
charter and several confirmations by King Robert
Bruce. The ecclesiastical records of Scotland
also suffered in our own day ; the original charters
of the assembly from 1560 to 1616 were presented
to the library of Sion College, London Wall,
London, in 1737, by the Honorable Archibald
Campbell (who had been chosen by the Presbyters
as Bishop of Aberdeen in 1721), under such con-
ditions as might effectually prevent them again
becoming the property of the Kirk of Scotland.
Their production having been requested by a
committee of the House of Commons, the records
were produced and laid on the table of the com-
mittee-room on the 5th of May, 1834. They were
consumed in the fire which destroyed the houses
of parliament on the 16th of October of the same
year. It was only after 1746, and on the break-
ing up of the feudal system, when men's minds
began to calm down, that any attention was paid
to Scottish antiquities. Indeed, previous to that
period, had any one asked permission to examine
the charter chests of our most ancient families,
purely for a literary purpose, he would have been
suspected of maturing evidence for the purpose of
depriving them of their estates. No such objec-
tion now exists, and every facility is afforded both
the publishing clubs and private individuals in
their researches. Much has been done by the
Abbotsford,Bannatyne, Maitland, Roxburgh, Spal-
ding, and other clubs, in elucidating Scottish his-
tory and antiquities, but niucli remains to be
done. " If it were done, when 'tis done, then
'twere well it were done quickly," as every day
lost renders the attainment of the object more
difficult ; and it is to be hoped that these clubs
will be supported as they deserve. *

The student of Scottish history will find much
useful and important information in Robertson's
Index of Charters : Sir Joseph Ayloffe's Calendars
of Ancient Charters ; Domments and Records
illustrative of the History of Scotland^ edited by
Sir Francis Palgrave, 1837; Jamieson's History
of the Culdees ; Toland's History of the Druids ;
Balfour's History of the Picts ; Chalmers' Cale-
donia ; Stuart's Caledonia Bomana ; History of
the House and Clan Macfcay ; The Genealogical
Account of the Barclays of Ury for upwards of
700 Years ; Gordon's History of the House of
Sutherland; M'Nicol's JRemaj'hs on Johnson's
Journey to the Western Isles ; Kennedy's Annals
of Aberdeen; Dairy mple's Annals, &c. &c.

Abredonensis.

* See Scottish Journal, Edinburgh, 1847, p. 3., for
a very interesting article on the Early Records of
Scotland.

PATRICK CAREY.

Looking over Evelyn's Diary, edited by Mr.
Barry, 4to., 2nd edit., London, 1819, I came upon
the following. Evelyn being at Rome, in 1644,
says :

" I was especially recommended to Father John, a
Benedictine Monk and Superior of the Order for the
English College of Douay ; a person of singular learn-
ing, religion, and humanity ; also to Mr. Patrick Cafy,
an abbot, brother to our learned Lord Falkland, a
wittv young priest, who afterwards came over to our
church."

It immediately occurred to me, that this "witty
young priest" might be Sir Walter Qaoii' ^ pi-otege,
and the author of " Triviall Poems and Triolets,
written in obedience to Mrs. Tomkins' commands
by Patrick Carey, Aug. 20, 1651," and published
for the first time at London in 1820, from a MS.
in the possession of the editor.

Sir Walter, in introducing his " forgotten poet,"
merely informs us that his author " appears t6
have been a gentleman, a-loyalist, a lawyer, and a
rigid high churchman, if not a Roman Catholic."

In the first part of this book, which the author
calls his " Triviall Poems," the reader will find
ample proof that his character would fit the " witty
young priest" of Evelyn ; as well as the gentle
blood, and hatred to the Roundheads of Sir
Walter. As a farther proof that Patrick Carey
the priest, and Patrick the poet, may be identical,
take the following from one of his poems, com-
paring the old Church with the existing one :
" Our Church still flourishing w' had seene,
If th' holy-writt had euer beene
Kept out of laymen's reach ;
: But, when 'twas English'd, men halfe-witted.
Nay, woemen too, would be permitted,
T' expound all texts and preach."

The second part of Carey's poetical essays is
entitled " I will sing unto the Lord," and contains
a few "Triolets;" all of an ascetic savour, and
strongly confirmatory of the belief that the author
may have taken the monastic vow :

" Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell !

Farwell all earthly joyes and cares !

On nobler thoughts my soule shall dwell ;

Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell !

Att quiett, in my peaceful cell,

I'le thincke on God, free from your snares ;

Worldly designes, feares, hopes, farwell !

Farwell all earthly joys and cares.

Pleasure att courts is but in show.
With true content in cells wee meete ;
Yes (my djeare Lord !) I've found it soe,
Noe joyes but thine are purely sweete !"

The quotation from the Psalms, which forms
the title to this second part. Is placed above " a
helmet and a shield," which Sir Walter has trans-

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

407

ferred to his title. This " bears what heralds call
a cross anchoree, or a cross moline, with a motto,
Tant queje puis." With the exception of the rose
beneath this, there is no identification here of
Patrick Carey with the Falkland family. This
cross, placed before religious poems, may however
be intended to indicate their subjects, and the
writer's profession, rather than his family es-
cutcheon; although that may be pointed at in the
rose alluded to, the Falklands bearing " on a bend
three roses of the field." J. O.

["Ah! you do not know Pat Carey, a younger
brother of Lord Falkland's," says the disguised Prince
Charles to Dr. Albany Rochecliffe in Sir Walter Scott's
Woodstock. So completely has the fame of the great
Lord Falkland eclipsed that of his brothers, that many
are, doubtless, in the same blissful state with good
Dr. Rochecliffe, although hvo editions of the poet's
■works have been given to the world. In 1771, Mr.
John Murray published the poems of Carey, from a
collection alleged to be in the hands of a Rev. Pierre-
pont Cromp, apparently a fictitious name. In 1820,
Sir Walter Scott, ignorant, as he confesses himself, at
the time of an earlier edition, edited once more the
poems, employing an original MS. presented to him
by Mr. Murray. In a note in Woodstock, Sir Walter
sums up the information he had procured concerning
the author, which, scanty as it is, is not without in-
terest. " Of Carey," he says, " the second editor, like
the first, only knew the name and the spirit of the
verses. He has since been enabled to ascertain that
the poetic cavalier was a younger brother of the cele-
brated Henry Lord Carey, who fell at the battle of
Newberry, and escaped the researches of Horace Wal-
pole, to whose list of noble authors he would have been
an important addition." The first edition of the poems
appeared under the following title. Poems from a Manu-
script written in the Time of Oliver Cromwell, 4to. 1771,
Is. 6d. : Murray. It contains only nine pieces, whereas
the present edition contains thirty-seven, — Ed.]

INEDITED LYRIC BY FELICIA HEMANS.

A short time since I discovered the following in
the handwriting of Mrs. Hemans, and it accom-
panied an invitation of a more prosaic description
to a gentleman of her acquaintance, and a relative
of mine, now deceased. I thought it worth pre-
serving, in case any future edition of her works
appeared; but the 13th, 14th, and 15th lines are
defective, from the seal, or some other accident,
having torn them off, and one is missing. And
though perhaps it would not be difficult to restore
them, yet I have not ventured to do so myself.
The last two lines appear to convey a melancholy
foreboding of the poet's sad and early fate. Can
any one restore the defective parts ?

Weld Tatlob.

. Bayswater.

Water Lilies.

Come away, Puck, while the dew is sweet ;

Come to the dingle where fairies meet.

Know that the lilies have spread their bells

O'er all the pools in our mossy dells ;

Stilly and lightly their vases rest

On the quivering sleep of the waters' breast,

Catching the sunshine thro' leaves that throw

To their scented bosoms an emerald glow ;

And a star from the depth of each pearly cup,

A golden star ! unto heaven looks up.

As if seeking its kindred, where bright they lie,

Set in the blue of the summer sky.

.... under arching leaves we'll float,

.... with reeds o'er the fairy moat,

.... forth wild music both sweet and low.

It shall seem from the rich flower's heart,

As if 'twere a breeze, with a flute's faint sigh.

Come, Puck, for the midsummer sun grows strong,

And the life of the Lily may not be long. — Mab.

"geeen eyes."

Having long been familiar with only one in-
stance of the possession of eyes of this hue — the
well-known case of the '^^ green-eyed monster Jea-
lousy,"— and not having been led by that associ-
ation to think of them as a beauty, I have been
surprised lately at finding them not unfrequently
seriously admired. Ex. gr. :

" Victorian. How is that young and greeifeyed
Gaditana
That you both wot of?

Don Carlos. Ay, soft emerald eyes !

Victoria?!. A pretty girl : and in her tender eyes.
Just that soft shade oi green we sometimes see
In evening skies."

Longfellow's Spanish Student, Act II. Sc. 3.

Mr. Longfellow adds in a note :

" The Spaniards, with good reason, consider this
colour of the eye as beautiful, and celebrate it in a
song ; as, for example, in the well-known Villancico : j

' Ay ojuelos verdes,
Ay los mis ojuelos,
Ay hagan los cielos
Que de mi te acuerdes !

Tengo confianza,
De mis verdes ojos.' "
Bohl de Faber, Floresta, No. 255.

I have seen somewhere, I think in one of the
historical romances of Alexander Dumas (Pere),
a popular jingle about

" La belle Duchesse de Nevers,
Aux yeux verts," &c.

And lastly, see Two Gentlemen of Verona,
Act IV. Sc. 4,, where the ordinary text has :
" Her eyes are grey as glass, and so are mine."g

Here " The MS. corrector of the folio 1682 con-
verts ' grey' into ^ green ;' ' Her eyes are green as

408

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

grass ;' and such, we have good reason to suppose,
was the true reading." (Collier's Shakspeare Notes
and Emendations., p. 25.)

The modern slang, " Do you see anything green
in my eye?" can hardly, I suppose, be called in
evidence on the question of beauty or ugliness.
Is there any more to be found in favour of '■'■green
eyes?" Habry Lekot Temple.

SHAKSPEAEE COKRESPONDENCE.

On the Death of Falstaff (Vol. viii., p. 314.).—
The remarks of your correspondents J. B.^ and
Nemo on this subject are so obvious, and I think I
may also admit in a measure so just, that it ap-
peal's to me only respectful to them, and to all
who may feel reluctant to give up Theobald's
reading, that I should give some detailed reason
for dissenting from their conclusion.

In the first place, when Falstaff began to " play
-with flowers, and smile upon his fingers' ends," it
was no far-fetched thought to place him in fancy
among green fields ; and if the disputed passage
were in immediate connexion with the above, the
argument in its favour would be stronger. But,
unfortunately, Mrs. Quickly brings in here the
conclusion at which she arrives : " I knew there
■was but one way ; /w," she adds, as a farther
reason, and referring to the physical evidences
upon his frame of the approach of death, " his nose
was as sharp as a pen on a table of green frieze."
We can hardly imagine him "babbling" at this
moment. "How now. Sir John, quoth I;" she
continues, apparently to rouse him : " What, man !
be of good cheer. So [thus roused] 'a cried out —
God, God, God ! three or four times : now, I to
comfort him," &c. Does this look as though he
were in the happy state of mind your correspon-
dents imagine ? I take no account of his crying
out of sack and of women, &c., as that might have
been at an earlier period. At the same time it
does not follow, had Shakspeare intended to re-
place him in fancy amid the scenes of his youth,
that he should have talked of them. A man who
is (or imagines he is) in green fields, does not talk
about green fields, however he may enjoy them.
Both your correspondents seem to anticipate this
difficulty, and meet it by supposing Falstafl'to be
" babbling snatches of hymns ; " but this I con-
ceive to be far beyond the limits of reasonable
conjectiu'e. In fact, the whole of their very beau-
tiful theory rests upon the very disputed passage
in question. At an earlier period apparently, his
mind did wander ; when, as Mrs. Quickly says, he
was " rheumatick," meaning doubtless lunatic, that
is, delirious ; and then he talked of other things.
When he began to " fumble with the sheets, and
play with flowers, and smile upon his fingers'
ends," though for a moment he might have

fancied himself even " in his mother's lap," or any-
thing else, he was clearly past all " babbling." In
saying this, I treat Falstaff as a human being who
lived and died, and whose actions were recorded
by the faithfullest observer of Nature that ever
wrote. Samuel Hickson.

Passage in " Tempest." —

" Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims.
Which spongy April at thy best betrims,
To make cold nymphs chaste crowns."

Tempest, Act IV. Sc. I.

The above is the reading of the first _ folio.
Pioned is explained by Mr. Collier, " to dig," as
in Spenser ; but Mr. Halliwell (Monograph
Shakspeare, vol. i. p. 425.) finds no authority to
support such an interpretation. Mr. Collier's
anonymous annotator writes " tilled;" but surely
this is a very artificial process to be performed by
"spongy April." Hamner proposed "peonied;"
Heath, "lilied ;" and Mr. Halliwell admits this
is more poetical (and surely more correct), but
appears to prefer " twilled," embroidered or inter-
woven with flowers. A friend of mine suggested
that "lilied" was peculiarly appropriate to form
" cold nymphs chaste crowns," from its imputed
power as a preserver of chastity : and in Mr.
Halliwell's folio, several examples are quoted
from old poets of " peony " spelt " piony ;" and of
both peony and lily as " defending from unchaste
thoughts." Surely, then, the reading of the first
folio is a mere typographical error, and peonied and
lilied the most poetical and correct. Este.

Monumental Inscriptions (Vol. viii., p. 215. &c.).
— I have never seen the monumental inscription
of Theodore Palajologus accurately copied in any
book. When in Cornwall lately, I took the
trouble to copy it, and as some of your readers
may like to see the thing as it is, I send it line for
line, word for word, and letter for letter. It is
found, as is well known, in the little out-of-the-
way church of St. Landulph, near Saltash.

" Here lyeth the body of Theodore Paleologus
Of Pesaro in Italye, descended from y" Imperyall
Lyne of y^ last Christian Emperors of Greece
Being the sonne of Camilio, y" sone of Prosper
the Sonne of Theodoro the sonne of lohn, y'= sonne
of Thomas, second brother to Constantine
Paleologus, the 8th of that name and last of
y' lyne y' raygned hi Constantinople, untill sub-
dewed by the Turkes, who married with Mary
¥« daughter of William Balls of Hadlye in
SoufFolke Gent, & had issue 5 children, Theo-
doro, lohn, Ferdinando, Maria & Dorothy, and de-
parted this life at Clyfton y" 21*'" of January, 1636."

Ed. St. Jackson.

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

409

Marlborough at Blenheim. — Extract from a
MS. sermon preached at BItton (in Gloucester-
shire ?) on the (lay of the thanksgiving for the
victory near Hochstett, anno 1704. (By the
Reverend Thomas Earle, afterwards Vicar of
Malmesbury ?)

" And so I pass to the great and glorious occasion
of this day, w'' gives us manifold cause of praise and
thanksgiving to Almighty God for . . . mercies
and deliverances. For y* happy success of her Ma-
jesty's arms both by land and sea [under the] Duke of
Marlborough, whose fame now flies through the world,
and whose glorious actions will render his name il-
lustrious, and rank him among the renowned worthies
of all ages. Had that threatniiig Bullet, w'' bespat-
tered him all over with dirt, only that lie might shine
the brighter afterwards ; had it, I say, took away his
Life, he had gone down to the grave with the laurels
in his hand."

Is this incident of the bullet mentioned in any
of the cotemporary accounts of the battle ? E.

Etymology of " till," " until." — Many monosyl-
lables in language are, upon examination, found to
be in reality compounds, disguised by contraction.
A few instances are, non, Lat. ne-un-(us) ; do7it,
Fr. de-unde ; such, Eng. so-like ; luhich, who-like.
In like manner I believe till, to-while, and until,
unto-while. Now while is properly a substantive,
and signifies time, corresponding to dum, Lat., in
many of its uses, which again is connected with
diu, dies, both which are used in the indefinite
sense of a while, as well as in the definite sense of
a day. Adesdum, come here a while ; interdum,
between whiles. If re (Gr.) is connected with
this root, then iare, to-while, till. Lawrence
Minot says, " To time (till) he thinks to fight."

Dum has the double meaning of while and to-
tvhile. E. S. Jackson.

^ Dog-whipping Day in Hull. — There was some
time since the singular custom in Hull, of whip-
ping all the dogs that were found running about
the streets on October 10 ; and some thirty years
since, when I was a boy, so common was the prac-
tice, that evei'y little urchin considered it his duty
to prepare a whip for any unlucky dog that might
be seen in the streets on this day. This custom
is now obsolete, those " putters down" of all boys'
play in the streets — the new police — having
effectually stopped this cruel pastime of the Hull
boys. Perhaps some of your readers may be able
to give a more correct origin of this singular cus-
tom than the one I now give from tradition :

" Previous to ths suppression of monasteries in Hull,
it was the custom for the monks to provide liberally
for the poor and the wayfarer who came to the fair,
held annually on the 11th of October ; and while busy
in this necessary preparation the day before the fair.

a dog strolled into the larder, snatched up a joint of
meat and decamped with it. The cooks gave the alarm ;
and when the dog got into the street, he was pursued
by the expectants of the charity of the monks, who
were waiting outside the gate, and made to give up the
stolen joint. Whenever, after this, a dog showed his
face, while this annual preparation was going on, he
was instantly beaten off. Eventually this was taken
up by the boys ; and, until the introduction of the new
police, was rigidly put in practice by them every 10th
of October."

I write this on October 10, 1853 : and so
effectually has this custom been suppressed, that I
have neither seen nor heard of any dog having
been this day whipped according to ancient cus-
tom. JOUN ElCHAEDSON,

13. Savile Street, Hull.

State : Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 1. — Professor Wilson
proposed that in the " high and palmy state of
llome," state should be taken in the sense of city :

" Write henceforth and for ever State witli a tower-
ing capital. State, properly republic, here specifically
and pointedly means Reigning City. The ghosts
walked in the city, not in the republic." — Vide " Dies
Eoreales," No. III., Blackwood, August, 1849.

Query, Has this reading been adopted by our
skilled Shakspearian critics ?

Coleridge uses state for city in his translation of
The Death of Wallenstein, Act III. Sc. 7. :

" What think you ?
Say, shall we have the State illuminated
In honour of the Swede?"

J.M.B,

«aitericjS.

POLARISED LIGHT.

During the last summer, while amusing myself
with verifying a statement of Sir D. Brewster re-
specting the light of the rainbow, viz. that it is
polarised in particular planes, I observed a pheno-
menon which startled me exceedingly. Inasmuch as
It was quite new to me at the time ; and, notwith-
standing subsequent inquiries, I cannot find that It
has been observed by any other person. I found
that the light of the blue sky is partially polarised.
When analysed with a NIcols' prism, the contrast
with the surrounding clouds Is very remarkable ;
so much so, indeed, that clouds of extreme tenuity,
which make no impression whatever on the un-
assisted eye, are rendered plainly visible.

The most complete polarisation seems to take
place near the horizon ; and, when the sun is near
the meridian, towards the west and east. The
depth of colour appears to be immaterial, as far
as I have been able to ascertain with an Instru-
ment but rudely constructed for the purpose. The
light is polarised in planes passing through the

410

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

eye of the observer, and arcs of great circles in-
tersecting the sun's disc.

From the absence (so far as I am aware) of all
mention of this remarkable fact in works on the
subject, I am led to conclude that it is something
new ; should this, however, turn out otherwise, I
shall be obliged by a reference to any author who
explains the phenomenon. The greater intensity
towards the horizon would point to successive
refractions as the most probable theory. H. C. K.

Minat dkiittiei,

" Salus Populi" Sfc. — What is the origin of
the saying, " Salus populi suprema lex ? " E. M.

Dramatic Representations by the Hour-glass. —
I have seen it stated (but am now unable to trace
the reference) that, in the infancy of the drama,
its representations were sometimes regulated by
the hour-glass. Does the history of the art, either
among the Greeks or the Romans, furnish any
well-authenticated instance of this practice ?

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

John Campbell of Jamaica. — I shall be very
much obliged if any of your readers can give me
any information respecting John Campbell, Esq.,
of Gibraltar, Trelawny, Jamaica, who died in
January, 1817, at Clifton (I believe), but to whose
memory a monument was erected in Bristol Ca-
thedral by his widow. I should be glad to know
her maiden name, and whether he left any sur-
viving family ? Also how he was related to a
family going by the name of Hanam or Hannam,
who lived at Arkindale, Yorkshire, about one
hundred years before the date of his decease ; he
appears, too, to have had some connexion with a
person named Isaac Madley, or Bradley, and
through his mother with the Turners of Kirk-
leatham. This inquiry is made in the hope of
unravelling a genealogical difficulty which has
hitherto baffled all endeavour to solve it.

D. E. B.

Lreamington.

HodgMnss Tree, Warwick. — In the plan of
"Warwick, drawn on Speed's Map of that county,
is a tree at the end of West Street, called on the
plan " Hodgkins's Tree :" against this tree is re-
presented a gun, pointed to the left towards the
fields. — Can any of your readers furnish the tra-
dition to this tree pertaining ? O. L. E. G.

The Doctor, ^c, p. 5., one volume edition. — The
sentence in the Garamna tongue, if anagramma-
tised into "You who have written Madoc and
Thalaba and Kehama," would require a A to
be substituted for an h in Whehaha. Query, Is

this the proper mode of interpretation, or is there
a misprint ?

Saheco, p. 248. — What name are these com-
posite initials meant to represent ? The others
are easily deciphered. Should we read Saneco=
Sarah Nelson Coleridge ? J. M. B.

English Cle7-gyman in Spain. — I am anxious to
discover the capacity in which a certain clergyman
was present with the English army in Spain
early in the eighteenth century (probably with
Lord Peterborough's expedition). Can any readers
of " N. & Q." refer me to any book or record from
which I can obtain this information ? D. Y.

Caldecotts Translation of the New Testament.
— I have a translation of the Kew Testament
by a Mr. John Caldecott, printed and sold by
J. Parry and Son, Chester, dated 1834. It is en-
titled Holy Writings of the First Christians, called
the New Testament (the text written from the
common version, but altered by comparing with
the Greek), with notes. I shall be glad to know
who Mr. Caldecott was or is ? and whether the
edition appeared under the auspices of any society
or sect of Christians ? S. A. S.

Bridgewater.

Westhumble Chapel. — There is a ruin of a
chapel in the hamlet of Westhumble, in Mickle-
ham, Surrey. At what time was it built? To
what saint consecrated ? and from what cause
was it allowed to fall into its present ruinous and
desecrated condition ? J. P. S.

Perfect Tense. — In Albites' "Companion" to
How to speak French, one of the first exercises is to
turn into French the following phrase, " I have
seen him yesterday." I should be much obliged
to Mr. J. S. Warden (to w'honi all readers of
" N. & Q." stand so greatly indebted for his ex-
cellent article on " Will and Shall "), if he would
state the rule for the use of the perfect tense in En-
glish in respect to specified time, and the rationale
involved in such rule. C. Mansfield Inglebt.

Birmingham.

La Fleur des Saints. — In Moliere's Le Tartufe
(Act I. Sc. 2.) occur the following lines :

" Le traitre, I'autre jour, nous rompit de ses mains
Un mouchoir qu'il trouva dans une Fleur des Saints,
Disant que nous melions, par un crime efFroyable,
Avec la saintete les parures du diable."

Can any of your readers inform me what Fleur
des Saints was ? Was it a book ? If so, what
were its contents ? C. P. G.

Oasis. — Can any correspondent inform me of
the correct quantity of the second syllable of this
word ? In Smith's Geographical Dictionary it is
mai'ked long, while Andrews' Lexicon gives it

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

411

short, neither of them giving any reason for their
respective quantities. T.

Book Reviews, their Origin. — Dodsley published
in 1741 The Public Register, or the Weekly
Magazine. Under the head of " Records of Lite-
rature," he undertook to give a compendious
account of " whatever works are published either
at home or abroad worthy the attention of the
public." Was this sinall beginning the origin of
our innumerable reviews ? W. Cbamp.

Ma7'tyr of Collet Well— One. James Martyr, in
1790, bought of George Lake the seat called
Collet Well, in the parish of Otford. Can any
reader of " IST. & Q." tell from what family this
Martyr spi'ans?, and what their armorial bearings
are? Q. M. S.

Black as a Mourning Colour. — Can any of your
correspondents kindly inform me when black was
first known in England, as the colour of mourning
robes ? We read in Hamlet :

" 'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
Nor customary suits of solemn black,
That can denote me truly."

w. w.

Malta.

The Word " Mardel," or " Mardle" whence de-
rived? — It is in common use in the east of Nor-
folk in the sense of to gossip, thus : " He would
mardel there all day long," meaning, waste his
time in gossiping. J. L. Sisson.

Analogy between the Genitive and Plural. — In a
note by ilev. J. Bandinel, in Mr. Christmas' edi-
tion of Pegge's Anecdotes of the English Language,
1844, the question is asked at p. 167. :

" Why is there such an analogy, in many languages,
between the genitive and the plural? In Greek, in
Latin, in English, and German, it is so. What is the
cause of this?"

Can you point me to any work where this hint
has been carried out ? H. T. G.

• Hull.

Ballina Castle. — Where can I see a view of
Ballina Castle, in the county of Mayo ? and what
is the best historical and descriptive account of
that county, or of the town of Castlebar, or other
places in the county ? O. L. 11. G.

Henry I.'s Tomh. — Lyttleton, in his History of
England, quoting from an author whose name I
forget, states that no monument was ever erected
to the memory of this king in Reading Abbey.
Man, on the contrary, in his History of Reading,
without quoting his authority, states that a
splendid monument was erected with recumbent
figures of Henry and Adelais, his second wife ;

which was destroyed by the mistaken zeal of the
populace during the Reformation.

Which of these statements is the true one ?
And if Man's be, on what authority is it probably
founded ? Pemdrokiensis.

"For man proposes, hut God disposes." — This
celebrated saying is in book i. ch. xix. of the
English translation of De Lnitatione Christi, of
which Hallam says more editions have been pub-
lished than of any other book except the Bible. —
Can any of your correspondents tell me whether
the saying originated with the author, Thomas A.
Kempis ? A. B. C.

Garrick Sti'eet, May Fair. — In Hertford Street,
May Fair, there is fixed in the wall of a house
(No. 15.) a square stone on which is Inscribed:

" Garrick Street, January 15, 1761."

I shall be glad to know the circumstances con-
nected with this inscription, which is not in any
way alluded to in the works descriptive of London
to which I have referred. C. I. E.

The Forlorn Hope. — The " Forlorn Hope " is
the body of men who volunteer first to enter a.
besieged town, after a breach has been made in .
the fortifications. That I know : but it is evi-
dently some quotation, and if any of your readers
should be able to give any information as to its
origin, and where it is to be found, I should, as I
said before, be much obliged. Fenton.

Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts. —
Not very long ago, while this church was under
repair, there was discovered on one of the pillars,
behind the pulpit, a fresco painting of a mitred-
abbot. I have corresponded with the rector on
the subject, but unfortunately he kept no drawing
of it ; and all the information he is able to aflTord
rae is, that " the vestments were those ordinarily
pourtrayed, with scrip, crosier," &c. Such being the
case, I have troubled "N. & Q." with this Query,
in the hope that some one may be able to give me
farther information as to date, name, &c.

RUSEIX GOLE.-

Reynolds Portrait of Barretti. — Can any of •
your correspondents Inform me where the portrait
of Barretti, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, now Is ?

Geo. R. Coeneb..

Crosses on Stoles. — When were the three .
crosses now usually embroidered on priests'
stoles In the Roman Catholic Church introduced ?
Were they used in England before the Reform-
ation ? In sepulchral brasses the stoles, although
eiiibroidered and fringed, and sometimes also
enlarged at the ends, are (so f^ir as I have ob-
served) without the crosses. If used, what was
their form ? H. P.

412

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

Temporalities of the Church. — Is there any
record existing of a want of money for the main-
tenance of the clergy, or for other pious uses, in
any part of the world before the establishment of
the Christian religion under Constantine ? or of
any necessity having arisen for enforcing the
payment of tithes or offerings by ecclesiastical
censures during that period ? H. P.

Etymology of " The Lizai-d." — What is the
etymology of the name " The Lizard," as applied
in our maps to that long low green point, stretch-
ing out into the sea at the extreme south of
England ? My idea of the etymology would be
(judging from the name and pronunciation of a
small town in the immediate neighbourhood of the
point) lys-ard, from two Celtic words : the first,
lys, as found in the name Lismore, and others of a
like class in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland;
the second ard, a long point running into the sea.
In Cornwall, to my ear, the name had quite the
Celtic intonation Lys-drd ; not at all like Lizard,
as we would speak it, short. C. D. Lamont.

Greenock.

Worm in Books. — Can you or any of your nu-
merous correspondents suggest a remedy for the
worm in old books and MSS. ? I know of a valu-
able collection in the muniment room of a noble-
man in the country, which is suffering severely at
the present time from the above destructive agent ;
and although smoke has been tried, and shavings
of Russia leather inserted within the pages of the
books, the evil still exists. As this question has
most likely been asked before, and answered in
your valuable little work, I shall be obliged by
your pointing out in what volume it occurs, as I
have not a set by me to refer to and thus save
you the trouble. Alethes.

Miliar dSlutvitS iuttft ^n^tttcriS.

Siller Gun of Dumfries. — Can any of your
readers tell me the history of the " Siller Gun of
Dundee" [Dumfries], and give me an account of
the annual shooting for it ? O. L. 11. G.

[The Siller gun of Dumfries is a small silver tube,
like the barrel of a pistol, but derives great importance
from its being the gift of James VI., that monarch
having ordained it as a prize to the best marksman
among the corporations of Dumfries. The contest
was, by royal authority, licensed to take place every
year ; but in consequence of the trouble and expense
attending it, the custom has not been so frequently
observed. Whenever the festival was appointed, the
4th of June, during the long reign of George III.,
was invariably chosen for that purpose, being his
majesty's birthday. The institution itself may be re-
garded as a memorial of the Waponshaw, or showing
of arms, the shooting at butts and bowmarks, and
other military and gymnastic sports, introduced by our

ancestors to keep alive, by competition and prizes, the
martial ardour and lieroic spirit of the people. In
archery, the usual prize to the best shooter was a silver
arrow : at Dumfries t!ie contest was transferred to
fire-arms. See the preface to the Siller Gun, a poem,
in five cantos, by John Mayne, I8S6.3

Margery Trussell. — Margery, daughter and
coheiress of Roger Trussell, of Macclesfield,
married Edmund de Downes (of the old Cheshire
family of Downes of Taxall, Shrigley, &c.) in the
fourth year of Edward II. Query, "What arms
did she bear? and were the Trussells of Maccles-
field of the same fixmily as that which, in con-
sequence of a' marriage with an heiress of Main-
waring, settled at Warmineham, in the reign of
Edward III, and whose heiress, in later times,,
married a De Vere, Earl of Oxford ?

W. Shetd.

Denton.

[In the Harleian MS. 4031. fol. 170. is a long and
curious pedigree of the Trussells and their intermar-^
riage with the Mainwarings, in the person of Sir-
William Trussell, Lord of Cubbleston, with Maud,
daughter and heiress of Sir Vv^arren Mainwaring. The
arms are : Argent a fret gu. bezante for Trussell. The
same arms are found on the window of the church of
Warmineham in Cheshire. These would consequently
be the arms of Margery, daughter of Roger Trussell.
The arms originally were : Argent a cross formee flory
gu. ; but changed on the marriage of Sir William
Trussell of Mershton, co. Northampton, with Hose,
daughter and heiress to William Pantolph, Lord of
Cubbleston, who bore. Argent a fret gu. bezante.]

Caves at Settle, Yorhshire. — Being engaged on
antiquarian investigations, I have found it neces-
sary to refer to some discoveries made in the caves
at Settle in Yorkshire, of which my friends in that
county have spoken. Now, I cannot find any
printed account. I have referred to all the works
on the county antiquities, and particularly to Mr.
Phillips's book lately published (which professes to
describe local antiquities), but in vain. I cannot
find any notice of them. It is very likely some
one of your better-informed readers may be able-
to assist me. Bbigantia.

Battcrsea.

[See two letters by Charles Roach Smith and Joseph.
Jackson in ArcluEohgia, vol. xxix. p. 384., on the " Ro-
man Remains discovered in the Caves near Settle in
Yorkshire." Our correspondent has perhaps consulted
the following work: — A Tour to the Caves in the En-
virons of Inglthorough and Settle, in the West Riding of
Yorkshire, 8vo. 1781,]

The Morrow of a Feast. — It appears from the
papers, that the presentation of the civic function-
aries to the Cursitor Baron at Westminster, took
place on Sept. 30. Pray is this the morrow of
St. Michael, as commonly supposed ? Does not the
analogy of "Morrow of All Souls" (certainly the.

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

413

same day as All Souls Day, i. e. Nov. 2) point out
that the Morrow of St. Michael is the 29th, i. e.
Michaelmas Day. That morrow was anciently
equivalent to morning, we may infer from the fol-
lowing passages :

" Upon a morrow tide." — Gower, Conf, Am,, b. ili,

" Tho' when appeared the third morrow bright,
UiJon the waves," &c.

Spenser's Fairy Queen, ii. xii. 2.
" Good morrow." — Fassim.

E. H.

[Is not our correspondent confounding the morrow
-of All Sai7its, which the 2nd of November certainly is,
with the morrow of All Souls 9 Sir H. Nicolas, in his
most useful Chronology of History, says most distinctly:
— " The morrow of a feast is the day following. Thus,
the feast of St. Peter ad Vincula is the 1st of August,
and the morrow of that feast is consequently the 2nd of
August." — P. 99.]

Hotchpot. — Will you kindly tell me what is the
derivation of the legal terra hotchpot, and when it
•was first used ? M. G. B.

[The origin of this phrase is Involved in some ob-
scurity. Jacob, in his Law Dictionary, speaks of it as
" from the French," and his definition is verbatim that
given in The Termes of the Law (ed. 1598), with a very
slight addition. Blackstone (book ii. cap. 12.) says,
" which term I shall explain in the very words of Lit-
tleton : ' It seemeth that this word hotchpot is in En-
glish a pudding ; for in a pudding is not commonly
just one thing alone, but one thing with other things
together.' By this housewifely metaphor our ancestors
meant to inform us that the lands, both those given
in frankmarriage, and those descending in fee-simple,
should be mixed and blended together, and then di-
vided in equal portions among all the daughters."]

High and Low Dutch. — Is there any essential
difference between High and Low Dutch; and if
there be any, to which set do the Dutchmen at
the Cape of Good Hope belong ? S. C. P.

[High and Low Dutch are vulgarisms to express
the German and the Dutch languages, which those
nations themselves call, for the German Deutsch, for
the Dutch HolVdndisch. The latter is the language
which the Dutch colonists of the Cape carried with
them, when that colony was conquered by them from
the Portuguese ; and has for its base the German as
^spoken before Martin Luther's translation of the Bible
Tnade the dialect of Upper Saxony the written lan-
guage of the entire German empire.]

^ " A Wilderness of Monkeys.''' — Would you

kindly inform me where the expi-ession is to be

found : " I would not do such or such a thing for

^ wilderness of monkeys ? " C. A.

Ripley.

[" Tubal. One of them showed me a ring that he
■ had of your daughter for a monkey.

^' Shylock. Out upon her ! Thou torturest me.

Tubal : it was my turquoise ; I had it of Loah, when
I was a bachelor : I would not have given it for a
wilderness of monkies." — Merchant of Venice, Act III.
Sc. 1.]

Splitting Paper. — Could any of your readers
give the receipt for splitting paper, say a bank-
note ? In no book can I find it, but I believe
that it is known by many. H. C.

Liverpool.

[Paste the paper which is to be split between two
pieces of calico ; and, when thoroughly dry, tear them
asunder. The paper will split, and, when the calico is
wetted, is easily removed from it.]

The Devil on Two Sticks in England. — Who is
the author of a work, entitled as under ?

" The Devil upon Two Sticks in England ; being a
Continuation of Le Diable Boiteux of Le Sage.
London : printed at the Logographic Press, and sold
by T. Walter, No. 169. Piccadilly ; and W. Richard-
son, under the Royal Exchange, 1790."

It is a *-ork of very considerable merit; an
imitation in style and manner of Le Sage, but
original in its matter. It is published in six
volumes 8vo. William Newman.

[William Coombe, Esq., the memorable author of
The Diaboliad, and The Tour of Dr. Syntax in Search
of the Picturesque.'^

STONE PILLAR WORSHIP ANB IDOL WORSHIP.

(Vol. v., p. 121.; Vol vil., p. 383.)

Stone Pillar Worship. — Sir J. E. Tennent in-
quires whether any traces of this worship are to be
found in Ireland, and refers to a letter from a corre-
spondent of Lord Roden's, which states that the
peasantry of the island of Innlskea, off the coast of
Mayo, hold in reverence a stone idol called iVeewoM^z.
This word I cannot find in my Irish dictionary,
but it is evidently a diminutive, formed from the
word Eevan (-^orrjAjt), image, or idol : and it is
remarkable that the scriptural Hebrew term for
idol is identical with the Irish, or nearly so —
|1NI (^Eevan), derived from a root signifying nega-
tion, and applied to the vanity of idols, and to the
idols themselves.

I saw at Kenmare, in the county of Kerry, in
the summer of 1847, a water-worn fragment of
clay slate, bearing a rude likeness to the human
form, which the peasantry called Eevan. Its ori-
ginal location was in or near the old graveyard of
Kilmakillogue, and it was regarded with reverence
as the image of some saint in " the ould auncient
times," as an " ould auncient " native of Tuosisfc
(the lonely place) informed me. In the same im-
mediate neighbourhood is a gullaune (t^aU^h), or
stone pillar, at which the peasantry used " to give

414

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 209L

rounds ;" also the curious small lakes or tarns, on
which the islands wore said to move on July 8, St.
Quinlan's [Kilian ?] Day. (See Smith's History
of Kerry.')

However, such superstitious usages are fast fall-
ing into desuetude ; and, whatever may have been
the early history of Eevan, it is a sufficient proof
of no vestige of stone pillar worship remaining in
Tuosist, that, to gratify the whim of a young gen-
tleman, some peasants from the neighbourhood
removed this stone fragment by boat to Kenmare
in the spring of 1846, where it now lies, perched
on the summit of a limestone rock in the grounds
of the nursery-house. J. L.

Dublin.

Idol Worship. — The islands of Inniskea, on the
north-west coast of Ireland, are said to be in-
habited by a population of about four hundred
human beings, who speak the Irish language, and
retain among them a trace of that government by
chiefs which in former times existetL in Ireland.
The present chief or king of Inniskea is an intel-
ligent peasant, whose authority is universally ac-
knowledged, and the settlement of all disputes is
referred to his decision. Occasionally they have
been visited by wandering schoolmasters, but so
short and casual have such visits been, that there
are not ten individuals who even know the letters
of any language. Though nominally Roman Ca-
tholics, these islanders have no priest resident
among them, and their worship consists in occa-
sional meetings at their chief's house, with visits
to a holy well. Here the absence of religion is
filled with the open practice of pagan idolatry; for
in the south island a stone idol, called in the Irish
Neevoitgi, has been from time immemorial reli-
giously preserved and worshipped. This god, in
appearance, resembles a thick roll of homespun
flannel, which arises from a custom of dedicating a
material of their dress to it whenever its aid is
sought : this is sewed on by an old woman, its
priestess, whose peculiar care it is. They pray to
it in time of sickness. It is invoked when a storm
is desired to dash some helpless ship upon the coast;
and, again, the exercise of its power is solicited in
calming the angry waves to admit of fishing.

Such is a brief outline of these islanders and
their god ; but of the early history of this idol no
authentic information has yet been obtained. Can
any of your numerous readers furnish an account
of it? William Blood.

Wickloa'.

"blagueuk" and "blackguard."

(Vol. vii., p. 77.)

I cannot concur in opinion with Sir Emerson
•Tennent, who thinks he has a right to identify

the sense of our low word hlagueur with that of
your lower one, blackguard. I allow that there is
some slight similitude of pronunciation between
the words, but I contend that their sense is per-
fectly distinct, or, rather, wholly different ; as dis-
tant, in fact, as is the date of their naturalisation
in our respective idioms. Your blackguard had al-
ready won a " local habitation and a name" under
the reigns of Pope and his immediate predecessor
Dryden. Of all living unrespectable characters
our own hlagueur is the youngest, the most inno-
cent, and the shyest. He is entirely of modern
growth. He has but lately emerged from the
soldier's barracks, the suttler's sliop, and the mess-
room. As a prolific tale-teller he amused the
leisure hours of superannuated sergeants and half-
pay subalterns. Ten or twelve years ago he had
not yet made his appearance in plain clothes ; he
is now creeping and winding his way with slow
and sure steps from his old haunts into some first-
rate coffee-houses and shabby-genteel drawing-
rooms, which Carlyle calls sham gentility. He
bears on his very brow the newest flunhy-stamp.
The poor young fellow, after all, is no villain ; he
has no kind of connexion with the horrid rascal
Sir Emerson Tennent alludes to — with the
blackguard. That he is a boaster, a talker, an
idiot, a nincompoop ; that he scatters " words,
words, words," as Polonius did of old ; that he is
bombastic, wordy, prosy, nonsensical, and a fool,
no one will deny. But he is no rogue, though he
utters rogueries and di-olleries. I^o one is justified
in slandering him.

The blackguard is a dirty fellow in every sense
of the word — a. gredin (a cur), the true trans-
lation, by-the-bye, of the word blackguard. Vol-
taire, who dealt lai'gely in Billingsgate, was very
fond of the word gredin :

" Je semble a trois gredins, dans leur petit cerveau.
Que pour etre imprimes et relies en veau," &c.

The word blagueur implies nothing so contemp-
tuous or offensive as the word blackguard does.
The emptiness of the person to whom it applies is
very harmless. Its etymon blague (bladder, to-
bacco-bag), the pouch, which smoking voluptuaries
use to deposit their tobacco, is perfectly symbolic
of the inane, bombastic, windy, and long-winded
speeches and sayings of the blagueur. Every
French commercial traveller, buss-tooter, and Pa-
risian jarvy is one. When he deports himself with
modesty, and shows a gentlemanly tact in his pecu-
liar avocation, we call him a craqueur (a cracker).
" Ancient Pistol" was the king of blagueurs ; Fal-
staff, of craqueurs. I like our Baron de Crac, a
native of the land of white-liars and honey-tongued
gentlemen (Gascony). The genus craqueur is
common here : as it shoots out into a thousand
branches, shades, varieties, and modifications, ju-
dicial, political, poetical, and so on, it would be

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

416

quite out of my province to pursue fartlier the
description o£ blagueii}--]diid or bla?-ney -land.

P. S. — Excuse my French-English.

Philarete Chasles, Mazarinaaus.

Paris, Palais de I'lnstitut.

HABMONY OF THE rOUR GOSPELS.

(Vol. viii., p. 316.)

In answer to Z. I may state that the first
attempt of this kind is attributed to Tatlan.
Eusebius, in his Ecc. Hist (quoted in Lardner's
Works, vol. ii. p. 137. ed. 1788), says, he "com-
posed I know not what — harmony and collection
of the gospels, which he called Sia reffo-dpuy."
Eusebius himself composed a celebrated harmony,
of which, as of some others in the sixteenth and
two following centuries, there is a short account
in Michaelis's Introduction to the New Test., trans-
lated by Bishop Marsh, vol. iii. part i. p. 32.
The few works of the same kind written in the
early and middle ages are noticed in Home's
Introduct., vol. il. p. 274. About the year 330,
Juvencus, a Spaniard, wrote the evangelical his-
tory in heroic verse. Of far greater merit were
the four books of Augustine, De Consensu Quxituor
Evangeliorum. After a long interval, Ludolphus
the Saxon, a Carthusian monk, published a work
which passed through thirty editions in Germany,
besides being translated into French and Italian.
Some years ago I made out the following list of
Harmonies, Diatessarons, and Synoptical tables,
published since the Reformation, which may in
some measure meet the wish of your correspondent.
It is probably incomplete. The dates are those
of the first editions.

Osiander, 1537.
Jansenius, 1549.
Chemnitz, 1593.
Lightfoot, 1654.
Cradock, 1668.
Richardson, 1654.
Sandhagen, 1684.
Le Clerc, 1699.
Whiston, 1702.
Toinard, 1707.
Rein Rus, 1727.
Bengelius, 1736.
Hauber, 1737.
Doddridge, 1739.
Pilkington, 1747.
Michaelis, 1750.

Cranwell, near Bath.

Blisching, 1756.
Macknight, 1756.
Bertlings, 1767.
Griesbach, 1776.
Priestley (Greek), 1777.
Priestley (Eng.), 1780.
Nen'come (Greek), 1778.
Newcome (Eng.), 1802.
White, 1799.
De Wette, 1818.
Thompson, R , 1808.
Chambers, 1813.
Thompson, C, 1815.
Warner, 1819.
Carpenter, 1835.

J. M.

Tatian wrote his ^hayyi\iov ^lot. rwv naaapcav as
early as the year 170. It is no longer extant, but
we have some reason for believing that this Har-
mony had been compiled in an unfriendly spirit
(Theodoret, Hceret. FahuL, lib. i. c. 20.). Tatian

was followed by Ammonius, whose 'Ap/i or I'a ap-
peared about 230 ; and in the next century by
Eusebius and St. Ambrose, the former entitling
his production Uepl rris twv EvayyeXicDv biacpaiuias, the
latter Concordia Evangelii Matthcei et Lucce. But
by far the ablest of the ancient writings on this
subject is the De Consensu Evangelistarum of St.
Augustine. Many authors, such as Porphyry, in
his Kara Xpiffriaviav x6-yoi, had pointed with an air
of triumph to the seeming discrepancies in the
Evangelic records as an argument subversive of
their claim to paramount authority (" Hoc enim
solent quasi palmare sua3 vanitatis objicere, quod
ipsi EvangelistiB inter seipsos dissentiant." — Lib. i.
c. 7.). In writing these objections St. Augustine
had to handle nearly all the difficulties which
offend the microscopic critics of the present day.
His work was urged afresh upon the notice of the
biblical scholar by Gerson, chancellor of the Uni-
versity of Paris, who died in 1 429. The Mono-
tessaron, seu unum ex quatuor Evangeliis of that
gifted writer will be found in Du Pin's edition of
his Woi'ks^ iv. 83. sq. Some additional inform-
ation respecting Harmonies is supplied in Ebrard's
Wissenschaftliche Kritik der evangelischen Ge-
scMchte, pp. 36. sq. : Francfurt a. M., 1842.

C. Hard WICK.
St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.

Seller says (Bibl. Herm., part ii. c. 4. s. 4.) that
" The greater part of the works on the harmony of
the gospels are quite useless for our times, as
their authors mostly proceed on incorrect prin-
ciples." He refers only to the chief of them,
namely :

Osiander, 1537.
Janseji, 1549-72.
Chemnitz, 1593.
Lightfoot, 1644.
Van Til, 1687.
Lamy, 1689.
Le Roux, 1699.
Le Clerc, 1700.
May, 1707.

Von Canstein, 1718-27.
Rus, 1727-30,
Hauber.

Macknight, 1756.
Bengel, 1766.
Biisching, 1766.
Bertlings, 1767.
Priestley, 1777.
Schutte, 1779.
Stephan, 1779.
Michaelis in his New Test.
Rullraann, 1790.
Griesbach, 1776-97.
White, 1799.
De Wette, 1818.

For other Harmonies, see Mr. Home's Bibliog.
Index, p. 128. Heringa considers that the fol-
lowing writers "have brought the four Evange-
lists into an harmonious arrangement, namely :
Hesz, 1784. I Stronck, 1800.

Bergen, 1804. | Townsend, 1834.

And especially as to the suflferings and resurrection
of Christ:

Voss, 1701.
Iken, 1743.

Birmingham.

Michaelis (translated by

Duckett, 1827).
Cremer, 1795.

T. J. BCCKTON.

416

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

Ammonlus, an Egyptian Christian nearly co-
teraporary with Origen (third century), wrote a
Harmony of the four gospels, which is supposed to
be one of those still extant in the Bihlioth. Max.
Patrum. But whether the larger Harmony in
torn. ii. part 2., or the smaller in tom. iii., is the
genuine work is doubted. See a note to p. 97.
of Reid's Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, 1 vol.
edition : London, Simms and Mclntyre, 1848.

Chris. Koberts.

Bradford, Yorkshire.

SMALL WORCS AND LOW WORDS.

(Vol. ii., pp. 305. 349. 377. ; Vol. iii., p. 309.)

A passage in Churchill, and one in Lord John
Russell's Life of Moore, have lately reminded me
of a former Note of mine on this subject. The
structure of Churchill's second couplet must surely
have been suggested by that of Pope, which formed
my original text :

" Conjunction, adverb, preposUion, join
To add new vigour to the nervous Hne : —
In monosyllables his thunders roll, —
He, she, it, and, we, ye, they, fright the soul."
Censure on Mossop.

Moore, in his Journals, notes, on the other side
•*of the question, a conversation between Rogers,
Crowe, and himself, " on the beauty of monosyl-
labic verses. ' He jests at scars,' &c. ; the couplet,
* Sigh on my lip,' &c. ; ' Give all thou canst,' &c.
&c., and many others, the most vigorous and
musical, perhaps, of any." (Lord John Russell's
Moore, vol. ii. p. 200.)

The frequency of monosyllabic lines in English
poetry will hardly be wondered at, however it
may be open to such criticisms as Pope's and
Churchill's, when it is noted that our language
contains, of monosyllables formed by the vowel a
alone, considerably more than 500 ; by the vowel
e, about 450 ; by the vowel i, nearly 400 ; by the
vowel o, rather more than 400 ; and by the vowel
w, upwards of 260 ; a calculation entirely exclusive
of the large number of monosyllables formed by
diphthongs.

I hardly know whether the following "literary
folly" (as "D'Israeli the Elder" would call It, see
Curiosities of Lit. sub tit.), suggested by dipping
into the above monosyllabical statistics, will be
thought worthy to occupy a column of " N. & Q."
However, it may take its chance as a supple-
mentary Note, without farther preface, under the
name, for want of a better, of Univocalic verses :

The Jlusso- Turkish War.
A. Wars harm all ranks, all arts, all crafts appal :
At Mars' harsh blast arch, rampart, altar fall !
Ah ! hard as adamant, a braggart Czar
Arms vassal-swarms, and fans a fatal war !

Rampant at" that bad call, a Vandal-band
Harass, and harm, and ransack Wallach-land ! '
A Tartar phalanx Balkan's scarp hath past,
And Allah's standard falls, alas ! at last.

The Fall of Eve.
E. Eve, Eden's Empress, needs defended be ;

The Serpent greets her when she seeks the tree.
Serene she sees the speckled tempter creep ;
Gentle he seems — perversest schemer deep —
Yet endless pretexts, ever fresh, prefers.
Perverts her senses, revels when she errs,
Sneers when she weeps, regrets, repents she fell ;
Then, deep-reveng'd, reseeks the nether hell !

The Approach of Evening.
I. Idling I sit in this mild twilight dim,

Whilst birds, in wild swift vigils, circling skim.
Light winds in sighing sink, till, rising bright.
Night's Virgin Pilgrim swims in vivid light !

Incontrovertible Facts.
O. No monk too good to rob, or cog, or plot.
No fool so gross to bolt Scotch collops hot.
From Donjon tops no Oroonoko rolls.
Logwood, not Lotos, floods Oporto's bowls.
Troops of old tosspots oft, to sot, consort.
Box tops, not bottoms, schoolboys flog for sport.
No cool monsoons blow soft on Oxford, dons,
Orthodox, jog-trot, book-worm Solomons 1
Bold Ostrogoths of ghosts no horror show.
On London shop-fronts no hop-blossoms grow.
To crocks of gold no dodo looks for food.
On soft cloth footstools no old fox doth brood.
Long-storm-tost sloops forlorn work on to port.
Rooks do not roost on spoons, nor woodcocks

snort.
Nor dog on snowdrop or on coltsfoot rolls,
Nor common frog concocts long protocols.

The same subject continued.
U. Dull, humdrum murmurs lull, but hubbub stuns.
Luculhis snuffs up musk, mundungus shuns.
Puss purrs, buds burst, bucks butt, luck turns up

trumps ;
But full cups, hurtful, spur up unjust thumps.

Although I am the veritable K. I. P. B. T. of
the former Notes, I sign myself now, in accord-
ance with more recent custom,

Harry Lerot Temple.

A chapter on rings.

(Vol. vil. passim.)

The Scriptures prove the use of rings in remote
antiquity. In Gen. xli., Joseph has conferred on
him the king's ring, an instance more ancient than
Prometheus, whom fables call the Inventor of the
ring. Therefore let those who will hold, with Pliny
and his followers, that Its use is more recent than
Homer. The Greeks seem to have derived the
custom of wearing it from the East, and Italy
from the Greeks. Juvenal and Perslus refer to

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

417

rings wliicli were worn only on birthdays. Cle-
mens Alexandrinus recommends a limit withia
which the liberty of engraving upon them should
be restrained. He thinks we should not allow an
idol, a sword, a bow, or a cup, much less naked
human figures ; but a dove, a fish, or a ship in full
sail, or a lyre, an anchor, or fishermen. By the
dove he would denote the Holy Spirit ; by the
fish, the dinner which Christ prepared for his dis-
ciples (John xxi.), or the feeding of thousands
(Luke ix.) ; by a ship, either the Church or human
life; by a lyre, harmony; by an anchor, constancy;
by fishermen, the apostles or the baptism of chil-
dren. It is a wonder he did not mention the sym-
bol of the name of Christ (:?), the cross which is
found on ancient gems, and Noah's ark.

Rings were worn upon the joints and fingers,
and hence Clement says a man should not wear a
ring upon the joint (m articulo), for this is what
women do, but upon the little finger, and at Its
lowest part. He failed to observe the Roman
custom of wearing the ring upon the finger of the
left hand, which is nearest the heart, and which
we therefore term the ring-finger. And Macro-
bius says, that when a ring fell from the little
finger of Avienus' right hand, those who were pre-
sent asked why he placed it upon the wrong hand
and finger, not on those which had been set apart
for this use. The reasons which are given for this
custom in Macrobius were often laughed at by
H. Fabrlcius ab Aquapendente, viz. that it is stated
in anatomical works, that " a certain nerve which
rises at the heart proceeds directly to that finger
of the left hand which is next the little finger," for
nothing of the sort, he said, existed in the human
body.

The ring distinguished the free-born from the
servile, who, however, sometimes obtained the jus
annuli, or privilege of the ring. It was used as a
seal, a pledge, and a bond. Women, when be-
trothed, received rings; and the virgin and martyr
Agnes, in Ambrose, says, " My Lord Jesus Christ
bath espoused me with his ring." Theosebius also,
in Photius, says to his wife, " I formerly gave to
thee the ring of union, now of temperance, to aid
thee in the seemly custody of ray house." He ad-
visedly speaks of that custody, for the lady of the
house in Plautus says,

" Obsignate cell^, referte annulum ad me:
Ego hue transeo."

Wives generally used the same seals as their hus-
bands : thus Cicero {Ad Attic, xi. 9.) says, "Pom-
ponia, I believe, has the seals of what is sealed."
Sometimes, however, they used their own.

Touching the marriage ring, of what style and
material it was, and whether formerly, as now,
consecrated by prayers to God. Its pattern ap-
pears to have been one which has gone out of use,
viz. right hands joined, such as is often observed

on ancient coins. Tacitus {Hist. i. 11.) calls it
absolutely dextras, right hands. Among us it was
called a faith (una fade. Comp. Eng. " Plight my
troth "), and not without precedent, for on the
coins of Vitellius, &c. right hands thus joined bear
the motto Fides. An esteemed writer (Nider), ia
his Formicarium, mentions a rustic virgin who de-
sired to find a material ring as a token of her
espousal " in signum Clmstiferce desponsationis"
and found a ring of a white colour, like pure
silver, upon which two hands were engraved
where it was united. It was formerly customary
to bless a crown or a ring by prayers. The form
of consecration used by the priest is thus given ia
ancient liturgies :

" Bene >h die Domiiie, Annulum istum et coronam
istam, ut sicut Annulus circundat digltum hominis, et
corona caput, ita gratia Spiritus SanctL circundet spon-
sum et sponsam, ut videant filios et filias usque tertiara
et quartara generationem : qui collaudent nomen vlven-
tis atque regnantis in secula seculorum. Amen."

For the crown, see Is. Ixii. 1. (E. V. Ixi. 10.).
The words of Agnes above cited have reference to
giving the right hand and a pledge.

These particulars are from the Symbol. Epist.
Lihei' of Laurentius Pignorius, Patar. 1628; where,
in Ep. I. and XIX., many other references are to
be found. B. H. C.

ANTICIPATORY USE OP THE CROSS. — RINGING BELLS
FOR THE DEAD.

(Vol. vlii., pp. 130. 132.)

I trust that the following Information may be
acceptable to you and the authors of two interest-
ing papers In " N. & Q." (Vol. viii., pp. 130-2.),
viz. " Anticipatory Use of the Cross," and "Ca-
rious Custom of ringing Bells for the Dead."

When encamped, in 1823 or 1824, near the town
(not the cantonment) of Muttra, on the river
Jumna, a place of celebrated sanctity as the scene
of the last incarnation of Vishnoo, the protective
deity or myth of the Hindoos, an Italian gentle-
man of most polished manners, speaking English
correctly and Avith fluency, was introduced to me.
He travelled under the name of Count Venua, and
was understood to be the eldest son of the then
Prime Minister of Sardinia. The Count explained
to me that his favourite pursuit was architecture,
and that he preferred buildings of antiquity. I
replied, that while breakfast was preparing I could
meet his wishes, and led him to a large Hindoo
edifice close by (or rather the remains), which a
Mogul emperor had partially destroyed and there-
by desecrated, the place having since been occa-
sionally used by the townspeople as a cattle-shed,
or for rubbish.

The Count, not deterred by heaps of cattle-dung',
paced the dimensions, gazed on the solidity of the

418

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

stone masonry, approved of the construction and
sliape of the arched roof, pointed out the absence
of all ornament excepting a simple moulding or
two as architectural lines, and then broke out
into enthusiastic admiration. " The most beautiful
building ! tlie greatest wonder of the world !
Shame on the English government and English
gentlemen for secreting such a curiosity ! Here
is the cross ! the basilica carried out with more
correctness of order and symmetry than in Italy !
The early Christians must have built it ! I will
take measurements and drawings to lay before the
cardinals ! "

I was never more surprised, and assured the
Count that I was unacquainted with the cathedral
buildings of Europe, and I believed English gen-
tlemen generally to be as ignorant as myself. I
could not but acknowledge that the local govern-
ments had, as it seemed to him, evinced but little
sympathy with Hindooism ; and that whatever
might be European policy in respect to religion,
the East India Company might have participated
in the desire which prevails in Europe to develop
ancient customs, and the reasons of those customs.
It might be presumed that we should then have
contemplated this specimen of architecture with a
knowledge of its original purposes, and the history
of its events, had tlie Governor-General commu-
nicated his wish, and with due courtesy and dis-
interestedness invited the learned persons and
scholars at the colleges of Muttra and Benares to
assist such inquiries. It is but little the English
now know of the Hindoo organisation, and the
little they do know is derived from books not
tested nor acknowledged by such learned persons.
I assisted Count Venua as far as I was able, for
I rejoiced at his intention to draw the minds of
the literati of Italy to the subject. Sad to say, the
Count was some time after killed by falling into a
volcanic crater in the Eastern Isles !

I may here mention that I first saw the old
building in 1809, when a youthful assistant to the
secretary of a revenue commission. The party,
during the inclement month of September, resided
in one of the spacious houses at Muttra, which
pious Hindoos had in past times erected for the
use of pilgrims and the public. The old temple
(or whatever it might have been) was cleaned out
for our accommodation during the heat of the day,
as it then was cooler than the house. The elder
civilians were men of ability, classical scholars,
and first-rate Asiatic linguists. They descanted
on the mythological events" which renders "Brij,"
or the country around Muttra, so holy with the
Hindoos, but not one of them knew nor remarked
the " cross and basilica."

In youth, the language assigned to flowers ap-
peared to me captivating and elegant, as imparting
the finer feelings and sympathies of our nature.
In maturer age, and after the study of the history

of the customs of mankind, symbols and emblems
seemed to me an universal language, which deli-
cately delineated the violent passions of our kind,
and transmitted from generation to generation
national predilections and pious emotions towards
the God of Creation. That mythology should so
generally be interpreted Theism, and that forms
or ceremonials of worship should be held to limit
and define belief in creed, may, in my apprehen-
sion, be partly traceable to the school-book Lam-
priere's Classical Dictionary. You or your corre-
spondents may attribute it to other and truer
causes.

The rose, the thistle, the shamrock, the leek,
the lion, the unicorn, the harp, &c. are familiar
examples of national emblems. The ivy, the
holly, and the mistletoe are joined up with the
Christmas worship, though probably of Druidlcal
orio-in. The Assyrian sculptures present, under
the " Joronher," or effulgence, a sacred tree, which
may assimilate with the toolsu and the peepul tree,
held in almost equal veneration by the Hindoos.
The winged lions and bulls with the heads of men,
the angets and cherubim, recall to mind passages
of scriptural and pagan history. The sciences of
astronomy and mathematics have afforded myths
or symbols in the circle, the crescent, the bident,
the trident, the cross, &c.

The translators of the cuneiform Inscriptions
represent crucifixion as the common punishment
for rebellion and treason. The Jews may have
imitated the Assyrians, as crucifixion may have
been adopted long before that of Christ and the
two thieves (Qy. robbers). The Mahomedans,
who have copied the Jews in many practices and
customs, executed gang robbers or daccorts by
suspending the criminals from a tree, their heads
and arms being tied to the branches, and then
ripping up the abdomen. I myself saw in Oude
an insrance of several bodies. It may be inferred,
then, that the position of the culprits under exe-
cution was designated by crucifixion. The Hin-
doos mildly say that when their system^ of govern-
ment existed in efficiency there was neither crime
nor punishment.

To the examples mentioned by your corre-
spondent, I admit that the form of the cross, _ as
now received, may be derived from that of Christ,
discovered on Mount Calvary in 236 a.d. Con-
stantlne, in 306 a.d., adopted it as a standard in
Labarum. Other nations have attached staves to
eagles, dragons, fish, &c. as standards ; and there-
fore, construing "Crux ausata" literally, the en-
sign of Constantlne might be formed by attaching
a "staff" to the Divine Glory _ represented in the
Egyptian paintings and Assyrian sculptures.

°I should be glad to learn the precise shape of
the cross on the Temple of Serapis. If it be the
emblem of life or the Creative Power, then the
mythology of the Nile agrees with that of the

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

419

G.anges. If it be the symbol of life, or rather of
a future state after judgment, then the religious
tenets and creed of Muttra should be elucidated,
examined, and refuted by the advocates of con-
version and their itinerant agents. Moore's Hindoo
Pantheon (though the author had at Bombay, as
a military officer, little opportunity of ascertaining
particulars of the doctrine) sufficiently treats,
under the head of the " Krishna," the subject so as
to explain to the conversionists, that unless this
doctrine be openly refuted, the missionaries may
in truth be fighting their own shadow.

The basilica seems to have originally been the
architectural plan of the Roman Forum, or court
of justice. The Christians may have converted
some of these edifices into churches ; otherwise
the first churches seem to have been in the form
of a long parallelogram, a central nave, and an
aisle on each side, the eastern end being rounded,
as the station of the bishop or presbyter. The
basilica, or cathedral, was probably not intro-
duced until the eighth century, or later.

I have not just now access to the works of Tod
and Maurice. The former, I doubt not, is correct
in respect to the Temple of Mundore, but I be-
lieve the latter is not so in regard to Benares.
The trident, like that of Neptune, prevails in the
province of Benares ; and when it, in appropriate
size, rises in the centre of large tanks, has a very
solemn eifect. I, a great many years ago, visited
the chief temple of Benares, and do not recollect
that the cross was either noticed to me or by me.
This, I think, Avas the only occasion of observing
the forms of worship. There is no fixed service,
no presiding priest, no congregation. The people
come and go in succession. I then first saw the
bell, which, in size some twenty-five pounds weight,
is suspended within the interior. Each person, at
some period of his devotion, touched the tongue of
the bell as invocation or grace. The same pur-
pose is obtained by Hindoos, and particularly the
men of the fighting classes, previously to commen-
cing a cooked dinner, by winding a large shell,
which gives a louder sound than a horn. The
native boys however, on hearing it, exclaim in
doggrel rhyme, which I translate,

" The shell is blown,
And the devil is flown."

Fear seems so much the parent of superstition,
that I attribute this saying to the women, who, as
mothers, have usually a superstitious dread not only
of evil spirits, but also of the evil eye of mortals
towards their young ones. When, some twenty
years ago, I was told by a Kentish countryman
that the church bell was tolled to drive away evil
spirits from a departing soul, I supposed the man
to be profanely jocose ; but since then I have tra-
velled much in this country and on the Continent,
and have seen enough to satisfy me that super-

stition prevails comparatively less in Asia than
in Europe ; and the pages of " N. & Q." abun-
dantly corroborate the opinion. H. N.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Stereoscopic Angles. — I am concerned that my
definition and solution of stereoscopic angles (a
misnomer, for it should be space) in " N. & Q.,"
with subsequent illustrations, have not satisfied
Mr. Shadbolt, as I am thus obliged to once
more request room in your pages, and this time
for a rather long letter. When I asserted that
my method is the only correct one, it behoved me
to be prepared to prove it, which I am, and will
now do.

It seems that Mb. Shadbqlt has not a know-
ledge of perspective, or, with a little reflection and
trifling pains in linear demonstration on paper, he
might have convinced himself of the accuracy of
my method. It were well, then, to inform Mr.
Shadbolt, that in perspective, planes parallel to
the plane of delineation (in this case, the glass at
back of camera) have no vanishing points ; that
planes at right angles to plane of delineation have
but one ; and that planes oblique have but one
vanishing point, to the right or left, as it may be,
of the observer's eye. This premised, let the
subject be a wall 300 feet in length, with two
abutments of one foot in front and five feet in
projection, and each placed five feet from the
central point of the wall, which is to have a plinth
at its base, and a stone coping at top. On a
pedestal four feet high, two feet wide, and six feet
long, exactly midway betwixt the abutments, let
an ass be placed, a boy astride him, a bag drawn
before the boy, who holds up a long stick in line
with the ass, &c., that is, facing the observer.
The right distance for the observer's place is 450
feet. If the cameras be placed two inches and a
half apart, on one line parallel to the wall, the
stereographs will be in true perspective for the two
eyes, that is, all the planes at right angles to the
plane of delineation will have two vanishing
points, which, being merely two inches and a half
apart, will, in the stereoscope, flow easily into one
opposite the eye ; whilst the plinth, coping, and
all lines parallel to them, will be perfectly hori-
zontal ; and the two pictures would create in the
mind just such a conception as the same objects
would if seen by the eyes naturally. This would
be stereoscopic, true to nature, true to art, and,
I affirm, correct.

Now, let the same subject be treated by Profes-
sor Wheatstone's method, when the cameras would
be eighteen feet apart. Situated thus, if placed
on one line, and that parallel to the wall, the
extreme end at the right could not be seen by
the camera at the left, and vice versa; so that they

420

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

must, radiate from the centre when the glass at
Tsack of camera would be oblique to the wall, and
the plinth, coping, top and bottom of pedestal,
would have two vanishing points, at opposite sides
of the centre, or observer's eye ; both sides of the
ass, both the legs of boy, and two heads to the
drum would be visible ; whilst the two sides of
pedestals would have each a vanishing point,-
serving for all lines parallel to them. But these
vanishing points would be so far apart that they
could not, in the stereoscope, flow into one : the
result would be, that the buttresses would be
wider at back tlian in front, as would also the
pedestal ; while the stick held by the boy would
appear like two sticks united in front. This would
be untrue to nature, false to art, preposterously
absui'd, and I pronounce it to be altogether
erroneous.

This being the case with a long distance, so
must it be with shorter distances, modified in
exact proportion to the diminution of space
between the cameras, &c. For, let the object be
a piece of wood three feet long, four inches wide,
and six inches deep, with a small square piece
one inch, and six inches high, placed upright
exactly on a line from end to end of the three
feet (that is, one at each end) and midway between
the sides. Let this arrangement be placed across
another piece of wood three or four feet long,
which will thus be at right angles to the piece at
top. By my method all will be correct — true to
nature and to art, and perfectly stereoscopic :
whilst by the radial method (recommended by
Mr, Shadbolt), with two feet space for cameras,
there would be the top piece divided at the
farther end, where there would be two small up-
right pieces instead of one ; and this because
the two vanishing points could not, in stereo-
scope, flow into one : whilst the lower piece of
wood would have two vanishing points at oppo-
site sides. This, then, being untrue to nature,
untrue in art, in short, a most absurd mis-
representation, I pronounce to be utterly wrong.
I have made the space two feet between cameras
in order to show how ridiculous those pictures
might become where there is an absence of
taste, as, by such a person, two or ten feet are as
likely to be taken as any less oifensively incorrect.

As regards range of vision, I apologise to Mr.
Shadbolt for having misconceived his exact
meaning, and say that I perfectly agree with him.

With respect to the " trifling exaggeration "
I spoke of, allow me to explain. For the sake of
clearness, I denominate the angle formed from
the focal point of lens, and the glass at back of
camera, the angle of delineation ; the said glass,
the plane of delineation ; and the angle formed by
the stereograph to the eye, the stereoscopic angle.
It mvist be borne in mind that the stereoscopic
angle is that subtended by one stereograph and

the eye. I find by experiments that the angle
of delineation is very often larger than the stereo-
scopic angle, so that the apparent enlargement
spoken of by Mr, Shadbolt does not often exist ;
but if it did, as my vision (though excellent) is
not acute enough to discover the discrepancy,
I was content. I doubt not, however, under
such circumstances, Mr. Shadbolt would prefer
the deformities and errors proved to be present,
since he has admitted that he has such preference.
I have little doubt that, if desirable, the stereo-
scopic angle, and that of delineation, could be
generally made to agree.

As to the means by which persons with two
eyes, or with only one eye, judge of distance, I
say not one word, that being irrelevant to this
subject. But that the axes of the eyes approxi-
mate when we view objects nearer and nearer
cannot be doubted, and I expressed no doubt ;
and it appears to me very probable that on this
fact Mr, Shadbolt founds his conclusion that
the cameras should radiate. This, however, ought
not to be done for the reasons I have assigned.
It will not do to treat the cameras as two eyes,
and make them radiate because our eyes do ; for
it must be remembered that light entering the
eyes Is received on curved — whilst when It enters
the cameras it falls on flat surfiices, occasioning
very different results. And if this be maturely
considered by Mr. Shadbolt, I believe his
opinion will be greatly altei'cd.

As to the model-like appearance, I cannot yet
understand exactly why It should exist; but of
this I am certain, the eyes naturally do not per-
ceive at one view three sides of a cake (that is,
two sides and the front), nor two heads to a drum,
nor any other like absurdity ; so that I perceive
no analogy between this model-like appearance
and natural vision, as stated to be the case by Mb.
Shadbolt.

To confirm, practically, the truth of my illustra-
tive proofs, I will send you next week some glass
stereographs, to be placed at Mr, Shadbolt's
disposal, if he likes, and you will be so kind as to
take charge of them, T, L, Merritt.

Maidstone.

3RejiTte^ to Minax ^hntxiti,

Bc7't>fellarii (Vol. vii., p. 207.). — John Jebb
mentions the herefellarii as a distinct kind of
mongrel dependants or half-ecclesiastics of the
Middle Ages, dirty, shabby, 111- washed attendants,
whose ragged clothes were a shame to the better
sort of functionaries. He gave excellent and just
reasons for his opinion, and a very probable con-
struction of the sense of the word. But the
etymon he proposes is rather unsatisfactory. An-
glo-Saxonism Is a very good thing ; simplicity and
common sense are very good things too. May not

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

421

herefellarius, the dirty raggamuffin with tattered
clothes, be good monkish Latin for hare-fell (i.e.
hare-shiii), or rather hare-fellow? the most natural
metamorphosis imaginable. Here is the old or-
thoepy oi' bare; and every one knows that in Lon-
don (east) a fellow naturally becomes a fellar.

P.S. — Excuse my French-English.

Philaeete Chasi.Es, Mazarinteus.

Paris, Palais de I'lnstitut.

** To know ourselves diseased" SfC. (Vol. vili.,
p. 219.).—

" To know ourselves diseased is half our cure."

This line is from Young's Night Thoiiglds, Night
9tb, line 38. J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

Gloves at Fairs (Vol. viii., p. 136.). — As an
emblem of power and an acknowledgment of
goodness, " Saul set up a hand " after his victory
over the Amalekites, 1 Sam. xv. 12., (Taylor's
Hehreio Concordance,, in voce HT"-)) ^ Sam. xviii.
18., Isaiah Ivi. 5. The Phoenician monuments
are said to have had sculptured on them an arm
and hand held up, with an inscription graven
thereon. (See Gesenius and Lee.) If, as stated
by your correspondents in the article referred to,
the glove at fairs " denotes protection," and in-
dicates " that parties frequenting the fair are
exempt from arrest," it is at least a remarkable
coincidence. The Phoenicians were the earliest
merchants to the west of England that we have
any account of: can any connexion be traced
historically between the Phoenician traffic and the
modern practice of setting up a hand, or glove, at
fairs ? I well remember the feelings of awe and
■wonder with which I gazed when taken in child-
hood to see " the glove brought in " and placed
over the guildhall of my native city (Exeter) at
the commencement of "Lammas Fair." Has the
glove been associated with this fair from its com-
mencement ? and if not, how far back can its use
be traced ? The history of the fair is briefly this :
it_existed before the Norman Conquest, and was
a great mart of business ; the tolls had belonged
to the corporation, but King John took one-half,
and gave them to the priory of St. Nicholas.
Henry VIII. sold the fair with the priory ; and
anno second and third of Philip and Mary it was
Taade over to the corporation, who have ever since
been lords of the fair. (Jz^GkQ's Memorials, p. 19.;
Oliver's History of Exeter, pp. 83. 158., &c.)

J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

I may add that at Barnstaple, North Devon,
the evening previous to the proclamation of the
fair, a large glove, decked with dahlias, is pro-
truded on a pole from a window of the Quay Hall,
the most ancient building in the town, which

remains during the fair, and is removed at Its
termination. May not the outstretched glove
signify the consent of the authcfrities to the com-
mencement and continuance of the festivities, &c.,
and its withdrawal a hint for their cessation ?

I may add also that on the morning of pro-
claiming the fair, the mayor and corporation
meet their friends In the council chamber, and
partake of spiced toast and ale. Dkofssiag.

''An" before "?<" long (Vol. viii., p. 244.).—
The custom of writing an before u long must have
arisen and become established when u had Its
primitive and vowel sound, nearly resembling that
of our 00, a sound which it still has in several
languages, but seems to have lost in ours. The
use of an before u long was then proper ; habit and
precedent will account for its retention by many,
after the reason for it has ceased, and when its
use has become improper. But although the
custom is thus accounted for, there exists no
satisfactory reason for its continuance ; and I am
sorry to learn from your correspondent that It is
" increasingly prevailing." J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

''The Good Old Cause" (Vol. viii, p. 44.). —
D'Israeli, in Quarrels of Aidhors, under the head
of " Martin Mar-Prelate," has the following re-
marks on the origin and use of the expression,
" The Good Old Cause : "

" It is remarkable that Udall repeatedly employed
that expression, which Algernon Sidney left as his last
legacy to the people, when he told them he was about
to die for ' that Old Cause, in which I was from my
youth engaged.' Udall perpetually insisted on ' The
Cause.' This was a term which served at least for a
watch -word : it rallied the scattered members of the
republican party. The precision of the expression
might have been difficult to ascertain ; and, perhaps,
like every popular expedient, varied with 'existing
circumstances.' I did not, however, know it had so
remote an origin as in the reign of Elizabeth ; and
suspect it may still be freshened up and varnished over
for any present occasion."

Henet H. Breen.

St. Lucia,

The following curious paragraph In the Post
Boy, June 3-5, 1714, seems to have been con-
nected with the Jacobites :

" There are lately arrived here the Dublin Plenipo's.
All persons that have any business concerning ihe Good
Old Cause, let 'em repair to Jenny Man's Coffee
House at Charing Cross, where they may meet with
the said Plenipo's every day of the week except
Sundays, and every evening of those days they are to
be spoke with at the Kit- Cat Club."

E. G. Ballakd.

Jeroboam of Claret, Sfc. (Vol. vii., p. 528.). —
Is a magnum anything more than a bottle larger

422

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

than those of the ordinary size, and containing
about two quarts ; or a Jeroboam other than a
witty conceit applied to the old measure Joram or
Jorum, by some profane wine-bibber ? H. C. K.

Humbug (Vol, vii., p. 631.). — The real signi-
fication of the word humbug appears to me to lie
in the following derivation of it. Among the
many issues of base coin which from time to time
were made in Ireland, there was none to be com-
pared in worthlessness to that made by James II.
from the Dublin Mint : it was composed of any-
thing on which he could lay his hands, such as
lead, pewter, copper, and brass, and so low was its
intrinsic value, that twenty shillings of it was only
worth twopence sterling. William III., a few
days after the Battle of the Boyne, ordered that
the crown piece and half-crown should be taken
as one penny and one halfpenny respectively.
The soft mixed metal of which that worthless
coining was composed, was known among the
Irish as Uim bog, pronounced Oom-bug, i. e. soft
copper, i. e. worthless money ; and in the course
of their dealings the modern use of the word
humbug took its rise, as in the phrases " that's a
piece of uimbog (humbug)," " don't think to pass
offjonr uimbug on me." Hence the word humbug
came to be applied to anything that had a specious
appearance, but which was in reality spurious. It
is curious to note that the very opposite of hum-
bug, i. e. false metal, is the word sterling, which is
also taken from a term applied to the true coinage
of the realm, as sterling coia, sterling truth, sterling
worth, &c. Fras. Crosslev.

" Could we with ink,'" 8fc. (Vol. viii., pp. 127.
180.). — If Rabbi Mayir Ben Isaac is the bond
jide author of the lines in question, or the sub-
stance of them, then the author of the Koran has
been indebted to him for the following passage :

" If the sea were ink, to write the words of my Lord,
verily the sea would fail before the words of my Lord
■would fail ; although we added another sea unto it as
a farther supply." — Al Koran, chap, xviii., entitled
" The Cave," translated by Sale.

The question is. Did Rabbi Mayir Ben Isaac,
author of the Chaldee ode sung in every syna-
gogue on the day of Pentecost, flourish before or
since the Mohamedan era ? J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

"'Hurrah!"' (Vol. viii., pp. 20. 277. 323.). —It
would almost seem that we are never to hear the
last of " Hurrah ! and other war-cries." Your
correspondents T. F. and Sir J. Emerson Tbn-
NENT appear to me to have made the nearest ap-
proach to a satisfactory solution of the difficulty ;
a step farther and the goal is won — the object of
inquiry is found. I suppose it will be admitted
that the language which supplies the meaning of a

word has the fairest claim to be considered its
parent language. What, then, is the meaning of
" Hurrah," and in what language ? As a reply to
this Query, allow me to quote a writer in Black-
wood's Magazine, April 1843, p. 477. :

"'Hurrah !' means strike in the Tartar language."
— Note to art. " Amulet Bek."

So then, according to this respectable authority,
the end of our shouts and war-cries is, that we
have " caught a Tartar ! "

Again, in Blackwood, 1849, vol. i. p. 673., we-
read :

" lie opened a window and cried ' Ilourra ! ' At^
the signal, a hundred soldiers crowded into the house.
Mastering his fury, the Czar ordered the young officer
to be taken to prison." — Art. " Romance of Russian
History."

Thus, in describing the " awful pause " on the
night preceding the Russian attack on Ismail, then
in possession of the Turks, Lord Byron says :

" A moment — and all will be life again !

The march ! the charge ! the siiouts of either faith J
Hurra ! and Allah ! and — one instant more —
The death-cry drowning in the battle's roar."

Works, p. 684. col. 2.

J. W. Thomas.
Dewsbury.

" Qui facit per alium facit per se " (Vol. viii.,
p. 231.). — " Qui facit per alium, est perinde ac
si faciat per seipsum," is one of the maxims of
Boniface VIII. (Sexti Decret., lib. v. tit. 12., de
Reg. Jur. c. 72. ; Buhm. Corp. Jur. can., torn. ii.
col. 1040.), derived, according to the glossary
(vid. in Decret., ed. fol.. Par. 1612), from the
maxim of Paulus {Digest, lib. 1. tit. 17., de Div.
Reg. Jur. 1. 180.), " Quod jussu alterius solvitur,
pro eo est quasi ipsi solutum esset." E. M.

Tsar (Vol. viii., pp. 150. 226.) — Is not tsar
rather cognate with the Heb. "l^ (Sar), a leader,
commander, or prince ? This root is to be found
in many other languages, as Arabic, Persian ; Latin
serro. Gesenius gives the meaning of the word
mb' (Sarah), to place in a row, to set in order ;
to be leader, commander, prince. If tsar have this
origin, it will be synonymous with imperator, em-
peror. B. H. C.

Scrape (Vol. viii., p. 292.). — I do not know
when this word began to be used in this sense.
Shakspeare says "Ay, there's the rub:" an ana-
logous phrase, which may throw light upon the
one " to get into a scrape." Both are metaphors,
derived from the unpleasant sensations produced
by rubbing or grazing the skin. The word pincK
is, on the same principle, used for difficulty ; and
the Lat. tribidatio-=tvo\\\)\Q, and its synonym^ in
Gr., SfKi^is, have a similar origin and application.

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

423

*' To get into a scrape " is, therefore, to get into
trouble. B. II. C.

Baskerville (Vol. viii., p. 202.).—

•' Among the articles consumed at Mr. Ryland's at
Birmingham, was the body of the late Mr. Baskerville,
who by his will ordered that he should be buried in his
own house, and he was accordingly interred there. A
stone closet was erected in it, where he was deposited
in a standing posture. The house was afterwards sold
with this express condition, that it should remain
there." — Account of the Birmingham riots in 1791,
from the Historical Magazine, vol. iii., where it is said
the house was burned on Friday afternoon, July 15."

B. H. C.

A great-uncle of mine owned the Baskerville
property (he, Baskerville, was buried in his own
grounds) at the time of tlie Church and King
Kiot in 1791 ; but it was the recent growth of the
town that occasioned the disinterment. E,.

Sheriffs of Glamorganshire (Vol. iii., p. 186. ;
Vol. viii., p. 353.). — Your correspondent Tewars
is certainly wrong in ascribing to the Rev. li. H.
Knight the list of Glamorganshire sheriffs in-
quired for by Edmund W. It is true this gen-
tleman printed a list of them many years after the
former, which was privately printed by the Hev.
J. M. Traherne, and subsequently published a
Cardiff Guide, by Mr. Bird of Cardiff. I have
seen both copies, and the latter may doubtless
yet be seen upon application to Mr. Bird. I have
also seen the more recent list by my learned friend
the rector of Neath. Bibliothecar. Chetham.

Synge Family — siib voce Carr Pedigree (Vol.
vii., p. 558. ; Vol. viii., p. 327.). — Has the state-
ment made by Gulielmus, as to the origin of the
name of Synge, ever appeared in print before ?
And if so, where ? I have long been curious to
identify the individual whose name underwent
such a singular change, and to ascertain if he
really was a chantry priest as reported. Was he
George Synge, the grandfather of George Synge,
Bishop of Cloyne, born 1594 ? Of what family was
Mary Paget, wife of the Rev. Richard Synge,
preacher at the Savoy in 1715 ? The name appears
to have been indifferently spelt, Sing, Singe, and
Synge. And I believe an older branch than the
baronet's still exists at Bridgenorth, writing them-
selves Sing. The punning motto of this family is
worth noticing : " Celestia caniraus."

Arthur Paget.

Lines on Woman (Vol. viii., p. 350.). — Your
correspondent P. W. J. has occasioned me some
perplexity in tracing the quotation which he refers
to Vol. viii., p. 204., but which is really to be
found at p. 292. He appears to have fallen into
this error by mistaking the number on the right
hand for the paging on the left. As accurac/in

these matters is essential in a publication like
" N. & Q.," he will excuse me for setting him
right. The name of the author of the poem of
" Woman" was not Eton Barrett, but Eaton Stan-
nard Barrett. He was connected with the press
in London. Your correspondent is correct in
stating that the Barretts were from Coi'k. Eaton
Stannard Barrett was a man of considerable ability.
He published several works anonymously, all of
which acquired celebrity ; but I believe the poem
of " Woman," published by Mr. Colburn, was the
only work to which he attached his name. He
was the author of the well-known political satire
called All the Talents ; of the mock romance of
The Heroine, in which the absurdities of a school
of fiction, at that time in high favour, are happily
ridiculed ; and of a novel which had great success
in its day, and is still to be found in some of the
circulating libraries, called Six Weeks at LoTig's,
Eaton Stannard Barrett died many years ago in the
prime of his life and powers. His brother, Richard
Barrett, is still living, and resides in the neigh-
bourhood of Dublin. He is the author of some
controversial and political pamphlets, of which
the principal were Irish Priests, and The Bible not
a Dangerous Book. He afterwards conducted
The Pilot newspaper, established for the support
of Mr. O'Connell's policy in Ireland, and was one
of the persons who sutfered imprisonment with
Mr. O'Connell, and who were designated in the
Irish papers as the " martyrs." Robert Bell.

Lisle Family (Vol. vii., p. 365. et ante'). — R.
H. C. will find in Berry's Hampshire Genealogies
(1 vol. folio, London, 1833) a pedigree of the
Lisles he alludes to as being buried at Thruxton,
Hampshire. The shield. Lisle impaling Courte-
nay, on the altar tomb there would appear to be-
long to Sir John Lisle, Kt., who married Joan,
daughter of John Courtenay, Earl of Exeter.

Arthur Paget.

Duval Family (Vol. viii., p. 318.). — If H. will
have the kindness to address himself to me either
personally or by letter, I shall be happy to give
him any information I can, derived from old
family documents in my possession, respecting
the Duval family and the Walls of the south of
Ireland. C. A. Duval.

74. George St., Manchester.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Examiner (Newspaper), No. 2297, February 7, 18.53.

William Shakspeare : A Biography, by Charles Knight (First

Edition).
Maksh's History of Hursley and Baddcsley. About 1805.

8vo. Two Copies.

*,• Letters, stating particnlars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mb. Bell, Publisher of " NOTBb AND
QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street. .

424

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent

direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose

names and addresses are given for that purpose :

Oxford Almanack for 1719.

Amcenitates Academics. Vol. I. Holmioe, 1749.

Bnoun^ Hist. Nat. Jamaic*:. London, 175G. Folio.

Ammanus I. Stirpes Rariores. Petrop. 1739.

Philosophical Transactions for 1G83.

Annals of Philosophy for January, 1824.

A Poem upon thk most hopeful and ever-flourishing
Sprouts of Valour, the Indefatigable Centuvs of the
Physic Garden.

Poem upon Mr. Jacob Bobart's Yevvmen of the Guards to
THE Physic Garden, to the Tune of " The Counter-
Scuffle." Oxon. 1662.

The above two Ballads are by Edmund Gayton.
Wanted by H. T. Bobart, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

Peyran's Coptic Lexicon.

IMuRE ON the Calendar and Zodiacs of Ancient Egypt.

Gladwin's Persian Moonshee. 4to.

Jones's Classical Library (the 8vo. Edition). The Volume

containing Herodotus, Vol. I.
TuE Chronicles of London. 1827.

Wanted by Mr. Hayward, Bookseller, Bath.

A Register of Elections, by H. S. Smith, of Leeds (published

in Parts).
James' Naval History. Vols. IIL, IV., and V, 8vo. 6- Vol.
Edition by Bentley.

Wanted by Mr. J. Howes, Stonham-Aspall, Suffolk.

Monuments and Genii of St. Paul's and Westminster
Abbey, by G. L. Smith. London. J. Williams. 1826. Vol, L
Wanted by Charles Reed, Paternoster Row.

Dr. Pkttingall's Tract on Jury Trial, 1769.

Wanted by Mr. T. Stephens, Merthyr TydOl.

History of the Old and New Testament, by Prideaux.

Vol. I. 1717-18.
Historical Memoirs of Queens of England, by Hannah

Lawrence. Vol. II.
Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers.
Jardine's Naturalist's Library. First Edition. All except

first 13 Volumes.
Peter Simple. Illustrated Edition. Saunders and Otley.

Vols. II. and III.
History and Antiquities of Somersetshire, by Rev. W.

Phelps. 1839. All except Parts I., II., III., V., VI., VII.,

and VIII.

Wanted by John Garland, Solicitor, Dorchester.

Roman Stations in Britain. London, 1726.
A Survey of Roman Antiquities in so.me Midland Counties.
London, 1726.

Wanted by Rev. J, W. Hewed, Bloxham, Banbury.

Indications op Spring, by Roht. Marsham, Esq., F.R.S.
The Village Curate, by Hurdis.
Calendar of Flora, by Stillingfleete.
Wanted by J. B. Whitborne, 54. Russell Terrace, Leamington.

§.Qliui to Caire^iJ0ulfciiW.

Books Wanted. So many of our Correspondents seem disposed
to avail themselves oj our plan oj placing the bonksellers in direct
comtnnnicalion with them, that we find ourselves cotnpelled to
limit each list of books to two insertions. We would also express
a hope that those gentlemen who may at once succeed in obtaining
any desired volumes will be good enough to notify the same to us,
in order that such books may not unnecessarily appear in such
list even a second time.

P. G. IVe are not in a position to answer P. G.'s inquiries.
Why not try one of the series and judge for yourself f

A German Investigator, who slates that sojne important moves
towards the "flying by man" have lately been made upon the
Continent, and who inquires " what noblemen or gentlemen would
be likely to foster similar researches in this country," should
rather address himself to some of the Journals devoted to mecha-
nical science.

Sciolus. The author of Doctor Syntax was the well-known
William Coombe, a curious list oftvhose works will be found in the
Gentleman's Magazine/or May, 1852, p. 467.

Charles Demayne. We have a letter for this Correspondent ^
where shall it be sent ?

Erica will find his illustration of Campbell's Like Angel visits
anticipated in our 1st Vol.

J. N. C. (King's Lynn). We have one or tiao Replies on the
same subject already in the Printer's hands.

A. J. V. (University Club) will find his Query respecting
Solamen miseris, kc. in Vol. viii., p. 272., and an answer re-
specting Tempora mutantur in p. 306.

Our Correspondent C. E. F. (p. 373.) is informed — 1. That
both the solutions of the muriate salts and the nitrate of silver may
be used in the manner he proposes ; but a portion of sugar of
milk, inannite, or grape sugar, as has been previously recom-
mended, 7nuch accelerates the process. 2. 7'he positives should be
printed about one-third deeper than is required, and they should
remain in the hypo, bath until the mottled appearance is removed,
which is visible when held up against the light and they are
looked through : at first the positive often assumes a very un-
pleasant red colour J this gradually disappears by longer im-
mersion, when the proofs 7iiay be reinoved at the point of tint
required, remembering that they become rather darker when
dry, especially if ironed, and which is generally desirable,
especially if the print is rather pale. 3. The sel d'or does not
seem to have the destructive effect which the chloride of gold
has, and if the chemicals are entirely removed, in all probability
they are quite permanent. Those which we have seen printed
several months since appear to have suffered no change. Bictures
produced by the amtnonio-nitrate arc most uncertain. There
are feiv who have not had the mortification to see some of their
best productions fade and disappear. A learned professor, about
eighteen months since, sent us a picture so printed " as some-
thing to work up to i " a few yelloicish stains are now all that
remains on the paper.

" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vii., price Three Guineas
and a Half.— Copies are being made up and may be hud by order.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

EDITED FOR THE SYNDICS OF THE

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

This Day, 3 vols. 8vo., 42s.

GEOTIUS

DS 3VH.E BEIiIiX ET PACXS ;

Accompanied by an Abri<lged Translation of
the Text. By "W. WHEWELL, D.D., Master
of Trinity College, and Professor of Moral
Philosophy in the University. AVith the Notes
of the Author, Barbeyrac and others.

Also, 8vo., Us.

GROTIUS

ON- TEE RIGHTS OF VTAR
ANH PEACE.

By DR. WHE-

I/ondon :

J. W. PARKER & SON, West
Strand.

This Day, small octavo, 9s. 6d.

PHRASEOLOGICAL AND
EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE
HEBREW TEXT OF THE BOOK OF GE-
NESIS. By THEODORE PRESTON, M.A.,
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

London : JOHN W. PARKER & SON.
Cambridge : J. DEIGHTON.

This Day, Octavo, 3s. 6d.

pICERO PRO MILONE.

V^ With a Translation of Asconius' Intro-
duction, Marginal Analysis, and English
Notes. Edited for the Syndics of the Cam-
bridge University Press. By the REV. J. S.
PURTON, M.A., President and Tutor of St.
Catharine's Hall.

London

JOHN W. PARKER & SON,
West Strand.

Just published, price Is.
THE STEREOSCOPE,

Considered in relation to the Philosophy of
Binocular Vision. An Essay, by C. MANS-
FIELD INGLEBY, M.A., of Trinity CoUege,
Cambridge.

London : WALTON & MABERLEY, Upper
Gower Street, and Ivy I>ane, Paternoster
Row. Cambridge : J. DEIGHTON.

Also, by the same Author, price Is.,

REMARKS on some of Sir

William Hamilton's Notes on the AVorks of
Dr. Thomas Reid.

" Nothing in my opinion can be more cogent
than your refutation of M. Jobert." — ySiV IT-
ilainilton.
London : JOHN W. PARKER, West Strand.

Cambridge : E. JOHNSON. Birmingham ;

H. C. LANGBRIDGE.

Oct. 29. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

425

WH. HART, RECORD
• AGENT and LEGAI. ANTIQUA-
KIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to
manj; of tlie early I'nblic Kceords whereby liis
Inquiries are irreatl y facilitated) begs to inform
Authors and Gentlemen encazed in Antiqua-
rian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared
to undertake searches among the Public Re-
cords, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient
Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Na-
ture, in any Branch of Literature, History,
Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in
whah he has had considerable experience.
1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCHAM, SURREY.

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426

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 209.

TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

X TION, NKRVOUSNESS, &c. - BARRY,
DV BARRY & CO.'S HKALTH-RESTOR-
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THE KEVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,
the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
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^ few mit 0/50,000 Cures : —

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Important Cactiox Many invalids having

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under closely similar names, such as Ervulenta,
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in Aul, without which none is genuine.

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CONTENTS.

KoTKS : — Page

Lord Halifax and Mrs. Catlierine Barton, by Professor

Ue Morgan - - - - - - 429

Dr. Parr on Milton - - - - - 433

Parts of MSS., by John Macray - - - - 434

"William Blake 433

Folk Lore : — Legends of tlie County Clare — The

Seven Whisperers ----- 436

Italian.English, German-English, and the Refugee Style,

by Philar^te Chasles . . . - . 43(5

Shakspeare Correspondence, by Thos. Keightley, &c. - 437
Minor Notes: — Decomposed Cloth — First and Last

— Cucumber Time — MS. Sermons of the Eighteenth
Century — Boswell's " Johnson " — Stage Coaches —
Antecedents — The Letter X — A Crow-bar - - 433

Queries : —

Minor Queuies : — Bishop Grehan — Doxology —
Arrow-mark — Gabriel Poyntz — Queen Elizabeth's
iind Queen Anne's Motto, "Semper eadem " — Bees

— Nelly O'Brien and Kitty Fisher — "Homo unius

libri " — "Now the fierce bear," &c Prejudice

against Holy Confirmation — Epigram on MacAdam

— Jane Scrimshaw — The Word " Quadrille " — The
Hungarians in Paules — Ferns Wanted — Craton the
Philosopher — Tlie. Solar Annual Eclipse in the Year
Ji!G3 — D'Israeli: how spelt? — Richard Oswald —
Cromwell's Descendants — Letter of Archbishop
Curwen to Archbishop Parker - . - - 440

Minor QuEniES with Answers: — Margaret Patten —
Etymology of " Coin" — Inscription at Aylesbury —
" Guardian Angels, now protect me," &c. — K. C. B.'s

— Danish and Swedisli Ballads — Etymology of
" Conger " — " Si vis me flere, dolendum est primum
tibi" 442

Replies : —

Medal and Relic of Mary Queen of Scots, by John
Evans, &c. ...... 444

Early Use of Tin — Derivation of the Name of Britain - 445
Pictorial Editions of the Book of Common Prayer - 41f>
Yew-Trees in Churchyards, by Fras. Crossley, &c. - 447
Osborn Family - - - , - -448

Inscriptions on Bells, by W. Sparrow Simpson and
J. L. Sisson - - - - - - 448

1/adies' Arms borne in a Lozenge - - . 448

The Myrtle Bee, by C. Brown - - - - 450

Captain John Davis, by Bolton Corney - . - 450

Photographic Correspondence : — Clouds in Photo-
graphs — " The Stereoscope considered in relation to
the Philosoiihy of Binocular Vision " — WuUer's
Processes — Positives on GIhss . - - - 431

Replies to Minor Queries : — Peculiar Ornament in
Crosthwaite Church — Nursery Rhymes — Milton's
Widow — Watch-paper Inscriptions — Poetical Tavern !
Signs— Parish Clerks' Compapv— " Elijah's Mantle"

— Histories of Literature — Birthplace of General
Monk — Books chained to Desks in Churches, &c. - 452

Miscellaneous : —

Notes on Books, ^c. - . - . . 455

Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - - - 456

Notices to Correspondents . - _ - 455

Advertisements ---... 455

YoL. VIIL — No. 210.

LORD HALIFAX AND MRS. CATHERINE BARTON.

Those ■who have written on the life of New-
ton have touched with the utmost reserve upon
the connexion which existed between his half-
niece Catherine Barton, and his friend Charles
Montague, who died Earl of Halifax. They seem
as if they were afraid that, by going fairly into
the matter, they should find something they
would rather not tell. The consequence is, that
when a writer at home or abroad, Voltaire or
another, hints with a sneer that a pretty niece
had more to do with Newton's appointment to
the Mint than the theory of gravitation, those
who would like to know as much as can be
known of the whole truth find nothing in any
attainable biography except either total silence
or a very awkward and hesitating account of half
something.

On looking again into the matter, the juxta-
position of all the circumstances induced in my
mind a strong suspicion that Mrs. C. Barton was
privately married to Lord Halifax, probably before
his elevation to the peerage, and that the marriage
was no very great secret among their friends. As
yet I can but say that the hypothesis of a private
marriage is, to me, the most probable of those
among which a choice must be made : farther in-
formation may be obtained by publication of the
case in "N. & Q.," the most appropriate place of
deposit for the provisional result of unfinished in-
quiries.

Charles Montague (born April, 1661, died May
19, 1715) made acquaintance with Newton when
both were at Trinity College in 1680 and 1681.
Newton was nineteen years older than Montague,
and had been twelve years Lucasian professor.
At the beginning of their friendship, the Lucasian
professor must be called the patron of the young
undei'graduate, who was looking for a fellowship
with the intention of taking orders, a design which
he did not find sufficient encouragement to
abandon until after he had sat in the Convention.
By 1690, the rising politician had become the
patron of the author of the Princijna, Avho in that

430

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

year or the next became an aspirant for public
employment. The friendship of Newton and
Montague lasted until the death of the latter,
interrupted only by a coolness (on Newton's side
at least) in 1691, arising out of a suspicion in
Newton's mind that Montague was not sincere in
his intentions towards his friend.

Catherine Barton (born 1680, died 1739) was
the daughter of Robert Barton and Newton's
half-sister, Hannah Smith (Baily's Flamsteed, Sup-
plement, p. 750.). Lieut.-Col. Barton, usually called
her husband, was her brother. The pedigrees
published by Turnor recognise this fact : Swift
distinctly states it, and Rigaud proves it in various
ways in letters to Baily, which lately passed
through my hands on their way to the Observatory
at Greenwich. The mistake ought never to have
been made, for Mrs. C. Barton (as she was usually
denominated) must, according to usage, have been
reputed single so long as her Christian name was
introduced.

Mrs. C. Barton married Mr. Conduitt, then or
afterwards Newton's assistant, and his successor :
this marriage probably took place in 1718, the
year in which Newton introduced Conduitt into
the Royal Society. Among the Turnor memo-
rials of Newton, now in possession of the Royal
Society, is a watch having the inscription "Mrs. C.
Conduitt to Sir Isaac Newton, January, 1708."
This date cannot be correct, for Swift in 1710,
Halifax in 1712, Flamsteed in 1715, and Monmort
in 1716, call her Barton: all but Flamsteed were
intimate acquaintances. Any one who looks at
the inscription will see that it is not as old as the
watch : it is neither ornamented nor placed in a
shield or other envelope, while the case is beauti-
fully chased, and has an elaborate design, repre-
senting Fame and Britannia examining the por-
trait of Newton. Moreover, "Mrs. Conduitt"
would never have described herself as " Mrs. C,
Conduitt."

Montague was not, so far as usual accounts
state, what even in our day would be called a
libertine. He married the Countess of Manchester
(the widow of a relative) before his entry into
public life, and was deeply occupied in party
politics and fiscal administration. I am told that
Davenant impugns his morals : this may be the
exception which proves the rule ; some of the
lampoons directed against the Whig minister are
preserved, and these do not attack his private
character in the matter under allusion, so far as I
can learn.

All the cotemporary evidence yet adduced as
to the relation between Lord Halifax and Cathe-
rine Barton, is contained in one sentence in the
Life of the former, two codicils of his will, and
one allusion of Flamsteed's. The Life, with the
will attached, was appended to two different pub-
lications of the works of Halifax, in 1715 and

1716. The passage from the Life is as follows
(p. 195.):

" I am likewise to account for another Omission in
the Course of this History, which is that of the Death
of the Lord Halifax's Lady ; upon whose Decease his
Lordship took a Resolution of living single thence
forward, and cast his Eye upon the Widow of one
Colonel Barton, and Neice to the famous Sir Isaac
Newton, to be Super-intendent of his domestick Affairs.
But as this Lady was young, beautiful, and gay, so
those that were given to censure, pass'd a Judgment
upon her which she no Ways merited, since she was a
Woman of strict Honour and Virtue ; and tho' she
might be agreeable to his Lordship in every Particular,
that noble Peer's Complaisance to her, proceeded
wholly from the great Esteem he had for her Wit and
most exquisite Understanding, as will appear from what
relates to her in his Will at the Close of these Me-
moirs."

This sentence is an insertion (the frst omission is
as far back as p. 64.). It speaks of Mrs. C. Barton
as if she were dead : and it is worthy of note that
this lady, who lived to communicate to Fontenelle
materials for his eloge of Newton, had excellent
opportunity, had it pleased her, to have contra-
dicted or varied any part of the account given by
Halifax's biographer ; and this without appearing.
The actual communication made to Fontenelle by
her husband, Mr. Conduitt, is in existence, and was
printed by Mr. Turnor ; it contains no allusion
to the subject. Farthei', it appears by the bio-
grapher's account that she had passed as a widow,
which is not to be wondered at : the Colonel
Barton who was the son of circumstances, must
have been created before her brother (who died
in 1711) attained such rank, perhaps before he
entered the army at all.

The will gives very different evidence from that
for which it is subpoenaed: it is dated April 10,
1706. In the first codicil (dated April 12, 1706)
Lord Halifax leaves Mrs. Barton all his jewels
and 3000Z. " as a small token," he says, " of the
great love and affection I have long had for her,"
In a second codicil (dated February 1, 1712) the
first codicil is revoked, and the bequest is aug-
mented to 5000/., the rangership, lodge, and
household furniture of Busliey Park, and the
manor of Apscourt, for her life. These are given,
says Lord Halifax, " as a token of the sincere love,
affection, and esteem, I have long had for her
person, and as a small recompense for the pleasure
and happiness I have had in her conversation."
In this same codicil "Mrs. Catherine Barton" is
described as Newton's niece, and 100/. is left to
Newton " as a mark of the great honour and
esteem I have for so great a man." The con-
cluding sentence of the codicil is as follows :

" And I strictly charge and command my executor
to give all aid, help, and assistance to her in possessing
and enjoying what I have hereby given her ; and also

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

431

in doing any act or acts necessary to transfer to her an
annuity of two hundred pounds per annum, purchased
in Sir Isaac Newton's name, which I hold for her in
trust, as appears by a declaration of trust in that
behalf."

This codicil immediately became the subject
of remark, and the terms of it seem to have
been understood as they would be now. Flam-
steed, writing in July, 1715 (Halifax died in May),
says:

" If common fame be true, he died worth 1 50,000?. ;
out of which he gave Mrs. Barton, Sir I. Newton's
niece, for her excellent conversation [the Italics are
Baily's, the original, I suppose, underlined], a curious
house, 5000/. with lands, jewels, plate, money, and
household furniture, to the value of 20,000/. or more."

I pay no attention to the statement that (Biogr.
Brit, Montague, note BB.) Lord Halifax was dis-
appointed in a second marriage. It amounts only
to this, that Lord Shaftsbury, having a certain
lady in his heart and in his eye, was afraid he had
a rival, and described the person talked of in terms
which make it pretty certain that Halifax was
intended. But it by no means follows that be-
cause a certain person is " talked of" for a lady,
and a lover put in fear by the rumour, the person
is really a rival : and not even a biographer would
have shown himself so unfit for a novelist as to
have drawn such a conclusion, unless he had been
biassed by the wish to show that Halifax was at-
tached to another than Mrs. Barton.

It must of course be supposed that the intro-
duction of Montague to Newton's niece was a
consequence of his acquaintance with Newton, and
took place in or near 1696, when Newton came to
London, where his niece soon began to reside with
him. And since, in 1706, the connexion, what-
ever it was, had been of long standing, we may
infer that it had probably commenced in 1700.
The case is then as follows. Montague received
into his house, as " superintendent of his domestic
affairs" after the death of his wife, the niece of
his old and revered friend Newton, a conspicuous
officer of the crown, a member of Parliament, and
otherwise one of the most famous men living. This
niece had been partly educated by Newton ; she had
lived in his house ; we know of no other protector
that she could have had, in London ; and the sup-
position that she left any roof except Newton's to
take shelter under that of Montague, would be
purely gratuitous. She was unmarried, beautiful,
and gay ; and probably not so much as, certainly
not much more than, twenty years old. A hand-
some annuity was bought for her in Newton's
name, and held in trust by Halifax : if it had been
bought % Newton, Conduitt would have mentioned
it in his list of the benefactions which Newton's
relatives received from him, especially after the

Sublicity which it had obtained from Halifax's will.
!hat she did not tenant the housekeeper's room

while the friends of Halifax were round his table,
may be inferred from the epigrams, poor as they
are, which were made in her honour as a celebrated
beauty and wit, in a collection of verses (reprinted
in Dryden's Miscellanies) on the best known toasts
of the day. Halifax bequeathed her a provision
which might have suited his widow, in terms which
must have been intended to show that she had
been either his wife or his mistress ; while in the
same document he brought prominently forward
his respect for Newton, the fact of her being
Newton's niece, and the annuity which he had
bought for her in Newton's name. An uncon-
tradicted paragraph in the life of Halifax, pub-
lished immediately after the will, and evidently
not intended to bring forward any fact not per-
fectly well known, records her residence in the
house of that nobleman and the consequent ru-
mours concerning her character, affirms that she
was a virtuous woman, and refers to the will to
prove it : though the will denies it in the plainest
English, on any supposition except that of a pri-
vate marriage. Finally, the lady married a re-
spectable man after the death of Lord Halifax,
and with him lived in the house of her illustrious
uncle.

That she was either the wife or the mistress of
Halifax, I take to be established ; it is the natural
conclusion from the facts above stated, all made
public during her life, all left uncontradicted by
herself, by her husband, by her daughter, by Lord
Lymington her son-in-law, and by the uncle who
had stood to her in the place of a father. It is
impossible that Newton could have been ignorant
that his niece was living in Montague's house,
enjoyed an annuity bought in his own name, and
was regarded by the world as the mistress of his
friend and political patron. The language of the
codicil shows that, be the nature of the connexion
what it might, Halifax meant to tell the world
that it might be proclaimed in all its relation to
the name of Newton. To those who cannot,
under all the circumstances, believe the connexion
to have been what is called platonic, the proba-
bility that there was a private marriage is pre-
cisely the probability that Newton would not have
sanctioned the dishonour of his own niece : and-
even if the connexion were only that of friendship,
Newton must have sanctioned the appearance and
the forms of a dishonourable intimacy : the co-
habitation, the settlement, and the defiance of
opinion. Now there is no reason to suppose of
Newton that he would be a party to either pro-
ceeding, which would not apply as well to any
man then alive : to Locke, for instance. Looking
at the morals of the day, we are by no means jus-
tified in throwing off at once, with disgust, the
bare idea of the possibility of a distinguished
philosopher consenting to an illicit intercourse
between his friend and his niece : we are bound.

432

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

in discussing probabilities, to distinguish 1 850 from
1700. But, even putting out of view the purity
of Newton's private life, and of the lives of his
most intimate friends, there is that in the weaker
part of his character which is of itself almost con-
clusive. Kight or wrong, Newton never faced
opinion. As soon as he found that publication
involved opposition, from that time forward he
published only with the utmost reluctance, and
under the strongest persuasions ; except when,
as in the case of some of his theological writings,
he confided the manuscript to a friend, to be
anonymously published abroad. The Principia
•was extorted from him by the Royal Society ; the
first publication on fluxions was under the name
of Wallis ; the Optics were delayed until the
death of Hooke ; the first appearance against
Leibnitz was anonymous ; the second originated
in a hint from the King. This morbid fear, which
is often represented as modesty, would have made
him, had he acted a part with regard to his niece
which he could not avow, conduct it with the
utmost reserve. The philosopher who would
Lave let the theory of gravitation die in silence
rather than encounter the opposition which a dis-
covery almost always creates, would not have
allowed his name to be connected with the an-
nuity which was the price of his niece's honour,
or which carried all the appearance of it, even
supposing him base enough to have connived at
the purchase. And in such a case, Halifax would
have taken care to respect the secrecy which he
would have known to have been essential to New-
ton's comfort : he would not have published to the
world that his mistress was Newton's niece, and
that Newton was a party to a settlement upon
her. There seems to me, about the codicil as it
stands, a declaration that the connexion with
Newton's niece was such as, if people knew all,
Newton might have sanctioned. And the sup-
position of a private marriage, generally under-
stood among the friends of the parties, seems to
me to make all the circumstances take an air of
likelihood which no other hypothesis will give
them : and this is all my conclusion.

If there were a marriage, the most probable
reason for the concealment was, that it was con-
tracted at a time when the birth and station of
Mrs. Barton would have rendered her production
at court as the wife of Montague an impediment
to his career. He was raised to the peerage in
1700, and as the connexion was of long standing
in 1706, it may well be supposed that it com-
menced at the time when (in his own opinion at
least) his prospects of such elevation might have
been compromised by a decided misalliance. The
lower the tone of morals, the greater the ridicule
which attaches to unequal marriages. Montague,
though of noble family, was the younger son of a
younger son, and not rich : it was common among

the Tories to sneer at him as a parvenu. He had
made his first appearance in the great world as
the husband of a countess-dowager, and it may be
that the parvenu was weak enough to shrink from
producing, as his second wife, a woman of very
much lower rank, the granddaughter of a country
clergyman, and the daughter of a man of no pre-
tension to station. That Mr. Macaulay has not
underrated the position of the country clergy, is
known to all who have dipped into the writings of
the seventeenth century. It is not, however,
necessary to explain why the supposed marriage
should have been private. As the world is con-
stituted, no rules of inference can be laid down in
reference to the irregular relations of the sexes.

With reference to the insinuation that Newton
owed his official position rather to his niece than
to his ability, it can be completely shown that, on
the worst possible supposition, the office in the
Mint could have had nothing to do with Mrs. C.
Barton. Newton was appointed to the lower
office (the Wardenship) in March, 1695-96, when
the young lady was not sixteen years old, and
before she could have been a resident under her
uncle's roof. The state of the coinage had caused
much uneasiness; it was one of the difficulties,
and its restoration was one of the successes, of the
day. The best scientific advice was taken : Locke,
Newton, and Halley were consulted, and all were
placed in office nearly at the same time ; Newton
in the London Mint, Halley in the Chester Mint,
Locke in the Council of Trade. Neither Locke
nor Halley had any nieces. Before Newton's ap-
pointment there was some negociation of a public
character : the "Wardenship was not vacant, and
the government seems to have tried to induce
Newton to take something subordinate. March 14,
Newton wrote to Halley, in reference to a current
rumour, — "I neither put in for any place in the
Mint, nor would meddle with Mr. Hoar's [the
comptroller's] place, were it offered me." On the
19th, Montague informs Newton that he is to have
the Wardenship, vacant by the removal of Mr.
Overton to the Customs. Four years afterwards,
when the great operation on the coinage, by many
declared impracticable, had completely succeeded,
Newton, a principal adviser and the principal ad-
ministrator, obtained the Mastership in the course
of promotion. Montague was raised to the peerage
in the following year, and mainly, as the patent
states, for the same service. So that, though
Montague was the patron as to the. Wardenship, yet
scientific assistance was then so sorely needed, that
no hypothesis relative to any niece would be ne-
cessary to explain the phenomenon of Newton's
appointment : while, as to the Mastership, it may
almost be said that Montague was more indebted
to Newton for his peerage, than Newton to Mon-
tague for that promotion which any minister must,
under the circumstances, have granted.

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

433

In no account of Newton that I ever read is it
stated that INIrs. Barton was an intimate friend of
Swift, probably througli Halifax. Having been
told that there is frequent mention of her in
Swift's Journal to Stella, I examined that series
and the rest of the correspondence, in which her
name occurs about twenty times. One letter from
herself, under the name of Conduitt (Novem-
ber 29, 1733), is indorsed by the Dean, "My old
friend Mrs. Barton, now Mrs. Conduitt," and es-
tablishes the identity of Swift's friend with
Newton's niece : otherwise, it proves nothing here.
The other points to be noticed are as follows.

1710, September 28, November 30, March 7 ;
1711, April 3, July 18, October 14 and 25, Swift
visited or dined with Mrs. Barton at her lodgings.
He was also at this time on good terms with
Halifax, and dined with him November 28, 1710,
and with Mrs. Barton on November 30. Ac-
cording to the idiom of the day, lodgings was a
name for every kind of residence, and even for the
apartments of a guest in the house of his host.
Tor anything to the contrary in the mere word,
the lodgings might have been in the house of Lord
Halifax, or of Newton himself. But, on the other
hand, the future Dean, much as he writes to
Stella of every kind of small talk, never mentions
Halifax and Mrs. Barton together, never makes
the slightest allusion to either in connexion with
the other, though in one and the same letter he
minutes his having dined with Halifax on the 28th,
and with Mrs. Barton on the 30th. There must
have been intentional suppression in this. All
the world knew that there was some liaison be-
tween the two; yet when Swift (1711, Nov. 20)
records his having been " teased with whiggish
discourse " by Mrs. Barton, he does not even drop
a. sarcasm about her politics having been learnt
from Halifax. This is the more remarkable as
the two seem to have been almost the only persons
•who are mentioned as talking whiggery to him.
To this list, however, may be added Lady Betty
Germain, well known to the .readers of Swift's
poetry, who joined Mrs. Barton in inflicting the
vexation,, and at whose house the conversation
took place. It thus appears that Mrs. Barton was
received in a manner which shows that she was
regarded as a respectable woman. The sup-
pression on the part of Swift may indicate respect
for his two friends (that he highly respected Mrs.
Barton appears clear), and observance of a con-
vention established in their circle. But perhaps
itis rather to be attributed to his own position
with respect to Stella, which was certainly peculiar,
though no one can say what their understanding
was at_ the date of the journal. This journal came
again into Swift's hands before it was published ;
so that we can only treat it as containing what he
finally chose to preserve. Allusions may have
been struck out.

There is another point which our modern
manners will not allow to be very closely handled
in pi'int, but on which I am disposed to lay some
stress. On September 28, 1710, and April 3,
1711, Swift visited Mi's. Barton at Jier lodgings.
On each of these occasions she regaled him with
a good story, which there is no need to repeat :
there is no harm in either, and they are far from
being the most singular communications which he
made to Stella ; but they go beyond what, even ia
that day, will be considered as the probable con-
versation of a maiden lady of thirty-one, with a
bachelor man of the world of forty-three. But
they by no means exceed what we know to be the
license then taken by married women ; and Swift's
tone with respect to the stories, combined with his
obvious respect for Mrs. Barton, may make any
one lean to the supposition that he believed him-
self to be talking to a married woman.

The reserve of Swift puts us quite at fault as to
the locality of Mrs. Barton's lodgings. They may
have been in Lord Halifax's house ; but if not, it
requires some supposition to explain why they
were not in that of Newton, with whom siie had
lived, and with whom she certainly lived after the
death of Halifax. Perhaps, when farther research
is made in such directions as may be indicated
by the only unreserved stiitement of the existing
case which has ever been printed, the conclusion I
arrive at, as to me the most probable, may either
be reinforced, or another substituted for it. Be
this as it may, such points as I have discussed, re-
lating to such men as Newton, will not remain ia
abeyance for ever, let biographers be as timid as
they will. A. De Morgan.

DR. PARR ON MILTON.

Amongst my autographs I find the inclosed
letter from Dr. Parr. It is written upon a half-
sheet of paper, and in a very cramp and illegible
hand. To whom it is addressed, or when written,
I am unable to say. As it relates to the opinions
held by Milton, perhaps you may think it worth
insertion in your work, particularly as Milton has
been the subject of some papers in "N. & Q."
lately. W. M. F.

Copy of Letter from Dr. Farr, without date or
address.

Dear Sir,

I send you Johnson's Life of Milton. My
former feelings again return upon me, that John-
son did not mean to aflirm that Milton prayed not
upon any occasion or in any manner ; but that
he was engaged in no visible worship ; that he
prayed at no stated time ; that he had not what
we may call any regular return of family or pri-
vate devotion. Pray read the sequel. That he
lived without prayer can hardly be affirmed, this

434

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

surely is decided in my favour : it may wear the
appearance of contradiction to the former passage,
that omitting public prayer he omitted all ; in
truth, the expression just quoted is too peremp-
tory and too general. But the sense of Johnson
cannot be mistaken, if you attend to the different
views he had in each sentence ; and I repeat my
former assertion, that Johnson did not think
Milton destitute of a devout spirit, or totally
negligent of prayer in some form or other.
Yours, very truly and respectfully,

J. Parr.

PARTS OF MSS.

As an instance of the unfortunate dispersion
of the parts of valuable MSS. through different
countries, occasioned probably, in the case now
to be mentioned, by public convulsions and the
wild fury of revolutionary mobs in France, will
you afford me space to quote an interesting de-
scription of a MS. from the catalogue of a library
to be sold at Paris in December next ? The MSS.
and printed books in this library belonged to the
eminent bookseller J. J. De Bure, whose ancestor
was the distinguished and well-known biblio-
grapher Guillaume de Bure. The publicity given
to descriptions like the present through the me-
dium_ of " N. & Q." may ultimately lead, on some
occasions, to the scattered volumes being brought
together again, either by way of purchase, or in
exchange for other works. John Macrat.

Oxford.

•" Catalogue des Livres rares et precieux, manuscrits et
imprimes, de la Bibliotheque de feu M. J. J. De Bure,
ancien libraire du Roi et de la Bibliotheque Royale, etc.

" No. 1.395. Le Second Livre des Commentaires de
la Guerre Galleque, par Cains Julius Ctesar, traduict
en fran9ois. In-8, mar. noir, avec des fermoirs en
argent.

" Manuscrit sur velin.

" L'ouvrage ne porte pas de litre ; on lit seulement
sur le plat du volume, Tomus Secundus, et au verso
du 21 feuillet ; c'y commence le Second livre des Com-
mentaires de la Guerre Galleque.

" Ce manuscrit a 6te fait pour Frangois T«' ; le chif-
fre de ce Prince se trouve au premier feuillet. Le
Vol. se compose de 94 feuillets de texte, et de 4 feull-
lets de table. L'Ecriture est tres-belle, et parait etre
de I'un des meilleurs calligraphes de I'epoque de
Fran9ois I" ; beaucoup de mots sont en or et en azur.

" On remarque 22 miniatures, 15 medallions d'Em-
pereurs et d'autres personnages Remains, 12 figures
d'engins ou machines de guerre, et 2 fleurons ; en tout
58 peintures.

" Ce n'est point, a proprement parler, une traduction
des Commentaires. L'auteur suppose, dans le preambule
de cette partie de l'ouvrage, que Fran9ois I" au Com-
mencement du Mays d'Auguste, Van 1519, allant courir le
cerf en la fourest de Byevre, y fait la rencontre de Cesar.

" De la, il ctablit un dialogue entre les deux per-
sonnages. Franfois I'="' s'enquiert des circonstances
de la guerre des Gaules, et Cesar lui en donne les de-
tails tels qu'ils ont ete ecrits par lui-merae.

" On ne presente malheureusement ici qu'un Tome li.
Le Tome i. est au Musee Britannique: on le trouve in-
dique sous le No. 6205. dans le Catalogue of the Har-
leian MSS. in the British Museum, London, 1808,
Tome iii. in folio. Ce Tome i. est decrit dans l'ou-
vrage de M. Waagen, Kunstwerke und Kilnstler in Eng-
land und Paris, Berlin, 1837, Tome i. p. 148.

" Le Tome iii. ^tait a vendre dans ces dernieres an-
nees, au prix de 3000 francs, chez M. Techener (Bulle-
tin du Bibliophile, annie 1850, No. 1222. et p. 910.);
nous ne savons oii il est actuellement.

" Notre volume est le plus precieux des trois. II
I'emporte sur les deux autres par le nombre des pein-
tures (le Tome i. n'en a que 14, et le Tome iii. seule-
ment 12) et par I'interet qu'offrent ces peintures elles-
memes.

" La premiere, charmante miniature en cama'ieu
gris et or, represente Francois I""' a cheval, couraut le
cerf; la derniere montre la prise du cerf.

" Parmi les autres sujets, egalement traites en gri-
saille, on remarque plusieurs batailles entre les Romains
et les Gaulois, rendues dans leurs divers details avec une
finesse admirable d'execution. Mais ce qui, par-dessus
tout, donne un prix infini a ce manuscrit, ce sont sept
portraits, en medallions, qui reproduisent les traits de
quelques hommes de guerre du temps de Francois P^
lis sont peints avec une verite et une deliuatesse vrai-
raent merveilleuses ; des noms Romains, qui figurent
dans les Commentaries de Cesar, sont ecrits a c6t6 des
portraits; les noms veritables ont etii tracees au-des-
sous, mais un peu plus tard, et par une main differente.
Voici ces noms : —

" 1°. Quintus Pedius, le grand-maistre de Boisy, age
de 41 ans; 2". le Fiahle Divitiacus d'Autun, I'Amiral
de Boisy, Seigneur de Bonivet, ag^ de 34 ans ;
3". Quintus Titurius Sabinus, Odet de Fones (Foix),
Sieur de Lautrec, age de 41 ans ; 4". Iccius, le Mare-
schal de Chabanes, Seigneur de la Palice, age de 57
ans ; 5°. Lucius Arunculeius Cotta, Anne de Mont-
morency, age de 22 ans, et depuis Connestable de
France; 6". Publ. Sextius Baculus, le Mareschal de
Fleuranges, Seigneur de la Marche (Mark), premier
Seigneur de Sedan, ag^ de 24 ans ; 7°. Publius Crassus,
le Sieur de Tournon, qui fust tue a la bataille de Pavie,
age de 36 ans.

" La plupart des miniatures du volume sont sig-
nees G., 1519. La perfection qui les distingue les
avait d'abord fait attribuer au celebre miniaturiste
Guilo Clovio ; maintenant on croit pouvoir affirmer
qu'elles appartiennent a un peintre nomme Godefroy.
II se trouve a la bibliotheque de I'Arsenal une traduc-
tion fran9aise des Triomphes de Petrarquc, avec des
miniatures qui sont incontestablement de la meme
main et de la meme epoque. Or, I'une de ces minia-
tures est signee Godefroy,

" On pent voir le rapprochement que fait entre les
deux manuscrits M. Waagen, dans l'ouvrage cite ci-
dessus. Tome iii. p. 395. II ne saurait, du reste, y avoir
aucun doute sur le nom de I'artiste, lorsqu'on lit dans
le Bulletin du Bibliophile (pages deja citees) que plu-

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

435

sieurs des miniatures du Tome iii. sont signees Godo-
fredi pictoris, 1.520.

" Ce precieux manuscrit ne sera pas vendu ; 11 a ete
legue par M. de Bure au departement des Manuscrits
de la Bibliotheque Imperiale."

WIIXIAM BLAKE.

( Continued from p. 7 1 .)

I venture to send you another Note regarding
William Blake, claiming for that humble indivi-
dual the honour of being the pioneer in the esta-
blishment of charity-schools in Britain, from which
department of our social system who can calculate
the benefits accrued, and constantly accruing, to
this country !

We look in vain through the Silver Drops of
William Blake for any record of an existing in-
stitution, such as he would have his " noble ladies"
rear at Highgate. Among the many incentives
he uses to prompt the charitable, we do not find
him holding up for their example any model
(unless it be " Old Sutton's brave hospital") ; in
all his amusing " Charity-school Sticks," his tone
is that of a man trying to persuade people that
the thing he proposes is feasible. " Some of
them," says the sanguine Blake, " have scarce
faith enough to believe in the success of this great
and good design. Nay, your brother Cornish
himself," continues he, in addressing one of his
ladies, although full of good works, " would have
persuaded me to lay it down" upon the ground of its
impracticability. The language of Blake is every-
whei'e advocating this " new way of charity." " If
it be new,'" says he to an objector, "the more's the
pity;" and, with reference to the possibility of
failure, he would thus shame them into liberality.
Speaking of his " fine, handsome, and well cloathed
boys ; not too fine, because they are the ladies' ! "
our enthusiast adds to this soft sawdur :

" But now, if a year or two hence they should be
grown, which God forbid ! poor ragged, half-starved,
and no cloaths, country folks would say, who ride or
go that way, Were there not good ladies enough in
and about London to maintain one little school ? "

Here then is prima facie evidence, I think, that
my subject, poor crazy William Blake, was the
originator of one of the greatest social improve-
ments of modern times.

The charity-school movement had obtained a
strong hold upon the public mind early in the
past century ; but although I have sought for the
name of Blake through many books professing to
give an account of the early history of such in-
stitutions, I have not yet met with the slightest
allusion to him, his school, or his Silver Drops.

The superficial inquirer into the history of
English cliarity-schools will be told that the
honour of the first erecting such, and caring for

destitute children, is popularly considered due to
the parishes of St. Botulph, Aldgate, and St. Mar-
garet's, Westminster : and if he would farther
satisfy himself upon that point, he will see it
claimed by the first named; a slab in front of
their schools, adjoining the Royal Mint, bearing
an inscription to the purport that it was the first
Protestant charity-school, erected by voluntary
contributions in 1693.

If it comes to the earliest London school for
poor children, perhaps the Catholics take the lead ;
for we find that it was part of the tactics of the
Jesuits, in the reign of James II., to promote their
design of subverting the Protestant religion by
infusing their Romish tenets into the minds of the
children of the poor by providing schools for them
in the Savoy and Westminster.

Blake says, with reference to this movement :
" That the scheme he was engaged upon was a good
work, because it will in some measure stop the mouths
of Papists, who are prone to say, Where are your
works, and how few are your hospitals, and how small is
your charity, notwithstanding your great preaching?"

A remarkable little book, and a very fit com-
panion for the Silver Drops of William Blake, to
which it bears a striking similarity, is the Pietas
Hallensis of Dr. Franck. In this, the German
divine relates, in a style which bears more than
an accidental resemblance to the work of the Covent
Garden Philanthropist, how, little by little, by
importunity and perseverance, he nursed his own
charitable plans, of a like kind, into full life and
vigour ; and both Drs. Woodward and Kennett
endorse and command the "miraculous footsteps
of Divine Providence" in the labours of Dr.
Franck. " Could we," says Dr. Kennett, " trace
the obscurer footsteps of our own charity-schools,
the finger of God would be as evidently in them."
Why the Bishop of Peterborough should be igno-
rant of these earlier efforts to the same end in his
own country, is somewhat marvellous. Franck
began his charitable work at Glaucha in 1698;
while Blake was labouring to establish his High-
gate School in 1685. That Franck should know
nothing about our pioneer in charitable education,
is probable enough ; but that the English divines
I have mentioned, with Wodrow, Gillies, and a
host of others, should be unaware that the pro-
ceedings at Halle were only the counterpart of
those done fourteen years before by Blake in
their own land, is certainly surprising, and affords
another proof of the proneness of Britons to extol
everything foreign to the neglect of what is native
and at their own doors.

Perhaps some of your readers will think I over-
estimate the importance of the question, whether
the charity-school movement is of British or foreign
growth ; or whether the honour of its application
to the poor (for all charity-schools are not for
such) belongs to my subject William Blake, or

436

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

some other pliilantliropic individual ; if such there
be, let them repair to our Metropolitan Cathedral
on the day of tlie annual assemblage of the Lon-
don charity children : and if, on contemplating
the spectacle which will there meet their eye,
they do not think it an object of interest to dis-
cover who, as Dr. Kennett says, " first cast in the
salt at the fountain-head to heal the ivaters, and
broke the ground that was before barren," I pity
them.

In concocting this Note, I have had before me
the following :

1. Lysons's Environs of London, 1795, where
will be found a short notice of Blake. The author,
following Gough, makes my subject a madman,
and says his scheme " failed after laying out
5000Z. upon it."

2. Sermon pi'eached for Charity-scTiooh, by
Dr. Kennett, 1706,

3. Sermons of Dr. Smalridge and T. Ytdden,
1710 and 1728. These divines give the prece-
dence to Westminster School, " erected 1688."

4. Wod7-ow's Letters, edited by Dr. M'Crie,
3 vols., Edin. 1843.

5 . Pietas Ilallensis : or an Abstract of the
Marvellous Footsteps of Divine Providence, in
the building of a very large Hospital, or rather
a Spacious College, for Charitable and Excellent
Uses ; and in the maintaining of many Orphans,
and other Poor People therein at Glaucha, near
Halle in Prussia, related by the Rev. A. H.
Franck, 3 parts, 12mo., London, 1707-16. Let
the curious reader compare this with Blake's book.

J. O.

FOLK LOBE.

Legends of the County Clare. — About nine
miles westward from the town of Ennis, in the
midst of some of the wildest scenery in Ireland,
lies the small but very beautiful Lake of Inchiquin,
famous throughout the neighbouring country for
its red trout, and for being in winter the haunt of
almost all the various kinds of waterfowl, includ-
ing the wild swan, that are to be found in Ireland,
while the woods that border one of its sides are
amply stocked with woodcocks. At one extremity
of the lake are the ruins of the Castle of Inchiquin,
part of which is built on a rock projecting into the
lake, there about one hundred feet deep, and this
legend is related of the old castle : — Once upon
a time, the chieftain of the Quins, whose strong-
hold it was, found in one of the caves (many of
■which are in the limestone hills that surround the
lake) a lady of great beauty, fast asleep. While
gazing on her in rapt admiration she awoke, and,
according to the customs of the Heroic Age, soon
consented to become his bride, merely stipulating
that no one bearing the name of O'Brien should

be allowed to enter the castle gate : this being
agreed to, the wedding was celebrated with all
due pomp, and in process of time one lovely boy
blessed their union. Among the other rejoicings
at the birth of an heir to the chief of the clan, a
grand hunting-match took place, and the chase
having terminated near the castle, the chieftain,
as in duty bound, requested the assembled nobles
to partake of his hospitality. To this a ready assent
was given, and tlie chiefs were ushered into the
great hall with all becoming state ; and then for
the first time did their host discover that one
bearing the forbidden name was among them.
The banquet was served, and now the absence of
the lady of the castle .alone delayed the on-
slaught on the good things spread before them.
Surprised and half afraid at her absence, her hus-
band sought her chamber : on entering, he saw
her sitting pensively with her child at the window
which overlooked the lake; raising her head as he
approached, he saw she was weeping, and as he
advanced towards her Avith words of apology for
having broken his promise, she sprang througfi
the window with her child into the lake. The
wretched man rushed forward with a cry of
horror : for one moment he saw her gliding over
the waters, now fearfully disturbed, chaunting a
wild dirge, and then, with a mingled look of grief
and reproach, she disappeared for ever ! And the
castle and the lordship, with many a broad acre
besides, passed from the Quins, and are now the
property of the O'Briens to this day ; and while
the rest of the castle is little better than a heap
of ruins, the fatal window still remains nearly as
perfect as when the lady sprang through it, an
irrefragable proof of the truth of the legend in
the eyes of the peasantry.

Frajjcis Robekt Davies.

Tlie Seven Whisperers. — I have been informed
by an old and trustworthy servant that about
twenty years ago, as he was v/alking one clear
starlight night with two other persons, they heard,
for the space of several minutes, high up in the
air, beautiful sounds like music, which gradually
died away towards the north, lie spoke of it as
an occurrence not very uncommon, and said it was
always called " The SevenWhisperers." On inquiry
I found the name well known amongst the poorer
classes.

Is it not an electrical phenomenon ?

Metaouq.

Essex.

ITALIAN-ENGLISH, GERMAN-ENGLISH, AND THE
REFUGEE STYLE.

(Vol. vii., p. 149.)
Every one has admired the odd bits of Italian-
English which " N. & Q." lately published, a true

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

437

philological curiosity. Sucli queer medleys have
been the result whenever two opposite idioms have
been thrown together and unskilfully stirred up.
Very few foreigners indeed, Sclavonic nations
being excepted, and particularly the Russians,
•write French tolerably well. The present Lord
Mahon and Lady Montaigne, in an excellent
Essay on Marriage, are exceptions to the rule.
Voltaire used to say, —

" Faites tous vos vers a Paris ;
Et n'allez pas en Allemagtie !"

And very right he was. Ilis kingly disciple com-
mitted more than once such Irish rhymes as
these :

" Je vais cueillir clans leurs sentlers (des Muses)
De fraiches et charmantes roses ;
Et je dedaigiie les lauriers,
En exceptant les lauriers sauces."

Forgetting the difference of pronunciation be-
tween the soft s of 7-ose (roze) and the lisping
50und of the c In sauce (soss). As I have not by
me the ponderous and voluminous works of the
poetical monarch, I may have altered some of the
■words of the quotation; but the rhymes sauce
and rose I aver to be true to the primitive copy.
Even Protestant refugees, born of French parents,
brought up amongst their co-religionists and coun-
trymen, Avrote a strange gibberish, often ungram-
matical, always unidiomatic, of which traces may
be found even in Basnage and Ancillon. A recent
French theologian, the clever author of a Life of
Spinosa, written in Germany and published in
Paris with some success, has such expressions as
these :

" Les villes protestantcs preferent la liberte avec
Calvin que la tyrannique Concorde avec Luther." —
Hist. Crit. dii Rationalisme, p. 49.

" Et ailleuz : Stiittgard Dontll ctalt conservateur
DE LA Bibliotheque." — lb.

And M. Amand Saintes is a Frenchman, and a
most erudite man. The celebrated Frau Bettina
von Arnim, who dared to translate into English
and to print in Berlin (apud Trowitzsch and Son,
1838), under the new title of Diary of a Child,
her own untranslateable letters to Gothe, had at
least the very good excuse of her nationality for
her peculiar English, the choicest, funniest, mad-
dest, and saddest English ever penned on this
planet or in any other, and of which I hope " N.
& Q." will accept some small specimens, taken at
random among thousands such. To begin with
the opening address :

" To the English Bards.
*' Gentlemen ! — Tlie noble cup of your mellifluous
tongue so often brimmed with immortality, here filled
with odd but pure and fiery draught, do not refuse to
taste if you relish its spirit to be homefelt, though not
liome-born. « Bettina Aunim."

We will next pass to the " Preamble" :

" The translating of Gothe's Correspondence with a
Child into English was generally disapproved of. Pre-
vious to its publication in Germany, the well-renowned
Mrs. Austin, by regard for the great German poet,
proposed to translate it ; but after having perused it
with attention, the literate and the most famed book-
seller of London thought unadvisable the publication
of a book that in every way widely differed from the
spirit and feelings of the English, and therefore it could
not be depended upon for exciting their interest. Mrs.
Austin, by her gracious mind to comply with my
wishes, proposed to publish some fragments of it, but
as no musician ever likes to have only those passages
of his composition executed that blandish the ear, I
likewise refused my assent to the maiming of a work,
that not by my own merit, but by chance and nature
became a work of art, that only in the untouched deve-
lopment of its genius might judiciously be enjoyed and
appraised."

Our next and last is taken from p. 133. :

" From those venturesome and spirit-night-wander-
ings I came home with garments wet with melted
snow ; they believed I had been in the garden. When
night I forgot all ; on the next evening at the same
time it came back to my mind, and the fear too I had
suffered ; I could not conceive, how I had ventured to
walk alone on that desolate road in the night, and to
stay on such a waste dreadful spot ; I stood leaning at
the 'court gate ; to-day it was not so mild and still as
yesterday ; the gales rose high and roared along ; they
sighed up at my feet and hastened on yonder side, the
fluttering poplars in the garden bowed and flung off
their snow-burden, the clouds drove away in a great
hurry, what rooted fast wavered yonder, and what
could ever be loosened, was swept away by the hasten-
ing breezes" (!!!).

P. S. — Excuse my French-English.

Philarete Chasles, Mazarinaeus.
Paris, Palais de I'lnstitut.

SUAKSFEABE CORRESPONDENCE.

Meaning of "Delighted" in some Places of
Shakspeare. — I am sorry to be obliged to differ so
often in opinion with H. C. K., but as we are both,
I trust, solely actuated by the love of truth, he
no doubt ■will excuse me. My diiference now
with him is about " delighted spirit," by which he
understands the " tender delicate spirit," while I
take It to be the " delectable " or " delightful
spirit." As I think this is founded on the Latin,
I beg permission to quote the following portion of
my note on Jug. 11. 3. In my edition of Sallust :

"Incorruptus, &(p6apros, i.e. incapable of dissolution,
the incorrvptibilis of the Fathers of the Church. In
imitation probably of the Greek verbal adjective in tos,
as alper6s, (TTpeirT6s, etc., the Latins, especially Sallust,
sometimes used the past part, as equivalent to an adj.
in bilis : comp. xliii. 5. ; Ixxvi. 1. ; xci. 7. ; Cat. i. 4.,

438

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

* Non exorato stant adamante viae ;' Propert. iv. 11. 4.,
'Mare scopulis inuccesswn ;' Plin. Nat. Hist., xii. 14.
It is in this sense that Jlexus is to be understood in
Virg. ^n., V. 500."

The same employment of the past part, is
frequent in our old English writers, and I rather
think that they adopted it from the Latin. The
earliest instance which I find in my notes is from
Golding, who renders the tonitrus et inevitdbile
fvlmen of Ovid {Met. iii. 301.) :

" With dry and dreadful thunderclaps and lightning to
the same,
Of deadly and unavoided dint."

In Milton I have noticed the following participles
used in this sense : unmoved, abhorred, unnumbered,
unapproached, dismayed, unreproved, Unremoved,
unsucceeded, preferred. But as Milton was ad-
dicted to Latinising, I will give some examples
from Shakspeare himself:

" Now thou art come unto a feast of death,
A terrible and unavoided danger."

1 Hen. VL, Act IV. Sc. 5.

" We see the very wreck that we must suffer,
And utiavoided is the danger now,
For suffering so the causes of our wreck."

Rich. II., Act 11. Sc. 1.

" All unavoided is the doom of destiny."

Rich. Ill, Act IV. Sc. 4.

" Inestimable stones, unvalued ievreAs."

lb.. Act I. Sc. 4.

" Tell them that when my mother went with child
Of that insatiate Edward."— 76., Act III. Sc. 5.

" I am not glad that such a sore of time
Should seek a plaster by contemned revolt."

King John, Act V. Sc. 2.

" The murmuring surge
That on the unnumber'd idle pebbles chafes."

Lear, Act IV. Sc. 6.

" O, undistinguished space of woman's will." — lb.

I could give instances from Spenser and even
from Pope, but shall only observe that when we
say " an undoubted fact " we mean an indubitable
one. Thos. Keightley.

P. S. — I am not disposed to quarrel with H. C. K.'s
derivation of awkward (Vol. viii., p. 310.), but I
must observe that the more exact correlative of
toward seems to be wayward. The Anglo-Saxons
appear to have pronounced their 5 as g- ; but after
the Conquest it was pronounced hard in some
cases, and so wayward and awkward may have
the same origin.

Shakspeare Portrait. — Can any of your cor-
respondents state whether the sign of Shakspeare,
said to have been painted at a cost of 150Z., and
which in 1764 graced a tavern then in Drury
Lane, called " The Shakspeare," and in that year

was taken down and removed into the country,
and used for a similar purpose, still exists, and
where ? and is the artist who painted such sign
known ? Charlecott.

" Taming of the Shrew."" — I cannot help think-
ing that Christopher Sly merely means that he is
fourteenpence on the score for sheer ale, — no-
thing but ale ; neither bread nor meat, horse
housing, or bed.

He has drunk the entire amount, and glories in
his iniquity, like a true tippler. G. H. K.

Lord Bacon and Shakspeare. — Can any of those
correspondents of " N. & Q." who have devoted
attention to the lives of two of England's greatest
worthies, Francis Bacon and William Shakspeare,
account for the extraordinary fact that, although
these two highly gifted men were cotemporaries,
no mention of or allusion to the other is to be
found in the writings of either ? Bacon was born
in 1561, and died in 1626 ; Shakspeare, who was
born in 1563, and died ten years before the great
chancellor, not only loved

" To suck the sweets of sweet philosophy,"

but breathes throughout every page of his won-
drous writings a spirit of philosophy as profound
as his imagination is unlimited ; yet nowhere, it is
believed, can he be traced as making the slightest
allusion to the great father of modern philosophy.
Bacon, on the other hand, whom one can scarcely
suppose to have been ignorant of the writings of
the dramatist, but who indeed may rather be be-
lieved to have known him personally, seems alto-
gether to ignore his existence, or the existence of
any of his matchless works. As the solution of
this problem could not but throw much light on
that m.ost interesting subject, — the history of the
minds of Shakspeare and Bacon, — I venture to
throw it out as a fit subject for the research of
some of your contributors versed in the writings
of these great spirits of their own age, no less than
of all time. Theta.

Minax ^aXei,

Decomposed Cloth. — In Mr. Wright's valuable
work on The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon, p. 308.,
is mentioned the discovery at York of a Roman
coffin, in which were distinctly visible " the colour,
a rich purple," as well as texture of the cloth with
which the body it had contained had been covered.

I should think that the colour observed was not
that of the ancient dye, but rather was caused by
phosphate of iron, formed by the combination of
iron contained in the soil or water, with phosphoric
acid, arising from the decomposition of animal
matter. It may often be observed in similar
cases, as about animal remains found in bogs, and
about ancient leather articles found in excava-

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

43^

tions, especially when any iron is in contact with
them, or in the soles of shoes or sandals studded
with nails. W. C. Trevelyan.

Wallington,

First and Last. — There cannot be two words
more different in meaning than these, and yet they
are both used to express the same sense ! Of
two authors equally eminent, one shall write that
a thing is of the.^rs^ and the other of the last im-
portance, though each means the greatest or ut-
most. How is this ? To me first appears pre-
ferable, though last may be justifiable. Being on
the subject of words, I am reminded of obnoxious,
which is applied in the strangest ways by different
authors. It is true that the Roman writers used
ohnoxiu^ in various senses ; but it does not seem
so pliable or smooth in English. Generally it is
held to indicate disagreeable or inimical, though
our dictionaries do not admit it to have either of
those meanings ! A. B. C.

Cucumber Time. — This term, which the work-
ing-tailors of England use to denote that which
their masters call " the flat season," has been im-
ported from a country which periodically sends
many hundreds of its tailors to seek employment
in our metropolis. The German phrase is " Die
saure Gurken Zeit," or pickled gherkin time. A
misunderstanding of the meaning of the phrase j
may have given rise to the vulgar witticism, that i
tailors are vegetarians, who " live on cucumber " j
while at play, and on " cabbage " while at work, i

N. W. S.

MS. Sermons of the Eighteenth Century. —
Having lately become possessed, at the sale of an
old library, of some MS. Sermons by the Rev. J.
Harris, Rector of Abbotsbury, Dorset, from the
year 1741 to 1763, I shall be happy to place them
in the hands of any descendant of that gentleman.

W. EWART.
Pimperne, Dorset.

BoswelVs "Joh7ison.'" — In vol. v. p. 272. of my
favourite edition, and p. 784. of the edition in one
volume, Johnson, writing to Brocklesby, under
date Sept. 2, 1784, calls Windham "inter Stellas
Luna minores." IBoswell, in' a note, says, "It is
remarkable that, so good a Latin scholar as John-
son should have been so inattentive to the metre,
as by mistake to have written stellas instead of
ignes." Now, with all due deference, a Captain
of JSTatlve Infantry ventures to suggest that both
Stellas and ignes are wrong, and that Johnson was
thinking of the noble opening of Horace's 15th
Epode :

" Nox erat, et coelo fulgebat Luna sereno,
Inter minora sidera."

Bangalore.

F. C.

Stage Coaches. — It occurs to me as highly de-
sirable that, before the recollection of the old stage
coach has faded from the memory of all but the
oldest inhabitant, an authentic statement should
be placed on record of the length of the stages,
and the speed that was obtained, by this mode of
conveyance, in which England was for so many
years without a rival.

The speed of mail coaches is, I believe, chroni-
cled in the British Almanac of the Society for
the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge ; but their
speed, if I mistake not, was surpassed by that of
the "Rival," which travelled (from Monmouth, I
think) to London after the opening of the Great
Western Railway.

Could any of your correspondents favour us-
with the time-bill of that coach, detailing the
length of the several stages, and the time of per-
formance ? It would also be interesting to chronicle
the period during which this rivalry with the
railway was maintained. Geo. E. Fbebe.

Antecedents. — The word " antecedents," as a
plural, and in the sense attached to it by the
French, is not to be found in any English dic-
tionary that I have the means of consulting. And
yet it seems now to be commonly used as an
English expression, even by some of our best
writers.

When was this word first imported, and by
whom ? I have just met with an instance of it in
Jerdan's Autobiography, vol. i. p. 131. :

" I got him (Hammon), with a full knowledge of hi&
antecedents, into the employment of a humane and
worthy wine merchant of Bordeaux."

Henbt H. Bresn.

St. Lucia.

The Letter X. — The letter X on brewers' casks
is probably thus derived :

Simplex^=-smg\Q x, or X.
jDz/jt)Zea;= double x, or XX.
JVip/ex^: treble x, or XXX.
This was suggested by Owen's Epigram, lib. xii.
34. :

" Laudatur vinum simplex, cervisia duplex.
Est bona duplicitas, optima simplicitas."

B. H. C.

A Crow-bar. — In Johnson's Dictionary the
explanation given of this word Is " piece of iron
used as a lever to force open doors, as the Latins
called a hook corvus." In Walters' English
and Welsh Dictionary, the first part of which was
published about the year 1770, this word is
printed " Croe-bar." Is It probable that the word
crow has been derived from the Camb.-Brlt. word
cro, a curve ? and that the name has been given
from the circumstance of one end of a crow-bar
being curved for the purpose of making it more
efl3.cient as a lever ? N. W. S.

440

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

Minav ^uttk^.

Bishop Grehan. — I want any information ob-
tainable with reference to a Roman Catholic
bishop in Ireland named Grehan; his Christian
name, family, date of his bishopric, and name of
it. Where can I find such particulars ?

O. L. R. G.

Doxology. — In his "Christmas Caroll" to the
tune of " King Salomon," old Tusser has the fol-
lowing :

«' To God the Son and Holy Ghost,

Let man give thanks, rejoice, and sing,
From world to world, from coast to coast,
For all good gifts so many ways,

That God doth send.
Let us in Christ give God the praise,
Till life shall end !"

-Query, Is this the origin of our own doxologies ?

L. A. M.
Great Yarmouth.

Arrow-mark. — On an ancient pump of wood,
extracted from the Poltimore mine in North
Devon, I perceive a deeply cut arrow-mark.
What is the inference as to the age of this relic
■from the mark referred to ? The fragment is that
of a large oak tree hollowed out, and now decom-
posing from exposure after its long burial. J. R. P.

Gabriel Poyntz. — There is a portrait here in-
scribed " Gabriel Poyntz, an. Domini 1568, ajtatis
suae 36 :" and having a coat of arms painted on it,
Barry of eight, or and gules, with a crest very in-
distinct, but apparently a lion's head, and the
motto " Clainte I'efrainte."

Can any of your correspondents inform me of
the meaning of this motto, and the language^ in
which it is expressed ; and also what the crest is ?

G. Poyntz was of South Okendon In Essex, and
there is an account of his family in Morant's
Essex; from which It appears that he was de-
scended from the family of Poyntz of Tockington
in Gloucestershire, of which there is an account
in Atkins' Gloucestershire. He was afterwards
knighted. — Any information as to him, in addition
to that which is contained in Morant, would be
very acceptable. S. G. C.

Bradley, Ashbourne.

Queen Elizabetlis and Queen Anne's Motto,
" Semper eadem." — Upon what occasion, and by
what authority was the motto "Semper eadem"
used as the royal motto in the reign of Elizabeth ?

The authority for Queen Anne's motto has been
afforded by your correspondent G. (Vol. viii.,
p. 253.); though he has not fully answered the
original Query (Vol. viii., p. 174.), as the motto in
question was signified to the public in the London
Gazette, Dec. 21 — 24, 1702 ; was ordered to be

continued In 1707, and to be discontinued (by an
order in council) on the accession of the House of
Hanover in 1714, when the old motto " DIeu et
mon droit" was resumed. Z. Z. Z.

Bees. — In these parts the Increase of the apiary
is known by the three following names: — The
first migration from the parent hive is (as all your
country readers are aware) a swarm ; the next Is
called a cast ; while the third increase. In the same
season, goes under the name of a cote. Perhaps
some one will kindly Inform me if these names are
common in other parts of England ; and if there
are any other local designations for the different
departures of these Insect colonists.

John P. Stilwell.

Dorking.

Nellj/ O'Brien and Kitty Fisher. — Perhaps
some of the readers of "N. & Q." can tell me
where information is to be found respecting these
two celebrated women, who have been immortalised
by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and whose portraits are
sometimes to be met with.

" Cleopatra dissolving the Pearl " is a portrait
of Kitty, and he probably Introduced them both
Into some of his fancy pictures.

As I happen to possess a good portrait of one
of them, I should like to know something of their
history. Cantab.

University Club.

'■'Homo unius Ubri." — To whom does this say-
ing originally belong ? The British Critic gives
It to St. Thomas Aquinas :

" When asked on one occasion who is in the way
to become learned, he answered, • Whoever will con-
tent himself with the reading of a single book.'" —
The British Critic, No. nx. p. 202.

W. Fkaser.
Tor-Mohun.

" Now the fierce hear" ^c. — Can any of your
readers Inform me who is the author of the fol-
lowing lines ?

" Now the fierce bear and leopard keen,
All perished as they ne'er had been ;
Oblivion 's their best home.

Tliere is an oath on high, I

That ne'er on brow of mortal birth,
Shall blend again the crowns of earth."

e.

Pi'ejudice against Holy Confirmation. — I have
found among my rural parishioners an Idea very
prevalent, that it Is wrong, or at least highly Im-
proper, for a married woman to become a candi-
date for, or to receive holy confirmation ; and this
quite apart from any sectarian views on the
matter. I should like to know if any of my

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

441

clerical brethren have noticed the same super-
stition as I must call it. Labourers' wives in
some cases have at once stated their being married
as a valid objection; and in others their husbands,
although Churchmen, have at once entered their
veto on their being confirmed. Can it arise from
any vague reminiscence of the practical rule of
tlie Church of England on the subject, which has
been so long ignored ? W, Fraseb.

Tor-MohHU.

Epigram on Mac Adam. — Who was the author
of the following epigram?
" My Essay on Roads, quoth Mac Adam, lies there,
The result of a life's lucubration;
But does not the title-page look rather bare ?
I long for a Latin quotation.

" A Delphin edition of Virgil stood nigh,
To second his classic desire;
When the road-maker hit on the shepherd's reply,
' Miror Magis,' I rather add-vawQ."

mi. ^.

Jane ScrimsTiaro. — Can any of your numerous
correspondents inform me if there is any other
biographical notice of Jane Scrimshaw, who at-
tained the advanced age of 127, and resided for
upwards of eighty years in the Merchant Taylors'
Almshouse, near Little Tower Hill, than that
recorded in Caulfield's Memoirs of Remarkable
Characters ? J. T. M,

The Word " Quadrille.^' — . May I trouble some
kind reader to give me the origin, derivation, full
and literal meaning, and the several senses, in their
regular succession, of the above word Quadrille f
There seems to be much uncertainty attached to
the word. Veritatis Amicus.

Oxon.

The Hungarians in Paules. — Perhaps some of
the ingenious contributors to " N. 8{ Q." may be
able to assist P. C. S. S. to explain the following
passage in the dedication of a rare little book,
Dehkers Dreame (Lond. 4to. 1620). It is in-
scribed : —

" To the truly accomplished gentleman, and worthy
deserverof all men's loves. Master Endymion Porter. Sir,
if you aske why, from the heapes of men, I picke you out
only to be that Murus ahcsneus which must defend me,
lett me tell you (what you knowe allready) that bookes
are like the Hungarians in Paules, who have a privi-
ledge to holde out their Turkish history for anie one
to rcade. They beg nothing : the texted past-bord
talkes all — and if nothing be given, nothiijg is spoken,
but God knowes what they thinke 1"

An explanation of the above passage is very
earnestly desired by P. C. S. S.

Ferns Wanted. — Specimons of the following
rare ferns are much wanted to complete a col-
VoL. VIIL— No. 210.

lection : — Woodsia ilvensis, Woodsia alpina, Cys-
topteris montana, Lastrea cristata, Lastrea recurva,
Lastrea multiflora, Asplenium alternijlorum, Tri'
chomanes speciosum.

The undersigned will feel very much obliged to
any charitable person, residing near the habitat of
any of the above-mentioned ferns, who would take
the trouble to forward to him, if not a root, at
least a specimen for drying, he need scarcely say
that any expenses will be most cheerfully defrayed.
Henry Cooper Key.

Stretton Rectory, near Hereford.

Craton the Philosopher. — Two of the figures on
the brass font in the church of St. Bartholomew
at Liege are superscribed Johannes Evangelista
et Craton Philosophus. — Can any reader of " N.
& Q." say if anything is known about the latter,
who is represented as being baptized by the
Evangelist ? R. H. C.

The Solar Annual Eclipse in the Year 1263. —
In the Norwegian account of Haco's expedition
against Scotland, a.d. 1263, published in the
original Islandic from the Flateyan and Frisian
MSS., with a literal English version by the Rev.
James Johnstone, I read as follows :

" While King Haco lay in Ronaldsvo, a great dark-
ness drew over the sun ; so that only a. little ring was
bright round the sun, and it contini^,ed so for some
hours." — P. 45.

King Haco, according to the account, left
Bergen on his expedition " three nights before the
' Selian' vigils . . . with all his fleet," and,
" having got a gentle breeze, was two nights at
sea when he reached that harbour of Shetland
called Breydeyiar Sound (Bressay Sound, I pre-
sume) with a great part of his navy." Here he
remained " near half a month, and from thence
sailed to the Orkneys ; and continued some time
at Elidarwick, which is near Kirkwall . . . After
St. Olave's wake (July 18, O. S.) King Haco,
leaving Elidarwick, sailed south before the Mull
of Ronaldsha, with all the navy ;" and being joined
by Ronald from the Orkneys, with the ships that
had followed him, he "led the whole armament
into Ronaldsha, which he left upon the vigil of
St. Lawrence (July 30, O. S.)."

Now I wish to know, 1. On what day in
August this eclipse took place, the day of the
week, commencement of the eclipse, &c.

2. Whether any cotemporary, or other writer
besides the Icelandic historian, has recorded this
eclipse ? S.

Fitaroy Street.

U Israeli — hoio spelt? — Caucasus is so for-
tunate as to possess all the acknowledged works
of D'Israeli the elder, as published by himself.
In the title-page of every one of them, the name

442

NOTES AND QUERIES.

