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1

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIGAE.
Vol. YII., 1900.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

H Jouvnal of Eooloi3\>

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSKl'M.

KDITED BY

The Hon. WALTEE EOTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
EENST HAETEET, and Dr. K. JOEDAN.

Vol. VII., 1900.

(WITH TWELVE PLATES.)

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

TRIKTED BY HAZELL, W.iTSO>'. >t VINEY, Ld., LOSDOS" AND AYLES^BURY.

1900.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.

GENERAL SUBJECTS.

(Cf. pp. 1, 12, 25, 54, 55, 244.)

MAMMALIA.

PAGES

1. On a New Race of Ibex. Walter Rothschild. (Plate II.) .... 277

2. On a New Species of Monkey (Cercocehm chri/soijaster). R. Lydekker.

(Plate III.) 279

3. The Red Flying Sijuirrel of the Natuna Islands. Oldfield Tikjmas . . 592

4. On two Mangaljey-like Monkeys. R. Ltdekker 593 — 59()

AVES.

1. The Birds of Ruk in the Central Carolines. Ekx.st IIarteut . . 1 — 11

2. The Birds of Dammer Lslaud in the Banda Sea. Ernst Hartekt . . 12 24

3. Another small Contribution to African Ornithology. Ernst IIarteht . 25 53

( vi )

PAGES

4. The Birds of Biiiu. Ernst Harteht. (rh.lelV.) 2:iG— 242

5. On Turacus chalcolophiis Neumann. Ernst Uartert. (Plato I.) . 278—270
C. On the Diids of Southern Arabui. W. K. Ooilvie-Grast. (Pkle X.) . 213—273
7 Additions to tho List of Ijirds of Southern Arabia. W. K. Ogilvie-Grant . 591

8. Miscellaneous Notes on Palaearctic Birds. Ernst IIartert , . . 325—534

9. Ueber die Gattung Polioptila. C. E. Hellmatr 535—538

10. On the Genus Scaeorhijachas. Ernst Hartert 548

11. List of a, Colleetion of Bii-ds from the Lingga Islands. Ernst Hartert. 549 — 550

12. The Birds of the Banda Islands. Ernst Hartert 551 — 554

LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Description of (he hitherto unknown Female of (Joielus mlrahilis. Walter

ROTHSCUILD 24

2. Description of New Species of Butterflies from Milne Bay, British New Guinea.

11. Grose-S.mitii 86 — 89

3. New (ienera and Species of 'I'hyrididae and Geometrukie from Africii.

W. Warren 90-97

4. New Genera and Species of Drcpamdldac, Thyrldidae, Epiplemid<ie and Geo-

melridae from the Indo- Australian and Palaearctic Regions. W. Warren

98-110

5. New Genera and Species of American Drepanulidae, Tltyrididue, Epipleinidae

and Geometridae. W. Warren ........ 117 — 225

G. On some New or recently described Lepidoptera. Walter Botiischild.

(Plate V.) 274—276

( vii )

PAGES

7. A Monograph of Charaxi>s ami the Allied Prionopterous Genera. (Plates VI.,

VII., \in., XI , XII.) (Continued from Vol. VI.) . . . 281—524

8. De.scriptions of New African Species of Aa-aeinae. II. Grose-Ssiitii . . 544 — 547

9. The Lepidoptera of Burn. W. J. Holland: —

Part I. Rhopalocora 54 — 85

Part II. Hetei-ocera 555—591

SIPHONAPTERA.

1. Notes on Pulex avium. N. C. PlOthschild. (Plate IX.) . . . 5.39 — 543

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME VII.

Plate T. Tiinicus c/iakohphns Neum. (African Plaintainoater. ITand-coloured plate
from one of the typical specimens by J. G. Keulemans )

., II. Cap-a sibirica li/dekkeri riotliscli. (1 land-coloured plate from the type

specimen by J. Smit.)

III. Cercoceliux chri/sogaster Lyd. (A new mangabey-like Monkey. Hand-
colonred plate from the typo by J. Smit.)

I^'. Hand-coloured plate by 3. G. Kculimans of three Birds, from the typo
specimens : }[ij-,omela tdhl.yu.la Hart. J from Ecssel I. (cf. Nov. Zool.
VI., p. 79); Knjthrmw/ias huruensis Hart. ^, and OeocicMa diimasi
Eothsch. (J, from Burn. (The iinder-surface of the Erijlln-diiii/ias is,
thi'ongh a fault of the <olourist, too yellowi>h in some copies of the
plate!)
,, V. Seven species of J.epidoplera. (See explan.ation of Plate V. Hand-coloured

plate by W. Piirkiss.)

„ VI. .

'-Photocraphie plates of Cluirayes. (See explanation opposite to plates.)
„ VJI. J

,. VIII. Genital armature of various forms of Clifi-mxes. K. Jordan del. (See
explanation.)

„ IX. Morphological details of various species of Ceratophyllus. K. Jordan del.
(See explanation.)

,, X. Lithographic map of Southern Araliia, showing tho routes taken by the

Pereival-Dodson expedition.

,, ^^ I. I Colour-typo plates of various I'/iuraxes. By Karl Jlcntschcl. (Photo-
„ XII. J graphed from nature.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. Vn. MAECH, 1900. No. 1.

THE BIRDS OF EUK IN THE CENTRAL CAROLINES.

ERRATA.

Page 26, line 18, /w " Corythaeala " read Corythaeola.

35, line 7 from the top, for " Melitta " read MeUttophagiis.
41, line 3 from the bottom, /or " Lagonostica " read Lagonosticta.
339, line 3 from the top, fm- " Copsychus salamis " read Copsychus saularis.
357, line Vi, for " Philagnoma " read Fhiloguoma.
534, line 1 4, for " Lyons " read Lyon.
541, line 3 from the bottom, for " Columba oeneas " read Coloiuba oenas.

spoudent, Mr. Alan Owstou, in Yokohama, who collected so successfully on Guam
and Saipan in the Marianne Islands,* proceeded to Rnk and' sent a large collection
to Tring.

The most important feature of this collection is the new Tephras (No. 3),
and the very fine series of nests and eggs of nearly all the species inhabiting
the island.

The notes on the colours of the soft parts are all given from Ridgway's
Nomenclature of Colours, and we may say that we have found them most
accurate. The nests and eggs were also labelled with the greatest care and
accuracy. Out of many hundreds of nests and eggs in the two collections we
could not trace one error, and had only one doubtful egg of a Tern, which is not
mentioned in either list.

To enable a reader of this article to inform himself of the entire bibliography
on the species, I have to all the species added the no. and jtage of Wiglesworth's

* Cf. Nov. ZooL. V. p. 51.

1

(2)

most accurate and useful work Acea Polf/ncsiae, in AUiamll. (f- lierii-hte Aftis.
Dresden 1891.

The literature on the birds of Enk Island is tlins briefly summarized :—

1853 : Hombron and Jacquinot in V„!/. POle Su<l. Alla.^, Jacquinot & Paoh, Zonl. v. III.

1880 : Finsoh, P. Z. .S. pp. 574-77 (Birds of Ruk).

1891 : Wiglesworth, Avea Pnhjnesiae p. VII. (List of Caroline Birds).

1897 : Hartcrt, BnU. B. O. Club VII. p. 5 {Tephro.-: riil.i).

1899 : Nehrkorn, Kalalog d. Elers. (Descr. of some Eggs).

1. Myzomela rubratra (Less.) (Wiglesworth No. 131, ]). :il).

Evidently very nnmerons on Ruk Island. Its native name is " yite/mfjal."
" Bill black (PI. II. fis. 1, Ridgway's Xo/nencl. Col.) ; iris bnrnt umber (Ridgway
III. 8) ; legs and toes slate-grey (II. 5) ; claws black."

Nov. ZooL. V. p. ■>■), I have said thut females differ from the /mi/es not (inly
ill size, but also in having olive-brown wings and greenish olive edges to the
remiges. I find now, however, that these are characters of immature femoles
only, and that the fully adult female differs from the male only in its smaller
size, and generally in a somewhat more restricted extent of the red on the back
iuid abdomen.

Many nests were found from the end of Jlay to Jnly, and (inc in JIarc.h.
The nests and eggs are described in Nov. Zool. V. p. 56. On (inam they were
collected in January, Febrnary, and March.

~. Zosterops semperi owstoni subsp. nov. (Wiglesworth No. 183, p. :iT, /w/-^m I).

The greenish Zosterops of Ruk, hitherto united with typical Z. semperi from
the Pelew Islands, is, in fact, different. As all the land-birds of Ruk, except
the widespread Mi/zomela riibrata, are more or less different from those of the
Pelew Islands, this is not at all remarkable. The differences, however, are so
slight, that I prefer to regard them as representative forms of one species, and
to designate the Ruk form as above, as a compliment to Mr. Alan Owston, of
Yokohama, who organized the collecting expedition to the Marianne nnd Cavoliiie
Islands tor Mr. Rothschild.

Z. semperi owstoni differs from Z. semperi semperi in the following characters :
The colonration of the upperside is less yellowish, but more green. The ear-coverts
are more olive-greenish than in Z. semperi semperi, where they are paler and
more yellowish. The spot on the lores and under the fore part of the eye, which
is indistinct and dnsky, is pnre black and more distinct. The whitish edge on
the inner web of the outer rectrices is less developed. The ujiper bill, which is
horn-brown in Z. semperi semperi, is black. We have received a large series
from Ruk, which I have compared with three Pelew specimens, kindly lent by
the authorities of the Liverpool Museum, and two in the Tring Museum, collected
by the late Mr. Kubary. The collectors have marked the up])er bill as " pure
black, iris raw-sienna (Ridgway V. 2) ; feet pale slate colour." The native name
is " Nikikitebu."

Nests with single eggs were found from May to July. They were j)laced in
various heights, bnt generally between four and eight feet high, in various bushes
and trees. They are very neatly woven of fine halms and fibres, and outside nicely
ornamented with cobwebs and white cocoons or wool. Some lianu: in ihi' fork of a

(3)

twig, exactly like an Oriole's nest. The eggs are pale blue, like all Zosterops eggs,
and measure : 17-.5 : 12-8, 17-7 : 12-5, 18 : 12, 16-5 : 12, 170 : 13, 17 : 12-3 mm.

Zosterops conspicillata of Guam lays generally two and even three eggs.
The fact that so many Passeres on the Pacific Islands lay only one egg is com-
mented on by Wiglesworth in " Aves Polynesiae " p. V., where this noticeable fact is
explained as a " remarkable preventative of a too rapid multiplication."

3. Tephras ruki Hart. {Bull. B.O. Club v. VII. p. ."), October 1807).

Entirely sepia-brown, a shade darker on the crown, the outer edges of the
inner webs of the remiges and the under wiug-coverts paler, the former inclining
to whitish ; the primaries darker, almost black, their outer webs bordered with
the colour of the back. No complete white ring, bnt a narrow semi-ring round
the eye, only visible in well-skinned specimens. Bill black, legs and feet light
orange-rufous ; claws brown, iris poppy-red. Total length about 135 — 148 mm. ;
wing 78 — 83, tail o2 — 53, bill 15—17, culmen from forehead 21, metatarsus 21.
The sexes do not seem to differ, unless ih.e female is a little smaller than the male.

The native name is " Nikildon."

Only eight specimens were obtained in November and December. It is most
peculiar that the late J. Kubary, who was an excellent collector, and who spent
more than fourteen months on link, did not obtain this bird. It is probably not
numerous, and occurs only on a certain secluded spot not visited by Kubary.

I have provisionally accepted Hartlanb's generic term Tephras, because I think
this group may with advantage be separated from the host of Zosterops.

T. Jinschi, the type of Tephras, and T. ruki agree and differ from typical
Zosterops in the following characters : — the first primary, which in typical
Zosterops is quite reduced and not visible from below, is well developed and
visible from below (7 mm. in T. Jin.ichi, 10 — 11 in T. ruki), the bill is longer,
the feet (especially in T. ruki) very strong, the colouration almost uniform brown.
I do not know if Zosterops cinerea and Z. poiuipensis belong to this same group,
bnt I doubt it, because (judging from the figures) they have the typical Zosteropine
bill, although in the style of colouration they are like Tephras.

T. Jinschi differs from T. ruki in its much smaller size and lighter under-
surface.

4. Acrocephalus (Tatare of many authors') syrinx (Kittl.).
(Wiglesworth No. 209, p. 41).

We have received a large number of specimens. Females do not differ from
males, except in being slightly smaller : wings of males average 80 — 81 mm., of
females 76 — 77 mm. Young birds do not differ from adults, except in being
somewhat lighter and more yellowish. In November, especially in the latter
half of this month, a good many were in moult. " Iris mars-brown (Ridgway
III. 13) ; upper bill brownish slate-colour, lower cream-colour. Legs and toes
dark grey. Length in the flesh about 6-7 inches."

Many nests, most of them containing one fresh egg, some two, were found
from the end of May to the beginning of July. They stand on bread-fruit,
cocoanut-palm, and ivory-palm trees, and in bushes, in a lieight from about
7 to 20 feet. The nests are strongly woven together and constructed of dry
grass, fibres of cocoannt palms and other fibres, dry leaves and similar material.

(4)

and form a very deep cnp, like nests of other Heed-warblers. They are, however,
evidently Dot hanging up on reeds or twigs, like those of onr Acrocephali.
The eggs are white, covered with darker and lighter brown patches and smaller
spots, and underlying ashy grey or lavender-grey spots. These spots are generally
thicker near the broad end, sometimes forming a loose ring, and they are some-
times eqnallv spread over the whole surface. Four dozens measure: 24:15-7,
23:16, 25-2": 18, 21-5: 10-2, 22o : lo-9, 21-5: 16-2, 2]-5:10-l, 21-o : 15-7, 24:15,
22-5: 16-4, 23:16, 22:15-1, 22-5:15-7, 22:16, 23:16, 225 : 16-5, 22-5:16-6,
22-5: 15-5, 22:16, 205:17, 21:161, 22:16-1, 20-7:161, 23:15-6, 22:21-5,
23 : 16, 21-6 : 16.3 mm., and so on. Nehrkorn, Kat. Eiersamml., p. 33, gives
21 — 23 : 15 mm., and mentions the whitish (instead of greenish) ground-colour.

5. Metabolus rugensis Hombr. & Jacq.

(Wiglesworth No. 71, p. 19 ; Cat. B. Brit. Mus. IV. p. 238 ; Finsch,
P.Z.S. 1880 p. 575.)

The extraordinary sexual dimorphism in the colouration of this bird, and the
colour of their young has not been fully understood. In the Catalogue of Birds
(IV. p. 238), the adult 7nale is correctly described as white with black throat
and forehead, and partly blackish shafts to the rectrices and remiges. The adult
female, however, is not correctly described in that work. What is described there
as the adult female is evidently a young female changing to the adult dress.

The admixture of white on the abdomen and under tail-coverts in that description
is somewhat peculiar, but the description is made from Hombron and .Jacquinot's
figure, in which the white is accidental or an addition of the artist. The aAwM female
is quite sooty black all over. This was evidently known to Dr. Finsch, for {P.Z.S.
1880 p. 575) he says : " Young females change from the cinnamon into the black
garb." This same author, however, was of opinion that the adult male changes
into a sooty black plumage in August, while in July they are still in full white
dress. He says, after describing the adult male : " In August the same birds
are of a uniform dull sooty black." Such is not the case, but the black birds
are the adult females only, while young birds are of a cinnamon colour, paler
and almost white below. E.Kamples changing from the cinnamon dress to both
the white of the adult male and the black of the adult female, were obtained in
December, bnt some also in November and January, and one in June.

The plumages of this bird may thus be briefly diagnosed :

White with black throat and forehead : cj ad.

Uniform sooty black : ? ad.

Cinnamon : S and ? juv.

Mixed cinnamon and white : S hab. trans.

Mixed cinnamon and black : ? hab. trans.

The birds in transitional plumages are remarkable in many ways. Although
they are, of course, passing through a moult, there are males in evidently cleanly
moulted jilnmage with a great amount of cinnamon to the feathers, especially their
tips and outer webs. The question now arises, and cannot be settled by me at
present, whether these individuals retain this cinnamon colour until the next
moult, or whether it is lost before— in the latter case we would have to accept
a change of colouration without moult. I may remark that the usual abrasion
cannot produce this change, as there is too much cinnamon in the plumage. In

( 5 )

an evident young female (though not sexed) the tail consists of some abraded old
cinnamon feathers, and of the fresh sprouting feathers some are black, others
side by side with the black, cinnamon, and some mixed black and cinnamon. This
same specimen has mixed feathers on many parts of its body and wings, while
sprouting remiges are sooty black.

Some of the adult males have the black tips to the wings more extended ^
while in others they are nearly quite absent. Two adult females have single
tail-feathers pure white or irregularly marked with white, and one has a quite
white chin, while most examples have only three to sis tiny chin-feathers white.

The adult male and female have the bill and feet slaty grey, the iris clove-
brown. The young have the base of the lower bill yellowish. The local name
is "Ouaf" or " Uaf," and from the natives having the same name for all the
plumages it is evident that they are aware of their history.

The species is apparently only to be found on Ruk Island. Its song is
strong and pleasant.

Two nests were found on June 1st and 4th, both twenty feet high, on bread-
fruit trees. A third was taken on June 12th on a " Chiiya" tree. The nests are
built of dry palms, of fibres and grass, with a few decomposed leaves and rootlets,
and each contains one single egg only. According to Finsch (Proc. Zool. Soc,
1880, p. 57.5) Kubary found either one or two eggs. The eggs are cream-coloured,
speckled with brownish red, more frequently and often very thickly on the large
end, and with some deeper lying pale purplish grey patches, and one has some
very fine black lines on the large end.

The eggs measure : 256 : 18-4, 26-5 : 18-6, and 26-i3 : 10-.5 mm. The shape
is that of shrikes' eggs.

A very good figure of the egg is given on pi. I., fig. 5, in Nehrkorn's " Kataloij
der Eiersammluny ^''

(j. Myiagra oceanica Jacq. & Pach.
(AViglesworth No. 101 p. 2:5.) (Nehrkoru, Kat. Eiersamml. p. 30, Egg I)

Very numerous on Ruk Island. The female difi"ers from the adult incile in
having the crown not steel-blue, but dark grey, with a faint steel-blue gloss,
and in being very little smaller — the wing perhaps two or tliree millimetres shorter.
" The iris is seal-brown (Ridgway pi. III. 1) ; the upper bill blue-black, with a
pale plnmbeous streak near the cutting-edge ; lower bOl dark plumbeous ; legs
and toes blackish slate-colour." Native name on Ruk " Koi-Koi."

A good many nests were found from March to July, but chiefly in June.
They contained all one egg only, but one had two, of which, however, one was
broken by the finder. The nests are neatly and strongly woven, beautifully round
and somewhat flat. The bottom is thick, but the walls thiu. They are composed
of fibres and rootlets, and outside are more or less ornamented, with pale greyish
green lichens and cobwebs, some very beautifully. They are placed on l)read-frnit
and other trees, about seven to twenty feet from the ground. The eggs are pale
greenish or brownish white, not much pointed, generally marked with a wide belt
round the middle, closely resembling many shrikes' eggs. The spotting is generally
reddish brown, but sometimes of a paler brown, often spread all over the egg, and
there is nearly always some lavender-grey or ashy grey colour in the form ot
underlying patches and spots. Some eggs are white with only a few small brown

( 6 )

spots. The eggs measure: 21:16, •>! : 15-8, 21:10, 21-5 : 15-G, 22-1 : 163,
21 : 16, 20 : 15, 2(Jo : 150, 20 : 15, 21 : 15-5, 21 : 16, 21 : 16-1, 20 : 15-6, 20 : 15-1,
21-5 : 10-1. 2(i-r) : 101, 20-5 : 14-8, 20 : 10-2. 2I>1 : 14"), 20 : 15-5, 21 : 10 mm.

T. Aplonis kittlitzi Fiuscli & Hartl.
(Cf. Nov. ZoOL. V. p. 58.) (Wiglesworth No. 239 p. 44.)

Common. " Iris deep yellow ; bill aud feet black." The natives seem to
believe that the striped, immature birds are belonging to a different species, aa
they call — according to onr collectors — the uniform glossy black birds " Aga,"
the striped ones " Boei."

Numerous nests were found from May to July and one in March, all in holes
of trees, in various heights from four to nearly twenty feet. The clutches consisted
of one, two, and three eggs. The eggs vary much in size and shape, but are
always similar to other spotted Starlings' eggs. Most of them are light bine,
marked witli rufous brown and lavender-grey or purplish grey. One is very pale,
almost white, aud is at the same time the smallest, measuring only 28'3 : 20-3 mm.
The two largest eggs from Ruk measure: 31-5:22 and 33-5:22 mm.

8. Erjrthrura trichroa (Kittl.).

Fringilla trichroa, Kittlitz in Mem. Acad. Petersb. 1835. 8 pi. 10 ; Salvadori, Oni. Papvas. e Moluc.

n. p. 442 (1881) (parlim !) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XUI. p. 385 (^partim !) ; Wiglesworth

No. 220 p. 42 (Carolines only !).
Erythrura glauca (sjiec. ix spirit !), Finsch in J. M. Godeffroy 1876, XII. p. 35.

We have received a large series from Kuk Island. The local name is
"Lugopal." "Iris seal-brown (Ridgway III. 1); bill black; legs and toes wood-
brown ; claws paler brown." Specimens shot in November are mostly in moult.

The somewhat remarkable distribution attributed to Enjthrura trichroa— •<r\z.,
Carolines, Northern Moluccas, New Guinea, and Solomon Islands— led Mr. Rothschild
and me to study this species more closely, and wc found that it is separable into
a number of geographical forms :

a. Erythrura trichroa trichroa (Kittl.).

Carolines : Kushai, Ponape, and Ruk. Wc have not been able to examine
skins from Kushai, but those from Ponape aud Ruk are perfectly alike, aud the
description and figure of the types from Kushai agree entirely with them.

These birds are of a dark green, the under wing-coverts are generally
washed with greyish-brown, the wing does not exceed 60 mm. in length, being
56 — 60 mm. long.

h. Erythrura trichroa modesta Wall.

Wallace in Froc. Zool. Soc. Loyid. 1802 p. 351.

Moluccas : Batjan, Ternate, Halmahera. Specimens from the three islands
iu the Tring Museum. Generally of a less deep and more yellowish green, especially
on the underside. The under wing-coverts are clear buff, without the greyish
wash so frequent in E. trichroa trichroa. The wing is always over 60 mm. long,
reaching from 62 — 05 mm.

(7)

c. Erythrura trichroa papuana subsp. nov.

Differs chiefly in its larger size. The beak is mach thicker than in the
allied forms, the wing iu one male from Arfak is fnlly 07 mm. long. The colour
is of a deep green. The bine on the head in the one male before us occupies
practically the entire crown of the head, while in forms a and b it does not reach
beyond the hinder margin of the eyelids in the middle of the crown. Salvadori,
Oni. Papuas. c Mol. II. p. 442, has already mentioned the large size of an
Arfak specimen, and the less intensely green colour of the Moluccan skins.

tl. Erythrura trichroa woodfordi subsp. nov.

Solomon Islands: iVola, on Guadalcanar. Sharpe (Cat. B. Biit. Mas. XIII.
p. 380) has remarked that the bine frontal band is narrower, and that they are
" otherwise identical with those from Ternate." They are indeed as yellowish
green as Ternate ones, and the bill is not as thick as in those from Arfak. The
wing of two females in the Tring Museum is 03—64 mm. long. This form is
certainly not our form c, bnt very near to form h, from which it seems merely
to difier in a narrower frontal band, and perhaps a somewhat longer wing.

e. Erythrura trichroa cyanifrons E. L. Layard.

Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist. (5), I. p. 374 (l.s78) ; Wiglesworth No. 216 p. 42.
New Hebrides : Tauna, Erromango. Differs in its much smaller size from
forms a, b, c, d. In colouration it is like a ; wing 54 — 55 mm.

Kr. trichroa was frequently found nesting on Ruk Island in March, May,
iiud June. The nests are large and very loose structures with a big opening on
the side, so that the eggs are easily seen in the nest. The nests are placed on
banana-trees and bushes. The eggs are three to five in number, of a glossless
white, and measure : 17 : 13, 17-6 : 13, 15o : 12, 16-3 : 12-2, 16 : 13-5, 16-8 : 12-3,
10"1:12-1, 161 : 13-5 mm., and so on. Nehrkorn, Kat. Eiersammlitng, gives
17 : 13 mm.

0. Urodynamis taitiensis (Sparrm.) (Wiglesworth No. 47, p. 11).

Ruk, 1. 7. Is90. Local name: " Nikiyap." Only this one specimen was
obtained.

10. Ptilinopus ponapensis Finsch. (Wiglesworth No. 261, p. 50).

Very common. Local name : " Ute-ute." " Colour of bill light apple-green ;
iris between cadmium yellow and chrome yellow (Ridgway PI. VI. figures
6 and 8) ; feet light chrome-yellow ; claws blackish slate." The sexes of the
adult bird are perfectly alike, only the female has the wing generally 2 or
3 mm. shorter. In the first plumage of the young bird the feathers of the
upper and underside, and especially those of the wing-coverts, are tipped with
yellow; head and neck uniform dark green. In the next stage the plumage
is like that of the adult bird, except that the crown is still green and the
hind-neck more greenish.

I have not seen sufficient material from Ponape to say with certainty that

( 8 )

l)irds from Ruk and Ponap6 are entirely tlie suuu', but Finsch ami other antliorities
inform us that they are the same.

Open nests on boughs of large trees were found in May and June. They
contained two eggs, measuring 33 : ^3, 33-5 : 23-5, 33 : 23, 33-3 : 22, 33 : 232 mm-
They are all remarkably pointed on one end, the narrowed point being very
short.

1 1 . Carpophaga oceanica (Less.).

(Wiglesworth No. 206 p. .52 ; (jlobicera oceanica, Salvailori, (''at. B.
Brit. Mas. XXI. p. 170).

Common on Rnk. Local name: " Muranoniloy." "Colour of bill blackish
slate-colour ; iris carmine ; feet light rose-red, claws black." This species differs
widely from C. pacijica in its chestnut abdomen and thighs. One specimen
(adnlt male) has a wide light chestnut bar to the tip of the tail, and most of
the feathers of the uj)perside tipped or edged or overspread with chestnut, some
others show the same peculiarity in a lesser degree. A young bird {fcmaU) has
the crown and hind-neck much darker than the adult ones, and the abdomen
washed and spotted with blackish brown.

12. Phlegoenas kubaryi Finsch. (Wiglesworth No. 28-1 p. .55.)

■\Vhile we received a great number of the Ptili7ioptis, only eight of this fine
pigeon were sent. The: female is a little smaller than the male. " Colour of bill
blackish slate-colour ; iris seal-brown ; legs and toes dark ]>ink ; claws mouse-
grey."' The local name is " Sleep."

I have no Ponapfi specimens to compare, but specimens fiom Rnk and Ponape
are said to be alike.

Phlegoenas hiharyi differs at a glance from P. xanthonura (= pampiisan =
tirgo, cf. Nov. Zool. V. p. CO) in having a slate-coloured hind-neck and posterior
part of the crown, but, as young P. xanthonura also have a slaty brown hind-neck
and posterior part of crown, the young of P. xanthonura is very near to a dull
kubaryi, and the two forms might perhaps better be considered to be subspecies
only.

13. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.). (Wiglesworth No. 333 p. 06.)

One pair shot ou Jlay 5th. {N. phaeopus of Finsch in Proc. Zool. Soc.
1880 p. 570.)

14. Limosa lapponica novaezealandiae (Gray). (Wiglesworth No. 332 p. 06).
One male, October 18th.

15. Totanus incanus (Gm.) (Wiglesworth No. 32'J p. 65).

Obtained in February and October. One adnlt female shot June 15th, 18'J5,
with a wing fully 181 mm. in length.

Hi. Heteropygia acuminata (Horsf) (Wiglesworth No. 327 p. 64.)
Not rare in February and early in March. Local name : •' Klyn."

( 9)

IT. Charadrius Mvus (Gm.) (Wiglesworth No. 322 p. (33).
Common on February Otli.

18. Aegialitis mongolus (Pall.).
One female, February 8th, 18iHi. Local name: " Klyn." Not mentioned by
Wiglesworth and Finsch.

19. Squatarola squatarola (L.)
One /email', Rnk, January 20th, 1890. Not mentioned by Wiglesworth and
Finsch.

20. Strepsilas interpres (L.) (Wiglesworth No. 320 p. G3.)
Common in February and March.

21. Poliolimnas cinereus (Vieill.) (Wiglesworth No. 312 p. 01.)

Five specimens sent from Rnk. The local name is " Iliilinebon." (Nov-
ZoOL. V. J). 64).

Two nests were found on the swampy ground among the reeds, one con-
taining four, the other three eggs. The eggs are pale buff, or cream-colour,
.speckled all over with brownish rufous, more frequently near the broad end. In
some eggs these spots are larger, in others minute, and there are often some
underlying pale purplish grey spots. If held against the light the eggs shine
through very pale greenish yellow. They measure : 32 :22-8, 3M : 23.1, 33:23.5,
30-3 : 22-4, 30-2 : 235, 31 : 233 mm.

22. Micranous leucocapillus (Gould).

(Wiglesworth No. 3T0 p. 77, sub nomine sinous melanogenys .)

Haifa dozen specimens were shot in November. Local name, " Pohlicki."

23. Anous stolidus pileatus (Scop.) (.1. stolklus, Wiglesworth No. 375, p. 76).

Lepetit Fouquet des Philqqiiiies, Sonnerat, Voyage a hi Nouv. Guinee p. 125, pi. 85 (1776).
Stemct pileaki, Scopoli, Dtl. Faiiii. el Flor. Insuhr. II. p. 92, no. 73, ex Sonnerat (178G).
Stermi philippina, Latham, Iiul. Oni. II. p. 805, ex Sonnerat (1790).
Annus rotis'ieaui, Hartl. Beitr. Oni, Madagoiicar, p. 8*i (1861).
Amuxfmtei; Cones in Pmc. Acad. Philad. 1862 p. 558 (South Pacific).
Anous stolidus rousscaui, Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. XIX. pp. 645, 646.

Messrs. Cones and llidgway are perfectly correct in separating the Noddy of
the Pacific from that of the Atlantic Ocean. The tail of A. s. pileatus is longer
and more graduated than that of .1. 3. stolidus, the pileum more greyish and
never so whitish, the general colouration more sooty and not so brown, the wing
generally longer. There is, however, no donbt that Sterna pileata is the oldest
term for this form, and that also Sterna pldlippina applies to it. Both these
names are based on the ^' Petit Fouquet des Philippines" of Sonnerat, who
distinctly describes (and figures rather badly) a white-crowned Noddy. The facts,
that only Anous stolidus and not Micranous leucocapillus is known to frequent
the Philippines, and that Sonnerat describes the size of his bird as twice that

( 10 )

of Sterna anaetheta, and that he calls the bill curved, force ns to accept his name
for the Pacific form of the Anons atolidns.

For waut of better knowledge 1 follow Kidgway iu uniting the form from
Madagascar and the southern Indian Ocean with the Pacific one, but I agree with
Ridgway that a furtlier subdivision may in fntnre be necessary, and I think specially
that it is likely that the Red Sea bird {Anoiia plumbeigularis of Sharpe) may be
found to differ, if a large series is studied.

Oar collectors found Anotis stolidm pileatus frequent on Rnk Island. Local
name, " Pohlicki." Nests, containing one egg each, were found from March to
July 1st " on ' Tako " trees, or on the roots of Mangrove bashes." The " Tako "
is described as a " tall tree resembling the cocoanut palm."

24. Sterna bergii Licht. (Wiglesworth No. 304 p. 74).
Ruk, December 5th, 1895, and May 7th, 1896. Local name " Nipawalne "
or "Nipowalne."

25. Sterna melanauchen Temm. (Wiglesworth No. 367 p. 74).
One specimen (? ?) was obtained on February 1890. It agrees fairly well
with Saunders' description of the immature bird iu Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXV.
p. 128, but the wing-coverts are nearly white, the four outer pairs of rectrices
are marked with black on the outer webs.

26. Gygis alba kittlitzi Hart. {Gygis alba Wiglesworth No. 381 p. 78).

Frequent and breeding on Ruk Island. Cf. Nov. ZooL. V. p. 67. Local
name : " Arakal " and " Alakal," also " Ekigah."

The single egg was found in June iu the fork of branches and on the bare
ground.

27. Phaethon lepturus Daud. (Wiglesworth No. 361 p. 73).
J ad. 14. 0. 1896. Local name : " Uhk."

28. Puffinus obscurus obscurus (Gm.) (Wiglesworth No. 3bS p. 79).

Three males and one of doubtful sex were obtained on June 15th and 16th.
Their local name is " Niffolo." " The colour of the bill is blackish : the iris
seal-brown." The outer toe is blackish in skin, the inner and middle toe of a
light colour.

See Nov. Zool. V. p. 194, where the subspecies of this species are dis-
criminated.

A single egg, laid on a small heap of dry leaves, was found on June 16th
in a hole about four feet deep on the side of a cliff. It is white, and measures
42 : 35-5 mm.

29. Nycticorax caledonicus (Gm.) (Wiglesworth No. 134 p. 68).

One male was shot on May 25th, 1896. Its local name is given as " Kao-Kao."
It has a rather dark back and somewhat darker wings than other specimens of this
species liefore me.

( 11 )

30. Demiegretta sacra (Gm.) (Wiglesworth No. 337 p. 07).

Rather common. Local uame " Soppu " and " Kao-Kao." There are slate-
coloured and white individuals, and many two-coloured ones. These do not change
from a slate-coloured to a white or from a white to a slate-coloured dress, but
have white and slaty feathers at the same time and get them again by moult.

31. Ardetta sinensis (Gm.) (VViglesworth No. 339 p. 68).

Rather common on Ruk Island (Cf. Nov. Zool. V. p. 65). Local name

" Lioh."

The nests, containing one and two eggs, were found in May and June, among
reeds. The eggs are of the palest green, almost white, and measure 336 : 26,
38 : 24-8, 38-5 : 34-3, 308 : 245, 31 : 24-2, 35-5 : 25-5, 35 : 245, 34-3 : 24-3 mm.

Finsch, in his list of Ruk birds in the Froc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, pp. 574-77,
enumerates twenty-nine species, of which he had examined specimens of fifteen
species, the others being inserted on the authority of Kubary. The following are
uot in my list.

32. CoUocalia vanicorensis (= faciphaga Cat. B. Brit. Mas. XVI., p. 500).
It is strange that our collectors did not come across this bird.

33. Phaethon rubricauda (Bodd.)

34. Tachypetes aquila (= Fregata aquila).

35. Dysporus sula (= Sula sula).

Thus we know thirty-five species of birds to occur on Ruk. We may with
certainty suppose that no more land-birds are to be discovered, bnt that sea-birds
will occasionally visit the islands, which were not hitherto observed. The only fact
of first-rate interest yet to be discovered, is the breeding and the eggs of Tephras
ruki, which were uot found this time. Poor as the ornis of Ruk is, the land-birds
are of great interest. The beautiful Metabolus ruyensis, Myiagra oceanica, and
Tephras ruki, are, as far as we know at present, only found on Ruk Island.

The absence of all Alcer/inic/cir, of which species are found on all the neigh-
bouring groups of islands, the Pelew and Marianne Islands, and on the other
Carolines, of hawks, owls and of Rhipiditrae on Rnk is remarkable.

( 12 )

THE BIRDS OF DAMMER ISLAND IN THE BANDA SEA.

By ERNST IIARTERT.

DA3IMER, Dammar or Damiua, is a volcanic island in the Banda Sea, north of
the line of the so-called '■ Serwatty Islands," which extend in an east-north-
easteru direction from Timor. It is about half-way between Timor and Timorlaut.
It is less than ten miles in length and about live miles wide. The island is one
of the prettiest in the Eastern Archipelago, and almost entirely covered with dense
forest and vegetation: only the top of the volcanic peak in the north, which is often
emitting a stream of white smoke, and which rises to abont 4000 feet, is bare of
forest growth. The forest is so dense, that it is very difficult to penetrate it for
any distance. Many boiling hot springs and streamlets are found, which are
utilized by the natives for cooking. The island is scantily inhabited by two
races of Papuan and Malay type, who live in separate villages. They are all
friendly and well disposed towards foreigners. They keep some pigs and fowls,
and are most expert iishermen. Sago and cocoa-nut palms, enormous mango
trees, jack-frnit (Artocarpus) and bread-fruit are found in abundance, as well as
bananas and tobacco. Birds, lepidoptera and coleoptera are numerous. Messrs. J.
AValker and Bassett-Smith, who visited Dammer on H.M. surveying ship Penguin
in 1891, brought home one species of mammals (a form of Cuscns maciilatiis), ten
species* of birds, unTaely M/iipidura ele.gantula, Rhipidura biittikoferi, Graucalus
melanops, Zosterops bassetti, Stigmatops squatnata, Hirundo (jutturalis, Psitteiiteles
euteles, Ptilinopus xantJiogaster, Carpophuqa rosacea and concinna, five species of
reptiles, namely, Gecko ceiiicillatus, Calofes cristateUus, l.ijyosom'i striolatiim and
fuscum, Ablepkarus boutonii furcata, ten mollusca, one hundred species of coleoptera,
thirty of other insects and one freshwater crustacean. Besides this interesting,
but fragmentary collection from Dammer, I am only aware that A. B. Meyer
enumerates three species of birds : —

Urospizias torqiiatus = Astur polionoUis (No. 27).

Pitta brachyura = Pitta vigorsi (No. 20) and Carpopliaga concinna, which
were sent to him by Mr. Riedel.t

The entire ornithological literature relating to Dammer Island is therefore : —

1884, A. B. Meyer, in Ahl>. " 7.*/.s," Dresden, p. 7 (three species).

1894, R. B. Sharpe, in Ami. <)• Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. (>, v. XIV. pp. 56-58 (ten
species).

In connection with this last-named article a very interesting account of a visit to
Dammer Island is given by Mr. .J. Walker, from which most of the foregoing notes
are taken.

In 1899 our esteemed correspondent Heinrich K-iihn, to whom we owe already
several other valuable collections from the Eastern Archipelago, made a trip to
Dammer and sent us a large collection of birds and lepidoptera. Here follows the
list of the birds collected by him. They are mostly collected at a place called
Woeloer, some at Bebber and Hi.

• Mr. Walker says his party collected only nine, bnt Sharpe enumerates ten.

t Care must be taken not to mistake Dammer Island in the Banda Sea for the island south of
Halmahera which is variously spelt D.ama. Damme, Dammar or Dammer. It is this latter island where
Bernstein collected a few birtls (cf. Stigmatops Moris. Mi/zovi'la simjilex and others), not the Diimmer
visited by Kiihn.

( 13 )

1. Geocichla peronii audacis Hart.

{Bull B. 0. Club V. VIII. No. LXII., p. 43, April 1899).

This fine Thrush differs from 0. ]ieronii of Timor in having the upperside more
uniform and of a much deeper chestnut-rufous colour. The chest and sides of the
bod_v are much darker and more chestnut-rufous. The wing is shorter.

" Iris brown, feet pale flesh-colour, bill pale greyish-brown, paler below."

Wing 10 — 104 mm. (at least 110 in G. peronii peronii), tail about 75, tarsus
32—33, bill 19 mm.

This bird is named in honour of Mr. Kilhn {Imhn in German = audax in
Latin).

2. Rhipidura elegantula Sharpe.

Sharpe in Notes Leydai Mus. 1879 p. 23 ; Biittikofer in Nutes Leyden Mus. 1893 (v. XV.) p. 76 ;
Sharpe in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1894, ser. 6, v. 14, p. 56.

Five specimens from Dammer seem to agree in ever}- respect with Rh. elegan-
tula, described from a single specimen from Lettie. The comparison of a series
from Lettie would be desirable.

" Iris very dark brown ; feet plumbeous black ; bill black."

3. Rhipidura setosa buttikoferi Sharpe.

Sharpe in Btdl B.O. Club v. 1, No. 4, p. 18 (1892) ; Ann. & Hay. Nat. Hist. 1894, ser. 6, v. 14,
p. 56.

This interesting form belongs doubtless to the group oi Rk. .setosa. From typical
setosa it differs in being much deeper brown above, in having sharply marked white
spots on the chest, and in having much more white on the outer rectrices. The
chest is marked with longitudinal narrow white shaft-stripes. In this respect it
resembles Rh. setosa isura, but the spots are narrower and sharper, the chest and
upper surface darker. Rh. hoeclti from Lettie is evidently very closely allied, but
more greyish above. We know thus (cf. Nov. Zool. V. p. 625) :

Rh. setosa setosa, New Ireland and New Britain.

Rh. setosa gidaris. New Guinea.

Rh. setosa nigromentalis, Louisiade Islands.

Rh. setosa hoedti, Lettie.

Rh. setosa biittikoferi, Dammer.

Rh. setosa isura, Australia.

Rh. setosa assimilis. Key Islands. More to come !

" The iris of Rh. s. biittikoferi is deep brown, bill and feet blackish."

This form is common on Dammer Island.

4. Myiagra rufigula Wall.
Woeloer, Bebber and Hi on Dammer. Only a few specimens received.

5. Monarcha trivirgata (Temm.).
A good series from Woeloer.

( 14 )

»'i. Monarcha inomatus kisserensis A. B. Meyer.