'[No. 210.

of the elejjant and accomplished author is spelt
(as above) with an apostrophe. In the late
edition of his collected works, by his no less ac-
complished son, the name is printed ivithout the
apostrophe. Indeed the name so appears in all
ihe, works of Mr. D'Israeli the younger; a prac-
tice which he seems to have taken up even in the
lifetime of his father, who spelt it differently.
Can any of your readers inform Caucasus of the
reason of this difference, and of the authority for
it, and which is the correct mode ? lie has vainly
soujrht for information in the Heralds' Visitation
books for Buckinghamshire, preserved in the
British Museum. Caucasus.

Richard Oswald. — Could any of your corre-
spondents give me any information respecting
Mr. Richard Oswald, the connnissioner who nego-
clated the Treaty of 1782 at Paris, with Franklin,
and his other colleagues, representing the United
States ? Is there any obituary or biographical
notice of him in existence ? L.

CromwelTs Descendants. — Oliver Cromwell's
daughter Bridget was baptized August 4, 1624;
married to Ireton January 15, 1646-7; a widow
Nov. 26, 1651 ; married to General Fleetwood,
Lord President in Ireland, before 1652 ; died at
Stoke, near London, 1681. — Can any of your cor-
respondents furnish the date of this lady's mar-
riage with Fleetwood ; also, a list of her children
and grandchildren by Fleetwood ? It is supposed
that Captain Fleetwood's daughter, i. e. the Gene-
ral's granddaughter, married a Berry. Erin.

Letter of A?-chbis7iop Ciirwen to Archbishop
Parker: — In The Hunting of the Romish Fox,
collected by Sir James Ware, and edited by
Robert Ware (8vo., Dublin, 1683), there is a long
account of an image of the Saviour which, to the
astonishment of the good people of Dublin, and
by the contrivance of one Father Leigh, sweated
blood in the year 1559. It is added, at p. 90. :

" The Archbishop of Dublin wrote ttiis relation and
to this effect, to his brother, Archbishop of Canterbury,
Matthew Parker, who was very joyful at the receipt
thereof, by reason," &c.

The whole chapter in which this occurs is stated
to be " taken out of the Lord Cecil's Memorials."
Can any of your readers give me assistance In
finding these Memorials, or this letter to Arch-
bishop Parker, or a copy of it ? I intended to
have made it an object of inquiry and search in
Dublin, but I have been prevented accomplishing
my design of visiting that country. Perhaps some
of your Irish readers may be able to help me.

John Bruce.

Margaret Patten. — I have just seen a curious
old picture, executed at least a century ago, and
which was lately found amongst some family
papers. It is a half-length of an old woman in
homely looking garments ; a dark blue stuff gown,
the sleeves partially rolled up, and white sleeving
protruding from under, not unlike the fashion of
to-day ; a white and blue checked apron ; around
her neck a white tippet and a handkerchief, on
her head a " mutch," or close linen cap, and a lace
or embroidered band across her forehead to hide
the absence of hair. She holds something undis-
tinguishable in one hand.

The picture is about 10x8 inches, and is done
on glass, evidently transferred from an engraving
on steel. The colours have been laid on with
hand, and then, to preserve and make an opaque
back, it has received a coating of plaster of Paris ;
altogether in. its treatment resembling a coloured
photograph.

By-the-bye, I am sorry I could not get a copy
(photographic) of it, or that woidd have rendered
intelligible what I fear my lame descriptions
cannot. Beneath the figure is the following in-
scription :

" Margaret Patten,

Born in the Parish of Lochnutrh, near Pairsley in
Scotland, now Liveing in the Work House of St.
Marg'', Westminsster, aged 138."

There is no date appended.

The word " Lochnugh " in the inscription is
evidently spelt from the Scotch pronunciation of
Lochwinnoch, near Paisley.

I should be very glad if any of your readers or
correspondents in London could ascertain If the
name, &c. Is to be found In the records of St.
Margaret's, Westminster, and also give me some
facts as to the history of this poor old Scotch
woman, left destitute so far from home and
kindred.

If it can be authenticated, it will make another
item for your list of longevals.

James B. Murdocii.

Glasgow.

[In the Board-room of the workhouse of St. Mar-
garet's, Westminster, is a portrait of Margaret Patten,
which corresponds with the picture just described, and
bears the following inscription :

"Margaret Patten, aged 136: the Gift of John
Dowsell, William Goff, Matthew Burnett, Thomas
Parker, Robert Wright, John Parquot, Overseers,
anno 1737."

Margaret Patten was buried in the burial-ground of
what was then called the Broadway Church, now
Christ Church, and there is a stone on the eastern
boundary wall inscribed, " Near this place lieth Mar-
garet Patten, who died June 26, 1739, in the Parish
Workhouse, aged 136." In Walcott's Memorials of

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

443

Westminster, p. 288., we are told " she was a native of
LoL'bborough, near Paisley. She was brought to
England to prepare Scotch broth for King James II.,
but, owing to the abdication of that monarcli, fell into
jioverty and died in St. Margaret's workhouse, whore
her portrait is still preserved. Her body was followed
to the grave by the parochial authorities and many of
the principal inhabitants, while the children sang a
hymn before it reached its last resting-place."]

Etymology of " Coin'' — What is the etymology
of our noun and verb coin and to coin ? I do not
know if I have been anticipated, but beg to sug-
gest the following: — Coin, a piece of cornered
metal ; To coin, the act of cornering such block of
metal.

In Cornwall, the blocks of tin, when first run
into moulds from the smelting furnace, are square ;
and when the metal is to be fined or assayed, the
miner's phrase is, that it is to be coined; for the
corners of the moulded block are cut off, and sub-
jected to the assay ; and the degree of fineness
proved is stamped on the now cornerless block —
thereafter called a coin of tin. It is, I conceive,
by no means a violent supposition that such coins
of tin were current as money very many ages
before either silver, gold, copper, bronze, lead, tin,
or any other metal moulded, stamped, engraved,
or fashioned into such coins as we now know had
come into use. AVe know to what far-back ages
the finding of tin carries us, its find being entirely
confined to Cornwall; its presence near the sur-
face iu an ore readily reduced and easily melted
making its reduction into the metallic state pos-
sible in the very rudest state of society and of the
arts. C. D. Lamont.

Greenock.

[See Dr. Richardson for the following derivation : —
" P'r. coigner. It. cuniare, Sp. cunar, acunar, to wedge,
and also to coin. Menage and Spelman agree from
the Latin cuneus. 'Cuneus; sigillum ferreum, quo num-
mus cuditnr ; a forma dictum : atque inde coin quasi
cune pro moneta.' An iron seal witli which metal is
stamped ; so called from tlie shape. And hence money
is called coin (q. cune, wedge). — Spelman." The Rev.
T. R. Brown, in an unpublished Dictionary of Difficult
Etymology*, suggests the following: — " Fr. coign, a
coin, stamp, &c. ; Gaelic, cuin, a coin. Probably from
the Sanscrit kan, to shine, desire, covet ; kanaka, gold,
&c. 'J'be Hebrew ceseph, money, coin, is derived in
like manner from the verb casaph, to desire, covet. The
other meaning attached to the French word coign, viz.
a wedge, appears to be derived from quite a different
root."]

Inscription at Aylesbury. — In the north transept
of St. Mary's Church, Aylesbury, occurs the fol-

* This useful work makes two volumes 8vo. : but
how is it the learned Vicar of Southwick printed only
nine copies ? Was he thinking of the sacred Nine ?

lowing curious inscription on a tomb of the date
of 1584:

" Yf, passing by this place, thou doe desire

To knowe wh.it corpse here shry'd in marble lie.
The somme of that whiche now thou dost require
This slender verse shall sone to thee descrie.

" Entombed here doth rest a worthie Dame,

Extract and born of noble house and bloud,
Her sire, Lord Paget, bight of worthie fame,

Whose virtues cannot sink in Lethe floud.
Two brethern had she, barons of this realme,

A knight her freere, Sir Henry Lee, he bight.
To whom she bare three impes, which. had to name,

John, Henry, Mary, slayn by fortune spight.
First two being yong, which cavs'd their parents mone,

The third in flower and prime of all her yeares :
All three do rest within this marble stone,

By wliiche the fickleness of worldly joyes appears.
Good Frend sticke not to strew with crimson flowers

This marble stone, wherein her cindres rest.
For sure her ghost lyves with the heavenly powers,

And guerdon bathe of virtuous life possest."

Can any of your readers give me any other
instances of children being called imps ? and also
tell me wherefore the name was given them ? and
how long it continued in use ? T. W. D. Brooks.

Cropredy, Banbury.

[The inscription is given in Lipscomb's Buckingham-
shire. Home Tooke says imp is the past participle of
the A.-S. impan, to graft, to plant. Mr. Steevens
(Note on '2 Henry IV., Act V. Sc. 5.) tells us, " An
imp is a shoot in its primitive sense, but means a son in
Shakspeare." In Hollinshed, p. 951., the last words
of Lord Cromwell are preserved, who says, " And after
him that his sonne Prince Edward, that goodlie im])e,
may long reign over you." The word imp is per-
petually used by Ulpian Fulwell, and other ancient
writers, for progeny :

" And were it not thy royal impe
Did mitigate our pain."

Again, in the Battle of Alcazar, 1594 :

" Amurath, mighty emperor of the East,
That shall receive the imp of royal race."

See other examples in Todd's Johnson and Dr.
Richardson's Dictionaries, Shakspeare uses the word
only in jocular and burlesque passages, which, says
Nares, is the natural course of a word growing ob-
solete.]

" Guardian Angels, now protect w?e," ^~c. — I
remember John Wesley, and also his saying the
" Devil should not have the best tunes." There
was a pretty love-song, a great favourite when I
was a boy :

" Guardian angels, now protect me,
Send to me the youth I love."

the music of which Wesley introduced to his
congregation as a liymn tune. The music I have,
and I shall be glad if any of your correspondents

444

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

can oblige me with the first verse of this love-
song ; I only recollect the above lines.

William Gardiner.
Leicester.

[The following Is the song referred to by our cor-
respondent :

The Forsaken Nymph.

•* Guardian angels, now protect me,

Send to me the swain I love ;
Cupid, with thy bow direct me ;

Help me, all ye pow'rs above.
Bear him my sighs, ye gentle breezes,

Tell him I love and I despair,
Tell him for him I grieve, say 'tis for him I live ;

O may the shepherd be sincere !

*' Through the shady grove I'll wander.

Silent as the bird of night,
Near the brink of yonder fountain,

First Leander bless'd my sight.
Witness ye groves and falls of water,

Echos repeat the vows be swore :
Can he forget me? will he neglect me?

Shall I never see him more ?

" Does he love, and yet forsake me,

To admire a nymph more fair ?
If 'tis so, I'll wear the willow.

And esteem the happy pair.
Some lonely cave I'll make my dwelling.

Ne'er more the cares of life pursue;
The lark and Philomel only shall hear me tell.

What bids me bid the world adieu."]

K. C.B.'s. — I observe that in the London Ga-
zette of January 2, 1815, which regulates the ex-
isting order of the Bath, it is commanded by the
eovereign that " there shall be affixed in the
church of St. Peter at Westminster escutcheons
and banners of the arms of each K. C. B." Has
this command been regularly fulfilled on the
creation of each K. C. B. ? I believe that on each
creation fees are demanded by the Heralds' Col-
lege, for the professed purpose of exemplifying the
knight's arms, and affixing his escutcheon ; but I
never remember to have seen the escutcheons in
Westminster Abbey. Tewars.

[The order never was fulfilled. If the knights were
entitled to armorial bearings, no fees whatever were
demanded by or paid to the Heralds' College. The
statutes of 1815 were, however, abrogated and annulled
by the statutes of 1847, and the banners are not re-
quired to be suspended in the Abbey. The erection of
the banners and plates, however, rested with the officers
of the order, and tiie Heralds' College had nothing to
do with the matter.]

Danish and Swedish Ballads. — What are the
best and most recent collections of ancient Danish
and Swedish ballad poetry ? J. M. B.

[We believe the best and most recent collection of
Danish ballads is the edition of Udvalgte Danske Viser
fra Middelalderen, by Abrahamson, Nyerup, Rahbek,

&c., in five small Svo. volumes, Copenhagen, 1812. The
best Swedish collection was Svenska Folk- Visor fran
Forteden, collected and edited by Geijer and Afzelius,
and published at Stockholm, 1814 ; but the more
recent collection published by Arwidson in 1834 is
certainly superior. It is in three octavo volumes, and
is entitled Svenska Fornsdnger. En Samling af K'dmp.
visor, Folk-visor, Lekar och Dansar, samt Barn- och
Vail- Sanger. ]

Etymology of " Conger" — What is the ety-
mology of the word Conger, as applied to the
larger kind of deep sea eels by our fishermen
(who, be it remarked, never add eel. Conger-eel
is entirely used by shore-folk) ?

I imagine that it may be traced from the Danish
Kongr, a king, or kings ; for being the greatest
of eels, the fishermen, whose nets he tore, and
whose take he seriously reduced, might well call
him in size, in strength,, and voracity — Kongr, the
king. C. D. Lamont.

Greenock.

[Todd and Webster derive it from the Latin conger
or congrus ; Gr. '^6yypo^, formed of ypda, to eat, the
fish being very voracious ; It. yongro ; Fr. congre. ]

"Si vis me flere, dolendum est primum tibi." —
This is, I think, the ordinary form of a saying cited
somewhere by Goldsmith, who calls it " so trite a
quotation that it almost demands an apology to
repeat it." Whence comes it originally ? I am
unable to give the exact reference to the passage
in Goldsmith, but in his Citizen of the World,
letter 5;Jrd, he has a cognate idea :

" As in common conversation the best way to make
the audience laugh is by first laughing yourself, so in
writing," &c,

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

[Horace, Z>e Arte Poetica, 102.]

Ecplu^.

MEDAL AND RELIC OF MART QUEEN OF SCOTS.

(Vol. viii., p. 293.)

I possess a cast of this medal as described by
your correspondent W. Fraser, but which is a
little indistinct in some of the letters of its inscrip-
tions. The yew-tree represented on it is generally
supposed to be that which stood at Cruikston
Castle nearly Paisley ; and its motto " Vires" may
perhaps have been intended to denote its natural
strength and durability. The date of the medal
being 15G6, and Mary's marriage with Lord
Darnly having taken place on July 29, 1565, the
yew-tree may have been introduced to comme-
morate some incident of their courtship, and gives
likelihood to the common tradition. I once had a
small box composed partly of its wood, and of

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

445

that of the "Torwood Oak" near Stirling, which
was presented to me about thirty-five years ago
by an aged lady, whose property it had been for
a long time previously, and who placed much
value on it as a relic. Though visiting Cruikston
Castle in early life, I never heard of there being
any feeling of "superstition" connected with such
little objects as the crosses, &c. which were long
made from the wood of the yew-tree. They are
all, I think, to be viewed simply as curiosities
associated with the historical interest of the place,
and similar examples are to be found among
our people in tlie numerous quaichs (drinking-
cups) and other articles which have been formed
from the "Torwood Oak" that protected the
illustrious Sir William Wallace from his enemies ;
from his oak at Elderslie, said to have been planted
by his hand, two miles to the west of Paisley ; and
lately from such scraps of the old oaken rafters
of the Glasgow Cathedral as could be obtained in
the course of its modern repairs.

As respects the yew-tree immediately concerned,
some notices of its remains may be found in a
work entitled The Severn Delineated, by Charles
Taylor, Glasgow, 1831, at page 82. The author,
who was a very curious local antiquary, died in
1837, aged forty-two. As his book is now scarce,
I may be excused from subjoining rather a long
extract, but which also throws some light on other
particulars of this subject :

" Retreating from Househill (a seat in the vicinity)
to Cruikston Castle, the country is rich, and the
scenery delightful. The castle itself might be the
subject of vohimes, as it has been the theme of many a
poet, and the subject of many a painter's pencil. Its
name is known all over the world, or may be so, from
the circumstance of its once having been the residence
of Mary Queen of Scots and Henry Lord Darnly ;
and though the famed yew-tree decks not now the
' hallowed mould,' as the poet expresses himself,

' Is there an eye that tearless could behold
This lov'd retreat of beauty's fairest flower?'

About three years ago a large fragment fell from the
south wing of this ruin, despite of all the attention
Sir John Maywell paid to keep it up. The founder of
this castle was one De Croc ; hence the name Crock-
ston, Crocston, or Cruikston. Tliis family (says Craw-
furd), falling in ane heiress, she was married to Sir
Alexander Stewart of Torbolton, second son to Walter,
the second of that name, Great Stewart of Scotland,
and of this marriage are descended the families of Darnly
and Lorn."

Cruikston is now the property of Sir John
May well of Nether Pollock. Of the trunk of the

green yew,
The first that met the royal Mary's view ;
When bright in charms the youthful princess led
The graceful Darnly to her throne and bed." —

Lady Maywell ordered to be made by an ingenious
individual, at Pollockshaws, an exact model of the
castle, and some table and other utensils, which
are still in preservation at Pollock. Before its
removal, many are the snuff-boxes, toddy ladles,
&c. that have been made of it, and are still in pre-
servation by the curious. The following couplet,
composed by the late Mr. AV. Craig, surgeon, is
inscribed on one of these ladles, which has seen no
little service :

" Near Cruikston Castle's stately tower.
For many a year I stood ;
My shade was of the hallow'd bower ;
Where Scotland's queen was woo'd."

Another medal of Queen Mary's, of considerable
size, of which I have seen a cast many years since,
contained the following inscriptions :

" O God graunt patience in that I suffer vrang."
The reverse has in the centre :

" Quho can compare with me in grief,
I die and dar nocht seek relief."

With this legend around :

" Hourt not the ^ quhais [heart whose] joy thou
art."

" They all appear [says Mr. Pinkerton] to have
been done in France by Mary's directions, who was
fond of devices. Her cruel captivity could not debar
her from intercourse with her friends in France ; who
must with pleasure have executed her orders as afford-
ing her a little consolation."

G.N.

Mr. Fraser's supposed medal is a ryal (or
possibly a | ryal) of Mary and Henry, commonly
known as a Cruickstown dollar ; from the idea
that the tree upon them is a representation of the
famous yew-tree at Cruickstown Castle. It ap-
pears, however, from the ordinance for coining
these pieces, that the tree is a " palm-tree crowned
with a shell paddock (lizard) creeping up the
stem of the same." The motto across the tree is
" DAT GLORIA VIRES." (See Lindsay's Scotch
Coinage, p. 51.) John Evans.

EARLY USE OP TIN. — BERIVATION OF THE NASIE
OF BRITAIN.

(Vol. viii., p. 344.)

The reply of Dr. Hiscks app(*ars td require
the following. While seeking information upon
the first of these matters, I took up one of my old
school-books, and at the foot of a page found the
following note : " Britannia is from Barat-anac, the
land of tin." I do not recollect to have seen it
elsewhere ; but it appeared to me so apt and cor-
rect that I adopted it at once.

That the Shirutana of the Egyptian inscriptions,

446

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

or Shairetana, will be found to be the same people
as the Ciiatas of the Hindu Puranas, I have
little doubt.

Ciratas is there applied as a name to the people
who were afterwards known to us as the Phoe-
nicians ; but that either the Shirutana or the
Ciratas will be found to have discovered Britain,
though they may have given it a name, I do not
expect. The Ciratas were a people of a later
age to that of the first inhabitants of Britain.
The first inhabitants of Britain I call the Celta3,
as I know no other name for them ; but there
seems reason for thinking that this island was
visited by an earlier tribe, though probably they
were of the same race.

The origin of the Ciratas and first inhabitants
of Britain is this: — A powerful monarchy appears
to have been established at the earliest dawn of
history in the country we now call Persia, long
before there was any Assyrian government, and
under this monarchy that country was the true
centre of population, of knowledge, of languages,
and of arts. Three distinct races of men appear
to have migrated in different directions from this
their common country. One of these divides into
two parts, one proceeding to the west, the other
to the south-east of the place where the division
took place. The western party passed through
Asia Minor, and also by the north of the Black
Sea, carrying with it all that was then known of
the different arts and sciences, until we find the
descendants at this day in the British Isles. The
south-eastern party, also, continued its progress
to the part now known to us as India, where its
descendants may be found at this day. Long
after the settlement in India, various tribes, all
proceeding from it, migrated from that country
to the parts now known to us as Egypt and Syria;
and one of these tribes was the Ciratas.

That the Ciratas, Shirutana, or Phoenicians,
call them as you may, were the first who passed
the Pillar of Hercules in ships on their way to
obtain tin here at first-hand, is almost certain ;
and that the western party, as described above,
had broken ground to supply it long before their
customers came for it, is scarcely less so. They
all had a common origin, and used nearly the
same language, religion, and laws.

My Query has brought out a highly satisfactory
elucidation of the origin of the term Britain; and
this, looking at the position in which that term
stood on the day the last ISTumber of " JST. & Q."
was published, is by no means a slight acquisition.
I now leave it. G. W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

PICTORIAL EDITIONS OF THE BOOK OF COMMON
PKAYER.

(Yol. vii., pp. 18. 91. 321. ; Vol. vlii., p. 318.)

The following list may prove an acceptable
addition to those already printed in your pages.
Some of your correspondents perhaps will make
it more complete :

1707. Oxford. 8vo. Plates by John Sturt.

1710. London. 8vo. Fort\'-four plates, with no en-
graver's name.

1712. Oxford. 8vo. Plates by Sturt.

1717. London. Svo. Ruled with double red lines.
Plates by Sturt.

Lowndes speaks of a large paper impression in
quarto of this same edition : "The volume consists
of one hundred and sixty-six plates, besides twenty-
two containing dedication, table, &c. Prefixed is
a bust of King George I. ; and facing it, those of
the Prince and Princess of Wales. Sturt likewise
published a set of fifty-five historical cut^s for
Common Prayer in small 8vo."

1738. London. Svo. "With Old Version of the Psalms ;
and forty-four curious plates, including Gun-
powder Treason, the Martyrdom of Charles I.,
and Restoration of Charles II. (Booksellers'
Catal.)

1794. London. Published by J. Good and E. Hard-
ing, with plates after Stothard by Bartolozzi
and others (Lowndes).

Lowndes also mentions "Illustrations to the
Book of Common Prayer by Richard Westall,
London, 1813, Svo. (proofs) 4to.," and "Twelve
illustrations to ditto, engraved by John Scott,
from designs by Burney and Thurston, royal Svo."

I have reserved for more particular description
two editions in my own possession : — One is a
small Svo., ruled with red lines : " In the Savoy,
printed by the assignees of John Bill and Chris-
topher Barker, Printers to the King's Most Ex-
cellent Majesty, 1667." It contains fifty-nine
plates : these are identical with those in the An-
tiquitates Christiavce, or Bishop Taylor's Life of
Christ, and Cave's Lives of the Apostles (folio
editions), which, if I mistake not, were engraved
by William Fai thorn. The Act of Uniformity is
given in black-letter. The Ordinal is wanting.
The three State Services are not enumerated in the
Table of Contents, but are added at the end of
the book. The Old Version of the Psalms (with
its usual quaint title), a tract of 104 pp., is ap-
pended : " London : printed by Thos. ISTewcomb
for the Company of Stationers, 1671." The other
edition is a 12mo. : "London, printed by Charles
Bill and the Executrix of Thomas Newcomb de-
ceased, Printers to the Queen's Most Excellent
Majesty, 1708" (ruled with red lines). In the
frontispiece is represented a female figure kneel-
ing with a prayer book open before her : an angel

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

447

in the air holds a scroll, on which is inscribed,
"The Liturgy of the Church of England, adorned
with fifty-five historical cuts ; P. La Vergne del.,
M. Van der Gucht sc." Beneath the picture,
" Sold by Robt. Whitledge at the Bible in Ave
Maria Lane, near Stationers' Hall."

Some of the cuts are very curious, as No. 16.,
which represents the Devil (adorned with a crown,
sceptre, and tail) standing on the top of a high
conical rock, and our Blessed Lord at a little dis-
tance from him. The appearance and attitude of
the Apostles are somewhat grotesque. One of the
best is St. Philip (No. 39.), who is represented as
a wrinkled, bearded old man, contemplating a
crucifix in his hand.

No. 51, is a picture of Guy Favvkes approaching
the Parliament House, with a lantern in his hand.
A large eye is depicted in the clouds above, which
sheds a stream of light on the hand of the con-
spirator. No. 52. is " The Martyrdom of King
Charles I." No. 53. " The Restoration of Mon-
archy and King Charles II." A number of
cavaliers on horseback, with their conical hats and
long tresses, occupy the foreground of this pic-
ture ; the army appears in the background. This
is the last, though the scroll advertises fifty-five
cuts.

Tlie Prefaces and Calendar are printed in very
small bad type. The four State Services are
enumerated in the Table of Contents. After the
State Services follow, "At the Healing;" the
Thirty-nine Articles, and a Table of Kindred and
Affinity. This edition neither contains the Ordinal
nor a metrical version of the Psalms. Notwith-
standing the date on the title-page. King George
is prayed for throughout the book, except in the
service " For the Eighth Day of March," when
Queen Anne's name occurs.

Of the modern pictorial editions of the Book of
Common Prayer may be mentioned that of Charles
Knight, " illustrated by nearly seven hundred
beautiful woodcuts by Jackson, from drawings by
Harvey, and six illuminated titles ; with Explana-
tory Notes by the Rev. H. Stebbing," royal 8vo.,
London, 1838; reprinted in 1846. That of Mur-
ray, " illuminated by Owen Jones, and illustrated
with engravings from the works of the great
masters," royal 8vo., London, 1845 ; reprinted in
1850 in med. 8vo. That of Whittaker in 12mo.
and 8vo., " with notes and illuminations." The
last, and by far the best, pictorial edition is that
of J. H. Parker of Oxford, " with fifty illustra-
tions ; selected from the finest examples of the
early Italian and modern German schools, by the
Rev. H. J. Rose and Rev. J. W. Burgon."

Jarltzbekg.

TEW-TREES IN CHURCHYARDS.

(Vol. viii., p. 346.)

This has long been to me a vexed question, and
I fear that none of your correspondents have
given a satisfactory answer.

I have seen in London sprigs of yew and paint
willow offered for sale before Palm Sunday. At
this period they may, I think, be always found in
Covent Garden Market. I saw them last year
also in the greengrocers' shops at Brighton. To
me these are evident traces of an old custom of
using the yew as well as the willow. The origin
is to be found in the Jewish custom of carrying
" branches of palm-trees, and boughs of thick trees,
and willows from the brook " (Leviticus xxiii. 39,
40.).

Wordsworth alludes to this in his sonnet on
seeing a procession at Chamouny :

" The Hebrews thus carrying in joyful state
Tliick boughs of palm and willows from the brook,
March'd round the altar — to commemorate
How, when their course they from the desert took.
Guided by signs which ne'er the sky forsook,
They lodged in leafy tents and cabins low,
Green boughs were borne."

In A Voyage from Leith to Lapland, 1851,
vol. I. p. 132., there is an account of the funeral of
the poet Oehlenschliiger. The author states, —

" The entire avenue was strewn, according to the old
Scandinavian custom, with evergreen boughs of fir, and
bunches of fir and box, mingled in some instances with
artificial flowers. It is customary at all funerals to
strew evergreens before the door of the house where
the body lies, but it is only for some very distinguished
person indeed they are strewn all the way to the
burial place."

Forby, in his East Anglican Vocabulary, says it is
a superstitious notion that —

" If you bring yew into the house at Christmas
amongst the evergreens used to dress it, you will have
a death in the family before the end of the year."

I believe the yew will be found generally on the
south side of the church, but always near the prin-
cipal entrance, easy of access for the procession on
Palm Sunday, and perhaps for funerals, and that
it was used as a substitute for the palm, and
coupled with " the willow from the brook," hence
called the palm willow. A Holt White.

P. S. — I cannot agree with your correspondent
J. G. CuMMiNG, that the yew is one of " our few
evergreens."' I doubt our having in England any
native evergreen but the holly.

The etymology of the name of the yew-tree
clearly shows that it was not planted In church-
yards as an emblem of evil, but one of immortality.
The name of the tree in Celtic is jubar, pronounced
yewar, i. e. " the evergreen head." The town of

448

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

Newry in Ireland took its name from two yew-
trees which St. Patrick planted: A-Nmbaride,
pronounced A-Newery, i. e. "the yew-trees,"
■which stood until Cromwell's time, when some
Boldiers ruthlessly cut them down.

In the Note by Mr. J. G. Gumming, a derivation
is evidently required for the English word yeo-
man, which he suggests is taken from " yokeman."
Yeoman is from eo, pronounced yo, i. e. free,
worthy, respectable, as opposed to the terms
villein, serf, &c. ; so that yeoman means a freeman,
a respectable person. Feas. Ckossj-ey.

OSBOKN FAMILY.

(Vol. viii., p. 270.)
Mr. H. T. Griffith asks where may any pedi-
gree of the Osborne family, previous to Edward
Osborne, the ancestor of the Dukes of Leeds, be
seen. In reply, I am in possession of large collec-
tions relating to the Norman Osbornes, from whom
I have reasons to believe him to have been de-
scended. Those Osbornes can be proved to have
been settled in certain of the midland counties of
England from the time of the attainder and down-
fall" of the son of William Fitzosborne, Earl of
Hereford and premier peer, down to a compara-
tively late period. A branch of them was pos-
sessed of the manor of Kelmarsh in Northampton-
shire; and their pedigree, beginning in 1461, may
be seen in Whalley's Northamptonshire : but this
is necessarily very imperfect, on account of the
author's want of access to documents which have
subsequently been opened to the public.

I may here notice that an inexcusable error has
been committed and repeated in several of the
collections of records published by the Parliament-
ary Commission, who have, in numerous instances,
and without any warrant, interpreted Osb. of the
MSS. as " Osbert." Thus they have deprived
Fitzosborne, Bishop of Exeter (a.d. 1102), of some
of his manors, and within his own diocese, and
conferred them on Osbert the Bishop, although
there never was a bishop of that name in England.
I took the liberty of pointing out this error to one
of the chief editors concerned in these works ;
but as he has taken no notice of my observations,
I must infer that he thinks it most prudent to
excite no farther inquiry.

The Osborns, now so numerous in London,
appear to have come from the Danish stem from
which the Norman branch was originally derived.
Their number, which has increased "even beyond
the ordinary ratio of the population, may perhaps
be dated from the wife of one of them who (temp.
Jac. I.) had twenty-four sons, and was interred in
old St. Paul's.

I shall be very happy to afford any assistance in
my power to the gentleman who has occasioned
these remarks. Omickon.

INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS.

(Vol.vi., p. 554. ; Vol. vii., pp. 454. 603.; Vol. viii.,
pp. 108. 248.)

Many thanks are due to your correspondent
CuTHBERT Bede, B.A., for his interesting series
of inscriptions on bells. The following are, I
think, sufficiently curious to be added to your
collection : —

Rouen Cathedral :

" In the steeple of the great church, in the cltie of
Roane in Normandy, is one great bell with the like
inscription." [Like, that is, to the inscription at
St. Stephen's, Westminster : see " N. & Q-," Vol. viii.,
p. 108.]

" Je suis George de Ambois,
Qui trente-cinque mille pois ;
Mes luis qui me pesera,
Trente-six mille me trouvera."

" I am George of Ambois,
Thirtie-five thousand in pois;
But he that shall weigh me,
Thirty-six thousand shall find me."
Weaver, Fun. Mon., edit. fol. 1631, p. 492.

St. Matthew, Great Milton, Oxfordshire :

1. " I as treble begin.
3. " I was third ring.

8. (Great bell) " I to church the living call, and to
the grave do summons."

Inscription suggested as being suitable for six
bells, in the Ecclesiologist (New Series), vol. i.
p. 209. :

1. " Ave Pater, Rex, Creator :

2. Ave Fili, Lux, Salvator :

3. Ave Pax et Charitas.

4. Ave Simplex, Ave Trine ;

5. Ave Regnans sine fine,

6. Ave Sancta Trinitas,"

Inscriptions are often to be found in Lombardic

characters, and on bells of great antiquity. Can

any of your ecclesiological correspondents furnish

me with the date of the earliest known example ?

W. Sparrow Simpson.

On bells in Southrepps Church, Norfolk :
" Tuba ad Juditium. Campana ad Ecclesiara, 1641."
" Miserere mei Jhesus Nazarenus Rex Judaorum."

J. L. SiSSON.

ladies' ARMS BORNE IN A LOZENGE.

(Vol. viii., pp. 37. 83. 277. 329.)

I broached a theory with a concluding remark
that it would give me great pleasure to see one
more reasonable take its place. I fear that, if all
your readers anxious to clear up an obscure
point in an interesting science take no more
trouble than P. P., we shall find ourselves no

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

449

nearer our object in the middle of your eightietli
volume than we are now in your eighth.

What P. P. is pleased to term the " routine "
reason is after all but one among many, and is
not better substantiated than some of the others
quoted by me ; for though the lozenge has _ a
"supposed" resemblance to the distaff or fusil,
heraldically it is but a supposed one, and by most
writers the difference is very distinctly indicated.

Boyer says :

" A fusil is a bearing In heraldry made in the form
of a spindle, with its yarn or thread wound about it.
Fusils are longer than lozenges, and taper or pointed at
both ends."

" The same author thus describes a lozenge :
" A Rhimbus, in geometry, is a figure of four
equal and parallel sides, but not rectangular."

Robson says :

" Fusil, a kind of spindle used In spinning. Its
formation should be particularly attended to, as few
painters or engravers inake a sufficient distinction between
the fusil and lozenge,"

Nisbet describes a lozenge to be —

" A figure that has equal sides and unequal angles,
as the quarry of a glass window placed erect pointways."

He adds :

" The Latins say, ' Lozengas factte sunt ad modum
lozangiorum in vitrels.' Heralds tell us that their use
in armories came from the pavement of marble stones
of churches, fine palaces and houses, cut after the form
of lozenges, which pavings the French and Italians
call laze and the Spaniards loza,"

Sylvester de Petra-Sancta of the lozenge says
much the same :

" Scutulas oxigonlas seu acutangulus erectas, et
quasi gradiles, referri debere ad laterlcias et antlquas
domus ollm, viz. Nobilium quia vulgus, et infamis
sortis homines, intra humiles casus, vel antra inhabi-
tantur."

Of the fusil Nisbet writes :

" The fusil is another Rhombular figure like the
lozenge, but more long than broad, and its upper and
lower points are more acute than the two side points."

He adds that :

" Chassanus and others make their sides round, as in
his description of them : ' Fusas sunt acutaB in supe-
rlore et inferiore partlbus, et rotundse ex utroque latere ;'
which description has occasioned some English heralds,
when so painted or engraven, to call them millers'
picks, as Sir John Boswell, in his Concords of Armory,
and others, to call them weavers' shuttles."

Menestrier says of lozenges :

" Lozange est une figure de quatre polntcs, dont
deux sont un peu plus ^tendues que les autres, et
assise sur une de ces pointes. C'est le Rhomb des

mathematiclens, et les quarreaux des vitres ordlnalres
en ont la figure."

Of fusils:

" Fusees sont plus etendues en longue que les
lozanges, et affilees en point commj les fuseaux.
Elles sont pieces d'architecture oil Ton se sert pour
ornement de fusees et de pesons."

The celebrated Bo/te of St. Albans (1486) thus
describes the difference between a lozenge and
fusil :

" Knaw ye y° differans betwlx fFusillis and losyng.
Wherefore it is to be knaw that fFusillis ar euermore
long, also fusyllls ar strattyr ouerwart In the baly then
ar mascules. And mascules ar larger ou'wartt in the
baly, and shorter in length than be fusyllis."

The mascle is afterwards explained to be the
lozenge pierced. Again :

*' And ye most take thys for a general enforraacion
and instruccion that certanli losyng eu'more stand
upright .... and so withowte dowte we have the
differans of the foresayd signes, that is to wete of
mascules and losynges."

Dallaway, an elegant writer on Heraldry, says :

" Of the lozenge the following extraordinary descrip-
tion is given in a MS. of Glover, ' Lozenga est pars
vitri in vltrea fenestra.' But It may be more satisfac-
tory to observe that the lozenge, with its diminutive,
are given to females instead of an escocheon for the
insertion of their armorial bearings, one of which is
supposed to have been a cushion of that shape, and the
other is evidently the spindle used In spinning ; both
demonstrative of the sedentary employments of women.
On a very splendid brass for Eleanor, relict of Thomas
of Woodstocke, who died 1384, she Is delineated as
resting her head upon two cushions, the upper of which
is placed lozenge- wise." — P. 140.

The above Is taken from his Miscellaneous Ob-
servations on Heraldic Ensigns, the following from
the body of his great work :

" Females being heirs, or conveying feodal lordships
to their husbands, had, as early as the thirteenth century,
the privilege of armorial seals. The variations were
progressive and frequent; at first the female effigy had
the kirtle or inner garment emblazoned, or held the
escocheon over her head, or in her right hand ; then
three escocheons met in the centre, or four were joined
at their bases, if the alliance admitted of so many.
Dimidiatlon, accoliation, and impalement succeeded
each other at short intervals. But the modern practice
of placing the arms of females upon a lozenge appears
to have originated about the middle of the fourteenth
century, when we have an instance of five lozenges
conjoined upon one seal ; that of the heir female In the
centre impaling the arms of her husband, and sur-
rounded by those of her ancestors." — P. 400.

I think this quotation from so learned a writer
goes far towards settling the whole question. I
confess myself willing to have my theory placed
second to this, while I must discard the " distaff"

450

KOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

notion, unless better substantiated than by the
French saying from their Salic[ue law, which I
here give for P. P.'s information : " Nunquam
corona a lance transibit ad fusum." I am willing
to admit the antiquity of this notion ; for while
the shape of the man's shield is traced by Sylvanus
Morgan to Adam's spade, he takes the woman's
from Eve's spindle !

" When Adam delved, and Eve span,
Who was then the gentleman ? "

In Geoffry Chaucer's time the lozenge appears
to have been an ornament worn by heralds in
their dress or crown. In describing the habit of
one, he says :

" They crowned were as kinges
With crowns wrought full of lozenges
And many ribbons and many fringes."

As for the difference between the lozenge and
fusil, I could multiply opinions and examples, but
hope those given will be sufficient.

I cannot conclude these few hasty remarks
without expressing a wish that one of your corre-
spondents in particular would take up this sub-
ject, to handle which in a masterly manner, his
position is a guaranty of his ability. I refer to
the gentleman holding the office of York Herald.

JBroctuna.

Bury, Lancashire,

THE MTETIiE BEE.

(Yol. viii., p. 173.)

From a very early period, and throughout life, I
have been accustomed to shooting, and well re-
member the bird in question, but whether the term
was local or general, I am unable to state, never
having met with it save in one locality; and
many years have elapsed since I saw one, although
in the habit of frequenting the neighbourhood
where it was originally to be seen. I attribute its
disappearance to local causes. I met with it
during a series of years, ending about twenty-five
years since, at which period I lost sight of it. It
was to be met with during the autumn and winter
in bogs scattered over with bog myrtle, on Chob-
ham and the adjacent common ; I never met with
it elsewhere. It is solitary. I am unacquainted
with its food, and only in a single instance had I
ever one in my hand. Its tongue is pointed, sharp,
and appearing capable of penetration. Its colour
throughout dusky light blue, slightly tinged with
yellow about the vent. Tail about one inch,
being rather long in proportion to the body,
causing the wings to appear forward, with a mi-
niature pheasant-like appearance as it flew, or
rather darted, from bush to bush, with amazing
quickness, its wings moving with rapidity, straight
in its flight, keeping near the ground, appearing

loth to wing, never passing an intervening bush if
ever so near ; and I never saw one fly over eight
or ten yards, and never wing a second time, which
induced our dogs (using a sporting phrase) to
puzzle them, causing a belief that they were in
most instances trodden under the water and grass
in which the myrtle grew, and which nothing but
a dog could approach. I never saw one sitting
or light on a branch of the myrtle, but invariably
flying from the base of one plant to that of an-
other. I am not aware that any cabinet contains
a preserved specimen, or that the bird has ever
been noticed by any naturalist as a British or
foreign bird.

Should W. R. D. S. covet farther information as
to the probable cause of its disappearance, and my
never having met with it elsewhere, perhaps he
will favour me with his address. I cannot think
the bird extinct. C. Brown.

Egham, Surrey.

CAPTAIN JOHN DAVIS.

(Vol. viii., p. 385.)

The earliest memoir of captain John Davis, the
celebrated arctic navigator, is that given by the
reverend John Prince in his Danmonii orientales
iLLTJSTRES, or the worthies of Devon, Exeter, 1701,
folio. It is, however, erroneous and defective in
important particulars, and has misled some eminent
writers, as Campbell, Eyries, Barrow, &c.

Despite the assertions of master Prince, I ques-
tion if captain Davis married a daughter of sir
John Fulford ; I am sure he was not the first pilot
who conducted the Hollanders to the East-Indies ;
I am sure the journal of the voyage is not printed
In Hakluyt ; I am sure the narrative of his voyage
with sir Edward Michelborne Is neither dedicated
to the earl of Essex nor printed in Hakluyt ; I am
sure he did not write the Rutter, or brief directions
for sailing into the East-Indies ; I am sure he wrote
two works of which Prince says nothing ; I am
sure he did not make ^ce voyages to the East-
Indies ; and I am sure, to omit other oversights,
that he did not "return home safe again." To
the latter point I shall now confine myself.

In 1604 king James, regardless of the charter
held by the East-India company, granted a license
to sir Edward Michelborne, one of his gentlemen-
pensioners, to discover and trade with the " coun-
tries and domynions of Cathaia, China, Japan,"
&c. This license, preserved in the Rolls-chapel,
Is dated the twenty-fifth of June. On the fifth of
December sir Edward set sail from Cowes with
the Tiger, a ship of 240 tons, and a pinnace —
captain Davis being, as I conceive, the second in
command. In December 1605, being near the
Island of BIntang, they fell in with a junk of
70 tons, carrying ninety Japanese, most of them

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

451

"in too gallant a habit for saylers :" in fact, they
•were pirates ! The unfortunate result shall now
be stated in the words of the p/rafe Michelborne :

" Vpon rautuall courtesies with gifts and feastings
betweene vs, sometimes fiue and twentie or sixe and
twentie of their chiefest came aboord : whereof I
would not suffer aboue sixe to haue weapons. Their
was neiier the like number of our men aboord their
iunke. I willed captains John Dauis in the morning
[the twenty-seventh of December] to possesse himselfe
of their weapons, and to put the companie before mast,
and to leave some guard on their weapons, while they
searched in the rice, doubting that by searching and
finding that which would dislike them, they might
suddenly set vpon my men, and put them to tlie
sword: as the sequell prooued. Captaine Dauis being
beguiled with their humble semblance, would not pos-
sesse himselfe of their weapons, though I sent twice of
purpose from ray shippe to will him to doe it. They
passed all the day, my men searching in the rice, and
they looking on : at the sunne-setting, after long search
and nothing found, saue a little storax and beniamin :
they seeing oportunitie, and talking to the rest of their
companie which were in my ship, being neere to their
iunke, they resolued, at a watch-word betweene them,
to set vpon vs resolutely in both ships. This being
concluded, they suddenly killed and droue ouer-boord,
all my men that were in their ship ; and those which
were aboord ray ship sallied out of my cabbin, where
they were put, with such weapons as they had, finding
certaine targets in my cabbin, and other things that they
vsed as weapons. My selfe being aloft on the decke,
knowing what was likely to follow, leapt into the
waste, where, with the boate swaines, carpenter and
some few more, wee kept them vnder the halfe-decke.
At their first comming forth of the cabbin, they raet
captaine Dauis comming out of the gun-roome, whom
they pulled into the cabbin, and giuing him sixe or
seuen mortall wounds, they thrust him out of the
cabbin before them. His wounds were so mortall,
that he dyed assoone as he came into the waste." —
Purchas, L 137.

Bolton CoBNBr.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Clouds in Photographs. — I wish one of your
photographic correspondents would inform me,
how clouds can be put into photographs taken on
paper ? Mr. Buckle's photographs all contain
clouds f 2.

" The Stereoscope considered in relation to the
Philosophy of Binocular Vision " is the title of a
small pamphlet written by a frequent contributor
to this journal, Mr. C. Mansfield Ingleby, in
which he has "attempted to sketch out such
modifications of the theory of double vision as
appear to him to be entailed on the rationale of
the stereoscope." The corroboration thus indi-
rectly afforded to the principles of Sir William
Hamilton's Philosophy of Perception has induced

Mr. Ingleby to dedicate his work to that distin-
guished metaphysician. The essay will, we have
no doubt, be perused with great interest by many
of our photographic friends, for whose gratification
we shall borrow its concluding paragraph.

" In conclusion we must not forget to acknowledge
our obligations to the photographic art, not merely as
one of the most suggestive results of natural science,
but as a means of the widest and soundest utility. To
antiquaries the services of photography have a unique
value, for, by perpetuating in the form of negatives
those monuments of nature and art which, though
exempt from common accident, are still subject to
gradual decay from time, it places in the hands of us
all microscopically exact antitypes of objects which,
from change or distance, are otherwise inaccessible.
To the artist they afford the means of facilitating the
otherwise laborious, and often mechanical, task of
drawing in detail from nature and from the human
figure.

" To the physician, to the naturalist, and to the man
of science, the uses of photography are various and im-
portant, and already the discoveries which have been
directly due to this modern art are of stupendous
utility.

" To the metaphysician, its uses may be suflSciently
gleaned from the applications considered in the pre-
ceding pages. But to all these classes of men the pho-
tographic art derives its chief glory from its application
to the stereoscope ; and if, by elucidating the prin-
ciples of vision by means of this application, we have
in any degree given a stimulus to the practice and im-
provement of the photographic processes, our pains
have been happily and fruitfully bestowed."

Muller's Processes. — Would you inform me,
through the medium of " !N. & Q.," what manu-
facture of paper is best adapted to the two pro-
cesses of Mr. Muller ? I have tried several : with
some I find that the combination of their starch
with the iodide of iron causes a dark precipitate
upon the face of the paper ; and with those papers
prepared with size, there appears to me great
difficulty (in his improved process after the paper
is moistened with aceto-nitrate of silver) to procure
an equal distribution of the iodide over its surface,
as it invariably dries or runs off parts of the paper,
or is repelled by spots of size on the paper when
dipped in the iodide of iron bath. — A reply to the
foregoing question would greatly oblige

A Constant Eeadeb.

Essex.

Positives on Glass. — Sometimes, when your sitter
is gone, and you hold your portrait up to the light
to examine its density, you find in the face and
other parts which are dark, so viewed, minute
transparent specks, scarcely bigger than a pin's
point. When the picture is backed with black
lacquer, you have consequently small black spots,
which deform the positive, especially when viewed
through a lens of short focus. A friend of mine

452

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

cures this defect very easily. After having ap-
plied the amber varnish, he stops out the spots
with a little oil-paint that matches the lights of the
picture ; of course the paint is put upon the var-
nished side of the glass. When the paint is dry,
the black lacquer is carried over the whole as
usual. " T. D. Eaton.

Norwich.

dXejfXici to i^iuflr ^\isvit3.

Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church
(Yo\. viii., p. 200.). — I am exceedingly obliged to
Chevebells for his reply to my Querj'. I am
sorry to say that I failed to make a note of the
number of the circles ; but, as far as I can re-
member, there are six windows in each aisle, so
in all there would be twenty-four, each window
having two carved upon it, one on the right jamb
without, and the other on the left within.

E. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

Nursery Rhymes (Vol. viii., p. 455.). — I would
suggest to L. that a consideration of rhymes may
sometimes indicate, by tlie change in the pronun-
ciation, the antiquity of the verse : e. g.,

" Hush aby, baby, on the green' bough.
When the wind blows the cradle will rock,
And when the bough breaks," &c.

Here, according to modern pronunciation, the
rhymes of the first couplet are imperfect, so that
it was probably composed in the Saxon era, or
while the word bough was still pronounced bog or
bock. J. R.

Milton's Widow (Vol. vii., p. 596. ; Vol. viii.,
pp. 12. 134. 200.). — Reading up my aiTears of
" N. & Q.," which a long absence from England
has caused to accumulate, I find frequent inquiries
made for some information which I once promised,
relative to Milton's widow. I fear that your cor-
respondents on this subject have formed an exag-
gerated idea of the importance of the expected
note, and that they will see but a " ridiculus
mus" after all. As I have no means at hand at
the present moment wherewith to attempt to elu-
cidate the MinshuU genealogy, I shall content
myself by simply sending my original notes,
namely, bi'ief abstracts of the wills of Thomas and
Nathan Paget preserved at Doctors' Commons.

Thomas Paget, minister of the gospel at Stock-
port, in Cheshire, makes his will May 23, 1660;
mentions his three daughters Dorothy, Elizabeth,
and Mary ; and leaves estates at different places
in Shropshire to his two sons, Dr. Nathan and
Thomas, whom he appoints his executors. He en-
treats his cousin 3IinshuU, apothecarie in Man-
chester^ to be overseer of his will, which was
proved October 16, 1660.

[I have before (Vol. v., p. 327.) shown the con-
nexion between the Pagets and Manchester.]

Nathan Paget, Doctor in Medicine, will dated
January 7, 1678, was then living in the parish of
St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, London, leaves
certain estates, and his house in London where he
resided, to his brother Thomas Paget, clerk. Be-
quests to his cousin John Goldsmith of the Middle
Temple, gent., and his cousin Elizabeth Milton, to
the Society of Physicians, and the poor of the
parish of St. Stephen's. Will proved January 15,
1678.

I have omitted to note what the bequests were.
I will only add, that some time ago I dropped my
alias of Cranmore, and have occasionally appeared
in your sixth Volume as Arthur Paget.

Watch-paper Inscriptions (Vol. viii., p. 316.).
— I recollect, when at school, having an old silver
watch with the following printed lines inside the
case :

" Time is — the present moment well employ ;
Time was — is past — thou canst not it enjoy ;
Time future — is not, and may never be ;
Time present — is the only time for thee."

Jno. D. Allckoft.

Poetical Tavern Sigiis (^^ol. viii., p. 242.). —
May I add to those mentioned by your corre-
spondent Mr. Warde, one at Chatham. On the
sign-board is painted " an arm embowed, holding
a malt-shovel," underneath which is written, —

" Good malt makes good beer.
Walk in, and you'll find it here."

G. BRiNDLEr Acworth.
Star Hill, Rochester.

At a small inn in Castleton, near Whitby, the
sign repi'esents Robin Hood and Little John in
their usual forest costume, and underneath appear
the following doggerel lines :

" To gentlemen and yeomen good,
Come in and drink with Robin Hood ;
If Robin Hood is not at home,
Come in and drink with Little John."

F.M.

Parish Clerks' Company (Vol. viii., p. 341.). —
The hall is in Silver Street, Wood Street; the
beadle is Mr. BuUard, No. 9. Grocers' Hall Court,
Poultry.

If the circulars of the company were attended
to, a great service would be rendered to the
public ; but as there are about one hundred and
sixty churches in the metropolis, the chance of
a parish clerk finding any particular marriage, &c.
is, at the best, but as one to one hundred and
sixty. Besides this, the parish registers are ge-
nerally in the custody of the clergyman, and it is
therefore feared that the searches are but too often

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

453

neglected, unless the reward is sufficiently tempt-
ing to induce the loss of time and the probability
of an unsuccessful examination. John S. Burn.

" ElijaKs Mantle " (Vol. viii., p. 295.). — James
Sayers, Esq., a solicitor of Staple Inn, was the
author of this beautiful poem, and he was also the
z'eputed author of some of Gilray's best cai'icatures.

SUCM CuiQUE.

Histornes of Literature (Vol. viii., p. 222.). —
In addition to the works of Ilallam, Maitland, and
Berrington mentioned by you, I would recom-
mend your correspondent Ilmon aster ieksis to
procure an anonijmous publication, entitled An
Introduction to the Literanj History of the Four-
teenth and Fifteenth Centuries, London, 1798, 8vo.
It is a much neglected work, replete with interest-
ing information relative to the state of literature
during the dark ages. I observe a copy in calf,
marked 45. Qd. in a bookseller's catalogue pub-
lished lately in this city. T. G. S.

Edinburgh.

Birthplace of General Monk (Vol.'viii., p. 316.).
— I regret to find I am in error in saying that
Lysons positively assigns Landcross as Monk's
birthplace in the Magna Britannia.

The mistake is of slight import as respects the
Query, but accuracy in citing authorities is at
least desirable, and ought (in common justice) to
be ever most scrupulously regarded.

" General Monk appears to have been a native
of this village ; he was baptized at Lancras, De-
cember 11, 1608," is, I find, the actual passage,
the substance of which (writing in Germany, far
from any means of reference), 1 at the time be-
lieved I was more correctly quoting.

F. Kyffin Lenthaul.

Reform Club.

Boohs chained to Desks in Churches (Vol. viii.,
pp. 93. 273.). — In the library of St. AValburg's
Church at Zutphen, consisting chiefly of Bibles
and other Latin works, the books are fastened to
the desks by iron chains. This was done, it is
said, to prevent the Evil One from stealing them,
a crime of which he had been repeatedly guilty.
The proof of this is found in the stone-floor,
where his foot-marks are impressed, and still
show the direction of his march : they also teach
us the important fact, that the feet of his tene-
brious majesty are very like those of a large dog,
and do not, as is generally supposed, resemble
those of a horse. — From the Navorschcr.

L. V. H.

In the chancel of Leyland Church, Lancashire,
are four folio books chained to a window seat
which makes a sloping desk for them : they are
Foxe's Martyrs and Jewell's Apology, both in
black-letter, title-pages torn, and much worn ;

and a Preservative against Popery, in 2 vols.,
dated 1738. P. P.

A copy of the Bible was formerly affixed by a
chain in Wimborne Minster, Dorset, but has
been removed to a certain library.

The covers of a book are chained to a desk in
the church of Kettering ; the book itself is gone.

B. H. C.

In the parish church of Borden, near Sitting-
bourne, Kent, a copy of Comber on the Common
Prayer is chained to a stand in the chancel.

ESTA.

Pedigree Indices (Vol. viii., p. 317.). — If Cap-
tain wishes to make a search for a pedigree in
the libraries at Cambridge, he will learn from the
MSS. Catalogue of 1697 in which of the libraries
MS. volumes of heraldry and genealogy ought to
be found ; he should then apply, either through
some master of arts, or with a proper letter of
introduction in his hand, to the librarian for leave
to search the volumes. He will find that generally
every facility is afforded him which the safe keep-
ing of historical evidences allows. He will do well
to select term-time for the period of making a
search ; and before seeking admission to a college
librarian, it will be found convenient to both
parties for him to give a day's notice, by letter or
card, to the librarian, who has often occupations
and engagements that cannot always be got rid of
at the call of a chance visitor. Cantab.

There are not any published genealogical
tables showing the various kindred of William of
Wykeham or Sir Thomas White similar to those
contained in the Stemmata Chicheliana. A few
descents of kindred of Sir Thomas White may be
seen in Ashmole's History of Berkshire, 3 vols.
Bvo. G.

Portrait ofHobbes (Vol. viii., p. 368.).— I have
an etching (size about 6^ in. by 8^ in.) inscribed :

" Vera et Viva Effigies Thom^ Hobbes, Malmes-

buriensis."
and under this :

" I. Bapt. Caspar pinxit ; W. Hollar fecit aqua forti,
1665."

It is a half-length portrait, and represents
Hobbes uncovered, with his hands folded in his
robe ; and is without any arch or other ornament.

Did Caspar paint more than one portrait of
Hobbes ? Is this the one mentioned by Hollar, in
his letter dated 1661, quoted by !Mr. Singer.

Wm. M'Cree.

Tenets or Tenents (Vol. vii., p. 205. ; Vol. viii.,
p. 330.). — Were there two editions of the Vulgar
Errors published in the same year, 1646 ? For
my copy, " printed by T. H. for Edward Dod, and

454

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

are to be sold in Ivie Lane, 1646," and which I
have always supposed to be of the first edition, has
" Tenents," very distinctly, on the title-page. On
the fly-leaf, opposite to the title-page, is the ap-
probation of John Downame, dated March 14,
1645, and commencing thus :

" I have perused these learned animadversions upon
the common tenets and opinions of men," &c.

H. T. G.

Hull.

Door-head Inscriptions (Vol. vii., pp.23. 190.
588.; Vol. viii., pp.38. 162.). — Over a house in
Hexham, in the street called GilHgate, is the fol-
lowing inscription :

"C. D. 1683. J. D.
Reason doth wonder, but Faith he tell can,
That a maid was a mother, and God was a man.
Let Reason look down, and Faith see the wonder ;
For Faith sees above, and Reason sees under.
Reason doth wonder what by Scripture is meant.
Which says that Christ's body is our Sacrament :
That our bread is His body, and our drink is His

blood,
Which cannot by Reason be well understood ;
For Faith sees above, and Reason below,
For Faith can see more than Reason doth know."

Ceykep.

The following is reported to have been inscribed
by the Pope (1725) over the gate of the Aposto-
lical Chancery :

" Fide Deo — die saepe preces — peccare caveto —
Sit humilis — pacem delige — magna fuge —
Multa audi — die pauca — tace secreta — rainori

Parcito — majori cedito — ferto parem.
Propria fac — non differ opus — sis sequus egeno —
Parta tuere — pati disce — memento mori."

H. T. Ellacombe.

Hour-glass Stand (Vol. vii., p. 489. ; Vol. viii.,
pp. 82. 209. 328.).— There is an hour-glass stand
attached to the right-hand side of the pulpit of
Edingthorpe Church, Norfolk. The date of the
pulpit is 1632. I. L. S.

Bulstrode Whitlock and Whiteloche Bulstrode
(Vol. viii., p. 293.). — Bulstrode Whitlock was
the son of Sir James Whitlock, Kt., by Elizabeth,
daughter of Edward Bulstrode, of Hedgley-Bul-
strode, in the county of Buckingham ; and White-
locke Bulstrode was the son of Sir Richard, eldest
son of the above-mentioned Edward Bulstrode.
(See Lives of the Lords Chancellors, ^c, by an
Impartial Hand, vol. ii. p. 1. ; and Chalmers's
Siographical Dictionary.') 'AKuvs.

Dublin.

Movable Metal Types anno 1435 (Vol. vii.,
p. 405.). — Although I am not able to give any
information concerning Sister Margarite, or the

convent at Mur, I yet may observe, 1st, that the
last three letters of the legend - - k can hardly
refer to Laurens Janzroon Coster, for his name
in 1435 was never spelt with k, but always with c ;
and, besides, if a proper name be here intended,
it will certainly be that of the binder. 2ndly, that
in the catalogue of the Haarlem City Library,
from p. 77. to 112., mention is made of six works,
which, though bearing no date, were, it is more
than probable, printed with movable metal types
before 1435. One of these, Aelii Donati Gram-
matics Latince Fragmenta duo, was printed before
1425, and the writer of the catalogue adds in his
notes :

" Ipsos typos, quibus hae lamellae sunt excusae, fuisse
mobiles, cuxn nonnullae literae inveisee evidenter testantur,
tum. omnium expertissimorum typographorum reique
typographicas peritissimorum arbitrum, qui has laci-
nias contemplati sunt, unanima et constans affirmavit
sententia. Quin etfusos eos esse perhibuerunt plurimi,
et in his Koningius, magno quamvis studio negaverat
typorum ligneorum mobilium acerrimus propugnator
Meermannus."

From the Navorscher.

CONSTANTEK.

Oaken Tombs (Vol. vii., p. 528.; Vol. viii.,
p. 179.). — In the chancel of Brancepeth Church,
CO. Durham, are oaken efiigies of a Lord and Lady
Neville, of which the following is a description.
The figure of the man is in a coat of mail, the
hands elevated with gauntlets, wearing his casque,
which rests on a bull's or buffalo's head, a collar
round his neck studded with gems, and on the
breast a shield with the arms of Neville. The
female figure has a high crowned bonnet, and the
mantle is drawn close over the feet, which rest on
two dogs couchant. The tomb is ornamented with
small figures of ecclesiastics at prayer, but is with-
out inscription. Leland (Itin., i. 80.) says :

" In the paroche chirch of Saint Brandon, at Brans-
peth, be dyvers tumbes of the Nevilles. In the quire
is a high tumbe, of one of them porturid with his wife.
This Neville lakkid heires male, wherapoan great con-
certation rose betwixt the next heire male, and one of
the Gascoynes."

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

Stafford Knot (Vol. viii., p. 220.). — It was the
badge or cognisance of the house of Stafford,
Earls of Stafford. Henry Gough.

Emberton, Bucks.

Hand in Bishop's Cannings Church (Vol. viii.,
p. 269.). — See an article on this " Manus Medi-
tationis," with a copy of the inscription, in the
Ecclesiologist, vol. v. p. 150. Henry Gough.

Emberton, Bucks.

Arms of Richard, King of the Romans (Vol. viii.,
p. 265.). — I think it might be proved that the
border refers not to Poitou (which is represented

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

455

by the crowned lion), but to Cornwall, the ancient
feudal arms of which are Sahle, fifteen bezants, re-
ferring, as it would seem, to its metallic treasures.
See an article on the numerous arms derived from
those of this Richard, in the appendix to Mr.
Lower's Curiosities of Heraldry. Hbnet Gough.
Emberton, Bucks.

Burial in an erect Position (Vol. viii., pp. 59.
233.). — So Ben Jonson was buried at West-
minster, probably on account of the large fee de-
manded for a full-sized grave. It was long sup-
posed by many that the story was invented to
account for the smallness of the gravestone ; but
the grave being opened a few years ago, the dra-
matist's remains were discovered in the attitude
indicated by tradition. PIeney Gough.

Emberton, Bucks.

In the Ingoldsby Legends, vol. i. p. 106., we
have :

" No ! — Tray's humble tomb would look but shabby
'Mid the sculptured shrines of that gorgeous Abbey.

Besides, in the place

They say there's not space
To bury what wet-nurses call 'a Babby.'
Even ' rare Ben Jonson,' that famous wight,
I am told, is interr'd there bolt upright.
In just such a posture, beneath his bust.
As Tray used to sit in to beg for a crust."

Is there any authority for the statement ?

Eeica.

Wooden Effigies (Vol. viii., p. 255.). — These
ai*e by no means uncommon, though it is to be
feared that many have perished within compara-
tively recent times. In the church of Clifton
Reynes, Bucks, there are wooden effigies of two
knights of the Reynes family with their wives.

Heney Gough.

Emberton, Bucks.

Wedding Divination (Vol. vii., p. 545.). — The
following mediaeval superstition may be quoted as
a pretty exact parallel of the wedding divination
alluded to by Oxoniensis. It is from Wright's
selection of Latin stories of the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries, Harl. MS. 463. : —

" Vidi in quibusdam partibus, quando mulieres nu-
bebant, et de ecclesia redibant, in ingressu domus in
faciem eorum frumentum projiciebant, clamantes :
* Abundantia ! Abundantia ! ' quod Gallice dicitur
plent^, plenty ; et tamen plerumque, antequam annus
transiret, pauperes mendici remanebant et abundantia
omni bonorum carebant."

H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Old Fogie (Vol. viii., p. 154.). — If it will throw
any additional light on the controversy as to
" fogie," I may add that for a long period of years

I have heard it applied only to the discharged
invalided pensioners of the army. On a late
Queen's birthday review on the Green, the boys
and girls were in ecstasies at seeing the " old
fogies " dressed out in new suits. It is very often
spoken derisively to a thick-headed stupid person,
but which cannot determine accurately its primary
signification. G. IsT.

Mi^ttJlKntani,

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The noble President of the Society of Antiquaries
is fast bringing to completion the cheaper and revised
edition of his History of England from the Peace of
Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-1783. The
sixth volume, which is now before us, embraces the
eventful six years 1774-1780, which saw the com-
mencement of the great struggle with America, which
ended in the independence of the United States. In
this, as in his preceding volumes, the new materials
which Lord Mahon has been so fortunate as to collect
from the family papers of the representatives of the
political leaders of the period, and which he has inserted
in his appendix, contribute very materially to the value
and importance of his history.

Cheshire ; its Historical and Literary Associations, il-
lustrated in a series of Biographical Sketches ; and The
Cheshire and Lancashire Historical Collector, a small 8vo.
sheet originally issued every month, but now every
fortnight, in consequence of increase of materials, and
the great encouragement which the undertaking has
received, are two contributions towards Cheshire topo-
graphy, local history, bibliography, &c., for which the
good men of the Palatinate are indebted to the zeal of
Mr. T. Worthington Barlow, of the Society of Gray's
Inn.

It is always a subject of gratification to us when we
see cheap yet handsome reprints of our standard au-
thors ; for no better proof can be given of the increase
among us not only of a reading public, but of a public
who are disposed to read well. It is therefore with no
small pleasure that we have received from Mr. Rout-
ledge copies of his five-shilling edition of The Canter-
bury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer, from the Text, and
with the Notes and Glossary of Thomas Tyrivhilt, con-
densed and arranged under the Text. It is obvious that
considerable labour has been taken by the editor in its
preparation, for he has not contented himself with
merely transferring the contents of Tyrwhitt's Notes
and Glossary to their proper places beneath the text ;
but has availed himself of the labours of Messrs. Craik,
Saunders, Sir H. Nicolas, and our able correspondent
A. E. B., to give completeness to what is a very use-
ful edition of old Dan Chaucer's masterpiece. We
have to thank the same publisher for a corresponding
edition of Spenser's Faerie Queene ; so that no lover of
those two glorious old poets need any longer want a
cheap and compact edition of them.

Books Received. — History of the Guillotine, revised
from, the Quarterly Review, by the Right Hon. J. W,
Croker, which forms the new part of Murray's Railway

456

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

Reading, is not only valuable as a precis of all tliat is
known upon this very obscure subject, but for its illus-
tration of the difficulty of arriving at historical truth. —
A Love Story ; being the History of the Courtship and
Marriage of Dr. Dove of Doncaster, that delightful
episode in Southey's most delightful book, The Doctor,
forms Part L. of Longman's Traveller's Library. — The
First Italian Book appears a very successful attempt on
the part of Signor Piff'eri and Mr. Dawson \V. Turner
to furnish a companion to the First French Book of that
accomplished scholar, the late Rev. T. K. Arnold.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WAKTED TO PUKCHASK.

ToRRiATio Piazza Universale di Proverbi Italian!. London,
1668. Folio.

BlBLlOTHECA ToPOGRAPHICA BRITANNICA. Vol. IX.

Encyclop*:dia Britannica. 7tli Kdition. Vol. XXII., Part 2.
Examiner (Newspaper), No. 2297, February 7, 18.53.
William Shakspeake : A Biography, by Charles Knight (First
Edition).

*«* letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mb. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND
QUEIUES." 186. IHeet Street.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent
direct to the gentlemen by wliom they are required, and whose
names and addresses are given for that purpose :

Chapman's Architectubijs Navales Mercaturije. 1708.
Folio. Published in Sweden.

Wanted by Robert Stewart, Booliseller, Paisley.

Two DiALonuES IN the Elysian Fields, between Card.
WoLSEY AND Card. Ximenes. To which are added Historical
Accounts of Wolsey's two Colleges and the Town of Ipswich.
By Joseph Grove. London, 1761. 8vo.

Wanted by W. S. Fitch, Ipswich.

" Addison's Works. First Edition.
Jones' (op Hoyland) Works. 13 Vols. 8vo.
Wilkinson's Ancient Egypt. Vols. IV. and V.
Bykon's Life and Letters. 3 Vols. 8vo.

Wanted by Simms % Son, Booksellers, Bath.

Kant's Logic, translated by John Richardson.
Historic Certainties by Aristarchus Newlight.
Songs — " The Boatmen shout." Attwood.

"Ah ! godan lor felicita " (Faust). Spohr.

Wanted by C. Mansfield Ingleby, Birmingham.

• Thb Spectator, printed by Alex. Lawrie & Co., London, 1804.
Vols. I., II., III., VI., VII., and VIII.
Wanted by J. T. Cheetham, Firwood, Chadderton, near Oldham.

Oxford Almanack for 1719.

Amcenitates Academic;e. Vol. I. Holmise, 1749.

Brour^ Hist. Nat. Jamaica. London, 1756. Folio.

Ammanus I. Stirpes Bariores. Petrop. 1739.

Philosophical Transactions for 1683.

Annals of Philosophy for January, 1824.

A Poem upon the most hopefcl and ever-plourishing

Sprouts of Valour, the Indefatigable Centrys of the

Physic Garden.

Poem upon Mr. Jacob Bobart's Yewmen of the Guards to
THE Physic Garden, to the Tune of " The Counter-
Scuffle." Oxon. 1662.

The above two Uallads are by Edmund Gay ton.
Wanted by //. T. Bobart, Asliby-de-la-Zouch.

Pkyran's Coptic Lexicon.

siure on the calendar and zodiacs of ancient euypt.

Gladwin's Persian Moonshee. 4to.

Jones's Classical Library (the 8vo. Edition). The Volume

containing Herodotus, Vol. I.
The Chronicles of London. 1827.

Wanted by Mr. llayward. Bookseller, Bath.

ip0t(«S t0 CanejJi)0ulrcut^.

Owing to the length of Professor De Morgan'^ very interest-
ing article and the number of our Advertisements, we have
enlarged our present dumber to Tliirty-two pages.

Books Wanted. So many of our Correspondents seem disposed
to avail themselves of our plan of placing the booksellers in direct
cojnmunication with them, that we find ourselves compelled to
limit each list of books to ttvo insertions. We loould also express
a hope that those gentlemen who may at once succeed in obtaining
any desired volumes will be good enough to notify the same to us,
in order thai such books may not unnecessarily appear in such
list even a second time.

The Idlers for A. Z., Mr. D£.mayne, Mr. F. Crossley, ^c, have
been duly forwarded.

X. Y. Z. We have no doubt the early numbers of The Press
may be procured on application to the publisher of that paper.

F. M. The passage in King John,

" My face so thin
That in my ear I dare not stick a rose.
Lest men should saj-. See where threefarthings goes ! "
contains an allusion to the very thin silver threefarthing pieces,
coined by Elizabeth, which bore a rose. In Boswell's Shakspcare
(erf. 1821), vol. XV. p. 209., will be found nearly two pages of
illustrative notes.

A Constant Reader is informed that the line

" Men are but children of a larger growth "
is from Dryden's All for Love.

J. L. (Islington). Dr. Diamond informs us that he procured
his naphtha from Messrs. Simpson and Maule, of Kennington, but
he would not advise the use of varnish so ?nade. It is apt to dry
up in round spots, and which sometimes print from the negative.
He also adds, that one ounce of the collodio-amber varnish as
recommended by him will, with care, from its great fiuidity and
ready-flowing qualities, effectually varnish upwards of thirty glass
negatives of the quarter plate size : thus the real expense is very
inconsiderable.

F. S. A. Photography is perfectly applicable to the copying of
MSS. or printed leaves, either sjnaller, of the same size, or larger
than the original, the only requisite beyond a good lens being a
camera of sufficient length for a long focus. A plain surface
exposed in front of a lens requires a range behind it of the same
distance to produce an equal si'^^e copy ; a magnified image being
produced by a nearer approach to the lens, and a smaller the
farther the object is distant. Prints are often copied by mere
contact, without the use of any lens whatever. As a brother
F.S.A., Dk. Diamond toill be happy to give you some personal
instructions as to your requirements.

" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vii., price Three Guineas
and a Half. — Copies are being made up and may be hud by order.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUS-
TRATED CATALOGUE OF BED-
STEADS, sent free by post. It contains de-
eigns and prices of upwards of ONE HUN-
DRED different Bedsteads ; also of every
description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.
And their new warerooms contain an extensive
assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to
render tlieir Establishment complete for tlie
general furnishing of Bed-rooms.
HEAL, & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Ma-
nufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson
Fr^res' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's
Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every
kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldiue Chambers, 13, I'atemoster
Row, London.

On the 1st November, 16 pp. crown 4to., price
Threehalfpence.

THE CHURCH OF THE PEO-
PLE. A Monthly Journal of Literature,
Science, tlie Fine Arts, &c., &c., devoted to the
Religious, Jloral, Physical, and Social Eleva-
tion of tlie Working Classes. Under the
Superintendence of a Committee.

London : GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

Nov. 5. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

457

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA-
ZINE FOR NOVEMBEll contains the
fallowing articles: — !. Sir Walter Kaleigh at
Sherborne. 2. The Parish Girl, a Poem : by
the Rev. John Mitforcl. 3. Cotcle, and the
Edgcumbes of the Olden Time, by Mrs. Bray,
Part II. 4. The Annals of Appetite : Soyer's
Pantropheon. 5. Notes on Mediieval Art in
France and Germany, by J. G. Waller : Ma-
Tence, Ileidelbere. Basle, and Strasburg. 6.
Remarks on the White Horse of Saxony and
Brunswick, by Stephen Martin Leake, Esq.,
Garter. 7. The Campaigns of 1793-95 in Flan-
ders and Holland. Correspondence of Syl-
vanus ITrban : Counsels' Fees and Lawyers'
Bills ; Shops in Westminster Hall ; The
Family of Pliipps ; Mr. John Knill of St. Ive's s
Antiquity of the Mysterious Word " Wheedle."
With Notes of the Month ; Historical and Mis-
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gical Societies of Wales, Newcastle-upon-Tyne,
Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Suffolk, and Essex ;
Historical Chronicle ; and OBnuABy,'including
Memoirs of Earl Brownlow, Lord Anderson,
Eight Hon. Sir Frederick Adam, Adm. Sir
Charles Adam, James Dodsley Cuff, Esq., Mr.
Adolphus Asher, Leon Jablonski, &e. Price
2s.Grf.

NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.

VOLUME I. IS NOW READY,

Price only 6s., of the

OF

EVELYN'S DIAUY AND
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New, Revised, and Enlarged Edition, com-
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To be completed in FOUR MONTHLY
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" We rejoice to welcome this beautiful and
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— Examinti'.

Published for HENRY COLBURN, by his
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Just published, price Is.

THE STEEEOSCOPE,

Considered in relation to the Philosophy of
Binocular Vision. An Essav, by C. MANS-
FIELD INGLEBY, M.A., of Trinity College,
Cambridge.

London : WALTON & MABERLEY, Upper
Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster
Row. Cambridge : J. DEIGHTON.

Also, by the same Author, price Is.,

REMARKS on some of Sir

William Hamilton's Notes on the Works of
Dr. Thomas Reid.

" Nothing in my opinion can be more cogent
than your refutation of M. Jobert." — Sir W.
Hamilton.

London : JOHN W. PARKER, West Strand.
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T IBRARI AN.— Wanted a Gen-

\J tleman of Literary Attainments, compe-
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next, to ABRAHAM HORSFALL, ESQ.,
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XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Pho-
tographic Establishments. — The superiority of this preparation is now universally ac-
knowledged. Testimonials from the best Photographers and principal scientifle men of the day,
warrant the assertion, that hitherto no preparation has been discovered which produces
uniformly such i)crfect pictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases
where a quantity is required, tlie two solutions may be had at Wholesale price in separate
Bottles, in which state it may be kept for years, and Exported to any Climate. Full instructions
for use.

Cautiox.— Each Bottle is Stamped with a Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD W.
THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to counterfeit which is felony.

CYANOGEN SOAP : for removing all kinds of Photographic

stains. Beware of purchasing spurious and worthless imitations of this valuable detergent. Tho
Genuine is made only by tlie Inventor, and is secured with a Red Label bearing this Signature
and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS, CHEJIIST, 10. PALL MALL, Manufacturer of Pure
Photographic Chemicals : and may be proeurcd of all respectable Chemists, in Pots at l.i., is.,
and 3s. 6d. each, through MESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St. Paul's Churchyard : and MESSRS.
BARCLAY & CO., 95. Farringdon Street, Wholesale Agenta.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC
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VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.)
may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet
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tus of every Description, and pure Chemicals
for the practice of Photography in all its
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Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Gloss Pictures
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BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophieal
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PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE
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Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from
three to thirty secon<ls, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
specimens of which may be seen at their Esta-
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Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
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123. and 121. Newgate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAME-
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DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMiiRA,
is superior to every other form of Camera,
for the Photographic Tourist, from its capa-
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Focal Adjustment, its Portability, and its
adaptation for taking either Views or Por-
traits The Trade supplied.

Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tri-
pod Stands, Printing Frames, iiic., may be ob-
tained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte
Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order
or from Drawings.

TMPROVEMENT IN COLLO-

J DION.— J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists,
269. Strand, have, by an improved mode of
Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion
equal, they may say superior,' in sensitiveness
and density of Negative, to any other hitherto
published ; without diminishing the keeping
properties and appreciation of half tint for
which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the re-
quirements for the practice of Photography.
Instruction in the Art.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITU-
TION. — An EXHIBITION of PIC-
TURES, by the most celebrated French,
Italian, and English Photographers, embrac-
ing Views of the principal Countries and Cities
of FuropP, is now OPEN. Admission 6(1. A
Portrait taken by MR. TALBOTS Patent
Process, One Guinea ; Three extra Copies for
IDs.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,
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HAMILTON'S MODERN In-
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HAMILTON'S MODERN In-
structions FOR THE PIANOFORTE.
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HAMILTONS DICTION-
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CLARKES CATECHISM OF

" These works are all favourites with pro-
fessors, because they are favourites witli the
pupils. Few know how to write a book of in-
struction : but Hamilton did, because he knew
thoroughly well how to teacli. The extreme
popularity of these works (as maybe noticed
from the niimber of editions they have passed
through) has called forth many imitations ;
but everybody will like the original, or proto-
type, rather than tlie copy. The Dictionary is
famous as the most copious and correct extant ;
and the little catechism is as clever as it is un-
pretentious."—Vide Heading Mercury, Oct. 22.

ROBERT COCKS & CO.. New Burlington
Street, London.

Library of an eminent Scliolax Six Days'

Sale.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON,
Auctioneers of Literary Properly, will
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191. Piccadilly, on Monday, November 14th,
and Five following Days, a Large Collection of
valuable Books, the IJbrary of an eminent
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Critical Works in various Languages, Classics,
Scientific Works, Books of Prints, &c. The
whole in choice condition. Catalogues will be
sert on application (if in the country on re-
ceipt of Six Stamps).

TO COLLECTORS OF AUTO-
GRAPIIS AND MSS. — The following
Documents are Missing, viz. Some Family
Papers relative to tlie Second Mnrriase of the
Duke of Somerset in 1725 ; other Letters on the
Death of the Duke's Grandson ; Autozraph
Notes of George III. to Charles, Earl of Egre-
mont, in 1762 and 1763; a Letter of Charles II. ;
a Particular of the Duchess of Somerset's
Debts, 1692 ; Commencement of a Letter of
Lord Nelson ; a I etter of Ixjrd Lyttleton, with
Complimentary Verses, dated Jan. I,1761,&c.
Any information relating to the preceding
will be thankfully received, and a liberal re-
ward paid on restoration of the papers.

Apply to MESSRS. PUTTICK & SIMPSON,
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Price List Gratis.

458

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 210.

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
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Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

T. Orissell, Esa.

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J. A. I,ethbndge,Es<i.

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M.P.
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TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

JL TION, NERVOUSNESS, &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTOR-
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THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD,

the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
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eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
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Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right
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in a very short time. — W. R. Reeves, Pool
Anthony, Tiverton."

Cure.No. 4,208: — "Eight years' dyspepsi^
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Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial.

" Bonn, July 19. 1852.

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in full, witliout which none is genuine.

Nov. 5. 1853.]

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CONTENTS.
Notes : — Page

Notes on Grammont, by G. Steinman Steinman - 461

Change of Meaning in Proverbial Expressions, by Thos.

Keightley ------- 4G4

Extracts from Colchester Corporation Records, by Jas.

Whishaw .-.-.-- 4G4

Convocation in the Reign of George TI., by \V. Eraser - 4G5

Parallel Passages, by Harry L»roy Temple - - 4')5

Shakspeare Correspondence, by J. O. Halliwell - 4GG

Minor Notes : — Local Rhymes, Kent — Samuel
Pepys's Grammar — Roman Remains — To grab —
Curfew at Sandwich — Ecclesiastical Censure — The
Natural History of Balmoral — Shirt Collars - - 4GG

Queries : —

" Days of my Youth " - - - - -407

Minor Qderies : — Randall Minshull and his Cheshire
Collections — Mackey's " Theory of the Earth " —
Birthplace of King Edward V. — Name of Infants —
Geometrical Curiosity — Denison Family — "Came"

— Montmartre — Law of Copyright: British Museum

— Veneration for the Oak — Father Matthew's
ChicKens — Pronunciation of Bible and Prayer Book
proper Names — MSS. of Anthony Bave — Return of

Gentry, temp. Hen. VI Taylor's " Holy Living" —

Captain Jan Dimmeson — Greek and Roman Fortifi-
cation— The Queen at Chess — Vida on Chess - 4G?

Minor Queries with Answers: — Thornton Abbey —
Bishop Wilson's "Sacra Frivata" — Derivation of
" Chemistry " — Burning for Witchcraft — The small
City Companies — Rousseau and Boileau — Bishop
Kennett's MS. Diary - - - - - 469

Milton's Widow, by S. W'. Singer - - - 471

Oaths, by Honors de Mareville, &c. - - . 471

Commlnatory Inscriptions in Books, by Philarete

Chasles -.-.._.
Liveries Worn, and Menial Services performed, by

Gentlemen, by J. Lewelyn Curtis - . . 473

Female Parisli Clerks '-.... 474
Poetical Epithets of the Nightingale, by W. Pinkerton 475

Photographic Correspondence:— Photographic Ex-
hibition — How much Light is obstructed by a Lens V

— Stereoscopic Angles — To introduce Clouds

Refi.ies to IMiNOR Queries: — Death of Edward II

Luther no Iconoclast — Rev. Urban Vigors — Portrait
of Baretti — Passage in Sophocles — Brothers of the
sanie Name — High Dutch and Low Dutch — Trans-
lations of the Prayer Book into French — Divining-
rod — Slow-worm Superstition — Ravailliac — Lines
on the Institution of the Garter — Passage in Bacon

— What Day is it at cur Antipodes ?_ Calves' Head
Club— Heraldic Query— The Temple Lands in
Scotland- Sir John Vanbriigh— Sir Arthur Aston —
Nugget ---.».-

472

- 47G

Miscellaneous : —

Books and Odd Volumes wanted
Notices to Correspondents
Advertisements

477

• 481

- 481

- 4S1

Vol. Vlir. — No. 211.

NOTES ON GRAMMONT.

Agreeintj with Mr. Peter Cunningham (viile
History of Nell Gwyn), that a new edition of
Grammont is much wanted, I beg to avail myselt*
of your pages, and to offer a lew remarks and
notes which I have made in reference to that very
entertaining work for the consideration of a future
annotator.

Of the several maids of honour mentioned there-
in I will begin with those of the queen. They are
Miss Stewart, Miss " "Warminster," Miss Bellen-
den, Miss Bardon, Miss de la Garde, Miss Wells,
Miss Livingston, Miss Fielding, and Miss Boyn-
ton.

The names of Miss Stewart (Frances Theresa),
Miss Boynton (Catherine), Miss Wells (Wine-
fred), and Miss Warmistre are found among the
original six, appointed on the queen's marriage,
May 21, 1GG2. The affiliation and marriages of
the first two have been well ascertained; but Miss
Warmistre's birth is yet open to some conjecture,
whilst her marriage, like Miss Wells's parentage, is
wholly unknown.

Horace Walpole, on the authority of the last
Earl of Arran, of the Butler family, has con-
founded her with Mary, one of the daughters of
George Kirke, E.«q., a groom of the bedchamber
to Charles I., by Mary his wife, daughter of Aure-
lian Townsend, Esq., " the admired beauty of the
tymes," on whose marriage at Christ Church,
Oxford, February 26, 1645-6, "the king gave
her." She herself was maid of honour to the
Duchess of York in 1674, and the year following
left the court, we may believe, under the same
circumstances as Miss Warmistre, more than ten
years before, had quitted it : after being the mis-
tress of Sir Thomas Vernon, the second Baronet
of Hodnet in Shropshire, she became his wife, and
ended her life in miserable circumstances at Green-
wich in 1711.

" 171 1, 17 August, Dame Mary, relict of Sir Tlioir.as
Vernon, carried away." — Burial register of Greenwich
Church.

She was sister to Diana, the last De Vere, Earl
of Oxford's, countess, a lady of as free a morality

462

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

as herself and as her mother, and second wife of
Sir Thomas, whose first lady, Elizabeth Chol-
mondley, died in June, 1676. Sir Thomas died
Februarys, 1682-3, leaving by her three children,
Sir Richard, the last baronet, Henrietta, and Diana,
who all died unmarried.

A portrait of Lady Vernon, by Sir Peter Lely,
has been engraved in mezzotint© by Browne, and
lettered "Mary Kirk, Lady Vernon, maid of
honour to Queen Catherine." Another portrait (?)
has been engraved by Scheneker for Harding's
Grammont, 1793. A third portrait was purchased
at the Strawberry Hill sale, by Mr. Redd of Little
Newport Street, for \l. 5s.

A portrait of the Countess of Oxford is or was
at Mr. Drumraond's of Great Stanmore. It was
bequeathed to his family by Charles, first Duke of
St. Alban's, who was her ladyship's son-in-law.

Of Mrs. Anne Kirke, who was " woman to the
queen" Henrietta Maria, there are several por-
traits. Granger records :

" Madam Kirk. Vandyck p. Gaywood f. Ii. sli.

" Madam Anne Kirk. Vandyck p. Browne, large h.
sh. mezz."

These engravings are most probably from the
same painting — the fine whole-length exhibited last
year among the collection of pictures by ancient
masters in Pall Mall :

" Madam Kirk, sitting in a chair, Hollar, f. h. sh."

He also mentions her miniature at Burghley.

There is at Wilton a splendid painting by Van-
dyck of Mrs. Kirk, seated with the Countess of
Morton, Lady Anne Keith, eldest daughter of
George, fifth Earl Mareschal, and wife of William
Douglass, seventh Earl of Morton, K.G. She was
governess to the Princess Henrietta.

This painting has been engraved by Grousvelt.
There is another engraving from the first-named
Vandyck by Beckett.

Of Lady Vernon and her mother there is to be
found mention, in the secret service expenses of
Charles II. and James II., lately printed. The
elder lady on her husband's death (he was buried
in the cloisters of W^estminster AV>bey, April 5,
1679) seems to have had a pension of 250^. per
annum. Tlie younger was the recipient, on two
occasions, of 100^. "bounty " only.

Mrs. Kirke and her daughter Diana are un-
favourably alluded to by Mrs. Grace Worthley,
a lady of the same class, who will not " be any
longer a laughing-stock for any of Mr. Kirk's
bastards" (vide letter to her cousin Lord Bran-
don, September 7, 1682, Diary of Henry Sidney,
Earl of Romney, i. pp. xxxiii. xxxiv.). And again,
the same lady, in another letter, speaks of "the
common Countess of Oxford and her adulterous
bastards" (Ibid.). Mr. Jesse's quotation from
•' Queries and Answers from Garraway's Coffee
House" (vide The Court of the Stewarts, vol. ii.

p. 366.) may be here reproduced in support of
the epitaph which this angry lady has been pleased
to assign the countess, who, it Avould seem, had
robbed her, well born and well married, of her
noble keeper "the handsome Sidney:"

"Q. How often has Mrs. Kirk sold her daughter
Di. before the Lord of Oxford married her ?

:A. Ask the Prince and Harry Jermyn."

The following curious extract from one of the
Heber MSS. at Hodnet has been kindly furnished
me by Charles Cholmondeley, Esq., of the Ivy
House, Wisbeach, co. Cambridge, to whom the
MS. belongs :
"H ,

" Sir Thomas the second baronet's death is men-
tioned in Lady Rachael Russell's letters. His second
wife was one of King Charles's Beauties, but the account
in Granger of her is not correct, as it appears that she
lived some time with Sir Thomas, as mistress, before
their marriage. He left her in great distress, as the
profits of the estate were embezzled by attorneys and
stewards. The following is a copy from a letter from
her to one Squibb, an attorney who had the manage-
ment of the estate : , ^
'Sir,

* When you were last here you were pleased to say
that in some little time I should bee payd some money.
I have had with me my woman's husband y' did serve
mee about two yeares since ; and hee is soe impatient
for what I owe her y* hee will staye noe longer. It
is given me to understand I must goe to prison or paye
part of w' I owe him. Things fly to a great violence,
and if you thinke it will bee for the credit or advantage
of my childerne y' such an afront should come to mee,
is the question. I have nothing to depend on but w*
must come from the estate of Sir Richard Vernon.
How I have been used by the trustees you are noe
stranger to. I am now forced to live on charity, and
I grow every day more and more weary of it. For my
childern's sake I remain in England, or else I would
seeke my fortune elsewhere. Pray to take this into
consideration, and see w' can be done.

• I am, Sir, y' most humble serv*,
' Vernon.

' P. S. — If you can, pray doe mee y» favour to send
mee by to-morrow at one of y' cloke, twenty shillings,
to pay for wood, or I must sit w*''oute fyer ; y* will be
ill for a person confined to the house.' "

It is not certain whether it is to "Mistris Kirke,"
Lady Vernon's mother, that Charles I. refers in his
letter addressed to Colonel Whaley on the day of
his escape from Hampton Court, November 11,
1647, but it is very likely to have been so. There
was a Mistress (Anne) Kirke, sworn in a dresser
to Queen Henrietta Maria in Easter week, 1637
(vide Strafford Papers, vol. ii. p. 73.), whose full-
length portrait by Vandyke has been frequently
engraved, by Browne, Gaywood, Hollar, Beckett,
&c. ; and this lady may be the " Mrs. Anne Kirke,
unfortunately drowned near London Bridge," who
was buried in Westminster Abbey, July 9, 1641.

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

463

In Westminster Abbey was buried, May 23,
1640, " Mr. Kirk's daughter." Captain George
Kirke married there, February 10, 1699-1700,
Mary Cooke. George Kirke, Esq., died Jan. 10,
1703-4, and was buried in the abbey cloisters
(Mon. Inscr.) ; and Mrs. Mary Kirke died Decem-
ber 17, 1751, and was also buried there (M. I.).
We may presume that all these Kirkes were of
the same family.

Having now clearly released the annotator from
all farther interference with Mary Kirke's private
history, and having excluded her handsome face
from any future illustrated edition of Grammont,
I must leave him to deal with Miss Warmistre.
It seems most probable that Dr. Thomas War-
mistre, dean of Worcester, who died October 30,
1665, was her father, as he is known to have
been a Royalist. His will, as it is not to be
found at Doctors' Commons, must be sought
for at Worcester. His brother Gervais was a
married man, but his effects, unfortunately for
our inquiries, were administered to at Doctors'
Commons, August 31, 1641. That Warmistre
was her right name is proved by Lord Cornbury's
letter to the Duchess of Bedford, June 10, 1662
(Warburton's Rupert, vol. iii. pp. 461 — 464.). Her
portrait is at Hengrave Hall, Suffolk, and has been
engraved by Scriven for Carpenter's Grammont,
1811.

Lord Cornbury's letter contradicts Grammont's
statement, that Miss Boynton and Miss Wells
came in on a removal, for they were of the ori-
ginal six maids of honour. Among these is named
a Miss Price (Henrietta Maria), who we may sup-
pose a sister to the Duchess of York's Miss Price,
one of Grammont's most conspicuous heroines ;
and if so, when I come to speak of the Duchess's
maids of honour, her parentage will be proved.
Of Miss Carey, rejoicing in the prefix of Simona,
the sixth of the queen's original maids of honour,
we have no farther occasion to speak.

In 1669 the queen appears to have had four
maids of honour only, the places vacated by Miss
Stewart's and Miss Warmistre's marriages being
unoccupied. This state of affairs leads me to
doubt whether Miss Bellenden ever held the ap-
pointment. Mademoiselle Bardon, Grammont ad-
mits, was not actually a maid of honour, and
Mademoiselle de la Garde certainly never was.
Lord Braybrooke has suggested to me, with
some show of reason, that the first may be the
" Mrs. Baladine " who held a place of less emolu-
ment (th^it of dresser, probably) in the Duchess
of York's household, and who left in the middle of
the quarter, between Michaelmas and Christmas,
1662 (vide Household Book of James Duke of
York at Audley End), as if she had the prudence
"de quitter la cour avant que d'en etre chassee."

"La desagreable Bardon" may have been a
daughter, or some other near relation, to Claudius

Bardon, mentioned in the secret service expenses
of Charles 11.

Mademoiselle de la Garde was appointed a
dresser to the queen on her marriage (vide Lord
Cornbury's letter), and continued in this office till
1673, when she died. Her father, Charles Peliott
Baron de la Garde, or her brother, if she had one,
was a groom of the privy chamber to Queen Ca-
therine in 1687, and her mother a dresser to the
Duchess of York in 1662 {Duke of York's House-
hold Book). Mary her sister, who became the
wife of Sir Thomas Bond of Peckham, co. Surrey,
Baronet, comptroller of the household to Queen
Henrietta Maria, was a lady of the privy chamber
to the same queen.

Of mademoiselle I may add, that she married
Mr. Gabriel Silvius, carver to the queen, in 166ft
(compare first and second editions of Anglice No-
titia, 1669) ; and of her husband, in addition ta
the particulars already stated by the annotators,.
that he received the honour of knighthood Janu-
ary 28, 1669-70, married a second wife (a fact
overlooked by the annotators, including Mr. Cun-
ningham), viz. Anne, daughter of the Hon. William
Howard, a younger son of Thomas first Earl of
Berkshire, at Westminster Abbey, November 12,.
1 677, went the same year to the Hague as master
of the household to the Prince of Orange (Eve-
lyn), became privy purse to James II. (The British
Compendium, or Rudiments of Honour), died at his
house in Leicester Fields, January, 1696-7, and
was buried in the church of St. Martin. It was
his second wife, and widow, who died October 13,.
1730.

If, as it is possible. Miss Bellenden did hold the
appointment of maid of honour to the queen, she
must have replaced Miss Stewart or Miss War-
mistre ; and if Miss Livingston and Miss Fielding
held like appointments, one of the two must have-
replaced her, and they, again, must have removed
from the court before 1669. I am not at present
able to say who those three ladies were.

Before bringing this paper to a conclusion, I
must be permitted to refer Mr. Cunningham to-
five letters, written by Count de Comminges, the
French ambassador in London, and printed hy
Lord Braybrooke in his Appendix to Pepys,
which Mr. C. has very unaccountably overlooked
when settling the chronology of Grammont.

The first, to M. de Lionne, dated " Londres,
Janvier 5-15, 1662-3," announces the arrival of
the Chevalier the day before " fort content de son
voyage. II a ete ici rcQU le plus agreablement au
monde. II est de toutes les parties du Roi." The
second, to Louis XIV., dated "Decembre 10-20,
1663," informs the king of the chevalier's joy at
being allowed to return to France, and of his in-
tention to leave England in four days. He also
informs Louis that he believes the chevalier will
see the court of France in company of " une belle

464

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

Angloise." A postscript, dated "Decembre 20-24,"
says that the king of England, for certain stated
reasons, has persuaded tlie chevalier to remain a
day longer ; and, fartlier, " II laisse ici quelques
autrcs dettes, qu'il pretend venir recueillir quand
il se declarera siJr le sujet de Miile Hamilton,
qui est si erabrouillu que les plus clairvoyans n'y
voyent gouttc." The third, dated " Mai 19-24,
1664," is also to the King of France, and speaks of
the Chevalier's wife, "madame sa ferarae." The
next letter is addressed to M. de Lionne, and
dated "Aout 29, Septembre 8, 1664." It con-
tains this important intelligence : " Madam la
Comtesse de Grammont accoucha hier au soir d'un
fils beau comme la mere, et galant comme le pere."
The last letter, dated " Octobre 24, Novembre 3,
1664," and addressed to the same M. de Lionne,
commences as follows : " Le Comte de Grammont
est parti aujourd'hui avec sa femme."

These several letters, all important to the anno-
tator of Grammont, give the precise dates of the
chevalier's first visit to the Court of Charles IL, and
of his departure, and settle the date of his mar-
riage within a fe\7 days. This event must have
taken place in December, 1663. Mrs. Jameson
and Mr. Cunningham place it in 1668.

On another occasion I will return to this sub-
ject. G. Steinmah Steinman.

CHANGE OF MEANING IN PHOVEBBIAL EXPRES-
SIONS.

I entirely agree with G. K. (Vol. viii., p. 269.)
respecting the original sense of " Patting a spoke
in one's wheel." It surely meant to aid him in
constructing tlie wheel, say of his fortune. As the
true sense of this expression seems to have been
retained in America when lost in its birthplace,
£0 Ireland has retained that of another whicli has
changed its sense here. By " finding a mare's
nest" is, I believe, meant, fancying you have
made a great discovery when in fact you have
found nothing. I certainly remember the late
Earl Grey using it iu that sense in his place in
parliament. But how does this accord with the
following place in Beaumont and Fletcher ?

" Why dost thou laugh ?
"What mare's nest hast thcu found ? "

Bonduca, Act V, Sc. 2.
on which, rather to my surprise, Mr. Dyce has
no note. Now in Ireland, when a person is seen
laughing immoderately without any apparent
cause, it is usual to say, "O, he has found a mare's
nest, and he's laughing at the eggs." This per-
fectly agrees witli the above passnge from Bonduca,
and is doubtless the original sense and original
foVm of the adage.

There is another of these pi'overbial expressions
which, I think, has also lost its pristine sense. By

" Tread on a worm and it will turn " is usually
meant that the very meekest and most helpless
persons will, when harshly used, turn on their per-
secutors. But the poor worm does, and can do,,
no such thing. I therefore think that the adage
arose at the time when worm was inclusive of the
snake and viper, and that what was meant was,
that as those that had the power to avenge them-
selves when injui-ed would use it, so people should
be cautious how they provoked them. I am con-
firmed in this view by the following passage in the
Wallenste ill's Tod of Schiller, Act 11. Sc. 6. :

" Doch einen Stachel gab Natur dem Wurm,
Dem Willkiir iibermiithig spiekmd tritt."

Tuos. Keigiitlet.

EXTBACTS mOM COLCIIESTEB COBPOBATION
RECORDS.

I inclose you some rather curious extracts
from the corporation books of Colchester, which I
made a few years since, during an investigation of
some of the charities of that ancient borough.

Jas. Whishaw.

" The informacon of Richard Glascock of Horden-of-

the-Hill, in the County of Essex, Cordwayiier, aged

twenty-four yceres or thereabouts, taken upon oath

the 5"' of June, 1651, before Jno. Furlie, Gent.,

Mayor of the Towne of Colchester.

" The Informant saieth, that upon the Lord's daie,

the fower and twentieth daie of May last, that one W""

Beard of Ilorden abovesaid, did cut olT the taile of the

catt of Thomas Eurgis of Fanics Pisl)e, and Margaret,

the wife of the s"* Tlio' Burgls, after the catt's taile was

cutt off, came home, and seeing that her catt's taile had

bin cutt off she enquired who had done it, and being

told that the s<' W" Beard had done it, she s'' she

would be even w'^ him before he went out of towne.

" Richard Glascock."

" Tiie informacon of 11^ Potter, aged twenty yeeres or
thereabouts, of Hordon aboves:iid, Lynnen Weaver,,
taken upon oath the day and yecre abovesaid.
" This informant saieth, that y" s'^ fower and twentieth
daie of May the taile of the catt of the s'' Thomas Bur-
gis being cutt off by the s'' W'" Beard, and y° s* Mar-
garet th.e wife of llie s* Tho' Burgis liaveing bin told
that the s^ W™ Beard had done it, slie p'sentlie told
the s'J Beard .she would be even with him before he
went out of towne, and flewe in his face, and said she
would give liim something before lie went out of her
bowse. And this informant saieing, Good woman, I
hope you will give him noe poyson, and she replyed,
he would not be soe foolish as to take any thinge of
her, but she would be even w"' him before he went out
of towne, " Henrv Potter."

" The informacon of R"' Spencer, aged thirtie yeeres or
thereabouts, Servant to Capt" Thomas Caldwell, taken
upon oath tlie day and yeere aforesaid.
" This informant saieth, that the before-named W"

Beard being very sicke and in a strange distemper, and

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

465

liaveing heard that Margaret, the wife of the before-
named Thomas Burgis, liad threatened liim, did sus-
pect the s* W"' Beard might be bewitched or ill dealt
v,'\ did cut off some of his liaire off from his head, and
did wind it up together and put it into the fire, and
could not for a good while make it burne, untill he
tooke a candle and put under it or into it, and then
w"" much adoe it did burne, and after it was burnt y°
s"' Beard laie still, and before it was burnt he was in
such a distemper that three men could hardlie hold him
into his bed. " Richard Spencer.

" his + mark."

CONVOCATION IN THE REIGN OF GEORGE II.

One bears it so often repeated, that Convocation
was finally suppressed in 1 717, in consequence of the
accusations brought by the Lower House against
Bishop Hoadlc}', that it seems worth while noting
in correction of this, that though no licence from
the Crown to make canons has ever been granted
since that time, yet that Convocation met and sat
in 1 728, and again for some sessions in the spring
of 1742, when several important subjects were
brought before it ; among which was the very in-
teresting question of curates' stipends, in these
words :

" Vllth. That much reproach is brough.t upon the
beneficed, and much oppression upon the unbeneficed,
clergy, by curates accepting too scanty salaries from in-
cumbents."

and which was really the last subject that was
ever brought before Convocation. On Jan. 27,
1742, it was unanimously agreed, that "the mo-
tion made by the Archdeacon of Lincoln concern-
ing ecclesiastical courts and clandestine marriage?,
the qualifications of persons to be admitted into
holy orders, and the salaries and titles of curates,"
should be "reduced into writing, and the parti-
culars offered to the House at their next assem-
bly." But in the next session, on March 5, 1742,
the Prolocutor, Dr. Lisle, was afraid to go on with
the business before the House, and after " speak-
ing much of a pt-ccmunire" and " echoing and re-
verberating the word from one side of good King
Henry's Chapel to the other," the whole was let
drop ; and Convocation was fully consigned to the
silence and the slumber of a century. The whole
of these transactions are detailed in a scarce pam-
phlet, A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Lisle, Prolocuiur of
the Lower House, by the Archdeacon of Lincoln
(the Venerable G. Itcynolds). W. Fkasek.

Tor-Mohun.

TARALLEL PASSAGES.

(Vol. iv., p. 435. ; Vol. vi., p. 123. ; Vol. vii.,
p. 151.)
1. " When she had passed it seemed like the ceasing of
exquisite music." — Longfellow's £ya?(jeZi'Ke, Parti. 1.

" When she comes into the room, it is like a beau-
tiful air of Mozart breaking upon you." — Thackeray
" On a good-looking young Lady." (Quoted in W<.st-
ininster Review, April J 853.)

2. " Two stars keep not their motion in one sphere."
Whence ?

" We arc the twin stars, and cannot shine in one
sphere. When he rises I must set." — Congreve,
Love fur Love, Act III. Sc. 4.

3. " Et ce n'est pas toujours par valeur et par
chastete que les hommes sont vaillants et que les
femmes sont chastes." — De La Rochefoucauld, Max. i.

" Yes, faith 1 I believe some women are virtuous,
too ; but 'tis as I believe some men are valiant, througli
fear." — Congreve, Love for Love, Act III. Sc. 14.

4. " Mais si les vaisseaux sillonnent un moment les.
ondes, la vague vient eftacer aussitot cette legere
marque de servitude, et la mer reparait telle qu'elle
fut au premier jour de la Creation." — Cori/me, b. i.
ch.4.

" Such as Creation's dav/n beheld, thou rollest now !"
Byron, Childe Harold,

5. " II est plus honteux de so mcfier de ses amis que
d'en etre trompi." — De La Rochefoucauld, Ma.T.

I.XXXIV.

" Better trust all, and be deceived,

And weep that trust, and that deceiving.
Than doubt one heart that, if believed,
Had blessed thy life with true believing !

" Oh ! in this mocking world, too fast

The doubting fiend o'ertakes our youth :
Better be cheated to the last.

Than lose the blessed hope of truth ! "

Mrs. Butler (Fanny Kemble).

6. Li " ]Sr. & Q.," Vol. iv., p. 435., I cited, as a
parallel to Shelley, the following from Southey's
Doctor, vol. vi. p. 158. :

" The sense of flying in our sleep might, he thought,
probably be the anticipation or forefecliug of an un-
evolved power, like an Aurelia's dream of butterfly
motion."

In Spicer's Sights and Sounds (1853), p. 140., is
to be found a poem professing to have been " dic-
tated by the spirit of Robert Southey," on
March 25, 1851, the fourth stanza of which runs
as follows :

" The soul, like some sweet flowor-biid yet unblown,
Lay tranced in beauty in its silent cell :
The spirit slept, but dreamed of worlds unknown,
As dreams the chrysalis icithin its shell.
Ere summer breathes its spell."

What inference should be drawn from this coin-
cidence for or against tlie reality of the " spi-
ritual dictation ? " Harry Lerov Temple.

466

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Shakspeares Worlis with a Digest of all the
Readings (Vol. viil., pp. 74. 170.362.). — I am ex-
ceedingly obliged to your correspondent Este for
his suggestions, and need not say that any sincere
advice will be most respectfully considered. In
the second volume of my folio edition of Shak-
speare, I am partially endeavouring to carry out
the design to which he alludes, by giving a digest
of all the readings up to the year 1684. How is
it possible to carry out his wish farther with any
advantage ? I should feel particularly thankful
for a satisfactory reply to the following questions
in relation to this important subject : — 1. As many
copies of the first and other folio editions, as well
as nearly all the copies of the same quarto editions,
difier from each other, how are these differences
to be treated ? What copies are to be taken for
texts, and how many copies of each are to be col-
lated ? 2. Are such books ai Beckett, Jackson,
and others, to be examined ? If not, are any
conjectural emendations of the last and present
centuries to be given ? Where is the line to be
drawn ? A mere selection is valueless, or next to
valueless ; because, setting aside the differences in
opinion In such matters, we want to know what
conjectures are new, and which are old ? 3. Are
the various readings suggested in periodicals to be
given ? 4. Can any positive and practical rules
be furnished, likely to render such an under-
staking useful and successful ? J. O. Halliwell.

Local Rhymes, Kent. —

" Between Wickham and Welling
There's not an honest man dwelling ;
And I'll tell you the reason why,
Because Shooters' Hill's so nigh."

Unless this is preserved in " N". & Q." it will
probably be forgotten with the highwaymen, whose
proceedings at Shooters' Hill, no doubt, origin-
ated it. G. W. Sktring.

Samuel Pepys's Grammar. — I have lately been
looking over the Diary of this very clever person,
and I confess it has surprised me to find him, a
graduate of Cambridge, and, in fact, I may say a
man of letters, constantly employing such vulgar
bad grammar as " he do say," and such like. I am
the more surprised when, on looking at his letters,
even the familiar ones to his cousin Roger and to
W. Hewer, I can find nothing of the kind, they
being as grammatical and as well written as any
of the time.

My hypothesis is — Lord Bratbrooke can cor-
rect me if I am wrong — that Pepys, writing his
Diary in short-hand, used one and the same

character for all the persons of the present tense
of do, and that the decypherer did not attend to
this circumstance. In his letter to Col. Legge
(vol. v. p. 296.), Pepys writes " His R. H. does
think," &c., which in the Diary would surely be
" His R. H. do think," &c. In a similar way I
would account for the use of come instead of came
in the Diary, as there is nothing of the kind in
the Letters. Should I be right, I may have
rendered a slight service to the memory of an
able and worthy man. Thos. Keightlet.

Roman Remains. — In Wright's Celt, Roman, and
Saxon, p. 207., a curious Roman altar, dedicated
to Silvanus, " ab aprum eximias forme captum,"
is mentioned as found at Durham. It was found
in the wild district to the west, in the neighbour-
hood of Stanhope in Weardale, and is preserved
in the rectory house there.

P. 330., figure a. This armilla (?) was not found
in Northumberland, but in Sussex, together with
several others of the same form, a torques and
celts. W. C. Treveltan,

Wallington.

To grab. — A very popular writer has lately
rightly denounced the use of this word as a vul-
garism. Like many other monosyllables used by
our working classes, it may plead antiquity in
extenuation of its vulgarity. It has been derived
from the Welsh word grabiaw, to grasp, and in
ancient times was one of our " household words."
The retention by a tailor of a portion of the cloth
delivered to him, although it had been a usage
from time immemorial, might have been considered
by our forefathers as a grabbage : we now call it

N.W. S.

Curfew at Sandwich. — Sometime back it was
stated that the curfew at Sandwich had been dis-
continued. It has been resumed in consequence
of the opposition made by the inhabitants. The
same occurred about twenty years ago. (From in-
formation on the spot.) E. M.

Ecclesiastical Censure. — Ecclesiastical censure
was often used in the Middle Ages to enforce
civil rights, specially that of the exemption of the
clergy from the judgment of a lay tribunal. The
following instance thereof is new to me. I have
copied it from " Collectanea Gervasii Holies,"
vol. i. p. 529., Lansdowne MS. 207., in the British
Museum :

« Ex Archls Line. a° 1307,

" The Major and Burgesses of Grimesby hanged a
Preist for theft called Richard of Notingham, Here-
upon ye Bp sendes to ye Abbott of Wellow to associate
to himselfe twelue adjacent chapleins to examine ye
cause, and in St. James his Church Excommunicates all
y* had any hand in it of whatsoever condition they
were, ye King, Queen, and Prince of Wales excepted ;

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

467

and ye Bp himselfe did Excommunicate them in ye
Cathedral Church of Lincolne, ye fifth of ye Ides of
Aprill following."

Edward Peacock.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton-in-Lindsey.

The Natural History of Balmoral. — Dr. Wil-
liam Macijillivray, Professor of Civil and Natural
History in the Marischal College of Aberdeen,
and who died there Sept. 5, 1852, left an unpub-
lished MS. on " The Natural History of Balmoral
and its Neighbourhood." This work has been
purchased from his executors by His Royal High-
ness Prince Albert ; and is to be printed for the
use of Her Majesty and the Royal Family, and
for circulation among their august relatives. It
was the last work on which the distinguished
author was engaged, and was only completed a
short time previous to his death. It also contains
some curious speculations regarding several plants
and herbs of that Alpine district, and their uses in
a medicinal and domestic point of view, as known
to the ancient Caledonians and Picts. Altogether
it is a most interesting work. W.

Shirt Collars. — In Hone's Every-day Book,
vol. ii. p. 381., I find the following, which I think
is after the present ridiculous fashion of wearing
shirt collars, viz. so tight round the neck, and so
8tifF, that it is a wonder there are not some serious
accidents.

These collars, at present worn by the fast young
men of the day, are called " The Piccadilly three-
folds." Now, if this goes on until they get to a
" nail in depth, and stiffened with yellow starch,
and double wi?-ed" I think it will only be proper
to put a heavy tax upon them.

•' Piccadilly. — The picadil was the round hem, or
the piece set about the edge or skirt of a garment,
whether at top or bottom ; also a kind of stiff collar,
made in fashion of a band, that went about the neck
and round about the shoulders ; hence the term
'wooden piccadilloes' (meaning the pillory) in Hudi-
hras ; and see Nares' Glossary, and Blount's Glosso-
graphia. At the time that ruffs and picadils were
much in fashion, there was a celebrated ordinary near
St. James's, called Piccadilly : because, as some say, it
was the outmost, or skirt-house, situate at the hem of
the town : but it more probably took its name from
one Higgins, a tailor, who made a fortune by picadils,
and built this with a few adjoining houses. The name
has by a few been derived from a much frequented shop
for the sale of these articles ; this probably took its
rise from the circumstance of Higgins having built
houses there, which however were not for selling ruffs;
and indeed, with the exception of his buildings, the
site of the present Piccadilly was at that time open
country, and quite out of the way of trade. At a later
period, when Burlington House was built, its noble
owner chose the situation, then at some distance from
the extremity of the town, that none might build beyond

him. The ruffs formerly worn by gentlemen were
frequently double wired, and stiffened with yellow starch :
and the practice was at one time carried to such an
excess, that they were limited by Queen Elizabeth ' to
a nayle of a ye.ard in depth.' In the time of James I.,
they still continued of a preposterous size : so that,
previous to the visit made by that monarch to Cam-
bridge in 1615, the Vice-chancellor of the University
thought fit to issue an order, prohibiting ' the fearful
enormity and excess of apparel seen in all degrees, as,
namely, strange piccadilloes, vast bands, huge cuffs, shoe
roses, tufts, locks, and tops of hair, unbeseeming that
modesty and carriage of students in so renowned a
luiiversity.' "

It is scarcely to be supposed that the ladies
were de6cient in the size of their ruffs, &c.

I must conclude this in the words of the im-
mortal poet ;

" ..... New fashions,

Though they be never so ridiculous,
Nay, let them be unmanly, yet are followed."

. H.E.

^xxtxiti.

"days of my youth."

The following lines are understood to have been
written by the late Mr. St. George Tucker of Vir-
ginia, U. S. Any information in support of this
opinion, or, If It be unfounded, in disproof of it, is
requested by T.

DAYS OF MY YOUTH.

Days of my youth ! ye have glided away,
Hairs of my youth ! ye are frosted and gray ;
Eyes of my youth ! your keen sight Is no more ;
Cheeks of my youth ! ye are furrow'd all o'er ;
Strength of my youth ! all your vigour is gone ;
Thoughts of my youth ! all your visions are flown !

Days of my youth ! I wish not your recall,
Hairs of my youth ! I'm content you should fall ;
Eyes of my youth ! ye much evil have seen ;
Cheeks of my youth ! bathed in tears have you

been ;
Thoughts of my youth ! ye have led me astray ;
Strength of my youth ! why lament your decay !

Days of my age ! ye will shortly be past ;
Pains of my age ! yet awhile can ye last ;
Joys of my age ! In true wisdom delight ;
Eyes of my age ! be religion your light ;
Thoughts of my age ! dread not the cold sod,
Hopes of my age ! be ye fix'd on your God !

St. George Tucker, Judge.

:^in0r ^xitxiti,

Randall Minshull and his Cheshire Collections. —
Of what family was Randall Minshull, who, in the
Addenda to Gower's Sketch for a History of

46S

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

Cheshire, p. 94., is stated to have professedly made
a. collection for the Antiquities of Cheshire by the
desire of Lord Malpas ? and where is such collec-
tion at the present time to met with ?

Cestriensis.

Mackey's '■'■Theory of the Earth." — I have a small
pamphlet entitled,

" A New Theory of the Earth and of Planetary
Motion ; in which it is demonstrated that the Sun is
Vicegerent of his own System. By Sampson Arnold
Mackey, author of Mj/thological Asironomy and Ura-
ma's Key to the Revelations, &c. Norwich, printed for
the Author."

There is no date on the title-page, but a notice
on the second page indicates 1825. The book is
extraordinary, and shows great astronomical and
philological attainments, with some startling fiicts
in geology, and bold theories as to the formation
of the earth. I have endeavoured to procure the
other two works of which Mr. Mackey is said to
be the author, and also some account of him, but
without success. I can hardly suppose that a
■writer of so much ability and learning can be
unknown, and shall feel much obliged by any in-
formation as to him or his writings. J. Ward.
Coventry.

Birthplace of King Edward V. — Can you give
me any information as to the exact birthplace of
this monarch ?

Hume (vol. ii. p. 430.) merely says that he was
born while his mother was in sanctuary in London,
and his father was a fugitive from the victorious
Earl of Warwick.

Commynes (book iii. chap. 5.) also snys that she
took refuge " es franchises qui sont a Londres,"
and " y accoucha d'ung filz en grant povrete."

Chastellain, at p. 486. of his Chronique, says :
" EUe alia a Saincte-Catherine, une abbeyc, di-
soient aucuns : aucuns autres disoient a Vase-
monstre (Westminster), lieu de franchise, qui
oncques n'avoit este corrompu."

I should be glad to have some more definite in-
formation on this point, if any of your readers can
supply it. A Leguleian.

Name of Infants. — La Scotland there is a super-
stition that it is unlucky to tell the name of infants
before they ai*e christened. Can this be explained ?

R. J. A.

Geometrical Curiosity. — Take half a sheet of
note-paper ; fold and crease it so that two opposite
corners exactly meet ; then fold and crease it so
that the remaining two opposite corners exactly
meet. Armed with a fine pair of scissors, proceed
now to repeat both these folds alternately without
cessation, taking care to cut off quite flush and
clear all the overlappings on both sides after each
fold. When these overlappings become too small

to be cut off, the paper is in the shape of a circle,
i. e. the ultimate intersection of an infinite series
of tangents. Perhaps Professor De Morgan
will give the rationale of this procedure.

C. Mansfield Ingleby.
Birmingham.

Denison Family, — Can any correspondent of
" N. & Q." inform me how the Denisons of Den-
bics, near Dorking, in Surrey, and the Denisons
of Ossington, in Nottinghamsliire, were related ?
Who was Mr. Robert Denison of Nottingham,
who took a very active part in politics at tiie
commencement of the French Revolution ? His
wife had a handsome legacy from a rich old lady,
one Mrs. Williams, of whom I would much like to
know something farther. E. H. A.

" Came" — In Pegge's Anecdotes of the English
Language, p. 189., we read :

" The real preterit of the Saxon verb coman, is com.
Came is therefore a violent infringement, though it is
impossible to detect the innovator, or any of liis ac-
complices."

When was the word came introduced into our
language ? Early instances of its use would be
very welcome. H. T. G.

Hull.

Montmartre. — By some this name Is derived
from mons martis ; by others from mons martyrum.
Which is the more satisfactory etymology, and
upon what authority does it rest ?

Henry H. Breen,

St. Lucia.

La7v of Copyright : British Museum. — Ob-
serving that the new law of copyright, which was
passed and came into operation on the 1st of July,
1842, expressly repeals all of the statutes pre-
viously existing on that subject, I am anxious to
know, through the medium of " N. & Q.," if the
British Museum authorities can claim and enforce
the delivery of any book, although not entered on
the books of Stationers' Hall, which may have been
printed and published hefore the passing of the
said act of 1842. If so, then what is the state of
the act or statute which bears upon that par-
ticular privilege ? J. A.

Glasgow.

Veneration for the Oali. — The oak — " thebrave
old oak" — has been an object of veneration in this
country from the primasval to the present times.
The term oali is used in several places in Scrip-
ture, but nowhere does it appear to refer to the
oak as we know it — our indigenous oak. The
oak, under which God appeared to Abraham, bears
apparently a resemblance to the tree of life of the
Assyrian sculptures ; and, perhaps, the Zoroastrian

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

469

Homa, or sacred tree, and the sacred tree of the
Hindus ; and the same may yet be found in the
British oak. Is there a botanical affinity between
these trees ? Are they all oaks ? Was the tree
of life, as described in the Bible, an oak ? G. W.
Stansted, Montfichet.

Father Mattheiv's Chickens. — Can any of your
correspondents explain wliy grouse in Scot-
land are sometimes called " Father Matthew's
chickens?" M. R. G.

Pronunciation of jBihle and Prayer Book proper
Wamcs. — I feel sure that many of your clerical
correspondents woidd feel much obliged by any
assistance that might be forwarded them through
the medium of your columns respecting the cor-
rect pronunciation of those proper names which
occur during divine service : such as Sabaoth,
Moriah, Aceldama, Sabacthani, Abednego, and
several others of the same class. — The opinions
already given in publications are so contradictory,
that I have been induced to ask you to insert this
Query. W. Sloane Sloan e-E vans.

Cornworthy Vicarage, Totnes.

MSS. of Anthony Bave. — I possess a volume
of MS. Sermons, Treatises, and Memorandums
in the autograph of one Anthony Bave, who
appears, from the doctrines broached therein, to
have been a moderate Puritan. What is known
concerning him ? It is a book I value much from
the beauty of the wi'iting and the vigorous style
of the discourses. R. C. Wabde.

Kidderminster.

Return of Gentry, temp. Hen. VI. — In what
collection, or where, can the Return of Gentry of
England r2th Ileury VI. be seen or met with ?

Glaius.

Taylors '■'■ Holy Living." — In Pickering's edi-
tion of this work (London, 1848), some of the
quotations are placed in square brackets (e.g.
on p. xii.) ; and some of the paragraphs have an
asterisk prefixed to them (as on p. 8.). Why ?

A. A. D.

Captain Jan Dimmeson. — Can any one give me
some information about him ? I find his name on
a pane of glass, with the date of 1667, in the
vicinity of Windsor. I had not an opportunfty
to obtain a copy of some words that were painted
on the glass, beneath a fine flowing sea with a
ship in full sail upon its bosom. F. M.

Greek and Roman Fortification. — Where can I
obtain an account of Greek and Roman fortifica-
tion ? I am surprised to find that Smith's Clas-
Mcal Dictionary has no article upon that subject.

J. II. J.

The Queen at Chess. — In the old titles of the
men at chess, the queen, who does all tlie hard
work, was called tlie prime minister, or grand
vizier. When did the cliange take place, and who
thought of giving all the power to a woman ?
Truly in the game " woman is the head of the
man," reversing the just order. C. S. W.

Vida on Chess. — I have had in ray possessioa
for more than five years a translation of Vida on
Chess. It is in the handwriting of a celebrated
poet of the last century ; but whether a mere
transcript or a version of his own, is more than
I can affirm. Now, I shall feel obliged by any
information on the subject, whether positive or
negative, and transcribe the exordium with that
view. It is not the version which was made by
George Jeffreys, and revised by Alexander Pope*:
*' Vida's Scaccliis, or Chess."

" Armies of box that sportively engage.
And mimick real battels in their rage,
Pleas'd I recount ; how smit with glory's charms,
Two mighty monarchs met in adverse arms,
Sable and white : assist me to explore.
Ye Serian nymphs, what ne'er was sung before."

Bolton Cornet.

Thornton Abbey. — Can any of your readers give
me some information respecting an old and ruinous
building called " Thornton Abbey," situate about
ten miles from Grimsby, Lincolnshire, and also
about two miles from the river Humber ?

Victor.

Grimsby.

[Tanner states, the house was called Thorneton
Curteis, and Torrington. It was founded by William
le Gros, Earl of Albemarle, and Lord of Holderness,
about the year 1139, for Austin Canons, and was de-
dicated to the Virgin Mary. Dugdale says, that when
first founded it was a priory, and the monks were in-
troduced from the monastery of Kirkham ; but was
changed into an abbey by Pope Eugenius III.,
A.n. 1148. Though Henry VIII. suppressed the
Abbey, he reserved the greater part of the lands to
endow a colleg?, which he erected in its room, for a
dean and prebendaries, to the honour of the Holy
and Undivided Trinity. From the remains it must
have been a magnificent building. Originally it con-
sisted of an extensive quadrangle, surrounded by a
deep ditch, with high ramparts, and built in a style
adapted for occasional defence. To the east of the
gateway are the remains of the abbey church. The
chapter-house, part of which is standing, was of an oc-
tangular shape, and highly decorated. On the south
of the ruins of the church is a building, now occupied
as a farm-house, which formerly was the residence of
the abbots. It was afterwards the yeat of Edward

* The only one which I have seen.

470

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

Skinner, Esq., who raanied Ann, daughter of Sir
William Wentworth, brother to the unfortunate Earl
of Strafford. The estate was purchased from one of
the Skinner family by Sir Richard Sutton, Bart, j it
is now in the possession of Lord Yarborough. In
taking down a wall in the ruins of the abbey, a human
skeleton was found, with a table, a book, and a candle-
stick. It is supposed to have been the remains of the
fourteenth abbot, who, it is stated, was for some crime
sentenced to be immured — a mode of capital punish-
ment not uncommon in monasteries. Four views of
the abbey are given in Allen's History of Lincolnshire,
vol. ii., and some farther notices of its ancient state will
be found in Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. vi. pi. i. p. 324, ;
Tanner's Notitia, Lincolnshire, Ixxvii. ; and Beauties
of England and Wales, vol. ix. p. 684.]

Bishop Wilson's " Sacra P7-ivata." — In the new
edition of this work, p. 381., there is given a table
of " The Collects, with their Tendencies." Under
the head of Fasting, references are made to the
First Sunday in Lent, and the Tenth and Tiventy-
third after Trinity. There must be some mistake
in this, as the last two collects refer to prayer.
This for your correspondent Mb. Denton, to
whom I understand the Church is indebted for the
redintegration of the good bishop's journal.

A. A. D.

[We have submitted the above to the Rev, William
Denton, who expresses his obligations to A. A. D. for
pointing out the error, which seems to have escaped
the notice of all the previous editors of the Sacra
Privata. The second edition is now at press, and, if
not too late, the correction will be made. Mii, Den-
ton doubts whether the list after all is the bishop's ;
but thinks it was only copied by him from some work.
Can any one point out the source ? It is singular
that another mistake of the bishop's should have
escaped the notice of all previous editors, namely, the
tendency of the collect for Whit- Sunday being de-
scribed as Humiliatinn instead of Illumination.^

Derioation of " Chemistry. ''' — Are there any his-
torical reasons for deriving the word chemistry
from Chemi, the name of Egypt, as is done by
Bunsen and others ? T. H. T.

[Dr. Thomson, the writer of the article " Che-
mistry " in the Encijclopcedia Britannica, thus notices
this derivation : " The generally received opinion
among alchymistical writers was, that chemistry ori-
ginated in Egypt ; and the honour of the invention
has been unanimously conferred on Hermes Trisme-
gistus. He is by some supposed to be the same person
with Chanaan, the son of Ham, whose son Mizraim
first occupied and peopled Egypt. Plutarch informs
us that Egypt was sometimes called Chemia : this
name is supposed to be derived from Chanaan. Hence
it was inferred that Chanaan was the inventor of che-
mistry, to which he affixed his own name. Whether
the Hermes of the Greeks was Chanaan, or his son
Mizraim, it is impossible to decide ; but to Hermes is
assigned the invention oi chemistry, or the art of making
gold, by almost the unanimous consent of the adepts."

Dr. Webster says, " The orthography of this word has
undergone changes through a mere ignorance of its
origin, than which nothing can be more obvious. It
is the Arabic kimia, the occult art or science, from
kamai, to conceal. This was originally the art or
science now called alchemy ; the art of converting
baser metals into gold." Webster says the correct or-
thography is chimistry.'\

Burning for Witchcraft. — When and where was
the last person burned to death for witchcraft in
England ? W. K.

[We believe the last case of burning for witchcraft
was at Bury St. Edmunds in 1664, tried by Sir
Matthew Hale, although some accounts state that the
victims, Amy Duny and Rose Callender, were executed.
In the same year Alice Hudson was burnt at York for
having received 10s. at a time from his Satanic ma-
jesty. The last case of burning in Scotland was in
Sutherland, a. d. 1722 ; the judge was Captain David
Ross, of Little Dean. At Glarus, in Ireland, a servant
girl was burnt so late as 1786. The last authenticated
instance of the swimming ordeal occurred in 1785,
and is quoted by Mr. Sternberg from a Northampton
Mercury of that year : — "A poor woman named
Sarah Bradshaw, of Mears Ashby, who was accused of
being a witch, in order to prove her innocence, sub-
mitted to the ignominy of being dipped, when she
immediately sunk to the bottom of the pond, which
was deemed to be an incontestable proof that she was
no witch ! "]

The Small City Companies. — Where does the
fullest information appear respecting their early
condition, &c. ? Herbert's work only occasionally
refers to them, and I am aware of many incidental
notices of them in Histories of London, &c. ; but
it does not amount to much, and I should be glad
to know if there is no fuller account of them.
The companies of Pewterers or Bakers, for ex-
ample. B.

[Beside the incidental notices to be found in Stow,
Maitland, and Seymour, our correspondent must con-
sult the Harleian MSS. ; and if he will turn to the
Index volume at p. 294., he will find references to the
following companies : — Bakers', Drapers', Painters',
Stainers', Pinners', Scriveners', Skinners', Wax-chand-
lers', Wharfingers', Weavers', and other miscellaneous
notes relating to the city of London generally.]

Rousseau and Boileau. — Are there any full and
complete English translations of Rousseau's Con-
fessions and Boileau's Satires ? Alledius.

[The following translations have been published: —
The Confessions of J. J. Rousseau, in two Parts, London,
12mo., five vols., 1790; Boileau's Satires, 8vo., 1808:
see also his Works made English by Mr. Ozell and
others, two vols. 8vo., London, 1711-12, and three
vols. 8vo., London, 1714.]

Bishop KennetCs MS. Diary. — Where is Bishop
Kennetfc's MS. Diary, from which his often-cited
description of Dean Swift is taken, to be found ?

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

471

Sir Walter Scott (Swift's Works, vol. xvi. p. 76.)
says " it was formerly in the possession of Lord
Lansdowne, and is now in the British Museum."
I have never been able to find it. F. B.

[The Diary here referred to by Sir Walter Scott
■will be found at p. 428. in Lansdowne MS. 1024.,
which forms the third and last volume of Bishop
Kennett's " Materials for an Ecclesiastical History of
England. "J

Milton's widow.
(Vol. vi., p. 596.; Vol. vii., pp. 12. 134. 200. 375.)

It may be worth recording, that among the
MS. papers of the late James Boswell, which were
I believe sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby and
Co., there was the office copy and probate of the
will of Milton's widow. She was described as
Elizabeth Milton of Namptwich, widow ; and it
was dated the 27th of August, 1727. In the will
she bequeathed all her effects, after the payment
of her debts, to be divided between her nieces and
nephews in Namptwich ; and named as her execu-
tors, Samuel Acton and John AUcock, Esqs. Pro-
bate was granted to John Allcock, October 10,
1727.

Beside this, there was a bond or acquittance,
dated 1680, from Richard Mynshull, described of
Wistaston in Cheshire, frame-work knitter, for
100/. received of Mrs. Elizabeth Milton in con-
sideration of a transfer to her of a lease for lives,
or ninety-nine years, of a messuage at Brindley
in Cheshire, held under Sir Thomas Wilbraham.

There were also receipts or releases from Mil-
ton's three daughters, Anne Milton, Mary Milton,
and Deborah Clarke (to the last of which Abraham
Clarke was a party) : the first two dated Feb. 22,
1674; the last, March 27 in the same year; for
lOOZ. each, received of Elizabeth Milton their
step-mother in consideration of their shares of
their father's estate. The sums were, with the
consent of Christopher Milton and Richard Powell,
both described of the Inner Temple, to be dis-
posed of in the purchase of rent-charges or an-
nuities for the benefit of the said daughters.

Two of these documents appear to be now in
the possession of your correspondents Mr. Marsh
and Mr. Hughes ; but I have met with no men-
tion hitherto of the destination of the others.

These msiy seem trifling minutiae to notice, but
nothing can fairly be considered unimportant
which may lead to the elucidation of the domestic
history of Milton. S. W. Singer.

Mickleham.

(Vol.viii., p. 364.)

There can be no doubt that, as your correspon-
dent suggests, the judicial oath was originally-
taken without kissing the book, but with the form
of laying the right hand upon it ; and, moreover^
that this custom is of Pagan origin. Amongst the
Greeks, oaths were frequently accompanied by
sacrifice ; and it was the custom to lay the hands
upon the victim, or upon the altar, thereby calling
to witness the deity by whom the oath was sworn.-
So Juvenal, Sat. xiv. 218. :

" Falsus erit testis, vendet perjuria summa
Exigua, et Cereris tangens aramque pedemque.**

The Christians under the later Roman em-
perors adopted from the Greeks a similar cere-
mony. In the well-known case of Omychund v.
Barker, heard in Michaelmas Term, 1744, and re-
ported in 1 Atk. 27., the Solicitor- General quoted
a passage from Selden, which gives us some in-
formation on this point :

" Mittimus hie, principibus Christianis, ut ex his-
toriis satis obviis liquet, solennia fuisse et peculiaria
juramenta, ut per vultum sancti Lucae, per pedem
Christi, per sanctum hunc vel ilium, ejusmodi alia
nimis crebra : Inolevit vero tandem, ut quemadmodum
Pagani sacris ac wysieriis aliquo suis aut tactis avi prce-
sentibus jurare solebant, ita solenniora Christianorum
juramenta fierent, ant tactis sacrosanctis evangeliis, aut
inspectis, aut in eorum prcesentia manu ad pectus amota,.-
suhlata aut protensa ; atque is corporaliter seu persona-
liter juramentum praestari dictum est, ut ab juramentis
per epistolam, aut in scriptis solummodo pra;stitis dis-
tingueretur, inde in vulgi passim ore."

Lord Coke tells us, in the passage quoted at
p. 364., that this was called the corporal oath,
because the witness " toucheth with his hand some
part of the Holy Scripture;" but the better
opinion seems to be, that it was so called from the
ancient custom of laying the hands upon the cor-
porate, or cloth which covered the sacred elements,^
by which the most solemn oath was taken in
Popish times.

As to the form of kissing the book, I am in-
clined to think that it is not of earlier date than
the latter part of the sixteenth century, and that
it was first prescribed as part of the ceremony of
taking the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. In
the Harl. Misc., vol. vi. p. 282. (edit. 1810), is an
account of the trial of INlargaret Fell and George
Fox, for refusing to take the oath of allegiance,
followed by "An Answer to Bishop Lancelot
Andrewe's Sermon concerning Swearing." At
p. 298., Fox brings forward instances of conscien-
tious scruples among Christians in former times,
respecting the taking of oaths. He says :

" Did not the Pope, when he had got up over the
churches, give forth both oath and curse, with bell^

472

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

book, and candle ? And was not tlie ceremony of his
oath, to lay three fingers a-top of the book, to signify
the Trinity ; and two fingers under the book, to signify
damnation of body and soul if they sware falsely ?
And was not there a great number of people that
-would not swear, and suffered great persecution, as
•read the Booh of Martyrs but to I3onner's days ? And
■it is little above an hundred years since the Protestants
got up; and they gave forth the oatii of allegiance,
and the oath of supremacy : the one was to deny the
€'ope's supremacy, and the other to acknowledge the
■kings of England ; so we need not tell to you of their
form, and show you the ceremony of the oath ; it saith,
' Kiss the hook ; ' and the book saith ' Kiss the Son,'
which saith ' Swear not at all.' "

Still the laying of the hand on the book seems
to have been an essential form ; for, during the
trial, when the oath was offered to Margaret Fell,
" the clerk held out the book, and bid her pull off
Ler glove, and lay her hand on the book" (-fiT. M.,
p. 285.). And directly after, when the oath had
been read to Fox, the following scene is described :

" ' Give him the book,' said they ; and so a man that
stood by him held up the book, and said, ' Lay your
hand on the book.'

" Geo. Fox. ' Give me the book in my hand.' Which
set them all a-gazing, and as in hope he would have
sworn."

And it appears from the case of Omycbund v.
Barker, that, at that time, the usual form was by
laying the right hand on the book, and kissing
it afterwards (1 Atk. 42.). It seems not impro-
bable that Paley's suggestion, in his Moral Philo-
sophy, vol. i. p. 192. (loth edit.), may be correct.
He says :

" The kiss seems rather an act of reverence to the con-
tents of the book, as, in the Popish ritual, the priest
kisses the gospel before he reads it, than any part of
the oath."

The Query respecting the Welsh custom I
must leave to those who are better Informed re-
specting the judicial forms of that country ; merely
suggesting whether the practice alluded to by
your correspondent may not originally have had a
meaning similar to that of the three fingers on the
book, and two under, as described by Fox In the
passage above quoted. Erica.

Warwick.

In the bailiwick of Guernsey the person sworn
lifts his right hand, and the presiding judge, who
administers the oath, says : " Vous jurez par la foi
et le serment que vous devez a DIeu que," &c.
Oaths of office, however, are taken on the Gospels,
and are read to the person swearing by the
greffier, or clerk of the court. The reason of this
difference may be accounted for by the fact that
the official oaths, as they now exist, appear to
have been drawn up about the beginning of the

reign of James I., and that in all probability the
form was enjoined by the superior authority of the
Privy Council.

Which of the two forms was generally used
before the Reformation, I have not been able to
discover; but in .in account of the laws, privileges,
and customs of the Island, taken by Avay of inqui-
sition In the year 1331, but more fully completed
and approved In the year 1441, It appears that the
juries of the several pai'Ishes Avere sworn " sur
Sainctes Evangiles de DIeu par eulx et par
chacun d'eulx corporellement touche," — " par
leurs consciences sur le peril de la dampnation de
leurs ames."

I remember to have seen men from some of the
Baltic ports, when told to lift their right hands to
be sworn, double down the ring finger and the
little finger, as is done by bishops In the Roman
Catholic Church when giving the benediction.

In France the person making oath lifts his right
hand. The oath is administered by the presiding
judge without any reference to the Deity, but the
person who swears is required to answer " Je le
jure." I observed that In Britanny, when the
person sworn was Ignorant of t!ie French lan-
guage, the answer was "VaDoue," which, I be-
lieve, means in tlie Breton dialect, " By God. "

In the Ecclesiastical Court of Guernsey I have
seen the book presented to the person swearing
open at one of the Gospels ; but In the Royal
Court the book Is put into the right hand of the
party making oath, shut. In either case it is re-
quired that the book should be kissed.

HONOKE DE MaBEVILLE.

Guernsey.

CO.MMINATORT INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS.

(Vol. vlli., pp. 64. 153.)

Many inscriptions, commlnatory or exhortatory,
written In books and directed to readers, have
been commemorated in " N. & Q." Towards the
beginning of the present century, the most com-
mon epigram of the kind in the French public
schools was the following elegant motto, with its
accompanying illustration :

" Aspice Pierrot pendu.
Quod librum n'a pas rendu !"

Poor Pierrot is exhibited In a state of suspen-
sion, as hanging from the inverted letter L (r),
which symbolises the fatal tree. Commlnatory
and exhortatory cautions not to soil, spoil, or tear
books and MSS. occur so frequently In the records
of monastic libraries, that a whole albuna could
easily be filled with them. The coquettish bishop,
Venantlus Fortuuatus, has a distich on the sub-
ject. Another learned Goth, Theud-widf, or Theo-
dulfus, Charlemagne's Missus ilomiiiicus, recom-

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

473

mends readers a proper ablution of their hands
before turning the consecrated leaves :

" Utere me, lector, mentisque in sede loeato ;
Cumque librum petis hinc, sit lib! lota manus !"

Sailh Lihrarij.

Less lenient are the imprecations commemorated
bj Don ]\Iartenne and Wanlej. The one in-
scribed on the blank leaf of a Sacramentary of
the ninth century is to the following effect :

" Si qnis eum (librum) de monasterio aliqiio in-
genio non redditurus, abstraxerit, cum Jrda proditcre,
Aniiii et Ca'ipha, portionem seterna; damnationis aeci-
piat. Ameul Amen! Fiat! fiat!" — Voyage Lilte-
raire, p. 67.

That is fierce and fiery, and in very earnest. A
MS. of the Bodleian bears this other inscription,
to the same Import :

" Liber Sanctoe Mariae de Ponte Roberti. Qui eum

abstulerit aut vendiderit aut quamlibet ejus

partem absciderit, sit anatbema maranatha."

Canisius, in his Antiquce Lectiones (i. II. p. 3.
320.), transcribes another comminatory distich,
C025!ed from a MS. of the Saint Gall library :

" Auferat hunc librum nulliis hinc, omne per asvum,
Cum Galio partem quisquis habere cupit!"

Such recommendations are now no longer In
use, and seem rather excessive. But whoever has
witnessed the extreme carelessness, not to say im-
probity, of some of the readers admitted into the
public continental libraries, who scruple not to
soil, spoil, and even purloin the most precious
and rare volumes, feels easily reconciled to the
anathema maranatha of the ninth and tenth cen-
turies.

P. S. — Excuse my French-English.

Philarete Chasles, Mazarinaeus.

Paris, Palais de I'lnstitut.

trVERIES WORN, AND MENIAL SERVICES PERFORMED,
BY GENTLEMEN.

(Vol. vl., p. 146.)

However remarkable the conduct of the rustic
esquire of Downham may appear in the present
day, when he accepted and wore the livery of
his neighbour the Knight-Baronet of Houghton
Tower, It was a common practice for gentlemen
of good birth and estate to accept and wear, and
even to assume without solicitation, upon state
occasions, the livery of an influential neighbour,
friend, or relation. In testimony of respect and
affection for the giver of the livery.

Thus it appears In the Diary of Nicholas Asshe-
ton tliat, in 1617, to the Court at Mirescough
" Cooz Assheton came with his gentlemanlie ser-
vants as anie was there," and that the retinue of
menial servants in attendance upon Sir Elchard

Houghton was graced by the presence of more
than one country gentleman of good family.
Balnes, in his History of Lancashire, vol. ii.
p. 366., also relates concerning Humphrey Che-
tham, that —

" In 1 635 be was nominated to serve the office of
sheriff of tbe county, and discharged the duties tbereof
with great honour, several gentlemen of birth and
estate attending and wearing bis livery at the assizes,
to testify their respect and affection for him."

Evelyn, In his Diary, gives a similar account of
the conduct of " divers gentlemen and persons of
quality " in the counties of Surrey and Sussex :

" 1634. My father was appointed sheriff for Surrey
and Sussex before they ivere disjoyned. He bad 116
servants in liverys, every one llvery'd in greene sattin
doublets. Divers gentlemen and persons of quality
waited on him in the same garbe and habit, which at
that time (when thirty or forty was the usual retinue
of the high sheriff) was esteemed a great matter. Nor
was this out of the least vanity that my father exceeded
(who was one of the greatest decUners of it) ; but be-
cause he could not refuse the civility of his friends and
relations, who voluntarily came themselves, or sent in
their servants."

The practice of assuming the livery of a relation
or friend, and of permitting servants also to wear
it, appears to have existed In England In the time
of Richard II., and to have had the personal ex-
ample of this sovereign to support It. He seems,
however, to have thereby excited the disappro-
bation of many of his spiritual and temporal peers.
I produce the following passage with some hesi-
tation, because it is by no means cert.ain that any
one of the liveries thus assumed by Richard was a
livery of cloth :

"17*'' Richard II. a.d. 1393-4.

" Richard Count d'Arundell puis le comenceraent de
cest present Parlement disoit au Roy, en presence des
Achevesques de Canterbirs et d'Everwyk, le Due de
Gloucestr', les Evesqnes de Wyneestre et Saresbirs, le
Count de Warrewyk et autres

" Item q le Roy deust porter la Livere de coler le
Due de Guyene et de Lancastr'.

" Item q gentz de retenue de Rol portent mesme la
Livere

" A qei nre Sf le Roi alors respondi au dit Count

q blentot apres la venue son dit uncle de

Guyene quant il vient d'Espaign darrein en Engleterre
q mesme nre Sr le Roi prist le Coler du cool mesme
son uncle et mist a son cool demesne et dist q'il vor-
roit porter et user en signe de bon amour d'entier coer
entre eux auxi come il fait les Liveres ses autres uncles.

" Item (quant au tierce) nre Sr le Roi disoit q ceo
fuist de counge de luy et de sa volunte q gentz de sa
retenue portent et usent mesme la Livere de Coler." —
lioHs of Parliament, vol. iii. p. 313.

" Richard Earl of Arundel, after the commencement
of this present parliament, said to the King in the pre-
sence of the archbishops of Canterbury and of York,

474

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

the Duke of Gloucester, the Bishops of Winchester
and Salisbury, the Earl of Warwick, and others ....

" Item. That the King uses to wear the livery of the
collar of the Duke of Guienne and of Lancaster.

" Item. That persons of the retinue of the King
wear the same livery.

" To which our lord the King then answered to the
said earl ....

" That soon after the coming of his said uncle of
Guienne, when he came from Spain last into England,
that himself our lord the King took the collar from the
neck of the same his uncle and put it on his own neck,
and said that he vowed to wear and to use it in sign
of good love of whole heart between them also, as he
did the liveries of his other uncles.

" Item (as to the third). Our lord the King said that
it was by leave from him, and by his wish, that per-
sons of his retinue wear and use the same livery of the
collar."

This practice of one of our early sovereigns
seems to afford a precedent for the mode in which
divers gentlemen and persons of quality volun-
tarily showed civility towards Richard Evelyn,
and for that in which several gentlemen of birth
and estate testified their respect and affection for
Humphrey Chetham. Nicholas Assheton also ap-
pears to have the support of this royal precedent
in so far as relates to his accepting and wearing
the livery of a friend and neighbour ; and the
custom of his day evidently lends its sanction to
his forming, upon a state occasion, one of the body
of menial servants in attendance upon Sir Richard
Houghton, when he went to meet the king.

Another passage in the Rolls of Parliament
seems to afford a respectable civic precedent for
the services performed by Nicholas Assheton and
other liveried gentlemen, when they waited at the
lords' table at Houghton Tower :

"11"> Edward lit. a.d. 1337.

" A nre Seigneur le Roy et a son conseil monstre
Richard de Bettoyne de Loundres, qe come au Corone-
ment fire Seigneur le Roy q ore est il adonge Meire de
Loundres fesoit Toffice de Botiller ove ccc e lx vadletz
vestutz d'une sute chescun portant en sa mayn un coupe
blanche d'argent come autres Meirs de Loundres ountz
faitz as Coronementz des pgenitours nostre Seigneur
le Roy dont memoire ne court pars et le fee q appen-
doit a eel jorne c'est asavoir un coupe d'or ove la
covercle et un ewer d'or enamaille lui fust livere p
assent du Counte de Lancastre et d'autres Grantz
qu'adonges y furent du Conseil nostre Seigneur le Roy
p la mayn Sire Rol5t de Wodehouse et ore vient en
estreite as Viscountes de Londres liors del Chekker de
faire lever des Biens et Chateux du dit Richard

XX.

. — IX??. xiis. vij. pur le fee avant dit dont il prie qe

lUl

remedie lui soit ordeyne.

" Et le Meire et Citoyens d'Oxenford ount p point
de chartre q'ils vendront a Londres a I'Encorroneraent
d'eyder le Meire de Loundres pur servir a la fest et
toutz jours I'ount usee. Et si i plest a nre Seigneur le

Roy et a son Conseil nous payerons volonters la fee
issent qe nous soyons descharges de la service." — Rolls
of Parliament, vol. ii. p. 96.

" To our lord the King and to his Council sheweth
Richard de Bettoyne of London, that whereas at the
coronation of our lord the King that now is, he their
mayor of London performed the office of butler with
three hundred and sixty valets clothed of one suit each,
bearing in his hand a white cup of silver, as other
mayors of London have done at the coronations of the
progenitors of our lord the King, whereof memory
runneth not, and the fee which appertained to this
day's work, that is to wit, a cup of gold with the cover,
and a ewer of gold enamelled, were delivered to him
by assent of the Earl of Lancaster, and of the other
grandees who then there were of the council of our
lord the King, by the hand of Sire Robert de Wode-
house, and now comes in estreat to the viscounts of
London out of the Checquer, to cause to take the
goods and chattels of the said Richard, eighty-nine
pounds twelve shillings and sixpence, for the fee afore-
said, whereof he prays that remedy be ordained to him.

" And the mayor and citizens of Oxford have, by
point of charter, that they shall come to London to
the coronation, to help the mayor of London to serve
at the feast, and always have so done. And if it please
our lord the King and his Council, we will pay wil-
lingly the fee, provided that we be discharged of the
service."

There can be little doubt that the citizens of
Oxford bore their own travelling expenses ; and it
seems probable that the citizens of London and
Oxford bore the cost of the three hundred and
sixty suits of clothes and three hundred and sixty
silver cups ; but this is scarcely sufficient to ac-
count for their willingness to pay a sum of money
equivalent to about fifteen hundred pounds in the
present day, in order to be relieved from the
honourable service of waiting clothed in uniform,
each with a silver cup in his hand, helping the
Mayor of London to perform the office of butler
at coronation feasts. However this may be, it is
still somewhat remarkable that, in the seventeenth
century, Nicholas Assheton of Downham, Esq.,
and other gentlemen of Lancashire, upon a less
important occasion than a coronation feast, dressed
in the livery of Sir Richard Houghton and volun-
tarily attended, day after day, at the lords' table
at Houghton Tower, and served the lords with
biscuit, wine, and jelly. J. Leweltn Curtis.

FEMALE PARISH CLERKS.

(Vol. viii., p. 338.)

The cases of Rex v. Stubbs and Olive v. Ingram,
mentioned in the following extracts from Pri-
deaux's Guide to Churchwardens, p. 4., may be of
service :

" Generally speaking, all persons inhabitants of the
parish are liable to serve the office of churchwarden,

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

475

and from the cases of Rex v. Stubbs (2 T. R. 395. ;

1 Bott. 10.), i>i which it was held that a woman is not
exempt from serving the office of overseer of the poor,
and Oliver. Ingram (2 Str. 1114.), in which it was
held that she may be a parish sexton, there may,
perhaps, be some ground for contending a woman is
not exempt from this duty."

EUSSELL GOLB.

A fevr years ago (slie may still be so) there was
a gentlewoman the parish clerk of some church in
London ; perhaps some of your readers may be
able to say where : a deputy officiated, excepting
occasionally. But many such instances have oc-
curred-

In a note in Prideaux's Directions to Church-
wardens (late edition), the following references
are given as to the power of women to fill paro-
chial and other sucli offices : Rex v. Stubbs,

2 T. R. 359. ; Olive v. Ingram, 2 Strange, 1114.

H. T. Ellacombb.
Rectory, Clyst St. George.

I beg to inform Y. S. M. that when I went to
reside near Lincoln in 1828, a woman was clerk to
the parish of Sudbrooke, and died in that capacity
a very few years after. I do not remember her
name at this moment, but I could get all par-
ticulars if required on my return to Sudbrooke
Holme. Rich. Ellison.

Balmoral Hotel, Broadstairs, Kent.

I am able to mention another instance of a
woman acting as parish clerk at Ickburgh, in the
county of Norfolk. It is the parish to Buckenham
Hall, the seat of the Honourable Francis Baring,
near Thetford. A woman there has long officiated
as parish clerk, and still continues acting in that
capacity. , F. R.

I beg to refer Y. S. M. to the following passage
in Madame d' Arblay's Diary, vol. v. p. 246. :

" There was at Collumpton only a poor wretched
ragged woman, a female clerk, to show us this church:
she pays a man for doing the duty, while she receives
the salary in right of her deceased husband ! "

M. L. G.

At Mister ton, near Crewkerne, in Somersetshire,
Mary Mounford was clerk for more than thirty
years. She gave up the office about the year
1832, and is now in Beaminster Union, just eighty-
nine years old. Herbert L. Allen.

POETICAL EPITHETS OF THE NIGHTINGALE.

(Vol. vii., p. 397. ; Vol. viii., p. 112.)

iTo the one hundred and ten epithets poeti-
cally applied to the nightingale and its song, col-

lected by Mr. Bede, permit me to add sixty-five
more.

Azure-crested. Cowper.

Bewailing. Drummond.

Chaunting. Skelton.

Chaste poet. Grainger.

Dappled. Anon.*

Darling. Carey.

Daulian minstrel. Herrick.

Delightful. Shelley.

Dusky-brown. Trench.

Earlg. C. Smith.

Elegiac. Dibdin.

Enamoured. Shelley.

Fabled. Byron.

Fair. Smart.

Greeful.^ Lodge.

Gurgling. Lloyd.

Hallow d. Moore.

Hundred-throated. Tenny-
son.

Invisible. Hurdis.

Lesbian. Bromley.

Love-learned. Tliomson.

Love-sick, Warton.

Loud-complaining. Gib-
bons.

Lulling. Anon. I

Lute-tongued. Anon.§

Mellmv. Strangford.

Midnight minstrel. Logan,

Moody. Hurdis.

Nightly. Bidlake.

Pandionian. Drummond.

Panged. Hood.

Pitiful. Herrick.

Plaintful. Drummond.

Quavering. Poole.

Querulous. Kennedy.

Rapturous. Southey.

Rural. Dryden.

Sable.\\ Drummond.

Sadly-pleasing.^ Anon.

Secret. Shelley.

Sely. Chaucer.

Sequestered. J. Montgo-
mery.

Shy. Dallas.

Silver-tuned. Carey.

Simple. Derrick.

Sobbing. Planche.

Soft-tuned. Whaley.

Solitary. Bowring.

Sorrow-soothing. Shaw.

Sprightly. Elton.

Sweet-breasted. .Beaumont
and Fletcher,

Sweet-tongved. Anon.**

Sylvan syren. Pattison.

Tearful. Potter.

Tenderest. WifFen.

Thracian. Lewis.

Transporting. Hurdis.

Unadorned. Hurdis.

Unhappy. Croxall.

Watchful. Pliilips.

Witching, Proctor.

Woodland. Smith.

Wretched. Shirley.

Wronged. P. Fletcher,

Yearly, Drayton.

Young. Lewis.

The character of the mere song alone has been
described in the following terms :

Melodious lay. Potter.
Lofty song. Yalden.
A storm of soimd. Shelley.
Impressive lay. Merry.
Swelling slow. Kirk White.
Tremzilously slow. C. Smith.
Wild melody. Shelley.
T'hick melodious note. Lloyd.
Hymn of love, Logan.
Melting lay. Henley.
Harmonious woe. Pomfret.
Well- tuned warble. Shakspeare.

* Blackwood's Mag., Jan. 1 838.

•j- " I regard the prettie, greeful bard

With tearfull, yet delightfull, notes complalne."

Heliconia.

I Lays of the Minnesingers.

§ Weekly Visitor, July, 1835.

II " Night's sable birds, which plain when others

sleep." — Thaumantia.
^ Evening Elegy. — Poetical Calendar.
** Harleian Miscellany, vol. viii.

476

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 211.

Luscious lays. Warton.
Sadly sweet. Potter.
Varied strains. Pope.
Thick-warbled notes. Milton.

W. PiNKERTON.

Ham.

PHOTOGBAnilC CORKESPONDENCE.

Photographic Exhibition. — We understand that
tlie Phototrr.apliic Society lias made arranjieuients
for an exhibition of photoj^raphs in the metropolis
during the months of January and February next.
The exhibition will not be confined to the works of
native photographers, but will comprise specimens
of the most eminent foreign artists, who have been
specially invited to contribute. From the advances
which have been made in this favourite art, even
since the recent exhibition in the rooms of tlic
Society of Arts, we may confidently anticipate
that the display on the present occasion will be
one of the highest interest.

How much Light is obstructed by a Lens ? — Can
any of your scientific correspondents furnish me
with an approximation to the quantity of light
which is transmitted through an ordinary double
achromatic lens, say of Ross, Voightlander, or any
other celebrated maker ? Lux.

Stereoscopic Angles. — I cannot agree to my
opponent's assumed amendment (?) (Vol. viii.,
p. 419.) space, for the simple reason that it would
be virtually abandoning the whole of the points
in dispute between us ; when farther discussion,
and more mature consideration, only tend to con-
vince me more firmly of the correctness of the
propositions I have advocated, viz. :

1st. That circumstances mmi and do arise in
Avhlch a better result is obtaineil in producing
stereographs, when the chord of the angle of
generation is more or less than 2^ inches.

2nd. That the positions of the camera should
not be parallel but radial.

I certainly thought that I had, as I intended,
expressed the fact that I treat the cameras ^??'e-
cisely as two eyes., and moreover I still contend
that they should be so treated ; my object being
to present to each eye exactly such a picture and
in such a direction as luoidd be j)resented under
certain circumstances. The plane of delineation
being a flat, instead of a curved surface, has
nothing whatever to do with this point, because
the curves of the retinas are not portions of one
curve having a common centre, but each having
its own centre in the axis of the pupil. That a
plane surface for receiving the image is not so
good as a spherical one would be, is not disputed ;
but this observation applies to photographs univer-
sally, and is only put up with as the lesser of two
evils. A plane surface necessarily contracts the

field of view to such a space as could be cut out
of the periphery of a hollow sphere, the versed
sine of which bears but a small ratio to its chord.

Tiiere is another misunderstanding into which
my opponent has fallen, viz. the part of the object
to be delineated, which should form the centre of
radiation, is not the most contiguous visible point,
but the most remote principal point of observation.
I perceive that this is the case from two Illustra-
tions he was kind enough to forward me, being
stereographs of a T square, placed with the points
of junction towards the observer, and the tail re-
ceding from him ; and in one case the angle of
the square is made the centre of radiation, and
while its distance from the camera is only six feet,
the points of delineation are no less than three
feet apart.

To push an argument to the extreme to test Its
value, is quite right ; but this goes far beyond the
extreme, if I may be allowed such a very Hiber-
nian expression.

No object, however minute, can be clearly seen
if brought nearer to the eyes than a certain point,
because It will be what is technically called out of
focus. It Is true that this point differs in different
individuals, but the average distance of healthy
vision Is 10 Inches. Now, adopting Mr. Merritt's
own standard of 2^ inches between the eyes. It is
clear that, supposing the central point had been
rightly selectetJ, the distance between the cameras
was only double what might have been taken as
an extreme distance. It is scarcely necessary to
suggest what a person devoid of taste (in which
category I am no doubt Included) might do in
producing monstrosities by adopting the radial
method, as such an one Is not very likely to pro-
duce good results at all.

I now address myself to another accusation. It
Is quite true that I am uftacquainted with the
scholastic dogmas of perspective, but equally true
that I am familiar with the facts thereof, as any
one must be who has studied optical and geome-
trical science generally ; and while I concur In
the propositions as enunciated for a one-eyed pic-
ture, I by no means agree to the assumption that
the " vanishing points," In the two stereographs
taken radially with the necessary precautions,
" would be so far apart, that they could not in the
stereoscope flow into one ; " on the contrary, direct
experiment shows me, what reason also suggests,
that they do flow Into one as completely as in
nature when viewed by both eyes.

I put the proposition thus, because I do not
hesitate to avow that In nature, as interpreted by
binocular vision, these points do not absolutely,
but only approximately, flow into one ; otherwise
one eye would be as effective as two.

I have not the smallest objection to my views
being considered "false to art," as, alas! her fidelity
to nature Is by no means beyond suspicion.

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

477

Lastly, as to the model- like appearance of stereo-
graphs tiiken at a large angle, Cor the fact I need
only refer the objector to most of the beautiful
foreign views now so abundant in our opticians'
shops : for the reason, is it not palpable that
increasing tlie width of the eyes is analogous to
decreasing the size of the object ? and if naturally
•we cannot " perceive at one view three sides of a
cake, two heads of a drum, nor any other like
absurdity," it is only because we do not use ob-
jects sufficiently small to permit us to do so. Even
while I am writing this, 1 have before me a small
rectangular inkholder about \\ inches square, and
distant from my eyes about one foot, in which
the very absurd phenomenon complained of does
exist ; the front, top, and both sides being perfectly
visible at once : and being one of those obstinate
fellows who \n\\ persist in judging personally from
experience if possible, I fear I shall be found in-
corrigible on the points on which your correspon-
dent has so kindly endeavoured to enlighten me.

Geo. Shadbolt.

To introduce Clouds (Vol. viii., p. 451.) as de-
sired by your correspondent 2., the negative must
be trented in the sky by solution of cyanide of po-
tassium laid on in the form desired with a camel's
hair pencil. This discharges a portion of the re-
duced silver, and allows the light to penetrate ;
but great care is required to stop the action by
well washing in water before the process has gone
too far. White clouds arc produced by painting
them in with a black pigment mixed in size.

Geo. Shadbolt.

Vit^Mti t0 M-inax ^wtxiti.

Death of Edioard II. (Vol. viii., p. 387.).—
P. C. S. S. has noticed with considerable surprise
the very strange assertion of Mr. C. M. Ingi.eby
with reference to the murder of Edward II. at
Berkeley Castle, viz. that " Echard and Rapin are
silent, both as to the event and the locality." If
Mr. Ingleby will again refer to Echard (vol. i.
p. 341., edit. 1718) and to Rapin (vol. iii. p. 147.,
edit. 1749), he will perceive that the two historians
record " both the event and the locality."

Mr. Ingleby did not perhaps consider that the
transaction in question took place during the
reign of Edward III. ; and is, therefore, not"to be
sought for at the close of that of Edward //.
(where probably Mr. C. M. Ingleby looked for
it), but among the occurrences in the time of
Edward ///. Mr. C. M. Ingleby will assuredly
find it there, not only in Echard and Rapin, but
in every other History of England since the date
of the "event." P. C. S. S.

Luther no Iconoclast (Vol. viii., p. 335.). — An
occasional contributor wishes the Editor to note

down this Query. What could have led your cor-
respondent J. G. Fitch to use so peculiarly inap-
propriate a synonym for Martin Luther as " the
great Iconoclast ? " Has he any historical evi-
dence for Luther's breaking a single image ?

It is not to defend Luther, but to point out a
defect in his teaching, as it is regarded by the ad-
herents of other Protestant churches, that Dr.
Maclaine has said, in his note on Book iv. ch. i,
§18. ofMosheim:

" It IS evident, from several passages in the writings
of Luther, that he was by no means averse to the use
of images, but that, on the contrar}', he looked upon
them as adapted to excite and animate the devotion of
the people."

Mosheim, and Merle D'Aubigne, and probably
any other historian of the Reformation in Ger-
many, may be cited as witnesses for the notorious
fact, that Carlstadt excited the citizens of AVittera-
berg to break the images in their churches when
Luther was concealed in the Castle of Wartburg,
and that he rebuked and checked these proceed-
ings on his return. See Mosheim, as cited before,
or D'Aubigne, book ix. ch. vii. and viii. II. W.

Rev. Urban Vigors (Vol. viii., p. 340.). — My
great-great-grandmother was a sister of Bishop
Vigors, who was consecrated to the see of Leighliu
and Ferns, March 8, 1690. He, I know, was a
near relative of the Rev. Urban Vigors. An
Urban Vigors of Ballycormack, co. Wexford, also
married my great-great-aunt, a Miss Thomas,
sister of Vigors Thomas, Esq., of Limerick. I
should, equally with your correspondent Y. S. M.,
wish to know any particulars of the "Vigors"
fixmily ; and should be delighted to enter into
correspondence with him.

W. Sloane Sloane-Evaks.

Cornworthy Vicarage, Totnes.

Portrait of Baretti (Vol. \ I:i., p. 411.). — In
reply to Mr. G. R. Corner's Query regarding Sir
Joshua Reynolds' picture of Baretti, I can give
him the information he requires.

This very interesting portrait is now at my
brother's, Holland House, Kensington.

My late father. Lord Holland, had a pretty
picture of the late Lord Hertford's mother (I be-
lieve), or some near relation of his. Not being
connected with that family, my father offered it to
Lord Hertford, leaving it to his lordship to give
him such picture as he might choose in exchange.
Some time afterwards this portrait of Baretti was
sent, and was much prized and admired. It re-
presents Baretti reading a small book, whicli he
liolds close to his face with both hands ; he is in a
white coat, and the whole carries with it a cer-
tainty of resemblance. This occurred about
twenty-five years ago. Perhaps it may interest
your readers to learn that our distinguished

478

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

painter, Watts, has painted for my brother, Lord
Holland, a portrait of another distinguished
Italian, Mr. Panizzi, and pendant to the former.
He is represented leaning forward and writing,
and the likeness is very striking. C. Fox.

Addison Road.

Passage in Sophocles. — In Vol. viii., p. 73., ap-
pears an article by Mr. Bdckton, in which he
quotes the following conclusion of a passage in
Sophocles :

""Orif (ppeya?
©ehs &yei irpbj &Tav
Tlpdaaeiv 5' oMyoffrhv XP^vv eKrhs dras."

This, TTfTp^ .(TTdd/x7]v apixd^iov, he translates, —

" Whose mind the God leads to destruction ; but that
he (the God) practises this a short time without destroy-
ing such an one."

But for the Italics it might have been an over-
sight : they would seem to imply he has some
authority for his translation. I have no edition
of Sophocles by me to discover, but surely no
critical scholar can acquiesce in it. The only
active sense of -irpdcrcTeiv I remember at the moment
is to exact. It surely should be translated, " And
he, lohom the God so leads to &Tr), fares a very short
time without it." The best translation of ^rrj is,
perhaps, infatuation. Moreover, how is the above
translation reconciled with the very superlative
oXiyoffTov ? M.

Brothers of the same Name (Vol. viii., p. 338.).
—It is not unusual in old pedigrees to find two
brothers or two sisters with the same Christian
name ; but it is unusual to find more than two
living at the same time with only one Christian
name between them : this, however, occurs in the
family of Gawdy of Gawdy Hall, Norfolk. Thos.
Gawdy married three wives, and by each had a son
Thomas. The eldest was a serjeant-at-law, and
died in 1556. The second was a judge of the
Queen's Bench, and died in November, 1587 or
1588. The third is known as Sir Francis Gawdy,
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas ; but he also
was baptized by the name of Thomas. Lord Coke,
who succeeded him as Chief Justice, says (Co. Lit.
3. a.) :

" If a man be baptized by the name of Thomas, and
after at his confirmation by the bishop he is named
John, he may purchase by his name of confirmation ;
and this was the case of Sir Francis Gawdie, late C. J.
of C. B., whose name of baptism was Thomas, and his
name of confirmation Francis; and that name of Francis,
by the advice of all the judges in anno 36 Henry VIII.
(1544-5), he did bear and after used in all his pur-
chases and grants."

The opportunity afforded by the Roman Catho-
lic Church of thus changing the baptismal name

may help to account for this practice, which pro-
bably arose from a desire to continue the particular
name in the family. If one of two sons with the
same name of baptism died in childhood, the other
continued the name : if both lived, one of them
might change his name at confirmation. There is
no name given at confirmation according to the
form of the Church of England. F. B.

High Dutch and Low Dutch (Vol. viii., p. 413.).
— Considerable misapprehension appears to have
arisen with regard to these expressions, from the
fact of the German word Deutsch being some-
times erroneously understood to mean Dutch.
But German scholars very well know that in
Germany nothing is more common than to speak
of Hoch Deutsch and Nieder Deutsch (High Ger-
man and Low German), as applied respectively to
that language when grammatically spoken and
correctly pronounced, and to the bad grammar
and worse pronunciation indulged in by many of
tlie provincials, and also by the lower class of
people in some of the towns where High German
is supposed to prevail. Thus, for example, Dresden
is regarded as the head-quarters of Hoch Deutsche
because there the language is spoken and pro-
nounced with the most purity : Berlin, also, as
regards the well-educated classes, boasts of the
Hoch Deutsch; but the common people (das
Volk) of the Prussian capital indulge in a dialect
called Nieder Deutsch, and speak and pronounce
the language as though they were natives of some
remote province. Now, the instance of Berlin
I take to be a striking illustration of the meaning
of these expressions, as both examples are com-
prised in the case of this city.

The German word for " German " is Deutsch ;
for "Dutch" the German is Holldndisch ; and I
presume it is from the similarity of Deutsch and
Dutch that this common error is so frequently
committed. For the future let it be remembered,
that Dutch is a term which has no relation what-
ever to German; and that "High German" is
that language spoken and written in its purity,
" Low German " all the dialects and mispronun-
ciations which do not come up to the standard of
correctness. James Spence Harry.

8. Arthur Street.

Translations of the Prayer Book into French
(Vol. vii., p. 382. ; Vol. viii., p. 343.). — Besides
the editions already mentioned, a 4to. one was
published at London in 1689, printed by R.
Everingham, and sold by R. Bentley and M.
Magnes. Prefixed to it is the placet of the king,
dated 6th October, 1662, with the subsequent
approbation of Stradling, chaplain to Gilbert
(Sheldon), Bishop of London, dated 6 th April,
1663.

It seems (" N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 92.) that a

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

479

copy is in the British Museum ; one is also in my
possession.

I presume that there were other editions between
the years 1663 and 1689. H. P.

Divining-rod (Vol. viii., p. 293.). — For 'a full
account of the divining rod see La Physique
occulie, ou Traite de la Baguette Divinatoire, Sfc,
par Pere L. de Vallemont, a work by no means
uncommon, having passed through several editions.
Mine is "a, Paris, chez Jean Boudot, avec priv.
1709, in 12°. avec figures," with the addition of a
" Traite de la Connoissance des Causes Mag-
netiques, &c., par un Curieux."

A Cornish lady informs me that the Cornish
miners to this day use the divining-rod in the way
represented in fig. 1. of the above-mentioned work.

R. J. R.

In the 351st number of the MontMy Magazine,
dated March 1st, 1821, there is a letter to the
editor from W. Partridge, dated Boxbridge,
Gloucester, giving several instances of his having
successfully used the divining-rod for the purpose
of discovering water. He says the gift is not
possessed by more than one in two thousand, and
attributes the power to electricity. Those persons
in whose hands it will work must possess a re-
dundancy of that fluid. He also states that
metals are discovered by the same means. K. B.

Slow-iuorm Superstition (Vol. viii., p. 33.). —
The belief that the slow-worm cannot die until
sunset prevails in Dorsetshire. In the New
Forest the same superstition exists with regard to
the bi'own adder. Walking in the heathy country
between Beaulieu and Christ Church I saw a
very Inrge snake of this kind, recently beaten to
death by the peasant boys, and on remarking
that the lower jaw continued to move convulsively,
I was told it would do so " till the moon was up."

An aged woman, now deceased, who had when
young been severely bitten by a snake, told me
she always felt a severe pain and swelling near
where the wound had been, on the anniversary of
the occurrence. Is this common ? and can it be
accounted for ? W. E.

Pimperne, Dorset.

Bavailliac (Vol. viii., p. 219.). — -The destruction
of the pyramid erected at Paris upon the murder
of Henry IV., ig mentioned by Thuanus, Hist,,
lib. 134. cap. 9. In your correspondent's Query,
Thesaur. is, I presume, misprinted for Thuan.

B.J.

Lines on the Institution of the Garter (Vol. viii.,
p. 182.). — A. B. R. says, "as also from the pro-
verbial expression used in Scotland, and to be
found in Scott's Works, of 'casting a leggin
girth,' as synonymous with a female ' faux pas?' "
I may mention to your correspondent (if he is not

already aware) that the expression is taken from
Allan Ramsay's continuation of Christ's Kirk on
the Green (edit. Leith, 1814, 1 vol. p. 101.) :

" Or bairns can read, they first maun spell,
I learn'd this frae my mammy ;
And coost a legen girth mysell,
Lang or I married Tammie."

and is explained by the author in a note, " Like a
tub that loses one of its bottom hoops." In the
west of Scotland the phrase is now restricted to a
young woman who has had an illegitimate child,
or what is more commonly termed " a misfortune,"
and it is probable never had another meaning.
Legen or leggen is not understood to have any
affinity in its etymology to the word leg, but is
laggen, that part of the staves which projects from
the bottom of the barrel, or of the Child's luggie,
out of which he sups his oatmeal parritch ; and
the girth, gird, or hoop, that by which the vessel
at this particular place is firmest bound together.
Burns makes a fine and emphatic use of the word
laggen in the " Birthday Address," in speaking of
the "Royal lasses dainty" (^Cunninghame, edit.
1826, vol. ii. p. 329.) :

" God bless you a', consider now,

Ye're unco muckle dantet :
But ere the course o' life be thro'

It may be bitter santet.
An I hae seen their coggie fou,

That yet hae tarrow't at it;
But or the day was done, I trow,

The laggen they hae clautet."

which means, that at last, whether through pride,
hunger, or long fasting, the appetite had become
so keen, that all, even to the last particle of the
parritch, was clautet, scartit, or scraped from the
bottom of the coggie, and to its inmost recesses
surrounded by the laggen girth. Of the motto of
the garter, " Honi soit qui mal y pense," I havQ
heard a burlesque translation known but to few,
in " Honeys sweet quo' Mally Spence," synonymous
with Proverbs, chap. ix. verse 17 : " Stolen waters
are sweet, and bread eaten in secret is pleasant."

G.N.

Passage in Bacon (Vol. viii., p. 303.). — I had,
partly from inadvertence, and partly from a belief
that a tautology would be created by a recurrence
to the idea of death, after the words " mortis ter-
rore carentem," in the preceding line, understood
the verse in question to mean, " which regards
length of life as the last of Nature's gifts." On
reconsideration, however, I do not doubt that the
received interpretation, which makes spatium ex-
tremum equivalent to Jinem, is the correct one. L.

WJiat Day is it at our Antipodes ? (Vol. viii.,
p. 102.). — A person sailing to our Antipodes
westward will lose twelve hours ; by sailing
thither eastward he will gain twelve hours. If

480

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211.

both meet together at the same hour, say eleven
o'clock, the one will reckon 11 a.m., the other

11 P.M. ESTE.

Calves'' Head Cliib (Vol. viii., p. 315). — In
Hone's Every Day Book, vol. ii. pp. 158, 159, 160.,
some more information is given on the interesting-
event referred to in the Note made by Mr. E. G.
Ballard. A print is given of the scene ; and the
obnoxious to.asts are also quoted ; they are : " The
pious memory of Oliver Cromwell ;" "Damn — n
to the race of the Stuarts ; " " The glorious year
1648 ; " " The man in the mask," &c. The print
is dated 1734, which proves that the meeting at
which the disturbance arose was not the first
which had taken place. S. A. S.

Bridgewater.

Heraldic Query (Vol. viii., p. 219.). — Although
A. was killed in open rebellion, I think his ar-
morial bearings were not forfeited unless he was
subsequently attainted by act of parliament ; and
even in that case it is possible that the act con-
tained a provision that the penalty should not ex-
tend to the prejudice of any other person than
the offender. Assuming that A. was not attainted,
or that the consequences of his attainder were thus
restricted to himself, or that his attainder has
been reversed, it is clear that his lawful posterity
are still entitled to his arms, notwithstanding the
acceptance by his grandson C. of a new grant,
which obviously could no more affect the title to
the ancient arms than the creation of a modern
barony can destroy the right of its recipient to an
older one. The descendants of C. being thus en-
titled to both coats, could, I imagine, without diffi-
culty obtain a recognition of their right; and I
think they might either use the ancient arms
alone, or the ancient and the modern arms quar-
terly, precedence being given to the former. The
proper course would be to seek the licence of the
crown for the resumption of the ancient surname,
as well as of the arms. Such permission would, I
apprehend, be now conceded, even though it should
appear that the arms were really forfeited.

Henry Gough.

Emberton, Bucks.

The Temple Lands in Scotland (Vol. viii.,
p. 317.). — These lands, or a portion of them,
were acquired, and afterwards transferred by sale,
to Mr. Gracie, by James Maidment, Esq., the
eminent Scottish antiquary, who, in 1828-29,
privately printed —

" Templaria: Papers Relative to the History, Pri-
vileges, and Possessions of the Scottish Knights Tem-
plars, and their Successors, ihe Knigbts of St. John of
Jerusalem, with Notes," &c.

This will no doubt contain all that your cor-
respondent Abredonensis could desire upon the

subject, provided he can obtain it : for the work,
professing to be printed by the author for presents,
is confined to twenty-five copies, and must there-
fore be rare. In 1831 was published by Ste-
venson, Edinburgh, an Historical Account of Lin-
litJigoivsJdre, by the late John Penney.* This
is edited by Mr. iMaidment, and contains a chapter
entitled an "Account of the Transmission of the
United Estates of the Templars and Hospitallers,
after the dissolution of the Order in the reign of
Queen IMary ; " and although the object of the
editor is to notice th'e charters connected with
Linlithgowshire, the book contains a sketch of the
general history of the lands in question, abridged
from the Templaria. J. O.

Sir John Vanhrugh (Vol. viii., p. Qi5. &c.). — In
An Account of the Life and Death of Mr. Matthew
Henry, published in the year 1716, his biographer
having related that he was chosen a minister of a
congregation of Dissenters in the city of Chester,
and that he went there to reside on the first day
of June, 1687, goes on to state (p. 75.) :

" That city was then very happy in several worthy
gentlemen that liad habitations there ; they were not
altogether strangers to Mr. Henry before he came to
live among them, but now they came to be his very
intimate acquaintance ; some of these, as Alderman
Mainwaring and Mr. Vanl)rugh, father to Sir John
Vanbrugh, were in communion wltli the Church of
Enghmd, but they heard Mr. Ileniy on the week-day
lectures, and always treated him witii great and serious
respect."

This evidence serves to show that a Mr. Van-
brugh, who was living in Chester in 1687, was the
father of Sir John Vanbrugh. I have been told
that in former times there was a sugar-bakery at
Chester. Did the father of Sir John Vanbrugh
carry on that business at Chester during any
period of his residence there ? N. W. S.

Sir Arthur Aston (Vol. viii., p. 126.). — In re-
ference to the Query of your correspondent
CiiARTHAM, I take leave to refer him to Playfair's
Baronetage, vol. ii. p. 257., where a pedigree of that
ancient family is inserted. In p. 261. is a note, by
which it appears that the said Sir Arthur Aston
had a daughter Elizabeth, born in Russia, and
married to James Thompson of Joyce Grove in
Berkshire.

In addition thereto, I recollect seeing the copy
of a deed of sale, dated April, 1637, by which it
appears that Nicholas Hercy, of Nettlebed, in co.
Oxon., sold to James Thompson of Wallingford,
in CO. Berkshire, "Joys Gi'ove," in Nettlebed
aforesaid ; and there is uniied with the same James
Thompson, apparently as a trustee, " George Tat-
tersall the younger, of Fiuchampstead, in said co.
of Berkshire."

* Query the late George Chalmers.

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

481

I also take leave to refer your corresponrlent to
Lysons's Environs nf London, vol. ii. p. 393., under
head of " Fulliam," where it is stated that Sir
Arthur Aston's father resided in tliat parish.

An Antiquaht.

Nugget (Vol. viii., p. 375.). — Colonel Mundy,
in Our Antipodes, says that the word nugget was,
before the days of gold digging, used by the
farmers of Australia to express a small thick bul-
lock, such as our English farmers would call a
lumpy one, or a little great one. A. H. White.

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482

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Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13, Paternoster
Row, London.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARA-
TUS. MATERIALS, and PURE CHE-
MICAL PREPARATIONS.

KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue,
containing Description and Price of the best
forms of Camerasandother Apparatus. Voight-
lander and Son's Lenses for Portraits and
Views, together with tlie various Materials,
anrl pure Chemical Preparations required in
practising the Photographic Art. Forwarded
free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.

Instructions given in every branch of the Art.

An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and
other Photographic Specimens.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane,
London.

DAGUERREOTYPE MATE-
RIALS. — Plates, Cases. Passepartoutes.
Best and Cheapest. To be had in great variety
at

M'MILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet
Street.

Price List Gratis.

HEAL AND SON'S EIDER
DOWN QUILTS are made in three
Varieties,- the BORDERED QUILT, the
PLAIN QUILT, and the DUVET. The
Bordered Quilt is in the usual form of Bed
Quilts, and is a most elegant and luxurious
article. The Plain Quilt is smaller, and is
useful as an extra covering on the bed, or as a
wrapper in the carriage, or on the couch. The
IJuvet is a loose case filled with Eider Down
as in general use on the Continent. Lists of
Prices and Sizes sent free by Post, on applica-
tion to

HEAL & SON'S BeddingFactory,
196. Tottenham Court Koad.

T

LEEDS LIBRARY.

IBRARI AN.— Wanted a Gen-

^J tleman of Literary Attainments, compe-
tent to undertake the duties of Librarian m the
Leeds Library. The Institution consists of
about 500 Proprietary Members, and an As-
sistant Librarian is employed. The hours of
attendance required will be from 10 a.m. to
8 p M. daily, with an interval of two hours.
Salary 120?. a year. Applications, with Cer-
tificates of Qualifications, must be sent by
letter, post paid, not later than 1st December
next, to ABRAHAM HORSFALL, ESQ.,
Hon. Sec, 9. Park Bow, Leeds.

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGA-
ZINE FOR NOVEMBER contains the
following articles: — !. Sir Walter Raleigh at
Sherborne. 2. The Parish Girl, a Poem ; by
the Rev. John Mitford. 3. Cotele. and the
Edgcumbes of the Olden Time, by Mrs. Bray,
Part II. 4. The Annals of Appetite : Soycr's
Pantrophcon. 5. Notes on Mediajval Art in
France and Germany, by J. G. Waller : Ma-
yence, Heidelberg, Basle, and Strasburg. 6.
Remarks on the White Horse of Saxony and
Brunswick, by Stephen Martin Leake, Esq.,
Garter. 7. The Campaigns of 1793-95 in Flan-
ders and Holland. Correspondence of Syl-
vanus Urban : Counsels' Fees and Lawyers'
Bills ; Shops in Westminster Hall ; The
Family of Phipps ; Mr. John Knill of St. Ive's :
Antiquity of the Mysterious Word " Wheedle.'
With Notes of the Month ; Historical and Mis-
cellaneous Reviews ; Reports of the Archseolo-
gical Societies of Wales, Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

Wiltshire, Somersetshire, Suffolk, and Essex ;
Historical Chronicle ; and Obituary, including
Memoirs of Earl Brownlow, Lord Anderson,
Right Hon. Sir Frederick Adam, Adm. Sir
Charles Adam, James Dodsley Cuff, Esq., Mr.
Adolphus Asher, Leon Jablonski, &c. Price
2s. 6d.

NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.

Will be ready in November,

TURNER AND GIRTIN'S
PICTURESQUE VIEWS SIXTY
YEARS SINCE. Edited by THOMAS MIL-
LER, ESQ., Author of " Rural Sketches," &c.
With Thirty Engravings of the Olden Time,
from Drawings by J. M. W. TURNER and
T. GIRTIN, Portraits, &c. Handsomely
bound, price One Guinea.

HOGARTH, Haymarket, London.

Fourth Edition of

pUINS OF MANY LANDS.

I\) NOTICE. — A Fourth and Cheaper
Edition, Revised and considerably Enlarged,
of MR. MICHELL'S "RUINS OF MANY
LANDS," with Portrait, cloth, price 4s. 6d.

This Edition contains Remarks on Layard's
latest Discoveries at Nineveh, and treats of
nearly all the Ruins of Interest now in the
world.

London : WILLIAM TEGG & CO.,
85. Queen Street, Cheapside.

TO BOOK COLLECTORS.—
Just published, T. MILLARD'S CATA-
LOGTTE of 10.000 VOLUMES of SECOND-
HAND BOOKS. Catalogues Gratis, and Post
Free. N.B. Libraries purchased or exchanged.
A discount of 2<7. in the Is. allowed on all new
books. Ency. Britt., 7th edit., by Napier,
18gs. ; another, 6th edit., calf, 12 gs. ; Ency.
Met., last edit., hf. elf., 18 es. s Penny Cycle,
29 vols., hf. elf.. 7 gs. ; Illustrated London
News, to end of 1852. cloth, 12 gs. ; Stafford
Gallery Collection of Pictures, 2 vols, fol., mor.
elegant. 5gs. ; Rose's Biographical Dictionary,
12 vols. 8vo. cloth, new, il. 8s., &c. — 70. New-
gate Street, City, London.

TWELFTH PUBLIC DRAW-
ING The Fifteenth Purchase of Land

having just been made for the CONSERVA-
TIVE LAND SOCIETY, consisting of a
Mansion and Park of Seventy-four Acres at
St. Margaret's on the Banks of the Thames,
opp isite Richmond Gardens, close to Three
Stations on the South-Western R;iilroad. it has
been resolved that the TWELFTH PUBLIC
DRAWING shall take place at Freemason 3
Hall, at 8 o'clock in the evening, on Thursday,
November the 17th, Visi-ount Ranelagh in the
Chair. On this occasion, 131 Sliares will be
added to the Order of Rights for priority of
Selection on the Society's Estates, namely,
87 by drawing, and 44 by seniority of date ot
Membership. All Shares taken pior to the
final numbers being placed in the wheel, wiU-
be included in this drawing.

CHARLES LEWIS GRUNEISEN,
Secretary.

Nov. 12. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

483

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-
TION, NERVOUSNESS, &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTOR-
ING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE REVALENTA AEABICA FOOD,
the only natural, pleasant, and eifectual re-
medy (witliout medicine, purging, inconveni-
ence, or expense, as it saves fifty times its cost
in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, in-
testinal, liver and hilious complaints, however
deeply rooted, dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual
constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, fla-
tulency, oppression, distension, palpitation,
eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
in the aged as well as infants, fits, spasms,
cramps, paralysis, &e.

A few ont of bO,000 Cures : —

Cure, No. 71, of dyspepsia; from the Right
Hon. the Lord Stuart de Decies : — " I have de-
rived considerable benefit from your Revalenta
ArabicaFood, and consider it due to yourselves
and the public to authorise the publication of
these lines. — Stuart de Decies.

Cure, No. 49,832 : — " Fifty years' indescrib-
able iijony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthm a,
cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sick-
ness at the stomach, and vomitings have been

removed by Du Barry's excellent food

Mabia Jou.v, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Nor-
folk."

Cure, No. 180:—" Twenty-flve years' nervons-
ness, constipation, indigestion, and debility,
from which I had suffered great misery, and
which no medicine could remove or relieve,
have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food

in a very short time W. R. Reeves, Pool

Anthony, Tiverton."

Cure, No. 4.208 : — " Eight years' dyspepsia,
nervousness, debility, with cramps, spasms, and
nausea, for which my servant had consulted
the advice of many, have been effectually re-
moved by Du Barry's delicious food in a very
short time. I shall be happy to answer any in-
quiries— Rev. John W. Flaveli., Ridlington
Rectory, Norfolk."

Z)r. fVurzer's Testimonial.

" Bonn, July 19. 1852.
"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the
most excellent, nourishing, and restorative
remedies, and supersedes, in many coses, all
kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful
in confined habit of body, as also diarrhoea,
bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
bladder, such as stone or gravel ; inflammatory
irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemor-
rhoids. This really invaluable remedy is em-
ployed with the most satisfactory result, not
only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
where irritation and pain are to be removed,
but also in pulmonary and bronchial consump-
tion, in which it counteracts effectually the
troublesome cough; and I am ennbled with
perfect truth to express the conviction that Du
Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. •' Dr. RUD WURZER,

"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D.
in Bonn."

London Agents : — Fortmim, Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Queen ; Hedges & Butler, 155. Kegent Street ;
and through all respectable gri cers, chemists,
and niedicine venders. In canisters, suitably
packed for all climates, and with full instruc-
tions, lib. 2s. 9d. ; 21b. 4s. 6rf. ; 51b. lis. ; I2lb.
22s. ; super-refined, 51b. 22s. ; iOlb. 33s. The
lOlb. and 121b. carriage free, on receipt of Post-
oflSce order. — Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Re-
gent Street, London.

Important Caution — Many invalids having
been seriously injured by spurious imitations
under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta,
Arabaca. and others, the public will do well to
see that each canister bears the name Barry,
Du Barrv & Co., 77. Regent Street, London ,
in nill, witfumt which none is genuine.

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
Founded A.D. 1842.

T. Grissell, Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

J. A. Lethbndge, Esq.

E.Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys Seager, Esq-,

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

Directors.
H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq.

M.P.
G. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Ooodhart, Esq.

Trttstees.

W.Whateley.Esq., Q.C. ; George Drew, Esq.;

T. Grissell, Esq.

Physician. — William Rich. Basham, M.D.

Bankers. — Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co.,

Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
POLICIES effected in this Oflice do not be-
come void through temporary diflRculty in pay-
ing a Premium, as permission is given upon
application to suspend the payment at interest,
according to the conditions detailed in the Pro-
spectus.

Specimens of Rales of Premium for Assuring
100?., with a Share in three-fourths of the
Profits :—

Age £ s. d. \ Age £ s. d.

17 - - - 1 14 4 I 32- - - 2 10 8

22- - - 1 18 8 I 37- - - 2 18 6

27- - -2451 42- - -382

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.B.A.S.,
Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6^., Second Edition,
with material additions, INDUSTRIAIi IN-
VESTMENT and EMIGRATION; being a
TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SO-
CIETIES, and on the General Principles of
Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of
Freehold I..aiid Societies, Building Companies,
&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com-
pound Interest and Life Assurance. By AR-
THUR SCRATCHLEY, M. A., Actuary to
the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia-
ment Street, London.

.^oiiriiiira' t dJrarnrl lift
Sl:mn\m §mki\i

52. CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
Subscribed Capital, ONE MILLION.

THIS SOCIETY PRESENTS THE FOL-
LOWING ADVANTAGES :

The Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE
MILLION.

Exemption of the Assured from all Liability.

Premiums affording particular advantages to
Young Lives.

In the former EIGHTY PER CENT, or
FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are divided
amongst the Assured Triennially, either by
way of addition to the sum assured, or in
diminution of Premium, at their option.

No deduction is made from the four-fifths
of the profits for Interest on Capital, for a,
Guarantee Fund, or on any other account.

POLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and
INDISPUTABLE, except in case of fraud.

At the General Meeting, on the 31st May
last, A BONUS was declared of nearly Two
Per Cent, per annum on the amount assured,
or at the rate of from THIRTY to upwards of
SIXTY per cent, on the Premiums paid.

POLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE
PREMIUM ONLY has been paid.

Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.

The Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o'Clock.
Assurances may be effected by applying on any
other day, between the hours of 10 and 4, at the
iOtBce of the Society, where prospectuses and
all other requisite information can be obtained.
CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretary.

ACHILLES LIFE INSTJR-

X\ ANCE COMPANY, -25. CANNON
STREET, CITY. - The Advantages offered
by this Society are Security, Economy, and
lower Rates of Premium than most other

No charge Is made for Policy Stamps or
Medical Fees. Policies indisputable.

Loans granted to Policy-holders.

For the convenience of the Working Classes,
Policies are issued as low as 20/., at the same
Rates of Premium as larger Policies.

Prospectuses and full particulars may bo
obtained on application to

HUGH B. TAPLIN, Secretary.

BANK OF DEPOSIT.

7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square,
London.

PARTIES desirous of INVEST-
ING MONEY arc requested to examine
the Plan of this Institution, by which a high
rate of Interest may be obtamed with perfect
Security.

Interest payable in January and July.

PETER MORRISON,

Managing Director.
Prospectuses free on application.

ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED

XX CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price,
and Description of upwards of 100 articles,
consisting of

PORTMANTEAUS.TRAVELLING-BAGS,
Ladies' Portmanteaus,

DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS.

DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling re-
quisites. Gratis on application, or sent free by
Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-
box and Writing-desk, their Travelling-bag
with the opening as large as the bag, and the
new Portmanteau containing four compart-
ments, are undoubtedly the best articles of the
kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.

WH. HART, RECORD
• AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUA-
RIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to
many of the early Public Kccnrds whereby his
Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform
Authors and Gentlemen engaged in Antiqua-
rian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared
to undertake searches among the Public Re-
cords, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient
Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Na-
ture, in any Branch of Literature, History,
Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and la
which he has had considerable experience.
1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCHAM, SURREY.

BENNETT'S MODEL
WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX-
HIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and
Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to
all Climates, may now be had at the MANU-
FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with
Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19
guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,.
50 iruineas ; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its performance
guaranteed. Barometers, 2/., 3/., and 4/. Ther-
mometers from Is. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of
Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,
65. CHEAPSIDE.

484

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 211,

ARNOLD'S SECOND HEBREW BOOK,
lu 12mo., price 9s.

THE SECOND HEBEEW
BOOK : containing the BOOK of GE-
NESIS, with Syntax, Vocabulary, and Gram-
matical Commentary. By the late REV. T.
K. ARNOEl), M.A., Rector of Eyndon. and
formerly I'cllow of Trinity CoUeze, Cam-
bridge ; and the REV. II. BROWNE, M.A.,
Canon of Chichester.

BIVINGTONS, "Waterloo Place ;
Of whom may be had,

THE FIRST HEBREW

BOOK : on the Plan of " Henry's First Latin
Book." 7s. G<1.

H

ERALDIC ILLUSTRA-
TIONS, &c. By A. P. HARRISON.

The following Works illustrative of English
History, Genealogy, &o., may be had of the
Author and Designer, No. 30. Gilbert Street,
Grosvenor Square, at the prices set against
the respective works. Copies will be for-
warded. Post Free, on Receipt of a Post Office
Order for the amount.

I. Roll of Arms granted by

Henry III. ns Hereditary Bearings to the
Nobility. Price, in colours, \l. 10s. Gd.
Emblazoned in gold, 21. 2s.

ir. Roll of Arms granted by

Edward I. as Hereditary Bearings to the
Knights Companions at the Siege of Karlave-
rock, A.D. 130D. I'rice, in colours, 15s. Gd. Em-
blazoned in gold, 2lj.

III. Roll of Arms granted by

Richard II. to his Nobility, a.d. 1377. Price,
in colours, il. lis. (kl. Emblazoned in gold,
62. Cs.

IV. Roll of Arms of all the

Knights of the Garter from their Installation
Plates at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle,
&c. Price, iu colours, Ibl. 15s. Emblazoned in
gold, 21?.

V. Facsimile of Magna Charta,

with Arms of the Barons.

VI. Genealogy of Sovereigns of

England from Egbert, with their Arms, &c.
Price, coloured, 21s. Emblazoned in gold,
II. lls.Gd.

VII. Facsimiles of the Warrant

for the Execution of JIary Queen of Scots
und of King Charles I. Price, on parchment,
2s. Gd. each. On vellum paper. Is. 6d each.

TO ATTTOGRAPX

AKTB 24SAWS"3CR.I1»T
ANH OTHSStS.

COZiZiECXaSS

SCIENCE OF ARCHERY,

showing its Affinity to Heraldry, .tc. By
A. P. HARRISON, Author of "Treatise on the
Formation of tlie English Constitution," &c.
8vo. Price 38. 6(/.

A. P. HARRISON, 30. Gilbert Street,
Grosvenor Sciuare.

Price lid.

PHAMBERSS EDINBURGH

V7 JOURNAL. No. 515. Saturday, Nov. 12,

1853.

Contents :
The Sea-side Resorts of the Londoners.
A few Jottings about Maps.
Trouble-the- House : A Legend of Livonia.
Present Aspects of Life Assuran;e.
Poetry of Trees.

Alligators of the Valley of the Amazon.
Miscellanea.

"W. & R. CHAMBERS, 3. Bride Court Pas-
sage, Fleet Street, London ; and 339. High
Street, Edinburgh. And sold by all Book-
sellers.

The follo\viug Documents and Letters arc Missing within the last Twelve Months : _
Letters from Mathew Hutton to the Diike of Somerset, describing

the Three Daughters of Lord Winchelsea, enigmatically, as Three Books. Dated August, 1725.

Letters from Beau Nash as to Ladies C. and H. Finch.

Dated August and September, 1725.

Letter from W. Edwards to Mathew Hutton.

Dated Burly, December nth, 1725.

Letters containing A Proposal of Marriage from the Duke of So-
merset to Lady C. Finch. Dated 1725.

Letter from the Duke of Somerset to the Earl of Winchelsea on the

same subject.

Letters between Lord Granville and the Duke of Somerset, as to

Titles on the Death of the Duke's Grandson. Dated November and December, 1714.

Autograph Notes from George IIL to Charles, Earl of Egremont, on

Public Business. Dated 1 762 and 1 783.

Letter of Lord Lyttleton to the Earl of Egremont, inclosing Com-
plimentary Verses to Lady Egremont. Dated January 1st, 1761.

A Particular of the Duchess of Somerset's Debts.

Dated October 7th, 1692.

Holograph Letter from Charles II. to the Countess of Northumber-
land, proposing the Marriage of his son George with her Grand-daughter, the Percy Heiress.

Letter from Lord Hertford to his Father, consenting to marry.
The Commencement of a Letter of Lord Nelson's, &c. &c.

Any information relative to the above will be thankfully received, and a liberal Reward paid oa

restoration of the Papers.

Apply to MESSRS. RYMER, A. MURR.VY, & RYMER, No. 5. WhitehaU, London.

This Day is published,

A CATALOGUE of a very Choice and Valuable Collection of

xV Books, Ancint and Modern, in the English and Foreign Languages, and Rooks of
Prints, m very -ne condition, also some beautifully Illuminated Manuscripts upon Veilum, in-
cluding a most Splendid Vellum MS. of the Latin Bible, in tno very larce volumes folio,
written circa 1380; also a richly Illuminated Copy of Ferdosi's Shah Nameh; in Persian, with
Ihirty-seven beautiful Piiintiijgs ; - prin^ipnlly bound by the best Binders. Derome, Bozeriau,
Kalthoeber, Walther, Lewis, Clarke. Bedford, Riviere, Aitken, &c. : selected from the Libraries
of the Rev. Dr. Hawtrey. Provost of Eton ; Very Rev. Dr. Butler, Dean of Peterborough, for-
merly Head Master of Harrow ; Right Hon. Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of
India; Rev. R. J. Coates, Sopworth House, Gloucesershire, collected by him during the last
sixty years, with great taste and judgment, regardless of expenie: S. Freeman, Esq., Fawlev
Court Cbuilt by Ini^o Jones), Henley-on-Thames ; John Miller, Esq., of Lincoln's Inn ; and
various other Libraries sold in London and the Country, with some private purchases. Now oa
sale at the prices affixed, by

JOSEPH LILLY, 19. King Street, Covcnt Garden, London.
This Valuable Catalogue will be forwarded to anv gentleman inclosing Two Postage Stamps
to prepay it. It may also be seen attached to the " Gentleman's Magazine " for November.

*** Such a Catalogue of Rare, Valuable, and Choice Books, In fine condition, has not been
published for some years.

This Day is published, price 8s. 6d.
;lHM02eEN'0Y2 O nEPI TH2 HAPAnPESBEIAS

Aoros.

DEMOSTHENIS DE FALSA
LEGATIONE. By RICHARD SHIL-
LETO, M.A., Trinity Colle-c, Cambridge.
Second Edition, carefully revised.

Cambridge : JOHN DEIGHTON.
London : GEORGE BELL.

This Day is published, price 5s. 6d.

\ N ELEMENTARY TREA-

l\ TISK ON PLANE CO-ORDINATE
GEOMETRY. By REV. W. SCOTT, M..V.,
IMathcmatical Lecturer and Late Fellow of
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.

Cambridge : JOHN DEIGHTON.
London : GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street.

Just published, price Is.

THE STEREOSCOPE,

Considered in relation to the Philosophy of
Binocular Vision. An Essay, Iiy C. MANS-
FIELD INGLEBY, M.A., of Trinity College,
Cambridge.

London : WALTON & MABERLEY, Tipper
Gower Street, and Ivv Lane. Paternoster
Row. Cambridge : J. DEIGHTON.

Also, by the same Author, price Is.,

REMARKS on some of Sir

William Hamilton's Notes on the Works of
Dr. Thomas Reid.

" Nothing in my opinion can be more cogent
than your refutation of M. Jobert." — Sir If.
Hamilton.
London : JOHN W. PARKER, West Strand.

Cambridge : E. JOHNSON. Birmingham :

II. C. LANGBRIDGE.

Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of
St. Bride, in the City of London ; and published by Geobok Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstau in the West, m the
City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.— Saturday, November 12. 1853.

OTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION
roB

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

** 'Wlien found, make a note of." — Captaik Cuttlk.

No. 212.]

Saturday, Noyember 19. 1853.

C Price Fourpence.

i Stamped Edition, 5<^-

CONTENTS.

KOTHS : — Page

Party-Similes of the Seventeenth Century: — No. 1.
" Foxes and Firebrands." No. 2. " The Trojan

Horse" 485

Testimonials to Donkeys, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A. - 438
Longevity in Cleveland, Yorkshire, by William Durrant

Cooper -.-.--. 48S
Eev. Josiah PuUen - - - - - 489

Folk Lore : — Ancient Custom in Warwickshire —
Nottinghamshire Customs ... - 490

MiNon Notes : — A Centenarian Couple — " Veni,
vidi, vici " — Autumnal Tints — Variety is pleasing —
Rome and the Number Six — Zend Grammar — The
Uuke's First Victory — Straw Paper — American
Epitaph - - - - - - - 490

QcEniEs : —

Laurie (?) on Currency, &c. - - - - 491

"Donatus Redivivus" ----- 492

Minor Queries : — Henry Scobell — The Court House

— Ash-troes attract Lightning — Symbol of Sow, &c.

— Passage in Blackwood — : Rathband Family —
Encaustic Tiles from Caen — Artificial Drainage —
Storms at the Death of Great Men — Motto on Wyl-
cotes' Brass — " Trail through the leaden sky," &c. —
Lord Aiidley's Attendants at Poictiers — Roman
Catholic Bible Society - - - - - 493

jMiNOR Queries with Answers: — "Vox Populi Vox
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Vol. VIIL— Ko. 212.

PARTY-SIMILES OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY :

NO. I. " FOXES AND FIREBRANDS." NO. U. " THE
TROJAN HORSE."

With Englishmen, at least, the seventeenth was
a century pre-eminent for quaint conceits and
fantastic similes : the literature of that period,
whether devotional, poetical, or polemical*, was
alike infected with the universal mania for strained
metaphors, and men vied with each other in giving
extraordinary titles to books, and making the con-

* Dr. Eachard, in his work on The Grounds and
Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy and lieligion
inquired into, London, 1712, after ably showing up the
pedantry of some preachers, next attacks the " indis-
creet and horrid Metaphor Mongers." " Another thing
that brings great disrespect and mischief upon the
clergy ... is their packing their sermons so full of
similitudes" (p. 41.). Eachard has a museum of curi-
osities in this line. The Puritan Pulpit, however, far
outstrips even the incredible nonsense and irreverence
which he adduces. Let any one curious in such matters
dip into a collection of Scotch Sermons of the seven-
teenth century. Sir W. Scott, in some of his works, has
endeavoured to give a faint idea of the extraordinary
way in which passages of Holy Scripture were applied
in the same century. I have a very curious book of
soliloquies, which unfortunately wants the title-page.
From internal evidence, however, it appears to have been
written in Ireland in the seventeenth century : the writer
signs himself" P. P." The editor of this little 12mo.,
in " An Epistle to the Reader," after reprehending
"the wits of our times" for "quibbling and drolling
upon the Bible," says immediately after: — "This
author's innocent abuse of Scripture is so far from coun-
tenancing, that it rather shames and condemns that
licentious and abominable practice. Nor can we admit
of the most useful allusions without that harmless
(nay lielpful and advantageous) Karaxpr}<^ts, cr abuse
here practised ; wherein the words are indeed used to
another, but yet to a Holy end and purpose, besides that
for which they were at first instituted and intended."
The most reverend of our readers must need smile,
were I to give a specimen of this "innocent abuse."

"While noticing the false wit which passed current in
that century, we must not forget that the same age
produced a South and a Butler : and tliat in beauty of
simile, few, if any, surpass Bishop Jeremy Taylor,

486

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 212.

tents justify the title. Extravagance and the far-
fetched were the gauge of wit : Donne, Herbert,
and many a man of genius fovindered on this rock,
as well as Cowley, who acted up to his own defini-
tion :

" In a true Piece of Wit all things must be,
Yet all things there agree ;
As ill the Ark, join'd without force or strife,
All creatures dwelt — all creatures that had life."

It is not, however, for the purpose of illus-
trating this mania that I am about to dwell on
the two similes nvhich form the subject of my
present Note : I selected them as favourite party-
similes which formed a standing dish for old
Anglican writers; and also because they throw
light on the history of religious party in England,
and thus form a suitable supplement to my article
on " High Church and Low Church" (Vol. viii.,
p. 117.).

As the object of the Church of England, m
separating from Rome, was the refoi'mation, not
the destruction of her former faith, by the very
act of reformation she found herself opposed to
two bodies ; namely, that from whicli she sepa-
rated, and the ultra-reformers or Puritans, who
clamoured for a radical reformation.

Taking these as the Scylla and Charybdis —
the two extremes to be avoided — the Anglican
Church hoped to attain the safe and golden mean
by steering between these opposites, and find, in
this via media course, the path of truth.

Accordingly, her divines abound with warnings
against the aforesaid Scylla and Charybdis, and
with exhortations to cleave to the middle line of
safety. Acting on the proverb that extremes meet,
they were ever drawing parallels between their
two opponents. On the other haml, the Puritans
stoutly contended that theij were the true middle-
men ; and in their turn traced divers similarities
and parallels betwixt " Popery and Prelacy," the
" Mass Book and Service Book." *

* An Analysis of the "divers pamphlets published
against the Book of Common Prayer" would make a
very curious volume. Take a passage from the Anatomy
of the Service Booh, for instance : " The cruellest of the
American savages, called the Mohaukes, though they
fattened their captive Christians to the slaughter, yet
they eat them up at once ; but the Service-book savages
eat the servants of God by piece-meal : keeping them
alive (if it may be called a life) ut sentiant se mori, that
they may be the more sensible of their dying" (p. 56.').
Sir Walter Scott quotes a curious tract in Woodstock,
entitled Vindication of the Book of Common Prayer
against the Contumelious Slanders of the Fanatic Party
terming it " Porridge." The autlior of this singular
and rare tract (says Sir W.) indulges in the allegorical
style, till he fairly hunts down the allegory. The
learned divine chases his metaphor at a very cold scent,
through a pamphlet of six mortal quarto pages. — See a

Without farther preface, I shall give the title of
a curious work, which will tell its own story :

" Foxes and Firebrands ; or A Specimen of the Danger
and Harmony of Popery and Separation. Wherein is
proved from undeniable Matter of Fact and Reason,
that Separation from the Church of England is, in the
Judgment of Papists, and by Experience, found the
most Compendious way to introduce Popery, and to
ruine the Protestant Religion :

' Tantum Religio potuit suadere Malorum.'' "

A work under this title was published, if I
mistake not, in London in 1678 by Dr. Henry
Nalson ; in 1682, Robert "Ware reprinted it with
a second part of his own; and in 1689 he added
a third and last part in 12mo., uniform with the
previous volume.* In the Epist. Ded. to Part II.
the writer says of the Church of England :

" The Papists on th6 one hand, and the Puritans on
the other, did endeavour to sully and bespatter the
glory of her Reformation : the one taxing it with in-
novation, and the other with superstition."

The Preface to the Third Part declares that
the object of the whole work is " to reclaim the
most hiiggard Papists" and Puritans.

Wheatly,in treating of the State Service for the
29th of May, remarks :

" Tlie Papists and Sectaries, like Sampson's Foxes,
though they look contrary ways, do yet both join in
carrying Fire to destroy us : their End is tiie same,
though the method be different." — Rational Illust. of
the Book of Common Prayer, 3rd edit., London, 1720,
folio.

The following passage occtirs in A Letter to the
Author of the Vindication of the Clergy, by Dr.
Eachard, London, 1705 :

" I have put in hard, I'll assure you, in all com-
panies, for two or three more : as for example, The
Papist and the Puritan being tyed together like Sampson's
Foxes. I liked it well enough, and have beseeched
them to let it pass for a phansie ; but I could never
get tlie rogues in a good humour to do it : for they say
that Sampson's foxes have been so very long and so very
often tied together, that it is high time to part them.
It may be because something very like it is to be found
in a printed sermon, which was preached thirty-eight
years ago : it is no flam nor whisker. It is the forty-
third page upon the right hand. Yours go thus. viz.
Papist and Puritan, like Sampson's Foxes, though looking
and running two several ways, yet are ever joyned to-
gether in the tail. My author has it thus, viz. The
Separatists and the Romanists consequently to their other-
wise most distant principles do fully agree, like Sampson's
Foxes, tyed together by the tails, to set all on fire, although
their faces look quite contrary ways." — P. .S4.

It would be easy to multiply passages in which
this simile occurs ; but what I have given is suffi-

Parallel of t7te Liturgy with the Mass Book, Breviary,
^-c, hy Robert Baylie, 1661, 4to.

[* See » N. & Q,.," Vol. viii., p. 172.— Ed.]

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

487

cient for my purpose, and I must leave room for
" The Trojan Horse."*

I must content myself with giving the title of
the following work, as I have never met with the
book itself: The Troja7i Horse^ or The Presby-
terian Government Unbowelled, London, 1646.

In a brochure of Primate Bramhall's, entitled

" A Faire Warning for England to take heed of the
Presbyterian Government .... Also the Siiifulnesse
and Wickediiesse of the Covenant, to introduce that
Government upon the Church of England."

the second paragraph of the first page proceeds :

" But to see those very men who plead so vehemently
against all kinds of tyranny, attempt to obtrude their
own dreames not only upon their fellow-subjects, but
upon their sovereigne himself, contrary to the dictates
of his own conscience, contrary to all law of God and
man ; yea to compell forreigne churches to dance after
their pipe, to worship that counterfeit image which
they feign to have fallen down from Jupiter, and by
force of arms to turne their neighbours out of a posses-
sion of a!)ove 1400 years, to make roome for their
Trojan Horse of ecclesiastical discijjline (a practice
never justified in the world but either by the Turk or
by the Pope) : this put us upon the defensive part.
They must not think that other men are so cowed or
grown so tame, as to stand still blowing of their noses,
whilst they bridle them and ride them at their pleasure.
Il is time to let the world see that this discipline which
they so much adore, is the very quintessence of refined
Popery"

My copy of this tract has no place or date : but
it appears to have been printed at the Hague in
1649. It was answered in the same year by
"Robert Baylie, minister at Glasgow," whose
reply was " printed at Delph."

As the tide of the time and circumstance rolled
on, this simile gained additional force and depth ;
and to understand the admirable aptitude of its
application in the passage I shall next quote, a
few preliminary remarks are necessary.

There was always in the Church of England a
portion of her members who could not forget that
the Puritans, though external to her communion,
were yet fellow Protestants ; that they differed not
in kind, but in degree — and that these differences
were insignificant compared with those of Rome.
At the same time, they reflected that perhaps the
Church of England was not exactly in the middle,
and that she would not lose were she to move
a little nearer the Puritan side. Accordingly,
various attempts were made to enlarge the terms
of her communion, and eject from her service-

* See Grey's Hudibras, Dublin, 1744, vol. ii. p. 248.,
vol. i. pp.150, 151., where allusions both to "The Trojan
Mare "and tying "the fox tails together" occur. Butler
was versed in the controversies of h^s day, and, more-
over, loved to satirise the metaphor mania by his ex-
quisitely comic similes.

book any lingering " relics of Popery" which might
offend the weaker brethren yclept the Puritans :
thus to make a grand Comprehension Creed — a
Church to include all Protestants.

This was tried in James I.'s reign at the Savoy
Conference ; but in spite of Baxter's strenuous
efforts and model pi-ayer-book, it was a failure.
Even Archbishop Sancroft was led to attempt a
similar Comprehensive Scheme, so terrified was he
at the dominance of the Roman Church in the
Second James's reign : however, William's acces-
sion, and his becoming a nonjuror, crossed his
design. In 1689, Tillotson, Burnet, and a number
of William's " Latitudinarian" clergy made a bold
push for it. A Comprehension Bill actually passed
the House of Lords, but was thrown out by the
Commons and Convocation. From William's time
toleration and encouragement were extended t<y
all save "Popish Recusants;" so thaj; there were'
a large number in the Church of England ready
to assist their comrades outside in breaking down
her fences. The High Churchmen, however, as
may be guessed, would not sit tamely by, and see
the leading Idea of the Anglican Church thrown to
the winds, her via media profaned, her park made
a common, and her distinctive doctrines and fences
levelled to the ground. What their feelings were,
may be gathered from this indignant invective :

" The most of the inconveniences we labour under
to this day, owe their original to the weakness of some,
and to the cowardice of others of the clergy. For had
they stood stiff and inflexible at first against the en—
croachments and intrigues of a Puritanical faction*
like a threefold cord, we could not have been so easily
shattered and broken. The dissenters, as well skilled;
in the art of war, have besieged the Church in form:,
and at all periods and seasons have raised their bat-
teries, and carried on their saps and counter-scarps
against her. They have left no means unessayed or.
practised, to weaken her. And when open violence
has been baffled, and useless, stratagem and contrivance
have supplied what force could never effect. Hence it
is, that imder the cant of conscience and scruple, they
have feigned a compliance of embracing her com-
munion ; if such and such ceremonies and rules that
then stood in force could be omitted, or connived at :
and having once broke ground on her discipline, they
have continued to carry on their trenches, and had
almost brought the Great Comprehension- Horse within
our walls ; whilst the complying, or the moderate clergy
(as they are called), like the infatuated Trojans, helped
forward the unwieldy machine ; nor were they aware of
the danger and destruction that might have issued out-
of him." — The Entertainer, London, 1718, p. 153.*

* Let any one interested in the history of Compre-
hension refer to the proceedings relative to the form-
ation of the " Evan<ielieal Alliance." Jeremy Collier
gives a curious parallel :■ — " Lord Burleigh, upon some
complaint against the Liturgy, bade the Dissenters
draw up another, and contrive the offices in such a
form as might give general satisfaction to their brethren*

488

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 212.

I shall but add a postscript to my former Note.
In " N. & Q." (Vol. viii., p. 156.), a munber of
pamphlets on High Church and Low Church are
referred to. A masterly sketch of the two theories
is given at pp. 87, 88. of Mr. Kingsley's Yeast,
London, 1851. Jarltzbeeg.

TESTIMONIALS TO DONKEyS.

The following extract from an article on " An-
gling in North Wales," which appeared in J'he
Field newspaper of October 22nd, contains a spe-
cimen of an entirely original kind of testimonial,
which seems to me worthy of preservation in
"N. & Q.'s" museum of curiosities :

"Beguiled by the treacherous representations of a
certain Mr. Williams, and the high character of his
donkeys, I undertook the ascent of Dunas Bran, and
poked about among the ruins of Crow Castle on its
summit, where I found nothing of any consequence,
except an appetite for my dinner. The printed paper
which Mr. Williams hands about, deploring the loss
of his 'character,' and testifying to the wonderful

Upon this overture the first classis struck out their
lines, and drew mostly by the portrait of Geneva.
This draught was referred to the consideration of a
second classis, who made no less than six hundred ex-
ceptions to it. The third classis quarrelled with the
corrections of the second, and declared for a new model.
The fourth refined no less upon the third. The trea-
surer advised all these reviews, and different com-
mittees, on purpose to break their measures and silence
their clamours against the Church. However, since
they could not come to any agreement in a form for
divine service, he had a handsome opportunity for a
release: for now they could not decently importune
him any farther. To part smoothly with them, he
assured their agents that, when they came to any
unanimous resolve upon the matter before them, they
might expect his friendship, and that he should be
ready to bring their scheme to a settlement." Col-
lier's Hist, vol. viii. p. 16. See Card well's Hist, of the
Conference connected with the Revision of the Bonk of
Common Prayer, London, 1849, 8vo. See also Quar-
terly Review, vol.1, pp. 508— 561., No. C. Jan. 1834.
The present American Prayer Book is formed on the
Comprehen'iion scheme. Last year Pickering published
a Booh of Common Prayer of the Churcli of England,
adapted for General Use in other Protestant Churches,
which is well worth referring to.

Those who wished to "comprehend" at the Roman
side of tlie via media were very few. Elizabeth and
Laud are the most prominent instances. Charles I.,
and afterwards the Nonjurors, had schemes of com-
munion with the Greek Church. A History of Com-
prehension would involve a historical notice of the
Thirty-nine Articles, and the plan of Comprehension
maintained by some to be the intention of their
framers. It should include also distinctive sketches
of the classes formerly denominated Church Papists and
Church Puritans.

superiority of all his animals, is rather amusing. Mr.
Williams evidently never had a donkey 'what wouldn't
go.' This paper commences with an affidavit from
certain of the householders and literati of Llangollen,
that he ' had received numerous testimonials, all of
which we are sorry to say has been lost.' Those pre-
served, however, and immortalised in print, suffice to
establish Mr. Williams' reputation :

" Mr. W. and his son and daughter bear testi-
mony to the civility and attention of Mr. Williams
ajid his donkeys.

" S. P., Esquire, attended at the Hand Hotel, 24th
June, 1851, and engaged four of Mr. Williams' don-
keys for the use of a party of ladies, who expressed
themselves highly gratified. The animals were re-
markably tractable, and void of stupidity.

" Mrs. D. A. B. visited Valle Crucis Abbey on the
back of Mr. Williams' ass, and is well satisfied.

"Sept. 4. 1852.

This is to certify that

LADY MAKSHALL

Is to Donkeys very partial,

And no postilion in a car, shall
Ever more her drive

O'er all the stones ;

On ' Jenny Jones '
She'll ride while she's alive ! "

Those who have visited Malvern will remember
the vast quantity of donkeys who rejoice in the
cognomen of " The Royal Moses." Their history
is as follows : — When the late Queen Dowager
was at Malvern, she frequently ascended the hills
on donkey-back ; and on all such occasions pa-
tronised a poor old woman, whose stud had been
reduced, by a succession of misfortunes, to a
solitary donkey, who answered to the name of
" Moses." At the close of her visit, her majesty,
with that kindness of heart which was such a
distinguishing trait in her character, not only
liberally rewarded the poor old woman, bvit asked
her if there was anything that she could do for
her which would be likely to bring back her
former prosperity. The old woman turned the
matter over in her mind, and then said, " Please
your majesty to give a name to my donkey." This
her Majesty did. "Moses" became " the Royal
IVIoses ; " every body wanted to I'ide him ; the
old woman's custom increased ; and when the
favoured animal died (for he is dead) he left
behind him a numerous family, all of whom are
called after their father, " the Royal Moses."

CUTHBEET BeDE, B.A.

LONGEVITY IN CLEVELAND, YORKSHIRE.

A cursory conversation with a lady in her
eighty-fifth year, now living at Skelton in Cleve-
land, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, when she

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

489

deprecated tlie notion that she was one of the old
inhabitants, led me to inquire more particularly
into the duration of life in that township. The
minister, the llev. W. Close, who has been the in-
cumbent since the year 1813, and who has had the
duties to perform, and the registers to keep, there-
fore, from about the period of the act which re-
quired the age to be stated, now forty years ago,
was most willing to give me aid and extracts from
thd burial register, from the commencement of
1813 to August, 1852, during which period 799
persons were buried. The extracts show these
extraordinary facts.

Out of the 799 persons buried in that period, no
less than 263, or nearly one-third, attained the
age of 70. Of these two, viz. Mary Postgate, who
died in 1816, and Ann Stoneliouse, who died in
1823, attained respectively the ages of 101. Nine-
teen others were 90 years of age and upwards,
viz. one was 97, one was 96, one was 95, four
were 94, one was 93, five were 92, three were 91,
and three were 90. Between the ages of 80 and
90 there died 109, of whom thirty-nine were 85
and upwards, and seventy were under 85 ; and be-
tween the ages of 70 and 80 there died 133, of
whom sixty-five were 75 years and upwards, and
sixty-eight were between 70 and 75. In one page
of the register containing eight names, six were
above 80, and in another five were above 70.

In this parish of Skelton there is now living a
man named Moon, 104 years old, who is blind
now, but managed a small farm till nearly or quite
100 ; and a blacksmith named Robinson Cook,
aged 98, who worked at his trade till May last.

In the chapelry of Brotton, which adjoins
Skelton township, and has been also under the
spiritual charge of Mr. Close, the longevity is even
more remarkable. Out of 346 persons buried
since the new register came into force in 1813,
down to 1st October, 1853, no less than 121, or
more than one-third, attained the age of 70. One
Betty Thompson, who died in 1834, was 101 ;
nineteen were more than 90, of whom one was
98, two were 97, three were 95, one was 93, four
were 92, five were 91, and three were 90; there
were forty- four who died between 80 and 90 years
old, of whom nineteen were 85 and upwards, and
twenty-five were between 80 and 85 ; and there
were fifty- seven Avho died between the ages of 70
and 80, of whom no less than thirty-one were 75
and upwards. The average of the chapelry is in-
creased from the circumstance that sixteen bodies
of persons drowned in the sea in wrecks, and
whose ages were not of course very great, are in-
cluded in the whole number of 346 burials. That
celibacy did not lessen the chance of life, was
proved by a bachelor named Simpson, who died at
92, and his maiden sister at 91.

I am told that the neighbouring parish of Up-
leatham has also a high character for longevity.

but I had not the same opportunity of examining
the register as was afforded me by Mr. Close.

And now for a Query. What other, if any
district in the north or south, will show like or
greater longevity ? William Dubkast Cooper.

REV. JOSIAH PUIJ:.EN.

Every Oxford man regards with some degree
of interest that goal of so many of his walks,
Joe Pullen's tree, on Headington Hill. So at
least it was in my time, now some thirty years
since. Perhaps the following notices of him, who
I suppose planted it, or at all events gave name
to it, may be acceptable to your Oxford readers.
They are taken from that most curious collection
(alas! too little known) the Pocket-books of Tom
Hearne, vol. liii. pp. 25-35., now in the Bodleian :

"Jan. 1, 1714-15. Last night died Mr. Josiah Pul-
len, A.M., minister of St. Peter's in the East, and
Vice- Principal of Magdalen Hall. He had also a par-
sonage in the countrj'. He was formerly domestick chap-
lain to Bishop Sanderson, to whom he administered the
sacrament at his death. He lived to a very great age,
being about fourscore and three, and was always very
healthy and vigorous. He was regular in Jiis way of
living, but too close, considering that he was a single
man, and was wealthy. He seldom used spectacles,
which made him guilty of great blunders at divine
service, for he would officiate to the last. He admini-
stered the Sacrament last Christmas Day to a great
congregation at St. Peter's, which brought his illness
upon him. He took his B. A. degree May 2(J, 1654»
He became minister of St. Peter's in the East anno
1668, which was the year before Dr. Charlett was en-
tered at Oxford."— P. 25.

" Jan. 7, Friday. This day, at four in the afternoon,
Mr. PuUen was buried in St. Peter's Church, in the
chapel at the north side of the chancell. All the
parishioners were invited, and the pall was held up by
six Heads of Houses, though it should have been by
six Masters of Arts, as Dr. Radcliffe's pall should have
been held up by Doctors in Physic, and not by Doctors
of Divinity and Doctors of Law." — P. 32.

Dr. Radclifle's funeral had taken place in the
preceding month.

In Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. iv. p. 181.,
is the following epitaph of PuUen, drawn up by
Mr. Thomas W^agstaffe :

" Hie jacet reverendus vir Josia Pullen, A. M.,
Aul» Magd. 57 annos vice principalis, necnon hujusce
ecclesia; Pastor 39 annos. Obiit 31" Decembris, anno
Domini 1714, aetatis 84."

From the notice of Thomas Yalden, in John-
son's Lives of the Poets, it appears that Yalden
was a pupil of Pullen. (See also Walton's Life
of Sanderson, towards the end.) I hope this may
elicit some farther account of a man whose name
has survived so long in Oxford memory.

490

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 212.

As to the tree, I have some recollection of
having heard that it had a few years ago a narrow
escape of being thrown down, sometime about the
vice-chancellorship of Dr. Symons, who promptly
came forward to the rescue. Was it ever in such
peril ? and, if so, was it preserved ?

Balliolensis.

POIiK LORE.

Ancient Custom in Warwickshire. — In Sir Wil-
liam Dugdale's Diary, under the year 1658, is
noted the following :

" On All Hallow Even, the master of the family
antiently used to carry a bunch of straw, fired, about
his come, saying,

' Fire and red low,
Liglit on my teen low.'"

Can any of yonr readers learned in ancient lore
explain the custom and the meaning of the
couplet, as well as its origin ? Does it now at all
prevail in that county ? J. B. Whitborne.

NottingJiamsliire Customs. — 1. The 29th of
May is observed by the Notts juveniles not only
by wearing the usual piece of oak-twig, but each
young loyalist is armed with a nettle, as coarse as
can be procured, with which instrument of torture
are coerced those unfortunates who are unpro-
vided with "royal oak," as it is called. Some
who are unable to procure it endeavour to avoid
the penalty by wearing " dog-oak " (maple), but
the punishment is always more severe on discovery
of the imposition.

2. On Shrove Tuesday, the first pancake cooked
is given to Chanticleer for his sole gratification.

3. The following matrimonial custom prevails
at Wellow or Welley, as it is called, a village in
the heart of the county. The account is copied
from the Notts Guardian of April 28, 1853 :

" Wellow. It has been a custom from time imme-
morial in this parish, when the banns of marriage are
published, for a person, selected by the clerk, to rise
and say ' God speed them well,' the clerk and con-
gregation responding, Amen ! Owing to the recent
death of the person who officiated in this ceremony,
last Sunday, after the banns of marriage were read, a
perfect silence prevailed, the person chosen, either from
want of courage or loss of memory, not performing his
part until after receiving an intimation from the clerk,
and then in so faint a tone as to be scarcely audible.
His whispered good wishes were, however, followed by
a hearty Amen, mingled with some laughter in different
parts of the church."

I do not know whether any notices of the above
have appeared in "N. & Q," and send to inquire
respecting 1. and 3. whether a similar custom holds
elsewhere ; and whether 2. has any connexion
with the disused practice of cock-shying ?

FURVUS.

A Centenarian Couple. — The obituary of Black-
wood's Magazine for August, 1821, contains the
following :

" Lately, in Campbell, County Virginia, Mr. Chas.
Layne, sen., aged 121 years, being born at Albemarle,
near Buckingham county, 1700. He has loft a widow
aged 1 10 years, and a numerous and respectable family
down to the fourth generation. He was a subject" of
four British sovereigns, and a citizen of the United
States for nearly forty-eight years. Until within a few
years he enjoyed all his faculties, and excellent health."

The above extract is followed by notices of the
deaths of Anne Bryan, of Ashford, co. Waterford,
aged 111; and Wm. Munro, gardener at Rose
Hall, aged 104. Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

" Veni, vidi, vici." — To these remarkable and
well-known words of the Roman general, I beg to
forward two more sententious despatches of cele-
brated generals :

Suwarrow. " Slava bogu ! Slava vam !
Krepost Vzala, yiatam."

" Glory to God and the Empress ! Ismail's ours."

It is also stated, I do not know on what authority,
that the old and lamented warrior, Sir Charles
Napier, wrote on the conquest of Scinde, " Pec-
cavi."

Perhaps some of your correspondents could add
a few more pithy sentences on a like subject.

G. Lloyd.

Dublin.

Autumnal Tints. — Scarce any one can have
failed to notice the unusual richness and brilliance
of the autumnal tints on the foliage this year. I
have more particularly remarked this in Clydes-
dale, the lake districts of Cumberland and West-
moreland, and in Somersetshire and Devonshire.
Can any of the contributors to " N. & Q." inform
me if attributable to the extraordinary wetness of
the season ? R. H. B.

Va7-iety is pleasing. — Looking over my last
year's note-book, I find the following morceau,
which I think ought to be preserved in " N. & Q. :"

" Nov. 30, 1851. Observed in the window of the
Shakspeare Inn a written paper running thus :

' To be raffled for :

The finding of Moses, and six

Fat geeze ( ! ! )•

Tickets at the bar.' "

R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

Rome and the Numler Six. — It has been re-
marked lately in " N. & Q." that in English his-
tory, the reign of the second sovereign of the same
name has been infelicitous. I cannot turn to the

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

491

note I read, and I forget whether it noticed the
remarks in Aubrey's Miscellanies (London, 8vo.,
1696), that " all the second kings since the Con-
quest have been unfortunate." It may be worth
the while to add (what is remarked by Mr. Mat-
thews in his Diary of an Invalid), that the num-
ber six has been considered at Rome as ominous
of misfortune. Tarquinius Sextus was the very
worst of tlie Tarquins, and his brutal conduct led
to a revolution in the government ; under Urban
the Sixth, the great schism of the West broke out ;
Alexander the Sixth outdid all that his prede-
cessors amongst the Tarquins or the Popes had
ventured to do before him ; and the presentiment
seemed to receive confirmation in the misfortunes
of" the reign of his successor Pius VI., to whose
election was applied the line :

" Semper sub sextis perdita Roma fuit."

W. S. G.

Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Zend Grammar. — The following fragment on
Zend grammar having fallen in my way, I inclose
you a copy, as the remarks contained in it may be
of service to Oriental scholars.

I am unable to state the author's name, although
I suspect the MS. to be from a highly important
quarter. The subject-matter, however, is suffi-
ciently important to merit publication.

" The Zend, of disputed authenticity, and the As-
mani Zuban, a notoriously fictitious tongue, compared."

" It is well known that Sanscrit words abound in
Zend ; and that some of its inflexions are formed by the
rules of the Vyacaran or Sanscrit grammar.

" It would therefore seem quite possible that by ap-
plication of these rules a grammar might be written
of the Zend. Would such a composition afford any
proof of the disputed point — the authenticity of the
Zend?

" I think it would not, and support my opinion by
reasons founded on the following facts.

" The Asmani Zuban of the Desstii is most inti-
mately allied to Persian. It is, in fact, fabricated out
of that language, as is shown by clear internal evidence.
Now the grammatical structure of this fictitious tongue
is identical with that of Persian : and hence by follow-
ing the rules of Persian grammar, a grammar of the
Asmani Zuban might be easily framed. But would
this work advance the cause of forgery, and tend to in-
vest it with the quality of truth ? No more, I answer,
and for the same reason, than is a grammar of the
Zend, founded on the Vyacaran, to be received in proof
of the authenticity of that language."

Kekneth R. H. Mackenzie.

The Duke's first Victory. — Perhaps it may in-
terest the future author of the life of the Duke of
Wellington to be informed of h\s, first victory. It
was not in India, as commonly supposed, but on
Donnybrook Road, near Dublin, that his first
laurels were won. This appears from the Free-

man's Journal, September 18th, 1789, where we
learn that In consequence of a wager between him
and Mr. Whaley of 150 guineas, the Hon. Arthur
Wesley walked from the five-mile stone on Don-
nybrook Road to the corner of the circular road
In Leeson Street, in fifty-five minutes, and that a
number of gentlemen rode with the walker, whose
horses he kept in a tolerable smart trot. When it
is recollected that those were Irish miles, even de-
ducting the distance from Leeson Street to the
Castle, whence the original measurements were
made, this walk must be computed at nearly six
English miles. Omickoh-.

Straiv Paper. — Various papers manufactured
of straw are now in the market The pen moves
so easily over any and all of them, that literary
men should give them a trial. As there seems
considerable likelihood of this manufacture being
extensively Introduced, on account of the dearness
of rags, &c., it is to be hoped that it will not be
improved Into the resemblance of ordinary paper.
Time was when ordinary paper could be written
on In comfort, but that which adulterated Fal-
stafF's sack spoiled It for the purpose, and con-
verted it into limed twigs to catch the winged
pen. M.

American Epitaph (Vol. vlii., p. 273.). — The
following lines are to be seen on a tombstone in
Virginia :

" My name, my country, what are they to thee ?
What whether high, or low, my pedigree ?
Perhaps I far surpass'd all other men :
Perhaps I fell behind them all — what then ?
Suffice it, stranger, that thou see'st a tomb,
Thou know'st its use ; it hides — no matter whom."

w.w.

Malta.

<lSi\itxiti,

tAURIE (?) ON CURKENCY, ETC.

I have before me a bulky volume, apparently
unpublished, treating of currency and of many
other politico-economical affairs ; the authorship
of which I am desirous of tracing. If any reader
of " N. & Q." can assist my search 1 shall feel
greatly obliged to him.

This volume extends to 936 closely printed
pages, and Is altogether without divisions either of
book, chapter, or section. It has neither title-
page, conclusion, imprint, or date ; and my copy
seems to consist of revises or "clean sheets" as
they came from the press. The main gist of the '
work Is thus described, apparently by the author
himself, In a MS. note which occupies the place of
the title-page :

" It is here meant to show that in civilised nations
money is an emanating circulable wealth and power.

492

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 212.

without which individuals cannot go on in improve-
ment on independent principles. It resolves wealtli
into the forms most conducive to this object, and pre-
pares for the highest services both individuals and
communities."

The book, however, Is extremely discursive, and
no small portion of it is devoted to foreign politics.
Thus, of the "Eastern Question," the author dis-
poses in this fashion :

" Austria, to answer its destination, ougiit to com-
prise Wallachia, Bessarabia, Moldavia, and, following
the line of demarcation drawn by the Danube, the whole
territory at its debouchment . . . Turkey cannot re-
gard the sacrifices proposed as of much importance,
when such security as that now in contemplation could
be obtained. Tlie whole strength of her immense
empire is at present drained to support her contest on
this very barrier with Russia. But that barrier, it is
evident, would this way be efTectually secured : for
Austria has too many points of importance to protect,
to dream of creating new ones on this feeble yet ex-
tended confine of her domains." — Pp. 835, 836.

From internal evidence, the book appears to
have been written between 1812 and 1815. It is
printed in half-sheets, from sig. A to sig. 6 B, and
three half-sheets are wanting, viz. E, 5 Q, and
5 R. In place of the last two, the following MS.
note is inserted :

" Tlie speculations in the two following sheets in-
cluded views that related to the disorganised state of
Turkey, and the unhappy deijendence of the Bourbon
family ; whicli are now, from the changes which have
taken place, altogether unfit for publication."

The sole indication of the authorship which I
have observed throughout the volume lies in the
following foot-note, at p. 893. :

" This is all that seems to be necessary to say on the
subject of education. In a treatise published by me a
few years ago, entitled Improvements in Glasgow, I
think I have exhausted," &c.*

The only treatise with such a title which I find
in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica is thus entered :

" Laurie, David. Proposed improvements in Glas-
gow. Glasg., 1810, 8vo. — Hints regarding the East
India Monopoly, 1813. 2s."

My Queries then are these :

1. Is anything known of such a treatise on
"circulable wealth," &c., as that which I have
named ?

2. Is any biographical notice extant of the
" David Laurie " mentioned by Watt ?

I may add that the volume in question was
recently purchased along with about 1000 other
pamphlets and books, chiefly on political economy :

* I find no mention of Mr. Laurie, or of his
" Improvements in Glasgow," in Cleland's Amials of
Glasgow, published in 1816; nor is he mentioned in
Mr. M'CuUoch's Literature of Political Economy.

all of which appear to have formerly belonged to
the late Lord Bexley, and to have been for the
most part collected by him when Chancellor of the
Exchequer. E,

Old Trafford, near Manchester.

" DONATUS REDIVIVUS."

Can you, or any of your correspondents, give
me any information relative to the history or
authorship of the following pamphlet ? —

" Donatus Redivivus : or a Reprimand to a modern
Church-Schismatick, for his Revival of the Donatistical
Heresy of Ilebaptization, in Defiance to the Judgment
and Practice of the Catholick Church, and of the
Church of England in particular. In a Letter ta
Himself. London, 1714."

The same tract (precisely identical, except in the
title-page) is also to be found with the following
title :

" Rebaptization condemned. Wherein is shown,
1. That to Rebaptize any Person that was once Bap-
tiz'd, even by Laymen, in the name of the Sacred
Trinity, is contrary to the Practice of the Catholick
Church in all Ages. 2. That it is repugnant to the
Principles and Practice of the Church of England.
3. The Pernicious Consequences of such a Practice.
By the Author of Plain Dealing, or Separation without
Schism," &c. London, 1716.

I am aware that, according to Dr. Watt, the
author of Plain Dealing was Charles Owen, D.D.,
but he makes no mention of Donatus Redi-
vivus, and I am unable to discover any account
of Dr. Charles Owen or his writings elsewhere.
There appears to have been a reply to Donatus
Redivivus, purporting to be from the pen of a
Mrs. Jane Chorlton. This I have never seen,
and have only learned of its existence from a sub-
sequent pamphlet with the following title :

"The Amazon Disarm'd : or, the Sophisms of a
Schismatical Pamphlet, pretendedly writ by a Gentle-
M'oman, entituled An Answer to Donatus Redivivus,
exposed and confuted ; being a further Vindication of
the Church of England from the scandalous imputation
of Donatism or Rebaptization, London, 1714."

The dedication of this last tract begins as follows :

" To the Reverend Mr. L — ter, and the Demi-re-
verend Mr. M— 1 — n.

" Gentlemen,
" This letter belongs to you upon a double account,
as you were the chief Actors in the late Rebaptization,
and are the supposed Vindicators of it, in the Answer
to Donatus ; a Treatise writ in Defence of the Senti-
ments of the Church, which you father upon a Dis-
senting Minister, and disingenuously point out to
Mr. O n by Name," &c.

The point which I wish particularly to ascertain
is, whether Dr. Charles Owen was really the

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

49a

author of either of the tracts I have mentioned ;
and if so, who he was, and where I can find an
account of him and his writings. 'AXteis,

Dublin.

Minav catteries.

Henry Scohell. — Henry Scobell, compiler of a
well-known Collection of Acts, was for several
years clerk to the Long Parliament. I should be
glad to learn what became of him after the dis-
solution of that assembly. A Leguleian.

The Court House. — This place is situated in
Painswick, in Gloucestershire, and has been de-
scribed to me as an old out-of-the-way place.
Where can I meet with a full description of it ? Is
the tradition that a king — supposed to be either the
first or second Charles — ever slept there true ?

F. M.

Ash-trees attract Lightning. — Is it true that
ash-trees are more attractive to lightning than
any others ? and the reason, because the surface
of the ground around is drier than round other
trees ? C. S. W.

Symhol of Sow, ^-c. — A sow suckled by a litter
of young pigs is a common representation carved
on the bosses of the roofs of churches. What is
this symbolical of? F. G. C.

Ottery St. Mary.

Passage in Blackwood. —

" I sate, and wept in secret the tears that men have
ever given to the memory of those that died before the
dawn, and by the treachery of earth our mother." —
Blackwood's Magazine, December, 1849, p. 72., 3rd line,
second column.

Will some of your readers give information re-
specting the above words in Italic ? D. N. O.

Rathhand Family. — Can any of your readers
assist me in distinguishing between the several
members of this clerical family, which flourished
during the period of the Commonwealth, and im-
mediately preceding? From Palmer's Noncon-
formist Mem. (vol. i. p. 520.), there was a Mr.
William Rathband, M.A., ejected from Southwold,
a member of Oxford University, who was brother
to Mr. Rathband, sometime preacher in the Min-
ster of York, and son of an old Nonconformist
minister, Mr. W. Rathband, who wrote against
the Brownists. — I should feel obliged by any in-
formation which would identify them with the
livings they severally held. Oliver.

Encaustic Tiles from Caen. — In the town of
Caen,_ in Normandy, is an ancient Gothic building
standing in the grounds of the ancient convent of
the Benedictines, now used as a college. This

building, which is commonly known as the " Salle
des Gardes de Guillaume le Conquerant," was
many years ago paved with glazed emblazoned
earthenware tiles, which were of the dimensions of
about five inches square, and one and a quarter
thick ; the subjects of them were said to be the
arms of some of the chiefs who accompanied
William the Conqueror to England. Some anti-
quaries said these tiles were of the age of Wil-
liam I. ; others that they could only date from
Edward III. I find it stated in the Gentleman^s
Magazine for March, 1789, vol. lix. p. 211., that
twenty of the tiles above spoken of were taken up
by the Benedictine monks, and sent as a present
to Charles Chadwick, Esq., Healey Hall, Lanca-
shire, in 1786. The rest of the tiles were de-
stroyed by the revolutionists, with the exception
of some which were fortunately saved by the
Abbe de la Rue and M. P. A. Lair, of Caen.
What I wish to inquire is, firstly, who was Charles
Chadwick, Esq. ? and secondly, supposing that he
is no longer living, which I think from the lapse
of time will be most probable, does any one know
what became of the tiles which he had received
from France in 1786 ? George Boase.

P. S. — The Gentleman! s Magazine gives a plate
of these tiles, as well as a plate of some others with
which another ancient building, called " Grand
Palais de Guillaume le Conquerant," was paved.

Alverton Vean, Penzance.

Ai'tificial Drainage. — Can any of your cor-
respondents refer me to a work, or works, giving
a history of draining marshes by machines for
raising the water to a higher level ? Windmills, I
suppose, were the first engines so used, but neither
Beckmann nor Dugdale informs us when first used.
I have found one mentioned in a conveyance dated
1642, but they were much earlier. Any inform-
ation on the history of the drainage of the marshes
near Great Yarmouth, of which JDugdale gives a
passing notice only, would also be very acceptable
to me. E. G. R.

Storms at the Death of great Men. — Your cor-
respondent at Vol. vi., p. 531., mentions "the
storms which have been noticed to take place at
the time of the death of many great men known to
our history."

A list of these would be curious. With a
passing reference to the familiar instance of the
Crucifixion, as connected with all history, we may
note, as more strictly belonging to the class, those
storms that occurred at the deaths of " The Great
Marquis" of Montrose, 21st May, 1650; Crom-
well, 3rd September, 1658 ; Elizabeth Gaunt, who
was burnt 23rd October, 1685, and holds her re-
putation as the last female who suiTered death for
a political offence in England ; and Napoleon,
5th JMay, 1821 ; as well as that which solemnised

494

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 212.

the burial of Sir "Walter Scott, 26th September,
1832. W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

Motto on Wylcotes' Brass. — In the brass of Sir
John Wylcotes, Great TeAV Church, Oxfordshire,
the following motto occurs :

"IN . ON . IS . AL."

I shall feel obliged if any one of your numerous

correspondents will enlighten my ignorance by

explaining it to me. W. B. D.
Lynn.

" Trail through the leaden sky" SfC. —
" Trail through the leaden sky their bannerets of fire."

Where is this line to be found, as applied to the
spirits of the storm ? K. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

Lord Audley's Attendants at Poictiers. — Accord-
ing to the French historian Froissart, four knights
or esquires, whose names he does not supply,
attended the brave Lord Audley at the memorable
battle of Poictiers, who, some English historians
say, were Sir John Delves of Doddington, Sir
Thomas Button of Dutton, Sir Robert Fowlehurst
of Crewe (all these places being in Cheshire), and
Sir John Hawkstone of Wrinehill in Staffordshire ;
whilst others name Sir James de Mackworth of
Mackworth in Derbyshire, and Sir Richard de
Tunstall alias Sneyde of Tunstall in Staffordshire,
as two of such knights or esquires. The accuracy
of Froissart as an historian has never been ques-
tioned ; and as he expressly names only four
attendants on Lord Audley at the battle of Poic-
tiers, it is extremely desirable it should be ascer-
tained if possible which of the six above-named
knights really were the companions of Lord Aud-
ley Froissart alludes to ; and probably some of your
learned correspondents may be able to clear up
the doubts on the point raised by our historians.

T.J.

Worcester.

Roman Catholic Bible Society. — About the
year 1812, or 1813, a Roman Catholic Bible So-
ciety was established in London, in which Mr.
Charles Butler, and many other leading gentle-
men, took a warm part. How long did it con-
tinue ? Why was it dissolved ? Did it publish
any annual reports, or issue any book or tract,
besides an edition of the New Testament in 1815 ?
Where can the fullest account of it be found ?

Will any gentleman be kind enough to sell, or
even to lend, me Blair's Correspondence on the
Roman Catholic Bible Society, a pamphlet pub-
lished in 1813, which I have not been able to meet
with at a bookseller's shop, and am very desirous
to see. Henry Cotton.

Thurles, Ireland.

" Vox Populi Vox Dei." — Lieber, in the last
chapter of his Civil Liberty, treating of this
dictum, ascribes its origin to the Middle Ages,
acknowledging, however, that he is unable to give
anything very definite. Sir William Hamilton, in
his edition of the Works of Thomas Reid, gives
the concluding words of Hesiod's Wo7'ks and Days
thus :

" The word proclaimed by the concordant voice of
mankind fails not; for in man speaks God."

And to this the great philosopher adds :

" Hence the adage (?), ' Vox Populi vox Dei.' "
The sign of interrogation is Sir William Hamil-
ton's, and he was right to put it ; for whatever the
psychological connexion between Hesiod's dictum
and V. P. V. D. may be, there is surely no his-
torical. "Vox Populi vox Dei" is a different
concept, breathing the spirit of a different age.

How far back, then, can the dictum in these
very words be traced ?

Does it, as Lieber says, originally belong to the
election of bishops by the people ?

Or was it of Crusade origin ?

America begs Europe to give her facts, not
speculation, and hopes that Europe will be good
enough to comply with her request. Europe has
given the serious " V. P. V. D." to America, so
she may as well give its history to America too.

Americus.

[As this Query of Americus contains some new il-
lustration of the history of this phrase, we have given
it insertion, although the subject has already been dis-
cussed in our columns. The writer will, however, find
that the earliest known instances of the use of the
saying are, by William of Malmesbury, who, speaking
of Odo yielding his consent to be Archbishop of Can-
terbury, A. B. 920, says : " Recogitans illud Proverbium,
Vox Populi Vox Dei; " and by Walter Reynolds, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, who, as we learn from Walsing-
ham, took it as his text for the sermon which he
preached when Edward III. was called to the throne,
from which the people had pulled down Edward II.
Americus is farther referred to Mr. G. Cornewall
Lewis' Essni/ on the Influence of Authority in Matters of
Opinion (pp. 172, 173., and the accompanying notes)
for some interesting remarks upon it. See farther,
«N. & Q..." Vol. i., pp. 370. 419. 492.; Vol. iii.,
pp. 288. 381.]

" Lanquettes Cronicles." — Of what date is the
earliest printed copy of these Chronicles? The
oldest I am acquainted with is 1560, in quarto
(continued up to 1540 by Bishop Cooper). Is
this edition rare ? R- C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

[The earliest edition is that printed by T. Berthe-
let, 4to., 1549. The first two parts of this Chronicle,

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

495

and the beginning of the third, as far as the seventeenth
year after Christ, were composed by Thomas Lanquet,
a young man of twenty-four years of age. Owing to
his early death, Bisliop Cooper finished the work ; and
his part, which is the third, contains almost thrice as
much as Lanquet's two parts, being taken from Achilles
Pyrminius. When it was finished, a surreptitious edi-
tion appeared in 1559, under the title of Lanquet's
Chronicle; whereupon the bishop protested against "the
vnhonest dealynge" of this book, edited by Tliomas
Crowley, in the next edition, entitled Cooper's Chroni-
cle, "printed in the house late Thomas Berthelettes,"
1560. The running title to the first and second
parts is, " Lanquet's Chronicle ; " and to the third,
" The Epitome of Chronicles." The other editions
are, "London, 1554," 4to., and "London, 1565," 4to.
We should think the edition of 1560 rare : it was in
the collections of Mr. Heber and Mr. Herbert. In
this work the following memorable passage occurs,
under the year 1542 : — " One named Johannes Faus-
tius fyrste founde the crafte of printynge in the citee of
Mens in Germanic,"]

" Our English Milo." — Bishop Hall extols in
his Heaven upon Earth the valour of a country-
man in a Spanish bull-fight (see p. 335., collected
ed. Works, 1622). Of whom does he speak?

R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

[If we may offer a conjecture, in the passage cited
the bishop seems to refer to that " greatest scourge of
Spain " Sir Walter Raleigh, and not so much to a
bull-fight as to the Spanish Armada. The bishop is
prescribing Expectation as a remedy for Crosses, and
says, " Is it not credible what a fore-resolved mind can
do — can suffer? Could our English Milo, of whom
Spain yet speaketh, since their last peace, have over-
thrown that furious beast, made now more violent
through the rage of his baiting, if he had not settled
himself in his station, and expected ? " Sir Walter's
" fore-resolved and expectant mind " was shown in the
publication of his treatise. Notes of Direction for the
Defence of the Kingdom, written three years before the
Spanish invasion of 1588.]

" Delights for Ladies."
small volume entitled —

I lately picked up a

" Delights for Ladies ; to adorne their Persons,
Tables, Closets, and Distillatories, with Beauties, Bou-
quets, Perfumes, and Waters. Reade, practise, and
censure." London, Robert Young, 1640.

Who is the author of this interesting little work ?
Some one has written on the fly-leaf, " See Douce's
Illustrations of Shakspeare, vol. i. p. 69., where
there is a reference to this curious little book ; "
but as I cannot readily lay my hand on Douce, I
will feel obliged for the information sought for
from any of your valued correspondents.

Geokge Lloyd.
Dublin.

[The author was Sir Hugh Plat, who, says Harte,
^ not to mention his most excellent talents, was the most

ingenious husbandman of the age he lived in. In a
word, no man ever discovered, or at least brought into
use, so many new sorts of manure." The Delights for
Ladies first appeared in 1602, and passed through se-
veral editions. Douce merely quotes this work. Plat
was the author of several other works : see Watt and
Lowndes.]

Burton's Death. — Did Burton, author of Ana-
tomy of Melancholy, commit suicide ? C. S. W.

[The supposition that Robert Burton committed
suicide originated from a statement found in Wood's-
Athena, vol. ii. p. 653. (Bliss). Wood says, " He, the
said R. Burton, paid his last debt to nature in h\&
chamber in Christ Church, at or very near that time
which he had some years before foretold from the cal-
culation of his own nativity ; which, being exact, se-
veral of the students did not forbear to whisper among
themselves that, rather than there should be a mistake-
in the calculation, he sent up his soul to heaven through
a slip about his neck."]

Joannes Audoenus. — I shall be obliged by any
notices of the personal or literary history of John
Owen, the famous Latin epigrammatist, in addi-^
tion to those furnished by the Athence Oxonienses.
Wood remarks, that " whereas he had made many
epigrams on several people, so few were made on
or written to him. Among the few, one by Strad-
ling, and another by Dunbar, a Scot." I have met
with one allusion to him among the epigrams of
T. Bancroft, 4to., Lond. 1639, signat. A 3. :

« To the Reader.

Reader, till Martial thou hast well survey'd,
Or Owen's wit with Jonson's learning weighed,
Forbeare with thanklesse censure to accuse
My writ of errour, or condemne my Muse."

As translators of Audoenus, Wood mentions,,
in 1619, Job. Vicars, usher of Christ's Hospital
school, as having rendered some select epigrams,
and Thomas Beck six hundred of Owen's, with
other epigrams from Martial and More, under tbe^
title of Pamassi Puerperium, 8vo., Lond. 1659.
In addition to these I find, in a catalogue of Lilly,.
King Street, Covent Garden, No. 4., 1844 :

" Hayman, Robert. Certaine Epigrams out of the
First Foure Bookes of the excellent Epigrammatist
Master John Owen, translated into English at Harbor
Grace in Bristol's Hope, anciently called Newfoundland,
4to., unbound; a rare poetical tract, 1628, 10s. 6d."

Balliolensis.

[The personal and literary history of John Owen
(Audoenus) is given in the Biographia Britannica,
vol. v., and in Chalmers' and Rose's Biographical Dic-
tionaries. ]

Hampden s Death. — Was the great patriot
Hampden actually slain by the enemy on Chalgrove
Field? or was his death, as some have asserted.

496

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 212.

caused by the bursting of his own pistol, owing to
its having been incautiously overcharged ? T. J.
Worcester,

[See the Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1815, p. 395.,
for " A true and faithfull Narrative of the Death of
Master Hambden, who was mortally wounded at Chall-
grove Fight, A.D. 1643, and on the ISth of June." PVora
this narrative we learn, that whilst Hampden was fight-
ing against Prince Rupert at Chalgrove Field, he was
struck with two carbine-balls in the shoulder, which
broke the bone, and terminated fatally.]

Eeplie^.

'* "PINECE WITH A STINK."

(Vol. viii., pp. 270. 350.)

I would not have meddled with this subject if
E. G., getting on a wrong scent, had not arrived
at the very extraordinary conclusion that Bram-
hall meant a " pinnace," and an " offensive com-
position well known to sailors ! "

The earliest notice that I have met with of the
pinece in an English work, is in the second part
of the Secrets of Maister Alexis of Piemont, trans-
lated by W. Warde, Lond. 1568. There I find
the following secrets— worth knowing, too, if
efiective :

" Against stinking vermin called Punesies, — If you
rub your bedsteede with squilla stamped with vinaigre,
or with the leaves of cedar tree sodden in oil, you shall
never feel punese. Also if you set under the bed a
payle full of water the puneses will not trouble you at
all."

Butler, in the first canto of the third part of
Hudibras, also mentions it thus :

" And stole his talismanic louse —
His flea, his morpion, and punaise."

If the Querist refers to his French dictionary
he will soon discover the meaning 'of morpion
and punaise — the latter without doubt the
pinece of Bishop Bramhall. Cotgrave, in his
French- English Dictionary, London, 1650, defines
punaise to be " the noysome and stinking vermin
called the bed punie."

It may be bad taste to dwell any longer on this
subject ; but as it illustrates a curious fact in
natural history, and as it has been well said, that
whatever the Almighty has thought proper to
create is not beneath the study of mankind, I
shall crave a word or two more.

The pinece is not originally a native of this
country; and that is the reason why, so many
years after its first appearance in England, it was
known only by a corruption of its French name
punaise, or its German appellation ivandlaus (wall-
louse). Penny, a celebrated physician and natu-
ralist in the reign of Henry VII., discovered it
at Morllake in rather a curious manner. MoufFet,

in his Theatrum Insectorum (Lond. 1634), thus
relates the story :

" Anno 1503, dum haec Pennio scriptitaret, Mortla-
cum Tamesin adjacentem viculum, magna festinatione
accersebatur ad duas nobiles, magno metu ex cimicura
vestigiis percussas, et quid nescio contagionis valde
Veritas. Tandem recognita, ac bestiolis captis, risu
timorem omnem excussat."

Mouffet also tells us that in his time the insect
was little known in England, though very common
on the Continent, a circumstance which he ascribes
to the superior cleanliness of the English :

" Mundltiem frequentemque lectulorum ct culci-
trarem lotionem, cum Galli, Germani, et Itali minus
curant, pariunt magis banc pestem, Angli autem mun-
ditei et cultus studioslssimi rarius iis laborant."

Ray, In his Historia Insectorum, published in
1710, merely terms it the punice or wall-louse ;
indeed, I am not aware that the modern name of
the insect appears in print previous to 1730, when
one Southal published A Treatise of Buggs.
Southal appears to have been an illiterate person ;
and he erroneously ascribes the introduction of
the insect into this country to the large quantities
of foreign fir used to rebuild London after the
Great Fire.

The word hug, signifying a frightful object or
spectre, derived from the Celtic and the root of
bogie, bug-aboo, bug-bear — is well known in our
earlier literature. Spenser, Shakspeare, Milton,
Beaumont and Fletcher, Holinshed and many
others, use it ; and in Matthew's Bible, the fifth
verse of the ninety-first psalm is rendered :

" Thou shalt not nede to be afraid of any bugs by
night."

Thus we see that a real " terror of the night "
In course of time, assumed, by common consent,
the title of the Imaginary evil spirit of our an-
cestors.

One word more. I can see no difficulty In
tracing the derivation of the word humbug, with-
out going to Hamburg, Hume of the Bog, or any
such distant sources. In Grose's Dictionary of the
Vtdgar Tongue, I find the word /mm signifying
to deceive. Peter Pindar, too, writes :

" Full many a trope from bayonet and drum
He threaten'd ; but behold ! 'twas all a hum."

Now, the rustic who frightens his neighbour
with a turnip lanthorn and a white sheet, or the
spirit-rapping medium, who, for a consideration,
treats his verdant client with a communication
from the unseen world, most decidedly humbugs
him ; that is, hums or deceives him with an ima-
ginary spirit, or bug. W. Pinkebtok.

Ham.

I take it that the editor of Archbishop Brara-
hall's V/orhs was judicious in not altering the

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

497

word pinece to pinnace, as an object very different
from the latter was meant ; i. e. a cime.v, who
certainly revenges any attack upon his person
with a stinJt. Pinece is only a mistaken ortho-
graphy of punese, the old English name of the
obnoxious insect our neighbours still call a punaise
(see Cotgrave in voce). Florio says " Cimici, a
kinde of vermlne ia Italle that breedeth in beds
and biteth sore, called punies or wall-lice." We
have it in fitting company in Iludihras., iii. 1. :

" And stole his talismanic louse,
His flea, his morpion, and punese."

This is only one more instance of the danger of
altering the orthography, or changing an obsolete
word, the meaning of which is not immediately
obvious. The substitution of pinnace would have
been entirely to depart from the meaning of the
Archbishop. S. W. S.

MONUMENTAL BRASSES ABROAD.
(Vol. vi., p. 167.)

'A recent visit to the cathedral of Alx-la-Cha-
pelle enables me to add the following Notes to the
list already published in " N. & Q."

The brasses are five in number, and are all con-
tained in a chapel on the north-west side of the
dome:

1. Arnoldus de Meroide, 1487, is a mural, rect-
angular plate (3' • 10" X 2' • 4"), on the upper
half of which are engraved the Virgin and Child,
to whom an angel presents a kneeling priest, and
St. Bartholomew with knife and book.

2. Johannes Pollart, 1534, is also mural and
rectangular (5' • 2i"x2' • 4"), but is broken into
two unequal portions, now placed side by side.
The upper half of the larger piece has the follow-
ing engraving : — In the centre stands the Virgin,
wearing an arched imperial crown. Angels swing
censers above her head. St. John Baptist, on her
right hand, presents a kneeling priest in surplice
and alb ; and St. Christopher bears " the myste-
rious Child" on her left. The lower half contains
part of the long inscription which is completed on
the smaller detached piece.

3. Johannes et Lambertus Munten, 1546. This
is likewise mural and rectangular (2' • ll^^'^X
2' • 1''). It is painted a deep blue colour, and
has an inscription in gilt letters, at the foot of
which is depicted an emaciated figure, wrapped in
a shroud and lying upon an altar-tomb : large
worms creep round the head and feet.

4. Johannes Paiel, 1560. Mural, rectangular
(3' . _4"X2' . 4V0- This is painted as the last-
mentioned plate, and represents the Virgin and
Child in a flaming aureole. Her feet rest in a
crescent, around which is twisted a serpent; on
her riglit hand stand St. John Baptist and the
Holy Lamb, each bearing a cross ; and to her left

is St. Mary Magdalene, who presents a kneeling
priest.

5. Henricus de . . . . This in on the floor In
front of the altar-rails, and consists of a rectan-
gular plate (2' • 9"'x2' • 1''), on which is repre-
sented an angel wearing a surplice and a stole
semee of crosses fitchee, and supporting a shield
bearing three fleurs-de-lis, with as many crosses
fitchee. A partially-effaced inscription runs round
the plate, within a floriated margin, and with evan-
gelistic symbols at the corners.

In the centre of the choir of Cologne Cathedral
lies a modern rectangular brass plate (8' • 10'' X
3' • 11'') to the memory of a late archbishop, Fer-
dinandus Augustus, 1835.

Beneath a single canopy is a full-length picture
of the archbishop in eucharistic vestments (the
stole unusually short), a pall over his shoulders,
and an elaborate pastoral staff in his hand.

JosiAH Cato.

Kennington.

MILTON S " LTCIDAS.

(Vol. ii., p. 246. ; Vol. vi., p. 143.)

Your correspondent Jarltzberg, at the first
reference, asks for the sense of the passage, —

" Besides what the grim wolf with privy paw
Daily devours apace, and nothing sed :
But that two-handed engine at the door
Stands ready to smite once, and smite no more."

My own^view of this passage strongly testifies
against the interpretation of another passage at
the second reference.

The two-handed engine, I am positive, is St. Mi-
chael's sword. Farther on in the poem the bard
addresses the angel St. Michael (according to
Warton), who is conceived as guarding the Mount
from enemies with a drawn sword, for in this form
I apprehend does tradition state the vision to have
been seen ; and he bids him to desist from looking
out for enemies towards the coast of Spain, and to
" look homeward," at one of his own shepherds
who is being washed ashore, in all probability
upon this very promontory. Milton elsewhere
(Par. Lost, book vi. 251.) speaks of the "huge
two-handed sway " of this sword of St. Michael ;
and here, in Lycidas, he repeats the epithet to
identify the instrument which is to accomplish the
destruction of the wolf St. Michael's sword is to
smite off the head of Satan, who at the door of
Christ's fold is, " with privy paw," daily devouring
the hungry sheep. Note here that, according to
some theologians, the archangel Michael, in pro-
phecy, means Christ himself (See the authorities
quoted by Heber, Bampton Lectures, iv. note /,
p. 242.) Hence it is His business to preserve His
own sheep. In the Apocalypse the final blow of
St. Michael's (or Christ's) two-edged sword, which

498

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 212.

is to cleave the serpent's head, Is made a distinct
subject of prophecy. (See Rev. xii. 7 — 10.)

While on this subject allow me to ask, Can a
dolphin waft ? Can a shore wash ?

C. Mansfied Ingleby.

Birmingham.

SCHOOL LIBRARIES.

(Vol. viii., pp. 220. 395.)

In returning thanks to those of your correspon-
dents who replied to my Query, I ought, perhaps,
to have begged to learn such of our public schools
that were without libraries, as the best means of
obtaining for them bequests or gifts that would
form a nucleus of a good library. For example,
a correspondent informs me that the governors of
Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Wimborne,
Dorset, are laying by lOZ. a year towards the pur-
chase of books for that purpose : that having no
library at present, there now is a favourable oppor-
tunity for either a gift or a bequest : but I should
in any case prefer a selection of works likely to
prove readable for young people, as history, bio-
graphy, travels, and the popular works of science.

I can quite imagine that Eton, AVinchester,
Westminster, Harrow, Shrewsbury, and other
similar great schools, would have such libraries,
but these are not half the number of our public
foundations ; the wealthy schools above mentioned,
and the rich men's children who go to them, would
be in a sad plight indeed were they not amply
provided for in such matters. But there are
others whose mission is not less important, perhaps
more so ; and on this head none would be better
pleased than I to find I laboured under an " er-
roneous impression," as remarked by Etonensis.
The English public appeared to have an " erro-
neous impression " that they were better provided
with books than any other people a short time ago,
till it was disproved when the agitation respecting
parochial libraries was set on foot, the facts ap-
pearing on the institution of the Marylebone
public library.

It has been shown that in France and Ger-
many the public libraries, and the volumes in
them, far exceed any that we possess ; a strange
fact, when we are better provided with standard
authors than any other language in the world. I
should much wish these brief parallels answered.
The city of Lyons has a magnificent public library
of 100,000 vols., open to all; how many has her
rival Manchester ? Boulogne has a public library
of 16,000 vols. ; how many has Southampton ?
From the obliging notices of correspondents in
" N. & Q.," we have had several articles on pa-
rochial libraries, and the sum of the whole appears
to be most miserable ; surely some bad system has
prevailed either in not having proper places for

them, or in some other fault. In one place the
resident clergyman sells them: surely if they
were combined under some enlarged plan, people
desirous of making bequests or gifts would do so
very willingly when they knew they would be
cared for and made use of; for it is probably the
case that private libraries are more numerous here
than abroad, and that there are altogether more
books In the country. I am told by a correspon-
dent that in his time there were no books at Christ's
Hospital, therefore the bequest made is, I presume,
a late one ; and if such is the case, it will be a favour-
able opportunity for the governors of that school
to enlarge the collection and make It available to
the scholars.

If, therefore, our schools are no better provided
than our public libraries, the inquiry may be of
service ; but If they are, it cannot do harm to
know their condition. It is true I have heard of
but one public school hitherto that has no library
and wants one, but I shall remain unsatisfied till
other returns make their appearance in " N. & Q."
or privately, when, if it should appear I have
taken a wrong opinion, I shall be as pleased as
anybody else to find myself mistaken.

Weld Taylor.

Bayswater.

In answer to your correspondent Mr. Weld
Taylor's Query on this subject, may I be allowed
to say that at Tonbridge School, where I was
educated, there is a very good general library,
consisting of the best classical works in our own
language, travels, chronicles, histories, and the
best works of fiction and poetry, and I believe all
modern periodicals.

This library is under the care of the head boy
for the time being, and he, with the other monitors,
acts as librarian. Books are given out, I believe,
daily ; the library is maintained by the boys
themselves, and f&vf leave the school without
making some contribution to its funds, or placing
some work on Its shelves.

The head master, the Rev. Dr. Welldon, ap-
proves of all books before they are added to the
library.

There Is also what is called the " Sunday Li-
brary," consisting of standard works of theology
and church history, and other works, chiefly pre-
sented by the head and other masters, to induce
a taste for such reading.

I am sorry that Mr.'Weld Taylor should have
to complain of the general ignorance of public
schoolboys ; but I know I may on behalf of the
head boy of Tonbridge say, he will be happy to
acknowledge any contribution from Mr. Weld
Taylor, which he may be disposed to give, to-
wards the removal of this charge.

G. Brindley Ac worth.

Star Hill, Rochester.

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

499

CAWDRATt'S " TREASURIE OF SIMILIES," AND SIMILE
OF MAGNETIC NEEDLE.

(Vol. viii., p. 386.)

There can be no doubt as to the authorship of
the Store-house of Similies. The work is now
before me, and the title-page is as follows :

" A Treasurie or Store-house of Similies ; both
Pleasaunt, Delightfull, and Profitable for all Estates
of Men in Generall : newly collected into Heades and
Common Places. By Robert Cawdray, London :
printed by Thomas Creede, 1609."

The only reference to his Life, which I can find,
is in "The Epistle Dedicatorie ;" and two ances-
tors of mine, " Sir John Harington, Knight, and
the Worshipful James Harington, Esquire, his
brother," in which, when assigning his reasons for
the "Dedication," he says :

" Calling to mind (right worshipfuls) not only the
manifold curtesies and benefits, which I found and re-
ceived, now more than thirty years ago, when I taught
the grammar schoole at Okeham in Rutland, and sundry
times since, of the religious and virtuous lady, Lucie
Harington," &c.

The "Dedication" is subscribed " Robert Caw-
dray." Cawdray was also the author of a work
On the Profit and Necessity of Catechising, London,
1592, 8vo. E. C. Harington.

The Close, Exeter.

The "Epistle Dedicatorie," as well as the title-
page, appears to be wanting in J. H. S.'s copy of
Robert Cawdray's Store-house, which was "printed
by Thomas Creede, London, 1609." From this
we find that it was dedicated to "his singular
benefactors. Sir John Harington, Knight, as also
to the Worshipfull James Harington, Esquire, his
brother," whose " great kindness and favourable
good will (during my long trouble, and since)"
the author afterwards " calls to mind," and also
the "manifold curtesies and benefites which I
found and received, now more than thirtie years
agoe (when I taught the Grammar School at Oke-
ham in Rutland, and sundrie times since) of the
religious and vertuous lady, Lucie Harington your
Worship's Mother, and my especial friend in the
Lord." Would this be the " lady, a prudent
woman," who " had the princess Elizabeth com-
mitted to her government " (vide Fuller's Worthies,
Rutlandshire) ?

J. H. S.'s Query recalls two examples of the
"magnetic needle simile" (Vol. vi. and vii. joasstm),
which Cawdray has garnered in his Store-house,
and which fact would probably account for their
appearance in many sermons of the period, as the
book being expressly intended to " lay open, rip
up, and display in their kindes," " verie manie
most horrible and foule vices and dangerous sinnes

of all sorts;" and the "verie fitte similitudes"
being for the most part " borrowed from manie
kindes and sundrie naturall things, both in the
Olde and New Testament," and being as the
writer says " for preachers profitable," would find
a place on many a clerical shelf ; and its contents
be freely used to " learnedly beautifie their matter,
and brauely garnish and decke out" their dis-
courses. I fear that I have already encroached
too much on your valuable space, but send copies
for use at discretion. In the first, the " Sayler's
Gnomon" is used as an emblem of the constancy
which ought to animate every "Christian man;"
and in the second, of steadfastness amidst the
temptations of the world. I shall be glad to know
more of Cawdray than the trifles I have gathered
from his book :

" Euen as the Sayler's Gnomon, or rule, which is
commonly called the mariner's needle, doth alwayes
looke towards the north poole, and will euer turne to-
wards the same, howsoeuer it bee placed : which is
maruellous in that instrument and needle, whereby the
mariners doo knowe the course of the windes : Euen
so euerie Christian man ought to direct the eyes of
his minde, and the wayes of his heart, to Christ ; who
is our north poole, and that fixed and constant north
starre, whereby we ought all to bee governed : for hee
is our hope and our trust ; hee is our strength, where-
upon wee must still relie."

" Like as the Gnomon dooth euer beholde the north
starre, whether it be closed and shutte uppe in a coffer
of golde, siluer, or woode, neuer loosing his nature :
So a faithfull Christian man, whether hee abound in
wealth, or bee pinched with pouertie, whether hee bee
of high or lowe degree in this worlde, ought con-
tinually to haue his faith and hope surely built and
grounded uppon Christ : and to haue his heart and
minde fast fixed and settled in him, and to follow him
through thicke and thinne, through fire and water,
through warres and peace, through hunger and colde,
through friendes and foes, through a thousand perilles
and daungers, through the surges and waues of enuie,
malice, hatred, euill speeches, rayling sentences, con-
tempt of the worlde, flesh, and diuell : and, euen in
death itselfe, bee it neuer so bitter, cruell, and tyran-
nicall ; yet neuer to loose the sight and viewe of Christ,
neuer to giue ouer our faith, hope, and trust in him."

Sigma.
Stockton.

Robert Cawdray, the author of A Treasurie or
Store-house of Similies, was a Nonconformist
divine of learning and piety. Having entered into
the sacred function about 1566, he was presented
by Secretary Cecil to the rectory of South LufFen-
ham in Rutlandshire. After he had been em-
ployed in the ministry about twenty years, he was
cited before Bishop Aylmer and other high com-
missioners, and charged with having omitted parts
of the Book of Common Prayer in public worship,

500

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 212.

and with having preached against certain things
contained in the book. Having refused, accord-
ing to Strype, to take the oath to answer all such
arlioles as the commissioners should propose, he
■was deprived of his ministerial office. Mr. Brook,
however, in his Lives of the Puritans,'^sta.tes that
though he might at first have refused the oath,
yet that he afterwards complied, and gave answers
to the various articles which he proceeds to detail
•at length. He was cited again on two subsequent
occasions ; and, on his third appearance, being
required to subscribe, and to wear the surplice, he
refused, and was imprisoned, and ultimately de-
prived. He applied to Lord Burleigh to inter-
cede on his behalf, and his lordship warmly espoused
Lis cause, and engaged Attorney Morrice to un-
dertake his defence, but his arguments proved
ineffectual. Mr. Cawdray, refusing to submit, was
brought before Archbishop Whitgift, and other
high "commissioners. May 14, 1590, and was de-
graded and deposed from the ministry and made
a mere layman. The above account is abridged
from Brook's Lives of the Puritans, London, 1813,
pp. 430-43. 'AAttur.

Dublin.

P. S. Besides the Treasurie of Similies, I fiiid
the following work under his name in the Bodleian
Catalogue :

" A TaWe Alphabetical] ; conteyning and teaching
the True Writing and Vnderstanding of bard vsuall
English Wordes, borrowed from the Hebrew, Greeke,
Latlne, or French, &c. London. 8vo. 1604."

The title of this work is —

« A Treasurie or Store-house of Similies ; both
Pleasant, Delightfull, and Profitable for all Estates of
Men in Generall : newly collected into Heades and
Common Places. By Robert Cawdray. Thomas
Creed, London, 1609, 4to."

Cawdray was rector of South Luffenham, in
Rutland; and was deprived by Bishop Aylmer
for nonconformity in 1587. He appealed to the
Court of Exchequer, and his case was argued be-
fore all the judges in 1591. A report of the trial
is in Coke's Reports, Inscribed " De Jure Regis
Ecclesiastico." There Is a Life of Cawdray in
Brook's Lives of the Puritans (vol.i. pp.430— 443.),
which contains an interesting account^ of his
examination before the Pligh Commission, ex-
tracted from a MS. register. Notices of him will
also be found In Neal's Puritans, 1837 (vol. i.
pp.330. 341.) ; and Heylin's History of the Presly
terians, 1672 (fol. p. 317.). John I. Dredge.

" MART, WEEP NO MORE FOR ME."

(Vol. vili., p. 385.)
For the following Information respecting the
author, and the original, I am Indebted to the
Ladfs Magazine of 1820, from which I copied it
several years ago.

Mr. Joseph Lowe, born at Kenmore In Gal-
loway, 1750, the sou of a gardener,^ at fourteen
apprenticed to a weaver, by persevering diligence
in the pursuit of knowledge, was enabled in 1771
to enter himself a student In Divinity in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh. On his return from college
he became tutor In the family of a gentleman,
Mr. M'Ghie of Airds, who had several beautiful
daughters, to one of whom he was attached, though
It never was their ftite to be united. Another of
the sisters, Mary, was engaged to a surgeon, Mr.
Alexander Miller. This young gentleman was
unfortunately lost at sea, an event Immortalised
by Marys Dream. Tlie author was unhappy In
his marriage with a lady of Virginia, whither he
had emigrated, and died In 1798. This poem was
originally composed In the Scottish dialect, and
afterwards received the polished English form
from the hand of its author.

" Mary's dream.
<' The lovely moon had climb'd the hill,
Where eagles big aboon the Dee,
And, like the looks of a lovely dame,

Brought joy to every body's ee :
A' but sweet Mary deep in sleep,

Her thoughts on Sandy far at sea ;
A voice drapt saftly on her ear —

' Sweet Mary, weep nae mair for me ! '
« She lifted up her waukening een,

To see from whence the sound might be,
And there she saw young Sandy stand,

Pale, bending on her his hollow ee.
' O Mary dear, lament nae mair !

I'm in death's thraws aneath the sea :
Thy weeping makes me sad in bliss,
Sae Mary, weep nae mair for me !
" « The wind slept when we left the bay.

But soon it waked and raised the main ;
And God he bore us down the deep — _

Wha strave wi' him, but strave in vain.
He stretch'd his arm and took me up,
Tho' laith I was to gang but thee :
I look frae heaven aboon the storm,
Sae Mary, weep nae mair for me !
" ' Take afF thae bride-sheets frae thy bed,
Which thou hast faulded down for me,
Unrobe thee of thy earthly stole —

I'll meet in heaven aboon wi' thee.'
Three times the gray cock flapp'd his wing,

To mark the morning lift his ee ;
And thrice the passing spirit said,

' Sweet Mary, weep nae mair for me !' "

J. ^Y. Thomas.
Dewsbury.

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

501

PHOTOGRAPHIC COBKESPONDENCE.

Clouds in Photographs (Vol. viii., p. 451.). —
Your correspondent on this subject may easily
produce clouds on paper negatives by drawing in
the lights on the back with common writing ink.
There is usually some tint printed with all ne-
gatives, therefore the black used will stop it out.

It is at the same time unfair and untrue to the
art, because clouds cannot be represented in the
regular mode of practice. If they appear, as they
do sometimes by accident, it is well to leave them ;
but in no art is any trick so easily detected as in
photography, and it cannot add to any operator's
credit in expertness to practise them. W. T.

Albumenized Paper. — In a late Number of
*'N.^ & Q." you published an account of albu-
menizing paper for positives by Mk. Shadholt.
Having considerable experience in the manipu-
lation of photographlcal art, I have bestowed great
pains in testing the process he recommends ; and,
I regret to say, the results are by no means satis-
factory.^ I -well know the delicacy which is re-
quired in applying the albumen evenly to the
surface of the paper, and am therefore not sur-
prised to find that each of his "longitudinal
strokes" remains clearly indicated, thereby en-
tirely destroying the efiect of the picture.

He also advises that the paper should not be
afterwards ironed, as it is apt to produce flaws and
spots on the albumenized surface ; and he believes
that the chemical action of the nitrate of silver
alone is sufficient to coagulate the albumen, with-
out the application of heat. This I have found in
practice to be incorrect : for when I have excited
albumenized paper, to which a sufficient heat has
not been applied, I have invariably observed that
a portion of the albumen becomes detached into
the silver solution, making it viscid, and favouring
its decomposition. Consequently, the sheets last
excited seldom retain their colour so long as those
•which are first prepared. But even laying aside
the question of the coagulation of the albumen,
the paper, unless it is ironed, remains so " cockled
up," that it is not only unsightly, but very diffi-
cult to use. 100-grain solution of nitrate of silver
(T presume to the ounce) is also recommended.
In a kte Number, I find Dr. Diamond uses a
40-grain solution with perfect success ; and my
own experience enables me to verify this formula
as being sufficiently powerful :— no additional in-
tensity of colour being obtained by these strong
solutions, it is a mere waste of material. Therefore
I think your correspondent fails in efiecting either
economy of material or time.

However painful it may be to me to offer re-
marks at variance with the opinions of your kind
and intelligent correspondents, yet I consider it
a duty that yourself and readers should not be

misled, and so interesting and elegant an art as
photography brought into disrepute by experi-
ments which, however well intentioned, plainly
indicate a want of experience. K. N. M.

[Mr, Shadbolt's scientific acquirements appeared to
us to demand that we should give insertion to his plan
of albumeniziiig paper : although ive felt some doubts
whether it did not contain the disadvantages which our
correspondent now points out. We had met with such
complete success in following out the process recom-
mended by Dr. Diamond in our 205th Number, that
we did not think it advisable to make any alteration.
For our own experience has shown us the wisdom, in
photography as in other matters, of holding fast that
which is good Ed.]

^ Stereoscopic Angles. — Notwithstanding the space
you have devoted to this subject, I find little
practical information to the photographer : will
you therefore allow me to presume to offer you
my mode, which, regardless of all scientific rules,
I find to be perfectly successful in obtaining the
desired results ?

My focussing-glass is ruled with a few perpen-
dicular and horizontal lines with a pencil, and I
also cross it from corner to corner, which marks
the centre of the glass. These lines always allow
me to place my camera level, because the perpen-
dicular lines being parallel with any upright line
secures it.

Having taken a picture, I note well the spot of
some object near the centre of the picture : thus,
if a window or branch of a tree be upon the spot
where the lines cross X , I remove the camera in
a straight line about one foot for every ten yards
distance from the subject, and bring the same
object to the same spot : I believe it is not very-
important if the camera is moved more or less.
This may be known and practised by many of
your friends ; but I am sure others make a great
difficulty in effecting those satisfactory results
which, as I have shown, may be so easily obtained.

H. W. D.

Photographic Copies ofMSS. — I am glad to find
from your Notices to Correspondents in Vol. viii.,
p. 456., that the applicability of photography to
the copying of MSS., or printed leaves, is begin-
ning to excite attention. The facility and cheap-
ness of thus applying it (as I have been informed
by a professional photographer) is so great, that I
have no doubt but that we shall shortly have it
used in our great public libraries; so as to super-
sede the present slow, expensive, and uncertain
process of copying by hand. And It is in order to
help to bring about so desirable a state of things,
that I send these few lines to your widely-circu-
lated journal. M. D.

502

:notes and queries.

[No. 212.

MfjiIteS to Minav «aucrtc«.

Lord CeciVs " Memorials " (Vol. viii., p. 442.).
— Cecil's " First Memorial " is printed in Lord
Somers's Tracts. It appears that Primate Ussher,
and, subsequently, Sir James Ware and his son
Robert, had the benefit of extracts from Lord
Burleigh's papers. Mr. Bruce may find the
" Examination " of the celebrated Faithfull Co-
mine, and " Lord Cecyl's Letters," together with
other interesting documents, entered among the
Clarendon MSS. in Pars altera of the second vo-
lume of Catal. Lib. Manuscr. Angl, et Hib., Oxon.
1697. R. G.

Foreign Medical Education (Vol. viii., pp. 34L
898.). — In addition to the previous communica-
tions on this subject, I beg to refer your corre-
spondent Medicus to Mr. Wilde's Austria ; its
Literary, Scientific, and Medical Institutions, icith
Notes on the State of Science, and a Guide to the
Hospitals and Sanitary Institutions of Vienna,
Dublin : Curry and Co., 1842. j. D. M'K.

Encyclopcedias (Vol. viii., p. 385.). — Surely
there must be many persons who sympathise with
Encyclop;Edicus in wishing to have a work not
encumbered and swollen by the heavy and bulky
articles to which he refers : perhaps there may be
as many as would make it worth the while of some
publisher to furnish one. Of course copyright,
and all sorts of rights, must be respected ; but
that being done, there would be little else to do
than to cut out and wheel away the heavy articles
from a copy of any encyclopaedia, and put the rest
into the hands of a printer. The residuum (which
is what we want) would probably be to a con-
siderable extent the same. When necessary ad-
ditions had been made, the work would still be of
moderate size and price. N. B.

Pepys's Grammar (Vol. viii., p. 466.). — I am
unable to answer Mr. Keightley's Query, not
having the slightest knowledge of short-hand ; but
I always understood that the original spelling of
every word in the Diary was carefully preserved
by the gentleman who decyphered it.

No estimate, however, of Pepys's powers of
writing can be formed from the hasty entries re-
corded in his short-hand journal, and, as I conceive,
they derive additional interest from the quaint
terms in which they are expressed.

Bratbrooke.

" Antiquitas Sceculi Juventus MundV (Vols. ii.
and iii. passim). — The following instances of this
thought occur in two writers of the seventeenth
century :

" Those times which we term vulgarly the Old
World, were indeed the youth or adolescence of it . . .
if you go to the age of the world in general, and to the

true length and longevity of tlihigs, we are properly the
older cosmopolites. In tliis respect the cadet may be
termed more ancient than his elder brother, because
the world was older when he entered into it. Nov. 2,
1647." — Howell's Letters, Uth edit. : London, 1754,
p. 426.

Butler, in his character of "An Antiquary,"
observes :

" He values things wrongfully upon their antiquity,
forgetting that the most modern are really the most
ancient of all things in the world ; like those that
reckon their pounds before their shillings and pence,
of which they are made up." — Thyer's edit., vol. ii.
p. 97.

jARLTZBERa.

Napoleon's Spelling (Vol. viii., p. 386.). — The
fact inquired after by Henry H. Breen is proved
by the following extract from the Memoires of
Bourrienne, Napoleon's private secretary for
many years :

" Je previensune fois pour toutes que dans les copies
que je donnerai des ccrits de Bonaparte, je retablirai
I'orthographe, qui est en general si extraordinairement
estropiee qu'il serait ridicule de les copier exactement."
— Mem. i. 73.

c.

Slack as a mourning Colour (Vol, viii., p. 411.).
— Mourning habits are said first to appear in Eng-
land in the time of Edward III. Chaucer and
Froissart are the first who mention them. The
former, in Troylus and Creseyde, says :

" Creseyde was in widowe's habit black."

Again :

" My clothes everichone
Shall blacke ben, in tolequyn, herte swete,
That I am as out of this world gone."

Again, in the Knights Tale, Palamon appeared
at a funeral

" In clothes black dropped all with tears."

Froissart says, the Earl of Foix clothed himself
and household in black on the death of his son. At
the funeral of the Earl of Flanders black gowns
were worn. On the death of King John of France,
the King of Cyprus wore black. The very men-
tion of these facts would suggest that black was
not then universally worn, but being gradually
adopted for mourning. B. H. C.

Chanting of Jurors (Vol. vi., p. 315.). — No
answer has yet been given to J. F. F.'s Query on
this, yet the expression "to chant" was not an
unusual one, if we may believe Lord Strafford :

" They collected a grand jury in each county, and
proceeded to claim a ratification of the rights of the
crown. The gentlemen on being empanelled were in-
formed that the case before them was irresistible, and
that no doubts could exist in the minds of reasonable

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

503

men upon it. His majesty was, in fact, indifferent
whether they found for him or no. • And there I left
them,' says Strafford, ' to chant together, as they call it,
over their evidence.' The counties of Roscommon,
Sligo, and Mayo instantly found a title for the king."

This extract is from a very eloquent article on
Lord Strafford in the British Critic, No. LXVI.
p. 485. W. Fbaseb.

Tor-Mohun.

Aldress (Vol. v., p. 582.). — Your correspondent
CowGiLL gives an instance of the use of this obso-
lete word in an epitaph in St. Stephen's, Norwich,
and asks where else it may be met with. I have
just found it in a manuscript diary, under date
1561, and also as used in the same city :
" A Speech made after Mr. Mayor Mingay's Dinner.

" Master Mayor of Norwich ; an it please your
worship you have feasted us like a kinge. God bless
the Queen's grace. We have fed plentifully, and now
whilom I can speak plain English, I heartily thank
you Master Mayor, and so do we all. Answer, boys,
answer ! Your beere is pleasant and potent, and soon
catches us by the caput and stops our manners, and so
Huzza for the Queen's Majesty's Grace, and all her
bonny brow'd dames of honour ! Huzza for Master
Mayor and our good dame Mayoress, the Alderman
and his faire Aldress ; there they are, God save them
and all this jolly company. To all our friends round
country who have a penny in their purse, and an
English heart in their bodies, to keep out Spanish Dons
and Papists with their faggots to burn our whiskers.
Shove it about. Twirl your cup-cases, handle your
jugs, and huzza for Master Mayor and his good
dame ! "

How long is it since the ladies of our civic dig-
nitaries relinquished the distinction here given to
one of their order ? "What was the cup-case ?

Charles Keed.
Paternoster Row.

Huggins and Muggins (Vol. viii., p. 341.).—
In the edition of Mallet's Northern Antiquities,
edited by J. A. Blackwell, Esq., and published by
Bohn {Antiquarian Library, 1847), the following
conjectural etymology of the words Huggins and
Muggins is given by the editor in a note on the
word Muninn, in the glossary to the Prose Edda :

" We cannot refrain for once from noticing the cu-
rious coincidence between the names of Odin's ravens,
Hugni and Munin — Mind and Memory — and those
of two personages who figure so often in our comic
literature as Messrs. Huggins and Muggins. Huggins,
like Hvgh, appears to have the same root as Hugin,
VIZ. hugr, mind, spirit ; and as Mr. Muggins is as in-
variably associated with Mr. Huggins, as one of Odin's
ravens was with the other (as mind is with memory),
the name may originally have been written Munnins,
and nn changed into gg for the sake of euphony.
Should this conjecture, for it is nothing else, be well
founded, one of the most poetical ideas in the whole

range of mythology would, in this plodding, practical,
spinning-jenny age of ours, have thus undergone a
most singular metamorphosis."

Jno. N. Radcliffb.
Dewsbury.

Camera Lucida (Vol. viii., p. 271.). — With ray
camera lucida I received a printed sheet of in-
structions, from which the following extract is
made, in answer to Caret :

" Those who cannot sketch comfortably, without
perfect distinctness of both the pencil and object, must
observe, that the stem should be drawnout to the mark
D, for all distant objects, and to the numbers 2, 3, 4, 5,
&c. for objects that are at the distances of only 2, 3,
4, or 5 feet respectively, the stem being duly inclined
according to a mark placed at the bottom ; but, after
a little practice, such exactness is wholly unnecessary.
The farther the prism is removed from the paper, that
is, tiie longer the stem is drawn out, the larger the ob-
jects will be represented in the drawing, and accord-
ingly the less extensive the view.

" The nearer the prism is to the paper, the smaller
will be the objects, and the more extensive the view
comprised on the same piece of paper.

" If the drawing be two feet from the prism, and the
paper only one foot, the copy will be half the size of
the original. If the drawing be at one foot, and the
paper three feet distant, the copy will be three times
as large as the original : and so for all other distances."

T. B. Johnston.
Edinburgh.

" When Orpheus went down" (Vol. viii., pp. 196'
281.). — This seems to be rightly attributed to
Dr. Lisle. See Dodsley's Collection of Poems,
vol. vi. p. 166. (1758), where it is stated to have
been imitated from the Spanish, and set to music
by Dr. Hayes. It is not quite correctly given in
" N. & Q." J. Kelwat.

The Arms of De Sissone (Vol. viii., p. 243.). —
I beg to refer J'. L. S. to Histoire Oenealogique et
Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France, ^c,
tom. viii. p. 537., Paris, 1733 ; and also to Livre
dOr de la Noblesse, p. 429., Paris, 1847.

C1.ERICTJS (D).

Oaths of Pregnant Women (Vol. v., p. 393.). —
Women of the humbler classes in the British
Islands appear to have an objection, when preg-
nant, to take an oath. I have not observed any
attempt to explain or account for this prejudice.
The same objection exists among the Burmese.
Indeed, pregnant women there are, by long-ob-
served custom, absolved from taking an oath, and
affirm to their depositions, " remembering their
pregnant condition." The reason of this is as
follows. The system of Budhism, as it prevails in
the Indo-Chinese countries, consists essentially in
the negation of a Divine Providence. The oath of
Budhists is an imprecation of evil on the swearer,

504

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 212.

addressed to the innate rewarding powers of
nature, animate and inanimate, if the truth be not
spoken. This evil may be instantaneous, as sud-
den death from a fit, or from a flash of lightning ;
the first food taken may choke the false swearer ;
or on his way home, a tiger by land, or an alli-
gator by water, may seize and devour him. I
have known an instance of this occur, which was
spoken of by hundreds as a testimony to the truth
of the system. Now it is supposed by Budhists
that even an unconscious departure from truth
may rouse jealous nature to award punishment.
In the case of'pregnant women this would involve
the unborn offspring in the calamity. Hence
women in that condition do not take an oath in
Burniah. Ph.

Rangoon.

LepeTs RegimeiU (Vol. vii., p. 501.). — J. K.
may rest assured that no trace can now be disco-
vered of a regiment thus named, which existed in
the year 1707. I have searched the lists of cavah-y
and infantry regiments at the battle of Almanza,
fought April 25th of that year, and do not find
this regiment mentioned. May I substitute for
" Lepel's " regiment, " Pepper's " regiment ? The
colonelcy of that corps, now the 8th Royal Irish
Hussars, became vacant by the fall of Brigadier-
General Robert Killlgrew at Almanza, and it was
immediately conferred on the lieutenant-colonel
of the corps, John Pepper, who held it until
March 23, 1719. G. L. S,

Editions of the Prayer Book prior to 1662
(Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564. ; Vol. vii. passim). — I
have recently met with the following editions,
which have not, I think, been yet recorded in
your pages :

1630. folio, London.

1639. 4to. Barker and Bill.

1661. 8vo. London, Duporti, Latin.
The first and third are in Mr. Darling's Encyc.
BibL, see columns 366, 367 ; the second I saw at
Mr. Straker's, Adelaide Street, Strand.

Will some of your readers kindly tell me in
what edition of the Prayer Book the " Prayers at
the Healing " are last met with ? I have them in
a Latin Prayer Book, 12mo. London, 1727.*

W. Spakkow Simpson.

Creole (Vol. vii., p. 381. ; Vol. viii., p. 138.), —
I have never met with any satisfactory explanation
of the origin of this word ; its meaning has under-
gone various modifications. At first it was limited

[* It appears from a note in Pepys's Diary, June 23,
1660, that the library of the Duke of Sussex contained
four several editions of the Book of Common' Prayer,
all printed after the accession of the House of Hanover,
and all containing, as an integral part of the service,
« The Office for the Healing."— Ed.]

in its application to the descendants of Europeans
born in the colonies. By degrees it came to be
extended to all classes of the population of colo-
nial descent ; and now it is indiscriminately em-
ployed to express things as well as pei-sons, of
local origin or growth. We say a Creole negro, as
contra-distinguished from a negro born in Africa
or elsewhere ; a Creole horse, as contra-distin-
guished from an English or an American horse ;
and we speak " Creole " when we address the un-
educated classes in their native jargon.

Henry H. Breen.
St. Lucia.

Daughter pronounced "Z)a/i;e/'"( Vol.viii., p. 292.),
— This pronunciation is universal in North Corn-
wall and North-west Devonshire. J. R. P.

Richard Geering (Vol. viii., p. 340.). — If
Y. S. M. will favour me with the parentage of
" Richard Geering, one of the six clerks ia
chancery in Ireland," I shall be better able to
judge whether he was of the family of Geering,
Gearing, or Geai'y, of South Denchworth in the
CO. of Berks, of which family I have a pedigree.
I can also supply their coat of arms and crest.
Any information of the Geerings, ancestors of the
said Richard, the chancery clerk, will be acceptable
to your occasional correspondent H. C. C.

If this Richard Geering is related to the Geer-
ings of South Denchworth, in Berkshire, I refer
Y. S. M. to Clarke's Hundred of Wanting, Parker,
Oxford, 1824.

The Geerings bought the manor of Viscount
Cullen. It was formerly in the possession of the
Hydes : several of the Geering monuments are in
the church. Their arms. Or, on two bars gules
six mascles of the field, on a canton sable a
leopard's face of the first. The Geerings were
long tenants of a part of the estate which they
purchased ; they are extinct in the male line. A
grandson, John Bockett, Esq. (by the female line),
of the last heir, possessed a small farm in the
parish which was sold by him some years ago.
The manor now belongs to Worcester College,
Oxford, who purchased it of Gregory Geering,
gent., in 1758. The name is spelt Gearing and
Geary in the early registers.

The books in the small study (mentioned ia
"N. & Q." sometime ago) were given by Gregory
Geering, Esq., Mr. Ralph Kedden, vicar of
Denchworth, and Mr. Edward Brewster, sta-
tioner, of London, most of which are attached by
long chains to the cases. Julia R. Bockett.

Southcote Lodge.

Island (Vol. viii., p. 279.). — H. C. K. is quite
right in saying that the s has been inserted in this
word : not, however, as he thinks, " to assimilate

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

505

the Saxon and French terms," but from a fancied
French or Latin derivation, just as rime is spelt
rhyme, because it was fancied that it came from
^vd/ihs ; and as critics and editors will print ccelum
instead of ccelum, contrary to all authority, be-
cause they have taken it into their heads that it
comes from koIKov. We have also spright, im-
pregnable, and other misspelt words, for which it is
difficult to assign a reason. But I think H, C. K.
is altogether mistaken in connecting the A.-S. ig
(pr. ee), an island, with eye. It is evidently one o£
the original underived nouns of the Teutonic fa-
mily, being ig A.-S., ey Icel., whence o Swed., o or
oe Dan., and which also appears in the German and
Dutch eiland; while in the words for eye the g is
radical, as cage A.-S., augu Icel., auge Germ.,
oog Dutch. T. K.

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M.J tleman of Literary Attainments, compe-
tent to undertake the duties of Librarian in the
Leeds Library. The Institution consists of
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Salary 120?. a year. Applications, with Cer-
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next, to ABRAHAM HORSFALL, ESQ.,
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BOOK VARNISH (ROWBO-
THAM'S). — This truly wonderful Var-
nish for restoring Old Bindings, and giving
them a freshness equal to new. is applied with
a piece of sponge, and dries instantly. (See
"N. & Q.." Vol. vi., p. 335.) May be had of
J. ROWBOTHAM, India-Rubber Book-
binder, 70. Castle Street, two doo -a east of
Bernets Street, Oxford Street, in Bottles Is.
each, or by Order of any Bookseller or Drug-
gist. A List of Prices for India-Rubber Book-
binding may be had on application.

Price 2s. 6d., cloth lettered,

OANITARY ECONOMY: its

O Principles and Practice ; and its Moral
Influence on the Progress of Civilisation.
W. & R. CHAMBERS, 3. Bride Court Pas-
sage, Fleet Street, London, and 339. High
Street, Edinburgh i and sold by all Bojk-
sellers.

QPECTACLES. — Every De-

O scription of SPECTACLES and EYE-
GLASSES for the Assistance of Vision, adapted
by means of Smee's Optometer : that being
the only correct method of determining the
exact focus of the Lenses required, and of pre-
venting injury to the sight by the uie of im-
proper Glasses.

BLAND & LONG. Opticians, 153. Fleet
Street, London.

VIEWS IN LONDON.

STEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC

PICTURES.

T)LAND & LONG, 153. FLEET
) STREET. OPTICIANS and PHILO-
.SOPHICAL INSTRUMENT MAKERS, in-
vite attention to their Stock of STEREO-
SCOPES of all Kinds, and in various Materials;
also, to their New and Extensive Assortment
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same, in DAGUERREOTYPE, on PAPER,
and TRANSPARENT ALBUMEN PIC-
TURES on GLASS, including Views of
London, Paris, the Rhine, Windsor, &c. These
Pictures, for minuteness of Detail ond Truth
in the Representation of Natural Objects, are
unrivalled.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet
Street, London.

**» " Familiar Explanation of the Pheno-
mena" sent on Application.

DAGUERREOTYPE MATE-
RIALS.— Plates, Cases. Passepartoutes.
Best and Cheapest. To be had in great variety
at
M'MILLAN'S Wholesale Depot, 132. Fleet
Street.
Price List Gratis.

506

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

[No. 212.

Early in December, in small 4to., Elegantly Printed on Toned Paper, and appropriately bound,

price 30s.,

AN ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF

TUPPEPt'S PPvOYERBIiL PHILOSOPHY.

The Designs by C. W. Cope, B. A., J. C. Horsley, R. A., John Tennicl, Edwin H. Corbould,
G. Dodgson, Edward Duncan, Birket Foster, John Gilbert, J. Godwin, William Harvey,
Vf. L. Leitch, F. R. Pickersgill, and Joseph Severn. The Ornamental Initials and Vignettes
by Henry Noel Hmnphreys.

London : THOMAS HATCHARD, 187..Piccadilly.

ILLUSTRATED PRESENT BOOKS.

Just published,

GRAY'S ELEGY WRITTEN

IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD. Illus-
trated on every Page with Engravings nn
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8vo. handsomely bound in blue cloth, or in
enamelled b )ara3, price 7s. 6rf.

*»* A few Copies will be bound in extra
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Just ready,

THE WANDERINGS OF

PERSILES AND SIGISMUNDA : A
Northern Story. By MIGUEL DE CER-
VANTES SAAVEDRA. Translated from
the Spanish by a L.ADY. Illustrated with a
Portrait of CERVANTES. Fcap. 8vo., old
style, price 10s. 6c!.

"This romance was the last work of Cer-
vantes. The dedication to the Count de
Lemos was written the day after he had re-
ceived extreme miction." — Extract from Pre-
face.

Just published, price 10s. 6t?.,

PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUM.

Part V. Containing Four Pictures :

FORTSKEWIT. By Roger Fenton.

THE FISHERMAN'S DAUGHTER. By

Joseph Cundall.
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL. By Russell

Sedgfleld. '•

BANKS OF THE COQUET. By Philip
-DelaMotte. 1

Parts I. II. m. and IV. are now reprinted. '

Now ready,

PHOTOGRAPHIC

VIEWS

OF CONSTANTINOPLE. Twenty Views of
the most Important Buildings, taken by
JAMES ROBERTSON, Esq. Imperial folio,
half- bound morocco, price 6^ 16s. 6rf.

Just published, price 16s.,

PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES.

Part II. By GEORGE SHAW^, ESQ., of
Queen's College, Birmingham.

THE FOREST AT NOON.

TANGLED BOUGHS.

" BA I D WITH DRY ANTIQUITY."

SOLITUDE.

Part I. is now reprinted. Part III. is in
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Just published, fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 4s. 6c?.,

THE PRACTICE OF PHO-

TOGRAPHY: A Manual for Students and
Amateurs. By PHILIP H. DELAMOTTE,
F.S.A. Illustrated with a Picture taken by
the Collodion Process.

*»» This Manual contains much practical
information.

Now ready, price 14s.,

PHOTOGRAPHIC PIC-
TURES. By HUGH OWEN, ESQ., of
Bristol.

IVY BRIDGE. DEVON.

THE harve«;t field.

A RIVER BANK.
WOODS IN SPRING.
Part II. is just ready.

JOSEPH CUNDALL, 168. NEW BOND STREET.

Sold also by SAMPSON LOW & SON, 47. Ludgate Hill.

XYLO- IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Pho-
tosraphic Establishments. — The superiority of this preparation is now universally ac-
knowledoed. Testimonials from the best Photographers and principal scientific men of the day,
warrant the assertion, that hitherto no preparation has been discovered which produces
nniform'y such perfect pictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases
where a quantity is required, tlie two solutions may be had at Wholesale price in separate
Bottles, in which state it may be kept for years, and Exported to any Climate. Full instructions
for use.

Caution. — Each Bottle is Stamped with a Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD W.
THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to counterfeit which is felony.

CYANOGEN SOAP : for removing all kinds of Photographic

stains. Beware of purchasing spurious and worthless imitations of this valuable detergent. The
Genuine is made onlv bv the Inventor, and is secured with a Red Label beariosr this Signa*ure
and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS. CHEMIST, 10. PALL MALL, Manufacturer of Pure
Photographic Chemicals: and maybe procurid of all respectable Chemists, in Pots at is. ,2,'!.,
and 3s. 6rf. each, through MESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St. Paul's Churchyard ; and MESSRS.
BARCLAY & CO., 95. Farringdou Street, Wholesale Agents.

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLO.
DION.- J. B. IIOCKIN & CO., Chemists,
289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of
Iodizing, succeeded m producing a Collodion
equal, they may say superior, iu sensitiveness
and density of Negative, to any other hitherto
published ; without diminishing the keeping
properties and appreciation of half tint for
which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the re-
ouirements for the practice of Photography.
Instruction in the Art.

PHOTOGRAPHY. — HORNE
& CO.'S loflized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from
three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delidcy
of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes,
spe< imens of which may be seen at their Esta-
blishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Che-
micals, &c. Sic. used in this l)eautiful Art.—
123. and 121. Newgate Street.

"THE EiapIR E,"

LONDON NEWSPAPER,

One of the Largest in Europe, is rublished

every Saturday, by J. LIVESEY, Crane

Court. Fleet Street, and can be had of all

News Vendors throughout the Country.

The Empire " contains a larger Miscellany
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vincial News, and more original articles and
contributions than almoft any other Paper ia
the Kingdom, and its circulation is already
superior to that of two-thirds of the London
Weekly Press.

"The Empire" advocates a complete re-
modelling, by a New Reform Bill, of the re-
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present panie-producingCurrency Restrictions;
the development of Colonial Enterprise and
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Abuses ; and the protection of Provincial In-
terests from the despotism of the Centralisation
system. Provincial reafiers will find in "The
Empire " a constant discussion of questions
immediately interesting to themselves, and a
large selection of news from their respective
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Literary Articles and Critical Notices of'
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at home and abroad, are supplied to "The
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FINE ART DISTRIBUTION.

As an appropriate accompaniment to a Paper
which circulates in all parts of the British
Empire,— a copy of the magnificent

EQUESTRIAN PORTRAIT OF HER
MAJESTY,

By Count D'Orsay, Three Feet by Two Feet,

Value ONE GUINEA,
Will be presented to each Subscriber for
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Terms : _ Per Copy, Gd. ; Three Months,
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Advertisements inserted on Moderate Terms.

Orders for " The Empire " raav be sent to
MR. ROBERT HARVEY, No. 1. Crane
Court, Fleet Street, London, or may be given
to any News Vendor in town or country .

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAME-
HAS.-OTTEWTLL'S REGISTERED
DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMKRA,
is superior t''> every other form of Camera,
for the Photographic Tourist, from its capa-
bility of Elongation or Contraction to any
Focal Adjustment, its Portability, and its
adaptation for taking either Views or Por-
traits The Trade supplied.

Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tri-
pod Stands, Printing Frames, .<c . may be ob-
tained at his MANITFACTORY, Charlotte
Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order
or from Drawings.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITU-
TION. _ An EXHIBITION of PIC-
TURES, by the most celebrated Frerch,
Italian, and English Photogranhers, embrac-'
ing Views of the principalt ountr es and Cities
of Kuropp, is now OPEN Admission 6d. A
Portrait taken by MR. TALBO I S Patent
Process, One Guinea ; Three extra Copies for
10s.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,
168. NEW BOND STREET.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—
Negative and Positive Papers of What-
man's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson
Fr^res' make. Waxed-Paner for Le Gray's
Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every
kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic
Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13, Paternoster
Row, London.

Nov. 19. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

507

^nliritnrs' k §mmi Jtife

52. CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
Subscribed Capital, ONE MILLION.

THIS SOCIETY PRESENTS THE FOL-
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The Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE
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Exemption of the Assured from all Liability.

Premiums affording particular advantages to
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Participating and Non-Participating Pre-
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In tlie former EIGHTY PER CENT, or
FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are divided
amongst tlie Assured Triennially, either by
way of addition to tlie sura assured, or in
diminution of Premium, at tlieir option.

No deduction is made from the four-fifths
of the profits for Interest on Capital, for a
Guarantee Fund, or on any otlier account.

POLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and
INDISPUTABLE, except in case of fraud.

At the General Meeting, on the 31st May
last, A BONUS was declared of nearly Two
Per Ceint. per annum on the amount assured,
or at the rate of from THIRTY to upwards of
SIXTY per cent, on the Premiums paid.

POLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE
PREMIUM ONLY has been paid.

Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.

The Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o'clock .
Assurances may be effected by applying on any
other day, between the hours of 10 and 4, at the
Office of the Society, where prospectuses and
all other requisite information can be obtained.
CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretary.

WESTERN LIFE ASSU-
RANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,
3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.
Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

T. Grissell.Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

J. A. Letlibridge.Esq.

E. Lucas, Esq.

J. Lys Seager, Esq,

J. B. White, Esq.

J. Carter Wood, Esq.

H. E. Bicknell.Esq.
T. S. Cocks,Jun. Esq.

MP.
G. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evan«,Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.

Trustees.

■W.Whateley,Esq., Q.C. : George Drew, Esq. s

T. Grissell, Esq.

Physician William Rich. Bosham, M.D.

Bankers. — Messrs. Cocks. Biddulph, and Co.,
Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.
POLICIES effected in tins Office do not be-
come void through temporary difficulty in pay-
ing a Premium, as permission is given upon
application to suspend the payment at interest,
according to the conditions detailed in the Pro-
spectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring
lOOZ.. with a Share in three-fourths of the
Profits: —

Age £ s. d. \ Age £ s. d.

17 - - - 1 14 4 I 32- - - 2 10 8

22 - - - 1 18 8 I 37 - - - 2 18 6

27- - -245142- - -382

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S.,
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Now ready, price 10s. &d.. Second Edition,
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&c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Com-
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THUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to
the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parlia-
ment Street, Loudon.

ACHILLES XIFE INSUR-
ANCE COMPANY, -25. CANNON
STREET, CITY. - The Advantages offered
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lower Rates of Premium than most other
Offices.

No charge is made for Policy Stamps or
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Loans granted to Policy-holders.

For the convenieu-e of the Working Classes,
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Prospectuses and full particulars may be
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HUGH B. TAPLIN, Secretary.

BANK OF DEPOSIT.

7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square,
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PARTIES desirous of INVEST-
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Interest payable in January and July.

PETER MORRISON,

Managing Director.

Prospectuses free on application.

ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED
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and Description of upwards of 100 articles,
consisting of

PORTMANTEAUS.TRAVELLING-BAGS,

Ladies' Portmanteaus,

DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS,

DRESSING-CASES, and other travelling re-
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MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-
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with the opening as large as the bag, and the
new Portmanteau containing four compart-
ments, are undoubtedly the best articles of the
kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.

WH. HART, RECORD
. AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUA-
RIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to
many of the early Public Kecnrds whereby his
Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform
Authors nnd Gentlemen en-'ased in Antiqua-
rian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared
to undertake searches among the Public Re-
cords, MSS. in the Briti'^h Museum, Anci nt
Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Na-
ture, in any Branch of Literature, History,
Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in
which he has had considerable experience.

1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCHAM, SURREY.

BENNETT'S MODEL
WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EX-
HIBITION. No. I. Class X., in Gold and
Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to
all Climates, may now be had at the MANU-
FACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4
guineas. First-rate (Jeneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver
Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior I-*ver, with
Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19
guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold,
50 L'uineas j Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch
skilfully examined, timed, and its performance
guaranteed. Barometers, 2/., 3?., and 4i. Ther-
mometers from is. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of
Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,

65. CHEAPSIDE.

TNDIGESTION, CONSTIPA-

1 TION, NERVOUSNESS. &c. - BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTOR-
ING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

TIIE KEVALENTA ABABICA FOOD,

the only natural, pleasant, and effectual re-
medy (without medicine, purging, inconveni-
ence, or expense, as it saves fifty times its cost
in other remedies) for nervous, stomachic, in-
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deeply rooted, dyspepsia (indigestion), habitual
constipation, diarrhoea, acidity, heartburn, fla-
tulency, oppression, distension, palpitation,
eruption of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy,
sickness at the stomach during pregnancy, at
sea, and under all other circumstances, debility
in the aged as well aa infants, fits, spasms,
cramps, paralysis, &c.

^ few out o/ 50,000 Cures: —

Cure, No.71, of dyspepsia; from the Right
Hon. the Lord Stuart de Decies :— " I have de-
rived considerable benefit from your Revalenta
ArabicaFood, and consider it due to yourselves
and the public to authorise tlie pubUcatiou of
these lines. — Std ART de Decies."

Cure, No. 49,832 : — " Fifty years' indescrib-
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ccugh, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sick-
ness at the stomach, and vomitings have been
removed by Du Barry's excellent food. —
Maria Jolly, Wortham Ling, near Diss, Nor-
folk."

Cure, No. 180 : — " Twenty-five years' nervous-
ness, constipation, indigestion, and debility,
from which I had suffered great misery, and
which no medicine could remove or relieve,
have been effectually cured by Du Barry's food
in a, very short time. — W. R. Reeves, Pool
Anthony, Tiverton."

Cure,No.4.2fl8: — "Eight years' dyspepsia,
nervousness, debility, with cramps, spasms, and
nausea, for which my servant had consulted
the advice of many, have been effectually re-
moved by Du Barry's delicious food in a very
short time. I shall be happy to answer any in-
quiries. — Rev. John W. FiAVEit, Ridlincton
Rectory, Norfolk."

I>r. Wurzer's Testimonial.

" Bonn, July 19. 1852.
" Tills light and pleasant Farina is one of the
most excellent, nourishing, and restorative
remedies, and supersedes, in many cases, all
kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful
in confined habit of body, as also diarrhoea,
bowel complaints, affections of the kidneys and
bladder, such as stone or gravel ; inflammatory
irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemor-
rhoids. This really invaluable remedy is em-
ployed with the most satisfactory result, not
only in bronchial and pulmonary complaints,
where irritation and pain are to be removed,
but also in pulmonary and bronchial consump-
tion, in whicli it counteracts efftctually the
troublesome cough ; and I am en bled with
perfect truth to express the conviction that Du
Barry's Revalenta Arabica is adapted to the
cure of incipient hectic complaints and con-
sumption. •' Dr. Rud Wcrzeh,
" Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D.
in Bouu."

London Agents :— Fortnum, Mason & Co.,
182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her Majesty the
Queen ; Hedges & Butler, 155. hegent Street ;
and through all respectable gr ctre, chemists,
and medicine vendors. In canisters, suitably
packed for all climates, and with full instruc-
tions, lib. 2s. 9d. ; 21b. 4s. 6d. ; 51b. I Is. ; I21b.
22s. ; super-refined, 51b. 22s. ; lolb. 33s. The
lolb. and 121b. carriage free, on receipt of Post-
office order. — Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Re-
gent Street, London.

Important Caution. — Many invalids having
been seriously injured by spurious imitations
under closely similar names, such as ErVidenta,
Arabttca. and others, the public will do well to
see that each canister bears the name Barry,
Du Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, London
in full, without which none is genuine.

508

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 212.

BOHN'S

EXTRA VOLUMES.

GEAMMONT'S MEMOIRS

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Considered in relation to the Philosophy of
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london : WALTON & MABii^RLEY, Upper
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London : JOHN W. PARKER, West Strand.
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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

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LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

M 'Wben found, make a note of." — Captain Cuitlx.

No. 213.]

Saturday, November 26. 1853.

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CONTENTS.

Notes : _ Page

Tlie State Prison in the Tower, by William Sidney
Gibson -..---.

Ineilited Letter from Henry VIII. of England to
James V. of Scotland, by Tlios. Nimmo

Hiindbook to tlie Library of tlie British Museum, by
Bolton Corney . . - .

Folk Lore: —Derbyshire Folk Lore — Weather Su-
perstitions — Weather Rhymes, &c. — Folk Lore in
Cambridgeshire ------

Eapping no Novelty, by D. Jardine _ . .

Minor Notes : — Bond a Poet — The late Harvest
— Misquotation — Epitaph in Ireland — Reynolds
(Sir Joshua's) Baptism — Tradescant -

509
510

- 511

513

514
514

Queries : —

Grammar in relation to Logic, by C. Mansfield Ingleby

The Coronet [Crown] of Llewelyn ap Griffith, Prince

of Wales - ._-.--

Minor Queries : — Monumental Brass at Wanlip,
CO. Leicester, and Sepulchral Inscriptions in English

— Influence of Politics on Fashion — Rev. W. Rondall
— Henry, third Earl of Northumberland—" When we
survey," &c Turnbull's Continuation of Robertson

— An Heraldic Query — Osborn filius Herfasti —
-Jews in China — Derivation of " Mammet "— Non-
recurring Diseases — Warville — Dr. Doddridge —
Pelasgi _ Hue's Travels — The Mousehunt — Lock-
wood, the Court Jester — Right of redeeming Pro-
perty - - - - - - - 515

Minor Queries with Answers: — Dictionary of Zin-
gari — Sir Robert Colce — Regium Donum — Who
was the Author of " Jerningham " and " Doveton ? "

— Alnia'Mater - - - - - - 517

Replies : —

Alexander Clark --.--- 517

Amcotts Pedigree, by W. S. Hesleden - - - 518

Sir Ralph Winwood, by the Rev. W. Sneyd - - 519

Trench on Proverbs, by the Rev. M. Margoliouth, &c. - 519

On Palindromes, by Charles Reed, &c. - - - 620

Replies to Minor Queries:— The Claymore —
Temple Lands in Scotland — Lewis and Sawell
Families — Pharaoh's Ring — "Could we with ink,"
■ fee. — " Populus vult decipi " — Red Hair — " Land
of Green Ginger" — " I put a spoke in his wheel"

— Pagoda — Passage in Virgil — To speak in Lute-
string— Dog Latin — Longevity — Definition of a
Proverb — Ireland a bastinadoed Elephant — Ennui

— Belle Sauvage — History of York — Encore —
" Hauling over the Coals " — The Words " Cash "
and " Mob " — Ampers and — The Keate Family, of
the Hoo, Herts— Hour-glasses — Marriage of Cousins

— Waufjh, Bishop of Carlisle — Marriage Service —
Hoby, Family of — Cambridge Graduates — "I own

I like not," &c " Topsy Turvy " — "When the

Maggot bites," &c. - - - - - 520

Miscellaneous : —

Notes on Books, &c. . . _ » - 527

Books and Odd Volumes wanted - - . - 528

Notices to Correspondents ... - 528

Advertisements • ..... 528

Vol. VIII. ~ No. 213.