All thn specimens from Woeloer agree with Dr. Meyer's from Kisser (Sitzber.
<f- Ab/t. " Iris," Dresden, 1884, p. 22) in;beiug very light whitish grey. The study of
a sufficiently large material will probably enable ns to separate several more local
forms. Specimens from the Snla Islands are almost equally pale as those from
Dammer, while J/, inor/iati/g commutntm from Sangi is a darker form.

T. Heteranax mundus (Scl.).

(For synonymy see Salvadori, Orn. Papnas. e Molucc. Ayginn'e II., p. 75.)
We have received a good series from Dammer, and we cannot find any differences
from specimens of Timorlant. Only the adult male seems to be described. Tlie
adult female does not differ from the adult male, except that it is a trifle smaller,
the wings of the males measuring 80 to 85 mm., those of the females 77 to 78 mm.
The 3-oung, in both sexes, differs considerably. It is above earthy brown, forehead
whitish, cansed by the white bases to the feathers. Remiges deep brown, margined
outwardly with rufous brown, inwardly with whitish. Rectriccs blackisli brown,
margined with brown, the three outer pairs with wide buff tips, largest on the outer-
most pair. Lores, sides of head and neck, and throat white, breast and abdomen
cinnamon-buff, thighs grey. Under wing-coverts whitish buff. Adult: '' Iris dark
brown. Feet slaty-grey. Bill bright ash-grey with blackish tip and whitish cutting-
edges."

8. Dammeria henrici Harf.

In Bull. B. 0. dull, V. VIII., jip. LVII., LVIIL, I described this interesting
flycatcher about as follows: —

Dammeria gen. uov. Muscicapidaram.

Remarkable for its strong, high, and arched beak, with large nostrils plainly to
be seen in front of the stiff, short, frontal plumes, which are continued on the beak
to the nostril. In the well-developed wing the fifth primary is the longest, the
first a little more than half the length of the second. Tail composed of twelve
feathers, rather more than two-thirds of the length of the wing; rectrices about
equal in length, slightly pointed. Metatarsus long, longer than the middle toe
with claw, covered in front with a lamina, which shows some two or three divisions
near the toes. Sexes dissimilar in colouration.

Dammeria hetirici, 3 ad. Above dark slaty blue, lores and feathers of the
forehead darker, nearly black. Above the lores, from eye to middle of forehead,
a line of pure white feathers, similar to that found in many species of Brachi/ptcryx.
Underside dark slaty blue, chin darker, almost black ; in the middle of the
throat a white, sometimes concealed patch. Feathers of chest and breast with
narrower or wider longitudinal white spots near the tips, those of the belly and sides
of the rump tipped with white, under tail-coverts nearly black, with wliite patches.
Remiges slaty black, brownish grey towards the bases of the inner webs ; under
wing-coverts slate-colonr, partly tipped with white. " Iris brown, bill black, feet
blackish plumbeous." Total length about 130 mm., wing 68 — fiO, tail 50, metatarsus
20, culmen about 15, bill from end of nostril to tip 7 mm.

? ad. Above olive-brown with a slaty wash, upper tail-coverts slaty-brown:

( 15 )

a buff superciliary line from the forehead to above the eye. Remiges olive-brown,
outer webs edged with rusty brown, pale brown towards the base of the inner webs.
Ear-coverts with pale shaft-lines. Under surface rnsty buff, brighter on the throat
and chest, and washed with olive on the sides and flanks; feathers of the chest with
olive patches, producing a somewhat striped appearance. Feet pale flesh-colonr.
Wing 64 — 0.5 mm.

(? immat. Resembles the adult female, bnt with the upper surface darker
and the feathers with ferruginous tips, chest more streaked, superciliary stripe less
developed.

Mr. Heinrich Kilhn sent nine specimens of this most interesting bird. The
bird is named in commemoration of Mr. Kiihn's Christian name, Heinrich =
Henricus.

9. Gerygone ktihni sp. uov.

J ad. Above rufous-brown, the head paler and more ashy brown. Sides of
head pale ashy brown, lores with a whitish spot. Remiges dark sepia-brown, ont-
wardly margined with olive-rnfous-brown, the inner secondaries with the colonr of
the back, inwardly with whitish grey. Rectrices deep sepia, with a wide blackish
bar and an ill-defined whitish auteapical patch on the margin of the inner webs.
Chin, throat, chest, middle of breast and abdomen white, sides of breast and flanks
rufous brown, almost chestnut, a little brighter than the back, and having very little
white in the middle of the abdomen. Under wing- and under tail-coverts white with
a rusty wash. " Iris burnt-sienna-red, feet plumbeous, bill black." Wing 5.5 — .57,
tail about 43, tarsus 21, bill 11 mm.

? ad. Like the adult male, only a little smaller; wing 53 mm. Jnv. underside
snlphur-yellow instead of white.

Named in honour of its discoverer.

This form is apparently nearest to G. keijensis Biittik ; described from a young
bird in the Leyden Museum {Notes Leyden Miis. v. XV. 1893, p. 258), but it is much
more rufous above and on the flanks, also smaller. It differs from (j. inormita and
G. everetti in the markings of the tail, and the colour of the upperside. It seems
to agree very nearly with G. kissercnsis Finsch {Notes Leyden Mas. v. XX., p. 133,
1898) in the markings of the tail, but it is not at all olive-brown, but rufous-brown
on the upperside.

No doubt several of these forms will in future be treated merely as subspecies,
but at present a satisfactory review cannot be given from the material in the Tring
Museum.

10. Edoliosoma dispar Salvad.

A fine series from Dammer. Cumparing them with a series from Key and
Banda, I found no constant difl"erences. The size is rather variable. S ad. : " Iris
dark brown, feet and bill black." ? ad. : " Iris dark brown, bill brownish black,
feet slaty grey."

11. Dicaeum salvadorii A. B. Meyer.

One single male from Woeloer, Dammcr, agrees fully with Dr. Meyer's descrip-
tion of D. salmdoiii from a single male from Bebber. It diff'ers from I), mackloti
in having a larger and wider bill, the red of the throat being more extended towards

( 10 )

the breast ami a shade less bright, and the abdomen not pure white but buffy. "Its
iris is dark brown, bill and feet black."

Comparison of a good series both from Bobber and Dammer would be of
interest.

12. Anthus gustavi Swinh.

cJ, Woeloer, 9. 12. 1898. " Iris dark brown, feet pale flesh-colonr."

13. Motacilla boanila melanope Fall.
Common in November and December.

14. Zosterops bassetti Sharpe.

In Ann. f Mag. Kat. Hist. 1894, ser. 6, vol. 14, p. 57, Dr. Sharpe described
this form as follows :—" Similis Z. albivenfri, sed panllo major, loris et gatture
aurantiacis nee sulphnreis, et corporis lateribus cinerascenti-brunneis nee isabellinis
distiugnenda. Long. tot. 5-0 poll., culm. I>G, alae 2"4o, candae 1-75, tarsi 0-75."
There is no donbt that this diagnosis refers to this Zosterops, of which I have
before me eight skins sent by Mr. Ktihn from Dammer, even if I had not
compared the typo; bnt I do not consider the comparison with Z. albirentris from
the Torres Straits a very lucky one. In my opinion the nearest ally is Z. citrinella
from the Timor group, from which Z. bassetti differs in having a larger beak, in
being less yellowish and more olive above, in being much more brownish on the
sides of the breast and flanks, and in having a longer wing. From Z. qrai/i of Key
it differs in being much less bright yellowish, especially ou the wings and upper
tail-coverts, and in being brownish, not ashy grey on the sides.

Mr. Kiihn describes the iris as " brown, feet ash-grey, bill dull greyish brown."
The sexes do not differ, except that the female is perhaps a trifle smaller. There is
no doubt that Z. i-itrinclla, bassetti, grayi, and others will ultimately be classified
as subspecies of one form, bnt without an elaborate study of the whole group this
is not to be done, and I should at present even hesitate to say how the species
should be named. Therefore I leave this to a future time.

Zo.sterops lett/ensis Finsch in J^otes Lei/r/en Mits. v. XX. p. 13G (1898) seems
fully to agree with Z. bassetti, except that it is slightly smaller. The comparison
of a series from Lettie is desirable.

15. Stigmatops squamata Salvad.

A good series from Dammer. " Iris yellowish grey, sometimes more brownish,
bill black, feet dark grey."

Dr. Sharpe {A)i)t. Mag. Mat. Uist. 1804, ser. (J, v. 14, p. 57) identifies the bird
from Dammer with St. kebirensis A. B. Meyer, bat it is squamata. Mr. Rothschild
and I have carefully compared eight adult Dammer skins with ten adult specimens
from Khoor (or Koer), also collected by Herr Kiihn, and wo found them quite alike.
Sharpe's Dammer bird is immature, and that is the reason for the less extended
scaling on the under surface. We have no specimens from Bebber (or Kebir), but
— unless all those examined from the latter island are immature — they seem to differ
in several points, and to be similar to young squamata. Sharpe {I.e.) says that

( 1' )

he fails to see tlie characters for separating Sf. salcadorii from Tirunrlant from
St. squamata, but St. snlvadoiii is apparently a distinct form, being very much
smaller, the wings abont 1 cm. shorter. We have fonr Timorlaut birds for
comparison.

The female of St. squamata is a little smaller than the male; the young bird
has the area behind and below the eye, which in the adult birds is covered with
short scaly deep black feathers with silvery white tips, quite bare and of a light
flesh-colour, and the breast is pale greenish grey without scales. Sharps {I.e. p. 57)
questions the correctness of the occurrence of St. ckloris on Dammer, mentioned by
Salvadori (Ora. Pap. II. p. 32G), but it is Dammer in the Moluccas, not our
Dammer, where Bernstein collected this and other birds.

The nest of St. squamata is a neat structure, ornamented on the outside with
white little cobwebs and wool and cotton, with a "tail" hanging down from the
bottom, and an entrance hole on the side, which is sometimes overhung by
a protecting leaf and with a little porch-like roof. The eggs (two in number) are
white, finely speckled and punctated with a light-brownish red or bright brick-red.
They measure : 17-5 : 13-2, 17-7 : 14, 18-5 : 12-9, and 18-6 : 12-5 mm.

16. Pachycephala melauura dammeriana subsp. nov.
I have no doubt, that P. nirlnmirii, clio, burueiisis, iiiacrorhj/ncha, obiennix,
everetti and several others will be treated as subspecies of one form, and I therefore
do not hesitate to call the new form also merely a subspecies of inelanura. In the
distribution of colours it agrees with the other forms. Chin and throat pure white,
surrounded by a 5 to 10 mm. wide black collar. The yellow collar above well
defined. The wing-coverts are olive-green with small black bases. Primary-coverts
and bastard-wing black with olive-grey borders. Onter webs of remiges edged with
greenish olive-grey. Bectrices black, outwardly edged with yellowish olive-green,
broader towards base, very narrow near tip. All the rectrices tipjjed with olive for
about 4 mm. The back is olive-green, less yellowish than in P. m. clio, breast and
abdomen yellow, less bright and golden than in clio. This latter form is perhaps
the most similar one to dammeriana, differing, however, in the much more extended
black bases to the upper wing-coverts, uniform black primary-coverts, more golden
upperside, deeper yellow underside, and an almost pure black tail with almost
imperceptibly narrow olive tips. The female of P. m. dammeriana, of which,
however, only one is received, seems not to differ from that of clio. The size is
about that of clio.

17. Pachycephala arctitorquis Scl.
A series from Dammer agrees with Timorlaut specimens in the British and
Tring Museums.

18. Calornis circumscripta A. B. Meyer.

Caloniis gidaris (errore, non Gray), Cut. B. Brit. Mux. XIII. p. 141 ; C. circumscripta. A. B. Meyer
in Sitzungsher. u. Ahh. Ges. Jsis 1884, 1 p. 49 (Timorlaut) ; C. cirmmscrijHa, Salvadori, Agy. II.
Orn. Pap. e Mol. p. 141.

A series from Dammer (Woeloer) agrees so well with typical circumscripta
from Timorlaut, that I cannot separate them. In some, but not in all, the bill is
less high. The iris of C. circumscripta is vermilion, feet and bill black.

The name of gularis cannot be used for this species, because the bird from
Morty is not distinguishable from C. metallica.

2

( 18 )

I'l. Erythrura tricolor forbesi Sharpe.

I Lave compared a series from Uamraer with the single type of K. foiliesi in
the British Mnsenm, and did not notice an\- ditiVreucos. The comparison of a series
would, of course, he desirable. /-'. tricolor of Timor is, of course, closely allied,
differing merely in the blue colour of the crown being spread over the mantle.

" Iris dark brown, feet pale flesh-colour, bill black.'"

The eggs are white, rather pointed on the narrow end, and measnro ITo : l:i,
17-0 : 13:2 and 17-8 : 13 mm.

20. Pitta vigorsi (iuuld.

A series from Dammer agrees iu every respect with a series from Buuda.
'• The iris is brown, feet flesh-colour, bill black."

This beautiful Pitta inhabits Banda, Dammer and Timorlaut, whili' on Flores
it is represented by the black-throated conciiuid (ionld, with a bi-culoured super-
ciliary stripe, on Alor and Lomblen by the j)erfectly similar eceretti Hart., with a
longer beak, on Timor by irena Temm., with a uniform superciliary stripe, on Sula
Mangoli by the perfectly similar crassirostrix Wall., with a larger bill, on Djampea
by virijinalis Hart., with a much broader stripe, on .Suraba by murin Hart., without
black on the abdomen and with a narrow imiform supcreiliary line, iti North
Queensland by the larger simillima Gould, with nearly the whole crown brown, in
other parts of Australia by the still larger strepitans Temm. There can be no
doubt that all these forms, representing each other on the various islands and
agreeing in the pattern and general colouration as well as in structure, are all
best treated as subspecies of one species, only the last two are more specialized
and might be kept specifically distinct from the rest. Also Pitta hertue Salvad.,
which represents this type iu Borneo, is allied to this group, while moluccensis
P. L. 8. Mull, stands much more apart, and occurs together with P. hertac on
Borneo and on other islands of the Archipelago.

'i\. Collocalia neglecta Gray.

Five specimens from Woeloer. " Iris of the darkest brown, feet and bill
black."

This swiftlet differs from (.'. esculenta only in being smaller, duller and less
glossy above, and by some of the feathers of the mmj) and some of the npj)er tail-
coverts having narrow whitish edges. The expression used in the Catalogue of
Birds (v. Ifi, p. .310), "back, rump, and wing-coverts dark j)lumbeons grey," is far
too strong, but I had then only four old skins, which were indeed very jiale, and
might very well be called "dark plumbeous."

22. Eurystomus orientalis australis Swain.s.

Not rare on Dammer.

Young individuals have a brownish black bill and no blue ou the throat.

( ly )

23. Eos recticulata (S. Miill.).

Two adult ««/fA-, Bebbor, Dammcr, 3(». 12. 189S. " Iris with an outer bnrnt-
sienna ring, followed by a sepia-coloured and an inner narrow yellowish grey ring.
Feet black. Bill blood-red."

This species is only known from Timorlaut or Tenimber, but Mr. Kiibu has
also sent us one shot on Little Key Island.

24. Psitteuteles euteles (Temm.) (? subsp.).

We have a good series of this bird from Dammer. Only one of them
approaches typical euteles from Timor, while most of them have the head much
more greenish, the abdomen shaded with green. As, however, immature eutele-n
from Timor are similar, I must leave it to future research whether such yellow-
headed individuals as on Timor are ever found on Dammer. If the characters stated
above — which are those of immature birds on Timor — serve to distingnish the
Dammer form subspeciKcally, then the Wetter-bird (judging from one example
received in exchange from the Lej'den Museum) might belong to it, and those from
Alor and Pantar would seem to be intermediate. '-The iris in the Dammer birds
is orange, feet olive-grey, bill yellowish vermilion."

I have no doubt that Triclioglossus (dorensi.i, described as a new species from
Alor by Finscli (yotes Lojdeii Museum, XX., p. 220), is the young of euteles. The
differences given are the characteristics of the immature birds. The only peculiarity
of them is the dark brown bill. As our immature individuals have a brown tip to
the bill, I must believe that the very young birds have totally brown bills. It is
most unlikely that two so closely allied species of Psitteuteles inhabit the small
island of Alor.

25. Halcyon australasiae dammeriana subsp. nov.

Tlie specimens from Dammer, from where I have nine skins before me, differ
from those from Timor, Lombok and Sumba, collected by Everett and Doherty, in
having the crown of the head dark cinnamon with a dusky green i)atch in the
middle, and some dusky green stripes on the forehead, wjiile the entiri' crown is
green in //. a. australasiae, only striped with cinnamon on the forehead. One of
the specimens from Dammer closely approaches the typical form, bnt there is still
more cinnamon on the anterior part of the crown. The specimens with the greatest
iimouut of cinnamon are females. In typical australasiae I find no difference in the
sexes with regard to the extent of cinnamon on the crown. The young bird has
cinnamon edges to thr upper wing-coverts, blackish ones to the feathers of the
underside.

The iris of 7/. a. t/ammeriana is dark brown ; bill black, lower bill whitish with
<lusky tip ; feet pale brownish black.

Another subsjiefies of //. australasiae, the minor of A. B. Meyer, inhabits
Timorlaut.

20. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.) (? subsp.).

In the series from Dammer all the males are remarkably blue, the females
more greenish. The ear-coverts are black with a bluish wash. I do not believe that
they can ultimately be classed with typical chloris, but at present the time and

C 20 )

material at my disposal are too limited to solve the (juestioii. I cauiiot think that
.Shavpe is riglit in separating //. fitimii as a species, nor am I able to recognize all
his races, bnt 1 do not either believe that ail the forms can finally be united as one
race. One of the Dammer birds has the bill ciuiousiy Hat and nptnnud, very mnch
like a Todirhamphii.i, and mnch like Shar]je's meyeri from Togian, whicli, however,
is also an individual aberration.

27. Astur polionotus Salvud.

Three /ema^e.'? of a hawk from Dammer seem to be Salvadori's .1. /tolioxotus,
described from Timorjaut. These birds are above of a Cdnsiderably darker grey
than .1. albirentris from the Key Islands, and the rnfous collar is more developed
than in most -1. albicentris. All the females {males are not in the collection)
have very distinct cross-bars on the breast and abdomen, while the chest is miiform
rufons. This rnfons colour is darker than in most albicentris. The throat is very
jiale, wliitish rnfons, under wing-coverts white with narrow rosy-rnfons cross-bars,
thighs of a pale rufous, with or without faint cross-bars. '-The iris is ochreous,
feet ochreous, bill black."

Wing (?) 240—24.5 mm.

A series from Great Banda seems to belong to the same form, but tlie thighs
are quite white (as they seem to be in the type of A. poUonotitx); only owe female has
a faint red tinge and the faintest indication of cross-bars on the thighs. The male
from Banda has a broad and distinct rufous collar, and the underside is uniform,
only on the abdomen are faint indications of liars.

28. Baza subcristata reinwardti (Mill!. & Schleg.)
Four skins of B(i:<i from Dammer differ enormously from each other in the
colouration of the underside, two having dark rnfons, one ashy brown, one (a young
example) narrow rufous brown zigzag bars.

I almost doubt the jiossibility of separating Daza subcristata and reinwardti
even subspecifically ! The only diiference is in fact, as already shown by Salvadori,
in his great " Ornithologia Papiiasia," the smaller size of B. reinwardti, the
difierences in colouration, which Sharpe {Cat. B. v. I.) and others thought to be
of specific value, being individual variations. While recognizing the generally
smaller size of reinwardti, I find individuals (Djampea, Fergusson), which differ
not from some Australian skins in size. If, however, reinwardti can be separated
subspecifically (a specific separation is impossible), then 7>'. subcristata .mbcristata
should be restricted to Australia, the birds from the Moluccas, Lesser Suuda
Islands and New Guinea being all reinwardti.

Baza subcristata riifa from Batjan, Halmahera and Obi Major is a mere rufous
closely allied form.

B. subcristata yurneyi from the Solomons seems to be fairly distinct, but
B. subcristata hismarcki from New Britain and New Hanover does not seem
to differ from gurneyi, except in having a longer bill.

B. subcristata timorhioen.iis from Timorlant is somewhnt doubtful, being based
on a young binl, the adult of which is not yet known.

20. Cuculus canorus intermedius Yahl.
?, Kuwray, Dammei' Island, Novemlier 11th, l;?'.tis.

f 21 )

30. Chrysococcyx rufomerus sp. nov.

The tiilult male diiFers from Chri/sococcijx malayanus as follows : —
The crown of the head is not brownish or purplish brown, but deep metallic
green with steel-blue and bronze reflections ; the back is darker ; the entire
underside is widely barred with deep ,!j;reenish bronze, these bars bcinu' of a much
deeper colour than in C malayanus ; the tail has no rufous colour whatever ; some
of tbe greater upper wing-coverts have some edges and bars of white. The wings
have very pale or no rufous colouration to the inner webs. "Iris dark vermilion,
feet and bill blackish." The adult female seems to have a well-marked uniform
white patch in the middle of the abdomen. The iris of the female is described on
the label as " ochreous grey." Wing 05 — 99 mm.

The young of both sexes is above pale greyish bronze, below greyish brown,
with more or less dark brownish bars on the flanks; the iris is " reddish grey."
This new form is perfectly distinct from (\ inahiyamis, and all the other species of
the genus known to me. It is probable that this and several others should only
be treated as subspecies, but as yet their history and distribution are too little known
to advance theories about their relationship. Future investigations will show,
whether C. rufomerus is only found on Dammer Island, or also on other islands.

31. Ptilinopus xanthogaster (Wagl).

Not rare in different parts of the island, at Batoe Merah and AVulur. " Iris
orange, feet greenish grey, bill sulphureous."

All the specimens from Dammer have the neck more or less washed with
green, the green of the upi)erside somewhat yellowish, the foreneck rather greenish.
In this they agree with specimens from Banda. Some specimens from the Key
Islands are perfectly similar to those from Dammer, while the perfectly adult Key
birds have the neck beautifully greyish-white, the breast and abdomen very bright,
the back pure green. As, however, our Key series is selected from a larger
collection, and shot at diflerent times of the year, while our six or eight birds
from Banda and Dammer were all shot at the same time of the year, and as we
know that the greenish neck is a sign of immaturity, I am not able to say that
the Key birds are really different, and I am inclined to think that eiiually adult
liirds from all the islands are perfectly alike. Meyer has separated the Timorlaut
race as P.Jlavocirescens, but Salvadori seems to think that his characters are based
on immature individuals. We have, at present, not suflScient material to decide this
question.

32. Ptilinopus lettiensis Schleg.

A fine series from Dammer agrees with an adult male from Bebber (April
1898), received in exchange from the Leyden Museum. The yellow on the neck is,
however, deeper in the Bebber specimen than in the eight from Dammer, but the
depth of the yellow colour on the neck is not constantly alike in those from
Dammer, which were all shot in November. Until, therefore, a large series from
Lettie and Bebber are compared, the Dammer bird must stand as 1'. lettiensis.
The iris of the Dammer birds is " burnt-sienna red, the bill yellow, slaty-green at
base, feet bluish carmine."

( 22 )

33. Carpophaga rosacea (Tomm.)

October and November. " Iris carmine. Bill dark grey with carminft no.strils.
Feet bright carmine."

34. Carpophaga concinna Wall.

One male and two females were shut in November. Their iris was orange.
They are typical cowiinia, and not a bit like C cowinna aepniata from the Key
Islands.

:'>."i. Columba metallica Temm.

Fonud frequently in November and December. The specimens fnlly agree with
those from Timor. The breast, neck, and mantle vary somewhat, the metallic gloss
being sometimes beautifully i)urplish red, sometimes almost pure green. A yonng
bird has the head and neck dull brown, the breast rufous brow-n. Adnlt birds have
the "iris" orange, f<'et carmine, bill bright carmine, tip yellowish white. "The
yotmg birds have the '■ iris pale brown, feet brown, bill brownish black."

oCp. Chalcophaps chrysochlora (Wagl.)
Both sexes and young were shot in December.

37. Eallina tricolor Gray.

One female, 'Woeliier, 1. VI. 1898. "Iris brownish red, feet brown : bill light
green. Eyelid ochreous."

This specimen-is rather small, measuring only as follows : wing 138, tarsus 43,
bill 22 mm. Being somewhat out of its generally known area of distribution, it is
quite possible that it belongs to a smaller subspecies, but it is not possibli' to decide
about tliis from a single specimen.

38. Amauromis phoenicura (Furst. ) (? leucomelaena).

One (apparently adnlt) specimen. In this the sides of the head and iieck are
lierfectly slat}--black, and there is no white on the forehead I This bird — a similar
one is before me from Sumba— differs very much from young -I. phoenu-ura from
India. I am therefore inelined to think that tliere is after all a Timorese s])ecies or
subspecies, to be cviXXqA leucomelaena. (Cf. Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. XXIII.
p. 159, Mey. & Wigl., Birr/s of Celebes v. II. p. 708, Hart., Nov. ZooL. V. p. 47.%
no. 74.)

39. Charadrius fulvus Gm.

9 Hi. If,. 11. is'.is.

40. Numenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.)
9 Woeloer, 9. 12. 1898.

( 23 )

41. Limosa lapponica novaezealandiae a my.

Wocloer, 0. 12. 1808.

4,'. Heteractitis bi-evipes (Vieill.)
Woeloer, November auJ December.

43. Tringoides hypoleucus (L.)
Not rare in December.

44. Glottis nebularius (Gunu.)
? Woeloer, Dammer, 9. 12. 1898.

45. Tringa crassirostris Temm.
6 juv. Kiimur, Dammer, 14. 11. 1898.

40. Bubulcus coromandus (Bodd.)
<?, Woeloer, 12. 11. 1898.

47. Demiegretta sacra (Gm.)

<?, Woeloer, i». 12. 1898. Pare white, with a few small slaty-black spots ou
the neck and wiug-coverts.

48. Sula sula (L.)

Oue adult bird, .se.x doubtful, Woeloer, Dammer, 5. 11. 1898.

49. Megapodius duperreyi Less, et Garn.

Common on Dammer Island. " Iris burnt-sienna rcl, feet yellowish vermilion,
bill dirty yellow."

Thus Mr. Kiihn sent forty-nine species, of which ten were previously known to
occur on Dammer, although three were not quite correctly identified before. Two
birds mentioned by Dr. Sharpe were not procured by Kiihn: '' Graucalus melanops "
and " Hirundo gutturalis.'" Of these the Hirundo is only a winter visitor, and might
not be of regnlar and frequent occurrence, but it is strange that the very conspicuous
and large Gvaid-alas was not obtained. As Dammer is quite within its range, 1
have no right to doubt its occurrence there, but it should be noticed that Sharpe
names ten species of birds from Dammer, while AValker says nine only were
collected.

It is remarkable that Dr. ISbarpe from the scauty material before him drew
correct conclusions about the zoogeographical relations of Dammer, which he said
were with Timorlaut on the one hand, and with Timor on the other, " while some
species may be found peculiar to the Damma, Lettie, and Wetter groups of islands."
From our larger material it is evident that the relations with Timorlaut are very
obvious (cf Ileteranax tniuidi(s, Faclnjcepluila arctitorquis, Eos reticaluta).

Some forms are exactly the same as those found on the so-called Serwatty
Islands (Lettie, Moa, Bebber, etc.), and those that are hitherto only known as Timor

( 24 )

species will probably all be found to occur ou the Serwatty group as well, which is
by no. means sufficiently oxploreil. It is remarkable that some forms are common
to Timorlanf, Banila and Daramer, and apparently not to be found elsewhere (cf.
Pitta cigorsi, Ast'ir jioUonotus).

The butterflies of Dammer seem to show a close relationship to those of
Timorlaut.

The number of birds at present only known from Dammer is small, and we
do not doubt that many of them may ultimately be found ou the Serwatty group of
islands. One might therefore suppose that Dammer is not a very ancient island;
and Mr. Dolierty, who visited me when I had just written this note, tells me that,
on a hurried visit to Dammer some years ago, he had the impression that Dammer
was such a recent volcanic island, that it would not be worth while for him to
sacrifice time and money for a long stay to collect lepidoptera. Until the Serwatty
Islands are thoroughly explored, all these theories, however, are mere suppositions.

DESCRIPTION OF THE HITHERTO UNKNOWN FEMALE
OF OENETUS MIEABILIS ROTHSCH.

By HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

? Wings, upperside : Ground colour of forewiug gamboge yellow, completely
covered with a network of dull apple-green; the meshes of the network are hexagonal
in shape, and at each point of the hexagon is a thickened spot, and in the centre of
each mesh is an irregular spot or dash of the same green colour. On the costal area
are a number of chocolate brown patches, first a small one, then three large ones
reaching to, and sometimes beyond, the subcostal veins. These three large sjjots are
followed by one or more smaller ones.

The forewiug is crossed transversely by a band of chocolate brown almost
parallel to the outer margin and about one-third from the ajiex. This baud is forked
from the costal margin to SC, and is traversed for its whole length by a chain of
dull purple spots. Between this band and the outer margin is an irregular row of
dull purple and brown spots each standing on the edge of a hexagon. Half way
between the main transverse band and the base of the wing is another irregular
and broken baud of spots, some chocolate and others dull purple. Between the
nervures at outer margin is a row of dull purple spots.

Basal half of hindwing a most delicate salmon pink, outer half chrome ycljow,
more or less reticulated with pink spots standing mostly along the nervures.

Undcrsidi' of I'oth wings chrome yellow, heavily washed with pink ou basal
half, while outer half is spotted with pink; ou the costal margins of both wings is a
row of pinkish brown patches.

Head, tliorax, end of abdomen and legs greenish wax yellow, metathorax and
basal two-thirds of nj)perside of abdomen greenish pink. Underside of abdomen
pinkish white.

Length of forewiug : 52 to 80 mm.

Breadth of forewiug : 25 to 38 mm.

Described from several hied females from Townsville,iNorth Queensland, where
the collector obtained also a number of nmles.

(25 )

ANOTHER SMALL CONTRIBUTION TO AFRICAN

ORNITHOLOGY.

By ERNST HARTEET.

THE following article is based on collections made by Dr. W. J. Ansorge during
his third stay in the African Continent. A list of the birds collected during
his second stay in Africa is given by me in the ApiJendix to Dr. Ansorge's book
" Under the African Sun," to which I have sometimes to refer in the following
pages. Occasionally birds from other collections, specially some collected by Dr.
Felix Roth at Warri, in the Niger Coast Protectorate, have been discussed.

Dr. Ansorge has this time crossed Africa from east to west, taking from
Uganda about the same route as Mr. A. B. Lloyd. Most of the localities mentioned
are therefore to be found in Lloyd's book " Li Dwarf Land and Cannibal Country "
(London, J. Fisher Unwin, 1899).

From Mombasa Dr. Ansorge travelled to Uganda, collecting very interesting
birds in the sandy plain of the Athi River and at Nairobe. From Uganda proper
he marched westwards to Toro (or Torn, as Ansorge spells it), where a good number
of birds were procured. Toro is the country east of Mount Ruweuzori, and a
description and a map, showing some of the places where Ansorge collected, is given
in Lloyd's book, p. 159. At Fort George, on Lake Albert Edward, the collector
seems to have stayed for some time, then proceeded to " Karimia in Ussongora,*
Congo Free State," hence northwards to Fort Mb(5ni, or Beni, on the lower course
of the Semliki, or, as it is here called, Kakibi River ; then, entering the " Great
African Forest," i.e., the enormous primeval forest, inhabited by a Pygmy race, he
travelled in a north-westerly direction to the Ituri River, which at its lower portion
is called the Aruwinii, and sailing down the Aruwimi and Congo, reached the west
coast, where he found a Belgian steamer ready to sail. He thus accomplished the
journey in the marvellously short time of seventy-nine days from Fort George to
London. The collections that conld.be made on snch a record journey are of course
very fragmentary, but they contain some highly interesting specimens. A box with
probably some very good birds from East Africa is unfortunately lost, and has not
been traced. A longer stay in the Great Forest would doubtlessly have yielded many
wonderful things. On pp. 299—302 Mr. Lloyd has given some notes on the
" animal life in the forest," but he is not a naturalist, and his description cannot be
accurate, since " many species of gazelles, chimpanzee and gorilla " do not live
there, or have not yet been identified, and we do not believe in hyaenas in the
middle of the forest, although Mr. Lloyd mentions " leopards, panthers, wild cats,
civets, hyaenas, and reptiles."

Of bird-life in the Great Forest Mr. Lloyd says : " Birds of every description
and varied hue abound, parrots undoubtedly predominating, paraquets, swifts,
owls, guinea-fowl, kingfishers, fish eagles, divers, kites, hornbills in great variety ;
pigeons, doves, honej'-birds, and all kinds of night-birds. In the daytime it is
delightful to sit and listen to the singing of the birds, their songs being so different
from the bird-songs of Europe ; some with deep musical sounds like the tolling of a

• Spelt Ussogara by Dr. Ansorge, but on the maps I find Ussongora. This place must of course not
be mistaken for the country of Usagara, in German East Africa. Ansorge's Karimia is the Karimi on the
Isango, a continuation of the Semliki- Kakibi River, on Mr. Lloyd's and other maps.

( 26)

he]]. The black-;ui<l-wbite wagtail is so tame that ho will sit within a few yards
and pour forth his beautiful notes. The tin}- honey-bird darts here, there, and
everywhere, like streaks of light, issuing forth its twit, twit, as it lights npon some
honey-bedewed blossom. Overhead the ungainly hornbill jdoiiglis its way above the
tree-tops, calling to its mate, and the screaming of the parrots as in great flocks
they make their flight along the river banks, or throngli the tangled mass of vege-
tation overhead, is almost deafening. By the little streams are countless numbers
of wonderful butterflies, some as large as swifts, and all (x/'r I) most gorgeously
coloured. The insect life baffles description. . . ." E.xaggerati'd as this statement
may perhaps be, it is of interest to hear it, since it seems to contradict tlie reports of
the scarcity of bird-life in the Great Forest.

The birds collected by Dr. Ansorge belong to throe more or less faunistically
different countries. In the Athi Plain and at Nairobe ho collected in the southern
parts of the North-East African desert and steppe fauna, which reaches south at
least to Masailand (cf Drepanoplectes jacksoni, MiraJ'ra africana o.tM, Pf/s.'ie/-
difumis gongonensis and others); then the so-called East African fauna was touched;
while soon afterwards, without a very sharp line of demarkation, the West African
area was entered (cf Corythaeala cristntn, Cohonba nnicincla, and many others).

It may here be remarked that at present a general account of the birds of
Africa is one of the greatest, if not the greatest, desideratum of ornithologists. The
publications on African birds are so numerous, and especially in small contributions
—often descriptions of one or two species or subspecies — and nearly all nations, as
German, British, French, Swedish, Portuguese, Italian, American, Austrian, partake
of the ornithological work in Africa, that it is most difficult, I think more difficult
than in any other country, to be informed about all the literatni-e. It is therefore
to be hoped that the works of Professor ISeichenow and ( 'aptain 8helley will
soon appear.*

I am obliged to my friends Professor Reichenow, Dr. Sharpe, and Mr. Grant
for comiJaring some of the specimens with the types and other examples in their
collections, and thank them for their kindness.

1. Phalacrocorax africanus (Gm.)
S ?. Ituri ]{iver, twenty-second day from Fort Mbeni, '20. h. 18'J9.
" Iris golden-brown. Feet black. Upper jaw dark grey with yellow edge,
lower yellow."

2. Fodiceps cristatus L.
Lake Varangot, Fort Gerry, Torn, 13. 4. 1899.

3. Nettapus auritus (Bodd.)

? ad. Near Ripou Falls, Somerset Nile, 10. 3. 1899.

" Iris dark brown. Feet greenish black. Upper bill greenish grey with a
greenish yellow patch on each side near the base. Lower bill pinkish grey with
orange-yellow skin between rami."

4. Nettion capense (Gm.)
? ad. Lake Varangot, Torn, Uganda Protectorate, 10. 4. 1899.
" Iris dark brown. Feet slate-blue ; bill slate-blnc witli dark central greenish
grey streak."

* While this jaesed through the press Part I. of Vol. II. of Shelley's work hiis actually been issued.

(27 )

5. Oedicnemus vermiculatus Cab.
5 ad. Fort George, Lake Albert Edward, Tom, 26. 4. 18f»0.

0. Hoplopterus spinosus (L.)
c? ?. Fort George, Lake Albert ; Edward, 26. 4. 1899, ?, Salt lake Kikorongo,
one day's march from Lake Albert Edward, 25. 4. 1899.
" Iris blood-red ; bill and feet black."

7. Chettusia melanoptera (Cretzscbm.)
<? ?. Nairobe, British East Africa, 28. 1. 1809.

" Iris lemou-yellow ; red ring of bare skin round eyes, more developed in the
male. Feet brownish-red, lighter on the thighs. Bill black."

8. Chettusia inornata (Swains.)
? ad. Lake Kikorongo, salt lake one day's march from Lake Albert Edward
2.'). 4. 1899.

" Iris lemon-yellow, inwardly shaded with greeuisli ; bill and feet black."

9. Ochthodromus asiaticus (Pall.)
? ?. Athi Plain, British East Africa, 2.j. 1. 1899.
One of these shows beginning of moult on chest, the other not.

10. Glareola pratincola (L.)

Five males. Salt lake Kikorongo, Torn, 2.j. 4. 1899.

Only one has the throat qnite unspotted, and in that specimen it is rather deej)
rusty buff. It would be interesting to investigate whether the Pratincole is really,
as it is supposed to be, merely a migrant in Africa, or if a special darker race is
resident in the Dark Continent.

11. Gralaclirysea nuchalis (Gray).

<? ad. Enguatuara on the Ituri River, 31. 5. 1899.

" Iris dark brown. Feet copper red. Bill black with red base." Tliis bird
has the inner (not outer) webs of the secondaries white at base, its wing measures
6 inches I Cf Cat. B. Brit. Mus., v. XXIV. p. 64. Is G. emi/ii a different species ?

12. Otis melanogaster RUpp.
<S ad. Nakabimba in Toru, Uganda Protectorate, 2. 4. 1899. "Iris brown ;
feet yellowish grey, becoming brownish grey below the knee, dark grey on the toes,
especially the middle one. Bill : upper jaw dark grey with yellowish grey edges,
lower yellowish grey."

13. Fulica cristata Gm.
Lake Varangot ;(Toru), Uganda Protectorate, 16. 4. 1899. " Iris blood-red ;
feet slate-colour, darker on the joints and orange-red patches above the knees. Bill
pale grey with a bluish tmge. Bare patch on forehead greyish white, terminating
in two dark brown-red protuberances with orange-red tips."

(28)

U. Grallinula chloropus (1^.)
<??. in nuptial plnmage, Lake Varangot in .Torn, Uganda Protectorate,
13. 4. 1899.

IT). Limnocorax niger ((iiu.)
(f. Lake Varangot, Torn, 13. 4. 1S99.

Ki. Pterocles exustus Temm.

cJ?. Campi-ya-Simba, British East Africa, 14. 1. 1^99. "In both sexes iris
dark brown : feet bluish grey ; bill greyish white."

Temminck described his P. exusttts from West Africa and North-East Africa.
The African Birds were therefore the " typical " ones, which means that they must
be called /'. exustus exustus, if subspecies are distinguished, and there is no doubt,
in my opinion, that this can be done.

I have not been able to compare a series of Abyssinian skins, but as several
writers have declared that they are like those from North-Eastern Africa, and in
view of the close relationship of the fauna of North-Eastern Africa and Senegambia,
I must take their similarity for granted at present. The North-East African birds
(Abyssinia, Egypt) and those from Eastern Tropical Africa (Kilimanjaro, Machakos,
Campi-ya-Simba) do not seem to differ and are above rather dark olive-brown, while
the greater wing-coverts are much more yellow, especially on the tips. This is
evidently pigment, and not at all due to staining. Bogdanow's name P. ellioti
{Bull. Ac. Sci. Petersb. v. XXVII., p. 167, 1881) is based on one (!) Abyssinian
example collected nearly seventy years ago by Riippell. The differences lie mentions
are evidently dne to the faded condition of this old veteran of a mounted specimen,
and the white patch he describes is found in all adult males. P. ellioti is therefore,
for the present, to be regarded as a synonym of P. exustus.

The wing of Central African adult males measures about 185 inm.

From this form differs the bird inhabiting the deserts of Somaliland, in being
smaller, paler and more sandy isabelline on the upperside, chest and breast. The
under tail-coverts in the one male at Tring are unspotted. The female is less
thickly spotted on the foreneck, less blackish and more reddish on the upperside.
The wings of two adult males and two females measure about 170 mm. This form
might be termed

Pterocles exustus somalicus subsp. nov. (Type Donaldson (Smith coll. Milmil,

30. T. 1894.)

A third distinct form is the Indian bird, which is lighter above than P. exustus
exustus, not so dark olive-brown, but not so bright yellowish isabelline as P. exusttts
somalicus. The larger wing-coverts are paler and not so yellowish. The females
show the same differences. This form might be named

P. exustus orientalis snbsp. nov.

We have thus, for the present : —

P. exustus exustus : West and N.E. Africa generally, south to the Masai-
steppes, Kilimanjaro and Arnsha.

P. exustus somalicus : Somaliland.

P. exustus orientalis : India.

( 20 )

IT. Pterocles gutturalis saturatior subsp. uov.

(Type : Campi-ya-Simba, Britisli E. Africa, 23. 4. 189s.)