THE STATE PRISON IN THE TOWEK.

A paragraph has lately gone the round of the
newspapers, in which, after mentioning the alter-
ations recently made in the Beauchamp Tower and
the opening of its " written walls" to public in-
spection, it is stated that this Tower was formerly
the place of confinement for state prisoners, and
that " Sir William Wallace and Queen Anne
Boleyn" were amongst its inmates.

Now, I believe there is no historical authority
for saying that "the Scottish hero" was ever con-
fined in the Tower of London ; and it seems cer-
tain that the unfortunate queen was a prisoner in
the royal apartments, which were in a diflTerent
part of the fortress. But so many illustrious per-
sons are known to have been confined in the
Beauchamp Tower, and its walls preserve so many
curious inscriptions — the undoubted autographs
of many of its unfortunate tenants — that it must
always possess great interest.

Speaking from memory, I cannot say whether
the building known as the Beauchamp (or Wake*
field) Tower was even in existence in the time of
Edward I. ; but my impression is, that its archi-
tecture is not of so early a time. It is, I believe,
supposed to derive its name from the confinement
in it of Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick,
in 1397. Of course it was not the only place of
durance of state prisoners, but it was the prison
of most of the victims of Tudor cruelty who were
confined in the Tower of London ; and the walls
of the principal chamber, which is on the first
storey, and was, until lately, used as a mess-room
for the oflicers, are covered in some parts with
those curious inscriptions by prisoners which were
first described' in a paper read before the Society
of Antiquaries in 1796, by the Rev. J. Brand, and
published in the thirteenth volume of The Archceo-
logia.

Mr. P. Cunningham, in his excellent Handbook,
says :

" William Wallace was lodged as a prisoner on his
first arrival in London in the house of William dc
Leyre, a citizen, in the parish of All Hallows Staining,
at the end of Fenchurch Street."

510

NOTES AND QUEHIES.

[No. 213.

Mr. Cunningham, in his notice of the Tower,
mentions Walhice first among the eminent persons
who have been confined there. The popular ac-
counts of the Tower do the like. It was about
the Feast of the Assumption (Aug. 15) that
Wallace Avas taken and conducted to London ;
and it seems clear that he was forthwith im-
prisoned in the citizen's house :

-^ He was lodged," says Stow, " in the house of
William. Delect, a citizen of London, in Fenchurcli
Street. On the morrow, being the eve of St. Bartlio-
lomew (2Srd Aug.), he was brought on horseback to
Westminster . . . the mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen of
London accompanying him ; and in the Great Hall at
Westminster . . . being impeached," &c.

The authorities cited are, Adam Merlmuth and
Thomas de La More. His arraignment and con-
demnation on the Vigil of St. Bartholomew are
also mentioned by Matthew Westminster, p. 451.
Neither these historians, or Stow or Holinshetl,
afford any farther information. The latter chro-
picler says that Wallace was " condemned, and
thereupon hanged" {Chron., fol., 1586, vol. ii.
p. 313.). He was executed at Smithfield ; and it
is not improbable that, if, after his condemnation,
he was taken to any place of safe custody, he was
lodged in Newgate. The following entry of the
expenses of the sheriffs attending his execution is
on the Chancellor's Roll of 33 Edw. I. in the
British Museum :

" Et in expens t misis tcis p eosd Vice*^' p Willo le
Walleys Scoto lafne prcdone pupHco utlagato inimico
et rebellione p> qui in contemptu IJ, p Scociam se
Regeni Scocie falso fecat noiare t t ministros ^ in
Btibus Scocie intf'ecit atq. dux* excercitu hostilit contr"
I^ege p judiciu Ciif p> apud Westih disfhendo sus-
pendendo decollando ej viscera concremando ac ej
corpus q"rtcrando cuj cor^tis quartia ad iiij majores
villas Scocie t*usmittebantur hoc anno .... £xj s. xd."

The day of the trial, August 23, is generally
given as the date of his execution. It therefore
appears that the formidable Scot never was a
prisoner in the Tower.

The unfortunate Queen Anne Boleyn occupied
the royal apartments while she was a prisoner in
the Tower. From Speed's narrative, it appears
that she continued to occupy them after she was
condemned to death. On May 15 (1536) she was
(says Stow)

♦' Arraigned in the Tower on a scaffold made for the
purpose in the King's Hall ; and after her condemn-
ation, she was conveyed to ward again, > the Lady
Kingston, and tlie Lady Boloigne her aunt, attending
on her."

On May 19, the unfortunate queen was led forth
to "the green by the White Tower" and be-
headed.

In the record of her trial before the Duke of
Norfolk, Lord High Steward (see Report of De-
puty Keeper of Public Records), she is ordered to
be taken back to " the king's prison within the
Tower;" but these are words of form. The oral
tradition cannot in this case be relied upon, for it
pointed out the jMartin Tower as the place of her
imprisonment because, as I believe, her name was
found rudely inscribed upon the wall. The Beau-
champ Tower seems to have been named only
because it was the ordinary state prison at the
time. The narrative quoted by Speed shows,
however, tliat the place of her imprisonment was
the queen's lodging, where the fading honours of
royalty still surrounded Anne Boleyn.

William Sidney Gibson.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

INEDITED LETTER FROM HENRY Vni. OF ENGLAND
TO JAMES V. OF SCOTLAND.

I lately transcribed several vei-y interesting
original manuscripts, chiefly of the seventeenth
century, but some of an earlier date, and now
send you a literal specimen of one evidently be-
longing to the sixteenth century ; altiiough, not-
withstanding the day of the month is given, the
year is not. If you think it worthy of a place in
your very excellent publication, you are quite at
liberty to make use. of it, and I shall be happy to
send you some of the others, if you choose to
accept them. They chiefly relate to the period
when the Duke of Lauderdale was commissioner
for Scotch affairs at the English Court ; and one
appears to be a letter addressed by the members
of the Scottish College at Paris to James I. on the
death of his mother. Tiios. Nimmo.

Right excellent right high and mighty prince,
our most dereste brother and nephew, we recora-
mende us unto you in our most herlee and affec-
tuous maner by tiiis bei*er, your familyar servitor,
David Wood. We have not only receyved your
most loving and kinde let' declaring how moch ye
tendre and regarde the conservation and mayn-
tennance of good amytie betwene us, roted and
grounded as well in proximitie of blood as in the
good offices, actes, and doyngs shewed in our
partie, whiche ye to our greate comforte afferme
and confesse to be daylly more and more in your
consideration and remembraunce (but also two
caste of fair haukes, whiche presented in your
name and sent by youe we take in most thankfull
parte), and give youe our most hertie thanks for
the same, taking greate comforte and consolacion
to perceyte and understande by j'our said letters,
and the credence comitted to your said familyar
servitor David Wood, which we have redd and
considered (and also send unto youe with these
our letters answer unto the same) that ye like a

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

511

good and uertuous prince, have somoclie to herte
and inynde the good rule and order uppon the
borders (with redresse and reformacion of such
attemptats as have been comytted and done in the
same), not doubting but if ye for your partie as we
intende for ours (doe effectually pei'siste and con-
tynue in so good and uertuose purpose and intente),
not only our realmes and subjectts shall lyue
quyetiy and peasably without occasion of breche,
but also we their heddes and gouernors shall so
encrease and augment our syncere love and
affecon as shall be to the indissoluble assurara-
mente of good peace and suretie to the inestimable
benefit, wealth, and comoditie of us our realmes
and subjectts hereafter.

Right excellent right high and mightie prynce,
our most derest brother and nephew, the blessed
Trynytie have you in his government.

Given under our signet at Yorke place besides
Westminster, the 7th day of December.
Your lovyng brother and uncle,

Henky VIII.

[Tliis letter, which is not included in the State
Papers, " King Henry VIII. ," published by the lie-
cord Commissioners, was probably written on the 7th
Deceniber, 1524-25, as in the fourth volume of that
collection is a letter from Magnus to Wolse_v, in wliich
he says, p. 301. : "Davy Wood came hoome about the
same tyrae, and sitbenne his hider comming hath
doone, and continually dooth rnyche good, making
honourable reaport not oonly to the Quenes Grace,
but also to all other. He is worthy thankes and gra-
merces." This David Wod, or Wood, was a servant of
the queen, Margaret of Scotland.]

HANDBOOK TO THE LIBRARY OF THE BRITISH
MUSEUM.

In the Report of the royal commissioners on the
British Museum, printed in 1850, we read —

" We are of opinion that, with reference to such a
measure as the one now suggested [giving information
to persons at a distance as to the existence of works in
the library], and to other measures and regulations
generally affecting the use of the library, it is desirable
to prepare and publish a compendious Guide to the
reading-room, as described and suggested by lord
Seymour at Q,. 9521."

• The reference is erroneous. At Q. 9521, there
is not a word on the subject ! At Q. 9522. we
read —

" (^Lord Seymour — to Antonio Panizzi, Esq.) You
have heard also some witnesses state that it would be
a great advantage to those who frequent the reading-
room if they had put into their hands some short
printed guide to the reading-room, to tell them what
books of reference there were, and to tell them how
they were to proceed to get books, and other inform-
ation, from the want of which they state they have
been at a great loss? (Mr. Panizzi.) I do not believe

I that it is often tlie case that persons are at a loss for
want of such a guide, but it might be done," etc.

Now, the suggestion of a short printed guide to
the reading-room was evidently considered as of
some importance. The principle of suum cuiqub
is also of some importance. We observe that
lord Seymour the examiner ascribes the sugges-
tion to some witnesses — but lord Seymour the-
reporter claims the credit of it for himself! It is
the after-thought of his lordship of which I have
to complain.

If we turn to the evidence, it will appear that
Mr. Peter Cunningham suggested a printed
" catalogue of the books in the reading-room,'^
Q. 4800. — I must now speak of myself. When
summoned before the commissioners as a witness,
I took with me the printed Directions respecting^
the reading-room for the express purpose of point-
ing out their inconsistency and insufficiency, and
of advocating the preparation of a guide-book.

I cannot repeat my arguments. It would oc-
cupy too much space. I can only refer to the
questions 6106 — 6116. The substance is this: —
I contended that every person admitted to the
reading-room should be furnished with instruc-
tions how to_proceed — instructions as to the cata-
logues which he should considt — and instructions
for asking for the books. On that evidence rests
my claim to the credit of having suggested a'
Guide to the readivg-i'oom. Its validity shall be-
left to the decision of those who venerate the
motto of Tom Hearne — Suum cuique.

The trustees of the British Museum seem to.
have paid no attention to the recommendation of
the royal commissioners. They issue the same'^
Directions as before. After you have obtained
admission to the reading-room, you are furnished,
with instructions as to the mode of obtaining it! —
but you have no guide to the numerous catalogues.

What Mr. Antonio Panizzi, the keeper of the
department of printed books, says might he done,
Mr. Richard Sims, of the department of manu-
scripts, says shall he done. His Handbook to the •
library of the British Museum is a very compre-
hensive and instructive volume. It is a trium-
phant refutation of the opinions of those who, to
the vast injury of literature, and serious incon-
venience of men of letters, slight common sense
and real utility in favour of visionary schemes and-
pedantic elaboration.

There is no want of precedents for a work of
this class, either abroad or at home. As to the
public library at Paris — I observe, in my own
small collection, an Essai historiqne sur la biblio-
theque du roi, par M. le Prince ; a Histoire du
cabinet des medailles, par ^I. Marion du Mersan ;,
a Notice des estampes, par M. Duchesne, &c.

For a precedent at home, I shall refer to the-
Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum.
TlIxq first edition of that interesting work, with the -

512

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

valued autograph of G. Shau\ is now before me.
It is dated in 1808. I have also the sixtieth edi-
tion, printed in this year. I cannot expect to see
ft sixtieth edition of the Handbook, but it de-
serves to be placed by the side of the Synopsis,
and I venture to predict for it a wide circulation.

Bolton Cornet.

FOLK LOBE.

Derbyshire Folk Lore. — Many years ago I
learned the following verses in Derbyshire, with
reference to magpies :

" One IS a sign of sorrow ; two are a sign of mirth ;
Three are a sign of a weddhig ; and four a sign of a
birth."

The opinion that a swarm of bees settling on a
dead tree forebodes a death in the family also pre-
vails in Derbyshire.

In that county also there is an opinion that a
dog howling before a house is an indication that
some one is dying withiu the house ; and I re-
member an instance where, as I heard at the
time, a dog continued howling in a street in front
of a house in which a lady was dying.

It is also a prevalent notion that If the sun
shines through the apple-trees on Christmas Day,
there will be an abundant crop the following
year.

I never heard the croaking of a raven or carrion
crow mentioned as an indication of anything,
which is very remarkable, as well on account of
its ill-omened sound, as because it was so much
noticed by the Romans. S. G. C.

Weather Superstitions. — If it rains much during
the twelve days after Christmas Day, it will be a
wet year. So say the country people.

"If there is anything in this, 1853 will be a wet
year, for it has rained every day of the twelve."
So wrote I under date January 9.

No one, I think, will deny that for once the shaft
has hit the mark. R. C. Wabde.

Kiddermhistcr.

Weather Rhymes, S^-c. — The following are very-
common in Northamptonshire :

" Rain before seven,
Fine before eleven."
" Fine on Friday, fine on Sunday.
Wet on Friday, wet on Sunday,"
" Tlie wind blows cold
On Burton Hold (Wold).

Can you spell that with four letters?
I can spell it with two."

Burton Hold, or Wold, is near Burton Latimer.

B. II. C.

Folk Lore in Cambridgeshire (Vol, vlii., p. 382.).

— The custom referred to by Me. Middleton, of

ringing the church bell early in the morning for
the gleaners to repair to the fields, and again ia
the evening for their return home, is still kept up
not only at Hildersham, but also in most of the
villages in this neighbourhood. I have heard this
" gleaners' bell " several times during this present
autumn ; the object of course being to give all
parties a fair and equal chance. Upon one occasion,
where the villages lie rather close together, I
heard four of these bells sounding their recall from
different chui'ch towers; and as I was upon an
eminence from whence I could see the different
groups wending their way to their respective
villages, it formed one of the most striking pas-
toral pictures I have ever witnessed, such, perhaps,
as England alone can furnish. Nobbis Deck.

Cambridge.

RAPPING NO NOVELTT.

It may be interesting to the believers in modern
miracles to learn that at all events "rapping" is
no new thing. I now send you the account of an
incident in the sixteenth century, which bears a
strong resemblance to some of those veracious
narrations which have enlightened mankind in the
nineteenth century.

Rushton Hall, near Kettering in Northampton-
shire, was long the residence of the ancient and
distinguished family of Treshams. In the reign
of Queen Elizabeth, the mansion was occupied by
Sir Thomas Tresham, who was a pedant and a
fanatic ; but who was an important character in
his time by reason of his great wealth and power-
ful connexions. There is a lodge at Rushton,
situate about half a mile from the old hall, now in
ruins ; but covered all over, within and without,
with emblems of the Trinity. This lodge is known
to have been built by Sir Thomas Tresham ; but
his precise motive for selecting this mode of illus-
trating his favourite doctrine was unknown until
it appeared from a letter written by himself
about the year 1584, and discovered in a bundle
of books and papers inclosed, since 1605, in a wall
in the old mansion, and brought to light about
twenty years ago. The following relation of a
"rapping" or "knocking" is extracted from this
letter :

" If it be demanded why I labour so much in the
Trinity and Passion of Christ to depaint in this cham-
ber, this is the principal instance thereof; That at my
last being hither committed*, and 1 usually having
my servants here allowed me, to read nightly an hour
to me after supper, it fortuned that Fulcis, my then
servant, reading in the Christian Resolution, in the
treatise of Proof that there is a God, Sfc, there was
upon a wainscot table at that instant three loud knocks

* This refers to his commitments for recusancy,
which had been frequent.

Nov. 26. 1853.]

KOTES AND QUERIES.

513

(as if it had been with an iron hammer) given ; to the
great amazing of me and my two servants, Fulcis and
Nilkton."

D. Jakdine.

Bond a Poet, 1642, O. S. — In the Perfect Di-
wnall, March 29, 1642, we have the following
curious notice :

" Upon the meeting of the House of Lords, there
■was complaint made against one Bond, a poet, for
making a scandalous letter in the queen's name, sent
from the Hague to the king at York. The said Bond
attended upon order, and was examined, and found a
delinquent ; upon which they voted him to stand in the
pillory several market days in the new Palace (Yard),
Westminster, and other places, and committed liim to
the Gatehouse, besides a long imprisonment during the
pleasure of the house : and they farther ordered that
as many of the said letter as could be found should be
burnt."

His recantation, which he afterwards made, is in
the British Museum. E. G. Ballakd.

The late Harvest. — In connexion with the pre-
sent late and disastrous harvest, permit me to
conti'ibute a distich current, as an old farmer
observed to-day, "when I was a boy :"

" When we carry wheat o' the fourteenth of October,
Then every man goeth home sober."

Meaning that the prospect of the "yield" was not
good enough to permit the labourers to get drunk
upon it. R. C. Wabde.

Kidderminster.

Misquotation. — In an article entitled " Popular
Ballads of the English Peasantry," a correspondent
of "N. & Q." (Vol. v., p. 603.) quotes as "that
spirit-stirring stanza of immortal John" the lines :

"Jesus, the name high over all," &c.
These lines were not written by John, but by
Charles Wesley. Here is the proof:

1st. A hymn of which the stanza quoted is the
first, appears (p. 40.) in the Collection of Hymns
published by John AYesley in 1779 ; but in the
preface he says, " but a small part of these hymns
are of my own composing."

2nd. In his Plain Account of Christian Per-
fection., he says :

" In the year 1749, my brother printed two volumes
of Hymns and Sacred Poems. As I did not see them
before they were published, there were some things in
them which I did not approve of; but I quite ap-
proved of the main of the hymns on this head."— IForks,
vol. xi. p. 376., 12mo. ed. 1841,

3rd. The_ lines quoted by your correspondent
form the ninth stanza of a hymn of twenty-two
stanzas (wliich includes the six in John Wesley's

Collection), written " after preaching (in a church),"
and published in " Hymns and Sacred Poems, In
two volumes. By Charles Wesley, M.A., Student
of Christ Church, Oxford. Bristol : printed and
sold by Felix Farley, 1749." A copy is in my
possession. The hymn is^ No. 194.; and the
stanza referred to will be found in vol. i. p. 306.

J. W. Thomas.
Dewsbury.

Epitaph in Ireland. — The following lines were
transcribed by me, and form part of an epitaph
upon a tombstone or mural slab, which many
years past was to be found in (if I mistake not}
the churchyard of Old KilcuUen, co. Kildare :

" Ye wiley youths, as you pass by,
Look on my grave with weeping eye :
Waste not your strenth before it blossom.
For if you do yotis will shurdley want it."

J. F. Ferguson.
Dublin.

Reynolds {Sir Joshua' s) Baptism. — I have been
favoured by the incumbent of Plympton S. Mau-
rice with a copy of the following entry in the
Register of Baptisms of that parish, together with
the appended note ; which, if the fact be not
generally known, may be of interest to your cor-
respondent A. Z. (Vol. viii., p. 102.) as well as to
others among the readers of " N. & Q." :

"1723. Joseph, son of Samuel Reynolds, clerk,
baptized July the 30th."

On another page is the following memorandum :
" In the entry of baptisms for the year 1723, the
person by mistake named Joseph, son of Samuel Rey-
nolds, clerk, baptized July 30th, was Joshua Reynolds,
the celebrated painter, who died February 23, 1792."

Samuel Reynolds, the father, was master of
Plympton Grammar School from about 1715 to
1745, in which year he died. During that period
his name appears once in the parish book, in the
year 1742, as "minister for the time being" (not
incumbent of the parish) : the Rev. Geo. Lang-
worthy having been the incumbent from 1736 to
1745, both inclusive.

Query, Was Sir Joshua by mistake baptized
Joseph f or was the mistake made after baptism,
in registering the name ? J- Sansom.

Oxford.

Tradescant.—T\xQ pages of "N. & Q." have
elicited and preserved so much towards the his-
tory of John Tradescant and his family, that the
accompanying extract from the register of St.
Nicholas Cole Abbey, in the city of London, should
have a place in one of its Numbers :

" 1638. Marriages. — John Tradoskant of Lambeth,
CO. Surrey, and Hester Pooks of St. Bride's, London,
maiden, married, by licence from Mr. Cooke, Oct. 1."

514

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

"this lady erected the original monument in
Lambeth churchyard upon the death of her hus-
band in 1662. She died 1678. G.

tiBAMMAB IN RELATION TO LOGIC.

Dr. Latham (Outlines of Logic, p. 21., 1847, and
English Language, p. 510., 2nd edition) defines the
conjunction to be a part of speech that connects
propositions, not words. His doctrine is so palpably
and demonstrably false, that I am somewhat at a
loss to understand how a man of his penetration
can be so far deceived by a crotchet as to be
blind to the host of examples which point to the
direct converse of liis doctrine. Let the learned
Doctor try to resolve the sentence. All men are
either two-legged, one-legged, or no-legged, into
three constituent propositions. It cannot be done ;
either and or are here conj unctions which connect
words and not propositions. In the example,
John and James carry a basket, it is of course quite
plain that the logic of the matter is that John
carries one portion of the basket, and James carries
the rest. But to identify these two propositions
with the first mentioned. Is to confound grammar
with logic. The former deals with the method of
expression, the latter with the method of stating
(in thought) and syllogising. To take another
example, Charles and Thomas stole all the apples.
The fact probably was, that Charles' pockets con-
tained some of the apples, and Thomas' pockets
contained all the rest. But the business of gram-
mar in the above sentence is to regulate the form
of the expression, not to reason upon the matter
expressed. A little thouglit will soon convince
any person accustomed to these subjects that
conjunctions always connect words, not propositions.
The only work in which I have seen Dr. Latham's
fundamental error exposed, is in Boole's Mathe-
matical Analysis of Logic; the learned author,
though he seems unsettled on many matters of
logic and metaphysics, has clearly made up his
mind on the point now under discussion. He
says :

" The proposition, every animal is either rational or
irrational, cannot ba resolved into, Either every animal
IS rational, or every animal is irrational. The former
belongs to pure categoricals, the latter to hypothe-
ticals [Query disjunctives']. In singular propositions
such conversions would seem to be allowable. This
animal is either rational or irrational, is equivalent to,
Either this animal is rational, or it is irrational. This
peculiarity of s!M(7?</ur propositions would almost justify
our ranking them, though truly universals, in a separate
class, as Ramus and his followers did." — P. .59.
This certainly seems unanswerable.

If Dr. Latham Is a reader of "N. &Q.," I
should be glad If he would jjlve his reasons for

adhering to his original doctrine in the face of
such facts as those I have instanced.

C. Mansfield Inglebt.
Birmingham.

THE CORONET [cROWN] OT LLEWELYN AP GRIF-
FITH, PRINCE OF WALES.

A notice, transferred to The Times of the 5th
instant from a recent number of The Builder, on
the shrine of Edward the Confessor, after men-
tioning that " to this shrine Edward I. offered the
Scottish regalia and the coronation cliair, which is
still preserved," adds, " Alphonso, about 1280,
offered It the golden coronet of Llewelyn, Prince
of Wales, and other jewels."

Who was Alphonso? And would the con-
tributor of the notice favour the readers of " N.
& Q." with the authority in extenso for the offer-
ing of this coronet ?

The period assigned for the offering Is certainly
too early ; Llewelyn ap Griffith, " the last sove-
reign of one of the most ancient ruling families of
Europe" (Hist, of England, by Sir James Mackin-
tosh, vol. ii. p. 254.), having been slain at Builth,
Dec. 11, 1282. Warrington (Hist, of Wales,
vol.11, p. 271.), on the authority of Rymer's i^a-
de7-a, vol. II. p. 224., says : " Upon stripping Lle-
welyn there were found his Privy Seal ; a paper
that was filled with dark expressions, and a list
of names written in a kind of cypher;" omitting,
It will be observed, any reference to Llewelyn's
coronet. That monarch's crown was probably
obtained and transmitted to Edward I. on the
capture, June 21, 1283, or shortly after, of his
brother David ap Griffith, Lord of Denbigh, who
had assumed the Welsh throne on the demise of
Llewelyn ; the Princess Catherine, the daughter
and heir of the latter, and de jure sovereign Prin-
cess of Wales, being then an Infant. Wai-rington
states (vol. ii. p. 285.) that when David was
taken, a relic, highly venerated by the Princes of
Wales, was found upon him, called Crosseneych,
supposed to be a part of the real cross brought by
St. Neots into Wales from the Holy Land ; and
he adds that, besides the above relic, which was
voluntarily delivered up to Edward by a secretary
of the late Prince of Wales, " the crown of the
celebrated King Arthur, with many precious
jewels, was about this time presented to Edward,"
citing as his authorities Annates Waverleienses,
p. 238. ; Eymer's Fcedej-a, vol. ii. p. 247.

There are some particulars of these relics in the
Archceologia Camh^ensis ; but neither that period-
ical, nor the authorities referred to by Warrington,
are at the moment accessible to me.

CAMnRO-BRITON.

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

515

Monumsntal Brass at WanUp, Co. Leicester, and
Sepulch?'al Inscriptions in English. — In the church
of Wanlip, near this town, is a fine brass of a
knight and his lady, and round the margin the
following inscription, divided at the corners of the
slab by tlie Evangelistic symbols :

" Here lyes Thomas Walssh, Knyght, lorde of Anlep,
and dame Kat'ine his AVyfe, whiche in yer tyme made
the Kirke of Anlep, and halud the Kirkyc-rd first, in
Wirchip of God, and of oure lady, and seynt Nicholas,
that God haue yer soules and mercy, Anno Dni
milliho CCC™" nonagesimo tercio."

Mr. Bloxam states, in his Mon. Arch, of Great
Britain, p. 210., that —

" There are, perhaps, no sepulchral inscriptions in that
tongue (English) prior to the fifteenth century ; yet at
almost the beginning of it, some are to he met with,
p.nd tliey became more common as the century drew to
a close."

Is there any monumental inscription in English,
earlier than the above curious one, known to any
of your correspondents ? William Kelly.

Leicester.

Influence of Politics on Fashion. — Can any one
of the numerous readers of " N. & Q." explain
the meaning of the following passage of the note
of p. 305. of Alison's History of Europe, 7th
edition ? —

" A very curious work might be written on the in-
fluence of political events and ideas on the prevailing
fashions both for men and women ; there is always a
certain analogy between them. Witness the shepherd-
plaid trousers for gentlemen, and coarse shawls and
muslins worn by ladies in Great Britain during the
Reform fervour of 1832-4."

Henri van Laun.

King William's College, Isle of Man.

Mev. W. liondall. — Can any of your cor-
respondents give information respecting the Rev.
William Rondall, Vicar of Blackhampton, Devon-
shire (1548), who translated into English a portion
of the writings of the learned Erasmus ?

HiSTORlCDS.

Henry, third Earl of Northumberland. — The
above nobleman fell on the battle field of Towton
(Yorkshire), 29th March, 1461, and w^s interred
in the church of St. Denys, or Dionisius, in York,
where his tomb, denuded of its brass, is still
pointed out. Pray does an account exist, in any
of our old historians, as to the removal of the body
of the above nobleman from that dread field of
slaughter to his mansion in Walmgate in the above
city, and of his interment, which doubtless was a
strictly private one ? Again, does any record
exist of the latter event in any book of early re-

gisters belonging to the above church ? Doubt-
less many readers of " N. & Q." will be able to
answer these three Queries.

M. AlSLABlE DeNHAM.
Piersebridge, Darlington.

" When ive survey" Sfc. — Where are the follow-
ing lines to be found ?

" When we survey yon circling orbs on high,
Say, do they only grace the spangled sky ?
Have they no influence, no function given
To execute the awful will of Heaven ?
Is there no sympathy pervading all
Between the planets and this earthly ball ?
No tactile intercourse from pole to pole,
Between the ambient and the human soul ?
No link extended through the vast profound,
Combining all above, below, around?"

AxLEDirS.

TumhulVs Continuation of Robertson. — Some
years ago, a continuation of Robertson's work on
Scottish Peerages was announced by Mr. TurnbuU,
Advocate of Edinburgh. — I shall be glad to be
informed whether it was published ; and by whom
or where. Feciaus.

A71 Heraldic Quej-y. — Will any one of your
contributors from Lancashire or Cheshire, who
may have access to ancient ordinaries of arms,
whether in pi-Int or In manuscript, favour me by
saying whether he has ever met with the follow--
ing coat : Per pale, argent and sable, a fess em-
battled, between three falcons counterchanged,
belled or ? It has been attributed to the family
of Thompson of Lancashire, by Captain Booth of
Stockport, and an heraldic writer named Saun-
ders ; but what authority attaches +0 either I am
not aware. Is it mentioned in Con-y's Lancashire ?

Heraldicus.

Osborn filius Herfasti. — Were Osborn, son of
Herfast, abbot of S. Evroult, and Osborn de
Crepon (filius Herfasti patrls Gunnoris coraitlssae),
brothers ? or were there two Herfasts ?

J. Sansom.

Jews in China. — A colony of Jews is known to
exist in the centre of China, who worship God ac-
cording to the belief of their forefathers ; and the
aborigines of the northern portion of Australia
exercise the rite of circumcision. Can these
colonists and aborigines be traced to any of the
nations of the lost tribes ? Historicus.

Dei-ivation of '■'■ Mammet." — The Rev. R. Che-
nevix Trench, In his book on the Study of Woi'ds,
4th edition, p. 79., gives the derivation of the old
English word mammet from " Mammetry or Maho-
metry," and cites, in proof of this, Capulet calling
his daughter " a whining mammet." Now Johnson,

516

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

in his Dictionary, the folio edition, dei'ives mammet
from the word maman, and also from the word
man ; and mentions Shakspeare's

" This is no world to play with mammcts, or to tilt with
lips." — Henry IV. (First Part), Act II. Sc. 3.

As both Dr. Johnson, the Rev. Ch. Trench, and
many others, agree that mammet means " puppet,"
•why not derive this word from the French marmot,
which means a puppet. — Can any of the readers
of the " N. & Q." give me a few examples to
strengthen my supposition ? Henki van Laun.
King William's College, Isle of Man.

> Non-recurring Diseases. — Among the many
diseases to which humanity is subject, there are
some which we are all supposed to have once, and
but once, in our lifetime. Is this an unquestioned
fact ? and if so, has anything like a satisfactory
explanation of it been offered ? S.

Warville. — There being no w in the French
language, whence did Brissot de Warville derive
the latter word of his name ? Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Dr. Doddridge. — A poem entitled " To my Wife's
Bosom," and beginning

" Open, open, lovely breast,
Let me languish into rest !"

occasionally appears with the name of the Rev.
Dr. Doddridge as the author. Is it his ? M. E.
■ Philadelphia.

Pelasgi, — In an article which appeared some
time ago in Hogg's Instructor, Thomas de Quin-
cey, speaking of the Pelasgi, characterises them
as a race sorrowful beyond conception. — What
is known of their history to lead to this inference ?

T. D. Ridley.

West Hartlepool.

Hue's Travels. — I was lately told, I think on
the authority of a writer in the Gardener' s Chro-
nicle, that the travels of Messrs. Hue and Gabet in
Thibet, Tartary, &c., was a pure fabrication, con-
cocted by some Parisian litterateur. Can any of
your readers confirm or refute this statement ?

C. W. B.

The Mousehunt. — I should feel much obliged
to any reader of " N. & Q." who would refer me
to any mention of in print, or give me any in-
formation from his own personal experience, re-
specting a small animal of the weasel tribe called
the mousehunt, an animal apparently but little
known ; it is scarcely half the size of the common
weasel, and of a pale mouse-colour. It is said to
be well known in Suffolk, whence, however, after
some trouble, I have been unsuccessful in obtain-
ing a specimen ; young stoats or weasels having

been sent me instead of it. I could not find a
specimen in the British Museum. Some years
ago I saw two in Glamorganshire ; one escaped
me ; the other had been killed by a ferret, but
unfortunately I neglected to preserve it. Near
the same spot last year a pair of them began
making their nest, but being disturbed by some
workmen employed in clearing out the drain in
which they had ensconced themselves, were lost
sight of and escaped.

Mr. Colquhoun, in The Moor and the Loch,
ed. 1851, says :

" The English peasantry assert that there are two,
kinds of weasel, one very small, called a 'cane,' or
' the mousekiller.' This idea, I have no doubt, is
erroneous, and the ' mousekillers ' are only the young
ones of the year, numbers of these half-grown weasels-
appearing in summer and autumn."

The only description I have met with in print Is
in BelVs Life of Dec. 7, 1851, whei-e " Scrutator,"^
in No. 15. of his Letters " On the Management of
Horses, Hounds, &c.," writes :

" I know only of one species of stoat, but I have
certainly seen more than one species of weasel. .....

There is one species of weasel so small that it can
easily follow mice into their holes ; and one of these,
not a month ago, I watched go into a mouse's hole in
an open grass field. Seeing something hopping along-
in the grass, which I took for a large long-tailed field
mouse, I stood still as it was approaching my position,
and when within a foot or two of the spot on which I
was standing, so that I could have a full view of the
animal, a very small weasel appeared, and quickly dis-
appeared again in a tuft of grass. On searching the
spot I discovered a mousehole, in which Mr. Weasel
had made his exit."

W. R. D. Salmon.

Lochvood, the Court Jester. — In some MS.
accounts temp. Edw. VI., Mary, and Elizabeth,
now before me, payments to " Lockwoofl, the
king's jester," or " the queen's jester, whose name
is Lockwood," are of almost annual occurrence.
He appears to have travelled about the country-
like the companies of itinerant players.

Are any particulars known respecting him, and
where shall I find the best account of the ancient
court jesters ? I am aware of Donee's work,
and the memoirs of Will. Somers, the fool of
Henry VIII. William Kellt.

Leicester.

Right of redeeming Tropcrty. — In some coun-
try or district which I have formerly visited,
there exists, or did recently exist, a right of re-
deeming property which had passed from its
owner's hands, somewhat similar to that pre-
scribed to the Jews in Leviticus xxvi. 25. &c.,
and analogous to the custom in Brittany, with
which Sterne's beautiful story has made us fa-

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

517

miliar. Can you help me to remember where it
is? C.W.B.

filter <au0rie^ tuft^ ^n^tocr^S.

Dictionary of Zingari. — Can you direct me to
ti glossary or dictionary of this language ? I have
seen Borrow's Lavengro, and am not aware whe-
ther either of his other works contains anything of
the sort. I should imagine it cannot be a perfect
language, since the Rommanies located in our lo-
cality invariably use the English articles and pro-
nouns ; but knowing nothing more of it than what

1 glean from casual intercourse, I am unable to
decide to my own satisfaction. R. C. Wabde.

Kidderminster.

[A dictionary of the Zincali will be found in the
first three editions of the following work: The Zincali ;
or, ail Account of the Gypsies of Spain; with an original
Collection of their Songs and Poetry, and a copious
Dictionary of their Language. By George Borrow,

2 vols., 1841. This dictionary is omitted in the fourth
edition of 1846 ; but some " Specimens of Gypsy dia-
lects" are added. Our correspondent may also be re-
ferred to the two following works, which appear in the
current number of Quarritch's Catalogue : " Pott, Die
Zigeuner in Europa und Asien, vol. i. Einleitung und
■Grammatik, ii. Ueber Gaunersprachen, Wcirterbuch
und Sprachproben, 2 vols. 8vo. sewed, 1 5s. Halle,
1844-45." " Rotwellsche Grammatik oder Sprach-
kunst; Wcirterbuch der Zigeunei'-Sprache, 2 parts in
1, 12mo. half-bound morocco, 7s. 6d. Frankfurt,
1755."]

Sir Rohert Cohe. — Of what family was Sir
Robert Coke, referred to in Granger, vol. iii.
p. 212., ed. 1779, as having collected a valuable
library bestowed by George, first Earl of Berkeley,
on Sion College, London, the letter of thanks for
which is in Collins ? T. P. L.

Manchester.

[Sir Robert Coke was son and heir to Sir Edward
Coke, I>,ord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. The
Cokes had been settled for many generations in the
county of Norfolk. Camden has traced the pedigree
of the family to William Coke of Doddington in Nor-
folk, in the reign of King John. They had risen to
considerable distinction under Edward III., when Sir
Thoraas Coke was made Seneschal of Gascoigne. From
him, in the right male line, was descended Robert Coke,
the father of Sir Edward. See Campbell's Lives of
Chief Justices, vol. i. p. 240.]

Begium Donum. — What is the origin and his-
tory of the " Reglura Donum ?" Henri van Laun.
King William's College, Isle of Man.

[In the year 1672, Charles II. gave to Sir Arthur
Forbes the sum of 600Z., to be applied to the use of
the Presbyterian ministers in Ireland. He professed
not to know how to bestow it in a better manner, as
he had learnt that these ministers had been loyal, and

had even suffered on his account ; and as that sum re-
mained undisposed of in "the settlement of the revenue
of Ireland," he gave it in his charity to them. This
was the origin of the Reguni donum. As the dissenters
approved themselves strong friends to the House of
Brunswick, George I., in 172S, wished too to reward
them for their loyalty, and, by a retaining fee, preserve
them stedfast. A considerable sum, therefore, was
annually lodged with the heads of the Presbyterians,
Independents, and Baptists, to be distributed among
the necessitous ministers of their congregations. ]

Who was the Author of "Jerningham" and
"Dovetonf" (Vol.vIii.,p. 127.). — Mb. Anstbtjtheb
begs to decline the compliment ; perhaps the
publisher of the admirable History of the War in
Affghanistan can find a head to fit the cap.

Oswestry.

[On a reference to our note-book, we find our au-
thority for attributing the authorship of these works to
Mr. Anstruther is the Gentleman's Magazine for Sep-
tember, 1837, p. 28,3. In tlie review of Doveton the
writer says, " There is in it a good deal to amuse, and
something to instruct, but the whole narrative of
Mr. Anstruther is too melodramatic," &c. However,
as he declines the compliment, perhaps some of our
readers will be able to find the right head to fit the
cap.]

Alma Mater. — In Ainsworth's Latin Dic-
tionary I observed he limits the use of that ex-
pression to Cambridge. I have been accustomed
to see It used for Oxford, or any other university.
What is his reason for applying it to Cambridge
alone ? Ma. L.

[Bailey, too, in his Dictionary, applies the epithet
exclusively to Cambridge, Alma mater Cantahrigia : so
that it seems to have originated with that university.
It is now popularly applied to Oxford, and other uni-
versities, by those who have imbibed the milk of
learning from these places. The epithet has lately been
transplanted to the United States of America.]

d^tfiUtS.

ALEXANDER CLARK.

(Vol. vili., p. 18.)

In communicating a few particulars about
Alexander Clark, I must disappoint your corre-
spondent Perthensis ; my subject answering In
no respect to Peter Buchan's " drucken dominie,"
the author of the Buttery College. Alexander
Clark, who has fallen in my way, belongs to the
class of " amiable enthusiasts ; " a character I am
somewhat fond of, believing that In any pursuit a
dash of the latter quality is essential to success.

Clark was by profession a gardener ; and as my
friends in the north always seek to localise their
worthies, I venture to assign him to Annandale.
My first acquaintance with him arose from his

518

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

Emblematical Repi-esentation falling into my hands;
and, pursuing my inquiries, I found this was but
one of some half-dozen visionary works from
the same pen. In his View of the Glory of the
Messiah's Kingdom, we have the origin of his
taking upon himself the prophetic character ; it is
entitled :

" A Brief Account of an Extraordinary Revelation,
and other Things Remarkable, in the Course of God's
Dealings with Alexander Clark, Gardener, at Dum-
crief, near Moffat, Anandale, in the Year 1749."

*« In the month of August, 1 749," says he, " at a
certain time when the Lord was pleased to chastise me
greatly in a bed of affliction, and in the midst of my
great trial, it pleased the Almighty God wonderfully
to surprise me with a glorious light round about me ;
and looking up, I saw straight before me a glorious
building in the air, as bright and clear as the sun : it
was so vastly great, so amiable to behold, so full of
majesty and glory, that it filled my heart with wonder
and admiration. The place where this sight appeared
to me was just over the city of Edinburgh ; at the
same instant I heard, as it were, the musick bells of
the said city ring for joy."

From this period, Clark's character became
tinged with that enthusiasm which ended in his
belief that he was inspired ; and that in publish-
ing his —

" Signs of the Times : showing by many infallible
Testimonies and Proofs out of the Holy Scripture,
that an extraordinary Change is at Hand, even at the
very Door," —

he was merely " emitting what he derived directly,
by special favour, from God ! "

" The Spirit of God," he says on another occasion,
" was so sensibly poured out upon me, and to such a
degree, that I was thereby made to see things done in
secret, and came to find things lost, and knew where to
go to find those things which were lost !"

This second sight, if I may so call it, set our
author upon drawing aside the veil from the pro-
phetic writings ; and his view of their mystical
sense is diffused over the indigested and rambling
works bearing the following titles :

"A View of the Glory of the Messiah's Kingdom."

1763.
" Remarks upon the Accomplishment of Scripture

Prophecy."

" A Practical Treatise on Regeneration," 1764.

" The IMystery of God opened," &c. Edinburgh, 1768.

" An Emblematical Representation of the Paradise of
God, showing the Nature of Spiritual Industry in
the Similitude of a Garden, well ordered, dressed,
and kept, with Sundry Reflections on the Nature
of Divine Knowledge, 1779."

In his Address to the Friendly Society of Gar-
deners, Clark gives some account of his worldly
condition ; of his early training in religious habits ;

his laborious and industrious devotion to his pro-
fession, with which he seems to have been greatly
enamoured, although poorly paid, and often in
straits. Subsequently to the great event of his life
— his vision — our subject appears to have come
south, and to have been in the employment of
Lord Charles Spencer at Han worth in Middlesex.
Like most of the prophets of his day, Clark was
haunted with the belief that the last day was ap-
proaching; and considering himself called upon
to announce to his acquaintance and neighbours
that this " terrible judgment of God was at hand,"
he got but contempt and ridicule for his pains : —
more than that, indeed, for those raising the cry
that he was a madman, they procured the poor
man's expulsion from his situation. Under all
these discouraging circumstances, he maintained
his firm conviction of the approaching end of time :
so strongly was his mind bent in this direction,
that " I opened the window of the house where I
then was," says he, " thinking to see Christ coming
in the clouds ! "

" I was three days and three nights that I could not
eat, drink, nor sleep ; and when I would close my eyes,
I felt something always touching me ; at length I heard
a voice sounding in mine ears, saying ' Sleep not, lest
thou sleep the sleep of death :' and at that I looked
for my Bible, and at the first opening of it I read
these words, which were sent witli power, ' To him
that overcometh,' " &c.

Poor Clark, like his prototype Thomas Newans,
laboured hard to obtain the sanction of the hier-
archy to his predictions :

" I desire no man," he says, " to believe me without
proof; and if the Reverend the Clergy would think
this worth their perusal, I would very willingly hear
what they had to say either for or against."

The orthodoxy of the " Reverend the Clergy" was
not, however, to be moved ; and Alexander Clark
and his books now but serve the end of pointing
a moral. With more real humility and less pre-
sumption, there was much that was good about
him ; but letting his heated fancies get the better
of the little judgment he possessed, our amiable
enthusiast became rather a stumbling-block than a
light to his generation. J. O.

AMCOTTS PEDIGREE.

(Vol. viii., p. 387.)

Although I may not be able to furnish your
inquirer with a full pedigree of this family, my
Notes may prove useful in making it out.

From a settlement after marriage in 1663, of
Vincent Amcotts of Laughton, in the county of
Lincoln, gentleman, I find his wife's name to be
Amy ; but who she was is not disclosed. It ap-
pears she survived her husband, and was his

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

519

widow and relict and executrix living in 1687.
Their eldest daujibter Elizabeth married John
Sheffield, Esq., of Croxby ; and I have noted
three children of theirs, viz. Vincent, who died
s.p. ; Christopher, who, with Margaret, his wife,
in 1676 sold the Croxby estate ; and Sarah. What
farther as to this branch does not appear, although
my next Vincent Amcotts may be, and probably
■was, a descendant. This Vincent Amcotts was of
Harrington, in the county of Lincoln, Esq. ; and
who, from his marriage settlement dated May 16
and 17, 1720, married Elizabeth, the third of the
four daughters of John Quincy of Aslackby, in the
county of Lincoln, gentleman : and I find the
issue of this marriage to be Charles Amcotts of
Kettlethorpe, in the county of Lincoln, Esq., who
died in 1777 s.p.; Anna Maria, who married
Wharton Emerson ; Elizabeth, who died previous
to her brother Charles ; and Frances, who mar-
ried the Rev. Edward Buckworth of Washing-
borough, in the county of Lincoln, Clerk, Doctor
of Laws.

After the death of Charles Amcotts, we find
Wharton Emerson at Kettlethorpe, having as-
sumed the name of Amcotts : he was created a
baronet in 1796, the title being limited in re-
mainder to the eldest son of his daughter Elizabeth.
Sir Wharton Amcotts married a second wife,
Amelia Campbell, by whom he had a daughter,
but what became of her does not appear. Eliza-
beth, the daughter and heir of Sir Wharton Am-
cotts by his first wife Anna Maria Amcotts,
married in 1780 John Ingilby, Esq., of Ripley,
who in the next year was created a baronet : and
they appear to have had eleven children, viz, John,
Charles Amcotts, the present Sir William Amcotts
Ingelby, in whom both titles are vested, Eliza-
beth, Augusta, Anna Maria, and Ann ; which last
three died in infancy ; Diana, Vincent Bosville,
who died at a year old ; and Julia and Constance.
Thus far my Notes extend. W. S. Hesleden.

Barton-upon-Humber.

SIB RALPH WINWOOD.

(Vol. viii., p. 272.)

I have an original letter of Sir Ralph Winwood's,
in French, addressed "A Monsieur Mons'' Chai-les
Huyghens, Secretaire du Conseil d'estat de Mess"
les Estats a la Haye," which, as it may possibly be
interesting to your correspondent H. P. W. R., I
here transcribe :

" Mons'. — Vos dernieres m'ont rendu tes-
moignage de vostre bonn' affection en mon en-
droict. Car je m'asseure que vous n'eussiez jamais
recommende vostre filz a ma protection si mon
nom n'eust este enregistre au nombre de vos
meilleurs et plus affectionnes amys. Je m'en vay,
dans peu de jours, trouver Sa Ma*'^ en son re-

tour d'Escoce, et j'espere sur la fin du moys de
7^"^*^ de me rendre a ma maison a Londres. Sur
ce temps-la, s'il vous plaira d'envoyer v'" filz vers
moy, il sera le bien venu. Son traittement rendra
tesmoinage de I'estime que je fais de vostre amitie.
De vous envoyer des nouvelles, ce seroyt d'en-
voyer Noctuas Athenas. Tout est coy icy. La
mort de Concini a rendu la France heureuse.
Mais ritalie est en danger d'estre exposee a la
tirannie d'Espagne. Je vous baise les mains, et
suis, Mons', vostre plus affectionne servif,

RODOLPHE WiNWOOD.

" De Londres, le 7""^ de Juillet."

The year is not indicated, but the allusion to
the death of Concini (the celebrated Marechal
d'Ancre, who was assassinated by order of
Louis XIII.) proves that this letter was written in
1617, and very shortly before the death of the
writer, which occurred on the 27th of October in
that year.

M. Charles Huyghens, to whom the letter is ad-
dressed, was probably the father of Constantine
Huyghens, the Dutch poet-politician, who was
secretary and privy counsellor to the Stadtholders
Frederick Henry, and William I. and IL, and
who, not improbably, was the son here mentioned
as recommended to the protection of Sir R. Win-
wood, and who, at that date, would have been
twenty-one years of age.

Constantine was himself the father of the still
more celebrated Christian Huyghens, the astro-
nomer and mathematician. The seal on the letter,
which is in excellent preservation, is a shield
bearing the following arms : 1. and 4. a cross bo-
tonne, 2. and 3. three fleurs-de-lis. W. Sneyd.-

Denton.

TRENCH ON PROVERBS.

(Vol. viii., p. 387.)

I hope that neither Mr. Trench nor his critic
E. M. B. will consider me interfering by my
making an observation or two on the correct ren-
dering of the latter part of Ps. cxxvii. 2. Mr.
Trench is perfectly correct by supposing an ellip-
sis in the sentence alluded to, and the words

X •• . t I., .

should have been translated, " He will give to his
beloved whilst he [the beloved] is asleep." The
translation of the authorised version of that sacred
affirmation is unintelligible. Mr. Trench has the
support of Luther's version, which has the sen-
tence thus :

" Seinen Freunden glebt er es schlafend."
The celebrated German Jewish translator of the
Old Testament agrees with Mr. Trench. The fol-
lowing is Dr. Zunz's rendering :

" Das giebt er seinem Liebling im Schlaf."

520

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

The following is the Hebrew annotation in the
far-fixmeil Moses Mendelsohn's edition of the Book
of Psalms :

*^ni w^ ui^w n van xin -is^n nn^^ n-npn injn*

:nnitD

"The holy and blessed One will give it to his be-
loved, in whom He delights, whilst he is yet asleep
and without fatigue."

I need not adduce passages in the Hebrew

Psalter, where such ellipsises do occur, E. M. B.

evidently knows his Hebrew Bible well, and a

legion of examples will immediately occur to him,

Moses Margoliouth,

Wybunbury, Nantwich,

If E. M. B, will refer to Hengstenberg's Com-
mentary on the Psalms, he will find that Mr.
Trench is not without authority for his trans-
lation of Ps, cxxvii. 2. I quote the passage from
Thompson and Fairbairn's translation, in Clark's
Theological Lih7-a7'y, vol. iii. p. 449. :

" N3^ for n^^ is not the accusative, but the prepo-
sition is omitted, as is frequently the case with words
that are in constant use. For example, 3iy, "Ip3) to
which n3ti> here is poetically made like. The expo-
sition He gives sleep, instead of in sleep, gives an un-
suitable meaning. For the subject is not about the
sleep, but the gain,"

C. I, E.

Winkfield.

Has the translation of Ps. cxxvii. 2., which Mr.
Trench has adopted, the sanction of any version
but that of Luther ? N. B.

ON PALINDROMES.

(Vol. vii., p. 178. &c.)

Several of your correspondents have offered
Notes upon these singular compositions, and
Agricola de Monte adduces

"NI^ON ANOMHMATA, MH MONAN OYIN "
as an example. As neither he nor Mr. Ella-
combe give it as found out of this country, allow
me to say that it was to be seen on a benitier in
the church of Notre Dame at Pcirls. If it were
not for the substitution of the adjective MONAN
for the adverb MONON, the line would be one of
the best specimens of the recurrent order.

I notice that a correspondent (Vol. vii., p. 336.)
describes the palindrome as being universally sor
tadic. Now, this term was only intended to apply
to the early samples of this fanciful species of
verse in Latin, the production of Sotades, a Ko-
man poet, 250 b.c. The lines given by Bceoticus
(Vol. vi., p. 209.),

" Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor?"
owe their authorship to his degraded Muse, and
many others which would but pollute your pages.

The hexameter " Sacrum pingue," &c. given
by n. *. (Vol. vi., p. 36.), is to be found in Misson's
Voyage to Italy, copied from an old cloister wall
of Santa Marca Novella at Florence. These in-
genious verses are Leoline*, and it is noted that
"the sacrifice of Cain was not a living victim."

I have seen it stated that the English language
affords but one specimen of the palindrome, while
the Latin and Greek have many. The late Dr.
Winter Hamilton, the author of Nugce Literaince,
gives this solitary line, which at the best is awk-
wardly fashioned :

" Lewd did I live & evil did I dwel."

Is any other known ?

Some years since I fell in with that which, after
all, is the most wonderful effort of the kind ; at
least I can conceive of nothing at all equal to it.

It is to be found In a poem called noirjua
KapKweKhv, written in ancient Greek by a modern
Greek called Ambrosius, printed in Vienna in
1802, and dedicated to the Emperor Alexander.
It contains 455 lines, every one of which is a
literal palindrome.

I have some hesitation In giving even a quota-
tion ; and yet, notwithstanding the forced charac-
ter of some of the lines, your readers will not fail
to admire the classic elegance of this remarkable
composition.

" ES 'EKtadSfT, "Avva t' iSacriXive.
''E\a€e 7a fcafcd, koI &KaKa KareSaXe,
ApfTo, Tr-l]ya(Te 5e aa yrj Trarepa.
'Soe/J.aTi aa> (peve (pive (pais Irap-ws.
Sv 5^ 'Hpajs oTos Si 'Vu>s oTos Siprj riSvs :
Nol (TV \a(p a\aifi uXixrtoK

Su e(To eOvei e^e? ivQeos evs,

^n "Pitis e\e rl crv AucireAes iopai.

'AAAo to ev v^ jSaAe, XaSwv via t' SAAa

2coT-/)p av fffo S) eKfe ^4e \ea>, 6s eZs prjTUS

'Shv oSe crwTTJpa iSia ^tjtws i^avhs."

Charles Bees.
Paternoster Row.

Here is a palindrome that surrounds a figure of
the sun in the mosaic pavement of Sa. Maria del
Fiori at Florence :

" En giro torte sol ciclos et rotor igne."
Could any of your correspondents translate this

enigmatical line ?
E. I. Club.

MoSAFFUR,

The Claymore (Vol. vlli., p. 365.). — I believe
there is no doubt that the true Scottish claymore
Is the heavy two-handed sword, examples of which
are preserved at Dumbarton Castle, and at Haw-

* Leo was a poet of the twelfth century.

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

52t

thornden, and respectively attributed to William
Wallace, and to Robert the Bruce. The latter is
a very remarkable specimen, the grip being formed
either of the tusk of a walrus or of a small ele-
phant, considerably curved ; and the guard is con-
structed of two iron bars, terminated by trefoils,
and intersecting each other at right angles. Tlie
blade Is very ponderous, and shorter than usual
in weapons of this description.

The claymore of modern times is a broadsword,
double or single-edged, and provided with a
basket hilt of form peculiar to Scotland, though
the idea was probably derived from Spain.
Swords with basket hilts were commonly used by
the English cavalry in the reigns of Charles I.
and II., but they are always of a different type
from the Scotch, though affording as complete a
protection to the hand. I possess some half-
dozen examples, some from Gloucestershire, which
are of the times of the civil wars. There are
many swords said to have been the property of
Oliver Cromwell; one is in the United Service
Museum : all that I have seen are of this form.

W. J. Bernhard Smith.

Temple.

Temple Lands in Scotland (Vol. viii., p. 317.). —
Your correspondent Abredonensis, upon a refer-
ence to the undernoted publications, will find
many interesting particulars as to these lands, viz. :

1. "Templaila: Papers relative to the History,
Privileges, and Possessions of the Scottish Knights
Templars, and their Successors the Knights of Saint
John of Jerusalem, &c. Edited by James Maidment.
Sm. 4vo. 1828-29."

2. " Abstract of the Charters and other Papers re-
corded in the Chartulary of Torpbichen, from 1581 to
1596; with an Introductory Notice and Notes, by
John Black Gracie. Sm. 4to. 1830."

3. " Notes of Charters, &c., by the Right Hon.
Thomas Earl of Melrose, afterwards Earl of Hadding-
ton, to the Vassals of the Barony of Drem, from 1615
to 1627 ; with an Introductory Notice, by John Black
Gracie. Sm. 4to. 1830."

4. " Fragmenta Scoto-Monastica: Memoir of what
has been already done, and what Materials exist, to-
wards the Formation of a Scottish Monasticon : to
which are appended, Sundry New Instances of Goodly
Matter, by a Delver in Antiquity (W. B. Turnbull).
8vo. 1842."

The "Introductory Notices" prefixed to 'Nos.
2, and 3. give full particulars of the various sales
and purchases of the Superiorltus, &c., by Mr.
Gracie and others. T. G. S.

Edinburgh.

Lervis and Scwell Families (Vol. viil,, p. 388.).
— Your correspondent may obtain, In respect to
the Lewis family, much information In the Life
and Correspondence of Mattheio Gregory Lewis,
two vols. 8vo., London, 1839, particularly at

pp. 6. and 7. of vol. i. He will there find that
Matthew Lewis, Esq., who was Deputy Secretary
of War for twenty-six years, married Frances
Sewell, youngest daughter of the Right Hon. Sir
Thos. Sewell ; that Lieut.- Gen. Whitelocke and
Gen. Sir Thos. Brownrigg, G.C.B., married the
other two daughters of Sir Thos. Sewell; and
that Matthew Gregory Lewis, who wrote the
Castle Spectre, &c., was son of Matthew Lewis,
Esq., the Deputy Secretary at War.

With regard to the Sewell fixmlly. The Right
Hon. Sir Thos. Sewell, who was Master of the
Rolls for twenty years, died In 1784; and there
is, I believe, a very correct account of his family
connexions In the Gentleman s Magazine for 1784,
p. 555. He died intestate, and his eldest son,
Thos. Bailey Heath Sewell, succeeded to his
estate of Ottershaw and the manors of Stannards
and Fords In Chobham, Surrey. This gentleman
was a magistrate for the county of Surrey ; and
in the spring of 1794, when this country was
threatened by both foreign and domestic enemies,
he became Lieut.-Col. of a regiment of Light
Dragoons (fencibles), raised In Surrey (at Rich-
mond) by George Lord Onslow, Lord-Lieut, of
the county, in which he served six years, till the
Government not requiring their services they
were disbanded. Lieut.-Col. Sewell died In 1803,
and was burled in the church at Chobham, where
there Is a monument to his memory. Of his
family we have no farther knowledge than that
he had a son, Thos. Bermingliam Heath Sewell,
who was a cornet in the 32nd Light Dragoons,
and lieutenant in the 4th Dragoon Guards during
the war of the French Revolution. The History
and Antiquities of Surrey, by the Rev. Owen
Manning and Wm. Bray, In three vols, folio, 1804,
has In the third volume much concerning the
Sewell family. D. N".

Pharaoh's Eing (Vol. vili., p. 416.). — The men-
tion of the ring conferred on, or confided to,
Joseph by the Pharaoh of Egypt, as stated in
Genesis xli. 42., reminds me of a ring being
shown to me some years ago, which was believed
by Its then possessor to be the identical ring, or at
all events a signet ring of the very Pharaoh who
promoted Joseph to the chief office in his kingdom.

It was a ring of pure gold, running through a
hole In a massive wedge of gold, about the size, as
far as I recollect, of a moderate-sized walnut. On
one of its faces was cut the hieroglyphic (Inclosed
as usual with the names of Egyptian kings in an
oval), as I was assured, of the king, the friend of
Joseph, as was generally supposed by the readers
of hieroglyphics: I pretend to no knowledge of
them myself.

The possessor of the ring, who showed It to me,
was Mr. Sams, one of the Society of Friends, a
bookseller at Darlington. Since railroads have

522

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

■whirled me past that town, I have lost my means
of periodical communication with him. He had,
not long before I saw him last, returned from the
Holy Land, where he assured me he had visited
every spot that could be identified mentioned in
the New Testament. He had also been some time
in E^ypt, and had brought home a great quantity
of Egyptian antiquities. The lesser ones he had in
the first floor of a carver and gilder's in Great Queen
Street, between the Freemason's Tavern and i
Lincoln's Inn Fields. He was then anxious that 1
these should be bought for the British Museum, i
and I think that at his request I wrote to the Earl '
of Aberdeen to mention this, and that the answer ',
was that there was already so large a collection in j
the Museum, that more, as they must most of :
them be duplicates, would be of no use. [

What has become of them I know not. I was i
told that a number of his larger antiquities, stone |
and marble, were for some time placed on Waterloo I
Bridge, that being a very quiet place, where peo- I
pie might view them without interruption. I did
not happen to be in London that season, and there-
fore did not see them. J. Ss.

[The whole of Mr. Sams's collection of Egyptian
antiquities were bought by Joseph Mayer, Esq , I\S. A.,
of Liverpool, about two years ago, to add to his pre-
vious assemblage of similar monuments, and are placed
by him, with a very valuable collection of mediaeval
antiquities, in the Egyptian Museum, 8. Colquitt Street,
Liverpool. The small charge of sixpence for each visit
opens the entire collection to the public ; but it is a
lamentable fact, that the curiosity or patriotism of the
inhabitants does not cover Mr. Mayer's expenses by a
large annual amount]

" Could we with ink" S,-c. (Vol. viii., pp. 127. 180.
257. 422.). — Have not those correspondents who
have answered this Query overlooked the con-
cluding verse of the gospel according to St. John,
of which it appears to me that the lines in question
are an amplification without improvement ? Ma-
homet, it is well known, imitated many parts of the
Bible in the Koran. E. G. E.

" Populus vult decipi" (Vol. vii., p. 578.:
Vol. viii., p. 65.). — As an illustration of this
expression the following anecdote is given. When
my father was about thirteen years old, being in
London he was, on one occasion in company with
Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar), who, calling him to
him, laid his hand on his head, and said, " My
little boy, I want you to remember one thing as
long as you live — the people of this world love
to be cheated." Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Red Hair (Vol. vii., p. 616. ; Vol. viii., p. 86.).
— It is frequently stated that the Turks are ad-
mirers of red hair. I have lately met with a

somewhat different account, namely, that the
Turks consider red-haired persons who are fat as
" first-rate " people, but those who are lean as the
very reverse. M. E.

Philadelphia.

" Land of Green Ginger " (Vol. viii., p. 227.).

— The authority which I am able to afford Mb.
Richardson is simply the tradition of the place,
which I had so frequently heard that I could
scarcely doubt the truth of it ; this I intended to
be deduced, when I said I did not recollect that
the local histories gave any derivation, and that it
was the one "generally received by the inha-
bitants."

To my mind the solution brought forward by
Mk. Bdckton (Vol. viii., p. 303.) carries the
greatest amount of probability with it of any yet
proposed ; and should any of your correspondents
have the opportunity of looking through the un-
published history of Hull by the Rev. De la
Pryme, " collected out of all the records, charters,
deeds, mayors' letters, &c. of the said town," and
now placed amongst the Lansdowne MSS. in the
British Museum, I am inclined to think it is very
likely it would be substantiated.

In Mr. Frost's valuable work on the town,
which by the way proves it to have been " a place
of opulence and note at a period long anterior to
the date assigned to its existence by historians,"
he differs materially from Mr. Richardson, in
considering that Hollar's plate was " engraved
about the year 1630," not in 1640 as he states.
There is also another which appeared between the
time of Hollar and Gent, in Meisner's Libellus
novus politiciis emblematicus Civitatum, published
in 1638, which though not "remarkable for accu-
racy of design," is well worthy of notice. It bears
the title " Hull in Engellandt," and also the fol-
lowing curious inscriptions, which I copy for the
interest of your readers :

'• Career nonnunquam firmum propugnaculura.
Noctua clausa manet in carcere firmo; Insidias volu-
crum vetat enim cavea."

" Wann die EuU eingesperret ist,
Schadet ihr nicht der Feinde list,
Der Kefig ist ihr nicht unniitz,
Sondern gibt wieder ihr Feind schiitz."

These lines refer to a curious engraving on the
left side of the plan, representing an owl impri-
soned in a cage with a quantity of birds about,
endeavouring to assail it. R. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

" / put a spoke in his wheeV (Vol. viii., p. 351.).

— Does not this phrase mean simply interference,
either for good or evil ? I fancy the metaphor is
really derived from putting the bars, or spokes,
into a capstan or some such machine. A number

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

523

of persons being employed, another puts his spoke
in, and assists or hinders them as he pleases. Can
a stick be considered a spoke before it is put into
its place, in the nave of the wheel at least ? We
often hear the observation, " Then I put in my
spoke," &c. in the relation of an animated discus-
sion. May I venture to suggest a pun on the
preterite of the verb to speak ?

G. William Sktring,

Pagoda (Vol. viii., p. 401.). — May not the
word pagoda be a corruption of the Sanscrit word
" Bhagovata," sacred ? Bishop of Brechin.

Dundee,

Passage in Virgil (Vol. viii., p. 270.). — On this
part of Johnson's letter, Mr. Croker observes :

" I confess I do not see the object, nor indeed the
meaning, of this allusion."

The allusion is to Eclogue viii. 43. :

•'Nunc scio, quid sit Amor: duris in cotibus ilium
Aut Tmarus, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garamantes,
Nee generis nostri puerum nee sanguinis, edunt."

As the shepherd in Virgil had found Love to be
not the gentle being he expected, but of a savage
race — "a native of the rocks " — so had Johnson
found a patron to be " one who looked with un-
concern on a man struggling for life," instead of a
friend to render assistance.

Supposing Johnson's estimate of Lord Chester-
field's conduct to be correct, I cannot help think-
ing the allusion to be eminently happy.

J. Kelwat.

To speak in Lutestring (Vol. viii., p. 202.). —
Lutestring, or lustring, is a particular kind of silk,
and so is taffeta ; and thus the phrase may be
explained by Shakspeare's Love's Labour's Lost,
Act V. Sc. 8. :

" Taffeta phrases, silken terms precise."

Junius intended to ridicule such kind of affectation
by persons who were, or ought to have been, grave
senators. J. Kelway.

Dog Latin (Vol. viii., p. 218.). — A facetious
friend, alluding particularly to law Latin with its
curious abbreviations, says that it is so called be-
cause it is cur-tailed ! J. Kelway.

Longevity (Vol. viii., p. 113.). — I recollect
seeing an old sailor in the town of Larne, county
Antrim, Ii-eland, in the year 1826-27, of tlie name
of Philip Lake, aged 110, who was said to have
been a cabin boy in Lord Anson's vessel, in one
of his voyages. If any of your correspondents
can furnish the registry of his death it would be
interesting. Fras. Cbossley.

Mary Simondson, familiarly known as "Aunt
Polly," died recently at her cottage near Ship-

pensburg, Pennsylvania, at the advanced age of
126 years. M. E.

Philadelphia.

Definition of a Proverb (Vol. viii., p. 243.). —
C. M. Ingleby inquires the source of the follow-
ing definition of a proverb, viz. " The wisdom of
many, and the wit of one."

•' To Lord John Russell are we indebted for that
admirable definition of a proverb : ' The wisdom,' &c." —
See Notes to Rogers's Italy, 1848.

The date is added since, in an edition of 1842 ;
this remark makes no part of the note on the line,
" If but a sinew vibrate," &c. Q. T.

Ireland a bastinadoed Elephant (Vol. viii.,
p. 366.). — I venture to suggest whether this ex-
pression may not be something more than a bull,
as 2SK. inclines to call it. If any one will look at
a physical map of Ireland at some little distance, a
very slight exercise of the "mind's eye" will serve
to call up in the figure of that island the shape of
a creature kneeling and in pain. Lough Foyle
forms the eye ; the coast from Bengore Head to
Benmore Head the nose or snout ; Belfast Lough
the mouth ; the coast below Donaghdee the chin ;
County Wexford the knees. The rest of the
outline, according to the imagination of the ob-
server, may assume that of an elephant, or some-
thing, perhaps, " very like a whale." Some
fanciful observation of this kind may have sug-
gested the otherwise unaccountable simile to
Curran. Polonius.

Ennui (Vol. vii., p. 478. ; Vol. viii., p. 377.). —
The meaning of this admirable word is best
gleaned from its root, viz. nuit. It is somewhat
equivalent to the Greek kypvirvia, and signifies the
sense of weariness with doing nothing. It gives
the lie to the dolce far niente : vide Ps. cxxx. 6.,
and Job vii. 3, 4. Ennui is closely allied to our
annoy or annoyance, through noceo, noxa, and their
probable root uox, vvi,. It is precisely equivalent
to the Latin tcedium, which may be derived from
ta:da, which in the plural means a torch, and
through that word may have a side reference to
night, the tcedarum horoe : cf. Ps. xci. 5. The sub-
ject is worthy of strict inquiry on the part of com-
parative philologists. C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

Belle Sauvage (Vol. viii., p. 388.). — Your
Philadelphian correspondent asks whether Blue
Bell, Blue Anchor, &c., are corruptions of some
other emblem, such as that which in London trans-
formed La Belle Sauvage into the Bell Savage.

This is not the f:ict. The Bell Savage on Lud-
gate Hill was originally kept by one Isabella
Savage. A cotemporary historian, writing of one
of the leaders in a rebellion in the days of Queen

524

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

Mary, says, " He then sat do^Yn upon a stone
■opposite to Bell Savage's Inn."

James Edmeston.
Homerton.

History of Yorh (Vol. viii., p. 125.). — There is
a History of Yorh, published in 1785 by Wilson
and Spence, described to be an abridgment of
Drake, which is in three volumes, and may be a
later edition of the same work to which Mr.
Elliot alludes. F. T. M.

SK". Cannon Street.

Encore (Vol. viii., p. 387.). — If A, A. knows
the meaning of " this French word " I am a little
surprised at his Query. Perhaps he moans to ask
why a French word should be used ? It probably
was first used at concerts and operas (anco7-a in
Italian), where the performers and even the per-
formances were foreign, and so became the fashion.
Pope says :

" To the same notes thy sons shall hum or snore,
And all thy yawning daughters cry encore"

It was not, I think, In use so early as Shak-
speare's time, who makes Bottom anticipate that
" the Duke shall say. Let him roar again, let him
roar again" where the jingle of " encore " would
have been obvious. It is somewhat curious that
where we use the French word encore, the French
audiences use the Latin word " bis." C.

^^ Hauling over the Coals" (Vol. viii., p. 125.). —
This saying I conceive to have arisen from the
custom prevalent in olden times, when every Baron
was supreme in his own castle, of extracting
money from the unfortunate Jews who happened
to fall into his power, by means of torture. The
most usual modus operandi seems to have been
roasting the victims over a slow fire. Every one
remembers the treatment of Isaac of York by
Front-de-Boeuf, so vividly described in Sir Walter
Scott's Ivanhoe. Although the practice has long
been numbered amongst the things that were, the
fact of its having once obtained is handed down to
posterity in this saying, as when any one Is taken
to task for his shortcomings he is haided over the
coals. ^ John P. Stilwell.

Dorking.

The Words ''Cash" and '' Mol'' (Vol. viii.,
p. 386.). — Mb. Fox was right : moh Is not genuine
English — teste Dean Swift! A lady who was
well known to Swift used to say that the greatest
scrape she ever got into with him was by using
the word moh. " Why do you say that ? " he
exclaimed In a passion ; " never let me hear you
say that again ! " " Why, sir," she asked, " what
am I to say ? " " The rabble, to be sure," an-
swered he. (Sir W. Scott's Works of Swift,
vol. ix.) The word appears to have been intro-

duced about the commencement of the eighteenth
century, by a process to which we owe many other
and similar barbarisms — " beauties introduced to
supply the want of wit, sense, humour, and learn-
ing." In a paper of The Tatler, No. 230., much
in the spirit, and possibly from the pen, of Swift,
complaint Is made of the " abbreviations and eli-
sions " which had recently been introduced, and a
humorous example of them is given. By these,
the author adds,

" Consonants of most obdurate sound are joined to-
gether without one softening vowel to intervene ; and
all this only to make one syllable of two, directly con-
trary to the example of the Greeks and Romans, and
a natural tendency towards relapsing into barbarity.
And this is still more visible in the next refinement,
which consists in pronouncing the first syllable in a
word that has many, and dismissing the rest. Thus
we cram one syllable and cut off the rest, as the owl
fattened lier mice after she had bit off their legs to pre-
vent their running away ; and if ours be the same
reason for maiming our words, it will certainly answer
the end, for I am sure no other nation will desire to
borrow them."

I have only to add (see Blachvood's Blagazine^
vol. il., 1842) that "mob Is mobile."

Cash appears to be from the French caisse, a
chest, cash. J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

Cash is from the French caisse, the money-
chest where specie was kept. So caissier became
"cashier," and specie "cash."

3Iob, Swift tells us (Polite Conversa/ion, Introd.),
Is a contraction for mobile.

Clericus Rusticus has not, I fear, Johnson's
Dictionary, where both these derivations are
given. C.

Ampers i^ (Vol. il., pp. 230. 284. ; Vol. viii.
passim). — Mr. Ingleby may well ask what "and-
per-se-and" can mean. The fact is, this is itself
a corruption. In old spelling-books, after the
twenty-six letters it was customary to print the
two following symbols with their explanations :
&c. et cetera. j

& (per sg), and.

Children were taught to read the above "et-
cee, etcetera" and " et-per-se, and." Such, at
least, was the case in a Dublin school, some ninety
years ago, where my informant, now many years
deceased, was educated. As se was not there
pronounced like cee, but like say, there was no
danger of confounding the two names. In Eng-
land,%here a different pronunciation of the Latia
word prevailed, such confusion would be apt to
occur ; and hence, probably, English teachers sub-
stituted and for et ; from which, in course of
time, the other corruptions mentioned by Mb.
Lowes were developed. E. H. D. D.

^f?

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

525

The Keate Famili/, of the Hoo, Herts (Vol. viii.,

E.293.). — The following account is taken from
urke's Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of Eng-
land, Lond. 1841 :

" William Keate of Hagbourne, in Berkshire, loft
five sons. The second son, Ralph Keate of Whaddon,
in Wiltshire, married Anne, daughter of John Clarke,
Esq., of Ardington, in Berkshire, and had with other
issue Gilbert Keate, Esq., of London, who married,
first, John, daughter of Nicholas Turhervile, Esq.,
of Crediton, in Devon, and, secondly, Elizabeth,
daughter of William Armstrong, Esq., of Remston,
Notts, and by her had another son, Jonathan Keate,
Esq., of the Hoo, in the county of Hertford, which
estate he acquired with his first wife, Susannah,
daughter of William, and sister and heir of Thomas
Hoo, of the Hoo and Kimpton, both in Hertfordshire.
Mr. Keate was created a baronet by King Charles II.,
12th June, 1660. Sir Jonathan was sheriff of the
county of Hertford, 17 Charles II., and knight of the
same shire in Parliament, in the thirtieth of the same
reign. By his first wife he had issue, Gilbert Hoo,
his heir, Jonathan, Susan, Elizabeth : all died sine
prole. He married, secondly, Susanna, daughter of
John Orlebar, citizen of London, but by her had no
issue. He died 17th September, 1700. The baronetcy
became extinct in the person of Sir William Keate,
D.D., who died 6th March, 1757."

'KKiivs.
Hour-glasses (Vol. viii., p. 454.). — lu the
cburch of Wiggenhall, St. Mary the Virgin, the
iron frame of an hour-glass, affixed to a wooden
stand, immediately opposite the pulpit, still re-
mains. W. B. D.

An iron hour-glass stand still remains near the
pulpit in the church of Ashby-Folville, in this
county (Leicester), It is fixed to the wall con-
taining the staircase to the rood-loft.

In the old church of Anstey, recently pulled
down and rebuilt, was an ancient hour-glass
stand, _ consisting of a pillar of oak, about four
feet Jiigh, the top of which is surmounted by a
light framework of wood for the reception of the
hour-glass. This specimen is preserved in the
museum of this town. William Kelly.

Marriage of Cousins (Vol. viii., p. 387.). —
If there is any foundation for such a statement as
is contained in the Query of J. P. relative to the
marriage of cousins, it consists rather in the
marriage of first cousins once removed than of
second cousins. It will be seen that the latter
relationship belongs to the same generation, but
it is not so with the former, which partakes more
of the nature of uncle and aunt with nephew and
"iece. W. Sloane Sloane-Evans.

Cornworthy Vicarage, Totnes.

There is no legal foundation for the statement
that marriage with a second cousin is valid, and
•with a first cousin invalid. The following quota-

tion from Burn's Ecc. Law by Phill., vol. ii. p. 449.,
will probably be considered to explain the matter :

" By the civil law first cousins are allowed to marry,
but by the canon law both first and second cousins (in
order to make dispensations more frequent and neces-
sary) are prohibited ; therefore, when it is vulgarly
said that first cousins may marry, but second cousins
cannot, probably this arose by confounding these two
laws, for first cousins may marry by the civil law, and
second cousins cannot bv the canon law."

J. G.

Exon,

Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle (Vol. viii., p. 271.),
was the son of Thomas and Margaret Waugh,
of Appleby, in Westmoreland; born there 2nd
February, 1655 ; educated at Appleby school ;
matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, 4th
of April, 1679 ; took his degree of M.A. the 7th
of July, 1687 ; and elected Fellow on the 18th
of January following. He married Elizabeth,
widow of the Rev. Mr. Fiddes, rector of Bride-
well, in Oxford, who was the only surviving child

of John Machen, Esq., of ^ , in the county

of Oxford, by whom he left a son, John Waugh,
afterwards chancellor of the diocese of Carlisle.

Karleolensis.

Marriage Service (Vol. viii., p. 150.). — I have
been many years in holy orders, and have always
received the fee together with the ring on the
Prayer Book, as directed in the Rubric. The
ring I return to the bridegroom to place upon the
bride's finger ; the fee (or offering) I deposit in
the oflertory basin, held for that purpose by the
clerk, and on going to the chancel (the mai-riage
taking place in the body of the church) lay it on
the altar. Note. — In the parish in which I first
ministered, the marriages had always been com-
menced in the body of the church, as directed ;
in the second' parish in which I ministered, that
custom had only been broken by the present in-
cumbent a few years since. A Rectok.

I have seen the Rubric carried out in this parti-
cular, in St. Mary's Church, Kidderminster.

CUTIIBEBT BeDE, B.A.

Holy, Family of (Vol. viii., p. 243.). — In
answer to Mr. J. B. Whitbobne, I beg to stale
that the Rev. Sir Philip Hoby, Baronet, was in
the early part of the last century chancellor of
the archdiocese of Dublin. He was an intimate
friend of Archbishop Cobbe, and there is a picture
of him in canonicals at Newbridge, co. Dublin.

T. C.

Camhridge Graduates (Vol. viii., p. 365.). —
Your correspondent will find a list of B.A.'s of
Cambridge University from the years 1500 to
1717 in Add. MS. 5885., British Museum.

Glaitts.

526

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No, 213.

- « I own I like not;' Src. (Vol. viii., p. 366.)- —
The lines —

« I own I like not Johnson's turgid style," &c.

are by Peter Pindar, whose wox-ks I have not,
and so cannot give an exact reference. The
extract containing them will be found in Chambers'
Cyclopadia of English Literature, vol. ii. p. 298.
P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.

'■\Topsy Turvy'" (Vol. vlli., p. 385.). — This is
ludicrously derived, in Roland Cashel, p. 104.,
from top side t'other way.

P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.

" When the Maggot bites " (Vol. viii., pp. 244.
304. 353.). — Another illustration of this phrase
mav be found in Swift (Introduction to Tale of a
Tub) :

" The two principal qualifications (says he) of a
fanatic preacher are, his inward light, and his head full
of maggots ; and the two different fates of his writings
are to be burnt or worm-eaten."

The word maggot is sometimes used for the
whim or crotchet itself; thus Butler :

*' To reconcile our late dissenters.
Our brethren though by different venters ;
Unite them and their different maggots,
As long and short sticks are in faggots."

Hudibras, part iii. canto 2.

So also it Is used by Samuel Wesley (father of
the founder of the Methodists) in his rare and
facetious volume entitled Maggots, or Poems on
several Subjects never before handled, 12mo., 1685.

William Bates.

Birmingham.

"Solus populi," §-c. (Vol. viii., p. 410.). — The
saying " Salus populi suprema lex " is borrowed
from the model law of Cicero, in his treatise de
Legibus, in. 3. It is made one of the duties of the
consuls, the supreme magistrates, to regard the
safety of the state as their highest rule of conduct :

" Regio imperio duo sunto ; iique pr»eundo, judi-
cando, consulendo Prastores, Judices, Consules appel-
Jantor. Militias summum jus habento, nemini parento :
ollis salus populi suprema lex esto."

The allusion appears to be to the formula used
by the senate for conferring supreme power on
the consuls In cases of emergency : " Dare operam,
ne quid respublica detrlmenti caperet." (See
SaUust, Bell. Cat. c. 29.) L.

Aristotle regards the safety of the citizens as
the great end of law (see his Ethics, b. i. ch. 4.) ;
and Cleero (de Finibus, lib. Ii. c. 5.) lays down a
similar principle. B. H. C.

■_ Theodora Paleologus (Vol. viii., p. 408.). — The
inscription referred to was printed in Archceologia,
vol. xviii., and with some account of the Paleologi

to which a Querist was referred in " N". & Q.,'*
Vol. v., p. 280. (see also pp. 173. 357.). It is
astonisliing how much will be found in that
" Californian mine," If the most excellent indices
of the several volumes are only consulted. Your
correspondent could in the present case have
pointed out the errors of the inscription already
In print had the indices to " N. & Q." attracted
him. J»

Worm in Books (Vol. viii., p. 412.). — In reply
to Alethes I beg to acquaint him that I have
tried various means for destroying the worm In
old books and MSS., and the most effectual has
been the chips of Russia leather ; indeed, in but
one instance have I known them fail.

Newburiensis.

The Porter Family (Vol. viii., p.364.). — 1. The
reason of the word Agincourt being placed above
the inscription in Bristol Cathedral is, that the
Porter family were descendants of Sir William
Porter who fought at Agincourt.

2. Charles Lempriere Porter was the son of
Dr. Porter.

3. This family was descended from Endymion
Porter of classic and loyal memory.* J . K. W.

Bristol,

Buckle (Vol. viii., p. 304.). — This word is in
common use by the artizans who work upon sheet-
iron, to denote the curl which a sheet of Iron
acquires in passing through a pair of rollers. The
word has been derived from the French boucle, a
curl. The shoe-buckle has got its name from its
curved form. In the days In which every man in
this country, who was in easy circumstances, wore
a wig, It was well known that to put a wig in
buckle, meant to arrange its curls in due form.
" When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend
The wretch, who living sav'd a candle's end:
Should'ring God's altar a vile image stands,
Belies his features, nay, extends his hands ;
Tliat live-long wig which Gorgon's self might own,
Eternal buckle takes in Parian stone."

Pope, Moral Essays, Epistle in.

N. W. a

The ^^ Forlorn Hope" (Vol. viii., p. 411.).-—
This is no quotation ; but the expression arose in
the army from its leader or captain, who, being
often a disappointed man, or one indifferent to
consequences, now ran the " forlorn hope " either
of ending his days or obtaining a tomb In West-
minster Abbey. From the captain, after a time,
the term descended to all the little gallant band.
In no part of our community will you find such

[* The biographical notices of Endymion Porter are
extremely scanty. Can our correspondent furnish any
particulars respecting him ? — Ed.]

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

527

meaning expressions (often very slang ones) used
as in the army. A lady, without hearing anything
to shock " ears polite," might listen to the talk of
a mess table, and be unable to understand clearly
in what the conversation consisted. " He is gone
to the bad" — meaning, he is ruined. " A wig-
ging from the office" (a very favourite expression)
— a reprimand from the colonel. "\Vigging"
naturally arising from tearing the hair in anger
or sorrow, and the office of course substituting
the place from whence it comes for the person who
sent it. Besides many others, qua nunc, &c.

A Dkagoon.

Nightingale and Thorn (Vol. Iv., p. 175., &c.). —

" If I had but a pottle of sack, like a sharp prickle,
To knock my nose against when I am nodding,
I should sing like a nightingale."

Fletcher, The Lover's Proijrcss, Act III. Sc. 2.

W. J. Beenhabd Smith.
Temple.

Burial in Unconsecrated Ground (Vol. vl.,
p. 448. ; Vol. viii., p. 43.). — The following curious
entry occurs in the parish register of Pimperne,
Dorset :

" Anno 1627. Vlcesimo qulnto Octobrls.

" Peregrinus quidam tempore pestes in communi
campo ihoituus eodem loco quo inventus sepultus."

There was a pestilence in England in 1625. In
1628 sixteen thousand persons died of the plague
at Lyons. W. E.

I do not know whether the case recorded in
London Labour and the London Poor, vol. i.
p. 411. — by the way, is that work ever to be
completed, and how Jar has it gone ? — of a man
buried at the top of a house at Foot's Cray, In
Kent, has been noticed by any correspondent.

P. J. F. Gautillon, B.A.

Sangaree (Vol. iii., p. 141.). — I take it that
the word ought to be spelled sansgris, being de-
rived from the French words sans, Avithout, and
gris, tipsy, meaning a beverage that would not
make tipsy. I have been a good deal in the
French island of Martinique, and they use the
term frequently in this sense as applied to a be-
verage made of white wine (" Vin de Grave "),
syrup, water, and nutmeg, with a small piece of
fresh lime-skin hanging over the edge of the glass.
A native of Martinique gave me this as the de-
rivation of the word. The beverage oufjht not to
be stirred after the nutmeg is put in it, as the fas-
tidious say it would spoil the flavour. T. B.

^ Point of Etiquette (Vol. viii., p. 386.). — The
title Miss, without the Christian name, belongs to
the eldest unmarried daughter of the representa-
tive of the_ family only. If he have lost his own
children, his brother is heir p)-esumptive merely to

the family honours ; and can neither assume nor
give to his daughter the titles to which they are
only expectants. The matter becomes evident, if
you test the rule by a peerage instead of a squirage.
Even the eldest daughter of a baronet or landed
gentleman loses her title of Miss, when her bro-
ther succeeds to the representation, provided he
have a daughter to claim the title. P. P.

Etymologrj o/" Monk" and " Till," Sfc. (Vol. viii.,
pp.291. 409.). — Will you allow me one word on
these two cases ? Monk is manifestly a Greek
formative from iiovos, and denotes a solitaire.

The proposed derivation of till, from to-while, is
not new ; but still clearly mistaken, inasmuch as
the word till is found in Scotch, Swedish, Nor-
wegian, Danish, and others of the family. A word
thus compounded would be of less general use.
Besides which, to-while would scarcely produce
such a form as till; it would rather change the
t into an aspirate, which would appear as th.

B. H. C.

Forrell (Vol. vii., p. 630.). — Your correspon-
dent T. Hughes derives this word (applied in
Devonshire, as he tells us, to the cover of a book)
irom forrell, "a term still used by the trade to
signify an inferior kind of vellum." Is it not
more natural to suppose it to be the same word
which the French have made fourreau, a cover or
sheath ? (See Du Cange, vv. Forellus, Forrellus.)

J. H. T.

Dublin.

Parochial Libraries (Vol. vii., p. 507. ; Vol. viii.
passini). — There is a libraiy at Wimborne Min-
ster, in the Collegiate Church, which, on my visit
two years since, appeared to contain some valu-
able volumes, and was neglected and in very bad
condition. ©•

:Mt^«nanc0uS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.
Dr. Lardner has just published the third and con-
cluding course of his Handbook of Natural Philosophy
and Astronomy. The subjects treated of in the present
volume are Meteorology and Astronomy, and they are
illustrated with thirty-seven lithographic plates, and
upwards of two hundred engravings on wood. The
work was undertaken with the very popular object of
supplying the means of acquiring a competent know-
ledge of the methods and results of the physical
sciences, without any unusual acquaintance with ma-
thematics ; and in the methods of demonstration and
illustration of this series of treatises, that principle has,
as far as possible, been adopted ; so that by means of
the present volumes, persons who have not even a su-
perficial knowledge of geometry and algebra niay yet
acquire with great facility a considerable acquaintance
with the sciences of which they treat. The present
volume contains a very elaborate index, which, com-

528

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

-bined with the analytical tables of contents, give to the
entire series all the usefulness of a compendious ency-
clopaedia of natural philosophy and astronomy.

JFilltch's Income Tax Tables, Fourth Edition, 1853—
1860, price One Florin, show at one view the amount
of duty at the various rates fixed by the late act, and
are accompanied by a variety of statistical information,
tending to show that the wealth of the nation has in-
creased in as great, if not a greater, ratio, than the
population. The price at which the work is issued
serves to lead our attention to a little pamphlet, pub-
lished at sixpence, or 25 mils, by Mr. Robert Mears,
entitled Decimal Coinage Tables for simplifying and fa-
cilitating the Introduction of the proposed new Coinage.

The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy
hy Ordericus Vitalis, translated with Notes, and the In-
troduction of Guizot, by Thomas Forrester, M.A.
Vol. I., is a new volume of the interesting Series of
Translations of the early Church Historians of England
publishing by Mr. Bohn, to which we propose calling
the especial attention of our readers at some future
period. The importance which our French neigh-
bours attach to the writings of Ordericus Vitalis is
shown by the fact that the French Historical Society,
after publishing a translation, are now issuing an edi-
tion of the original text, from a laborious collation
of the best MSS., under the editorship of M. Auguste
le Prevost, The present translation is based upon
that edition.

We have on several occasions called the attention of
our readers to the Collection of Proclamations in the
possession of the Society of Antiquaries, and to the
endeavours making by that learned body to secure as
complete a series as possible of these valuable but
hitherto little used materials for English History.
Some contributions towards this object have, we be-
lieve, been the results of our notices ; and we have
now to state, that at the opening meeting on Thursday
the 17th, it was announced that William Salt, Esq.,
F.S. A., had presented to the library two volumes of
Proclamations of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.
Great as is the pecuniary value of this munificent do-
nation, it is far exceeded by its importance in filling
up a large gap in the existing Series. A Catalogue
Raisonnee of the whole collection is in preparation by
Robert Lemon, Esq., of the State Paper Office, a gentle-
man well qualified for the task ; and its early publication
may, we trust, be received as an evidence of the bene-

ficial influence which the Society of Antiquaries is
hereafter destined to exercise on the historical litera-
ture of England.

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Cambridge : JOHN DEIGHTON.
London : GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street.

Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

529

Now ready, royal 12mo., pp. 430., with a Plan showins the localities of the London Libraries,
and ground plan of the Libraries in the British Mueeum, cloth, 5».

BA»ri>BOOK

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Containing a Brief History of its Formatiom, and of the various Collections of wliich it ia com-
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London : JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square.

XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Pho-
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Just published, price 1».

THE STEEEOSCOPE,

Considered in relation to the Philosophy of
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London : WALTON & MABERLEY, Upper
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Also, by the same Author, price Is.,

REMARKS on some of Sir

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VIEWS IN LONDON.

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T:)LAND & LONG, 153. FLEET
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*«* "Familiar Explanation of the Pheno-
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530

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARA-
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KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalosrue.
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Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the re-
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WH. HART, RECORD
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Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.

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CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretarj'.

w

ESTERN LIFE ASSU-
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Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

T. Grissell, Esq.

J. Hunt, Esq.

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MP.
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17-

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Now ready, price 10s. dd.. Second Edition,
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Nov. 26. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

531

On Thursday, the 5th of January, 1854, will be
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ORR'S CIRCLE OF THE
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532

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 213.

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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OP INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOB

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTiaUARIES, GEPv^EALO GISTS, ETC.

" 'Wisen founai make a note of." — Captain Cuttlk.

No. 214.]

Saturday, December 3. 1853.

f Price Fourpence.

I Stamped Edition, 5<f>

CONTENTS.

iTEs : Page

refer Brett -------533

Richard's " Guide through France," by Weld Taylor - 634
Women and Tortoises . _ - - - 634

Weather Rules, by W. Winthrop ... 635

Occasional Forms of Prayer, by Kev. Thomas Lathbury 535

MiNon Notes : — Chair Moving — Epitaph on Politian
in the Church of the Annunciation at Florence-
Epitaph in Torrington Churchyard, Devon — The

early Delights of Philadelphia — Misapplication of
Terms — " Plantin" Bibles in 1600 — Ancient Gold

Collar found in StafTordsiiire
'Queries : —

Pictures in Hampton Court Palace

. 537

538

Minor Queiites : — Helmets — The Nursrow — City
Bellmen — Pope's Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady —
" 'foo wise to err, too good to be unkind " — Passage
in the "Christian Year" — David's Mother — Em-

blejns "Kaminagadeyathooroosoomokanoogonagira"

"Quid facies," &c Will of Peter the Great —

H. Neele, Editor of Shakspeare— MS. by Rubens on

, Painting — Peter Allan — Hasrhisch or Indian Hemp

Crieff Compensation — Admission to Lincoln's Inn,

tlie "Temple, and Gray's Inn — Orders for the House-
hold of Lord Montagu - -, - - - 538

Minor Queries with Answers: — Cateaton Street —
Portrait of Lee, Inventor of the Stocking-frame —
Cocker's Arithmetic — Lyke Porch or Litch Porch —
Henry Burton — British Mathematicians — " Les
Lettres Juives" ------ 510

Heplies : —

Attainment of Majority ----- 541

Lord Halifax and Mrs. Catherine Barton - - 543

Milton's Widow, by T. Hughes . . - - 544

Anticipatory Use of the Cross, by J. W. Thomas and

Eden Warwick - - - - - - 545

Decorative Pavement Tiles from Caen, by Albert Way

and Gilbert .1. French ----- 847

Mottos of the Emperors of Germany - - - 548

Photographic Correspondence : — Simplicity of Calo-
, type Process^Albumenized Paper — New Developing
Mixture — Queries on the Albumenized Process - 548

Heplies toIVIinor Quebiks: — Poems in connexion
with Waterloo — Richard Oswald — Grammont's
Marriage — Life — Muscipula — Berefellarii — Har-
mony of the Four Gospels — Picts' Houses and Argils
— Boswt'U's "Johnson " — Pronunciation of " Hum-
ble " — Continuation of Robertson — Nostradamus —
Quantity of Words — " Man proposes, but God dis-
poses "—Polarised Light - - . - 549

Miscellaneous : —

Notes on Books, &c.
Books and Odd Volumes wanted
Notices to Correspondents
Auvertisemenls , -

- 652

- 653

- 553

- 554

iiattS.

PETER BRETT.

Vol. VIIL — No. 214.

Your correspondent T. K. seems to think that
Scotchmen, and Scotch subjects, have an undue
prominence in " N. & Q. : " let me therefore in-
troduce to your readers a neglected Irishman, in
the person of Peter Brett, the " parish clerk and
schoolmaster of Castle-Knock." This worthy seems
to have been a great author, and the literary
oracle of the district over Avliich he presided, and
exercised the above-named important functions.
His magnum opus appears to have been his Mis-
cellamj ; a farrago of prose and verse, which, to
distinguish it from the herd of books bearing that
title, is yclept, par excellence, Brett's Miscellany.
When Mr. Brett commenced to enlighten the
world, and when his candle was snuffed out, I
know not. My volume of the above work pur-
ports to be the fifth :

" Containing above a hundred useful and entertain-
ing Particulars, Divine, Moral, and Historical ; chiefly
designed for the Improvement of Youth, and those who
have not the Opportunity of reading large Volumes.
Interspersed with several Entertaining Things never
before printed. Dublin, 1762."

The parish clerk's bill of fares is of the most
seductive kind. Under all the above heads he
has something spicy to say, either in prose or
verse ; but the marrow of the book lies in the
Preface. To say that a man, holding the import-
ant offices of parish clerk and schoolmaster, could
be charged with conceit, would be somewhat rash ;
if, therefore, in remarking upon the rare instance
of a parish clerk becoming an author, he lets out
that " whatever cavillers may say about his per-
formance, they must admit his extensive reading,
and the great labour and application the concoc-
tion of these books has cost him," he is but in-
dulging in a feeling natural to a man of genius,
and a pardonable ebullition of the amour propre.
Mr. Brett seems to have been twitted with the
charge of taking up authorship as a commercial
spec ; he sullenly admits that his book-making
leaves him something, but nothing like a recom-
pense, and ' draws an invidious comparison be-
tween one Counsellor Harris and himself; the

534

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

former having received 2001. per nnnum for col-
lecting materials for the Life of King William III.,
while he, the schoolmaster of Castle-Knock,
scarcely gets salt to his porridge for his Collection.^
and Observations for pei'petuating the Honour and
Glory of the King of Kings.
Peter farther boasts that these his volumes

" Contain the juice and marrow of many excellent
and learned authors, but compacttd after such an
ingenious manner, that the learned would find it a
great difficulty to show in what authors they are to be
found ! "

A plan for which, I think, the learned would award
him the hirch. Mrs. Brett is no less a genius than
her husband ; and she takes advantage of the
publication of the Miscellany, to stick the follow-
ing little bill upon the back of the title

" Ann Brett, wife of the said Peter, at the sign of
the Shroud m Ciirist Church Lane, opposite to the
Church, maki'S and sells all Sorts of Shrouds, draws
all Sorts of Patterns, does all manner of Pinking, and
teaches Young Misses Reading and Writing, Arith-
metic, and Plain Work. The Dublin Society," she
adds, " was jjleased to honour her with a handsome
Present for her Curious Performance with the Pen."

J. o.

KICHARD S " GUIDE THROUGH PRANCE.

(Translated from the French on the 12th edition.
Paris : Audin, 25. Quai des Angustins.)

As we are not supposed to be sensible of our
own failings, I should much wish to know whether
any Englis^h-French exists equal to some French-
English I know of, and inclose a specimen. Mr.
P. Chasles has played the critic so well with the
English tongue, that perhaps he can find us a few
specimens. Without doubt, it will be a wholesome
correction to the Malaprop spirit if she is shown
up a little ; and I regret extremely that Mr. P.
Chasles was not invited to correct the proofs of
the Itineraire de France. Here we are posting
with M. Richard :

" The courier a franc-etrier cannot use bridle of
their own, they must not outrun the postilion who
leads them, and the post master if they might arrive at,
without their postillion, must not give them horse
before this last is come. The supply-horses, according
to the number of persons, shall be put to carriages as
much as the disposition of the vehicles will admit.
For example, three horses shall he put to cabriolets,
and till six to the berline, but as it should not be pos-
sible, to put a horse en arbalete (cross-bow) without
notable accidents, either to caleches with two horses or
to the limonieres ; they shall be obliged to pay the
charge for supply horse."

Here we are in a steamer, p. 52. :

" The sea is smooth, the sky pure, the air calm,
everything promises a happy navigation, our boat is in

a very favourable position in the middle of the Seine,
on the right hand the hills of Honfleur, on the left the
coast of Ingouville, let us pause a little more on these
shores we are going to leave : behold on the east the
fortifications of Havre, small seats! clusters of trees!
this is the village of I'Eure threatened by the sea of an
entire destruction. We must not pass over this green
hill so delightful to view, standing on the opposite
shore seamen would not forgive my silence, among
these high trees stands a chapel dedicated to Notre-
Dame-de- Grace. Ingouville is of 4,800 inhabitants,
among which a great many Englishmen live there as
in their own country, having their particular church-
yard, physicians, and many occasions of hearing from
England, which they can perceive from their pavilions.
The traveller can go to Elbeuf by land or water. The
lover of the scenes of nature will enjoy very romantical
prospects, a new kind of view will strike his sight, a
long train of rocks called D'Orival, the most part steep,
covered with evergreen trees, which seem shoot out,
with difficulty, of their craggings."

He tells U9 Soissons (p. 102.) "has a college, a
pretty theatre, and a bishoprick-sec, from the
cradle of Christianity into the Gauls." At Cou-
lommieres (Seine et Marne), " the sciences are not
cultivated, but the inhabitants know pretty well
how to play at nine pins." At Fontaines les Cor-
nues, " the inhabitants of Paris with a small ex-
pense can procure to himself a scenery scarecely to
be found in the other quarter of the globe ! " At
Chatillion-sur-Seine, " the streets are neat and
well aired." At Aries, p. 361., a head of a goddess
carved in marble :

" The way in which the neck and left shoulder are
ended, points out that the head is related to a figure in
drapery cut in another block."

" The merchant of Bordeaux is distinguished by his
noble easy and pompous manner, he makes himself
easily forgiven a sort of boasting, which is the foible of
the country."

How the ladies bathe at Mont d'Or, p. 218. :

" At five in the morning bathing begins. Two
hardy Highlanders go and fetch in a kind of deal
boxes the fashionable lady, who when in town never
quits her bed-down before noon, the annuitant, the rich
man, are all brought in the same manner in these
boxes. It is one of the most pleasant bathing esta-
blishments ; it offers a peristyle, a small resting-room,
a warming-place for linen, with partitions to prevent
its mixture."

The work consists of 446 mortal pages, though
I am bound to say a portion here and there is re-
spectably written. Weld Taylor.

WOMEN AND TORTOISES.

I had intended sending you a paper on Bishop
Taylor's Similes, with Illustrative Notes on some
Passages in his Works ; but I soon found that your
utmost indulgence could not afford me a tithe of

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

535

the space I would require. Instead, therefore, I
send you an illustration of a single simile, as it is
short, and not the least curious in the lot :

" All vertuous women, like tortoises, carry their house
on their heads, and their chappel in their heart, and
their danger in their eye, and tlieir souls in their hands,
and God in all their actions." — Life of Christ, Part I.
s. ii. 4.

" Phidias made the statue of Venus at Elis with one
foot upon the shell of a tortoise, to signify two great
duties of a virtuous woman, which are to keep home
and be silent." — Human Prudence, by W. De Britaine,
12th edit. : Dublin, 1726, 12mo., p. 134.

" Vertuous women should keep house ; and 'twas
■well performed and ordered by the Greeks :

' . . . mulier ne qua in publicum
Spectandam se sine arbitro prasbeat viro : '

Which made Phidias, belike, at Elis paint Venus
treading on a tortoise : a symbole of women's silence
and housekeeping ... I know not what philosopher he
was, that would have women come but thrice abroad
all their time, to be baptized, married, and buried ; but
he was too straitlaced. " — Burton's ^«a^ Mel., part iii.
sec. 3. mem. 4. subs. 2.

" Apelles us'd to paint a good housewife upon a snayl ;
which intimated that slie should be as slow from gad-
ding abroad, and when she went she shold carry her
house upon her back : that is, she shold make all sure
at home. Now, to a good housewife, her house shold
be as the sphere to a star (I do not mean a wandring
star), wherin she shold twinckle as a star in its orb."
— Howell's Parhj of Beasts : Lond. 1660, p. 58.

The last passage reminds us of the fine lines of
Donne (addressed to both sexes) :

"Be then thine own home, and in thyself dwell ;
Inn anywhere ;
And seeing the snail, which everywhere doth roam,
Carrying his own home still, still is at home.
Follow (for he is easy-paced) this snail :
Be thine own palace, or the world's thy jail."

ElKIONNACH.

WEATHER RULES.

(Yol. vii., pp. 373. 522. 599. 627.)

J. A., Jun., being desirous of forming a list of
weatlier rules, I send the following, in the hope
that they may be acceptable to him, and interest-
ing to those of your readers who have never met
■with the old collection from which they are taken.

English.
In April, Dove's-flood is worth a king's good.
Winter thunder, a summer's wonder.
March dust is worth a king's ransom.
A cold May and a windy, makes a fat barn and
findy.

Spanish.

April and May, the keys of the year.

A cold April, much bread and little wine.

A year of snow, a year of plenty.

A red morning, wind or rain.

The moon with a circle brings water in her beak.

Bearded frost, forerunner of snow.

Neither give credit to a clear winter nor cloudjr

spring.
Clouds above, water below.

When the moon is in tlie wane do not sow anything.
A red sun has water in his eye.
Ked clouds in the east, rain the next day.
An eastern wind carrieth water in his hand.
A March sun sticks like a lock of wool.
When there is a spring in winter, and a winter ia

spring, the year is never good.
When it rains in August, it rains wine or honey.
The circle of the moon never filled a pond, but the

circle of the sun wets a shepherd.
Italian.
Like a March sun, which heats but doth not melt-
Dearth under water, bread under snow.
Young and old must go warm at Martlemas.
When the cock drinks in summer, it will rain a

little after.
As Mars hasteneth all the humours feel it.
In August, neither ask for olives, chesnuts, nor

acorns.
January commits the fault, and May bears the-

blame.
A year of snow, a year of plenty.

French.

When it thunders in March, we may cry Alas I

A dry year never beggars the master.

An evening red, and a morning grey, m.akes a pil-
grim sing.

January or February do fill or empty the granary.

A dry March, a snowy February, a moist Aprils
and a dry May, presage a good year.

To St. Valentine the spring is a neighbour.

At St. Martin's winter is in his way.

A cold January, a feverish February, a dusty
March, a weeping April, a windy May, presage
a good year and gay. W. Winthrojp..-

Malta.

OCCASIONAL FORMS OF PRAYER.

I now send you a list of Occasional Forms of"
Prayer in my own possession, in the hope that the
example may be followed by other individuals.

A Fourme to be used in Common Prayer twise a
Weke, and also an Order of Publique Fast to be
used every Wednesday, &c. during this time of
Mortalitie, &c. London, 1563.

This was the first published occasional form of the
reign of Elizabeth.

536

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

A Fourme to be used in Common Prayer every Sun-
day, Wednesday, and Friday throughout the whole
Ilealme : to excite and stirre up all Godly People
to pray for the Preservation of those Christians and
their Countreys that are now invaded by the Turkc
in Hunjrary or elsewhere. Set fourthe by The
Reverend Father in God, Matthew, Archbishop of
Cantaburie. Imprinted by Richarde Jugge and
John Cawood. 4to,
There is no date ; but it is ascertained that this form

was put forth in the year 1566.

Tlie Order of Prayer and other Exercises upon Wed-
nesdays and Fridays, &c. 4to. Christopher Bar-
ker. 1580.
This was put forth In consequence of an earthquake.

Prayers. 1584.

They consist of " A Prayer for all Kings," &c., " A

Prayer for the Queene," &c., and " A Prayer in the

Parliament onely." They are appended to Treasons of

Pary, forming part of the volume.

An Order for Prayer and Thanksgiving for the Safety
of Her Majesty. 1594.

Certaine Prayers set forth by Authoritie to be used
for the Prosperous Successe of her Majesties Forces
and Navy. 4to. The Deputies of Christopher
Barker, 1597.

An Order for Prayer and Thanksgiving (necessary in
these dangerous Times) for the Safety of her iMa-
jestie and the Realme. 4to. The Deputies of C.
Barker. No date.

An Order for Publike Prayers within the Province of
Canterbury. No date. By the Queen's Printer.

Prayers for the Queen's safe Delivei'ance. London,
1605.

Form of Prayer, &c. Nov. 5. London, 1605.

The original edition.

Form of Prayer, &c., Nov. 5. London, 1620.

Form, &c. for the 5th of August, being the Day of His

Highnesse's happy Deliverance from the Earle of

Go wry. London, 16'i3.
Form, &c. Fast during the Plague. 1625.

The " Prayer for the Parliament " appears for the
first time in this form.

Form, &c. Fast. War and Pestilence. 1626.
Form, &c. Fast. War. 1628.

Forme of Prayer, &c. for averting God's heauy Visit-
ation, &c. 1636.

This is the form which was attacked by Burton and
Prynne, and on which a charge was raised against
Laud.

Form, &c. Fast. Plague. 1 640.
Form, &c. Fast. War. Oxford, 1643.

This is the form authorised by Charles L to be used
at the commencement of tiie war. It is frequently
alluded to by the Parliamentary writers of the period.
The House of Commons had ordered a monthly fast,
and Charles commanded that the second Friday in
every month should be set apart for tiie same purpose.
This form was to be used on such occasions.

Form, &-c. Fast. Oxford, 1643.

The same as the preceding, but a different edition,
one being in black-letter, the other in Roman. Both
were printed in Oxford, and in the same year.

A Collection of Prayers and Thanksgivings used in
His Majesties Chapel and in his Armies, upon oc-
casion of the Idte Victories against the Rebels.
Oxford, 1643.

This was reprinted at York in 1644.

The Cavaliers' New Common Prayer Booke, unclasp't.
Reprinted at London, with some briefe and neces-
sary Obseruations to refute the Lyes and Scandalls
that are contained in it. 1644.

This is a reprint -of the preceding form, with a scur-
rilous preface and observations. The prayers are given
as they stand in the Royal form, but with parenthetical
sentences of a most abusive character after almost every
paragraph. Thus, after the clause, " Pity a despised
Church," the authors add, " You mean the prelates and
their hierarchy." After the next clause, "and a dis-
tracted State," they add, " made so by your wicked
party." In one of the thanksgivings, after " Glory be
to God," we have, " Your mock prayers defraud Him
of His glory." Then, after the words " We praise thee,
we bless thee," &e., from the Communion Office, we
have, " Softly, lest you want breath, and thank the old
Common Prayer Book for that."

Private Forms for these Sad Times. Oxford, 1645.

A Form of Thanksgiving, to be used the Seventh Day
of September, thorowout the Diocese of Lincoln,
and in the Jurisdiction of Westminster.

This remarkable form has no date, but it was put
forth by Williams, then Bishop of Lincoln and Dean
of Westminster, in the year 1641. The House of
Commons had ordered a day of Thanksgiving; but
they were greatly offended with Williams, on account
of this form, and, instead of going to St. Margaret's
Church as usual, where it was ordered to be read, they
attended divine service, after their own fashion, in the
chapel of Lincoln's Inn.

A Supply of Prayers for the Ships of this Kingdom
that want Ministers to pray with them agreeable
to the Directory, &c. London. Published by
authority.

A Presbyterian form, and the only one ever pub-
lished by men who decried all forms. It was put fortli,
as the preface admits, because the sailors clung to the
Book of Common Prayer.

Prayers to be used in the Armies. 1648.

A Form of Prayer used at His Majesties Chapel at

the Hague. 1650.
Prayers for those who mourn, &c. 1 659.
Form of Common Prayer, to be used on the Thirtieth

of January, &c. 1661.

This form differs materially from that subsequently
put forth by Convocation, with the revised Prayer
Book of 1662. There was also another form still
earlier, in the j'ear 1661, in which some singular and
obnoxious petitions relative to Charles I. were found.

Dec. 3. 1853.]

KOTES AND QUERIES.

537

A Form of Prayer with Thanksgiving, to be used on

the 29th of May, 1661.

The original edition. It differs from that which
was sanctioned by Convocation and published in 1662.

Form of Prayer, &c. June 12, Fast during a Dearth.

1661.
Form, &c. Fast during a Sickness. 1661.
Form, &c. Fast, to implore a Blessing on the Naval

Forces. April 5, 1665.
Form, &c. Thanksgiving for Victory by Naval Forces.

July 4, 1665.
Form, &c. Fast, on occasion of the Fire of London,

1666.
Form, &c. Thanksgiving for Victories at Sea. 1666.
Form, &c. Fast. 1674.
Form, &c. Fast. 1678.
Form, &c. Fast. Dublin, 1678.

Form, &c. Fast. Dublin, 1679. To seek Reconcili-
ation with God, and to implore Him that he would

infatuate and defeat the Counsels of the Papists our

Enemies. By the Lord Lieutenant.
Form, &c. Fast. 1 680.
Form,&c. Thanksgiving. 1683. For the discovery of

Treason.
Form, &c. Thanksgiving. 1685.
Form of Prayer with Thanksgiving for 29th May,

1685.

First edition of this reign. It was altered by the
authority of the Crown.

Form of Prayer, &c. January 80, 1 685.

First edition of this reign.
Form of Prayer, &c. February 6, 1685.

The accession service of James II.

A Form or Order of Thanksgiving, to be used, &'c.

in behalf of the King, the Queen, and the Royal

Family, upon occasion of the Queen's being with

Child. 1687.

This form was the occasion of much comment at the
time.

A Form of Prayer with Tlianksglving, &c., for the
Birth of the Prince. 1688.

A Form, &c. Fast. 1689.

A Form, &c. Fast. 1690.

A Form, &c. Fast. 1694.

A Form, &c. Fast. 1714. Thanksgiving on the Ac-
cession of George I.

Thomas Lathbury.
Bristol.

Chair Moving. — Recent occurrences made me
look back at Glunvill's Blow at Modern Sadducism,
and I observed that in his account of the " Da;mon
of Tedworth," who was supposed to haunt the
house of Mr. Mompesson, and who was the orighial
of Addison's "drummer," it is stated that on the
5th November, 1G62, "in the sight and presence
of the company, the chairs walked about tlie
room," p. 124. N. B.

Epitaph oil Politian in the Church of the AnnuU'
ciation at Florence. —

" Politianus in hoc tumulo jacet Angelas, unum
Qui caput, et linguas (res nova) tres habuit."
From Travels of Sir John Rercsbi/.

Y. B. N. J.

[The following translation of this epitaph is given in
the Ency. Britannica, but it is there stated to be in
St. Mark's, Florence :

" Here lies Politian, who, things strange indeed,
Had, when alive, three tongues, and but one head."]

Epitaph in Torrington Churchyard, Devon. -^

" She was — my words are wanting to say what.
Think what a woman should be — she was that."

Which provoked the following reply :

" A woman shoidd be both a wife and mother,
But Jenny Jones was neither one nor t'other,"

Balliolensis.

The early Delights of Philadelphia. — In Gabriel
Thomas's Description of the Settlement of Phila-
delphia occurs the following passage :

" In the said city are several good schools of learning
for youth, for the attainment of arts and sciences, also
reading and writing. Here is to be had, on any day
in the week, cakes, tarts, and pies ; we have also
several cook-shops, both roasting and boiling, as in
the city of London : happy blessings, for which we
owe the highest gratitude to our plentiful Provider,
the great Creator of heaven and earth,"

Is not this a superb jumble ? A Leguleian.

Misapplication of Terms. — Legend is a thing
" to be read " (legenduni), but it is often impro-
perly applied to traditions and oral communica-
tions. Of this there have been some instances
in " N. & Q." One has just turned up. Vol. v.,
p. 196.: " I send you these legends as I have heard
them from the lips of my nurse, a native of the
parish." J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

^' Plantin'' Bibles in 1600. — While looking
over the " Stackhouse Library " (see " N. & Q.,"
Vol. viii., p. 327.), I observed on the fly-leaf of an
Hebrew Bible, 1600 (a. 100 in catalogue), a short
MS. memorandum, which I think worth pre-
serving. It ran' as follows :

£ s. d.
" Plantin Heb. Bible, interlineing costes - 2 10 0
Plantin in octavo - - -10 0

Buxtorf's Biblia in two vols. - - 2 10 0

Hebw Bible, 4to. 2 vols. - - 2 0 0

Inne 16° 8 vols. - - -200"

R. C. Warde.
Kidderminster.

Ancient Gold Collar found in Staffordshire. —
It may probably interest some of your readers to

538

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

know that a very ancient golden collar was lately
found in the village of Stanton, Staffordshire,
which is about three miles north of Ashbourne.

A labourer digging up a field, which had not
heen ploughed or dug up in the memory of man,
turned up the colhir, which, being curled up at
the time, sprang up, and the labourer taking it for
A snake, struck it out of his way with his spade :
the next morning it was discovered not to be a
snake. Unfortunately the blow had broken off a
small piece at one end. The collar is now in the
possession of the person with whom the curate of
Stanton lodges. The description given to me is,
that it is about two feet long, and formed of three
pieces of gold twined together, and, with the above
^exception, in a very good state of preservation.

I hear that there is a similar collar in the
British Museum, that was found in Ireland, but
none that was found in England; and that the au-
thorities of the Museum have been informed of
this collar, but have taken no steps to obtain pos-
session of it. S. G. C.

[Our coirespondent is under an erroneous impression
as to gold torques not being found in England. Se-
veral are figured in the Archaologia, and we have some
reason to believe that the torque now described, and of
which we should be glad to receive any farther par-
ticulars, resembles one which formed part of the cele-
brated Polden find described by Mr. Harford in the
fourteenth volume of tlie Archceologia, and figured at
p, 90. ; and also that found at Boyton in Suffolk in
1835, and engraved in the Archasologia, vol. xxvi. p. 471.
— Ed.]

^xxtviti.

PICTURES IN HAMPTON COURT PALACE.

There are two or three of these concerning
'which I should be obliged to any reader of your
publication who would satisfy my Queries.

No. 119., " The Battle of Forty," by P. Snayers.
This seems a kind of combat a outrance of knights
armes de pied en cap. Where can I find any ac-
count or detidl of it ?

No. 314., "Mary of Lorraine, mother of Mary
Queen of Scots." This is a very pleasing picture,
in good preservation, and as it was not in its
present position two years ago, I conclude it has
recently been added. She was ninth child of
Claude de Lorraine, first Due de Guise, born in
1515, and married in 1538 to James V. of Scot-
land, and she died in the forty-fifth year of her
age, 10th June, 1560. There are the arms of the
Guise family in the right-hand corner, with a date
of 161 1. Pray by whom was it painted, and where
can I find any notices respecting it ?

No. 166., " George IIL reviewing the 10th
Light Dragoons, commanded by the Prince of
Wales." This picture was considered the chef
iTceuvre of Sir William Beechey, and was painted

in 1798 ; and it has been supposed the likeness of
the Duke of York was the best taken of that
Prince. Could any reader inform me on what day
this review took place ? *

When one sees a picture of Shakspeare, No. 276.,
and more especially in the palace of his cotem-
porary sovereigns, one is naturally led to inquire
into its authenticity. I am therefore desirous to
obtain some information relative to it.

In "N. & Q.," Vol. vi,, p. 197., you had several
correspondents inquiring concerning the custom of
royalty dining in public : perhaps it may interest
them to know that there are two very attractive
pictures of this ceremony in this collection, num-
bered 293 and 294 : the first is of Charles I. and
Henrietta Maria ; the other Frederick V., Count
Palatine and King of Bohemia, who married Eliza-
beth, daughter of James I. These two pictures
are by Van Bassen, of whom, perhaps, some cor-
respondent may be enabled to give an account.

*.

Richmond, Surrey.

Miviax (Sucrtc^.

Helmets. — What is the antiquity of the prac-
tice of placing helmets over the shields of armorial
bearings ; and what are the varieties of helmets in
regard to the rank or degree of persons ? S. N.

The Nursrow. — What is the origin of the word
Nursrow, a name applied by Plott, in his History of
Staffordshire., to the shrew mouse, and by the com-
mon people in Cheshire at the present day to the
field-mouse ; or rather, perhaps, indiscriminately
to field and shrew mice ? N. 11.

City Bellmen. — When were city bellmen first
established ? By whom appointed ? What were
their duties ? What and how v/ere they paid ?
What have been their employment and duties
down to the present day ? Crito.

* George III. had one or two copies of this pic-
ture taken for him ; and there is a curious circumstance
relative to one of these, which Lady Chatterton men-
tions in her Home Sketches, published in three vols.
8vo., 1841: "In one respect the picture (which
George III. gave to Lord Sidmouth, and which the
latter had put up at the stone lodge in Richmond New
Park) differs from the original at Hampton Court : it
is singular enough that in this copy the figure of the
Prince is omitted, which was done hy the Kings desire,
and is a striking and rather comical proof of the dislike
which he felt towards his son. When the Prince be-
came King, he dined here, and remarked to Lord Sid-
mouth that his portrait had been omitted, and hinted
tliat it ought to be restored. This, however, was
evaded, and the copy remains in its original state." —
Vol. i. pp. 18, 19.

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

539

Popes Elegy on an Unfortunate Lady. — In the
new edition of Pope's Works, in course of publi-
cation, edited by Mr. Carruthers, Inverness, it is
conjectured that the poet threw " i(]eal circum-
stances " into his most pathetic and melodious
elegy, and " when he came to publish his letters,
put wrong initials, as in other instances, to conceal
the real names" (Pope's Poet. Works, Ingram,
Cook, and Co., vol. ii. p. 184.). The initials are
Mrs. W., niece of Lady A. I have always thought
that a clue might be obtained to the name of this
lady, by following up the hints in Pope's printed
correspondence. Mrs. or Miss W. is mentioned
or alluded to by Craggs and Pope, in connexion
with the characters in tlie Pape of the Lock. One
suggests the other. Inquiry should be directed
to the families of Pernor of Tusmore, Lord Petre,
and Sir George Brown. But I have heard a tra-
dition in a Catholic family in the north of Eng-
land that the lady was a Blount ; probably one of
the Blounts of Soddington, or of some one of the
numerous branches of that ancient family.

Ax Inquibeb.

" Too wise to err, too good to he unkind." — In
what author may this passage be found ?

" Too wise to err, too good to be unkind."

E. P. H.

Clapham.

Passage in the '■'^ Christian Year." — In the beau-
tiful lines on Confirmation in this work, the fol-
lowing verse occurs :

" Steady and pure as stars that beam
In middle heaven, all mist above,
Seen deepest in the frozen stream : —
Such is their high courageous love."

I should be grateful for an explanation of the
third line. A. A. D.

David^s Mother. — I used to think it was im-
possible to ascertain from the Old Testament the
name of David's mother. In the Genealogies re-
corded in the Sacred Scriptures, by J. S. (usually
assumed to stand for John Speed, the historian
and geographer), the name of the Psalmist's mo-
ther is given "Nahash." Can this be made out
satisfactorily ? Will the text 2 Sam. xvii. 25., as
compared with 1 Chron. ii. 15., warrant it?

Y. B. N. J.

Emhlems. — Can any of your readers inform me
what are the emblematic meanings of the different
precious stones, or of any of them? or in what work
I shall find them described ? N. D.

" Kaminagadeyathooroosoomokanoogonagira." —
In an appeal to the Privy Council from Madras,
the above unparalleled long word occurs as the
description of an estate. I believe that its extreme
length and unpronounceable appearance is without

an equal. Can any of your readers acquainted
with Indian literature translate it? if so, it would
greatly oblige F. J. G.

" Quid fades" &fc. — I have lately met Avith the
following curious play on words in an old MS.
book. Can any of your correspondents give any
account of it ?

" Quid ficies, facies Veneris si veneris ante?
Ne pereas, per eas ; ne sedeas, sed eas !"

Balliolensis.

Will of Peter the Great. — M. Lamartiniere, in
a French pamphlet on the Eastern question, gives
a document in several articles containing advice
with respect to the policy of his successors on the
throne of Russia, in which he advises her to make
great advances in the direction of Constantinople,
India, &c., and advocates the partition of Poland.
Upon what authority does this document rest?
and who is M. Lamartiniere ? R. J. Allen.

H. Neele, Editor of Shakspeare. — In the pre-
face to Lectures on English Poetry, being the Re-
mains of the late Henry Neele (Lond. 1830),
mention is made of a new edition of Shakspeare's
dramatic works, " under the superintendence of
Mr. Neele as editor, for which his enthusiastic
reverence for the poet of ' all time ' peculiarly
fitted him, but which, from the want of patronage,
terminated after the publication of a very few
numbers." These very few numbers must have
appeared about 1824 — 1827; yet the answer to
my repeated inquiries after them in London is
always " We cannot hear of them." Can any one
give me farther Information ? — From the Na-
vo?-scher. J. M.

MS. by Rubens on Painting. — May I inquire of
M. Philakete Chasles whether he ever saw or
heard of a manuscript said to be written in Latin
by Rubens, and existing in the Bibliotheque Na-
tionale at Paris ? One or two fragments have
occasionally been quoted : I think one may be
found in Sir Joshua Reynolds' Discourses, and the
same Is used by Burnet In his work on painting ;
but no authority is given as to the source of t^e
information.*

If such a work can be found, it would confer a
great boon upon the profession of the fine arts, if
It were brought to light without del.ay.

Weld Tatlob.

Peter Allan. — Will some correspondent of
"N". & Q." afford Information as to the exact date
and place of birth of the celebrated Peter Allan,
whose cave at Sunderland is regarded as one of
the principal curiosities of the north of England?

[* This may probably be Ilubens's MS. Album, of
which an account is given in Vertue's Anecdotes of
Painting, vol. ii. pp. 185, 186. — En.]

540

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

What is known of liis general history ; and is any
member of his family now living ? E. C.

Haschisch or Indian Hemp. — I have been for
some time trying to procure some of the Haschisch,
or Indian hemp, about which Dr. Moreau has
published such an amusing book, Du Haschisch et
de V Alienation Mentulc, Par. 1845. — Can any of
your readers tell me where I can get any ? The
narcotic effects of the common hemp plant are
well known in our country districts : where, under
its ironical alias Honesty., the dried stalk is often
smoked, but the tropical variety appears to be
infinitely more powerful in its operation.

V. T. Sternberg.

Crieff Compensation. — During the rebellion in
1715, the village of Crieff, Perthshire, was burnt
by the Highland army, on account of the attach-
ment of its inhabitants to the royal cause. It has
been stated that, some years ago, the descendants
of the sufferers received from government a sum
equivalent to a certain proportion of the loss
which had been sustained.

Is there any official record in reference to this
compensation ? D.

Admission to Lincoln's Inn, the Temple, and
Grays Inn. — Have there ever been published, or
do there exist anywhere in MSS., lists of the
persons who have been from time to time matri-
culated as students of those inns of court ?

A publication of them would be of the greatest
value to the biographical department of literature.

G.

Orders for the Household of Lord Montagu. —
The second Viscount ]Montagu, grandson and heir
of Anthony Browne, created Viscount in 1554,
ob. 1592, compiled a detailed code of regulations
for his family, thus entitled :

" A Booke of Orders and Rules established by me,
Anthony, Viscount Mountague, for the better direction
and government of my howsholde and family, together
with the generall dutyes and charges apperteyninge to
inyne officers and other servantcs. Anno Dni 1595."

Has this curious illustration of ancient domestic
manners ever been published ? Ai-bert Way.

Cateaton Street. — I am anxious to ascertain
the meaning and derivation of this word : the
London Cateaton Street, I believe, is changed
into Gr-resham Street. I have lately learnt that
there is a Cateaton Street in Liverpool also.

Etymo.

[Cateaton Street, or " Catteten Street," says Stow,
" is a corruption of Catte Street, which beginneth at
the north end of Ironmonger Lane, and runneth to the

west end of St. Lawrence Church." In 1845j^?this
street was renamed Gresham Street.]

Portrait of Lee, Inventor of the Stocking-frame.
— In Hatton's History of London (published in
1708), it is stated that a picture (by Bulderston)
of Lee, the inventor of the stocking-frame, hung
in the hall of the Framework Knitters' Company.
The inquirer wishes to ascertain whether the pic-
ture is yet in existence or not ; and, if still in
existence, where it can be seen. M. E.

[In Cunningham's Handhouh of London, p. 527.,
s. V. Weavers^ Hall, Basinghall Street, is a quotation
from the Quarterly Review for January, 1816, in which
the picture is spoken of as then existing in the Stock-
ing Weavers' Hall.]

Coclier's Arithmetic (Vol. iv,, pp. 102. 149.). —
Some correspondence appears in " N. & Q." about
the first edition of " Old Cocker." I should
be glad to ascertain the date of the latest edition.

Tyro,

[The British Museum contains the following edi-
tions of Cocker's Arithmetic : — the 20th, Lond. 1700;
the 37th, perused and published by Jolin Hawkins
(with MS. notes), Lond. 1720; 41st, Lond. 1724;
50th, corrected by Geo. Fisher, Lond. 1746. Watt
notices one revised by J. Mair, Edinb. 1751. In
Professor de Morgan's Arithmetical Books, p. 56., where
a full history of Cocker's book is given, mention is
made of an Edinburgh edition, 1765, and a Glasgow
edition of 1777.]

Lyke Porch or Litch Porch. — What is the pro-
per name for the porch found, not unfrequently,
at the churchyard gate under which the body was,
I believe, supposed to rest before the funeral ? Is
it lyke or litch ? The derivation may be different in
different parts of England, as they were originally
Saxon or Danish. Liig Dan., lyk Dutch, and
leiche Ger., are all different forms of the same
word. The first two approach nearer to lyke, the
latter to litch. J. H. L.

[In most works on ecclesiastical architecture it is
called lich-gate, from Anglo-Saxon lich, a corpse: hence
Lich-Jield, the field of dead bodies. In the Glossary of
Architecture we read : " Lich-gate, or corpse -gate, leich-
engang. Germ., from the Ang.-Sax. lich, a corpse, and
geat, a gate ; a shed over the entrance of a churchyard,
beneath which the bearers sometimes paused when
bringing a corpse for interment. The term is alsa
used in some parts of the country for the ])ath by
which a corpse is usually conveyed to the church."]

Henry Bu7-ton. — Henry Burton was born in
1579 ; studied at Oxford, and was at one time
minister of St. Matthew, Friday Street. In 1636,
he drew upon himself the vengeance of the Star-
Chamber, by two discourses in which he severely
inveighed against the bishops. For this offence
he was fined, deprived of his ears, and sentenced
to imprisonment for life. He was liberated by

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

541

the parliament in 1640, and died in 1648. What
theological works did he -write ? — From the Na-
vorsche?'. Dionysius.

[Burton's pen was so prolific, that we cannot find
reom for a list of his works ; and must refer Dionysius
to the Bodleian Catalogue, where they fill nearly a
column, and to Watt's Bibliotheca, s.v.]

British Mathematicians. — I am anxious to learn
if there is any book which contains an account of
the lives and works of eminent British arithme-
ticians and mathematicians ? Euclid.

[Consult the following: — Biograplda Philosophica :
being an Account of the Lives, Writings, and In-
ventions of the most eminent Philosophers and Mathe-
maticians, by Benjamin Martin : London, 1764, 8vo.
There is also a Chronological Table of the most emi-
nent Mathematicians affixed to John Bossut's General
Histori/ of Mathematics, translated from the French by
•John Bonnycastle : London, 1803, 8vo. Some notices
of our early English mathematicians will also be found
in the Companion to the Almanac for 18557, and in the
Magazine of Popular Science, Nos. 18. 20. and 22.]

"Zes Lettres Juices." — Will any of your corre-
spondents inform me who is the author of Lettres
Juives ? The first volume of my edition, in eight
volumes 12mo., has the portrait of Jean Batiste
B., Marquis de , nc le 29 Juin, 1704. J. R.

JSunderland.

[" Par le Marquis D'Argens," says Barbier.]

aacjpitt;?.

ATTAINMENT OF MAJOKITT.

(Vol. viii., pp. 198. 250.)

In replying to Professor De Morgan's last
communication on this subject, it may be as well,
in order to avoid future misunderstanding, to re-
vert briefly to ray original question. I pointed
out Ben Jonson's assertion, through a character in
one of his plays, that about the beginning of the
seventeenth century, it was the custom to regard
the legal rights of majority as commencing with
six o'clock A.M., and I asked to have that assertion
reconciled with our present commencement at
midnight, and with the statement that the latter
is in accordance with the old reckoning.

Thus I started with the production of affirmative
evidence, to rebut which I cannot find, in the
replies of Professor De Morgan, any negative
evidence stronger than his individual opinion,
which, however eminent in other respects, has un-
doubtedly the disadvantage of being two hundred
years later than the contemporary evidence pro-
duced by me. I afterwards cited Arthur Hopton
as authority that lawyers in England, in his time,
did make use of a day which he classifies as that
of the Babylonians ; but inasmuch as he apparently

restricts its duration to twelve hours, whereas all
ancient writers concur in assigning to the Baby-
lonians a day of twenty-four hours, there is evi-
dently a mistake somewhere, attributable either
to Hopton or his printers.

This mistake may have arisen either from a
misprint, or from a transposition of a portion of
the sentence.

The supposition of a misprint Is favoured by the
circumstance that Hopton was, at the time, pro-
fessing to describe natural days of twenty-four
hours; of these there are four great classes or
commencement, from the four principal quartei'S
of the day ; viz. from midnight, from mid-day,
from sun-setting, and from sun-rising. Hopton
had already assigned three of them to different
nations, and the fourth he had properly assigned,
so far as its commencement at sunrise was con-
cerned, to the Babylonians. What, then, can be
more probable than that he intended this day also,
like the rest, to be of twenty-four hours' duration ;
and that the words " holding till sun-setting "
ought, perhaps, to have been printed " holding till
sun-mino- ? "

This way of reconciling seeming anomalies, by
the supposition of probable misprints, receives
great encouragement In the occasional occur-
rence of similar mistakes in the most carefully
printed modern books. I lately noticed, while
reading Sir James lloss's Southern Voyage of
Discovery, a work printed by the Admiralty, and
on which extraordinary typographical care had
been bestowed, the following, at page 121. of
vol. II. :

" It was full moon on the 15th of September, at
5-38 A.M."

But the context shows that " full moon " ought
to have been printed new moon, and that "5-38 a.m."
ought to be 5-38 p.m. : and what renders these two
mistakes the more remarkable Is, that they have
no sort of connexion, nor is the occurrence of the
one In any way explanatory of the other.

Now, the misprint of " sun-setting" tot sun-
7-ising, which I am supposing In Hopton's book,
would be much more likely of occurrence than
these, because these form part of a series of care-
fully examined data from which a scientific deduc-
tion is to be drawn, while Hopton's is a mere loose
description. And, moreover, a twenty-four hour
day, commencing and ending with sunrise, does
not, after all, appear to be so wholly unknown to
English law as Prof. De Morgan supposes, since
Sir Edward Coke, to whom the Professor espe-
cially refers, describes such a day In these words :

" Dies naturalis constat ea 24 horis et continet diem
solarem et noctem ; and therefore in Inditements for
Burglary and the like, we say in nocte ejusdem diei.
Iste dies naturalis est spatium In quo sol progreditur
ab orlente in occidentem et ab occldente iterum in
orientem."

542

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

But tbere is another way of reconciling the dis-
crepancy — Hopton may not have intended the
words "holding till sun-setting" to apply to the
Babylonians, but only to "the lawyers in England,"
whose day, he says, commenced at the same time as
the Babylonian day. The transposition of the words
in question to the end of the sentence would give
such a meaning, viz. " The Babylonians begin
their day at sun-rising, and so do our lawyers
count it in England, holding till sun-setting."
Altered in this way, the latter clause does not
necessarily apply to the Babylonians.

Here again we have a lawyers' day almost ver-
bally identical with one assigned to them by Sir
Edward Coke : " Dies artificialis sive Solaris incipit
in ortu soils et desinit in occasu, and of this the
law of England takes hold in many cases."

iSTor does Lord Coke strengthen or vary his de-
scription in the least, when speaking of the day
commencing at midnight ; he uses again the same
expression with regard to it, " The Egyptians
and Romans from midnight, and so doth the law
of England in many cases"

Hence the authority of Chief Justice Coke, is
at best only neutral ; for who will undertake to
prove to which of these classes of " many cases "
Lord Coke meant to assign the attainment of ma-
jority ?

In support of Ben Jonson's testimony, it may be
urged that the midnight initial of the day was
itself derived by us from the Romans ; and it is
nearly certain that they did not perform any legal
act, connected with birthday, until the commence-
ment of the dies solis.

A proof of this may be observed in the discussion
by Aulus Gellius {Noct. Attic..,\\\.2.) as to which
day, tl'.e preceding or the following, a person's
birth, happening in the night, was to be attributed.
He quotes a fragment from VaiTo, —

" HomiiK-s qui ex media noctead proximam mediam
noctem his horis xxiv nati sunt, uno die nati di-
cuntur."

On which Gellius remarks :

" From these words it may be observed that the ar-
rangement of (birth) days was such, tliat to any person
born after suiiset, and before midnight, the day from
which that night had proceeded should be the birth-
day ; but to any person born during the last six hours
of tl^e night, the day which should succeed that night
must be the birthday."

This explanation might seem almost purposely
written in reply to some such difficulty as occurred
to Phofessor De Morgan (ante, p. 250.), when
he remarks that, if birthday were to be confined to
daylight, " a child not born by daylight would
have no birthday at all ! " But since it was no-
torious amongst the Romans that the civil day
began at midnight, such a quceri soUtuin as this
could never have been mooted, if the birthday ob-

servance had not been known and acknowledged
to have a different commencement. In continua-
tion of the same subject, Gellius proceeds to quote
another passage from Varro, which I shall also
repeat, not only as furnishing still farther proof
that the Romans did not regard the night as
forming any part of the birthday, but also as
affording an opportunity of recording an opinion
as to the interpretation of Varro's words, which,
in this passage, do not appear to have ever been
properly understood.

After stating that many persons in Umbria
reckon from noon to noon as one and the same day,
Varro remarks :

" Quod quidem nimis absurdum est ; nam qui ca-
lendarum hora sexta natus est apud Umbros, dies ejus
natalis videri debebit et calendarum dimidiatus, et
qui est post calendas dies ante horam ejusdem diei
sextam."

Now why should beginning one's birthday at
noon appear so absurd to Varro ? Simply because
the hours of the night were not then supposed to
be included in the birthday at all, and therefore
Varro could not realize the idea of a birthday con-
tinued through the night.

He says that, according to the Umbrian reckon-
ing, a person born on any day after the point of
noon, would have only half a birthday on that
day ; and for the other half, he would have to
take the forenoon of the following day. Varro
had no notion of joining the afternoon of one day
to the forenoon of another, because he looked
upon the unbroken presence of the sun as the very
essence of a natal day.

Nothing can be plainer than that this was the
true nature of the absurdity alluded to ; but it
would not suit the prejudices of the commentators,
because it would compel them to admit that sexta
hora must have been in the afternoon, in opposition
to their favourite dogma that it was always in the
forenoon.

For if Varro had intended to represent sexta
hora in the forenoon, he would have said that the
other half-day must be taken from the afternoon.
of the pridie, instead of saying, as he does say,
that it must be taken from the forenoon of the
postridie of the Calends.

Consequently, Varro means by " qui Calenda-
rum hora sexta natus est," a person born in the
sixth hour of the day of the Calends ; the sixth
hour being that which immediately succeeded
noon — the media hora of Ovid. But what Varro
more immediately means by it is, not any parti-
cular point of time, but generally any time after
noon on the day of the Calends.

That the true position of sexta hora, when im-
plying duration, was in the afternoon, has long
been a conviction of mine ; and I have elsewhere
produced luuleniable evidence that it was so con-

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

545

sidered by ancient authors. But this passage
from Varro is a new and hitherto unnoticed proof,
and certainly it ought to be a most convincing
one, because it seems impossible to give to Varro's
words a rational meaning without the admission of
this hypothesis, while with it everything is clear
and consistent.

The commentators, driven by the necessity I
have just pointed out, either to admit the afternoon
position of sexta hora, or to abstain from reading
it as a space of time, have attempted to force a
meaning by reading sexta hora in its other sense,
an absolute mathematical point, the punctus ipse of
noon.

In so doing they have not scrupled to libel
Varro's common sense ; they represent his idea of
the absurd to consist in the embarrassment that
would be caused by the birth occurring at the
critical moment of change, — split as it were upon
the knife-edge of noon ; so that, in the doubt that
would arise as to which day it should belong, it
must be attributed partly to both I

This interpretation is so monstrous, and so evi-
dently wide of the meaning of the words, that its
serious imputation would scarcely be believed, if
it were not embalmed in the Delphin edition of
Aulus Gellius, where we read the following foot-
note referring to the argumentum ad absurdum of
Varro :

" Infirmum omnino argumentum, et quod perinde
potest in ipsum Varronem retorqueri. Quid enini ?
Si quis apud Romanes Calendis hora vi. noctis fuerit
natds, nonne pariter dies ejus natalis videri debebit, et
partim Calendarum, et partim ejus diei qui sequetur?"

It is not worth while to inquire what may have
been the precise dilemma contemplated by the
writer of this note, since most certainly it is not a
reflex of Varro's meaning. The word dimidiatus
is completely cushioned, although Gellius himself
has a chapter upon it a little farther on in the
same volume.

The anomaly that amused Varro was the ne-
cessity of piecing together two halves not be-
longing to the same individual day and Avith the
hiatus of a night between them ; a necessity that
would asstiredly appear most absurd to one who
had no other idea of birthday than the twelve
consecutive hours of artificial day, which he would
call " the natural day."

This proneness of the Romans to look upon the
dies soils as the only effective part of the twenty-
four hours, is again apparent in their commence-
ment of horary notation at sunrise, six hours later
than the actual commencement of the day. And
in our own anomalous repetition of twice twelve,
we may still trace the remains of the twelve-hour
day ; we have changed the Initial point, but we
have retained the measure of duration.

It Is, however, certain that the two methods of
reckoning time continued for a long time to exist

contemporaneously. Hence it became necessary tty
distinguish one from the other hy name, and thus-
the notation from midnight gave rise, as I have
remarked In one of my papers on Chaucer, to the
English Idiomatic phrase "of the clock ;" or the
reckoning of the clock, commencing at midnight,
as distinguished from Roman equinoctial hours,
commencing at six o'clock A. m. This was what
Ben Jonson was meaning by attainment of ma-
jority at six o'cloclt, and not, as Professor De
Morgan supposes, " probably a certain sunrise."^
Actual sunrise had certainly nothing to do with
the technical commencement of the day In Ben
Jonson's time. For convenience sake, six o'clock
had long been taken as conventional sunrise all the
year round ; and even amongst the Romans them-
selves, equinoctial hours were frequently used at
all seasons. Actual sunrise, in after times, had
only to do with " hours Inequall," which are said
to have fallen into disuse, in common life, so early
as the fifth or sixth century.

I trust I may now have shown reasonable
grounds for the belief that Ben Jonson may, after
all, have had better authority than his license as a
dramatic poet, for dating the attainment of ma-
jority at six o'clock a.m. ; and that nothing short
of contemporary evidence directly contradictory
of the custom so circumstantially alluded to by
him, ought to be held sufficient to throw discredit
upon it. It Is one of the singular coincidences
attending the discussion of this matter by Gellius,
that, at the conclusion of the chapter I have been
expatiating upon, he should cite the authority of
Virgil ; observing that the testimony of p)oets ia
very valuable upon such subjects, even when-
veiled in the obscurity of poetic imagery.

A.E.B.

Leeds.

LORD HALIFAX AND MRS. CATHERINE BARTON.

(Vol. viil., p. 429.)

Your correspondent Prof. De Morgan has so

ingeniously analysed the facts, which he already
possesses, bearing on the connexion of Sir Isaac
Newton's niece with Lord Halifiix, and her desig-
nation in the Biographia Britannica, that I am.
tempted to furnish him with some additional evi-
dence. This question of Mrs. Catherine BartonV
widowhood has often been canvassed by that por-
tion of her relatives who do not possess the cus-
tody of Sir Isaac Newton's private letters.

The Montagues had a residence In the village
of Bregstock In Northamptonshire, where the
Bartons lived. The Bartons were a family of good
descent, and had long been lessees of the crowtt
with the Montagues for lands near Braystock.

There were several Colonel Bartons, whose
respective ages and relationship can best be ex-

544

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 214.

lubited by a short pedigree. Thomas Barton had
two sons, Tliomas and llobert.

Robert (born in 1630, and who died in 1693)
married Hannah Smith, Newton's half-sister, by
whom he had Hannah (born 1678), Catherine
(born 1679, died 1739), Colonel Robert (born
1684).

Thomas (born in 1619, died in 1704) married
Alice Palmer, by whom he had Thomas, who
married Mary Dale, by whom he had Thomas
(d. s.p.). Colonel Matthew (born 1672), Colonel
Noel (born 1674, died 1714). Thomas had a

second son, Geoffrey, who married Elizabeth ,

by whom he had Charles (born 1700), Cutts (born
1706), Catherine (born 1709), Montague (born
1717), and others.

In a family paper written by a granddaughter
of Colonel Noel Barton, at her mother's dictation,
it is stated that Colonel Matthew married a rela-
tive of Sir Isaac Newton, and was Comptroller of
the Mint ; but this paper is not very correct in its
other statements.

On the other hand, a connexion of the family
-who signs himself H. in an old number of the
Gentleman s Magazine, says of Newton :

" He had a half-sister, who had a daughter, to whom
he gave the best of educations, the famous witty Miss
Barton, who married Mr. Conduit of the Mint."

Mr. Conduit writes, that his wife lived twenty
years before and after her marriage with Sir
Isaac.

I had always thought that Catherine Barton's
brother Robert had died too early to attain the
rank of Colonel. In the British Museum, in the
Register, there is an account of a sermon preached
at the funeral of Robert Barton in the year 1703.
I could not find the sermon.

The famous Duchess of Marlborough thus
satirises Mouse Montague :

" He was a frightful figure, and yet pretended to he
a lover ; and followed several beauties, who laughed at
him for it."

It is worth mentioning that Colonel Noel Bar-
ton died In London in 1714, while in attendance
on his patron Lord Gainsborough, soon after he
had been appointed Governor of the Leeward
Islands. This was the year before Lord Halifax's
Life was written, and possibly might have been
the cause of the designation " Widow " being ap-
plied to Catherine Barton by mistake. Whatever
the connexion of this lady with Lord Halifax may
have been. It does not seem to have given any
offence to her relatives. You will observe that
Geoffrey Barton names his sons Charles and Mon-
tague, and his daughter Catherine. Charles
afterwards received the rectory of St. Andrew's
Holborn from the family of Montague ; and Cutts
was Dean of Bristol under Bishop Montague. And
Montague obtained preferment from Mr. Conduit.

Neither the family of Montague, nor that of
Barton, seem to have thought the connexion dis-
creditable. Aloreover, the births of these children
of Geoffrey Barton, a clergyman, occurred at the
very period when the name of Catherine should
have been most distasteful, had the Intimacy been
dishonourable.

Mr. Conduit died In the year 1738, and Mrs.
Conduit In the year 1739 ; and Catherine Conduit
did not become Lady Lymington till 1740. Pro-
bably both Mr. and Mrs. Conduit made wills.
Have they been examined at Doctors' Commons ?

J. W. J.

MILTON S WIDOW.

(VoLvili., pp. 12. 134. 200. 375. 452. 471.)

It is pleasing to find so much interest excited
among the readers of " N. & Q." relative to the
parentage of this lady ; and we may fairly hope
that the spirit of research which has thus been
awakened, will not die away until the last spark
of error and mystery has been extinguished.

T. L. P. has favoured us with quotations from a
little pamphlet, entitled Historical Facts connected
with Nantwich and its Neighbourhood. Now, after
giving this work a most careful perusal, I cannot
but think that the title of the book is, in this In-
stance at least, a misnomer. The authoress, for
it was written by a lady long resident in the
vicinity, has evidently wrought upon the found-
ations of others ; and taking the veteran Ormerod
as a suflicient authority, has given full vent to her
imagination, and pictured, with " no 'prentice
hand," the welcome visits of Milton to Stoke
Hall, a place which, in all probability, was never
once honoured with the presence of this great
man. There Is no evidence whatever adduced to
give even the semblance of colour to this unfor-
tunate error ; whereas, on the side of the Wistaston
family, the proofs of Its identity as the family of
Mrs. Milton are numerous and, to my notion, in-
controvertible.

As If, indeed, to give us " confirmation sure " of
the truth of this position, our old friend Cranmobe
starts up, "like a spirit from the vasty deep," and,
after an absence of many months froni our ranks,
pays off his ancient score by producing the evi-
dence he so long ago promised us. From It we
gather that Thomas Paget, the father, named his
cousin Minshull, apothecary in Manchester, over-
seer of his will ; and that his son, Nathan Paget,
eighteen years afterwards, names In his will John
Goldsmith and Elizabeth Milton as his cousins,
and makes bequests to them accordingly. Now,
It so happens that Thomas, son of Richard Min-
shull of Wistaston, was an apothecary, and that ho
settled in Manchestei-, and thereupon founded the
familv of Minshull of Manchester. This gentle-

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

545

man was doubtless the cousin referred to in tbe
will of the elder Paget. It farther happens, that
Thomas Minshull, the grandfather of this Man-
chester apothecary, married a daughter of Gold-
smith of Nantwich. The John Goldsmith of the
Middle Temple would then doubtless be the
nephew or grand-nephew of this lady, and in
either case a cousin of Thomas Minshull of Man-
chester, and of Elizabeth Minshull of Wistaston.
This is another, if not a completing link in the
genealogical chain, and convinces me, now more
than ever, of the correctness of my conclusions.

I may add that the whole of the deeds referred
to by Mr. Singkr are now in the safe and worthy
keeping of Mr. J. Fltchett Marsh, of Warrington;
and that they are published in extenso, together
with a valuable essay on their historical import-
ance by their present possessor, in the first volume
of Miscellanies issued by the Chetham Society.

T. Hughes.

ANTICIPATORY USE OF THE CROSS.

(Vol. viii., pp. 132. 417.)

I am not sure that any of your correspondents
have noticed the resemblance between the letter
T t, especially in some of its ancient forms, and
the form of the cross. In the Greek, Etruscan,
and Samaritan forms of this letter, we have re-
presentations of the three principal forms which
the cross has assumed : T, fj X. It is also re-
markable that in Ezekiel ix. 4. 6. : " Set a mark on
the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry,"
&c., the word rendered "mark" is in (Tau), the
name of the Hebrew letter answering to the above :
and as the Samaritan alphabet, which the present
Hebrew characters have superseded, was then in
use, it is highly probable that the "mark" re-
ferred to in Ezekiel's vision was the Samaritan
Tau, as seen on ancient Hebrew shekels, resem-
bling a St. Andrew's cross.

A circumstance relating to the Paschal sacrifice
mentioned by Justin Martyr, in his conference
with Trypho the Jew, and which he asserts with-
out contradiction from his learned opponent, is
worthy of a note :

" This lamb, which was to be roasted whole, was a
symbol of the punishment of the cross, which was in-
flicted on Christ, To yap otttoimvov irpoParov, k. t. \,
For the lamb which was roasted was so placed as to
resemble the figure of a cross ; with one spit it was
pierced longitudinally, from the tail to the head; with
another it was transfixed through the shoulders, so that
the forelegs became extended." — Vid. Just. Martyri
Opera, edit. Obcrther, vol. ii. p. 106.

Your correspondent H. N. appears to have
fallen into several errors, which (having appeared
in "Jj^. & Q.") ought not to pass unnoticed.

1. He confounds the basilica with the cruciform

cathedral, and with " the plan of the Roman
forum."

Basilica (from Gr. BcutiMk^, a royal dwelling)
was the name given by the Romans to those
public edifices in which justice was administered
and mercantile business transacted. Several of
these buildings, or the remains of them, still exist
in Rome, each forum probably having bad its
basilica. Vitruvius, who constructed one at
Fanum, says it ought to he built " on the warm
side of the forum, that those whose affairs call
them thither might confer without being incom-
moded by the weather." Yet H. N. says : "The
basilica seems to have originally been the archi-
tectural plan of the Roman forum." The most
perfect specimen of the antique basilica is that
discovered at Pompeii, on the south side of the
forum and at right angles with it. By consulting
a good plan of Pompeii, or glancing at a plan of
its basilica, any one may see that it was not cruci-
form, but " In the form of a long parallelogram,"
with a central .space and side porticoes, answering
to the nave and aisles of a church. The early
Christians adopted the basilica form for their
churches : those built in the form of a Greek or
Latin cross are of much later date. Yet H. N.'s
learned friend exclaims, when viewing the temple
of Muttra, " Here is the cross ! the basilica car-
ried out with more correctness of order and
symmetry than In Italy ! "

2. II. N. assumes that the Jews practised
crucifixion as a punishment, and "may have imi-
tated the Assyrians, as crucifixion may have been
adopted long before that of Christ and the two
thieves (Qy. robbers)." Crucifixion appears to
have been in use from a very remote pei-Iod, but
was never adopted by the Jews. The Romans,
who with all their greatness were an atrociously
cruel people, employed it as the peculiar and
appropriate punishment of delinquent slaves.
Christ was " crucified under Pontius Pilate," the
Roman Procurator of Judea, at a time when that
country had become subject to the Romans, and
its rulers could say, "It is not lawful for us to
put any man to death."

3. When H. N. refers to " the advocates of
conversion and their itinerant agents," it is diffi-
cult to perceive exactly what he intends, except
" to hint a fault and hesitate dislike." But before
a writer undertakes to cast a reflection on those
great societies who have been labouring — not by
coercion, but by instruction and persuasion, by
the circulation of the scriptures and the preaching
of the Gospel — to substitute Christianity for
idolatry among those who are under the govern-
ment of Great Britain, he should well understand
the grounds of his censures, so as to be able " to
explain to the converslonlsts that, unless this doc-
trine be openly refuted, the missionaries may in
truth be fighting their own shadow."

546

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 214.

How then has H. N. explained the doctrine
which they are to refute — the meaning of the
" cross and basilica " in India ? The only witness
in proof of it has disappeared " by falling into a
volcanic crater." He himself professes to be quite
ignorant of cathedral architecture ; and the En-
glish government, and English gentlemen gene-
rally, who have shamefully secreted such a trea-
sure, are equally ignorant. Why had they not
consulted the living Church of Hindooism, and
shown it a little sympathy and respect with a
view to getting enlightened ? Whei'eas " the
little they do know is derived from books." Far-
ther, " the elder civilians, men of ability, classical
scholars, and first-rate Asiatic linguists," when
assembled in that very building, though they
descanted on the sanctity of the place, " not one
of them knew nor remarked the ' cross and
basilica.' " And when visiting the great temple
of Benares, H. N. does not recollect that the
cross was either noticed to him or by him.

It may be true that when the Hindoo " system
of government existed in efficiency, there was
neither crime nor punishment" — a shadowy
tradition, I presume, of the state of innocence !
It may also be true that " the mythology of the
Nile agrees with that of the Ganges." But it
would not follow that the cross is a myth derived
from the mysteries of Egypt or the astronomy of
India. It would still remain an unquestionable
fact, that the cross, for ages an instrument of
ignominious torture under Pagan Rome, only
ceased to be so when Christianity had won its
way through all ranks of society up to the im-
perial throne ; then its employment was abolished
by Constantine, partly from the humanising in-
fluence of the new faith, and partly out of re-
verence to Him who had suffered on It for the
world's redemption.

The anticipations of Christianity supplied by
Paganism, of which Krishna " burnishing the
head of the serpent " is a striking example, may
be easily accounted for, and their source pointed
out. As a corruption of the earliest revelation,
Paganism contains, as might be expected, a por-
tion of truth blended with much error. Indeed,
It would be no difficult task to prove that clas-
sical and oriental mythology is In some sense, and
to a great extent, the shadow of biblical truth.
What then ? In endeavouring to supplant Ido-
latry In the Roman empire, were the Apostles and
first preachers of Ciirlstlanlty merely " fighting
their own shadow ? " They recognised those
truths which even heathens admit, but opposed
and overthrew the accumulated errors of ages.
Yet there were some even then who condemned
the preaching of the cross as " foolishness," till
success demonstrated its wisdom.

Lastly, H. N., having " travelled much in this
country and on the Continent," is convinced

"that superstition prevails comparatively less in
Asia than in Europe," and that " the pages of
' jST. & Q.' abundantly corroborate the opinion."

This is far more startling than the discovery of
the " cross and basilica " at Muttra. To admit
it, however, would require us to disregard the
testimony of a cloud of witnesses, and to ignore
all our former reading. The vast systems of
Asiatic superstition. It seems, are less objectionable
than our own folk lore ; the tremendous shades of
Brahma andBudhu, of Juggernaut and the goddess
Kali, with their uncouth Images and horrid wor-
ship, are harmless when compared with Puck, the
Pixies, and Robin Goodfellow ; and Caste, Suttee,
and Devil-worship* are evils of less magnitude
than cairns, kist-vaens, and cromlechs. The
mental balance must be peculiarly constructed
that could lead to such a decision. Certainly
H. N. is no Rhadamanthus. " Dat venlam corvis,
vexat censura columbas."

The appeal to " N. & Q." in corroboration of
his opinion forms a pleasant and suitable con-
clusion of the whole : for while in India super-
stition still undeniably lives and " prevails," it is
one special object of " N. & Q." to embalm the
remains of local superstitions in Great Britain
that have either breathed their last, or are in
extremis; to collect the relics of long-departed
superstitions that were once vigorous and rampant
in our island, but are now in danger of being lost
and forgotten. Their very remnants and vestiges
have become so rare that they are unknown to the
great mass of the community ; and the learned,
therefore, especially those versed in ethology, are
urged to hunt them out wherever they exist in
the different districts of the country, before ttey
fall Into utter oblivion. J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

I would beg to suggest to H. N. that If his
friend Count Venua saw in the Hindoo temple at
Muttra both the form of a perfect cross and of a
" basilica, carried out with more correctness of
order and symmetry than in Italy," he must have
been so totally ignorant of eai-ly architecture as
to make his observations quite worthless, since
there Is no more similitude between the cruciform
church and the basilica than there is between two
parallel lines (=) and two lines crossing each
other at right angles (+).

" The precise shape of the cross on the Temple
of Serapis " can only be inferred from the words
of the historian cited, and the inference therefrom.
Is strong that It was the crux ansata.

Eden Warwick.

Birmingham.

* For proof of the existence of Devil-worship, see
Yakkun Nattanawn, a Cingalese poem, translated by
John Callaway, printed for the Oriental Translation
Fund: J. Murray, 1829.

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

547

DECOBATIVE PAVEMENT TILES FROM CAEN.

(Vol. viii., p. 493.)

The tiles presented, in 1786, to Mr. Charles
Chadwick, of Mavesyn-Ridware, Staffordshire, are
preserved in the church at that place. They form
two tablets affixed to the wall in the remarkable
sepulchral chapel arranged and decorated, at a
great cost, by the directions of that gentleman
towards the close of the last century, when the
greater portion of the church was rebuilt. The
north chapel, or aisle, containing the tombs of the
Mavesyns and the Ridwares, the ancient lords of
the estates which descended to Mr. Chadwick, was
preserved ; and here are to be seen two cross-
legged effigies, a curious incised portraiture on an
altar- tomb, representing Sir Robert Mavesyn,
1403, with other incised slabs and interesting me-
morials ; to which were added, by Mr. Chadwick,
a series of large incised figures, which surround
the chapel. These last are not shown in the view
given in Shaw's History of Staffordshire, vol. ii.
p. 191., having been executed since the publication
of that work ; and it is stated that they were en-
graved by the parish clerk under Mr. Chadwick's
direction, being intended to pourtray the succes-
sive lords of the place from the Norman times to
the sixteenth century, each in the costume of his
period. There are also numerous atchievements
and other decorations attached to the walls ;
amongst these are the pavement tiles from Caen,
one of which bore the same arms as are assigned
to the family of Malvoisin-Rosiiy, and on that ac-
count probably Mr. Chadwick placed these relics
from Normandy amongst the enrichments of his
mausoleum.