? ?. Athi Plain, British East Africa, 24. 1. 1899. " Iris chocolate-browii ; feet
bluish grey ; bill bluish grey."

Males of P. gutturalis from British East Africa, the Kilimanjaro district and
Bogosland have the rust-coloured extremities to the greater series of wing-coverts of
a much deeper rufous colour, while those from Transvaal, Nyassaland and the Zambesi
have them paler and somewhat more yellowish. The back and rump in the nortliern
birds is also darker brown than in those from Southern Africa. The southern form
being first described, the northern one requires a new subspecific name : P. gutturalis
sataratior.

The females of the two forms are perhaps not distinguishable, unless those of
P. gutturalis saturatior are more blackish above.

18. Hagedashia hagedash (Lath.)

? . Bomili on the Ituri River, Congo Free State, 30. 5. 1899. " Iris blood-red ;
feet black with brick-red down the front of the toes and lower Iialf of metatarsus ;
bill black with reddish brown tip, basal half of culmen bright red."

I think that the colour of the iris is given wrong, probably, the blood having
broken out into the eyes, for the Hagedash has not red eyes.

I am inclined to believe that there are two subspecies of Hagedash, birds from
N.E. and Eastern Africa being smaller and paler than those from the West African
region, which have longer bills and darker breasts. Our material, however, is not
sufficient to settle this question.

19. Phoyx purpurea (L.)

?. Yanga on the Ituri River, Congo Free State, 29. 5. 1899. " Iris lemon
yellow."

211. Bubulcus ibis (L.)

? ad., twentieth day from Fort Beni in Great African Forest, 24. 5. 1899.
" Iris lemon yellow ; bill lemon yellow."

21. Columba unicincta Cass.

An adult ? of this rare pigeon was shot at Diapanda, a Suaheli settlement in
the Great African Forest, on the sixth day's march from Fort Bi^ni. " The iris
is blood-red ; feet slate-blue ; bill slaty blue, with paler tip : each eyelid with
narrow crimson ring, followed by a fleshy brown area, and finally a crimson
outer patch."

Columba unicincta is described from Gaboon (Agobai), and recorded also from
Liberia by Biittikofer, who figured it in the Notes of the Leyden Museum v. VIL pi. 6.
The specimen from the Great African Forest agrees perfectly with the original
description as well as with Biittikofer's figure.

Dr. Ansorge says these pigeons are very shy and diflicult to approach.

( 30 )

22. Tnrtur semitorquatus (nuiip.)-
Nairobe, 5. 2. 1809.

2?. Chalcopelia afra (T..).
Dwaiigiri (Singo), Uganda, 28. 3. 1800.

24. Tympanistria tympanistria (Temm.).

cJ ? Kikanja, Tom, 3. 4. 1899. "Iris brown : feet purple-red ; bill black with
jinri)le tinge ; gape purple-red."

These specimens are darker on the back and smaller (wing S 11.5, ? llii)
than Sonth African examples. There are probably two races.

2."). Vinago calva nudirostris (Swains.).
Kiclinehn, Torn, Ti. 4. 1899.

2f). Pternistes cranchi (Leach).

Specimens of both sexes from the Mokia River in Torn agree jierfectly with
typical y. craiiclii. Young birds have a good deal of white on the abdomen.
An adult male from Ngombe on the Congo has the rufous-brown edges to the
feathers of the abdomen deeper rnfons, but both Professor Reichenow and
Mr. Grant are of opinion that this is not a subspecific character.

27. Numida reichenowi Grant.

c? ad. ('ampi-ya-Simba, British East Africa, 13. 1. 1898. "Iris dark grey;
feet black ; upper jaw of bill dark grey-brown, lower bluish grey ; wattles blood-
red, and a patch of similar colour on lower bill near the base, extendiuu' round the
nostrils and over two-thirds of the helmet ; sides of throat bright blue, with black
mottlings over the throat and neck."

28. Numida ptilorhyncha LicUt.

? Nakabimba, Torn, 2. 4. 1x00. " Iris golden brown : feet pale chocolate,
brown scaling in front ; upper jaw red-brown, lower yellowish brown ; upper rim
of nostrils, and a double carnncular ridge between them, orange-red : skin of chin
and throat pale lilac ; the bine wattles have no speck of red ; skin round eyes
lilac-blaok."

P Mokia River, Torn, 24. 4. 1809. " Iris dark brown : feet dark brown ;
bill reddish brown, but horn-grey towards tip ; wattles very pale blue ; two
whitish blue spots en upper eyelid ; all the blue marks are whitish blue or white ;
throat greyish black ; neck black ; no red spot on wattles ; bristly wart between
nostrils reddish brown."

<^? IIolulu River, tributary of Semliki River, Congo Free (State, C. 5. 1899.
" Iris dark brown ; feet chocolate brown ; upper jaw dnll red-brown near base,
rest of bill dull greenish grey; the bine marlsings are a mottling of dark and
light blue : wattles with a dark edge."

(31 )

All tbcse specimens heave very sbort bristly tufts between the nostrils, and in
the last-mentioned ? these tufts are entirely absent, although it doubtless belongs
to this species. Probably all these Central African birds belong to an unnamed
subspecies. 0. Neumann has separated several races of iV. ptilor/ii/iic/ni, but it
must be said that Jesse's x\byssinian skins in the British Museum do not bear
out Neumann's character of the long tufts in the Abyssinian form, as they have
the bristly bunches rather short. The markings on the outer webs of the primaries
.seem to vary considerably.

29. Buteo augur Rupp.

(S 6 ad. Fort Gerry and Lake Varangot (U hour from Fort Gerry), Torn.
Uganda Protectorate, 12. and Ui. 4. 1699. "Iris dark brown ; feet lemon-yellow :
cere lemon-yellow ; bill dark grey with bluish tinge near base of mandible ; skin
round eyes greenish yellow."

30. Milvus aegyptius (Gm.).
c? ad. Nairobe, British East Africa, 'Z. 2. 1899. " Bill lemun yellow."

31. Falco cuvieri Smith.

<$ ad. Nairobe, 31. 1. 1899. "Iris dark brown; feet and cere lemon-yellow;
bill dark grey, shading off into greenish grey near base."

32. Poeocephalus aubryanus Souance.

? ad. Sukarumbi, one day from Fort Mbeui, Congo Free .State, 5. o. 1899.
" Iris orange ; feet covered with small black scales with white edges ; upper jaw
of bill horn-grey with black tip, lower black."

33. Turacus hartlaubi (Fischer & Reichen.)

(S ad. Nairobe, British East Africa, 5. 2. 1899. " Iris dark brown ; feet Idue-
black ; bill reddish brown."'

34. Corythaeola cristata (Vieill.).
?. Great African Forest, tn-entieth day from Fort Mbeni.

35. Colius leucotis berlepschi Hart.

Specimens from Fort George on Lake Albert Edward and Kitagwetoa in Torn
(April), as well as from Buaia (Bnsori), Uganda (March 1899), are all referable to
C. I. berlepschi, as separated from C. leucotis leucof/s and ('. /. njlnis in Apjiendi.x
p. 333 to Ausorge's " Under the African Sou " (London, 1899).

36. Coccystes afer (Licht.).

i ?. Karimia, Ussongora, Congo Free State, 1. 5. 1899. A uniform blue eg^^,
cat out of the female's body, measures 20 by 20-5 mm.

( 32 )

37. Centropus superciliosus (lleiniir. & Elnb.).
cf . Karimia, Ussongora, 1. 5. 1899. " Iris blood-red."

38. Chrysococcyx cupreus (Bodd.) ? !

An evidently yonng ? was .shot on the second day's march from Fort Mbfini.
" Its iris was pinkish-brown ; the feet yellowish-green ; bill black." It differs from
young of C. cupreus in the very narrow barring of the underside, each feather having
fonr or five distinct i)ale whitish bnff and bronzy green bars. I am inclined to
think that this bird is the yonng of an uudescribed form of Chrysococcyx nearest
to cupreus.

39. Indicator indicator (Gm.).

Wemi River, Torn, 21. 4. 1899. "Iris ochre. The song of this bird is a
constant ' wit-purr, wit-purr.' "

40. Tricholaema lachrymosum Cab.

(J ad. Kitagwetoa (Torn), 6. 4. 1899. " Iris orange-gold ; feet greenish grey;
bill black." The spots on the sides of this male are round, not ovate as in the/emale
recorded from Masongoleni in British East Africa (Ausorge's " Under the African
Snn," p. 335).

41. Melanobucco bidentatus aequatorialis HheW.

¥ ad. Kichuchn, Torn, 5. 4. 1899. " Iris brown, bare ; skin around the eyes
greenish yellow."

42. Barbatula subsulphurea (Fras.).

? . Kitima, Government station on the Ituri River, twenty-first day's march in
Great African Forest from Fort Beni. " Iris brown ; feet deep grey ; bill black.j^

43. Melanobucco leucocephalus (Defil.).
<J ad. Kikanja, Torn, 3. 4. 1899. " Iris brown."

44. lynx pectoralis Vig.
Nairobe, British East Africa, 5. 2. and 27. 1. 1899.

45. Thripias namaquus (Licht.) (Pan snbsp.).

A 7nale from Ussongora, collected 17. 11. 1889 by Emin Pasha, has the wing
longer than fonr South African males. The wing in the Ussongora bird is fully
5'5 in. long. In the Cat. B. Brit. Mas. v. XVIII. p. 307, 52 is given as the length
of the wing, those before me measure 52 to 53 inches. The bars on the underside
seem also to be narrower in the Ussongora bird.

( 33 )

4(5. Thripias namaquus schoensis (Hiiiip).

K female shot at Nairobe, 3. 1. 1899 by Dr. Ansorge. "Iris blood-red ; feet
and bill greenish grey."

47. Dendropicus poecilolaemus Rchw.

?. Kinyomozi (Torn), 4. 4. 1S09. " Iris red-lirnwn ; fpft eireenish-grpy ; bill
greenish alato."

48. Dendropicus tropicalis Rchw.

?. Kichnchu (Torn), 5. 4. 1899. "Iris red." ? Ngombe, Congo, Angnst
Bohndorff coll.

49. Dendromus permistus Rchw.

cJ ? jnv. Sakarnmbi, one day's march from Fort B(5ni, 5. ;">. 1899. " Iris dark
brown ; feet pale green ; bill grey with greenish bine tinge."

TiO. lyngipicus obsoletus iugens snbsp. nov.

One adnlt male from Xairobe ditiers from specimens from Senegambia and
Gambaga in being considerably larger and darker brown. Not having specimens
from N.E. Africa for comparison, I sent the bird to Prof Reichenow, who kindly
writes : " Das Exemplar ist wesentlioh dnnkler im Ton derbrannen Gefiederfiirbnng,
als Stiicke von Nordostafrika, auch grosser." Therefore, although I am not
generally inclined to describe subspecies from the evidence of single specimens, I do
not hesitate to separate tliis gigantic specimen under the name of ingois. The
measurements of the type are : wing 90 mm. (3ii.j inches) ; tail 46 ; metatarsus 14:
cnlmen 21 mm. " The iris is red-brown, feet greenish grey ; bill slate grey."

51. Coracias caudatus L.

(?. Nairolie, British East Africa, 2. '-i. 1899. Onter rectrices sjironting.

.02. Eurystomus afer (Lath.).
S ad. Kilgnrma (Bneknlla), Uganda, 29. 3. 1899.

r)3. Eurystomus gularis (Vieiil.).

? ad. Kitima, Government station on tlie Itnri River, twenty-iirst day from
Fort B6ni in Great African Forest.

54. Lophocerus erythrorhynchus (Temm.).
cJ ad. Kinani, British East Africa, 2. o. 1898. " Iris light yellow."

55. Lophocerus melanoleucus (Licht.).

S ad. Kibwezi, Ukamba, British East Africa, 28. 4. 1898. " Iris wliitish
yellow ; feet black ; bill red."

( :;i 1

•"'. Lophocerus fasciatus (Sliaw).

TambiiL', (i(ivcrijiiient statimi uii the Itiiri River, twenty-second day from Fort
Hi'-ni, in (ireat African Forest. " Iris dark brown ; feet pnrplisli black ; bill straw-
yellow, with deep red tip, line on npper jaw and nnder surface of lower jaw." This
specimen is marked cf, bnt according; to tlie Catalogue of Birrh it is a ?.

",. Halcyon chelicuti (Stanley).

Kaboa (Bnckulla), I'ganda and Ilolnhi Kiver (tribntary to the Semliki). Congo
Free State.

(ilanciug over onr series of //. rlnlicuti, it seems to be evident that Sontli African
Birds (Transvaal and Natal) are larger and have longer bills, while being generally
somewhat ])aler. Tlieir wings measure s-.^, s4, s."), sd, 87. sT mm. Specimens from
Sencgambia and SoiualilaiKl are mncli smaller, the wings measuring only 7<'i. ?(!. T'.i.
Ml mm., and their bills ;ire smaller. The former WduM be //. chrliciifi (li(ii>'iirii.tix
Sfrickl., the hitter //. rlirUi-nti iheUoiti (Stanl.) Is:j4. The difficulty in separating
these two forms is presented by the examples from Tropical Africa, ^^'est Africa to
East Africa, which are intermediate, their wings measuring 7."i. 7il, 7^, sn. So, ,sl.
s2, 83, S3, 83, 84, iso mm., but they have always much smaller bills. Thus it would
seem, that all the forms from North-East Africa and Seuegambia to about the
Zambesi cannot be separated at present, those from South Africa, however, being
iV. chelicuti (lamirensi».

■■>s. Alcedo quadribrachys guentheri Sharpe.

S. I'anga, on the Aruwimi Kiver, 1. 6. 1809. "Iris dark brown ; bill black :
feet coral red." This form, although easily distinguisliable from true quadnhmrluj!^.
can hardly be hioked upon more than a subspecies of the latter, being only smaller
and of a lighter green on the back, which is more like cobalt.

."^ifi. Merops persicus Pull.
S ad. Kasesi (Torn), 2-2. 4. 1890.

110. Merops apiaster li

Xakabinibii (Torn), ■.'. 4. IsO'.i.

111. Melittophagus gularis australis lichw.

? ad. Kitinia, Government station on ilie Ituii liiver, twenty-first day fmni
Fort Belli, in (Jrent .\frican ]''iirest, '2."i. -y l>0'.i. •■ Iris lilood-red, feet dark ]iurple-
Mn, k : bill lihiek;

This specimen agrees in evc^ry respect wil;h another ( 'ongn skin, and both differ
from twenty skins from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and (iold Coast in the following
(•ll;lracter^ : — •

There are less bine featlu^rs on the forehead. The snpereiliaiy [i.ile cobalt-bine
snp<'rciliary streak is ipiite indistinct, and no trace of it is cnutinned beyond the eyes,
'riiecobalt-l.lni' longirndinal spots on the breast are smaller, .-md the bliienn the rnm]i
is generally darker.

.1/. //(//</)•(.? '•('^?^-«//.-! is therefore a very distinct sulis]ieeies. (Cf .lotini.f. i>ni.
I^s;"), ]i. 22-2 : C'lt. II. rUit. .\f„.i. v. XVII. p. .■>!.)

( 3.i )

li-.'. Melittophagus cyauostictus (( 'alj.j.

Mubende (Bneknlla), Uganda, Nakabimba (Torn) and Fort George on Lake
Albert Edward.

This Bee-eater lias been somewhat unfortunate with regard to its name. Cabanis
first described it under the name of Merops cyanostictaa, as a donbtful variety of
"Mcrops enjthropterus" in 1800 in v. d. Decken's Reisen in Ost-Afriha, v. 3, ji. 34,
and elevated it to specific rank as Melitta cyanostictus in 1875, in Jonrn. f. (>ni. v. 2k,
p. 340. There is not the slightest doubt from the description and distribution
(Natal, Loango, and East Africa), given b}- Cabauis, that liis Af. cijnnostictKS is the
bird which has been mixed up with M. minutu&=enjthroptenis=pusHlus by Finsoh
and Hartlaub {y'dg. Osf-Aj'ril:as, pp. 1S8-91), Dresser (Moiwf/r. Mernp. p. Ill) and
otliers, while SJiarpe (Cat. B. Jhit. Mii.'^. v. XVII. p. 43, 1802), who must have
misunderstood ( 'abanis" description, renamed it M. mrr/i/ionalts, applying attlie same
time the name ^f. cyanost ictus to a bird found in Shoa, Somaliland and the coast
districts of East Africa to Mombasa, Dar-es-Salaam, Lamu, and Melindi southwards.
This spi'iies, whicli is charafterized by a broad bine frontal band, connected with an
I'Unally broad blue superciliary stripe, has apjiarcntly no name, and I linvc named it

<i '• Melittophagus sharpei,

in honour of our friend Dr. 81iarpc, who worked nut the Mi'iapidae for vol. XVII.
of the Cdtnlocim of Birds (Type: S w\. The Hand, Somaliland, 'VI. T. I'^'.U,
Donaldson >Smith coll.).

Witii regard to tlie synonymy of the MrliltOjihiKjux meiidionalis in tlie CdtiihHjKi-
of Birch (recte : J/, cyanosticus Cab.), I may add that Mrrops nnyolrnsis (ex Brisson,
(iw'picr (rAnfiola) is rightly quoted with a ? as a synonym, the description being
(prite obscure. On the other iiand, Merops corieijafiis, Finsch and Hartlaub, Viiq.
Ost-Afrif(/x, p. 191 , is not correctly quoted under this species, the description leaving
no doubt that the autliors really described the true ^f. rririrf/cifi/s Vieillot's, wliile
they mixed .]f. jinsilliis and eyavosf ictus Cab. under their JA. minntii.t.

'i4. Irrisor jacksoni iShariie.

? ad. Xairobe (B. K. A.). 2'.i. 1. l.s'.iii. "Iris dark brown, feet dark copper-
red, bill blood-red, eyelid red."

The adult female dift'ers fioni tlie adult male only in the shorter and straighter
bill (J 411, ¥ 3.3 mm.), and considerably smaller feet. The greater extension of
the green on the head is not a character of the female sex, but jirobably due to
immaturity, ((^f. '.'at. B. Brit. Mns. v. XVI. p. ;21).

Another specimen, adult J, was shot on the second day in the (ireat African
Forest from Fort Mbeui, on May 0th, 189U. It agrees in every detail with i.
Irrisor jacksoni, except that the bill is much higher at the base and 45 mm.
long. It would be rash to establish a new subspecies without further evidence, but
I hardly think that this is typical I. jucksoni.

*■);■). Hirundo senegalensis L.
? ad. Kabuka (Singo), Uganda, '-'T. 3. 1809. " Iris dark brown." ? ad.
Great African Forest, fourth day from Fort Beui, 8. 5, 1899. $ ad. Itnri iJiver,
twentieth dav from Fort Beni, 24. 5. 1899.

( :i'i )

It wtiuld 111' woith wliile to measure a series oi' Senogambiiiu skins and others,
in ordei' to (iiul nut it' tliere are several snlispccies. AVe Lave only one bird from
Moshi (Wagndngn) from those regions. This has a wing of 1m mm., althongh it
is a ? Oar other e.xamples measure :

? Kabnka wing 141, ? African Forest 140, 6 Itm-i River 141, J Unyoro 141,
? Unyoro 145 mm. It also seems to me that the Moslii specimen is somewhat
jialer on tin- rump.

CO. Hirundo rustica L.

Two specimens, witli the underside rather reddish, were shot at Xakabimba
(Torn) on April 2iu\, 1S99. They were still both moulting their primaries.

OT. Hirundo nigrita Gray.

c? ad. and ? juv., Rafwazabangi, on the Itnri River, -IS. 5. 1890. Tlie young
liird is dusky brown, and lias the white patch on the throat larger than the adnlt
bird.

6*. Psalidoprocne nitens Cass.
Kitima, on the Itnri Rivc^-, ",;."). ."i. IsU'.i.

Oil. Melaeuornis edolioides (Swains.).
I'nrt (ieorgi- and Kikanja, iu Tom.

TO. Cassinia frazeri (Strickl.).

rf '.'linga (Siiaheli settlement in thi.' Great African Forest, eighth day from
Fort Be'ni), \2. 5. 18911.

Tl. Bradyornis murinus F. & H.
Karimia (Ussongora), Kichnchn (Torn), April and 'May.

T2. Tarsiger stellatus orientalis Fisch. & Rchw.

6 Xairobe, 30. 1. 1899. (Cf. App. to Ansorge's "Under the African Snii."
p. ;!:1S).

73. Platystira cyanea (V. L. S. MiilU.
Kichuchu, Tom. :<. 4. l>'.i'.i.

T4. Batis puella Rchw.
Nairobe. I>v\-angiri in Uganda, Kinibngn in Torn.

:.">. Bias musicus (VieilL).

J ail. (ireat African Forest, Itnri liiver, twentietii day from l''ort Hriii,
24. 5. 1899. '■ Iris and feet lemon-vcllow, bill black,"

( •'57 )

76. Elminia lougicauda (8wiiius.).

1 'iaijuuda ou the Ituri, Uj,'auda and Uuyoro. Elminia fhcrcsHa does uot beeiu
to difi'er at all. Neither Reicbeiiow uor I can see the supposed ditVorences.

T7. Artomyias fuliginosa J. & E. Veneaux.

S ? Diapauda, Suaheli settlement in the Great Forest, sixth daj's march from
Fort Beui, 10. 5. 189U. " Iris greyish brown."

78. Alseonax pumila Kcliw.

? ad. and S pull., Nairobe, 5. 'i. 1899. " Iris dark brown, bill and feet black."
Tlie pullus is above spotted (like all yonng flj'catchers) with rusty butf. and the
t'catliers of the underside are fringed with blackish browu.

79. Muscicapa infulata Hartl.
S ad. Lake Varan got in Torn, Hi. 4. 1809.

80. Muscicapa lugens (Hartl.).

¥ juv. Yauga on the Ituri River, 29. 6. 1899. Tips of wing-coverts rusty
brown, edges of secondaries buff.

81. Muscicapa torueusis sp. nov.

? ad. Fort Gerry, Toru, 9. 4. 1899. Differs from M. caendescens, its nearest
ally, in being mucli more and uniform grey, not so whitish ou the throat and middle
of abdomen, in having grey, not white, nuder wing-coverts, and a larger bill.
Muscicdjja Mji/u'tisis .Shelley from Nyassaland is much larger, whiter lieloA\-, and
has the lores and foreliead white. The latter is almost a Iiioplrornia. AVing of
.)/. tonccHsis Si, tail (50, eulmen from forehead to tip 17'.5, from nostrils to tiji
li-.") mm. •• Iris dark brown, feet black, bill slate-colour witli black tip."

s2. " Dioptroruis " fischeri Kehw.

Nairobe, 28. 1. 1899. "Iris and feet chocolate-browu, bill bluish grey with
dark grey tips." I do not consider that the genus Dioptronun deserves to be
separated geuerically from Mtiscicopa, there being no structural ditfereuces of any
importance.

S3. LaniariuB aethiopicus major (Hartl.j.

Kaboa (Buekulla) and Mondo in Uganda Proper, March and April 1899.
" Iris reddish brown, feet slate-blue, bill black."

84. Laniarius erythrogaster (Cretiischm.)

c? Dwangiri (Siugo), Uganda, 28. 3. 1899. Lake Kikorongo (salt lake near
Lake Albert Edward), 2-5. 4. 1809. '• Iris straw-yellow."

( ^8 )
So. Dryoscopus augoleusis Uiirtl. cui siibsp. ?)

Ouc nude from Ltiapiuula in the (iieat Forest, sixth dav IVoiu Furl ISciii,

lU. 5. IS'.i'.i, ditl'ers from typical 1'. amjoh hsU in the V>cv\\n and 15riti^li Museums,*

.in haviug the crown not so black, but more slate-colour, the back and \viug-covert>

darker, the roots of the rump-feathers white, not greyish. 1 cannot, from the single

specimen, venture to say whether this is a new form or not.

8(1. Telephonus senegalus (L.).
Fort George, Mukia liiver, aud Kitagwetoa in Torn.

8T. Telephonus minutus llartl.

LaUe N'arangol and Kinyomuzi in Turn. •• iiis pinkish rod.""

^>. Laniiis excubitorius l''s .Ahus.
Kiclnichu and Untili in Turn. April iMi'.i. •• lri> brown, feet and liill Idack.'"

>'■'. Lanius coUaris humeralis Stanley,
r; ad. Nainibe, -,'(1. 1. 1>'.HI, rf? ? jnv. Nairube, -Jfi, 27, 2'.'. 1. ISD'.t, ? ad.
Lakp Varangot, Hi. 4. l-'.i'.i.

/ w. Corviiltur albicoUis (l-aih.).

li ad. Fort Gerry, Torn, 14. 4. 18U0. •• iris dark brown." The feathers on
head and neck are liver-brown, but some sprouting new feathers show that this
colouration is merely due to the age of plumage

'■•1. Dicrurus afer (Licht. sen.).
i S' Kikanja in 'fni-n. •• Iris bhjod-red."" The i is much ^mailer ihan l.he 6.

'•'2. Oriolus larvatiis Lich(.

J ad. and num. Kikanja (Turn), 3. 4. 1899. "Ins bloud-red." These are
large birds aud apparently not distinguishable from iSouth African specimens. The
wing is about 14i) mm. long. (). rolled is evidently merely a smaller northern race
of 0. larvatus, with the wing not more than about 125—129 mm., bnt two Somali-
land skins, collected by Dr. D. Smith, have the wiug.s 133 mm. long. The distribu-
tion of the two forms, 0. larcatus larcatus and O. larcatas rolleti, must therefore
be worked out in greater detail.

• The former — three from I'anicroons — conip.TJvd for me by I'rof. liL-ichenow : ilif latter -one single
?>[iecinien only — Viy nie.

( ■>'■> )

■^ 00. Oriolus laetior .Shaiiiu.

f^ ii<l. (ireiit African Foivsl, tliirtcciitli ilay's luarcli tVoiii Fort Huiii, 'i'^. o. l.s'j'.i.
" Ifis blood-red, feet bluish grey, bill pinkish red." This oriole has been mixed up
with 0. bmchi/rhi/tirhus for a long time. It differs from the latter, of wliieh I kuow
K])ecimeus from Sierra Leone aud Liberia ouly, iu the followiu;;- ejiaraeters : — The
back is lighter yellowish green ; the yellow collar wider and more spread over
the back, the lesser upper wing-coverts are golden-yellow, not olive-green as iu
O. bnirlnjHiiinrhus; the tail aud wings are lighter aud less tinged with olive. 8harpe
(in Hull. B. O. Club, uo. 4s, November 1897) described this form as dirteriug from
(). brarkijilqinchus "in being smaller, aud liaving a conspicuous yellow collar, the
yellow also being spread over the mantle." Tlie smaller size, however, attributed
to this form, is uot apparent iu the specimens before me. O. brachjrhi/iirhus has
also a yellow collar, but it is less clear aud narrower. Oriolus laetior differs from
<>. If r cat K s a,ud 0. larmtm rolU'ti m being smaller, having a smaller white alar
speculum, the conspicuous golden yellow shoulder, and iu liaving the outer edges of
the secondaries and greater wing-coverts grey. The presence of an alar speculum
(the tips of the primary coverts being white), the yellow least wiug-coverts and
grey edges on the wing, sejmrate U. laetior also at once from 0. ^/igripenin.'s.

'J4. Lamprocolius glaucovirens Elliot.

J ad. Great African Forest, seventh day's march from Fort Beni, 11. .j. ISVt'.i.
" Jris almost white with faint yellow tinge : bill and feet black." The head in this
species is not steel-blue iu any Congo s])ecimen before me, nor on fig. 'Z ]j1. Vll
Vat. B. Brit. Mus. v. XIIL These figures are not very accurate, and do uot fully
agree with nature, nor .with the descriptions (pp. 172, 173). L. ijlaiwocircns is very
closely allied to the Senegambian L. splendidus, aud perhaps only snbspecifically
separable.

05. Lamprocolius chalybeus Elir.

J ad. Nairobe, v;s. ]. ISiil). " Iris light yellow."

'Hi. Lamprotornis purpiu'opterus liiipii.
Ihvaiigiri (Sinud) in Ugand;i, l\aiinii;i in LTssongura. Congo Free Slate.

'•K. Pholidauges verreauxi Docage.

■ '~ ad. Jl.■^arosaro, U.tiaiulii., 1 I. ".. IS'.i'.i.

'IS. Bupliaga crythrorhyncha Stanley.

i ¥ Luba's (Usoga), Uganda rrotoclorale, '•). :). IsljO.

The four skins before me agree fully with the description, except thai theycwff/'o-
do uot differ from the males except in their smaller size, the wing being aboul
5 mm. shorter. The birds described as the females by Reicheuow (with a whitish
belly and under tail-coverts) may possibly be immature. Dr. Ausorge's birds are
l)robably not sexed wrongly, such mistakes occurring very seldom in his collections,
and their smaller size makes an error iui{)robable.

( 40)

00. Sitagra ocularia crocata (Hartl.)
S ad. Kilagweloa iii Torn, fi. -t. 1800. " Iris: iuucr circle grcyi^h-wLite, uuter
pale yellow. Feet pale slate-blue, bill black."

lM(i. Melanopteryx uigerrima (Vieill.)
Bafwazabangi, ou the Ituri River, :J*. 5. IbW. " Iris bright lemon-yellow."

im. Hyphantoruis fischeri (Ruhw.)
Fort George, 2(3. 4. 1800. " Iris dark browu."

lux'. H3rphantornis xanthops Hurt I.
Kitagwetoa aud Kinyomozi iu Torn, April l^O'.i. •• Iris pale golden yellow,
i'eet pale bruwu, bill black."

It to. Hyphantoruis castanops (Shelley).

Kichuchu, Kinyomozi and Bntiti in Torn, April IbO'.i. " Iris golden yellow,
bill black, t'ect pale brown."

1m4. Hyphantornis abyssinicus (Gm.)

Typical males, not differing from Abyssinian specimens, were procured at
Kahungi in Torn, and near Fort George ou the Albert Edward Lake. Une from
Kam))ala in Uganda has the black slightly more extended towards the nape, aud
was therelbre recoriled Ijy me as 77. bohndorJ]l Rchw. in Ausorge's " Under the
African Sun," p. 343). However, I am now of ojjinion, that those from Uganda and
Unyoro must be called ahyssinkm, while males from Stanley Falls (type or typical
specimens before me) have the black of the crown extended iu the middle for about
4 to 8 mm. more backwards. They were named bohiulorjfi, but are merely a slight
subspecies of 77. ubijssinicus. JIales from Bafwazabangi and other places on the
Ituri River are rather more like typical abi/ssiitirus, but one or two liavc the black
intermediate in extension between the two forms. This is, of course, not very easy
to observe, if the skins are uot first-rate: and those before me are not so.

loo. ■• Ploceus anomalus ' Rchw.

This interesting form is described from a single young bird by Reicheuow
iu the Joarn. f. Orn. 1887, p. 214. Three young birds, collected by the late BIr.
Bonny in the camp of the notorious " Rear-column " at Yambuga, on the Aruwimi
River, have been examined by Prof. Reicheuow and found to be the same as
his Ploceus anonifdus. All three are evidently immature, two have no black
feathers on the throat, while the third, very mutilated one, has a black throat.
The first primary is in length between that of a Ihjphanloniis and a Pijromelana,
and the tail resembles more i\x^ioi^ Pip- omelana. Unfortunately the adult male
is not yet known.

lOf'i. Icteropsis pelzelni (Hartl.).

?. Fort George, 27. 4. 18f>9. " Iris brown."

( 41 )

lor. Drepanoplectes jacksoni Sharpe.

A good series of this tine bird, described aud beantifiili}- ligiired in the Ibi.^,
1S91, p. 246, pi. 5, was obtained at Nairobc on January :51st, IsOO. The adult
malen have the " iris dark brown ; ieet mauve-black ; bill light greenish with
black near gape aud along the edges of the lower bill."' ? " Iris dark brown ;
feet light brown ; lower brownish grey."

\/ los. Penthetria eques (Hartl).

Holuln River (tributary of the «emliki), Congo Free State, 2. 5. 1809. t? ad. :
" Iris dark brown ; feet black ; bill slate-blue."

ln'.i. Urobrachya phoenicea (Heugl.).

Bauda ((Jhagwe), in Uganda Proper: Kikanjii, in Torn: Hululu River, in the
Congo Free f>tate.

'^ llii. Pyromelana uigrifrons Bohm.

SS. Kasesi, in Torn, and Fort George. ''Iris dark brown : feet pale brown ;
bill black." In both these specimens the chin shows irregular black spots.

111. Plocepasser melanorhynchus Riipp.

S ad. and nestling, Campi-ya-Simba, 13. 1. 1899. <? ad. : "Iris red-brown,"
nestling, " Iris dark grey." Colour and markings of the nestling are exactly as in
the adult male !

112. Philetaerus arnaudi Bp.
t 'ampi-ya-Simba, IT. 1. 1899. " Iris red-brown."

113. Spennestes stigmatophorus Kchw.

Tambuc, Government station on ferry across Ituri River, twenty-second Jay
m Great African Forest from Fort Be'ni.

114. Spei-mestes friugilloides (Lafr.).

From various places on the Ituri River.

The difference in size between various individuals is remarkable, but it does
not seem to be geographically limited. Some specimens from Liberia before me
look much darker on the back, but they have been in spirits, although this is
not said on the labels.

llo. Lagonostica brunneiceps Sharpe.

Mondo, in Uganda Proper. (See Ansorge's "Under the .\frican Sun,"
Appendix, p. 345.)

( 42 )

/ lltt. Pytelia ansorgei Hart.

Oiiu iii'ilf ill a wretcLt'd couditiou — the head siuasLed — wiis >hol ou tin- Wouji
Itiver, in Torn, on Ajiril ".'Ist, I'^'.i'J. The bill is slate-lilue, bhickish grey towards
the tip. The crowu (aud aiijiareiitly the head all round; deep black. Jliiid-iieck.
breast, abdomen, thighs, aud under tail-coverts slatj' or ashy grey ; back riimp
aud ujjjier tail-coverts golden olive. Quills and upper wing-coverts black with
broad edges ol" greenish olive, thus outwardly appearing greeuish olive. Sides
of chest golden olive. Under wing-coverts aud inner quill-lining white. Tail
black, outer rectrices more slate-colour. '• Iris and feet dark brown."' Wing ol,
tail 411, metatarsus 12, bill 0 mm. {Bull. IJ. 0. Clcb, December Is'.i'.i).

lit. Nigrita canicapilla sparsimgiittata Kchw.

Kichuchu, in Torn, o. 4. IsU'J. " Iris oehro-yellow."

Tills form. ditJ'ering from S.cank-apilla (■ardrai>illii only liy I lie lesser number
of spots on the wing, which are restricted to the smaller series of wing-coverts,
can only be regarded as a geographical race of the latter.

11>. Symplectes reichenowi Fisclier.

i ? ad. Nairobe, :V\ 1. 1809. " Iris in both sexes yellow : feet light brown ;
bill black."

V lift. Symplectes stuhlmanui Reliw. {Om. MoifiK^hfr. v. 1. p. :.".• (Imi:;;.

Kawelli (Buekulla), in Uganda ; Kitagwetoa, in Tom ; Masiudi, in Unyoro.
" Iris in the male ochre, in the female light yellow ; bill slaty black ; feet pale
brown."

1'2". Passer motitensis mfocinctus Fisch. & Rchw.

$ ?. Nairobe, ".'T. I. IS'.iii. ''Iris straw-yellow : feet dark grey with a slaty
tinge, bill deep grey, almost black."

It is evident that /-". rufocinctcs aud shelln'/l are only geographieal tipnn>
ol the same group as motltetnii'. They may be coniiiareil as follows : —

". Passer motitensis motitensis .\. Smith.

1849, A. bmitb, lUristr. Zool. 8. Ajr. pi. Ill ; 1888, SbiU'pu, Ciii. A". /(/■-(, Mm. v. XVl. p. Mi.

Larger, wing 8n mm., bill very thick and high, about IL' mm. Imig, sides
of head almost white (S. Africa).

h. Passer motitensis mfocinctus Fisch. I'v: Kchw.

1884, Jouin.r. Oni. p. 50 ; 1891, Sharpe, IbU p. 256.

A little smaller, wing TS mm., bill ei|iially Imig. but much less high, sides
of head grey (.Masailaudj.

( 43 )
'•. Passer motitensis shelleyi Sluiriu'.

IM'.il, //.<5 p. li.ii; : /'. iiwlHeHsis Heugliii and Brehm (nou ymitli !).

Smaller and paler than forms a aud 6, wiug 74 mm. ; bill short aud thick,
about IM mm. loug ; sides of head white as in /'. motUcHsis motiteiiisis. The
black patch behind the ear-coverts is present, more or less, in all the three forms,
but it is more conspicuous aud larger in F. m. shelleyi. Kordofau (^lelpesz,
Brehm. coU.j aud Lado (Emin coll.).

1-1. Seriuus ;"/' //ofn(.s ('litlifMjvn) albifrons Sharpe.

ISyi. Ibis pp. 118, 'IIm.

i. Nairobe, :'>i». I, lM)'.i. " Iris aud feet light brown : bill brownish grey ;
lower bill greyish white." This specimen agrees wiili Dr. Sharpe's description,
but it has live white feathers on the crown.

l^J. Fringillaria tahapisi (A. Smith).
i ?. Fort George, on Lake Albert Edward, '.i't. 4. Isii',). •• Iris dark bn

123. Passer diflFusus g'oug'onensis Onst.

i^airobe. " Iris sepia ; feet pale brown : bill black."

This is a distinct subspecies of Passer <l(//'usus, nearest fo the form to be called
/'. diffusus swainsoni. It is best diagnosed as follows :

Formae " Passer rliffusus swainsoiii''' uomiuaudae colore simillimus, sed ditfert
magnitndiue iugeute, rostro altiorc, alls longioribus. Altit. rostr. 10 — 11 mm.,
al. 00— '.to mm.

Hob. Gongoni, Witu, Lamu, Nairobe, in Africa orieutali. In 1890 Dr. Oustalet
described this form as the representative of a new genus in the XaticrUste, calling
it Pseuilostrutkus i/o»gonensis. He diagnosed the genus and species as follows :

'" Pseuilostratlius, nocum (/enus e.r finmlia Ploeeidnrum, rostro crassiore a
i/eiieri Plocelpusseniiii d/ceisum."

" Pseiiilostrutlius yonyoneitsis, noca. speeies Passeri dijl'iisu coloriOi'.s siiiiillhnns,
srd rostro inulto crassiore alisquc lonyiorilms talde dicersa."

A detailed des(tri2)tiiin is then added, which leaves no doulit, that this form
is meant.

While (Justalct created a new genus ol' the family Ploccidae for this sparrow,
which, it must be said again, does not agree with Passer dij'tmis, but with
sicai/iso?ii, Berlepsch enumerated it as P. swainsoni in the list of Witu aud Lamu
birds in Ahhandl. Senckenb. Xat. Lies. vol. XXL pp. 481, 483, calling, however,
attention to the euormous size of these specimens, and British ornithologists have
not separated it from P. d. swainsoni. Although 1 am decidedly of the opinion
that this form must be separated from P. d. swainsoni, I cannot consider it to be
more than a subspecies or geographical race of the latter, and I regard it as most
unfortunate tliat in ornithology the larger size and higher culmen of a bird is ever
thought to be sufficient for a new genus, while the entire similarity in cidours is
deliberateh' disregarded.

( 44 )

I am grateful to my friend Dr. SliuriJC, wbu called my alteutiuu to Professor
Onsitalet's descrijitiou of l'xru(l()i<tr"t/(iis, or 1 would most likely have j,'iveii a now
>uljsijecitic name to this large form of Afrieau sparrows.

I mnst add that I'assi'r swaiiisoxi, ditferiug oul}- in its dark ashy grey sides
of the head and crown, its rather grey underside and less whitish throat and
abdomen from (Hjf'itsHs, mnst be united with the (Ujf'ttsius grouj), and kept as a
subspecies of the latter. For those who make bold to separate swainsoni and
(lifusui specifically, I'usser goMjonemis will also bo a species in their sense,
being the most distinct of all these forms.

124. Passer diflPusus ugandae Kchw.

i Kaboa (iJuekulIa), Uganda, 6 ? Fort George, Torn, end iii Ai>ril, Kitima,
(ioverument station on the Ituri River, twenty-first day from Fort Bdni, iu Great
African Forest, 2a. u. IsO'.i, S Bafwazabangi, on the Ituri River, 2.j. 5. \WM. All
these specimens seem to belong to exactly the same form, and, if separable from
typical P. (lijf'iaiis. mnst be called /'. (lijf'usus lujumhie Rchw. This form lias
been separated by Professor Ueicheuow iu Om. Moimtsbcr., v. YII. \<. I'.iU (December
1899), on account of its red-brown back wliich approaches the colouration of the
rumj), and its very long wings ; measurements of the latter are not given. The
length of the wing I cannot fully ajipreciate. The wings of sixteen skins from
Uganda, Uuyoro, Torn, and the Upper Congo region have the wings 78 to 8o
in length : six from Natal about 80 to 82 ; one from Nyassalaud 8(3 mm. The
more reddish brown back, however, of the Central African birds is distinctly visible,
if eom]iared with the (typical) South African birds.

On the same page Professor lleichenow names the specimens from Maugu in
the Togo Hinterland Passer diffnsus thierr>/i, in honour of the energetic collector,
Lieutenant Thierry. He informs us tliat they are strikingly pale on the uppersidc.
This I find to be the case in some Senegambian skins in the Tring Museum, and
they seem also to be smaller, the wings measuring only 79 to f>l mm. The fauna
of Senegambia agreeing with the Maugu fauna, the Senegambiau (and Manga) form
must, I think, bear the name Passer (Hffa^Ks i/ida/'/s Lesson, 1839. It remain^
to Ije found out whether tiiere is again a darker-coloured race iu (he forest region
of West Africa. I have before me, in the Tring Museum, a imde brouglit to
Jjuglaud by a palm-oU ship from the West Coast, and one collected by Ussbcr iu
Fautee. Both have the wings long (.S3 and S-t mm.), and the former appears very
deej) red on the back. Perhaps the sjiarrow collected by me at Loko on the Beiiue,
and a series of Niger skins, can throw a light on this ijuestion. if they are
dirt'ereut they would have to bear the name occidentalis of Shelley, under which
1 recorded them in the Journ. f. Orit. for 1886 p. 58^.

We would llien Lave in Africa the following forms of sjiarrows of (hi.,
group :-

1. Passer (liffusus dij'usus : South Africa. Back rather ashy brown, in sharp
contrast to the rump. Generally large.

2. P.diffmii.s ugandae: Central Africa (Uganda to Congo). Back rufous, not
iu such a sharp contrast to the rump (? smaller than No. 1).

3. P. diffuses occidcHtalis : West African forest region. Deep rufous brown
above. Wings rather long. This form is possibly not separable from /'. d.
•igrindae, which then would have to be called on-identalis.

(45 )

4. F. (lljf'ii.<:us (iHlariii : Senps;am1)iaii region to Niger, as far as tlie " Stejipeu-
gebiet " roaches, and Lado (Emiu). Paler above, wiug rather short. (Syuon5'm
P. d. thiernji.)

5. P. (lijfusus sivainsoni : North-East Africa. Darker grev ou the underside ;
throat and abdomen less whitish. Rather large.

0. P. dijfttsus gongonenxis : Gongoni, Witn, Lamn, Xairobe, in East Africa.
Like P. (I. swninsoni, bnt with enormous liill and long wings.

l-'-'i. Anthus pyrrhonotus fVieill.).
? ad. Fort George, Torn, 28. 4. ISOO. (Cf. Cut. B. Brit. M>i.-<. X. p. .").")."i.)

Vl(\. Anthus rufulus cinnamomeus Rnjip.

Xairobe and Fort George, common.

I have named this bird as above, since I am not fully convinced that tlie Indian
and African forms are quite the same. The latter seems to be more brownish above
nnd the legs lighter (yellowish brown according to Dr. Ansorge's labels). I am
convinced that Vieillofs name rufidtts refers to the Indian form of this jiipit, and
that the name nifulns therefore cannot stand for the Crrtlnl(ui//,i, tn which it is
likewise ajiplied in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. This latter will have to be called
C-rthilaiida fdljofaariatK Lafr. (Of. Cat. B. X. p. .''.74 and XIII. p. .'M.'i.)

12T. Motacilla flava Ij.

6 ad. Luba"s (Fsoga), Uganda Protectorate, '.i. 3. l.sOO, ? Fort (Jerrv, lo. 4.
ISOO.

'\-l><. Mirafra africana (A. Smith).

This lark must be divided into four geographical representative forms, accordins;
to the present state of my knowledge.

". Mirafra africana africana (A. Smith).

South Africa, evidently soutii of the great mountain range. Wing in males
00 — 102, females 04 mm. Colouration as described in detail by Sharpe in Cat. B.
Brif. .Wis. XIII. p. 008.

'''. Mirafra africana transvaalensis subsp. nov.

Transvaal. Wing in males 00—08, females 87 mm. Bill and feet smaller,
colouration more rufous, the rufous colour on the crown not contiiied to tlie nape,
but reaching almost to the forehead. (Cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIII. p. OOS note.)
(Ty]ie from Rnstenburg).

'■■ Mirafra africana tropicalis snlisp. miv.

Tropical East Africa to Lake districts an<l Uganda. Size of J/, u. q/'rictaiii,
bnt the markings bolder, the black centres to the feathers larger and moi'c defined,
generally more rufous brown and less asliy.

I am unacrinainted with specimens from tiie West Coast, where .1/. ufririiini is
said to occur from Cnnene River to Gaboon.

C 4fi )

'/. Mirafi-a africana athi .su1js]i. imv.

Athi Waiu, Britisli East Africa, ~4. and ,'•">. 1. ISii'.i. Tbis luaguiliceiil ionu is
mncli more distinct than forms b and c, and most ornithologists would probably
call it a " good s.i)ecies." It difi'crs at a glance from the other forms by its mnch
paler and more greyish general apj)oarance. The wing-coverts are not rufous, but
greyish-brown with black ante-apical patches. The feathers of the uppcrside are
black with wide whitish-brown borders, the head much lighter than in the allied
forms, the nape not conspicuously rufons, the superciliary stripe almost white and
very conspicuous, the throat white, the size perhaps a little smaller : wing in one
male 10], in the females 05 — 06 mm. Under wing-coverts and wing-liuir.g much
jialir than in tlie other forms, the under tail-coverts very pale isabelliue, nearly
white. " Iris orange golden, feet flesh-colour, upper bill dark grey, lower yellowisli
grey."

A young bird, Nairobe, :'>!. 1. IS'.iii, evidently belongs to this same form. It is
mucli more blackish, the crown of the head almost black, the feathers of tlie upper-
side and wing-coverts are blackish brown with sharply limited whitish edges. The
spots on the cro]i-region are larger tlian in the adult bird, the rectrices, as usual in-
yonng larks, are narrower and somewhat pointed. -'Tlie iris was brown, feet light
brown."'

I-"-'. Mirafra fischeri (Rchw.)

cJ ad. Kitagwetoa in Torn, 0. 4. Is'.i'.i. " Iris dark brown, feet pale brown,
upper bill dark, lower pale grey." Specimens of this lark are in the Tring Museum
now from Ussambiro, Fadjuli (Emin Pasha coll.), Dar-es-Salaam (collector un-
known), Mombasa (Kretschmer coll.), and Samburu, four days from ^Mombasa
(Ansorge coll.).

1311. Mirafra rufocinnamoinea (Salvad.) (an torrida?)

J ad. L'ampi-ya-Siniba, 11. 1. 1890. " Iris sepia, feet liglit brown. Ujiper bill
dark grey, lower ligiit grey."'

Rharpe has identified Shelley's Mirafrn torrida from Ugogo with Salvadori"s
.1/. riifocwrtiimomcii from Aliyssinia, and Professor Reichenow has kindly named the
specimen in question as .1/. nifocinnamomea, thus evidently agreeing with Dr. Sliarpc.
It is, of course, quite jiossible that both forms cannot be sejiarated. but a series from
the various jilaces shoidd be compared. As it is, the rufous foi'in liefore me i>
.apparently only a rufons subspecies of .1/. p'schrri, from which it differs only in the
very much more rufous colouration everywhere. In the description of the type by
Henglin I do not see the cross-markings mentioned which are so characteristic to
the uppcrside o^ M. fischer! t'xclieri audits rufous subspecies. The latter is probably
the desert form. (( T. P. Z. .S. 1sn2 pi. XVII. (very bad figure), (>//. [I. lirit. .Uus.
XIII. p. OlMI.)

131. Mirafra intercedens Rchw.

Shot at ( 'amjji-ya-Simba on the same day as tlie jireceding species, and was
therefore on the label marked as the female of the larter. This, however, is erro-
neous, the two species being jjerfectiy distinct, (.'olour of iris sepia, feet and bill as
in the preceding species.

( 47 )

l:i-. Tephrocorys cinerea (Gm.).

1 am not a little puzzled by two males of a lark shot in tlie Athi Plain, British
East Africa, on January 25th, 1800, and which, as far as I can see, do not differ
from Sonth African T. cinerea, of which I have a good series to compare. It may
be that the patch on the sides of the neck is rather dark. The wings measure 03
and 04 mm.

This species consists, in my opinion, of a number of races, or geographical
representatives.*

". Tephrocorys cinerea cinerea (Gm.).

Sonth Africa. (Two from Athi Plain apparently not separable I ?) Outer web
of two onter rectrices margined with white. Nape not sharply streaked witli black.

ij. Tephrocorys cinerea spleniata (Strickl.
X. n.'iniaralnnil U\ Bengnola. Like a, but paler.

'•. Tephrocorys cinerea anderssoni (Tristr.)

Hamuralaiid. Like n, but more rnfons on the sides, outer web of outermost
rectrix fulvcscent, that of second not different from the rest.

<•/. Tephrocorys cinerea ruficeps (rfiip)).)

N.E. Africa. Spots on sides of neck blackish, sides and tail as in c ; nape
sharply streaked with black.

13P). Pycnonotus nigricans minor Hengl.

Kimbugu, Kinyomozi, (ireat African Forest, nineteenth day from Fort Ht'ni,
23. r.. 1800, and P.afwazabangi, on tlie Ituri Kiver, 28. o. 1890.

134. Andropadus gracilis Cab.

¥ Kitima, Government station on the Ituri liiver, twenty-first day's march
from Fort IVni. In tlie Cat. B. Brit. Jtfi/s. v. VI. p. 11.") this species is placed
in Clilornrteldii in Shelley's list of African birds under Criniger. I fail to see
generic differences from Andro/tddii^. and I doubt tlie generic distinctness of several
of these gonern. " Iris red."

13.j. Andropadus eugenius Uiliw. i'i).

One iiiiilc, sjiot in (ireat African Forest mi the fifth day's march from Fort
Beni, agrees with a specimen from Eldoma Ravine ( ? ), e.Kcept that the middle of
the abdomen is light jellow, the sides of the throat still more brilliant yellow, the
wing a little shorter (83 mm.\ The specimen has not the appearance of a young
bird, but Dr. Ansorge has marked it : " c? young. Iris dark grey ; feet yellowish-
brown ; bill dark greenish-brown." More specimens are necessary to decide
whether this bird is exactly the same as -1. enf/e/tias or not.

• C't, Cat. B. Brit. Mm. XIII. p. 561 (Sharpe).

C 48 )

l:iU. Andropadus virens ((^ass.)

$. Great African Forest, fifth day's march from Fort BtJui, 0. 5. 1899.
(?. Great African Forest, Kitima, Government station on the Itnri Biver. " Iris
dark grey."

137. Criniger flavigula (Cab.)

6 ?. Kiclinclin in Torn, Ti. 4. 1899. t?. "Iris old gold, feet greenish brown,
bill black." ?."lris lirown-nchre on inner circle, grey-brown on (infer. Fivt
"reenish-grey : bill blackisli." Tlic ? is mncli smaller than tlic mn/i:

138. Criniger tricolor (Cass.)

(S. Great African Forest, eleventh day's march from Fort Beni, 15. ;"). 1899.
" Iris ochre-grey."

139. Xenocichla hypoxantha Sliaijie.
J ad. Fort (ierry. Torn, U. 4. 1899.

140. Phyllostrephus flaviveutris monibasae Shell.

J ad. Makindos River, 4 11. 1890, agrees fnlly with typical momhame, except
that the wing is slightly longer, measuring 113 mm.

141. Turdinus albipectiis Rchw.

5 ?. Fourth and eighth day in Groat African Forest, Jlay 8th and 12th, 1899.
" Iris i red-brown, ? greyish-ochre ; feet bluish-grey ; upper bill slate-colour,
lower pale blnish-grey.'" S wing 74 mm., ? wing 68 mm.

142. Bradypterus apicalis (Cab.)

6 6. Kaboa in Uganda, Kikanja in Torn. " Iris pale ochre."

143. Cisticola rufopileata TJchw.

S- Warri, Lower Niger, 11. h). 1897. " Iris light brown : feet whitish ; bill
black." (Felix Roth. coll.). This is the bird erroneously called ('. nijicapilld in
Cat. B. VII. p. 248. If, however, the rufons outer aspect of the quills is the only
difference lietween C. cinernscrns and «". rxfopileafa, and their areas are not
separate, I cannot help doubting their specific distinctness.

144 Cisticola chubbi Sharpe.
cJ. Kitagwetoa in Torn, (i. 4. ISiiO. " Iris pale ochre ; feet flesh-colour."

14."). Cisticola cinerascens Hengl.

Karimia, 1. 5. 1899. "Iris gold-brown; feet pale brown; njiper bill dark
blackish-grey, lower light grey, darker towards the cntting-edge."

( 49 )

140. Cisticola strangei (Fras.)
S ad. Galabi in Uganda, Kasesi in Torn, March and April 1899. " Iris ochre."

147. Cisticola erythrogenys Riipp.
Nairobe, January 1899. " Iris reddish brown."

148. Cisticola hindei Sharpe.

A series from Nairobe, shot in the last days of January and the first days of
February 1899, are much lighter and paler, and the rump and npper tail-coverts
are more heavily patched with black, than in C. cisticola. They agree fully with
the types of C. hindei. This form is evidently a light form of C. cisticola. The
plate of €. hindei in the Ibis for 1898 does not give an idea of its pale colouration.

149. Erythropygia hai'tlaubi Rchw.

Fort Gerry and Nakabimba in Torn, April 1899. " Iris dark brown; feet slate-
grey." The nestling is above deep brown, spotted with pale rufous brown, each
feather being pale rufous brown, widely edged with blackish brown.

159. Euprinodes (? an potius Apalis) flavocincta Sharpe.
? ad. Nairobe, 5. 2. 1899.

lul. Camaroptera griseoviridis (v. Miill.)

$ ad. River Lubilia (one day's march westward from Lake Albert Edward),
Ussongora 30. 4. 1899. " Iris of the colour of old gold; feet 'yellowish-brown ; bill
dark grey."

152. Crateropus kirki Sharpe.

SS ad. Karimia (Ussongora), 1.5. 1899. "Iris orange-yellow, shading into
lemon-yellow towards inner edge ; feet steel-grey ; bill black."

153. Crateropus sharpei Rchw.

? ad. Kitagwetoa in Torn, 6. 4. 1890. "Iris: inner circle whitish-yellow,
shading into whitish-grey towards the outer circle ; feet dark grey with a faint
purple tinge ; bill black."

154. Zosterops stuhlmanni Rchw.

? ?. Kikanja in Torn, 3. 4. 1899. "Iris pale ochre." These two specimens
have been compared by Professor Reichenow with the type of the species.

155. Nectarinia kilimensis Shelley.

Kampala in Uganda ; Butiti, Lubona, and Kahangi in Torn, March and
April 1899. " Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black." 2^. filiola Hartl. is the
same. The supposed more reddish sheen of one of these supposed forms is quite
variable. Specimens of N. hilimensis m the British Museum and some named
for me by Reichenow, do not differ from the typical series of X. filiola collected
by Emin Pasha.

4

( •'"' )

ITiO. Cinuyris erythroceria (^Hniil).

Fort George and Fort Gerry, in Torn. '• Iris dark brown." Adiilt males with
central rectrices fnlly 20 mm. longer.

157. Cinnyris cuprea (Shaw).

Kawolli and Mnbende in BneUnlla : Galabi ia Singo, Uganda. '• Iris dark
browTi."

158. Cinnyris verticalis viridisplendens itcliw.

Kaboa (BuekuIIa), I. 4. ISOO, Fort (Jerry, Torn. '-K 4. Ix'.t'.V The f.-niale has
the wing T mm. shorter than th'.' adult male.

159. Cinnyris eboensis f-Iard.).

1^4.'?, N'-cliinnkt ehnfihtis, Jardine, in Xiilniiilisls /.ibrari/, v. xvi. Swilinl^' \t. 244 ; ibUhm pi. iUt
and p. 25 f. under the name of .V. udfllifrli : 1889, Oimn/ris rasUnieiniiliis. Madarasz in Omit
T. V. p. 149, pi.

The male diflers from ('. adidbi rti as follows : The wing-eoverts are uniform
deep olive-browu, not rnfons fawn-colour ; the abdomen is choe.olate-brown or very
nearly " burnt umber," not chestnut. The hindneck and back are not so l)lack ; the
throat is paler ; the crown is of a slightly more bluish, not so yellowish grten.

The type of Nertarinia edoe/isin is still in the British JIusenm, where it was
apparently not noticed by the author of vol. IX. of the Cat. II Brit. .!///.<. This
18 the sole representative of the S2)ecies in the British Musenui. A friend of
mine suggested (in litt.) that both (\ atlrlbi'rti and <'. t'/jor /?.■</'.■< might have been
found by 8helley on the Gold Coast, as that ornithologist mentions specimens
with light and dark wings; but I have e.xamined these specimens iind found
them all to be typical ('. adelberti in more or less faded and worn plumage. We
have thus two sj)ecios of subspecies : ('. addherti from the Gambia to the Gold
Ck)ast, (\ eboen»i.i from the Niger to the Congo. I have e.xamined forty specimens of
C. adelberti and seven of C eboensis, sent by Dr. Felix Hoth from Warri in the
Niger Coast Protectorate, while Prof Reichenow tells me that he has it from the
Congo. It is strange that Dr. von Jladarasz redesrribed r. ,•/)w/'.^•/.•^. without even
referring to the name eboensis.

100. Cinnyris acik aequatorialis Kchw.

According to the measurements given by Reichenow (in Om. Moid/er. \ii\V.i
p. 171) the specimens from Kitagwetoa (Torn), Bntiti (Torn), Fort George (Torn),
Kahaugi (Torn), and those recorded from Masindi, in Unyoro, in Ansorge's Under
the African Sun p. 351, would all belong to the subspecies which he describes
as a species (!) from Bnkoba and the Sesse Islands. This form cannot be con-
sidered to be more than a subspecies, the dilFerenees in the size of the wings,
tail and bill not amounting to more than 3 or 4 mm., and other differences not
being apparent, and the two forms rejilaeing each other.

On the same page (171) Prof lieicheuow also separates the southern (larger)

• It is carioaa that this work, which should be coirectly cim.ted as above, is persis-tently riuole 1 a.i
Monograph «/ Svnhiiilx. a title which iloos not exist.

( 51 )

aucl tie nortbeni (smaller — East African) forms of C. guttitralis, calling that
from East Africa C. ;/utt//ralis, that from Damaraland C. gutturalis (/amarensin.
The difference in the size of these two forms is apjiarently larger than that of
V. acik acik and ('. a. aeqiiatorialis, the wing being 75 — 58 in the southern,
''I — "2 in the northern form. Prof. Ileichenow's name damarensis, however,
cannot be nsed, as I have alread}- (Ansorge's Under the Afr. Sun p. 351) named the
East African small form ('. giitttiralis inaestimata, restricting the name gutfiiralis
to the large southern form. As Linnaeus did not give the exact locality, his species
being taken from Bvhsona'Gri.mpereaH noirastre de Bresil, and this name being
afterwards used for southern birds, I, as the first author, who discussed the forms,
had the right to restrict the first name t/'ittitralis to any one of them, and it seemed
to me more natural to apply it to the southern larger form.

A third closely allied form is C. giitt. safnrafior Rchw. from Angola.

Kil. Cinnyris chloropygia orphogaster Rchw.

S ad. Mohalla and Kitima, Great African Forest, on the Ituri River, 12th
«nd 21 st day from Fort Beni.

In no. 1- <if vol. VII (18'.)9) Orn. Movber. Prof. Reichenow has published the
results of a careful study of the forms of Cinm/ris cliloroypgin auct., as far as
material was available to him. Mr. Rothschild and I have gone over the series in
the Tring Museum, and we found that it fully bears out the conclusions arrived at
by Prof. Reichenow. We have the following specimens of the three forms
recognized by Prof Reichenow.

". Cinnyris chloropygia chloropygia -Tard.
Liberia (Robertsport), Demery coll., :! d , 'i ? ; Warri in the Niger (_'oast
Protectorate, Felix Roth coll., 5 c?, 3 ? ; Sierra Leone (Clements and Hogg coll.),
8 i. Reichenow says : Gold Coast, Niger.

/'. Cinnyris chloropygia orphogaster Rchw.

Djanda and Uvamba (Emin Pasha coll.), 2 S ; Ituri River (Ansorge coll.), 2 S .
Reichenow says : Mittel-Afriea (Bnkoba, Soweh I., Sessc Is., Sotik). (The Kitima
specimen seems to ajiproach ('. c. Inhderi a little.)

'■. Cinnyris chloropygia luhderi Rchw.

L6opoldville and iStanley Falls, C'ongo (Bohndortlcoll.); Aruwimi River (Camp
uf Rear-Column), Bonny coll. Reichenow says : Kamerun, Gabun, Loango.

The differences stated by Reichenow are easily recognizable, especially the
tyjiical form with its very short wing and pale abdomen is very distinct. There
is, however, a mistake in Reichenow's " key," the measurements of the two groups
under no. 2 being given as over 50 and under 50 mm., while it should clearly
be — as evident from the measurements given under no. 3 — over and under 5fi or
CO mm.

1G2. Farus niger Bonn, k Vieili.

Karimia, 1. 5. 1899. "Iris dark l)rown."

( 52 )

1(13. Cossypha heuglini llartl.

<J a<l. Kitagwetoa in Torn, 6. 4. IsnO. " Iris diocolate-brown. Feet purplisb
brown. Bill black." This s]>ecimen bas a wliite frontal band of 3 to 4 mm. 1 have
not found this in any specimen in Triug and London.

1G4. Cossypha subrufescens Boo.

Nairobe, 5. 2. 1899. " Iris dark lirown, feet and bill black." I follow Sharpe,
Reichenow, and Shelley in identifying the East African birds with C. subrufescens
of Bocage, but I have not been able to compare specimens.

1(5.5. Myrmecocichla nigra (Vieill.)

5 ad. Kiclinchu in Torn, ."). 4. 1>)99. "Iris dark brown." The birds without
white on throat and crown — black all over with only a large white shoulder-patch —
mnst be called by Vieillot's name nit/ra, based on Levaillant's Traquet f'om-
mandenr. J/, arnofti is a totally different species.

Professor Reichenow considers the totally blackish birds without white shonlder-
]iatch also to be ^f. nigra. AVe have got some from Uganda and Karimia. If tliey
really are M. nigra, then it is cnrious that they are all brownish, not pure black,
while those with the white shoulders are all deep glossy black. The latter are in
fresh jjlnmage, while the brown ones — although shot in the same month — are worn,
but it is strange that this state of plumage is the same in all of tliem, and that in
our good series there are no transitional examples.

1(5(!. Myrmecocichla cryptoleuca Sharpe.
(?(? Nairobe, 1.2. 1899. " Iris brown."

1()T. Myrmecocichla subrufipennis Rihw.

6 ad. Kinyomozi in Torn, 4. 4. 1899. " Iris brown. Bill and feet black."

108. Saxicola pleschanka (Lepech.)
Nairobe, 27, 29, 30. 1. 1899.

109. Saxicola isabellina Cretzschm.
Nairobe, 29. 1. 1899. Campi-ya-Simba, 11. 1. 1899.

ITtJ. Pratincola rubetra (L.)
Uganda Projier, JIarch 1899.

ITl. Pratincola axillaris Shelley.

From Kiwalogoma (Chagwe), Lake Varangot in Torn, and Fort Gerry in Toru,
we have received specimens which fully agree with the typical series of Pratincola
emmae Hartlanb, bnt Professor Reichenow unites P. axillaris and P. e/nmae.

( 53 )

172. Turdus pelios saturatus (Cab.)

Saint Emma (Bnsiro) in Uganda, 23. 3. 1899; Kabangi and Bntiti in Torn,
7 and 8. 4. 1899 ; Fort George on Lake Albert Edward, 29. 4. 1899.

I believe that tliese four TLrnslies arc satiirati/s, and that also the si)ecimeus
from Unyoro which I recorded as Tiuy/iik hocagei in the Appendix to Ansorge's
" Under the African Sua," p. 354, belong to saturatus. They seem to difl'iT
very little from typical T. pelios from North-East Africa, but the wings are
said to be shorter, and it seems that the riist-coJour on the sides is less extended,
while the chest and npperside are equally dark or darker. If tliis form is separable
it can only stand as a subspecies. We have thus : —

1. 2\ir(Ius jjelios pelios. Large, with much rust-colour on the sides, brownish
chest : N.E. Africa.

2. T. pelios saturatus (Cab.) A little smaller, the rnst-colour less extended,
at least as dark or darker above and un the chest ; W. African forest-region to
Uganda.

3. T. pelios chiguancoiiles Seeb. Without or with very little rnst-colour on
the sides, chest paler. Senegambia, jirobably to Niger district, but birds from there
are perhaps slightly intermediate.

4. T. pelios hocagei (Cab.). A little larger than 2 and 3, as large as 1, chest
more or less rnfous. Angola (cf. Cah. J. f. 0. 1882 p. 320, Sharpe in Seebohm's
Monagr. TurcUdae, part VII.).

A series of Thrushes of this grouj) in the Tring Museum from Grand Cape
Mount, Liberia, labelled by Dr. Biittikofer, diti'er remarkably in their deep coloura-
tion and a very different rufous rust-colour under the wings. No one would hesitate
to separate this form (which by the extent of rnst-colour is clearly chiguancoides^,
on account of its singular colouration as a new subspecies, if it was not for the fact
that they have been in spirits and are skinned in Leyden. No remark to this eft'ect,
however, is on the labels ! Unfortunately many hundreds of such skins which have
been in spirits have been sold to various Museums in Europe, where they were
accepted in good faith, withont an idea that they had been in alcohol. The greatest
caution must therefore be used with regard to all Liberian skins in judging their
colour, and it is to be feared that Xenoricliln. hartcrti lieichenow (Nov. Zool. IS'.i."),
p. 60) is the first and probably not the last mistake which resulted from such
specimens. It is well that every ornithologist should be aware of the historr of
these Liberian skins.

( -i-l )

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF 13URU.

PART \.— i;iior.\T.och:E.\.

By W. J. J10LLANI1, Ph.D., Lh.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc.,
Clianeellor of llie M'fslrrii Unhfrsili/ of Penttsylrama, unit Dirfctor of the Cariinjie

^funeuiii, Pittslntftjh.

ri~^)lE iskuil of Biini (>5ouroii, Bouro, Boeroe) is situated .aiijiroximatolv ii>
J- lat. :r LV to :i 5iJ' S. and loii.i;-. 120° to 1'..'7 15' E., reckoned from
(ireeiiwicb. According to von Carnbei- it lias an area of 348T square miles,
covering tbereibre an area about three-lnnrtlis the size of tlie state of Connecticut.
It belongs to the Dutch Residency of Ainl)oyna, and is divided into twelve regencies
subject to tlie general control of a deputy appointed by the Resident of Aniboyna.
The deputy has his residence at Cajeli (=Kajeli = Kayeli) on tlie eastern coast.
The ]iort of Cajeli in 1804 was declared free to the shi])s of all nations.

Tiie island is mountainous in the interior, the highest i)eak, Tomahoe, rising
to an elevation of 8029 feet above the level of the sea. The seaboard districts
are alluvial and marshy in many jjarts. The island is traversed by a multitude
of small streams, having a short but rapid course from the interior to the sea>
very few of them being worthy of being designated as rivers, except the Cajeli,
or AVai Apoe, whicli is navigable for a short distance. In the western portion of
the island is a large sheet of water, Lake AVakoholo. with a circumference of
thirty-seven miles and a width of two miles, which appears to occujiy the crater
of an extinct volcano, at an elevation of I'.iUO feet above sea level. Jlnch of
the island is covered with scattering forests, and the lowlands with tall marsh
grasses. The si)il where cleared is fertile. (Joffee and cacao are extensively
cultivated. Trojiical fruits abound. The principal artiide of export is cajeput
oil, distilled iVom the leaves of Jlejalenca cajapnti, which is extensively used
as a ])anacea throughout the lands of the Malays, and ])0ssesses valne as an
anti-spasmodic and sudorific, and is reputed to be a specific in rheuraati<;
affections, when a])plied externally.

The flora of the island is very rich. Tlie mammalian fiiuna is not extensive,
but interesting. The avifauna, on the other hand, is of considerable extent^
and includes a number of sj)ecies p<'culiar to the island. Tlie natural history of
Burn has received attention from a number of travellers and explorers ; Forbes
and Wallace being the only ones who have written at any great length npoii
tiic subject. Very little, has been written upon the \Lfjtit/ojjf<-i(i. Boisduval in
tlie \'o'/age <li- L' Astrolabe mentions a number of sjiecies found upon the i.sland.
Wallace in several papers describes species of his collecting as new to science,
and in the jiapers of a number of other authors' there are occasional references
t(i species found here. The entire literature of the subject does not, however,
furnish a hundred references to species distinctly known lo belong to the fauna
of Bnni. Mr. Wallace a])])arently did not do very well in his collecting upon
the island excejit among the I'ieridac, Kiihu failed almost entirely, and Forbea
did not accomplish much. It was left to Mr. William Doherty, the intrepid
naturalist explorer of the Malay Arcliiiielago, to make the first considerable
collection which lia^i ever been made niiou the island. U])on this collection,
which was gathered iu December of 18iil and January c;l' is'.jj, the following
paper is based.

( 5.3 )

With the exee])tiitii of the Tin-tricidw, 'rin:i<la.<!, auJ Pterophorida', which
were sent to Lord A\'alsingham, the entire collection made at this time came into
iiiv possession. At intervals of leisure I have devoted to it my best eftbrts, and
tliink that I have sncceeded in working it out with reasonable certainty. 1 am
es])ecially iudobteil to Sir (4eorge F Hampsou for invaluable assistanci! rendered
me iu the determination of the m)tli:^, whie'i formed a very large part of the
collection.

A letter sent me by Mr. Doherty at the time he sent me the collection contains
some facts wliicli are of interest in regard to localities on the island, which he
visited. He says : " Bnru is assuredly a liard nut to crack. . . . Kajeli, the chief
j>ort, is a hopeless place for insects. I collec:ted a little at Labuan Barat, not far
from ^\■allace's place, Waipnti. But most of my work was done mncli farther
iin, on both sides of C!ape Saruma, the south-eastern point of the island, at Hat
(especially), Kusu-Kusu, Poli, and Wailawa. We collected up to about -Oijit feet
on Mount Lumara, at the liack of Hat. From Kajeli to Hat, my headipiarters,
it is two nights by ' prau.' We spent the intervening day at Labuan 15arat. The
weather was stormy, and the voyage most dangerous and exhausting : otherwise
we had a rather pleasant though fatiguing time, and did not lose a single day's
collecting. Our health was good during the whole time. The great objection to
this coast is that it is all high virgin forest, wholly witliout paths. Pieridae are
therefore scarce. The long walks were very hard on us. Generally in the morning
we plodded through the loose sand of the beach, jnmjiiug the streams, till wo came
to some big one which we ascended for miles (each taking his own). H raiued every
day at ',' p.m., so that in coming back the streams were generally in flood, and we
had to cross them waist-deep. Then the tide would probably be up, and we would
have to walk long distances in the water. Ou the whole, I think, i)utting moths
against butterflies, we did about as well as we could have in the dry season. I doubt
whether any locality in Burn is better than Hat, except the Wakoholoctuntry, which
is practically inaccessible, except for a few days' trip in light marching order, on
account of the want of coolies. The people of the country I visited ar>; Alfnros —
lieathen, very friendly, honest folk. They came down to the coast only a generation
ago, and the interior is now quite uninhabited excejjt at Wakoholo and on the Waijafo
liiver (where there is absolutely no forest). At the back of Hat is Jlount Lumara,
some six thousand feet high, covered with unbroken forests. Over much of this
country there are island-like masses, ridges of metamorphic limestone, jiierced by
thousand of caves, much as in Timor or the Malay Peninsula. Ajiart from this the
usual surface rock is micaceous sandstone, overlaying great beds of true mica-schist
exactly like that in the Alps. There is coal in the west, and Mount Tomahoe is
said to be volcanic." ..." The moths were all taken Viy beating, or at light.
Baits failed. When you thiuk that Dr. Platen only got eighty odd species in
fourteen months in Palawan, Hibbe and Kiiha one hundred and fifty in Aru in
twelve months, and Ribbe eighty odd in tieram in over four months, yon can see
tliat I am sending yon something quite out of the common order."

It remains to be said that the species taken by Jlr. Doherty reveal a very close
affinity between the fauna of Burn and Amboyna. Hi the determination of species
much assistance has therefore been derived from the very thorough and important
papers which have ajipeared from time to time upon the lepidoptera of the latter
island from the pen of Dr. Arnold Pagenstecher, and also from the various papers
of the distingnished Dutch naturalist, P. (". T. Snellen of Rotterdam.

(56)

RHOPALOC'ERA.

Family NYMPHALIDAE Swainson.

Subfamily DANAINAE Bates.

Genvs HESTIA Hiibner.

1. Hestia aza (Boisduval), Voyage de V Astrolabe, Lepidoptcra p. 106 (lbi32).
The collection contains a very large series of this species, represented bj-
both sexes.

Genus RADENA Moore.
2. Radena buruensis sp. nov.

This species is veiy closely allied to R. luzonica Moore, but may be at once
distinguished from it by the prevalently small size of the light spots upon the wings
and the consequent enlargement of the black areas in the discal and outer marginal
areas of both the primaries and the secondaries. Compared with a series of
R. luzonica, this feature is well marked and constant, and permits of an instant
discrimination of the two forms.

The collection contains a series of fifteen examples, which show almost no
variation whatever in the markings.

Genus TIRUMALA Moore.

3. Tirumala hamata (Macleay), in King's Australia II. p. 4(il (1827) ; Bloore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 232 (1883).

This species is represented by three males.

Genus NASUMA Moore.

4. Nasuma ismare (Cramer), Pap. Exot. III. t. 279. f. E. F (1782); Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 233 (1883).

Mr. Doherty captured two males and two/emales of this species during his stay
ou the island.

Genus ANOSIA Hiibner.

5. Anosia plexippus (L.), S//st. j\'at. ed. X. p. 471 (1758).

(For synonym} see Moore, Monograph of Limnaina and Euploeina, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. (1883), and Scndder, Butterjties of New England.)

The collection contains several specimens of this species in nowise differing
from examples captured dnring the past autumn in Pennsylvania. The tendency
to melanism shown in the form erippus, which is commonly received from the
tropical jwrtions of the American Continent, is not displayed by these specimens.
They arc bright in colour, like the form prevalent in the United States, and this is
also true of specimens which I have received from other islands of the Eastern
Archipelago and from Australia, in which the species has only recently become
domiciled. This fact seems to point to the introduction of the species into the

( 57 )

oriental fauna by <a process of emigration proceeding from the more northern portions
of the American Continent. If the tendency to melanism, which is so apparent in
the great majority of South American specimens, is due to climatic and specifically
thermal influences, as is probable, the conformity of the specimens from tlie hot
tropical regions of the Australian and Indo-malayan regions to the nearctic type
reveals that a sufficient length of time has not yet elapsed to bring about the dusky
colouration found in specimens coining from the tropical regions of the New World.

Genus LIMNAS Hiibner.

(). Limnas petilia (Stoll), Cramer, Pa}). Exot. Snppl. t. 28. f. 3 (1790) ; Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 239 (1883).

Only two specimens of this species are contained in the collection.

Genus SALATURA Moore.

T. Salatura philene (Cramer), Pap. Exot. IV. t. 375. f. A. B (1782) ; Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. LoiuL p. 242 (1883).

One male and iwo femcdes.

Genus RAVADEBA Moore.

8. Ravadeba lutescens (Butler), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 172. f. 3 (18G6) ; Moore,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 245 (1883).

The species seems to be very common, and I received an enormous series.
There is considerable variation in the extent of the light spots in the cell of the
primaries, and in some specimens they tend to obsolescence. This is especially true
of the males, but less so in the case of the females. The light colour of the u])por
surface of the wings is not so bright a yellow as is found in specimens fromBatchian
contained in my collection.

Genus VADEBRA Moore.

9. V. dohertjri sj). nov.

(S . The wings on the upperside are deep blaelc shading on the outer margins
into warm brown, more particularly upon the secondaries. On the underside the
wings are paler, the dark tint being ahnost wholly confined to the region of the
cell, and the primaries on the inner margin being pale testaceous, or even white.
The primaries are marked by four spots : one in the cell near its end, one just
beyond the cell between the third median and the radial nervnles, and two below
this in the inner end of the interspaces on either side of the second median nervnle.
Of these three spots thus located beyond the end of the cell the lower one is oblong
and the largest of the series. They are bluish white in colour. The secondaries
have a small roundish spot at the end of the cell, and just beyond the end of the
cell a curved series of tive or six oblong spots in the interspaces. There is a
double marginal row of spots extending from the outer angle toward the inner
angle, which they do not however reach, generally terminating before the first
median nervule. The outermost series of these spots shows a marked tendency
to obsolescence, and in some specimens is entirely wanting.

( 58 )

?. 'the/emale is like the Male in colour niion the uppersiJc, except that the
light colour of the enter margins invades the inner surface of the wing to a
greater (k'i)lh. The ]irimavios on tlic underside are marked as in the malt', but
the spots are geuenilly a little larger, and there are two white linear streaks near
the inner margin, below the first median uervule. The secondaries liave the same
sjwts as in the male, but the two submarginal series of spots in many specimens are
either jiartially or now and then wholly obliterated. The discal sjiots are always
found, tliinigh sometimes they are ijuite small, ami at other times abnormally large.

Expanse : 6 and ? To to 85 mm. Descritud from 29 S d and 17 ? ?.

This insect has occasioned me not a little difficulty, as I natnrally am reluctant
to iidd another to the list of species in this group. At first I was inclined to
identify it with Kuplofa lapfi/roi'iici Boisd., one or two of the females in my
possession<-tallyiMg exactly witli the description given by Boisdnval in the Vo'juge
de IJAstrolabi . 1 tlien discovered that Mr. Moore has referred E. lape>/rousei
to his genus t'liirom. (ine of the characters of which is a broad sericeous band on
the ni)])erside of the primaries, and states ex])licitly that " the type specimen of
this species is much like C. jiierveti, excepting that the sericeons Mtreah is nnrrower
auil longer." As the insect before me is without the sexual brand on the primaries,
it cannot be therefore identified as the insect de.scribed by Boisdnval, whose types,
now in the possession of Mons. Charles Oberthiir, were consulted by both Dr.
Bntler and Di'. Moore in their preparation of their monographs of the Eup/oeiiiae.
Accepting the entire accuracy of the figure of Vadehra melina given by Dr. Butler
in the I'loe. Zool. 8oc. Lond. 1S66, p. 282, the insect before me cannot be well
referred to this species, although Dr. Boisdnval states that E. melina occurs
in Burn. I likewisn cannot bring myself to refer the form before me to the species
named and figured as Eiiploea dimcAia by Cramer, and made tlie tyjie of the genus
Vadebro by Moore. While the Cramerian figures are none of the best, tliere is
too great a discrejiancy between the figure and the insects under consideration to
permit me to assume their identity. 1 liave therefore ventured to name the
butterfly after its discoverer.

(^ENus GAMATOBA Moore.
III. G. spiculifera Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. j). 263 (1883).
The collection contains a small series of this fine species.

Genus BETANGA Moore.

11. CO B. duponcheli (Boisd.), Toy. .\strol., I.ep. p. 97 (1832).

This is another case in which the exceedingly brief description given by
Boisdnval leaves us in doubt. Mons. Oberthiir, in his Ijcpidoptere.t tManiens,
]i. 35, intimates that the insect ticketed as Kaploen duponekeli by Dr. Boisdnval,
and standing in his collection, does not agree at all with the published descrii)tion.
He assumes that the insect labelled in the British Musenm as K. duponcheli is
correctly determined. Boisdnval gives Burn as the habitat of the insect. I
have before me about eighty specimens evidently belonging to the same species,
vnile.<< &n<\ femakii. Among the females I find several which agree very well with
Boisdnval's descrij)tion except in one particular, which 1 shall point out presently.

( ^9 )

The description given in the Voijage, <le L' Astrolabe is as follows : '• Ailes d'un
bruu noir, pins pale a rextremite, sans taehes ; dessons des quatres avec deux
raiigs de points marginaux violatres ; les sni)drienres ayant en ontre qnatre points,
et les inferieures six points discoidaux violatres. Elle se tronve a Bonrou." The
])oint of discrepancy which most puzzles me is found in the entire absence on
the underside of the primaries of all my specimens, both mih'. xmA j'i:iii'il>>, of
the outermost row of marginal spots (/joints marglniuu-). They are found ou the
secondaries according to the description above cited, but not on tlie primaries,
where there is but one row, with only a faint suggestion in one or two s])ecimens
of the outer or strictly marginal scries. Beginning witli specimens which thus
accord in the main with the description of Dr. Boisduval, I am able to trace a
series of forms regularly intergrading until I arrive at forms in which the
description given by Boisduval does not at all apply. The maculation of the
underside of the wings advances stej) by step until we have specimens the undersides
of the wings of which are covered with small white spots arranged as follows :
Ou the primaries near the outer angle a few marginal spots, a submarginal series
of s])ots extending from the first median interspace to the costa, three spots before
the end of the cell at the inner end of the interspaces, the lowermost spot large
and oblong, a round spot in the cell near its end, and a moderately large costal spot
beyond the middle of the costa. On the secondaries there are three curved series
of spots, a marginal and submarginal not reaching the inner angle, and a curved
series of seven discal spots just beyond the cell, one on each interspace from vein 1
to vein 8, a roundish spot in the cell at its extremity, and four or five minute
white spots at the base of the wing. These spots also reappear more or less
(especially those of the submarginal series) upon the upperside of the wing, and
thus nullify the words of Dr. Boisduval's description, which declares that the upper
surface is devoid of markings. In spite of these numerous and apparently great
discrepancies between the description and some of the specimens, I am inclined
to think that I am right in identifying the forms before me as belonging to
B. ilupoiii-heli. At all events no other species from Burn seems to accord more
nearly with Boisduval's description.