In regard to Mr. Boase's first inquiry, " Who
was Charles Chadwick, Esq. ? " it may suffice to
cite the detailed account of the family given by
Shaw, and the short notice of that gentleman
which will be found in the History of Stafford-
shire, vol. ii. p. 185.

On a visit to Mavesyn-Ridware in 1839, I was
struck with the appearance of these tiles ; their
design and fashion at once recalled those from
Caen with which I had been familiar in Normandy.
Having ascertained their origin, I took occasion
to state the fact of their preservation at this church
in the " Notes on Decorative Tiles," communicated
to Mr. Parker by me, and given in the fourth
edition of his useful Glossary of Aj-chitedure, in
1845 : see p. 367.

It should be observed that the number of tiles
composing the two tablets now to be seen is forty ;
whilst the number, as stated Gent. Mag., vol. lix.
part i. p. 211., and in a second letter from Mr.
Barrett, in vol. Ix. part ii. p. 710., not cited bj
Mr. Boase in his Query, is twenty. Mr. Boase
is probably aware that the sixteen tiles from the
Great Guard Chamber at Caen, which supplied the

subject of Mr. J. Major Henniker's memoir, were
presented by him to the Society of Antiquaries of
London, and are now in their museum, as noticed
in the catalogue, compiled by myself, p. 30.

A coloured drawing of an heraldic pavement at
Caen, taken about 1700, is preserved in a volume
of the great collection formed by M. de Gaignieres,
and bequeathed by Gough to the Bodleian Li-
brary. It comprises chiefly drawings of French
sepulchral monuments, arranged by localities ; and
there is one volume, entitled Recueil de Tapisseries,
d^Armoiries et de Devises, in which may be found
the interesting memorial of this decorative pave-
ment of tiles, which was destroyed during the
fury of the Revolution. Albert Wat.

Charles Chadwick, Esq., of Ilealy Hall, Lanca-
shire, and Mavesyn-Ridware, in the county of
Stafford, to whom the monks of St. Stephen, at
Caen, presented, in the year 1786, a series of
encaustic tiles with heraldic devices taken frorn-
the floor of the (so called) " Great Guard Cham-
ber of the Palace of the Dukes of Normandy,"
died in 1829. I infer that the tiles were brought
to the Lancashire residence of Mr. Chadwick
because the description and the drawing for the
engraving were both supplied to the Gentleman! s
Magazine by a Lancashire antiquary, Thomas
Barnett, of Hydes Cross, Manchester : but as the
descendants of Mr. Chadwick no longer reside in
Lancashire, the hall being occupied by a woollen
manufacturer, I have been unable to obtain any
information respecting the tiles, though long de-
sirous to do so.

I direct attention to another series of the same
tiles, sixteen in number, which were presented to
the Society of Antiquaries through the president,
the Earl of Leicester, in 1788, by John Henniker,
Esq., M.A., F.R.S.,_S.A., andM.P., who after-
wards took the additional name of Major. This
gentleman received the tiles from his brother,
Captain Henniker, then resident at Caen ; and
in 1794 he published an interesting account of
them with engravings, entitled Tivo Letters on the
Origin, Antiquity, and History of Norman Tiles
stained ivith Armorial Bearings (London, John
Bell, Strand). The engravings both in this
volume and in the Gentleman! s Magazine are
indifferently executed, and too small in scale to
be of use. Mr. Henniker describes the colours of
his tiles to be "yellow and brown," while Mr.
Barnett states that the tiles in Mr. Chadwick's
possession were " light grey and black ; " a curi-
ous discrepancy, seeing that in all other respects
they were exactly similar. These tiles are of so
much heraldic and antiquarian interest that if
either set could be made available for the purpose,
it is very desirable that they be engraved of full
size, and printed by the modern easy process to
imitate the colours. Gilbert J. French.

548

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 214.

M0TT03 OF THE EMPERORS OF GERMANY.

(Vol.viii., p. 170.)

AVitii your permission I shall enlarge the list of
xnottos of the German emperors, as well by com-
mencing with the Germano-Frankish era as by
supplying those omitted in the series given by
Mr, Joshua G. Fitch. My authorities are Reus-
neri Si/mbola Imperatoria trihus clussibus Cms.
Rom. Italic, C. R. Grcscorum, C. R. Germanico ;
and Sadeler, Sr/mbola divina et humana Pontifictim,
Imperatorum, Regum, &c. :
Caroli Magni. 752. Christus regnat, vincit, tri-

umphat.
Ludovici Pli. 814. Omnium rerum vicissitado.
Lotharii I. 840. Uhi mel, ibifel.
Ludovici II. 855. Par sitfortuna labori.
Caroli ir. (Calvi.) 875. Justitiam injustitia parit.
Caroli III. (Crassi.) 881. Os garrulum intricat

omnia.
Arnulphi. 888. Facilis descensus Averni.
Ludovici Itl. 899. Multorum mamis, paucoriim

consilium.
Othonis Magni. Aut mors aut vita decora.
Othonis III. Unita virtus valet.
Henrici II. (Claudi.) Ne quid nvnis.
Friderici I. (iEnobarbi.) Aliud. Qui nescit dissi-

mulare nescit imperare.
Friderici II. Minarum strepitus, asinorum crepitus.

The following is the correct reading of the words

given in Vol. viii., p. 170. : Cumplurium triari-

07'um ego strepitum audivi.
Adolplii. Animus est qui divites facit.
Alberti I. Aliud. Quod optimum idem jucun-

dissimum.
Henrici VII. Aliud. Fide et consilio.
Ludovici IV. Sola bona quae honesta.

Aliud. Deo et Ccesari.*
Caroli IV. Optimum aliena insania frui.

Aliud. Nullius pavet occursum.
Wenceslai. Morosoplii moriones pessimi.

Aliud. Tempestati parendum.
Sigismnnfli. Aliud. Sic cedunt munera fatis.
Alberti II. Aliud. Fugam victoria nescit.
Friderici III. Rerum irrecuperabilium fcelix ob-

livio.

Aliud. A. E. I. O. XT.

That these vowels are supposed to signify "Aus-
trian est imperare orbi universo " has already been
communicated in "N. & Q." Reusner has given
them another interpretation : " Aquila electa iuste
vincit omnia."

"Aliud. Hie regit, ille tuetur. Leges et arma In
promptu habes, illaj regunt, hsec tuentur imperium. A
Justiniano habet," &c. — Sadelor, p. 43.

* " Symbolum [aquila solem contra tuens] quo jam
se non tantum adversario opponit sed cum Deo parum
modeste ponit. Est quidcm aquila Jovi sacra ut ad
fabulas rem revolvamus. Sed absit mihi omnis cum
Deo comparatio." — Sadeler, p. 39.

MaximilianI I. Aliud. In manu Dei Regis est

lC07-2-

Aliud. Per tot discrimina.
Caroli V. Aliud. Nondum in auge [Sol'].

Aliud. Fundatori quietis llaurea],
Ferdinand!. Fiat justitia aut pereat mundus.
Aliud. A. I. P. Q. N. S. I. A.
" Accidit in puncto quod non speratur in anno ;
Temporis in puncto qui sapit, ille sapit."

MaximilianI II. Commiriuam vel extinguam.
{Puta semiplenam Twcarum lumdam.')
Rudolphi II. Aliud. Ex voluntate Dei omnia.

Aliud. Sic ad astra.

Aliud. Tu ne cede malis.

In Reusner's work the raottos are accompanied
by copious and erudite comments ; and in Sade-
ler's by enp^ravings also ; the devices or achieve-
ments of distinguished men, denominated in the
Italian langviage Imprese, and In the Latin Sym-
bola Heroica, Bibliothecar. Chetham.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Simplicity of Calotype Process. — The session
of the Photographic Society was commenced with
a paper from our original correspondent, Ds.
Diamond, under the above title. Our journal
having led to such facilities of question and
answer, has Induced many of our readers to ask
upon several points additional instructions, some
of which we have ourselves thought might have
been made more clear ; and having written to
Dr. Diamond he has promised us a revised
copy for our next Number. Replying to some of
our Querists, he says, " The plain photographic
facts are correct ; but I wrote the paper on the
morning of the day on which the Society met, and
was not aware It was to be printed In the Journal
until I received my copy."

Albumenized Paper. — As my only object in
writing' on this subject was to communicate to
others the plan which / had found in practice
most successful, I think it necessary to correct
some points of misapprehension which It Is evident
your correspondent K. N. M. has fallen into.
Vol. viii., p. 50l.

In the process I recommended, the paper, if
cockled up, readily becomes flat and even if kept
in a portfolio or any similar receptacle ; and as I
never float my paper to sensitize it, I have not the
Inconvenience of the silver solution becoming
spoiled by particles of the albumen. The 100
grains to the ounce for the solution I do not find
more extravagant when applied, as I have Indi-
cated, with a glass rod, than one of 30 grains to
the ounce when the paper is floated, because in
the former case I use only just enough to cover
the paper, viz. forty-five minims to a half-sheet of

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

549

Canson's paper, and there is no loss from any
portion adhering to the dishes, evaporation, or
filtering. This is far more than would be ima-
gined when only a sheet or two of paper is re-
quired at one time. Lastly, with regard to the
strokes being visible after printing the positive, I
do not find them so in general, though occasionally
such a thing does happen when sufficient care has
not been taken in the preparation ; but I find stria3
quite as visible on two positives prepared by Dr.
Diamond himself, which he kindly gave me : how-
ever, I will forward a sample of my paper for your
judgment, and also a portion for K. N. M. if he
will take the trouble of trying the same.

Geo. Shadbolt.

New Developing Mixture. — Having for some
months past used the following developing mix-
ture, and finding it very bright and easily applied,
I beg to offer it to your notice. It does not cost
more than three farthings per ounce, and there-
fore may be worth the consideration of beginners.
I do not know a better where the metallic appear-
ance is not desu-ed.

No. 1. Pyrogalllc acid - 2 grains.

Glacial acetic acid - 1 drachm.

Water - - - 1 oz.

'So. 2. Protosulphate of iron 10 grains.

Nitric acid - - 2 drops.

Water - - - 1 oz.
To six drachms of No. 2. add two of No. 1.

I pour it on, but do not return it to the bottle, as
it is apt to spoil if so used. T. L. Merritt.

Queries on the Alhumenized Process. — Allow me
to put a few questions through your valued paper.

In the albumen process on glass, Messrs. Ross
and Thomson, in Thornthwaite's Guide, recom-
mend 10 drops of sat. solution of Iodized potassa
to each egg. Now is it meant ten di'ops, or ten
minims ? If the former, a drop varies with the
bottle and quantity of liquid In it ; and ten drops
are nearly half the bulk of ten minims, generally
speaking. Then as to the egg : an egg in this
country is only at most 6 5 ; in England an egg
appears twice as large. — Could you state the
general bulk of an egg in England ; and to what
quantity by bulk or weight of albumen the 10
drops or minims are to be applied ? When I say
an egg Is only 6 5, I mean the white of one.

A Subscriber,

Bombay.

3RejpIie^ to i^tiTor ^itcrft^.

Poems in connexion with Waterloo (Vol. vli.,
p. 6.). — A correspondent of the Naval and Mili-
tary Gazette of November 19, 1853, signing him-
self « M. A., Pem. Coll., Oxford," has pointed out

an error into which I had fiiUen " respecting the
elm-trees at and connected with Waterloo."

I certainly was given to understand, when I
received the monody, that it was written by the
public orator on the death of his son who fell at
Waterloo : whereas It clearly appears by the obi-
tuary In the Gentleman's Magazine, that Ensign
William Crowe, first battalion, 4th foot, son of the
public orator at Oxford, ivas killed at the attack
upon New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815.

I hasten to acknowledge my mistake, though I
am glad that the two copies of verses found a
place in your columns. Braybrooke.

Richard Oswald (Vol. viil., p. 442.). — Your
Querist will find many letters to and from him in
Franklin's Memoirs. He was for some years a
merchant in the city of London. In 1759 he
purchased the estate of Auchincruive, in the
county of Ayr, and died there In 1783. No
memoir of him has ever been published. He was
for many years an intimate friend of Lord Shel-
bourne, who sent him to Paris in 1782, and again
in 1783, to negotiate with Franklin, with whom
he had been for some time acquainted. During
the Seven Years' War he acted as commissary-
general to the allied armies under the Duke of
Brunswick, who said of him in the official de-
spatches, that "England had sent him commissaries
fit to be generals, and generals not fit to be com-
missaries." J. H. E.

Gra^nmonfs Marriage (Vol. viii., p. 461.). —
In one of the notes to Grammont, originally, I
believe, introduced by Sir W. Scott in his edition,
but which appears at p. 415. of Bohn's reprint, we
are told on the authority of the Biographia Gallica,
vol. i. p. 202. :

" The famous Count Grammont was thought to be
the original of The Forced Marriage. This nobleman,
during his stay at the court of Eiv'hmd, had made love
to Miss Hamilton, but was coming away from France
without bringing matters to a proper conclusion. The
young lady's brothers pursued him, and came up with
him near Dover, in order to exchange some pistol shot
with him. They called out, ' Count Grammont, have
you forgot nothing at London ? ' ' Excuse me,' an-
swered the Count guessing their errand, ' I forgot to
marry your sister ; so lead on, and let us finish that
affair, ' "

My object in this communication is to supply
an omission in Mr, Steinman's very interesting
Notes, who does not show, as he might have done,
how the letters of M. de Comminges prove the
truth of this story. For, from the passage quoted
by Mr. Steinman from the letter to the king,
dated Dec. 20— -24, 1663, it is evident that the
count was about on that day to leave England
" without bringing matters to a proper conclusion ;
while that he married the lady within a day or

550

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

two of that date may fairly be inferred from the
announcement on Aug. 29 — Sept. 8, 1664, that
" Madame la Comtesse de Grammont accoucha
hier au soir d'un fils." Mr. Steinman's omission
was probably intentional ; I have supplied it in
the hope that the date and place of the marriage
may now be ascertained, and for the purpose of
expressinjj my hope that we shall soon be fa-
voured by Me. Steinman's return to this sub-
ject. Horace Walpole, Jun.

Life (Vol. vii., p. 429.). — Let me give A. C.
the testimony of two poets and a philosopher in
support of the "general feeling" about the re-
newal of life, which will surely bear down the
authority of three writers mentioned by him.

Cowper s notion may be gathered from the
couplet :

" So numerous are the follies that annoy

The mind and heart of every sprightly boy."

Kirke White must have had a similar idea :

" There are who think that childhood does not share
With age the cup, the bitter cup, of care ;
Alas ! they know not this unhappy truth.
That every age and rank is born to ruth."

The next four lines may also be attentively
considered. I quote from his " Childhood," one
of his earliest productions by the way — but what
production of his was not early ?

Still more decidedly, however, on the point
speaks Cicero {de Senectute) :

" Si quis Deus mihi largiatur ut ea hac aatate re-
puerescam, et in cunis vagiam, valde recusem."

The following passage is also at A. C.'s service,
provided you can find space for it, and there are
" no questions asked " as to its whereabouts :

" I have heard them say that our childhood's hours
are the happiest time of our earthly race ; and they
speak with regret of their summer bowers, and the
mirth they knew in the butterfly chase ; and they
sorrow to think that those days are past, when their
young hearts bounded with lightsome glee, when, by
none of the clouds of care o'ercast, the sun of tlieir joy
shone clieerily. But, oh ! they surely forget that the
boy may have grief of his own that strikes deep in his
heart ; tliat an angry frown, or a broken toy, may
inflict for a time a cureless smart ; and that little pain
is as great to him as a weightier woe to an older mind.
Aye ! the harsh reproof, or unfavoured whim, may be
sharp as a pang of a graver kind. Then, how dim-
sighted and thoughtless are those, wlio would they
were frolicsome children and free ; they should rather
rejoice to have fled from the woes that hung o'er them
once so heavily. In misfortune's rude shocks the
practised art of Me ynan may perchance disclose relief;
but the child, in his innocence of heart, will bow 'neath
the stroke of a trifling grief."

W. T. M.
Hong Kong.

Mtisciptda (Vol.viii., p. 229.) — 2'he Name Lloyd.
— Besides the translation of this poem by Dr.
Hoadly, of which a note in Dodsley informs us
that the author, Holdsworth, said it was "exceed-
ingly well done," 1 have before me anotiier,
printed in London for li. Gosling, 1715, with an
engraved frontispiece, illustrative of the triumph-
ant reception of Tatfy's invention. The depreda-
tions of the mouse are illustrated in the various
figures around, as cheeses burrowed through,
even the invasion of a sleeping Welshman's very
epKos oSouTwu, &c. The title is, IVie Mouse-Trap,
a Poem done from the original Latin in Milton^ s
Stile :

" Ludus animo debet aliquando dari.
Ad cogitandum melior ut redeat tibi." — Pheed.

Both translations are in blank verse, but that
of the latter is very blank indeed, and possesses
little in common with Milton's style, except the
absence of rhyme. It thus begins :

" The British mountaineer, who first uprear'd
A mouse-trap, and engoal'd the little thief,
The deadly wiles and fate inextricable.
Rehearse, my Muse, and, oh 1 thy presence deign,
Auxiliar Phoebus, mortal foe to mice:
Whence bards in ancient times thee Smintheus
term'd," &c.

Muscipula must have made some sensation to
have been translated by two different persons.
Welsh rabbits, and their supposed general fondness
for cheese, have furnished many a joke at the
expense of the inhabitants of the pi'incipality.
Among others the following quiz may not be
out of place on the famous Cambro-Britannic
name of Lloyd :

" Two gibbets dejected, L L

A cheese in full view, O

A toaster erected, Y

And a cheese cut in two, D."
Ballard MSS. in the Bodleian, vol. xxix. p. 80.

Ballioleksis.

Berefellarii (Vol. viii., p. 420.). — M. Phila-
eete Chasles has misrepresented John Jebb's
Query and conjecture about berefellarii (Vol. vii.,
p. 207.). He never spoke of these officers as
" half ecclesiastics (!), dirty, shabby, ill-washed
attendants." They were priests of an inferior
grade, answering to the minor canons of cathe-
drals, and superior to the vicars choral, who were
also called personce and rectores chori. He has
far too great a respect for collegiate founda-
tions to use such opprobrious terms when speaking
of any class of ministers of divine service. The
only conjecture J. Jebb made was, that the word
might possibly have been a corruption (arising
from incorrect writing) of beneficiarii, which is
continually used abroad for the inferior clergy of
collegiate churches, though not common in Eng-

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

551

land. It is just possible, though not very pro-
bable, that this somewhat foreign word was mis-
read, and gave rise to a blundering corruption con-
veying ludicrous ideas, the " turpenomen" alluded
to by the Archbishop of York tempore Ric. II.
The conjectural derivation of the word from
Anglo-Saxon words was not my own, but that of
a subsequent correspondent. It is just one of
those conjectures which, like that of " Mazari-
nieus," may be quite as likely to be false as true.
I could suggest twenty that would be quite as
likely ; such as bier-fullowei-s (attenders on fu-
nerals, as did the clerks and inferior clergy in ca-
thedrals), orburi/felloivs (query, burying fellows),
or beer fellows (like the bearers in Dean Aldrich's
famous catch), or belly fillers, Sec, or lastly, some
corruption of Beverly itself, Barefellows is as
likely as any. Still I cannot think that these
functionaries were low or contemptible. Their
position corresponded to a very honourable status
in cathedral churches. John Jebb.

Harmony of the Four Gospels (Vol. viii.,
pp. 316. 415.). — I am greatly obliged to Mr.
Haudwick, Mr. Buckton, and J. M. for their
valuable and satisfactory replies to my Query.
To the list of those Harmonies published since the
Reformation, may be added that of John Hind,
1632, under the title of

" The Storie of Stories, or the Life of Christ, ac-
cording to the foure holy Evangelists : with a harraonie
of them, and a table of their chapters and verses, col-
lected by Johan Hind. London, printed by Miles
Flesher, 1632."

It is dedicated to the " Lady Anne Twisden," with
■whom, and her son the learned Sir Roger Twisden,
this John Hind, " a German gentleman of Meck-
lenburgh, a most religious honest knowing man,
lived above thirty years," &c.

Surely Doddridge's Family Expositor should be
added to the list. Z. 1.

Picts'' Houses and Argils (Vol. viii., p. 264.). —
Malte-Brun, in his Univei'sal Geography, English
translation, vol. vi. p. 387., has a passage in his
description of Russia which applies to this matter.
The steppes of Nogay lie immediately to the
north of the peninsula of the Crimea, both being
included in the Russian government of Taurida,
and both countries were formerly inhabited by
the Cimbri or Cimmerians. Malte-Brun says :

•' The colonists are in many places ill provided with
timber for building; they live under the ground, and
the hillocks, which are so cominon in the country, and
which served in ancient times for graves or monuments
of the dead, are now converted into houses, the vaults
are changed into roofs, and beneath them are subter-
ranean excavations. Kurgan is the Tartar name for
those tumuli ; they are scattered throughout New
Russia; they were raised at different times by the

different people who ruled over that region. The
Kurgans are not all of the same kind; some are not
unlike the rude works of the early Hungarians, others
are formed of large and thin stones, like the Scandi-
navian tombs. It is to be regretted that the different
articles contained in them have been only of late years
examined with care."

This does not establish the identity of the Argil
and Kurgan, but I think it shows more particular
information is likely to be met with on the sub-
ject, M. Malte-Brun, vol.vi. p. 152., in his de-
scription of Turkey, mentions a curious town on
the hills of the Strandschea, a little to the west of
Constantinople. It is called Indchiguis, and is
inhabited by Troglodytes ; its numerous dwellings
are cut in solid rocks, stories are formed in the
same manner, and many apartments that commu-
nicate with each other. W. H. F.

BoswelVs ^'•Johnson'" (Vol, viii., p. 439.). —

" Crescit, occulto veUit arbor ajvo,
Fama Marcelli : micat inter omnes
Julium sidus, velut inter ignes
Luna minores."

Hor. Carm. i. xii. 45 — ■48.

F. C. has overlooked the point of Boswell's re-
mark, viz. that Johuson had been " inattentive to
metre." C. Forbes.

Temple.

Pronunciation of'''' Humble" (Vol. viii., p.-393.).
— I venture once more to trespass on your pages,
in the hope of helping to settle the right pronun-
ciation of humble. In the controversy respecting
it, the derivation of the word should not be over-
looked, as it is a most important point ; for I con-
sider that the improper use of the h has arisen
from people not knowing from whence the word
was taken. Now, as I am of opinion that it will
go far to prove that the h should be silent in
humble, by giving a list of the radical words in the
English language in which that letter is silent,
and their derivations, I beg to do so : premising
that they are derived from the Celtic language, in
which the h is not used in the same manner that
it is in ether languages :

Heir, from oigeir, i. e. the young man who suc-
ceeds to a property : the word is pronounced air.

Honest, from oinnicteac, i. e, just, liberal, gene-
rous, kind.

Honour, from onoir, i. e. praise, respect, worship.

Hour, from uair, pronounced voir, i. e. time
present, a period of time, any time.

Humble, from umal, i. e. lowly, obedient, sub-
missive.

Humour. The derivation of this word is ob-
scure, but in the sense of mirth it may be derived
from zmim-mir, i. e. loud mirth, gaiety.

The compounds formed from these words have
the h silent ; and every other word beginning with

552

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

that letter should have it fully sounded. Such
being my practice, I cannot be accused of culti-
vating the Heapian dialect, which I hold to be
equally abominable with the improper use of the
letter h. Fkas. Ckosslet.

May not the following be the true solution of
the question ? All existing humility is either pride
or hypocrisy ; pride aspirates the 7j, hypocrisy
suppresses it. I always aspirate. M.

Continuation of Robertson (Vol. viii., p. 515.).
— The supplementary volume proposed by Mr.
TuBNBULL, which is wanted extremely, was never
published, owing to the fact that eighty subscribers
could not be found to indemnify him for the ex-
pense of printing. G.

Nostradamus (Vol. vii., p. 174.). — My edition
of Nostradamus, 1605 (described in "l!>J. & Q.,"
Vol. iv., p. 140.), has the quotation in question ;
but the first line has "le sang du juste," not "le
sang du jusse."

The ed. of 1605 is undoubtedly genuine. Be-
sides the twelve centuries of prophecies, it contains
141 " Presages tirez de ceux faits par M. Nostra-
damus," and fifty-eight " Predictions admirables
pour les ans courans en ce Siecle, recueillies des
memoires de feu M.Nostradamus," with a dedica-
tion to Henry IV. of France, " par Vincent Seve,
de Beaucaire, 19 Mars, 1605." E. J. K.

Quantity of Words (Vol. viii., p. 386.). — Anti-
Barbarus need not say we always pronounce
Candace long, for I have never heard it otherwise
than short. Labbe says it should be short, and
classes it with short terminations in acus ; but I
am not aware that ^tliere is any poetical authority
for it. Canace and canache are both short in
Ovid ; all which may have helped to the inference
for Candace. Facciolati has an adjective candacus,
to which I refer your correspondent. W. Hazel.

'■^ Man proposes, but God disposes" (Vol. viii.,
p. 411.). — This saying is older than the age of
Thomas a Kempis, who was born about a.d. 1380.
It probably originated in two passages of Holy
Scripture, on one or both of which it may have
been an ancient comment :

" Hominis est animam praoparare, et Domini guber-
nare linguam." " Cor hominis disponit viam suam,
sed Domini est duigere gressus ejus." — Proverbs xvi.
1. 10.

The sentiment in both is the same, and their
pith is given in a still more brief and condensed
form in our own proverb. It is remarkable that
•while Dr. A. Clarke, in his notes on Proverbs xvi.,
has quoted it without reference to its authorship
in the edition of Stanhope's version of De Imita-
tions Christi, which I happen to have, it is not to

be found ; but its place (according to your corre-
spondent's reference) is occupied by the two texts
above quoted. The work referred to is asserted
by some to have been only translated or tran-
scribed by ii Kempis, and written by John Gerson,
Chancellor of the University of Paris, a great
theologian, who died in 1429. Be that as it may,
I can assure your correspondent A. B. C. that the
saying in question did not originate with the author
of that work. In Piers Ploughman's Vision,
written a.d. 1362, it is thus introduced:

" And Spiritus justiticB
Shall juggen, wol he nele he Qicill he nil he /)
After the kynges counseil,
And the comune like.
And Spiritus prudentice.
In many a point shall faille.
Of that he weneth will falle,
If his wit ne weere.
Wenynge is no wysdom,
Ne wys ymaginacion.
Homo proponit, et Deus d'lspoiiit.
And governeth alle good vertues."
Vol. ii. p. 427., 11. 13984-95. Ed. London :
W, Pickering, 1842.

In the same way the author frequently intro-
duces Latin texts from the Bible, and other books
of authority and devotion. In the notes the
editor generally refers to the place from whence
the quotation is taken ; but as there is no re-
ference in connexion with the present passage, I
infer that he was not aware of its source.

J. W. Thomas.

Dewsbury.

Polarised Light (Vol. viii., p. 409.). — I am
unable to furnish H. C. K. with knowledge from
the fountain-head touching this phenomenon. On
referring, however, to a little work, much valued
in my boyish days, I find it thus mentioned :

" The blue light of the sky is completely polarised
at an angle of seventy-four degrees from the sun, in a
plane passing through the sun's centre." — P. 219.
Newtonian Fhilosophy, by Tom Telescope : Tegg, Load.
1838.
Surely the Herschels mention this. K. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

:8tlt^ccnanc0ti5.

NOTES OS BOOKS, ETC.

Tlie attempt to establish a Surrey Archccological
Society has at length proved successful. Upwards of
one hundred and seventy Members have already joined
the Society. The Duke of Norfolk has accepted its
Presidency, and tiie Earl of Ellesmere, the Bishop of
Winchester, and Lord Viscount Downe, are among the
number of its Vice-Presidents. The Society has good
work before it, and we trust will set about it in a way to

Dec. 3. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

553

secure the success which we wish it. The Honorary
Secretary and Treasurer is George Bisli Webb, Esq., of
46. Addison Road North, Notting Hill ; from whom
gentlemen desirous of enrolling themselves as Members
may obtain copies of the Prospectus, Rules, &c. of the
Society.

The mention of one county Society seems to call
attention to another, namely, the Somersetshire Archceo-
logical and Natural History Society, the volume of whose
Proceedings for 1 852 is now before us, and affords satis-
factory proof that the zeal and energy of its members,
of which it numbers nearly five hundred, are by no
means diminished. The papers and the illustrations of
the volume are highly creditable to all concerned.

The want of a collection of the early antiquities of
this country has long been the greatest reproach which
foreigners have been able to make against the British
Museum. An opportunity of removing this has lately
presented itself by an offer to the trustees of the well-
known and probably unique collection. The Faussett
Museum. Strange to say, that offer was declined : but,
as a communication from the Society of Antiquaries
strongly urging the propriety of a reconsideration of
this decision — so that an opportunity which may never
recur may not be lost — has been addressed to the
trustees, we still hope that the Faussett Museum will
yet fill the empty cases at Great Russell Street, and
form, as it is well calculated to do, the nucleus of a
national collection of our own national antiquities. We
understand Mr. Wylie has most liberally offered to
present his valuable Fairford Collections to the Mu-
seum, if the Faussett Collection is secured for it.

Books Received. — The Life and Works of William
Cowper, by Robert Southey, Vol. I. This, the first
volume of a new edition, which will be comprised in
eight instead of fifteen volumes — cost twenty-eight
instead of seventy-five shillings, and yet contain ad-
ditional plates and matter, — is the new issue of Bohn's
Standard Library. — The Laws of Artistic Copyright
and their Defects, by D. R. Blaine, Esq. A little vo-
lume well calculated to instruct artists, sculptors, en-
gravers, printsellers, &c., so that they may clearly un-
derstand their rights, their remedies for the infringe-
ment of those rights, and the proper mode of trans-
ferring their property. — The Attic Philosopher in Paris,
being the Journal of a Happy Man, forms No. LI. of
Longman's Traveller's Library, and is a fit companion to
the Confessions of a Working Man, by the same author,
Emile Souvestre, published in the same series a few
months since. — Apuleius : Metamorphoses, or Golden
Asa, and other Works. A new translation, to which are
added a metrical version of Cupid and Psyche, and
Mrs. Tighe's Psyche, is the new volume of Bohn's
Classical Library. — Handbook to the Library of the
British Museum, §-c., by Richard Sims. After the
notice of this useful little volume taken by Mr.
Bolton CoaNEY in our last Number, we may content
ourselves with expressing our hope that the trustees,
whose desire it must be to facilitate in every way the
use of the Museum library, will avail themselves of the
earliest opportiniity of marking their approval of this
able attempt on the part of one of their officers — a
junior though he be — to promote so important an
object.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Particulars of Price, &c. of tlie following Books to be sent
direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose
names and addresses are given for that purpose :

Nichols' Literary Anecdotes, and the Continuation.
The Hive. 3 Vols. London, 17'i4
Tub Friends. 2 Vols. London, 1773.
London Magazine. 1732 to 1779.

Wanted by F. Dinsdale, Leamington.

Joseph Mede's Works.

Jones's (ofNayland) Sermons, by Walker. 2 Vols. 8vo.

Plain Sermons. 10 Vols. 8vo.

Death-bed Scenes. Best Edition.

Rose's (H. J.) Sermons.

WiLBgRi'ORCK's Life. 5 Vols.

Wanted by Sinmis S; Son, Booksellers, Bath.

HuTCHiNs's Dorsetshire. Last Edition.

Wanted by James Dearden, Upton House, Poole. '

Clarf.ndon's History of the Rebellion. Folio. Oxford.
1703. Vol. I.

Wanted by Rev. .John James Avington, llungerford.

Recollections and Reflections during the Rbign of
George HI., by John Nicholls. 2 Vols. 8vo. London,
Ridgway, 1820.

Wanted by G. Cornewall Lewis, Kent House, Kn'ghtsbridge.

An Examination op the Charters and Statutes of Trinity

College, Dublin (with the Postscript), by George Miller.

D.D., F.T.C.D. Dublin, 1804.
A [First] Letter to tup. Rev. Dr. Pusey, in reference to his

Letter to the Lord Bishop of O.^ford, by George Miller, D.D.

London, 1840.

Wanted by Rev. B. H. Blacker, 11. Pembroke Road, Dublin.

Dillwin's British' Conifer^e. 4to. 115 Coloured 'Plates.

London, 1809.
(Scioppius) Scaliger Hypop.olymjjus, h.e. Elenchus Epistolae

Josephi Rurdonis Pseudo-Scaligeri de Vetustate et Splendore

Oestis Scaligeri. 4to. Mainz, 1C07.

Wanted by Williams and Norgate, Henrietta Street, Covent
Garden.

^atitt^ ta Cavrc^p0ulfcnts.

jEstimator is informed that a new edilion of Sir R. Philips't
Million of Facts has just been published.

N. E. H. will find a full history of Cocker's Arithmetic in De
Morgan's Books of Arithmetic.

C. E. C. (Reading). The volume in question is Lijte's Trans-
lation of Dodoens' Historic of Plantes.

T. C. B. Defoe's De Jure Divino was first published in folio,
1706. See Wilson's Life, vol. ii. p. 463. ei seq.

X. Y. Z. Is our Correspondent sure that a clergyman on being
inducted is locked up in the church and obliged to toll the bell
himself?

P. M. Hart will find the line,

" Men are but children of a larger growth,"
in Drydcn's All for Love.

S. S. (Andover). We do not believe that Mr. Brayley ever
published any more than the first volume of his Graphic and
Historical Illustrator.

C. H. (Cambridge) is referred to " N. & Q.,"' Vol. i., pp. 211.
23G. 325. 357. 418., for the history of the proverbial saying, " God
tempers the wind to the shorn lamb."

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels^
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

"Notes AND Queries," Vols. i. to vii., price Three Guineas
and a Half.—Copies are being jnade up and man be had by order.

554

NOTES AND QUERIES.

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NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 214.

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NOTES AND QUEHIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION

FOB

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No. 215.]

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{Price F«urpence.
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CONTENTS.

"KoTEs : — Page

Original Royal Letters to the Grand Masters of Malta,

by William Wintlirop . » . - . flS?
Penny Sights and Exhibitions in the Reign of James 1.,

by A. Grayan ...... SSS

The Impossibilities of our Forefathers ... 559

Parallel Passages, by the Rev. John Booker - - 580

Astrology in America - - - - - 561

MiNon Notes : — " Hierosolyma est perdita " — Quaint
Inscription in a Belfry — The Chronicles of the Kings
of Israel and Judah — The Using a Circumstance as
a " Peg," or " Nail," to hang an Argument on, fiC. —
Turkish and Russian Grammars — Chronograms in
Sicily — Stone Pulpits — Advertisements and Pro-
spectuses - - . . - - - 561

(Queries : —

English Refugees at Ypenstein - - - . 562

Minor Queries: — Pe-rarch's Laura — " F.pitaphium
Lucretiae " — M'Dowall Family — Arms of Geneva —
Webb of Monckton Farleigh — Translation Wanted—.
Latin Translation from Sheridan, &c. — Gale of Rent

— Arms of Sir Richard de Loges — Gentile Names of
the Jews — Henry, Earl of Wotton — Kicker-eating

— Chadderton of Nuthllr^t, co. Lancashiri- — George,
first Viscount Lanesborough, and Sir Charles Cot-
terell — " Firm was their 'aith," &c. — The Mother
of William the Conqueror — Pedigree of Sir Francis
Bryan - - - - - - - 562

Minor Queries with Ansvpers: — " The Whole Duty
of Man " — " It rained cats and dogs and little pitch-
forks : " Helter-skelter — Father Traves — Precise
Dates of Births and Deatlis of the Pretenders —
Clarence --.-.-. 564

;ilePLIES : —

Mackey's " Theory of the Earth" ... 565

Sincere, Simple, Singular .... - 567

Poetical Tavern Signs . . ■ . . 568

Homo Uniiis Libii -..--. 5P9

The Forlorn Hope, by W. R. Wilde - - - 569

TIeck's " Comoedia Divina " - - - - 570

Liveries worn by Gentlemen .... 571

Photographic Correspondence. — Queries on Dr.
Diamond's Calotype Process — All)umenized Paper - 572

Eeplifs to Minor Queries : — Mnrcarnes — X on
Brewers' Casks— No Sparrows at Lindham — Theo-
bald le Botiller— Vault at Richmond, Yorkshire —
Lord Audley's Attendants at Poirtiers — Portraits
at Brickwall Hoiise — The Words " Mob " and
"Cash" — Knglish Clergyman in Spain — The Cid

— Exterior Stoups — Green Jugs us^d by the Tem-
plars—" Peccavi," I have Scinde— Raffaele's " Spo-
salizio " — Early Use of Tin : Derivation of the
Name of Britain — Unpublished Epigram by Sir
Walter Scott —Derivation of the Word " HumbUfr "

— Bees— Topsy Turvy—Parish Cleiks and Politics, &c. 572
Miscellaneous : — .

Notes on Books, &c. ..... 577

Book'i and Odd Volumes wanted ... - !j78

Notires to Correspondents .... 578

Advertisements - • . . . . 578

Vol. VIIL — No.215.

ORIGINAL ROYAL LETTERS TO THE GRAND MASTERS
OF MALTA.

(Continued from p. 99.)

In my first communication I did myself the
pleasure to send you a correct list of all the royal
letters which had been sent by different English
monarclis to the Grand Masters of Malta, with
their dates, the languages in which they were
written, and stating to whom they were addressed.
I now purpose to forward with your permission
from time to time, literal translations of these
letters, which Mr. Strickland of this garrison has
kindly promised to give me. The subjoined are
the first in order, and have been carefully com-
pared, by Dr. Vella and myself, with the originals
now in the Eecord Office.

No. I.

Henry by the grace of God, King of England and
France, Defender of the Faith, and Lord of
Ireland, to the Rev. Father in Christ, Philip
Villiers de L'lsle Adam, Grand Master of the
Order of Jerusalem.

Our most dear friend — Greeting :
The venerable and religious men. Sir Thomas
Docreus, Prior of St. John's in this kingdom, and
Sir W. Weston of your convent, Turcoplerius,
have lately delivered to us the epistle of your
Reverence, and when we had read it, they laid
before us the commission which they had in charge,
with so much prudence and address, and recom-
mended to us the condition, well being, and ho-
nour of their Order with so much zeal and
affliction, that they have much increased the good
will, which of ourselves we feel towards the Order,
and have made us more eager in advancing all its
affairs, so that we very much hope to declare by
our actions the affection which we feel towards
this Order.

And that we might give some proof of this our
disposition, we have written at great length to His
Lnperial Majesty, in favour of maintaining the oc-
cupation of Malta, and we have given orders to
our envoys there to help forward this affair as
much as they are able. The other matters, indeed,

558

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

Jour Reverence will learn more in detail from the
etters of tlie said Prior.

From our Palace at Richmond,

Eighth day of January, 1523,

Your good friend,

Henry Rex.
No. II.
Henry by the grace of God, King of England and
France, Defender of the Faith, and Lord of
Ireland, to the Rev. Father in Christ, Philip
Villiers ^e L'Isle Adam, Grand Master of the
Order of Jerusalem.

Our most dear friend — Greeting :
By other of our letters we have commended to
your Reverence our beloved Sir W. Weston, Tur-
coplerius, and the whole Order of Jerusalem in
our kingdom ; but since we honour the foresaid
Sir W. Weston with a peculiar affection, we have
judged him worthy that we should render him
more agreeable and more acceptable to your Re-
verence, by this our renewed recommendation ;
and we trust that you will have it the more easily
in your power to satisfy this our desire, because,
on account of the trust which you yourself placed
in him, you appointed him special envoy to our-
selves in behalf of the affairs of his Order, and
showed that you honoured him with equal good
will. We therefore most earnestly entreat your
Reverence not to be backward in receiving him on
his return with all possible offices of love, and to
serve him especially in those matters which regard
his office of Turcoplerius, and his Mastership.
Moreover, if any honours in the gift and disposal
of your Reverence fall due to you, with firm con-
fidence we beg of you to vouchsafe to appoint and
promote the Ibresaid Sir William Weston to the
same, which favour will be so pleasing and ac-
ceptable to us, that when occasion offers we will
endeavour to return it not only to your Reverence,
but also to your whole Order. And may every
happiness attend you.

From oui- Palace at Windsor,

First day of August, 1524,

Your good friend,

Henry Rex.
No. HI.
Henry by the grace of God, King of England and
France, DefondiT of the Faith, and Lord of
Ireland, to the Rev. Father in Christ, Philip
Villiers de L'Isle Adam, Grand Master of the
Order of Jerusalem.

Our most dear friend — Greeting :
Ambrosius Layton, our subject, and brother of
the same Order, has delivered to us your Re-
verence's letter, and from it we very well under-
stand the matters concerning the said Order,
•which your Reverence had committed to his
charge to be delivered to us ; but we have delayed
to return an answer, and we still delay, because

we have understood that a general Chapter of
your whole Order will be held in a short time, to
which we doubt not that the more prudent and
experienced of the brethren of the Order will
come, and we trust that, by the general wish and
counsel of all of you, a place may be selected for
this illustrious Order which may be best suited
for the imperial support and advancement of the
Republic, and for the assailing of the infidels.
AVhen therefore your Reverence shall have made
us acquainted with the place selected for the said
Chapter, you shall find us no less prompt and
ready than any other Christian prince in all things
which can serve to the advantage and support of
the said Order.

From our Palace at Richmond,

Fourth day (month omitted), 1526,

Your good friend,

Henry Rbx.

That the subject of the above letters may be
better understood, it may be necessary to state
that L'Isle Adam was driven out of Rhodes by the
Sultan Solyman, after a most desperate and san-
guinary struggle, which continued aluiost without
intermission from the 26ih of June to the 18th of
December, 1523. From this date to the month of
October, 1530, nearly seven years, the Order of
St. John of Jerusalem had no fixed residence, and
the Grand Master was a wanderer in Italy, either
in Rome, Viterbo, Na|)les, or Syracuse, while
begging of the Christian Powers to assist him in
recovering Rhodes, or Charles V. to give him
Malta as a residence for his convent. It was
during this period that the above letters, and
some others which I purpose sending hereafter,
were written. William Winthrop.

PENNY SIGHTS AND EXHIBITIONS IN THE REIGN
OF JAMES I.

The following curious list may amuse some
of your readers. I met with it among the host
of panegyrical verses prefixed to Master Tom
Coryate's Crudities, published in 1611. Even in
those days it will be admitted that the English
were rather fond of such things, and glorious
Will himself bears testimony to the fact. (See
Tempest, Act II. Sc. 2.) The hexameter verses
are anonymous ; perhaps one of your well-read
antiquaries may be ahle to assign to them the
author, and be disposed to annotate them. I
would particularly ask when was Drake's ship
broken up, and is there any date on the chair*
made from the wood, which is now to be seen at
the Bodleian Library, Oxford?
" Wiiy doe the rude vulgar so hastily post in a mad-
nesse
To sraze at trifles, and toyes not worthy the viewing?

[* The date to Cowley's lines on the chair is 1662.]

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

559

And thinke them happy, when may be shew'd for a

penny
The Fleet-streete Mandrakes, that heavenly motion

of Eltham,
Westminster Monuments, and Guildhall huge Co-

rinaeus,
That home of Windsor (of an Unicorne very likely),
The cave of Merlin, the skirts of Old Tom a Liii-

colne,
King John's sword at Linne, with the cup the Fra-
ternity drinke in,
The toinbe of Beauchampe, and sword of Sir Guy a

Warwicke,
The great long Dutchman, and roaring Marget a

Barwicke,
The mummied Princes, and Caesar's wine yet i'

Dover,
Saint James his ginney-hens, the Cassawarway*

moreover.
The Beaver 1' the Parke (strange Beast as e'er any

man saw),
Do«-ne-shearing Willowes with teeth as sharpe as a

hand -saw.
The lance of John a Gaunt, and Brandon's still i'

the Tower,
The fall of Ninive, with Norwich built in an hower.
King Henries slip-shoes, the sword of valiant Ed-
ward,
Tlie Coventry Boares-shield, and fire-workes seen

but to bedward,
Drake's ship at Detford, King Richard's bed-sted

i* Leyster,
The White Hall Whale-bones, the silver Bason i'

Chester ;
The live-caught Dog-fish, the Wolfe, and Harry the

Lyon,
Hunks of the Beare Garden to be feared, if he be

nigh on.
All these are nothing, were a thousand more to be

scanned,
(Coryate) unto thy shoes so artificially tanned."

In explanation of the last line, Tom went no
less than 900 miles on one pair of soles, and on
his return he hunj; up these remarkable siioes for
a nieiiiorial in Odcombe Cliurch, Somersetshire,
■where tliey remained till 1702.

Another " penny " sight was a trip to the top
of St. Paul's. (See Dekker's Gvis Home Book,
1609.) A. GRAyAN.

THE IMPOSSIBILITIES OF OUR FOBETATHERS.

In turning over the pages of old authors, it is
amusing to note how the mountains of our primi-
tive ancestors have become mole-hills in the hands
of the present generation ! A few instances would,
I think, be very instructive ; and, to set the ex-

* " An East Indian bird at Saint James, in the
keeping of Mr. Walker, that will carry no coales, but
eate tbum as whot as you wilL"

ample, I give you the following from my own
note-book.

I'he Overland Journey to India. — From the
days of Sir John Mandeville, until a comparatively
recent period, how portentous of danger, diffi-
culty, and daring has been the " Waye to Ynde
wyth the Maruelyes thereof!"

In Lingua, or the Combat of the Tongue^ by
Brewer, London, 1657, originally published m
1607, Heursis complains that Piiantases had inter-
rupted his cogitations u[)on three things which
had troubled his brain for many a day ;

" Pliant. Some great matters questionless; what were
they?

Heur. The quadrature of the circle, the philosopher^
stone, and the next way to the Indies.

Phant. Thou dost well to meditate on these things
all at once, for they'll be found out altogether, ad
gracas culendas."

Dr. Robertson's Disquisition on the Knowledge
the Ancients had of India, shows that communi-
cations overland existed from a remote period ;
and we know that the East India Company had
always a route open for their dispatches on
emergent occasions ; but let the reader consult
the Meminiscences of Dr. Dibdin, and he will find
an exiim[)le of its utter uselessness when resorted
to in 1776 to apprize the Home Government of
hostile movements on the part of an enemy. To
show, however, in a more striking light, the dif-
ference between the "overland route" a century
back, and that of 1853, I turn up the Journal of
Bartholomew Plaisted: London, 1757. This gen-
tleman, wiio was a servant of the East India Com-
pany, tells us that he embarked at Calcutta in
1749 for England; and, after encountering many
difficulties, reached Dover via Bussorah, Aleppo,
and Marseilles in twelve months ! Bearing this
in mind, let the reader refer to the London daily
papers of this eighth day of November, 1853, an<J
he will find that intelligence reached the city on
that afternoon of the arrival at Trieste of the
Calcutta steamer, furnishing us with telegraph
advices from —

Bengal, Oct. 3. - - 36 days !
Bombay, Oct. 14. - ' - 25 days ! !
Hong Kong, Sept. 27. - 46 days ! ! !

Rapid as this is, and strikingly as it exemplifies
the gigantic appliances of our day, the cry of
Heuisis in the play is still for the next, or a nearer
way to India ; and, besides the Ocean Mail, the
magnificent sailing vessels, and the steamers of
fabulous dimensions sai<l to be building for the
Cape route to perform the passage from London
to Calcutta in thirty days, we ate {)rotnised the
electric telegraph to furnish us with news from the
above-named ports in a less number oi hours than
rfM?/.v now occupied !

560

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

We have thus seen that the impetus once given,
k is impossible to limit or foresee where this ten-
dency to knit us to the farthermost parts of the
world will end !

" Steam to India" was nevertheless almost
stifled at its birth, and its early progress sadly
fettered and retarded by those whose duty it was
to have fostered and encouraged it — I mean the
East India Company. From this censure of a
body I would exclude some of their servants in
India, and particularly a name that may be new
to your readers in connexion with this subject,
that of the late Mr. Charles P. Greenlaw of Cal-
cutta, to whom I would ascribe all honour and
glory as the great precursor of the movement,
subsequently so triumphantly achieved by the
Peninsular and Oriental Company. This gentle-
man, at the head of the East India Company's
Marine Establishment in Bengal, brought all the
enthusiasm of his character to bear upon the ques-
tion of steam via the Red Sea ; and raised such an
agitation in the several Presidencies, that the slow
coach in Leadenhall Street was compelled to move
on, and Mr. Greenlaw lived to see his labours
successful. Poor Greenlaw was as deaf as a post,
and usually carried on his arm a flexible pipe,
with an ivory tip and mouth-piece, through which
he received the communications of his friends.
How often have I seen him, after an eloquent ap-
peal on behalf of his scheme, hand this to the
party he would win over to his views : and if the
responses sent through it were favourable, he was
delighted; but, if the contrary, his irascibility
knew no bounds ; and snatching his pipe from the
mouth of the senseless man who could not see the
value of " steam for India," he would impatiently
coil it round his arm, and, with a recommendation
to the less sanguine to give the subject the atten-
tion due to its importance, would whisk himself
off to urge his point in some other quarter ! I
have already said that Mr. Greenlaw lived to see
the overland communication firmly established;
and his fellow citizens, to mark their high esti-
mation of his character, and the unwearied appli-
cation of his energies in the good cause, have
embellished their fine "Metcalfe Hall" with a
marble bust of this best of advocates for the in-
terests of India. J. O.

PARALLEL PASSAGES.

[(Vol. vlii., p. 372.)

Adopting the suggestion of F. W. J., I con-
tribute the following parallel passages towards the
collection Avhich he proposes :

1. "And He said unto them. Take heed and beware
of covetousness, for a man's life consisteth not in the
abundance of the things which he possesseth." —
Luke xiu 15,

" Non possidentem multa vocaveris

Recte beatum ; rectius occupat

Nomen beati, qui Deoriim

Muneiibus sapienter uti,

Duramque callet pauperiem pati ;

Pejusque leto flagitium timet."

Hor. Carin., lib. iv. ode ix.^

2. " For that which I do I allow not : for what I
would that do I not ; but what I hate that do I." —
Rom. vii. 15.

" Sed trahit invitam nova vis ; aliudque Cupido,
Mens aliiid suadet. Video meliora, proboque :
Deteriora sequor."

Ovid, Metam., lib. vir. 19-21.

" Quas nocuere sequar, fugiam quae profore credam."
Uor., lib. I. epist. viii. 11.

3. " Without father, without mother, without de-
scent," &c. — Heb. vii. 3.

" Ante potestatem Tulli atque ignobile regnum,
Multos saspe viros, nuUis majoribus ortos
Et vixisse probos," &c. — Hor. Sat, i. vi. 9.

4. " For I have said before, that ye are in our hearts
to die and live with you " — 2 Cor. vii. 3.

" Tecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens."

Hor. Carm., lib. iii. ix.

5. " Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die." —
1 Cor. XV. 32.

" Convivae certe lui dlcunt, Bibamus moriendum est."
Senec. Controv. xiv.

6. " Be not thou afraid though one be made rich, or
if the glory of his liouse be increased ; for he shall carry
nothing away with him when he dieth, neither shall his
pomp follow him." — Ps. xlix. 16, 17.

" How loved, how honoured once, avails thee not;
To whom related, or by whom begot :
A heap of dust alone remains of thee.
'Tis all thou art, and all the proud shall be."

Pope.
" Divesne, prisco natus ab Tnacho,
Nil interest, an pauper, et infima
De gente sub divo moreris,
Victima nil miserantis Orci."

Hor. Carm., lib. ii. iii.

Tiie following close parallelism between Ben
Jonson and Horace, though a little wide of your
correspondent's suggestion, is also worthy of no-
tice. I have never before seen it remarked upon.
It would, perhaps, be more correct to describe it
as a plagiarism than as a parallelism :

•' Mosca. And besides, Sir,

You are not like the thresher that doth stand
With a huge flail, watching a hei p of corn.
And, hungry, dares not taste the smallest grain,
But feeds on mallows, and such hitter herbs;
Nor like the mercl-ant, who hath fille'l his vaults
With Romagnia, and rich Candian wines,
Yet drinks the lees of Lombard's vinej;ar :
You will lie not in straw, whilst moths and worms

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

561

Feed on your sumptuous hangings and soft beds ;
You know the use of riches." — lien Junson, The Fox.

." Si quis ad ingentem frumenti semper acervum
Prorectus vigilet cum longo fuste, neque illinc
Audeat esuriens dominus contingere granum,
Ac potius foliis parous vescatur aniaris :
Si, positis intus Chii veterisque Falerni
Mille cadis — nihil est, tercentum millibus, acre
Potet acetum ; age, si et stramentis incubet, unde —
Octoginta annos natus, cui stragula vestis,
Blattarum ac tiuearum epulac, putrescat in area."
Hor. Sat., lib. ii. iii.

John Boo&eb.
Prestwich.

ASTKOLOGY IN AMERICA.

The six following advertisements are cut from
a recent Number of the New York Herald:

" Madame Morrow, seventh daughter of a seventh daughter,
and a descendant of a line of astrologers reaching back for cen-
turies, will give ladies private lectures on all the events of life, in
regard to health, weaUh, love, courtship, and marriage. She is
without exception the most wonilerful astrologist in the world,
or that has ever been known. She will even tell their very
thoughts, and will show them the likenesses of their intended
husl)ands and absent friends, which has astonished thousands
during her travels in Europe. Slie will leave the city in a very
short time. 76. Broome Street, between Cannon and Columbia.
Gentlemen are not admitted."

" Madame la Compt flatters herself that she is competent, by
her great experience in the art of astrology, to give true inform-
ation in regard to the past, present, and future. She is able to
see clearly any losses her visitors may have sustained, and will
give satisfactory information in regard to the way of recovery.
She has and continues to give perfect satisfaction. Ladies and
gentlemen 50 cents. 13. Howard Street."

" Mad. la Compt has been visited by over two hundred ladies
and gentlemen the past week, and has given perfect satisfaction ;
and, in consideration of the great patronage bestowed upon her,
she will remain at 13. Howard Street for four days more, when
she will positively sail for the South."

"Mrs. Alwin, renowned in Europe for her skill In foretelling
the future, has arrived, and will furnish intelligence about all
circumstances of life. She interprets dreams, law matters, and
love, by astrology, books, and science, and tells to ladies and
gentlemen the name of the persons they will marry ; also the
names of her visitors. Mrs. Alwin speaks the English, French,
and German languages. Residence, 25. Rivington Street, up
stairs, near the Bowery. Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar."

" Mrs. Prewster, from Philadelphia, tenders her services to
the ladies and gentlemen of this city in astrology, love, and law
matters, interpreting dreams, &c., by books and science, con-
stantly relied on by Napoleon ; and will tell the name of the lady
or gentleman they will marry; also the names of the visitors.
Residence, No. 59. Great Jones Street, corner of the Bowery.
Ladies 50 cents, gentlemen 1 dollar."

" The celebrated Dr. F. Shuman, Swede by birth, just arrived
in this city, offers his services in astrology, physiognomy, &c.
He can be consulted on matters of love, marriage, past, present,
and future events in life. Nativity calculated for ladies and
gentlemen. Mr. S. has travelled through the greater part of the
world in the last forty two years, and is willing to give the most
satisfactory information. Office, 175. Chambers Street, near
Greenwich."

'^ Hierosolt/ma est perdita." — Whilst studying in
Germany, I remember seeing one day some Jews
in a great passion because a few little boys had
been shouting " Hep ! hep ! " On information I
heard, that whenever the German kniehts headed

a Jew-hunt in the Middle Ages, they always
raised the cry "Hep! hep!" This is remem-
bered even to the present day. Henri van Laun.
King William's College, Isle of Man.

Quaint Inscription in a J5eZ/r^. — I think the fol-
lowing unique piece of authorship deserves, for its
quaint originality, a corner in " N. & Q." It is
copied from an inscription dated Jan. 31, 1757, in
the belfry of the parish church of Fenstanton,
Hunts :

"January y° 31, 1757.

Hear was ten defran'

Peals Rung in 50 \rm\-

utes which is 1200,

Changes by thouse,

names who are Under;

1. .Tn» Allin I

2. Jm" Brown |

5. Will"

."B. Jno. Cade
4. Rob' Cole
How."

" All you young Men y' larn y» Ringen Art,
Besure you see & will perform your part*
no Musick with it Can Excell.
nor be compared to y" Melodeus bells."

Perhaps I may as well add that this is a faithful
copy of the original inscription, both in ortho-
graphy and punctuation. W. T. Watts.

St. Ives, Hunts,

The Chronicles of the Kings of Israel andJudah.
— After the many conjectures which have been
formed respecting the n^D''n nan ISD of the kings
of Israel and Judah, allow me to suggest the pro-
bability of their bearing some resemblance to the
records of the " wars " and " might " of the mon-
archs of Assyria, recently brought to light by
Mr. Layard. ^•

The Using a Circumstance as a " Peg" or " Nail"
to hang an Argument on, ^c. — In the parliament-
ary debates we frequently read of one honor-
able member accusing another honorable member
of dragging in a certain expression or quotation
for the mere sake of hanging upon it some argu-
ment or observation apposite to his motion or
resolution. — Query, The origin of this term ?

My attention was drawn to it by reading the
First Lesson at Morning Prayer for 25th May,
viz. Ezra ix. 8., where the expression means some-
thing to hold by, or some resting-place.

In the following verse, the term is changed into
" a wall," meaning some support or help.

Has this passage ever challenged the attention
of any of your numerous readers, or can the com-
mon saying fairly be referred to it ? Anon.

Norwood.

TurJiish and Russian Grammar's. — At the
present moment it may be found interesting to
make a note of it for " N. & Q.," that the first

562

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

Turkish and Russian grammars published in this
country appeared at Oxford ; the Turkish, bj
Leaman, in 1670, and the Russian, by Ludolf, in
1696. Both are written in Latin. J. M.

Oxford.

Chronograms in Sicily. — After the opening of
the gold mines at Fiume-di-Nisi, which are now
being reworked, the Messinese struck coins bear-
ing the motto —

«eX VIsCerlbVs Mels haeC fVnDItVr."
Giving xvicivMicvDiv. 1734?

On a fountain near the church of St. Francesco
di Paola ;

« D. O. M.

Itnperante Carlo VI., Vicrcgente Comite de Palma,

Gubernante Civitatem Comite de Wallis.

P. P. P.

Vt aCtlonlbVs nostrls IVste proCeDaMVs."

Which gives vchviivcdmv. 1724.

The death of Charles, Infanta of Spain, is thus
indicated :

« FILIVs ante DIeM patrlos InqVIrIt In annos."

1568. G. E. T. S. R. N.

Stone Pulpits. — A complete list of ancient stone
pulpits in England and Wales would be desirable.
Their positions should be specified ; and whether
in use or not, should be stated. I have seen the
following :

Nantwich, Cheshire; at the junction of north
transept and chancel (not used).

Bristol Cathedral ; adjoining one of the north
pillars of nave (not used).

Wolverhampton Collegiate Church ; adjoining
one of south pillars of nave (in use ?)

T. H. Keeslet, B.A.

Audlem, Nantwich,

^ Advertisements and Prospectuses. — It is, I be-
lieve, the custom for the most part to make waste-
paper of the advertisements and prospectuses tliat
are usually stitched up, in considerable numbers,
with the popular reviews and magazines. Now,
as these alventitious sheets often contain scraps
and fragments of contemporaneous intelligence,
literary and bibliographical, with occasional artis-
tic illustrations, would it not be well to preserve
them, and to bind them up in a separate form at
the end of the year ; connecting them with the
particular review or magazine to which they be-
longed, but describing also the contents of the
volume by a distinct lettering-piece ?

If the work of destruction of such frail, but
fifequently interesting records, should go on at
the present rate, posterity will be in danger of
losing many valuable data respecting the state of
British literature at different periods, as depicted

by a humbler class of documents, employed by It
for the diffusion of its copious productions.

John Maceat.

^VLtviti*

ENGLISH REFUGEES AT TPENSTBIK.

When I was at Alkmaar about thirty years ago, I
strolled to the neijrhbouring village of Hello, on the
road to Liinmen, where I saw, surrounded by a moat,
tlie foundations of the castle of Ypenstein. A view
of tliis once noble pile is to be found in the well-
known work f)f Rademaker, Kabinet van Neder-
landsche en Kleefsche Oudheden. This place, as
tradition tells, once witnessed the perpetration of
a violent deed. When the son of the unfortunate
Charles I. was an exile in our country, this house
Ypenstein was occupied by a family of English
emigrants, hi<»h in rank, who lived here for a while
in quiet. How far these exiles were even here
secure from the spies of Cromwell appeared on a
certain dark night, after a suspicious vessel had
been seen from the village of Esmond, when an
armed band of the Protector's JPuritans, led by
a guide, marched over the heath to the house
Ypenstein, seized all the inhabitants, and carried
them off, by the way they had come, to the coast,
put tiiem on board, and transported them most
probably to England. In such secresy and silence
was this violation of territory and the rights of
hospitality perpetrated, that no one in the neigh-
bourhood perceived anything of the occurrence,
except a miller who saw the troop crossing the
pathless heath in the direction of the coast, but
could not conceive what had brought so many
persons together in such a place at midnight.

I would gladly learn whether anything is known
of this transaction ; and if so, where I may find
farther particulars of this English family, their
probable political importance, &c. To investigate
tlie truth of this tradition, that we may acquit or
convict the far-famed Cromwell of so foul a crime,
cannot certainly be untimely, now that two cele-
brated learned men have undertaken to vindicate
his memory. — From the Navorscher.

lN(tUA£BITOS.

Minav catteries.

Petrarch's Laura. — Mr. Mathews, in his Diary
of an Invalid in Italy, Sfc, p. 380., in speaking
of the outrages and indignities which, during the
Revolution, were committed throughout France
on the remains of the dead, and were amongst the
most revolting of its horrors, mentions, on the
authority of a fellow-passenger, an eye-witnes^,
that the body of Petrarch's Laura had been seen
exposed to the most brutal indignities in the
streets of Avignon. He told Mr. Mathews that

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

563

it had been embalmed, and was found in a mummy
state, of a dark brown colour. I have not met
with any mention of these oircuinstances else-
where. Laura is stated to have died of the plague
(whicli seems to render it unlikely that her body
was embalmed) ; and, according to Petrarch's
famous note on his MS. of Virgil, she was buried
the same day, after vespers, in the church of the
Cordeliers. The date was April i, 1348. That
church was long celebrated for lier tomb, which
contained also the body of Hugues de Sade, her
husband. The edifice is stated to be ruined, its
very site being converted into a fruit-garden;
but the tomb is said to be still entire under the
ground ; and more than twenty years after the
French Revolution, a small cypress was pointed
out as marking the spot where Laura was interred.
Is the circumstance of the desecralicm of her
tomb mentioned by any other writer ? If it really
took place, are we to conclude that the tree — if it
still exists — marks only the place where she had
been interred : for, that the body was rescued and
recommitted to the tomb, can hardly be supposed?
Wm. Sidney Gibson.

^^ EpitapMum Lucretim.'''' — The following lines

are offered for insertion, not because I doubt their

being known to many of your readers, but with a

view to ask the name of the author :

" Epitaph'nim Lucretice.

Dum foderet ferro teneium Lucretia pectus

Sano^utnis et torrens egrederetur : ait,
' Accedant testes me non cessisse tyianiio
' Ante virum sanguis, spiritus ante Deos.' "

Balliolensis.

M^Dowall Family. — More than a century ago
thei'e was a family (since extinct) of the name of
M'Dowall, in the county Cavan, Ireland, belong-
ing to some branch of the ancient and noble Scot-
tish family of that name, who had mijrrated to
these shores. Perhaps some of your readers could
inform me as to what branch they belonged, and
when they settled in Ireland, as also if there be
any pedigree of them extant, as I am very anxious
to learn something of them at all events ?

GULIBLMUS.

Dublin.

Arms of Geneva. — Will any of your corre-
spondents oblige me with a technical blazon of the
arms of the town of Geneva ? F. F. B.

Bury St. Edmunds.

Webb of Monckton Farleigh. — Perhaps some
reader of " N. & Q." would be so good as to in-
form me what -were the arms, crest, and motto
of the Webbs of Monckton Farleigh, co. Wilts ;
also, if there be any pedigree of them extant, and
•where it is to be found; or otherwise would direct
me what would be my best means to ascertain

some account of that family, who are now repre-
sented by the Duke of Somerset? HsNai.
Dublin.

Translation Wanted. — Can any of your corre-
spon<lents inform me where I may meet with a
translation by the Rev. F. Hodgson, late Provost
of Eton, &c., of the Atys of Catullus?

P. J. F. Ganxillon, B. a.

Latin Translation from Sheridan, Sec. — My
treacherous memory retains one line only of each
of two translations into Latin verse, admirably
done, of two well-known pieces of English poetry.
The first from a song by Sheridan, of the lines :

" Nor can I l>elieve it then,
Till it gently press again."
" Conscia ni dextram dextera pressa premat."
The second :

" Man wants but little here below,
Nor wants that little long."

is thus rendered :

" Poscimus in terris pauca, nee ilia diil.'

If in the circle of your correspondents the com-
plete translations can be furnished, you will, by
their insertion, gratify other lovers of modern
Latin poetry besides Balliolensis.

Gale of Rent. — I can imagine what is meant by
a gale of rent, and be thankful I have not to pay
one. But what is the origin of the term gale as
thus applied ? Y. B. N. J.

Arms of Sir Richard de Loges. — What were
the arms borne by Sir Richard de Loges, or
Lodge, of Chesterton, in the county of Warwick,
temp. Henry IV. ? Ln.

Gentile Names of the Jews. — Are the Jews
known to each other by their Gentile names of
Rothschild, Montefiore, Davis, &c. ? or are these
oidy their nommes de guerre, assumed and aban-
doned at will on change of country ?

G. E. T. S. R. N.

Henry, EarlofWotton (Vol. viii., pp. 173.281,).
— The editors of the Navorscher express their
thanks to Broctuna for his reply to their Query,
but hope he will kindly increase their debt of
gratitude by elucidating three points which seem
to them obscure :

1 . Which Lord Stanhope died childless ? Not
Henry, Lord Stanhope, for he (see p 281.) left a
son and two daughters ; nor yet Philip, for his
widow had borne him daughters. Or have we
wrongly understood the letters s.p. to signify sine
prole ?

2. Was it the Earl of Chesterfield, half-brother
of Charles Henry van den Kerckhove, or Charles

564

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215-.

Stanhope his nephew, who took the name of
Wotton ?

3. Knight's National Cyclopcedia of Useful
Knowledge (vol. xi. p. 374.) names James Stan-
hope, Earl Stanhope, the eldest son of the Hon.
Alexander Stanhope, second son of Philip Stan-
hope, first Earl of Chesterfield. Had the latter
then, besides the above-named (see p. 281.) Henry,
Lord Stanhope, also other sons ?

Kicker-eating. — Can any of your West York-
shire readers supply me with information relative
to a practice which is said formerly to have pre-
vailed at Cleckheaton, of eating " kicker," or
horseflesh ? It is a fact that natives of that lo-
cality who come to reside at Leeds are still sub-
jected to the opprobrium of being kicker-eaters.

H. W.

Chadderton of Nuthurst, co. Lancashire. — When
did the family of Chadderton become extinct ?
Had Edmund Chadderton, son and heir of George
Chadderton by Jane Warren of Poynton, any de-
scendants ? and if so, what were their names and
the dates of their respective births, marriages, and
deaths ? In short, any particulars relating to
them down to the period of the extinction of this
family would be most acceptable. J. B.

George, first Viscount Laneshorough, and Sir
Charles Cotterell. — G. S. S. begs to submit the
following questions to the readers of " N. & Q. : "
When did George Lane, first Viscount Lanes-
borough, in Ireland, die ? And when Sir Charles
Cotterell, the translator of Cassandra ? Where
were they both buried ?

" Firm was their faith,^'' ^c. — Who was the
writer of those beautiful lines, of which the fol-
lowing, the only verse I remember, is a portion ?

" Firm was their faith, the ancient bands.
The wise in heart, in wood and stone,
"Who rear'd with stern and trusting hands.
The dark grey towers of days unknown.
They fill'd those aisles with many a thought,
They bade each nook some truth recall,
The pillar'd arch its legend brought,
A doctrine came with roof and wall 1"

And where can they be met with entire ? P. M.

The Mother of William the Conqueror. — Can
you or any of your correspondents say which is
right? In Debrett's Peerage for 1790 the ge-
nealogy of the Marchioness Grey gives her descent
from " Rollo or Fulbert, who was chamberlain to
Robert, Duke of Normandy ; and of his gift had
the castle and manor of Croy in Picardy, whence
his posterity assumed their surname, afterwards
written de Grey. Which Rollo had a daughter
Arlotta, mother of William the Conqueror." Now
history says that the mother of the Conqueror was

Arlette or Arlotte, the daughter of a tanner at
Falaise. We know how scrupulous the Norman
nobility were in their genealogical records; and
likewise that in the lapse of time mistakes are
perpetuated and become history. Can history in
this instance be wrong ? and if so, how did the
mistake arise? I shall feel obliged to any on&
who can furnish farther information on the sub-
ject. Alpha.-

Pedigree of Sir Francis Bryan. — This accom-
plished statesman, and ornament of Henry Vni.'s
reign, married Joan of Desmond, Countess Dow-
ager of Ormonde, and died childless in Ireland
A.D. 1550. Query, Did any cadet of his family
accompany him to that country ? I found a
Louis Bryan settled in the county of Kilkenny in,
Elizabeth's reign, and suspect that he came In
through the connexion of Sir F. Bryan with the
Ormonde family. Any information as to the
arms and pedigree of Sir F. Bryan will greatly
oblige James Gkaves»

Kilkenny.

" The Whole Bidy of Man." — Of what nature
is the testimony that this book was written by
Dorothy Coventry, "the good Lady Pakington?"

Qu^SITOH.

[The supposition that Lady Packington was the
author of The Whole Duty of Man, arose from a copy
of it in her handwriting having been found at West-
wood after her death. (Aubrey's Letters, vol. ii. p. 125.)
But the strongest evidence in favour of Lady Packing-
ton is the following note : " Oct. 1 3, 1698. Mr. Thomas
Caulton, Vicar of Worksop, in Nottinghamshire, in the
presence of William Thornton, Esq., and his lady,
Mrs. Heathcote, Mrs. Ashe, Mrs. Caulton, and John
Hewit, Rector of Harthill, declared the words follow-
ing: 'Nov. 5, 1689. At Shire-Oaks, Mrs. Eyre took
me up into her chamber after dinner, and told me that
her daughter Moyser, of Beverley, was dead. Among
other things concerning the private affairs of the family,,
she told me who was the author of The Whole Duty of
Man, at the same time pulling out of a private drawer
a MS. tied together, and stitched in 8vo., which she
declared was the original copy written by Lady Pack-
ington her mother, who disowned ever having written
the other books imputed to be by the same author,
excepting The Decay of Christian Piety. She added,
too, that it had been perused in MS. by Dr. Covel,
Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Dr. Stamford,
Prebendary of York, and Mr. Banks, Hector of the
Great Church at Hull.' Mr. Caulton declared this
upon his death-bed, two days before his decease.
W. T. and J. H." This is quoted from the Rev.
W. B. Hawkins's Introduction to Pickering's edition of
1842; and a similar account, with unimportant va-
riations, is given in " N. & Q.," Vol. ii., p. 292, : see-
also Vol. v., p. 229,, and Vol. vi., p. 537.]

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

565

" It rained cats and dogs and little pitchfoi-Jis." —
Helter-skelter. — What can be the origin of this
saying? I can imagine that rain may descend
with such sharpness and violence as to cause as
much destruction as a shower of " pitchforks"
would ; but if any of your readers can tell me
why heavy rain should be likened to " cats and
dogs," I shall be truly obliged. Many years ago
I saw a most cleverly drawn woodcut, of a party
of travellers encountering this imaginary shower ;
some of the animals were descending helter-skelter
irom the clouds ; others wreaking their vengeance
on the amazed wayfarers, while the "pitchforks"
were running into the bodies of the tei'rified party,
while they were in vain attempting to run out of
the way of those which were threatening to fall
iupon their heads, and thus striking them to the
ground. So strange an Idea must have had some
.peculiar origin. — Can you or your readers say
-what It is ? M. E. C.

P. S. — I find I have used a word above, of
•which every one knows the signification, " helter-
■ekelter;" but I, for one, confess myself ignorant
of its derivation. And I shall be glad to be in-
formed on the subject.

[As to the etymology oi helter-skelter. Sir John Stod-
^art remarks, " The real origin of the word is obscure.
1i we suppose the principal meaning to be in the first
part, it may probably come from the Islandic hilldr
pugna ; if in the latter part, it may be from the Ger-
man schalten, to thrust forward, which in the dialect of
the north of England means 'to scatter and throw
■abroad as molehills are when levelled ; ' or from skeyl,
which in the same dialect is ' to push on one side, to
overturn.' "]

Father Traves. — Can any of your Lancashire
readers refer me to a source whence I might
obtain information on matters pertaining to the
life of one Father Travers [Traves], the friend
and correspondent of the celebrated martyr John
Bradford ?

As yet I have but met with the incidental men-
tion of his name in the pages of Fox, and in Hol-
Jingworth's Mancuensis, pp. 75, 76. A Jesuit.

[The name is spelt by Fox sometimes Traves and
sometimes Travers ; but who he was there is no par-
ticular mention ; except that it appears from Brad-
ford's letters that he was some friend of the family, and
from the superscription to one of them, that he was
the minister of Blackley, near Manchester, in which
place, or near to which, Bradford's mother must then
have resided. Strype says, he was a learned and pious
gentleman, his patron and counsellor. — Mem. Eccles.,
vol. iii. part i. p. 364,]

Precise Bates of Births and Deaths of the Pre-
tenders. — Win any one be so kind as to tell me
the date of the birth and death of James VIII.
^nd his son Charles III. (commonly called Prince

Charles Edward Stuart) ? These dates are given
so variously, that I am anxious to ascertain them
correctly. L. M. M. R.

[We believe the following to be the precise dates : —
James VIII., born June 10, 1688; died January 2,
1765-6. Charles Edward, born December 20, 1720
(sometimes printed as New Style, Dec. 31); died
January 31, 1788.]

Clarence. — Whence the name of this dukedom ?
Was the title borne by any one before the time of
Lionel, son of Edward III. ? W. T. M.

[The title Clarence was, as we learn from Cam-
den ( finVannia, edit. Gough, vol. ii. pp. 73, 74.), derived
from the honour of Clare, in Suffolk ; and was first
borne by Lionel Plantagenet, third son of Edward III.,
who married Elizabeth de Burgh, daughter and heir
of William, Earl of Ulster, and obtained with her
the honour of Clare. He became, jure uxoris. Earl of
Ulster, and was created, September 15, 1362, Duke of
Clarence.]

aUepItfiS.

mackey's "theory of the eabth."

(Vol. viii., p. 468.)

•About the year 1827, when the prosecutions for
blasphemy were leading hundreds and thousands
to see what could be said against Christianity,
with a very powerful bias to make the most of all
that they could find, some friends of mine, of more
ingenuity than erudition, strongly recommended
to my attention the works of a shoemaker at
Norwich, named Mackey, who they said was more
learned than any one else, and had completely
shown up the thing. It is worth a note that I
perfectly remember the cause of their excitement
to have been the imprisonment of the Rev. Robert
Taylor, for publishing various arguments against
revelation. I examined several works of Mackey's,
and I have yet one or two bound up among my
wonders of nature and art. As in time to come,
when neither love nor money will procure a copy
of these books, some tradition may set Inquirers
looking after them, perhaps it may be worth while
to preserve a couple of extracts for the benefit of
those who have the sense to hunt the index of
" N. & Q." before they give up anything.

" The Virgin Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus
and Cassiopeia, was the representative of Palestina ; a
long, narrow, rocky strip of land ; figuratively called
the daughter of Rocks and Mountains ; because it is a
country abounding with rocks and stones. And the
Greeks, really supposing Cepha, a rock or stone, to
have been the young ladies father, added their sign of
the masculine gender to it, and it became Cepha-ws.
And mount Cassius being its southern boundary was
called Cassiobi ; from its being also the boundary of
the overflowed Nile, called Obi, which the Greeks

566

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

softened into Cassiopeia, and supposed it to have been
her mother; . . ." — Mythological Astronomy, part se-
cond, Norwich, 1823, 12mo., p. xiii.

" The story of Abraham, notwithstanding all the
endeavours of theologians to give it the appearance of
the history of human beings, has preserved its mytho-
logical features with an outline and colouring, easily
to be recognised by every son of Urania [Ur of the
Chaldees is subsequently made to contain the root of
Uranus^. We have just seen that the Egyptians have
their harvest about the time which the sun passes over
the equator, and if we go back to the time of Abraham
we shall find that the equator [perhaps he means
equinox] was in Taurus ; the Egyptians must, then,
have had their harvest while the sun was in the Bull ;
the Bull was, therefore, in their figurative way of
.speaking, the father of harvest, not only because he
ploughed the ground, but because the sun was there
■when they got in their harvest: thus the Bull was
doubly distinguished as their benefactor; he was now,
more than ever, become the Bull of life, i. e. he was
not only called Abir, the Bull, but Abir-am or Ab'-r-am,
the Bull of life, — the father of harvest. And as their
harvest was originally under the direction of Iseth, or
Isis, whatever belonged to harvest was Isiac ; but the
Bull, Abiram, was now become the father of Isiac I and
to give this the appearance of a human descent, they
added to Abir, the masculine afl^x ah; then it became
Ab'-rh-am who was the father of Isiac. And we
actually find this equivoque in the hebrew history of
Abram whom the Lord afterwards called Abraham, who
was ihe father of Isaac, whose seed was to be countless
as the sand on the sea-shore for multitude ; even this
is truly applied to Isiac the offspring of Ab'-rh-am ; for
countless indeed are the offspring of the scythe and
sickle ! but if we allow Isiac to be a real son of Ab-rah-
am we must enquire after his mother. During the
time that the equator [perhaps he means the sun] is
passing through the constellation of the Bull in the
spring, the Bull would rise in the east every morning
in the harvest time, in Egypt, — but in the poetical
language of the ancients, it would be said that, when
Asia- AM consorts vAth Attrora he will produce Isiac.
But Aurora is well known to be the golden splendour of
the cast, and the brightness of the east is called Zara,
and the morning star is Serah, in the eastern lan-
guages, and we find a similar change of sound in the
name of Isaac's mother, whom the Lord would no
longer call Sarai but Sarah. These are remarkable
coincidences!" — Companion to the Mythological Astro-
nomy, Norwich, 1824, 12mo. pp. 177 — 179,

M.

In ansvrer to the inquiry respecting this sin-
gular man, I beg- to say that I remember him be-
tween the years 1826 and 1830, as a shoemaker
in Norwich. He was in a low rank of trade, and
in poor circumstances, which he endeavoured to
improve by exhibiting at private houses an orrery
of his own making. He was recognised as a
"genius;" but, as maybe seen by his writings,
had little reverence for established forms of belief.
At the period of which I speak, which was soon
after the publication of his first work, I knew but

little of his mind, and lost sight of him altogether
till about 1840. Then circumstances connected
witli my own line of study led me to call on him
in Doughty's Hospital, Norwich, an asylum for
aged persons. I found him surrounded by astro-
nomical apparatus, books, the tools of his former
trade, and all kinds of strange litters. In the
conversation that ensued, I learned much of the
workings of his mind ; though his high self-appre-
ciation could not descend to unreserved converse
with a woman. My object was, to ascertain by
what steps he had arrived at his theory of the
earth's motion, but I could gain nothing distinct.
He mentioned the Asiatic Researches as contain-
ing vast infoi'mation on his peculiar subject ;
quoted Latin, and I think Greek, authors ; and
seemed to place great dependence on Maurice and
Bryant ; but, above all, on Capt. Wilford's Essays.
He showed me some elaborate calculations, at
which he was then working ; and still fancied him-
self qualified, perhaps destined, to head a great
revolution in the astronomical world. I cannot
say how far his knowledge of geology went, as I
am not well acquainted with that science. He
had evidently read and studied deeply, but alone ;
his own intellect had never been brushed by the
intellects and superior information of truly scien-
tific men, and it appeared to me that a vast deal
of dirt, real dirt, had accumulated in his mind.
My visit disappointed and pained me ; but he
seemed gratified, and I therefore promised to call
again, which I did, but he was not at home. I
think this visit was soon after he had removed
into the hospital, for I then purcliased his last
work. The Age of Mental Emancipation, published
1836, before he obtained that asylum. He died
before 1849, but I do not know the exact year.

In my next visit to Norwich, I will make in-
quiries on all points relating to Mackey, of the
very few persons now left who took interest in
him, and I think I can find the printer of his last
pamphlet.

I have not the work mentioned in "N. & Q. ;"
but, besides his last work, I have The Mythological
Astronomy of the Ancients demonstrated, which is
partly in poetry.

I have been obliged to write this Note in the
first person, as I can give only my own impres-
sions respecting Mackey ; and I wisli that ere this
you may have received clearer information from
more competent persons. If your Querist have
the least grain of faith in the theory of Mackey, I
hope he will not let the subject drop, for I have
long been deeply interested in it. F. C. B.

Diss.

Mackey, of whom your correspondent inquires,
was an entirely self-educated man, but a learned
shoemaker, residing in Norwich. He devoted all
his leisure time to astronomical, geological, and

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

567

philological pursuits ; and had some share in the
formation of a society in his native town, for the
purpose of debating questions relative to these
sciences. I have understood that he was for some
time noticed by a small portion of the scientific
world, but afterwards neglected, as, from his own
account, he appears also to have been by his
literary fellow townsmen ; and at last to have died
in a Norwich alms-house. This is but a meagre
account of the man, but it is possible that I may
be able to glean farther particulars on the subject ;
for a medical friend of mine, who some time ago
lent me Mythological Astronomy, promised to let
me see some papers in his possession relative to
this learned shoemaker's career, and to a few of
his unpublished speculations. When I have an
opportunity of seeing these, I shall be glad to com-
municate to your correspondent through "N. & Q."
anything of interest. The title-page of Mytho-
logical Astronomy runs thus :

" The Mythological Astronomy of the Ancients
demonstrated by restoring to their Fables and Sym-
bols their Original Meanings. By Sampson Arnold
Mackey, Shoemaker. Norwich : printed by R. Walker,
near the Duke's Palace. Published May 1, 1822, by
S. A. Mackey, Norwich."

The book contains a variety of subjects, but
principally treats of the Hindoo, Greek, and Roman
mythology; and endeavours to deduce all the
fables and symbols of the ancients from the starry
sphere. It also contains a singular hypothesis of
the author's upon the celebrated island of Atlantis,
mentioned by Plato and other Greek authors ; and
some very curious speculations concerning the
doctrine of the change in the angle which the
plane of the ecliptic makes with the plane of the
equator.

Urania's Key to the Revelations is bound up with
the above work. I forgot to say that his Ancient
Mythology demonstrated is written in verse, and
afterwards more fully explained by notes. His
poetical abilities, however, neither suit the subject,
nor are of a very high order. His prose is better,
but here and there shows the deficiency of edu-
cation. E. M. R.

Grantham.

SINCERE, SIMPLE, SINGULAR.

(Vol. viii., pp. 195. 328. 399.)

When a hive of bees is taken, the practice is to
lay the combs upon a sieve over some vessel, in
order that the honey may drain out of the combs.
Whilst the combs are in the hive, they hang per-
pendicularly, and each cell is horizontal; and in
this position the honey in the cells which are in
the course of being filled does not run out ; but
when the combs are laid on the sieve horizontally,
the cells on the lower side of the combs hang per-

pendicularly, and then the honey begins to run
out of those that are not sealed up. The honey
that so runs out is perfectly pure, and free from
wax. The cells, however, that are sealed ap with
wax still retain their honey ; and the ordinary
process to extract it is to place the sieve with the
combs upon it so near a fire as gradually to melt
the wax, so as to let the honey escape. During
this process, some portion of wax unavoidably
gets mixed with the honey. Here then we have
two kinds of honey : one in a perfectly pure state,
and wholly sine cera ; the other in some degree
impure, and mixed cum cerd. Can anything be
more reasonable than to suppose that the former
was called sincerum mel, just as we call it virgin
honey ? And this accords with Ainsworth's deri-
vation, " ex sine et cera : ut mel purum dicitur
quod cera non est permixtum." If it be said that
there is nothing to show that the old Romans
adopted the process I have described, I reply it i»
immaterial what process they followed in order to
extract what would not flow out of itself; as
whatever did flow out of itself would be mel sine
cerd.

If such were the origin of the term, it is easy
to see how appropriately, in a secondary sense, it
would denote whatever was pure, sweet, unadul-
terated, and ingenuous.

Now if we apply this sense to the line :

" Sincerum est nisi vas quodcunque infundis acescit," —

it will mean, " unless the vessel be sweet and pure,
it will tui'n whatever you pour into it sour."

This is the interpretation that has always
hitherto been put upon the line ; which is thus
translated by Tommaso Gargalio, vol. iii. p. 19.
edit. 1820:

" Se non e puro il vase, ecco gia guasto
Che che v' infondi."

And by Francis (vol. iv. p. 27., 6th edit.) : —

" For tainted vessels sour what they contain."

The context shows that this is the correct trans-
lation, as sincerum vas is obviously in opposition
to " auriculas collectd sorde dolentes," in the pre-
ceding line.

The line itself plainly refers to the well-known
fact, that if wine or other liquor be poured into a
foul vessel, it will be polluted by it. Nor can I
avoid noticing the elegant opposition, according to
this construction, between the sweetness in «'«-
cerum, and the acidity in acescit.

I also think that Mr. Ingleby's version cannot
be correct for the following reason. Cracks may
exist in every part of a vessel alike ; and as the
part filled by the liquor is always many times
greater than the remainder of the vessel, cracks
would more frequently occur in the former ; and,
as where air can get in the liquor can get out, it

t

568

KOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

is plain that in the majority of instances the liquor
would run away instead of turning sour. Now
the line plainly contains a general affirmative pro-
position that all liquor whatsoever will be turned
sour, unless the vessel be sincerum ; and therefore
that version cannot be right which applies only
to a few instances.

" Sincerum cupimus vas incrustare" is well
rendered by Gai'gallo (vol. ii. p. 37.) :

" . . . . Insudiciar bramiamo
Anco il vase piu puro ; "

and by Francis (vol. iii. p. 39.) :

" And joy th' untainted vessel to begrime."

The passage is well explained in the note to
Baxter's Hor. (p. 310. edit. 1809) :

" Incrustari vas dicitur cum aliquo vitioso succo
illinitur atijue inquinatur."

And the passage in the 18 th satire pf Lucllius
shows that this is an accurate explanation :
« . , , . . Regionibus illls

Incrustatu' calix ruta caulive bibetur."

A practice, I rather think, prevails in some parts
of England of rubbing the inside of a vessel with
sweet herbs, in order to flavour cyder or other
liquor.

It appears from the same note :
" Fracta vasa et gypsare et pelliculare Veteres consue-
vere. Gypsantur et pelHeulantur vasa plena ad aera
et sordes excludendas. Sincernm proprie mel sine
ceia, vel, quod magis hue pertinct, vas non ceratum :
nam a ceratura odorem vel saporem trahit."

If these passages show the practice of sealing ves-
sels with wax, they also show that the Avax was
what affected the flavour of the liquor.

Mk. Jeffcock plainly errs in saying that sim-
plex " does not mean without a fold, but once
folded." In Latin we have the series simplex,
duplex, triplex, &c., corresponding precisely to the
English single, double, treble, &e. And as single
denotes a thing without a fold, so does simplex.
Mr. Jeffcock's derivation would make simplex
and duplex mean the same thing. Now duplex
does not mean twice folded, but double.

Nor can I think that singtdus can be " semel
and termination." Ainsworth derives it from the
Hebrew nSjDj which denotes whatever is pecu-
liar or singular. It occurs to me to suggest whe-
ther it may not be derived from sine angidis. The
term denotes unity — one person, one thing. Now
the Roman mark for one is a straight line, and
that is " that which lies evenly between its ex-
treme points;" it is emphatically a line without
bend, angle, or turning — "llnea sine angulus:"
angulus, like its Greek original, denoting any bend,
whether made by a straight or curved line.

Though I cannot at this moment refer to any
other Latin words compounded of sine, we have

In Spanish simpar, without equal : siriigual, sin-
justicia, sinrazon, sinnumero, sinsabor.

The delight I take in endeavouring to attain
the correct meaning of the classics will, I hope,
form some apology for the length of this Note.

S. G. C.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

POETICAI, TAVBKN SIGNS.

(Vol. viii., p. 242.)

In an old collection of tavern signs of the last
century, among many others I find the following.
On the sign of the " Arrow," at Knockholt, in
Kent, —

" Charles Collins liveth here,
Sells rum, brandy, gin, and beer ;
I made this board a little wider,
To let you know I sell good cyder."

On the sign of the " Shoulder of Mutton and
Cat," at Hackney, in Middlesex, —

" Pray Puss don't tear,
For the mutton is so dear ;
Pray Puss don't claw.
For the mutton yet is raw,"

On the sign of the "Gate," at Blean Hill, in
Kent, —

" Stop, brave boys, and squenck your thirst,
If you won't drink, the horses must."

On the sign of the " Ship in Distress," in
Middle Street, Brighton, Sussex, —

" With sorrows I am compass'd round ;
Pray lend a hand, my ship's aground."

On the sign of the " Waggon and Horses," in
Black Lion Street, Brighthelmstone, —

" Long have I travers'd both far and near,
On purpose to find out good beer.
And at last I found it here."

EUBY.

At a small way -side beer-shop in the parish of
Werrington in the county of Devon, a few years
since there was the following sign :

«' The Lengdon Inn, kept by M. Vuller.

Gentlemen walk in and sit at your alse.

Pay for what you call for, and call for what you plaise;

As tristing of late has been to my sorrow.

Pay me to-day and I'lltristee to-morrow."

J. D.
Launceston.

Not far from Kilpeck, Herefordshire, I have
seen a wayside public-house, exhibiting the sign
of the " Oak," under which is the following
couplet :

" I am an oak, and not a yew.
So drink a cup with good John Pugh."

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

569

As " good John Pugh " sold excellent cider, I did
not repent complying with the injunction.

W. J. Bebnhard Smith.
Temple.

This is at a roadside public-house near Maiden-
head, known by the sign of the " Gate." It is
thus :

" This gate hangs high,

It hinders none ;

Drink hearty, boys,

And travel on."

I remember a sign near Marlborough of the " Red

Cow," and the landlord, being also a milkman, had

inscribed under the rude drawing of a cow these

lines :

«' The Red Cow
Gives good milk now."

Newburiensis.

HOMO UNIUS LIBRI.

(Vol. vlii., p. 440.)

I have not verified in the works of St. Thomas
this saying ascribed to him, but I subjoin a pas-
sage from Bishop Taylor, where it is quoted :

" A river cut into many rivulets divides also its
strength, and grows contemptible and apt to be forded
by a lamb and drunk up by a summer sun ; so is the
spirit of man busied in variety, and divided in itself;
it abates its fervour, cools into indifferency, and becomes
trifling by its dispersion and inadvertency. Aquinas
was once asked, with what compendium a man might
best become learned ? He answered. By reading of one
hook ; meaning that an understanding entertained with
several objects is intent upon neither, and profits not."
— Life of Christ, part ii. s. xii. 16.

He also quotes Ecclus (xi. 10.), St. Gregory,
St. Bernard, Seneca, QuintlUian, and Juvenal to
the same purpose.

Southey quotes part of this passage from Bishop
Taylor (in the Doctor) and adds :

" Lord Holland's poet, the prolific Lope de Vega,
tells us to the same purport. The Homo Unius Libri
is indeed proverbially formidable to all conversational
figurantes : like your sharpshooter, he knows his piece,
and is sure of his shot."

The truth of this dictum of St. Thomas cannot
be too much insisted on In this age of many books,
which affords such Incentives to literary dissipa-
tion and consequent shallowness.

" An intellectual man, as the world now conceives
of liim, is one who is full of ' views,' on all subjects of
philosophy, on all matters of the day. It is almost
thought a disgrace not to have a view at a moment's
notice on any question from the Personal Advent to the
Cholera or Mesmerism. This is owhig in a great
measure to the necessities of periodical literature, now
so much in request. Every quarter of a year, every
month every day, there must be a supply for the

gratification of the public, of new and luminous
theories on the subjects of religion, foreign politics,
home politics, civil economy, finance, trade, agriculture,
emigration, and the colonies. Slavery, the gold fields,
German philosophy, the French empire, Wellington,
Peel, Ireland, must all be practised on, day after day,
by what are called original thinkers." — Dr. Newman's
Disc, on Univ. Educ., p. xxv. (preface).

This writer follows up the subject very ably,
and his remarks on that spurious phllosophism
which shows itself In what, for want of a better
word, he calls " viewlness," are worth the atten-
tion of all homines tinius libri.

P.S. — As I think of it, I shall make a cognate
Query. Some facetious opponent of the school-
men fathered on St. Thomas Aquinas an ima-
ginary work in sundry folio volumes entitled De
Omnibus Rebus, adding an equally bulky and
imaginary supplement — Et Quibusdam Aliis. This
is as often used to feather a piece of unfledged
wit, as the speculation concerning the number
of angels that could dance on the point of a
needle, and yet I have never been able to trace
out the inventor of these visionary tomes.

EiRIONNACH.

THE FORLORN HOPE.
(Vol. vlii., p. 411.)

My attention was directed to the consideration
of this expression some years ago when reading in
John Dymmoks' Treatise of Ireland, written about
the year 1600, and published among the Tracts
relating to Ireland, printed for the Irish ArchcBO'
logical Society, vol. Ii., the following paragraph :

" Before the vant-guard marched the forelorn hope,
consisting of forty shott and twenty shorte weapons,
with order that they should not discharge untill they
presented theire pieces to the rebells' breasts in their
trenches, and that sooddenly the short weapons should
enter the trenches pell mell : vpon eyther syde of the
vant-guarde (which was observed in the batle and reare-
guarde) marched wings of shott enlerlyned with pikes, to
which were sent secondes with as much care and dili-
gence as occasion required. The baggage, and a parte
of the horse, marched before the battell ; the rest of the
horse troopes fell in before the rearewarde except thirty,
which, in the head of the rearelorne hope, conducted by
Sir Hen. Danvers, made the retreit of the whole army."
— P. 32.

The terms rearelorne hope and forlorne hope
occur constantly in the same work, and bear the
same signification as In the foregoing.

Remarking upon this circumstance to my friend
the late Dr. Graves, he wrote the following notice
of the word in the Dublin Quarterly Journal of
Medical Science, of which I was then the editor, in
Feb. 1849 :

" Military and civil writers of the present day seem
quite ignorant of the true meaning of the words for-

570

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

lorn hope. The adjective has nothing to do with de-
spair, nor the substantive with the ' charmer which
lingers still behind ; ' there was no such poetical depth
in the words as originally used. Every corps marching
in any enemy's country had a small body of men at the
head (haupt or hope) of the advanced guard ; and
Avhich was termed the forlorne hope (lorn being here
but a termination similar to ward in forward), while
another small body at the head of the rere guard was
called the rear-lorn hope (xx.), A reference to John-
son's Dictionary proves that civilians were misled as
early as the time of Dryden by the mere sound of a
technical military phrase ; and, in process of time, even
military men forgot the true meaning of the words. It
grieves me to sap the foundations of an error to which
we are indebted for Byron's beautiful line :

' The full of hope, misnamed _/brforn.'**

W. R. WiiJ)E.

Dublin.

TUECKS "COMCEDIA DIVIHA.

(Vol. viii., p. 126.)

The title-page of this work is : Comcedia Divina,
mit drei Vorreden von Peter Hammer, Jean Paul,
und dem Heramgeher, 1808. The absence of

fmblisher's name and place of publication leaves
ittle doubt that the name W. G. H. Gotthardt,
and the date "Basel, Mai 1, 1808," are both fic-
titious.

But for finding the passage cited by M. M. E.
at p. 38., I should have supposed that the Munich
critic had referred to some other book with the
same title. No one who has read this can suppose
it was written by Tieck. The Catholic-romantic
school, of which he was the most distinguished
member, furnishes the chief objects of the author's
ridicule. Novalis, Gorres, and F. Schlegel are
the most prominent; but at p. 128. is an absurd
sonnet " an Tieck."

The Comcedia Divina is a very clever and some-
what profane satire, such as Voltaire might have
writtea had he been a German of the nineteenth
century. It opens with Jupiter complaining to
Mercury of ennui {eine langweilige Existenz), and
that he is not what he was when young. Mercury
advises a trip to Leipzig fair, where he may get
good medical advice for his gout, and certairdy
will see something new. They go, and hear
various dealers sing the catalogues of their goods.
The lines quoted by M. M. E. are sung by a
young man with a puppet-show and barrel-organ
to the burden :

" Orgelum Orgelei,
Dudeldum Dudeldei."

He exhibits things taken from the physics of
Oken, the metaphysics of Schelling, and the

aesthetics of Gorres. The whole of the song is
good; and I quote one stanza as showing a
sound appreciation of the current metaphy-
sicians :

" Die Intelligenz construirt sich in der Zeit
Als Object, und erkennt sich, und das ist gescheidt,
Denn aus diesen und andern Constructuren
Entstehen Lehrb'ucher und Professuren."

They visit the garret of Herr Novalis Octavi-
anus Hornwunder, a maker of books to order
upon every subject : they learn the mysteries of
the manufacture. The scene is clever, but much
of the wit is unappreciable as directed against
productions which have not survived. Jupiter,
in compassion to Hornwunder, changes him to a
goose, immediately after which a bookseller enters,
and, mistaking the gods for authors, makes them
an offer of six dollars and twelve groschen the
octavo volume, besides something for the kitchen.
Jupiter, enraged, changes him to a fox, which
forthwith eats the goose " feathers and all."

They then go to see the play of the Fall of
Man {Der Siindenfall). The subject is treated
after the manner of Hans Sachs, but with this
difference, that the simple-minded old Nurem-
berger saw nothing incongruous in making Cain
and Abel say their catechism, and Cain go away
from the examination to fight with the low boys
in the'street ; whereas the author of Der Siinden-
fall is advisedly irreverent. Another proof, if one
were wanted, that he was not Tieck.

Die Ungotdiche Comodie is not by Batornicki,
but translated by him from the Polish. In the
preface he apologises for inelegant German, as
that is not his native language : and I presume
he is a Pole, as he says the author s name is known
among us (unter uns). As he calls it a poem
(Dichtung), the original is probably in verse. I
think the Munich critic could have seen only
some extracts from the Comcedia Divina ; for, so
far from Batornicki " plundering freely," I do not
find any resemblance between the works except
in the sole word comcedia. The Comcedia Divina
is a mockery, not political, but literary, and as
such anti-mystic and conservative. Die Uvgott-
liche Comodie is wild, mystical, supernatural,
republican, and communistic. It contains pas-
sages of great power, eloquence, and pathos.
German critics are often prosy and inefficient,
but not given to wilful misrepresentation or care-
lessness in examining the books they review.
The writer in the Munich journal must be held
an exception. H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

571

UVERIES WORN RY GENTLEMEN.

(Vol. vi., p. 146. ; Vol. viii., p. 473.)

The prevalence of the custom of the liveries of
noble and other pei'sons being worn by others
than the retainers of the family, in the reigns of
Henry VI. and Elizabeth, is exemplified by two
documents preserved amongst the MSS. of the
corporation of this borough. The first, which is
also curious as a specimen of the language of the
period, is an award under the seal of Margaret
of Anjou ; under whom, as they had previously
done under Katherine, queen of Henry V., the
corporation farmed the bailiwick of the town :

" Margaret, by the grace of God, Quene of England
and of Ffraunce and Lady of Irland, Doughter of the
Kyng of Sicile and Jerlm. Be it knawen to all men
to whom this p'sent writyng (endented) shall come,
that whereas a certeyn Comission of my fuldoutfuU
Lord was directed to c'teyn psones to enquere as well

of yevyng of lyu'e, as of other diu's articles

before the Comissioners of the seyd Comission it was
p'sented by William Neuby and other of our tenntz of

Leycestre that c'teyn psones, in Leyccstre,

had taken clothyng of diu'rez p'sones, ayenst the forme
of the statut ; that ys to wete, that some of hem had
taken clothyng of the Viscount Beaumont, and some
of S' Edward Grey, Lord Fferrers of Growby, and
some of hem had taken clothyng of other diu'res jjsones,
by cause of which p'sentement diu'res psones, some of
the houshold of the seyd Lord Fferrers, and some of
the clothing of the said Lord, with other wele wllners
to the said Lord, as yet not to us knawen, by support-
aeon and favour, and for pleasance to the said Lord, as

we ben enfo'med betyn and sore woundetyn

the said William Neuby, and manesten to bete other
of our teniitz of Leycestre." She doth there-
fore " ordeyn, deme, and awarde " that the said Lord
Ferrers pay c. marks to William Neuby, that he " be
goode lorde to the said William Neuby ; and to all
other teniitz in our lordship of Leycestre ; and that
the said lord shall not geve any clothyng or liue'y to
any psone dwellyng within our said lordship," &c. . . .
" Yeven the xx day of May, the yere of the reign of my
most douted Lord Kyng Henr' the Sext, xxviL"

The above extracts show one of the evils to
which the practice led ; another, mentioned in the
deed, was that of deerstealing. William Newby
was mayor of the town in 1425, 1433, and 1444-5.

The second document is a curious letter from
the mayor and some members of the corporation
to George Earl of Huntington, lord-lieutenant of
the county, and a frequent resident in the town,
where a part of his mansion, called "Lord's
Place," and in which James I. was entertained,
still_ exists. ^ The draft of this letter forms part of
an interesting series of correspondence between
thecorporation and the earl, respecting the nomi-
nation of the parliamentary representatives of the
town in 1601.

The earl recommended that Mr. (afterwards
Sir) William Herrick and Mr. Bromley should
be chosen, and in strong language warned them
against electing Mr. George Belgrave of Belgrave
(who had greatly offended him), as he hears " that
Belgrave still contineweth his great practising in
labouring to be chosen;" and he adds, "Goode
Mr. Mayor, be carefull of this, as you and the
rest will looke to make accompt of me."

It appears that many members of the corpo-
ration were secretly favourable to Mr. Belgrave,
and he was elected, as explained in the following
letter :

" Right Ho% oure humble dewties remeberd, &c.,
may yt please yo"" good Lpp. to be c'tified, that upon
Tuesday morninge laste, being assembled for the choice
of o' Burgesses, Mr. George Belgrave p'sented him-
selfe amongest us, in a blewe coat w"" a bull head, af-
firminge and protestinge he was yo"" Lp's s'vt, and that
S' Henrie Harrington, verye late the night before, had
obteyned that favour of yo"' ho' in his behalfe ; and
muche bemoned his former undewtifull cariage towards
yo' Lp, w*'' a remorsive remembrance of many most
ho. favors receaved from yo' Lp and yo'' house, to-
wards his auncestors, him, and his; and, recommend-
inge his former suite to be one of oure Burgesses, being
demanded whether he had any letter from yo' Lp, an-
swered, that this (poyntinge at his coat and cogni-
zance) he hoped was a sufficient testimonie of y' Lp's
favour towards him, and of his submission towards yo'
ho' ; and further, that it was so late before S' Henrie
cold pcure yo' Lp's said favour, as that you cold not
well write, and, for the truth of the gmises, he offered
his corporal oathe. Whereupon we, thinkinge all this
to be true, made choyce of him, w"» Mr. Willm Her-
ricke, to be o' Burgesses. And now, tliis evening, wee
are credibly certified that y' Lp hath geven him no
suche entertaynem* ; and thus by his said lewde and
most dishonest dealinge, being much abused, we
thought it o' dewties forthew'i" to signifie the same
unto yo' Lp, humbly cravinge yo' Lp's most ho'able
favor for some reformacon of this vile practize. And
thus, w**" remembrance of oure dewties, wee humbly
take o' leaves. From Leic', this xx"" day of October,
1601. _

" Youre honor's most humble to comaunde,
Signed by " Willm Rowes, Maior,
Robert Heyricke,"
And ten others.

An angry and characteristic reply from the earl
follows, but with which, as it is printed in Thomp-
son's History of Leicester (p. 318.), I will not
trespass upon your valuable space. It may be
sufficient to say, that he tells the mayor that —

" Notwithstanding this treacherous devise of that
cunninge pracfisore, I feare it will appeare, upon due
scanninge of this accydent, y' there remaynes a false
brother amongst you .... And as for y« p'sone hym-
self whoe hathe thus shameleslye sought to dishonoure
me and deceave you, I will, by the grace of God, take
suche order as in honor and lawfuUye I maye, bothe

572

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

for y« better unfouldinge of this, as also for suche pun-
nyshm' as tlie law will inflict."

In pursuance of this determination, tlie earl
exhibited an information against Mr. Belgrave in
the Star Chamber. The subsequent proceedings
which took place on the subject in parliament will
be found noticed in D'Ewes's Journal, and quoted
in Thompson's History of Leicester, pp. 319-323.

William Kelly.

Leicester.

PHOTOGHAPHIC COREESPONDENCE.

Queries on Dr. Diamond's Calotype Process. —
Would you kindly ask Dk. Diamond, to whom I
should imagine all of us are more or less indebted,
the following questions respecting the very valu-
able paper on the calotype in the last Photographic
Journal ?

1. As to the white spots which make their
appearance in developing, on Turner's paper espe-
cially, and which he says are owjng to minute
pieces of metal in the paper, what is the best way
of hiding them in the negative, so that they may
as little as possible injure the positive ? I have
suffered sadly from this cause ; and have tried to
stop them with ammonio-nitrate, which turns after
a time to red, and stops the light effectually ; but
I should prefer some black colouring the strength
of which one could measure by seeing its imme-
diate effect.

2. And again, when one has black spots, what
is the best means of lessening their intensity, if
not of wholly removing them ? ^uroypafos.

[Where light spots occur in a negative, Dr. Dia-
mond recommends, as the most efTectual mode of stop-
ping them, a little gamboge neatly applied with a
camel-hair pencil. Where a great intensity is desired,
Indian ink may be applied in the same manner, taking
care in both cases to smooth off the edges with a dry
brush. The cyanide of potassium applied in the same
way, but with very great care, will remove the black
spots. Before it appears to have quite accomplished
its object, a negative should be immersed in water, as
its action is so energetic]

Alhumenized Paper. — I have followed Dr. Dia-
mond's directions for albumenizing paper (thin
Canson negative) as accurately as I can, but I
cannot prevent the albumen in drying, when
pinned up, from forming into waves or streaks.
This will be best understood from a specimen of a
sheet which I inclose, and I shall be much obliged
if you can tell me how this can be avoided. Some
alhumenized paper which I have purchased is
quite free from this defect, but being at a distance
from London, it is both convenient and economical
to prepare my own paper. C. E. F.

[We would recommend our correspondent to remove
Lis paper from the albumen still more slowly ; and to

take care not to draw it along, but so to lift it that the
last corner is not moved until it is raised from the al-
bumen. In pinning up be careful that the paper takes
the inward curl, otherwise the appearances exhibited
will be almost sure to take place. As the albumenizing
liquid is of very trifling cost, we recommend the use of
two dishes, as by that means a great economy of time
is obtained.]

JRcpIte^ t0 iHtiTor <^\\txlti.

Marcarnes (Vol. viii., p. 365.). — Can this cu-
riously sounding name be an archaic form of
Mackarness, a name, I think, still borne by living
persons ? Francis John Scott.

Tewkesbury.

Xon Brewers^ Casks (Vol. viii., p. 439.). — Your
correspondent B. H. C, though ingenious, is in
error. The X on brewers' casks originated in the
fact, that beer above a certain strength paid 105.
duty ; and the X became a mark to denote beer
of that better quality. The doubling and tripling
of the X are nothing but inventions of the brewers
to humbug the public. 2- T-

No Sparrows at Lindham (Vol. vli., p. 233.). —
Amongst the various responses in connexion with
the Queries given on the page above noted, com-
municated direct, the only one which I have
thought worthy of insertion in my MSS. is as fol-
lows :

« As for there being no sparrows at Lindham, it
may be accounted for in the following legend : — A
few years ago I was in that district when I heard some
account of a person called ' Tom of Lindham ; ' who,
by the way, was a curious personage, and performed
some very extraordinary and out-of-the-way feats. At
one time he was left at home to protect the corn from
the sparrows ; when, to save trouble, he got all of theiu
into the barn, and put a harrow into the window to
keep them in ; and ^o starved (e. e. hungered) them to
death."

Furthermore Mr. Whittaker kindly communi-
cated of the above Yorkshire worthy :

" At tlie close of Tom's life he took it into his head
to make a road across a part of Hatfield Chase to his
own dwelling ; when, according to the legend, he em-
ployed supernatural aid : with this clause in the con-
tract, that he, Tom, should not inquire any particulars
as to the character of his assistants or helpmates. One
day, however, being more curious than prudent, he
looked behind him ; his workmen immediately disap-
peared, and Tom of Lindham was no more heard of.
His road still remains in the state he left it."

M. AlSLABIE DeNHAM".
Piersebrldgc, near Darlington, Durham.

Theobald le Botiller (Vol. viii., ji. 366.)-— Theo-
bald le Botiller was an infant at his father's death,
1206. He had livery in 1222 ; and in 9 Hen. HI.,

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

573

1225, married Rohesia or Rose de Verdun, not
Verno7i. She was so great an heiress that she
retained her own name, and her posterity also bore
it. She founded the Abbey of Grace Dieu,
Liecestershire, in 1239; and died 1247-8. Her
husband died in 1230, leaving two sons : John de
Verdun, who inherited, and Nicholas, who died in
Ireland without issue ; and one daughter Maud,
TyIio married John FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel.

Walter Devereux.
Hampton Court Palace.

Vault at llichmond, Yorkshire (Vol. viii., p. 388.).
— Touching the "vault," or underground passage,
"that goeth under the river" of Swale, from the
Castle of Richmond to the priory of St. Martin,
every tradition, i. e. as to its whereabouts, is, I
believe, now wholly lost.

Your Querist, however, who seems to feel an
interest in that beautiful and romantic portion of
the north countrie, will perhaps welcome the fol-
lowing mythe, which is connected, it is possible,
with the identical vault which is depictured by
Speed in his Plan of Richmond. It was taken
down from the lips of a great-grand-dame by one
of her descendants, both of whom are still living,
for the gratification of your present correspon-
dent, who, like Luther,

" Would not for any quantity of gold part with the
wonderful tales which he has retained from his earliest
childhood, or met with in his progress through life."

But to my legend :

Once upon a time a man, walking round Rich-
mond Castle, was accosted by another, who took
him into a vennel, or underground passage, below
the castle; where he beheld a vast multitude of
people lying as if they were sleeping. A Jiorn
and a sword were presented to him : the horn to
blow, and the sword to draw ; in order, as said
his guide, to release them from their slumbers.
And when he had drawn the sword half out, the
sleepers began to move ; which frightened him so
much, that he put it back into the sheath : when
instantly a voice exclaimed,

" Potter I Potter Thompson !
If thou had either drawn
The sword, or blown the horn.
Thou had been the luckiest man that ever was born."

So ends the Legend of the Richmond Sleepers
and Potter Thompson ; which, mayhap, is scarcely
worth preserving, were it not that it has preserved
and handed down the characteristic, or rather
trade,_ cognomen and surname of its timorous at
least, if not cowardly, hero.

M. AlSLABIE DeNHAM.
Piersebridge, near Darlington, Durham.

Lord Audleijs Attendants at Poictiers (Vol. viii.,
p. 494.). — A notice of the arguments in opposition

to the statement, rested mainly on the grant of
arms by John Touchet, Lord Audley, to the de-
scendant of Sir James de Mackworth, in con-
sideration of his having been one of these esquires,
occurs in Blore's Rutland, p. 130. and p. 224. And
it appears to be satisfactorily shown by the grant
itself, that it was not made on account of the
services of Sir James. J. P. Jun.

Portraits at Brickwall House (Vol. vii., p. 406.).
— Immerzeel says, in his Levens der Kunstschilders
(^Lives of the Painters), vol. iii. pp. 238,239. :

" Thomas van der Wilt, born at Piershil in the
district of Putten, was a disciple of Verkolje at Delft,
where he also settled. He painted portraits, domestic
scenes, &c., which were not free from stiffness. He
also engraved in mezzotinto after Brouwer, Schalken,
and others. His drawings were engraved by his son
William, who died young."

He was living in 1701, and was probably
grandson of a person of the same name who re-
sided in 1622 at Soetermeer near Leyden, for
in the register of the villages of Rhynland are
found :

" Jan Thomas van der Wilt and Maritgen Pietersdr,
his wife, with Thomas, Maritgen, Pieter, Cornells,
Grietge, Jannetge, and Ingethen, their children."

The portrait painted by Terburgh probably
represents Andries de Graeff, who, in 1672, is
called by Wagenaar, in his Vaderlandsche Hist, of
that year (p. 82.), late* burgomaster of Amster-
dam. It is then necessary to ascertain whether
this late burgomaster died in 1674. The family de
Graeff also resided at Delft, where several of its
members became magistrates. Elsevir.

The portrait of the old gentleman is, in my
opinion, doubtless that of Andries de Graeff, who
was elected burgomaster of Amsterdam in 1660,
and filled the office several times afterwards,
although after the year 1670 his name no more
appears on the list of burgomasters, which can
very well agree with the date of death (1674) on
the portrait. — From the Navorscher.

A. J. VAN DER Aa .
Gorinchem.

The Words ''Mob" and ''Cash" (Vol. viii.,
pp. 386. 524.). — Clericus Rusticcs will find
the origin and first introduction of the word tnob
fully stated in Trench's Lectxires on the Study of
Words (p. 124. fourth ed.). In addition to the
quotations there made, Clericus Rusticus may
refer to Dryden's preface to Cleomenes (1692), to
the 230th number of The Tatler, written by Swift
(an. 1710), and to the Desnu's Introduction to Polite
Conversation.

Cash. — What Lord Holland may have meant
by a legitimate English word it is hard to say.
Dr. Johnson derives it from the Fr. caisse (or
casse), which Cotgrave interprets " a box, a case,

574

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

or cbest ; also, a merchant's cash or counter."
Todd confirms the correctness of Johnson's ety-
molo;ry by a usage in Win wood's Memorials;
where the Countess of Shrewsbury is said to have
20,000Z. in her cash. And Richardson farther
confirms it by a quotation from Sir \V. Temple ;
and one from Sherwood, who explains cashier,
" Qui garde le casse de I'argent de merchand ; "
and a merchant's cash, " casse de merchand." Q.

Bloomsbury.

English Clergyman in Spain (Vol. viii., p. 410.).
— The clergyman was perhaps attached to the
army of England in Spsiin, in the capacity of chap-
lain. I recommend a search for the record of
his licence, which will very probably recite his
appointment ; and this record is most likely to be
found with the proper officer of the diocese of
London, in Doctors' Commons. I have seen one
extraordinary discovery of information of the kind
now sought by D. Y., in this quarter ; and D. Y.
will probably be so kind as to note his success in
" N. & Q.," if he obtains his information here or
elsewhere. E.

The Cid (Vol. viii., p. 367.).— I find in the
catalogue of my library, the greatest part of which
was destroyed by fire in 1849, amongst other
books relating to The Cid, the following :

" Romancero, e Historia-del may valeroso Caval-
lero el Cid Ruy Diaz de Bivar, en lengu<je aiitiguo,
recopilado por Juan de Escobar. En esta ultima im-
pression van aiiadidos muchos romances, que hasta
aora no ban sido impresses, ni divulgados, 12mo. con
licen9ia. En Pamplona, por Martin de Zavala, aiio
1706."

" Romancero e Historia del miii valeroso Cabellero
el Cid Rui-diaz de Vibar, en lenguage antiguo, reco-
pilado por Juan de Escobar, neuva edicion, reformada
sobre las antiguas, aiiadida e illustrada con varias notas
y composiciones del mismo tiempo y asunto para su
mas facil intelligencia, y adornada con un epitome de la
Historia verdadera del Cid. Por D. Vicente Gon9ales
del Reguero. 12mo. con licencia, Madrid, Imprenta de
Cano, 1818."

In Thorpe's Catalogue, 1841, Ko. 1355, is an
edition, 12mo., Segovia, 1629. John Adamson.

Exterior Stoups (Vol. v., p. 560. ; Vol. vi.,
pp. 18. 86. 160. 345. 497. 591., &c.).— Havitig
introduced this subject to " N. & Q.," you will
perhaps allow me to return to it, by adding to the
list of churches where exterior stoups may be seen,
the names of Leigh and Slirawley, Worcestershire.
A recent visit to these places made me aware of
the existence of the stoups. That at Leigh is in a
shattered condition, and is on the south side of
the western doorway : it is now covered in by a

porch of later date. That at Shrawley is on the
eastern side of the south door, and is hollowed out
within the top of a short column. Shrawley
Church possesses many points of interest for the
antiquary : among which may be mentioned, a
Norman window pierced through one of the but-
tresses of the chancel. Among the noticeable
things at Leigh Church is a rude sculpture of the
Saviour placed exteriorly over the north door of
the nave, in a recess, with semicircular heading
and Norman pillars. The rector is gradually
restoring this fine church.

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

Green Jugs used hy the Templars (Vol. viii.,
p. 171.). — In clearing out the ground for the
foundation of Raymond Buildings in Gray's Inn,
about thirty years since, two earthen green jugs
were dug up, which are preserved by the benchers
as a memento of " the olden times."

They will hold very little more than half a pint
of liquor, are tall and of good proportions, but so
small at the top as almost to preclude their being
used to drink out of, and having a lip it is sur-
mised that they held the portion assigned to each
student, who was also supplied with a drinking
horn.

I have seen a jug of the same description in the
possession of a gentleman in Lincoln's Inn, which
he informed me was brought to light in excavating
for the new hall. It is therefore probable that
all the Inns of court were accustomed to provide
jugs of the same description. F. Whitmarsh.

" Peccavi," I have
Your correspondent
does " not know on
that " the old and la
Napier, wrote on the
is informed that the
was Mr. Punch.

Scinde (Vol. viii., p. 490.). —
Mr. G. Lloyd, who says he

what authority" it is stated
imented warrior, Sir Charles
conquest of Scinde, Peccavi!"

sole author of the despatch

CuTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

In a note touching these well-known words, Mr.
G.Lloyd says, "It is also stated, I do not knowon
what authority, that the old and lamented warrior,
Sir Charles Napier, wrote on the conquest of
Scinde, Peccavi!" The author of Democritus in
London, with the Mad Pranks and Comical Con-
ceits of Motley and Robin Good-Felhnc, thus al-
ludes to this saying in that woi-k. I presume he
had good authority for so doing :

Sir P. " What exclaim'd the gallant Napier,
Proudly flourishing his rapier 1
To the army and the navy.
When he conquer'd Scinde ? ' Peccavi ! ' "

A Subscriber.

Raffaelle's Sposalizio (Vol.vil., p. 595.; Vol. viii.,
p. 61.) — The reason why the ring is placed on

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

57S

the third finger of the right hand of the Blessed
Virgin iii Raffiielle's " Sposalizio " at Milan, and
In Ghirlandais's frescoe of tlie same subject in the
Santa Croce at Florence, is to be found in the
fact that the right hand has always been con-
sidered the hand of power or dignity, and the left
hand of inferiority or subjection. A married
woman always wears her ring on the third finger
of the left hand to signify her subjection to her
husband. But it has been customary among
artists to represent the Blessed Virgin with the
ring on the right hand, to signify her superiority
to St. Joseph from her surpassing dignity of Mo-
ther of God. Still she is not always represented
so, for in Beato Angelico's painting of the marriage
of Mary and Joseph she receives the ring on her
left hand. See woodcut in Mrs. Jameson's Le-
gends of Madonna, p. 170. In the Marriage of
the Blessed Virgin by Vanloo, in the Louvre, she
also receives the ring on the left hand. Giotto,
Taddeo Gaddi, Perugino, &c., have painted the
"Sposalizio," but I have not copies by me to
refer to. Ceyrep.

Early Use of Tin. — Derivation of the Name
of Britain (Vol. viii., pp. 290. 344. 445.). —Your
correspondent G. W. having been unable to inform
Dr. Hincks who first suggested the derivati(m of
Britannia from Baratanac or Bratanac, I have
the pleasure to satisfy him on this point by re-
ferring him to Bochart's Geographia Sacra, lib. i.
c. xxxix. In that great storehouse of histjrical
information, the Memoirs of the Academy of In-
scriptions and Belles-Lettres, there are some pro-
found researches by Melot and others, in which
may be found answers to all the Queries proposed
by G. W.

The islands, rivers, mountains, cities, and re-
markable places of Phoenician colonies, had even
in the time of the habitation of the Greeks and
Romans Phoenician names, which, according to
the spirit of the ancient languages of the East,
indicated clearly the properties of the places
which bore those names. See instances in Bochart,
ubi supra ; Sammes's Britannia Antiqua Illustrata,
or the A ntiquities of Ancient Britain derived from
the Phoenicians; and D'Hancarville's Preface to
Hamilton's Etruscan, 8fc. Antiquities.

B1BL10THEC.4.R. Chetham.

Unpublished Epigram by Sir Walter Scott
(Vol. vii., pp. 498. 576.). — The following extract
is from the Gentleman's Magazine, March, 1824,
p. 194. :

" Mr. J. Lawrence of Somers Town observes : ' In
the summer of the year 1770 I was on a visit at Beau-
mont Hall on the coast of Essex, a few miles distant
from Harwich. It was then the residence of Mr. Can-
ham. ... I was invited to ascend the attics in order
to read some lines, imprinted by a cowboy of preco-
cious intellect. I found these in handsome, neatly

executed letters, printed and burnished with leaf-gold,
on the wall of bis sleeping-room. They were really-
golden verses, and may well be styled Pythagorean
from their point, to wit :

' Earth goes upon the earth, glittering like gold;
Earth goes to the earth sooner than 'twould ;
Earth built upon the earth castles and towers;
Earth said to the Earth, All shall be ours.'

The curiosity of these lines so forcibly impressed them
on my memory, that time has not been able to efface a
tittle of them. But from what source did the boy obtain
them 9 "

Permit me to repeat this Query ? J.R. M., M.A.

Derivation of the Word " Humbug " (Vol. viii.
passim). — Not being satisfied with any of the
derivations of this word hitherto proposed in your
pages, I beg to suggest that perhaps it may be
traced to a famous dancing master who flourished
about the time when the word first came into use.
The following advertisement appeared in the
Dublin FreemarCs Jourruil in Jan. 1777 :

" To the NohiUty.
" As Monsieur Humbog does not intend for the
future teaching abroad after 4 o'clock, he, at the request
of his scholars, has opened an academy for young ladies
of fashion to practise minuets and cotillions. He had
his first asseml)ly on Friday last, and intends continuing
them every Friday durirg the winter. He does not
admit any gentlemen, and his number of ladies is
limited to 32; and as Mrs. Humbog is very conversant
in the business of the Toilet Table, the ladies may
depend on being properly accommodated. Mr. Humbog
having been solicited by several gentlemen, be intends
likewise to open an academy for them, and begs that
those who clmse to become subscribers will be so good
as to send him their addresses, that he may have the
honour of waiting upon them to inform them of his
terms and days. Mr. Humbog has an afternoon
school three times a week for little ladies and gentle-
men not exceeding 14 years of age. Terms of his
school are one guinea per month and one guinea
entrance. Any ladies who are desirous of knowing
the terms of his academy may be informed by appoint-
ing Mr. Humbog to wait upon them, which he will do
on the shortest notice. Capel St. 21 Jan. 1777."

Omicron.

Bees (Vol. viii., p. 440.). — In the midland
counties the first migration of the season is o
swarm, the second a cast, and the third a spindle.

Erica.

Topsy Turoy (Vol. viii., p. 385.). — I have
always understood this to be a corruption of
" Topside t'other way," and I still think so.

Wm. Hazel.

Parish Clerks and Politics (Vol. viii., p. 56.). —
In the excitement prevalent at the trial of Queen
Caroline, I remember a choir, in a village not a
hundred miles from Wallingford, Berks, singing

676

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

with great gusto the 1st, 4tb, 11th, and 12th
verses of 35th Psalin in Tate and Brady's New
Version. Wm. Hazbl.

Phantom Bells—" The Death Bell" (Vol. vii.
vassim). — I have never met, in any work on folk-
lore and popular superstitions, any mention of
that unearthly bell, whose sound is borne on the
death-wind, and heralds his doom to the hearer.
Mi( kle alludes to it in his fine ballad of " Cumnor
Halle :"

" The death-beUe thrice was heard to ring.
An aerial voice was heard to calle,
And thrice the raven flapp'd its wing,
Arounde the towers of Cumnor Halle."

And Rogers, in his lines " To an Old Oak :"

" There once the steel-clad knight reclined,
His sable plumage tempest-tossed :
And as the death-bell smote the wind,
From towers long fled by human kind.
His brow the hero crossed."

When ships go down at sea during a terrible
tempest, it is said the "death-bell" is often dis-
tinctly heard amid the storm- wind. And in tales
of what is called Gothic superstition, it assists in
the terrors of the supernatural.

Sir W. Scott perhaps alluded to the superstition
in the lines :

" And the kelpie ran^.
And the sea-maid sang,
The dirge of lovely Rosabelle."

EiRIONNACH.

Porter Family (Vol. viii., p. 364.). — Full par-
ticulars of the existing branch of this ancient
family can be afforded by the Rev. Malcom Mac-
donald of South End, Essex, chaplain to Lady
Tamar Sharpe, the aunt and guardian of the re-
presentatives of Sir R. K. Porter. M. H. J.

Thavies Inn.

The Mitred Abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts
(Vol. viii., p. 411.). — The figm'e was painted in
fresco, not on a pillar, but on the spandril- space
between two arches. The vestments, as far as I
can make out, are an alb, a tunicle and a cope,
and mitre. The hands do not appear to hold any-
thing, and I see nothing to show it to represent a
mitred abbot rather than a bishop. The colours
of the cope and tunicle were red and green, the
exterior of the cope and the tunicle being of one
colour, the interior of the cope of the other. The
figure was the only perfect one when I visited the
church, and the rain was washing it out even as
I sketched ; but there had been one between every
two arches, and there were traces of colour
throughout the aisle, and the designs appeared to
me unusually elegant. I believe my slight sketch
to be all that now remains ; and I shall be glad
to send a copy of it to your correspondent if he

wishes for it, and will signify how I may convey
it to him.

Passage in Virgil (Vol. viii., p. 270.). — Is this
the passage referred to by Doctor Johnson ?
" Nunc scio, quid sit Amor : diiris in cotibus ilium
Aut Tmarus, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garamantes,
Nee generis nostri puerum, nee sanguinis, edunt."
"Virgil : Bucolica, Eel. viii. 1. 43.
" The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted
with Love, and found him a native of the rocks."
Dr. Johnson found his reward not in vain solicit-
ations to patrons, but in the fruits of his literary
labours.

The famous lines in Spenser's " Colin Clout's
come home again," * on the instability and hoUow-
ness of patronage, may occur to the reader :
" Full little knowest thou, that hast not tride.
What hell it is in suing long to bide :
To lose good days that might be better spent.
To waste long nights in pensive discontent.
To speed to-day, to be put back to-morrow,
To feed on hope, to pine with fear and sorrow.
To fret thy soul with crosses and with cares ;
To eat thy heart through comfortless despaires," &c.

F.

Sir Anthony Fitzherbert, Chief Justice (Vol. viii.,
pp.158. 276.). — In "A Letter to a Convocation
Man," which was recently edited by a frequent
contributor to your pages, the Rev. W. Fraseb,
B.C.L,, and is favourably mentioned by you, I
find the following sentence, declaring that Sir
Anthony Fitzherbert was Chief Justice :

" I must admit that it is said in the second part of
Rolle's Abridgment, that the Archbishop of Canterbury
was prohibited to hold such assemblies by Fitzherbert,
Chief Justice, because he had not the King's licence.
But he adds that the Archbishop would not obey it ;
and he quotes Speed for it." — P. 38. of original pam-
phlet, and p. 36. of Mr. Eraser's reprint.

Mr. Eraser merely refers to Sir Anthony
Fitzherbert as being made judge of the Common
Pleas in 1523, and does not enter into this ques-
tion, which deserves investigation. M. W. R.

" To put a spoke in his wheeV (Vol. viir.,
pp. 269. 351.). — W. C.'s answer to G. K.'s in-
quiry is so very facetious, that I must confess I
do not understand it.

As to the meaning of the expression, I think
there can be no doubt. Ainsworth interprets it,
" Scrupulum injecisti mihi, spem meam remo-
ratus es."

In Dutch, "Een spaak in t'wiel steeken," is
"To traverse, thwart, or cross a design." See
Sewel's Woordenboek.

The efiect is similar to that of spiking cannon.
And it is not improbable that spoke, known by the

[ * In Mother Hubberd's Tale. —Ed.]

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

577

ignorant to form part of the wlieel, has been by
them corrupted from spike: and that the act is,
driving a spike into the nave, so as to prevent the
wheel from turning on its axle. Q.

Bloomsbury.

Ballina Castle (Vol. viii., p. 411.).— O.L.K.G.
inquires about Ballina Castle, Castlebar, and of
the general history, descriptions, &c. of the co.
Mayo. In the catalogue of my manuscript col-
lections, prefixed to my Annals of Boyle, or Early
History of Ireland (upwards of 200 volumes),
No. 37. purports to be " one volume 8vo., con-
taining full compilations of records and events
connected with the county of Mayo, with reference
to the authorities," and it has special notices of
Castlebar, Cong, Burrishoole, Kilgarvey, Lough
Conn, &c., and notes of scenery and statistics.
I offered in the year 1847 to publish a history
of the county if I was indemnified, but I did not
succeed in my application. I have, of course,
very full notices of the records, &c. of Ballinii,
and the other leading localities of that interesting
but too long neglected county, which I would
gladly draw out and assign, as I would any other
of my manuscript compilations, to any literary
gentleman who would propose to prepare them
for publication, or otherwise extract and report
from them as may be sought. John D'Alton.

48. Summer Hill, Dublin.

Mardle (Vol. viii., p. 411.). — This is the correct
spelling as fixed by Halllwell, I should pro-
pose to derive it from A.-S. mathelian, to speak,
discourse, harangue ; or A.-S. methel, discourse,
speech, conversation. (Bosworth.) Forby gives
this word only with the meaning " a large pond;"
a sense confined to Suffolk. But his vocabulary
of East Anglia is especially defective in East
Norfolk words — an imperfection arising from his
residence iu the extreme west of that county.

E. G. R,

Charles Diodati (Vol. viii., p. 295.). — Mr.
Singer mentions that Dr. Fellowes and others
have confounded Carlo Dati, Milton's Florentine
friend, with Charles Diodati, a schoolfellow (St.
Paul's, London) to whom he addresses an Italian
sonnet and two Latin poems. Charles Diodati
practised physic in Cheshire ; died 1638. Was
this young friend of Milton's a relative of Gio-
vanni Diodati, who translated the Bible into
Italian; born at Lucca about 1589; became a
Protestant ; died at Geneva, 1649 ? Ma. L,

Longevity (Vol. viii., p. 442.). •— Mr. Mur-
doch's Query relative to Margaret Patten re-
minds me of a print exhibited in tlie Dublin
E.\hibition, which bore the following inscription :

" Mary Gore, born at Cottonwith in Yorkshire,
A.D. 1582; lived upwards of one hundred years in

Ireland, and died in Dublin, aged 145 years. This
print was done from a picture taken (the word is torn
off) when she was an hundred and forty-three. Van-
luych pinxit, T. Chambers del."

EiRIONNACH.

^^Now the fierce hear" Sec (Vol. viii., p. 440.).
— The lines respecting which d. requests inform-
ation are from Mr. Keble's Christian Year, in the
poem for Monday in Whitsun Week. They ar^
however, misquoted, and should run thus

" Now the fierce bear and leopard keen
Are perish'd as they ne'er had been,
Oblivion is their home."

G. R. M.

>-

iMtsffcTTaucottiS.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

As long as poetry of the highest order is appreciated in
England, Gray's Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
will never want readers to pore over its beauties, or
artists ready to dedicate their talents to its illustration.
Of the latter fact we have evidence in a new edition
just issued by Mr. Cundall, which is illustrated on
every page with engravings on wood from drawings
by Birkett Foster, George Thomas, and a Lady. The
artists have caught the spirit of the poet, and their
fanciful creations have been transferred to the wood
with the greatest delicacy by the engravers, — the re-
sult being a most tasteful little volume, which must
take a foremost rank among the gift-books of the
coming Christmas.

Books Received. — Smith's Dictionary of Greek and
Roman Geography, hy various Writers, Part V'lII.,
which extends from the conclusion of the admirable
article on Etruria to Germania, and includes Gallia
Cixalpina and Transalpina, which scarcely required
the initials (G. L.) to point out the accomplished
scholar by whom they are written. — Darling's Cyclo-
ptvdia Bihliographica : Parts XIV. and XV. extend from
O. M. Mitchell to Platiiia or De Sacchi. The value of
this analytical, bibliographical, and biographical Li-
brary Manual will not be fully appreciable until the
work is completed. — The National 3IisceUany, Vol. I.
The first volume of this magazine of General Litera-
ture is just issued in a handsome form, suitable to the
typographical excellence for which this well-directed
and well-conducted miscellany is remarkable. — Remains
of Pagan Saxondom, principally from Tumuli in England,
Part VIII. : containing Bronze Bucket, found at
Cuddesden, Oxfordshire ; and Fibula, found near Bil-
lesdon, Leicestershire. We would suggest to Mr.
Akerman that the Bronze Bucket is scarcely an ex-
ample of an object of archaological interest, which
requires to be drawn of the size of the original, and
coloured from it : and that the value of his useful work
would be increased by his adhering to his original
arrangement, by which the illustrative letter-press ap-
peared in the same part with the engraving to which
it referred.

578

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 215.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent
direct to the gentlemen by wliom they are required, and whose
names and addresses are given for that purpose :

OxFoRii Almanack for 1719.

Amcbnitates Academics. Vol. I. Holmise, 1749.

Bruwnb Hist. Nat. JAMAiCyE. Lond. i7.W. Folio.

Ammanus I. Stirpes Rariores. Prtrop. 1739.

Phiiosophical Transactions for 16S3.

Annals op Philosophy for January, I8'<i4.

Peshall's Monumental Inscriptions.

Universal Magazine for January, 1763.

Springel and Decandolle's Botany.

Dr. Kichakdson's Correspondence, by Dawson Turner.

AHBERST's TERRiE FiLIUS, 1726.

Wanted by Mr. 11, T. Bobart, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastics. 3 Tom. Folio. Romae,

i7/« 37.
The Bible in Shorthand, according to the method of Mr. Ja'iies

Weston, whose Shorlhanil Prayer Book was publi>hed in the

Year 1730. A Copy of Addy's C' pperplate Shorthand Bible,

London, 1687, would be given in exchange.

Wanted by Rev. Richard GibMngs, Falcarragh, Letterkennyj-V
Co. Donegal.

Peck's (Fk. ) Hfstory of the Stamford Boll Running.
Thb Cash op Mh. Sam. Brogkshaw considered. 8vo. or 12rao.

Wanted by Mr. J. Pk'Uips, Stamford.

I^ndon Magazine. Vol. LXIV. to 1779.

Nichols' Literary Anecdoies, and the Continuation.

Wanted by F. Ditisdale, Leamington.

Joseph Mede's Works.

Jones's (of Nayland) Sermons, by Walker. 2 Vola.Syo.
Plain Skiimons. 10 Vols. 8vo.
DkA rH-BED Scenes. Best Edition.
Rose's ( •^. J ) Sermons.
. WiLBtRFORCt's Life. 5 Vols.

Wanted by Sitmrts Sf Son, Booksellers, Bath.

HuTCHiNs's Dorsetshire. Last Edition.

Wanted by James Dcarden, Upton House, Poole.

Clabrndon's History op the Rebellion. Folio. Oxford,

tTca Vol I.

Wanted by Rev. John James Avington, Hiingerford.

An Examination op the Charters and Statutes op Trinity

College, Dublin (with the Postscript), by George Miller,

D I)., F.T.C. I). Dublin, 1804.
A [Firsi] Letter to the Rev Dr. Pusey, in reference to his

Leiter to the Lord Bishop of Oxford, by George Miller, D.D.

London, 1840.

Wanted by Rev. B. H. Blacker, 11. Pembroke Road, Dublin.

Siaiitti ta ((Loxvtiijffxixtitixii.

W. H. M. W. The Hernlrls' visitation for Wiltshire in 1623
will he found in the British Museum, Harl. MSS. 116.'>. and 1443.
See too Sims's Indexes to Pedigrees, S(c.

Ralpho'x communication sh'iuld have been addressed to the
writer, quoting the lines on which he comments.

Gammer Gvrton's suggestion is a very good one ; and we can
prumiic that our Christmas Eve Number shall be rich in Folk
Lore.

G. S. M., who desires information respecting the hist'irt/ of
Newspiiperx, their prugrexs and sta'istics, is referred to F. K.
Bunt's Fourth Estate, a CoTitrihution towards a History of News-
papers and of I lie Liberty of the Press, 2 vols. Hvo., Ion on, 1850.
Several articl. s on the sul/ject will be found in our own columns.

Jf F S. A. applied to the proper authorities, we cannot doubt
that the information he received is true.

3. W. N. K. We have referred the dncriptions of the pictures
to one of the very hifihrst authorities in London, who is of opinion
that it the funrks an the liack are genuine, they are the ?narks of
the owner, not of the artist.

J. T. The volume Remarqiies de Pierre Motteux sur Rabelais
is no doubt a translation of the notes n hich Mnttrux inserted in
the F.nglish version, of wliich the first three books were translated
by Vrquhart, the other two Ity himself. This translation has, we
think, been reprinted hy Buhn,

3. W. T. The monastic work inquired after is noticed 6y
another Correspondent at p. 569. of the present Number.

Dr. Diamond on the Simplicity of the Calotype Process is, on
ace "int of its letijith from lite many additions made to it, un-
avoidably postponed until next uuek.

T. L. (Llington). The ingredients referred to are all used by
Le Gray, the or iginntnr if the vnxrd-pnper process. They are
supposed mil only to increase the sensitiveness of the paoer. Iiut to
odrt til its keeping qitaliii' s. We have no doubt that a letter ad-
dressed to the College of Chemistry will find the gentleman to
whom you refer.

D G (Liverpool). It would be not only difficult but more ex-
pensive to prepare your o"n sulphuric el her ; hut ve again
assure Ihal the best i< to he procured ai from bs to (is. per pound,
and wholesale at consiilerahty less. You may satisfy yourself by
a reference to our adfeitising columns.

F. H. D. Albumenized paper will keep many dnys after it has
been excited wlh a foriy-srain sola' ion of nit rate if sili<er. We
have used Wh itmnn's and I'urner's papers to-eniy diys old, and
with perfectlif satislnci n-y results. The thin Cnnsm is of all
otheis most disposed lo broinn ; bit it is preferable to nil others in
use from the richness of the tints produced and its rapidity of
printing.

Erratum. — Vol. viii , p. 540. 1. 20. from bottom, for " burnish-
ing '' read " bruising."

" Notes and Queries " is pnhlished at noon on Friday, so that
j the Country liooksellers man receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday

i " Notes *Nn Queries." Vols. i. to vii.. price Three Guineas
' and a Half. - Copies are being made up and niait he hud hy order.

PRINCE OF WALES'S
SKETCH-BOX. — Containing Colours,
Pencils. .%c., with printed directions, as now
Bsed by the Royal Family Price 5s.
UTIJ.ER'S. Artist's Colour Manufacturer,
66 L ns Acre, London ; an<l at her Miiit'sty's
Steam Colour and Pencil Works, Pimlico.

R HART, RECORD

. AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUA-
RIAN (who is in the nossespion of Indices to
many of the early Public Kec'rds wherehv his
Inquiries are ffrently facilitated) bess to inform
Authors iind Gentlemen en/a'/ed in Antiqua-
rian or Literary Pursuits, that he i« prepared
to undertake searches amoner the Public Re-
cords, MSS. in the Briti-h Museum, Anci nt
Wills, or other Depositories of a simi'ar Na-
ture, in any Branch of Literature. Hisfoiy,
Topography, Gc ealosy, or the like, and in
Which he has had considerable • xpeiicnce.
1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCHAM, SURREY.

OENNETT'S MODEL

I> WATCH.as shown at the GRKAT EX-
HIBITION No. 1. Class X.. in Gold a"d
Silver Cases, in five quoliiie*, and adnpted to
nil Climates, may now he had nt the MANU-
FACTORY. 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold
London-made Patent Levers. 17. IS, and 12
guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases. 8, 6, and 4
guineas. First-rate (Geneva Levers, in Gold
Cases, 12, in, and 8 euineas. nito, in Silver
Ca.-e-<, 8, 6, and 5 suineas. Superior Lever, with
Chronometer Balance, 'iold 27, 23. and 19
euinea-i. Bennett's I'oc!<etChronc.miter,Gold,
50 uineas ; -Silver, 40 guineas. Fvery Wotch
^kiltullv examined, time'', and its perfijr • ance
Ruarunteed. Barometers, 2J.,3J., and 4Z, Ther-
mometers from is. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument
Maker to the Royal Obtervutory, the Board of
Ordnance, the AUmirulty, and the Queen,

65. CHEAPSIDE.

pETROSPECTIVR REVIEW

1 1 (New Series", consistinc of Criticisms
upon. Analyse.^ of. and Extracts fro^ti, ('iirioua
Useful and Val able Old Bonks. Vol. I.
Pp.436. Cloth, lOs. 6'/. P.(it v., price2*. 6rf.,
published Quarterly, is now ready.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square.

nEAL & SON'S ILLUS-
TRATED CATALOGUE OF BED-
STEADS, sent free hy post. It contni's de-
siiftia and priees of upwards of ONE IIUN-
DKED diffennt Bedsteiids ; also of every
de~ci'iption of Beddin;: Biunkets, and Quilta.
And ihei new - nreroomscoiitiiin an i xlensiye
assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture
Chintzes. Datna ks. and Pi nities. so as to
render thiir Establi-hment complete for the
general furniohiiu of Bed-rooms.
HEAL « SON, Bedstead and Beddintr Ma-
nufacturers, 196. Tottenham C>>url Koad.

Dec. 10. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

579

w

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Directors,

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CONTENTS.

NoTBs : — Page

Teaching a Dog French, by Artliur Paget - - 681

Tlie Religion ot tlie Russians - - - - 582

Leicestersiiire Epiti\pli3, by William Kelly - - fi82

Longfellow's " Reaper and the Flowers " - - 583

Minor Notes : — " Receipt " or " Recipe " — Death of
Philip III. of Spain — Churchwardens — Epigram —
Oxford Commemoration Squib, 1849 — Professor
MacgiUivray — Manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas - 583

•Queries : —

William Cookworthy, the Inventor of British Porcelain,
by J. Prideaux ------ 585

Catholic Floral Directories, &c. - - - - 585

Ceorge Alsop .--... 885

dliNOR Queries: — B. L. M Member of Parliament

electing himself — " Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re "
—Jacobite Garters — Daughters taking ihiir Mothers'
Names — General Eraser — A Punning Divine —
Contango — Pedigree to the Time of Alfred —
" Service is no inheritance" — Antiquity of Fire irons

— General Wolfe at Nantwich — " Corporations have
no Souls," &c — Leeming Family — MS. Poems and
Songs — Bishop Watson . . - - . 685

WiNou Queries with Answers : — Herbert's " Memoirs
of the Last Years of Charlfs 1.'' — 'Liturgy of the
Ancents " — "Ancient hallowed Dee" — Who was
True Blue ? — Charge of Plagiarism against Paley —
Wpber"s " Cecilia " — Andrew Johnson — MS. by
Glover — Gurney's Short-hand — Spurious Don
Quixote - - - - - - - 587

Replies : —

Pronunciation of Hebrew Names and Words in the

Bible, by T. J. Buckton, &c. - - - - 590

Lord Halifax and Mrs. Catherine Barton, by Weld

Taylor --..._- 59O
Inscriptions in Books . . - - . 591

Praying to the West ----- 592

" Green Eyes," by C. Forbes, &c. - . - 592

The Myrtle Bee, by W. R. D. Salmon - - - 593

Tin .--..--. 893
Milton's Widow ---.._ 594
Books chained to Desks in Churches — Old Parochial

Libraries ------- 505

The Court house, uy P. H. Fisher - . - 596

PuoTOGKAPHY — On the Simplicity of the Calotvpe Pro-

cess, by Dr. Diamond ...'.- 596
Reflii's TO Minor Quebiks:— Belike— Stage-coaches

— Birthplace of King Edward V. — Ringing Church
Bells at Heath — What is the Origin of ' Getting into
a Scrape?"— High Dutch ami I^ow Dutch — Dis-
covery of Planets — Glnves at Fairs — Awk — Tenet

— Lovett of Astwell— Irish Uh mes — Passage in
Boerhaave — Uiikid — To split Paiier— La Fleur des
Saints — Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury, &c. - 600

Miscellaneous : —

Notes on Books, &c. - - _ - - 606

Books and Odd V'olumes wanted - - - - (107

Notiies to Correspondents ... - 007

Advertisemenis - - - « . - 6U8

Vol. VIIL — No. 216.

TEACHING A DOG FRENCH.

" N. & Q." the other clay (Vol. viii., p. 464.)
contained a curious tale of a cat : will you insert
as a pendent the following one of a dog ? The
supposition that D. Julio was some obnoxious
Frenchman protected by the Government, seems
necessary to account for the " teachyng a dogg
frenche" in front of his door constituting such a
dire offence. His name occurs, if I remember
rightly, in Dr. Dee's Dia7-y (Cam. Soc), but I have
not the book at hand to refer to. Perhaps some
of your correspondents may inform me who he
was. The orij>inal is in the Lansdowne MS.
(114. No. 8.) in the British Museum; and the
fact of its being amongst Lord Burleigh's papers
shows that the occurrence took place between 1571
and 1598, the respective dates of his appointment
as " 1 tresurer" and his death. Arthur Paget.

" D. Julio'x Abstract of the Deponicons of ye witnesses
sworne touching ye speches of John Paget.

" To proue that one William (sic) Paget, on the
v"" day of this present moneth, being Fryday, be-
twixt vui and ix of the clocke at nyght, went vp
and down teachyng a dogg frenche.

" 1. M"' Karler, a jentil woman borne, sayeth, that
about the same tym, she did hear the said Paget, that
he wolil teache his dogg to speak frenche.

«'2. M"' Anne Coot, a jentilwoman, affirmeth the
same.

" 3. One William Poyser, yeoman, sayeth, that he
harde Paget saye tliat he wold make his dogg speake
as good frenciie as any oF them.

"4. Junes Hudson sayeth, that standing at his
maisters doore he did hear Paget speake to his dogg
in a straunge language, but what language he knew
not.

" 5. Edward, a grosser, is to be dejiosed that he
harde i*aget say, I will teache my dogg to speake
frenche, and was talking with his dogg in frenche.

" To prone that tlie sayd Paget did say, Shortlye will
come viito the realme frenche dogges, 1 hope I shall
see thaine all rootled out.

" 1. M''' Karter sayeth, she harde Paget say,
Shortlie wil come vnto the realme frenche dogges, I
hope 1 shall see thame all rootted out.

682

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

"2. M'"' Anne Coot affirmeth the same.

"3. William Poyser sayeth, he harde Paget say,
Within this week or two, there will come a great
many frenehe dogges.

" 4. M"" Eleonore Borgourneci vppon her othe
aflfirraeth the same.

" 5. The 1 maior writteth in his Ife to my 1 tresurer
that Paget affirmeth before him that he wold the
realme were ryd of all yll straungers, adding this
qualification. [Qualification not given.]

" To proiie the great assembly that was with Paget,
before D. Julio came home to his howse.

" 1. John Polton saieth, when his maister came home
there was about a huiidreth persone of men, women,
and chyldren, vp and downe there.

'■■ 2. James Hudson sayeth, that he thinketh there

XX

was about mi people assembled in the streett before
this examinat his maister came home.

" 3. Richard Preston sayeih, ttiat there was in his
iudgement aboue a hundred people in tlie streett before
this deponets maister came home, and after his in'' came
home the nomber of the people were greater.

" To proue that the sayd Paget did resiste to the
constable when he came to apprehend him.

" 1. William Poyser sayeth, when the constable came
to apprcheiide the sayd Paget he kept the constable
out with force, and sayd he should not enter on him.

"2. James Hudson sayeth, Paget wold not suffer the
constable to entere vnto his howse, but sayd if any
man will entere vnto this howse, yf it were not f'
felony or treason to apprehend him, he wold kill hym,
yf he could, f' he sayd his howse was his castell.

" 3. Richard Preston sayeth, when the constable
came to apprehende Pagett, he liauing a bill or halberd
in his hand, did keape him out of his howse, and sayd,
he showld not enter except it were f'' felonye or treason,
or that he brought my 1 maiors warrant."

THE RELIGION OF THE RUSSIANS.

Public attention being very particularly directed
towards the Russian nation at the present time, a
few remarks regarding some peculiarities in their
manner of worship, &c., which probably are not
generally known, may be interesting.

I have been for some time past endeavouring
to determine the exact nature of the homage the
Russians pay to the "gods" — whether they should
be called images or pictures ? and whether the
Russians should be considered idolaters or not ?

Whenever a Russian passes a church, his cus-
tom is to cross himself (some do so three times,
accompanying it with bowing). In every room
in their houses an image (or picture) is placed in
the east corner, before which they uncover their
heads and cross themselves on entering.

Their churches are filled with these their repre-
sentatives of the deity, and it is very curious to

observe a devout Russian kissing the toe of one,
crossing himself before another, while to another
he Avill in addition prostrate himself, even with
his head to the ground ; this latter is also very
frequently done at intervals during the celebra-
tion of their services : but their churches are
always open, so that if any one wants to pay de-
votion to a particular image (or picture) while no
service is going on, he can do so.

I understand that they consider they worship
the deity through these representations. In the
present day these gods are called obraaz, of which
the literal translation is image. The old Sclavonic
word for them is eekona, which was formerly in
general use, and has exactly the same meaning,
answering to the Greek word eiKaiv. As far as I
can make out, neither of these words can be trans-
lated picture ; but I do not remember to have
found this point touched upon in any books I
have read on Russia or its religion ; and hope,
if any correspondent is able to give us farther
information on the subject, he avIU do so.

The Russians also believe in relics, in their
efficacy in healing disease.-^, working other mira-
cles, &c. Notwithstanding this, a very short
time ago, a new relic was found in the south of
Russia, and a courier being immediately despatched
with it to the Emperor at St. Petersburg ; on his
arrival, his Imperial Majesty (expecting some
important news regarding his operations in the
neighbourhood of Turkey), when told his errand,
exclaimed, " Away with the relic ! it is time to
put an end to such nonsense." Would that this
were to be carried out ! But their superstitions
seem too deeply rooted to be done away with in
a short time. J. S. A.

I.EICESTEBSHIEE EPITAPHS.

Having seen only one epitaph from this county
among those which have appeared In " N. & Q ,"
I annex a few specimens, which you may perhaps
deem worth inserting in your pages.

Burbage :

" These pretty babes, who we did love.
Departed from us like a dove ;
These babes, who we did much adore,
Is gone, and cannot come no more."

Hinckley :

" My days on earth they were but few,
With fever draughts and cordials few,
They wasted like the morning dew."

Braunstone :

" All triumph yesterday, to-day all terror !
Nay, the fair morning overcast ere even :
Nay, one short hour saw well and dead, War's mirror
Having Death's swift stroke unperceived given."

Pec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

583

Another :

" An honest, prudent wife was she ;
And was always inclin'd
A tender mother for to be,
And to her neighbours kind."

Belgrave. This I quote from memory ; it may
not be verbally, but it is substantially correct :

" Laurance Stetly slumbers here ;
He lived on earth near forty year ;
October's eight-and-twentieth day
His soul forsook its house of clay,
And thro' the purj ether took its way.
We hope his soul doth rest in heaven.
1777."

Newtown Linford, adjoining Bradgate Park. In
this churchyard is a tombstone on which is en-
graved only the letters of the alphabet and the
simple numerals. The story goes, that he who
lies below, an illiterate inhabitant of the village
in the last century, whose name, I believe, is now
forgotten, being very anxious that, after death, a
tombstone should be erected to perpetuate his
memory, and being fearful that his relatives might
neglect to do so, came to Leicester to purchase
one himself. Seeing this stone in the mason's
workshop (where it was used by the workmen as
a pattern for the letters and figures), he bought It
" a bargain," supposing it would serve his purpose
as well as a new one, and after his decease it was
placed at the head of his grave, where it now ap-
pears.

All Saints' churchyard, Leicester. On two chil-
dren of John Bracebridge, who were both named
John, and died Infants :

" Both John and John soon lost their lives,
A.nd yet, by God, John still survives."

Throsby {Hist, of Leic.) relates that Bishop Thur-
low, at one of his visitations, had the words hy
God altered to thro' God. WiiiLiAM Kelly.

Leicester.

LONGrELLOw's "REAPER AND THE FLOWERS."

On looking over, a short time ago, a book of
German songs, I was much struck by the similarity
of thought, and even sometimes of expression,
between the above piece from Mr. Longfellow's
Voices of the Night, and a song by Lulse Relchardt,
a few verses of which I subjoin; as perhaps the
song may not be known to some of your corre-
spondents.

" It is a favourite theme," as Sir W. Scott says, " of
laborious dulness to trace such coincidences, because
they appear to reduce genius of the higher order to the
usual standard of humanity, and of course to bring the
autiior nearer to a level with his critics."

It Is not, however, with the view of detracting
from the originality of Mr. Longfellow, that these

two small pieces are put side by side ; for possibly
the song alluded to was never seen by our trans-
atlantic neighbour, but merely for the purpose
of showing how the poets treat the same, and cer-
tainly not very novel subject.

" DER SCHNITTER TOD.

(Von Luise Reichardt.)
" Es ist ein Schnitter, der heisst Tod,
Der hat Gewalt vom hochsten Gott.
Heut' wetzt er das Messer,
Es schneid't schon vie! besser,
Bald wird er drein schneiden,
Wir milssen's nur leiden.

Hiite dich, schbn's Bliimelein !

" Was heut' noch griin nnd frisch dasteht,
Wird morgen sclion hinweg gemiiht;
Die edlen Narzissen,
Die Zierden der Wiesen
Die schon' Nyagnithen,
Die turkischen Binden.
Hiite dich, schon's Bliimelein !

*' Viel hundert tausend ungezahlt,
Was nur unter die Sichel fallt :
liir Rosen, ihr Lilien,
Euch wird er austilgen,
Auch die Kaiserkronen
Wird er nicht verschonen.

Hiite dich, schbn's Bliimelein !

'•' Trotz, Tod ! Komni her, ich fiircht' dich nicht !
Trotz, eil daher in einem Schnitt !
Werd' ich nur verletzet,
So werd' ich versetzet,
In den himmlischen Garten,
Auf den wir alle warten,

Freue did), schbn's Bliimelein ! "

J. C. B.

" Receipt " or " Recipe." — In one of Mr. RyleV
popular tracts, " Do you pray ? " Wertheim and
Mackintosh: London, 1853, occurs the following
expression, p. 18. :

" What is the best receipt for happiness?"

Is the use of 'Receipt" for "recipe" to be ad-

mitted Into the English language ?

W.E.

Death of Philip III. of Spain. — D'Israeli, in
his Curiosities of Literature, states to the effect
that this king's fatal illness was induced by the
overheating of a brazier, whereof state etiquette
forbad the removal until the person in regular
attendance should arrive. For this statement
he quotes no authority, and consequently Mr.
Bolton Corney, In his Illustrations of the Cu-
riosities of Literature (2nd ed., p. 87.), discredits
the story.