Genus EUPLOEA Fabricius.

12. E. semicirculus Butler, Proc. Znol. Sac. Loud. p. '-itiO (l^iiS).

There is a small series of this species in which the specimens are considerably
larger than specimens I have received from Batchiau through Dr. Staudinger,
and in which the submarginal bine spots are considerably larger and more con-
spicuous. Otherwise there is no difference, and the insects agree well with the
figures and descriptions which have been given.

Genus CALLIPLOEA Butler.

13. C. infantilis Butler, Proc. /.ool. Soc. Loml p. 766. t. 77. f. 3 (1876).

There is one male specimen of this species which was originally described

from New Guinea. It does not differ from specimens received by me from

Batchian, except that the spots on the underside of the wings are a trifle

smaller.

( fio )

Geni's salpinx Hubiier.

14. S. bouruana Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 302 (1883).

This is the local race! of S. nemertes Hiibner, which is apparently not at all

niicommon upon the island. There is a large series of specimens, both malt', and

J'eiH'ile, \n wliich there is yreat diversity in size as well as in raaculation. Some

small miles, apparently starvelings, are one-third smaller than others. Some of

the females also greatly exceed others in expanse of wing. The snbmarginal spots

on the upperside of the wing, and the conspicuous blue spot between veins 1

and 2 on the primaries, vary very much in some specimens, revealing a strong

tendency to become snffnsed with white and to spread.

Genus STICTOPLOEA Bntler.

15. S. watsoni Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 322 (1883).

There is a small series of this fine insect. The female is much like the male
in her markings, only varying structurally.

Genus HAMAURYAS Boisduval.

15. Hamadryas assarica (Cramer), Pap. Exot. IV. t. 363. f A. B (1781).
Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 250 (1883).

Moore in his monographic revision of the Enploeina, which is cited above,
states distinctly tiiat this genns is without a " sexual mark," or scent-producing
organ on the forewing of the male. With this I am compelled to disagree. In
the species before me, and in fact in all the other species accessible to me in
my collection, //. zoilas (Fabr.), //. aequirincta Salv. & Godm., and //. nedusia
(Hiibn.), the males are cliaracterized by the presence on the inner half of the
wing of a large tract of a modified scales, having well-defined limits and visible
to the naked eye as lighter-coloured areas. These patches of modified scales
extend from the inner margin to below the cell, and outwardly towards the
external margin, which they never, however, reach. Under the microscope these
tracts reveal that the scales upon them are elongated, and dift'er from the scales
upon the rest of the wing, which are ])revalently more or less orbicular. The
figure given by Cramer of this sjjecies is undoubtedly that of a female. The
males are not only characterized, as I have just i)ointod out, by the broad patch
of androconia on the primaries, bnt by the much smaller size of the snbajiical
spot on the primaries, which is not simply less in area than in the case of the
female, but tends to translucency, giving the wing a duller colour than is the
case in the opposite sex, in which the clear white contrasts boldly with the deep
black of the rest of the surface.

The collection contains a large series of specimens, for tlie most part in good
condition.

" Hamadryas turned out to be an Ithomiid, as I expected." — Dohcrty in lift.

Subfamily SATYRINAE Bates.
Genus LETHE Hiibner.
i:. L. europa arete (Cramer), Pap. Kx. IV. t. 313. f. E. F (1782).
This collection contains several males and one damaged /ensate.

( 61 )

Genus MELANITIS Fabricias.

18. M. leda bouruana snbsp. nov.

The si)ecimens of this species which lie before me are remarkable ou accouut
of the very red cast of the upper surface of the wings in the male, and the wide
expanse of the yellow apical tract in the female sex. The outer margin of the
primaries in the case of the male is also peculiar on account of the entire obsoles-
cence of the subapical tooth-like projection, which is only discernible in one
specimen as a very slight outward bend in the otherwise straight margin. Mr.
Uoherty tells me in his letters that this form extends to Timor and Flores. He
is inclined to think it a distinct species. It is at all events fairly entitled to a
snbspecific name, and the brief notes I have given will easily, I think, enable
students to discriminate it. Both the ?nales and the females are highly fragrant,
when first taken.

19. M. constantia (Cramer), Pap. Ex. II. t. 133. f. A. B (1779).

The figure given by Cramer is that of a female specimen. The males exist
in numerous varietal forms, characterized by the greater or less prominence of the
broad yellow subapical band, which in occasional specimens is almost obliterated.
The subajiical ocelli are also very variable in size, and tend to become obsolete. In
one XiiXg^t female in the collection they have been replaced by small white points on
the unusually broad yellow subapical band. This species, like the preceding, is very
fragrant.

2i). M. amabilis (Boisduval), Voyage cle U Astrolabe, Lep. p. 140. t. 2.

f 1. 2 (1832).

There is a good set of this species. The figure given by Boisduval is that
of a, female, in which the subapical band is white. It is yellow in the case of
the males. Boisduval's figure is also too small, apparently representing a dwarfed
specimen. The examples in the collection before me are likewise redder upon
the upper surface than represented in the plate in the Voyage de U Astrolabe.

21. M. ribbei Staudinger, Iris I. p. 192. f. 1. 2 (1887).

There are a few very large males of this species, which is probably merely
a variety of M. relutina Feldor, cliaracterized by its larger size, and the darker
upper surface of the wings, which in the examples before me are black.

Genus MYCJALESIS Hubner.

22. M. perseus (Fabricias), Sgst. Ent. p. 488 (1775).

Only a single specimen of this widely distributed species was contained in
the collection.

23. M. medus (Fabricius), Syst. Ent. p. 488 (1775).
There are four specimens of this species in the collection.

(62)

24. M. remulia (Cramer), Pap. /•>. III. t. 237. f. V. G (ITk^).
Nnraerons examiiles.

25. M. sirius (Fabricins), I.e.

Satyrm manipa Boisd., Vo>/. AstroL, Lep. p. 150 (1832).

A good series of this species, includiag two /finales, which are mnch larger
and brighter in colour than the males, and in which the ocelli are also laro^er
and mnch more distinct.

Subfamily ELYMNIINAE Herr.-Schiiff.
Genus ELYMNIAS Hiibner.
26. E. viminalis Wallace, Trans. Enf. Soc. Lond. p. 328 (180!t).
The specimens which I refer to the species named as above by Mr. Wallace
agree qnite well with his description, if based upon a female type. Tlie luteous
band on the margins of the wings, of which he speaks in loc. c/'t., are conspicuous
features in that se.x, but not so mnch so in the case of the male, which is
prevalently mnch darker than the female. The maculation on the underside of
the wings is much less than in the case of E. titelliu (Cramer), and is almost
wholly restricted in the case of the males to the spots at the ends of the cell
on both wings, and the curved discal series of spots, which succeed these.
There are a number of males and %ex^X2\ females in the collection.

Subfamily MORPHINAE Butler.
Genus TENARIS Hubner.
27. T. urania (Linnaeus), Mm. Lud. Ulr. p. 225 (1764).
There are a few jioor males and one torn female belonging to this species.

28. T. buruensis Forbes, A NaUmilist's Wanderings in the Eastern
Archipelago p. 411 (1883).

There are a number of this species, mostly females, in the collection. The
description given by Forbes applies to the female, and apparently was founded
upon a specimen of that sex. The males have narrow wings, prevalently light
fawn-colonr.

Subfamily NYMPHALINAE Bates.

Genus CETHOSIA Fabricins.

29. C. cydippe (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. I. 2. p. 776 (1767).

Papilio ino Cramer, Pap. Ex. I. t. 62. f. A. B (1779).

Apparently not very common. The specimens show a tendency to melanism,
and agree in this more nearly with the figure given by Cramer than with that
given by Clerck.

( 63 )

30. C. buruana sp. nov.

This is the form of C. hihlis which appears to predomiimte on tiie island
of Bum. It is characterized by a marked tendency to mehiiiism. h\ the malr
sex the red on the upperside of the primaries is restricted to a semicircular tract
on the inner margin of the wing reaching very little if at all iibove the first
median nervnle just at its origin. The marginal, submarginal and discal lunules
are almost suppressed in the majority of specimens, with the single exception
of the white hastate spot between the second and third median nervnles, which
in all specimens is large and distinct, standing out conspicuously upon tlie
darker ground surrounding it. The uj)perside of the secondaries is brighter
red than the primaries. The margin is broadly black, the interspaces being
adorned with the usual marginal lunules. Just after the broad black margin
there is a narrow dark submarginal line. The red area of the primaries is
marked by three black spots, two on the first and one on the second median
interspace. The underside is much as in C. biblis (Drury). The females are
darker and larger than the males, the red tint of the npperside of the wings
being replaced in this se.x by a dark shade of olivaceous brown, having a very
distinct greenish cast in certain lights.

The species seems to be quite constant, and is easily discriminated by its
facies from other allied forms, inasmuch as a specific name has been given to
insular varieties of this insect from numerous other localities, it has appeared
to me that this form is well worthy of being treated in like manner.

The collection contains a couple of males and several females, the latter mostly
in poor condition.

Genus CYNTHIA Fabricias.

">1. C. deione Erichson, Nov. Act. Ac. Nat. Car. XVI. Sup[il. t. .Vi.

f. 2. 2a (1833).

A large number of specimens, mostly males.

Genus MESSARAS Doubleday.

32. M. lampetia (Linnaeus), Mtis. Lad. Ulr. p. 2S(i (17fi4).

A large series of specimens showing great variability in ^'w.e, some examples
being only half as great in expanse of wing as others.

Genus ATELLA Doubleday.
33. A. egista (Cramer), Pap. Ex. Ill, t. 2S1. f C. D (ITS2).
Apparently q^nite common.

Genus SYMBHENTHIA Hiibner.
34. S. hippoclus (Cramer), Pap. /•>. III. t. 220. f C. D (i;is2).
Only a couple of worn specimens.

( 04 )

Genus JUNONIA Hiibner.
35. J. erigone (Cramer), Pap. Ex. I. t. 62. f. E. F (1779).
A few good examples.

3C. J. atlites (Linnaens), Amoen. Acad. VI. p. 407. n. 72 (1764).
Two specimens.

Genus PRECIS Hiibner.
37. P. hellanis Felder, Reise Noc, Lep. III. ]). 4o2 (\i<(u).
A good series.

Genus YOMA Doberty.

38. Y. sabina (( 'ramer), Pap. Ex. IV. t. 2sy. f. A— D (1782).
A large series of specimens, varying as nsnal.

Genus DOLESCHALLIA Felder.

39. D. bisaltide (Cramer), Pap. Ex. II. t. 102. f. C. D (1779).
A conple of specimens in poor case.

40. D. melaua Staudinger, Exot. Schmett. I. p. 104 (15

Tbis is a very true species. The female is somewhat larger than the male,
and the line of demarcation between the red basal portion of the primaries and
the dark outer part of these wings is in this sex not quite as sharply defined
as in the male, in which the dividing line is quite straight, as is pointed out
by Staudinger in his description. The species is most nearly allied to D. sciron
Salv. & Godm., bnt is abundantly distinct.

There is a small suite of specimens contained in tlie collection.

Genus CYRESTIS Boisdnval.
41. C. thyonneus (Cramer), Pap. Ex. III. t. 220. f. E. F (1782).
This species appears to be exceedingly common.

42. C. paulinus Felder, Wien Ent. Mon. IV. p. 247 (1860).
Only one specimen turned up.

Genus HYPOLIMNAS Hiibner.

43. H. bolina (Linnaeus), Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 295 (1764).

The collection contains a good series of males and two rather poor females of
the form named iphigenia by Cramer {Pap. Ex. 1. 1. 67. f. D. E). De Nicdville, in his
synonymy of the species, does not quote this reference to Cramer among the known
synonyms, though it is properly cited by Kirby, immediately after the citation of
the following species, which, however, I cannot bring myself to regard as properly
placed in the synonymy of 11. bolina.

( f.o )

44. H. lasinassa (Cramer), Pap. Ex. HI. t. 20.5. f. A. B (1782).

There is a set of males and females of this species, which, when compared with
the large series of //. holina captured at the same time and in the same locality,
leads me to disagree with the view of Kirby, that //. lasinassa is a mere synonym
for H. holina. In the first place the male, which superficially resembles bolina,
differs widely from any specimens of bolina which 1 have ever seen both in size and
in markings of the nndersido of the wiugs; and the vastly larger size of i\\e: females,
and the corresponding difference in markings, all go, to my mind, to show that we
are dealing with a valid form.

The expanse of the females of the form iphii/enia of holina taken by Doherty
in Burn does not much exceed TD mm. ; the expanse of ih&J'emales of //. lasinas-ia
is in some cases loS mm. and never less than 95 mm. The males are all much
larger than the largest male of II. bolina in the collection. The markings are
diiferent. In both sexes there is an entire absence of the white transverse median
band on the underside of the primaries and secondaries, which is characteristic of
H. holina. The outer margins do not have the white markings on the fringe, which
are characteristic of H. bolina. The marginal row of spots on the underside of the
secondaries, which is geminated in //. bolina, is single in H. lasinassa. The blue discal
spots on the upperside of the wings of the males are not centred with white, as in
H. bolina, but are uniformly a deep purplish blue. If the two forms are sjjrung from
the same insects, and are merely seasonal or dimorphic variations, we are confronted
with one of the most remarkable facts in natural history. That they spring from one
common ancestry I am quite willing to believe, and an examination of them must
convince of this, but I cannot bring myself to believe that one brood of eggs will
produce these two forms at the same time. They are as widely separate, for
instance, as any two species of Arg>jn7iis, which are now recognized by naturalists
as valid. Doubtless most existing species have had at some time a common
ancestry, and the student of phylogeny is able often to tell where lie the lines of
relationship, but relationship is not identity either in the case of individuals or
species.

4.J. H. alimena (Linnaeus), Mas. Liul. Ulr. p. 2'..»1 (1T64).

There is a very large series of this species. The males are constant, but the
females vary considerably. Some of the females are coloured upon the upperside
like the males, others have the outer third of the secondaries laved with rufous,
and still others are more or less strongly marked with white upon the secondaries.

40. H. pandora (Wallace;, Trans. Ent. Soc. bond. p. 261 (1S69).
There is a small set of males a,nd females of this fine species.

47. H. antilope (Cramer), Faj,. E.r. II. t. 183. f. E. F (1779).
A small series of this species, representing both se.xes.

Genus PARTHENOS Hiibuer.

48, P. nodrica (Boisdnval), Voy. Astrol., Lep. p. 126 (1832).
A good set of this distinctly marked species.

( «« )

(jENVs >'E1T1S Faliiiius.
4'.i. N. heliodora (Cramer), /'«/'• ^■•'- ^^^ '• -I -'• t'- •■- ^' (l'*2j.
A lew gootl speinmeiis.

."id. N. venilia (Ijiiniacns), Mux. Ut.r. p. 25*0 (i:tJ4).
A large series.

•M. N. neriphoides «p. nov.

Closely allied to .V. iwriplais Hew., from which it may be distinguished by its
mncli sniiiller si/.e, and by the fact that the snbniiirs^inal brown line on the j)riniaries
\% not divided, as in iii'rijthnx, into two j)arts cnrving inwardly at their npper
I'Xtreniities, but is continuous, only showing a little jag or offset on the third median
nervnle. Furthermore, the red linear band running the length of the cell is not
serrated on its npper margin as in .V. neriphun, and the subai)ical spots are not
divided by flie subeostal nervures as in Howitson's species, but are fused into a
curved subajiie.il biind, not very much indented internally. The general tone of the
underside of both wings is decidedly lighter than in ,V. Hcriplinif. There are two
s])ecimens of this species, both females. I have another specimen in my collection
coming from the sonthern peninsula of Celebes, a male, which is also referable to
this species, anil has long stood in ray collection unnamed. 7y/jc from Bnru.

Expanse 4:! mm.

Ck.\us ATHYMA Westwood.
• iJ. A. eulimene (Godart), Km:. ifetl<. IX. ji. 42!" (In-,':}).
l'"our malf.i.

(iKNis SYMFHAEDHA Hiibner.
.^:i. S. aeropus (Linnaeus), .1///.S-. J.url. L'lr. p. 'Joii (1704).
Several mnlix and one fe.iiiale.

Gekus DlCHOHRAdlA Butler.
•")4. D. ninus (Felder), Wicn E„f. Mn„. III. p. 18."i (ISoO).
One damaged uwlf.

(iEsrs AFATUHINA Herrich-Schaetler.
•">•). A. erminia (Cramer), Pap. Ex. III. t. 1!»6. f. A. B (1780).
A fairly good series of the malf.i of this species.

Genus EULEPIS Jlocne.
• It;. E. pyrrhus buruanus Rothschild, Nov. /ooi.. V. j). osv. f. ','(; (I89'.i).
A nntubei' of ju lies and one damaged female.

( C7 )

Genus MYNES Boisduval.
5:. M. dohertyi Holland, Enf. News IV. p. 337. t. IS. f. 2. 3 (1894).
The collection contaius four specimens, none absolutely perfect, of this species.

Family LEMOmiDAE Kiiby.

Si'BFAMiLY LIBYTHAEINAE Bate.?.

Genus LIBYTHEA Fabricins.

.")^. L. narina Oodart, Enc Metk. IX. p. ITl (I81U).

Two specimens.

Family !.)'< AENfDAE Stephens.
Genus GEHYDUS Boisduval.
oi). G. leos ((iueiin), I '<?//. CoqaiUe. t. 18. f. 8. (1829).
A large species of specimens. The species seems to be very common.

')<!. G. buruensis sp. nov.

S. The male on the ni)persidc very closely resembles Parayerijdus horsJldJi
(Moore). The colour of the wings on this side is uniform fuscous, with a narrow
streak of paler colour on the middle of the jjrimaries. The resemblance in colour
and size to this well-known Javanese species is so close that at first sight it is almost
impossible to distinguish the two. On the underside the wiugs are marked much
as in G. chinensis Felder, but the submarginal row of spots on the pi-imaries is
continuous along the border and docs not merely extend from the costa to the third
median nervule as in that sjiecies.

? . The female is darker upon the upper surface thaii the male, and the usual
differences in the form of the wing are observable in this sex. The streak of pale
ochraceons found upon the primaries of the male is replaced in the ease of the
female by a small subtriangular spot of jiure white.

I at first thought that this insect might be the form described by Ribbe as
cei-d mensis, Iris II. p. 247, but I have finally changed my opinion, and I am also
quite clear from the figure given by Staudinger, Iris II. t. 1. f 2, that it is not the
species named liy him as Miletus, /il/llippus., though some of the parts of his
description might apply to it. I have therefore ventured to describe it as a new
species.

Genus SPALGIS Moore.

(11. S. epius AVestwood, in Doubl. Westw. k Hew., Gi-n. Dhtm., Le//. II. j). .502.

r. 70. f. .-) (1852).
There are several specimens in fair condition, and a number which are very
poor. I cannot distinguish them from sj)eciraens coming from India and Barmah
and contained in my collection. I confess that I am somewhat sceptical as to the
validity of the species named S. plwrmis Feld., of which I possess specimens,
l)elieved to be accurately determined, from Amboyna. Except for the reduced size,
or occasional absence of the light spot on the upperside of the primaries, this form
iloes not ai)i)ear to me to differ greatly from V epim Westwood. The markings of
the underside appear to me to be identical.

( <i8 )

Genus HOLOCHILA Felder.

62. H. ilias (Felder), Sitzber. Ak. Wissensc^. Wien, Math. JSat. CI. XL.

p. 454 (1860).
Apparently not common.

Genus HYFOC'HRYSOPS Felder.
r.3. H. anacletus Felder, I.e.
Only ihre^ females were received. They were considerably smaller than the
figure given iiy Felder in the Novara Eeise, and a little larger than a snite of
specimens coming from Amboyna, which I purchased liomc years ago from Dr.
Standinger, and to which I added a series obtained from Messrs. Watkins &
Doncaster.

Genus PITHECOPS Horslield.
04. P. dionisius (Boisduval), Voy. AstroL, Le.p. p. 82 (1832).
Apparently quite common. The crucial test between the genus Pithecops and
the genns Nefljjithecops is said by Distant to be furnished by the anastomosis of the
first subcostal with the costal uervure. Tried by this test, dionisius comes very
plainly under Ilorsfield's genus.

Genus MEGISBA Moore.
6.5. M. malaya (Horsfield), Cat. Lep. E.I.C. p. To (1828).

Lycaena strongi/le Felder, Reise Nocara, Lep. j). 278. t. 34. f. 32. 33 (1865).

Apparently common, though few of the specimens sent were in good case.
I think there can be no donbt of the identification made by Dr. Semper of Felder's
species with that described by Horsfield. I have a large series of M. malaya
coming from various parts of India and the Malay Peninsula. Comparing these
closely with the specimens before me, which agree absolutely with Felder's figure,
I am certain that so far as the underside of the wings is concerned there is
no difference whatever. The only difference discernible to me is that specimens
from the Asiatic mainland are all a little larger, and the white spot on the
disc of the primaries is relatively a little smaller, and not quite so sharply
defined as in the specimens from Burn and Amboyna in my collection. There
is therefore a slight difference in facies, so far as the upperside of the wings
is concerned. This is all, and not enough to warrant the specific separation of
the two forms.

Genus (JYANIUIS Daliuan.

6(1. C. cagaya (Felder), Reise Nomra, Lep. p. 278. t. 34. f 11—13 (1805).

There are several males and one or two females, which, after much delibera-
tion, I am led to assign to this sjiecies, though the specimens do not agree with
absolute exactness with the figures given by those who have represented the
species. They are very close to C. puspa Horsf , but differ from that species
in the absence in the male sex of the dark border of the primaries, which is
greatly reduced, and in some cases almost altogether wanting. There is also
very little, if any, white npon the disc of the primaries in this sex. Cagaya
is evidently the more southern race of C. puspa.

( CO )

67. C. philippina Semper, Ta,//. riiiUpp. p. 168. t. 32. f. 14—18 (1889). '

There is a good suite of 7Hah's of a species, which appears to me to be
the foregoing. At all events, though I could wish to be a little more certain
upon this point, I can find no description of any species of Cyaniris which applies
better to the specimens before me. Semper relies apparently more ivpon his
plates than upon the letterpress of his work, and the few remarks he make^
about this species do not throw much light upon certain points, upon which
his plates fail equally to give information. The specimens before me all have
a little white upon the disc of the primaries and on the costa of the secondaries.
Semper says nothing about this in his description, which is, however, so meagre
as to hardly merit to be called such ; and the plates, which are made by a
photographic process, also fail to tell us anything about this point. Blue surfaces
in photography often take lighter than white surfaces. On the underside Semper's
figures agree with my specimens, spot for spot, though the markings in some
of the examples before me are heavier and more pronounced than they appear
in the plates in the Butterflies of the Philippine Islands.

Genus ZIZERA Moore.

68. Z. gaika (Trimen), Trans. Eiit. Soc. Loud. (3). I. p. 403 (1862).

A large number of specimens of both sexes of this widely distributed form.

69. Z. subcoerulea sp. uov.

tj. The body is fuscous on the upperside, and is clothed with bluish hairs.
The underside of the body is pale whitish grey. Tlie legs are also whitish grey,
marked with darker grey upon the outer edges of the tibiae, and on the tarsi. The
palpi are white, edged below with blackish hairs. The antennae are black above,
and below are ringed with white. The wings on the upperside are pale purplish
blue, almost of the same tint as light-coloured specimens of Cafochri/sops strabo,
but without the sheen of that species. On the costa near the base most specimens
in certain lights show a white lustre. Both wings are marked by a fine blackish
marginal line, within which on each interspace along the border are small Innular
markings, those of the primaries diffuse, and pale ashen greenish, paler than the
body of the wing, rarely fuscous ; those of the secondaries pale fuscous, marked
inwardly and outwardly by paler grey. The fringes are grey, lighter on the
secondaries than on the primaries, and distinctly interrupted at the end of each
nervnle by darker fuscous. On the underside both wings are pale cool grey. Both
are ornamented by spots of pale brown, only a shade darker than the body of the
wings, and uniformly surrounded by light whitish lines and markings. These
markings are as follows : On the primaries there is a longitudinal transverse mark
at the end of the cell, a discal series of spots crossing the wing from the costa to
the inner margin about two-thirds of the distance from the base, one spot on each
interspace, the whole series being conformed in a regular curve to the line of the
outer margin. This series of spots is succeeded near the margin by a double series"
of Innules, the spots composing the inner series being larger than those of the outer
series. Both sets of lunules are margined on both sides by pale grey, but in the
case of the inner series this pale grey colour is extended diffusely inwardly almost as-

far m the series of discal spots, jriviui; to tiic wiii<f tlie ajipeaiaiice fit first sight
of bciug crossed liy a transverse whitisli Imnil. TLe margin is indicated by a fine
dark line. The fringes are j)aler tlian on tlie iipperside. The same markings which
are fonud upon the primaries are coiitinned upon the secondaries, and quite as
evenly, except that the discal series above vein fl is broken, by having the two upper
epots nearest the costa shoved inwardly towai-d the base, being located one above
the other a little before and above the end of tlie cell. In addition to the spots
conijosing the three outer series there is a longitudinal transverse mark at the end
of the cell, a round spot aliont the middle of the cell, and another small spot above
it near the costa.

?. The /'ei/Ki/i- on tlie underside is marked exactly like the i/'n/f. but the
primaries on the npperside are broadly dark fuscons on the costal and outer marginal
areas. There is a single /fmn/t' of this sjiecies in the collection in which the entire
upper surface of both wings is dark fuscons.

Expanse : cJ and ? 20 — 25 mm.

When 1 originally undertook to wurk up the collection 1 provisionally referred
this species to Z. otis (Fabr.), bnt a closer study has revealed the incorrectness of this
procednre, and after a lengthy study of the entire subject I am compelled to believe
that we are dealing here with an nndescribed species. It is in size much like
Z. mafia, and suggests that species by its colouration, but the markings of the under-
side are wholly diflerent. The markings do not agree with those of any other species
of the genus which I have seen (and almost all of them are represented iu my
collection), nor with the descriptions given by authors. The pale whitish space
between the discal series of spots, and the inner marginal row of lunules, and the
absence of dark markings on the edge of the primaries of the Male sex, are easily
seen characteristics. The insect belongs to the second group of the genus indicated
by De Niceville, which lack the inner spot in the cell of the primaries.

Gexus LYCAENE.STHES Moore.

70. L. lycaenoides (Folder), SiL-ber. AL W'issai.ic/t. M'ie/i, Math. Xat. CI. XI.
p. 4.54 (18G')j ; 'i Fseudodipsas Ijcaenoides, Felder, lieise Xocara, U'.p. p. 258.
t. 30. f 25. cJ (1865).

De Niceville, Butt. India III. p. 128, sinks /yw<';;o/(/('.< Felder, as a synonym
of LycacvcstlH'» cinolux (Godt.) = tjinigaleiisis Moore, following, with evident
reluctance, the example of Hewitsou. 1 cannot at all concur in this course. With
an abundance tif specimens of L. emulu.t = beixjdk'ii.v.'i Moore, in both sexes before
me from various parts of India and Burmah, and with the figure of Felder, and
a large suite of specimens of i. lycaenoules Felder coming from Amboyna and Burn,
it is impossible to accord the correctness of Mr. Hewitson's opinion. I am also
constrained to believe that the insect, which Hewitsou figured as /-. lijcaenoidex
Felder, evidently », female, llluitr. Diuin., Lef. p. 219. t. 02. f 3'J, is not Felder's
insect. The/onales in my possession differ too widely from the figure of Hewitsou
to allow of their identification with the butterfly he depicts, though his figure is
evidently very carelessly executed. If it represents the /ivwo'^e of Felder's species
it must be set down as a rather unfortunate attempt to follow nature.

The difference between L. b/cacnoidcs Feld. and L. cmoliis (Godt.), accepting
the identification of L. bcngalensis Moore with the latter species as established, i.s

( 71 )

I'evealed first of all in tlu' character of tlio Iiroad sut)marjj;iii!i! baml on the primarifs.
lu L. emoliis tliis baml is well (h'scriiied by Moore as lieing " chain-like," whereas
ill /,. li/ctienoltli's FelJ. the baml is more continuous, that is to say, the ligiit lines
defining it on both sides are straighter, and the baud consequently presents more
even margins both externally and internally, a feature brought out in Felder's
figure. Secondly, the underside of tlic secondaries in Felder's species has tlie lines
and strigae soniewtiat differently arranged, as well as more numerous than in
emolus. They are, moreover, as well as the whole outer margin of the wing, lighter
in colour than in fiiiohm, so that the wing has ipiite a different cast. The female is
very different, and as no full description of this sex lias apparently been given I
herewitli append one : —

?. The jiriraaries on the npperside have the costal and outer marginal arciis
very broadly blackish. Tlie middle and basal areas of tlie wing along the inner
margin are blue, darkest at the ])ase. The blue colour extends a little upon the
lower edge i>f the cell, and becomes lighter just beyond the lower angle of the cell.
The secondaries are blue shading into brown at the base, and with the veins some-
what broadly brown. There is a submarginal and a marginal row of light lunules,
the inner series fainter in colour than the outer series. The space between these
two rows of lunules is fuscous. The outer row of lunules is accented externally by
a corresponding series of dark 'triangular spaces, which toward the anal angle
become a deep black. The margin is indicated by a fine white marginal line. The
fringes are bl.ack, tipj)ed with light brown, and at the extremities of veins 1, ,, and :(
are produced as short tails, tipped with wiiite, tiie tail at the end of vein 2 being the
longest. On the underside both wings are greyish fawn, a trifle darker at tlie base
of the wings : the primaries at tlie end of the cell have a transverse short baud of
darker drab extending from the costa to the lower outer angle of the cell, and
defined inwardly and outwardly by fine whitish lines, of which the one on the outer
margin of the spot is extended upward to the costa. Beyond this spot and extend-
ing from the costa to the inner margin is a broad, rather even submarginal baud
of the same drab colonr, bordered on both sides by fine whitisli lines. There is
a marginal series of <'onfluent dark lunules, one on each intersjiace. These lunules,
like the inner bands, are marj;ined on either side by fine whitish lines. The margin
is indicatiHl by an exceedingly fine wliito line. The fringes are brown, as on tiie
upperside. The fringes of the secondaries are dark brown tipped with lighter brown.
The margin is indicated on the secondaries, as on the primaries, by a fine but very
distinct white line. The luarginal series of confluent lunules appearing uiion the
primaries reappears npou the secondaries, the triangular external spaces being darker
than upon the primaries. Between veins ■,' and '^ there is a conspicuous black
ocellus, surmonuted with a lunule of orange nil and sprinkled with a few bluish
scales. The middle and liasal areas of the secondaries are marked by a number
of short lines or strigae arranged in a very intricate manner, scarcely .admitting
of accm'ate description.

Tl. L. pegobates si' nov.
?. The body on the upperside is fuscous, clothed more or h-ss with l>lue hairs,
particularly upon tJie thorax. The lowerside of tlu' body is yellowish white. The
legs are white, with the tibiae edged externally with grey and the tarsi ringed
with the same colour. The first and second joints of the palpi are white, tiie third
black. On the up])erside the primaries are broadly dark fuscous on the costal

( 72 )

and outer marginal areas. The Imsal aven from flic inner margin as far as the
middle of tjie cell is dark smalt bine, jiassing into jiale blnish white beyond the
lower outer angle of the cell. The secondaries are pale fnscons, with the basal area
in the region of the cell shot with smalt blue. This wing is crossed by a broad
rather regular fuscous band running from the costa before tiie outer angle toward
the anal angle, which it does not quite reacli. The margin is indicated by two fine
bluish white lines, separated by a narrow dark line. Tiie fringes are dark fuscous,
as on the jirimaries, but are edged with jialer fuscous, and produced at the
extremities of veins 1, 2, and 3 as short tails, of which the one at the end of
Vein 2 is the longest. All of these tails are tijiped narrowly with white.

On the underside both wings are pale fawn. There is a short transverse band
of slightly ilarker fown running from the costa to the lower angle of the cell
margined by narrow white lines. This is succeeded by a broad dark band running
from the costa and retracted a short distance along the inner margin, and edged on
either side with white lines. A fine white line runs from the costa toward the inner
margin, bending outwardly about the middle of the wing, and coalescing with the
white line which defines the broad outer band before the inner margin is reached.
Beyond this line we still have two other fine white lines along the margin,
separated by a narrow dark line. The fringes are uniformly fnscous. The lines
and bands' of the outer marginal area of the primaries are produced upon the
secondaries. There is a very small and obscure ocellns between veins 2 and 3,
having a black centre, surmounted by orange red. The discal and basal portion of
this wing is marked by numerous tine white lines arranged in intricate'patterus.

E.Kpanse : 30 mm.

Type unique.

This species is closely allied to the preceding, but the pattern and direction of
the transverse lines and bands on both sides of the wings are very different. No
tendency to the breaking up of the lines and bands of the margins into lunnles is
revealed, and the entire facies is different. Unfortunately there does not appear
to be any male, to which I can refer this specimen — a fact for which I must express
deej) regret.

Genus TALK'ADA Moore.

72. T. buruana sp. nov.

This species is closely allied to 1. arruanu Feld., from which it is easily dis-
tinguished by the fact that the miles are very light blue on the upperside of the
wings, and not dark blue as in Felder's species. Furthermore, there is an entire
absence in both sexes of the dark red marking near the anal angle of the secondaries,
which are characteristic of T. arruanu. The fomnli> is dark fnscous on the upper-
side of the primaries and secondaries, with the wings shot near the base with
silvery binisli white. This may be regarded as the Baruan form of Felder's
species.

Gesus EVERES Httbner.

73. E. argiades CPallas), Reise I. App. p. 472(1771). ( For synonymy compare
De Niceville, Butt. Im/ia III. p. 137.)

There are a few of this species in both se.xes.

( 73 )

Genus NACADUBA Mooie.

T4. N. ardates (Moore), Proe. Zool. Soc. Load. p. 574. t. 67. f. 1 (1874).

The collection contains a number of males, of which all but one are of the
tailless form.

76. (?) N. aluta (Druce), Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 349. t. 32. f. 0 (1873) ;
id., I.e., p. .378. t. 32. f. 13. 14 (1895).

It is with some donbt that I refer two specimens in the collection to this
species. They are smaller than they ought to be to agree with the account of the
species given by Mr. H. H. Druce, and are darker bine on the npperside than
represented in his figure.

76. N. ancyra (Felder), Reise Nocara, Lep. p. 276. t. 34. f. 5 (186.5).
A few males of this species.

77. N. beroe (Felder), Reise Nomra, Lep. p. 275. t. 34. f. 36 (186.")).

A large number of 7nales and three t^ot females, which I refer to this species.

78. N. albofasciatus (liober), Iris I. p. 65. t. 4. f. 21. c? (1885).
Rober describes and figures the male. The collection before me contains no
male specimens, but two females, which agree so closely on the underside with the
figure given by Ruber that I am constrained to refer them to this species. They
are unlike any other insect in the genus known to me, and I believe my determination
to be correct.

79. N. cladara sp. nov.

cJ. The body is fuscous, more or less clothed with blue hairs on the npperside.
The thorax and legs are quite dark, the abdomen on the underside is pale grey.
The palpi are black. The antennae are black, slightly ringed with white on the
underside. Tiie wings on the npperside are pale morpho-blue, somewhat clouded
in certain lights with pale brown at the base. Both are margined with a fine black
line, and the i)rimaries are very lightly edged in addition with fuscous on the
margin, most noticeably near the apex. There is a minute black spot near the anal
angle. On the underside the wings are sordid brown, becoming darker toward the
base, where they are almost black. The primaries have a transverse band on the
middle of the cell produced beyond it as far as the first median nervnle, another
similar band closing the end of the cell, and beyond this running from the costa to
the submedian nerve a catenulate band bent outwardly opposite the cell. All of
these bands are margined with fine whitish lines, and are a shade darker than the
adjacent parts of the wing. In addition, there is on the primaries a double row
of marginal lunules, also bordered on either side by pale diffuse lines. The
secondaries on the underside are furnished with a subbasal curved series of spots
like those on the primaries, running from the costa to the inner margm. The
cell is closed by a fine whitish line, defined externally by a darker band of the
same length, which is followed by an irregularly curved series of dark markings,
the spots opposite the end of the cell being thrust outwardly and the pale lines

( "+ )

(lefiiiiiig tlieiu Cdiilesciiig with a >eries of lines runniiii; from the ontor aagle tcS
the third median iiervulo. The double series of luaules appearing on the primaries
is produced upon the secondaries, but between veins 2 and '^ is interrupted by a
conspicuous black ocellns, suimonutcd with a. red lunnlo, and liaving' a few iridescent
bluish green scales on its outer margin ; there are also two similar, but much
smaller, black sjwts at the anal angle, likewise ornamented with bluish green scales.

E.xpanse : t.'.") mm.

Descrilied from three male specimens.

80. N. poecilta sp. nov.

cT. The npperside of the body is dark fascons, clothed with pale bine hairs ;
the lowerside of the body and the legs are blackish. Tlie abdomen on the lower-
side is narrowly marked with pale grey. The palj)i are black. Tiie antennae are
black, ringed with white on the lowerside. Both wings are very pale violet-blue,
in certain lights having a pale brown cast, especially about the base. The margin
of both wings is defined by a very fine black line. The fringes are white, checked
with fuscous at the ends of the nervules. At the end of vein "-' on the secondaries
there is a short tail, fuscous, tipped with white. On either side of the c.Ktremity
of the same vein are two small dark spots, narrowly edged outwardly by fine white
lines. On the underside the wings have the outer margin pale grey, almost white,
with the discal and basal areas broadly suftused with dark mouse-grey. The
primaries are marked by three transverse bands of dark blackish brown, defined
inwardly and outwardly by light lines, which on the <osta are represented by small
very distinct white spots. These bands are : 1st, a snbbasal band extending from
the costa across the cell to the submedian nerve ; 2nd, a discocellular baud,
covering the end of the cell : and :^rd, a catenulate discal band, running from the
costa to the submedian nerve. In the latter band the three spots, which are opposite
the cell, are somewhat dislocated, and pushed forth in the direction of the outer
margin. There is a double series of pale grey lunnles along the margin, irregnlar
in size, the upper one of the outer series at the ape.x being the largest and quite
conspieuons, those about the middle of the margin tend to become obsolete. The
secondaries on the nnderside are crossed by a basal ciu'ved catenulate band, by a
discocellular bar, followed closely by an irregularly curved discal catenulate band.
All of these bands are dark blackish brown, and the maculae composing them are
edged with lighter colour. There is a double row of rather irregular marginal
Innules, grey in colour, edged with white. Between veins 2 and 3 there is a
conspicuous ocellus, surmounted with an orange-red lunnle, its deeji velvety black
central spot marked externally by a very fine lunette of bluish green. Another
very small ocellus is situated at the anal angle.
Expanse : 20 mm.

There is a single specimen of this species in tlie cnllection, marked by Mr.
Doherty " Nacaduba, species incerta." I have another specimen in my collection
coming from Amboyua, and purchased by me several years ago in a lot of
Amboynese material. In the Amboynese example the ground colour is somewhat
paler, and the outer margins are broadly whitish. In consequence the transverse
markings stand forth much more conspicuonsly in this specimen. This thing I at
one time thought was the hitherto undeseribed and unfignred male of N. palmi/ny
Feld, the words in Felder's description {Sitrher. Ah. Wisx. Wim, Math. Kit. t'f.

( 7o)

XL. p. 458), " ((lis ca)i(l((tis, ciliis albis, fiisco intersectis" seeming to furuisli a
clue. So far as my observation goes, the only Nacadt'ha to whidi these wordh
apply is the species beft>re me. 1 do not know N. palmyra Feld., save by his
description and the figure, which is that of a female, and wholly unlike the insect
aliove described, if the text and plate are safe guides.

si. N. glenis sp. nov.

? . The body ou the upperside is black, more or less clothed with bluish hairs ;
on t!ie underside the body is pale grey. The legs are whitish, streaked and ringed
with grey. The first and second joints of the palpi are white, the third joint is black.
The front is white. The antennae arc black, ringed below with white. The wings
on the upperside are dark fuscous, shading on the costa of the primaries and the
outer margins of both wings into black. Both wings at the base arc shot with
ro3-al purple, only vi.sible in certain lights. On tlie underside both wings are
broadly yellowish ochraceous. The primaries have a discocellnlar brown bar, edj^ed
on both sides by fine pale yellow lines ; a discal catcnulate transverse l)and, bowed
out before the end of the cell, and running from the costa to the snbmedian nerve,
the spots composing it colom'cd and defined as the bar at the end of the cell. In
addition there is a double series of submargivial fuscous markings defined on both
sides by light poorly defined lines. The inner row of these markings is very
uniform in size, more or less quadrate, and larger than those composing the outer
row, which are small and distinctly lunulate. The fringes are dark fuscous. The
secondaries on the underside have a snbbasal series of three subqnadrate spots, a
discocellnlar bar, and a discal curved scries of spots, all of which are defined more
or less sharply on both sides by pale yellow lines. The double series of marginal
markings of the primaries is continued upon the secondaries. The inner row is
strongly accentuated on the side toward the base by broad, pale yellowish transverse
lines or bands, the outer row of lunnles is composed of spots gradually increasing in
size from the outer angle, until they culminate in a large ocellus, between veins
2 and 3. The two spots antecedent to this ocellus are distinctly occlliforni. The
large ocellus is black, ringed with yellowish, and without any blue-green scales.
There arc two minute black lunular markings at the anal angle.

Expanse 25 mm.

Type unique.

There is no male in the collection corresponding to this insect, and. so far as I
know, there is nothing jnst like it which has hitherto been described or figured.
The broadly yellowish ochraceous tint of tlie underside is very characteristic.

Genus JAM IDES Hubner.

8'i. J. astraptes (Felder), Sitzber. Ah. Wissensch. \Vie», Mifh. Nat. CI. XL.

p. 450 (1860).

A large series of males and/etnales. Apparently very common.

83. J. porphyris sp. nov.

(J. The primaries on the upperside have the outer margin somewhat narrowly
edged with black ; the secondaries have the costal, outer and inner margins very

( ■« )

broadl.v margiued with black ; the remainder of the upjtcr surface of the wings is
very deep ro^val ])uii)le, with little or no sheen. On the underside I am unable to
distinguish the markings of this s])ecies from those of J. astraptes and those of
./. boclius, except that the ground colour of the wing is a jjaler whitish grey.

?. The ye/«n/(' is marked on the underside like the »(«/<■. On the upperside
the wings are very broadly black-, being merely shot lightly at the base with royal
purple. The secondaries have the outer margin defined more or less distinctly
toward the anal angle by a fine white line, above which are tliree or four small spots,
darker than the adjacent parts of the wing.

Expanse S 18 — 25 mm., ? 28 mm.

Described from numerous males, onQ/emale.

Genus LAMPIDES Hiibner.
84. L. hylas (Cramer), Pap. Exot. IV. t. 3(J3. f. E. F (1782).
Apparently very common.

8.j. L. celeno (Cramer), I.e. I. t. 31. f C. D (1775).
A few specimens.

8(). L. aratus (Cramer), l.,-. IV. t. 3G9. f A. B (1782).
Apparently not uncommon.

87. L. callinicus (Ruber), his I. p. 58. t. 4. f. 15 (1884).

What I take to be this species is represented in the collection by a few males
and more nwoi&roxi& females.

88. (?) L. nemea Felder, Sit^ber. A/t. Wiss. Wien. XL. j). 455 (1860).

It is with some doubt that I refer the two specimens before me to this
species.

89. L. bumana sp. nov.

tJ. The ynale on the upperside has much the appearance of L. aratus Cram.,
but the wings on the upperside of the primaries in particular are overshot with
a deeper blue iridescence, the outer margin of the primaries is more heavily edged
with dark fuscons, and the subbasal dark band of the underside shows through
upon the upperside as a pale dark band parallel to the outer margin. The secondaries
on the upperside have the margin distinctly defined by a black line, followed by a
row of marginal lunules, surrounded with white, the one between veins 2 and 3
being distinctly ocelliform. This row of lunules is succeeded inwardly by a sub-
marginal row of dark fuscous spots, more or less quadrate in form. On the under-
side the wings are pale fawn crossed by white lines, the arrangement of which is
simpler than in L. aratus, the most striking difference being the fact that on the
primaries the two lines at the end of the cell are continued directly as parallel lines
to the sabmedian nerve. These lines are succeeded by two parallel curved subapical

( 77 )

lines, the innermost reaching' to the second median nervule and the ontermost to
the third median nervule. There is a broad submarginal band of quadrate dark
spots, and a marginal series of lanules, both bordered inwardly quite broadly with
white, the margin is indicated by a fine white line followed externally by a fine but
very distinct black line. The fringes are fuscous, tipped with white. The second-
aries have the marginal markings of the primaries continued upon them, the series
of luuules being interrupted by a large ocellus, between veins 2 and 3, deep black,
surmounted by a lunule of orange-red, and irrorated with bluish green scales. The
discal and basal areas are crossed by five transverse lines, broken on vein 0, and all
tending to unite by their lower extremities at a point about the middle of vein 2.
On the inner margin there are three parallel short lines running from vein 2
upwardly in the direction of the insertion of the wing.

? . Ihejemale is much like the )/iale, but all the markings are heavier and more
distinct, and the upper surface of tlie wings lacks the bluish sheen of the male, being
more milky white. Furthermore the apical area of the primaries on the upperside
is somewhat broadly laved with dark fuscous.

Expanse c? 28 — 32 mm,, ? 25 — 33 mm. Described from six males and six
females.

I reluct at describing another species in this genus, in which the differences
are often found to reside merely in a shade of colour, or the arrangement of a few
lines in the underside of the wing, but in this case the specimens before me are so
constant in their markings and are so totally distinct in their facies from any other
species known to me, that I am compelled to regard them as, if not a distinct
species, at least representing a well-defined local race. There is nothing exactly
like them so far as 1 can see which has been described or figured elsewhere.

Genus CATOCHRYSOPS Boisduval.

90. C. strabo (Fabricius), Ent. S>/st. III. 1. p. 287. n. 101 (1793).

Apparently common. The specimens are all relatively small, much less in
expanse of wings, than the specimens of the following species, which I think is
surely only a dimorphic form of the male, but which I still allow to stand until we
shall have this surmise proved by the experiment of breeding.

91. C. lithargyria (Moore), Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4). XX. p. 340. (1877).

This is certainly not specifically distinct from the foregoing species, and will
no doubt turn mit, when the test of breeding is applied, to be the dimorphic male of
C. strabo.

Very common. The females are not separable from those of C. strabo, if the
females enclosed iu the same envelopes with Uthargifria are certainly the females of
this form, which I believe that they are.

92. C. cnejus (Fabricius), Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430 (1798).
Not at all scarce.

Genus AMBLYPODIA Horsfield.
93. A. anna Standinger,' Exot. lagf. I. p. 282 (1888).
The collection contains two males and three females of this species, not all
quite perfect.

( 78 )

Genis AHllOFAl.A Boisdnval.
'•■1. A. Carolina sp. uov.

rT. This species belongs to tlie anthore group, and comes in some respects quite
near A. politn Riiber, but may at once be ilistingnished from that species by tbe
arrangement of tbe spots on the underside of the secondaries, which instead of beinft
more or less rotund, as in .1. poUtu, are elongated transversely, giving the wing a
barred appearance.

S . The /t;»««fe is like tlie iiiale, but lacking much of the purple gloss on tbe
costal and ajiical tracts of tlie primaries, which are margined wirli jilain black,
broadly on the margin at tlie apex, the black band narrowing gradually until it
vanishes at the outer angle.

Expanse S and ? about 40 miu. Described from five wiA'.* aud ow J'rmnlr'.

'■<■>. A. fulla Hewits.in, I'nf. l.;/c. II. .1/. p. lo. t. tl. p, r,:. os (lsC2).

Hewitsoii clescribes and figures tlie M'f/e. The femulr is exactly like it on the
underside, but is distinguished upon the upjierside by having the costae of both
wings as well as the apex of the primaries broadly dull black, and the outer margins
of both wings of the same colour.

The collection contains a large number of utolr'!^, but only two J'emales.

'Mi. A- buruensis sp. nov.

<S. The upperside of both wings is uniformly dark jnirplish blue, with tbe
external border of the primaries quite narrowly bordered with black-fuscous. On
the underside both wings are ochraceous-fuscous crossed with darker spots and
bands, which are bordered narrowly, es])ecially on the secondaries, with fine lighter
lines. These spots and bau<ls are very little darker than the body of the wings, and
in certain liglits are rather obscure. Tliey are disposed as follows : — Upon tlie
jn-imaries there is a faint submarginal band running from the costa to the inner
margin: this is followed by a catennlate discal band rather more distinct than ihe
first mentioned, and extending from the costa to the submediau nerve ; the cell is
closed by a short discocellular bar ; there is a circular sjwt in the middle of the cell
and a small and obscure spot on either side of the first median nervule at its origin
lielow the cell. On the secondaries there are three small spots increasing in size
from the side of the base toward tlie outer margin, aud eijuidistantly located just
below vein 8 ; a small spot in the cell near the base, one in its middle, aud a short
transverse bar at the end of the cell; an irregular catennlate curved band of spots
marks the disc, below the cell aud along the inner margin are a few transverse ])ale
lines. The outer third of the wing is free from maculations, except about the anal
angle, which is rather conspicuously marked with whitish curved striae, and dark
lunules, three in number, irrorated with bluish green scales.

"i . The J'emdle on the underside is marked exactly like the iii'i/c, the chief
ilifl'erence between the two sexes in the matter of their markings being the fact that
nil the primaries \\\f /'rm'tlf has the costa and the apical area broadly velvety black,
the line of demarcation between the blue ground colour aud the black space being
almost straight from a little beyond the base to the outer extremity of the third
median nervnle. The outer margin is also in this sex somewhat broadly black upon
the jirimaries.

( <y )

Expause S 32 — 3C mm., ? :}0 mm.

Described from five itiales and one female.

This species is very near to A. koniiga Drace from Borneo, but difl'crs in Laving
fhe i)rimaries more acute, an<l in the entire absence of all markin;t,'s from the onter
third of the secondaries on the npperside before the outer angle. Tliese points will
serve among others to discriminate it from Drnce's species, as well as from others.

(Jests HYPOLYCAENA Folder.

'■»7. H. sipylus (Felder), Sltzbri: A/i: W'isseiisch. Wii'n, Motli. Sat. CI.
XL. p. 4."il (IS6(»).
Quite common.

Gkkls DEUDOKIX Hewitson.

OS. D. epijarbas (Moore), in Horsfield it Moore, Cut. L,i). ila.^. E. J. C

p. :52 (18.^7).
A few /urih Specimens.

(Jknus KIXDAHARA Moore.
!iit. B. Isabella (Felder), I.e.
A numljcr of ///nlr.t and a couple of \>qov /'i'/i/'iU'.i.

(Jenus HYP()C}IL0K0SI« Kober.
100. H. buruana sp. nov.

J. This species appears to be an intermediate form between //. "/it/ji/m Hew.
and JL lonjuiiii Feld. The vude has tlu' discal areas of both wings on the upper.side
white margined more or less witli pale diffuse blue, passing over into the deep black
of the outer margin and the dark fuscous of the base. On the underside there is
a total absence of the dark discal markings on the secondaries figured by Hewitson
as occurring in the case of //. (uitiplia.

? . 'Y\\o female is without any bine on the upperside of the wings.

There is a small series of this beautiful insect, which can easily be discriminated
from tiie other two species by the ])(iints of difference pointed out abovr.

F.\MiLv PAPILIOXIDAE Leach.

tSuHFAMiLY PIERIXAE Swainson.
(Jenus KLoniNA Fehler.
Ml. E. bouruensis Wallace, Tram. Ent. Sx: J.ond. (:i). IV. p. :il'J (1867).
Two examples, one badly shattered.

Genus TERIAS Swainson.
10-. T. di-ona Horsfield, int. I.ep. K. I. C. p. 1:57. t. 1. f. ]:; (18-'0).
A few specimens

( 80 .)

10;i T. hecabe diversa Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. LonJ. (3). IV. p. 324 (1867).
Not nn common.

104. T. tilaha Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E. T. C. p. 130 (1820).
A few specimens.

105. T. Candida (Cramer), Pap. Exot. IV. t. 331. f. A (1782).
A good set of specimens of both sexes.

Genus APPIAS Hiibner.

loG. A. bouruensis (Wallace), Trans. Ent. Soc. Load. (3) IV. p. 379 (18G7).

The collection contains a single female answering exactly to the description
given by Wallace, and another which is exactly like it, except that the red
spaces on the wings are replaced by yellowish white, showing that this sex is
distinctly dimorphic. The light-coloured female agrees very well with the figure
of T. fatima Vollenhoven, Tijchchr. c. Ent. p. 59. t. 2. f. 1. 2 (1865), except
that the discal bands of light colour on both wings are much broader in the
insect before me than they are in the figure of T. fatima. Mr. Doherty writes
as follows as to this species : " Of T. bouruensis Wall. I unluckily caught no
male (one was seen just like zarinda in appearance), so that you cannot compare
it with zarinda. As it happened, I got two females, one white, the other red.
The white form is probably T. fatima Voll. lu the small set 1 got in the Celebes
there are two similar forms."

luT. A. jacquinoti (Lucas), Rer. ef May. Zool. p. 326 (1852).
Two poor males, three fairly goodfemales.

108. A. ada (Cramer), Pap. Exot. t. 363. f C. D (1782).

A very large series of this species, composed of both males and females, is
contained in the collection.

109. A. paulina (Cramer), I.e. II. t. 110. f E. F (1779).
A large number of males, only oue female.

110. A. albina (Boisduval), Spec. Gen. I. p. 480 (1836).

A few tattered males, and several females in better case. This is quite distinct
from T. jacquinoti. I must dissent from Mr. Kirby, who has sunk the latter
species as a synonym of T. alhina. The females as well as the males differ widely
in the two species.

111. A. eliada (Hewitson), Ex. Butt. II. Pieris, t. 4. f 27. 28 (1861).
A few males only were taken.

(81 )

Genus HUPHINA Moore.

112. H. jael (Wallace), Tram. Enf. Soc. Lond. (3). IV. p. 33*5 (1867).

A very large series of specimens of both sexes. There is some variation
in size and in the intensity of the markings in the specimens before me. I am
unable to see any great difference between this form and //. olija Esch.

Genus DELIAS Hiibner.
113. D. philotis (Wallace), I.e. p. 357 (1867).
A few males and t-vio females.

114. D. echo (Wallace), I.e. p. 358. t. 8. f. 3. ? (1867).
Four males, no females.

115. D. rothschildi sp. nov.

? . Near D. dorimene fCram.), from which it differs by having the spots
on the underside of the primaries smaller, and confined wholly to the apical
tract. The outer marginal band on the secondaries is broader than in dorimene,
and the 3'ellow spots contained within it are also much larger. They are pyramidal
witli their apices pointing inwardly, and only the spot at the anal angle is divided.
The ground colour of the secondaries on the underside is bright yellow, laved
somewhat with orange. On the upperside of the female specimen before me
the primaries are black, except for a short distance along the inner margin at
the base, where they are white sliading inwardly into bluish fuscous. The
secondaries are white, very broadly and evenly bordered with deep black, this
broad outer black marginal band being accentuated inwardly by a narrow band
of bluish fuscous.

Expanse : 64 mm.

The type, which is unique, is not in very good condition, but what one wing
lacks the other supplies.

Genus ERONIA Hiibner.
116. E. iobaea (Boisduval), Voy. AstroL, Lep. p. 57. t. 3. f o. 6 (1832).
A single male specimen.

Genus CATOPSILIA Hiibner.
117. C. catilla (Cramer), Pap. Ex. III. t. 229. f D. E (1782).
A single yewa^e.

118. C. crocale (Cramer), I.e. I. t. 55. f C. D (1779).
One male, three females.

Genus HEBOMOIA Hubner.
119. H. leucogynia (Wallace), Journ. Ent. II. p. 4. t. 1. f 1. 2 (1863).
There is a good series of the males, and several female), only a few of which
are in quite perfect condition.

6

(82)

Subfamily PAPILIONINAE Swainsoii.

Gekis TROIDES Hiibner.

120. T, oblongomaculatus bourueusis (Wallace), Ti'ins. I.hm. Sor. I.oml.

XXV. ji. 38 (ls(ir>).

The collection coutains a dozen pairs of this insect, in which there is con-
siderable variation shown both bv the males and the females, particularly by the
latter. The chief variation in the male sex is in the extent of the lilack markiiij; at
the base and on the inner margin of the secondaries. In some si)ecimens the black
of the inner margin extends inwardly as far as the lower edge of the cell and to
vein 2 : in others it does not touch the lower edge of the cell nor nearly reach
vein 2, in one case not extending much beyond vein 1. In a single specimen
before me the inner marginal black area is pnshed into the body of the wing almost
to vein i5. The black at the base extends outwardly njiou the cell in the majority
of specimens only to about half its length, bnt in two cases it reaches almost to the
end of the cell. The clear yellow discal i)atch on the disc of the wings is thus, as
Mr. Wallace pointed out in his description, " variable in form and extent." One
i>f the specimens agrees perfectly with Hipjion's figure of 7'. iiajjueuitii^, recently
published. The females vary greatly in size and in the amount of the light colour
on the primaries, as well as in the form and extent of the light colour on the
secondaries, and of the black spots. The smallest female has an expanse of wing
of 140 mm., the largest of 108 mm. Some specimens have very faint light line
on either side of the nervuks, others liave the whole discal area at the end of the
cell pale buff, intersected by the black lines of the veins alone. These constitute
" merkwiirdige Aberrationen," for which German dealers are in the habit of
charging high prices, which I judge not to be at all uncommon in good sets of
specimens of this and many of the allied species.

121. T. hypolitus (Cramer), /'«/>. /•->. I. t. In. f. A. B. and t. 11. f. A. B (1775).

The collection contains a good set of the males and thvee females of this
species, rather larger than specimens generally received from other localities, so far
as my observation shows.

Genis PAPILIO Linnaeus.

122. P. polydorus fjinnafus, Ainoen. Acad. W. p. 407. n. ."lO (I7ii;{).
A large set of specimens.

12;!. P. fuSCUS Goexe, Knt. ISfi/tr. III. I. p. s? (I "Si).

A few good specimens of both sexes.

124. P. gambrisius buruanus Uotiischikl, Nov. /ool. IY. p. Isi.u. 4 (1«97).
A few males.

125. P. ulysses Linnaeus, Syst. JS'at. ed. X. p. 4U2. n. 2t) (1758).
A good set of mules, and a {ew/emales, not in the best condition.

( »■• )

l".'f5. p. deiphobus Liiinaens, l.c. p. 450. ii. (i (17.3s).
Oue male.

I"^T. P. sarpedon anthedon Felder, IV//. Zoal. JJot. Ge-s. XIV. p. r.oa. u. 217.

p. 350. 11. 124(1804).

A good set of M/ili'.s ; no fern lies.

128. P. eurypylus Linuaens, Si/.-st. Nat. ed. X. [>. 464. u. 37 (1758).
A few specimens.

129. P. macfarlainei Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon'h \: 471. u. 30 (1877).
PupUio ceyi.itii.'i Cramer (a/o;* Liniie), I'aji. Krof. III. p. si. t. 241. f. C. D (17sv;).

Apparently iiol very common.

1*1. P. ag'amemnon plisthenes Folder, Rei-te Noo'xra, Lep. p. 70. n. 53 (ISfio).
Comiuon.

l;'.l. P. codrus (Irrtmer, Pap. Kr. t. 17'.t. f. A. B (1779).
Two speciiiifiis.

Family HrCSPETUI 1>AE Leach.

Genus CASYAPA Kirby.

132. C. corvus (Felder), Sitzher. Alt. Wis.iensch. Wun, Math. Nat. CI.
XL. p. 40O (1860) : id, Unsfl Korara, Lrp. t. 73. f. 2 (1867).

ClmetocM'mf <-erint,lius Felder, l.f. ? .

This species seems to be very comniou iu Burn. There is some variation
among the nutles in the length and distinctness of the pale yellow sabapieal band,
;ind in one specimen it is almost obsolete. The same remark holds trne of the band
in tlie female, whicli in several specimens is somewhat reduced, and in one or two
instances has the outer extremity near the outer margin sei)arated from the remainder
•of tlie band, and set off as a triangular spot.

Gen-US TAGIADES Hiilmer.
13 ;. T. japetus (Cramer), Pap. E.v. IV. t. 365. f. E. F (17S-i).
A few specimens.

134. T. martinus I'lutz, Jahrh. Nass. Ver. Nat. XXXVIl. p. 47 (1834).
One specimen, whicli is a male.

Genus SEPA Nic6viile.
135. S. noctis (Staudinger), [ri-i II. p. 143 (1889).
A single imile specimen.

(84 )

Gents NOTOCRYPTA l-'eWi-r.

1:50. N. feisthameli (Boisduval), Vo>j. AstroL, Lep. p. 159. t. 3. f. 7 (1832).
Plesioneura chimaera PlOtz, Jh'rl. Ent. Zeitch. p. 202 (1881); Pagenst., Jalirb.
Nass. Ver. ^^at. XXXVII. p. 211. t. 4. f. 1 (1884).

This species was originallj' described b}' Boisduval from specimens coming
from Amboyna and Bnrn, and the form found in this part of the Indo-malayan
region may be taken therefore as typical. The figure given by Boisdnval is quite
characteristic. There is some variation in the number of the snbapioal spots, the
ma/t' specimens before me all have these spots exceedingly minute, the one between
veins 4 and o alone being distinctly observable, though quite small, the others
requiring a glass to bring them into view. In the/emales the spots below the apex
are more distinct. I cannot separate y. /-himaera Plutz from the tyjiical form.
The tignre given by Pagenstecher is that of & foiiMtr. Specimens just like it are
contained in the collection made by Doherty; and compared with the long series of
N.feisthameli in uiy collection from all parts of the Indo-malayan region, I see no
possible reason for the separation of the insect described and figured by Pliitz and
Pagenstecher from its fellows. Chiiivicra is an absolute synonym oi feistliameli.

Genus TELICOTA Moore.
137. T. aug-ias (Linnaeus), Syst. Xat. I. ji. 7'.i4 (1767).
Three poor males.

13S. T. bambusae (Moore), Pro,: Zool. Soc. LonJ. p. (iOl. t. 45. f 11. 12 (1878).
Apparently scarce.

]3lt. T. prnsias (Felder), Sitzber. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, Math. Sat. CI.
XLIII. p. 44 (1861).

Only three specimens, notably darker on the underside than specimens coming
from Amboyna and Batchian contained in my collection, agreeing in this with
specimens coming from New Guinea and Northern Australia.*

14(1. P. palmarum (Moore), P/w. Zool. Soc. Lorn/, p. (i'.ii). t. 45. f. 6. 7 (1878).
A good series of mules, but no females.

141. T. dara TKollarJ, in lingers Kaschmir IV. p. 455 (1848).
I accept, in the attitude of one who desires more light, the synonymy of this
species as recently worked out by Elwes in the Transactions of the Zoological Society.
Perhaps it is correct to gather together under the name given by Kollar the various
forms described by other writers, and I am willing for the time to let it be so, but
my critical sense rebels in a measure against the procednre. The specimens before
me as I write were originally determined by me as belonging to macsokles Butler,
but are larger and brighter than specimens coming from India, Burmah, and other
more northern localities, and contained in my collection.

• It is worth noting just here that T. simplex Elwes, Trans. Xool. Sop. Land. vol. XIV, p. 2j3. t. IB.
f. 15, is identical in every respect with the insect described by me in the Proc. Bott. Sec. Xat. Hist.
XXV. p. 7i). t. 4. f. 4, as I'elicota snhruhrti. I do not wonder that Mr. Klwes, with the wretohcd
o.iricftture ^iven in the plat*^, which is a reproduction of a photojrraph. was unable to recognize it.

(85)

It is worthy of remark that Pamj/liila omalin Edwards, = /«iVi(/o Edw., of which
latter the type is in my collection, is ai){iarently identical with T. macsoides Butler,
which Elwes sinks as a synonym of T. dura (KoUar). There is some doubt as to
the origin of the types of P. omaha. The specimens described as P. omaha came
from the collection of the late Mr. Newman of Philadelphia, and were ticketed
<' Pike's Peak, Colorado." After writing his descrijitioii, Mr. Edwards returned the
specimens to their owner. Subsequently he re-described the species under the name
miitgo, basing his description upon a specimen said to have been taken in Kanawha
County, West Virginia. This is the specimen standing in my collection. The
specimens originally described as P. omaha by Edwards are believed to be the
ones now standing in the collection of the American Entomological Society in
Philadelphia. They are mounted on common pins. The type of mingo is mounted
on an insect pin. Mr. Edwards writes me that it was certainly collected in
Kanawha (bounty. West Virginia. It is very singular that, since W. H. Edwards
wrote his original descriptions, not a single specimen of this insect has turned up iu
the United States, so far as can be ascertained. I should not hesitate to say that
by some accident the insects in the Newman collection had been mislabelled, and
that this exceedingly common Oriental butterfly had been inadvertently allowed to
become mixed up with a lot of "stuff" from Colorado. The only difficulty arises
from the positive statement of Mr. Edwards that the type of 7ningo was taken in
West Virginia. I dislike to think him mistaken, but until we obtain more specimens
from somewhere within the bounds of the United States I shall be inclined to
believe that omaha { = miHgo = maesoides) is not an American species, but belongs
to the Indo-malayan fauna.

Genus PARNARA Moore.
142. P. mathias (Fabricius), E?it. Syst., Snppl. p. 433 (179.s).
A few specimens.

143. P. philippina (Herrich-Schaeffer), Prod. S;/sf., Up. III. p. 81 (I86'.i).
A good lot of specimens, mostly males.

Genus HASORA Moore.
144. H. celaenus (Cramer), Pap. Ex. IV. t. 3'J3. f A. B (1782).
Numerous specimens, principally males.

145. H. thridas (Boisduval), Voj/. AstroL, Lcp. p. 101 (1832).
This species is very near to //. celaenus (Cramer), and is only distinguished
from it by the lighter blue-green colour of the underside of the wings, and the
bright buff of the body on the lowerside.

146. H. doleschalli (Felder), Sitzber. Ah. Wissensch. Wien, Math. Nat. CI.

XL. p. 4(50 (1800).
A few good specimens.

( 86 )

147. H. chromus ((."ramer), Pup. Ex. III. t. 2S4. f. E (1782).

The specimens before me are all of the form described by Folder midor the
name mila>/(in;i, with tho wliite line uv band uti the underside of the seeondavies
narrow, or obsolescent.

148. H. proximata (Standinger), Iiix II. \k 137 (1889).
A single jiair.

Hit. (?)H. hiirama (I'ntler), Traiin. Ext. Soc. Eoml. p. 498 (ISTn) ;
id., L<i>. Exot. p. KiO. t. 50. f. 10 (1873).

It is with some donbt that I identify tho specimens before me with Dr. Hiitler's
spcties. The white baud on the nudorside of the secondaries is mucli narrower than
in the speoimeus he figures, and tlie lilack spot at the anal angle is almost entirely
wanting. Otherwise the sjiecimens agree very well with his description and figure.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES

CAPTURED BY MR. A. S. MEEK, AT MILNE BAY, BRITISH NEW
GUINEA, IN THE MUSEUM OF THE HOX. WALTER ROTHSCHILD,
AT TRING.

By H. (JROSE-SMITH, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S,, kto.

1. Delias xelianthe sp. uov.

i. Epperside : both wings white. Anterior wings with the costal margin
narrowly black, and the apex and outer margin more narrowly black than in
D. falUstrute, Gr.-Sm.,^bnt not dusted with grey scales as in that species : two
subajiical white streaks in the black area. Posterior wings, with the outer margin
from the anal aiigle;[to a little above the discoidal nervule black, rather more
narrowly so than in!/>. at/I/sfiote, and the inner edge of tlie black area mure sharply
defined than in that species.

Unrlerside : anterior wings, with the costa, apex and outer margin mnch more
nariowly black than in /). caUistrate, with a row of spots in the black area, of which
tho three uppermost are pale yellow, and the others white. Posterior wings, with
the basal tliird pale yellow, the black band as on the uiij)erside, but mnch narrower
than the black band of J), callistratt'., a row of Innular spots in the bhick band, but
fonr only in number, and more orange in colonr.

?. Eppi^rside : both wings differ from the same sex of D. cullixtrate in being
whiter and the dark areas blacker ; the ujijier })art of the black area on the anterior
wings towards the apex does n(jt ap]iroach s<i closely to tlie cell, and on the posteriov
wings the inuei' edge of the dark area is less cnrved.

L'Tulerside : both wings with tiie dark areas mucli blacker. On the anterior winga
the subapical sj)ots are yellow and white as in tho inuli', instead of all yellow as in
/'. i:alhiitratc, and on t he posterior wings the outer half is l)lack with a snbmarginal
row of narrow orange bmulos extending from the apex to the anal angle, of which
♦ he second and tliird from the apex are almost obsolete; the basal third is pale

( 8" )

yellow. In D. rallixf/-"fi' only the onter fourth of the posterior wings is greyish
black, and the submarginal Innules are yellow, broader and nearly uniform in size,
tlie basal three-fourths of the wings being yellow.
E.xpanse of wings : .'iO mm.

-. Delias iere sp. nov.

S. L'jijK'rsii/e : closely resembles D. .reliantke, bnt tbe inner edge of the black
areas on both wings is less regular, being indented between the veins, especially on
the posterior wiugs.

Umlerside : anterior wings as in D. .ci'lianthe,\mi tinged with yellow towards
the base. Posterior wings bright yellow, becoming paler towards the ape.x, where
there are two submarginal orange spots forming a continuation of the row of orange
Innules in the black outer-marginal area.

? . Vpperside rather yellowish white, with the outer-marginal black areas
considerably narrower than in T>. .reliantki', and indented on the inner edges. On
the uiuleiside the outer-marginal black areas are also much naiTower, ami on the
posterior wings the basal three-fourths is yellow, shading to whitish towards the
apex.

Expanse of wings : oO mm.

:>. Delias zarate sp- nov.

5. Cj>pcrsi(le ditfers from D.gabiu Boisd., in both wings being more yellowish
white. On the anterior wings the costal and apical areas are blacker, and the black
outer-marginal area extends rather broadly to tlie inner margin. On the posterior
wings the outer black band is wider.

Underside : anterior wings scarcely differ from those of 1). i/'ihia ; on the
posterior wiugs the marginal black baud is wider at the apex, and in it there
is a row of narrow indistinct orange Innules ; the basal three-fourths of the wings is
rather brighter orange yellow.

?. Uppcrside with the marginal black bauds of both wings wider than in
/'. yuhiii, and there are no pale s])ots in the black area towards tlie ajiex of the
anterior wings.

Underside : ditfers little from tlie same sex of J), (jabia, bnt the subaitical
spots in the black area of the anterior wings are all orange, and the row of orange
Innules in the outer-marginal black area of the posterior wings is narrower.

Expanse of wings : <J, oO mm. ; ? , 50 mm.

The shape of the wings of both sexes differs from I), yabtn, being less produced
at the apex of the anterior wings, and broiwler in the posterior wings.

4. Mycalesis Valeria sp. nov.

6. I'ppenide: Ijlackish brown : anterior wings with two black spots on the
disc, centred by a white dot, one before the a])ex, the other between the two lowest
median nervules; the white band which crosses the disc, on the underside, is faintly
visible through the wings. Posterior wings with the disc crossed from the middle
of the costal margin to the lowest median nervnle by a broad transverse white band
which is widest on the costa and somewhat narrower at its termination, below which
on either side of the lowest median nervnle are two black spots centred by a
white dot.

(88)

Underside: closely resembles M. borbui-a (Jr.-Sm., but on tlie anterior wings
the white liund across the disc is rather narrower, and on the posterior wings is
rather broader ; on the iiosterior wings the spots in the discal row of ocelli are
larger, and those on either side of the lowest median nervule are snrronnded by
broad orange rings.

?. U/ijn'rs/dc : paler than the /t/alc; anterior wings with a broad white band
which crosses the middle of the disc from the npper median nervnle, where it is
narrowest, to the inner margin where it is broadest, dnsted with brown scales
between the median nervules ; the two discal spots as in the 7nale. Posterior wings
■with the white band as in the 7nale, bnt wider and more did'nsed and extending
down to tlie spots on cither side of the lowest median nervule, whore it becomes
tawny and confluent with the orange rings round the last-named spots.

Underside: as in the male, bnt the white bands arc broader, and the spots in
the middle of the row of ocelli crossing the disc are nearly obsolete.

Expanse of wings : (?, 44 mm. ; ? , 50 mm.

A very beautiful insect; on the underside it closely resembles M. barbara.

5. Hypochrysops alix sp. nov.

(J. Ujjperside : both wings resemble //. tlicon Feld., but darker blue: on the
anterior wings the apical area is less broadly black, and the pale area along the lower
side of the cell is nearly obsolete ; on the posterior wings the costal area is grey
instead of white.

Underside : anterior wings with the pale area more restricted and more sordid
white, the outer margin more broadly brownish grey ; the metallic markings along
the coata nearly obsolete, and restricted to two parallel metallic streaks on either
side of the cell, and an indication of the prolongation of the same as a double row
from the ends of the subcostal and median nervures to near the outer margin ;
a snbmarginal row of metallic spots along the outer margin. On the posterior
wings the white horizontal baud before the middle is narrower, the black bars on
the disc are broader, and the metallic scales which occupy the interspaces are green
instead of blue as in JI. ///eon.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

i>. Hypochrysops rufinus Gr.-Sm.

? . Ujjperside : both wings rufous brown, e.xcept the outer half of the posterior
wings, which is bright fnlvons.

Underside : as in the male.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

1 may be wrong in describing tliis insect as the female of II. rujinus Gr-Sm.
The specimen is much rubbed on the underside, and 1 have had difficulty in
comparing the spots and markings. It may be proved hereafter to be a distinct
species.

7. Hypochrysops cleon sp. nov.

?. Vpperside : anterior wings brownish grey, with the base, lower part of the
cell, the area at the base of the median nervules, and below them to the inner
margin, pale iridescent blue. Posterior wings duller brownish grey, with the basal
half pale iridescent blue.

( 89 )

Uwlei-Hide : anterior wings fialc ciriorcous brown witli u dark patch extending
over tlie middle of the (Jisc ; the cell costal area to the ajiex, and thence broadly
along the outer margin, and a row of spots in the dark patch, ochreous, two streaks
along the costa, another in the middle of tiie cell (urviiig downwards at its outer
end, a l;ar at I he end of tlie cell, several snbcostal s])otH, and a sidiraarginal row of
spots all metallic bluish green, two dark spots below the cell on cither side of the
lowest median nervule, the outer one centred by ochreous ; a whitish triangular
spot before the apex. Posterior wings with the shoulder and six bars crossing the
wings bright rufous, a marginal band jialer rufous, a streak below the shoulder, and
the rufous bars bordered by metallic hlnisli green ; the sixth rufous Ijar is bordered
broadly on either side by metallic bars, also bluish green ; the disc is darker in
the middle than the rest of the wings ; two spots above the fifth rufous bar (which
is shorter than the other bars) and a space beyond it is pah; jiinkish white ; the
cilia at the ends of the veins are barred by brown, between which they are pale grey.

Expanse of wings : U>i mm.

8. Hypochrysops cleonides sp. nov.

?. Ujj/Ji'ruifft' : closely resembles //. rleo/', but both wings are duller grey, and
the basal blue is lik(!wise duller.

Underside : differs from //. clcoi on the anterior wings in being paler, and
there is only one black spot below the cell, situate above the junction of the lowest
median nervule. Posterior wings with markings similar to those in //. cleon, bat
the fifth bar is bordered outwardly by a metallic line, which is not the case in
//. cleo>i, while the broad metallic band which borders inwardly the sixth rufous
band of //. cleon is absent ; the discal area is not darker in the middle, as in
//. cleoH, and the area between the fifth and sixth bars, which is jiinkish white
in //. cleon, is the same colour as the ground colour of the rest of the wings. There
is no trace of tlie cilia being crossed by brown at the ends of the veins.

Expanse of wings : 'i'i mm.

( 90 )

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF THYBIDIDAE AND
GEOMETRIDAE FROM AFRICA.

BY W. WARREN, M.A., F.E.S.

Family TllYRiniDAE. ,

1. Dysodia fenestratella sj). nov.

Foit'winys : olive-drab; the murkings olive fuscous; the costa witli foar
(lark marks, oue near base, one before and beyond the middle, the fourth before
apox ; from the inner side of the last a thick olive fuscons band runs parallel
to the hiiidmargiu as far as vein 2, where it is joined by a shorter band from
the subcostal vein, the two forming a V-shaped mark : above and below the
median vein on the inner side of the V are two small round hyaline spots, the
upper one within the cell ; beyond the outer arm are three similar spots in
the spaces between veins - and o ; below vein L' the V-sbaped mark swells out
into an inverted funnel-shaped mark resting on the inner margin ; beyond the
three outer hyaline spots are several smaller pale spots mixed with dark scale
jiatches ending in a larger patch at anal angle ; from the outer arm of the V below
the costa a curved dark streak runs to middle of hiiidmargin : fringe olive fuscous ;
all the veins pale.

Hindwiiign : with a large anvil-shaped hyaline blotch, round which are
collected an irregular lot of small rouml hyaline spots alternating with dark
olive patches ; marginal area paler, without spots.

Underside mottled with greenish grey and olive fuscous ; the V-shaped mark
of forewings dark and very conspicuous. Head, thorax, and abdomen like ground
colour of wings.

Expanse of wings : >'] mm.

One S from the west side of the Luitpold ^Mountains, near Ikutha, British
East Africa.

The costa of forewings is incurved in middle : hindmargin of both wings
bulged at vein '■), in the hindwings indented lieyond cell.

Family GEO Ml-: TRIDAE.

SuBKAJiiLV GEOMETllINAE.

Lathochlora gen. nov.

Fofewi>iyi<. : with costa curved throughout, more strongly arched at base ;

apex prominent, blunt ; hindmargin somewhat irregularly concave from apex to

vein 3, then sharply oblique.

Hindwinyx: bluntly angled at vein 4, and elbowed at vein fj, concave between.
Palpi moderate, the terminal joint drooping : tongue present; frenulum absent;
antennae short and thick, subserrate, with close clavate teeth, rasped above.

NeuratioH : forewings, cell broad, about one-third of wing ; discocellular shortly
concave above, then oblique and faint; first median nervnle at two-thirds, second
and third from lower angle of cell ; lower i-adial from the bend in the discocellnlar,

( yl )

iil)jier from iipjjcr angle of cell; the five subcostals sralkeJ, 11 anastomosing
Htrongly witli 12. Hiudwings : with 0, 4, and tl, T stalked.

Type : Lathocklora inonmta sp. nov.

The genns is certainly allied to Ilahiili'ines Warr. from India, but snfHciently
distinct.

■-*. Lathochlora inornata s]i. nov.

Foieiri/KjK : dull greyisli green, witli an indistinct pale I'urved space at one-third,
and another at four-tifths, this last becoming whitish on inner margin bet'oro anal
angle ; fringe somewhat paler.

HinihciiKjs : with outer curved space only : tlie basal area pale, subhyaline.

Underside similar, but paler, the markings more diffuse. Head, thorax, and
abdomen ])ale green ; antennae ochreons.

Expanse of wings : 25 mm.

One ? from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, May 18'.»T (Ur. R<jth;.

SuBF.\MiLY STERRHINAE.
3. Craspedia planipennis sp. nov.

Foreichigs : bone-colour, obscurely jMwdered or discoloured with ochreous ;
the costal edge at base brownish ; in certain lights three faintly darker waved
lines can he detected, inner, median and outer, the last the plainest ; slight brownish
marginal dots, often effaced ; fringe concolorous ; no cellspot.

]Jia<licin(js : similar : with an obscure brownish cell dot.

Underside pale, unmarked ; the costa of forewings yellowish. Face and palpi
above dark brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen bone-colour.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

One S from Sierra Leone.

Forewings with apex rounded ; hindwi(igs with hindmargin well rounded,
the anal angle almost lobed.

4. Craspedia rufinubes sp. nov.

Forewings : bone-colour, hardly speckled ; first and second lines indistinct,
at one-third and one-half of costa, both angled outwards, in cell and on vein 6,
then oblique inwards to one-fonrth and beyond middle of inner margin respectively :
exterior line I'ed brown and tine at three-fourths, shaped as in addirtarid Wlk.,
followed except at costa by a lunnlatc purplish grey band, which is fringed with
rufous and darker beyond cell and above anal angle ; submarginal line waved,
followed by a marginal rnfons fuscous band, finely edged with white l)efore the
black festooned marginal line; fringe bone-colour, tinged with rufous and grey;
apical iiale space with a patch of black-and-white scales ; cellspot black, placed
in an indistinct grey annulus, which is sometimes faint.

Ilimlwings: with the cellspot placed in a large grey loop formed by the
median line ; outer line and submarginal shades rufous grey, less pronounced
than in forewings.

Underside with the lines and markings grey. Face and palpi above black
briiwn : vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings 22 — 24 mm.

Three S <S from Unyoro ; two from Warriugo Hiver, August and Decembei-
ibS)7, one from Ulumb, January 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).

( 9-^ )

."). Eois macrostyla sji. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, tinged with yellowish, aiul dusted with fuscous; costa
brownish fuscous at base ; the lines brown ; first at one-fourth, well marked on
costa, below which it is bent ; outer line at three-fourths, bluntly angled outwards
ou vein 0, then oblique to inner margin at three-fourths ; median shade indistinct ;
snbmarginal line pale, betweeu ochraceous shades ; fringe glossy ochreous, with
rather large dark spots at the base beyond the edge of the wing.

Hiiidwinqs : with the outer line sinuous, and a slight cellspot.

Underside more strongly tinged with yellowish, and more coarsely speckled
with blaikisli ; the Hues darker. Thorax and abdomen ochraceous ; vertex pale,
face and i)alpi dark brown.

Expanse of wings : In mm.

One 6 from tlie west side of the Luitpold Mountains, near Ikutha, British
East Africa.

I have not beeu able to denude the unique specimen, but as far as can be
made out, veins 6, 7 of the hiudwings separate just before the hindmargiu.