It is singiriar that Mr. Corney should have for-
gotten that the anecdote Is given by the Marcchal

584

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

de Bassompierre, wlio was at Madrid at the time
of tbe king's death ; the Mavechal's informant was
the Mai*quis de Pobar, who ivas present at the
scene. Is not this sufficient? (See Memoires de
Bassompierre, under the date of 11th of March,
1621, vol. i. p. 548. of the edition of Cologne,
1665.) C.V.

Churchwardens. — In an old scrap-book in my
possession, I met with the following, which, should
you deem it of sufficient interest, I shall be glad to
see inserted in " N. & Q." The print appears to
be about sixty or seventy years old, and evidently
from a newspaper :

" The institution of churchwardens is of remote an-
tiquity, they having been first appointed at the African
Council, held under Celestine and Boniface, about the
year of our Lord 423. These officers have at different
periods been distinguished by different appellations,
Defertsores, (Economi, and Propositi Ecclesice, Testes
Synodales, &c. In the time of Edward III. they were
called Church Reves, as we read in Chaucer :
' Of church reves, and of testamentes.
Of contractes, and of lacke of sacramentes.'

At this day they are called Churchwardens ; all those
names being expressive of the nature of tbe office,
which is to guard, preserve, and superintend the rights,
revenues, buildings, and furniture of the church. In
an old churchwarden's book of accounts, belonging to
the parish of Farringdon, in the county of Berks, and
bearing date a. p. 1518, there is the form of admitting
churchwardens into their office at that period, in the
following words : ' Cherchye Wardenys, tliys shall be
3'our charge : to be true to God and to the cherche : for
love nor for favor off no man wythin thys parriche to
withold any ryght to the cherche ; but to resseve the
dettys to hyt Ijelongythe, or else to go to the devell.' "

Your readers will observe that the last is a very
summary kind of sentence. Any farther inform-
ation relating to the institution of churchwardens*
will be esteemed by J. B. Whitborne.

Epigram. — In an old book I found this epigram,
publislied in 1660, more suitable perhaps for your
columns during the excitement of the Papal aggres-
sion than now :

" ON ROME.

" Hate and debate Rome through the world hath
spread,
Yet Roma, amor is, if backward read ;
Then is it strange, Rome hate should foster ? no,
For out of backward love, all bate doth grow."

Aliquis.
Edinburgh.

Oxford Commemoration Squib, 1849. — The
following jeu desprit was circulated in Oxford at

(I* On the institution of churchwardens consult
Burn's Ecclesiastical Law, tit. Churchwardens ; and
the works noticed in « N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 359.]

the Commemoration in 1849 ; it created a great
sensation at the time, from its clever allusion to
the political changes on the other side of the
channel, and, I think, deserves to be rescued from
oblivion by a place in the columns of " N. & Q. :"

" LIBERTY ! FRATERKITV I EtlUALITY !

" Citizen Academicians,

" The cry of Reform has been too long unheard.
Our infatuated rulers refused to listen to it. Tlie
term of their tyranny is at length accomplished. The
Vice-Chancellor has fled on horseback. The Proctors
have resigned their usurped authority. The Scouts
have fraternised with the friends of liberty. The
University is no more. A Republican Lyceum will
henceforth diffuse light and civilisation. The hebdo-
madal board is abolished. The Legislative Powers
will be entrusted to a General Convention of the whole
Lyceum. A Provisional Government has been esta-
blished. The undersigned citizens have nobly devoted
themselves to the task of administration.

(Signed) " Citizen Clough {President of the
Executive Council).
Seweli-
BossoM ( Operative).

JoHK CONINGTON.

Wrightson."

Your academical readers will appreciate the
signatures. Tewaes.

Professor Macffillivrar/. — The mention by W.
(Vol. viii., p. 467.) of this lamented naturalist's
posthumous work, descriptive of the Natural His-
tory of Balmoral, and of its intended publication
by Prince Albert, induces me to hope that you
will give insertion to the following extract from
Professor Macgillivray's History of the Molluscous
Animals of Aberdeenshire, ^'C, as sliowing the
character of the man, and the spirit in which he
prosecuted his researches.

" The labour required for such an investigation
cannot be at all appreciated by those who have not di-
rected their energies towards such an object. The
rocky coasts and sandy beaches of the sea, the valleys
and hills of the interior, tlie pastures, mossy banks,
thickets, woods, rocks, ruins, walls, ditches, pools,
canals, rills, and rivers, were all to be assiduously
searched. No collections of mollusca made in the
district were known to me, nor do any of our libraries
contain the works necessary to be consulted, although
that of King's College supplies some of great value.
In a situation so remote from the great centres of civi-
lisation, the solution of doubts is often difficult of at-
tainment, and there is always a risk of describing as
new what may already have been entered into the
long catalogue of known objects. But the pleasure of
continually adding to one's knowledge, the sympathy
of friends, the invigorating influence of the many
ramblings required, the delight of aiding others in the
same pursuits, and many other circumstances, amply
suffice to carry one through greater difficulties than
those alluded to, even should the sneers of the ig-

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND .QUERIES.

^85

norantly-wise, or the frowns of the pompously-grave,
be directed toward the unconscious wight, who, im-
mersed in mud, gropes with the keenness of a money-
gatherer, for the to them insignificant objects, which
have exercised the wisdom and the providence of the
glorious Creator." — Preface, p. 10.

J. Maceay.

Manifesto of the Eviperor Nicholas. — Some of
the newspapers, having stated that the concluding
Latin words in this manifesto — " Domine in te
speravi, ne confundar in eternuni" — are from the
Psalms, I beg to say that these Avords are not
taken from the Scriptures of either Testament,
nor from the Apocrypha ; but constitute the last
verse of the " Te Deum," commencing, " We
-acknowledge thee to be the Lord," and ending,
*' O Loi-d, in thee have I trusted, let me never be
confounded." It is usual to sing "Te Deum"
after victories, but Nicholas begins his song before
he achieves one : taking the last wersejirst.

T. J. BUCKTON.
Lichfield.

€L\tevie^,

■WILLIAM COOKWORTHY, THE INVENTOR OF BRITISH
PORCELAIN.

In endeavouring to revive the neglected me-
mory of this good and great man, I have care-
fully looked over the chief periodicals of his day
(1730 to 1780) with very little success; perhaps
because those I have at command, the Gentlemaiis
Magazine, Universal Magazine, and Universal
Museum, were not those selected for his corre-
spondence.

If any of your readers can refer me to any
papers or essays of his, or any details of the in-
ternal management of his China works, or of his
public or private life, it will be doing me a great
favour.

What I have hitherto collected are chiefly frag-
mentary accounts of his life and character ; general
notices of his discovery of the China clay and
stone, of the progress of his manufactory, and of
his treatment of British cobalt ores ; details of his
experiments on the distillation of sea-water for
use on ship-board ; a treatise in detail on the
divining rod ; and several of his private letters,
chiefly religious.

Most of these I have thrown out in print, under
the^ title of Relics of William Cooliwortluj, §fc.,
which I am desirous of making much more com-
plete. J. Pbideaux.

CATHOLIC FLORAL DIRECTORIES, ETC.

More than a year ago (Vol. vi., p. 503.) I made
a Query respecting Catholic Floral Directories,
and two works in particular which were largely

quoted in Mr. Oakley's Catholic Florist, Lond,
1851 ; and I again alluded to them in Vol. vii.,
p. 402., but have not got any reply. The two
works referred to, viz. the Anthologia Borealis et
Australis, and the Florilegium Sanctorum Aspira-
tionum, are not to be heard of anywhere (so far as
I can see) save in Mr. Oakley's book. During
the last year I have ransacked all the bibliogra-
phical authorities I could lay hold of, and made
every inquiry after these mysterious volumes, but
all in vain.

The orthography and style of the passages cited
are of a motley kind, and most of them read like
modern compositions, though here and there we
have a quaint simile and a piece of antique spel-
ling. In fact they seem more like imitations than
anything else ; and I cannot resist the temptation
of placing them on the same shelf with M'Pherson's
Ossian and the poems of Rowley. In some places
a French version of the Florilegium is quoted :
even if that escaped one's researches, is it likely
that two old English books (which these purport
to be), of such a remarkable kind, should be un-
known to all our bibliographers, and to the readers
of " N. & Q.," among whom may be found the
chief librarians and bibliographers in the thi-ee
kingdoms. Is it not strange also that Mr. Oakley
and his " compiler " decline giving any inform-
ation respecting tiiese books ?

I shall feel extremely obliged to any correspon-
dent who will clear up this matter, and who will
furnish me with a list of Catholic Floral Direc-
tories. EiRIONNACH.

GEORGE ALSOr.

George AIsop was ordained deacon 1666-67,
priest 1669, by Henry King, Bishop of Chichester.
lie printed in 1669 —

•' An Orthodox Plea for the Sanctuary of God,
Common Service, and White Robe of the House.
Printed for the Author, and sold by II. Reynolds, at
the Sun and Bible in the Postern."

It is a small 8vo. of eighty-six pages, exclusive of
the dedication to the Bishop of Chichester, and an
Epistle to the Reader, and has a portrait of the
author by W. Sherwin.

Can any of your readers give me any account
of this George Alsop, his preferment, if any, and
the time of his death ?

He is, I feel persuaded, a different person from,
the author of A Character of Blaryland, 12mo.,
1666. P- B.

B. L. M. — What is the meaning of the abbre-
viation B. L. M. in Italian epistolary correspond-
ence? I have reason to believe that it is used

586

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

where some degree of acquaintance exists, but not
in addressing an entire stranger. In a correspond-
ence now before me, one of the writers, an Italian
gentleman, uses it in the subscription to every one
of his letters, except the firsts thus:

"Ho I'honore d' essere col piu profondo rispetto B.L.M.
II di Lei Umiliss. Dev. Servo."

-" Frattanto la prego di volermi credere nella piu ampla
esteiitione del termine B. L. M.

II di Lei Ubb°. ed Obligate Servitore."

I need not add more examples. There is no-
thing in Graglia's Collection of Italian Letters that
explains it. J. W. T.

Dewsbury.

Member of Parliament electing himself — In the
biographical notices of the author of an Inquiry
into the Rise and Groivth of the Royal Prerogative
in England, 1849, I find the following curious
circumstances :

*' The writ for election (of a member for the county
of Bute) was transmitted to the sheriff, Mr. M'Leod
Bannatine, afterwards Lord Bannatine. He named
the day, and issued his precept for the election. When
the day of election arrived, Mr. Bannatine was the only
freeholder present. As freeholder he voted himself
chairman of the meeting ; as sheriff he produced the
writ and receipt for election, read the writ and the
oaths against bribery at elections ; as sheriff he ad-
ministered the oaths of supremacy, &c., to himself as
chairman ; he signed the oaths as chairman and as
sheriff; as chairman he named the clerk to the meeting,
and called over the roll of freeholders ; he proposed
the candidate and declared him elected ; he dictated
and signed the minutes of election ; as sheriff he made
an indenture of election between himself as sheriff and
himself as chairman, and transmitted it to the crown
office."

Can any of your correspondents furnish me
with a similar case ? H. M.

Peckham.

" Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re." — This rule
is strongly recommended by Lord Chesterfield in
one of his letters, as " unexceptionably useful and
necessary in every part of life." Whence is it
taken, and who is its author ? J. W. T.

Dewsbury.

Jacobite Garters. — Can any of your readers in-
form me of the origin of the "rebel garters," a
pair of which I possess, and which have been
carefully handed down with other Stuart relics by
my Jacobin fathers ?

They are about 4 feet long, and li inch deep,
of silk woven in the loom ; the pattern consists of
a stripe of red, yellow, and blue, once repeated, and
iarranged so that the two blue lines meet in the
centre. At each end, for about six or seven
inches, and at spaces set at regular intervals,

these lines of colour are crossed, so as to form a
check or tartan ; the spaces corresponding with
the words in the following inscription, and one
word being allotted to each space :

" Come lett us with one heart agree "
and it is continued on the other :

" To pray that God may bless P. C."

The tartan, however, does not appear to be the
" Royal Stuart."

Probably they were distributed to the friends
and adherents of poor Prince Charles Edward, to
commemorate some special event in his ill-fated
career. But it would be interesting to know if
many of them remain, and, if possible, their correct
history. E. L. I.

Daxtghters taking their Mothers'' Names. — Can
any of your readers favour me with any instances,
about the time of the first, second, and third Ed-
wards, of a daughter adding to her own name that
of the mother, as Alicia, daughter of Ada, &c.

BURIENSIS.

General Fraser. — Have there been any Life
or Memoirs ever published of General Fraser, who
fell in Burgoyne's most disastrous campaign ? If
any such exist I should be glad to know of them.

W. FrAsbe.

Tor-Mohun.

A Punning Divine. — Wanted the whereabouts
of the following sentence, which is said to be
taken from a volume of sermons published during
the reign of James I. :

" This dial shows that we must die all ; yet notwith-
standing, all houses are turned into ale houses; our
cares into cates ; our paradise into a pair o' dice ; ma-
trimony into a matter of money, and marriage into a
merry age ; our divines have become dry vines ; it was
not so in the days of Noah, — O no ! "

w. w.

Malta.

Contango. — A technical term in use among the
sharebrokers of Liverpool, and I presume else-
where, signifying a sum of money paid for accom-
modating either a buyer or seller by carrying the
engagement to pay money or deliver shares over
to the next account-day. Can your correspondents
say from whence derived ? Agmond.

Pedigree to the Time of Alfred. — Wapshott,
a blacksmith in Chertsey, holds lands held by his
ancestors temp. Alfred' (M'Culloch's Highlands,
vol. iv. p. 410.). Can this statement be confirmed
in 1853 ? A. C.

" Service is no inheritance." — Will you or any
of your readers have the goodness to inform me

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

587

what is the orip;in of the adage occurring twice in
tlie Waverley Novels, thus :

" Service, I wot, is no inheritance now-a-days; some
are wiser tlian other seme," &c. (See Peveril of the
Peak, chap, xiv.)
and

"Ay, St. Roiian's, that is a' very true, — but service
is nae inheritance, and as for friendship it begins at
hame." — St. Ronan's Well, chap. x.

I have seen a stone in an old building in the
north of Scotland, with the following inscription,
cut in letters of an ancient form : " Be gude in
office, or (or perhaps ' for,' part of the stone
being here broken off) servitude is no inheritance
to none." And I am curious to know the origin
of this proverb, so similar to that put by Sir
Walter Scott in the mouths of two of his homely
characters ; the one English and the other Scotch.
An answer will very much oblige G. M. T.

Edinburgh.

Antiquity of Fire-ii'ons. — In an old book, pub-
lished 1660, I met with the following couplet:

" The burnt child dreads the fire ; if this be true.
Who first invented tongs its fury knew."

Query, When were fire-Irons first used ?

Aliquis.

General Wolfe at Nantwich. — I observe in the
pamphlet entitled Historical Facts connected with
Nantwich and its Neighbourhood, lately referred to
in " N. & Q.," it is stated thut according to local
tradition General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec, may
in his boyhood have lived in the Yew Tree House,
near Stoke Hall. Now as this brave warrior was
a native of Kent, it is scarcely probable he would
have been a visitor at the house alluded to, unless
he had relatives who resided there. Is he known
to have had any family connexion in that quarter,
since the fact of his having had such, if established,
would tend to confirm the traditionary statement
respecting his domicile at the Yew Tree House ?

T. P. L.

Manchester.

" Corporations have no Souls,'' Sf'C. — It was
once remarked that public corporations, companies,
&c. do harsh things compared with what indi-
viduals can venture to do, the fact being that they
have neither noses to be pulled nor souls to be
saved ; you have no hold upon them either in this
world or the next. B.

Leemivg Family. — A member of the Society of
Friends, named Thomas Leeming, lived at or near
Wighton in the Wolds, in the East Riding of
Yorkshire, between the years 1660 and 1670.
What were the dates of his birth and death? what
were the names of his parents, his brothers, and

his children? did any of them leave their native
country ? and how would a letter from the in-
quirer reach a descendant of tlie family, who could
furnish farther information on the suijject ? An
answer to the whole or part of the above Queries
will much oblige the undersigned. W.

MS. Poems and Songs. — In the third volume
of Mb. Paynf, Collier's invaluable History of
English Dramatic Poetry, p. 275., it is stated, —

" Mr. Tliorpe, of Bedford Street, is in possession of
a MS. full of songs and poems, in the handwriting of a
person of the name of Ricliard Jackson, all copied prior
to the year 1631, and including many unpublished
pieces by a variety of celebrated poets."

Can any of the contributors to " N. & Q." oblige
P. C. S. S. by informing him where this MS. now
exists, and whether the whole, or any portion of it,
has been published ? P. C. S. S.

Bishop Watson. — In a lecture delivered by this
bishop at Cambridge, he gave the following quo-
tation :

" Scire ubi aliquid invenire posses, ea demum maxima
pars eruditionis est."

Will any of your readers inform me whence the
passage is taken ? G.

Herbert's " Memoirs of the Last Years of
Charles /." — Can any of your correspondents
inform me under what title and at what date Sir
Thomas Herbert's Narrative of the Last Years of
Charles I. was published ? I have at present in
my possession what appears to be the original MS.,
and am desirous of comparing it with the printed
copy. The MS. bears the title of Carolina Thre-
nodia : a Plain and very Particular Narrative of
ichat haj)pened in the Last Years of King Charles
the First, by Sir Thomas Herbert, an eye and eai*
witness. Its opening pages contain a reference
to other letters on the same subject of an earlier
date (May 1 and 13, 1678). Were these letters
ever published, under what title, and when ?

J.B.

Prestwich.

[This work has already been incidentally noticed in
our Second Volume, pp. 140. 220. and 476.; and in
Vol. iii., p. 157. Two editions of Herbert's Memoirs
have been published ; the first in 1 702, and the second
in 1815. The edition of 1702 is the best, as it contains
an " Advertisement to the Header," and several docu-
ments omitted in the edition published by G. and W.
Nicol of Pall Mall in 1813, The following is the
title to it : —

" Memoirs of the Two last Years of the Reign of
that unparallel'd Prince, of ever-blessed Memory, King
Charles I. By Sir Tho. Herbert, Major Huntington,

588

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 210.

Col. Edw. Coke, and INIr. Hen. Firebracc. With the
Character of tliat Blessed Martyr, by the Reverend
Mr. John Diodati, Mr. Alexander Henderson, and the
Author of tlie Princehj Pelican. To which is added,
the Death- Bed Repentance of Mr. Lentlial, Speaker
of the Long Parliament ; extracted out of a Letter
written from Oxford, Sept. 166-i. London : printed
for Robert Clavell, at the Peacock, at the West-end of
St. Paul's, 1702."

The " Advertisement to the Reader " states that,
" there having been of late years several Memoirs
printed and published relating to the life and actions
of the Royal Martyr, King Charles I., of ever-blessed
memory, it was judged a proper and seasonable time
to publish Sir Thomas Herbert's Carolina Threnodia,
under the title of his Memoirs, there being contained in
this book the most material passages of the two last
years of the life of that excellent and unparallel'd prince,
which were carefully observ'd and related by the author
in a large answer of a letter wrote to him by Sir Wil-
liam Dugdale. In the same book is printed Major
Huntington's relation made to Sir William of sundry
particulars relating to the King ; as also Colonel Edw,
Coke's and Mr. Henry Firebrace's narratives of seve-
ral memorable passages observed by them during their
attendance on him at Newport, in the Isle of Wight,
anno '48. All these were copied from a MS. of the
Right Reverend the Bishop of Ely, lately deceased ;
and, as I am credibly informed, a copy of the several
originals is now to be seen amongst the Dugdale MSS.
in Oxford library. To these Memoirs are added two
or three small tracts, which give some account of the
affairs of those times, of the character of K. Charles I.,
and of his just claim and title to his Divine Meditations.
These having been printed anno 1646, 48, 49, and very
scarce and difficult to procure, were thought fit to be
reprinted for publick service. As to the letter which
gives an account of Mr. Lenthal's carriage and be-
haviour on his death-bed, it was printed anno 1662,
and the truth of it attested by the learned Dr. Dicken-
son, now living in St. Martin's Lane This I

thought fit to advertise the reader of, by way of intro-
duction, that he might be satisfied of the genuineness
of the respective pieces, and thereby be encouraged to
peruse them with confidence and assurance."]

" Liturgy of the Ancients." — Who was the
author of a thin 4to. book entitled The Liturgy
of the Ancients represented, as near as may he,
in English Forms, Sfc, " London, printed for the
Authour, 1696." He added to it "A Proposal of
a compleat work of Charity." T. G. Lomax.

Lichfield.

[Edward Stephens is the author of this Liturgy, who
describes himself as " late of Cherington, co. Glouces-
ter, sometime barrister-at-Iaw of the Hon. Society of
the Middle Temple, and since engaged, by a very
special Divine Providence, in the most sacred employ-
ment." He farther informs us, that " when it pleased
God to discharge him from the civil service, his first
business in public was a gentle and tacit admonition of
the neglect of the most solemn and peculiar Christian
worship of God in this nation ; accompanied by such

public acts in the very heart of the chief city, as made
it a most remarkable witness and testimony against
them who would not receive it, but rejected the counsel
and favour of God towards them." Stephens's Liturgy
has been republished by the Rev. Peter Hall, in his
Fragmenta Liturgica, vol. ii., who thus notices the
author : — " Stephens was the leader of a class by no-
means contemptible, though himself as odd a mixture
of gravity and scurrility, learning and trifling, pietism
that could stoop to anything, and liberalism that stuck
at nothing, as Englisii theology affords." Some ac-
count of Edward Stephens will be found in Leslie's
Letter concerning the New Separation, 1719 ; and in An
Answer to a Letter from the Rev. C.Leslie, concerning what
he calls the New Separatio7i, 1719. Stephens advocated
the practice of daily communion.]

"Ancient hallowed Dee." — AVhat is the his-
torical, traditional, or legendary allusion in this
epithet, bestowed by Milton on the river Dee ?

J. W. T.

Dewsbury.

[Dee's divinity was Druidical. From the same
superstition, some rivers in Wales are still held to
have the gift or virtue of prophecy. Giraldus Cam-
brensis, who wrote in 1188, is the first who men-
tions Dee's sanctity from the popular traditions. In
Spenser, this river is the haunt of magicians :

" Dee, which Britons long ygone
Did call DIVINE."

And Browne, in his Britannia's Pastorals, book ii. § 5.,
says,

" Never more let holy Dee,

Ore other rivers brave," &c.

Much superstition was founded on the circumstance of
its being the ancient boundary between England and
Wales ; and Drayton, in his tenth Song, having re-
cited this part of its history, adds, that by changing its
fords it foretold good or evil, war or peace, dearth or
plenty, to either country. He then introduces the-
Dee, over which King Edgar had been rowed by eight
kings, relating to the story of Brutus. See more on
this subject in Warton's note to line 55. in Milton's
Lycidas :
" Now yet where Deva spreads her wizard stream."]

Who was True Blue? — In the churchyard of
Little Brickhill, Bucks, is a table monument bear-
ing the following inscriptions :

" Here lieth y° body of True Blue, who departed
this life January y" 17th, 1724-5, aged 57. Also y^
body of Eleanor, y'' wife of True Blue, who departed
this life January 2'lst, 1722-3, ageed (sic) 59."

AVho was "True Blue?" If it were not for
his wife Eleanor, one would take him to be some
kin to "Eclipse" or " Highflyer." Lysons makes
no mention of such a person ; nor, I am assured
by a friend who has made the search for me, does
Lipscomb ; although another friend referred me
there under the conviction that he was not only
named, but that his histoi'y was given. The kind

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

589

of tombstone is sufficient to sliow that be was a
person of some property, and yet he has not only
no " Esq." affixed to his name, but it is without
the prefix " Mr." One can scarcely doubt that
the name is not a real one. Browns, Blacks,
Whites, and Greens there are in abundance, but
nobody ever heard of a " Blue ;" nor, so far as I
know, did anybody ever christen his child " True."
Yet what could have been the incidents of a life
that required the fiction to be carried even to the
grave ? G. J. De Wilde.

[The foregoing monumental inscription is given in
Lipscomb's Bucks, vol. iv. p. 76., to which is subjoined
the following note: — "The singularity of this name
has occasioned much curiosity; but no information
can be obtained besides that of True Blue having been
a stranger, who settled here, and acquired some pro-
perty, which after his decease was disposed of. It has
been conjectured that he lived here under a feigned
name. One Hercules True, about 1645, kept a house
at Windsor, to which deer-stealers were accustomed to
resort ; and he uttered violent threats against a person,
whose son, having been killed in attempting to resist
fhe deer-stealers in the Great Park, Thomas Shemonds
prosecuted the murderers, and True declared he would
knock his brains out, and is believed to have afterwards
absconded."]

Charge of Plagiarism against Paley. — Has
any reply been made to the accusation against
Paley, brought forward some years ago in
ThelAthencEum ? It was stated (and apparently
proved) that his Natural Theology was merely a
translation of a Dutch work, the name of whose
author has escaped my recollection. I suppose
the archdeacon would have defended this shame-
ful plagiarism on his favourite principle of expe-
diency. It seems to me, however, that it is high
time that either the accusation be refuted, or the
culprit consigned to that contempt as a man which
he deserved as a moralist. Fiat Justitia.

[We have frequently had to complain of the loose
manner in which Queries ar&-sometimes submitted to
our readers for solution. Here is a specimen. The
communication above involves two other Queries,
which should have been settled before it had been
forwarded to us, namely, 1. In what volume of the
Athenaum is the accusation against Paley made ? and,
2. What is the title of the Dutch work supposed to be
pirated ? After pulling down six volumes of the Athe-
nceum, we discovered that the charge against Paley ap-
peared at p. 803. of the one for the year 1848, and
that the work said to be pirated was written by Dr.
Bernard Nieuwentyt of Holland, and published at
Amsterdam about the year 1700. It was translated
into English, under the title of The Religious Philo^
sopher, 3 vols. 8vo., 1718-19. The charge against
Paley has been ably and satisfactorily discussed in the
same volume of the Athenceum (see pp. 907. 933.), and
at the present time we have neither "ample room nor
verge enough " to re-open tlie discussion in our pages.]

Weber's " Cecilia.'''' — Can you inform me
whether a work by Gottfried Weber, entitled
Cecilia, is to be had in English or in French ? I
find it constantly referred to in the said Weber's
work on the Theory of Musical Composition, and
in MUller's Physiology.

For any information you can give me on the
subject I shall feel much indebted.

Philhakmonicus.

Dublin.

l^CcBcilia is a musical art journal published in Ger-
many, and is thus noticed at page 12. of Warner's
edition of Godfrey Weber's Theory of Musical Compo-
sition : — " Since 1824 we have been laid under great
obligations to our distinguished mathematician and
writer on acoustics. Professor W. Weber, for most in-
teresting developments on all these points, which he has
arranged into an article in the journal Cacilia, vol. xii.,
expressly for musicians and musical instrument manu-
facturers."]

Andrew Johnson. — In the character of Samuel
Johnson, as drawn by Murphy, there is the re-
mark, " Like his uncle Andrew in the ring at
Smithfield, Johnson, in a circle of disputants, was
determined neither to be thrown or conquered."
Other allusions are made, in Boswell's Life, to
this uncle having " kept the ring," but I cannot
find out who he could have been. There was a
noted bruiser, Tom Johnson ; but certainly he was
not the person in question. I shall be glad if any
of your readers can inform me who this " Uncle
Andrew " was, and what authority there is for
believing that he was a pugilistic champion of
note. PuGiLLus.

[In the Variorum, Boswell, i. e. Croker's ed., 1847,
p. 198., Pqgillus will find a note by the editor, stating
that Dr. Johnson told Mrs. Piozzi that his uncle An-
drew " for a whole year kept the ring at Smithfield,
where they wrestled and boxed, and never was thrown
or conquered."]

MS. hy Glover. — Can Mr. Bolton Corkey,
or Mr. K. Sims, inform me whether the Lans-
downe MS. 205. is in Glover's handwriting ?

H. M.

[This volume (Lansdowne, 205. ) contains twenty-six
articles in different hands. Art. 3. contains pedigrees
hy Glover in his own hand. See MS. Harl. 807., and
an autograph letter in MS. Cot., Titus B. vii. fol. 14.]

Gurney's Short-hand. — Can any of your cor-
respondents inform me if there have been any
alterations in this system of short-hand since 1802 ?
Also, if it be now much used ?

Wm. O' Sullivan.

Ballymenagh.

[This well-known system of short-hand is certainly
still in use, — in fact, is that employed at the present
time by the Gurneys, who are the appointed short-
hand writers to the Houses of Lords and Commons.] ,

590

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

Spurioris Don Quixote. — What English and
French versions are there of the spurious con-
tinuation of Don Quixote by Avellaneda ?

V. T. Sternberg.

[A notice of the English translations is given in
Lowndes's Bib. Man., vol. i. p. 374., art. Cervantes.
Consult also Ebert's Bibl. Diet., vol. i. p. 29!>., for the
French translations.]

PBONUNCIA-TION OF HEBREW NAMES AND WORDS
IN THE BIBLE.

(Vol. viii., p. 469.)

Your correspondent does not, of course, inquire
what is the proper Hebrew pronunciation of the
several letters, but rather what is the accented
syllable in each word. To pronounce in a manner
nearly approaching to the Hebrew might make
the congregation stare, but would appear very
pedantic to a learned ear. The safest mode is to
examine the Greek of the Septuagint, not of the
New Testament (if the reader does not under-
stand Hebrew), and observe the place of the acute
accent. On that place, if it be on the penultimate
or antepenultimate, the accent should be laid in
English. But if the accent be on the last syllable,
though it is strictly right to place it there also in
English, it is not worth while to do so, for fear of
making hearers talk about a strange sound, in-
stead of attending to the service. It will be safer
to accent the penultimate in dissyllables, and the
antepenultimate in trisyllables, which in the Greek
are acutitones ; in fact, to pronounce, as all cler-
gymen used to pronounce, until a pedantic and
ignorant practice arose of lengthening, or rather
accenting, every syllable in the penultimate, which
had or was supposed to have a long quantity in
Greek. Hence the comparatively new habit of
pronouncing 'S.aSadd, Za€ov\c!>y, ffaSax^avi, A«e\5a,uo,
with a strong accent on the penultima ; whereas
the old-fashioned way of accenting the antepenul-
tima makes no one stare, and is a much nearer
approach to the true pronunciation. There is a
curious inconsistency in the common way of read-
ing, In English, Sa^apeta and Kaurapeia. Samaria
is decidedly a Greek word ; but yet, in this word,
it is usual to accent the antepenultima. Cesarea
is decidedly a Latin word Grsecised, and yet it is
usual to read this with an accent on the ante-
penultima. I never observed any of those who
read Sabaoth, Zabulon, and sabachthani, read
either Samaria or Cesarea. The Greek accents
on Hebrew words always accord, as Hebraists
know, with the tonic accent in that language.

E. C. H.

As a contribution to the desii'able object of
settling the pronunciation of the words mentioned,

the following representation of their pronunciation
in the originals is offered. The vowels are to be
read as in Italian, the tk as in English, and the
hh as ch in German :

Hebrew. Saha.oih = tsi-vd-uth.

Hebrew. [The]Moriah = {ham-lmo-ri-yah.

Syriac. Aceldama = JiM-kal-di-md.
Syro-Chaldee. Eli Eli lamma sabachthani =

e-li ell Idm-md sa-bahh-ta-ni, as in Matthew ; or

e-lo-hi, as in Mark.

Chaldee. Abednego = d-ved ni-go.

The conventional pronunciation given by Walker
is perhaps best adapted to English ears, which
would be quite repulsed by an attempt to restore
the ancient pronunciation of such familiar words,
for instance, as Jacob, Isaac, Job, and Jeremiah.

T. J. BUCKTOW.

Licjifield.

LORD HALIFAX AND CATHERINE BARTON.

(Vol. viii., pp. 429. 543.)

One has some doubt, in reading Professor De
Morgan's article on the above subject, what in-
ference is to be drawn from it. If it is to prove
a private marriage between Halifax and Mrs.
Barton, on the strength of the date on the watch
at the Royal Society being falsified, it is a failure.
I have examined that watch since Professor De
Morgan published his Note, and can testify most
decidedly that, if anything, the Inscription is older
than the case, nor is there a vestige of anything
like unfair alteration ; and any one accustomed to
engraving would arrive at the same conclusion.
The outside case is beautifully chased in Louis
Quatorze style : but the Inner case, on which the
inscription is graven, has no need of such elaborate
work, nor is such work ever introduced on the
Inside of watches ; they are Invariably smooth.

And all that Is noticeable In the present instance
is, that the writing has lost the sharpness of the
graver by use, or returning It into its case; or
more probably the case has not been used at all,
being cumbersome and set aside as a curious work
of art, which indeed it is.

The date on the watch is 1708, and Professor
De Morgan states that Mrs. Barton was married
In 1718; the watch therefore denies this; but
when she married Conduit ought, If possible, to
be found out by register, which might prove the
watch date untrue ; but the watch declares she
was Mrs. Conduit in 1708. She was then of course
twenty-eight years of age : thus we come to a

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

591

plainer conclusion that when she lived with
Halifax, or whatever other arrangement they
made, a position which is said to have occurred
between 1700 and the time of Halifax's death
in 1715, she was really Mrs. Conduit, and not
Catherine Barton. And thus we are brought
to think that if there is any private marriage in
the case, it is between the lady and Mr. Conduit ;
at all events she went back to her husband, if the
watch is true.

As to an apology for Newton, I look upon it
in a very different light : first, I should say he had
no clear right to interfere in the matter, as the
lady was married ; and supposing he had, he could
have done no more than expostulate. He lived
in a world of his own studies, and did not choose
to be interrupted by quarrels and scandals. And
it is certainly a proper addition to say, that the
public morals of that age are not to be judged by
the present standard. All these account very
well for Newton's silence on the subject ; but to
settle the matter, some search might be made in
the registers of the parishes where they resided, in
order that the subject may be fully explained.

Weld Taylor.

INSCRIPTIONS IN BOOKS.

(Vol. viii. pp. 64. 153. 472.)

In the famous Rouen Missal, called St. Guthlac's
book, is the following inscription in the handwrit-
ing of Robert, Bishop of London, and afterwards
Archbishop of Canterbury, who was formerly head
of the monastery of Jumieges, to which the book
belonged, and where, in 1053, he died :

" Quem si quis vi vel dolo seu quoquo modo Jsti
loco subtraxerit, animae suae propter quod feccrit de-
trimentum patiatur, atque de libro viventium deleatur,
et cum justis non scribatur."

John Grollier had on all his books inscribed :

" Portio mea, domine, sit in terra viventium ; "

and underneath :

" lo. Grollierii et Amicorum."

Henry de Rantzan wrote a decree for his
library, of which here is the fulminatory clause :
" Libros partem ne allquam abstulerit,
Extraxerit, clepserit, rapserlt,
Concerpserit, corruperit,

Dolo malo,
Illico maledictus,
Perpetuo execrabilis,
Semper detestabilis,

Esto, maneto."

See Dlbdin's bibliographical works. J. S.

Norwich.

The two following are copied from the origiTwls
written in the ily-leaf of Brathwayte's Panedoney

or Health from Helicon, pub. 1621, in my posses-
sion :

1.
" Whose book I am if you would know.
In letters two I will you show :
The first is J, llie most of might,
The next is M, in all men's sight ;
Join these two letters discreetly.
And you will know my name thereby.

Jas. Morret.*^
2.

'• Philip Morrey is my name,
And with my pen I write the same ;
Tho' had such pen been somewhat better,
I could have mended every letter."

Cestribnsis,

On the fly-leaf of Theophila, or Love's Sacrifice^
a divine poem by E. B., Esq., London, 1652, I find
the following rare morsel :

•' Mr. James Tinker,
Rector of St. Andrews, Droitwich.

" Father Tinker, when you are dead.
Great parts a long wir you are fled,
O that they wor conferred on mee,
Which would ad unto God's glory."

The subject of the above laudation flourished in-
tbe early part of the last century.
In a Geneva Bible, date 1596 :

" Thomas Haud : his booke :
God giue him grace theare on to looke :
And if my pen it had bin better,
I would haue mend it euery letter.
1693."

R. C. Wabde.
Kidderminster.

German Book Inscription. — You have not yet^
I think, had a German boek-inscription : allow me
to send you the following out of an old Faustf
bought last year at Antwerp :

" Dieses "Buch ist mir lieb,
Wer es stielt ist ein Dieb;
Mag er heissen Herr oder Knecht,
Hangen ist sein verdientes Recht."

Underneath is the usual picture of the gallowa-
tree and its fruit. Iseldunensis.^

PRAYING TO THE WEST.

(Vol. viii., p. 343. &c.)

The setting sun and the darkness of evening has
been immemorially connected with death, just as
the rising orb and the light of morning with life.
In Sophocles (CEdipus Rex, 179.), Pluto is called
eWepos ei6s; and the "Oxford translation" has the
following note on the line :

'• In Lysia's Oration against Andocides is this pas-
sage : To expiate this pollution (the mutilation of the

592

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

Hermse), the priestesses and priests turtiing towards the
setting svn, the dwelling of the infernal gods, devoted
with curses the sacrilegious wretch, and shook their
purple robes, in the manner prescribed by that law,
which has been transmitted from the earliest times." —
Mitford, History of Greece, ch. xxii.

Liddell and Scott consider ^EpuSos (the nether
gloom) to be derived from ipscpu, to cover ; akin
to fpejxvos, and probably also to Hebrew erev or
ereb, our eye-ning ; and mention as analogous the
Egyptian Amenti, Hades, from ement, the west.
(Wilkinson's Egyptians, il. 2. 74.)

Turning to the East on solemn occasions is a
practice more frequently mentioned. There is an
interesting note on the subject in the Translation
above quoted, at Oedipus Col., 477.,

and doubtless much more may be found in the
commentators. The custom, as is well known,
found its way into the Christian Church.

" The primitive Christians used to assemble on the
steps of the basilica of St. Peter, to see the first rays of
the rising sun, and kneel, curvatis cervicibus in honorem
splendidi orbls. (S.Leo. Barm. VII. Be Nativ.) The
practice was prohibited, as savouring of, or leading to,
Gentilism. (Bernino, i. 45.)" — Southey's Commow-
Place Book, ii. 44.

" The rule of Orientation, though prescribed in the
Apostolic Constitutions, never obtained in Italy, where
the churches are turned indiscriminately towards every
quarter of the heaven." — Quarter!)/ Review, vol. Ixxv.
p. 382.

In the Reformed Church in England the custom
is recognised, as far as the position of the material
church goes. (See rubric at the beginning of the
Communion Service.) "The priest shall stand
at the north side of the table ;" but turning east-
ward at the Creeds has no sanction that I know
of, but usage. (Compare Wheatly On the Com-
mon Prayer, ch. ii. § 3., ch. Hi. § 8. ; and Williams,
The Cathedral (" Stanzas on the Cloisters "),
xxiv. — xxvlii.)

The rationale of a western paradise is given in
the following extract, with which I will conclude:

" "When the stream of mankind was flowing towards
the West, it is no wonder that the weak reflux of posi-
tive information from that quarter should exhibit only
the impulses of hope and superstition. Greece was
nearly on the western verge of the world, as it was
known to Homer ; and it was natural for him to give
wing to his imagination as he turned towards the dim

prospects beyond All early writers in Greece

believed in the existence of certain regions situated in
the West beyond the bounds of their actual know-
ledge, and, as it appears, of too fugitive a nature ever
to be fixed within the circle of authentic geography.
Homer describes at the extremity of the ocean the
Elysian plain, ' where, under a serene sky, the fa-
vourites of Jove, exempt from the common lot of

mortals, enjoy eternal felicity." Hesiod, in like man-
near, sets the Happy Isles, the abode of departed
heroes, beyond the deep ocean. The Hesperla of the
Greeks continually fled before them as their know-
ledge advanced, and they saw the terrestrial paradise
still disappearing in the West." — Cooley's History of
Maritime Discov., vol. i. p. 25., quoted in Anthon's
Horace.

A. A. D.

■ GREEN EYES.

(Vol. vill., p. 407.)

In the edition of Longfellow's Poetical Worhs
published by Routledge, 1853, the note quoted by
Mr. Temple ends thus :

" Dante speaks of Beatrice's eyes as emeralds (Pur-
gntorio, xxxi. 116.). Lami says, in his Amiotazioni,
' Erano i suoi occhi d' un turchino verdiccio, simile a
quel del mare.'"

More in favour of "green eyes" is to be found
in one of Giflbrd's notes on his translation of the
thirteenth satire of Juvenal. The words in the
original are :

" Casrula quis stupuit Germani lumina."

Juv. Sat. XIII. 164.

And Glfford's note is as follows :

" Ver. 223. . . . and eyes of sapphire blue fl^ — The
people of tiie south seem to have regarded, as a pheno-
menon, those blue eyes, which with us are so common,
and, indeed, so characteristick of beauty, as to form an
indispensable requisite of every Daphne of Grub Street.
Tacitus, however, from whom Juvenal perhaps bor-
rowed the expression, adds an epithet to ceeridean, which
makes the common interpretation doubtful. ' The
Germans,' he says (ZJe Mor. Ger. 4.), 'have truces et
ceerulei oculi, fierce, lively blue eyes.' With us, this
colour is always indicative of a soft, voluptuous lan-
guor. What, then, if we have hitherto mistaken the
sense, and, instead of blue, should have said sea-green ?
This is not an uncommon colour, especially in the
north, I have seen "many Norwegian seamen with
eyes of this hue, which were invariably quick, keen,
and glancing.

" Shakspeare, whom nothing escaped, has put an
admirable description of them into the mouth of Juliet's
nurse :

' O he's a lovely man ! An eagle, madam.

Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eye,

As Paris hath.'

*' Steevens, who had some glimpse of the meaning of
this word, refers to an apposite passage in The Two
Noble Kinsmen. It is in JEmilia's address to Diana :
* . . . . . Oh vouchsafe

With that thy rare green eye, which never yet
Beheld things maculate,' &c.

" It is, indeed, not a little singular, that this expres-
sion should have occasioned any difficulty to his com-
mentators ; since it occurs in most of our old poets,

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

593

and Drummond of Hawthornden uses it perpetually.
One instance of it may be given :

' When Nature now had -n-onderfully wrought
All Auristella's parts, except lier eyes :
To make those twins, two lamps in beauty's skies,
The counsel of the starry synod sought.
Mars and Apollo first did her advise,
To wrap in colours black those comets bright,
That Love him so might soberly disguise,
And, unperceived, wound at every sight !
Chaste Phoebe spake for ])urest azure dyes ;
But Jove and Venus green about the light,
To frame, thought best, as bringing most delight,
That to pined hearts hope might for aye arise.
Nature, all said, a paradise oi green
Placed tliere, to make all love which have them seen.' "

' Giffbrd's J'ranslation of Juvenal and Persius,

3rd edition, 1817.

Gifford's quotation from Romeo and Juliet
(errors excepted) is to be found in Act III. Sc. 5.

C. Forbes.
Temple.

" Isabelle etait un peu plus agee que Ferdinand.
EUe etait petite, mais bien faite. Ses cheveux, au
moins tres blonds, ses yeux verts et phins de feu, son
teint un peu olivatre, ne Tempechaient pas d'avoir un
visage imposant et agreable. {Revolutions d'Espagne,
torn. iv. liv. viii. ; Mariana, Hist. d'Espagne, tom. ii.
liv. XXV.; Hist, de Ferdinand et d' Isabelle, par M. I'Abbe
Mignot, &c.)" — Florian, Gonzaive de Cordque, Precis
Historique sur les Maures d'Espagne, quatrieme epoque,
note t.

E. J. M.

Hastings.

THE MYRTLE BEE.

(Vol. vlii., pp. 173. 4r>0.)

Allow me to thank C. Brown for the reply he
has sent to my inquiries on this subject. I slinll
certainly avail myself with pleasure of the permis-
sion he has given me to communicate with him by
letter ; but before doing so, I hope yon will allow
me to address him this note through the medium
of your pages. The existence of the Myrtle Bee
as a distinct species has been denied by ornitholo-
gists, and as I think the question is more likely to
be set at rest by public than by private corre-
spondence, I trust C. Brown will not consider that
I am presuming too much on his kindness if I ask
him to send me farther information on the follow-
ing points : What was the exact size of the bird
in question which he had in his hand ? Wliat was
its size compared with the Golden-crested AVren ?
Was it generally known in the neighbourhood he
mentions, and by whom was it known ? By the
common people as well as others ? From what
source did he originally obtain the appellation
" Myrtle Bee," as applied to this bird ? It has

Vol, VIII. — No. 216.

been suggested to me that the bird seen by C.
Bkown may have been the Dartford Warbler
(^Si/loia provincialis,Gme\.), wings short, tail elon-
gated (this, if the Myrtle Bee is the Dartford
AVarbler, would account for its "miniature phea-
sant-like appearance ") ; a bird which, as we are
informed in Yarrell's Hist, of British Birds, 1839,
vol. i. p. 31 1. et seq., Ifaunts and builds among the
furze on commons ; flies with short jerks ; is very
shy ; conceals itself on tlie least alarm ; and
creeps about from bush to busli. This description
would suit tlie Myrtle Bee. Not so the colour,
which is chiefly greyish-black and brown ; whereas
the bird seen by your correspondent was " dusky
light blue." Nor again does the description of
the Dartford Warbler, " lighting for a moment on
tiie very point of the sprigs" of furze (vid. Yarrell
ut sup.), coincide with the account of the bird seen
by C. Brown, who " never saw one sitting or
light on a branch of the myrtle, but invariably
flying from the base of one plant to that of ano-
ther." In conclusion I would venture to ask
whether your correspondent's memory may not
have been treacherous respecting the colour of a
bird which he has not seen for twenty-five years,
and whether he has ever seen the Dartford
Warbler on Chobham or the adjacent commons?

W. R. D. Salmon.

(Vol. viii., pp. 290. 344.)

The first mention I remember of the place from
whence tin came, is in Herodotus (lib. iii. c. 115.).
He there says :

" But concerning the extreme parts of Europe to-
wards the west, I am not able to speak certainly. For
I neither believe that a certain river is called Eridanus
l)y the barbarians, which flows into a northern sea, and
from which tiiere is a report that the amber is wont to
come, nor have I known (any) islands, being Cassite-
rides (^KaaaiTepiSas ioucras), from which tlie tin is wont
to come to us. For, on the one hand, the very name
Eridanus proves that it is Hellenic and not Barbaric,
but formed by some poet ; and on the other, I am not
able, though paying much attention to this matter, to
hear of any one that has been an eye-witness that a sea
exists upon that side of Europe. But doubtless both
the tin and the amber are wont to come from the ex-
treme part of Europe."

Kaaalrepos, according to Damm, is so called
because it is more ready to melt than other
metals, i. e. Kavc^irepos, from (cai'co, to burn ; this de-
rivation agrees with tliat given by Mr. Crosslet
of tin, " from the Celtic tin, to melt readily ;" and
it receives some support from Hesiod (D. G. 861.),
where he speaks of the earth burning and melting
as tin or as iron, which is the hardest of metals.

But I own I doubt this derivation. First, be-

594

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

caiise it is quite clear to my mind that Herodotus
had no idea that it had a Greek derivation. He
assigns the Greek origin of the word Eridanus as
a reason for disbelieving tiie statement as to it ;
and had he known that Cassiteros had a like
origin, it cannot be doubted that he would have
assigned the same reason as to it likewise. In-
stead of which he resorts to the fact that he could
not obtain any authentic account of any sea on
that side of Europe, as a proof that the Cassi-
terides did not exist. In truth, his assertion as to
the Greek origin of the one, coupled with the
reason that is added, seems almost, if not quite,
equivalent to a denial that the other had a Greek
origin. Secondly, it is in the highest degree im-
probable that these islands should have received
their name from the Greeks, as it is contrary to
all experience that a country should be named by
persons ignorant of its existence. The names of
places are either given to them by those who dis-
cover them, or the names by which they are called
by their inhabitants are adopted by others.

At the time Ca3sar invaded this island, there
was a people whom he calls Cassi (Cces. de B. G.,
lib. v. 21.), of whose prince Camden says, "from the
Cassii their prince, Cassivellaunus or Cassibelinus,
first took his name ; " and he adds tliat " it seems
yery probable that Cassivellaunus denotes as much
as the Prince of the Cassii." (Camd. Brit., p. 278.,
edit. 1695.) According to which the word would
be compounded of Cas.si and vellaumis or hflinus ;
and this derivation is fortified by the word Cuno-
belinus, which plainly is formed in a similar
manner. Now there is a Celtic word, tir or ter
(from which terra is derived)^ and the Welsh
word tir (which I have heard pronounced teer),
all denoting land. If then this word be added to
Cassi, we have Cassiter, that is, the land of the
Cassii, Cassiiand. And as we have England, Scot-
land, and Ireland, possibly the ancient inhabitants
may have called their country Cassiter ; and as
chalybs, steel, was so called both by the Greeks
and Romans from the people that made it, so
might tin be from the country where it Avas found.
My derivation is conjectural, no doubt, and as
such I submit it with great deference to the
candid consideration of your readers.

Isaiah, who lived b.c. 758, mentions tin in i. 25.

Ezekiel, who lived b.c. 598, mentions tin xxii.
18. 20. ; and xxvii, 12., speaking of Tyre, he says :

" Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multi-
tude of all kincis of riches ; with silver, iron, tin, and
lead, they traded in thy fairs."

This passage clearly shows that, at the time
spoken of by Ezekiel, the trade in tin was carried
on by the inhabitants of Tarshish, Avhether that
place designates Carthage, or Tartessus in Spain,
or not; and there can be little doubt that they
brought the tin from England ; and the addition

of silver, iron, and lead, tends to strengthen this
opinion.

Herodotus recited his History at the Olympic
GaniL'S, B.C. 445 ; and probably the same people
traded in tin in his time as in the time of Ezekiel.

The Hebrew word for tin is derived from a
verb meaning " to separate," and seems to throw
no light on the subject. S. G. C.

MILTON S WIDOW.

(Vol. viii., pp. 452. 544. &c.)

Your correspondents Mr. Marsh and Mr.
Hughes are entitled to an apology from me for
having so long delayed noticing their comments
on my communication on the above subject in
Vol. viii , ]). 134., which comments have failed in
convincing me that I have fallen into the error
they attribute to me, because it is manifest
Richard MinshuU of Chester, son of Richard of
Wistaston, the writer of the letter of May 3rd,
1656, set forth in the Rev. Mr. Hunter's Milton
Pamphlet, pp. 37. and 38., could only have been
fifteen years old when that letter viras written, he
having, as Mr. Hughes states, been born in 1641,
so that he must have been only three years the
junior of his supposed niece, Mrs. Milton, then
Miss MinshuU, laorn in 1638, according to Mr.
Marsh's account of her baptism ; and furthermore
he, Richard, the writer of the said letter, must
be fairly presumed to have been married at the
date of such letter, which he thus commences :
" My love and best respects to you and my
daughter [meaning no doubt his daughter-in-law],
tendered with trust of your health." Very un-
likely language for a parent to address to his son,
a boy oi fifteen, on so important a subject as a
f\\mily pedigree. If this youthful Richard Min-
shuU really was Mrs. Milton's uncle, his brother
Randle MinshuU, her father, must have been very
many years older than him, which was not very
probable.

I noticed in a recent Number of your pages, with
great s.atisfaction, a communication fromCRANMER,
who has avowed himself to be your correspondent
Mr. Arthur Paget, for which, in common with
]\Ir. Hughes and others, I feel very thankful to
him, notwithstanding it falls short of connecting
Mrs. Milton with Richard MinshuU of Wistaston,
the Holme correspondent of 1656.

That historians have been much misled in as-
suming that J\Irs. Milton was a daughter of Sir
Edward MinshuU of Stoke, cannot, I think, be
questioned ; although it may be very fairly asked
whether there were not other respectable Minshidl
families living in the neighbourhood of Wistaston,
of which Mrs. Milton might have been a member,
and yet allied to the Paget and Goldsmith families.

Garlichitiie.

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

595

Mr. Hughes is quite right, both in his facts, so
far as they go, and in the inference he draws from
them in confirmation of tlie now well ascertained
identity of IMilton's widow with the daughter of
Randle MynshuU of Wistaston. His observations
derive additional force from the fact, that two gene-
rations of MinshuU of Wistaston married ladies of
the name of Goldsmith. Thomas JMinshull, the

great-grandfitlier of Milton's widow, married

Goldsmith of Nantwich, as his son llichard in-
formed Randal Holmes, in a letter among the
Harl. MSS., noticed by ]\Ir. Hunter, and as
pointed out by Mr. Hughes; but the writer of
that letter also married a lady of the same name,
Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Goldsmith, of
Bosvvorth, in the county of Leicester. The fact is
•worth noticing, though no very accurate estimate
can be formed of the precise degree of relation-
ship to be inferred from the title of "cousin" a
couple of centuries ago. My authority is the
Cheshire visitation of 1663-4. Several other MS.
pedigrees are in existence ; in some of which the
Lady's name is stated as Ellen, instead of Elizabeth,
and her father's as Richard instead of Nicholas.
Thomas MinshuU of Manchester, the uncle of
Milton's widow, deserves perhaps a passing word
of notice, as having embalmed the mortal remains
of Humphrey Chetham, J. F. M.

Warrington.

Our elegant poet Fenton, having written a
Life of Milton, and no doubt often visited his
place of nativity (Shelton, in the Staffordshire
Potteries), he surely must have known something
respecting Milton^s third wife's family, who lived
only a few miles from thence ; and if the Fenton
papers have, as is probable, been preserved by his
family, some of whom I am informed still live in
the neighbourhood of Shelton, it is not unlikely
they will throw some light on the family of the
poet's widow. Newington.

BOOKS CHAINED TO DESKS IN CHURCHES OLD

PAROCHIAL LIBRARIES.

(Vol. viii., p. 93.)

On a recent visit to Aberystwith, I walked to
the mother church of Llanbadarn, a fine old build-
ing, which I was glad to find, since a former visit,
was undergoing important repairs in its exterior.
While inspecting the interior, I requested the
clerk to show me into the vestry, and upon in-
quiring if the church possessed any black-letter
Bible, Foxe's Martyrs, or any of those volumes
which at the Reformation were chained to the
desks or pews, he opened a case in the vestry, in
which I was sorry to observe many volumes, not
of that early date, but about a century and a half
old, yet valuable in their day as well as at present,

in a sad dilapidated state, arising from the damp-
ness of the room, which is without a fire-place.
Many of the volumes were the gift of a Doctor
Fowle, with his autograph, stating that they were
given as a lending library to the parishioners.

The present incumbent is the Rev. — Hughes,
a very excellent and zealous pastor, with the
modern church in Aberystwith annexed, who,
should this narrative meet his eye, or be commu-
nicated to him, might be induced to make in-
quiries into the losses which had taken place, and
prevent farther dilapidations and decay, in what
was, no doubt, once considered a valuable acqui-
sition to the inhabitants of the parish.

Permit me to add, that in a room over the en-
trance porch of that venerable Saxon church St.
Peter in the East, at Oxford, there is a large lend-
ing library for the use of the parishioners, largely
contributed to by several of its recent and present
zealous incumbent, and to which church so much
has lately been done to remove former eye-sores,
and to render it one of the most chastely decorated,
and best attended parisli churches in the Uni-
versity. J. M. G.

Worcester.

In an old MS. headed

" Articles, Conditions, and Covenants, upon which
the Provost and other officers of King's College in
Cambridge have admitted Michael Mills, Schollar of
the said College, to be Keeper of the Publick Library
of the said College."

the seventh and last article is • — •

" For the rendering his business about the library
more easy, each person that makes use of any book
or books in the said library, is required to sett 'em up
again decently, without entangling tlie chains ; by
which is signified to aH concerned that no person what-
soever, upon any pretence, is permitted to carry any
book out of the library to their chambers, or any other-
wise to be used as a private book, it being against the
statutes of our college in y' case provided."

Under " Orders for regulating the publick library
of King's College," Order IV. :

" All the fellows and scholars, and all other persons
allowed the use of the library, shall carefully set up
those they use in their proper place, without entangling
the chains."

Michael Mills got King's in 1683. T. H. L.

In the church of Wiggenhall, St. Mary the
Virgin, the following books may be seen fastened,
by chains to a wooden desk in the chancel ; Foxe's
Book of Martyrs, in three volumes, chained to the
same staple ; the Book of Homilies ; the Bible,
with calendar in rubrics; and the works of Bi-
shop Jewell, in one volume. The title-page is
lost from all the above : in other respects they are
in a fair state of preservation, considering their

596

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

antiquity, of which their characters beinor old
English, is a sufficient proof. W. B. D.

At a soiree recently held at Crosby Hall, there
were exhibited by the churchwardens of St.
Benet's, Gracechurch Street, Erasmus' Commen-
tary on the Gospels in Englisli, with the chains
annexed, by which they were fastened in the
church. There are two volumes, in good pre-
servation, and black letter.

In Minster Church, near Margate, Kent, there
is an oak cover to a Bible chained to a desk, temp.
Henry VIII. The whole of the letter-press has
been taken away (by small pieces at a time) by
visitors to this beautiful Norman church.

J. W. Beown.

At Bromsgrove Church, Worcestershire, a copy
of Bishop Jewel's Sermon on 1 Cor. ix. 16. (1609)
is chained to a small lectern.

At Suckley Church, also in Worcestershire,
there is a black-letter copy of the Homilies, 1578.

CUTHBERT BeDE, B A.

There is a copy of Foxe's Monuments so chained
in the chancel of Luton Church, Bedfordshire.

Mackenzie Walcott, M. A.

THE COURT-HOUSE.

(Vol. viii., p. 493.)

This place is not " an old out-of-the-way place,"
as described to F. M., but stands in a paddock ad-
joining the churchyard, in the town of " Painswick,
in Gloucestershire." It is a respectable old stone-
built house in the Elizabethan style ; and stands
on an eminence commanding a view of one of the
pleasant valleys which abound in this parish. I
do not know of, and do not believe that there
is, any " full description of it." Neither of the
county histories, of Atkyns (1712), Rudder (1779),
Rudge (1803), or Fosbrook (1807), mentions the
court-house, though probably it is referred to by
Atkyns as " a handsome pleasant house adjoining
the town, [then] lately the seat of Mr. Wm.
Rogers."

If either Charles I. or II. slept there, it was
doubtless King Charles I., on the night of the 5th
of September, 1643, on which day he raised the
siege of Gloucester, and

" Thousands of the royalist army marched in the
rain up Painswick hill, on the summit of which they
encamped in the ancient entrenchment of the part
called Spoonhed hill. On this hill, tradition says, as
Charles was sitting on a stone near the camp, one of
the princes, weary of their present life, asked him,
• When should they go home ? ' 'I have no home to
go to,' replied the disconsolate king. He went on to
Painswick, and passed the night there." — Bihliotheca
Gloucestiiensis (Webb), Introduction, p. 68., referring

to Rudder (p. 592.) for the tradition as to the
colloquy.

The lodge, an old wooden house, in this parish,
more properly deserves the character of an " old
out-of-the-way house." I remember it many
years ago, wlien it contained a court, in which
were galleries, approached by stairs, and leading
to the sleeping-rooms of the mansion ; such as
were formerly in the court-yard of the Bull and
JNIouth Inn, London, and are now in the yard
of the New Inn, Gloucester. P. H. Fisher.

Stroud.

ON THE SIMPLICITY OF THE CALOTTPE PROCESS,
BY DR. DIAMOND.

(Read before the Photographic Society, Nov. 3, 1853.)

I feel that some few words are required to
explain to the Society the reasons which have
induced me to call their attention to a branch of
pliotography, which of all others has been dwelt
upon most fully, and practised with such success
by so many eminent photographers.

The flourishing state of this Society, which is
constantly receiving an accession of new Members,
indicates the great number that have lately com-
menced the practice of photography, and to those
I hope my observations will not prove unaccept-
able, because of all others the calotype process is
undoubtedly the simplest, and the most useful ;
not only from that simplicity, but from its being
available when other modes could not be used.*

I am also induced to urge on the attention of
the Society the advantages of this, one of the
earliest processes, because I think that there has
been lately such an eager desire for something
new, that we all have more or less run away from
a steady wish to improve if possible the original
details of Mr. Fox Talbot ; and have been tempted
to practise new modes, entailing much more care
and trouble, without attaining a correspondingly
favourable result.

Amongst antiquaries I have long noticed, that
many who have especially studied one particular

* In a communication I formerly addressed to my
friend the Editor of " N. & Q.," one of the arguments
I used in favour of the collodion process was, that the
operator was enabled at once to know the results of his
attempts ; and was not left in suspense concerning the
probable success, as with a paper picture requiring an
after-development.

I made tliat ol)servation not only from the partial
success which had then attended my own manipula-
tions, but from the degree of success which was at-
tained by the majority of my photographic friends.
But that objection is now almost entirely removed by
the comparative ceitainty to which the paper process
is reduced.

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

597

branch of archaeology, think and speak slightingly
of those departments in which they are not much
interested. One fond of research in the early
tumuli is esteemed to be a mere " pot and pan
antiquary " by one who, in his turn, is thought to
waste his time on " mediseval trash ;" and this feel-
ing pervades its many sections.

I hope I shall not give offence in saying, that
amongst photographers I have noticed somewhat
of a similar spirit, namely, an inclination to value
and praise a production, from the particular mode
of operation adopted, rather than from its in-
trinsic merits. The collodion, the waxed paper,
or the simple paper processes have merits per-
taining to themselves alone ; and those who ad-
mire each of these several processes are too apt to
be prejudiced in favour of the works produced by
them.

Before proceeding farther, permit me to observe,
that if some of my remarks appear too elementary,
and too well known by many assembled here, my
reason for making them is, that I have myself
experienced the want of plain simple rules, not-
withstanding the many able treatises upon the
subject which have already been written : I hope,
therefore, I shall receive their pardon for entering
fully into detail, because a want of success may
depend upon what may appear most trivial.

I think the greatest number of failures result
from not having good iodized paper ; which may
be caused by

1. The quality of the paper ;

2. The mode of preparing it ;

3. The want of proper definite proportions for a

particular make of paper ;

because I find very different results ensue unless
these things are relatively considered.

I have not met with satisfactory results in
iodizing the French and German papers, and the
thick papers of some of our English makers are
quite useless.

Turner's paper, of the " Chafford Mills" make,
is greatly to be preferred, and therefore I will
presume that to be used, and of a medium thick-
ness. The great fault of Turner's paper consists
in the frequent occurrence of spots, depending
upon minute portions of brass coming from the
machinery, or from the rims of buttons left in the
rags when being reduced to pulp, and thus a single
button chopped up will contaminate a large por-
tion of paper ; occasionally these particles are so
large that they reduce the silver solutions to the
metallic state, which is formed on the paper ; at
other times they are so minute as to simply de-
compose the solution, and white spots are left,
much injuring the effect of the picture.

Whatman's paper is much more free from
blemishes, but it is not so fine and compact in its
texture ; the skies in particular exhibiting a mi-

nutely speckled appearance, and the whole picture
admitting of much less definition.*

All papers are much improved by age ; pro-
bably in consequence of a change which the size
undergoes by time. It is therefore advisable that
the photographer, when he meets with a desirable
paper, should lay in a store for use beyond his
immediate wants.

It may not be inappropriate to mention here,
in reference to the minuteness attainable by paper
negatives, that a railway notice of six lines is per-
fectly legible, and even the erasure for a new
secretary's name is discernible in the accompany-
ing specimen, which was obtained with one of
Ross's landscape lenses, without any stop what-
ever being used, and after an exposure of five
minutes during a heavy rain. The sky is scarcely
so dense as could be desired, which will be fully
accounted for by the dull state of the atmosphere
during the exposure in the camera.

Having selected your paper as free from ble-
mishes as possible, which is most readily ascer-
tained by holding it up to the light (as the rejected
sheets do perfectly well for positives, it is well to
reject all those upon which any doubt exists),
mark the smoothest surface; — the touch will
always indicate this, but it is well at all times not
to handle the surfaces of papers more than can
be avoided. There is much difference in various
individuals in this respect ; some will leave a mark
upon the slightest touch, whereas others may rub
the paper about with perfect impunity.

I prefer paper iodized by the single process ;
because, independently of the ease and economy
of time, I think more rapidity of action is attained
by paper so treated, as well as that greater inten-
sity of the blacks, so requisite for producing a
clear picture in after printing.

To do this, take sixty grains of nitrate of silver
and sixty grains of iodide of potassium, dissolve
each separately in an ounce of distilled water, mix
and stir briskly with a glass rod so as to ensure
their perfect mixture ; the precipitated iodide of
silver will fall to the bottom of the vessel ; pour
off the fluid, wash once with a little distilled water,
then pour upon it four ounces of distilled water,
and add 650 grains of iodide of potassium, which
should perfectly redissolve the silver and form a
clear fluid. Should it not (for chemicals differ
occasionally in their purity), then a little more
should be very cautiously added until the fluid is
perfectly clear.

The marked side of the paper should then be
carefully laid upon the surface of this fluid in a
proper porcelain or glass dish. Then immediately

* The effect was illustrated in two negfitives of the
same subject, taken at the same time, exhibited to the
meeting, and which may now be seen at Mr. Bell's by
those who take an interest in the suliject.

598

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

remove it, lay it upon its dry side upon a piece of
blotting-paper, and stroke it over once or twice
with a glass rod ; this as effectually expels all the
particles of air as complete immersion ; it is also
more economical, and has the advantage of re-
quiring much less time in the after-immersion in
the hypo, when it is required to remove the iodide.
Either pin the paper up, or lay it down upon its
dry side, and when it becomes tolerably dry
(perfect dryness is not requisite), immerse it in
common cold water for the space of four hours,
changing the water during that time three or four
times, so that all the soluble salts may be re-
moved ; often move tlie papers, so that when se-
veral sheets are together, one does not press so
much upon another that the water does not equally
arrive at all the surface.

If this paper is well made, it is of a pale straw
colour, or rather primrose, and perfectly free
from unevenness of tint. It will keep good for
several years ; if, however, the soluble salts have
not been entirely removed, it attracts damp, and
becomes brown and useless or uncertain in its ap-
plication.

Some of our oldest and most successful operators
still adhere to and prefer the iodized paper pre-
pared by the double process, which certainly
effects a saving in the use of the iodide of potas-
sium. The following is the easiest way of so
preparing it: — Having floated your marked sur-
face of the paper on a 30-grain solution of nitrate
of silver, and di'ied it*, immerse it for 20 minutes
in a solution of iodide of potassium of 20 grains to
the ounce, when it immediately assumes the de-
sired colour. It is then requisite, however, that it
should undergo the same washing in pure water
as tlie paper prepared by the single process.

Upon the goodness of your iodized paper of
course depends your future success. Although it
is not requisite to prepare it by candle-light (which
in fact is objectionable from your inability to see
if the yellow tint is equally produced), I think it
should not be exposed to too strong a light ; and
as the fly-fisher in the dull winter mouths prepares
Lis flies ready for the approaching spring, so may
the photographer in the dull weather which now
prevails, with much advantage prepare his stock
of iodized paper ready for the approach of fine
weather.f

* For this purpose, strips of wood from 1 inch to
1| square will he found much more convenient to pin
the paper to than the tape or strhig usually recom-
mended. Tlie pressure of a corner of the paper to the
wood will render it almost sufficiently adherent with-
out the pin, and do away with the vexation of corners
tearing off".

■{• Some difference of opinion seemed to exist at the
reading of the paper, as to the propriety of preparing
iodized paper long before it was required for use, and

Many other ways of iodizing paper have been
recommended which have proved successful in dif-
ferent hands. Dr. Mansell, of Guernsey, pours the
iodide solution upon his paper, which previously has
had all its edges turned up so as to resemble a dish ;
he rapidly pours it off" again after it has completely
covered the paper, and then washes it in three
waters for only ten minutes in all : he considers
that thereby none of the size of the paper is re-
moved, and a more favourable action is obtained.
In the experiments I have tried with the use of
the air-pump, as recommended by Mr. Stewart, I
have met with much trouble and little success ;
and I am inclined to attribute the very beautiful
specimens which he has produced to his own good
manipulation under a favourable climate.*

To excite the paper take 10 drops (minims) of
solution of aceto-nitrate of silver, and 10 drops of
saturated solution of gallic acid, mixed with 3
drachms of distilled water.

The aceto-nitrate solution consists of —

Nitrate of silver - - 30 grains.

Glacial acetic acid - - 1 drachm.
Distilled waterf - - 1 ounce.

If the weather is warm, 6 drops of gallic acid to
the 10 of aceto-nitrate will suffice, and enable the
prepared excited paper to be kept longer.

This exciting fluid may be applied either directly

I have since received some letters from very able pho-
tographers who have attributed an occasional want of
success to this cause. I have, however, never myself
seen good iodized paper deteriorated by age. Many
friends tell me they have used it when several years
old; and I can confirm this by a remarkable instance.
On Tuesday (Dec. 6) I was successful in obtaining a
perfectly good negative in the usual time from some
paper kindly presented to me by ]\Ir. Mackinly, and
which has been in his possession since the year 1844.
I should add, the paper bears the mark of " J. What-
man, 1842," and has all the characters of Turner's best
photographic paper. It appears to be a make of What-
man's paper which I have not hitherto seen, and, from
its date, was evidently not made for photographic pur-
poses.

* The paper may be iodized by pouring over it
30 minims of the iodizing solution, and then smoothing
it over with the glass rod. Care must however be
taken not to wet the back of the paper, as an uneven-
ness of depth in the negative would probably be the
result.

■]• Much more attention should he paid to the purity
of the distilled water than is generally supposed. In
the many processes in which distilled water is used,
there is none in which attention to this is so much re-
quired as the calotype process. I mention this from
having lately had some otherwise fine negatives spoiled
by being covered with spots, emanating entirely from
impurities in distilled water purchased l>y me during a
late excursion into the countrv.

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

599

hy means of the glass rod, or by floating, as
before, and then the glass rod. But if floating is
resorted to, then a larger quantity must be pre-
pared. As soon as it is applied the paper should
be blotted ofi" by means of blotting-paper (which
should never be used more than once in this way,
although preserved for other purposes), and put
into the dark frames for use.* It is not requisite
that the paper should be perfectly dry. This ex-
citing should be conducted by a very feeble light ;
the paper is much more sensitive than is generally
supposed ; in fact, it is then in a state to print
from by the aid of gas or the light of a common
lamp, and very agreeable positives are so produced
by this negative mode of printing.

I would advise the aceto-nitrate of silver and
the solution of gallic acid to be kept in two bottles
with wooden cases differing in their shape, so that
they may not be mistaken when operating in com-
parative darkness. A 5 of an ounce of gallic acid
put into sucih a 3-ounce bottle, and quite filled up
with distilled water as often as any is used, will
serve a very long time.

I would also recommend that the paper should be
excited upon themorningof the day upon which it is
intended to be used ; no doubt the longer it is
kept, the less active and less certain it becomes. I
have, however, used it successfully eight days after
excitement, and have a good negative produced at
that length of time. The general medium time of
exposure required is five minutes. In the ne-
gatives exhibited, the time has varied from three
minutes to eight, the latter being when the day
was very dull.

The pictures should be developed by equal
quantities of the aceto-nitrate of silver and the
saturated solution of gallic acid, which are to be
mixed and immediately applied to the exposed
surface. This may be done several hours after the
pictures have been removed from the camera.
Care should be taken that the back of the pic-
ture does not become wetted, as this is apt to
produce a stain which may spoil the printing of
the positive.

If upon the removal of the paper from the dark
frame, the picture is very apparent, by first ap-
plying a little gallic acid, and immediately after-
wards the mixed solutions, less likelihood is in-
cui-red of staining the negative, which will be
more evenly and intensely developed. If a
browning take place, a few drops of strong acetic
acid will generally check it.

Should the picture be very tardy, either from

* It is very requisite that the glasses of the frames
should be thoroughly cleansed before the excited papers
are put into them. Although not perceptible to the
eye, there is often left on the glass (if this precaution is
not used) a decomposing influence which afterwards
shows itself by stains upon the negative.

an insufiielent exposure, want of light, or other
cause, a few drops of a solution of pyrogallic acid,
made with 3 grains to the ounce of water, and a
drachm of acetic acid, will act very beneficially.
It sometimes gives an unpleasant redness upon
the surface, but produces great intensity upon
looking through it. Until the pyrogallic solution
was added, there was scarcely anything visible
upon the specimen exhibited, the failure having
in the first instance happened from the badness of
the iodized paper.

As soon as the picture is sufficiently developed
it should be placed in water, which should be
changed once or twice ; after soaking for a short
time, say half an hour, it may be pinned up and
dried, or it may at once be placed in a solution
almost saturated, or quite so, of hyposulphite of
soda, remaining there no longer than is needful
for the entire removal of the iodide, which is
known by the disappearance of the yellow colour.

When travelling it is often desirable to avoid
using the hyposulphite, for many reasons (besides
that of getting rid of extra chemicals), and it may
be relied on that negatives will keep even under
exposure to light for a very long time. I have
kept some myself for several weeks, and I believe
Mr. Rosling has kept them for some months.

The hyposulphite, lastly, should be effectually
removed from the negative by soaking in water,
which should be frequently changed.

Some prefer to use the hypo, quite hot, or even
boiling, as thereby the size of the paper is re-
moved, allowing of its being afterwards readily
waxed.* I have always found that pouring a
little boiling water upon the paper effectually
accomplishes the object ; some negatives will
readily wax even when the size is not removed.
A box iron very hot is best for the purpose ; but
the most important thing to attend to is that the
paper should be perfectly dry, and it should there-
fore be passed between blotting-paper and well
ironed before the wax is applied. Negatives will
even attract moisture from the atmosphere, and
therefore this process should at all times be re-
sorted to immediately before the application of the
wax.

Some photographers prefer, instead of using
wax, to apply a solution of Canada balsam in
spirits of turpentine. This certainly adds much
to the transparency of the negative ; and, in some
instances, may be very desirable. Even in so
simple a thing as white wax, there is much va-

* If boiling water is carefully poured in the nega-
tive in a porcelain dish, it will frequently remove ft
f;reat deal of colouring matter, thereby rendering the
negative still more translucent. It is astonishing how
much colouring matter a negative so treated will give
out, even when to the eye It appears so clean as not to
require it.

600

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 216.

f iety ; some forming little flocculent appearances
on the paper, which is not the case with other
samples. Probably it may be adulterated with
stearine, and other substances producing this dif-
ference.

Before concluding these remarks, I would draw
attention to the great convenience of the use
of a bag of yellow calico, made so large as to
entirely cover the head and shoulders, and con-
fined round the waist by means of a stout elastic
band. It was first, I believe, used by Dr. Mansell.
In a recent excursion, I have, with the greatest
ease, been enabled to change all my papers with-
out any detriment whatever, and thereby dis-
pensed with the weight of more than a single
paper-holder. The bag is no inconvenience, and
answers perfectly well, at any residence you may
chance upon, to obstruct the light of the window,
if not protected with shutters.

I would also beg to mention that a certain
portion of the bromide of silver introduced into
the iodized paper seems much to accelerate its
power of receiving the green colour, as it un-
doubtedly does in the collodion. Although it
does not accelerate its general action, it is de-
cidedly a great advantage for foliage. Its best
pi'oportions I have not been able accurately to
determine ; but I believe if the following quantity
is added to the portion of solution of iodide of
silver above recommended to be made, that it will
approach very near to that which will prove to
be the most desirable. Dissolve separately thirty
grains of bromide of potassium, and 42 grains of
nitrate of silver, in separate half-ounces of dis-
tilled water ; mix, stir well, and wash the precipi-
tate ; pour upon it, in a glass measure, distilled
water up to one ounce; then, upon the addition of
245 grains of iodide of potassium, a clear solution
will be obtained ; should it not, a few more grains
of the iodide of potassium will effect it. It may
be well to add that I believe neither of the solu-
tions is injured by keeping, especially if preserved
in the dark.

I would here offer a caution against too great
reliance being placed upon the use of gutta-
percha vessels when travelling, as during the past
summer I had a bottle containing distilled water
which came into pieces ; and I have now a new
gutta-percha tray which has separated from its
sides. This may appear trivial, but when away
from home the greatest inconvenience results from
these things, which may be easily avoided.*

* Mr. Shadboi.t suggested a remedy for the disasters
referred to by Dr. Diamond with regard to the gutta-
percha vessels. Gutta-percha is perfectly soluble irt
chloroform. Mr Shadbolt therefore showed that if
the operator carries a small bottle of chlorofonn with
him, he would be able to mend the gutta-percha at
any moment in a few seconds. It was not necessary

Dishes of zinc painted or japanned on the in-
terior surface answer better than gutta-percha,
and one inverted within another forms, when tra-
velling, an admirable lid-box for the protection of
glass bottles, rods, &c. On the Continent wooden
dishes coated with shellac varnish are almost en-
tirely used.

^t]^\iti to i^innr dSixxtxiti.

Belike (Vol. viii., p. 358.). — The reasoning by
which H. C. K. supports his conjecture that " be-
like " in Macbeth is formed immediately by pre-
fixing be to a supposed verb, like, to lie, is in-
genious, but far from satisfactory. In the first
place, we never used to like in the sense of to lie,
the nearest approach to it is to lig. And in the
next place, the verb to like, to please, to feel or
cause pleasure, to approve or regard with appro-
bation, as a consequential usage (agreeably to the
Dutch form of Liicken (Kilian), to assimilate), is
common from our earliest writers. Instances
from Robert of Gloucester, Chaucer, and North,
with instances also of mislike, to displease, may
be found in Richardson ; and others in Todd's
Johnson.

Now, when we have a word well established in
various usage (as like, similis), from which other
usages may be easily deduced, why not adopt that
word as the immediate source, rather than seek
for a new one ? That like, now written Zy, is
from lie, a corpse, i. e. an essence, has, I believe,
the merit of originality ; so too, his notion that
corpse is an essence, and the more, as emanating
from a rectory, which probably is not far removed
from a churchyard.

H. C. K., it is very likely, is right in his concep-
tion that all his three likes " have had originally
one and the same source ; " but he does not appear
inclined to rest contented with the very sufficient
one in our parent language, suggested by Ri-
chardson (in his 8vo. dictionary), the Gothic
lag-yan; A.-S. lec-gan, or lic-gan, to lay or lie._

I should interpret belike (for so I should write
it with H. C. K.) by " approve." Q^

Bloomsbury.

Stage-coaches (Vol. viii., p. 439.). — The fol-
lowing Note may perhaps prove acceptable to
G. E. F. The article from which it was taken
contained, if I remember rightly, much more in-
formation upon the same subject :

" The stage-coach ' Wonder,' from London to
Shrewsbury, and the ' Hirondelle,' belonged to Taylor
of Shrewsbury. The 'Hirondelle' did 120 miles in
8 hours and 20 minutes. One day a team of four
greys did 9 miles in 35 minutes. The ' Wonder ' left

that the bottle should hold above half an ounce of
chloroform.

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

601

Lion Yard, Shrewsbury, one morning at 6 o'clock, and
\ras at Islington at 7 o'clock the same evening, being
only 13 hours on the road." — T/ie Times, July 1 1, 1842.

W. R. D. S.

Birthplace of King Edioai'd V. (Vol. viii.,
p. 4C8.). —

"1471. In this year, the third day of November,
Queen Elizabeth, being, as before is said, in West-
minster Sanctuary, was lighted of a fair prince. And
within the said place the said child, without pomp, was
after christened, whose godfathers were the abbat and
prior of the said place, and the Lady Scrope god-
mother."— Fabian's Chronicle, p. 659., Lond. 1811.

Mackenzie Walcott, M.A.

Fuller, in his Wo7-thies, vol. ii. p. 414., says Ed-
ward, eldest son of Edward IV. and Elizabeth his
queen, was born in the sanctuary of Westminster,
K'ovember 4, 1471. A.

Ringing Church Bells at Death (Vol. viii.,
p. 55. &c.). — The custom of ringing the church
bell, as soon as might be convenient after the pass-
ing of a soul from its earthly prison-house, in the
manner described in " N. & Q.," existed ten years
ago in the parish of Rawmarsh, in the West Riding
of Yorkshire, and had existed there before I became
its rector, twenty-two years ago. First a brisk
peal was rung, if I mistake not, on one of the
lighter bells, which was raised and lowered ; then,
upon the same, or some other of the lighter bells,
the sex of the deceased was indicated by a given
number of distinct strokes, — I cannot with cer-
tainty recall the respective numbers ; lastly, the
tenor bell was made to declare the supposed age
of the deceased by as many strokes as had been
counted years. John James.

What is the Origin of " Getting into a Scrape ? "
(Vol. viii., p. 292.). — It may have been, first, a
tumble in the mire ; by such a process many of us
in childhood have both literally and figuratively
" got into a scrape." Or, secondly, the expression
may have arisen from the use of the razor, where
to be shaved was regarded as an indignity, or
practised as a token of deep humiliation. D'Ar-
vieux mentions an Arab who, having received a
wound in his jaw, chose rather to hazard his life,
than allow the surgeon to take off his beard.
When Hanun had shaved off half the beards of
David's servants, " David sent to meet them, be-
cause they were greatly ashamed : and the king
said, ' Tarry at Jericho until your beards be
grown, and then return ' " (2 Sam. x. 4, 5.). The
expedient of shaving off the other half seems not
to have been thought on, though that would na-
turally have been resorted to, had not the in-
dignity of being rendered beardless appeared in-
tolerable. Under this figure the desolation of a
country is threatened. " In the same day shall
the Lord shave with a razor that is hired, by them

beyond the river, even by the King of Assyria,
the head, and the hair of the feet, and it shall
consume the beard" (Isaiah vii. 20.). Again, as
a token of grief and humiliation: "Then Job
arose and rent his mantle, and shaved his beard,"
&c. — " There came fourscore men, having their
heads shaven, and their clothes rent, and having
cut themselves," &c. (Jer. xli. 5.). Or, thirdly,
the allusion may be to the consequence of be-
coming infected with some loathsome cutaneous
disease. " So Satan smote Job with sore boils
from the sole of his foot unto his crown. And he
took him a potsherd to scrape himself withal "
(Job ii. 7, 8.). J.W.T.

Dewsbury.

High Dutch and Low Dutch (Vol. viii., p. 478.).
— Nieder Deutsch, or rather Neder Duitsch, is the
proper name of the Dutch language ; at least it is
that which the people of Holland give to it. Low
German does not necessarily mean a vulgar patois..
It is essentially as different a language from High
German, or rather more so, as Spanish is from
Portuguese. I believe German purists would
point out Holstein, Hanover, Brunswick (not
Dresden), as the places where German is most
classically spoken. I wish one of your German
(not Anglo-German) readers would set us right
on this point. The term Dutch, as applied to the
language of Holland as distinguished from that of
German, is a comparative modernism in English.
High Dutch and Low Dutch used to be the dis-
tinction ; and when Coverdale's Translation of the
Bible is said to have been " compared with the
Douche," German, and not what we now call
Dutch, is meant. Deutsch, in short, or Teutsch,
is the generic name for the language of the Teu-
tones, for whom Germani, or Ger-miinner, was .
not a national appellation, but one which merely
betokened their warlike character. E. C. H.

Discovery of Planets (Vol. vii., p. 211.). —
I should wish to ask Mr. H. Walter, who has a
learned answer about the discovery of planets,
whether the idea which he there broaches of a lost
world where sin entered and for which mercy was
not found, be his own original invention, or
whether he is indebted to any one for it, and if
so, to whom ? Qu-iESTOK.

Gloves at Fairs (Vol. viii., pp. 136.421.).—
This title has changed Into a question of the open
hand as an emblem of power. In addition to the
instances cited by your correspondents, the fol-
lowing may be mentioned.

The Romans used the open hand as a standard.

The Kings of Ulster adopted it as their peculiar
cognizance ; thence it was transferred to the
shield of the baronets created Knights of Ulster
by James I. ; to many of whose families recent

602

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

myths have in consequence attributed bloody
deeds to account for the cognizance of the bloody
hand. The Holte family of Aston Hall, near this
town, afibrds an instance of such a modern myth,
which has, I think, already appeared in " N. & Q."
The subject of modern myths would form a very
interesting one for your pages.

An open hand occurs on tombs in Lycia. (Fel-
lowes' Lycia, p. 180)

The Turks and Moors paint an open hand as a
specific against the evil eye. (Shaw's Travels in
Sarbary, p. 243.)

The open hand in i-ed paint is of common oc-
currence on buffalo robes among the tribes of
North America, and is also stamped, apparently
by the natural hand dipped in a red colour, on the
monuments of Yucatan and Guatemala. (Stephen's
Yucatan.) Eden Warwick.

Birmingham.

Awk (Vol. vlii., p. 310.). — H. C. K. asks for
instances of the usage of the word awk. He will
find one in Richardson's Dictionary, and two of
ctto/dy :

" The auke or left hand." — Holland's Plutarch.

" They receive her aukly, when she ( Fortune) pre-
senteth herself on the right hand." — Ibid.

" To undertake a thing awkely, or ungainly." — Ful-
ler's Worthies.

Bloomsbury.

Tenet (Vol. viii., p. 330.) waa used by Hooker
and Hall, and is also found in state trial, 1 Hen. V.,
1413, of Sir John Oldcastle. Sir Thomas Browne,
though he writes tenets in his title, has tenent In
c. i. of b. vii. But these variations may be gene-
rally placed to the account of the printers In those
days. (See Tenet, in Richardson.) Q.

Bloomsbury.

Lovett of Astwell (Vol. viii., p. 363.). — Since I
wrote on this subject, I have consulted Baker's
excellent History of Northamptonshire, and I find
the pedigree (vol. i. p. 732.) fully bears out my
strictures on Betham and Burke's account of
Thomas Lovett, and his marriage with Joan Bil-
linger. With regard to Elizabeth Boteler, Mr.
Baker simply states that Thomas Lovett, Esq., of
Astwell, married to his first wife Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of John Boteler, Esq., of Watton Woodhall,
Herts ; but I observe that (Idem. vol. i. p. 730.)
there Is in Wappenham Church (the parish of
which Astwell is a hamlet) a brass to the memory
of " Constance, late the wife of John Boteler, Esq.,
and sister to Henry Vere, Esq., who died May 16,
1499 :" this lady, I conjecture, was the mother of
Elizabeth Boteler, afterwards Lovett ; and her
daughter must have been heir to her mother, as
the arms of Vere and Green are quartered on her

grandson Thomas Lovett's tombstone in the same
chui'ch ; as well as on another monument cf the
Lovetts, the inscription of which Is now obli-
terated. The pedigree of the Botelers In Clutter-
buck {Herts, vol. ii. p. 475.) does not give this
marriage ; but John Boteler, Esq., of Watton
Woodhall, who was of full age in 1456, and whose
first wife Elizabeth died Oct. 28, 1471, is said to
have married to his second wife Constance, daugh-
ter of Downhall of Gedington, co. North-
amptonshire. Can this be the lady buried at
Wappenham ? She was the mother of John Bo-
teler, Esq., of Watton Woodhall, Sheriff of Herts
and Essex in 1490 ; and therefore her daughter
would not be entitled to transmit her arms to her
descendants. Or could the last-mentioned John
Boteler, who died in 1514, have had another wife
besides the three mentioned in Clutterbuck?
There can be no question that one of the two
John Botelers of Watton Woodhall married Con-
stance de Vere, as the marriage is mentioned on
the monument at Wappenham. I hope some of
your genealogical readers may examine this point.

Tewaes.

Irish Rhymes (Vol. viii., p. 250.).— Li "The
Wish," appended to The Ocean of Young (after-
wards suppressed in his collected works, but quoted
by Dr. Johnson), are the following rhymes :

" Oh ! may I steal

Along the vale

Of humble life, secure from foes."

And again

" Have what I have.
And live not leave."

And yet again :

" Then leave one beam
Of honest fame.
And scorn the labour'd monument."

And in his " Instalment" (which shared the same
fate as "The Wish") :

" Oh ! how I long, enkindled by the theme,
In deep eternity to launch thy name."

Young was no " Milasian :" so these rhymes go
to acquit Swift of the Irishism attributed to him
by CuTHBBRT Bede ; as, taken In connexion with
those used by Pope and others, it is clear they
were not uncommon or confined to the Irish poets.
At the same time, I cannot think them either
elegant or musical, nor can I agree with one of
your correspondents, that their occasional use
destroys the sameness of rhyme. If poets were to
introduce eccentric rhymes at pleasure, to pro-
duce variety, the shade of Walker would I think
be troubled sorely. Alexander Andrews.

Passage in Boerhaave (Vol. vll., p. 453.). — As
the passage is incorrectly given from memory, it

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

603

is not easy to say where it is to be found. I ven-
ture, however, to lay before the Foreign Sukgeon
the following, from the Iiistitutiones Medicos cat.
digestoE, ab Herm. Boerhaave (Vienna, 1775),
p. 382. :

" Unde tamen mors senilis per has mutatlones accidit
inevitabilis, et ex ipsa sanitate sequens."

And from Ph. Ambr. jMarhesz, Prselectiones in
H. Boerh., Inst. Med. (Vienna, 1785), vol. iii.
p. 44. :

" Turn vivere cessat decripitus senex, sine morbo in
mortem transiens, nisi senectutis vitium ineluctabile
pro morbo habeas."

See also § 475. Possibly the required passage
may be found in Burton's Account of the Life, Sfc.
of Dr. Boerhaave (London, 1743). Allow me,
however, to quote the following from a discourse
of Joannes Oosterdijk Schacht (Boerhaave's co-
temporary), delivered by him September 12, 1729,
when he entered on the professorship at Utrecht.
From this it will appear that the words ascribed
to Boerliaave may be attributed to other learned
men:

" Nemini igitur mirum videatur, si innumerls stipata
malls superveniat senectus, quam nee solam nee morbis
tantum comitatam obrepere, sed ipsam morbum esse,
et dim vidit vetiistas, et hodierna abunde docet expe-
rientia." — Joann. Oosterdijk Schacht, Oratio Inaugtt-
ralis cat. (Traj. ad Rhenum, 1729).

From the Navorscher. L. D. R.

Ginnekin.

Craton the Philosopher (Vol. viil., p. 441.). —

" At that time two brothers, who were extremely
rich, sold their inheritance by the advice of Crato the
philosopher, and bought diamonds of singular value,
which they crushed in the Forum before all the people,
thus making an ostentatious exhibition of their con-
tempt for the world. St. John, happening to be pass-
ing through the Forum, witnessed this display, and,
pitying the folly of these misguided men, kindly gave
them sounder advice. Sending for Crato their master,
who had led them into error, he blamed the wasteful
destruction of valuable property, and instructed him
in the true meaning of contempt for the world accord-
ing to Christ's doctrine, quoting the precept of that
teacher, his own Master, when, in reply to the young
man who inquired of Him how he might obtain eternal
life, He said, ' If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all
that thou hast and give to the poor, and thou shall
have treasure in heaven ; and come and follow me.'
Crato the philosopher, acknowledging the soundness
of the apostle's teaching, entreated him to restore the
jewels which had been foolishly crushed to their former
condition. St. John then gathered up the precious
fragments, and, while he held them in his hand, prayed
for some time with his eyes raised to heaven. His
prayer being concluded, and all the faithful present
having said Amen, the broken pieces of the jewels be-
came so closely united, that there remained not the

slightest appearance of any fracture. Then Crato the
philosopher, with all his disciples, threw himself at the
apostle's feet, believed, and were baptized ; and Crato,
preaching openly the faith of the Ivord Jesus, became
a true philosopher. Moreover, the two brothers who
before destroyed their property to no purpose, now, in
obedience to the evangelical precept, sold their jewels,
and distributed the price in alms to the poor of Christ.
And a multitude of believers began 1o attach themselves
to St. John, and to follow his steps." — Ordericus Vita-
lis, b. n. ch. V. (Mr. Forrester's translation), Bohn's
edit., vol. i, pp. 240, 241.

J. Sansom.

The Curfew (Vol. vii., pp. 167. 539.).— Add to
the already long list of places where the cui'few
bell is still rung the following :

St. Werburgh's (Cathedral) Chester, Acton,
Audlem, Nantwich, Wybunbury; all in Cheshire
and adjoining parishes.

Madeley, Staffordshire. In this place also
(Audlem) the very ancient custom of chiming at
funerals is still maintained.

T. H. Kerslet, B.A.

Audlem, Nantwich.

Thomas Blount (Vol. viii., p. 286.). — Since
forwarding the monumental inscription inserted
as above, which makes this gentleman's death to
take place on Dec. 26, I find that Sir William
Dugdale, with whom Blount was on terms of in-
timacy, as he calls him " my very worthy friend,"
has the following notice of him in his Diary under
the year 1679 :

"December 16. Mr. T. Blount dyed, at Orlton,
Herefordshire, of an apoplexie."

Thus making a difference of ten days, which is
probably an error made by the engraver of the
inscription. It may be Interesting to know from
the same authority, that Mr. Blount's chamber
was In Fig Tree Court, on the back side of the
Inner Temple Hall, London, his counti-y resi-
dence being at Orlton. From his correspondence
with Sir William, It appears that he rendered him
much assistance In his works. J. B. Whitborne.

Pronunciations of " Coke " a7id " Cowper "
(Vols.iv. and \. passim; Vol.vl., p.l6.). — So much,
and so well to the purpose, has already been sjiid
In " N. & Q.," in support of the averment that
the former of these names was originally pro-
nounced Cookf that It may appear needless to
adduce additional evidence ; still, considering the
source from which the testimony I am now bring-
ing forward is derived, I think I may stand
excused for recurring to the subject. It Is from
the Court Books of the manor of MItcham (the
birthplace of Sir Edward Coke), and from the
parochial registers ; in which, and. Indeed, in all
cotemporary records where sound was followed In
the spelling, I find the name of this family written

604

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

Cooh or Cooke. The great Sir Edward's own
■baptismal register is tbus entered — 1551, Feb. 7.
■** Edward Cooke genero." Surely this is con-
clusive. The same pronunciation was vulgarly
followed almost up to the present time. There
uiust be many who remember at the Norfolk
elections the cry of " Cook for ever," as well as
that of the opposite political party who threw up
their caps for Woodhortse ; for so Wodehouse was in
like manner pronounced. Again, the Hobarts,
another Norfolk family, were always called Hub-
harts ; and more anciently Bokenham, Buckenham,
Todenham, Tuddenham, and others I could name,
showing that in the Norfolk dialect the usage
"was in pronunciation to soften the o.

Now as regards the sound of Cowper, the same
class of authorities, old deeds, court rolls, and
parish registers, appears to lead to a different con-
clusion from that of your other correspondents.
We have now no Cowper family of Norfolk origin ;
r)? Coopers we have multitudes : the names of whose
forefathers were written Couper or Coioper ; and
if written as pronounced, the analogical inference
is that the original pronunciation was Cowper,
Cooper being merely the modern way of spelling ;
and curiously enough, the parish of Hoo, in this
county, is called and now usually spelt How.

G. A. C.

Unhid (Vol. viii., p. 353.). — Unketh, uncouth,
are different writings of the same word. Jamieson
has uncoudi/, which he explains, dreary ; and
coudy, i. e. couth, couthy, nearly allied to cuth,
notus (see couth (could), uncouth, vnketh, in
Richardson ; and coudy, tmcoudi/, in Jamieson).
Lye has " Uncwid, solitary ; whence, perhaps, the
not entirely obsolete unhid." Grose also tells us
that, in the north, uncuffs and uncuds mean news.
It is very plain that these are all the same word,
differently written and applied. Q.

Bloomsbiiry,

To split Paper (Vol. viii., p. 413.).—

" Procure two rollers or cylinders of glass, amber,
resin, or metallic amalgam ; strongly excite them by
the well-known means so as to produce the attraction
of cohesion, and then, with pressure, pass the paper
between the rollers ; one half will adhere to the under
roller, and the other to the upper roller ; then cease
the excitation, and remove each part." — From the Civil
Engineer and Architect''s Journal.

A. H. B.

La Flew des Saints (Vol. viii., p. 410.). — The
work which Moliere intended was in all proba-
bility the French translation of a Spanish work
entitled Flos Sarictorum. The author of it was
Alonso de Villegas. It was first printed at
Toledo in 1591, and an English version appeared
at Douay in 1615, Some idea of the contents
may be gathered from the following title : Flos

Sanctonim, Historia General de la Vida, y Hechos
de Jesu Christo Dios y Sehor nuestro ; y de todos
los Santos, de que reza, y haze fiesta la Iglesia
Catolica, ^c. My copy is the Madrid edition of
1653. C. Habdwick.

St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge.

Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury (Vol. viii.,
p. 125.). — Could this have been Dr. William
Butler, of eccentric memory, born at Ipswich
about 1535, and buried in St. Mary's Church,
Cambridge, 1618 ? G. A. C.

Major Andre (Vol. viii., p. 174.). — Two
nephews of Major Andre, sons of his sister, Mrs.
Mills, are resident in Norwich, both being sur-
geons there. Pei'haps, on application, your cor-
respondent Serviens would be able to obtain from
them some serviceable information regarding this
unfortunate officer. G. A. C.

Wooden Tombs and Effigies (Vol. viii., p. 255.).
— In the church of Chew-Magna, co. Somerset, is
the effigy of Sir John Hautville, cut (says Collin-
son, vol. ii. p. 100.) in one solid piece of Irish oak.
He lies on his left side, resting on his hip and
elbow, the left hand supporting his head. The
figui'e is in armour, with a red loose coat without
sleeves over it, a girdle and buckle, oblong shield,
helmet, and gilt spurs. The right hand rests on
the edge of the shield. This monument was
brought many years ago from the neighbouring-
church (now destroyed) of Norton Hautville. Sir
John lived temp. Henry III. The popular story
of him is that he was a person of gigantic strength,
and that he carried, for a feat, three men to the
top of Norton church tower, one under each arm,
and the third in his teeth! (CoUinson, vol. ii.
p. 108.) J. E. J.

FroissarCs Accuracy (Vol. viii., p. 494.), — The
accuracy of Froissart as an historian has never
been questioned, says T. J. This assertion ought
not to pass without a note. If T. J. will look
into Hallam's Lit. of Europe, ch. iii., he will find
that judicious and learned critic comparing Frois-
sart with Livy for " fertility of historical inven-
tion," or, in other words, for his unhesitatingly
supplying his readers with a copious and pictu-
resque statement of the details of events, where
they were palpably out of the reach of his know-
ledge.

As a gleaner of chivalrous gossip, and a painter
of national manners, Froissart is perhaps un-
equalled. Take up his account of a campaign on
the Scottish borders, and he relates the proceed-
ings in his amusing style, as if he had been behind
every bush with the Scotch, and hunting for
them in vain with every English banner. But if
his accuracy be inquired into, he tells you that
Carlisle, which he calls Cardoel en Gales, is on

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

605

the Tyne, and was garrisoned in vain with
" grand plante de Galois," to prevent the Scotch
from passing the Tyne under its walls (vol. i.
ch. xviii. xix. xxi.).

So much by way of note ; but there is a Query
which I should be glad to see answered. Bayle
(art. Froissart) quotes a German critic as affirm-
ing that in the Lyons edition of Froissart, by
Denys Saulvage, 1559: "Omnia quo3 Aulse Gallicae
displicebant, deleta, vixque decimani historias
partem relictam esse." Does Col. Johnes notice
this inaccuracy in the edition generally procur-
able ? And does he state whether he saw, or con-
sulted, or received any benefit from the exist-
ence of the MS. copy of Froissart, once in the
library of Breslaw ? Henry Walter.

Nursery Tthymes (Vol. viii., p. 452.). — I fear
J. R.'s anxiety to find a Saxon origin to a nursery
rhyme has suggested unconsciously a version which
does not otherwise exist. The rhyme in my
young days used to be, —

" Hushaby, baby, on the tree top,
When the wind blows the cradle will reels."

— a sufficient rhyme for the nursery.

Eden "Warwick.
Birmingham.

"Hip, hip, hurrah r (Vol. viii., pp. 88. 323.). —
Sib J. Emerson Tennent, in answering Mb,
Bbent's observation at p. 88., seems to have been
fighting a shadow. Upon reference to JMr. Chap-
pell's Collection, vol. ii. p. 38., quoted by Mr.
Brent, it appears that a note by Dr. Burney, in a
copy of Hawkins's History of Music, in the British
Museum, is the authority for the reading :
" Hang up all the poor hep drinkers.
Cries old Sim, the King of skinkers."

In the folio edition of Ben Jonson's Worlis,
published by Thomas Hodgkin, London, 1692, in
which the "Leges Convivales" are I believe for
the first time printed, the verses over the door of
the Apollo are given, and the couplet runs :

" Hang up all the poor hop drinkers,
Cries Old Sym, the King of skinkers."

Probably Mr. Chappcll misread Dr. Burney's
MS. note : at all events Mr. Brent's ingenious
suggestion is without foundation. A. F. B.

Diss.

Dodo (Vol. vH., p. 83.). — Dodo or Doun Bar-
dolf married Beatrix, daughter of William de
Warren of Wormegay. She was a widow in 1209,
and remarried the famous Hubert de Burgh.

Anon.

Oaths (Voh viii., p. 364.)-— Your correspondent
assumes that the act of kissing the Bible, or other
book containing the Holy Gospels, by a judicial

witness, is a part of the oath itself. Is it such, or
is it merely an act of reverence to the book ? In
support of the latter supposition, I would quote
Archdeacon Paley, who says, that after repeating
the oath, —

"The juror kisses the book; the kiss, however,
seems rather an act of reverence to the coiUents of the
book, as in the Popish ritual the priest kisses the
gospel before he reads it, than any part of the oath."
— Mor, and Pol. Ph., p. 193., thirteenth edition.

In none of the instances given by C. S. G. does
kissing the book appear to be essential. Does
not this rather favour Dr. Paley's explanation ?
which, if it be correct, would, I think, aflTord
grounds for concluding that the practice of kissing
the book accompanied the taking of ancient oaths,
and is not, as C. S. G. suggests, an addition of
later times.

Again, may I bring forward the same authority
in opposition to that quoted by your correspondent
with reference to the origin of the term corporal
oath :

" It is commonly thought that oaths arc denomi-
nated corporal oaths from the bodily action which ac-
companies them, of laying the right hand upon a book
containing the four gospels. This opinion, however,
appears to be a mistake, for the term is borrowed from
the ancient usage of touching upon these occasions the
corporate, or cloth, which covered the consecrated ele-
ments."— V. 191.

R. V.T.

Mincing Lane.

The old custom of taking the judicial oath by
merely laying the right hand upon the book, is un-
doubtedly, thinks Erica, of Pagan origin. In my
humble opinion it is far too common with us to
ascribe things to Pagan origin. I would venture to
assert that the origin of this form of judicial oath
may be traced to Deuteronomy xxi. 1 — 8., where
at the sacrifice offered up in expiation of secret
murder, the rulers of the city nearest the spot
where the corpse was found were in presence of
the corpse to wash their hands over the victim,
and say, " Our hands did not shed this blood, nor
did our eyes see It." Ceyrep.

Mayors and Sheriffs (Vol. viii., p. 126.). — In
answer to a Subscriber, there can be little or no
doubt, I consider, but that the mayor of a town
or borough is the principal and most important
officer, and ought to have precedence of a sheriff
of a town or borough. By stat. 5 & 6 Wm. IV.
cap. 76. sec. 57., it Is enacted, "That the mayor
for the time being of every borough shall, during
the time of his mayoralty, have precedence in all
places within the borough." As sheriffs of towns,
and counties of towns, do not derive their ap-
pointments from the Crown, but from the councils
of their respective towns, &c. (see sec. 61. of the

606

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

above Act), I do not imagine that they can legally
claim precedence of mayor:?, on the alleged ground
of any "representation of Majesty," in the face of
the particular enactment above quoted ; which,
indeed, seems to me to give to the mayor within
his own borough precedence of a high sheriff of
a county, if pi'esent on any public occasion. I am
not aware that the sheriff of a borough, as such,
can ^^ claim to have a grant of arms, if he has not
any previous ;" altliough I have no doubt he may
readily obtain one, upon payment of the usual
fees. C. J.

MouseJiunt (Vol. vili., p. 516.). —

" A Mousehunt is a little animal of the species of
weasel ; it has a very slender body, about the length of
a rat, with a long jiairy tail, busby at the end ; the
back is of a reddish-brown colour, the hair long and
smooth ; the belly is white, as are also its feet ; it runs
very swiftly, swaying its body as it moves along from
side to side. The head is short and narrow, with small
ears, like those of a rat ; the eyes are black, piercing,
and very bright. Their chief food is rats, mice, young
chickens, little birds, and eggs. They frequent mole-
hills, and are often caught in the traps set for the
moles ; they are destroyed by ferrets and dogs. These
mousehunts live, for the most part, in holes beneath
the roots of trees, or in old buildings."

The above description of the Mousehunt is given
in The History of a Field-mouse by Miss Black.
Should it be thought of sufficient aut,hnrity to de-
serve a place in " N. & Q.," the coincidence which
led " Little Downy" to be read to a little girl on
the morning of Nov. 26 will amuse. E. B. R.

" Sains populi" Sfc. (Vol. viii., p. 410.). — Selden,
in his Table Talk (art. People), states, on v?hat
authority I know not, that this was part of the law
of XII Tables. E. S. T. T.

Love Charm from a FoaTs Forehead (Vol. vlil.,
p. 292.). — The word which H. P. wants is Hip-
pomanes. The reference which the Lexicons give
is to Aristotle's History of Animals, viii. 23. 5.

I shall be glad to have some of H. P.'s refe-
rences to Tacitus, as I cannot now call one to
mind. In connexion with the subject, I should
like to know if the white star, which used to be so
fashionable on horses' foreheads, was always or
generally produced artificially. W. Eraser.

Tor-Mohun.

Land of Green Ginger (Vol. viii., pp. 160. 227.).
— So named, in all probability, from green ginger
having been manufactured there. Green ginger
was one of the favourite conserves of our ances-
tors, and great quantities of it were made in this
country from dried ginger roots. In an old black-
letter work without date, but unmistakeably of the
sixteenth century, entitled The Book of pretty

COceits, taken out of Latine, French, Dutch, and
English, there is a receipt " To make Green Gin-
ger," commencing thus: — "Take rases of cased
ginger and use them In this sort." I need not
quote the long-winded receipt. Suffice it to say
that dried ginger was placed in alternate layers
with fine v/hite sand, and the whole mass kept
constantly wet until the ginger became quite soft.
Ifc was then washed, scraped clean, and put into
sirup. There can be no greater difficulty in finding
a derivation for the Land of Green Ginger, than
for Pudding Lane, or Pie Corner.

W. PiNKERTON.

llam.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The Members of the Camden Society have just re-
ceived two volumes, with which we doubt not all will
be well pleased. The first is a farther portion, namely,'
from M to R, of Mr. Way's most valuable edition of the
Promptorium Parvulorum. A glance at the foot-notes,
so rich in philological illustration, and a knowledge
that Mr. Way's labours have been greatly impeded by
his removal from London, where only he can meet with
the authorities which he is obliged to consult, may
well explain the delay which has taken place in its
publication. But we doubt not that the Camden
Council are justified in the hope which they have ex-
pressed that the favour with which the present portion
is received, will encourage the editor to proceed with all
possible dispatch to the conclusion of the work.

Rich, like the Promptorium, in philological illustra-
tion, and of the highest value as a contribution to the
social history of the thirteenth century, is the next
work ; and for wliich the Camden Members are in-
debted to the learned Vicar of Holbeach, The Rev.
James Morton. The Ancrcn Riwle ; a Treatise on the
Rules and Duties of Monastic Life, which he has edited
and translated from a Semi- Saxon MS. of the thirteenth
century, is a work which many of our best scholars have
long desired to see in print, — we believe we may add,
that many have thought seriously of editing. The in-
formation to be derived from it, with regard to the state
of society, the learning and manners, the moral and reli-
gious teaching, and the language of the period in which
it was written, is so various and so important, that it
is clear the Camden Society has done good service in
selecting it for publication ; while the manner in which
it has been edited by Mr. Morton, and the translation
and complete Glossarial Index with which he has en-
riched it, show that the Council did equally well in
their choice of an editor. The work does the highest
credit both to that gentleman and to the Camden
Society.

Mr. Bridger, of .3. Keppel Street, Russell Square,
is desirous of making known to our readers that he
is engaged in compiling a " Catalogue of Privately
Printed Books in Genealogy and kindred subjects,"
and to solicit information in furtherance of his design.

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

607

more especially with regard to privately printed sheet
pedigrees. Tlie Catalogue will be printed for private
distribution, and he will be happy to give a copy to any
one who may favour him with communications.

Books Received. — As usual, we have a large item
to enter under this head to the account of that enter-
prising caterer of good and cheap books, Mr. Bohn.
We have two volumes of his Standard Library, namely,
Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments; and Dis-
sertation on the Origin of Languages, with the Biogra-
phical and Critical Memoir of the Author, by Dugald
Stewart — and a work of greater present interest,
though in itself of far less importance, namely, Ranke's
History of Servia, and liis Insttrrection in Bosnia, trans-
lated from the German, by Mrs. A. Kerr, and tlie Slave
Provinces of Turkey, chiefly from the French of INI. Cy-
pnen Robert, a volume which will be read with eager-
ness in the present condition of the political world.
Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius, literally trans-
lated, with Notes and a General Index, by the Rcr
verend J. Selby Watson, M.A., forms the new vo-
lume of the same publisher's Classical Library.
Mr. Bohn has this month commenced a New Series
under the tide of Bohn's British Classics. The first
work is an edition of Gibbon's Decline and Fall, with
the notes of Guizot, Wenck, and other continental
writers ; and farther illustrations by an English Church-
man. In thus choosing Gibbon, Mr. Bohn has not
shown his usual tact. He may not mean his edition
to be a rival to that published by Mr. Murray under
the editorship of Dean Milman ; but he will find much
diflSculty in dissuading the reading world that it is
not so intended. We speak thus freely, because we
have always spoken so freely in commendation of Mr,

Bohn's projects generally Catalogue of my English

Library, collected and described by Henry Stevens,
F. S.A., is a catalogue of the books essential to a good
English library of about 5000 volumes, and such as
Mr. Stevens, the indefatigable supplier of book rarities
and book utilities to his American brethren, feels justi-
fied in recommending. It would be found so capital a
Hand-book to all classes, that we are sorry to see it is
only printed for private distribution. — The Botanist's
Word-booh, by G. Macdonald, Esq., and Dr. James
Allan. This little vocabulary of the terms employed
in the Science of Botany, which may now almost be
described asjhe science of Long Names, will be found
most useful by all who pursue that fascinating study,

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

The Friends. 1773. 2 Vols.

Thb Edinburgh Miscellany. 1720.

*»• Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,
to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of " NOTKS AND
QUEKIES." 186. Fleet Street.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent
direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose
names and addresses are given for that purpose :
Ormchod's Cheshire. Parts II. and X. Small Paper.
Hemingway's Chester. Parts I. and III. Large Paper.
Wanted by T. Hughes, 13. Paradise Row, Chester.

Aaron Hill's Plain Dealer.
Edinburgh Miscellany. Edinb. 1720.

Wanted by F. Dinsdale, Leamington.

Oxford Almanack for 1719.

Amcenitates Academic*. Vol. I. Holmiae, 1749.
Ammanus I. Stirpes Uariores. Petrop. 1739.
Philosophical Transactions for 1683.
Annals of Philosophy for January, \S'H.
Universal Magazine for January, 1763.
Springel and Decandolle's Botany.

Wanted by Mr. II. T. Sobart, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastici. 3 Tom. Folio. Romas,

1728-37.
The Bible in Shorthand, according to the method of Mr. Ja^iies

Weston, whose Shorthand Prayer Book was published in the

Year 1730. A Copy of Addy's Copperplate Shorthand Bible,

London, 1687, would be given in exchange.

LoESCHER, De LaTROCINUS, QVM in SCniPTORES PUBLICOS

SOLENT committere h^retici. 4to. Vitcmb. 1674.
LoESCHER, Acta Ueformationis.
Schramm, Dissert, de Librouum Prohibitorum Indicibus.

4to. Helmst. 1708.
Jamesii Specimen Corruptelarum Pontific. 4to. Lond.

1626.
Maceuo, Diatribe de Cardinalis Bon£ Erboribus.

Wanted by Rev. Richard Gibbings, Falcarragh, Letterkenny,
Co. Donegal.

Peck's (Fit.) History op the Stamford Bull Running.
The Case op Mk. Sam. Bruckshaw considered. 8vo. or 12mo.

Wanted by Mr. J. Phillips, Stamford.

Recollections and Reflections during the Reign op
George III., by John NichoUs. 2 Vols. 8vo. London,
Ridgway, 18-20.

Wanted by G. Corncwall Lewis, Kent House, Knightsbridge.

We have this week the pleasure of again presenting our readers
wilh a Thirty-two page Number, in consfquetice of the number cif
Advertisements and the length of Dr. Diamond's valuable paper.
This latter we recommend to the attention, of our antiquarian
friends, who willfind, as we have done, thai the process is at once
simple and certain, and one which may be mastered with very
little trouble.

Non-Medicv's. Your correction of an obvious blunder in the
Registrar-General's Report is not fitted for our columns.

F. W. The proverb Good wine needs no bush has reference io
the practice which formerly prevailed of hanging a tuft of ivy at
the door of a vintner, as we learn from —

" Now a days the good wyne needeth none ivye garland."
Rilson, in a note on the epilogue to Shakspeare's As You Like It,
speaks of the custom as then prevalent in Warwickshire, and as
having give7i the name to the well-known Bush Inn at Bristol.

B. W. C. (Barum). The subject is under serious consideration,
but the difficulties are greater than our friendly Correspondent
imagines.

i. D. Les Lettres Cabalistiques were written by M. D'.irgens,
the author 4/" Les Lettres Juives and Les Lettrcs Chinoises.

Mr. J. A. DuNKiN, of Dartford, Kent, would feel obliged with
the loan of the following work : Memoirs of the Origin of the
Incorporation of the Trinity House of Deptford Strond. /( is
not in the British Museum.

Folk Lore We propose next week to present our readers

with a Christmas Number, rich in Folk Lore, and other kindred
subjects.

Many replies to Correspondents are unavoidably postponed.

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels,
and deliver them to their Subsciibers on tlie SaturcUiy.

" Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to vli., price Three Guineas
and a Half.— Copies are being made up and may be had by order.

BOS

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 216,

1

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scopes ; Eye-Pieces ; Micrometers, &c.

Also, edited by the same, price 18s.,

ENGLISH PATENTS; being

a Register of all those granted in the Arts,
Manufactures, Chemistry, S:c., during the first
forty-five years of this century.
WHITTAKER & Co., Ave Maria Lane.

On 15th of December, price 2d. ; stamped, 3d.

THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
MISCELLANY, NO. IL, contains a re-
piint of the very rare, and probably unique.
Tract of SIR DUDLEY DIGOES on the
NORTH-WEST PASSAGE to India and
China, printed in 1611, and is appended to
JOHN tETIIliRAM'S CATALOGUE OF
OLD AND NEW BOOKS (.upwards of 1000
articles) FOR DECEMBER, 1853.

JOHN PETHERAM, 94. High Holboru.

SALES BY AUCTION.

This Evening, at 6 Remainders of nume-
rous magnificent Illustrated Books. —
By SOUTHGATE & BARRETT, at their
Rooms, 22. Fleet Street, THIS EVENING,
December 15th, and following Evenings
(Saturday and Sunday excepted), at 6,

ROBERTS'S HOLY LAND,
EGYPT. NUBIA, &c. ; Digby Wyatt's
Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century (of
both of which the lithographic stones will be
destroyed during the progress of the sale) j
Digby Wyatt's Metal Work, and its Artistic
Design j Digby Wyatt's Geometrical Mosaics
of the Middle Ages ; Darrell's Cliina, India,
and the Cape, coloured and mouuted ; Nash's
Mansions of England in the Olden Time ;
Gruner's Specimens of Ornamental Art ; Mu-
Bce Royal (picked proofs before the letters) 5
Richardson's Studits from Old English Man-
sions ; and a great number of Books of Prints
by eminent Artists will be sold in this Sale.
Catalogues (Is. each, returnable to Purchasers)
will be forw arded to gentlemen sending their
Address.

This Evening, at6. — First Class English En-
gravings. — By SOUTHGATE & BAR-
RETT, at their Rooms, 22. Fleet Street,
THIS EVENING, Dec. 15, and following
Evenings, at 6,

pHOICE ENGRAVINGS, in-

\J eluding all the best Productions of Sir
Edwin Landseer, R.A. : comprising the Stag
at Bay (both large and smal 1), the Cover Hack,
the Drive, Three Sporting Dogs, Return from
the Warren, the Mothers, complete Sets of his
Etchings, and others : Turner's Dover and
Hastings ; Ansdell's Just Caught, the Halt,
and the Combat ; Webster's Rubber ; Etty's
Judgment of Paris j Harvey's Bowlers, and
First Reading of the Bible in Old St. Paul's ;
Murillo's Holy Family ; the Rainbow, by
Constable ; Mated and Checkmated, the Duet,
and other graceful Compositions by Frank
Stone ; Going With and Against the Stream,
after Jenkins; and numerous others. All in
the finest possible states.

Dec. 17. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

609

PRIVATELY PRINTED BOOKS,

SOLD BY

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH,

36. SOHO SQUARE, LONDON.

These Works are printed in quarto, uniform with the Cluh-Books, and the series is now completed.
Their value chiefly consists in the rarity and curiosity of the pieces selected, the notes being very few in
number. The impression of each work is most strictly limited.

MORTE ARTHURE : The Alliterative Romance

of the Death of King Arthur ; now first printed, from a Manuscript in
the Library of Lincoln Cathedral. Seventy-flve Copies printed. M.

*»* A very curious Romance, full of allusions interesting to the
Antiquary and Philologist. It contains nearly eight thousand
lines.

IL

THE CASTLE OF LOVE : ' A Poem, by RO-
BERT GROSTESTE, Bishop of Lincoln ; now first printed from in-
edited MSS. of the Fourteenth Century. One Hundred Copies printed.
lbs.

*»* This is a religious poetical Romance, unknown to "Warton.
Its poetical merits are beyond its age.

III.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO EARLY ENGLISH

LITERATURE, derived chiefly from Rare Books and Ancient Inedited
Manuscripts from tlie Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Century. Seventy-
five Copies printed.

*** Out of print separately, but included in the few remaining
complete sets.

IV.

A NEW BOKE ABOUT SHAKESPEARE

AND STR.4.TFORD-OX-AVON, illu-trated with numerous woodcuts
and facsimiles of Sliakespeare's Marriage Bond, and other curious Ar-
ticles. Seventy-five Copies printed. U. Is.

V.

THE PALATINE ANTHOLOGY. An ex-

tensive Collection of Ancient Poems and Ballads relating to Cheshire
and Lancashire ; to wliich is added THE PALATINE GARLAND.
One Hundred and Ten Copies printed. 2?. 2s.

VI.

THE LITERATURE OF THE SIXTEENTH

AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES, illustrated by Reprints of very
Bare Tracts. Seventy-five Copies printed. 21. 2s.

Contents : — Harry Wliite his Humour, set forth by M. P

Comedie of the two Italian Gentlemen — Tailor's Travels from
London to the Isle of Wight, 1&18 — Wyll Bueke hii Testament _
The Booke of Merry Riddles, 1629 — Comedie of All for Money,
1578 — W^ine, Bcere, Ale, and Tobacco, 1630 _ Johnson's New
Booke of New Conccites, 1630 — Love's Garland, 1624.

VII.

THE YORKSHIRE ANTHOLOGY. — An

Extensive Collection of Ballads and Poems, respecting the County of
Yorkshire. One Hundred and Ten Copies printed. 21. 2s.

*** This Work contains upwards of 401 pages, and includes a
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VIII, IX.

A DICTIONARY OF ARCHAIC AND

PROVINCIAL WORDS, printed in Two Volumes, Quarto (Preface
omitted), to range with Todd's " Johnson," witli Margins sufiicient for
Insertions. One Hundred and Twelve Copies printed in this form.
21. 2s.

X.

SOME ACCOUNT OF A COLLECTION OF

SEVERAL THOUSAND BILLS, ACCOUNTS, AND INVEN-
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XT.

THE POETRY OF WITCHCRAFT, Illustrated

by Copies of tlie Plays on the Lancashire Witches, by Heywood and
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Witches and Tegue o'Divelly, the Irish Priest." Eighty Copies printed.
21. 2s.

XII.

THE NORFOLK ANTHOLOGY, a Collection

of Poems, Ballads, and Rare Tracts, relating to the County of Norfolk.
Eighty Copies printed. 21. 2s.

XIII.

SOME ACCOUNT OF A COLLECTION OF

ANTIQUITIES, COINS, MANUSCRIPTS, RARE BOOKS, AND
OTHER RELIQUES. Illustrative of the Life and Works of Shake-
speare. Illustrated with Woodcuts. Eighty Copies printed. IZ. Is.

XIV.

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE MSS. PRE-
SERVED IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY, PLYMOUTH ; a Play
attributed to Shirley, a Poem by N. BRETON, and other Miscellanies.
Eighty Copies printed. 2?. 2s.

»«» A Complete Set of the Fourteen Volumes, 2W. A reduction
made in favour of permanent libraries on application, it bcins
obvious that the works cannot thence return into the market to
the detriment of original subscribers.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square, London.

610

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

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With Copious Index. By WILLIAM
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London : J. W. PARKER & SON, West
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WH. HART, RECORD
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MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE
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London : JACKSON & WALFORD,
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THE REUNION and RECOG-
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VT WORKS. Edited by BOLTON COR-
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MIRACLES OF OUR LORD,
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London: LONGMAN. BROWN, GREEN,
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Dec. 17. 1853.]

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612

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 216.

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NOTES AND QUEHIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION
ros

LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

" \inien found, make a note of." — Captaik Cuttlk.

No. 217.]

Saturday, December 24. 1853.

f Price Fourpenco.
Stamped Edition, gd.

CONTENTS.

KoTES : -

Page

Folk Lore in the Reign of King James I. - - fiI3

Tiie Ballad of Sir Hugh, &c. - - - . 614

Pennsylvanian Folk Lore: Christmas - - - C15

County Khymes - - - - - - 615

Legends of the County Clare: Fuenvicouil (Fingal)

and the Giant, by Frances Robert Davies • • 616

Folk Lore Miscellanies: — Yorkshire Tradition —
Custom on St. Thomas's Day — Custom on Inno-
cents' Day— Marriage Custom at Knutsford, Cheshire

— Folk Lore in Hampsliire — Propitiating the Fairies

— Cornish Folk Lore — King Arthur in the Form
of a Raven — St. Clement's Apple Feast in Stafford-
shire— New Year's Eve and New Year's Day - 617

Minor Notes : — Carlist Calembourg —Jewish Custom
— Lachlan Macleane — German Tree — The late
Duke . . .

Queries : —

Replies: —

Children called Imps • . . . .

The Divining Rod .....

Change of Meaning in Proverbial Expressions, &c.
Sneezing, by Francis John Scott, &c. ...
Books burned by the common Hangman, by W.
Fraser, &c. ----..

Jews in China, by T. J. Buckton ....
Poetical Tavern Signs .....
The Curfew, by Cuthbert Bede, B.A. ...

Photoghaphic ConRESPONDENCE : — Photographic En-
graving— Collodion Negatives - . . .

Replies to Minor Queries: — " London Lnbour and the
London Poor" — Felicia Hemans's inedited Lyric —
Sir Arthur Aston — Grammar in relation to Logic —
Descendants of Milton — Pronunciation of Bible
Names — Henry L's Tomb — Bells at Berwick-upon-
Tweed — Return of Gentry, temp. Henry VI Peter

Allan — Burial in an erect Posture — The Word
" Mob" — Gen. Sir C. Napier .- To Come — Passage
in Sophocles — Party-Simile< of the Seventeenth Cen-
turv — Judges styled Reverend — Veneration for the
Oak — Rapping no Novelty . . . .

Miscellaneous : —

Books and Odd V^olumes wanted • - • .

Notices to Correspondents . - - .

Adveriisenienls ......

618

The Story of Crispii;i and Crispianui, by J. Davies
Devlin . . . . . . .619

Minor Queries: — Barrels Regiment— Okey the Regi-
cide—Lady Mason's Third Husband — Creation of
Knights — Martyn the Regiride — History of the
>fonjurors — Florin and the Royal Anns — A Mis.
tietoe Query ...... 620

M'iNOB Queries with Answers : — Sewell Family —
Oreek Epigram — Translations from JEschylus —
Prince Memnon's Sister — " Oh ! for a blast," &c. —
Robin Hood's Festival — Church in Suffolk . - fi'il

623

623
624
624

62.^
(i26
626
62S

629 I

632
632
633

Vol. VIIL — No.217.

FOLK LORE IN THE BEIGM OT KIXG JAMES I.

In turning over the pages of an old book of
controversial divinity, I stumbled upon the fol-
lowing illustrations of folk lore ; which, as well
from their antiquity as from their intrinsic curio-
sity, seem worthy of a place in your columns.
They make us acquainted with some of the usages
of our ancestors, who lived in the remoter dis-
tricts of England early in the reign of James I.
The title of the volume in which they occur is the
following :

" The Way to the True Church ; wherein the
principall Motives persuading to Romanisme, and
Questions touchin;^ the Nature and Authoritie of the
Church and Scriptures, are familiarly disputed ....
directed to all that seeke for Resolution ; and espe-
cially to all his loving Countrymen of Lancashire, by
John White, Minister of God's Word at Eccles. Folio.
London, 1624."

This, however, is described as being " the fifth
impression ;" the Preface is dated Oct. 29, 1608 ;
so that we arrive at the conclusion that the usages
and rhymes, to which I now desire to invite the
attention of your readers, were current in the
north-west districts of England more than two
hundred and fifty years since.

White is insisting upon " the prodigious igno-
rance" which he found among his parishioners
when he entered upon his ministrations, and he
proceeds thus to tell his own tale :

" I will only mention what I saw and learned,
dwelling among them, concerning the saying of their
prayers ; for what man is he whose heart trembles not
to see simple people so far seduced that they know not
how to pronounce or say their daily prayers ; or so
to pray that all that hear them shall be filled with
laughter ? And while, superstitiously, they refuse to
pray in their own lunguage with understanding, they
speak that which their leaders may blush to hear.
These examples I have observed from the common
people."

THK CREED.

*' Creezum zuum patrum onltentem creatorum ejus
anicum, Dominum nostrum qui sum sops, virgin!
Mariee, crixus fixus, Ponchi Pilati audubitiers, mortl

614

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

by sonday, father a femes, scelerest un judicarum, finis
a mortibus. Creezum spirituum sanctum, ecli Catholi,
rernissurum, peccaturum, communiorum obliviorum,
bitain et turnam again."

THE LITTLE CREED.

" Little Creed, can I need,
Kneele before our Ladies knee ;
Candle light, candles burne.
Our Ladie pray'd to her deare Sonne,
Tliat we mijfht all to heaven come.
Little Creed, Amen."

" This that foUoweth they call the ' White Pater-
noster : '

" White Pater-nostcr, Saint Peter's brother.
What hast i' th t'ono hand ? white booke leaves.
What hast i' th' t'other hand ? heaven yate keyes.
Open heaven yates, and steike [shut] hell yates :
And let every erysome child creepeto itsowne mother.
White Pater-noster, Amen."

" Another Prayer ;

" I blesse me with God and the rood.
With his sweet flesli and precious blood ;
With his crosse and his creed,
With liis length and his breed.
From my toe to my crowne.
And all my body up and downe.
From my back to my brest,
My five wits be my rest;
God let never ill come at ill,
But through Jesus owne will.
Sweet Jesus, Lord. Amen."

" Many also use towearc vervein against blasts ; and
when they gather it for this purpose, firste they crosse
the herbe with their hand, and then they blesse it thus :
" Hallowed be thou, Vervein,

As thou growest on the ground.

For in the Mount of Calvary,

There thou wast first found.

Thou healedst our Saviour Jesus Christ,

And staunchedst his bleeding wound ;

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy
Gliost,

I take thee from the ground."

These passages may be seen in the " Preface to
the Reader," § 1.3., no page, but on the reverse of
Sig. A 4.

It might at first appear somewhat strange that
these interesting remnants of early belief should
have escaped the notice of your numerous corre-
spondents, wliose attention has for so long a period
been directed to this inquiry : but this may be
accounted for if we remember that the volume in
which they occur is one which would seem, prima
facie, least likcdy to afford any such materials. It
is one of those uninviting bulky folios of which
the reigns of James and Charles I. furnish us
with so many specimens. Here we might fairly
expect to discover abundant illustrations of pa-
tristic and scholastic theology, of learning and
pedantry, of earnest devotion, and ill-temper no

less earnest; but nothing whereby to illustrate
the manners or customs, the traditions, or the
popular usages or superstitions, of the common
people. This may be a hint for us, however, to
direct our attention to a class of literature which
hitherto has scarcely received the attention to
which it would appear to be entitled ; and I would
venture to express my conviction, that if those
who are interested in the illustration of our popu-
lar antiquities were to give a little of their time to
early English theology, the result would be more
important than might at first be anticipated.

L.B.

THE BALLAD OF SIR HUGH, ETC.

The fact mentioned by your correspondent C.
Clifton Barry, at p. 357., as to the affinity of
Midland songs and ballads to those of Scotland, I
have often observed, and among the striking in-
stances of it which could be adduced, the follow-
ing may be named, as well known in Northamp-
tonshire :

" It rains, it rains, in merry Scotland ;
It rains both great and small ;
And all the schoolfellows in merry Scotland
Must needs go and play at ball.

" They tossed the hall so high, so high.
And yet it came down so low;
They tossed it over the old Jew's gates,
And broke the old Jew's window.

" The old Jew's daughter she came out ;
Was clothed all in green;

' Come hither, come hither, thou young Sir Hugh,
And fetcli your ball again.'

•' ' I dare not come, I dare not come.
Unless my schoolfellows come all;
And I shall be flogged when I get home,
For losing of ray ball.'

" She 'ticed hirri with an apple so red.
And likewise with a fig :
She laid him on the dresser board,
And sticked him like a pig.

" The thickest of blood did first come out,
The second came out so thin ;
The third that came was his dear heart's blood.
Where all his life lay in."

I write this from memory : it is but a fragment
of the whole, which I think is printed, with vari-
ations, in Percy's JReliques. It is also worthy of
remark, that there is a resemblance also between
the words which occur as provincialisms in the
same district, and some of those which are used in
Scotland ; e. g. whemhle or whommel (sometimes
not aspirated, and pronounced wemhle), to turn
upside down, as a dish. This word is Scotch, al-
though they do not pronounce the b any more
than in Cafnpbell, which sounds very much like
Camel. B. H. C.

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES,

615

PENNSTLTATaAN POLK LORE : CHRISTMAS.

This anniversary holds the same rank in the mid-
dle, southern, and western states as Thanksgiving
Day in the eastern states or New England, where,
owing to the Puritan origin of the bulk of the in-
habitants, Christmas is not much celebrated. In
Pennsylvania many of the usages connected with
it are of German origin, and derived from the
early settlers of the Teutonic race, whose de-
scendants are now a very numerous portion of the
population. The Christmas Tree is thus devised :
It is planted in a flower-pot filled with earth, and
its branches are covered with presents, chiefly of
confectionary, for the younger members of the
family.

When bed-time arrives on Christmas Eve, the
children hang up their stockings at the foot of
their beds, to receive presents brought them by a
fabulous personage called Krishhinkle, who is be-
lieved to descend the chimney with them for all the
children who have been good during the previous
year. The word KrisJikinhle is a corruption of
Christ-kindlein, literally Christ-infant, and is un-
derstood to be derived from tlie fact that a repre-
sentation of the Infant Saviour in the manger
formed part of the decorations prepared for the
children at Christmas.

If the children have not been good during the
year previous, Instead of finding sugar-plums and
other presents in their stockings on Christmas
morning, they discover therein a birch-rod. This
is said to have been placed there by Pelsnichol, or
Nicholas with the fur, alluding to the dress of
skins in which he is said to be clad. Some make
Pelsnichol identical with Krishhinkle, but the more
general opinion is that they are two personages, one
the rewarder of the good, the other the punlsher
of the bad.

Tlie functions ascribed to Krishkinkle in Penn-
sylvania are attributed to Saint Nicholas, or
Santa Claus in the State of New York, first
settled by the Hollanders. The following poem,
written by Clement C. Moore, LL.D., of New
York, describes the performances of St. Nicholas
on Christmas Eve, and is equally applicable to
our Krishkinkle :

"A Visit from St. Nicholas.
'Twas the night before Christmas, when all through

the house
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse ;
The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,
In liopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there.
The children were nestled all snug in their beds.
While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads;
And mamma in her kerchief and I in my cap
Had just settled our brains for a long winter's nap.
When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,
I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter.
Away to the window I flew like a flash.
Tore open the shutters and threw up the sash ;

The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow
Gave the lustre of day to the objects below ;
When what to my wondering eyes should appear
But a miniature sleigh and eight tiny reindeer.
With a little old driver so lively and quick,
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.
More rapid than eagles his coursers they came.
And he whistled and shouted and call'd them by name.
' Now, Dasher ! now, Dancer I now, Prancer ! now,,

Vixen 1
On, Comet ! on, Cupid ! on, Dunder and Blixen I
To the top of the stoop *, to the top of the wall I ,
Now dash away ! dash away ! dash away all !'
As dry leaves before the wild hurricane fly,
When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky.
So up to the house-top the coursers they flew,
With the sleigh full of toys and St. Nicholas too ; '

And then in a twinkling I heard on the roof
The prancing and pawing of each little hoof.
As I drew in my head and was turning around,
Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound.
He was dress'd all in fur from his head to his foot.
And his clothes were all tarnish'd with ashes and soot.
A bundle of toys he had flung on his back ;
And he look'd like a pedlar just opening his pack.
His eyes, how they twinkled ! his dimples, how merry !
His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry j
His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow.
And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow :
The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth.
And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath.
He had a broad face and a little round belly,
That shook, when he laugh'd, like a bowl full of jelly.
He was cliubby and plump, a right jolly old elf.
And I laugh'd when I saw him, in spite of myself..
A wink of his eye and a twist of his head
Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread.
He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work.
And fill'd all the stockings, then turn'd with a jerk j
And laying his finger aside of his nose.
And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose.
He sprang to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle, '"
And away they all flew like the down of a thistle :
But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight,
' Happy Ciiristmas to all, and to all a good night.' "

Uneda>-

Philadelphia.

COUNTY RHYMES.

Kent.

" He that will not live long,
Let him dwell at Murston, Teuham, or Tong."^

" Dover, Sandwich, and Winchelsea,
Rumney and Rye, the five ports be."

Cheshire.

" Chester of Castria took the name,
As if that Castria were the same."

* Stoop means, in the language of the New Yorkers,
a portico.

616

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

LiNcoLNSHiRK — Stamford.

•'Doctrinae studiiini, quod nunc viget ad vada Boum,
Tempore venture celebrabitur ad vada Saxi."
" Science that now o'er Oxford sheds her ray,
Shall bless fair Stamford at some future day."

Wiltshire— 5aZ/s&Mry Cathedral.

" As many days as in one year there be,
So many windows in this church you see.
As many marble pillars here appear.
As there are hours through the fleeting year.
f As many gates as moons one here does view

Strange tale to tell, yet not more strange than true."

Chippenham — On a Stone.

" Hither extendeth Maud Heath's gift.
For where I stand is Chippenham clift."

SvKVi'B.t— Market House, Farnham.

_** You who do like me, give money to end me.
You who dislike me, give as much to mend me."

Wafting — Sutton.

" Beastly 'Oking — pretty Sutton,
Filthy foxglove — bach'lors button."

*''Oking was — Guildford is — Godalming shall be."
Somersetshire.
" Stanton Drew,
A mile from Pensford — another from Chew."

Pembrokeshire.

" Once to Rome thy steps Incline,

But visit twice St. David's shrine."
" When Percelty weareth a hat.
All Pembrokeshire shall weet of that."

J. Ebfi-.
Bolt Court.

ZiEGGNDS or THE CO. CLARE : FUKNVICOTJIL (fINGAl)
AND THE GIANT.

Once upon a time, a Scottish giant who had
heard of Fuenvicouil's fame, determined to come
and see which of them was the stronger. Now
Fuenvicouil was informed by his tliumb of the
giant's intentions, and also that on the present oc-
casion matters would not turn out much to his
advantage if they fought: so as he did not feel
the_ least bit " blue-mowlded for the want of a
batin'," like Neal Malone, he was at a loss what to
do. Oonagh, his wife, saw his distress, and soon
contrived to find out the cause of it ; and having
done so, she assured him that if he would leave
things to her management, and stricflv obey her
directions, she would ma*Ke the giant return home
faster than he came. Fuenvicouil promised obe-
dience ; and, as no time was to be lost, Oonagh
commenced her preparations. She first baked
two or three large cakes of bread, taking care to
put the griddle (the iron plate used in Ireland

and Scotland for baking bread on) into the largest.
She then put several gallons of milk down to boil,
and made whey of it ; and carefully collected the
curd into a mass, which she laid aside. She then
proceeded to dress up Fuenvicouil as a baby ; and
having put a cap on his head, tucked him up ia
the cradle, chargmg him on no account to speak,
but to carefully obey any signs she might make to
him. The preparations were only just completed,
when the giant arrived, and, striding into the
house, demanded to see Fuenvicouil. Oonagh
received him politely ; said she could not tell any
more than the child in the cradle, where her hus-
band then was ; but requested the giant to sit
down and rest, till Fuenvicouil came in. She then
placed bread and whey before him till some better
refreshments could be got ready, taking care to
give him the cake with the griddle in it, and serv-
ing the whey in a vessel that held two or three
gallons. The giant was a little surprised at the
quantity of the lunch set before him, and proceeded
to break a piece off the cake, but in vain ; he then
tried to bite it, with as little success : and as to
swallowing the ocean of whey set before him, it
was out of the question ; so he said he was not
hungry, and would wait. He then asked Oonagh
what was the favourite feat of strength her husband
prided himself upon. She could not indeed par-
ticularise any one, but said that sometimes Fuen-
vicouil amused himself with squeezing water out
of that stone there, pointing to a rock lying near
the door. The giant immediately took it up ; and
squeezed it till the blood started from his fingers,
but made no impression on the rock. Oonagh
laughed at his discomfiture, and said a child could
do that, handing at the same time the lump of
curds to "the baby." Fuenvicouil, who had been
attentively listening to all that was going on, gave
the curd a squeeze, and some drops of whey fell
from it. Oonagh, in apparently great delight,
kissed and hugged her "dear baby ;" and break-
ing a bit off one of the cakes she had prepared,
began to coax the "child" to eat a little bit and
get strong. The giant amazed, asked, could that
child eat such hard bread ? And Oonagh per-
suaded him to put his finger into the child's mouth,
"just to feel his teeth ;" and as soon as Fuenvi-
couil got the giant's finger in his mouth, he bit it
off. 'J'his was more than the giant could stand ;
and seeing that a child in the cradle was so strong,
he was convinced that the sooner he decamped
before Fuenvicouil's return the better; so he
hastened from the house, while Oonagh in vain
pressed him to remain, and never stopped till he
returned to his own place, very happy at having
escaped a meeting •with Fuenvicouil.

Frances Egbert Davies.

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

m

FOLK LORE MISCELLANIES.

Yorkshire Tradition. — The following tradition
of Osmotherly, in Yorkshire, was related to me as
being current in that county. Can you inform
me if it is authentic ?

Some years ago there lived in a secluded part
of Yorkshire a lady who had an only son named
Os or Oscar. Strolling out one day with her
child they met a party of gipsies, who were
anxious to tell her the child's fortune. After
being much importuned she assented to their
request. To the mother's astonishment and grief
they prognosticated that the child would be
drowned. In order to avert so dreadful a ca-
lamity, the infatuated mother purchased some
land and built a house on the summit of a high
hill, where she lived with her son a long time in
peace and seclusion. Happening one fine sum-
mer's day in the course of a perambulation to have
fatigued themselves, they sat down on the grass to
rest and soon fell asleep. While enjoying this
repose, a spring rose up from the ground, which
caused such an inundation as to overwhelm them,
and side by side they found a watery grave.
After this had occurred, the people residing in the
neiglibourhood named it Os-by-his-mother-lay,
which has since been corrupted into Osmotherly.

K. W. Carter.

Custom on St. Thomas's Day (Dec. 21). — At
Harvington, in Worcestershire, it is the custom on
St. Thomas's Day for persons (chiefly children)
to go round the village begging for apples, and
singing the following rhymes :

" Wissal, wassail through the town.
If you've got any apples, throw them down.
Up with the stocking, and down with the shoe,
■ If you've got no apples, money will do.
Tlie jug is white, and the ale is brown,
This is the best house in the town."

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

Custom on Innocents^ Day (JDec. 28). — At
Norton (near Evesham) it is the custom on Dec.
28 to ring, first a muffled peal for the slaughter
of the Holy Innocents, and then an unmuffled
peal of joy for the deliverance of the Infant Christ.
Cdthbert Bede, B.A.

Marriage Custom at Knutsford, Cheshire. —
A singular but pleasing custom exists among the
inhabitants of Knutsford in Cheshire. On the
occasion of a wedding, when the bride has set out
for the church, a relative invariably spreads on
the pavement, which is composed of pebbles, be-
fore her house, a quantity of silver sand, there
called " greet," in the form of wreaths of flowers,
and writes, with the same material, wishes for her
happiness. This, of course, is soon discovered by
others, and immediately, especially if the bride or

bridegroom are favorites, appear before most of
the houses numerous flowers in sand. It is said
that this custom arose from the only church they -
had being without bells, and therefore, to give
notice of a wedding, they adopted it ; and though
now there are other churches and a peal of bells,
they still adhere to the above method of commu-
nicating intelligence of such happy events. Why
sand should be used I have not been able to learn,
and I should be much obliged for any information
on the point, there being no sandpits in the locality
of Knutsford, or such like reason for its use.

One circumstance I may mention connected
with weddings there. On the return of the party
from church, it is usual to throw money to the
boys, who, of course, follow, and if this is omitted,
the latter keep up a cry of " a buttermilk wed-
ding." BUSSELL GOLE.

Folk Lore in Hampshire. — In Hampshire the
country people believe that a healing power exists
in the alms collected at the administration of the
sacrament, and many of them use the money as a
charm to cure the diseases of the body. A short
time ago a woman came to a clergyman, and
brought with her half-a-crown, asking at the same
time for five " sacrament sixpences " in exchange.
She said that one of her relations was ill, and that
she wished to use the money as a charm to drive
away the disease. This superstition may have
arisen from the once prevalent custom of distri-
buting the alms in the church to those of the poor
who were present at the sacrament.

I have heard that the negroes in Jamaica attach
the same " gifts of healing " to the consecrated
bread, and often, if they can escape notice, will
carry it away with them. As no account of this
superstition seems to be recorded in " N. & Q.,"
perhaps you would like to " make a note of it."

F. M. MlDDLETON.

Propitiating the Fairies. — Having some years
since, on a Sunday afternoon, had occasion to ride
on horseback between two towns in the eastern
part of Cornwall, I met a christening party, also
on horseback, headed by the nurse with a baby in
her arms. Making a halt as I approached her,
she stopped me, and producing a cake, presented
it to me, and insisted on my taking it. Several
years after, when in the Isle of Man, I had the
opportunity of hearing an elderly person relate
several pieces of folk lore respecting the witches
and fairies in that island. It had been customary,
within his recollection, for a woman, when carrying
a child to be christened, to take with her a piece
of bread and cheese, to give to the first person she
met, for the purpose of saving the child from
witchcraft or the fairies. Another custom was
that of the " Queeltah," or salt put under the
churn to keep off bad people. Stale water was
thrown on the plough " to keep it from the little

618

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

folks.^^ A cross was tied in the tail of a cow " to
keep her from bad bodies." On May morning it
was deemed of the greatest importance to avoid
going to a neighbour's house for fire ; a turf was
therefore kept burning all night at home. Flowers
growing in a hedge, especially green or yellow
ones, were good to keep ofi' the fairies. And
finally, the last cake was left " behind the turf-
flag for the little people" J. W. Thomas.
Dewsbury.

Cornish Folk Lore : King Arthur in the Form
ijf a Raven. — In Jarvis's translation of Don
Quixote, book ii. chap, v., the following passage
occurs :

" ' Have you not read, sir,' answered Don Quixote,
^■the annals and histories of England, wherein are re-
corded the famous exploits of King Arthur, whom in
our Castiliau tongue we ahvays call King Artus ; of
whom there goes an old tradition, and a common one
all over that kingdom of Great Britain, that this king
did not die, but that by magic art he was turned into
a raven ; and that, in process of time, he shall reign
again, and recover his kingdom and sceptre; for which
reason it cannot be proved, that, from that time to this,
any Englishman has killed a raven?'"

My reason for transcribing this passage is to
I'ecord the curious fact that the legend of King
Arthur's existence in the form of a raven was still
repeated as a piece of folk lore in Cornwall about
■sixty years ago. My father, who died about two
jears since at the age of eighty, spent a few years
of his youth in the neighbourhood of Penzance.
One day, as he was walking along Marazion Green
with his fowling-pieee on his shoulder, he saw a
raven at a distance and tired at it. An old man
who was near immediately rebuked him, telling
liim that he ought on no account to have shot at a
raven, for that King Arthur was still alive in the
form of that bird. My father was much in-
terested when I drew his attention to the passage
which I have quoted above. Perhaps some of
your Cornish or Welsh correspondents may be
able to say whether the legend is still known
among the people of Cornwall or Wales.

Edgae MacCulloch.

Guernsey.

St. elements Apple Feast in Staffordshire. —
On the feast of St. Clement's (Nov. 23) the
<diiidren go round to the various houses in the
tillages to which they belong singing the following
•doggerel :

** Clemany ! Clemany ! Clemany mine !
A good red apple and a pint of wine,
Some of your mutton and some of your veal,
If it is good, pray give me a deal ;
If it is not, pray give some salt.
Butler, butler, fill your bowl ;
If thou fillst it of the best.
The Lord '11 send your soul to rest ;

If thou fillst it of the small,
Down goes butler, bowl and all.
Pray, good mistress, send to me
One for Peter, one for Paul,
One for Him who made us all,
Apple, pear, plum, or cherry,
Any good thing to make us merry ;
A bouncing buck and a velvet chair,
Clement comes but once a year ;
Off with the pot and on with the pan,
A good red apple and I'll begone."

How the above came to be conglomerated I know
not, as there seem to be at least three separate
compositions pressed into St. Clement's service.

I shall be glad to know if any of your contri-
butors can furnish farther illustrations of St.
Clement's apple feast. I believe, in Worcester-
shire, St. Catherine and St. Clement unite in
becoming the patrons on these occasions.

G. E. T. S. R. N.

Neiv Years Eve and Neiv Years Day. —An-
other German custom prevalent in Philadelphia is
the custom of celebrating the departure of the old
year and the arrival of the new by discharges
of fire-arms. As soon as the sun sets the firing
commences, and it is kept up all night with
every description of musket, fowling-piece, and
pistol. It is called " firing out the old year " and
" firing in the new year." Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Carlist Calembourg. — The original of the
French jeu d'esprit in Vol. viii., p. 242., was a
Carlist calembourg circulated in the salons about
the middle of 1831 :

" La nation n'aime pas Louis-Philippe muis en rit
(^Henri')."

There was another also very popular :

" In travelling to Bordeaux you must go to Orleans."

V. T. Sternberg.

Jewish Custom. — In a recently published
music-novel of some merit, called Chai-les Au-
Chester, occurs the following :

" ' I shall treat him as my son, because he will indeed
be my music-child, and no more indebted to me than I
am to music, or than we all are to Jehovah.' ' Sir, you
are certainly a Jew, if you say Jehovah ; I was quite sure
of it before, and I am so pleased."

There is a great error as to custom here, for the
Jews never attempt to pronounce tlie " four-
lettered " Name, and in reading and speaking
always use instead Adonai or Eiohim. And even
converted Jews retain for the most part the same
habit. The writer of Charles Auchester can only
defend himself by the example of tlie writer of

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

ftl»

Ivanhoe, who has made the same oversight ; and
a still more glaring one besides in making Isaac
the Jew wish his daughter had been called Benoni,
f. e. the son of sorrow. The vowel letters of Je-
hovah are merely those of Adonai, inserted hy the
Massorites ; but this is another subject.

W. Feaser.
Tor- Mob un.

Lachlan Macleane. — This individual, whose
claim to the authorship of Junius has been lately
revived, was in Philadelphia ninety-five years
ago, and his name figures there in the accounts of
the overseers of the poor, under date of Novem-
ber 9, 1758:

" By cash received of James Coultass, late sheriff,
being a fine paid by Lauglilane M'Clain for kissing
of Osborn's wife (after his commissions and writing
bond were deducted) ... £24 : 5 : 0 "

This was in Pennsylvania currency ; but it was an
expensive kiss even in that, being (besides the
commissions and sheriff's charge for writing the
bond) equivalent to sixty-four dollars and fifty
cents of our present currency. M. E.

Philadelphia.

German Tree. — The following extract con-
cerning this accessory to Christmas, which is now
so popular, may perhaps be interesting at the pre-
sent season. It is taken fi'om the Loseley Manu-
scripts, edited by A. J. Kempe, F. S. A., 1836,
p. 75. note.

" "We remember a German of the household of the
late Queen Caroline, making what he termed a Christ^
mas tree for a juvenile party at that festive season.
The tree was a branch of some evergreen fastened on a
board. Its boughs bent under the weight of gilt
oranges, almonds, &c. ; and under it was a neat model
of a farm-house, surrounded by figures of animals, &c.,
and all due accompaniments. The forming Christmas
trees is, we believe, a common custom in Germany :
evidently a remain of the pageants constructed at that
season in ancient days."

Is this the first notice of a German tree in Eng-
land? The adjunct of the farm-house seems now
to be dispensed with in this country. Zeus.

The late Duke. — The following curious coinci-
dence, which lately appeared in the Meath Herald,
deserves transplanting to the literary museum of
"N. &Q.":

" From the fact of the Mornington family having
been so connected by property, &c. with the parish of
Trim, in which town the late Duke spent so many of
his early days, and commenced his career in life by
being elected, when scarcely twenty-one years of age,
to represent the old borough of Trim, the following
coincidence is worth relating. On the news of the death
of the Duke reaching Trim, the Very Rev. Dean Butler
caused the chime of bells to be rung in respect to his

memory ; and the large bell, which was considered one
of the finest and sweetest in Ireland, hardly had tolled
a second time for the occasion when it suddenly broke,
became mute, and ceased to send forth its notes.
VViiether this was to be attributed to neglect of the
ringer, or regret for the great man of llie age, it is hard
to say ; but, very odd as it may appear to be, on ex-
amining the bell, it was found to be cast by Edmund
Blood, 1769, the very year the Duke was born. Thus
this fine bell commenced its career with the birth of
the Duke, and ceased to sound at bis death. The
parish of Trim is now getting the bell recast, and the
old metal is to be seen at Mr. Hodges, Abbey Street,
Dublin."

J. Yeowell.

cautn'fi.

THE STOBT OF CRISPIN AND CRISPIANOS.

A Recitation for the 9.5th of October, and other Convivial
Meetings of Shoemakers.

" The CaisrrK trade ! What better trade can be ?
Ancient and famous, independent, free !
No other trade a brighter claim can find ;
No other trade display more share of mind !
No other calling prouder names can boast, —
In arms, in arts, — themselves a perfect host !
All honour, zeal, and patriotic pride ;
To dare heroic, and in suffering tried !
But first and chief — and as such claims inspii-e —
Our Patron Brothers, who doth not admire?
Crispin and Crispianus 1 they who sought
Safety with us, and at the calling wrought :
Martyrs to Truth, who in old times were cast
Lorn outcasts forth to labour at the last I
Mould the stout sole, sew with the woven thread.
Make the good ft, and win their dally bread.
This was their strait and doing — this their doom ;
They sought our shelter, and they found a home I
Helpless and hapless, wandering to and fro,
"Weary they came and hid them from the foe ;
Two high-born youths, to lioly things impell'd.
Hunted from place to place, though still they held
Their sacred faith, and died for it, and threw
The glory of that death on all who made the Shoe !

" Such is the story — so behaved our trade ;
And then the Church its zealous homage paid.
And made their death-day holy, as we see
Still in the Calendar, and still to be !
And long the Shoemaker has felt the claim,
And proved him joyful at such lofty fame;
For theirs it was by more than blood allied,
Alike they worshipp'd, and alike they died !
Nor minded how the Pagan nipp'd their youth —
They are not dead who suffer for the Truth !
The skies receive them, and the earth's warm heart
In grateful duty ever plays its part.
Embalms their memory to all future time,
And thus, in love, still punishes the crime ;
Sees, though the corse be trampled to the dust,
Tlie murder'd dead have retribution just !

620

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[Na 217.

" Wlierc are they now who wrought this fiendish
wrong ?
We hate the actors, and have hated long.
And where are they, the victims? Always here;
We feel their glory, and we hold it dear .'
Oh yes, 'tis ours 1 that glory still is ours,
And, lo ! how breaks it on these festive hours ;
Eacli heart is warm, each eye lit up with pride,
'Tis sanction'd in our loves and sanctified !
Far o'er the earth — the Christianised — where'er
The Saviour's name is hymn'd in daily prayer,
The winds of heaven their memories tender waft,
Commix'd with all tlie sorceries of the crafl.
The little leather artizan — the boy
To whom the shoe is yet but as a toy,
A thing to smile and look at, ere the day
Severer task will make it one o? pay
(A constant duty and a livelihood), —
He, the young Crispin, emulous and good.
Is told of the Prince Martyrs — sometimes Royal !
(The trade, in its devotion, being so loyal.
It fain would stretch the fact or trifle still,
Eager, as 'twere, to get on highest hill. )
Through the fair France, through Germany, and

Spain,
The blue-skied Italy, the Russias twain.
And farther still, across the Western Main.
There is the story known, engraft, 'tis true.
With things, as often is, of weight undue ;
Yet still 's enough, when sifted to the most.
To make the trade rejoice, and as a toast.
Now, as is wont, and ever to be given,
Hail to the memory of our friends in heaven !
Crispin and Crispianus — they, the two.
Who, like ourselves, have made the Boot and Shoe!"

The story as told in these verses is not exactly
the same as the one current among the makers of
the boot and shoe in our own island, an account
in an old book called The History of the Gentle
Craft (the production, no doubt, of the well-
known Thomas Delony) being the basis of the
tradition as received now by the British shoe-
maker. In the Golden Legende, one of the earliest
of our printed books, and in Alban Butler's Lives
of the Saints, as compiled from the Roman Martyr-
ologies, as also in the inscriptions of some pieces of
ancient tapestry formerly belonging to the shoe-
makers' chapel in the Cathedral of Notre Dame,
Paris, but, when I saw them , in one of the gal-
leries of the Louvre, is the like version as the one
here given. The authority, too, of the Church
Calendar of England, even as it still remains after
the loppings of the Reformation, is another corro-
boration that Crispin and Crispianus, brothers,
were early martyrs to the Christian faith, and
through that chiefly honoured, and not because
the one became a redoubted general and the other
a successful suitor to the daughter of some all-
potent emperor. In the Delony version — itself,
m every probability, a borrowing from the popu-
lar mind of the Elizabethan period, — these things
are put forth ; while in trade paintings and songs

the Prince Crispin is assumed to have a wife or
sister, one can hardly tell which, in the person of
a princess, the Princess Crispianus, and who
figures as the patron of the women's branch of
the shoemakers' art; Crispin himself presIding^
over the coarser labour for the rougher sex. This
artifice, if not purely historical, is at least very
excusable, because so natural, seeing that the
duplex principle has such an extensive range ;
that even the feet themselves come into the world
in pairs, and so shoes must be produced after the
same fashion — paired, as the shoemakers have
done by their adored Crispin and Crispianus.

It has now but to be stated that the writer of
the foregoing lines (a long time now the common
property of his fellow-workmen) and this present
paragraph, has for many years contemplated the
production of something which might assume even
the size of a book, in connexion with the various
curious particulars which may be affiliated with
this Crispin story, and therefore would be glad to
find some of the numerous erudite readers of "N".
& Q " helping his inquiries either through the me-
dium of future Numbers, or as might be addressed
privately to himself, care of Mr. Clements, book-
seller, 22. Little Pulteney Street, Regent Street.

J. Davies Devlin.

Mitxav €i\itviti.

Barrels Regiment. — I suppose that to this
regiment a song refers which has for its burden, ■—

" And ten times a day whip the barrels.
And ten times a day whip the barrels.

Brave boys."^

I shall be very much obliged to any one who will
tell me where I can find this song, or the circum-
stances or persons to which it refers. It was pro-
bably written about the year 1747. E. H.