0. Eois sublimbaria sp. nov.

Foreivings : bone-colour, roughly freckled with pale greyish or brownish
scales ; costa marked with indistinct purjjlish grey dashes, denoting the origin
of the lines ; these are scarcely traceable, but appear to run all parallel to the
hindmargin, which is preceded by purplish grey scales, most prominent beyond the
cell ; fringe coucolorous, chequered with purplish grey ; no cellspot.

Hindtoings : with the dark marginal scales more prominent.

Underside similar. Face purplish brown : vertex, thorax, and abdomen cou-
colorous with wings.

Expanse of wings : 14 mm.

One i from South Africa.

7. Induna curvimargo sp. nov.

Foreivings : bone-colour, faintly powdered with darker ; first and second lines
ochraceous, diffuse ; first at one-fifth, angled in cell ; second from just beyond
one-half, angled on vein (i, to middle of inner margin ; third line brown, fine
and concise, rounded at vein G, then sinuous to three-fourths of inner margin,
followed by an ochraceous shade with lunulate outer edge, stopping short at
vein 0, below which it is darkest ; shade beyond submarginal line hardly expressed;
marginal line brown, containing darker dots between the veins in upper half of
wing ; fringe bone-colonr, tinged with ochraceous ; cellspot black.

llindwings : withont first line ; the shade beyond outer line fainter.

Underside boue-colonr, speckled with pale brown ; cellspots and outer line
only plain. Face and palpi brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One c? from Mpeta, Loangwa River, afllnent of the Zambesi, November and
December 1895, the begiuuing of the rainy season (Coryndon).

Very near to Induna albida AVarr. from Usuga ; but the hindmargin of both
wings bent in the middle, in the hiudwings strongly ; hind-tibiae withont pencil
of hairs and without spurs ; tarsi as long as tibiae.

( 93 )

8. Isoplenia albivertex sp. nov.

Foi-ewings : pale ochreous, varied with rnfons scales, as fai- as the second line,
and densest at base ; lines rufous ; first at one-third, curved; second at two-thirds,
denticulate outwards on the veins, the teeth of veins 3, 4, and 0 i)rominent : third
line at five-sixths, parallel throughout to second, followed by a lunulate reddish
fascia; marginal line thick, red, swollen along the veins, which are also red beyond
third line; fringe reddish; cellspot linear, reddish.

llirulwinffs : similar ; the third line not so near the hindmargin, and the sub-
marginal fascia not so distinct.

Underside pale ochreous, with the outer and marginal lines only.

Face and palpi reddish; antennae and vertex pure white; thorax and abdomen
ochreous, much suffused with rufous.

Expanse of wings : S 30 mm.

One i from Anderson River, Natal.

Diifers from the type species /. trisiiiuata in having the vertex and antennae
pnrc white instead of red; and the antennae are fully and obliqnely pectinated.

9. Ptychopoda basicostalis sp. nov.

Foreicings : bone-colour dusted with grey, and tinged in places with ochreous;
costa brown from base to first line; first line brown, at one-third of costa, below
which it is angulated and then runs obliquely to one-fourth of inner margin; outer
line from three-fourths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, inwardly oblique
and dark brown at costa, bent ontwards at vein 6 and inwards on submedian fold,
irregularly waved between. Cellspot large, black, with an indistinct ochraceon-s
middle shade through it ; two indistinct submarginal ochraceous shades.

Hindwings : with large black cellspot, and indistinct curved postmedian and
submarginal lines.

Underside with cellspot and outer line very distinct.

Face, collar, and front of shoulders brown; vertex, thorax, and abdomen like
wings.

Expanse of wings : 13 mm.

One cJ from South Africa.

The hindmargin of hindwings is bulged at middle; hindlegs wanting.

10. Ptychopoda squamulata sp. nov.

Forewings: brownish-ochreous, the speckling and lines purplish fuscous; basal
half of costa fuscous; inner line from two-fifths of costa and median obliquely
curved inwards and parallel as far as the median vein, where the median line
becomes divergent; within the inner line and near it is another less distinct; outer
line sinuous, at four-fifths, followed by a sinuous purplish grey shade, which is
partially obsolescent towards costa and is edged by the submarginal line beyond
which is another grey shade; cellspot fuscous: fringe concolorous with wings, with
a median line formed of dots of blackish scales beyond the vein ends.

Hindwings : with no inner lines; the purplish grey shade beyond outer line
narrower.

Underside with basal and marginal areas speckled with fuscous, the space

( 9-1 )

between median and onter lines in both wings clearer. Face and palpi purplish
fnscons; thorax, vertex, and abdomen concolorons with wings.

Expanse of wings : 14 mm.

One 6 from Weenen, Natal.

Though diflerent in markings, it is possible this may be a form oi I'f. ejilinot'i-
Warr., also from Weenen.

II. Sterrha griseolineata sp. nov.

Closely allied to Sterrha punctilineata Warr., Nov. Zool. IV. p. 0;!, from
Weenen, Natal, but with all the lines and shading fuscoas grey, not ochreons. The
difference is more particularly noticeable on the underside.

E.tpanse of wings : IT mm. — 21 mm.

Two c? S from Howick, Natal.

Subfamily ASTHKNINAE.
Leucoxena gen. nov.

Forewings : narrow and elongate; costii cnrved only at ba^e antl befori' a])e.x;
hiudmargin oblique, hardly curved ; anal angle rounded otl'.

HiDiliviiiys : elongate: hiudmargin curved and s-liglitly elbowed nt vein 4.
Antennae of cJ bipectinated. The pectinations ciliated; palpi porrect, hairy, terminal
joint short; hind-tibiae without spurs; tongue and frenulum present.

Xi'urution : forewings, cell half as long as wing: discocellular vertical; first
median at two-thirds, second at seven-eighths: radials normal; T, 8, 9, stalked
from well before end of cell; 10 and 11 stalked, 10 anastomosing with 7, s, '.I.
Hind wings with costal anastomosing with snbcostal for only one-third of cell; veins
7 and 8 stalked; medians as in forewings : radial from centre of discocellular.

Type : Lev.co.cenn lacterj, sp. nov.

12. Leucoxena lactea sp. nov.

I'orewings : creamy white, finely dusted with fuscons atoms; two faint ochreous
streaks from inner margin parallel to hindmargin, at one-third, and one-half, both
obsolescent above the median vein; an oblique straight fnscons line from before
sipex to two-thirds of inner margin and an indistinct submarginal shade: marginal
line fine, black, swollen into spots between the veins; fringe concolorons.

Hiiidwings : less dusted, with the two outer lines only.

Underside with costal area of forewings and marginal area iif both wings beyond
outer lines tinged with grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen white; shaft of antennae
white, the joints and pectinations fnscons.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One c? from the west side of Luitpold IMoutitains near Ikutha. British East
Africa.

Subfamily DEILINIINAE.

13. Parasynegia rufigrisea sp. nov.

Forewings: dull lilac grey, speckled and suffused with vinous red; the costa
strignlated with fnscons; a diffuse reddish patch at base, its outer edge curved and

( 9' )

projecting- iu cell; central fascia uarrow, with sinuous edges: iuucr edge from just
before middle of costa to before middle of inner margin, outer edge at two-thirds;
the edges parallel, outcurved above and incurved below middle: dentate-lunnlate,
the outer more regular than the inner; the inner shaded outwardly and tlie outer
Inwardlj-, with red, the Innules of the outer finely margined with grey; submarginal
line grey, Innulate, preceded and followed by vinous red, and broadly interrnpted
between veins 4 and G by a lilac grey jiatch which extends to hindmargin, the apex
also remaining grey; marginal spots dark red brown; fringe reddish-grey.

Huuhvings : similar, the central fascia more filled up with red and narrowed
towards inner margin, the cellspot linear, pale grey, with red edges.

Underside dull grey, tinged with rod, the markings indistinct. Head, thorax,
and abdomen lilac-grey tinged with red ; tjieface, paliii, and shoulders red.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

One 9 from Old Calabar. Differing in colouration and markings from all
the Indian species of the genus, but agreeing in neuration except that the cell is
shorter.

Slbfamii.y ASCOTINAE.
14. Alcis argillacea sp. nov.

I'orewings : straw colour, tinged iu places with ochraceous, and si)ecklei4
irregularly with brown; the lines brownish; first from one-fourth of costa to cue-
third of inner margin, bent in cell; second, median, from costa beyond middle to
middle of inner margin, sinuous and regularly dentate; outer line from three-fourth.s
of costa to inner margin close lieyond median line, regularly dentate, followed by a
dentate-lunulate shade which between veins Sand 5 forms a large cloudy blotch;
snbmarginal indistinct, preceded by darker Innules of which one below costa and
two beyond cell are very conspicuous; cellsiiot and marginal spots large and browji-
black; fringe concolorous.

llindwinys : similar, without first line.

Underside like uijper. Head, thorax, and abdomen (damaged) like wings.

Expanse of wings : 52 mm.

One <S from the Kassai country, Congo Free State, LsIIn.

The single example is unluckily worn. Guener's aw.dictariit from '• Aliyssinia "
expands only 40 mm., while Walker's vicaria from South Africa, which corresponds
in point of size, is greyish fawn-colour. In the fore wings veins 10 and 11 are short-
stalked; the palpi are well develoi)ed. the third joint being fine and distinct, half a.s
long as the second.

SriiFAMii.v SEMIOTHISINAE.
15. Gronodela siennata sp. nov.
Foreicings : whitish, with coarse olive fuscous spots and striae: costiil area
fuscous, the costal edge itself rather deep ochreous, marked with black sputs; the
three lines starting from black spots; first at one-fifth, second before middle, third
at two-thirds; the first angled iu cell, then oblique inward; second angled on vein (i.
then oblique, touching lower end of the oblique cellspot, and preceded on inner
margin by a thick fuscous line; outer line fine, double, subsinuate, black with a
lustrous grey line in the middle, followed by an irregnlarly dentate pale sienna
brown fascia, speckled with black; marginal area purplisli grey, with slight whitish
spot towards apex; marginal line dark; fringe grey, with whitish base.

( 96)

Himhvings : with a black spot at base; a diffuse straight fuscous shade before
middle, arched before the black cellspot; a double black straight ])0<tmedian line
with a lustrous grey line between ; marginal area as in forewings, with a pale
triangular patch below median.

Underside with costa of both wings 3-ellowish; the brown subraargiual fascia
broader; head and collar yellowish ochreous si)ecklcd with blackish; thorax and
abdomen cinereous.

Expanse of wings : 38 mm.

One c? from Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, May 1897 (Dr. Eoth).

Platypepla geu. nov.

Forewings : short and broad; costa straight for the first half, then strongly
convex; apex blunt, slightly produced; hindmargin faintly sinuous; anal angle
rounded.

Himhvings : ample; the hindmargin very fully rounded.

Palpi short, thick, not reaching beyond forehead, terminal joint minute;
antennae long, snbserrate-ciliato; tongue and frenulum present; legs rather stout:
hind-tibiae with four spurs; forewings with fovea.

Nenration : forewings, cell fully half as long as wing, the extremities con-
vergent; discocellular vertical; first median at five-eighths, second at seven-eighths;
radials normal ; 7, 8, 9, stalked from well before end of cell ; 10 and 11 coincident,
anastomosing with 12; submedian vein slightly bulged at base beneath the fovea.

Hind wings : costal approximated to subcostal for half of cell; vein 7 well before
end of cell; medians as in forewings; no radial.

Type Plati/pepla nudaria, sp. nov.

Closely approximating in structure to Semiothisa.

16. Platypepla nudaria sp. nov.

Fomrings: pale fulvous ochreous, rather deeper tinged at base and along
hindmargin; costa speckled with brownish fuscous; a small dark spot on costa near
base, and an oblique dark streak at one-third, suggesting the commencement of
basal and inner lines; traces of a postmedian line; cellspot black, distinct; fringe
concolorons.

Hindwings : with black cellspot and traces of postmedian curved line on inner
margin.

Underside yellower speckled with brown; cellspots and postmedian line of
hindwings only visible. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with wings; palpi
brown above.

Expanse of wings: 22 mm.

One (J from South Africa, without more precise locality.

The insect is not fresh, but does not appear to have ever had distinct lines or
markings. It bears some superficial resemblance to tlie Lithosid genus Nudaria.

Subfamily FIDONIINAE.

17. Fidonia acuta sp. nov.

Forewings : rufous ochreous, with transverse brown striae, the costa dotted
with fuscous; hindmarginal area deeper-tinted, towards anal angle becoming violet

( 97 )

grey. Marginal line formed of black dashes between the veins ; fringe
coucoloroiis.

Hindwings : with the whole hindmargin narrowly violet grey.

Underside paler, dusted with rufons. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One cJ from the Cape of Good Hope (Felder ( 'oll.j.

The forewings Lave the apex produced and subacute; the palpi are long and
rostriform.

Subfamily ENNOMINAE.
Pareclipsis punctata sp. nov.

Foveirimj!s: piile reddish fawn-colour, densely but finely black speckled; the
lines marked by black spots on the veins; first slightly curved at one-fourth; second
from five-sixths of costa below which it is slightly outcnrved, oblique to three-
fourths of inner margin, where it becomes obscurely double ; a slight oblique dark
shade from aj)ex ; marginal spots black ; cellspot large, black ; fringe concolorous.

Ili)i(/win(js : with a double postmedian line, the outer one dotted on the veins ;
a very faint trace of a submarginal line ; marginal spots scarcely visible.

Underside, with blackish cellspots and an outer line of spots on veins, that in
the hindwings being submarginal. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

1 ? from Howick, Natal, Oct. 1891.

The apex of fore wings minutely produced ; hindmargin sinuous, rounded, not
elbowed, in the middle. Veins 7, 8, 9, stalked ; 10 and 11 free.

PHKUDOCHORDA Warr., Nov. Zool. V. p. 2.54.

The genus was described from a S, in which sex vein 7 is missing ; but I
find that in the ? the neuration is complete, vein 7 being stalked with 8, 9. The
antennae of the ? are bipectinate as in the S, the pectinations shorter and more
delicate. The specimen, which belongs to the type species /iiscimargo, was taken
at Howick, Natal, in October 1891.

Subfamily PROSOPOLOPHINAE.
Pachypalpia gen. nov.

Forewings: elongate; costa nearly straight ; apex blnnt; hindmargin obliquely
curved ; anal angle slight.

Iliiulicings: narrow; inner margin short; hindmargin subcreaulate, strongly
rounded above, nearly straight from anal angle to middle.

Palpi porrect, stout and hairy, first joint distinct, second broad and expanded,
hiding the third joint ; antennae of i stoutly bipectinate, of ? simple ; tongue
slightly developed ; frenulum present ; hind-tibiae swollen, with four spurs.

Xeuratioii : forewing, cell half of wing ; discocellular, vertical ; first median at
four-fifths, second close to third ; radials normal ; veins 7, 8, 9, stalked; lu and 11
coincident, anastomosing very strongly with 8, 0, and both separating shortly before
costa ; hiudwiug : costal approximated to subcostal for half of cell ; vein 7 from
close before angle ; no radial.

Type : PKchijpnlpia sabalhata sj). nov.

7

( »« )

Pachypalpia subalbata sjj. nov.

Fore>ri>tijx : jiale ^'ii'v, ilarkiT iiloiig iiiiR-r and hiinliiiiivgiiis ; lines ill lieHned,
bnt well uiarkcil bv dark costal spots ; first from one-fourth of costa to near base of
inner margin, with darker spots on the veins : second, median, from beyond middle
of costa t(i liefore middle of inner margin, followed by a largish cellsjiot : third
from threc-fonrths of costa to just beyond middle of inner margin, marked by dark
vcinspots, and forming a sinus inwards beyond cell and ou submedian fold ; no
spots on radial and snbmediiin fold ; snbmarginal pale, indistinctly waved, preceded
by a lunnlatc oblique shade : marginal line dark : friu'.'c whitish, with distinct dark
marks beyond the veins.

Itindiriiujx : with distinct dark marginal border : dark iiufcmrdjaii and dotted
postmedian, nearly straight, lines ; cellspot small.

Underside: white, speckled with fnscous ; both wings with daik marginal
border, interrupted below mi<ldle an<l more distinct in liindwings ; (•i'll>iiors jireseut,
bnt no lines. Head, thora.x, and abdomen whitish, speckled with fuscous : face and
jialpi more varied with fuscous.

E.Npanse of wings : 30 mm.

A pair from the west side of l,uitiiolcl .Mountains, near Ikufha, IJritisli East
Africa.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF BREPANULIDAE,
TJIYRIDIBAE, EFIPLJiMlDAE, AND GEOMETllTDAE.

FROM THE 1ND0-AU8THALIAX AND P.VL.\EARC'TI( ' l{E(ilONN.

Bv W. WAKREN, M.A., F.K.S.

I'.vMiLV DREPANULIDAE.

I. Gogana Integra sp. nov.

J'd/i'/ri/K/x : pale mouse-colour, dusted with darker, with traces of a dark central
and double snbnuirginal tascia, marked witli dark brown and ferrngiuims; fringe
with thirk spots beyond the veins: no hyaline jiatch beyond cell.

Hiii(//cuii/x : without any nnirkings.

Underside duller: head, thonix. and iilxlonien coiu:olorous ; t':u-e and i)aliii
dark brown.

E.xpanse of wings : ".'•'i mm.

One i from (Government Hill, I'enung, l,tio(i feel, .M;iy Is'.is (Cnrtis).

In forewings the costa is very strongly protuberant near base, and the
hindmargin produced in middle into a jirominent triangle.

2. Gonocilix renifera sp. nov.

I'orrwiiKiii : wliite, with a large, sli>;htly obli((ae, kidney-shajied blotch of
ochreous and grey scales just before middle ol' inner margin, reaching to upper
margin of cell and extending beyond it between veins 4 and (i, its origin represented
by a small irrcy spot on costa at :ibour oni'-third. and followeil lietwcen veins ',' and 4

( "f )

by a cleai' Jiyalinc patcb; outer line from costa before two-tbirds, oblirjue ontwavds
and ochreons as far as vein 5, then Unin late inwards and grey, parallel to liindmargin,
the Innnle between veins 4 and o filled up with black: snbniargiual line white,
Innulate-dentate, preceded and followed by ochreons jrrey bands, more or less broken
np into patches by the paler veins and not extending beyond vein 0, the apical area
remaining pure wliite; the onter band shaded with brown and fulvous scales,
especially between veins 0 and :*>: fringe wliite witii small black marginal dots at
the ends of the veins: the discocellnlar marked with briglit silvery scales.

Iliii<lirin(j.< : with an obscure curved grey cloud near base: the centre of wing
Dccnjiied by a hyaline space in which the silvery discocellular is conspicuous; a
submarginal undulating white lin(^ with a grey band preceding and following it;
marginal dots and fringe as in forewings.

Underside with base of costa of forewings smoky fuscous; a broad smoky
fuscous central fascia not i-eacln'ng costa and eonuected beyond cell with a darker
sulnuarginal funnel-shaped fascia; hindwing with costa near base and a subapic^l
fascia grey; face brown-black, with the lower margin white; vertex, thorax, and
jtbdiimen white.

Expanse of wings: vJS mm.

One ? from Gnnong Ijau, Perak, March 1898 (Butler).

Tiie single specimen is unfortunately much worn. It agrees in neuration with
the type sjiecies, except that vein (i rises from the upper end of cell and not from the
areole, and tlie np|)or part of discocellular is concave merely, not inangnlated.

H. Oreta pusilla sj). nov.

rdicwinti.i : pale yellow; a rufous spot in cell towards base, and a rnfons cloud
before lower end: a fine obli(pie rufous line from apex to three-fourths of inner
margin; three wedge-shajieil red-brown spots liefore middle of hindmargin on veins
'^, :?, and 4; fringe yellow, slightly rufous tinged.

Hindwinx/s : with the lufous line just beyond the middle, and with an ante-
median rufous line, visible only towards inner margin.

Underside : yellow, forewings witli costa at base rufous and a rufous clond
•along middle of liindmargin iiulnding the three brown sjwts.

Face and legs deep crimson: vertex, collar, and patagia rufous fulvous;
siioulders and abdomen yellowish.

Expanse of wings : "24 mm.

(jne tS from Yeiipooii, Queensl;ui<l, October 1800, from the Barnard Collection.

Tlie apex of forewing is hardly produced; the hindmargin oblique and straight.
In the forewings (!, T, IS, 9, 10, are stalked, 11 free; 9 and 10 long stalked; (i out of
7, s.

Akin to O./iisr/in'OY/o Warr., from •Queensland.

4. Oreta roseola s]). nov.

Fonitr//i(/g : uniform pale flesh-colour; a darker oblique line from costa just
before apex to two-thirds of inner margin; a patch of whitish, black-speckled scales
in the apex, and two blackish, white-edged lunules on veins '2 and 3 before the
hindmargin ; fringe concolorous.

Hin<in-i»gs : with antemedian jind postmedian jiarallel darker lines, neither
reaching the costa.

( 100 )

,. Underside paler; forewiujrs with a grey clond along hindmargiu.

Face (lull deep red; tlie lesrs rosy; thorax and abdomen like wings; shoulders
and antennae whitish.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Dawson District, Queensland, from the Barnard Collection.

The forewings are elongate, the apex only slightly and bluntly produced, the
hindmargin sinnons, being faintly elbowed above vein 3. In the forewings only
7, 8, 9, 10 are stalked together, (i rising from the same point; 9, 10 sliortly separating
from 7, 8, and coincident till near apex.

Family THYHIDIDAE.
5. Dysodia bipuncta sp. nov.

Nearest to D. siculoides Feld. in appearance, but the ground colour more
golden yellow and the markings brighter fulvous; in the hindwings there are two
small white hyaline dots, one at eacli end of the discocellular; in ignita Wlk. there
is only one dot, at the lower end, and the ground colour is redder; in siculoides
Feld. the hiudwing is entirely without dots.

Expanse of wings: 35 mm.

One S from Gunong Ijau, Perak, March 1898 (Butler).

0. Dysodia laevis sp. nov.

Forewings : uniform smooth bright ferruginous, with a ver}' few and obscure
dark ramifying streaks, and an oblique olive fuscous band at three-fifths, widened
on inner margin and in cell where it is angled : fringe slightly darker, with pale tips.

Himhvings : similar; with a large liyaline white cellspot, evenly carved towards
base, bilobed externally, the upper lobe small.

Underside duller and paler ; olive ochreons, snffused with dull brownish : the
reticulations darker and more numerous. Thorax and abdomen bright reddish
ferruginous : shoulders and head olive-brown ; hair tul'ts of the legs reddish ; the
tarsi fuscous, witli pale joints.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

Two cJc?, 1 ? from the Khasia Hills and Sikkim ; both sexes exactly alike.
Distinguished from fene strata Moore by the smoothness of the scaling and the
different shape of the hyaline spot.

Microctenucha gen. nov.

Forewings : elongate ; costa convex near base and before apex, slightly
insinuate between; apex prominent ; hindmargin curved.

JJindwings : costa convex in basal half ; apex prominent ; hindmargin curved.
Antennae short, stoutly bipectinate in both sexes, more shortly in the ?. Palpi
horizontally porrect, pointed ; forehead protuberant.

Neiiration : forewings, cell more than half as long as wing ; discocellular
faint, nearly vertical ; first median nervule at one-half, second well before end ;
lower radial a little above lower end of cell, upper from below upper end ; vein 7
shortly stalked with 8, 9 : 10 and 11 free.

Tyjic : .)/. munda Hmpsn. (Rhodoneura).

The genus is related to Camptocheilas Hmpsn., and Oxycophina Warr.,
agreeing with the latter in the pectinated antennae.

( 101 )

Family EPIPLEMIDAE. . . .

T. Epiplema basipuncta sp. inn.

Forewi)it/x : (Iv)ll whitisli, with sliglit grey si)ecldiiig and suffusion ; the two
liues dark grey ; first from one-third of costa, bhintly angled outwards on the
median vein, to inner margin before middle ; second from three-fifths of costa
obliquely curved outwards to vein 4, then bluntly angled and inflected to vein 2,
whence it again runs outwards to inner margin at two-thirds ; preceded in cell and
on inner margin l)y a pale brown shading ; a dark curved line from before apex to
vein 2; the hindmargin darker grey; a dark interrupted marginal line; fringe
whitish, chequered with grey ; a tilack spot at base below the submedian vein.

Hinduings : with both lines ochreons and grey, acutely angled at vein 4 and
conversely darker shaded ; marginal area pearl grey, slightly lustrous ; marginal
line finely black : a minute black dot with some shining pale scales before lower
tooth.

Underside dull whitish. Face and palpi dark brown ; vertex, thorax, and
abdomen whitish.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

1 6 from Waterfall Valley, Peuang, March and April 1898 (Curtis).

Forewiugs with hindmargin slightly incurved below apex and bulging below
middle ; hindwings with a sharp tooth at apex as well as at veins 4 and 7. In the
hindwings the cell is very short, the wing-membrane puckered and semihyaline.

8. Epiplema bellissima sp. nov.

For-ewinffs : pale lilac grey, obscurely freckled with darker; the costa with
short dark grey striae ; an obli(jue inner line from one-fourth of costa touching a
ferruginous sjiot in cell, a dark obliquely bent line from just beyond middle of costa,
edged on each side with ferruginous, stopping short at vein 4, and ending in a double
upright dark mark on inner margin before anal angle ; hindmargin dark grey from
apex to vein 3, limited inwardly by a straight brown-lilack line with ferruginous
edges ; fringe grey with darker base, and traces of pale dots at the ends of veins.

Jlindwinys : with a briglit chestnut streak along cell forming a wedge-shaped
mark with the discocellular line which is also chestnut ; outer line chestnut,
bluntly angled in middle, preceded by a bright chestnut suffusion, and followed by
the same colour above middle with a lustrous blue line through it, the angle pale
with black scales ; a dark grey curve between the teeth containing above vein 5 a
pure white spot on hindmargin ; fringe dark grey ; all tlie veins in marginal half
pale grey.

Underside pale blue-grey, with a few dark frecklings. Face and palpi black ;
vertex, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish grey. Hindmargin of forewings entire ;
of hindwings with a tooth at veins 4 and 7.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

One S from Waterfall Valley, Penang, March and April 1898 (Curtis).

Family GEOMETRIDAE.

Subfamily OENOCHROMINAE.

y. Dichromodes steropias ab. nexistriga nov.

Differs from the type form (as described), in having a brown-black, irregularly

sinuous streak from costa close to base to hindmargin a little below apex, passing

( 1(12 )

along the median vein ami iijicurved to the spot at end of cell, then straight to
siilimurgitial lini' and again oliliiiue ii|)\vards to margin ; the transverse lines, as
de.M-riliwl hy JMevrii-k, arc in this exaiuph' more or less faint or obsolescent, whih.^
the veins beyond the middle are in phiecs marked witii blackish scales. The iiind-
wiugs are wholly whiti>li.

One J from Roebonrue, \\'est Australia.

Though I have not seen an example of typical t<feiv/'/\it< Meyr., I liave little
doubt that this insect is rightly referable to it, thougli the horizontal dark streak
gives it a very abnormal appearance. Meyrick's three examples were all from West
Anstralia.

SiDKAMiT.r (iEOMETIilXAE.
Dithecodes gen. uov.

Forewinijs : costa faintly curved throughout ; hindmargin oblii^uely curved.

Hindwingg : with a blunt but perceptible elbow at vein 4. Palpi short,
porrect. Antennae (?) lamellate, sul)dentate, pubescent: tongue and frenulum
present ; hind-tibiae with terminal spurs only.

JS'euratioH : forewings, cell about half of wing ; median and subcostal conver-
gent towards end ; discocellular vertical ; tirst median just beyond middle, second
well before end of cell ; lower radial from a little above middle of discocellular ;
upper from top end of cell ; T, S, 0, stalked ; 10 and 11 from cell, 10 anastomosing
with 11, and again with 8, 9, forming a double areole. Hindwiugs with costal
touching subcostal near base ; 0, 7 very short-stalked ; medians as in forewings ;
radial from above middle of discocellulai'.

Type : Dithecodes erasa sp. uov.

The neuration is (jnite anomalous for tiiis subfamily, vein lu being usually
stalked with T, 8, 9; as it is also in all the genera oi Stenlnnaeyi\i\Q.\\ have a double
areole.

10. Dithecodes erasa sp. no v.

Wmijs : dull pale yellowish-green, with no visible markings.

Underside paler.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; face and tips of palpi black-brown.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Japan, without further locality.

Halophanes gen. nov.

Fm'ewiuy-'i : with costa arched at base, tiien straight or nearly so till closti
before apex ; apex blunt, rectangular : hindmargin somewhat incurved below apex,
then strongly bowed, and below the middle very obliijue to anal angle : inner
margin very short, hardly more than Juilf the costa.

Hindwinys : irregularly kite-shaped, the costa short, as lung as the inner
margin of forewings ; the inner margin longer ; hindmargin with a prominent
blunt tail at end of third median, and an elbow at end of second subcostal.
Frenulum absent. Palpi very short : tongue present : antennae of <S pubescent,
hardly ciliated ; legs slender.

Neuration : cell barely one-third of wing ; discocellular coucave ; tirst median
close before angle of cell ; second and third sliortly stalked ; lower radial from

( 10- )

»bovi! tlie centre of tliseocelluljir ; uiifier raili;il and tbe five sulicostaU stalked,
the first subcostal anastomosing with the costal. Hindwing with the two subco.stals
jvnd last two medians shortly stalked. Sealing elose and fine : stnicture ihlioate.
iVjK' : lliilujiliUDes .rn iitliKi-hlnvd Swinh. iMd.riiti'n).

StBiAMiiv STI'lHUHINAE.
11. Arhostia indecorata sji. nov.

FiireiriiK/.f : whitish oehvcoiis, diseolonied with tine pale liitjwn or nehreous
scales, the whole jivesenting a somewhat mealy apjiearanee ; the lines very
indistinctly marked with pale brownish scales, the first curved, the median and
exterior parallel to hindmargin, the latter waved, all three eipiidistant on inner
margin ; snbmarginal line almost obsolete : an obscure pale brown marginal line,
most distinct between the veins; fringe concolorous : cellspot rather large, didl
grey-brown.

Hi»<linug.'<: till' same, but without inner line, and the submargiual line more
distinct.

Underside with the cellspots. outer and marginal lines marked : forewiug
tinged with grey towards costa and base. Face and palpi dark brown ; vertex,
thorax, and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

One ? from Simla, N.-AV. India.

Hindmargin of forewings very faintly bent at vein 3, of hindwings slightly
dentate at vein 4, and concave between 4 and 0 ; veins 0, T of hindwings stalked.
Hind-tibiae of ? with terminal sptirs only. Apparently related to elongarin Itanib.
(? = iiridatii Zell.) recorded from Transcaucasia as well as from Spain.

1-'. Craspedia compressaria sji. nov.

Foreimny6 : greyish ochreous, with a slight pinkish tinge, and minutely
speckled with black : all the lines oblique, parallel to the hindmargin, and slightly
darker than the ground colour : first from one-third of costa, angled in cell close
before the black cellspot, then straight to one-fourth of inner margin, very
indistinct except below middle ; median shade from qnite two-thirds of costa,
e.xcurved beyond cell, and faintly denticulate to middle of iiuier margin ; outer
line waved, fine, oliliciue outwards to vein («, slightly incurved beyond cell and
on submedian fold to three-fourths of inner margin ; the teeth basewards above
and below vein ."> and submedian fold marked with black points, those on veins
6 and T with slighter points; marginal area with two narrow darker denticulate
shades enclosing the submargiual line ; uuxrginal spots black, distinct ; fringe
concolorous, with indistinct minute dark ilots at base beyond the veins.

Hindwinqs : with the median sluide autemedian; the outer line minutely
■waved and nearly straight, marked with black only on abdominal margin.

Underside paler : the cellspots, outer and marginal lines distinct, blackish.
Face and palpi externally black-brown : vertex, thorax, and abdonn-n like wings.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

Two ii from Bah, low country, March— April iy.'<i n>"heriy;.

Allied to annularia Swinh., and xpilodormfa AVarr.

( 104 )

ri Craspedia cretata si>. nov.

Foreicitigs : whitish straw-colour, with fine dark speckles ; the lines pale
ochraceons, all parallel to each other and to the hindmargin, which is obliquely
curved only in the lower half, so that the lines are less oblique than usual ; first
at one-third, second in middle or just beyond, third at two-thirds, obscur^'ly dentate,
sometimes rather darker marked on the veins ; snbterminal and subinarginal lines
undulating, indistinct; cellspot and marginal dots black and distinct; fringe
concolorons.

IIindwinq» : tlie same, without lirst line.

Underside white ; the outer lines and marginal dots indicated. Face deep
browu ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with wings.

Expanse of wings : 2C mm.

Two ? ? from Sula Mangoli, October 1807 (Doherty).

Like ('. parasira Meyr., but distinguished by the white groinid colour, and
more vertical lines ; reminding one of a small pale immufntu Hiib.

14. Craspedia furfurata ab. subcamea nov.

Differs from typical C. fni-Junda Warr. in being wholly suffused with a very
pale pinkish tinge, instead of being pale straw-colour : the single example is
also a little smaller, and has the dark dusting finer.

One $ from Calcutta, February 18!»0.

There are specimens of typical /«/;/'///'«^a in the Triug Sluscum from Ceylon,
as well as from the Kulu district, Sabathu, and Simla, so tliat the aberration
cannot be looked upon as a southern form. It may be seasonal, as the only
dated sjiecimens of the typical form are recorded as taken in July and November.

!•"). Craspedia margaritaria s)). nov.

Voreicinys : pale ochreous or bone-colour, slightly dusted with black scales ;
the lines faint, pale greyish ochreous ; the cellspot a small ochreous ring ; very
much like C. mcuata Guen., but the outer line, instead of being dentate and marked
with black dashes on the veins, is very line and waved, sinuate inwards beyond
cell and on submedian fold, and forming two slightly darker luuules tinged yni\\
rufous ; a row of black marginal spots ; fringe concolorons, with black dots at base
licyond the veins.

llindiriiuin : similar, witli the cellsjiot black as in rai-xatu.

Underside whitish ; the forewing with outer line and marginal spots blackish ;
towards the costa slightly fuscons tinged, but not nearly so strongly as in cacuaiu.
Face and palpi externally black: thorax and alidomen like wings: the latter
spotted with black on dorsum.

Exj)anse of wings : 8n mm.

Two ii from South Celebes, August— September 1^'.»1 (Doherty).

Distinguished from the allied forms by the lower radial rising above the centre
of discocellular ; the hind-tibiae of the i are wholly bone-colour.

10. Craspedia rufimixtaria sp. nov.

Foreahiys: dull flesh-coloured ochreous, with slight dusting of darker scales ;
lines fuscous grey ; the inner line not visible in the type sjiecimeu, which is

( 105 )

slightly worn near base ; median obscnre and obliqne from nearly three-t'ourths of
costa to middle of inner margin ; outer line from six-sevenths of costa to four-fifths
of inner margin fine, dentate-lnnulate, followed by a clondy snbmarginal shade ;
cellspot small, black.

Ilimlwings : with curved anteniediau and postmediau dark liiie-i, a black
cellspot, and two darker shades in tlie deeper-coloured marginal area.

Underside yellowish ocbreous, with a pink tinge ; the outer line only shown.
Face and palpi black-brown ; vertex white ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One S from Selaru, Teuimber Islands, March — April 1897 (Micholitz).

The entire fringes are gone ; there ai)pears to have been no mari;-inal line
or dots. Hind-tarsi of 6 nearly as long as hind-tibiae, which are scarcely thickened,
and not aborted, but without spurs.

17. Craspedia imdilinea sp. uov.

Foreiviiigs : bone-colour, dusted with dark scales ; the lines greyish ochreons ;
the first curved, at one-third ; the median shade from two-thirds of costa to middle
of inner margin slightly sinuous, somewhat diffuse, sometimes tinged with fulvous ;
outer line grey, thick, denticulate, i'rom five-sixths of costa to four-fifths of inner
margin ; snbmarginal line pale, waved, between two ochreous bands ; cellspot
black, distinct ; a row of black marginal dots ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : without first line ; the cellspot larger and prominent.

Underside with cellspots, outer line, and marginal spots distinct ; I'orewings
towards liase and costa washed with grey. Face black-brown ; vertex, thorax,
and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

Several specimens from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.

Perhaps a local form of parasira Meyr. ; the ground colour paler, and the
exterior line much more strongly expressed ; in the prominence of the cellspots
of hindwings it agrees with C. discata Warr.

18. Eois carneofasciata sp. nov.

Foreivings : cream-colour, more yellowish along costa, dusted with grey towards
base, and with traces of a curved line at one-third ; outer line distinct, irregularly
■wavy, at three-fourths, indented on submedian fold ; followed by a lilac-grey fascia
of uniform width, its outer edge parallel to the outer line, and starting from the anal
angle, abruptly stopping at vein 0 ; beyond the pale snbmarginal line which
succeeds the Aiscia, the marginal area is pale lilac-grey : fringe pale, witli obscnre
dark dots beyond the veins ; cellspot small, but distinct.

JJindwutgs : with the outer line and darker marginal area less distinct.

Underside the same ; the basal half of each wing greyer.

Face and palpi dark brown : vertex, thorax, and abdomen cream-eolnur.

Expanse of wings : 1.5 mm.

One ? from Mt. Arjano, Java (W. Doherty).

The forewings are elongate, with the apex produced, the hindmargin oblique
and straight ; hindwings small, with ronnded hindmargin which is slightly incised
beyond cell.

( 106 )

19. Eois ferrilinea sp. nov.

FofCwi/ii//< : wliitisb grey, rather loiiiscly speckled with black and hoary scales;
coi-ta greyer ; inner and outer lines Wack ; the inner, at one-third, sinuous, curved
outwards abovf and inwards below the median vein, with dark spots on tlie veins ;
onter at three-fonitlis, iriefrularly dentate inwards on the veins, but forming a
prominent tooth outwards on vein C, and a blunter [irujection between veins 3 and 4,
preceded by a ferruginous median line which is sinuate i)arallel to inner line,
sprinkled throughout with black scales, and starting from a dark costal spot ; sub-
marginal line waved, pale, between two dark grey shades, the inner of which is
interrupted beyond cell ; fringe grey, with (latches of black scales at base beyond
the vein ends.

Hin(lwui(fs : similar ; the discocellular marked with irregular black scales.

Underside grey, without speckling ; the outer lines marked by black veinspota.
Face and palpi externally black: vertex, thorax, and abdomen grey, finely black-
speckled ; tlie abdomen with sliglit black rings.

Expanse of wings : 14 mm.

One d from Dawson district, N. Queensland, March 1887 (Barnard Collection).

Nearest to Acidalia halmaea Meyr., from Sydney and Tasmania, with which it
agrees in structure and size.

20. Eois fiicosa sp. nov.

Forewinyg : pale glossy ochreous ; the lines or bauds broad, yellow or fulvous
ochreous, waved, those beyond middle slightly indented beyond cell, and more
strongly on submediau fold ; their edges waved : the pale ground colour appearing
as narrower bands between them : the single S has the fulvous tints darker than
the two ? ? (which are, however, both more or less worn), and the basal one-third
altogether snflPused with fulvous ; a very faint darker cellspot on the median band :
no marginal dots ; fringe concolorons with the darker bands.

Ilindirimjx : the same.

Underside with the markings grey tinged and traversetl by lighter veins ; the
forewings darker tinged. Face and palpi externally black brown ; vertex, thorax,
and abdomen pale ochreous, varied with darker.

E.xpanse of wings : 13 mm.

One S, two ? 9, from .Seahill, Qncenslatid, May 1^•^T (Barnard Collection).

Hindlegsof J aborted, without spuis ; hind-tibiae of ? with terminal spurs only.

2\. Eois glabripennis sp. nov.

Forrn-iiiys: pearl grey, with a faint lilac tinge ; the costa finely yellowish
speckled with fuscous : no distinct markings ; but in certain lights a pale curved
median and submarginal yellowish line can be made out, as well as some marginal
spots, as in Eois cotstiyattatu Warr. from tlie Khasias, but there are no costal pale
blotches ; fringe pale grey.

Uindwiiiys : the same.

Underside silky whitish ; the costa of forewings ochreous with grey speckles.
Face and ()alpi brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with wings.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

( 107 )

One S from Mt. iVrjnuo, J:cva (W. Doliert.y) ; four ? ? from Peuauy, May
1807 (Curtis).

The hindmargiii of liiiidwings is rounded, not subaiigulate as in i-ostiynffatn.
The species comes close to K. auricruda Butl. = piiimbeo-'icnptii Chr.

22. Epicosymbia conspersa sji. nov.

FureiciH(j.-i : rufous ochrcous, the ground colour almost liiddeu by dense fascons
scales ; the lines greyish fuscous ; first at one-third, curved ; median sinuate and
slightly dentate ; these two very obscure ; outer line at five-sixths, more distinct,
dentate ; cel!s[iot dark, not very di.stinct ; a fine marginal line of dark scales ; fringe
concoiorous, with small dark dots at ends of veins.

llimhniKjx : witli cellspot and outer line only.

Underside pale jiinkish ochreous, unspeckled, with the outer and marginal lines,
cellspots, and marginal dots marked. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face
and j)alpi externally reddish ; vertex and shaft of antennae white.

Expanse of wings : 24 mm.

One S from Snmba, February 1800, below 2,0oi) feet (Doherty).