Okey the Regicide. — I should be much obliged
for any information relative to the descendants
of Colonel John Okey, the regicide, executed
April 19, 1662, O. S. E. P. H.

Clapham.

Lady Mason's Third Husband. — Secretary
Davison, in a letter dated London, 23rd Decem-
ber, 1581, and addressed to Lady Mason, re-
quests this lady " to join with his honour her
husband" in standing sponsor with Sir Christopher
Hatton, or Sir Thomas Skirley, to his son, born
a few days before. Sir John Mason, second
husband to Lady Mason, died in 1566. Who
then was " this honour," her third ? G. S. S.

Creation of Knights. — When were the follow-
ing knights made? — Sir William Fleming, Sir
George Barker, Sir George Hamilton, Sir Edward

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

621

de Carteret, Sir William Armourer : — the first
by Charles I. ; the four following by Charles II.

G. S. S.

Martyn the Regicide. — Was Martyn the regi-
■cide married or not ? If married, is it known
whether he had children ? and if any of his chil-
dren settled in Ireland, and became possessed of
property in that country ? E. A. G.

History of the Nonjurors. — What are the best
authorities for the history of the Nonjurors and
their sufferings ? Of course, Lathbury, Hickes's
Life of Kettletvell, &c. are well known. Whence
<;ame their adopted motto : " Caetera quis nescit ? "
Any reader who would communicate any inform-
ation on these points to C. R. would confer a
favour. C. R.

Florin and the Royal Arms. — What is the au-
thority for placing the national arms (which are
by royal proclamations ordered to be borne
quarterly in ratification of the respective unions,
and to be borne under one imperial crown) in
separate shields ? They surely cannot with any
heraldic propriety be so arranged. The absurdity
was remarked in the reign of the Georges, for by
the separation of the coats the arms of the German
dominions of George I. obtained the second place,
viz. the dexter side, with France on the sinister,
and Ireland at the bottom or fourth place.

Mat o' the Mint.

A Mistletoe Query. — Why has mistletoe the
privilege of allowing the fair sex to be kissed
under its branches, on condition that a berry is
plucked off at the time ? And also, when was this
first allowed ? * J. W. Aston (late of Trin. Col.)

Seivell Family (Vol. viii., p. 521.). — Your cor-
respondent D. N. states, that " nothing farther is
known of the family of Lieut.-Col. Sewell, who
died in 1803, than that he had a son Thos. Bailey
Heath Sewell, Cornet in 32nd Light Dragoons,
and Lieutenant 4th Dragoon Guards." Had he
referred to Lodge's Peerage, he would have found
that the Honorable Harriet Beresford, fourth
daughter of the Most Rev. Wm. Beresford, Lord
Archbishop of Tuam, and first Baron Decies,
married Jan. 25, 1796, Thos. Henry Bermingham
(not Bailey) Daly Sewell, Esq. ; and died June 1 1,
1834, having had three children, viz. :

1. Thomas, formerly Page of Honour to the
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, circa 1829, afterwards
a pensioner of Trin. Coll. Dublin, and subse-
quently Lieutenant 13th Light Infantry; who
died at Landour, Bengal, Aug. 1, 1836.

[* This Query has been incidentally noticed in
« N. & Q.," Vol. v., pp. 13. 208.— Ed.]

2. Isabella, who married her cousin Major Mar-
cus Beresford, in October, 1828 ; and died in 1836.

3. Louisa, married to the Hon. Sir W. E. Leeson,
and died in 1849 or 1850.

Will D. N. favour me with the dates of the
birth and death of the late unfortunate, and, as I
believe, ill-used Lieut.-General John Whitelocke,
whom he mentions, with the localities where the
birth and death occurred ? G. L. S.

[We have submitted our correspondent's communi-
cation to D. N., who has kindly forwarded the follow-
ing reply :

" My communication (Vol. viii., p. 521.) I was aware
was far from a perfect pedigree of the Sewell family,
and my object was to give such notices as might form
an outline to be filled up by some one more compe-
tently informed. Your correspondent G. L. S. has
very well supplied the ccetera desunt, where my inform-
ation terminated with the appointment of Cornet
Sewell to a Lieutenancy in the 4th (Royal Irish)
Dragoon Guards. In the London Gazette 13789,
June 23, 1795, he is inserted as 'Mr. Bermingham
Daly Henry Sewell' to be a cornet in the 32nd Light
Dragoons ; and as in filling up commissions much ac-
curacy is always considered very essential, I am dis-
posed to regard those Christian names as correct.

" There was a Rev. George Sewell, Rector of By-
fleet, Surrey. Was he a brother of Lieut.-Col. Sewell
of the Surrey Light Dragoons ?

" Did the Right Hon. Sir Thomas Sewell marry a
second wife ? For I find, in The Globe of October 9,
1820: 'Died, Saturday, Sept. 16, at Twyford Lodge,
Maresfield, Sussex, in her seventy-eighth year, Lady
Sewell, widow of the late Right Hon. Sir Thomas
Sewell, Master of the Rolls and Privy Councillor,
&c.' Now, in Manning's Surrey, vol. iii. p. 201., it is
stated that Lieut.-Col. Sewell died in 1803, in his
fifty-eighth year, which would render it impossible for
him to be the son of the above-named Lady Sewell.
In Horsfield's Sussex, 4to., 1835, vol. i. p. 375., I find
a William Luther Sewell, Esq., who most probably
was connected by the second marriage, residing at the
above Twyford Lodge.

" I regret that I cannot reply distinctly to the in-
quiries of G. L. S. respecting the late Lieut.-General
Whitelocke. I have ineffectually searched all the
various biographical dictionaries to that of the Rev.
H. J. Rose in twelve volumes, 1848, inclusive, without
having found one that has taken the least notice of him.
I had casu.illy heard, some years since, that he had
fixed his residence in Somersetshire, and that he had
died there ; which I find confirmed by a paragraph in
the Annual Register, vol. Ixxvi. for 1834 (^Chronicle'),
p. 218., which states that he died 'near Bath,' in
February, 1 834. With such scanty information on the
required points, I would still refer G. L. S. to a work
entitled The Georgiati jEra, in 4 vols,, London, 1832 ;
where he will find, in vol, ii. p. 475., a short military
memoir of Lieut.-General WHiitelocke, which is dis-
passionately and candidly written, and which accounts
very reasonably for the inauspicious result of his mili-
tary operations. There is one slight error in the
account of The Georgian ^ra, viz. in the date of the

022

NOTES AND QUEEIES.

[No. 217.

Jirst appointment of Mr. Whitelocke to a commission
in the army, whicli appears in the London Gazette,
No. 11938. of December 26, 1778, and runs thus:
' 14th Foot, John Whitelocke, Gent., to be Ensign
vice Day." — I trust some reader of " N. & Q." will
furnish us with the dates of the birth and death of
Lieut.-General Whitelocke, specifying when they took
place, as desired by G. L. S., with an abridgment of
deficient particulars in his history. D, N.*']

Greek Epigram. — In the Bath Chronicle of
the 10th of November last, I find the following
advertisement ;

" The Clergyman of a Town Parish, in which are
several crippled persons, at present unable to attend
divine worship, will feel very grateful to any gentle-
man or lady who will give him an old Bath chair for
the use of these poor people ; two blind men having
ofFered, in this case, charitably to convey their crippled
neighbours regularly to the House of God."

Surely this arrangement is not a new idea, and
there is, if I mistake not, a Greek epigram that
records its success in practice several hundred
years ago. Can any of your readers, whose Greek
is less faded than mine, refer me to the epigram ?

Geo. E. Feere.

[Probably the following epigram is the one floating
in the faded rnemory of our correspondent :

" 4>IAmnOT, ol Se ISIA.aPOT.
ni7pbr 6 fJiiv yvioii, 6 S' Sp' o/xfiacnw ajj.(p6rfpot 5e

E<s avTovs rh ti'xtjj ecSees ripdviaay,
Tv(p\os yap ALTT6yviov eTrcejxaSiov j3dpos oiCpasv,'

ToAS Keivov (puivais arpairhv wpQo^arel,
Tldfra Se ravr' ^5i5a|e Trirep^ TrdvToAfxos audyKr],
'AW^Aois jxtplaai TOvWnrfS e»s eAeov."

Anthologia, in usnm Scholcs Westmonast. :
Oxon. 1724, p. 58,]

Ti'anslations from JEschylus. — Whose trans-
lation of the tragedies of ^Eschylus is that which
accompanies Flaxman's compositions from the
same ? I ought to state that there is merely a
line or two under each plate, to explain the sub-
ject of each composition, and that my copy is the
unreduced size. H.

Kingston-on-Thames.

[The lines are taken from N. Potter's translation of
the Tragedies of iEschylus,, 4to., 1777.]

Priiica MemnovLS Sister. — Who was Prince
Memnon's sister, alluded to by Milton in II Pen-
seroso f J. W. T.

Dewsbury,

[Dunster has the following note on this line: —
•' Prince Memnon's sister ; that is, an Ethiopian
princess, or sable beauty. Memnon, king of Ethio-
pia, being an auxiliary of the Trojans, was slain by
Achilles. (See Virg, JEn. i. 489., ' Nii/ri Memnonis
arma.') It does not, however, appear that Memnon
had any sister, Tithonus, according to Hesiod, had

by Aurora only two sons, Memnon and Emathion,
Theog. 984. Tiiis lady is a creation of the poet."]

• Who was the author

" Oh ! for a blast," Sfc.
of the couplet —

" Oh I for a blast of that dread horn,
On Fontarabian echoes borne ? ".

A. J. DUNKIN.
[The lines —

" O for the voice of that wild horn,
On Fontarabia's echoes borne.

The dying hero's call," —

are by Sir Walter Scott, and form part of those which
excited the horror of the father of Frank Osbaldiston,
when he examined his waste-book in search of Reports
outward and inward — Corn Debentures, &c. See Rob
Roy, chap. ii. p. 24. ed. 1829.]

Robin Hood's Festival. — Can any of your cor-
respondents refer me to a good account of the
festival of Robin Hood, which was so popular with
our ancestors, that Bishop Latimer could get no
one to come to hear him preach on that day ?

In the churchwardens' accounts of St. Helens,
Abingdon, published in the first volume of the
Archceologia, there is an entry in 1566 of the sum
of 18d. paid for " setting up Robin Hood's Bower."

R. W. B.

[The best account of Robin Hood's festival on the
first and succeeding days of May is given in Robin
Hood: a Collection of all the Ancient Poems, Songs, and
Ballads, relative to that celebrated Outlaw ; [by Joseph
llitson], among the notes and illustrations in vol. i.
pp. xcvii — ex. Consult also A Lytell Geste of Robin
Hode, by John Mathew Gutch, vol. i. pp. 60 — 64. ; and
George Soane's New Curiosities of Literature, vol. i.
pp. 231—236.]

Church in Suffolk. — In restoring a church in
Suffolk, apparently of the date of Henry VII.,
except two Norman doors, the walls were found
full of Norman mouldings of about 1100, or not
much after. Will you kindly give me a list of the
works where I may be likely to find an account of
this original church ? Davy and Jermyn's Suffolk,
in the British Museum, says nothing about it.
The two Norman doors are universally admired,
and the church is now Norman still throughout.
In the reconstruction of about 1100, the two doors
do not seem to have been in any way restored or
meddled with. G. L.

[Our correspondent may probably find some account
of this church either in Suckling's Antiquities of Suffolk,
4to., 2 vols.. Gage's History of Suffolk (Thingoe Hun-
dred), 4to., or in H. Jermyn's Collections for a General
History of Suffolk, in the British Museum, Add. MSS.
8168—8196.]

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

CS^

CHILDREN CALLED IMPS.

(Vol. viii., p. 443.)

" Heere resteth the bodye of the noble Impe, Robert
of Duddeley, Baron of Denbigh, sonne of Robert, Earle
of Leicester, nephew and heire unto Ambrose, Earle of
Warwick, brethren, both sonnes of the mighty Prince
John, late Duke of Northumberland, that was cosin
and heire to Sir John Grey, Vicount L'Isle, nephew
and heire unto the Lady Margaret, Countesse of
Shrewsbury, the eldest daughter and coheire of the
noble Earle of Warr : Sir Richard Beauchampe here
interred ; a childe of great parentage, but of farr
greater hope and towardnesse, taken from this transi-
tory unto everlasting life in his tender age, at Wan-
stead in Essex, on Sunday, 1 9th of July, in the yeare of
our Lord God 1 584, being the 26th yeare of the happy
raine of the most virtuous and godly Princesse, Queene
Elizabeth, and in this place layd up among his noble
auncestors, in assured hope of the general! resurrection. "
— Lady's Chapel, St. Mary's Church, Warwick.

H. B.

Warwick,

An inscription on a tomb at Besford, near Per-
shore, Worcestershire, of the same period as that
at Aylesbury (mentioned by Mr. Brooks), con-
tains also the word imp. The tomb at Besford is
a most singular one, consisting of two large folding
doors fixed against the wall, their panels and the
interior being painted over with figures and in-
scriptions. From the latter, which are of some
length, the following extracts will be sufficient to
illustrate the subject :

" An impe entombed heere doth lie."

"... elder . . . from Christ to straie.
When such an impe foreshewes the waie."

The old poetical word svgared, " Noe sugred
word," occurs in the inscription.

The "impe" is supposed to be Richard Hare-
well, who died in 1576, aged 15 years, to whom
a second monument, of alabaster (close by the
former), was also erected ; a rare circumstance, I
should suppose. The Harewells appear to have
been a family at the time of the Conquest ; the
two following lines are a part of one of the in-
scriptions :

" Of Harewell's blodde ere Conquest made,
Knowne to descende of gentle race."

Nash, in his History of Worcestershire, makes
mention of this singular monument, but is any-
thing but correct in giving its inscriptions.

CUTHBERT BeDE, B. A.

T. W. D. Brooks will find this word used by
some modern authors to denote a child. In
Moral and Sacred Poetry, selected and arranged
by the Rev. T. Willcocks and the Rev. T. Horton
Ct)evonport, W. Byers, 1834), there is at p. 254.

a piece by Baillle, addressed " To a Child,"" tbe

first line of which runs thus :

" Whose imp art thou, with dimpled cheek?'*

And in a poem by Rogers, on the following^ V^'S^^
the children of a gipsy are called imps.

J. W. F. K3Bra;_
Plymouth.

THE DIVINING ROD.

(Vol. viii., pp. 293. 479.>

The inclosed extract from a letter whicE I Sanrc
just received from a friend on the subject ©f tbe
divining rod, will probably interest your resKfers,
as an answer to a Query which appeared soeae
weeks ago \\\\ your excellent work. Yois assj
entirely rely on the accuracy of the facts staied-

J. A.H-

" However the pretended effect of the divIiMi^
rod may be attributed to knavery and credality
by philosophers who will not take the trouble oF
witnessing and investigating the operation, any
one who will pay a visit to the Mendip Hilfe m
Somersetshire, and the country round their b«s©,
may have abundant proof of the efficacy of it. Its
success has been very strikingly proved along^ tie
range of the Pennard Hills also, to the south oT
the Mendip. The faculty of discovering water ty
means of the divining rod is not possessed by
every one ; for indeed there are but few -nao
possess it in any considerable degree, or in wfiose
hands the motion of the rod, when passing orer
an undergEOund stream, is very decided ;; and
they who have it are quite unconscious of t&eir
capability until they are made aware of St. bf
experiment.

" I saw the operation of the rod, or rather of a
fork, formed of the shoots of the last year,^ held in
the hands of the experimentor by the extrermties^
with the angle projecting before him. Wbeo Be
came over the spot beneath which the water
flowed, the rod, which had before been perfeetfy
still, writhed about with considerable f(Hrce, so
that the holder could not keep it in its fonacr
position ; and he appealed to the bystandears to
notice that he had made no motion ta predoee
this effect, and used every effort to prevent it.
The operation was several times repeated vitb
the same result, and each time under the rf6»e
inspection of shrewd and doubting, if not iaere-
dulous, observers. Forks of any kind of grecxk
wood served equally well, but those of dead wood
had no effect. The experimentor had discovoretf
water. In several Instances, In the same paxvb
(Pennard), but was perfectly unaware of his «»-
pabllity till he was requested by his landlord to
try. The operator had the reputation of a per-
fectly honest man, whose word might be

624

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

trusted, and who was incapable of attempting
to deceive any one — as indeed appeared by bis
open and ingenuous manner and conversation on
this occasion. He was a farmer, and respected
by all his neighbours. So general is the con-
viction of the efficacy of the divining rod in dis-
covering both wattr and the ores of calamine or
zinc all over the Mendip, that the people are
quite astonished when any doubt is expressed
about it. The late Dr. Ilutton wrote against the
pretension, as one of many instances of deception
founded upon gross ignorance and credulity;
when a lady of quality, who herself possessed the
faculty, called upon him, and gave him experi-
mental proof, in the neighbourhood of Woolwich,
that water was discoverable by that means. This
Dr. Hutton afterwards publicly acknowledged.

"The above I suppose will suffice for your
present purpose ; I could, however, say a great
^eal more, for I wrote a very long account many

years ago to our friend , of what I have

now only briefly stated. That letter was treated
by certain scientific friends of his with contempt ;
but when I afterwards saw poor Dr. Turner, he
said he would go down to Somerset to see it him-
self; but alas ! he did not live to carry his in-
tention into effect."

CHANGE OF MEANING IN PROVEEBIAI. EXPRES-
SIONS, ETC.

(Vol. viii., pp. 464, 465.)

Very hesitatingly I venture to express dissent
from Mr. Keightlet's ingenious suggestion of a
change of meaning in the proverb " Tread on a
worm and it will turn." . I support my dissent,
however, by the following lines from Shakspeare :
" Who 'scapes the lurking serpent's'mortal sting ?

Not he that sets his foot upon her back.

The smallest worm will turn, being trodden on ;

And doves will peck in safe-guard of their brood."
Third Part of King Henry VI., Act II. Sc. 2.

King Henry says, Withhold revenge, dear God !

Clifford replies. The lion, the bear, the serpent,
the smallest worm, and doves, if injured, will
make an effort at revenge or defence. It is clear
that Shakspeare uses the word worm as meaning,
not a venomous serpent, but the most defenceless
of reptiles.

Again, I do not think that Mr. Kbightley's
quotation from Schiller's Wallenstein' s Tod sup-
ports his view. I am not a German scholar, but
I find that the translator of Wallensiein's Tod (I
believe Lord Ellesmere) has translated or para-
phrased the lines quoted by Mr. Keightlet as
follows :

" But nature gave the very worm a sting,
When trampled on by man, to turn again."

The sense of the passage (spoken by Butler)
requires that "wurm" should be understood to
mean a harmless despised reptile, not a venomous
serpent.

It seems that Schiller had Shakspeare in his
mind when he wrote the lines in question ; indeed,
they_ are almost a copy of Shakspeare's line. I
consider them as parallel passages.

It may not be irrelevant to observe that wor7n
in some places still means a serpent ; but I believe
it has usually a prefix, as " hag-worm " in West-
moreland and the West Riding of Yorkshire ; so
also in the latter " slow-worm " means a species of
small snake or viper found on some of the moors.
(For "slow-worm," see "N. & Q.," Vol. viii.,
pp. 33. and 479.) I have been told that " blind-
worm " in Surrey means a viper. I conclude with
a Query, Does Wurm in modern German ever
mean a serpent ? F. W. J.

" To put a spoke in one's wheel " is not singular
in its double entendre (Vol. viii., pp. 262. 351.464.).
"^ There is no love lost between them " is in a
similar predicament. We now speak of no love
being lost between A. and B., when we would
intimate that the warmth of their mutual affection
may be accurately represented by 32° Fahrenheit.
That this has not always been the meaning of the
phrase, the following verse from the old ballad of
The Children in the Wood will testify :

" Sore sick he was, and like to die.
No help that he could have;
His wife by him as sick did He,
And both possess'd one grave.
2^0 love bettveen these two was lost,

Each was to other kind ;
In love they lived, in love they died,
And left two babes behind."

R. Price.
St. Ives,

sneezing.

(Vol. viii., p. 366.)

A collection of "facts, theories, and popular
Ideas" upon this subject would fill a volume. I
send, however, a few extracts, &c., which may
interest your correspondent Medicus :

*' Et n'esternuay point regardant le soleil."

" And did not sneeze as he looked upon the sun."
Ronsard, torn. v. p. 158., quoted in Southey's
Common Place Book, 3rd series, p. 303.

Here, not to sneeze appears to]^be looked on as an
ill omen.

Ammianus has an epigram upon one whose nose
was so long that he never heard it sneeze, and
therefore never said ZeD croScrov, God bless. — Notes
on the Variorum Plautus (ed. Gronov., Lugd. Bat.),
p. 720.

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

625

Athenaeus, says Potter in his Archceologia Groeca,
proves that the head was esteemed holy, because
it was customary to swear by it, and adore as holy
the sneezes that proceeded from it. And Ari-
stotle tells us in express terms that sneezing was
accounted a deity : " Thv Tlrapixhv ^^hv rryov/jLeda" —
Archaol. Qrcec. (5th ed.), p. 338.

" Oscitatio in iiixu letalis est, sicut
Sternuisse a coitu abortivum,"

Quoted from Pliny by Aulas Gellius,
Noct. Att. III. xvi. 24.

Erasmus, in his Colloquies, bids one say to him
who sneezes, " Sit faustum ac felix," or " Servet
te Deus," or " Sit salutiferum," or " Bene vertat
Deus."

" Quare homines sternutant ?

" Respondetur, ut virtus expulsiva et vislva, per hoc
purgetur, et cerebrum a sua superfluitate purgetur, etc.
Etiam qui sternutat frequenter, dicitur habere forte
cerebrum." — Aristotdis Problemata : Amstelodami, anno
1690.

Query whether from some such idea of the
beneficial effect of sneezing, arose the practice of
calling for the divine blessing on the sneezer ?

When Themistocles was offering sacrifice, it
happened that three beautiful captives were
brought him, and at the same time the fire burnt
clear and bright, and a sneeze happened on the
right hand. Hereupon Euphrantides the sooth-
sayer, embracing him, predicted the memorable
victory which was afterwards obtained by him, &c.

There is also mention of this custom (the ob-
servation of sneezing) in Homer, who has intro-
duced Penelope rejoicing at a sneeze of her son
Telemachus :

" Oux ^p<^ay 8 jitot vlhs eirfTrrapei'"
Sneezing was not always a lucky omen, but
varied according to the alteration of circum-
stances— " Twv 'n-Tap/xwi' ot /xeu etVlv w(p4Ki(j.oi, ol Si
p\a§epoi" "Some sneezes are profitable, others
prejudicial" — according to the scholiast upon the
following passage of Theocritus, wherein he makes
the sneezing of the Cupids to have been an un-
fortunate omen to a certain lover :

" 2</t«x'5o fji,iv fpoDTfs iireirrapov"

If any person sneezed between midnight and
the following noontide it was fortunate, but from
noontide till midnight it was unfortunate.

If a man sneezed at the table while they were
taking away, or if another happened to sneeze
upon his left hand, it was unlucky; if on the right
hand, fortunate.

If, in the undertaking any business, two or four
sneezes happened, it was a lucky omen, and gave
encouragement to proceed ; if more than four, the
omen was neither good nor bad ; if one or three,
it was unlucky, and dehorted them from proceed-
ing in what they had designed. If two men were

deliberating about any business, and both of them
chanced to sneeze together, it was a prosperous
omen. — Archceol, Grcec. (5th ed.), pp. 339, 340.
Francis John Scott.
Tewkesbury.

The custom your correspondent Medicus al-
ludes to, of wishing a person " good health," after
sneezing, is also very common in Kussia. The
phrases the Russians use on these occasions are —
" To your good health ! " or " How do you do ?"

J. S. A.

Old Broad Street.

BOOKS BURNED BY THE COMMON HANGMAN.

(Vol. viii., pp. 272. 346.)

To the list of these literary auto da fe's we may
well add the burning of Bishop Burnet's famous
Pastoral Letter, which was censured by the House
of Commons, January, 1692, and was burned by
the common hangman. The offence contained in
it was the ascribing the title of William III. to
the crown of England to a right of conquest. A
recollection of this gives additional point to the
irony of Atterbury in attacking Wake :

" William the Conqueror is another of the pious
patterns he recommends, ' who would suffer nothing,'
he says, • to be determined in any ecclesiastical causes
without leave and authority first had from him.' ....
His present majesty is not William the Conqueror;
and can no more by our constitution rule absolutely
either in Church or State than he would if he could :
his will and pleasure is indeed a law to all his sub-
jects ; not in a conquering sense, but because his will
and pleasure is only that the laws of our country
should be obeyed, which he came over on purpose to
rescue,'and counts it his great prerogative to mahitain ;
and contemns therefore, I doubt not, such sordid
flattery as would measure the extent of his supremacy
from the Conqueror's claim." — Atterbury's Rights,
Powers, and Privileges of Convocation, pp. 158 — 160.

Atterbury never misses a hit at Burnet when
he can conveniently administer one, and the
Bishop endeavours to smile even while he winces :

" He writes with just and due respect of the king
and the present constitution. This has come so seldom
from that corner that it ought to be the more con-
sidered. I will not give that scope to jealousy as to
suspect that this was an artifice ; but accept it sin-
cerely," &c. — The Bishop of Sarum's Reflectiom on
the Rights, Powers, S^c, p. 4.

W. Frasee.
Tor-Mohun.

The following may come under the list wanted
by Balliolensis :

" The covenant itself, together with the act for
erecting the high court of justice, that for subscribing
the engagement, and that for declaring England a

626

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

Commonwealth, were ordered to be burned by the
hands of the hangman. The people assisted with great
alacrity on this occasion." — From Hume, Reign of
Charles II., edit. London, 1828, p. 762.

On a copy of La Defense de la 'Reformation^ SfC,
par I. Claude, a La Haye, 1683, I noted the fol-
lowing about thirty years ago as a striking pas-
sage, but cannot now recollect from whence I took
it. This book was condemned by the Pope to be
burned, on which circumstance the editor of an
old edition of it very appositely observes :

" Books have souls as well as men, which survive
their martyrdom, and are not burnt, but crowned by
the flames that encircle them. The Church of Rome
has quickly felt there was nothing combustible but
the paper. The truth flew upward like the angel from
Manoah's sacrifice, untouched by the fire, and unsullied
by the smoke, and found a safe refuge at the footstool
of the God of Truth."

G.N.

JEWS IN CHINA.

(Vol. vill., p. 515.)

The only people known as descendants of any of
the ten tribes are the Spomerim, or Samaritans ;
whose chief peculiarity is, that they acknowledge as
sacred only the five books of Moses : for, although
other books held sacred by the Jews are known to
them, such books are not written in the same an-
cient alphabetic character as those of the Samari-
tan Pentateuch. The ten tribes were taken captive
B.C. 721 (2 Kings xvii. 24 — 41.). The inference
is, therefore, that all the books, from Joshua to
Malachi .inclusive, had not been composed or ad-
mitted into the holy canon till after that date.
The criterion then for ascertaining whether the
Chinese Jews are descended from the ten tribes,
appears to be their adherence to the Pentateuch
alone as sacred. I. The Chinese Jews have not
the ancient Hebrew character, but the compara-
tively modern square Chaldee one, as in our
printed Bibles. II. Gozani states that the Jews
of Kaafung Foo, in Honan, had some traditions
from the Talmud. The Mishnah, constituting the
text of the Talmud, is manifestly a compilation
subsequent to the closing of the Jewish canon ; the
quotations from the books following those of Moses
being constantly in use therein. III. On Gozani
mentioning Jesus the Messiah, the Chinese Jew
said they had a knowledge of Jesus the son of
Sirach. As, however, the book of the last-named
writer is unknown in Hebrew, Gozani, who was
ignorant of that language, may have mistaken him
for Jesus (=.Joshua) the son of Nun, with which
book the Chinese Jew was acquainted.* In either

case, more books than the Pentateuch were un-
doubtedly held sacred by these Chinese Jews ;
therefore the connexion with the ten tribes (house
of Israel), as distinct from the house of Judah (the
Jews properly so called), cannot be Inferred. The
authorities for the Samaritans are Scallger, Ludolf,
Prideaux, Jahn, Huntington, Winer, Schnurrer,
and Kitto. For the eastern Jews : Josephus,
Peritsol, Manasseh, Basnage, Biisching ; Fathers
RiccI, Aleni, Gozani, and other Jesuits, in the
Lettres edifiantes et curieuses, vol. xviii. ; and the
Chinese Repository, vol. i. pp. 8. 44., vol. ill. p. 175.

Circumcision is too general a practice in the
hotter regions of the south and east, to permit such
practice to be deemed proof of Jewish descent,
unless corroborated by other customs peculiar to
the Jews. Besides the physiological characteris-
tics of the native Australians preclude us from
deducing their natural descent from either the
Jews or the ten tribes. T. J. Buckton.

Lichfield.

* The opprobrious name of Christ amongst the
Jews is Jesus son of Sadta, which Gozani may have

POETICAL TAVERN SIGNS.

(Vol. vili., pp. 242. 452.)
I made a note of the following specimen of a
poetical tavern sign, in one of Mr. Mark Lemon's
Supplements to The Illustrated London News
(Dec. 27, 1851). I here transcribe it to add to
Mr. Warde's collection :

" The following is a literal copy of a sign conspi-
cuously displayed in front of a small public-house in
the village of Folkesworth *, near Stilton, Hunts. It
contains as much poetry as, perhaps, the rustic Folkes-
worth folks are worth ; and doubtless they think it to
be (in the Stilton vernacular) ' quite the cheese : '

[A rude figure of a Fox.]

•l . HAM . A . CUNEN . FOX
YOU . SEE . THEB, . HIS
NO , HARME . ATCHED
TO . ME . IT . IS . MY . MRS.
WISH . TO . PLACE . ME
HERE . TO . LET . YOU . NO
HE . SELS . GOOD . BEERE.'

" The Captain Rawlinson of the district has de-
ciphered this inscription, and conjectures its meaning
to be as follows :

' I am a cunning fox, you see ;
There is no harm attach'd to me ;
It is my master's wish to place me here.
To let you know he sells good beer.' "

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

mistaken for Sirach ; indeed, the Chinese pronunci-
ation of Hebrew is quite peculiar, as they cannot pro-
nounce, for instance, the letters b, r, th, naming them
respectively p, I, z.

* It was in the lane between Folkesworth and the
Norman Cross Barracks, that Borrow was first induced
to try the gipsy life, (Vide Lavengro.')

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

Bradford :

" Who lives here? who do yoii think?
Major Lister : give him a drink.
Give him a drink — for why ?
Because, when he's sweeping.
He's always dry."

" John Thompson doth live here,
He sweeps your chimney not too dear.
And if your chimney should get on fire,
He puts it out at your desire.
Sweep that chimney clean.
And then come down and drink."

The public-houses to which the above are ap-
pended are kept by sweeps.

" Call here, my boy, if you are dry.
The fault's in you, and not in I.
If Robin Hood from home is gone.
Step in and drink with Little John."

The name of the public-house is " The Robin
Hood."

Over another tavern door I noticed the fol-
lowing very pithy and brief sentence :

" Tobacco given away to-morrow."

Charles Wilmson.
Bradford, Yorkshire.

A sign at Newhouse, a small public-house on
Dartmoor, hard by a rabbit-warren, on the road-
side leading from Moreton to Tavistock, six miles
from the former town. John Roberts was the
worthy landlord some considerable time since. It
ran thus :

" John Roberts lives here.

Sells brandy and beer,

Your spirits to cheer ;

And should you want meat,

To make up the treat.

There be rabbits to eat."

(A verbatim copy.)

A swinging sign on the front of a public-house
on the borders of Dartmoor could once boast of
the following quaint invitations.

The side presented to view, prior to entering
the wild waste, underneath a rude painting of a
weary traveller in a storm, had the following rude
couplet :

" Before the wild moor you venture to pass,
Pray step within and take a glass."

The attempt at poetry on the reverse side, be-
low a highly-coloured daub representing a Christ-
inas fire on the hearth, surrounded by a goodly
band of jolly fellows, read thus :

" Now that the bleak moor you've safely got over.
Do stop a while, your spirits to recover."

Over the door of a spirit and beer shop at the
lower end of Market or High Street, Plymouth,

may be seen the following very salutary and dis-
interested piece of advice. It is printed in the
triangle formed by the spread of a gigantic pair of
compasses, which gives name to the house :

" Keep within compass,
And then you'll be sure,
To avoid many troubles.
That others endure."

The house is located near the quay ; and it is
devoutly to be wished that the jolly tars of the
neighbourhood, who make it a constant place of
resort, would profit by its wise counsel. H. H. H.

There Is (or was some two or three years since)
at Coopersale, in Essex, a sign-board in front of
the " Queen Victoria" (only a beer-house by the
way), with these lines :

" The Queen some day.

May pass this way.
And see our Tom and Jerry j

Perhaps she'll stop.

And stand a drop.
To make her subjects merry."

On the other side are some different lines, which
I forget. Alexander Andrews.

1. At Overseal, Leicestershire :

" Robin Hood is
Dead and gone :
Pray call, and drink
With Little John."

2. The sign of " The Bee Hive," in Birmingham
and other places :

" Within this Hive, we're all alive,
Good liquor makes us funny :
If you are dry, step in and try.
The flavour of our honey."

3. The sign of" The Gate" (of frequent occur-
rence) :

" The Gate hangs well,
And hinders none ;
Refresh and pay.
And travel on."

T. H. Keeslet, B.A.

Audlem, Nantwich.

In King Street, Norwich, at the sign of "The
Waterman," kept by a man who is a barber, and
over whose door is the pole, are these lines :

" Roam not from pole to pole.
But step in here ;
Where nought exceeds the shaving.
But the beer."

J. L. S.

There used to be at a small roadside inn, be-
tween Wetherby and Borobridge (Yorkshire), at
a place called Ninivy, the following inscription ;

628

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

whether or not it is still in existence I cannot
say :

"At Nineveh, where dwelt Old Toby,
Pray stop and drink before you go by."

C. I. R.

THE CURFEW.

<Vol. ii., pp. 103. 175. 189. 311. ; Vol. iv., p. 240. ;
Vol. vi., pp. 53. 112. ; Vol. vii., pp. 167. 530.;
Vol. viii., p. 603.)

The curfew is still rung at Kidderminster at
eight o'clock. It is the annual custom there, on a
certain night, to continue the ringing for one hour,
a sum of money having been left for that purpose
as a thank-offering to God, for the curfew having
been the means of saving a person from destruction.
This person had lost his way on his return from
Bridgenorth Fair, and when (as he afterwards
discovered) on the point of falling from a great
height, the sound of the Kidderminster curfew
caused him to retrace his steps and regain the
road. A five o'clock morning bell is also rung at
Kidderminster. This and the curfew bell have
been rung for many years past by " Blind Wil-
liam," who, notwithstanding his total blindness,
finds his way along the streets that lead from his
house to the church, and gains the belfry with the
greatest ease. So well is he acquainted with the
path to church, that he may be seen to turn the
corners of the streets in as decided a manner as if
his wide-open eyes were endowed with sight ; and,
with similar facility, he unlocks the gates and
church doors. It is curious to see him on the
dark winter evenings, apparently guiding his steps
by the light of a lanthorn, which he probably
carries in order to prevent careless people, who
are blessed with sight, from running against him.
Like most (if not all) blind people, he has an ex-
traordinary ear for music, and will quickly repro-
duce on his violin any tune that may have caught
his fancy. At this present festive period, a Kid-
derminster Christmas would lack one of its com-
ponent parts, were Blind Willie and his fiddle not
there to add to the harmony of the kindly season.
During the month preceding Christmas, he pro-
menades the streets at untimely hours, and draws
from his old fiddle all the music which it is capable
of giving forth. Indeed, Blind Willie may be
considered (in Kidderminster at least) as the har-
binger of Christmas, for he warns the inhabitants
of its approach, long before the ordinary " waits "
have taken their ordinary measures for the same
purpose. And when Christmas Day is past and
gone, he makes a house-to-house visitation for the
Christmas-box which is to be the reward of his
"early minstrelsy."

The curfew is rung at Bewdley in Worcester-
shire.

At Durham the curfew is rung (on the great
bell of the cathedral) at nine o'clock. It is
therefore of the same use to the students of the
University of Durham as " Tom " is to the stu-
dents of the University of Oxford, viz. it marks
the closing of the college gates.

CUTHBERT BeDE, B.A.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Photographic Engraving. — I inclose a copy of a little
book for your inspection, which is remarkable only in
this, that the illustrations are produced by photography.
The general theory of the method is this : a piece of
glass is covered with a uniform thin coating of some
substance, so as to be opaque or semi-opaque (the sub-
stance should be light coloured), and a design is etched
on it with a needle. From this negative positive pic-
tures are printed photographically.

As to details, the prints of the mice (p. 46.) and the
cat (p. 37.) are from a glass coated with iodized collo-
dion rendered sensitive, exposed to faint light for a
short time and developed. In this method, the glass
should be heated ; and the collodion burnished with
the hand, to make it adhere well.* The owl (p. 22. )
and the stork (p. 10.) are from a glass coated with
iodized collodion "rendered sensitive" only, and not
developed so as to be only semi-opaque. On this high
lights were put with opaque white, and darks were
etched out. This has the effect of a tinted lithograph,
but requires much more care in printing than the
former method, in order to hit the right tint ; so much
so, that I have usually printed the stork faintly so as
not to show the "tint" at all. The frontispiece is
from a paper negative, a method much more trouble-
some and tedious than either of the others, both in
preparation of the negative and in printing.

I have lately tried gilt glass to etch upon. This
would be excellent, were it not most painful to the
eyes. And more than two years ago, I prepared a
negative by painting whites with water colour on trans-
parent glass with moderate success.

I have recently received from Rome a positive
printed from a negative on smoked glass, the subject
being a mule's head. Of all the methods I have tried,
the best is the first mentioned ; and it seems to me
easier than any species of engraving.

Query, What is the best coating for the glass ; and
what will be the cost of printing on a great scale, as
compared with woodcut, lithograph, &c. ; in which
must be included the cost of the skilled workman
which will be saved by this method ?

Hugh Blackburn.

[When we add that the work referred to is an
edition of The History of Little Downey, that the
prints in it are executed by a lady, and printed at
home by the photographic process, and that a limited
number of copies may be had on application to Messrs.

* This method was suggested to me by Professor
Maconochie, who indeed prepared the glass on which
the mice were etched.

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

629

Constable and Co. of Edinburgh, the sale being for
the benefit of the Glasgow Ragged School, we have
no doubt many of our readers will be glad to secure
copies, and help to forward the good work which its
publication is intended to promote.]

Collodion Negatives. — Allow me to communicate a
sure and simple way of darkening collodion positives
for printing. It was shown to me by a friend of mine ;
and not having seen it in your " N. & Q.," I have
undertaken to lay it before your readers, hoping that
it may be found useful to many beginners.

After having developed your picture, as a positive,
with protosulphate of iron and nitric acid, wash it well
from the developing fluid, and keep it on one end that
all the water may drop from the plate. Then take
three parts of a concentrated solution of gallic acid,
and one part of a nitrate of silver solution, 60 grains
to the ounce of water ; mix together, and pour on the
plate. The picture will gradually begin to blacken ;
and after half an hour or more, you will obtain a suffi-
cient density for printing a positive on paper.

Every one who will take the trouble to try it will
be sure to succeed. Of all the ways to blackening a
picture for printing I have tried, not excepting Pro-
fessor Maconochie's method with chloride of gold and
muriate of ammonia, the surest I find is the one which
I have laid before you. Just try it, and you will be
glad with the result. F. M. (a Maltese.)

Malta, Valetta.

'^^ London Labour and the London Poor" (Yohyni.,
p. 527.). — I beg to inform Mr. Gantillon that
the above work is discontinued. The parts en-
titled " Those that will work " and " Those that
cannot work" have been completed, and form a
valuable book; but the discontinuance of the
third part is no loss at all, for in commencing upon
" Those that will not work," Mr. Mayhew began
with a history of prostitution in ancient and
modern times, a subject which did not possess the
novelty or originality of his other divisions, and
consequently his readers fell off so fast that he
was forced first to raise the price of, and after-
wards to discontinue altogether, the publication.
Probably, if he had confined himself to treating
the London prostitutes as he did the coster-
mongers, the work would have been completed,
and would then have formed a complete encyclo-
paedia of London Labour and the London Poor.
Akthub C. Wllson.

Brompton.

Felicia Hemans's inedited Lyric (Vol. viii.,
p. 407.). — Your correspondent Me. Weld Tay-
LOE seems to possess the first rude draught of the
following beautiful piece by Felicia Hemans, en-
titled, " The Elfin Call," a duet sung by Miss A.
Williams and Miss M. Williams, Miss Messent and
Miss Dolby, Mrs. A. Newton and Miss Lanza,

Miss Cubitt and Miss Porter, Mrs. Aveling Smith
and Miss Sara Flower, Miss Emma Lucombe and
Miss Eliza Birch, Miss Turner and Miss E. Turner.
The music by Stephen Glover :

" Come away. Elves ! while the dew is sweet,
Come to the dingles where fairies meet ;
Know that the lilies have spread their bells
O'er all the pools in our forest dells ;
Come away, under arching bows we'll float,
Making each urn a fairy boat ;
We'll row them with reeds o'er the fountains free,
And a tall flag-leaf shall our streamer be.
And we'll send out wild music so sweet and low,
It shall seem from the bright flower's heart to flow ;
As if 'twere a breeze with a flute's low sigh.
Or water-drops train'd into melody.
And a star from the depth of each pearly cup,
A golden star into heav'n looks up.
As if seeking its kindred where bright they lie,
Set in the blue of the summer sky."

J. Yeowell.

Sir Arthur Aston (Vol. viii., pp. 126. 302.).—
Though unable to inform Chaetham and A
B,£AD£E in what part of the co. of Berks the
above cavalier resided during the interval of
time named by the former, I think I can state the
connexion, by marriage only, between the Tat-
tersall and Aston families : I believe it will be
found that they were not "nearly related."

Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Norfolk, by
his first wife, Mary Fitzalan, had Philip (jure
matris), Earl of Arundel, who died 1595 attainted,
and was succeeded by Thomas, created Earl of
Norfolk. This last was father of Henry Frederick
and grandfather of Charles Howard, of Greystock
Castle, who married Mary, eldest daughter and
coheiress of George Tattersall, of West Court,
Finchampstead, and Stapleford, co. Wilts.

Charles Howard, as above, was the fourth
brother of Henry, sixth Duke of Norfolk, which
last was grandfather (through Thomas, his son, of
Worksop) of Mary Howard, who married Walter
Aston, fourth Baron Aston, of Forfar, in Scotland.

H. C. C.

I furnished a memoir of this famous soldier to
the Gentleman^ s Magazine in 1833 or 1834.

G. Steinman Steinman.

Grammar in relation to Logic (Vol. viii., p. 514.),
— Mr. Ingleby evidently has but a superficial
view of this doctrine, which is not only Dr.
Latham's, but one, I apprehend, pretty well known
to every Oxford undergraduate, viz. that, logi-
cally, conjunctions connect propositions, not words.
By way of proving the falsity of it (which he says
is demonstrable), he bids Dr. Latham " resolve
this sentence : All men are either tivo-legged, one-
legged, or no-legged : " and adds, " It cannot be
done." I may inform him that the three categorical
propositions, " A man is two-legged, or he is one-

630

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

legged, or he is no-legged," connected by their
several copulas, are equivalent to and co-extensive
with the disjunctive proposition which he instances.

Mr. Ingleby quotes Boole's Mathematical (?)
Analysis of Logic in support of his opinion ; but,
from the ifollovving specimen of that work, it does
not appear to be much of an authority. The
author says :

" The proposition, Every animal is either rational or
irrational, cannot be resolved into, Either every animal
is rational or every animal is irrational. The former
belongs to pure categoricals, the latter to hypo-
theticals." *

Now the first sentence of this passage is an ab-
surd truism ; but the proposition in question can
be resolved into — An animal is rational or it is
irrational. Again, " the former does not belong
to pure categoricals," it is simply disjunctive.
Mr. Ingleby falls into the same error, and more-
over seems not to be aware that a disjunctive pro-
position is at the same time hypotlietical.

Logically speaking, a conjunction implies two
propositions; and, strictly, connects propositions
only. To say that conjunctions connect words,
may be true in a certain sense ; but it is a very
superficial and loose mode of stating the matter.

H. C. K.

Rectory, Hereford.

Descendants of Milton (Vol. viii., p. 339.). —
I have in the course of my life met with or heard
of more than once or twice, people of the same
names, and those very uncommon ones, who were
in no way related to each other ; nevertheless,
I venture to tell your correspondent J. F. M.
that about twenty years ago there was living the
skipper of a coasting vessel, trading between
Bridport and London, named Caleb Clark. He
or his family are probably living at Bridport now.

AK<pa.

Pronunciation of Bible Names (Vol. viii., p.469.).
— The clerk of a retired parish in North-west
Devon, who had to read the first lesson always,
used to make a hash of Shadrac, Meshac, and
Abednego ; and as the names are twelve times
repeated in the third chapter of Daniel, after get-
ting through them the first time, he called them
"the aforesaid gentlemen" afterwards.

W. COU-YWS.
Harlow.

Henry I.^s Tomb (Vol. viii., p. 411.). — I fancy
that the much mooted question, as to the existence
of a monumental tomb over the remains of King
Henry I. in Reading Abbey, may at once be set
at rest by referring to Tanner's Notitia Monastica,
edit. 1744, in the second column of p. 15. : where
it is evident that a tomb and an effigy of King
Henry L had once existed ; that they had both
fallen into decay ; and that, in the time of King

Retur
p. 469.)

Richard II., the Abbot of Reading was required to
repair both the tomb and the eflagy of King Henry
the founder, who was there buried, within the
space of one year, as the condition on which the
charters were to be confirmed :

'♦ Cart. 5 &. 6 Ric. II. n. 24. ; Pat. 8 Ric. II.
p. 1. m. 18. ; Pat. 16 Ric. II. p. 1. m. 38. ; Pat. 21
llic. II. p. 3. m. 16. ' Confirm. Libertatum, modo
Abbas infra unum Annum honeste repararet Tumbam
et Imaginem 11. Henrici Fundatorls, ibidem humati."

L T. A.

Bells at Berivich-upon-Tweed (Vol. viii., p. 292.) :
Chandler, Bishop of Durham (Vol. viii, p. 331.).
— I may perhaps "kill two birds with one stone,"
by reminding Messrs. Gatty and Newburn that
the Bishops of Durham were formerly Princes of
the Palatinate. It was probably in that capacity
that Bishop Chandler delivered a charge to the
Grand Jury, and Bishop Barington licensed a
meeting-house bell. This latter prelate was, I
believe, the last who exercised the functions of
that high office. Wm. Hazel.

irn of Gentry, temp. Henry YJ. (Vol. viii.,
.).— The return of 12th Henry VI. is
printed in Fuller's Worthies, under each county.
G. Steinman Steinman.

I read in Fuller's Worthies, edit. Nuttall, vol. i.
p. 60. :

" A later list might be presented of the English
gentry towards the end of the reign of King Henry
VIII."

Does this list exist in any of our record offices ?
And has it ever been printed ? Tewaes.

Peter Allan (Vol. viii., p. 539.). — Your corre-
spondent E. C. will find much interesting inform-
ation respecting this person in an account of him
reprinted from the Sunderland and Durham County
Herald, and published (1848) by Vint and Carr,
Sunderland, under the title of Marsden Rock, or
the Story of Peter Allan, and Marsden Marine
Grotto. He, his wife, eight children, and aged
father and mother, are there described as being in
a very flourishing condition : and (if I remember
rightly) I saw them all, when I last visited the
rock in 1850. Cuthbekt Bede, B.A.

Burial in an Erect Posture (Vol. viii., p. 5.). —
The following passage, which I quote fromHearne's
Collection of Antiquarian Discourses, vol. i. p. 212.,
may perhaps prove acceptable to Cheverells, as
showing (on traditional authority) that this mode
of burial was anciently adopted in the case of
captains in the army :

" For them above the grounde buryed, I have by
tradition heard, that when anye notable captayne dyed
in battel or campe, thesouldyers used to take his bodye,
and to sette him on his feet uprighle, and put his

Dec. 24. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

631

launcc or pike into his hand ; and then his fellowe
souldyers did hy travell everye man bringe so muche
earthe, and laye aboute him as should cover him, and
mount up to cover the top of his pike,"

I have a very curious print in my possession,
illustrating the manners and customs of the Lap-
landers ; and, amongst the rest, their mo<Jes of
burial. In one case several bodies are represented
standing in an upright posture, perfectly nude,
with railings all round except in the front ; and
another, one body is represented in a similar con-
dition, inclosed in a kind of sentry-box.

R. W. Elliott.
Clifton.

The Word "Mob" (Vol.viii., pp. 386. 524. 573.).
— Roger North, speaking of the King's Head, or
Green Ribbon Club, which was "a more visible
administi-ation, mediate, as it were, between his
lordship (Shaftsbury) and the greater and lesser
vulgar, who were to be the immediate tools,"

" I may note that the rabble first changed their
title, and were called the mob, in the assemblies of this
club. It was their beast of burthen, and called first
mobile vulgus, but fell naturally into the contraction of
one syllable, and ever since is become proper English."
— Examen, part in. ch. vii. p. 89.

H. Gardineb.

Gen. Sir C. Napier (Vol. viii., p. 490,). —
I may state, for the instruction of officers who
think study needless in their profession, that, hav-
ing enjoyed the intimate friendship of Sir C.
Napier for some time before he had the command
in the midland district of England, I constantly
found him engaged in inquiries connected with
his profession. He was always in training. Not
long before this time he had returned from Caen,
in Normandy, and he told me that when there he
had surveyed the ground on which William the
Conqueror had acquired military fame before he
made his descent on England, and his conclusion
was that that Conqueror was remarkably well
instructed for his time in the art of war. He
expressed his intention to write on this subject;
but great events soon afterwards called him to
India, which became the scene of his own mastery
in military and civil command. T. F.

To Come (Vol. viii., p. 468,). — In the Lower
Saxon dialect, to come is camen, and the imper-
fect, as in Gothic, qiiam. It would therefore seem
that the English came is not an innovation, but a
partial restoration or preservation of a very an-
cient form, (See Adelung's Worterbuch.)

E. C. H.

Passage in Sophocles (Vol. viii., pp. 73. 478.).
— The Italics were introduced to draw attention
to the new version which was adventured, "N. &

Q." being an excellent medium for such sugges-
tions.

Sophocles having referred to " an illustrious
saying of some one," and the old scholiast having
furnished this saying,

""Oral' 5' 6 Saifictif avSpl itopavvri KaKci
Thv vovv e§\a\pe irpUTOV ^ $ov\everat,"

It merely became necessary to compare the form
which Sophocles adopted to suit his metre with
the words of this " illustrious saying," whence it
appeared that —

§ fiou\€veTai = irpdcrcrei 5' ohiyoa'^j' xP^"*'*' e'/crbs dras ;
and therefore I could not agree with the common
version, " and that he lives for a brief space apart
from its visitation ;" erroneous, as I submit, from
the adoption of Brunck's reading irpao-a-eic, instead
of reading, as I venture to do, with Hermann,
Seos ^yei .... irpda-ffei S', taking Srths as the nomi-
native of both verbs.

Neither the Oxford translation, Edwards's, nor
Buckley's, renders 6\iyoo-roi/ " very brief," agreeably
to the admonition of the old scholiast to the con-
trary. The word " practise " objected to is, I
submit, derived from Trpao-o-w, to act, through
irpdyixa, business, and irpa^is, practice, and is there-
fore the most appropriate English word, although
the word "does" will furnish Sophocles' mean-
ing nearly as well. I shall, however, be most
happy to submit to correction by any classical
scholar. T. J. Bucktok.

Lichfield.

Party- Similes of the Seventeenth Century
(Vol, viii., p. 485,), — I must beg of you to con-
tradict the loose statement of Jaeltzbehg at
p. 486. of this Volume, " as to the object of the
Church of England in separating from Rome."
Now, the Church of England did never separate
herself from any Christian Church ; the doctrine
and discipline of the Church of England is to be
found in her Book of Common Prayer. Popes
Paul IV, and Pius IV, offered to confirm this
book, if Queen Elizabeth would acknowledge the
Pope's supremacy ; and Roman Catholics in these
realms habitually conformed to the worship of the
Church of England for the first twelve years of
Queen Elizabeth's reign, after which time they
were prevented from doing so by the bull of
Pius V, (dated Feb. 23, 1569), which excommu-
nicated that sovereign.

So Romanists are the separatists, and not An-
glicans, Thomas Colxis.

Judges styled Reverend (Vol, viii., pp, 158, 276.
351.), — Sir Anthony Fitzherbert was certainly
not chief justice, yet in A Letter to a Convocation
Man I find him so styled :

" I must admit that it is said in the second part of
RoUe's Abridgment, that the Archbishop of Canterbury

632

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

was prohibited to bold such assemblies by Fitzherbert,
Chief Justice, because he had not tlje King's licence;
but he adds that tlie archbishop would not obey it, and
he quotes Speed for it. I shall not consult that lame
historian for a law-point, and it seems strange that
RoUe should cite him." — L. C. M., p. 38.

I have not lately had an opportunity of looking
Into either RoUe's Abridgment of Cases, or Speed's
History of Great Britain, but I am not able to
discover to what event in any of Henry VIII.'s
convocations allusion is here made. I am there-
fore led to think that Fitzherbert must be a
misprint, and that we should read in the above
passage " Fitz-Peter," and that the following is
the circumstance, in King John's reign, which is
referred to by the author of the Letter :

" This year (1200), Hubert, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, held a National Synod at Westminster, notwith.
standing the prohibition of Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Earl
of Essex, and Chief Justiciary of England." — Collier's
Ecclesiastical History, vol. i. folio, p. 410.

I shall be glad if any of your readers can throw
farther light on the passage. W. Fkaseb.

Tor-Mohun.

Veneration for the Oak (Vol. vili., p. 468.). —
Since my Query upon this matter appeared, I find
that Mr. Layard, in his work upon Nineveh and
Babylon, at p. 160., describes a cylinder of green
felspar, which he believes to have been the signet
of Sennacherib, and upon which is engraved a
rare mode of portraying the supreme deity, and
a sacred tree, whose flowers are in this instance in
the shape of an acorn. Whence did the Assyrians
derive this veneration for a tree bearing acorns ?
Did they derive this notion, as they did their tin,
from Celtic Britain ? I believe they did. G. W.

Stansted, Montiichet.

Happing no Novelty (Vol. vili., p. 512.). — De
Foe, in his veracious History of Mr. Duncan
Campbell (2nd ed., p. 107.), quotes a story of
spirit-knocking from " the renowned and famous "
Mr. Baxter's History of Apparitions, prefacing it
thus :

"What in nature can be more trivial than for a
spirit to employ himself in knocking on a morning at
the wainscot by the bed's head of a man who got drunk
over night, according to the way that such things are
ordinarily explained ? And yet I shall give you such
a relation of this, that not even the most devout and
precise Presbyterian will offer to call in question."

According to De Foe, Mr. Baxter gave full
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to think what kind of spirit this is." R. I. R.

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STEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC
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1>LAND & LONG, 153. FLEET
) STREET. OPTICIANS and PHILO-
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a'so, to their Newnnd Extensive Assortment
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Street, London.

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CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price,
and Description of upwards of 100 articles,
consisting of

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DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS,
DKESSING-CASES, and other travelling re-
quisites. Gratis on application, or sent free by
Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-
box and Writing-desk, their Travelling-bag
with the opening as large as the bag, and the
new Portmanteau containing four compart-
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kind ever produced.

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WH. HART, RECORD
• AGENT and LEGAL ANTICIUA-
RIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to
many of the early Public Kec^rds whereby his
Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform
Authors iind Gentlemen en.:a!fed in Antiqua-
rian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared
to undertake searches among the Public Re-
cords, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient
Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Na-
ture, in any Branch of Literature, History,
Topography, Geiealogy, or the like, and in
which he has had considerable experience.

1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCHAM, SURREY.

636

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 217.

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0

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NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION ^
LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

** IXTben found, make a note of." — Captain Cuttle.

No. 218.]

Saturday, December 31. 1853.

f Price Fourpence.
Stamped Edition, 5<'«

CONTENTS.

NoTBS : — Page

St. Stephen's Day and Kiley's Hoveden, by J. S.

Warden •-..--- 637
The Holy Trinity Church, Hull, by E. W. Elliot - 638

• Minor Notes :— Italian-Knglish — American Names

— Uulers of the World in 1853 — Revocation of the
Edict of Nantes - - - - - - C38

Queries : —

Derivation of Silo, by Augustus Strong - - - 639

Minor Qufkies: — Handwriting — Rev. Joshua Brooks

— " New Universal Magazine " — Francis Browne —
Advent Hymn — Milton's Correspondence — "Beg-
ging the Question " — Passage of Cicero - - 639

Minor Queries with Answers :— Goldsmith's "Haunch
of Venison ------- 640

Replies: —

School Libraries, by Weld Taylor, P. H. Fisher, &c. - 640

Trench on Pioverbs, by T. J. Buckton, &c. - - 641

Major Andre ...... C43

Passage in Wliiston .... - 645

Helmets - . , - - - - .645

Hampden's Death ...... 646

Peter Allan, by Shirley Hibberd . - - - 647
" Could we with ink," &c., by the Rev. Moses Margo-

liouth, &e. ...... G48

What Day is it at our Antipodes ? - - . C43

Photographic Correspondence: — Aceto-Nitrate of
Silver — On the Restoration of old Collodion - 649

Replies to Minor Queries : — Admissions to Inns of
Court — Iiiedited Lyric by Felicia Hemans — De-
rivation of Britain — Derivation of the Word Celt

— " Kaminagadeyathooroosoomnkanoogonagira " —
Cash — " Antiquitas Saeculi Juventus Mundi " —
Caves at Settle, Yorkshire — Character of the Song
of the Nightingale — Inscriptions in Books — Door-
head Inscription — Fogie — Sir W. Hewct — Ladies'
Arms borne in a Lozenge — The Crescent — Abigail

■ — Handbook to the Libr.iry of the British Museum

The Arms of Richard, King of the Romans — Greek
and Roman Fortifications — Osbernus filius Herfasti
— Devonianisms — Gentile Names of the Jews — Lon-
gevity — Reversible Names — Etymology of Eve

Manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas — Biuometrical
Verse — Gale of Rent - - - . - 650

MiSCELlANEOUS : —

Notes on Books, &c. - . - - . 655

Books and Odd Volumes wanted .... 656

Notices to Correspondents - • _ . 65G

Advertisements . - • - • - 657

Vol. VIIL — No.218.

ST. Stephen's day and kilet's hoveden.

In Roger de Hoveden's account of the accident
which proved fatal to Leopold, Duke of Austria,
the jailer of Richard I. (Bohn's edit., vol. ii.
p. 345.), St. Stephen's Day, on which it occurred,
is twice stated to be before Christmas Day, instead
of after it. Is this an error of the author, or of
the translator ? * or are they right, and was St.
Steplien's martyrdom in those times commemo-
rated on a different day from what it now is ? I
cannot find, on reference to the authorities within
my reach, that this last was the case. Mr. Riley
does not notice the discrepancy at all.

In the translation of this volume, a few errors
have come under my observation, to which I beg
to call Mr. R.'s attention: 1. In his note on Co-
rumphira's prophecy, at p. 36., he seems to forget
that the Mahometan year differs from the Julian
by eleven or twelve days, and that In consequence
A.D. 1186 does not correspond to a.h. 564; in
fact, the old astrologer is perfectly correct in
his chronology, more so than In his predictions,
many of which were signally falsified In the course
of the next few years. 2. A mountain frequently
mentioned by his author as projecting into the
sea at the boundary of Catalonia and Valenci.n,
and called " Muncian," he says In a note at p. 151.
is " probably Moiitserrat," which is far from either
the sea or tlie frontier ; the maps of Spain all
show, near the town of Vinaros on the east coast,
a hill on the sea-shore called " Monte Sia," which
still, as then, forms the boundary in that direction
between the two provinces. 3. In his note at
p. 156. on "Mount Gebel," the translator says,
"he (the author) probably means Stromboli;"
surely the name of Mongibello, and the mention
of Catania a few lines farther down should have
shown him that Etna only could be meant, although
part of the mistake is due to Hoveden himself,
who talks of it as a separate Island from Sicily.
Mr. Riley's other geographical notes are generally

[* The text in the Scripfores post Bedam reads: —
" Eodam anno die S. Stephani protomartyris infra
natale Domini."]

638

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

correct, though a little more pains might have
greatly increased their number, to the elucidation
of his author's account of the Crusaders' pro-
ceedings in the East. 4. At. p. 249. a well-known
passage from Horace is ascribed to Juvenal.

J. S. Warden.

THE HOLY TRINITY CHURCH, HULL,

There is an error in the heading of one of the
architectural notes appended to the Proceedings
of the Arch. List, held at York in 1846. From
the description whicli is given (p. 38.), it is plain
that the above church is the one to which the note
refers ; not that of St. Mary's, which is the title
of the article.

The material of the whole church is not, also,
" brick with stone dressings," as the note informs
us, only the chancel, south porch, and south tran-
sept ; all the rest is of stone, and in a very sad
state of repair. A ^q-w years ago, the south tran-
sept was restored ; but the ornamental part was
worked in such bad stone, that the crockets of the
pinnacles Lave already begun to moulder away.
It is a curious fact, that Bishop Lyttleton, who
visited Hull in 1756 for the express purpose of
"examining the walls of the town, and the mate-
rials of which the Holy Trinity Church is con-
structed," should have stated in the ArchcBologia
(vol. i. p. 146.) that there did not appear to be " a
single brick in or about the whole fabric, except a
few in the south porch, placed there of late years"

There is a matter of great archaeological interest
connected with the part of the church which is
built of brick ; for, as there is reason to believe
that the chancel was raised in the year 1285, there
is good foundation for the supposition, that Hull
TTas " the first town to restore in this country the
useful art of brickmaking" (Frost's Hull., p. 138.).
The walls of the town, which were erected by
royal licence in 1322, and still standing with their
gates and towers in the time of Leland and Cam-
den, are described by them as being of brick.
Leland also says (Itin., edit. Hearne, fol. 53.) that
the greater part of the " houses of the town at
that tyme (Richard II.) was made al of brike."

R. W. Elliot.

CKfton.

Italian- English (Vol. viii., p. 436.). — The fol-
lowing wholesale assassination of the English lan-
guage was perpetrated in the form of a circular,
and distributed among the British residents at
Naples in 1832 :

" Joseph the Cook, he offer to one illuminated public
and most particular for British knowing men in general
one remarkable, pretty, famous, and splendid collec-

tion of old goods, all quite new, excavated from private
personal di}i;gings. He sells cooked clays, old marble
stones, with basso-relievos, with stewing-pots, brass
sacrificing pots, and antik lamps. Here is a stocking
of calves heads and feets for single ladies and amateurs
travelling. Also old coppers and candlesticks ; with
Nola jugs, Etruscan saucers, and much more intel-
lectual minds articles ; all entitling him to learned
' man's inspection to examine him, and supply it with
illustrious protection, of which he hope full and valo-
rous satisfaction.

" N. B. — He make all the old thing brand new for
gentlemans who has collections, and wishes to change
him. He have also one manner quite original for
make join two sides of diBerent monies; producing one
medallion, all indeed unique, and advantage him to
sell by exportation for strange cabinets and museums
of the exterior potentates."

V. T. Sternberg.

American Names. — In the Journal of Thomas
Moore, lately published in Lord John Russell's
memoirs of the poet, is the following passage,
under date of October 18, 1818 :

" Some traveller in America mentions having met a
man called Romulus Riggs ; whether true or not, very
like their mixture of the classical and the low."

The name was borne by a very respectaV)le man,
who, in the year 1801, was in partnership with his
brother Remus Riggs, as a broker in Georgetown,
in the district of Columbia. Romulus, who sur-
vived his brother, afterwards became an eminent
merchant in Philadelphia, where he died a few
years ago. Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Rulers of the World in 1853. — Perhaps the
following table, which I have recently met with in
a foreign journal, may be thought of sufficient in-
terest to make a Note of. In these unsettled
times, and in case of a general war, how much
might it be changed !

There are at present eighty-three empires,
monarchies, republics, principalities, duchies, and
electorates.

There are six emperors, including his sable
highness, Faustin I. of St. Domingo ; sixteen kings,
numbering among them Jamaco, King of all the
Mosquitoes, and also those of Dahomey and the
Sandwich Islands; five queens, including Rana-
valona of Madagascar, and Pomare of the Society
Islands ; eighteen presidents, ten reigning princes,
seven grand dukes, ten dukes, one pope, two
sultans, of Borneo and Turkey ; two governors, of
Entre Rios and Corrientes ; one viceroy, of Egypt ;
one shah, of Persia ; one imaun, of Muscat ; one
ameer, of Cabul ; one bey, of Tunis ; and lastly,
one director, of Nicaragua. W. W.

Malta.

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

639

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. — The im-
mense loss sustained by France in all her great
interests, as affecting her civil and religious li-
berties, her commerce, trade, arts, sciences, not to
speak of the unutterable anguish inflicted upon
hundred of thousands of individuals (among whom
were the writer's maternal ancestors, — their
name, Courage), by the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes, has lately called into action the pens of
some industrious and talented men of letters,
among whom M. Weiss is one of the most me-
ritorious. His interesting work, I observe, is
about to receive an English dress. In the shape
of a Note through your medium, in order that the
translator may avail himself of information which,
possibly, may not have reached him, it should be
known that Mr. William Jones, one of the highly
respected and accomplished employes of the
British Museum, has written a letter to the
Journal des Debats (inserted in its number of
Nov. 30, and signed with his name), containing
farther information of a painfully-absorbing
nature, from documents in the Museum, respecting
the dragonnades, and the sufferings and perse-
cutions of a French pastor. John Macrat.

Oxford.

^wtxisi.

DERIVATION OF SILO.

Can you or any of your correspondents inform
me what is the derivation of the word silo ?

For many years after the colony of New South
Wales was founded, it was almost wholly depen-
dent upon the mother country for such supplies
of grain, &c. as were necessary for the life and
health of its inhabitants ; and, consequently, store
ships were regularly despatched from our shores
to Sydney.

It happened however that, in consequence of
wrecks and other disasters, the colonists were, on
more than one occasion, reduced to the greatest
distress, and starvation almost began to stare them
in the face. Under these circumstances, one of the
early governors of Sydney, to prevent the recurrence
of famine, gathered a large supply of corn and de-
posited it in granaries which he had excavated out
of the solid rock at the head of the bay, near the
mouth of the Paramatta River. These were termed
silos or siloes : they were hermetically sealed up,
and from time to time the old corn was exchanged
for new.

The supply of corn in these remarkable store-
houses is still kept up ; nor as late as the time of
my departure from those colonies last year, did
I hear of any intention of discontinuing this old
custom.

Now the termination of this word in o marks
it as Spanish j and accordingly, on reference to

Baretti's dictionary of that language, I find the
word " Silo, a subterraneous granary." But, Sir,
this discovery only raises another question, and
one which I wish much to see solved. A Spanish
substantive must be for the most part the name of
something existing at some time or other in Spain.

When, therefore, did such granaries exist in
Spain, in what part of the country, and under what
circumstances ? Augustus Strong.

Walcot Rectory, Bath.

Minor cauerird.

Handwriting. — I should be much obliged if any
of your correspondents could inform me (and that
soon) whether there be published, in English,
French, German, or Spanish (though it is most
desired in English), a manual giving a standard
alphabet for the various kinds of writing now in
use, viz. English hand, engrossing, Italian, Ger-
man text, &c., with directions for teaching the
same ; in fact, a sort of writing-master's key : and
if so, what is its title, and where it can be pro-
cured.

A friend believes to have seen such a work
advertised in The Athenceum (probably three or
four years ago), but has no recollection of the-
name. E. B.

Rev. Joshua Brooks. — Can any of your nume-
rous readers inform me as to the early history of
the late Rev. Joshua Brooks, who was for many
yearschaplain of the Collegiate Church, Manchester,
and who died in 1821 ? C. (I.)-

" New Universal Magazine ^ — I wish to know
the time of the commencement and termination of
the The New Universal Magazine, or Lady's Polite
Instructor.

A few volumes are in the British Museum.
Vol. vi. is for July 1754 to January 1755. D.

Francis Browne. — Anthony Browne, first
Viscount Montague, married, secondly, Magdalen,,
daughter of Lord Dacre of Gillesland, from whom
descended (amongst others) Sir Henry Browne of
Kiddlngton. This Sir Henry married twice: his
second wife was Mary Anne, daughter of Sir P.
Hungate ; by her he had issue Sir Peter Browne,
who died of wounds at Naseby. Sir Peter mar-
ried Margaret, daughter of Sir Henry KnoUys,
and had two sons, Henry and Francis. Did this
Francis Browne ever marry ? and if so, whom,
and when, and where ? Newburiensis-

Advent Hymn. — Why is this hymn not included
amongst, those at the end of the Book of Common
Prayer ?

Might it not be added to those already given
for the other festivals of the Church, &c. ? It

640

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

irould be an advantage in those churches -where
tbe Prayer Book Psahns are used, and might avoid
the necessity of having separate Psalm and Hymn
Books ; a custom much to be objected to, differ-
ing as they do in different churches, as well as
preventing strangers from taking part in them.

WiLLO.

Milton s Correspondence. — Has any English
translation of IMilton's Latin familiar Correspon-
dence been published; and if so, when and by
whom ? Cranston.

^'■Begging the Question." — Will any correspon-
dent explain this phrase, and give its origin ?

Caknatic.

Passage of Cicero. — I lately met with a writer
of some deep learning and research, who, amongst
other topics, entered into the subject of musical
inflection by orators, &c. Now, unfortunately, the
title and preface of the book is absent without
leave, nor is there any heading to it, so I can do
no more than say, the author refers to a passage
in these words :

" Cicero declares that only three tones or variations
of sound, or interval, were used in speaking in his time ;
whereas now our preachers, orators, and elocutionists
take in a range of eight at least. "

Will some indulgent reader of " N. & Q." tell
Kie where such a passage occurs? Semi- Tone.

GoldsynitJis " Hauncli of Venison." — What is
the name in this poem beginning with H, wliich
Goldsmith makes to rhyme with "beef?" The
metre requires it to be a monosyllable, but there
is no name that I have ever heard of that would
answer in this place. Is the H a mistake for K,
■which would give a well-known Irish name ?

J. S. Warden.

[A variation in the Aldine edition gives the line —

" There's Coley and Williams, and Howard and HifF."

Mr. Bolton Corney, in his unrivalled edition of
Goldsmith's Poetical Works, 1846, has furnished the
fcdlowinn; note: — " Howard=H. Howard? author of
The Choice Spirits 3Iustum, 1765; Co/ey = Colman,
says Horace Walpole ; H — rth = Hogarth ? a surgeon
of Golden Square ; Hiff= Paul Hiftornan, M. D.,
author of Dramatic Genius, &c." IMr. Peter Cun-
ningham, in his forthcoming edition of Goldnnith, will
probably tell us more.

SCHOOL LIBRARIES.

(Vol. viii., pp. 220. 393. 498.)

When I mentioned the above subject in " N". &
Q.," I admit that my meaning may have takea
too wide a signification. I, however, wrote ad-
visedly, my object being to draw the attention of
those schools that were in fault, and in the hope
of benefiting those that desired to do more. I
suppose I must exonerate Tonbridge, therefore,
from any aspersion ; and as it appears they are
well providec), from Bacon and Newton to Punch
and the Family Friend, I am at a loss to know
how I can be of service.

Of the defects in popular education I am as
sensible as the rest of the multitude appear to be,
and my particular view of the case would, I fear,
be too lengthy a subject for these columns. It is
quite clear, however, that education is partial,
and in some sort a monopoly ; its valuable
branches being altogether out of the reach of
more than half the population, and the staple in-
dustry of the people not sufficiently represented, —
as, for instance, the steam-engine. In them there
is not sntficient concentration, if I may use the
term, of instruction ; and the requirements of
many arts and trades insufficiently carried out;
the old schools and old colleges much too classical
and mathematical. If this position is untrue, no
popular scheme can be adopted at present ; but
it appears more than pi-obable that before long
the subject will be brought befoi'e the House of
Commons, and education made accessible to all.
As to the money for the purpose, the country will
never grudge that. The obstacle appears to lie
more in persuading the endless religious sects into
which we are divided to shake hands over the
matter.

At present my only desire is, that boys at public
schools should have plenty of books, being assured
that reading while we are young leaves a very
strong and permanent impression, and cannot be
estimated too highly : besides which, if a youth
has access to works suited to his natural bent, he
will unconsciously lay in a store of valuable in-
formation adapted to his future career.

Weld Tatlok.

When I was at the College school, Gloucester,
in 1794, there was a considerable library in a
room adjoining the upper school. I never knew
the books used by the boys, though the room was
unlocked : in fiict, it was used by the upper master
as a place of chastisement ; for there was kept the
block (as it was called) on which the unfortu-
nate culprits were horsed and whipped. The li-
brary, no doubt, contained many valuable and
excellent works ; but the only book of which I
know the name as having been in it (and that

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUEKIES.

€41

only by a report in the newspapers of the day) was
Oldham's Poems, which, after a fire which oc-
curred in the school-room, was said to have been
the only book returned of the many which had
been taken away. P. H. Fisher.

Stroud.

In Knight's Life of Dean Colet (8vo., London,
1724), founder of St. Paul's School, there is a
catalogue of the books in the library of the school
at the date specified. The number of the volumes
is added up at the end of the catalogue, in MS.,
and the total amount is 663 volumes. The latest
purchases bear the date of 1723, and are: —
Pierson (sic) On the Creed, Greenwood's English
Gramiiuxr, and Terentius In usiim Delphini. The
books for the most part are of a highly valuable
and standard character. Does the library still
exist ? have many additions been made to it up
to the present time ? and is there a printed cata-
logue of it ? J. M.

Oxford.

TRENCH ON PROVERBS.

(Vol.viii., pp. 387. 519.)

The error, which Luther was the first to fall into,
in departing from the anciently received version
of Ps. cxxvii. 2., Mendelsohn adopted; but no
translator of eminence has followed these two
Hebraists ; although some critics have been car-
ried away by their authority to the proper Jewish
notion of " gain," and not sleep, being the subject.
Luther's version — "Denn seinen Freunden gibt
er es schlafend" — was certainly before the re-
visers of our authorised version of James I. ; but
was rejected, I consider, as ungrammatical and
false : ungj-ammatical, because the transitive verb
" give " {gibi) has no accusative noun ; and false,
because he supplies, without authority, the place
of the missing noun by the pronoun "it" (es),
there being no antecedent to which this it refers.
Mendelsohn omits the it in his Hebrew comment,
supplied however unauthorlsedly by Mr. Margo-
riouTH in his translation of such comment. But
Mendelsohn introduces the "es" (it), in his Ger-
man version (Berlin, 1788, dedicated to Ramler),
without however any authority from the Hebrew
original of this Psalm. He is therefore at vari-
ance with himself. And, farther, he has omitted
altogether the important word }? (so or thus),
rendered " dcnn" (for) by Luther.

As to the " unintelligible authorised version," I
must premise that no version has yet had so large
an amount of learning bestowed on it as the
English one ; indeed it has fairly beaten out of
the field all the versions of all other sections of
Christians. The difficulty of the English version
arises from its close adherence to the oriental

letter ; but if we put the scope of this Psalm into
the vernacular, such difficulty is eliminated.

Solomon says, in this Psalm : " Without Je-
hovah's support, my house will fall : if He keep
this city, the watch, with its early-risings, late-
resting, and ill-feeding, is useless : thus He (by so
keeping or watching the city himself) gives sleep
to him whom He loves." The remainder of the
Psalm refers to the increase of population as
Jehovah's gift, wherein Solomon considers the
strength of the city to consist. The woi-ds in
Italics correspond precisely in sense witii those of
the authorised version — "JPo?' so He giveth Hia
beloved sleep;" and the latter is supported fully
by all the ancient versions, and, as far as I can at
present ascertain, by all the best modern ones.

T. J. BucKTOir.

Lichfield.

"What is there unintelligible in the authorised
translation of Psalm cxxvii. 2., " He giveth His
beloved sleep ? " It is a literal translation of
three very plain words, of the simplest gram-
matical construction, made in accordance with all
the ancient versions. A difficulty there does in-
deed exist in the passage, viz. in the commencing
word p ; but this word, though capable of many
intelligible meanings, does not enter into the pre-
sent question. Since the great majority of critics
have been contented to see no objection to the
received translations, it is perfectly allowable to
maintain that the proposed rendering makes, in-
stead of removing, a difficult)', and obscures a
passage which, as generally understood, is suffi-
ciently lucid. Hengstenberg's difficulty is, that
the subject is not about the sleep, but the gain.
But is not sleep a gain ? Can we forget the
vTTvov Supov of Homer ? that is, sufficient, undis-
turbed sleep, rest. Hengstenberg's remark, that
all, even the beloved, must labour, is a mere
truism. The Psalmist evidently opposes exces-
sive and over-anxious labours, interfering witli
natural rest, to ordinary labour accompanied with
refreshing sleep. The object of his censure is
precisely the /xipifiva, which forms the subject of
our Lord's warning ; who censures not due care
and providence, but over-anxiety. Burkius rightly
remarks, that m^ is antithetical to surgere, se-
dere, dolonim, Hammond observes, with far more
clearness and good sense than Hengstenberg,

" For as to the former of these, wicked men that in-
cessantly moil, and cark, and drudge for the acquirhig
of it, and never enjoy any of the comforts of this life,
through the vehement pursuit of riches, are generally
frustrated and disappointed in their aims: wliereas, on
the contrary, those who have God's blessing thrive in-
sensibly, become very prosperous, and yet never lose any
sleep in the pursuit of it,'^

Bishop Home agrees ; his remarks having evi-
dent reference to Hammond's. So Bishop Hors-

642

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

ley, more briefly, but with liis usual force : " You
take all this trouble for your security in vain,
whilst He gives His beloved sleep." Dr. French
and Mr. Skinner adhere to the same sense in their
translation, and pertinently refer to Psalms iii.
and iv., in which the Psalmist, though beset by
enemies, lies down and takes his rest, defended
by God his Keeper. So far, indeed, from seeing
anything unintelligible, I see no obscurity, either
of expression or connexion, in this view, but very
_great obscurity in the double ellipsis now pro-
posed. In the received translation we have a
transitive verb, and a noun, obviously its accu-
sative, according to the natural sequence and
simple construction of the Hebrew language. In
the proposed rendering we must understand an
accusative case after giveth (i. e. bi-ead, as Rosen-
miiller and others observe), and a particle before
sleep. The transitive verb has no subject; the
aoun nothing to govern it. We must guess at
both.

As for the alleged instances of ellipses, I main-
tain they are not analogous. I cannot call to
mind any which are ; and if any of your corre-
spondents would show some they would do good
service. Hengstenberg's examples of 2"lV, "Ip2, &c.
ai'e surely not in point. We have a similar el-
lipsis, often used in idiomatic English, morning,
noon, and night; but who would say sleep, instead
of in sleep, or ivhile asleep ? The ellipses in the
Psalms, in the Songs of Degrees themselves, are
very numerous, but they are of a different na-
ture ; and neither the position nor the nature of
the word WtJ* warrants that now defended, as far
as I can remember.

May I remark, by the way, that the Psalm falls
rather into three strophes than into two. The
first speaks of the raising up of the house, and of
the city (an aggregation of houses), protected by
the Almighty. The last is in parallelism to the
first, though, as often happens, expanded ; and
«peaks of the raising up of the family, and of the
family arrived at maturity, the defenders of the
•city, through the same protecting Providence.
The central portion is the main and cardinal sen-
timent, viz. the vanity of mere human labour, and
the peace of those who are beloved of God.

John Jebb.

There Is a proverb which foretells peril to such
as interpose in the quarrels of others. But as
neither Mr. Trench, nor E. M. B., nor Mr. Mab-
GOLiODTH, have as yet betrayed any disposition to
quarrel about the question in dispute, a looker-on
need not be afraid of interposing.

_ The Query, about the solution of which they
differ, is the proper mode of rendering the last
clause of v. 2. Ps. cxxvii. In our Liturgy and
Bible it is rendered, " For so He giveth His be-
loved sleep;" of which E. M. B. says, "It seems

to me to be correct;" though he justly observes
that " He will give " would be more close. Mr.
Trench appears to have rendered it, " He giveth
His beloved in their sleep." Mr, Margoliouth
says "the words should be. He will give to His
beloved whilst he [the beloved] is asleep." In
each case the Italics, as usual, designate words not
existing in the Hebrew text.

When expositors would get through a difficult
passage, their readers have, not unfrequently, the
vexation of finding that a word of some import-
ance has been ignored. Such has been the case
here with the little word p, which introduces the
clause. Its ordinary meaning is so ; and the office
of the word so, in such a position, is to lead the
mind to revert to what has been previously said,
as necessary to the proper application of what
follows. Now, the Psalmist's theme was the
vanity of all care and labour, unless the Lord
both provide for and watch over His people ; for
so He will give His beloved sleep — that happy,
confiding repose which the solicitude of the
worldly cannot procure. This is, surely, intel-
ligible enough ; and even If p may be translated
for (which Noldius, in his Concordantia Particu-
larum, affirms that it here may, adducing however
but one dubious instance of its being so used else-
where, viz. Jeremiah xiv. 10.), or if the various
reading, '•D, be accepted, which would mean for,
our version of the clause will be quite compatible
with either alteration.

In this concentrated proposition are contained,
the mode of giving, so ; the character of the re-
cipient, his beloved; and we reasonably expect to
be next told what the Lord will give, and the text
accordingly proceeds to say, sleep. Whereas, if
cither Mr. Trench's or Mr. Margoliouth's version
of the clause could properly be accepted, the gift
would remain entirely unmentioned ; after atten-
tion had been called to the giver, to his mode of
giving, and to the recipient who might expect his
bounty. But whilst Mr. Trench is constrained to
interpolate in their, apparently unconscious that
the Hebrew requires beloved to be in the singular
number, Mr. Margoliouth translates XJK* as if
it were a participle, which Luther seems also to
have heedlessly done. Yet unless XJK' be a noun,
derived with a little irregularity from JEJ>% he slept,
it has nothing to do with sleep. It cannot be the
participle of }E^\ for that verb has a participle in
the usual form, not wanting the initial *, which
I occurs In several places in the Old Testament, and
I is used by Mendelsohn In the very sentence Mr.
I Margoliouth has quoted from that Jewish ex-
I positor. The critic who will not acknowledge
NJti' to be a noun in this clause, is therefore tied
up to translating It as either the participle or the
preterite of NJti', to change, or to repeat, and would
thus make the clause really unintelligible.

Hbnrt Walter.

Dec. 3L 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

643

N. B. inquires whether the translation of
Psalm cxxvii. 2. adopted by Mr. Trench has
the sanction of" any version but that of Luther.
I beg leave to inform him that the passage was
translated in the same manner by Coverdale :
" For look, to whom it pleaseth Him He giveth
it in sleep." De Wette also, in modern times, has
*' Giebt er seinen Geliebten im Schlafe."

Vatablus, in his Annotations, approves of such
a rendering : " Dabit in somno dilectis suis." It
has also been suggested in the notes of several
modern critics.

Not one of the ancient versions sanctions this
translation.

The sense of the passage will be much the same
whichever of these translations be adopted. But
the common rendering appears to me to harmonise
best with the preceding portion of it. S. D.

MAJOR ANDEB.

(Vol. viii., pp. 174. 604.)

The following extracts and cuttings from news-
papers, relative to the unfortunate Major Andre,
may interest your correspondent Serviens. I
believe I have some others, which I will send when
I can lay my hand upon them. I inclose a pencil
copy of the scarce print of a sketch from a pen-
and-ink drawing, made by Andre himself on
Oct. 1, 1780, of his crossing the river when he
was taken :

" Fisit to the Grave of Andre. — We stopped at
Piermont, on the widest part of Tappan Bay, where
the Hudson extends itself to the width of three miles.
On the opposite side, in full view from the hotel, is
Tarrytown, where poor Andre was captured. Tradition
says that a very large white-wood tree, under which he
was taken, was struck by lightning on tlie very day
that news of Andre's death was received at Tarrytown.
As I sat gazing on the opposite woods, dark in the
shadows of moonlight, I thought upon how very slight
a circumstance often depends the fate of individuals
and the destiny of nations. In the autumn of 1780,
a farmer chanced to be making cider at a mill on the
east bank of the Hudson, near that part of Haver-
straw Bay called 'Mother's Lap.' Two young men,
carrying muskets, as usual in those troubled times,
stopped for a draught of sweet cider, and seated them-
selves on a log to wait for it. The farmer found them
looking very intently on some distant object, and in-
quired wliat they saw. 'Hush, hush !' they replied;
* the red coats are yonder, just within the Lap,' pointing
to an English gun-boat, with twenty-four men, lying
on their oars. Behind the shelter of a rock, they fired
into the boat, and killed two persons. The British
returned a random shot ; but ignorant of the number
of their opponents, and seeing that it was useless to
waste ammunition on a hidden foe, they returned
whence they came with all possible speed. This boat
had been sent to convey Major Andre to the British

sloop-of-war Vulture, then lying at anchor off Teller's
Point. Shortly after Andre arrived, and finding the
boat gone, he, in attempting to pass through the in-
terior, was captured. Had not those men stopped to
drink sweet cider, it is probable that Andre would not
have been hung; the American revolution might have
terminated in quite a different fashion ; men now
deified as heroes might have been handed down to
posterity as traitors; our citizens might be proud of
claiming descent from Tories, and slavery have been
abolish L'd eight years ago, by virtue of our being British
Colonies. So much may depend on a draught of cider !
But would England herself have abolished slavery had
it not been for the impulse given to free principles by
the American revolution? Probably not. It is not
easy to calculate the consequences involved even in
a draught of cider, for no fact stands alone ; each has
infinite relations. A very pleasant ride at sunset
brought us to Orange Town, to the lone field where
Major Andre was executed. It is planted with potatoes,
but the plough spares the spot on which was once his
gallows and his grave. A rude heap of stones, with
the remains of a dead fir tree in the midst, are all that
mark it ; but tree and stones are covered with names.
It is on an eminence commanding a view of the country
for miles. I gazed on tlie surrounding woods, and
remembered that on this selfsame spot, the beautiful
and accomplished young man walked back and forth,
a few minutes precedinghis execution, taking an earnest
farewell look of earth and sky. My heart was sad
within me. Our guide pointed to a house in full view,
at half a mile's distance, which he told us was at that
time the head-quarters of General Washington. I turned
my back suddenly upon it. The last place on earth
where 1 would wish to think of Washington is at the
grave of Andre. I know that military men not only
sanction but applaud the deed ; and, reasoning accord-
ing to the maxims of war, I am well aware how much
can be said in his defence. That Washington con-
sidered it a duty, the discharge of which was most
painful to him, I doubt not. But, thank God, the
instincts of my childhood are unvitiated by any such
maxims. From the first hour I read of the deed, until
the present day, I never did, and never could, look
upon it as otherwise than cool, deliberate murder. That
the theory and practice of war commends the transac-
tion, only serves to prove the infernal nature of war

itself A few years ago, the Duke of York

requested the British Consul to send the remains of
Major Andre to England. At that time two thriving
firs were found near the grave, and a peach-tree; which
a lady in the neighbourhood had planted there, in the
kindness of her heart. The farmers who came to wit-
ness the interesting ceremony generally evinced the
most respectful tenderness for the memory of the un-
fortunate dead, and many of the children wept. A few
idlers, educated by militia trainings and Fourth of July
declamation, began to murmur that the memory of
General Washington was insulted by any respect shown
to the remains of .Andre ; but the offer of a treat lured
them to the tavern, where they soon became too drunk
to guard tlie character of Washington. It was a beau-
tiful day, and these disturbing spirits being removed,
the impressive ceremony proceeded in solemn silence.

644

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

Tlie coffin was in good preservation, and contained all
the bones, with a small quantity of dnst. The roots
of the peach-tree had entirely interwoven the skull with
their fine network. His hair, so much praised for its
uncommon beautj', was tied, on the day of his execution,
according to the fashion of the times. When his grave
was opened, half a century afterwards, the riband was
found in perfect preservation, and sent to his sister in
England. When it was known that the sarcophagus
containing his remains had arrived in New York, for
London, many ladies sent garlands and emblematic
devices, to be wreathed around it, in memory of the
'beloved and lamented Andre.' In their compas-
sionate hearts, the teachings of nature were unperverted
by maxims of war, or that selfish jealousy wliich dig-
nifies itself with the name of patriotism. Blessed be
God, that custom forbids women to electioneer or fight.
May the sentiment remain till war and politics have
passed away ! Had not women and children been kept
free from their polluting influence, the medium of
communication between earth and heaven would have
been completely cut off. At the foot of the eminence
where the gallows had been erected, we found an old
Dutch farm-house, occupied by a man who witnessed
the execution, and whose father often sold peaches to
the unhappy prisoner. He confirmed the account of
Andre's uncommon personal beauty, and had a vivid
remembrance of the pale but calm heroism with which
he met his untimely death." — From Miss Child's
Letters from New York.

"Andre. — At the little town of Tappan, the unfor-
tunate Major Andr6, condemned by the council of war
as a spy, was executed and buried. His remains were
disinterred a few years ago, by order of the English
Government, carried to England, and, if I mistake not,
deposited in Westminster Abbey ; whilst the remains
of General Frazer, who fell like a hero, at the head of
the King's troops, lie without a monument in the old
redoubt near Still Water. The tree that grew over
Andre's grave was likewise sent to England ; and, as
I was told, planted in the King's Garden, behind
Carlton Palace." — Duke of Weimar's Travels.

" Disinterment of Major Andre. — This event took
place at Tappan on Friday, 10th inst., at one p. m.,
amidst a considerable concourse of ladies and gentle-
men that assembled to witness this interesting cere-
mony. The British Consul, with several gentlemen,
accompanied by the proprietor of the ground and his
labourers, commenced their operations at eleven o'clock,
by removing the heap of loose stones that surrounded
and partly covered the grave. Great caution was ob-
served in taking up a small peach-tree that was grow-
ing out of the grave ; as the Consul stated his intention
of sending it to his Majesty, to be placed in one of the
Boyal Gardens. Considerable anxiety was felt lest the
coffin could not be found, as various rumours existed
of its having been removed many years ago. However,
when at the depth of three feet, the labourers came to
it. The lid was broken in the centre, and had partly
fallen in, but was kept up by resting on the skull. The
lid being raised, the skeleton of the brave Andre ap-
peared entire ; bone to bone, each in its place, without
a vestige of any other part of his remains, save some of

his hair, which appeared in small tufts ; and the only
part of his dress was the leather string M'hich tied it.

" As soon as the curiosity of the sjiectators was gra-
tified, a large circle was formed ; when Mr. Eggleso,
the undertaker, with his assistants, uncovered the sar-
cophagus, into which the remains were carefully re-
moved. This superb depository, in imitation of those
used in Europe for the remains of the illustrious dead,
was made by Mr. Eggleso, of Broadway, of mahogany ;
the pannels covered with rich crimson velvet, sur-
rounded by a gold bordering ; the rings of deep bur-
nished gold ; the pannel also crimson velvet, edged
with gold ; the inside lined with black velvet; the whole
supported by four gilt balls.

" The sarcophagus, with the remains, has been
removed on board his Majesty's packet ; where, it is
understood, as soon as some repairs on board are com-
pleted, an opportunity will be afforded of viewing it." —
From the New York Evening Post of Aug. II.

" The remains of the lamented Major Andre have
(as our readers already know) been lately removed
from the spot where they were originally interred ia
the year 1780, at Tappan, New York, and brought to
England in the Phseton frigate by order of his Royal
Highness the Duke of York. Yesterday the sarco-
phagus was deposited in front of the cenotaph in West-
minster Abbey, which was erected by his late Majesty
to the memory of this gallant officer. The reinter-
ment took place in the most private manner, the Deaa
of Westminster superintending in person, Major- Gen.
Sir Herbert Taylor attending on the part of his Royal
Highness the Commander-in-Chief; and Mr. Locker,
Secretary to Greenwich Hospital, on behalf of the
three surviving sisters of the deceased." — -From news-
paper of which the name and date have not been pre-
served.

G. a

Witli many thanks for the obh'ging replies to
my Query for information concerning this gentle-
man, I would desire to repeat it in a more specific
form. Can none of your readers inform me
whether there do not remain papers, &c. of or
concerning Major Andre, which might without
impropriety be at this late day given to the world ;
and if so, by what means access could be had
thereto ? Are there none such in the British
Museum, or in the Stale Paper Offices ? My name
and address are placed with the Editor of this
journal, at the service of any correspondent who
may prefer to communicate with me privately.

Serviens.

Major Andre occupied Dr. Frankliia's house
whenthe British army was in Philadelphia in 1777
and 1778. When it evacuated the city, Andre
carried off with him a portrait of the Doctor^i
which has never been heard of since. The British
officers amused themselves with amateur thea-
tricals at the South Street Theatre in Southwark,
then the only one in Philadelphia, theatres being
prohibited In the city. The tradition here is,
that Andre painted the scenes. They were de-

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

645

stroyed with the theatre by fire about thirty-two
years ago. M. E.

Philadelphia,

PASSAGE IN WHISTOX.

(Vol. viii., pp. 244. 397.)
The book for which J. T. inquires is :

" The Important Doctrines of Original Sin, Justifi-
tjation by Faith and Regeneration, clearly stated from
Scripture and Reason, and vindicated from the Doc-
trines of the Methodists ; with Remarks on Mr. Law's
late Tract on New Birth. By Thomas Whiston, A. B.
Printed for John Whiston, at the Boyle's Head, Fleet
Street. Pp. 70."

I do not know who the author was. Perhaps a
son of the celebrated William Whiston, six of
whose works are advertised on the back of the title-
page ; and whose Memoirs, Lend. 1749, are "sold
by Mr. Whiston in Fleet Street." If the passage
cited by J. T. is all that Taylor says of Thomas
Whiston, it 'conveys an erroneous notion of his
pamphlet, which from pp. 49. to 70. is occupied by
the question of regeneration. I think his doctrine
may be shortly stated thus : Regeneration accom-
panies the baptism of adults, and follows that of
infants. In the latter case, the time is uncertain ;
but the fact is ascertainable by the recipients be-
coming spiritually minded.

Afterwards he says :

" I cannot dismiss this subject without observing
another sense of regeneration in the Gospel. However,
this makes no alteration in the doctrine I have before
established ; because, with us, regeneration and new birth
are terms that bear the same exact meaning. What I
before delivered of the spiritual new birth or regenera-
tion is strictly true, though the word regeneration is
sometimes used in another setise. It is not to be there
understood of a spiritual or figurative birth, but of a
literal and actual revival of the body from corruption.
But this is not that new birth we have before itiqiiired
after, but only the assured and certain consequence of
our preserving ourselves to the end in that spiritual
state or birth we have entered into in this world. That
I do not represent the sense of the word regeneration
unfairly, may be gathered from Matt. xix. 28., rightly
pointed and distinguished :

" ' And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you,
t)iat ye which have followed me (in the regeneration,
when the Son of JMan shall sit upon the throne of his
glory), ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging
the twelve tribes of Israel.' Here regeneration is not
io be understood in the same sense as the new birth or
regeneration mentioned by our Saviour (John iii.), from
whence the new birth is to be derived and stated ; but,
as I before observed, must be referred to a literal
restoration to life, i. e. either to the general resurrec-
tion, or rather to the Millennium, when Christ is to
reign upon earth over the Saints for a thousand years,
after the dissolution of the present form of it. 1 make

no doubt that this latter opinion is the genuine sense
of the text I have quoted from St. Matthew ; and con-
sequently, that regeneration, in this passage, is to be
applied to the first resurrection of the dead, or to the
supposed Millennium." — Pp. 67, 68.

The above will show that Thomas Whiston did
not " maintain that regeneration is a literal and
physical being born again," in the sense which the
passage quoted by J. T. conveys. I have not
seen Taylor's work with the date 1746. As the
name is common, and the pamphlets and sermons
of that time on original sin are innumerable, many
Taylors may have written besides the one men-
tioned by 'AAieus. J. T.'s Taylor cannot be ex-
cused even on the ground of having read only a
part of the book he misrepresented : for he refers
to p. 68., from which he must have seen that
Thomas Whiston there explained only an isolated
passage. H. B. C.

Garrick Club,

(Vol. viii., p. 538.)

The following observations upon the helmet, by
Stephen Martin Leake, Esq., Garter, may be ac-
ceptable to your querist S. N.

" The helmet, called galea by the Greeks, cassis by
the Romans, is called helm (which signifies the head)
by the Germans ; whence the French heaume, and our
helmet. It is of great account with the Germans : the
helm and crest deriving their use from tournaments,
whence arms took their origin ; and this being with
them the most essential mark of noblesse, neither the
Germans nor French allow a new made gentleman to
bear a helmet, but only a wreath of his colours; and
when he is a gentleman of three descents, to bear a
helmet with three harrs for his three descents (Menes-
trier, Abrege melhodique des Armoiries, 1672, p. 28. ;
Origine des Ornemens des Armoiries, p. 2.). Tymbre is
the general word used for the casque or helm by the
French. Menestrier, in his Origine des Ornemens des
Armoiries, p. 1 3., says the modern heralds observe three
things with regard to the tymbre : the matter, the form,
and the situation. Tliat kings should have their hel-
mets of gold open, and in full front ; princes and lords
of silver, and somewhat turned with a certain number
of barrs, according to their degree; gentlemen to have
their helmets of steel, and in profile. Colombiere
assigns a knight a helmet bordered with silver, barons
with gold, counts and viscounts the like, and the barrs
gold ; marquisses the helm same, and damasked with
gold ; dukes and princes the gold helmet, damasked.
And as to the barrs, new gentlemen without any ;
gentlemen of three descents, three barrs ; knights
and ancient gentlemen, five ; barons seven ; covuits and
viscounts nine; marquisses eleven. But Moreau, who
first propagated these inventions ( Origine des Orne-
mens des Armoiries, p. 17.), assigns to an emperor or
king eleven, a prince or duke nine, a marquis and
count seven, a baron five : whence it seems there is no

646

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

certain rule or uniform practice observed herein, unless
in the situation of the helmet, wherein both the Ger-
mans and French account it more noble to bear an
open helmet than a close one ; but these are novel dis-
tinctions. Anciently, the helmets were all turned to
the right, and close ; and it is but some years since,
says Menestrier (^Abrege melhodique, 1672, p. 28.),
that they began to observe the number of grilles or
barrs, to distinguish the different degrees. But how-
ever ingenious these inventions are, it is certain that
they are useless (as gold and silver helmets would be)
because every rank of nobility is distinguished by the
coronet proper to his degree. Whatever honour may
be attributed to the helmet, the use of it with the arms
is but modern ; and upon the coins of kings and
sovereign princes, where they are chiefly to be met
with, the helmets are barred, and either full or in pro-
file, as best suited the occasion ; and upon the Garter
plates of Christian Duke of Brunswick (1625), Gus-
tavus Adolphus King of Sweden (1628), and Charles
Count Palatine of the Rhine (1633 and 1680), they
are full fronted with seven barrs.

" In Great Britain we have but four kinds of hel-
mets, according to the four different degrees in the
state — the king, the nobility, knights, and gentry.
The sovereign helmet full fronted, having seven barrs
or guards, visure without any bever ; the nobilities the
same, but half turned to the right, and usually siiowing
four barrs ; the knight's helmet full fronted, with the
bever turned up ; and the gentleman's in profile, the
bever or visor close ; using steel helmets for all as
tlie only proper metal for a helmet common to all.
Foreigners condemn us for attributing that helmet to
a knight, which they give to a king; and more proper,
says Mackensie, for a king without guard-visure than for
a knight {Science of Heraldry, p. 87.), because knights
are in danger, and have less need to command. But
it must be observed, the knight's helmet has a visor,
and no barrs ; the sovereign's barrs, because no visor.
And this kind of helmet, with barrs instead of a visor,
seems to have been contrived for princes and great
commanders, who would have been incommoded by
the visor, and too much exposed without anything,
therefore had barrs : whereas knights being, according
to Mackensie, in more danger, and having less need to
command, had their helmet for action; and are repre-
sented with the bever up, ready to receive the king or
general's command. As to the resemblance of the one
to the other, both being In full front, the connexion
was not anciently so remote as seems at this day.
Knighthood is the first and most ancient military
honour, and therefore at this day sovereign princes and
knights are the only two honours imiversalty acknow-
ledged. Knighthood is the source of all honours, and
of all military glory, and an honour esteemed by and
conferred upon kings ; without which they were here-
tofore thought incomplete, and could not confer that
honour on others, no more than ordination could be
conferred by one unordained : so that there was a verj'
near connexion between sovereignty and knighthood.
And besides, the propriety of the open helmet with a
visor for a knight, and the helmet guard-visure for a
kinjj, the latter is more ornamental, especially If, ac-
cording to the modern practice, the barrs are gold. As i

the king's helmet is without a visor, and barred, so is
that of the nobility in imitation of it, but turned to
the right as a proper distinction : as, in like manner,
that of the gentry differs from the knights. As there
are in fact but two orders of men, nobility of which the
king is the first degree, and gentry of which knights
are the first, so they are by this means sufficiently dis-
tinguished according to their respective orders and
degrees : the first order distinguished by the barred
helmet, the gentry by the visored helmet with proper
differences of the second degrees of each class from the
first ; and all other distinctions more than this are
unnecessary and useless.

" The helmet does not seem to have been formerly
used but in a military way, and affairs of chivalry. I
do not find any helmets upon the monuments of our
Kings of England, nor upon other ancient monuments,
nor upon any of the Great Seals, coins, or medals.
Upon the plates of the Knights of the Garter at Windsor,
all degrees used the old profile close helmet till about
1588, some few excepted ; and soon after, the hel-
met with barrs came into fashion, and was used for
all degrees of nobility, and it has continued ever since ;
and the same has been used for all degrees of nobility
upon the plates of the Knights of the Bath, those that
are knights only using a knight's helmet. And the
same may be observed in Sir Edward Walker's Books
of the Nobility from the Restoration to the Revolution,
wherein all degrees have the helmet turned towards
the right, showing four barrs ; the sovereign's being
flill with seven barrs."

G.

HAMPDEN S DEATH.

(Vol. viii., p. 495.)

" On the 21 st of July, 1828, the corpse of John
Hampden was disinterred by the late Lord Nugent
for the purpose of settling the disputed point of his-
tory as to the manner in which the patriot received
his death-wound. The examination seems to have
been conducted after a somewhat bungling fashion for
a scientific object, and the facts disclosed were these :
' On lifting up the right arm we found that it was dis-
possessed of its hand. We might therefore naturally
conjecture that it had been amputated, as the bone
presented a perfectly flat appearance, as if sawn off by
some sharp instrument. On searching under the
cloths, to our no small astonishm'jnt we found the
hand, or rather a number of small bones, inclosed in a
separate cloth. For about sis inches up the arm the
flesh had wasted away, being evidently smaller than
the lower part of the left arm, to which the hand was
very firmly united, and which presented no symptoms
of decay further than the two bones of the forefinger
loose. Even the nails remained entire, of which we
saw no appearance in the cloth containing the remains
of the right hand. . . . The clavicle of the right
shoulder was firmly united to the scapula, nor did there
appear any contusion or indentation that evinced
symptoms of any wound ever having been inflicted.
The left shoulder, on the contrary, was smaller and
sunken in, as if the clavicle had been displaced. To

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

647

remove all doubts, it was adjudged necessary to remove
the arms, which were amputated with a penknife (!).
The socket of the left (sic) arm was perfectly white
and healthy, and the clavicle firmly united to the
scapula, nor was there the least appearance of con-
tusion or wound. The socket of the right (sic)
shoulder, on the contrary, was of a hrownish cast, and
the clavicle being found quite loose and disunited from
the scapula, proved ttiat dislocation had taken place.
The bones, however, were quite perfect.' These ap-
pearances indicated that injuries had been received
both in the hand and shoulder, the former justifying
the belief in Sir Robert Pye^s statement to the Harleys,
that the pistol which had been presented to him by Sir
Robert, his son-in-law, had burst and shattered his
hand in a terrible manner at the action of Chalgrave
Field ; the latter indicating that he liad either been
wounded in the shoulder by a spent ball, or had re-
ceived an injury there by falling from his horse after
his hand was shattered. Of these wounds he died
three or four days after, according to Sir Philip War-
wick. According to Clarendon, ' three weeks after
being shot into the shoulder with a brace of bullets,
which broke the bone.' The bone, however, was not
found broken, and the ' brace of bullets ' is equally
imaginary."

This account is from a newspaper cuttinnf of
The News, August 3, 1828. W. S.

Northiam.

PETER ALLAH.

(Vol. viii., pp. 539. 630.)

Peter Allan deserves more than a brief notice.
His history is so full of romance, the relics of his
name and fame are so many, and he is withal so
little known, that I presume I may on this occasion
trespass on more than the ordinary space allotced
to a " minor," but which should be a " major "
Query.

Peter Allan was born at Selkirk (?) in the year
1798. His parents were peasants, and Peter in
early life became valet to Mr. Williamson, brother
of Sir Hedworth Williamson. He afterwards be-
came gamekeeper to the Marquis of Londonderry,
and in that capacity acquired a reputation as an
unerring shot, and a man of unusual physical
strength and courage. He afterwards married,
and became a publican at Whitburn, and in the
course of a few years purchased a little property,
and occupied himself in the superintendence of
dock works and stone quarries. In this latter
capacity he acquired the skill in quarrying, on
which his fame chiefly rests. Having a turn for
a romantic life, he conceived the strange project
of founding a colony at Marsden, a wild, rocky
bay below the mouth of the Tyne, five miles from
Sunderland, and three from South Shields. The
spot chosen by Peter as his future home had been
colonised some years before by one " Jack the
Blaster," who had performed a series of exca-

vations, and amongst them a huge round per-
foration from the high land above to the beach
below, through which it is said many a cargo has
passed ashore without being entered in the books
of the excise. Here the cliff is formed of hard
magnesian limestone, and rises perpendicularly
from the beach more than a hundred feet. Whea
Peter set to work, the only habitable portions
were two wild caves opening to the sea, into
which at high tide the breakers tumbled, and.
where during rough weather it was impossible to.
continue with safety. On the face of the rock
Peter built a homestead of timber, and set up a
farm and tavern. In the rock itself he excavated
fifteen rooms, to each of which he gave an appro-
priate name ; the most interesting are the " Gaol
Room," the " Devil's Chamber," the " Circular
Room," the " Dining Room," and the " BaJI
Room." The height of the entire excavation is-
twenty feet, its breadth thirty, and its length,
from the ball room to the cottage, one hundred
and twenty. Several parts of the cave are lighted,
by windows hewn in the face of the rock, and
these give the cave a picturesque appearance as
viewed from the beach below. In addition to
these labours, Peter took possession of a huge
table-rock, which stands some distance from the
cliffs opposite to the grotto. By dint of extraor-
dinary exertions he excavated a passage from the
land side of this rock through its substance to the
surface, and by placing scaling ladders against its
face, made provision for ascent and descent at
high water. The three-quarters of an acre of
surface he colonised with rabbits, and built a shanty
for himself and companions, where they dwelt for
some time thinning the wild fowl with their deadly
shots, and raising many an echo with their shouts
of revelry.

To describe the strange scene presented by the
grotto itself, the farm-buildings on the face of the
cliff, the huge table-rock and flagstaff, the many
quaint blocks, pillars, and wild escarpments, and
the numerous domestic animals, such as mastiffs,
pigs, ravens, and goats, all congregated together
in a small bay, and literally separated from the
world by the barren waste land above, and the
huge cliffs and restless sea below, would be be-
yond the scope of " N. & Q.," though it is worth
a note in passing, that for the tourist a visit to
Marsden would be highly remunerative.

Peter Allan endured many hardships in his cave
at Marsden. He was accused of smuggling, and
annoyed by the excise. He and his family were
once shut in for six weeks by the snow, during
the whole of which time it was impossible for any
human being to approach them. Yet in spite of
many hardships, Peter reared in the grotto a
family of eight children, three daughters and five
sons, all of whom are living and prospering in the
world. The grotto is still kept by his widow, his

648

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

eldest son William, and one daughter, assisting
Mrs. Allan in the management. The son William
IS an experienced blaster, and occupies himself in
excavations and improvements ; the daughter, a
brunette, is a first-rate shot, and a girl of extraor-
dinary spirit and gaiety. She is the Grace Dar-
ling of the neighbourhood, and both her and her
mother have saved many lives by their dexterity
in boating and extraordinary courage. Peter
himself was a bold, determined, and honest man,
fond of a joke, and passionately devoted to bees,
birds, pigs, and dogs, many of whom (pigs espe-
cially) used to follow him to Shields and Sunder-
land, when he went thither. After twenty-two
years' possession of the caverns, the proprietor of
the adjoining land served him with a process of
ejectment ; Peter refused to leave the habitation
which he had formed by twenty years' unremitting
toil, and which he had actually won from the sea,
without encroachment on an inch of the mainland.
After a tedious law-suit, judgment was given in
his favour, but he had to pay costs. The anxieties
of this lawsuit broke his heart, and he never re-
covered either health or spirits. He died on the
31st of August, 1849, in the 51st year of his age,
leaving his wife and eight children to lament him.
He was buried in Whitburn churchyard, and
over his grave was placed a stone with the in-
scription :

" The Lord is my rock and my salvation."

Numerous memorials of Peter exist at the grotto,
and in the neighbourhood of Marsden. Particu-
lars of these and other matters touching this ro-
mantic history, may be obtained in No. 2. of
Summer Excursions to the North, published by
Ward, of Newcastle ; and in a paper entitled A
Visit to Marsden Rocks, contrlbvited by myself to
the People's Illustrated Journal, No. XIV.

Shiklet Hibbebd.

" COULD WE WITH INK, ETC.

(Vol. vIH., pp. 127. 180. 422.)

I think that your well-read correspondent J.
W. Thomas will agree with me that the honafide
authorship of the beautiful lines alluded to must
be ascertained, not by a single expression, but by
the whole of the charming poem. The striking ex-
pression of Mohammed, quoted by J. W. Thomas,
is quite common amongst the Easterns even at
the present day. I remember, when at INIalta, in
March, 1848, whilst walking in company of the
most accomplished Arabian of the day, the con-
versation turned upon a certain individual who
had since acquired a most unenviable notoriety in
the annals of British jurisprudence, my companion
abruptly turned upon me, whilst at the shore of
the Mediterranean, and said, in his fascinating

Arabic, " Behold this great sea ! were all its water
turned into Ink, it would be insufficient to describe
the villany of the individual you speak of."

Eabbi lilaylr ben Isaac's poem corresponds not
merely In a single expression, but in every one.
The Chaldee hymn has the ink and ocean, parch-
ment and heavens, stalks and quills, mankind and
scribes, &c. Pray do me the favour to insert the
original lines. I assure you that they are well
worthy of a place in " N. & Q." Here they are :

: Nn-itJ'^jp >p hy\ »»^ -i^x r"?
{ \^r\^&\ 'ips^'ni nan xy-iN n^."i

Moses Margoliouth.
Wybunbury.

In the Des Knahen Wmiderhorn there is some-
thing of the same idea, though not quite to the
same purpose :

" Und wenii der Himmel papyrige war,
Und e jede Sterne Seliryber war,
Und jedere Seliryber hat slebesiebe Hand,
Ei schriebe doch alii mlr Liebi Kesend !
Dursli und Babeli."

G. H. R.

what day is it at our antipodes ?
(Vol. vlii., p. 102.)

This question was asked by H., and at p. 479.
an answer to it was undertaken by Este. But,
probably from over-anxiety to be very brief, Este
was betrayed into a most strange and unaccountable
misstatement, which ought to be set right before
the conclusion of the volume ; since, if correctness
be generally desirable In all communications to
" N. & Q.," it is absolutely Indispensable in pro-
fessed answers to required Information. Este
says :

" A person sailing to our Antipodes westward will
lose twelve hours ; by sailing thither eastward he will
gain twelve hours."

This Is quite correct. But if one person lose
twelve, and another gain twelve, the manifest dif-
ference between them is twenty-four ; and yet
Este goes on to say :

" If both meet together at the same hour, say eleven
o'clock, the one will reckon 1 1 a.m., the other 1 1 p.m."

This is the misstatement. No two persons, by
any correct system of reckoning, could arrive at
a result which would imply a physical impossi-
bility ; and it is needless to say that the concur-
rence of A.M. and P.M. at the same time and place
would come under that designation. What Este
should have said is, that both persons meeting

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

64^

together on the same day, if it be reckoned Mon-
day by the one, it will be reckoned Tuesday by
the other. They may differ as to Monday or
Tuesday, but they cannot rationally differ as to
whether it is day or night.

It may be added that, no matter where these
two persons might meet, whether at the Antipodes
or at any other place, still, upon comparing their
journals, there would always appear a day's dif-
ference between them ; and if they were to keep
continually sailing on, one always towards the
west, and the other always towards the east, every
time they might meet or cross each other, they
would increase the difference between them by an
additional day.

Whence it follows, that if two ships were to
leave England on the same day, one sailing east
by the Cape of Good Hope, and the other west by
Cape Horn, returning home respectively by the
opposite capes ; and if both were to arrive again
in England at the same time, there would be
found in the reckoning of the eastern vessel two
entire days more than in that of the western
vessel. Nor would this difference be merely
theoretic or imaginary ; on the contrary, it would
be a real and substantial gain on the part of the
eastern vessel : her crew would have consumed
two whole rations of breakfast, dinner, and supper,
and swallowed two days' allowance of grog more
than the other crew ; and they would have en-
joyed two nights more sleep.

But all this is not an answer to H.'s question ;
what he wants to know is whether the day at the
Antipodes is twelve hours in advance or in arrear
of our day ? and, whichever it is, why is it ?

But here H. is not sufficiently explicit. His
question relates to a practical fact, and therefore
he should have been more particular in designating
the exact habitable place to which It referred.
Our Antipodes, strictly speaking, or rather the
antipodal point to Greenwich Observatory, is 180°
of east (or west) longitude, and 51° 28' &c. of
south latitude. But this is not the only point
that differs by exactly twelve hours in time from
Greenwich ; all places lying beneath the meridian
of 180°, "our Periaeci" as well as "our Anti-
podes," are similarly affected, and to them the
same question would be applicable. H. is right,
however, in assuming that, with respect to that
meridian, the decision must be purely arbitrary.
It is as though two men were to keep moving
round a circle in the same direction, with the
same speed, and at diametrically opposite points ;
it must be an arbitrary decision which would pro-
nounce that either was in advance, or in arrear, of
the other.

Regarding, then, the meridian of 180° as the
neutral point, the most rational system, so far as
British settlements are concerned, is to reckon
longitude both ways, from 0° to 180°, east and

west from Greenwich ; and to regard all west
longitude as in arrear of British time, and all east
j longitude as in advance of it. And this is the
! method practised by modern navigators.

It is not, however, In obedience to any precon-
ceived system, but by pure accident, that our
settlements in Australia and New Zealand happen
to be In accordance with this rule. The last-
named country is very close upon the verge of
eastern longitude, but still it is within It, and its
day Is rightly In advance of our day. But the
first settlers to Botany Bay, In 1788, were actually
under orders to go out by Cape Horn, and were
only forced by stress of weather to adopt the op-
posite course by the Cape of Good Hope. Had
they kept to their prescribed route, there cannot
be a doubt that the day of the week and month
in Australia would now be a day later than It is.

The best proof of the truth of this assertion is,
that a few years afterwards a missionary expe-
dition was sent out to Otaheite, with respect to
which a precisely similar accident occurred ; they
could not weather Cape Horn, and were forced to
go round, some twice the distance out of their
way, by the Cape of Good Hope ; consequently
they carried with them what may be called the
eastern day, and since then that is the day ob-
served at Otaheite, although fully two hours
within the western limit of longitude.

From this cause an actual practical anomaly
has recently arisen. The French authorities in
Tahiti, In accordance with the before-mentioned
rule, have arranged their day by western longitude ;
consequently. In addition to other points of dis-
sent, they observe the Sabbath and other festivals
one day later than the resident English mis-
sionaries.

I have extended this explanation to a greater
length than I intended, but the subject is Interest-
ing, and not generally well understood ; to do it
justice, therefore, is not compatible with brevity.
Much of what I have said is doubtless already
known to your readers ; nevertheless I hope it may
be useful in affording to H. the information he
required, and to Este more fixed notions on the
subject than he seems to have entertained when
he wrote the answer referred to. A. E. B,

Leeds.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Aceto-Nitrate of Silver. — I have collected together
several ounces of aceto-nitrate of silver that has been
used to excite waxed paper (iodized by Mr. Crookes*
method), and should be glad to know whether it can
be used again for the same purpose.

John Leachmak.

[The aceto-nitrate may be used, but in our own
practice we do not do so. It is apt to give an un-
pleasant brownish colour. The solutions of silver.

650

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

whether used for albumenising or othern'ise, being re-
duced to a state of chloride by the addition of common
salt so long as any precipitate is formed : fine silver
may then be readily obtained by heating a crucible,
the chloride consisting of three-fourths of pure metal.
It is a false economy to use dirty or doubtful solutions,
and by adopting the above course the pecuniary loss is
very trifling. Our ordinary stoves will not always give
a sufficient heat, but any working jeweller or chemist
having the ordinary furnace would accomplish it.J

On the Restoration of old Collodion. — Many plans
have been suggested for the restoration of collodion
when it has lost its sensitiveness by age. In the last
Number of the Photographic Journal, p. 147., Ma.
CaooKEs proposes " to remove the free iodine from
the collodion by means of a piece of pure silver. For
two ounces of liquid I should recommend a sheet of
stout silver foil, about two inches long and half an inch
broad. It will require to remain in contact with the
collodion for about two days, or even longer if the
latter be very dark-coloured; and in this case it will
sometimes be found advantageous to clean the surface
of the silver, as it becomes protected with a coating of
iodide, by means of cyanide of potassium or hypo-
sulphite of soda.

" When thus renovated, the collodion will be found
as sensitive and good as it was originally."

This plan is certainly more simple than any that has
yet been recommended. The action of the silver being
its mere combination with the free iodine, thereby pro-
ducing the reduction of the collodion, to its original
colourless condition, I would venture to put this ques-
tion to Mr. Crook es (to whom the readers of " N. &
Q." are already under great obligations) : Does he
consider that it is the mere presence of free iodine
which causes the want of sensitiveness in the collo-
dion? This is all which appears to be accomplished
by the process which Mr. Crookes recommends.

Now, as one who has had some experience, both in
the manufacture and uses of collodion, such a view does
not agree with my practice and observation. Occa-
sionally, upon sensitising collodion, I have found it
assume a deep sherry colour a few hours after being
made. This must have depended upon the free iodide
it contained, and yet such collodion lias worked most
admirably. I have now before me a large body of
collodion almost red, and which has been made some
three or four months ; yet the last time I used this,
about a week since, it was just as good as when it was
first made. Undoubtedly collodion does more or less
deteriorate with age; but here I would observe, that
there is an immense difference in the different manu-
factures of collodion, and which can be ascertained by
use only, and not by appearance.

But Mr. Hennali, who has had much practical expe-
rience, recommends the collodion to be made sensitive
merely by the iodide of potassium ; and he said, " if it
did not work quite clearly and well, a little tincture of
iodine brought it right." Here, then, is added the
very thing which Mr. Crookes proposes to abstract.

Again, Mr. Crookes considers the free iodine to be
the cause of the colouring of the collodion ; will he
then kindly explain its modits operandi?

As he has on several occasions given your readers
the benefit of his great chemical knowledge, I trust
they may be favoured by him with a solution of these
difficulties, which have puzzled An Amateur.

^zjflizi t0 Alitor €L\xtxizS,

Admissions to Inns of Court (Vol. viii., p. 540.).
— The following particulars may be of service
to your correspondent who requires information
upon the subject of the matriculations at the inns
of court.

The books of Lincoln's Inn, which record the
calls to the bar and other proceedings of the
Society, commence in the second year of the
reign of Henry VI., 1423. Those of the Inner
Temple, which contain the admittances in 1547,
and the calls to the bar in 1590 ; of the Middle
Temple, which contain a regular series of ad-
missions and calls, about the year 1600 ; and of
Gray's Inn, about the year 1650. The earlier
records of Gray's Inn were destroyed by fire, but
the Harleian MS. No. 1912., in the British Mu-
seum, contains :

An alphabetical list of gentlemen admitted to
that society, with the dates of their admission,
from 1521 to 1674,

Table of the admittances into Gray's Inn, de-
claring the names of the gentlemen, the town and
country whence they came, and the day, month,
and year when admitted, from the year 1626 to
1677.

Arras and names of noblemen and knights ad-
mitted to the said society.

An alphabetical list of all persons called to the
bar by the said society.

The Lansdowne MS. No. 106., which is also
In the British Museum, contains :

Names of benchers, associates, utter barristers,
&c. of Lincoln's Inn, and the same of the Inner
Temple ; and of the students of the several Inns
of Court, apparently about the end of the reign of
Elizabeth. Jas. Whishaw.

Gower Street.

The MS. Harl. 1912. contains the admissions to
Gray's Inn. G. Steinman Steinman.

Inedited Lyric by Felicia Hemans (Vol, viii.,
p. 629.) — A surviving relative of the authoress
In question begs to answer to the correspondent
of "N, & Q." who has produced this lyric from
an Imperfect MS. original, that the piece has not
remained Inedited, but is to be found in the
several complete editions of Mrs. Ilemans's works
published by Blackwood. The playful signature
of the letter alluded to, as well as the subject of
the lyric, It may be added, was suggested by some
conversation respecting the fanciful creatures of

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

651

fairy-land, with whose ideal queen the authoress
afFected sportively to identify herself, and hence
signed the little poem, produced rather as a jeu
(Tesprit than anything else, " Mab." In its sub-
sequently corrected form, as admitted in the
editions of her works, it is here subjoined :

Water Lilies : A Fairy Song.

" Come away, Elves ! while the dew is sweet,
Come to the dingles where fairies meet ;
Know that the lilies have spread their bells
O'er all the pools in our forest dells ;
Stilly and lightly their vases rest
On the quivering sleep of the water's breast.
Catching the sunshine through the leaves that throw
To their scented bosoms an emerald glow ;
And a star from the depths of each pearly cup,
A golden star, unto heav'n looks up,
As if seeking its kindred where bright they lie,
Set in the blue of the summer sky.
Come away, imder arching boughs we'll float.
Making those urns each a fairy boat ;
We'll row them witli reeds o'er the fountains free,
And a tall flag-leaf shall our streamer be.
And we'll send out wild music so sweet and low.
It shall seem from the bright flower's heart to flow ;
As if 'twere a breeze with a flute's low sigh.
Or water-drops train'd into melody.
Come away ! for the midsummer sun grows strong,
And the life of the lily may not be long."

Anon.

Derivation of Britain (Vol. viii., p. 344.). —
Since my last reference to this matter (Vol. viii.,
p. 445.) I find that the derivation of the name of
Britain from Barat-anach or Bixit-anach, a land
of tin, originated in conjecture with Bochart, an
oriental scholar and French protestant divine in
the first half of the seventeenth century. It cer-
tainly is a very remarkable circumstance that the
conjecture of a Frenchman as to the origin of the
name of Britain should have been so curiously
confirmed, as has been shown by Dr. Hincks,
through an Assyrian medium. " G. W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

Derivation of the Word Celt (Vol. viii., p. 271.).
— If C. R. M. has access to a copy of the Latin
Vulgate, he will find the word which our transla-
tors have rendered " an iron pen," in the book of
Job, chap. xix. v. 24., there translated Celte. Not
having the book in my possession, I will not pre-
tend to give the verse as a quotation.'*'

T. B. B. H.

" Karninagadeyathooroosoomokanoogonagira "
(Vol. viii., p. 539.). — I happen to have by me
a transcript of the record in which tliis word oc-
curs ; and it is followed immediately by another
almost equally astounding, which F. J. G. should,

[* 24. Stylo ferreo, et plumbi lamina, vel celte
sculpantur in silice?]

I think, have asked one of your correspondents
to translate while about the other. The follow-
ing is the word : A rademaravasadeloovaradooyou.
They both appear to be names of estates. H. M.
Peckham.

Cash (Vol. viii., pp. 386. 524.). — In The Ad-
ventures of the Gooroo Pararnartan, a tale in the
Tamul language, accompanied by a translation
and a vocabulary, &c., by Benjamin Babington,
London, 1822, is the following : " Fanam or casoo
is unnecessary, I give it to you gratis." To which
the translator subjoins : " The latter word is
usually pronounced cash by Europeans, but the
Tamul orthography is used in the text, that the
reader may not mistake it for an English word."

" Christmas-boxes are said to be an ancient custom
here, and I would almost fancy that our name of box
for this particular kind of present, the derivation of
which is not very easy to trace in the European lan-
guages, is a corruption oi huchshish, a gift or gratuity,
in Turkish, Persian, and Hindoostanee. There have
been undoubtedly more words brought into our lan-
guage from the East than I used to suspect. Cash,
which here means small money, is one of these ; but of
the process of such transplantation I can form no con-
jecture."— Heber's Narrative of a Journey through the
Upper Provinces of India, vol. i. p. 52.

Angelo, In his Gazophylaceum Linguce Fersarum,
gives a Persian woi^d of the same signification and
sound, as Italice cassa, Latine capsa, Gallice caisse.

BiBLIOTHECAK. ChETHAM.

'■'■ Antiquitas Seeculi Juventus MundV (Vol. viii.,
p. 502., &c.).— The authority of Fuller ought, I
think, to be sufficient to establish that this saying
was Bacon's own, and not a quotation.

Fuller thus introduces it : " As one excellently
observes, 'Antiquitas saeculi juventus mundi,'" &c.,
giving the remainder of the paragraph from the
Adoancement of Learning ; and refers in a note to
Sir Frances Bacon's Advancement of Learning
{Holy and Profane State, ch. vi.). E. S. T. T.

Caves at Settle, Yorkshire (Vol. viii., p. 412.). —
Brigantia will find a very circumstantial and
Interesting account of these caves, and their
Romano-British contents, in vol. i. of Mr. Roach
Smith's Collectanea. G. J. De Wilde.

Character of the Song of the Nightingale
(Vol. vii., p. 397. ; Vol. viii., pp. 112. 475.).— One
poet, not so well known as he deserves, has escaped
the observation of those who have contributed to
your valuable pages the one hundred and seventy-'
five epithets which others of his craft have ap-
plied to the "Midnight Minstrel." I allude to
the Rev. F. W. Faber, in his poem of the Cherwell
Water Lily. This poem has now become scarce,
so I send you the lines to which I refer, as the
"summary of epithets" which they contain, as

652

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No, 218.

■well as their intrinsic beauty, render them worthy
■of notice :

" I heard the raptured nightingale,
Tell from yon elmy grove, his tale

Of jealousy and love,
In thronging notes that seem'd to fall,
As faultless and as musical.

As angels' strains above.
So sweet, they cast on all things round,
A spell of melody profound :
They charm'd the river in his flowing.
They stay'd the night-wind in its blowing,
They luU'd the lily to her rest,
Upon the Cherwell's heaving breast."

To those interested in this subject, so full of
historical and classical, as well as poetical associa-
tions, I would mention that a late Master of Caius
College, Cambridge, the Rev. Dr. Davy, printed
some years since, for private circulation, a small
pamphlet entitled Observations on Mr. Fox's Let-
ter to Mr. Grey., in which he refutes that eminent
statesman's theory of the merry note of the night-
ingale. This pamphlet is so full of elegance and
classical research, that it is much to be regretted,
not only that it has never been published, but
that it is the only work of the learned author — the
friend and associate of Porson, of Parr, and of
Maltby. I possess a presentation copy, which, as
only a very few copies were printed, I would
gladly lend to any of your readers interested in
this curious and long-pending controversy.

NoEKis Deck.

Cambridge.

Add to the already long list, this from Spenser :

" That blessed bird, that spends her time of sleep
In songs and plaintive pleas, the more t'augment
The memory of his misdeed that bred her woe."

And this exquisite little song, written by I know
not whom, but set to music by Thomas Bateson
in 1604 :

*' The Nightingale, as soon as April bringeth

Unto her rested sense a perfect waking,
While late bare earth proud of her clothing springeth.

Sings out her woes, a thorn her song-book making ;
And mournfully bewailing.

Her throat in tunes expresseth,

While grief her heart oppresseth,
For Tereus' force o'er her chaste will prevailing."

H. Gabdineb.

Inscriptions in Boohs (Vol. viil., p. 64. &c.). —
John Bostock, sometime Abbat of St. Alban's,
gave some valuable books to the library of Glou-
cester Hall, Oxford, with these lines in the com-
mencement :

*' Quern si quis rapiat raptim, titulumve retractet,
5, Vel Juda laqueum, vel furcas sentiat. Amen."

Anon.

Door-head Inscription (Vol. vIII., p. 454.). — A
friend has kindly sent me an improved version of
the inscription over the gate of the Apostolical
Chancery, which, with his permission, I beg to
forward to you : —

" Fide Deo, die sajpe preces, peccare caveto.
Sis humilis, pacem dilige, magna fuge,
Multa audi, die pauca, tace abditn, scito minori
Parcere, majori cedere, ferre parem.
Propria fac, persolve fidem, sis sequus egenis,
Parta tuere, pati disce, memento mori."

H. T. Ellacombe.

Fogie (Vol. vlil., pp. 154. 256.). — In the citadel
of Plymouth, some twenty or twenty-five years
since, there was a band of old soldiers (principally
men of small stature) who went by this name.
They were said to be the only men acquainted
with all the windings and outlets of the subter-
ranean passages of this fortification.

The cognomen " old fogie " is In this neighbour-
hood frequently applied to old men i-emarkable
for shrcAvdness, cunning, qualntness, or eccen-
tricity. This use of the term Is evidently figu-
rative, borrowed from its application to veteran
soldiers. Cannot some of the military coi're-
spondents of " N. & Q." give the origin of the
word ? Isaiah W. N. Keys.

Plymouth.

Sir W. Heivet (Vol.vIH., p. 270.).— Mb. Gbif-
FiTH will find in Thoresby's Ducatus LeodinensiSy
p. 2. (Whittaker's edit.), a pedigree of the family
of Osborne, which gives two generations previous
to Edward Osborne, who mai'rled Ann Hewet,
namely, —

Richard Osborne, who mai-rled Elizabeth,

daughter of Fyldene, by whom he had

Richard, who married Jane, daughter of John
Broughton of Broughton, Esq., and sister and heir
to Edward and Lancelyn Broughton.

Sir Edward Osborne, Knight, Citizen, and Lord
Mayor of London (1582), who died in 1591, mar-
ried Ann, daughter and sole heir of Sir William
Hewet, Lord Mayor of London, 1559, by whom
he had Sir Hewet Osborne, born 1567, died 1614.
Sir Edward had a second wife, Margaret, daughter
of , who died in 1602.

There is a note at the bottom of the page,
quoted from a MS. in the College of Arms, E 1.
fol. 190., "That this descent was registered the
30th March, 1568, when Hewet Osborne was the
age of one year and .... days."

Edwabd Peacock.

Bottesford Moors, Kirton in Lindsey.

Ladies' Arms home in a Lozenge (Vol. vIH.,
pp. 37. 83. 277. 329.). — The difference between the
fusil and the lozenge Is well known to all heralds,
though coach-painters and silversmiths do not

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

653

always sufficiently describe it. If Broctuna,
however, be a practical herald, he must often have
experienced the difficulty of placing impalements
or quarterings correctly, even on a lozenge. On
the long and narrow fusil it would be impossible.
When the fusil, instead of being a mere heraldic
bearing, has to be used as tlie shape of a shield for
the actual use of the painter or engraver, it must
of necessity be widened into the lozenge; and as
the latter is probably only the same distaff with a
little more wool upon it, there seems no objection
to the arrangement. Broctuna is too good an
antiquary not to know on recollection that the
" vyings of widows " had little to do with funeral
arrangements in those days. Procrustes, the
herald, came down at all great funerals, and re-
gulated everything with just so much pomp, and
no more, as the precise rank of the deceased en-
titled him to.

P. P. had not the smallest intention of giving
Broctuna offence by pointing out what seems a
fatal objection to his theory.

Hugh Clark, a well-known modern writer upon
Heraldry, gives the following definition of the
word lozenge :

" Lozenge, a four-cornered figure, resembling a pane
of glass in old casements : some suppose it a physical
composition given for colds, and was invented to re-
ward eminent physicians."

Plutarch says, in the Life of Theseus, that at
Megara, an ancient town of Greece, the tomb-
stones, under which the bodies of the Amazons lay,
were shaped after that form, which some con-
jecture to be the cause why ladies have their arms
on lozenges, Kuby.

77ie Crescent (Vol. \\u., p. 319.), — Be so good
as to insert in " N. & Q.," lor the information of
J. W. Thomas, that the Iceni (a people of Eng-
land, whose territory consisted of the counties of
Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, &c.) struck coins both in
gold and silver ; having on their reverses crescents
placed back to back generally, except where a
rude profile is on a few of them.

Two of the gold coins have fallen into my pos-
session ; one of which, found at Oxnead in this
county, I supplied to the British Museum some
years since. Twelve of the silver coins are
figured on a plate in Part L VII. of the Numis-
Tnatic Chronicle. Mr. Thomas observing (at
p. 321.) he has no work on numismatics, induces
ine to make this communication to him through
your very useful and instructive publication.

GoDDARD Johnson.

Norfolk.

Abigail (Vol. iy., p. 424. ; Vol. v., pp. 38. 94.
450,). — The inquiry suggested in the first of the

above references, " Whence, or when, originated
the application of Abigail, as applied to a lady's
maid?" has not yet, to my mind, been satisfac-
torily answered. It occurs to me that it may have
been derived from the notorious Abigail Hill,
better known as Mrs. Masham, a poor relative of
Sarah Duchess of Marlborough, and by her intro-
duced to a subordinate place about the person of
Queen Anne. She rapidly acquired sufficient in-
fluence to supplant her benefactress. The intrigues
of the Tory party received sufficient furtherance
from this bedchamber official to effect ultimately
the downfall of the Whig ministry ; and the use
of the term by Dean Swift, of which your original
Querist Mr. Warden speaks, would suffice to
give currency and to associate the name of so
famous an intrigicante Avith the office which she
filled. It must be matter of opinion whether the
Dean (as Mr. W. thinks) employed the term as
not neiv in those days, or as one which had taken
so rapidly in the current conversation of the day,
as to require but his putting it in print to esta-
blish it in its new sense so long as the language
shall be spoken or written. Balliolensis.

Handbook to the Library of the British Museum
(Vol. viii., p. 511 .). — Neither Lord Seymour, nor
Mr. Bolton Cornet, nor Mr. Richard Sims, can
with justice claim originality in the suggestion
carried out by the latter gentleman in the pub-
lication of his Handbook to the Library of the
British Museum.

In my own collection is a book entitled, —

" A Critical and Historical Account of all the cele-
brated Libraries in Foreign Countries, as well ancient
as modern, with general Reflections on the choice of
Books," &c. . . " A work of great use to all men
of letters. By a Gentleman of the Temple. London,
printed for J. JoUiffe, in St. James's Street, jidccxxxix."

In the preface to which work the author says :

" It will be highly useful to such noblemen and
gentlemen as visit foreign countries, hy instructing
them in the manner of perusing whatever is curious in the
Vatican and other famous libraries."

And in which he promises that —

" If it should meet with the approbation of tlie public,
he (the autlior) will proceed with the libraries of these
kingdoms" &c.

F. Seymour Haden.

Chelsea.

The Arms of Richard, King of the Romans
(Vol. viii., pp. 265. 454.). — With every respect
for such heraldic authorities as Mr. Gough and
Mr. Lover, I think the question as to whether
the so-called bezants in the arms of Richard,
King of the Romans, referred to his earldom of
Poictou or of Cornwall, inclines in favour of the
former : for instance, in 1253 he granted to the

«54

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

monks of Okebury a release of suit and service
within his manor of Wallingford, which charter
has a seal appended bearing an impress of the earl
armed on horseback, with a lion rampant crowned
on his surcoat, inscribed " Sigillum Richardi
Comitis Cornubiae." Now this inscription seems
to identify the lion as pertaining to the earldom
of Cornwall ; surely, if the bezants represented this
earldom, they would not have been omitted on his
seal as Comes CornubicB.

Again, a very high heraldic authority, one of
deep research, Mr. J. R. Planche, gives this opinion
on the subject :

" The border bezantee, or talentee, of Richard, King
of the Romans, is no representation of coins but of
peas (poix^, being the arms of Poitiers or Poictou
(Menestrier, Orig., p. 147.), of which he was earl, and
not of his other earldom of Cornwall, as imagined by
Sandford and others. The adoption of bezants as the
arms of Cornwall, and by so many Cornish families on
that account, are all subsequent assumptions derived
from the arms of Earl Richard aforesaid, the peas
having been promoted into bezants by being gilt, and
become identified with the Cornish escutcheon as the
garbs of Blundeville are with tliat of Chester, or the
coat o( Cantelupe with that of the see of Hereford." —
The Pursuivant at Anns, p. 136.

A simple Query then would seem to settle this
matter. Is any instance known of bezants occur-
ring as the arms of Cornwall previous to the time
of Earl Richard, or earlier than the commence-
ment of the thirteenth century ? Norhis Deck.

Cambridge.

Greek and Homan Fortifications (Vol. vili.,
p. 469.). — J. H. J. will find some information on
this subject in Fosbroke's Grecian and Roman
Antiquities (Longman, 1833). John Scsibe.

Osbemus filiiis Herfasti (Vol. viii., p. 515.). —
In reply to the Query of Mr. Sansom, " Whether
Osbom de Crespon, the brother of the Duchess of
Normandy, had a brother of the same name ? " I
"beg to reply that there appears to be distinct evi-
dence that he had ; for in a grant of lands by
Richard IT., Duke of Normandy, who died in
1026, to the monks of St. Michael, there are,
along with the signatures of his son Richard and
several other witnesses, those of Oshernus f rater
ComitisscB, and Osbe?-nus filius Arfast (^Lobineau,
tom. ii. p. 97.). One of those may probably have
become Abbot of S. Evroult. No doubt Mb. San-
SOM is well aware that one of the same family was
Osborn, Bishop of Exeter, He was a son of
Osborn de Crespon, and brother of the Earl of
Hereford, premier peer of England. In 1066 he
forbad the monks to be buried in the cloisters of
their monasteries ; but they resisted his injunction,
and, on an appeal to the Pope, obtained a decision
against him (Mabillon). For an eulogium on him

see Godwin, De presul. Angl. He died in 1104,
and was burled in the cathedral at Exeter.

I would observe that the ancient orthography of
the name is Osbern, which was continued for
many centuries, and may even now be seen in
Maidwell Church, Northamptonshire, on the mo-
nument of Lady Gorges, the daughter of Sir John
Osbern, who died in 1633. Omicron.

I think there can be little doubt that Herfastus
" the Dane " was the father of Gunnora, wife of
Rich. I., Duke of Normandy ; of Aveline, wife of
Osbemus de Bolebec, Lord of Bolbec and Count
of Longueville ; and of Weira, wife of Turolf de
Font Audomere. The brother of these three sis-
ters was another Herfastus, Abbot of St. Evrau ;
who was the father of Osbernus de Crepon,
Steward of the Household, and Sewer to the Con-
queror. H. C C.

Devonianisms (Vol. viii., p. 65.). — Your cor-
respondent Mr. Keys is at a loss for the origin of
the word plum, as used in Devonshire. Surely it
is the same word as plump, although employed in
a somewhat different sense. Plum or plump, as
applied to a bed, would certainly convey the idea
of softness or downiness. As to the employment
of the word as a verb, I conceive that it is analo-
gous to an expression which I have often heard
used by cooks, in speaking of meat or poultry,
" to plump up." A cook will say of a fowl which
appears deficient in flesh, " It is a young bird; it
will plump up when it comes to the fire." A
native of Devonshire would simply «ay, " It will
plum."

As to the word clunk, it is in use throughout
Cornwall in the sense of " to swallow," and is un-
doubtedly Celtic. On referring to Le Gonidec's
Dictionn'aire Celto-Breton, I find '■'■ Lonka^ or
Lounka, v. a. avaler."

I have neither a Welsh dictionary nor one of
the ancient Cornish language at hand, but I have
no doubt that the same woi-d, with the same sig-
nification, will be found in both those dialects
of the Celtic, probably with some difference of
spelling, which would bring it nearer to the word
clunk.

It is not wonderful that a word, the sound of
which is so expressive of the action, should have
continued in use among an illiterate peasantry
long after the language from which it is derived
was forgotten ; but many pure Celtic words, which
have not this recommendation, are still in common
use in Cornwall, and a collection of them would
be highly interesting. Could not some of your
antiquarian correspondents in the west, Mr.
BoASE of Penzance for example, furnish such a
list ? I will mention one or two words which I
chance to remember : mabyer, a chicken, Breton
mob, a son, iar, a hen ; vean, little, Breton vihan.

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

655

1 ;To persons acquainted with the Welsh or
Breton, the names of places in Cornwall, though
sometimes strangely corrupted, are almost all sig-
nificant. The dialect of Celtic spoken in Cornwall
appears to have approached more closely to the
latter than to the former of these tongues ; or
perhaps, speaking more correctly, it formed a con-
necting link between them, as Cornwall itself lies
about midway between Wales and Brittany.

Edgar MacCduloch.
Guernsey.

Gentile Names of the Jews (Vol. viii., p. 563.).

— The names of Rothschild, Montefiore, and
Davis are fiimily names, and not noins de guerre.

It is possible that the honoured names of
Rothschild and Montefiore date from a purchase by
some one of their ancestry of Gentile castles or
lands, and with it the purchase right of name,

Davis is legitimately Jewish, but probably the
Gentile name of Davis cannot boast of its pure
source, and no doubt vvhei'e Gentile pedigree
loses trace, Jewish descent commences, either by
a left-handed Jew connexion with a Gentile fair
one, or a renegade ancestry. Israel ben Isaac.

Red Lion Square.

Longevity (Vol. viii., p. 113.). — On October 15,
Judy, a slave, died on the plantation of Edmund
B. Richardson, in Bladen county. North Carolina,
aged 110 years. She was one of eight slaves who
nearly sixty years ago were the first settlers on
the plantation, whei'e she died. Of the seven
others, one died over 90 years of age, another 93,
and a third 81 ; two are living, one 75 and the
other OTcr GO years of age.

Within five miles of the place where Judy died,
William Pridgen lived, who died about five years
ago, aged 122 years. ^

David Kennison, a soldier of the Revolution,
died near Albany (N. Y.) on the 24th of Febru-
ary, 1852, aged 117 years. M. E.

Philadelphia.

Reversible Names (Vol. viii., p. 244.). — Emme
might have been added to your correspondent's
list, a female name which, when first known in
England, was spelt as above written, and not
Emma, as at the present time. In an old book I
have seen the name and its meaning thus recorded,

— in English, Emme; in French, Emme, bonne
nourrice.

I must beg to differ in opinion from your cor-
respondent, even with his epicene restriction, who
states " that varium et mutabile semper femina
only means that whatever reads backwards and
forwards, the same is always feminine.'^

If M. will take the trouble to look in Boyle's
Court Guide for 1845, p. 358., he will find the
name of a late very distinguished general officer,

Sir Burges Camac. A wealthy branch of this
family is now established in the United States,
and one of its members bears the name of Camac
Camac.

I am unable to give M. another instance, and
doubt if one can be easily found where the
Christian and surnames of a gentleman are alike,
and both reversible. W.W.

Malta.

Etymology of Eve. — Only one instance of a re-
versible name seems to me at present among the
propria quce vmribus, and that is Bob. As, how-
ever, the name of our universal mother lias been
brought forward, you will, perhaps, allow me to
transcribe the following remarkable etymology :

" Omnes nascimur ejulantes, ut nostram Tniseriam
exprimamus. Masculus enim recenter natus dicit A ;
foemina vero E ; dicentes E vel A quotquot nascuntur
ab Eva. Quid est jgltur Eva nisi heu ha ? Utrumque
dolentis est interjectio doloris ex])riniens magnitudinem.
Hinc enim ante peccatum virago, post peccatuni Era
meruit appellari. . . . Mulier autem ut naufragus,
cum parit tristitiam habet," &c. — De Contemptu Mundi,
lib. i. C.6., a Lothario, diacono cardinal], S.S. Sergii et
Bacchi, editus, qui postea Innocentius Papa IIJ. ap-
pellatus est."

Balliolensis.

Manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas (Vol. viii.,
p. 585.). — Allow me to correct a gross error into
which I have been led, by an imperfect concord-
ance, in hastily concluding that the words " In
te Domine speravi, non confundar in seternum,"
were not in the Psalms, as I have found them in
the Vulgate, Psalms xxxi. 1. and Ixxi. 1.

T. J. BUCKTON.
Lichfield.

Binometrical Verse (Vol. viii., pp. 292. 375.). —
In answer to these inquiries, the copyright of
this united hexameter and pentameter belongs to
Mr. De la Pryme, of Trin. Coll., Cambridj^e, who
is also the author of another line which is both
an alcaic and sapphic :

" Quando nigrescit sacra latro patrat."

X.

Gale of Rent (Vol. viii., p. 563.). — Gale {Gavel,
Sax., a rent or duty,] a periodical payment of
rent. The Latin form of the word is gabelbun,
and the French gabelle. (See Wharton's Law
Lexicon.") 'AXitvs.

Dubl'ui,

MiittXlKixtaxi^.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The History of Milhoall, commovly called the Isle of
Dogs, including Notices of the West India Docks and
City Canal, and Notes on Poplar, Blackmail, Limehouse,

^56

NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

and Stepney, by B. H. Cowper, is unquestionably one
of the most carefully compiled, and judiciously ar-
ranged, little topographical works, which we have
ever been called upon to notice. The intelligent M.P.
who is recorded to have asked a witness before a select
committee for the precise locality of the Isle of Dogs,
and to have been satisfied with the answer " Between
London Bridge and Gravesend," may, if inclined to
pursue his inquiries, find its history told most fully and
most agreeably in the little volume now before us.

In our Number for the 21st of May last, we called
attention to, and spoke in terms of fitting approbation
of, the First Part of The English Bible ; containing the
Old and New Testaments, according to the authorised
•version ; newly divided into paragraphs, with concise
Introductions to the several Books, and with Maps and
Notes illustrative of the Chronology, History, and
Geography of the Holy Scriptures ; containing also
the most remarkable variations of the Ancient Versions,
and the chief results of Modern Criticism. Part 11.,
comprising Exodus and Leviticus, is now before us,
and exhibits the same merits as its predecessor.

Mr. Miller, of Chandos Street, who during the past
year added to the value of his Monthly Catalogues by
the addition to each of them of several pages of literary
and bibliographical miscellanies, has just collected
these into a little volume, under the title of Fly Leaves,
or Scraps and Sketches, Literary, Bibliographical, and
3Iiscellaneous, which may find a fitting place beside
Davis's Olio, and other works of that class.

We regret to learn, as we do from the Literary
Gazette of Saturday last, that the Trustees of the
British Museum, in defiance of the earnest recommend-
ation of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Archseo-
logical Institute, and with a total disregard of the
feelings and opinions of those best qualified to advise
them upon the subject, have declined to purchase the
Faussett Collection of Early Antiquities, and conse-
quently will lose the Fairford Collection offered to
them as a free gift by Mr. Wylie : so that the en-
lightened foreigner, who visits this great national
establishment, and admiring its noble collections of
Greek, Roman, Egyptian, and Assyrian antiquities,
asks, " but where are your own national antiquities ? "
must still be answered, " We have not got one !" They
certainly do manage these things better in France and
Denmark.

Our readers, we have no doubt, shared the regret
■with which we read the advertisement in our columns
last week from the Rev. Dr. Hincks, who, from the
■want of encouragement, and in the face of peculiarly
adverse circumstances, is compelled to withdraw from
the field of Assyrian discovery ; and who is advertising
for some competent person who will work out what he
has in progress. Although Assyrian literature may
at present be discouraged by the Church and neglected
by the Universities, there can be little doubt that it
must ere long assume a very different position : and
■we therefore trust that some ineans may yet be taken
to prevent Dr. Hincks' withdrawal from a field of
study in which he has been so successful.

As we have deviated from our usual course in
noticing subjects advertised in our pages, we take the
opportunity of calling the attention of our antiquarian

friends to the advertisement from the Rev. G. Cumming
on the subject of the casts now making from the Runic
Monuments in the Isle of Man,

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

WANTED TO rURCKASB.

Isaac Taylor's Physical Theoky op another Life.

*^* Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free,

to be sent to Mil. BiiLL, Publislier of " NOTKS AND

QUKRIKS." 186. Fleet Street.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent
direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose
names and addresses are given for that purpose :

Bristol Drollery. 1G74.

HoLBORN Drollery. 1673.

HicKs's Grammatical Drollery. 1682.

Oxford Jests.

Cambridge Jests.

■Wanted by C. S., 12. Gloucester Green, Oxford.

JfuDiB's British Birds. Bohn

Waverley. 1st Edition.

1841. 5nd Volume.
Wanted by F. R. Sowcrhy, Halifax.

Dr. H. MonK's Philosophical 'Works. Lond. 1662. Folio.
Hircher's Mosurgia Universalis. Romae, 1650. 2 Toms in
1. Folio.
■Wanted by J. G., care of Messrs. Ponsonby, Booksellers,
Grafton Street, Dublin.

ORMRnoD's Cheshirb. Parts IL and X. Small Paper.
Hemingway's Chester. Parts I. and III. Large Paper.
Wanted by T, Hughes, 13. Paradise Row, Chester.

Aaron Hill's Plain Dealer.
EoiNOURGH Miscellany. Edinb. 1720.

Wanted by F. Dinsdale, Leamington.

Ladrrchii Annales Ecclesiastici. 3 Tom. Folio. Komse,

1728-37.
The Bible in Shorthand, according to the method of Mr. James

Weston, whose Shorthand Prayer Book was published in the

Year 1730. A Copy of Addy's Copperplate Shorthand Bible,

London, 1687, ■would be given in exchange.

LoESCHER, De LaTROCINIIS, (IVIE IN SCRIPTORES PUBLICOS
SOLENT COMMITTERS H.ERETICI. 4tO. 'Viterab. 1674.

Loesciier, Acta Eeformatioms.

Schramm, Dissert, db Librokum Prohibitorum Indicibus.

4to. Helmst. 1708.
Jamesii Specime.n Corkuptelarum Pontific. 4to. Lond.

1626.
Macedo, Diatribe de Cardinalis BonjE Errobibcs.

Wanted by Rev. Richard Gibhings, Falcarragh, Letterkenny,
Co. Donegal.

No. 219 On Saturday, January 7, 1854, the opening Number

of our New 'Volume wiil contain numerous interesting papers
by many of our most distinguished Contributors.

We are compelled to postpone until next weelc our usual
Notices to Correspondents.

Index to Volume the Eighth. — This is in a very forward
state, and will, ve trust, be ready for delivery uilh No. 221. on
the 21 si of January.

Errata. — Vol. Tiii., p. 4'14. col. 2. 1.45., for "nearly" read
"near;" p. 445. col. 1. 1.24., for "Severn" read " Levern,"
and (in three places) for " Waywell " read " Maxwell ; " p. 562.
col. 1. 1. 3., for "Leaman " read " Seaman ;" p. .568. 1. 5. from
the bottom, for " sine angulus " read " sine angulis ; " p. 594.
col. 2. 1. 28., after " Richard " insert " son of," and 1. 30., alter
" he" insert " (the Father)."

" Notes and Queries " is published at noon on Friday, so that
the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels
and deliver Ihem to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

Dec. 31. 1853.]

NOTES AND QUERIES.

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NOTES AND QUERIES.

[No. 218.

STJRREY ARCH^OLOGICAL
SOCIETY.
PaEsiDiNT. — His Grace the Duke of Norfolk.

Gentlemen desiring to join the Society, are
informed that Copies of the Rules, List of
Members (upwards of 250), and Forms of Appli-
cation for Admission, may be ol)tained from
the Honorary Secretary.

£. s.
Annual Subscription - - - 0 10
Composition for Life - - - 5 0
On and after January 1, 1854, an entrance fee
of 10s. will be required, from which those Mem-
bers who join the Society during the present
mouth will be exempt.

GEORGE BISH WEBB,

Honorary Secretary.
46. Addison Road North, Notting Hill.

TO ANTIQUARIES AND SECRETARIES
OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

THE REV. J. G. GUMMING,
M. A., F. G. S., Vice-Principal of King
William Collece, Castletown, who is engaged
in the Preparation of a Work on the Monu-
mental Remains of the Is'e of Man, is super-
intendinsT the labours of an Italian Artist in
takins Casts of tlie most beautiful and im-
portant Runic Crosses, to be placed in the
Insular Museum at the College : Parties de-
siring Duplicates may obtain full particulars
of cost, &c. by application as above.

ASSYRIAN LANGUAGE.

REV. DR. E. HINCKS would
dispose of a number of Books and MSS.
connected with the Assyrian Language, and
would also give viva voce Instruction therein
to a Gentleman who may l>e willing to devote
himself to this important Study : and who,
from his age, antecedents, and present position,
may appear to him likely to succeed in it.
Apply to him at the Rectory, Killyleagh, Co.
Down, before the 21st of January.

WH. HART, RECORD
. AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUA-
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Authors and Gentlemen en<ia,sed in Antiiiua-
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to undertake searches among the Public Re-
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Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Na-
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Topography, Genealogy, or the like, and in
which he has had considerable experience.
1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS,
HATCHAM, SURREY.

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INDEX

TO

THE EIGHTH VOLUME.

[For classified articles, see Anonymous Works, Notices op New Books, Epigrams, Epitaphs, Folk Lorb, Inscriptions, Photo-
SRAPHT, Proverbs, Quotations, Siiakspeare, and Songs and Ballads. Articles with an asterisk (*) prefixed denote un-
answered Queries at the date of Publication.]

A. on birthplace of Edward I., 601.
A, (A.) on encore, 387.
Aa (A. J. Van iler) on portrait of Amlries
de Graeff, 573.

* Abbe, French, status of one, 102.
AWiba on Archbishop King, 44.

judicial familie.s, 3S4.

Abigaii, a lady's maid, 4'2. 86. 653.
Atxaham and Isaac, mythulugical notices

of, 566.
Abredonensis on battle of Cruden, 173.

Dictum de Kenilworth, 57.

^■^ Picts' houses in Aberdeenshire, 261.

Scottish national Records, 405.

Sir Thomas de Longueville, 103.

Statute of Kilkenny, 80.

Temple lands in Scotland, 317.

volcanoes in Scotland, 285.

Willingham boy, 66.

A. (C.) on a " wilderness of monkeys," 413.
Acharis, its meaning, 198. 280.
Acworth (G. B ) on poetical tavern signs,
452.

school libraries, 49S.

Adamson (John) on the Cid, 574.
Adamson's Lusitania Illustrata, 104. 257.
Adamsoniana, 135. 257.
Admiralty office, shield and arms, 124.
•"Adrian turn'd the bull," its meaning,
79.

• Advent Hymn, why omitted in Common
Prayer, 639.

Advertisement, curious poetical one, 268.
Advertisements and prospectuses, their

utility, 562.
A. (E H.) on Adamsoniana, 257.

Adamson's Lusitania Illustrata, 257.

" Alterius orbis Papa," 254.

books chained in churches, 206

- Burnet, Wharton, and Smith, 167.

church towers detached, 376.

Delaval's poems, 171.

Denison family, 468.

parochial libraries, 275.

Portuguese folk lore, 382.

iEschylus, Potter's translation, 622.
A. (F. S.) on Louis le Mutin, 199.

minuteness of detail on paper, 157.

Age, the feelings of, 550.

Agmond, on etymology of contango, 586.

A. (1. T.) on Henry l.*s tomb, 6jO.

» Aix Ruochim, or Romans loner, 150.

A. (J.) on copyright law, 468.

A. (J. P.) on " Celsior exsurgens pluviis,"

220.
A. (J. S.) on Czar, or Tsar, 1.50.

inscription on a tomb in Finland, 34.

religion of the Russians, 582.

Seven Oaks and Nine Elms, 34.

A. (J. S.) on sneezing, 625.

Aldress, an instance of its use, 503.

Alethes on worm in books, 412.

Alfred (King), the locality of his battles,

129, 130.,

* jiedigree'to the time of, 586.

'AkitC; on Bul-trode Whitlock, 454.

Cawdray's Treasurie of Similies, 499.

Donatus Redivivus, 492.

gale of rent, 655.

Keate family, 525.

Mitre and the Crown, 80.

murder of MonaUleschi, 160.

pass.ige in Whiston, 397.

Preparation for Martyrdom, 162.

Aliquis on epigram on Rome, 584.

fire-irons, their antiquity, 587.

Allan (Peter) of Sunderland, 539. 630.

647.
Allcroft (J. D.) on hour-glass in pulpits,

83.

watch-paper inscriptions, 452.

Alledius on Rousseau and Boileau, 470.
— " When we survey yon circling orbs,"

515.
Allen (H. L.) on female parish clerks, 475.
Allen (R. J.) on will of Peter the Great,

5,39.

wood of the Cross, 329.

All Hallow Eve, custom on, 490.
" All my eye," its early use, 254.
Alma Mater, its origin, 517.
Alms at the eucharist, superstition re-
specting, 617.
Alms-basket described, 297.
Alpha on the mother of William the Con-

queror, 564.
Ax^x on descendants of Milton, 630.

* Alsop (George) noticed, 585.
Altars, portable, 101. 1.S3.

A. (M.) on honorary degrees, 162.

Newton memorial, 172.

Amateur on multiplying photographs, 158.
Amateur Photographer on precision in

photographic processes, 301.
Amcotts' pedigree, 387. 518.
American names, 638.
Americas on " Vox populi vox Dei," 494.
Amicus (Veritatis) on quadrille, 44L

* " Amor nummi," the author, 149.
Ampers and (&). its derivation, 173. 223.

254. 327. 376. 524.
Anathema, maran-atha, 100.
Anderson (Dr. James), notices of, 198.326.
Anderson (James), his Historical Essay,

347.
Andre (Major) noticed, 174. 277.399. 604.

64.J.

* Andrew's (St.) Priory Church, Barnwell,
80.

Andrews (Alex.) on Anna Lightfoot, 281.

Andrews (Alex.) on Irish rhymes, 602:

poetical tavern signs, 627.

Angel-beast, a game, 63.
* Animal prefixes, 270;
Anne (Queen), her motto, 174. 255. 440.
Anon on camera obscura, early notices of,
41.

Dodo Bardolf, 605.

door- head inscriptions, 162.

epitaph on Tuckctt's wife, 274.

inscriptions in books, 153. 652.

manliness, its meaning, 127.

"peg" or "nail " for an argument, 561.

Sir John Vanbrugh, do.

" Virgin wife and widowed maid," 56.

" When the maggot bites," 244.

Anonymous names and real signatures, 5.

94. 181.
Anonymous Works: —
Andre, a tragedv, 174,

* Blockheads, 174.

* British Empire, Present State of, 174.

* Convent, an elegy, 172.
Days of my Youth, 467.
Delights for Ladies, 495.

De Omnibus Rebus et quibusdam aliis,

569.
Devil on Two Sticks in England, 413.

* Donatus Redivivus, 492.
Doveton, a novel, 127 517.
Elijah's Mantle, 295. 453.

* Fast Sermon in 1779, 174.

* History of Jesus Chri.st, 386.
Indians, a tragedy, 174.

* Jerningham, a novel, 127. 517.
Les Lettres Juives, 541.

* Lessons for Lent, &c., 150.
Liturgy of the Ancients, 588.
Man with Iron Mask, 112.
Match for a Widow, 174.

* Mitre and the Crown, 80.

* National Prejudice opposed to Inte-
rest, 174.

Pectus and Arria, 219. 374.

* Poems published at Manchester, 388.
Preparation for Martyrdom, 152.

* Professional Poems by a Professional
Gentleman, 244.

Rock of Ages, 81.

* Watch, an ode, 174.
Whole Duty of Man, 564.

Anstruther (Mr.) on the authorship of

Jerningham and Doveton, 517.
Antecedents, its use as a plural, 439.
Anti-Barbarus on Latin termination

-anus, 386.
Antipodes, what day at our Antipodes ?

102. 479. 648.
Antiquaries, Society of, changes proposed,

45.

662

INDEX,

Antiquary on Sir Arthur Aston, 480.
-anus, quantity of the Latin termination,

386. 552.
Applauding, national methods of, 6.
A. (P. T.) on Park the antiquary, 8.

* Aquina; (Thomas) lines by, Srifi.
ArademaravasadeJoovaradooyou, its mean-
ing, (551.

Aram (Eugene), his Comparative Lexicon,

255.
Archaeological Institute, annual meeting,

45.
Aristotle's checks, ff7, 98.
A. (R.J.) on naming infants in Scotland,

468.
Armorial bearings, modern practice of

assuming, 50.
Arras, battle-axe, 113.
Arms of ladies borne in a lozenge, 37. 83.

277. 448. 652.
Arnim (Bettina), her German-'English,437.

* Arrow-mark found in North Devon, 440.
Arrowsmith (W. R.) on misunderstood

words, 120.
Arterus on Shakspeare's Seven Ages, 384.
Arthur (King) in the form of a raven, 618.
Arun on Letters resi)ecting Hougomont,

293.
Shakspeare on the winds, 338.

* Ash-trees attractive to lightning, 433.
Astolpho on slang expression, 89.
Aston (J. W.) on a mistletoe query, 621.
Aston (Sir Arthur) noticed, 126. 302. 480.

629.
Astrology in America, 561.
Ath Chliath on chimney-piece emblem, 219.

* Athensus, fragments in, versions of, 104.
Attwood (Wm.), his book burnt, .')47.
Audley (Lord), his attendanis at Poictiers,

494. 573.
Audoenus (Johannes) alias John Owen,

495.
Augusta on orange blossom, 341.
Authors' aliases and initials, 124.
i remuneration of, 81.
Autobiographical sketch, 350.
Autumnal tints, 490.
Awkward, its. etymology, 310. 438. 602.

B.

B. on the small City Companies, 470.
—— " Corporations have no souls," &c.,

587.

digest of Shakspearian readings, 75.

green pots at the Temple, 171.

B. (A.) on launching query, 127.
Bacon (Lord) and Shakspeare, 438.
Bacon's Essavs, noteS; on, 141. 165. S03.

353. 479.

sentences taken from, 289.

Bacon or beechen, 63.

Bad, its etymology, 207.

B. (A. E.) on attainment of majority, 198.

296. .Ml.

day at our Antipodes, 648.

- — Shakspeare readings, 28. 168.

. Shakspeare suggestions, 169.

B. (A. F.) on " Hip, hip, hurrah ! " 605.

Pierrepont and his descendants, 303.

quotations, 366.

Bagot (C. E.) on Capt Cook and the Sand-
wich Islands, 108.
Bagshawe (R L.) on an old saying, 197.
B. (A. H.) on splitting paper, 604
Bailey's Annuities, spurious edition, 242.
Balch (T.) on Martha Blount, 182.
Balderdash, its meaning and etymology,

Bale MSS. referred to by Tanner, 3,11.
Ballard (E. G.) on Bond, a poet, 513.

Calves' Head Club, 315.

" Good Old Cause," 421.

hour-glass in pulpits, 83.

house-marks, 135.

-—inscription in Peterborough Cathe-
dral, 303.
Ballina Castle, co. Mayo, 411. 677.

Balliolensis on Abigail, 653.

Joannes Audoiinus, 495.

books burned by the common hang.

man, 272.

bottled beer, 289.

Bulstrode's portrait, 293.

death on the fingers, 362.

epitaph in Torriiigton churchyard,

537.

epitaphium Lucretias, 563.

— Eve, its etymology, 655.

hour glass in pulpits, 279^

-^— lawyers' bags, 281.

Muscipula, 550.

Napoleon, anecdote of, 292.

parochial libraries, 274.

" Quid facies, facies Veneris," &c., 5S9.

Rev. Josiah Pullen, 489.

Sheridan, Latin translation from, 563.

Sir Philip Warwick, 268.

Sir Walter Raleigh, 267.

tenet or tenent, 258.

Thomas Aquinas, lines by, 366.

* Ball (Lord) of Bagshot, 365.
Balmoral, Natural History of, 467. 584.
Baretti, his portrait by Reynolds, 411. 477.

* Bargain cup, 220.

Barnacles in the Thames, 124. 22.3. 300.

Barrett (Eaton Stannard),his lines on Wo-
man, 292. 350. 423.

Barry (C. Clifton) on animal prefixes, 270.

Fauntleroy, 270.

midland county minstrelsy, 357.

Barton (Mrs. C.) and Lord Halifax, 258.
429. 543. 590.

Basil {Oscimum basiUcum), a plant, 40.

Basilica, a digest of laws, 367.

BaskerviUe the printer, his burial-place,
203. 349. 423.

Bates (Wra.) on Gibbon's library, 88.

Rosicrucians, 106.

soul and magnetic needle, 87.

" When the maggot bites," .526.

Bath, knight« of, their escutcheons in St.

P«ter's, Westminster, 444.
Bsthensis on Jamieson the piper, 126.

* Bave (Anthony), his manuscripts, 4G9.
B. (B. E.) on Burke's marriage, 158.

■B.,(C.) on font at Islip, 363.

B< (C. W.) on epitaph from Stalbridge, 289.

Hue's Travels, 516.

" Like one who wakes," &c., 292.

Potenger's unpublished letter, .53.

right of redeeming property, .516.

B. (D. E.) on John Campbell of Jamaica,

410.
B. (E.) on manual of handwriting, 639,
Bealby (H. M), notes on newspapers, 333.

* Beauty of Buttermere noticed, l.'G.
Beccles, its parochial library, 62

Bede (Cuthbert) on books chained in
churches, 206. .596.

— " boom " as used by the poets, 183.
Brasenose, Oxford, 221.

burial in an erect posture, .59.

burial on north side of churches, 207.

centenarian couple, 490.

children called imps, 623.

curfew, where rung, 628.

dial inscriptions, 224.

epitaphs, 273. 315.

funeral custom, 218.

.— hour-glasses in pulpits, 209.
^~ Innocents' day, custom on, 617.

inscriptions on bells, 248.

marriage service, 525.

nightingale, character of its song, 257.

oaken tomb at Durham, 180 : at Bran-

cepath Church, 454.

" Peccavi ! " 1 have Scinde, 574.

Peter Allan, 630.

poetical tavern signs, 626.

— St. Thomas's day, custom on, 617.
stoups, exterior, 574.

testimonials to doiikies, 488.

—— " Up, guards, and at 'em ! " 11,1.

weather predictions, 326.

Bee Park— Bee Hall, 199.

Bees, names for their migrations, 440. 575.

Bee (Tee) on arms of the see of York, 34.

Bee Park — Bee Hall,5l99.

Governor Brookes, 56.

Governor Dameram, 34.

lines on the Order of the Garter, 53.

William the Conqueror's surname,

197.

* " Begging the question," origin of the
phrase, 640.

Beginner on baths for collodion process, 42.
Bellmen (Jacob), his works, 13. 246.
Bel Cry towers, detached, 63. 185. 376.
Belike, its meaning and derivation, 358.

600.
Bell (Robert), lines on Woman, 423.
Bell, the passing, 130.
Bellen;^en (Miss), maid of honour, 463.
Belle Sauvage, 388. 523.

* Bellmen, the city, their origin, 538.
Bells at Berwick- ifpon-Tweed, 292. 630.
Bells for the dead, on ringing, 55. 130. 417.

576. 601.

Bells, phantom and death, 576.

B. (E. M.) on Trench on Proverbs, 387.

Berefellarii, its meaning, 420. 550.

Berosus on stipendiary curates, 341.

B. (F.) on Bishop Kennett's Diary, 470.

brothers of the same name, 478.

B. (F. C.) on S. A. Mackey, of Norwich, 566.

B. (F. F.) on arms of Geneva, 563.

B. (G. B.) on Keate family, 293.

B. (6. M.) on curious advertisement, 268.

lines in Franklin'sjianriwriting, 196.

B. (H.) on children called imps, 623.

revolving toy, 63.

Bible names, how pronounced, 469. 590. 630.

Bibliothec. Chetham. on the word cash, 651.

battle of Villers en Couche, 20.5.

burial in unconsecrated ground, 329.

Darling's CyclopEedia, 125.

mottoes of German emperors, 548.

odour from the rainbow, 158.

sheriffs of Glamorganshire, 423.

stars and flowers, 158.

superstition of Cornish miners, 216.

tin, its early use, 575.

B. (I. H.) on laird of Brodie, 103.

Billyng (William), noticed, 110.

Bingham (Richard) on passage in Bing-
ham's Antiquities, 291.

* Bingham's Antiquities, passage in, 291.
Rinometrical verses 292. 375. 6.55.
Bishop's Canningschurcli, hand in, 269.454.
Bishops deprived by Elizabeth, 136.

suflfVagans, in Ireland, 256.

B. (J.) on battle of Villers en Couche, 371.

Chidderton of Nuthurst, 564.

Falstaff's character, 314.

German heraldry, 204.

— — Herbert's Memoirs of Charles I., 587.
Sir Isaac Newton and Voltaire, 65.

- wooden tombs and effigies, 19.

B. (J. C.) on Longfellow's Reaper and the
Flowers, 583.

The Angels' Whisper, a«ong, .54.

B. (J. M.) on Danish and Swedish bal-
lads, 444.

queries in The Doctor, 410.

Poema del Cid, 366.

"state," in Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 1., 409.

B (K.) on divining-rod, 479.

Black as a mourning colour, 411. 502.

* Blackamore, the fable of washing the, LW.
Blackburn (Hugh) on photographic en-
graving, 628.

Blackguard and blagueur, 414.

* Blackwood's Magazine, a passage in, 493.
Blake (William) noticed, 69. 435.
Blakiston (R.) on " All my eye," 254.
" Pinece with a stink," 270.

Blink (Geo.) on Shakspearian emendations,

75.
B.L.M., its meaning, 585.
Blood (Wm.) on idol worship, 414.

Patrick's purgatory, 178.

Blotting-paper, when first u.sed, 104. 185.
Blount (Martha) noticed, 182.

Blount (Thomas), inscription on his monu.
raent, 286. 603.

INDEX.

«63

« Blue-bell — blue nnchor, 388.
Blue (True), who was he? 588.
Blythe (Dr. Samuel), his arms, 265. 351.
B. (M. G.) on hotchpot, tl3.
B. (N.) oil chair moving, 537.

EncyclopsMlias, 505.

translation of Vs. cxxvii. 2 , 520.

B. (N. T.) on Pollock's process, 17.
Boardman, on nn e^rly New Testament,

219.
Boase ( Geo.) on encaustic tiles from Caen,

496.
Bobart (H. T.) on Jacob, Bobart, 37.
Bobart (Jacob) noticed, SJ. 159. 344.
Beckett (Julia K.) on giravestone inscrip-
tion, 2fi8.

Richard Geering, 504.

snail-eating, 2-'9.

Boerhaave, passage in, 602.

Bogie and the farmer, a mythological tale,

94.
» Bohme (Anton Wilhelm) noticed, 7.
Boleyn (Queen Anne), state prisoner, 510.
Bond, a poet, 513.

Bond (E. A.) on Wright of Durham, 326.
» Books, old, 56.

Booker (John) on books chained in
churches, 273.

parallel passages, 5G0.

passage in burial service, 178.

Book inscriptions. Sec Iiiscriptians.

* Book Keviews, their origin, 410.

Books burned by the common hangman,

272 346. 625.
Books chained in churches, 93. 206i 273.

328. 453. 595.

Books, notices of new : —

Ancreii Uiwle; ox Hules of Monastic
Life, 606.

Antiquary, a serial, 21-

Anzeige fiir Kunde des Deutschen
Vorzeit, 306,

Apuleius, Metamorphoses, .'553.

Aristophanes' Comedies, 186. 306.

Attic Philosopher in Paris, 553.

Bacon's Advancement, by T. Markby,
45.

Bacon's Essays, by T. Markby, 45.

Bankes's Corfe Castle, 89.

Barlow's works on Cheshire, 455.

Blaine on the Laws of Artistic Copy-
right, 5'i3.

Bristol Archajological Institute, 234.

Carpenter's Physiology of Total Ab-
stinence, 282.

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, 455.

Cooper's Glossary of Provincialisms,
45.

Cooper's Sketch of Linton, 306.

Corner on Borough English, 138.

Cowper (B. H.), his History of Mill-
wall, 65.5.

Cowper's Life and Works, by Southey,
553.

Croker's History of the Guillotine,
45.5.

Cyclopaedia Bibliographica, 45. 138.
306. 354. .577.

De la Motte's Practice of Photography,
20. ■

De Quincy's Confessions of an Opium
Eater, 90.

English Bible : Part II , 655-

Eyton's Antiquities of Shropshire, 186.

Poster's Lectures, 186.

Trench's Pedigrees of Nelson and
Wellington, 90.

Gibbon's Decline and Fall (Bohn),
607.

Gray's Elegy, illustrated, 577.

Hardwick's History of the Church,
354.

Humphrey's Coin Collector's Manual,
20.

Hunter's Reply to Rev. Mr. Dyce, 21.

Ingleby's Essay on the Stereoscope,
401.451.

Irish Quarterly Review, 306.

Books, notices of new : —

Johnson's Botany of the Eastern Bor-
ders, 282.

Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutro-
pius, translated, 607.

Kitto's Journal of Sacred Literature,
89. 354.

Lardner's Handbook of Natural Philo-
sophy, 527.

Lepsiu's's Letters from Egypt, &c.,
282.

Letter to a Convocation Man, 282.

Macdonald's Botanist's Word-Book,
607.

Madden's Life of Savonarola, 254.

Mahon's (Lord) History of England,
20. 234. 455.

Matthew of Westminster's History, 90.
186.

Miller's Fly-leaves, 656.

National Miscellany, Vol. I., 577.

Ordericus Vitalis' Ecclesiastical His-
tory, 528.

Owen's Translation of Aristotle, 90.

Phip|)en's Practical Experiments, 138.

Promptorium Parvulorum, 606.

Ranke's History of Servia, 607.

Remains of Pagan Saxondom, 577.

Sliakspeare Repository, 354.

Simpson's Collection of Epitaphs, 282.

Simpson's Mormonism, 138.

Situs's Handbook to British Museum
Library, 511. 55).

Somcrsietshire Archajological Society's
Proceedings, 553.

Smith's Dictionary of Greek a»id
Roman Geography, <K). 577.

Smith on the Origin and Connexion of
the Gospels, 89.

Smith's llieory of Moral Sentiments,
607.

Stevens' Catalogue of his Library,
607.

Thomson's Archaic Mode of express-
ing Numbers, 21.

Traveller's Library, 45. 186.-

yrquhart's Progress of Russia, 185.

Welsh Sketches, 354.

Willich's Popular Tables, 138. 528.

Zeitschrift fiir Deutsche Mythologie
und Sittenkunde, 306.

Books suggested for reprints, 148.
Boom, as used by the poets, 183. 375.
Booth (Capt.) of Stockport, 102. 184.
Booty's case, 62.

Borderer on anonymous ballad, 78.
Boston Notion, largest American paper,

334.
Boswell's Johnson, on the word stellas,

439. SSI.
Bottled beer, 289.

B. (n.) on " Amentium haud Amantium,"
136.

" sincere," 328.

B. (P.) on George Alsop, 585.

* Bradsliaw (President) and Milton, 318.
Brasenose, Oxford, origin of the name,

221.
Braybrooke (Lord) on paint taken off of
old oak, 4.').

Pepys's grammar, 502.

poems in connexion with Waterloo,

.549.

* Brazen Head, a periodical, 367.
Brechin (Bishop of) on pagoda, 523.

* Brecost, its meaning, 78.

Breen (Henry H.) on Adamsoniana, 135.

antecedents, as a plural, 439.

Charles I.'s portrait, 151.

— Christian names, 351.

. Convent, an elegy, 172.

Creole, explained, aiii.

" Crowns have their compass," 376.

-. — Dramatic representations by the hour-
glass, 410.
— . — Drummer's letter, 153.

foreign English, 13/.

" Good Old Cause," 4S1.

Breen (Henry H.) on "From the sublime

to the ridiculous," 177.
—— heraldic colour pertaining to Ireland,

56.

Huet's Navigations of Solomon, 399.

Malacby (St.) on the Popes, 390.

— mistranslations, curious, 201.
— — Montmartre, its derivation, 468.
Napoleon's spelling, 386.

— Paradise Lost, 388.

Quarles and Pascal, 172.

table-turning, 329.

Brehon laws noticed, 80.

Brent (J.) on " Hip, hip, hurrah ! " 88.
Brett (Peter), parish clerk and author, 533.
B. (R. H.) on autumnal tints, 490.

land of Green Ginger, Hull, 34.

Pennycomequick, near Plymouth, 8.

Brickwall House, portraits at, 573.
Bridges, superstition respecting, 382.
Brigantia on caves at Settle, 412.
Bristoliensis on old books, 56.

Chatterton, 62.

Cromwell's portrait, 279.

— — curious posthumous occurrence, 205.

— ^logarth's pictures, 64.

Bi;ita.in, its derivation, 291. 344. 445. 57Su

651.
British Museum, Handbook to the Library,

511,
Broctuna on Henry, Earl of Wotton, 281.

heraldic notes, 351.

^— ladies' arms borne in a lozenge, 83.

418.
seals of Great Yarmouth, 321.

* Broderie AuRlaise, 172.
Brooks (Kev. Joshua) noticed, 6)9.

* Brooks (Governor) noticed, 55.
Brooks (T. W. D.) on inscription at Ayles-
bury, 443.

Brothers of the same Christian name, 338,
478.

Brough (Dean), his, " Crown of Glory," 113.

Brown (C.) on the tnyrtle bee, 450,

Brown (J. W.) on books chained in
churches, 596,

Brown (T. K.), his Etymological Dic-
tionary, 443.

* Browne (Francis), did he marry ? 639.
Browne, Sir George, noticed, 114. 243. 301,
Browne's Tragedy of Polidus, 159.
Bruce (John) on Archbishop Curwen's

letter to Archbishop Parker, 442.
Archbishop Parker's correspondence,

149.

Cromwell's portrait, 135.

Vei;ney note decyphered, 17.

B. (R. W.) on fox-hunting, 172.

pictorial pun, 385.

Robin Hood's festival, 622.

* Bryan (Sir Francis), his pedigree, 564.
B. (S.) on Lyte's new process, 373.

Sisson's developing solution, 157.

B. (T.) on sangaree, 527.

B — t (J.) on blotting-paper, 185.

dog Latin, 218.

Buckle, its meaning, 304. 526.
Buckton (T. J.) on barnacles, 224.

Council of Trent, 316.

Druses, 360.

Harmony of the Four Gospels, 415.

Hebrew names, how pronounced, 590.

Jews in China, 6i6.

Land of Green Ginger, 227. 303.

manifesto of the Emperor Nicholas,

5S5. 655.
Peter Lombard's knowledge of Greek,

"294.

Psalm cxxvii. 2., 641.

" Quem Dens vult perdere," 73.

Shakspearian parallels, 240.

sneezing an omen and deity, 121.

Sojihocles, passage in, 631.

Thucydides on the Greek factions,

137.

Tsar, or Czar, 225.

Bull, oblation of a white, 1.
Bullaces explained, 167. 223 326.
Bulstrode's portrait, 293. 4.H.

664

INDEX.

Bunyan'g Emblems, 18.

Burial in an erect posture, 5. 59. 233. 455.

630.
in unconsecrated ground, 43. 202. 329.

423. 527.

on north side of churches, 207.

service, passage in, 78. 177.

Butiensis on church towers detached, 63.

— daughters taking their mothers'

names, 586.

Dr. Butler of St. Edmund's Bury, 125.

parish register mottoes, 30.

punning devices, 27C.

Burke's marriage, 134. 158.
. Burke's mighty boar of the forest, 136.
Burleigh (Lord) and the dissenters, 487.
Burnet (Bp), H. Wharton, and Smith, 167.
Burn (J. S.) on inscription at North Stone>

ham, 339.
— — book burnt by the hangman, 348.
— — parish clerks' company, 452.

saltpetre-man, 399.

Bursary explained, 159.

Burton (Henry), his Works, 540.

* Burton (John), his descendants, 271.
Burton (Kobert), author of Anatomy of

Melancholy, his death, 495.
Butler (Mr.) of St. Edmund's Bury, 125.
604.

* Butler's Lives of the Saints, various edi-
tions, o87.

Button's (Sir Thomas) Voyag:e, 385. 450.
B. (V.) on Junius facts being authenti-
cated, 8.
B — w (F.) on derivation of unkid, 353.
.— " Never ending, still beginning," 162.

passage in Virgil, 400.

quotation from Pope, £08.

— Tyndale's New Tesitament, 277.
-by, as a termination, 105.

* Byron (Lord) noticed, 55.

Childe Harold, passage in, 258.

* Bysshe (Edward) noticed, 318.

C. on Abigail, 86.

cash and mob, 524.

Christian names, 63.

— — encore, 524.

" Hip, hip, hurrah ! " 255.

honorary degrees, 86.

. island, its derivation, 209.

ki.«sing hands, 64.

Lord North, 230.

Napoleon's spelling, 502.

Pennycomequick, ii55.

" Sat cito si sat bene," 18.

" Up, guards, and at them J " 204.

I Vandyke in America, 228.
C. (1) on Rev. Joshua Brooks, 639.
C. (A.) on pedigree to the time of Alfred,
586.

Tangier queries, 33.

C. (A. B.) on cob-wall, 151.

— curious posthumous occurrence, 6.

designed false English rhymes, 249.

first and last, 439.

" For man proposes, but God dis-
poses," 411.

Caen, encaustic tiles from, 493. 547.
Caesar (Sir Julius), his letter to Sir W.
More, 172.

* Caldecott's Translation of the New Tes-
tament, 410.

* Caley's Ecclesiastical Survey, 104.
Calves' Head Club, its doings, 315. 480.
Calvin's correspondence, 62.
Cambridge graduates, 365. 525.
Cambro-Briton on the coronet of Llewelyn

ap Griffith, 514.
" Came," its early use, 468. 631.
Camera lucida, 271. 354. 503.

* Campbell (John) of Jamaica, 410.
Campvere, privileges of, SS. 231.

* Caimiiig on the Treaty of 1824, 365.

* Cannon-ball, singular discovery of one,
366.

Cantab, on pedigree indices, 453.

Cantab. (A.) ou Nelly O'Brien and Kitty

Fisher, 440.
Cantab (Emtoanuel) on passage in Bacon,

303.
Cantabrigiensis on honorary D. C. L.'s, 8.

* Canterbury, ancient privileges of the See,
56.

Canute's Point, Southampton, 204.
Capital punishment, mitigation of, 42. 112.
Captain on Adm. Sir T. Tydderaan, 317.
Caret on camera lucida, 271.
Carey (Patrick), 406.
Carlist calembourg, 618.
Carnatic on " Begging the question," 640.
Carr (Sir George) noticed, 327. 423.
Carter (R. W.) on Yorkshire tradition, 617.

* Cary ( Ur. Robert) noticed, 79.

Cash, is it an English word ? 386. 524. 573.
651.

* Castles of Scotland, how maintained, 366.

* Castle Thorpe, Bucks, 387.

C. (A. T.) on Sir Geo. Downing, 221.

Cateaton Street, its derivation, 540.

Cato (Isaiah) ou monumental brasses

abroad, 497.
Cats, are white ones deaf? 13.";.
Caucasus on the spelling of D'Israeli, 441.
Cause : "The Good Old Cause," 44. 421.
Cavaliers' Common Prayer Book, 536.
Caves at Settle, in Yorkshire, 412. 651.
Cawdrey's Treasure of Similes, 386. 499.
Cawdrey (Zachary) noticed, 1.52.
C. (B. H.), a chapter on rings, 416.
ballad of Sir Hugh, 614.

- Baskerville's burial, 423.

black as a mourning colour, 502.

books chained in churches, 453.

chronograms, 280.

De (juincey's Account of Hatfield, 26.

— — engin-a-verge, 5:31.

examples of the word its, 12.

Hackney Church tower, 63.

" Haul over the coals," 280.

letter X on brewers' casks, 439.

magnet symbolical of Venus, 280.

mammou, an idol, 173.

monk and till, 527.

passage in Job, 205.

Pepys and East London topography,

263.

- " Salus populi suprema lex," 526.
St. Paul and Seneca, 205.

scrape, its meaning, 422.

siieer hulk, 280.

Tsar, its etymology, 422.

weather rhymes, 512.

C (E) on Hupfeld, 34.

Peter Allan, 539.

scale of vowel sounds, 34.

Cecil (Lord), his Memorials, 442. 502.
Celt, its derivation, 271. 651.
C-eltic etymology, 229. 551.
Celtic words, collection of, wanted, 654.
Celtic and Latin languages, their con-
nexion, 174. 280. 353.
Centenarian couple, 490.
Ceridwen on Shakspeare controversy, 124.

yellow bottles for chemicals, 86.

Cestriensis on book inscriptions, 591.

Geo. Wood of Chester, .34.

MinshuU's Cheshire Collections, 467.

Wilbrahara's Cheshire Collections,

270.

Ceyrep on door-head inscriptions, 38. 454.

oaths, 605.

Raffaelle's Sposalizio, 574.

rings worn by ecclesiastics, 387.

C. (F.) on Boswell's Johnson, 439.
C. (F. G.) on symbol of sow, &c., 493.
C. (6. A.) on Major Andre, 604.

Dr. Butler and St. Edmund's Bury,

604.

pronunciation of Coke and Cowper,

603.

C. (G. M. E.) on execution for murdering

a slave, 112.
C. (H.) on splitting paper, 413.

* Chadderton of Nuthurst, 564.

Chaffers (W.) on voiding-knife, 297.

Chair-moving, 537.

Chandler, Bishop of Durham, accused of

simony, 341. 63a
Chanting of jurors, 502.
Chapman ( Mr ), one of the binders -of the

Hai'leian MSS., 335, 336.
Charity-schools, origin ef, 69. 435.
Charlecott on Shakspeare portrait, 438.
Charles I., his portrait, 151. 233.
Chartham on Sir Arthur Aston, 126.
Chasles (Philar6te) on berefellarii, 420.

blaguenr and blackguard, 414.

-^— comminatory inscriptions in books, 472.
Italian- English, German-English, &c.

436.

* Chatham (Lord) on Fox and Newcastl*
ministry, 33.

Chatterton and the Rowley Poems, 62.
C. (H. B.)«n Booty's case, 62.

• capital punishment, 112.

historical impossibilities, 72.

old jokes, 146.

passage in Whiston. 645.

Tieck's Comoedia Divina,S70.

C. (H. C.) on arms: battle-axe, 113.

Osbom filius Herfast, 654.

Richard Geering, 504.

Sir Arthur Aston, 629.

Sir G. Browne, 114.

Chemistry, its derivation, 470.

* Chester (Sir Wm.) noticed. 36".

* Chester (Thomas), Bishop of Elphin, 340.
Chesterfield (Earl of) : see H'oiton, Henry,

Earl of.
Cheverells on burial in erect ;)OSture, 5.

hurrah !&e., 185.

ornament in Crosthwaite Church, 200.

Chicheley (Abp.), date of his birth, 198.

350.
" Chip in porridge " explained, 208.
"Chip of the Old Block "on the Heven-

inghams, 103.
Choice of Hercules, 89.
Choirochorographia, 151. 229.
Christian names, 63.
Christian year, note on its motto, 335.

* on a passage in, 539.

Christmas in Pennsylvania, 615.

tree, 619.

Christ's cross, 18.

Chronicles of the Kings of Israel, 561.

Chronograms. 42. 280. 351.

in Sicily, 562.

Church, high and low, 117.

Churches of England and Rome, which

committed schism? 48.'>.631.

* Church temporalities before Constantine,
412.

Churchwardens, origin of, 584.

* Cicero quoted in an unknown work, 640.
Cid, a poem, 367. 574.

City Companies, the smaller ones, 470.

Civis on Edward Bysshe, 318.

C. (J. G.) on poetical tavern signs, 353.

C. (J. M.) on Anna Lightfoot, 87.

Clare, legends of the county, 145. 264. .'360.

437. 616.
Clarence, origin of the dukedom, 565.
Clarendon (I>ord) and the tubwoman, 19.
Clark (Alex.) noticed, 18. 517.
Claymore, the original weapon, 365. 520.
Cleek, a game, 63.
Clem, as meaning starve, 64.
Clement (St.), his apple-feast, 618.

* Clergyman (English) in Spain, 410. 574.

* Clerical duel, 7.

Clericus (A.) on administration of the

eucharist, 292.
Clericus (D.) on Queen Anne's motto, 174.

arms of De Sissonne, .503.

head-dress temp. Charles I., 172.

Laodicean council. Canon xxxv., 7.

lines on Sir Francis Drake, 195.

Ravilliac, 219.

Clericus Rusticus on cash and mob, 386.

namby-pamby, 318.

tailors' cabbage, 315.

topsy-turvy, 385.

INDEX.

eed

Clerk (A.) on photographs by artificial

lights, 228.
Clifford (Roger, fifth Lord) noticed, 184.

251.
Clipper, its meaning, 100. 398.
Close ( Antony) on canonisation in the

Greek Church, 292.
Cloth, decomposed, discovered at York,

438.
Clouds, classification of, 337.
Clunk, origin of the word, 65. 654.
C. (M. A. W.) on French Prayer Book, 343.
C.!(M. E.) on raining cats and dogs hel-

ter skelter, 565.
Cob and Conners, 43.
Cob-wall, 151. 279.
Cobb (Francis), his Diary, 18.
Cocker's Arithmetic, later editions, 540.
CoiBns, their shape, 104. 256.
Coin, its etymology, 443.
Coke (Sir Kobert), his ancestors, 517.
Coke and Cowper, their pronunciation, 54.

603.
Colchester corporation records, extracts

from, 464.
Coleridge's Christabel, 11. 111.

unpublished MSS., 43.

Collar, a gold one found in Sta&brdshire,

537.
Collar of SS., 398.
College (Stephen), 310.

* College exhibitions, work on, 57.
Collier (J. Payne) on passage in " The

Taming of the Shrew," 73.

Monovolume Shakspeare, 35.

CoUis (Thomas) on the churches of Eng-
land and Rome, 631.
Collyns ( W.) on house.marks, 62.

Hon. Miss E. St. Leger, 89.

old lines newly revived, 76.

pronunciation of Bible names, 630.

Comet superstitions in 1853, 358.

* Confirmation, prejudice against, in adults,
440.

Conger, its etymology, 444.
Conner or Connah's quay, 43.
Consecrated roses, 38. 135.
Constanter on movable metal types, 434.
Constantinople— Istamboul, 148.
Constant Reader on Bishop Ferrar, 103.

Muller's processes, 451.

" Solamen miseris," &c., 272.

* Contango, its derivation, .'(86.
Convocation and the Propagation Society,

100.
Convocation in the reign of George XI.,

465.
Cook (Capt.), did he discover the Sandwich

Islands ? 6. 108.

* Cookworthy (William) noticed, 585.
Cooper ((;. H.) on blotting-paper, 185.

— ^ " delusion, a mockery and a snare,''

302.
— ^ dream testimony, 287.

Sir Thomas Elyot, 276.

strut-stowers and yeathers, 148.

" Tub to a whale," 304.

Cooper ( R. Jermyn) on " We've parted for

the longest time," 388.
Cooper (Samuel), the painter, 308.
Cooper (Wm. Durrant) on longevity in

Cleveland, 488.
Cooper's Chronicle, 494.

* Copyright law and the British Museum,
468.

Corner (G. R.) on Reynolds' portrait of

Baretti, 411.
Corney ( Bolton) on Capt. John Davles, 450.

Milton and Malatesti, 237.

Robert Drury, 181.

— — Sims's Handbook to the Library of

the British Museum, 511.

Vida on Chess, 49.

Cornish (James) on Hamlet and George

Steevens, 195.

" Mary, weep no more for me," 385.

Pennycomequick, 184.

Cornish miners, superstition of, 7. 215.

* " Corporations have no souls," &c., 587.

Corpse, curious occurrence respecting, 6.

205.
Corser (Thos.) on parochial libraries, 3C9.
Coryate's Crudities quoted, 558.

* Cotterell (Sir Charles), his death, 564.
Cotton (Archd.) on Roman Catholic Bible

Society, 494.

* Cottons of Fowey, 317.
County rhymes, 615.

Court House in Painswick, 493. 596.

Cousins, marriage of, 387. 525.

Cowgill on Talleyrand's maxim, 136.

the termination -by, 105.

Cowper and Pope, 383.

Cramp (W.) on origin of book reviews, 411.

Cranmer's Correspondences, 183. 222.

Cranston on Milton's Familiar Correspon-
dence, 640.

Crashaw (Richard), epigram by, 242.

Crassus' saying, 258.

Craton the philosopher, 441. 603.

Creed (G.) on Judas Iscariot's descendants,
56.

Tom Thumb's Castle at Gonerby, 35.

Creed, the superstitious use of, 613.

Creole, its meaning, 138.

Crescent, origin of the standard, 196. 319.
6.'")3.

C. (R. H.) on Craton the philosopher, 441.

passages in Shakspeare, 216.

Prie-Dieu : ancient furniture, 101.

* Crieff compensation, 540.

* Crispin and Crispianus, story of, 619.
Crito on city bellmen, 538.

* Cromwell's descendants, 442.
portrait, 55. 135. 279.

Cross, its anticipatory use. 132. 417. 545.
Cross of Calvary composed of four kinds
of wood, 329.

* Crosses on stoles, 411.

Crossley (Francis) on Celtic etymologies,
345.

humbug, its signification, 422.

letter " h " in humble, 298.

longevity, 523.

pronunciation of humble, 551.

yew-trees in churchyards, 448.

Crosthwaite Church, ornament in, 55. 200.
452.

* Crow — " To pluck a crow with one," 197.
Crow-bar, its derivation, 439.

* Cruden, the battle of, 173.
Cruickstown Castle noticed, 445.

C. (R. W.) on Cottons of Fowey, 317.
C. (S. G.) on Derbyshire folk lore, 512.

Gabriel Poyntz, 440.

gold collar found in Staffordshire, 538.

lllustrium Poetarum Flores, 243.

lemon-juice as a medicine, 217.

pronunciation of humble, 393.

sincere, simple, singular, 567.

Sir William Hanktord, 342.

tin, early notices ot^ 593.

C. (T.) on family of Hoby, .525.

Ctus (J.) on Lofcopp or Lufcopp, 245.

Cucumber time, 439.

Cumming (J. 6.) on St. Patrick and Maune,

291.
yew-trees in churchyards, 346.

* Curates, stipendiary, 340.

Curfew, places where still rung, 466. 603.

62S.
Curtis (J. Lewelyn) on liveries worn by

gentlemen, 473.

* Curwen (Archbishop), his letter to Arch,
bishop Parker, 442.

Cusack (Capt. George), the pirate, 272.
Custom of ye Englishe, 362.
C. (W.) on " I put a spoke in his wheel,"
351.

Laird of Brodie, 232.

manners of the Irish, 279.

white bell heather transplanted, 79.

Czar or Tsar, its derivation, 150. 226. 422.

D.

D. on Crieff compensation, 540.

New Universal Magazine, 639.

D. (A. A.) on passage in the Christian

Year, 539.
— — font, its position, 149.

praying to the West, 591.

Taylor's Holy Living, 469.

Wilson's .Sacra Privata, 469.

Dale (J. H. Van) on Flemish refugees, 196i
D' Alton (John) on Ballina Castle, 577.

* Daraeran (Governor) noticed, 34.
Dance of Death, its republication, 76.

* Daniel (John) noticed, 318.
Danish and Swedish, 414.
Danish names in England, 58.
Darling's Cyclopsedia, its utility, 125.
Daughter pronounced dafter, 292. 504.

* Daughters taking their mothers' names,
586.

* Daventry, duel at, 78.
David's mother, 539.

Davics (F. R.) on legends of the county

Clare, 145. 264. 360. 436. 616.
Davis (Captain John), 385. 450.
Dawson i Benj.) on " an " l)efore u long, 214%

letter '• h " in humble, 229.

Days, unlucky, 305.

T. (2-) on X on brewers' casks, 572.

D. (C.) on foot-guards' uniform, 64.

D. (C. D.) on New Brunswick folk lore,3S2.

D.C.L.'s, honorary, 8. 86. 162.

D. (E.) on Bunyan's emblems, 18.

Cobb's Diary, 18.

effigies with folded hands, 9.

Faithful Teate, 62.

D. (E. A.) on Samuel Wilson, 242.
Death on the fingers, 362.
De Bure (J. J.), sale of his library, 434.
Deceitfulness of Love, an inedited poem.

311.
Deck (Norris) on Eugene Aram's Lexicon,
255.

Cambridgeshire folk lore, 512.

font, its position, 234.

— — heraldic notes, 265.

nightingale's song, 651.

pure, its meaning, 230.

Richard, king of the Romans, hi*

arms, 653.

wooden tombs and effigies, 25^

Dedication crosses, 201.

Dee, legendary allusions to its divinity.

588.
Degrees, honorary, 8. 86. 162.
D. (E. H. D) on ampers and, 524.

lines " Could we with ink," &c., 257.

Delaval (Miss), her Poems, 171.

* Delft manufacture, 125.

Delta (H.) on " Mirrour to all who follow

the wars," 151.
De Mareville ( Honor e) on oaths, 472.
Demayne (Charles) on work on the human

figure, 390.
Denham (M. A.) on Henry, third Earl of

Northumberland, 515.
^.— no sparrows at Lindham, 572.
vault at Richmond, Yorkshire, 573.

* Denison family, 468.

Dent (Mr.) of Winterton, his burial, 202.

Denton (William) on Bishop Thomas
Wilson, 220.; extract in his Sacra
Privata, 243.

— — Cardinal Fleury and Bp. Wilson, 245.

Dr. Richard Sherlock, 245.

De Quincey's account of Hatfield, 26.

De Sissonne of Normandy, his arms, 243.
327. 503.

Dcvereux (John) of Wexford, 5.

Devereux ( Walter) on Theobald le Botillcr.
572.

Devlin (J. Davies) on Crispin and Cris-
pianus, 619.

Devonianisins, 44. 65. 654.

Devoniensis on " Well's a fret," 197.

D. (F.) on point of etiquette, 386.

D. (G.) on Hartman'g account of Water-
loo, 198.

666

INDEX.

D. (H. W.) on stereoscopic angles, 501.
Dial inscriptions, 224.
Diamond (Dr. H. W.) on collodion pro-
cess, 133.

— calotype process, 548. 596.

printing on alburaenised paper, 324.

simplicity of tile calotype process, 596.

Dick, or DuivC Shore, Limehouse, 263.
Dictionaries and encyclopaedias, 385. 502.

* Dictionary of English Phrases, 292.
Dictum de Kenilworth, 57.
Dimidiation by impalement, 230.

* Dirameson (Capt. Jan) noticed, 469.
Diodati (Charles) noticed, 295. 577.

* Dionysia in Bceotia, 340.
Dionysios on "Amor nummi," 149.
Dionysius on Henry Burton, 540.
Discovery of the Inquisition, 137. 350.
Diseases, non-recurring, 516.

* D'Israeli, how spelt, 441.
Dissimnlate, its earliest use, 10.
Divining-rod, 293. 350. HiO. 479. 62a
D. (J.) on Donnybrook fair, 86.
poetical tavern signs, 568.

D. (M.) on foreign medical education, 398.
— — photographic copies of MSS., 501.
D. (N.) on emblems of the precious stones,

539.
D — n (W.) on gloves at fairs, 136.
Ken : The Crown of Glory, 113.

* " Doctor," queries in the, 410.
Dodd (Dr. Wm.) a dramatist, 245.

* Doddridge (Dr.), love poem by him, 516.
Dodo, or Doun Bardolf, 605.
Dog-Latin, 218. 523.

Dog, an old, the ])hrase, g08.
Dog taught PVench, 5-il.
Dog-whipping day in HuUj 409.
Dollop, its etymology, 65.

* Domesday-book abbreviations, 151,
Dominic (St.) noticed, 136.

Done pedigree, 57.

Donkies, testimonials to, 488.

Donnybrook fair, 86.

Don Quixote, spurious Continuation of,

590.
Dotinchem, in Holland, 151.375.
Doubter on longevity, 182.
Downing (Sir George) noticed, 221.

* Doxology in Tusser, 440.

D. (Q.) on emblematical works, 88.
—— Shakspeare and the Bible, 384.
Dragoon on the forlorn hope, 526.

* Drainage, artificial, 493.

Drake (Dr.), his Historia Anglo-Scotica,

272. 346.
Drake (Sir Francis), his ship, 558.

lines on, 195.

Draught, or draft of air, 317.

Dream testimony, 287.

Dredge (John I.) on Cawdray's Treasurie

of Similies, 500.
Dress, recent works on, 390.
Drofsniag on gloves at fairs, 421.
Drummer's letter, 153.
Drury (Robert) noticed, 104. 161.
Druses, 360.
D. (S.) on translation of Ps. cxxvii. 2.,

643.
D. (T.) on hackney-coach proclamation,

122.
Du Barry (Countess) noticed, 151.
Ducking-stool, 315.
Dumfries, the siller gun of, 412.
Dunkin (A. J.) on Henry IV. 's leprosy,
340

lines from Sir Walter Scott, 622.

Our Lady of Rounceval, 340.

Duport's lines on Izaak Walton, 193. '
Dutch, high and low, 413. 478. 601.
Duval (C. A.) on Duval family, 423.
Duval family, 318. 423.
D. (W. B.) on books chained in churches,

596.
—— hour-glasses, 525.

— motto on Wylcotes' brass, 494.

E.

E. on privileges of Campvere, 89.

English clergyman in. Spain, 574.

Laurie on Currency, &c., 491.

Marlborough at Blenheim, 409.

" Earth upon earth," &c., 110. 353.
Eastwood (J.) on acharis or achatis, 280.

books chained in churches, 273.

Eaton (T. D.) on positives on glass, 451.
Ebff (J.) on county rhymes, 615.
Ecclesiastical censure in the Middle Ages,

466.
E. (C. I.) on the translation of Ps. cxxvii.

2. 520.
Eclipse in 1263, 441.

* Eclipses of the sun, list of, 244.

E. (C. P ) on quotations in Bacon's Essays,

353.

" Populus vult decipi," 65.

Edict of Nantes, its revocation, 639.
Edifices of ancient and modern times, 81.
Editors, offer to intending, 172.
Edmeston (James) on Belle Sauvage, 523.
Edward II., where was he killed? 387.

477.
Edward V., his birth-place, 468. 601.
Effigies and wooden tombs, 19. 255. 455.

604.

* with folded hands, 9.

E. (H.) on shirt collars, 467.

Eirionnach on Catholic floral dictionaries,

.585.

Cornish miners, their superstition, 7.

" Homo unius libri," 569.

longevity, 577.

phantom bells, 576.

pigs said to see the wind, 100.

Kosicrucians, 175.

—— serpents, notes on, 39.

women and tortoises, 535.

E. (J.) on Major Andre, 399.

E. (J. H.) on Richard Oswald, 549.

Elections, contesteti, 208.

* Electric telegraph, its discoverer, 364.

* Elizabeth (Queen) and her true looking-

glass, 220.

and the Michaelmas goose, 368.

Ellacombe (H. T.) on bell- ringing for the

dead, 130.

coffins, their shape, 104.

Colonel Hyde Seymour, .388.

door.head inscriptions, 454. 652.

female pari.sh clerk, 475.

Mr. Justice Newton, 15.

Roger Outlawe, 5.

Elliot (Mr.), binder of the Harleian MSS.,

335.
Elliott (R.) on Stewart's pantograph, 301.
Elliott (R. W.) on Beauty of Buttcrmere,

126.

books chained in churches, 206.

burial in erect posture, 630.

burial in unconsecrated places, 203.

Chicheley, archbishop of Canterbury,

198.

History of York, 125.

Holy Trinity Church, Hull, 638.

Lamb's unpublished Essay, 55.

Land of Green Ginger, 160. .522.

ornament in Crosthwaitc Church, 55.

452.

ringing bells for the dead, 130.

Ellison (R.) on female parish clerk, 475.
Elly (Little), a mythological tale, 95.
Elsevir on portraits at Brickwall House,

573.
Elyot (Sir Thomas) noticed, 220. 27C.
E. (M.) on colour of ink in writings, 30.

Dr. Doddridge, 516.

contested elections, 208.

Jeremy Taylor and Lord Hatton, 207.

Lachlan Macleane, 619.

longevity, ,523. 655.

Lord North, 183.

Major Andre, 644.

- national methods of applauding, 6.
portrait of Lee, 540.

red hair, 5V2.

E. (M.) on " The Rebellious Prayer," 19.

* Emblem on a chimney-piece, 219.
Emblems of the precious stones, 539.
Emblems, works on, S8.

E. (M. M.) on Reiser Gloraer, 126.

Tieck's Comoedia Divina, 126.

Encaustic tiles from Caen, 493. 547.
Encore, when first used, 387. 524.
Encyc!opa?diciis on dictionaries and ency-

clopsedias, 385.
Enfield palace, 271. 352.
Engin-a-verge explained, 65. 231.
Engraving, historical, 86.
Ennui, its modern use, 377. 523.
Enough, its pronunciation, 210.
Epaulettes, their origin, 244.

Epigrams, 8. 154.
Greek, 622.

Kemble, Willet, and Forbes, 8.
* MacAdam, 441.

♦

Epitaphs : —

Alvechurch, Worcestershire, 274.
American, 491.
Appleby. Leicestershire, 196.
Cofton Hacket, 274.
Crayford, 363.
editor, 274.

enigmatical, at Christchurch in Hamp-
shire, 147.
epitai)hium Lucretiffi, 563.
Ireland, 513.
Leicestershire, 582.
Llangerrig, Montgomeryshire, 30.
Matilda, empress, 77.
Ombersley churchyard, 274.
Pewsey, Wiltshire, 274.
Politian at Florence, 537.
Robin of Doncaster, its original, 30.
Stalbridge, Dorsetshire, 289.
St. Andrew's Church, Worcester, 274.
Thomas Hlount, 286.
Thomas Tipper, 147.
Torrington churchyard, Devon, 537.
Tuekett's wife, 274.
Wingfleld church, Suffolk, 98.
Wood Ditton, 385.
Wordsworth's on Mrs. Vernon, 315.

'He/nXiixe; on Gresebrook in Yorkshire,

389.
Erica on " Amentium hand Amantium,"
136.

bees, 575.

burial of Ben Jonson, 455.

oaths, 471.

Warwickshire folk lore, 146.

Erin on Cromwell's descendants, 442.
Este on books chained in churches, 453.

day at our antipodes, 479.

-.— • lines " Earth says to earth," &c., 353.

l)assage in Tempest, 408.

Shakspeare, with a digest, 362.

Etiquette, a point of, 386. .527.
Etonensis on school libraries, 298.
Etymo on Cateaton Street, 540.
Eucharist, how administered, 292.
Euclid on British mathematiciKns, 541.

* Euripides, passages from, l'J8.

Evans (John) on medal of Mary Queen of

Scots, 445.
Eve, etymology of the name, 655.
Evelyn (John), inscription on his tomb,

329.
E. ( W.) on burial in unconsecrated ground,
527.

- slow-worm superstition, 479.

receipt or recipe, 583.

Ewart (Wra.) on Harris's MS. sermons,
4.;9

Lord Chatham, 33.

Napoleon's bees, 30.

E. (W. F.) on Dr. Diamond's collodion

process, 41.
Eye, the primary idea attached to it, 25.

204,

INDEX.

667

F. on Mallet's second wife, 272.
^— passages from Euripides, 198.
— — passage in Virgil, 576.

" Short red', God red," &c., 182.

Faber on " Hauling over the coals," 125.

Fairies, propitiating the, 617.

Fairlie (Robert) noticed, 159.

Falahill, the house of, 13+.

Falconer (Thos.) on case referred to in

Hamlet, 123.
Farrer(Rev. James), his bequest of books,

369.
Fatal Mistake, by Jos. Hayns, 174.
Fauconberge family, 1.55.

* Fauntleroy, inquiry respecting, 270.
Faussett museum, 553. 6&6.

F. (C. E.) on albumenised paper, 373. 572.

glass chambers for photography, 133.

new process of positive proofs, 397.

F. (C. H.) on Matthew Lewis, 388.
Fecialis on TurnbuU's Continuation of

Robertson, 515.
Fenton on the forlorn hope, 411.

* Fenton (R.), translation of Athenasus, 198.
Ferguson (James F.), epitaph in Ireland,

513.

unlucky days, 305.

Ferguson (J. F. ) on Captain Geo. Cusnck,
272.

* Ferns wanted, 441 .
Ferrand (D.) noticed, 243. 329.
Ferrar (Bishop), 103. 376.

F. (G- F.) on Old Fogie, 64.
Fiat Justitia on Paley's plagiarisms, 589.
Ficulnus on ballad of Bonnie Dundee, 19.
Fierce, a peculiar use of the word, 280. 352.
Figg (Wm.) on second growth of grass,
229.

* Fire-irons, their antiquity, 587.

First and last, their different meanings,
439.

* Fisher (Kitty) noticed, 440.

Fisher (P. H.) on the Court. House, Pains-
wick, 596.
— epitaphs unpublished, 30.
— — inscription near Cirencester, 129.

school libraries, 640.

Fitch (Joshua G.) on mottoes of German

emperors, 170.
Fitzherbert (Anthony) noticed, 158. 276.

351.
Fitzsimons (R.) on Virgil, quoted by Dr.

Johnson, 270.
F. (J.) on John Frewen, 296.
F. (J. W.) on " delighted " in Shakspeare,

241.

* Flemish refugees, 196.

Fleury (Cardinal), his regard for the Manx,
245.

* Floral directories, Catholic, 585.
Florin and the royal arms, 621.
Fogies, old, 64. 1.54. 256. 455. 652.

Folk Lore, 145. 215. 264. 360. 382. 512. 613
—618.

Cambridgeshire, 382. 512.

Cheshire, 617.

Clare, 360.

Cornish, 618.

Derbyshire, 512.

Devonshire, 146. 265.

Hampshire, 617.

Lincolnshire (North), 382.

Manx, 617.

New Brunswick, 382.

Northamptonshire, 146. 216.

Nottinghamshire, 490.

Pennsylvanian, 615. 618.

Portuguese, 382.

Staffordshire, 618.

Warwickshire, 146. 490.

Worcestershire, 617.
' Yorkshire, 617.
Font at Islip, 363.
Font, its position, 149. 234.
Foot-Guards, their uniform, 64.
Forbes (C.) on Boswell's Johnson, 551.

Forbes (C.) on green eyes, 592.

plea for the horse, 287.

" Putting your foot into it," 159.

Foreign-English, specimens of, 137.
Forlorn hope, its origin, 411. .526. 569.
Forms of prayer. Occasional, 535.
Forrell, its derivation, 527.
Fortification, Greek and Roman, 409. 654.
Foss (Edward) on collar of SS., 398.

green pots at the Temple, 256.

judges styled Reverend, 276.

Littlecott, Sir John Popham, 218.

Mr. Justice Newton, 110.

Sir William Hankford, 342.

* Fossil trees between Cairo and Suez, 126.
Fox (Charles) and Gibbon, 312.

Foxes and Firebrands, reprint suggested,

172.
noticed, 485.

* Fox-hunting, its origin, 172.

Fox (Major-Gen. Charles) on Baretti's por-
trait, 477.
Franklin (Dr.), lines in his handwriting,

196. 28L
portrait by West, 208.

* Eraser (Gen.) noticed, 586.

Fraser (W.) on etymology of balderdash,
342.

Burke's Mighty Boar of the Forest,

136.

books burned by the common hang-
man, 625.

Canterbury see, its ancient privileges,

56.

chanting of jurors, 502.

colf-wall, 279.

confirmation, prejudice against, 440.

Convocation and Propagation Society,

100.

Convocation temp. George II , 465.

Devonshire charm for the thrush, 146.

Elijah's Mantle, its author, 295.

fierce, its peculiar use, 281.

^— French abbes, 102.

General Fraser, 586.

" Homo unius libri," 440.

Irish suffragan bishops, 256.

Jewish custom, 618.

judges styled Reverend, 631.

love charm from a foal's forehead, 606.

Mary Queen of Scots' medal, 293.

patriarchs of the West, 317.

singing psalms and politics, 230.

Speaker of the Commons in 1697, 152.

"stars the flowers of heaven," 346.

Terrse filius, its origin, 292.

" to speak in lutestring," 202.

Freher (Dionysius Andreas) noticed, 247.

* French abbes, their status, 102.
French (G. J.) on tiles from Caen, 547.
French, teaching a dog, 581.

French verse, 336.

Frere (Geo. E.) on Greek epigram, 622.

stage-coaches, 439.

Frewen (John) noticed, 222. 296.
Froissart's accuracy, 494. 604.
F. (R. W.) on second growth of grass, 102.
F. (T.) on Gen. Sir C. Napier, 631.
-— Major Andre, 277.

Scotch newspapers, 57.

Fuenvicouil [Fingal] and the giant, 610.

Funeral custom, 218.

Furvus on Nottinghamshire customs, 490.

— saltpetre maker, 225.

F. ( W. H.) on Picts' houses, 551.

F. (W. M.) on collodion pictures, 181.

cyanuret of potassium, 157.

Dj. Parr's letter on Milton, 43a

lining of cameras, 157.

^— . multiplying photographs, 158.
trial of lenses, 133.

G.

G. on Dr. James Anderson, 198.

consecrated roses, 135.

Earl of Oxford, 392.

German heraldry, 204.

G. on helmets, 645.

Lady Percv. 104.

pedigree indices, 4.53.

Queen Anne"s molto, 2.55.

quotation in Bishop Watson, 587.

I'radescaiit's marriage, 513.

-— TurnbuU's Continuation of Robertson,

.552.
Gage (Thomas), author of the New Survey

of the West Indies, 144.
Gale of rent, its meaning, 563. 655.
Galilei (Galileo), sonetto by, 295.
Ganske on La Branche des r^aus Lignages,

ISO.
Gantillon (P. J. F.) on " Amentium baud

Amantium," 136.
burial in unconsecrated ground, 527.

Burke's marriage, 134.

Edinburgh Review, reference, 1.52.

Feiiton's translation of Athenjeus, 198.

I'rasments in Athenajus, 104.

Ho(ig.«>n's Atys of Catullus, 563.

Jacob Bobart. 159.

"Johnson's turgid style," 526.

misquotations, 315.

" old d'g," use of the phrase, 208.

Pre.-^byterian titles, l'i7.

quotation from Byron, 305.

" rathe " in the sense of " early," 208.

rhymes on places, 305.

topsy-turvy, 526.

* Gardiner (Bp.), De verA Obedientii, 54.
Gardiner (H.) on the word mob, 631.
nightingale's song, 652.

Gardiner (W.) on The Forsaken Nymph,

444.
Gardner (J. D.) on "Up, Guards, and at

them!" 1H4.
Garland (John) on Nash the architect, 79.
Garlichithe on Milton's widow, 134.594.
on Sir John Vaubrugh, 160.

* Garrick Street. May Fair, 411.

Garter, lines on the institution of the

Order, 53. 182. 479.
Gascoigne (C.J.), his tomb, 278. 342.
Gatty ( Alfred) on bells at Berwick-upon-
Tweed, 293.

mitigation of capital punishment, 42.

Gaunt (John of), his descendants, 155. 268.
G. (C. P.) on l.a Fleur desSaintes, 410.
G. (C. S.) on oaths, 364.
G. (C. W.) on daughter pronounced dafter,

292.
-: — serpent with a human head, 304.
G. (E. A-) on Mariyn the regicide, 621.
G. (E. C.) on muffs worn by gentlemen, 63.
Gedge (Sydney) on nightingale's song, 112.
Geering (Richard), his arms and pedigree,

.-540. 504.
Genealogy, catalogue of privately-printed

books oil, 606.
Geneva arms, 5(i3.

* Genitive and plural, analogy between,
411.

Gentry, return of, temp. Henry VI., 469.

630.
Geometrical curiosity, 468.
George III. reviewing the 10th Light

Dragoons, 538.
a mark of his dislike of the Prince of

Wales, .538.
German, or Christmas tree, 619.
German emperors, mottoes of, 170. 548.

heraldry, 150. 204.

* phrase, 150.

Gets.-n on bibliography, 62.
cleaning old oak, 59.

edifices of ancient and modern date,

81.

shoulder knots and epaulettes, 244.

G. (F. J.), on an Indian word, 5.j9.

G. (H. T.) on analogy between genitive

and plural, 411.

" came," its early use, 468.

tenets, or tenents, 453.

Gibbing.s (Robert) on riddle in Aulus Gel-

lius, 322.
Gibbon ( Edward), his library, 88. 208.
: his letters quoted, 247.

668

INDEX.

Giljbon (Edward), linos on his promotion to
the 15oard of Trade, 312.

Gibson (Wm. Sidney) on Petrarch's Laura,
5G-2.

— the state prison in the Tower, 509.

Gilbert fjimily, 18.

Gilbert (James) on the Gilbert family, 18.

Ginger, its cultivation in England, 227.

G. (J.) on marriage of cousins, 525.

G. (J. M.) on boolvs chained in churches,
595.

historical engraving, 86.

G. (K.) on Bp. Patrick, 103.

Glaius on Cambridge graduates, 525.

return of gentry temp. Henry VI., 469.

the Rothwell family, 243.

Glossarial queries, 291.

Glover's handwriting, 589.

Gloves at fairs, 136. 421. 601.

G. (M. L.) on female parish clerk, 475.

G. (M. R.) on Father Matthew's chickens,
469.

Gothe's author-remuneration, 29.

Goldsmith's Haunch of Venison, 6i0.

Gole (Russell) on attainment of majority,

371.
— — female parish clerk, 474.

hand in Bishop's CanningsChurch,269.

— — marriage custom at Knutsford, 617.
— . mitred abbot in Wroughton Church,

411.
<5. (O. L. R.) on Ballina Castle, 411.

Bishop Grehan, 410.

Hodgkins's tree, Warwick, 410.

M'Dowall family, .563.

Siller gun of Dumfries, 412.

vault at Richmond, Yorkshire, 388.

Gordon (G. J. R.) on Dotinchem, 151,
Oorran (Nicholas de) noticed, 81.
Gough (Henry) on arm? of Richard, King
of the Romans, 454.

burial in an erect posture, 455.

—— effigies in wood, 455.

hand in Bishop's Cannings Church,451.

.—— heraldic query, 480.

Stafford knot, 454.

Gout, Abp. Lancaster's cure for the, 6.
G. (R.) on Bp. Gardener, " De vera Obc-
dientia," 54.

Lord Cecil's Memorials, 502.

Laodicean council, 87.

" i)inece with a stink," 350.

portable altars, 183.

Grab, its derivation, 466.
Graeff (Andries de), his portrait, .573.
Grafton (third Duke of) noticed, 238.
Grammar in relation to logic, 514. 629.
Grammont's Memoires, notes on, 461. 549.
■ his marriage, 549.
Granville family, their arms, 265.
Grass, its second growth, 102. 229.
Graves (J.) on Bohn's edition of Hoveden,

11.
——manners of the Irish, 111.
— — pedigree of Sir Francis Bryan, 564.

real signatures, 91.

Gravestone falsified at Stratford, 124.
Gray, " The ploughman homeward plods,"

241.
Grayan (A.) on sights and exhibitions

temp. James I., .558.
Gray's Inn, list of students, .540. 650.

* Greek Church, canonisation in, 292.
epigram, 622.

—— inscription on a font, 198. 3.52.
Green (Dr. J. H.) and Coleridge, 43.
Green eyes. 407. ,592.

Greenlaw (Charles P.), his efforts in ob-
taining steam for India, 560.

* Green's Secret Plot, 79.

* Grehan (Bishop) noticed, 410.
Gresebrook in Yorkshire, 389.
Griffin on Dr. Misaubin, 8.

Griffith (H. T.) on books chained in
churches, 273.

— " Clamour your tongues," 254.

— detached belfrv towers, 185.
Hewit, Sir William, 270.

" Inter cuncta micans," &c., 230.

Groaning-board, 309.

elm plank in Dublin, 397.

Gulielmus on Webb and Walker families.

386.
Gurney's Short-hand, ,589.
Gw. on Hayns' Fatal Mistake, 174.

Pffitus and Arria, 219.

Professional Poems, 214.

G. (W. H.) on Duport's lines to Izaak

Walton, 193.
G. (W. S.) on inscription near Chalcedon.
151.

Istamboul : Constantinople, 148.

oblation of a white bull, 1.

— Rome and the number Six, 490.

H.

H. on day at the Antipodes, 102.

Duval family, 318.

Flaxman's jEschvIus, 622.

General Wall, 318.

•—— lane, its meaning, 366.

Lessons for Lent, the author, 150.

manners of the Irish, 4.

white cats being deaf, l,i5.

H, the letter, in humble, 54. 229. 298. 593.
551.

H. (A.) on Sir C. Wren and the young
carver, 340.

Hackney-coach proclamation, 122.

Haden (F. Seymour) on Historical Account
of Liliraries, 653.

Hale (Philip) on fragments of MSS., 77.

Halifax (Lord) and Mrs. Catherine Bar-
ton, 429. 543. 590.

Halliwell (J. O.) on coincident suggestions
on the text of Shakspeare, 265.

digest of Shakspearian readings, 465.

Hampden (John), his death, 495. 646.

* Hampton Court pictures, 533.

* Handel's Dettingen Te Deum, 388.

* Handwriting, a manual of, 639.
Hankford (Sir William) noticed, 278. 342.
H. (A. O.) on Aix Ruochim, 150.

the ship William and Ann, 51.

Harbottle (Cecil) on The Winter's Tale,

95.
Hardwick (C.) on Harmony of the Four
Gospels, 415.

La Fleur des Saints, 604.

Hardy (William) on John of Gaunt's de.

scendants, 155.
Harington (E. C.) on Cawdray's Treasurie

of Similies, 499.
Ilarleian library, its binders, 33.5.
Harmony of the Four Gospels, the earliest,

316. 414. ,551.

* Harrington, William, fifth Lord, 366.
Harris (Rov. J.), his MS. Sermons, 439.
Harrowgate, entertainment at, 82.
Harry (James .Spence) on High and Low

Dutch, 478.

* Hartman's account of Waterloo, 198.
Harvest, a distich on the late, 513.
Harwood (Dr.), his death, 57.

* Haschish, or Indian hemp, 510.
Hatfield (John) executed for forgery, 26.
Hatfield (Martha), 310.
Haulf-naked, manor of, 205. .350.

H. (A. W.) on themeaningof Acharis, 198.

-^ Domesday-book abbreviations, 151.

Hawkins (Edw.) on meaning of clem, 61.

school libraries, 298.

Hazel (W.) on bells at Berwick-upon-
Tweed, 630.

— — parish clerks and politics, 575.

quantity of words, 552.

topsy-turvy, 575.

Hazelwood on palace at Enfield, 271.

H. (C.) on Life of Savigny, 294.

H. de H. (T.) on dimidiation by impale-
ment, 230.

French jeux d'esprit, 242.

— • " Magna est Veritas," &c., 77.

parvise, 161.

unneath, 161.

H. (E.) on barrels regiment, 620.

H. (E.) on letter " h " in humble, 298.

North.imptonshiro folk lore, 146.

school libraries, 395.

snail-eating, 128.

Whitaker's ingenious Earl, 135.

Head-dress temp. Charles I., 172.

Healing, the office for, 504.

Hebrew names, their pronunciation, 469.

590.
H.(E. C.) on High Dutch and Low Dutch,
001.

pronunciation of Hebrew names, 590.

pronunciation of humble, 394.

"To come," 631.

H. (E. L.) on erroneous forms of speech , 65.
Hole (Henry H.) on cleaning old oak, 58.

Pennycomequick, 113.

Hellas, the early inhabitants of, 27.
Helmets in armorial bearings, 533. 615.
Helter-skelter, its etymology, 391. ,565.
Hemans (Felicia), inedited lyric by, 407.

629. 650.
Henderson (Hugh) on nitrate of .silver, 134.
Henri on Webb of Monckton Farleigh, 563.
Henri van Laun on " Hierosolyma est per-

dita,"561.
— - influence of politics on fashion, 515.

mammet, its derivation, 515.

Regium Donum, 517.

Henry 1., King of England, 72. 209.
his tomb, 411. 630.

* Henry IV. cured of leprosy, 310.
Henry VIII., his letters 'to the Grand

Masters of Malta, 99. 557.
Henry VIII., inedited letter from, 510.

* Henry, third Earl of Northumberland,
515.

H. (E. P.) on Okey the regicide, 620.

" Too wise to err," &c., 539.

" Hep! hep! hurrah ! " 88. 551. 605.

* Heraldic colour pertaining to Ireland, 56.

* Heraldic queries, 37.83. 219.277. 418.480.
515. 652.

Heraldicus on an heraldic query, 515.
Herbert (Sir Anthony), Chief Justice, 158.

276. 576.
Herbert's Memoirsjof Charles I., 587.
Hermit at H.impstead on Gray's Plough-
man, 241.
— Lord William Russell, 179.

Nixon the prophet, 326.

Tsar, its derivation, 226.

Herschel (J. F. W.) on new photographic

process, 60.

* Hertstone, its meaning, 78.

Kesleden (W. S.) on Amcotts' pedigree,
518.

burial in unconsecrated places, 202. :;

^— Newstead Abbey, 2.

* Heveninghams of Suffolk and Norfolk,
103.

Hewet (Sir Wm.), notices of, 270. 448. 652.

H. (F.) on arms of the see of York, 302.

H. (H. H.) on poetical tavern signs, 627.

Hibberd (Shirley) on Peter Allan, 647.

Hickson (Samuel) on death of FalsUff, 313.
408.

passage from King Lear, 4.

" Hierosolyma est perdita," 88. 561. 605.

High commission court, 175.

Highgate, Ladies* Charity School at, 69
435.

Hilary (St.), his emblem, 41.

Hilgar (Professor), his Treatise on Shak-
speare, 52.

Hincks (Dr. E.) and the Assyrian lan-
guage, 656.

Hincks (Edw.) on early use of tin, &c.,344.

"Hip! hip! hurrah!" 88.561.605.

Historicus on Jews in China, 515.

Histories of Literature, 222. 453.

History, the impossibilities of, 72. 209.

H. (J.) on ammonio-nitrate of silver, 158. ]

epitaph at Wood Ditton, 38.5.

" Earth npon earth," &c., 110.

H. (J. A.) on the divining-rod, 623.

Hobbes (Thomas), his portrait, 221. 369.
453.

Hoby family noticed, 244. 525.

INDEX.

669

Hodgos (James), his book noticed, 347.

* Hodgkins's tree, Warwick, 410.
Hodgson (Rev. F.), his Translation of the

Atys of Catullus, 563.
Hogarth's pictures, 64. 294.
Hollar (Wenceslaus), engraver, 568. 453.
Holwell (John Zephaniah) noticed, 213.
Holy Trinity Church, Hull, 638.
Homer's Iliad, an ancient copy of, 153.
" Homo unius libri," 440.569.
Honiton fires, 367.
Hood (Robin), his festival, G22.
Horse — " Give him a roll," 287.
Horsley (Bp.) on Calvinism, 9.
Hotchpot, its legal derivation, 413.

* Hougomont, letters respecting, 293.

* Hour-glass, dramatic representations by

the, 410.

in i)uli)its, 82. 209. 279. 328. 454. 525.

House-marks, 19. 62. 135. 256.

Hoveden, Bohn's edition of, 11.290. 637.

Howard (Frank) on ampers and, 327.

— — bullaces and gennitings, 326.

"Up, guards, and at them ! " 275.

H. (R.) on the morrow of a festival, 412.

H. (S.) on Isthmus of Panama, 144.

H. (T. B. B.) on oaken tombs, &c., 1T9.

H. (T. K.) on Land of Green Ginger, 160.

murder of Monaldeschi, 160.

Hue's Travels, 516.

Huet's Navigations of Solomon, 399.

Hugger-mugger, its origin, 311. 391. 503.

Huggins and Muggins, 341. 391. 503.

Hugh (Sir), his ballad, 614.

Hughes (T.) on bishops deprived by Eliza-
beth, 136.

^'Captain Booth of Stockport, 102.

— — chronograms, 351.

— Devonshire cures for the thrush, 265.
— - early English historical MS., 340.
Leman family, 234.

^— Limerick, Dublin, and Cork, 257.

— Milton's widow, her family, 12. 200.

544.

— Oldham, bishop of Exeter, 183.

parchment deeds, soiled, 270.

— — parochial libraries, 327.

Sir John Vanbrugh, 232.

Hull, plans of, 160. 227.
Humbug, its etymology, 64. 161. *32. 422.
575.

* Humming ale, its meaning, 245.

* Hungarians in Panics, 441.

* Hupfeld's work Von der Natur, 34.
Hurrah ! and other war-cries, 20. 88. 185.

255. 277. 323. 422. 561. 605.
Hutin (Louis le) explained, 199.
H. (W.) on Lady Percy, wife of Hotspur,

251.

* Hyde, its measurement, SG6.

* Hyramalayas, a query from the, 339.

I.

I. (A.) on Henry Earl of Wotton, 173.

Icon on Shakspeare suggestion, 124. 261.

Idol worship, 413.

I. (E. L.) on Jacobite garters, 586.

Ignoramus on yew-trees in churchyards,
346.

Illustrated London News, its large circula.
tion, 334.

lUustrium Poetarum Flores, a new edition
suggested, 242.

Ilmonasteriensis on histories of literature,
222.

Imp, used for progeny, 443. 623.

Impossibilities of our forefathers, 559.

Ina on derivation of Wellesley, 255.

India, on telegraphic despatches from, .559.

Infants nameless in Scotland until chris-
tened, 468.

Ingleby (C. Mansfield) on ampcn and, 173.
377.

— Behmen's Books of Emblems, 13.
.— — binometrical verses, 292.

— Coleridge's unpublished MSS., 43.

Ingleby (C. Mansfield) on Collier's mono-
volume Shakspeare, 35.

eclipses of the sun, 244.

Edward II., where was he killed.' 387.

— ennui, 523.

geometrical curiosity, 468.

grammar in relation to logic, 514.

— — Jackson's emendations of Shakspeare,
194.

Milton's Lycidas, 497.

—— moon superstitions, 145.

number nine, 305.

— — passage in the Tempest, 123.

perfect tense, 410.

proverb, definition of one, £43.

— — pure, as a provincialism, 230.

— quotations wanted, 103. 219.
—^ reversible n.-imes and words, 375.

sincere, itsderivation, 195. 399.

soul and the magnetic needle, l.W.

word for the " old corrector," S.'38.

Ingraham (E. U.) on Gibbon's library, 208.

* Injustice, its origin, 338.
Ink in writings, its colour, 30.
Innocents' day, custom on, 617.

Inns of courts, matriculations at, 540. 650.
Inqujeritor on English refugees at Ypen-

stein, 562.
Inquirendo on electric telegraph, 334.
Inquirer on Pope's Elegy ou an unfortunate

lady, 539.

Inscriptions —

at Aylesbury, 443.

in books, 64. 153. 472. .Wl. 652.

Ijelfry at Fenstanton, Hunts, 561.

bells, 108. 248.

Burford Church, 268.

* Chalcedon, 151.
dial, 224.

door-head, 38. 162. 454. 652.
font, 198. 352.

Earl Bathurst's park, 76. 129.
Greek one on a font, 198.
monumental, 215. 268. 328. 408.
Northill churchyard, 268.

* North Stoneham, Southampton, 339.

* tomb in Finland, 34.
watch, paper, 316. 375. 452.

Inverne.ss on books for reprints, 148.

" Ireland a bastinadoed elephant," 366. 523.

Irish, manners of the, 4. 111. 279.

* — merchants landing at Cambridge,

£70.

rhymes, 249. 602.

Iseldunensis on German book inscription,

591.

— "Sad are the rose leaves," &c., 197.
Island, its derivation, 49. 209. 279. 374. 504.
Isle of Dogs, early notice of, 263.

Islip font, 363.

Israel ben Isaac on Gentile names of Jews,

655.
Italian-English — German-English, &c., 436.

638.
" Its," instances of its early use, 12. 182.

254.

J.

J. on admission to Lincoln's Inn, &c., 540.
ComptonPark, pictures of the withered

hand, 125.
— — rents of assire, &c., 81. '<

—— Theodore Paleologus, 526.
-^— Walpole (Sir Robert), his medal, 57.
Jack and Gill, early use of, 87.
Jackson (E. S.) on inscription of Theodore

Paleologus, 408.

— love charm from a foal's forehead,400.
— — " till " and " until," their etymology,

409.

* Jacobite garters, 586.
Jahn's Jahrbuch, 34. 112.

James (F.) on watch-paper inscriptions,

316.
James I., folk lore in his reign, 613.
James (John) on ringing bells at death, 601.
Jan on tent for coUodron, 301.

Jardine (D.) on rapping no novelty, 512.

Jarltzberg on "Antiquitas sjeculi Juventu*
mundi," 502.

high church and low church, 117.

— - living one's life over again, 43.

party similes of the seventeenth cen-
tury, 485.

— pictorial Common Prayer Books, 445.

" The Good Old Cause," 44.

Jaytee on Captain Booth, 184.

J. (B.) on Dotinchem, 375.

Ravailliac, 479.

school libraries, 395.

J. (C.) on ancient fortifications, 78.

mayors and sheriflTs, 605.

Jebb (John) on berefellarii, 550.

translation of Psalm cxxvii. 2., 641. "' .

Jeffcock (J. T.) on derivation of suicere,

399.
Jeroboam of claret, 421.
Jesuit on Father Traves, 565.
Jeu d'esprit, a French one, 242.
Jewish custom, filS.
Jews in China, 515. 626.'
Jews, their Gentile names, 563. 655.
J. (F. W.) on Anathema, maran-atha, 100.

— Aquae in vinum conversse, 242.
burial in erect posture, 233.

— change of meaning in proverbial ex-

pressions, 624.

life, 44.

lines on woman, 350.

passage in King Lear, 4.

St. Luke and Juvenal, 372.

" Sat cito, si sat bene," 87.

J. (G. H.) on the word humbug, 64.
J. (H.) on autobiographical sketch, 350.

Dr. Whitaker's ingenious Earl, 9. '.

J. (J. E.) on wooden tombs, 604.
J. (J. H.) on Greek and Roman fortifica-
tion, 469.
Hellas, names of its early inhabitants,

27.
J. (J. W.) on Lord Halifax and Mrs. C.

Barton, 543.
J. (M. H.) on Porter family, 576.
Job, passage in, 205.

John of Gaunt, his descendants, 155. 238.
noses of his descendants, 318.

* John (St.) and his partridge, 197.

John (St.) of Jerusalem, order of, 61. 99.557.
Johnson (Andrew) noticed, 589.
Johnson (Goddard) on the cre.«cent, 653.
Johnston (T. B.) on camera lucida, 503.

stereoscopic angles, 157.

Jokes, old, 146.

Jones (T.W.) on pronunciation of Coke,54.

Done pedigree, 57.

Jonson (Ben), his burial posture, 455.

J. (P.) on Milton at Eyford House, Glos-

ter, 290.
J. (T.) on Burton's descendants, 271.

enigmatical epitaph, 147.

Hampden's death, 495.

Lord Audley's attendants at Poictier»,

494.
J. (T. S.) on " That Swinney," 213. 238.
Judas Iscariot, his descendants, ,66. 1.34. "^
Judges styled Reverend, 158. 276. 351. 631.
Judicial families, 384.

* Juger, the measurement of the Roman,
36i).

Julius III., advice supposed to have been
given to him, 54.

* Junius, his vellum-bound copies, 8.
Junius's Letters, was Thomas Lord Lyttel-

ton their author? 31.
J. (Y. B. N.) on David's mother, 539.

— gale of rent, 563.

" Getting into a scrape," 292.

parochial libraries, 274.

Politian's epitaph, 537.

— Windsor military knights, 294.

Kaminagadeyathooroosoomokanoogona-
gira, its translation, 539. 651.

670

INDEX.

Karleolensis on Waiigh, bishop of Car-
lisle, 523.

Keate family, 290. 595.

Keble (John) on Bishop Wilson's Works,
220.

Keightley (Thos.^ on A Icicles* shoes, S66.

I " Contents dies." 241.

_— " Delighted," ♦.S7.

French verse, 336.

" its," early use of, 182.

Measure for Measure, on three pas-
sages in, 361.

mythe versus myth, 18.

Old Fogies, 356.

proverbial expression.', their changes,

464.

— Pepys's grammar, 466.

* Keiscr Glomer, a Danish play, 126.
Kelly (Wm.) on hour ghisses, 125.

Leicestershire e))itai)hs. 582.

liveries worn by genileinen, 571.

Lockwood, the court jester, 516.

— — monumental brass at Wanlip, 515.
superstition against the king entering

Leicester, 271.
Kelway (J.) on dog Latin, 523i.
— — lutestring explained, ."jS-J.

Virgil. Eclogue viii. 43., 323.

.— " When Orpheus went down," 503.

* Kemble, Willet, and Forbes, epigram on,
8.

Ken (Bp.), his midnight hymn, 10.
— — work attributed to him, 113.
Kenne of Kenne, 80.
Kennett (Bishop), his M.S. diary, 470.

* Kentish Town Assembly House, 293.
Kersley (T. H.) on the curfew, 603.

— stone pulpits, 562.

tavern signs, 627.

Ket the tanner, 318.

Key (Henry Cooper) on ferns wanted, 441.
Keys (J. W. N.) on children called imps,
623.

Devonianisms, 65.

Fogie, 652.

K. (F.) on hugger-mugger, 341.
K. (G.) on Dictionary of English Phrases,
292.

" spoke in the wheel," 269.

K. (G. H.) on Tamingof the Shrew, 438.
K. (H. C.) on arms of York see. 111.

awkward, its etymologv. 311.

.— belike, its etymology, 358.

Charles I.'s portrait, 233.

I " Clamour your tongues," 169. 361.

clipper, its meanins, 100.

" delighted," in Shak.spearc, 288.

Elyot (Sir Thomas), 22a

— — engin-a-verge, 65.

eye, its primary idea, 25.

grammar in relation to logic, 629.

— heraldic queries, 37.

— — island, its derivation, 49. 279. 374.

Jack and Gill, 87.

I Jeroboam of claret, 421.

love charm from a foal's forehead, 400.

— Measure for Measure, three passages

in, 194.

— oak, how cleaned, 58.
—— Pennycomequick, 113.

. . pistol, early notice of, 137.

I polarised light, 409.

^— Rosicrucians, 107.

" run-awayes," in Romeo and Juliet,

361.

^— wedding divination, 4.55.

.— — wild plants, and their names, 35.

Wingfield (Sir Anthonyl noticed, 300.

Kicker-eating in Yorkshire, 564.

Kilkenny, the Statute of, 80.

King ( Abp.) noticed, 44.

King (Thomas W. ) on inscription in Dug-
dale's volumes, 133.

— judges styled Reverend, 158. 351.
"— oaken tombs, &c., 180.

pseudo-names «/?r. real signatures, 181.

— — yew-trees in churchyards, 346.
Kirk (Mary), maid of honour, 461—463.
Kissing hands, 64.

K (J.) on Scotchmen in Poland, 131.
* Knights, creation of several, 6i!0.
Knights of the Bath, their escutcheons,

444.
Knockers, or Cornish miners, 7.
Krauwinckel (Hans), his counter, 63L
K. (T.) on derivation of island, 504.

.Mulciber, 185.

Tsar oi- Czar, 227-

L. on ampers and, 377.

Bacon's Essays, 141. 165. 479.

book inscriptions, 6t.

Lord Clarendon and the tubwoman,

19.
namby-pamby and other similar words,

390.

proverbs quoted by Suetonius, 86.

Richard Oswald, 442.

" Salus populi suprema lex," 526.

.«ix gates of Troy, 373.

Thucydides on the Greek Factions,

44. 398.
L. 2. on Nicholas de Gorran, 81.
Stoven Church, 80.

* La Branche des reaus Lignages, 150.
Lack-a-daisy explained, 62.

Lad and lass, derivation of, 210.

ladies' arms borne in a lozenge, 37.83.

277.
" La Fete des Chaudrons," a fete, 57. 160.
La Fleur des Saintes, 410. 604.
Laird of Brodie, 103. 2.32.

* I^mb (Charles), his unpublished essay, 55.
Lamech, 303.

Lammens (John) on nine as] a multiple,

149.
Lamont (C. D.) on coin, its etymology, 443.

conger, its etymology, 444.

lizard, its etymology, 412.

Lancaster (Abp.), his cure for the gout, 6.
Land of Green Ginger in Hull, 34. 160.

227. 303. 522 606.

* Lane, its derivation, 366.

* Lanesborough (Geo., first Viscount), 564.
Langdon (Augustus) on Dionysius in Boe-

otia, 340.
Lanquet's Chronicle, 494,
Laodicean Council, canon xxxv., 7. 87.

* Lapwing and the vine, 127.

Larking (L. B.) on Morlee and Lovel, 5\.
Lathbury (Thomas) on editions of Prayer-
book, 318.
Occasional Forms of Prayer, 535.

* Launching query, 127.
Laurie on Currency, &c., 491.

La Vrillidre (Duke de) noticed, 351.

Law and usage, 289.

Law (William), his mystical works, 13.

246.
Lawyers' bags, 59. 281. 635.
Leachman (J.) on aceto-nitrate of silver,
649.

ammonio-nitrate of silver, 276.

Sisson's developing solution, 301. 373.

Le Botiller (Theobald) noticed, 366. 572.
Lee, inventor of the stocking-frame, his

portrait. 540.

* Leeming family, 587.

Leeper (Alex.) on church towers detached,

63.
Leger (the Hon. Miss E. St.), 89.

* Legitimation in Scotland, 220.
Leguleian on birthplace of Edward V.,

468.

The System of Law, 389.

Henrv Scobell, 493.

Philadelphian delights, 537.

* Leicester ( Earl of), his portrait, 290.

* Leicester, superstition against the king
entering, 271.

Leman family, 1.50. 234.

Lemon juice, its medicinal properties, 217.

Lenthall (F. Kyffin) on Gen. Monk's

birthplace, 31^. 4.53.
^— Mr. Justice Newton, 15.

Lepel's regiment, 504.
Leresche (J. H.) on hurrah ! and war-cries,
20.

Judas Iscariot, his descendants, 134.

Lewis fMatthew) noticed, 388. 521.
L. (G.) on church in Suffolk, 622.
Libraries, a critical and historical account

of, 653.
Lich-gate, its derivation, 540.
Life, on living over again, 43. 5.50.
Lightfnot (Anna) noticed, 87. 281.
Ligurian Sage in Giffnrii's Mseviad, 38a
Lincoln's Inn, list of students, 540. 650.
Lines, old, newly revived, 76.
Linton (W. J.) on Ket the tanner, 318.
Lisle family, 423.

* Littlecott : Sir John Popharo, 218.

* Little Silver in Devonshire, 150.
Liveries worn by gentlemen, 473. 571.

* Lizard, its etymology, 412.
L. (J.) on old fogies, 154.
stone pillar worship, 413.

L. (J. G.) on epitaph in Appleby church-
yard, 196.

L. (J. H.)on duel at Daventry,78.

impossibilities of history, 209.

lich-gate, 540.

privileges of Campvere, 23).

Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely, 205.

L. (K.) on early edition of the Prayer-
book, 319.

* Llewelyn ap Griffith, his coronet, 514.
Lloyd (G ) on " Delights for Ladies," its

author, 495.

" Vcni, vidi, vici," 490.

Lloyd, quiz on the name, 5.50.
L. (M.)on hurrah! &c., 18.3.
L. (Ma.) on Alma mater, 517.

Charles Diodati, 577.

Ln. on arms of Sir Richard de Loges, 563.

* Lockwood, the court jester, 516.

* Lofcopp, I.ufcopp. its meaning, 245.

* Loges (Sir Richard de), his arms, 563.
Lomax (T. G.) on Liturgy of the Ancients,

588.

* Lombard (Peter), his knowledge of Greek,
294.

London Labour and the London Poor,

629.
Longevity, 113. 182. 2.55. 351. 399. 488. 523.

577. 655.
Longfellow's poetical works, their redun-
dancies, 267.

Reaper and the Flowers, 583.

Long (G. Rogers) on snail localities, 229.
Longtriloo, a game, 63.

* Longueville (Sir Thomas de), 103.
Love charm from a foal's forehead, 292.

400. 606.
Lovell or Loisell, engraver, 342.
Lovett of Astwell, 36?. 602.
Low-bell explained, 208.
Lozenge, ladies' arms borne in, 37. 83. 277.

448. 652.
L. (R. W.) on Leman family, 150.
L. (T.) on gallo-nitrate of silver, 17-
L. (T. H.), books chained in libraries, 595.
L. (T. P.) on Bradshaw and Milton, 318.

General Wolfe at Nantwich, 587.

Milton's widow, 375.

Sir Robert Coke, 517.

Luke (St.) and Juvenal, similarity of idea

in, 195. 372.
Lutestring, " To speak in lutestrmg, 202.

523.
Luther no iconoclast, 333. 477.
L. v. H. on books chained in churches, 453.
L. (W. A.) on Gilbert White's portrait,

244.
Lyte (F. Maxwell) on new process, 374.
treatment of positives, 15.

* Lyttelton (Thomas Lord), was he Junius ?
31.

M.

M. on aspirate A, 5,32.

— ^ binometrical verse, 375.

INDEX.

671

M. on Celtic and Latin languages, 174.

chronograms and anagrams, 42.

divining-rod, 350.

— law and usage, 289.

Manichican games, 289.

Mrs. Catherine Barton, 258.

•^— names reversible, 244.

—— Newton and Somers, 78.

— Pilgrim's Progress, Part in., 222.

proverb, " Vaut mieux," &c., 220.

Shaksi>earc, first folio, 220.

straw-paper, 491.

watch-paper inscription, 575.

M. (2) on Haulf-naked Manor, 350.

— passage in Sophocles, 478.

" Well's a fret," 258. 3;«).

fjt.. on barnacles, 300.

binders of the Harleian library, 335.

divining-rod, 400.

Greek inscription on a font, 352.

Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle, 400.

M. (A. C.) on red hair, 86.

Little Silver, 150.

Napoleon's thunder-storm, 148.

— oaken tombs, 180.

— praying to the West, 343.

* Macadam, epigram on, 441.
MacCulloch (Edgar) on Cornish folk lore,

(il8.

Devontanisms, 654.

Maces, spiked, in abbey church. Great
Malvern, 254.

Macgillivray (Professor), 467. 584.

Mackenzie (Kenneth H. H.) on Zend gram-
mar, 491.

Mackey (Sampson Arnold) noticed, 468.
565.

Macleane (Lachlan), notice of, 619.

Macray (John) on advertisements and pro-
spectuses, 562.

arms of De Sissonne, 327.

D. Ferrand, 329.

Fete des Chaudrons, 161.

Jahn's Jahrbuch, 112.

— — manuscripts dispersed, 434.

Professor Hilgcr's treatise, 52.

Professor Macgillivray, 581.

revocation of the Edict of Nantes,

639.
St. Paul's Epistles to Seneca, 88.

— Scotch newspapers, 161.
table-turning, 131.

Mactavish (Duncan) on Celtic and Latin
languages, 280.

Madden (Sir F.) on Bale's MSS. referred to
by Tanner, 311.

.. was Thomas Lord Ljttelton "Ju-
nius" ?31.

Magnet symbolical of love, 280.

Maitland (Dr. S. K. ) on clerical duel, 7.

Majority, the attainment of, 198. 250. 296.
371. 541.

Malachy (St.), prophecy on the Popes, 390.

Malatesti and Milton, 237. 295.

* Mallet's second wife, 272.

Malta, Knights of, letters to the grand

masters, 99. 557.
. English, Irish, and Scotch knights,

189.
Mammet, its derivation, 515. 655.
Mammon, an idol god, 173. 223.
Manichaean games, 239.
Manliness, its meaning, 94. 127.
Mansel (H. L.) on battle of Villers en

Couche, 370.

* Manuscript fragments, 77.

* Manuscript, the earliest historical, 340.
Manuscripts, dispersion of parts of, 434.
Marcarnes, the family of, 365. 572.
Mardel, or mardle, its derivation, 411. 577.
Margoliouth (Moses) on " Could we with

ink," &c., 180. 648.

Hebrew Testament, 196.

Psalm cxxvii. 2., 519.

query from the Hymmalayas, 339.

* Margoliouth's Hebrew Testament, 196.
Markland (J. H ) on Bishop Ken, 10.
Marlborough at Blenheim, 409.
Marriage custom at Knutsford, 617.

Marriage service, the fee and the ring, 150.

230. 525.
Marriott (T. S.) on stereoscopic angles,

275.
" Marry, come up ! " explained, 9.
Marsh (J. F.) on Milton's widow, 200.

vellum cleaning, 340.

Martin (John) on Caley's Ecclesiastical
Survey, 104.

on definition of a proverb, 304.

MocfTus HiffTOi on Psetus and Arria, 374.

* Martyn the regicide noticed, 621.
« Martyr of Collet Well, 411.

* Mary of Lorraine, painting of, 538.
Mary Queen of Scots, medal and relic of,

293. 444.
Wordsworth's lament of, 77.

* Mason (Lady), her third husband, 620.
Mathematicians, British, their lives, 541.
Matrimonial custom at Wellow, 490.

Mat o' the Mint on florin and royal arms,

621.
Matter-of-Fact on photographs in natural

colours, 228.

* Matthew's (Father) chickens, 469.
Matthews (Wm.) on electric telegraphs,

78.
Mauilies, Manillas, 278.
Mayer (Joseph), his museum at Liverpool,

522.
Mavors and sheriffs, their precedence, 126.

605.
M. (C. M.) on camera lucida, 354.
M. (C. R.) on the derivation of Celt, 271.
M'Cree ( Wm.) on portrait of Hobbes, 453.

* M'Dowall family, 563.

M. (E.) on curfew at Sandwich, 466.

" Qui facit per alium facit per se,"

- 422.

" Salus populi suprema lex," 410.

Medical education, foreign, 341. 398. 502.
Medicus on foreign medical education, 341.

sneezing, 366.

Megatherium Americanum, 19. 109.
M. (E. J.) on " green eyes," 593.
Memnon (Prince), his sister, 622.
Merritt ( T. L.) on new developing mixture,

549.

stereoscopic angles, 109. 419.

Metaouo on Seven Whisperers, 436.
Mewburn (F.) on Chandler, Bishop of Dur-
ham, 341.
M. (F.) on Captain Jan Dimmeson, 469.

Court-House, Painswick, 493.

l)oetical tavern signs, 452.

strut- stowers and yeathers, 2-33.

M. (F.), Malta, on collodion negatives, 629.
M. (F. T.) on History of York, 524.
M. (G.) on " Adrian turn'd the bull," 79.
M. (G. R.) on lines from the Christian

Year, 577.

Marcarnes family, 365.

M. (H.) on fossil trees between Cairo and

Suez, 126.
.— Glover's handwriting, 589.
Indian proper name, 651.

— King Lear, 97.

— member of parliament electing him-
self, 586.

Michaelmas goose, inquiry respecting, 368.
Middleton (F. M.) on Cambridgeshire folk
lore, 382.

Hampshire folk lore, 617.

passage in Tennyson, 399.

Militarison military music temp. Charles I.,
80.

* Military music, 80.

Milton's Allegro, passage in, 249.
Milton and Malatesti, 237. 295.
Milton at Eyford-House, Gloster, 290.
Milton's descendants, 359. 630.

* Latin Familiar Correspondence, 640.

Lycidas, 497.

« Paradise Lost, 388.

widow, her family, 12. 134. 200. 375.

452. 454. 544. 594.

* Mineral acids, 339.

* Minshuil (Randall) and his Cheshire Col-
lections, 467.

MinshuU (Handle), father of Milton's

widow, 12. 134. 200. 375. 452. 544. 594.
Minstrelsy, Midland County, 257.

* Mirrour to all who follow the Wars, 151.
Misapplication of terms, 537.

* Misaubin (Dr.) noticed, 8.
Misquotations, recent, 315. 513.

* Mistletoe query, 621.
Mistranslations, curious, 201.

Mitred abbot in Wroughton Church, Wilts,

411.576.
M. (J.) on Harmony of the Four Gospels,
415.

H. Neale, editor of Shakspeare, 5391

library of St. Paul's School, 641.

Turkish and Russian Grammars, 561.

Wellesley, its derivation, 173.

M. (J. F.) on choirochorographia, 229.

Christ's cross, 18.

High Commission Court, 175.

. inscription near Cirencester, 130.

Milton's descendants, 5'o9. 594.

pistol, its early use, 7.

Shakspeare, critical digest of, 170.

M. (J. H.) on Baskerville the printer, 349.

Lord Ball of Bagshot, 365.

— — St. Werenfrid and Butler's Lives, 342.
M. (J. R.) on epigram by Sir Walter Scott,

575.
M. (J. T.) on Jane Scrimshaw, 441.
M'K. (J. D.) on foreign medical education,

502.
M. (K. N.) on albumenised paper, 501.
M. (L. A.) on Tusser's doxology, 440.
M. (M.) on legitimation in Scotland, 220.
M. (NavorscAer) on Hendericus du Buoys,

231.
Mn. (J.) on " Short red, God red," 398.
Mob, is it an English word ? 386. 524. 573.

631.
Modena (Duke of) noticed, 34. 113.
Mona, its derivation, 291.
Monaldeschi, his murder, 34. 160.
Monk (General), his birth-place, 316. 453.
Monk, its etymology, 291. 527.

* Montague (Lord), his Household Book,
540.

* Montmartre, its etymology, 468.

* Monumental brass at Wanlip, 515.
abroad, 497.

Moon superstitions, 79. 145. 321.

* Moore (Francis) his parentage, 271.
Morgan (Octavius) on Delft manufacture,

12;).

Morgan (Professor A. De) on attainment of
majority, 250. 372.

spurious edition of Baily's Annuities,

242.

Lord Halifax and Catherine Barton,

429.

Thomas Wright of Durham, 218.

Morlee and Lovel, 51.

Morrow of a feast, 412.

Mosaffur on a palindrome, 520.

Moses, the royal donkey, 488.

Mottos of German emperors, 170. 548.

Mou.sehunt, a small animal, 516. 606.

M. (P.) on " Firm was their faith," &c., 564.

M. (R.) on curious posthumous occurrence,
205.

M. (S.) on soke mills, 272.

Mt. (J.) on Browne's tragedy of Polidus,
159.

Robert Fairlie, 159.

humbug explained, 161.

Jerningham and Doveton, 127.

M. (T. O.) on queries from the Navorscher,
89.

Muffs worn by gentlemen, 63. 281. 353.

Muggers noticed, 34. 305.

Muirson (Patrick) on two passages in Shak-
speare, 384.

Mulciber. inquired after, 102. 185. 232.

Mulder (S. J.) on Dutch pottery, 183.

Murdoch (J. B.) on Margaret Patten, 442.

Muscipula, translated by Dr. Hoadly, 229.
550.

M. (W. L.) Lord Wm. Russell's burial-
place, 100.

672

INDEX.

M. ( W. M.) on Adamson's Lusitania, 104.
M. (W. T.) on " A saint in crape," 102.
— ^ " As good as a play," 363.

" Chip in porridge," 208.

Clarence title, 565.

feeling of life, 550.

—— Ligurian sage, 389.

" Pay the piper," 198.

— — " Pity is akin to love," 89.

" Priam's six-gated city," 288.

quotation from Horace, 444.

rhymes on places, 305.

storms at the death of great men, 493.

Tennyson's Memoriam, 244.

Myrtle bee noticed, 173. 450. 593.

M. (Y. S ) on female parish clerk, 338.

Harrington, William, fifth Lord, 36a

— ^ noses of descendants of John of Gaunt,
318.

parish clerks' company, 341.

pedigree indices, 317.

Richard Geering, 340.

Sir George Carr, 327.

Theobald le Boliller, 366.

.— — Tottenham, its derivation, 318.

Urban Vigors, 340.

Mythe versus Myth, 18.

N.

N. on Limerick, Dublin, and Cork, 102.

school libraries, 298.

N. (A.) on mineral acids, 339.

names of plants, 136.

N. (A. J.) on house-marks, 19.

Namby-pamby, and other words of the
same form, 318. 341.390.

Names in Bible and Prayer Book, how pro-
nounced, 469. 590 630.

Names reversible, 244. 375. 655.

Naphtali on anonymous poet, 127.

Napier (Sir Charles) and the conquest of
Scinde, 490. 574. 631.

* Naples and the Campagna Felice, 33.

* Napoleon, anecdote of, 292.
Napoleon s bees, 30.

spelling, 386. 502.

thunderstorm, 148.

* Nash the artist, 79.

N. (D.) on Lewis and Sewell families, 521.

621.
N. (D. Y.) on the Porter family, 364.
Nedlam on snail-eatiiig, 128.

* Neele (H.), editor of Shakspeare, 539.
Nemo on death of Falstaff, 314.
Newans (Thomas), a pro'jhet, 381.
Newburiensis on Francis Browne, 639.
Sir George Brown, 243. 301.

poetical tavern signs, 569.

worm in books, 526.

Newington on Milton's widow, 595.
Newman (W.) on " The Devil on Two

Sticks," 413.
Newspapers in Scotland, the earlier, 57.
Newspapers, notes on, 333.
Newstead Abbey, 2.

New Testament, an early edition, 219. 277.
Newton (Mr. Justice) noticed, 15. 110.

* Newton (Sir Isaac) and Flarasteed, 102.
* and his half-niece, 429.

* and Somers, 78.

* his memorial, 172.

on railway travelling, 34. 65.

* New Universal Magazine, inquiry respect-
ing, 639.

New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, cus-
tom on, 618.
N. (G.) on books burned by the hangman,

626.
— ^ hour-glass in pulpits, 83.
lines on the institution of the Garter,

479.

medal of Mary Queen of Scots, 444.

old Fogie, 455.

N. (G. E. T. S. R.) on chronograms in

Sicily, 562.

Gentile names of the Jews, 563.

St. Clement's apple-feast, 618.

N. (H.) on anticipatory use of the cross,
and ringing of bells for the dead, 417.

Nicholas (Emperor), his manifesto, 585.

Nicholas tSt.), his performances on Christ-
mas Eve, 615.

Nightingale and thorn, 527.

Nightingale's song, 112. 475. 651.

Nimmo (Thos.) on an inediled letter of
Henry VIII., 510.

Nine as a multiple, 149. 305.

Nixon the prophet, 257. 326.

* Noel family, 316.

No Judge on piccalyly, 8.

* Nonjurors, sources for their history, 621.
Norfolk (Margaret, Duchess of), her arms,

84.
Norman of Winster, 126. 302.
North (Lord), a woodcut of, 183. 230. 303.
Nostradamus, edition of 1605, 552.
Novus on advice given to Julius III., 54.
Noxid on cement of glass-baths, 397.
N. (S.) on Earl of Oxford, and the creation
of peers, 292.

helmets over shields, 538.

Nugget, not an Americanism, 375. 481.
Nuneham Regis, discovery at, 101.
Nursery rhymes, 452. 605.

* Nursrow, origin of the word, 538.
|5. (223.), epigram on M'Adam, 441.
N. (W.) on Aristotle's checks, 98.

N. (W. L.) on MS. of Spenser's Fairy
Queen, 357.

O.

Oak, how to clean old, 45. 58.
Oak, veneration for the, 468. 632.
Oaken tombs, &c., 179. 454.

* Oasis, how accented, 410.

Oaths as taken by the English and Welsh,

364. 471. 605.
Oaths of pregnant women, 503.
Obnoxious, its different meanings, 439.

* O'Brien (Nelly) noticed, 4W.
Observer on Lord North, 303.

O. (D. N.) on passage in Blackwood, 493.
Offertory alms, superstition respecting, 617.
O. (J.) on Alexander Clark, 517.

books burned by the hangman, 346.

impossibilities of our forefathers, 559.

parish clerks and politics, 56.

-^ Patrick Carey, 406.

Peter Brett, 533.

Robert Drury, 104.

Temple lands in Scotland, 480.

Thomas Newans, a prophet, 381.

William Blake, 69. 435.

* Okey the regicide, 620.

Oldenshaw (C.) on song by Dr. Lisle, 281.

Old Grumbleum on punning devices, 376.

Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, 183.

Oliver on Rathband family, 493.

Omega on pues or pews, 127.

Omicron on humbug, its derivation, 575.

Osborne family, 448.

Osborn filius Herfasti, 654.

Wellington's first victory, 491.

O. (P. A.) on i)ost-ofiice about 1770, 8.

* Orange blossom, 341.

O. (R. A. S.) on St. George family pic-
tures, 104.

Orton (Job), the publican, his burial, 59.

Osborn family, 270. 448.

Osborn filius Herfasti, 515. &5i.

Osmotherly in Yorkshire, tradition of, 617.

O'SuUivan (Wm.) on Gurney's short-hand,
589.

Oswald (Richard) noticed, 442. 549.

Outlawe (Roger) noticed, 5.

* Owen (Dr. Charles) noticed, 492.
Owen (Hugh) on yellow bottles for chemi-
cals, 1 10.

Oxford commemoration squib, 1849, 584.
Oxford (Earl of), and the creation of peers,

292. .392.
Oxoniensis on " Amentium hand aman.
tium," 19.

Nightingale's song, 112.

pure, its singular use, 125.

Packinglon (Lady), supposed author of the

Whole Duty of Man, 564.
Paget (Arthur) on Lisle family, 423.

Milton's widow, 452.

Synge family, 423.

teaching a dog French, 581.

Paget family, 12. 134. 200. 375. 452.
Pagoda, 401. 523.

Paint, how taken off of old oak, 45. 58.
Palaeologus (Theodore), his inscription,

408. 526.

* Pale, its meaning, 78.
Paley's plagiarism, 589.
Palindromes, 520.
Panama, the Isthmus of, 144.
Paper, how split, 413. 604.

Parallel passages, 30. 195. 372. 465. .560.

* Parchment deeds, on cleansing soiled, 270.
Pardon churchyard, 63.

Parish clerk, a female, 338. 474.
Parish clerks and politics, 56. 230. 575.

clerks' company, 341. 452.

^-^ registers, lines prefixed to, 30.

* Park, the antiquary, 8.

* Parker (Abp.), his correspondence, 149.

* Parliament, a member of, electing him-
self, 586.

Parochial libraries, 62. 274. 327. 369.527.

595.
Parr (Dr.), his letter on Milton, 433.
Party, its earliest use, 137.
Party names in the seventeenth century,

117.
Party-similes of the seventeenth century,

485.
Parvise explained, 161.
Pascal, a saying of his, 44.
Pater-noster, the white, 614.

* Patriarchs of the Western Church, 317.
Patrick (Bp. Simon) noticed, 103. 205.

* Patrick (St.), or Maune and Man, 291.
Patrick's purgatory, 178. 327.

Patten (Margaret), her picture, 442.

* " Pay the Piper," its origin, 198.

P. (C. J.) on fishermen's custom at Ward-
house, 78.

Peacock (Edw.) on ecclesiastical censure,
466.

Francis Moore, 271.

hour-glass in pulpits, 83. 2/9.

North Lincolnshire folk lore, 382.

Sir William Hewet, 652.

weather rules, 50.

Peasantry, popular stories of the English,
94.

" Peccavi ! I have Scinde," 490. 574.

Pedigree indices, 317. 453.

* Pedigree to the time of Alfred, 586.

" Peg" or " nail," for an argument, 561.

* Pelasgi, a sorrowful race, 516.
Pembrokiensis on tomb of Henry I,, 411.
Pennycomequick, its derivation, 8. 113.

184. 255.
Pepys (Samuel) and East London Topo-
graphy, 263.
his grammar, 466. 502.

* — his queries, 341.

Percy (Lady), wife of Hotspur, 104. 184.
251.

* Perfect tense, its rationale, 410.
Perseverant, its early use, 44.

Persius Flaccus (Aulus), his birth-place,

389.
Personage, a mysterious one, 34. 113.
Perthcnsis on Alexander Clark, 18.

aliases and initials of authors, 124.

Peterborough Cathedral, inscription in,

215. 303.

* Peter the Great, his will, 539.
Petheram (John) on Sir Thomas Button's

Voyages, 385.

* Petrarch's Laura, 562.

P. ( Francis) on heraldic query, 220.
P. (G.) on the meaning of trash, 135.
"P. (H.) on crosses on stoles, 411.

French Prayer Books, 478.

love charm from a foal's forehead, 292.

INDEX.

♦. on ampers and, 251.

yew-trees in churchyards, 346.

*. (2) on stereoscopic angles, 16.
g. on chronicles ot kings of Israel, 561.
—^ non-recurring diseases, 516.
Ph. on oaths of pregnant women, 503.

pagoda, 401.

*. *. on standard of weights and measures,

340.
Phantom bells, 576.
Pharaoh's ring, 416. 521.
Philadelphia Directories, 168.
Philadelphia, the early delights of, 537.
Philharraonicus on Weber's Cecilia HSO
Philip III. of Spain, his death, 583.
Philo- Handel on Handel's Dettingen Te

Deum, 388.
Philo-Pho. on ammonio-nitrate of silver,

<p. («.) on book inscriptions, 64.
*«r»y{a^«j on Dr. Diamond's calotype pro-
cess, 572.

Photocraphv :

acelo-nitrate of silver, 649.

albunienised paper, 395. 501. 548. 572.

albumenised process, 549.

ammonio-nitrate, is it dangerous? 134.
158. 204. 276.

baths for collodion process, 42.

calotype process, 548. 572. 596.

camera obscura, 41.

cameras, their lining, 157.

cement for glass baths, 397.

clouds in photographs, 451 . 477. 501.

collodion negatives, 629.

collodion pictures, 181.

collodion process, 41 , 42. 46.

cyanuret of potassium, 157.

developing mixture, 549.

Dr. Diamond's collodion process. 41.
133. '

lecture on the calotype process.

596. '

engraving, 628.

gallo-nitrate of silver, 17.

glass chambers, 133.

iodizing paper, 46.

Ingleby's Kssay on the Stereoscope.
401. 451. ^ '

lenses, 133. 476.

Lyle's three new processes, 252. 373.

treatment of positives, 15.

manuscripts copied, 456. 501.

minuteness of detail on paper, 157.

Muller's process, 203. 25,3. 275. 4.';i.

multiplication of photographs, 85. 157.

negative paper, 203.

photographic exhibition, 476.

l)h()tographs by artificial light, 228.

photographs in natural colours, 228.

Pollock's process, 17.

positives, 15. 17. 397. 451.

precision in photographic processes,301.

protonitrate of iron, 228.

printing on albumenised paper, 324.

Pumphrey's process for black tints,

349.
restoration of old collodion, 650.
Sisson's developing solution, 157. 181.

253. 301. 373.
stereoscopic angles, 16. 109. 157. 181.

227. 275. 348. 419. 451. 476. 501.
Stewart's new photographic process,60.

pantograph, 301.

tent for collodion, 301.

yellow bottles for chemicals, 86. 110.

* Phrases, Dictionary of English, 292.

Piccadilly, a collar, 467.

Piccalyly, its origin, 8. 110.

Picior on epitaph in Wingfield Church, 98.

Picts houses in Aberdeenshire, 264. 392,

551.
Pierrepont (John), his descendants, 303.
Pigs said to see the wind, 100.
Pilgrim's Progress, Fart III., 222.
Pimlico on " Tub to a whale," 220
Pinkerton (W.) on Cambridge and Ireland.

o50.

Pinkerton (W.) on fishermen's custom at
Wardhouse, 281.

Land of Orcen Ginger, 606.

— - Megatherium Americaiium, 109.

mysterious personage, 34.

nightingale epithets, 475.

" Pinece with a stink," 496.

poem attributed to Shelley, 183.

Pistol (lire-arms), its earliest use, 7. 137.

P. (.1.) on marriage of cousin.s,3S7.

P. (J.) jun. on Lord AudJey's attendants,

573.
P. (J. R.) on arrow.mark, 440.

daughter pronounced dafter, 504.

Planets, the discovery of, 601.

Plaiitin Bibles in 1600, 537.

Plants, wild, and their names, 35. 136. 207.

Plat (Sir Hugh) noticed, 495.

Players, an interpolation of the, 147.

Plum, origin of the word, 65. 654.

Ply on lens for negatives, 158.

^^^\^^^ Cid, with glossary and notes,

oo7. 574.

* Poems and songs in MS., 587.
Polarised light, 409. .5.i2.

Politian, his epitaph at Florence, 537.

* Politics, their influence on fashion, 515.

* Poll tax in 1641, 340.

Polonius on Ireland a bastinadoed elephant.

Pope and Cowper, 383.

* Pope's Elegy on an unfortunate lady,
5j9.

Popes, St. Malachy's prophecies on, 390.

* Popham (Sir John) and Littlecott, 218.
Porcpisee or porpoise, 2(;8.

Porridge, the Book of Common Prayer, so

called, 486.
Porter family, 364. 526. .576.
Porter (liquor), early use of the word, 9.

* Post-office about 1770, 8.

riddles for, 185.

Potenger's unpublished letter, 53.

Pots used by members of the Temple, 171.

256. 574.
Pottery, Dutch, 183.

* Poyntz (Gabriel), his arms, 440.

P- (P-) on books chained in churches, 453.

ladies' arms borne in a lozenge, 329.

652.

point of etiquette, 527.

slow-worm superstition, 328.

P. (P. P.) on consecrated roses, 38.
Prayer Book, French translation, 343. 478
Prayer Books, early editions, 318.

pictorial editions, 446.

prior to 1662, 504.

Prayer, occasional forms of, 535.

* Presbyterian titles, 126.
Pretenders, their births and deaths, 565.
Price (R.) on Latin riddle in Aulus Gellius,

243.

proverbial expressions, 624.

Prideaux (JO on Wm. Cookworthy, 585.
Prie dieu, ancient furniture, 101. 1«3.
Printers' grammars, &c., 62.
Proclamations, collection of, 528.

* Property, the right of redeeming, 516.
Prophet — Thomas Newans, 381.
Proverbial expressions, change of meaning

in, 464. 624. ^

Proverbs, definition of one, 243. 304. 523.

pictorial, 20.

quoted by Suetonius, 86.

weather, 218.

* wedding, 150.

Miscellaneous ; —

As good as a play, 363.

Dover Court; all speakers and no
hearers, 9.

Hauling over the coals, 125. 280. 524.

Put a spoke in his wheel, 269. 351.
522. 576.

Putting your foot into it, 77. 1j9.

* Raining cats and dogs, ,565.

* The full moon brings fine weather.
79.

* Vaut mieux avoir affaire, &c., 220.

673

Proverbs (Miscellaneous) : —

Tread on a worm and it will turn,

464. 624.
When the maggot bites, 244. 304. ,353.

526.

Psalm cxxvii. 2., translation of, 387. 519.

641.
P. (S. C.) on high and low Dutch, 413.
P. (T.) on Staffordshire knot, 220.
Pues or pews, its correct spelling, 127.
Pugillus on Andrew Johnson, 5,S9.
Pullen (Rev. Josiah) noticed, 489.
Pulpits of stone, 562.
Pulteiiey (Sir .John de) noticed, 263.
Pumphrey ( Wm.) on procuring black tints,

349.
Pun, a pictorial one, 385.
Punning devices, 270. 37S.

* divine, 586.

Pure, a peculiar use of the word, 125. 230.

352.
P. ( W.) on " A mockery, a delusion, and a
snare," 244.

Willingham boy, 305.

P. ( W H.) on church temporalities, 412.
— — bumming ale, 245.
Major Andre, 277.

Q. on Ashman's Park, 376.

etymology of awk, 602.

etymology of bad, 207.

belike, its etymology, 600.

enough, its pronunciation, 210.

lad and lass, their etymology, 210.

lowbell, its etymology, 208.

" mob " and cash," 573.

Macbeth, a passage in, 217.

Naples and the Campagna Felice, 33.

perseverant, 44.

l)orc-pisee, its etymology, 208.

portrait of Sir A. Wingfield, 245.

quarrel, its etymology, 206.

scheltrum, its orthography, 206.

spur, its meaning, 209.

" spoke in his wheel," 57a

tenet, or tenent, 602.

unkid, its meaning, 604.

voiding knife, 232.

windfalls, 14.

* Quadrille, its derivation, 441.
Qua!sitor on " The Whole Duty of Man '»

564. '

Quarles and Pascal, 172.
Quarrel, its derivation, 206.
Quarter, as sparing life, its origin, 246. 353.

* Queen at chess, 469.

Questor on " the apple of the eye " 204.

discovery of planets, 601. '

epitaph at Crayfoid, 363.

Quotations : —

Alterius orbis Papa, 254.

Amentium baud amantium, 19. 89. 136.

A mockery, a delusion, and a snare
244. 302. •

Antiquitas Saeculi Juventus Mundi,
5U2. 651.

AqujB in vinum converse, 242.

A saint in crape, 102. 208.

* Celsior exsurgens pluviis, &c., 220.

* Chew the bitter cud of disappoint-
ment, 103.

Could we with ink the ocean fill. 127

180. 257. 422. 522. 648.
Crowns have their compass, 376.

* Cutting offthelittleheads of light, 56.
Earth says to earth, &c., 110. 353.
Firm was their faith, the ancient

bands, 564.
From the sublime to the ridiculous,

177.
Homo unius libri, 440. 569.
Horace, De Arte Poetica, 444.

* in copy of the Pugna Porcorum, 151.
In necessariis unitas, 197. 281.

Inter cuncta micans, 230.

674

INDEX

Quotations : —

Johnson's turgid style, 366. 526.

* Latin quotations, 197. 281. 353.

* Like one who wakes from pleasant
sleep, 292.

Limerick, Dublin, and Cork, 102. 257.
Magna est Veritas et praivalebit, 77.
Man proposes, but God disposes, 411.

552.
Mater ait nats, &c., 160.
Never ending, still beginning, 103. 162.
Now the fierce bear, &c., 4+0. 577.
Oh for a voice of that wild horn, 622.
Pinece with a stink, 270.550. 496.
Pitv is akin to love, 89.
» Plus occidit gula, 292.
Populus vult decipi, &c., 65. 522.
Quem Deus vult perdere, 73.
Qui facit per alium, 231. 422.
Quid facies, facies Veneris, &c., 539.

* Sad are the rose leaves, 197.
Sat cito si sat bene, 18. 87.

Scire ubi aliquid invenire posses, &c.,
.587.

* Solaraen miseris, &c., 272.

* Suaviter in mode, fortiter in re, 586.

* To know ourselves diseased, 219.

* Too wise to err, too good to be un-
kind, 539.

* Trail through the leaden sky, 494.
Up, guards, and at 'em! 111. 184. 204.

275.
Veni, vidi, vici, 400.
Virgin wile and widowed maid, 56.

230.

* We've parted for the longest time,
388.

* What does not fade ? 366.

* When we survey yon circling orbs,
515.

Wilderness of monkeys, 413.

R.

R. on Baskerville's burial, 423.

gloves at fairs, 136.

R. (A. B.) on barnacles, 300.

Coleridge's Christabel, 111.

lines on the institution of the Garter,

182.
— lines typifying Tyranny, 56.
Radcliffe (J. N.) on Huggins and Muggins,

503.
^— moon superstitions, 322.
Raffaelle's Sposalizio, 14. 574.
Railway travelling foretold, 34. 65.
Rainbow, odour from the, 158.
Raleigh (Sir Walter) called " Our English

Milo," 495.

* his descendants, 78.

■ his supposed scepticism, 267.
Rapping no novelty, 512. 632.

* Rathbane family, 493.
Rathe, or early, 208.
Ravilliac noticed, 219. 479.

Rawlinson (Robert) on falsified gravestone

at Stratford, 124.
.^^ meteorology of Shakspeare, 336.

. Shakspeare emendations, 51.

R. (C.) on history of the Nonjurors, 621.
R. (C. I.) on " Could we with ink," &c.,

180.

*' Fag," or after-math, 229.

Garrick Street, May Kair, 411.

La Fete des Chaudrons, 57.

poetical tavern signs, 627-

R. (C. T.) on " Amentium baud Aman.

tium," 136.
Reader on Norman of Winster, 302L

Sir Arthur Aston, 302

R. (E B.) on mousehunt, 60(>.
" Rebellious Prayer," a poem, 19.

* Receipt or Recipe, 583.
Rector on marriage service, 525.
Red hair, 86. 522.

Reed (Charles) on Haul f- Naked manor, 205.

. palindromes, 520.

—— shoe thrown for luck, 377.

Reformed faith temp. Hen. Vlll., 135.

R. (E. G.) on artificial drainage, 493.

" Could we with ink," &c., 522.

— — longevity, 255.

— — mardle, 577.

Northamptonshire folk lore, 216.

rowans, or rawins, 229.

strut-stowers, 233.

Regium Donum, its origin, 517.

R. (E. M.) on Mackey's Mythological As-
tronomy, 567.

Rents of Assize, &c., 81.

Reynolds' nephew, 102. 232.

Reynolds' portrait of Baretti, 411.

Reynolds (Sir Joshua), his baptism, 513.

R. (F.) on female parish clerk, 475.

R. (G. H.) on " Could we with ink," &c.,
648.

R. (G.M.) on Charles Fox and Gibbon,
312.

R. (H. P. W.) on Sir Ralph Winwood,
272.

Rhymes, designed false English, 249. 602.

Rhymes on places, 305. 466. 615.

Richard 1., notices of, 72.

Richard, King of the Romans, his arms,
265. 454. 653.

Richard's Guide through France, 534.

Richardson (John) on dog-whipping day in
Hull, 4(!9.

Land of Green Ginger, 227.

Richmond in Yorkshire, vault at, 388. 573.
Richmond (Margaret, Countess of), her

arms, 84.
Riddle in Aulus Gellius, 243. 322.
Ridley (T. D.) on muggers, 305.

Peiasgi, 516.

quotation from Walter Scott, 376.

Riggs (Romulus), an American name, 638.
Riley (H. T.) on Abigail, 42.

angel-beast — cleek — longtriloo, 63.

lac on or beechen, 03.

burial in unconsecrated ground, 43.

dissimulate, its early use, 10.

Dover Court, 9.

Hans Krauwinckel, 63.

^— humbug, its etymology, 64.
" Marry come up ! " 9.

— mugger, 34.

pictorial proverbs, 20.

porter (liquor), early use of the word, 9.

rub.a-dub, 63.

Shakspeare's Tempest, passage in, 45.

Sir Heister Ryley, 9.

snail-eating, 34.

Rirabault (Dr. E. F.) on Abp. Chicheley,

350.
Discovery of the Inquisition, 350.

— groaning-board, 309.

Jacob Bobart, 344.

palace at Enfield, 3,')2.

Sir John Vanbrugh, 352.

" When Orpheus went down," 397.

Ring finger, 61. .'J74.

Ring money, called Manillas, 278.

* Rings formerly worn by ecclesiastics, 387.

Rings, a chapter on, 416.

Rix (S. W.) on Cromwell's portrait, 55.

hour-glass in pulpits, 83. 209.

parochial libraries, 02.

R. (J.) on Les Lettres Juives, 541.

nursery rhymes, 452.

R. (J. C.) on Christian names, 63.

Calvin's correspondence, 02.

Order of John of Jerusalem, 61.

ring finger, CI.

R. (J. S.) on origin of Rundlestone, 317.
R. (L. D.) on passage in Boerhaave, 602.
R. (L. M. M.) on German phrase, 150.

mysterious personage, 113.

Pretenders' births and deaths, 565.

praving to the West, 102.

R. (M. \V.) on Sir Anthony Fitzhcrbert,

576.
R. (N.) on the nursrow, 538.
Roberts (Chtis.) on Dr. Robert Cary, 79.

Harmony of the Four Gospels, 416,

Robin Hood's festival, 622.
Robson IW.) on aliiress, 603.

Robson (W.) on crescent, its origin as a

standard, 196.
— interpolation of the players, 147.
Spanish play-bill, S3G.

* Roden's colt, 340.

Rogers (Dr. John), his works, 172.
Roman Catholic Bible Society, 494.
Roman remains at Durham, 466.

* Romanists confined in Ely, 79.
Rome and the number six, 490.
epigrams on, 584.

» Rondall (Rev. W.) noticed, 515.

Rose (Samuel), his letter on Pope and

Cowper, 383.
Rosicrucians, 106. 175.

* Roth well family, 243.

* Rounceval, Our Lady of, 340.

* Royalty dining in public, two paintings
of, 538.

R. (R 1.) on rapping no novelty, 632.
R. (R. J.) on divining-rod, 479.
R. (S.) on Dr. John Taylor, 299.
-.1 ■ passage in Milton, 249.

selling a wife, 209.

Rub-a-dub, its early use, 63.

* Rubens's MS. on painting, 539.
Rubi on book inscriptions, 64.

poetical tavern signs, 568.

weather proverbs, 218.

Rubrical query, 207.

Ruby on ladies' arms borne in a lozenge,
653.

* Rudd (Bp. Anthony), his monument, 9.
Rufus on Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle, 271.
Rulers of the world in 18.53, 6;8.

* Rundlestone, origin of the term, 317.
Russell (Lord Wm.), his burial-place, 100.

179.
Russian grammars, 561.
Russians, their religion, 582.
R (W.) on authors' remuneration, 81.

burning for witchcraft, 470.

R. (W. B.) oil Kentish Town Assembly

House, 293.

* Ryley (Sir Heister), his Visions, 9.

S. on eclipse in 1263, 441.

2. on clouds in photographs, 451.

Saint Florentin (M. L. P.), alias Duke do

la Vrilli£-re, 351.
Salmon ( W. R. D.) on mousehunt, 516.

myrtle bee, 173. 593.

stage-coaches, 600.

Salopian on monumental inscription, 2(38.

* Salter (Sir Ambrose Nicholas) noticed,
318.

Saltpeter maker, 225. 339.

" Salus populi suprema lex," its origin, 410.

526. 606.
S. (A. M.) on hurrah ! 20.
Sams (Mr.), his Egyptian antiquities, 521.
Sandwich Islands discovered by Cook, 7.

108.
Sangaree, its derivation, 527.
Sansom (J.) on Bohn's Hoveden, 290.

arms of the see of York, 302.

Craton the philosopher, 603.

hurrah ! 324.

Osborn filius Herfasti, 515.

Reynolds's nephew, 232 ; his baptism,

513.

Sir William Hankford, 278.

Sarah Anna on Bro<ierie Anglaise, 172.

« Savigny, Life of, 294.

» Saying, an old, " Merry be the first," 197.

Sackville (Lord George) noticed, 238.

Sc. on Raff'aelle's Sposalizio, 14.

selling a wife, 43.

* Scale of vowel sounds, 34.
Scheltrum, its derivation, 206.
School libraries, 220. 298. 395. 498. 640.

* Scobell (Henry), compiler of Collection
of Acts, 493.

Scotchmen in Poland, 131.
Scott (Francis John) on Celtic and Latin
languages, 353.

INDEX.

675

Scott (Francis John) on claymore, 365.
—^ fierce, a provincialism, 352.
Marcarnes, 572.

— muirs worn by military men, 353.
singular discovery of a cannon-ball,

366.

sneexing, 624.

Scott (John) on ladles' arms borne in a
lozenge, 277.

Scott (Sir Walter), unpublished epigram
by, 575.

Scottish National Record?, 405.

newspapers, early, .'i7. 161.

Scrape, " Getting into a scrape," origin of,
29-2. 422. 601.

Scribe (John) on Greek and Roman forti-
fications, 654.

* Scrimshaw (Jane) noticed, 441.
Scrymzeour on Scottish castles, 366.

S. (D.) on battle of Villers en Couchfe, 128.
Searson's Poems, 176.
Sea-serpent noticed, 40.
Seleucus on Adainsoniana, 13.5.

slow-worm superstition, 146.

snail-eating, 129.

snail-gardens, 161.

Semi-Tone on passage of Cicero, 640.

" Semper eadem," origin of the royal motto,

174. 255. 440.
Serpent with a human head, 304.
Serpents, notes on, 39.
Serviens on anonymous works, 174.
Major Andrfe, 174. 644.

* Seven Oaks and Nine Elms, 34.
Sewell and Lewis families, 388. 521. 621.

* Seymour (Col. Hyde) noticed, 388.
Seymour (Jane), her royal descent, 184.

251.
S. (G. L.) on History of Jesus Christ, 386.

Lepel's regiment, 504.

Sewell family, 621.

S. (G. S.) on creation of knights, 620.

Lady Mason's third husband, 620.

Shadbolt (Geo.) on albumenised paper, 395.
548.

clouds, how introduced, 477.

multiplication of photographs, 85.

— — stereoscopic angles, 227. 348. 476.

Shakspeare : —

Bacon (Lord) and Shakspeare, 438.
Ben Jonson's criticisms, 263. 313.
coincident suggestions on the text, 265.
Collier's Monovolume, 35. 338.
delighted, 241. 437.
digest of various readings, 74. 170. 362.

466.
emendations, 51. 75.
Falstaff, his death, 263. 313, 314.
* first folio, reprint of, 220.
Jackson's emendations, 193.
meteorology of Shakspeare, 336.
parallels, 240.
portrait, 438. 538.
Priam's six-gated city, 288. 375.
Professor Hilgers' Treatise, 52.
readings, 28. 168.
remonstrance respecting the Shak-

spearian discussions, 261.
skull, 217.

winds, North and South, 338.
passage in All's Well That Ends Well,
217.

As You Ijke It, 383.

Hamlet, 123. 195. 409.

Henry JV. (Second Part). 963. 313,
314. 384. 408.

King John, 28. 266. 384.

King Lear, 4. 97.

Love's Labour's Lost, 241.

Macbeth, 217.

Measure for Measure, 194.241.288.
361.

Richard II., 338.

Romeo and Juliet, 3. 216. 361. 384.

Taming of the Shrew, 52. 73. 97, 98.
438.

Tempest, 45. 123, 124. 169. 338. 408.

Troilug and Cressida, 288.

Shakspeahe : —

Two Gentlemen of Verona, ,52.
Winter's Tale, 95. 169. 254. 361.

Shaw (R. J.) on names of wild plants, 36.

Shaw's (Mrs.) tombstone, 222.

Sheer ale explained, 168.

Sheer hulk, its meaning, 126. 280.

Shelley (Percy Bysshe), poem by him, 71.

183.
Shepherd's Kalendar quoted, 50.
Sheridan (R. B.), translation of a song by

him, 563.
Sheriffs of Glamorganshire, 353. 423.
Sherlock (Dr. Richard) noticed, 245.
Ship " William and Ann," 54.
Shirtcollars, 467.

Shoemakers, a recitation for Oct. 25th, 619.
Shoes, throwing old ones for luck, 377.
" Short red, God red," 182. 398.

* Shoulder knots, their origin, 244.

S. (H.S.) on " Could we with ink," &c., 180.
Sights and exhibitions temp. James I., 5.58.
Sigma on Cawdray's Treasurie of Similies,

499.
Siller gun of Dumfries, 412.
Silo, a Spanish granary, 639.
Simpson (W. Sparrow) on battle of Villers
en Couche, 8.

bell inscriptions, 108. 448.

books chained m churches, 93. 206. 328.

hour-glasses in pulpits, 328.

Prayer Books prior to 1662, 504.

Sims's Hand-book to the Library of the

British Museum, 511. 553. 653.
Sincere, its derivation, 195. 328. 399. 567.
Singer (S. W.) on Hobbes and Hollar, 368.

its, early use of, 254.

Milton and Malatesti, 295.

Milton's widow, 471.

passage in Romeo and Juliet, 3.

Singleton (S.) on gravestone inscription,

328.
Sisson (J. Lawson) on bell inscriptions, 448.
derivation of Mardel, 41 1 .

— Muller's processes, 253.

Sisson's developing solution, 181. 253.

S. (J.) on book inscriptions, 591.
S. (J. H.) on Cawdray's Treasure of Simi-
les, 386.
S. (J. L.) on the arms of De Sissonne, 243.
hour-glass stand, 454.

— poetical tavern signs, 627.

S. (J. P.) on Westhumble Chapel, 410.
Skyring (G. W.) on buUaces, 326.

divining-rod, 293.

■^^ local rhymes, Kent, 466.

moon superstitions, 322.

" spoke in the wheel," 522.

Slang expression, " Just the cheese," 89.

* Slaves, collections for poor, 292.
execution for whipping, 112.

S. (L. D.) on quotation from Canning, 365.

Sleednot (J.) on " Qui facit per alium," 231.

Sloane. Evans (W. Sloane) on Bible and

Prayer Book proper names, 469.

— Edmund Spenser and Hans Sloane,

389.

marriage of cousins, 525.

Urban Vigors, 477.

Slow-worm superstition, 33. 146. 328. 479.

Smith (A.) on inscription near Cirences-
ter. 76.

Smith (T. C.) on battle of Villers en Cou-
chfe, 127.

Smith (W. J. Bernhard) on the claymore,
520.

— — ducking stool, 315.

megatherium in British Museum, 19.

nightingale and thorn, 527.

poetical tavern signs, 568.

spiked maces in Great Malvern

Church, 254.

Snail-eating, 34. 128. 229.

gardens, 33. 128. 161. 229.

* Snayers (P.), his picture The Battle of
Forty, 538.

Sneezing, an omen and a deity, 121.
~— popular ideas respecting, 366. 624.

Sneyd (W.) on Margery Trussell's arms,
412.

poems published at Manchester, 388.

Snow (B.) on D. Ferrand, 243.
S. (N.W.) on buckle, 526.

crow-bar, 439.

first and last, 439.

^— mauilies, manillas, 278.

Sir John Vanbrugh, 480.

stone-pillar worship, 207.

" To grab," 466.

S. 2 (N. W.) on cob and conners, 43.

Devonianisms, 44.

Soke mills, 272. 375.

Songs and Ballads : —
Barrels regiment, 620.
Bonnie Dundee, 19.
Danish and Swedish, 444.
Guardian angels, now protect me, 443.
* Jamieson the piper, 126.
Mary, weep no more for me, 383. 500.
The Angels' Whisper, 54.
They shot him on the nine-stane rig,

78. 376.
To the lords of Convention, 19.
When Orpheus went down, 196. S81.

397. 503.

Sophocles, passage in, 73. 478. 031.

Sotadic verse», 229.

Soul and magnetic needle, 87. 159.

* Southwark pudding wonder, 79.
SouvarofTs dispatch, 490.
Spanish play-bill, 336.
Sparrows at Lindham, 572.

S. (P. C. S ) on death of Edward II., 477.

Hungarians in Paules, 441.

MS. poems and songs, 587.

Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697,

152.
Speech, erroneous forms of, 65.

* Spendthrift, inquiry respecting, 102.

* Spenser (Edmund) and Sir Hans Sloane,

^ 389.

* Fairy Queen, the missing books, £67.

Speriend on barnacles in the Thames, 124.

blotting-paper, 104.

Duke of Gloucester, 100.

German heraldry, 150.

Spes on Abp. Lancaster's cure for the

gout, a

wooden tombs and effigies, 19.

Spiller (John) on protonitrate of iron, 228.
Spinster on wedding proverb, 150.
Spoor (Wm.) on Canute's Point, South-
ampton, 204.
Spur, explained, 209.
S (Q. M.) on Martyr of Collet Well, 411 .
S. (S. A.) on Caldecott's translation of

New Testament, 410.

Calves' Head Club, 480.

S. 8. (J.) on Pharaoh's ring, 521.

Picts' houses, 392.

S. (S. S.) on college guide, 57.
——passage in Bishop Horsley, 9.
S. (S. W.) on " pinece with a stink," 496.
S. (S. Z. Z.) on Bacon's Essays, 289.

Cranmer's correspondence, 183.

Crassus' saying, 258.

editors, offer to intending, 172.

Lamech, 305.

Latin quotations wanted, 197.

parochial libraries, 275.

rubrical query, 207.

satirical medal, 231.

Sotades, 229.

" widowed wife," 230.

Staffordshire knot, 220. 454.
Stage-coaches, their speed, 439. 600.

* St. Andrew's priory, Barnwell, 80.
Stanhope (Charles Earl), his versatility of

talent, 9. 135.

Stanhope (Henry Lord) noticed, 281. 563.
(See Wotton.)

Stansbury (Joseph) on Washington anec-
dotes, 125.

Stars the flowers of heaven, 158. 346.

Statfold on Chancellor Steele, 220.

* Steele (Lord Chancellor), pedigree of, 220.

676

INDEX.

Steinman (G. S.), notes on Grammont, 461.
— — return of gentry temp. Henry VI., 630.

Sir Arthur Aston, 629.

Stephens (Edward) noticed, 588.
Sternberg (V. T.) on Carlist calembourg,

618.

Dr. Dodd a dramatist, 245.

haschisch or Indian hemp, 540.

Italian-English, 638.

— - spurious Don Quixote, 590.

stories of English peasantry, 94.

Tom, mythic and material, 239.

Sterne and the Drummer's letter, 153.

S. (T.G.) on Anderson's Royal Genealogies,

326.

Histories of Literature, 453.

— — Temple lands in Scotland, 521.

* St. George family pictures, 104.
Stillingfleet (Bishop), his library, 389.
Stillwell (John P.) on bees, 440.

" Hauling over the coals," 524.

Stone pillar worship, 207. 413.

Stoner (W. P.) on hour-glass in pulpits,

209.
Mulciber, 232.

* Storms at the death of great men, 493.
Stornoway on house of Falahill, 134.
Stoups, exterior, 574.

Stoven Church, the original, 80.

St. Paul's Epistle to Seneca, 88. 205.

Straw paper, 491.

Strickland ( Agnes), her Lives of the Queens
of England noticed, 104. 184. 251.

Strong (Augustus) on derivation of Silo,
639.

Strut-stowers, 148. 233.

Subscriber on the albumenised process, 549.

.— . mayors and sheriff's, 126.

— — " Peccavi! I have Scinde," 574.

Shakspeare's skull, 217.

SufTolk, Norman church in, 622.

Surgeon (A Foreign) on Gothe's author
remuneration, 29.

Surrey Arctiffiological Society, its form-
ation, 552.

Suum Cuique on ■" Elijah's Mantle," 453.

S. (W.) on coUectious for poor slaves, 292.

. Hampden's death, 646.

quotation from MelanCthon, 281.

Swan-marks, 62. 256.

Swift (Dean), his rhymes, 250.

Swinney— " That Swinney," m .lUnios, 213.
238.374.

S. (W. R. D.) on boom, .375.

* Symbol of sow, &c., 493.
S-ynge family, 327. 423.

System of Law proposed by the Lcing Par-
liament, 389.

T.

T. on oasis, its accentuation, 410.

" Plus occidit gula," &C., 292.

Table-turning, 57. 131. 161- 329. 398.
Tafly on Soke mill, 375.
Tale, as used by Milton, explained, 249-
Talleyrand's maxim, 136.

* Tangier queries, 33.

Tavern signs, poetical, 242. 353. 452. 568.

62G.
Taylor (A.) on Greek inscription oh a font,

198.
Taylor (Dr. John) of Norwich, 299.
Taylor (E. S.) on ennui, 377.

— Samuel Williams, 312.

seals of Great Yarmouth, 269.

Taylor (Jeremy) and Lord Hatton, 207.

» Holy Living, edition 1848, 469.

Taylor (Weld) on Dance of Death, 76.

— detail on negative paper, 203.

,— Lord Halifax and Catherine Barton,

590.
„ lyric by Felicia Hemans, 407.

— MuUer's process, SJ75.

, Richard's Guide through France, 534.

— Rubens* MS. on painting, 5.39.

.^ school libraries, 220. 498 640.

T. (C. M.) on snail-gardens, 33.

* Tea-marks, classification of, 197.

Teate (Dr. Faithfull) noticed, 62.

Teecee on Noel family, 316.

Teeth, common notions respecting, 382.

* Telegraph, electric, 78.
Templars' green jugs, 171. 256. 574.
Temple (Harry Leroy) on green eyes, 407.
— — parallel passages, 465.

small words and low words, 416.

Temple lands in Scotland, 317. 480. 521.
Temple, lists of students, 540. 650.
Tenet or tenent. (See Tenent.)
Tenent or tenet, their meaning, 258. 330.

453. 602.
Tennent (Sir J. Emerson) on barnacles,
223.

hurrah ! 323.

tenet for tenent, 330.

" Tub to the whale," 328.

" When the maggot bites," 304.

Tennyson's Memoriam, passage in, 244. 399.

* Terrje Filius, origin of, 292.

T. (E. S. T.) on " Antiquitas saculi Ju-

ventus mundi," 651.

" Salus populi," &c., 606.

Tewars on Amcotts' pedigree, 387.

two brothers of the same Christian

name, 338.

hurrah ! 422.

knights of the Bath, 444.

longevity, 351.

Ixjvett of Astwell, 363. 602.

Oxford commemoration squib, 584.

poll-tax in 1641, 310.

return of gentry temp. Henry VI.,

6;3().
— — sheriffs of Glamorganshire, 353.

Sir William Chester, 365.

Thomas Chester, bishop of Elphin,

340.
T. (F.) on Kenne of Kenne, 80.
T. (G.) on derivation of unkid, 221.
T. (G. M.) on " Service is no inheritance,"

587.
8 on " Now the fierce bear," &c., 440.

parochial libraries, 527.

Theta on Lord Bacon and Shakspeare, 438.
Thiernah Ogieh, Ossian's visit to, 360.
Thomas (J. W.) on " an " before u long,

421.

anticipatory use of the cross, 545.

cash and mob, 524.

crescent, 319.

" Could we with ink," &c., 422.

gloves at fairs, 421.

" Man proposes, but God disposes,*'

552.
" Mary, weep no more for me," 500.

— misapplication of terms, 537
misquotation, 513.

propitiating the fairies, 617.

. "To know ourselves diseased," 421.

Thomas' (St.) day, custom on, 617.
Thompson (Pishey) on glossarial queries,
294.

— Romanists confined in Ely, 79.
-i— Southwark pudding wonder, 79.
Thornton Abbey, account of, 4t)9.
Thrupp (John) on Irish landing at Cam-
bridge, 270.

Thrush, Devonshire chanii for the, 146.

265.
Thucydides on the Greek factions, 44. 137.

398.
Tieck (Ludwig) quoted. 194.

Comcedia Divina, 126. 570.

Tighe (Mrs.), author of Psyche, 103. 230.
" Till," and " until," their etymology, 409.

527.
Timbs (John) on snail-eating, 128.
Times newspaper, its influential power, 334.
Tin, its early use, 291. 344. 445. 575. 593.
Tipper (Thomas), his epitaph, 147.
T. (J.) on passage in Whiston, 244.
T. (J. A.) on table-moving, 161.
T. (J. G.) on passage in burial service, 78.
^— quarter, as sparing life, 246.

Rock of Ages, 81.

. table-turning, 57.

Trosachs, derivation of, 245.

T. (J, 11.) on derivation of forrell, 527.
T. (J. W.) on "Ancient hallowed Dee."
588.

B. L. M., its meaning, 585.

" Getting into a scrape," 601.

Prince Memnon's sister, 622.

" Suaviter in modo, fortitef In re,"

586.
Tobacco, smoking and drinking of, 147.
Tom, mythic and material, 239.

* Tom Thumb's house at Gonerby, 35.
Topsy-turvy, its derivation, 385. 526. 575.
Tortoises and women, 534.

* Tottenham, its derivation, 318.
Tower on slow-worm superstition, 33.
Tower, the state prison in the, .509.

T. (Q.) on definition of a proverh, 523.
Tradescant (John), his marriage certificate,

513.
Trash explained, 135.
Traves ( Father) noticed, 5f>5.
Traylli (Sir Walter), his montiment, 19.
T. (R. E.) on quotation from Pascal, 44.

* Trent Council, notices of, 316.
Trevelyan ( W. C.) on Basilica, 3()7.

decomposed cloth at York, 438.

Hobbes's portrait, 221.

Roman remains, 466.

snail localities, 229.

Wardhouse, where was it ? 400.

Trevor (Geo. A.) on passage in burial ser-
vice, 177.

Trojan Horse, noticed, 487.

Tro.iachs, derivation of, 245.

True Blue noticed, 588.

Trussell (Margery), her arms, 412.

T. (R. V.)on oaths, 605.

T. (S.) on fires at Honiton, 367.

T. (T. C.) on murder of Monaldeschi, 34.

T. (T. H.) on derivation of chemistry, 470.

" Tub to a whale," origin of the phrase,
220. 304. 328.

* Tucker (St. George), lines attributed to
him, 467.

Turkish grammars, 561.

* TurnbuU's continuation of Robertson,
515.

* Tusser's doxology, 440.

T. (V.) on Earl of Leicester's portrait, 290.
T. (W.) on clouds in photographs, 501.
tea-marks, 197.

* Tyddeman (Adm. Sir Thomas), 317.
Types, movable metal, 454.

Tyro on Cocker's Arithmetic, 540.

U.

Univocalic verses, 416.

Unkid, its derivation, 221. 353. 604.

Unneath, its meaning, 160.

* Van Bassen noticed, 538.

Vanbrugh (Sir John) noticed, 65. 160. 232.

352. 480.
Vandyke in America, 182. 228.
Variety is pleasing, 490.
Vault at Richmond, Yorkshire, 388. 573.
V. (C.) on Lady Percy, wife of Hotspur,

184.
Philip III. of Spain, his death, 583.

* Vellum cleaning, 340.
Verney note decyi)hered, 17.
Vernon (Lady), maid of honour, 462.
Veronica on Queen Elizabeth's true look-
ing-glass, 220.

Victor on Thornton Abbey, 469.

* Vida on Chess, 469.

Vigors (Rev. Urban) noticed, 340. 477.
Villers en Couche, battle of, 8. 127. 20!.

370.
Virgil, passage quoted by Dr. Johnson, 270.

400. 523. 576.
Vix on Mrs. Tighe, 2,30.
Voiding knife, 232. 297.

INDEX.

677

Volcanoes and mountains of gold in Scot-
land, 5285.
Voltaire on railway travelling, 34. 65.
" Vox populi vox Dei," 494.

W.

ajf » on blue bell —blue anchor, 388.

clipper, as applied to vessels, 399.

Ireland a bastinadoed elephant, 366.

nugget not an Americanism, 375.

— table-turning, 398.

W. on Leeming family, 587.
_ Norman of Winster, 126.

Natural History of Balmoral, 467.

W. (A.) on passage in Wordsworth, 77.
W. (A. F. A.) on the Brazen Head, 367.
"Wake (H. Thomas) on Castle Thorpe,
387.

— inscriptions on monuments, 215.
Walcott ( Mackeniie) on birthplace of Ed-
ward t., tiOI.

books chained in churches, 596.

, school libraries, 298.

* Wall (General) noticed, 318.
Wallace (Sir Wm.), state prisoner, 509.

* Wallis's Sermons on the Trinity, 172.
Walpole (Horace) on Grammont's mar-
riage, 549.

Walpole (Sir Robert), his medal, 57. 231.
•Walter (Henry) on Cranmer and Calvin,

222.

Froissart's accuracy, 604.

translation of Ps. cxxvii. 2., 642.

Walton (Christopher),- his collection of

mystic authors, 247.
Walton (Izaak), Duport's lines on, 193.
Ward (,J.) on Mackey's Theory of the

Earth, 468.
Warde (R. 0.) on Anthony Bave's MSS.,

469.

— bargain-cup, 220.

^— " custom of ye Englishe," 362.
distich on the laie harvest, 513.

— fable of washing the blackamore,

150.
— . inscriptions in books, 591.
John Frewen, 222.

— Lanquet's Chronicle, 494.
Lovell, sculptor, 342.

Mrs. Shaw's tombstone, 222.

" Our English Milo," 495.

— — party, its earliest mention, 137.

Plantin Bibles in 1600, 537.

parochial libraries, 327.

polarised light, 552.

Roden's colt, 340.

tavern signs, 242.

" Trail through the leaden sky," 494.

variety is pleasing, 490.

— — weather superstitions, 512.
— — yew-tree in churchyards, 244.

Zincali dictionary, 517.

Warden (J. S.) on Captain Cook's disco-
very of the Sandwich Islands, 6.

Coleridge's Christabel, 11.

Creole, its meaning, 138.

Goldsmith's Haunch of Venison, 640.

^■^ Hoveden, Riley's translation, errors
in, 637.

letter " h " in humble, 54.

literary parallels, 30.

Man with the iron mask, 112.

nightingale's song, 112.

Reformed faith, 135.

sheer hulk, 126.

Sir Isaac Newton, 102.

Sir Walter Raleigh, 78.

St. Dominic, 136.

Wardhousc, fishermen's custom there, 78.

281. 400.
Warmistre (Miss), maid of honour, 461—

463.

* Warville, Brissot de, derivation of, 516.
Warwick (Eden) on anticipatory use of the

cross, 132. 546.
gloves at fairs, 601.

Warwick (Eden) on nursery rhymes, 605.

— swan marks, 256.

» Warwick (Sir Philip) noticed, 268.

* Washington (Gen.), anecdotes wanted,
125.

Watch.paper inscriptions, 316w 375.
Waterloo, poems in connexion with, 549.
Watson (Bp.), quotation by him, 587.
Watts (W. T.) on an inscription in a

belfry, 561.
Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle, his family arms,

271. 400. 525.
Way (Albert) on Caen tiles, 547.
Lord Montague's Household Book,

540.
W. (B. B.) on Sir John Daniel and Sir

A. N. Salter, 318.
W. (C. M.) on apparition of the White

Lady, 317.
W. (C. S.) on ash-trees attracting light-
ning, 493.
— — Burton's death, 495.

the queen at chess, 469.

W. (E.) on marriage service, 150.
Weather proverbs, 218. 326.
— ^ rhymes, 512.

rules, 50. 535.

superstitions, 512.

* Webb and Walker families, 386.

* Webb of Monckton Farieigh, 563.
Webb (Susannah), her burial and disinter.

ment, 43.
Weber's Cecilia, 589.
Wedding divination, 455.

* Weights and measures, standard in dif-
ferent countries, 340.

Weir (Arch.) on St. Luke and Juvenal,

195.
Wellesley, derivation of, 173. 223. 255.
Wellington, the Duke's first victory, 491.

curious coincidence respecting, 619.

" Well's a fret," its meaning, 197. 258. 330.
Wentworth (Sir Philip) noticed, 184. 251.
Werenfrid (St.) and Butler's Lives, 342.
West, praying to the, 102. 208. 343. 591.
Westbury Court, inscription over the door,

129.

* Westhumble Chapd, 410.
Weston, "' Going to Old Weston," 232.
Weston (Edward), secretary to Lord Har-
rington, 103. 205.

Weston (Valentine) on " That Swinney,"

374.
W. (F. B.) on Raffaelle's Sposalizio, 14.
W. (G.) on derivation of Britain, 445.651.

Patrick's purgatory, 327.

praying to the West, 208.

tin, its early use, 291. 445.

veneration for the oak, 468. 632.

W. (G. H.) on a title wanted, 151.
W. (H.) on "giving quarter," 353.

kicker-eating, 564.

Luther no iconoclast, 477.

" When the maggot bites," 353.

Wharton (Dr. Henry) noticed, 167.
Wheale, its meaning, 302.
Whisperers, the seven, 436.
Whiston, a passage in, 244. 397. 645.
Whitborne (T. B.) on churchwardens, ,584.

Hoby Family, 244.

lapwing and the vine, 127.

Mrs. Tighe, author of Psyche, 103.

Stillingfleet's library, 389.

^— Thomas Blount, ZSB. 003.

Warwickshire custom, 490.

Whitchurch, parochial library at, .370.
White (A. Holt) on Gilbert White of Sel.
borne, 304.

■ nugget, a thick bullock, 481.

yew-trees in churchyards, 447.

White (Blanco), sonnet by, 137.
White (Gilbert), his portrait, 244. 304.
White (John), folk lore in his " Way to

the True Church," 613.

* White bell heather transplanted, 79.

* White Ladv, apparition of the, 317.
Whitelocke ("Licut.-Gen.) noticed, 521. 621.
Whithamstede (John), abbot of St. Albans,

351.

Whitmarsh (F.) on the Templars' jugs,

574.
Wife, on selling one, 43. 209.
Wilbraham's Cheshire collections, 270. 303.
Wilde (G. J. de) on caves at Settle, 651,

curious epitaph, 147.

True Blue, 589.

Wilde ( W. R.) on the forlorn hope, rm.

groaning elm-plank in Dublin, 397.

Wilkinson (H.) on stereoscopic angles, 181.

* William the Conqueror, his mother, 564.
* his surname, 197.

» Williams' (Rev. Robert) Dictionary of

the Cornish Language, 7.
Williams (Samuel) the artist, 312.
Willingham boy, 66. 305.
Willison (Charles) on tavern signs, 627*
Wills on Advent Hymn, 639.
Wilson (Arthur C.) on London Labour

and the London Poor, 620.
Wilson (Bishop), his Sacra Privata, 470.

and Cardinal Fleury, 245.

* notices wanted, 220.

* quotation from his Sacra Privata,243.

* Wilson (Samuel) noticed, 242.
Windfall, its meaning, 14.
Winds, their action, 33S.
AVindsor Military Knights, 294.
Wingfield Church, Suffolk, monuments in,

98.
Wingfield (Sir Anthony), his portrait, 245.

299. 376.
Winthrop (Wm.) on ambages, 232.

American epitaph, 491.

bells rung for the dead, 55.

black as a mourning colour, 411.

comet superstitions in 1853, 358.

epitaph on an editor, 274.

— — " Full moon brings fine weather," 79-

house-marks, 231.

injustice, its origin, 338.

longevity, 113. 399.

Maltese Knights, 99. 189. 5.57.

■ " Mater ait nata5," &c., 160.

punning divine, .586.

" Putting your foot into it," 77.

reversible names, 655.

-< — rulers of the world in 18,53, 638.

Spendthrift, a publication, 102.

" To pluck a crow with one," 197.

weather rules, 535.

Wolfe's armv, the last survivor, 6.

Winwood (Sir Ralph), notices of, 272. 519.
Wishaw (Jas.) on Colchester records, 464.

matriculations at inns of court, 650.

Witchraft, burning for, 470.

* Withered hand, picture at Compton
Park, 12.5.

W. (J. K. B.) on Barthram's Dirge, 231.

Blanco White, 137.

Hogarth's picture, 294

W. (J. R.) on the Porter family, 526.

Wmson (S.) on Byron's Childe Harold,
258.

Wodderspoon (John) on Wingfield's por-
trait, 299.

Wolfe (Gen.) at Nantwich, 587.

last survivor of his army, 6.

Wolsey (Cardinal), his arms, 233. 302.

Woman, lines on, 902. 350. 423.

Women anJ tortoises, .534.

Women, their rights in the United States,
171.

* Wood (George) of Chester, 34.
Wooden tombs and efflg^ies, 19. 255. 455.

604.
Words, misunderstood, 120.

: small and low, 416.

Wordsworth, on a passage in, 77.
Worm in books, 412. 526.
Worsaae (J. J. A.) on names of places, 58.
Wotton (Henry Earl of) noticed, 173. 281.

56;?.
Wren (Sir Christopher) and the Young

Carver, 340.
Wright (Robert) on shape of coffins, 256.
Wright (Thomas) of Durham, 218. 326,
Wt. (T.) on arms of See of York, 233.
Wurm, in modern German, 624.

678

INDEX.

W. (W.) Northamptonshire, on " Going to
Old Weston," 232.

Longfellow's Poetical Works, 267.

W. ( W. S.) on meaning of wlieale, 302.
Wylcotes (Sir John), motto on his brass,
494.

X. on binometrical verse, 655.
XXX on brewers' casks, 439. 572.

Y.

Yamjouth, Great, seals of tlie borough, 269.

.y2\.

Y. (D.) on English clergyman in Spain,

Yeathers or Yadders, 148. 233.

Yeowell (J. ) on various editions of Butler's

Lives, 387.

. Hemans' (Felicia) inedited lyric, 629.

Jacob Bohme, or Behmen, 246.

Mr. Pepys his queries, 34L

Pope and Cowper, 383.

Shield and arms at the Admiralty.

124.
Wellington (thelate Duke of), curious

coincidence, 619.

Wilbraham's Cheshire collections.

303.
Yew-tree in churchyards, 244. 346. 447.
York, the History of, its author, 125. 524.

York see, its ancient arms, 34. 111. 233 302
* Ypenstein, English refugees at, 562. "

Z. (1) on Harmony of the Four Gospels,

551.
Z. (4) on Harmony of the Four Gospels,

316.
Z. (A.) on Dr. Harwood, ,57.

Green's Secret Plot, 79. ; <

Reynolds' nephew, 1C2.

Zend Grammar, 491.

Zeus on German tree, 619.

Zincali, Dictionary of, 517.

Z. (Z. Z.) on motto, " Semper eadem," 440.

END or THE EIGHTH YOLUME.

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