This species agrees structurally in all points with Epicosymbia, the type of
which is a South African species.

23. Problepsis argentea sp. nov.

Forewings : silvery white, sprinkled with fine black scales, witliont markings
of any kind.

Ilinilivinys : the same ; the diseucellular marked with brighter metallic scales ;
fringes of both wings white.

Underside white, without any black scales. Head, thorax, and abdomen white ;
palpi white, tinged above with rosy : forelegs internally ros}'.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One ? from Dammcr Island, Banda Sea, Dec. 1898 (H. Kiihn).

24. Ptychopoda comparanda si', nov.

Forewings : pale greyish ochreons, dusted with darker ; the lines much as in
actiosa.ria Wlk., the inner and outer both darker on costa and inner margin ; the
median shade sinuate, distinct in the ?; all three lines rather thick ; cellspot small,
dark : a marginal row of small dark dots, placed at the edge of the wing, not, as iu
actiosaria, at the base of the fringe, which is concoiorous.

Himlwings : the same, without first line ; the antemedian line iu the ? plain.

Underside whitish : forewings with distinct dark shade close to margin, making
the fringe appear paler. Face dark brown ; vertex and collar brownish ; thorax
and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 16 — 17 mm.

A pair from Puttalam, Ceylon.

The tuft of the hind-tibiae is wholly ochreous ; iu semiserice'i Warr. from the
Khasias the inside is blackish.

25. Ptychopoda decidua sp. nov.

Fm-ewings : pale ochreous, without the grey suffusion that occurs iu
P. actiosaria Wlk. ; the lines in the same position but ninch less diffuse, the

( 108 )

exterior line sli-rhtly curvwl, but not denticulate ; tbe cellsjiot anil dots in the
fringe much smalloi- and fainter.

Ilimlicim/s: witli antemcdian and iiostmcdian Xuw.a curved, but not crenulate.

Underside with the two lines of both wings concise and not denticulate.

The pencU of liair on the hind-tibiae of tlie S yellowish ochreous as in
Pt. actiosaria.

Expanse of wings : IT mm.

A pair from Sabathn, N.-W. India, August 1889,

Agrees with P. semisericea Warr., from the Khasias, in being paler and
smaller than actiosaria ; but in xemisericea the tuft of the hind-tibiae is blackish
internally.

26. Ptychopoda robusta sp. uov.

Foreicings: pale ocbreous, overlaid with yellower ochreous scales; the costa
narrowly ochraceons ; cellspot large, brownish ; the lines yellowish ochreous ;
inner and median lines very obscure ; outer line at four-fifths, slightly curved and
parallel to hiudmargin, followed by a paler band ; beyond this the marginal area
is again yellower ochreous, traversed by a faintly discernible paler snbmargiual line ;
fringe ochreous, with faint brownish dots at base beyond the veins.

J/iml/ciiiffs : the same.

Underside paler ; the cellspots and outer lines discernible. Face and palpi
brownish above, ochreous below : vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; collar
ocbraceous, like the costal edge ; antennae with the shaft pale, the cilia ochraceons.
Tuft of hair on hind-tibiae ochreous externally, dark fuscous internally.

Expanse of wings : .'4 mm.

One (J from Negros, Philippines, March and April isyij (.J. AVhitehead).

The antennae are subserrate with very long curled cilia ; the whole insect has
a much more robust appearance than actiosaria Wlk. and its allies, to which it is
evidently most related.

2'. Ptychopoda sextinotata sp. uov.

Forewings : dingy ]iale grey, slightly tinged in parts with darker ; the lines
all parallel to each other and to tbe hindmargin which is oblique ; the inner at
one-third curved, marked with three blackish spots on veins ; median distinct,
from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, denticulate and sinuate,
incurved below middle ; outer line from four-fifths of costa to three-fourths of
inner margin, denticulate, sinuate inwards beyond cell, the teeth with dark points
on the veins, that on vein (5 conspicuous ; the shade preceding the submarginal
line exactly parallel to tbe outer line, the outet' shade not sinnate beyond cell,
so that the submarginal pale line is broader and more distinct beyond cell : a
marginal series of distinct black dots ; fringe concolorous : cellspot blackish.

llindwinys : similar, the median line becoming antemedian ; the tooth on
Vein 0 of outer line prominent as in forevrings.

Underside grey, without distinct markings except the marginal dots. Face
and palpi externally fuscous brown ; collar dark grey ; vertex and antennae
whitish ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 1 7 mm.

A pair from Penang (Curtis), the ? dated 1896, the c? February 1897.

Allied to Pt. mundaria Wlk., from Borneo.

( 109 )

28. Ptychopoda squamipimctata sp. nov.

Foi'c/rit'pg : flesh-coloured grey, slightly dusted with darker ; the lines
hardly darker ; first at one-third, starting from a small black costal spot ; outer
at three-fourths, vertical, a little darker at costa and inner margin, followed by
two faint submargiual shades ; fringe coucolorous, with distinct donble specks of
black scales at base beyond the veins ; cellspot dark, indistinct.

Ilindiciny^ : similar.

Underside paler ; the outer line faintly expressed. Face and palpi brown ;
vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorons.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

One ? from Mount Avjuuo, Java (W. DohertyJ.

The hindmargins of both wings are subcrenulate. Allied to actiosaria Wlk.

29. Xenocentris incolorata ab. taeniata nov.

The specimen here described as an aberration differs considerably from either
of the other ii seen. It is pale ochreous without any distinct lines, but this may
be dne to its somewhat wasted condition. The basal half of costa is marked with
purplish-fuscous scales ; the cellspot is large and distinct ; before the hindmargin
is a waved purplish fuscous fascia, corresponding to what in the typical <?<? is the
dark grey shade preceding the submarginal line.

Hindwings : the same. Both wings dusted with purplish scales. The fringes
are quite obliterated.

Underside like upper. All else as in the type ; the tuft of hind-tibiae long
and purjjlish.

Expanse of wings : 13 mm.

One c? from the Kei Islands, March 1897 (H. Kiihn).

3(1 Xenocentris mimica sp. nov.

Sujieriicially exactly like Iliinipoyoit nanata Warr., described from the
Tenimber Islands, and of which I have since seen a pair from Ceylon ; differing in
having the 6 antennae armed with long ciliatious instead of their being merely
pubescent, and the hindwings beneath simply scaled, not clothed with hairs. One
S from Penungah, Borneo, December 1893, considerably worn. A ? from Mount
Dulit, N. Borneo (Hose), perfect except for the absence of abdomen, may almost
certainly be referred to the same species. This is dull greyish brown, darker than
typical H. nanata, and with the markings indistinct ; both inner and outer lines are
darker on costa and inner margin in both wings ; the cellspots are blackish and
distinct ; and the base of the fringe, which is concolorous with the wings, has
a row of distinct but minute dark dots. The underside is paler, more grey, marked
only with cellspots and outer line.

"Expanse of wings : i 10 mm., ¥ 17 mm.

One c? Penungah, N. Borneo, and one ? Mt. Dulit, N. Borneo, 1000 to 4000 ft.
(Hose).

Subfamily TEPHROCLYSTIINAE.

31. Rhinoprora palpata ab. decolorata nov.

In this form all the green tints are absent, being replaced by pinkish grey,
the whole wing having a glossy appearance ; tlie edges of the basal patch and

( llt» )

central fascia are coii.spiL'nously blackish, the inside being shaded with browD.
Hindwiiigs grey, with a single postmediaa augiilated line marked by dark vein-
dashes. Head and thorax jiiiikish grey ; abdomen pinkish grey speckled with
brown ; tlie crests lilackish ; the basal segment wjiitisli, t.iie second black-brown.
One S from the Nilgiris, S. India.

:i-. Tephroclystia semicaesia sp. uov.

Foicirinyf : dnll purplish grey for basal two-thirds, except a ]>ale brownish
ochreous streak from base below median vein extending into the base of cell ;
inner edge of central fascia angled at the median vein ; outer edge curved, from
two-tliirds of costa to twn-thirds of inner margin, bluntly bent below costa : the
fascia itself crossed by several darker slightly waved lines and containing a dark
t-ellsjwt, succeeded by a broad \^a^<i band with an oclireous central line ; marginal
area pale brown, becoming jmrplish grey beyond the pale waved submarginal line,
with a paler (iblii|ue streak towards ajjex : marginal line black, interrupted })y
l)ale vein-dots, which are more developed towards apex ; fringe ])nrj)lish grey with
a pale basal line.

llindwirniH : wholly purplish grey, witii a dark cellsjxit and traces of pale
antemedian, pnstmedian, and submarginal lines.

Underside dull purplisli grey, with all the markings indistinct : the postmediaa
band paler. Head and abdomen grey ; patagia ochreons.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

One i from Beyrout, Syria.

I cannot refer this insect to any known si)ecies.

8uBFA5riLY HYDRIOMBNINAE.
Paralygris gen. nov.

A joint development of Diactinia and Li/<jris ; superficially the typical sjjecies
is marvellously like 1>. <leh'cta : but the forewings of the S have a long jiencil
of yellowish white hairs along the subiuedian vein beneatli, which is wanting in
the species of Diactinia, and in addition tlie antennae of the S are shortly and
stoutly bipectinated, whereby the genus is at once separated from Lygris. The
neuration does not vary ; the areole of forewings is double ; the discocel hilar of
the liindwings oblique and the radial from its centre.

Type : Paialijipix i-ontortK sp. nov.

:i:!. Paralygris contorta s]i. nov.

K(tMi-(imn ilclrcta Leach, Aim. Muy. -V. //. l.S'.iT. ji. •">•)•") (iiei: l>utler).

Foreu-inqs : dark brown ; the lines creamy wliite ; first line from one-fourth
of costa to near middle of inner margin, bluntly rounded in cell and slender :
two antemedian lines close together, the outer one broader and rising from one-third
of costa, the inner from below costa, both running obliquely to the submedian fold
at middle of wing, where they are joined by a tine line which, rising from one-third
of inner margin, crosses the tirst line and follows the submedian fold ; a similar
double line from two-thirds of costa — the outer arm in this case rising below it —
bent inwards, and lunulate below middle to inner margin before anal angle,
absorbing the otlier tliree lines on the submedian fold, and emitting a sharj) tooth

( 111 )

inwarJs ou veins 1 and :! ; ii, limulate submargiaal line before apex, interrupted
iind approximated to outer double line below middle : a broader sinuous line
from apex to anal augle and an interrupted marginal line, swollen at veins 3 and 4 :
till' last three lines are all interrupted below tiie middle by tlie broad jia.le brown
veins ; extreme liindmargin dark brown ; fringe brown, varied with paler, and
with a whitish sjx)t beyond vein 4.

Ilituliriiigg : with the ground colour ereamy white ; a large grey-brown cell-
spot : the inner margin at base greyish brown ; tliree sinuated postmcdian brown
lines, the ontertuost the broadest ; two submarghial lines, the first narrow, the
second formi'd of brown lunnles ; the paler brown marginal area with a small
i)bli(pie white streak at ai)ex, and two white marginal spots between veins 3 and 4 :
marginal line blackish bniwn : fringe brownish.

Underside moi'e ochreons, with the markings all rcpr.jdui'.eil, and in some cases
darker and more concise : cellspot of forewings blackish, obliipie, touching the
tirst double line. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish ochrcous ; the patagia and
imter side of palpi brown ; forelegs brown, sp:)tted with ochrcous.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

One (J, one ?, marked simjily " China."

Subfamily DEILINIINAE.

34. Chloroctenis similis Warr., Xov. Zool. V. p. 42.

Tlie 6 of ('. similis, which 1 liave now seen, has, as was anticipated, pectinated
antennae: and the hind-tibiae are like those of Aplocklova, not thickened, with
two pairs of fine sliarp spurs. The S is sliglitly smaller than tlie ? , -4 mm.
instead of 2() mm.

3."i. Heterostegane semifasciata sp. nov.

I'ori'iriiiijs : pale sti'aw-culour, witli fine brown speckles : first line obliipiely
curved, at one-fonrtli ; second from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin,
sinuous, marked above middle only by brown spots on the veins, below middle
defined by a broad brown fascia reaching to submarginal line, its outer edge being
continued to the costa before apex, forming a bidentate mark beyond cell and
another below costa ; submarginal line itself ill-defined, and followed by a few
brown clouds : marginal spots brown : fringe straw-colour.

Hiudtciiiys : similar.

Underside wholly straw-colour, mottled witli dull lirownisli. Head, tliorax,
and abdomen straw-colour.

Expanse of wings : 3>i mm.

One J from Kayeli. l>uru, March ISUT (Doherty).

The single specimen has unfortnnately been exposed to mould and wear, and
the basal area of forewings and marginal area of hindwings are rendered therel)y
obscure. The antennae are armed with very short and fine fascicles of cilia.

Subfamily ASCOTINAE.

:'><i. Alois nigricuneata sp. nov.

roreiriiigx : gri'y, tinged with rufous, and finely striated witii black ; the
losta with lilack strigulations ; the lines black, starting from Idack costal sjiots ;

( 11^ )

first, af iH)i»-lbuitli, sluii'iily angled on subcostal vein, then oblique to one-fifth of
inner margin ; second at middle, angled outwards in cell, then oblique, crossing
tlie linear Mack cellmarlc, and irregularly crenulate to inner margin close bej-ond
first iJLir : third at thri-c-funrtlis, at first bidentate inwards, then acutely angled
outwards (ni vein 'i, thence oblique to vein 2, inrming points outwards on veins,
and still more oblii[ue to middle of inner margin ; submarginal line j)ale, acutely
dentate, the teeth filled up with black at costa, beyond cell, and on submediau fold,
and outwardly margined with black, pointing towards, and in places joining the
black marginal spots : hindmargin waved ; fringe concolorous.

Uiii(liring» : the same, the first line forming a black basal spot ; the cellspot
oval, black-edged with pale centre ; the postmedian line followed by a red shade,
which is less distinct, though present, in the forewings.

Underside pale greyish ochrcous in hindwings, suffused with dark fuscous in
the forewings ; the apex remaining pale within a blackish shade ; casta ochreous
yellow, with black striae ; cellspot and outer line marked in both wings. Head,
thorax, and antennae ochreous grey, dusted with blackish ; collar white ; abdomen
pale grey, with black segmental marks on dorsum.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

One i from Loeboe Hajah, W. Sumatra, April — May 1897 (Ericsson).

Veins 10 and 11 of forewings coincident.

37. Ateloptila confusa sp. nov.

Forewinga : dull grey, suffused with smoky fuscous and with numerous trans-
verse fuscous strigae: the markings confused and obscure; first line at about one-
third, dark fuscous, obliquely curved outwards to median vein, then inwardly to
submediau. below which it is again oblique outwards; a diffuse median shade;
second Hue from three-fifths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, nearly vertical,
sinuous and crenulate ; submarginal line formed by dark lunulate blotches between
the veins parallel and near to hindmargin; marginal black spots; cellspot black;
fringe concolorous.

Iliiulwings : similar, the markings darker and more diffuse.

Underside smoky fuscous; cellsjwts black; costa of forewing dull ochreous,
marked with blackisli spots. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings; face dark
browu.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

One J from Cedar Bay, Cooktown, North Queensland (Meek).

This insect agrees well witli tiie diagnosis of Ateloptila Meyr., both in the
absence of a fovea and in the nenration, but it seems to me that 11 rises out of 12,
10 anastomosing with 11 and afterwards touching 9. Both wings are elongate, the
hindwings with hindmarnin crenulate.

:is. Chogada perlepidaria s]i. nov.

Forewings : pearly grey, speckled and suffused with lilac-brown; first line
curved from near one-third of costa to near base of inner margin, preceded b}-
a rufous shade; second line from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,
sinuate outwards beyond cell and on submediau fold, followed by a rufous shade:
median line rufons, strongly zigzag, touching the dull whitish cell blotch; all 'i
lines ^tart from reddish costal spots; submarginal line strongly and acutely dentate,

1

C 113 )

tlie teetli filled np with rnfous; a dark marginal line, swollen into spots between the
veins; fringe silver)' white, marked with dark beyond veins.

Uindivings: similar, but the median shade thick and straight; a dark spot at
base; the shade be3'ond outer line chocolate brown and connected by a spur with
the apex.

Underside greyish ochreous, tlie margins darker; cellspot of forewings large
and black; fringe white, che(|nered with dark. Thorax and abdomen grey, the latter
with dark segmental rings; shoulders tinged with rufons; face fuscous, paler above.

E.xpanse of wings : 3('> mm.

One S from Geraldtoii, near Cairns, Queensland (Meek).

It is i)ossible that this insect may be (luent'e's cxesnria described from a ? ;
but in several points it does not agree with the description.

39. Duliophyle agitata ah. diluta nov.

Ground colour pale olive ochreoiis, washed with oehraceous, without any fuscous
brown suffusion, so that all the lines and strigae are clear and distinct, the two dark
Innnles before and beyond the snbmarginal line beyond the cell alone conspicuous;
there is therefore no trace of a paler fascia or blotch, as in the type form, beyond
the discal spot.

Underside similarly entirely |)alo yellowish ochreous, not fuscous brown.

Expanse of wings : 72 mm.

One S marked simply Japan: it is not therefore certain whether the insect
represents an accidental paler and larger form, or a local difference.

4IJ. Ectropidia fimbripedata sp. nov.

Forewinf/s : whitisli, jieppered witli dark grey; the lines dark, marked by
black dots on veins, and thickened on costa; first at one-third, angled in cell, and
incurved below towards base, preceded by a similar, but less distinct line; outer line
at two-thirds, parallel in the main to hindmargin, irregularly deutate-lunnlate;
median liue not so well defined, oblique outwards from middle of costa to near outer
line, then crenulate and running dose to outer line throughout, the space between
being whiter than the rest of the wing; hindmarginal third more densely grey-
speckled, witli an acutely dentate submargiual line, internally black-edged, and
between veins :5 and 5 preceded by a blackish blotch and followed by a paler space;
marginal spots and cellspot distinct, black; fringe i)aler, with distinct blackish
mottling beyond veins.

Ilindu-iiigs : with base pale; a thick diffuse blackish antemedian, an angled
and partly dentate median line, joining antemedian on inner margin, enclosing the
black cellspot; submarginal line as in forewings, but preceded on costa and inner
margin by large blackish clouds, tbe area beyond it paler.

Underside of forewings pearly whitish: marginal area dull blackish; cellspot
on outer line black; a diffuse median shade joining outer line on vein 2.

Hindwings glistening whitish, thickly clotiied with long hairy scales; fringes
whitish. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, speckled with grey; second and third
segments of abdomen dark: fringes of inner margin and of hind-tibiae wliitish.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One (? from Gunong Ijau, Terak, 2n00— 3U(i(J feet, March 1808 (Butler).

Near thriropliora Hmpsn. from Ceylon.

8

( 114 )

41. Myrioblephara pustulata sji. iiov.

Foretoi)it/.t : nitons grey, tiiu'ly dusted witli diirkor ; the lines dark risiug IVoiu
dark costal spots ; first before one-third, curved ; onter at two-thirds, parallel to hiud-
margiu, irregularly crenulate, and toothed inwards at the veins : median line lieut
round cell and approximated below to outer line : submarginal line indistinct, witli
darker shades on each side ; cellspot large, cloudy ; marginal spots small.

JUiuhviuqs : with straight antemedian and snbdentate median, dark lines : sub-
marginal line indistinct, but preceded towards anal angle by a blackish line.

Underside pearly whitish, with the lines and cellspots blackish ; marginal third
dull blackish. Head, thorax, and abdomen rufous grey ; abdomen below whitish.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One i from Government Hill, Peuang, Umii) feet, May 1898 (Curtis).

In this species the basal area between the median and submedian veins of fore-
wing is much puckered and distorted, containing a rugose depression nearest base,
and a raised pustule below one-third of cell ; the submedian fold and vein being both
thickened and curved downwards ; the first median vein rises within the pustule at
one-third of cell.

42. Ophthalmodes fasciata >\i- nov.

Foreiriiiiia : pale whitisli yreen, with slight Ijlack dusting ; the usual dentate
lines rendered blurred and indistinct by a blackish suffusion ; first line forming
a vertical shade at one-fourth ; space between median and exterior line wholly filled
in with smoky blackish, extending l)e3oud exterior line, with the edge similarly
dentate ; submarginal line ibstiuct, dentate, followed by a smoky black shade, and
preceded by a concise black dentate line ; cellspot oval, of the ground colour, edged
with black ; marginal spots black.

Jliiif/iciiiffs : similar, without basal line ; cellspot as iu forewiugs, but included
in the darker fascia between the two lines, which is less dense than in the forewiugs.

Underside whitish green, with the markings blurred grey : viz., the cellspots,
a median shade, a bent onter shade, and abroad marginal border, separated from the
outer shade by a narrow bent band of ground colour. Head, thorax, and abdomen
pale green : the abdomen with two rows of dorsal black spots ; face with two lilack
spots

Expanse of wings : 00 mm.

One ? from Waterfall Valley, Penang, June— July 1898 ((Inrtis). Perhajis a
local form of the Javan claraviii Wlk., but the underside is different.

Xenosina gen. nov.

Foreivings : triangular : costa straight, arched only at apex, which is slightly
prominent ; hindmargin obli(iuely curved.

Hindwings : with apex and hindmargin rounded.

Antennae of 6 plumose; palpi long, porrect, densely haired ; forehead rounded,
protuberant ; tongue and frenulum present ; hind-tibiae thickened, with four spurs.

yeuratioH : forewiugs, cell half as long as wing, discocellular vertical ; lirst
median just beyond middle, second at seven-eighths ; radials normal ; veins 7, n, 0,
stalked from close before end of cell ; 10 nearer base ; 1 1 out of 12 ; 10 anastomoses

C ll.> )

with 1 1 and agaiu at a poiut 0UI3' witli s aud '.) ; hiudwings ; costal approximated to
subcostal at middle of cell : (J and 7 from upper angle or 7 slightly before it ;
medians as in forewing ; no radial. Forewinu- with distinct fovea.

Type : Xcrwsina detrita sp. nov.

Allied to the Medasina group, though much smaller than the average species.
The type spncies superficially resembles Ectt-n/jiK.

43. Xenosina detrita sj). uov.

Forewitigs : jiale brownish or pinkish grey, freckled with black scales ; traces
of a dark line at one-third and an outer line at two-thirds ; submarginal line
denticulate, preceded by black marks beyond cell and between veins 2 and :! : cell-
spot and marginal spots black ; fringe concolorous.

Hhulwiiiys : with traces of central and submarginal lines ; cellspot and
marginal spots as in forewiugs.

Underside jialer, freckled with fuscous ; without markings except the discal and
marginal spots. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

One c? from Strathfield, N.S. Wales (Kerslake).

The type is worn, and the descri])tion above given is necessarily somewiiat
deficient.

Subfamily 8EMI0THISINAE.
44. Azata tenuilinea sp. nov.

Forewhifis : fiesh-colonred grey, sjieckled with black and reddish ochraceous ;
costa ochraceous with black striae : lii-st line very indistinct, marked by a black spot
at costa ; median shade waved, consisting of black lunnles between the veins more
or less snrronnded with ochraceous, the central area through whicli it runs iron grey
aud lustrous ; outer line fine and concise, nearly straight from two-thirds of costa to
five-sixths of iimer margin, placed in the middle of a pale pure ochreous baud ; snb-
mai'ginal line jjreceded from anal angle to vein (i by a row of black contiguous
wedge-shai>ed blotches, the two beyond cell larger and approaching hindmargin ;
apical space pale ochreous ; anal area lustrous grey ; a marginal row of black
Innules ; fringe grey, with ochraceous base ; cellspot dark, within the median
line.

Hindwhigs -. with central line as in forewiugs ; outer line pale, dentate, marked
slightly with ochraceous, and with black dashes on veins ; submarginal only distinct
towards anal angle; l)lack marginal linuiles enlarged from apex to vein 4, thence
obsolete.

Underside ochreous almost covered with I'onfluent dark grey striae : the pale
band containing the outer line and the apical blotch alone remaining cleai- ; costa
yellowish with black striae. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; the face.
shoulders, and dorsum much sprinkled with reddish.

Expanse of wings : 2(.i mm.

One c^ from Waterfall Valley, Tenang, March— April 1898 ((Jurtis).

Antennae short, subserrate, and finely ciliated ; the hindmargin of botli wings
crennlate throughout; a very distinct species.

IHi )

SuniAMiiv KNNOMINAE.
4r>. Hyposidra leucomela ah. nigrata uov.

Of three specimens of hiicnmela AVlk., collected by "\V. Dohorty in February
and March 180S in Basilaii. tlic two ^ r? agvot' almost entirely with typical specimens
from the Philippines, but in tlie ? the whiti- markings are much restricted.

In the forewings four out of the five white markings are much narrower, while
the basal mark on the inner margin is qnite obsolete : similarly in the hindwing the
onter fascia is narrower, and the broad basal fascia altogether absent.

The ? is smaller than the average? 'i—Cil mm. instead of 65 mm. ; the 6 S
are of the usual size.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. VII. AUGUST, 1900. No. 2.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OE AMERICAN DBEFANV-
LIDAE, TEYBIDIDAE, ETITLEMIBAE AND
GEOMETRIBAE.

By W. warren, M.A., F.B.S.

Family DREPANULIDAE.

1. Platypteryx obtruncata sp. uov.

Forewings : rnfons ochreous, dappled with darker rufons and fine grey scales ;
the veins finely pale ochreous ; an irregular angular-edged rufous fascia from below
costa before middle to one-third of inner margin, broadest in cell ; a fine pale
ochreous snbmarginal line from the costal elbow, angled outwards above vein 6,
then nearly straight to three-fourths of inner margin, the costal area in front of it
thickly dappled with dark grey, the portion below the angle preceded by very fine
grey scaling between the ochreous veins ; a row of black snbmarginal spots
between the veins ; apex pale ochreous along costa, dusted with grey specks below ;
fringe red-brown.

Hindicings : with the pale postmedian line nearly straight, at three-fifths ; the
basal area grey between the veins ; costal area ochreous ; marginal area dark
ochreous, grey-sjseckled, paler towards apex ; in it beyond the jjostmedian line are
two large oval hyaline blotches between veins 4 and 6 ; fringe red-brown, with a
paler line at base beyond a row of marginal dark spots.

Underside of forewiugs ochreous, coarsely mottled with reddish fuscous and
black ; the inner margin paler, without speckles : outer straight line marked in
reddish fuscous ; the snbmarginal spots black, the extreme apex vinous ; hiudwings
speckled only along costa and hindmargin, with two broad diffuse purplish fuscous
fasciae, one postmedian, the other snbmarginal. Thorax rufous ochreous, like
ground-colour of wings.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

One ¥ from Bahia (Feld. Coll.).

The costa of forewings is strongly elbowed at two-thirds, the apex triangularly
produced. Both head and abdomen on this specimen are substitutes ; the head is
evidently that of a ? Pyralid.

Family rilYRTDID^E.

2. Aziba substrigata sp. nov.

Foreivi/iffS : glossy, pale pinkish ochreous, thickly freckled with brown-black

atoms, which become larger and irregularly confluent towards inner margin, and

form indeterminate oblique streaks parallel to hindmargin ; a more distinctly edged

9

( 118 )

darker streak from middle of iuner margiu, bent and obsoletely forked ou vein 2,
and disajipearing at vein C, above which are two black-lirown dots, the npper close
to vein 8 the larger, and connected by a gre3'-brown streak with the apex ; costal
area broadly cream-colour for fonr-fifths from base, beyond which the streak
becomes narrower and cheqnered with pinkish ochreoas ; two submarginal curved
rows of brown spots ; fringe deeper pink.

llinchvings : deeper ochreons, strongly speckled with brown, and with three
brown fasciae, distinct only on the inner half of wing, the innermost broadest and
partially double.

Underside paler : the markings of the hindwings black-brown and reticulated ;
on the forewings confined to the base and inner margin as far as vein 2 only. Face
and vertex deep brown ; palpi and antennae black ; thorax and abdomen like wings,
the latter with brown segmental rings ; legs pale ochreons, underlined with black ;
the spurs black.

Expanse of wings : 5G mm.

One ¥ from Costa Kica.

Allied to Aziha falcata Feld. (= serpula Guen.) ; distinguished by the much
paler, more flesh-coloured tint, less defined markings, and, in particular, by the
absence of the white discal spot of hindwings. The hiudmargin of forewings is
more olilique and less bulged.

Pagenstecher {Iris v. p. 90) mentions an examjile most probably of this species,
also a ? , from Massanari on the Amazons, in the Staudiugcr Collection, which he
refers as a probable variety to folcata.

3. Hypolampnis parisignata sj). nov.

Extremely like S>/7npI)le})S ochracea Pag., from Java, N. Guinea, etc., but
rather paler and smaller ; the wings narrower ; instead of the white cell-spot, two
small black dots with a few black scales round them, on both wings above, whitish
surrounded with black scales below ; the small black marginal dots on both wings
absent : the costa of forewings slightly darker ; in all other respects the markings
agree. Though thus superficially resembling the species of S>/mp/ileps, in parisignata,
however, instead of veins 8, 9, 10 of the forewings being stalked together as in
Si/mphleps, only 8 and 9 are stalked, and 10 rises from the cell as in IL/polampnts.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One cJ one ? from Onoribo, (Surinam, Feb. and March 1803 (C. W. Ellacombe).

4. Iza multifasciata sp. nov.

Fo7-em'?iffS : creamy white, crossed throughout by numerous pale ochreons
fasciae, running obliquely, parallel to hiudmargin, all becoming darker and more
definite below the median vein, those beyond the middle between vein 4 and the
submedian fold shading into grey and forming an irregular triangular blotch ; costal
and submarginal areas ])aler than the rest of the wing ; marginal area more
ochraceous and with slight ferruginous speckles : fringe ochreons.

lUndivings: with six more defined dark fasciae, leaving more distinct whitish
fasciae between them ; apex of both wings slenderly pale before fringes.

Underside the same, the dark markings more mixed with grey. Head, ])alpi,
and shoulders brown ; thorax and abdomen mixed ochreons and white.

E.xpanse of wings : 24 mm.

( 119 )

One c? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low conntry, Dec. 189G (Roi9enberg).
The antennae are short, thick, and lamellate ; the insect bears a slight
resemblance saperficially to a large Addaea striola Feld.

5. Iza rosenbergi sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreons, the costal area above subcostal vein and the whole of
the wing below the median vein and vein 4 snffused with rosy grey, which to a
great extent hides the markings ; the cell area only remaining ochreous with bright
fulvous reticulations. A fulvous patch at base ; a fulvous fascia at one-third, 'angled
in cell, a smaller one in middle, and a broad one before apex, curved outwards
below costa, then running to anal angle, where it is lost in a dull dark cloud ; the
apical area beyond it pale ochreous with grey streaks ; fringe pale ochreous, becoming
darker round anal angle.

Hiiuhoings : ochreous suffused with rosy fulvous, the base and a central curved
fascia darker ; submarginal fascia, as in forewings, cutting off a pale apical space to
middle of margin, then marginal.

Underside ochreous with ferruginous spots and reticulations, the outer fascia
iu forewings, and the outer and central in hiudwings alone distinct ; forewings with
brown cell-spot. Face and palpi dark brown ; collar golden ferruginous ; thorax
and abdomen ochreous much mixed with brown.

Expanse of wings : 38 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, May 1S97, dry season, 3500 ft. (Rosenberg).

Forewings with costa straight, but shouldered at base ; apex rectangular,
blunt ; hindmargin in upper half nearly vertical, then strongly curved. Hiudwings
with anal angle rounded off ; apical angle bluntly rounded ; hindmargin evenly
curved ; palpi smooth, long, porrect, third joint as long as second.

Named in honour of the collector.

6. Iza rufigrisea sp. nov.

Forewings : dull brick-red, crossed by dense crinkled purplish grey lines, which
leave only the costal area before and beyond the middle and a space below the end
of cell, of the ground-colour ; the grey lines, which are thickest near base, beyond
cell, and along the hindmargin, embrace between them rows of pale annuli between
the veins ; these annuli are all more or less suffused with grey, but are sometimes
tinged with reddish ; at the base of veins 4, .5, and G, 7 are two darker spots ;
costa marked with pairs of grey lines ; fringe grey tinged with rufous.

Hindwings: with the coloration reversed, the area about anal angle being dull
red, and the costal and apical areas overrun with the grey lines.

Underside similar, but clearer; the annuli paler. Head (worn), rufous grey;
thorax and patagia dark jjurple-grey ; abdomen wanting ; palpi long, upcurved,
second joint purple-grey, terminal joint rufous.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

One c? from Palma Sola, Venezuela.

Stenocopsis geu. nov.
Agrees in structure and ueuration with Mathoris Wlk., veins 9, lu of forewings
being stalked, but ditfers entirely in shajje of wings. These, instead of being broad,
with rounded, even margins, are narrow and elongated.

( 120 )

Forewings : with costa straight, becoming convex jnst before apex, which is
slight!)- prodnced ; liiudmargin obliijue and sintions.

Jlindiciiigs : with apes acntely prodnced, hindmargin distinctly concave from
apex to vein 2, thence straight to anal angle ; inner margin short. Palpi short,
porrect ; antennae thick.

Type : Stenocopsis albiapicata sp. nov.

7. Stenocopsis albiapicata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous bone-colour, slightly black-speckled, with the markings
dull fulvous : costal area and inner margin below snbmedian vein dull fulvous ;
a narrow baud at one-fourth, a second before middle, a broader oblique funnel-
shaped mark beyond middle, and a narrow sinuous submarginal band all fiilvons ;
a small oval white spot at apex with a minute black dot in the middle ; from the
outside of this spot a fine black line runs before the margin, the extreme hindmargin
being left pale ; marginal line itself blackish and thick, interrupted above anal
angle be3'0nd a paler blotch ; fringe ochreous, broadly chequered with black beyond
the vein ends, but wholly ochreous above anal angle.

Ilindwings : partially suffused with dark grey ; with traces of three i)arallel
diffuse bands, one near base, of black scales, a sinuous brownish one in middle, and
a finer more obscure submarginal shade ; marginal line thick, black from apex to
vein 2 ; fringe as in forewings to vein 2, thence to anal angle wholly ochreous.

Underside the same, the markings rather plainer. Head, thorax, and abdomen
ochreous.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

One ? from Caicara, Orinoco, April 1898 (Cherrie).

8. Striglina nifitibia.

Orthogramma riijitihki Feld Reise Nov. PI. 117, fig. 2.
Strigli)ia rujitibia Guen. Ann. S. E. Fr. 1877, p. 286.
„ „ Pag. Iris. V. 1892, p. 43.

A c? from Ourem, near Para, dated February 2nd, 1894, evidently belongs to
this species, of which a fuller description than Guen^e's is here appended.

Forewings : greenish ochreous, with numerous curved rufous strigae ; traces
of an inner line oblique from one-fourth of inner margin ; cell-spot formed of a few
white scales surrounded with rufous ; the oblique outer line aj)pears to be angled
below costa, the whole marginal sjiace beyond being darker rufous ; fringe rather
deeper.

Hindwings : with a broad straight rnfous shade before middle, followed by a
series of irregularly crenulate and interrupted rufous lines ; the whole wing paler,
like the basal part of forewings.

Underside of forewings deep reddish fulvous with darker striae, of hindwings
dull orange with lines of rufous striae. Face, ujjper surface of palpi, and vertex
dark brown ; thorax and abdomen like wings ; lateral edge of shoulders, underside
of i^alpi, and legs vermilion ; the forelegs externally dark fuscous. Antennae
(of cJ) subserrate and strongly ciliated.

The ?, of which I have seen an example from British Guiana, is much larger
(.56 mm.) and redder, with the markings and cell-spots better defined.

( 121 )

9. Zeuzerodes argentistriata sp. nov.

Foreivings : pale wood-colonr, slightly reddish tinged ; costa and hindmargia
paler, passing into ochreons ; these latter areas with coarse black atoms ; the daller
redder portion with obscnre and irregnlar blackish striae ; the dark markings
forming an oblique cloud from be3-ond middle of inner margin to beyond cell ; an
apical spot with black centre ; fringe with basal half darker than apical half, which
is chequered with black scales.

Hindwings : with the reticulations and markings much blacker, forming a
central blackish baud angled externally ; apical area dark ; a slight rufous streak
along hindmargin between the middle and anal lobes.

Underside of forewings with the subcostal and submedian areas dull reddish ;
the costal and hiudmargins ochreons, all alike speckled with black, the ajncal
spot whitish ; all the veins beyond cell finely marked with silvery scales ; hindwings
as above. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face below pale ochreons with a
black bar in middle ; shoulders and front of thorax brown-black ; anal segments of
abdomen with brown-black dorsal and lateral lines.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Ciadad Bolivar, Venezuela, November 1898 (S. Klages).

The hindwings in this ? may be called three-lobed : the apex forming a blunt
prominence, the hindmargin below middle being produced into a broad almost
angular tooth, and the inner margin which is quite short forming a smaller lobe ;
the hindmargin between the middle projection and apex being concave and crenulate.

Whether these ? ? of Zeuzerodes with more or less sinuous hindwings have in
all cases c?<? with straight hiudmargins does not seem as yet by any means certain.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1897, p. 631, a figure with the
venation of Meskea dijsjjteraria Grote is given by Sir G. Hampson ; from this it is
evident that my suggestion in Nov. Zool. IV., p. 410, as regards the identity of
Pagenstecher's genus Zeuzerodes aud Grote's Meskea, was wrong, and the two
genera must be kept separate.

Family EPIPLEMIDAE.
Antiplecta gen. nov.

Forewings : shaped as in Dirades Wlk.

Hindivings : with hindmargin bluntly bent at veins 0 and 7, without any
tooth ; the costa strongly convex, without emargination or tufts of hair.

Palpi shortly jsorrect, jiointed. Antennae flattened, lamellate.

JSeuration : forewings much as in Dirades ; but vein 11 anastomoses with 12 ;
veins 6 and 7 are short-stalked, and 5 rises nearly from centre of discocellnlar.
In hindwings the costal is strongly curved away from subcostal from base, 0 and 7
from top angle of cell ; the median and all its branches hidden beneath the fold ;
the wing is folded over beneath with a tuft of hair on the under surface.

Type : Antiplecta jnisilla sp. nov.

10. Antiplecta pusilla sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish brown ; the costa darker ; basal two-thirds, as far as outer
line, darker than marginal area beyond ; outer line strongly outcnrved above middle,
incurved to vem 2, then vertical to inner margin ; inner line very obscure, at

( l-'2 )

one-third, bluntly inangnlated in midwing ; a row of small black snbmarginal dots
between the veins ; fringe glossy, beyond a brown marginal line.

Ilinclwings : with onter line ferrngiuons, enrved from middle of costa to the
the margin of fold, three-fourths from base, and there much dilated ; the fold grey,
with a black spot at one-third from base ; a brown marginal line with a black dot
at end of vein 4.

Underside speckled, cinereous ; the tuft in fold blackish. Thorax and abdomen
like wings ; vertex white ; face and palpi brown-black.

Expanse of wings : 10 mm.

One <S from Dominica, June 1S97.

Coeluromima gen. nov.

Like Coelura Warr., but distingnished by the antennae. In Coelura these are
uniserrate in both sexes. In the present genus the antennae of the ? arc simple,
those of the c? shortly bipectinated.

Type : C. subfasciata sp. nov.

11. Coeluromima subfasciata sp. nov.

Foreicings : ochreous grey, striated and in parts washed with leaden grey
and ochreous ; two dark brown oblique lines from inner margin at one-fourth and
two-thirds, the former edged inwardly, the latter outwardly with pale, the one
running to the difluse cell-spot and there angled and retracted obscurely to costa,
the other acutely angled shortly before apes ; costa obscurely spotted with blackish ;
a narrow blackish streak along hindmargin ; fringe dark grey.

Tlindwinys : with faint antemedian and more distinct postmedian dark line,
the latter followed by a dark band ; area round anal angle with blackish streaks.

Underside ochreous whitish, unspeckled, except towards hindmargin, which is
marked with black strigae ; a broad snbmarginal blackish fascia, often irregular.
Face and palpi dark brown ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings :^ 30 mm.

One ?, one 6 from Chimbo, Ecuador, 1000 ft., August 1897 (Rosenberg).

The S is much more clouded with grey than the ? , but this is probably not
always the case.

12. Dirades infans sp. nov.

Forewings : lilac-grey, dusted with darker ; central fascia darker, tinged with
brownish, and edged by thick dark brown lines ; first well curved at one-third ;
second from three-fourths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, oblique outwards
to vein 6, then vertical to below vein 4, then incurved to submedian fold and again
oblique outwards to margin ; this eelge is slightly creuulate, and margined by a
tine pale lino ; marginal area with a dark cloud at costa and a more conspicuous
one at anal angle ; a snbmarginal row of minute dark dots ; fringe brownish grey ;
veins across central fascia partially pale.

Hindioings : similar, both the lines curved : marginal area silvery grey, with
a brown line before fringe, containing a black spot witli a whitish dash before
lower tooth.

Underside brownish grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey ; the abdomen
with a dark patch on dorsum in middle and a d.irk band before anal segment.

( 123 )

Expanse of wings : 1 3 mm.

One ? from Newcastle, Jamaica, September 1893.

Inner margin of forewings sinuate, convex in basal, concave in outer half ;
hindwings with a distinct tooth at vein 4, and slighter ones at G and 7. In
forewings vein 11 anastomoses with 12.

13. Epiplema nifula sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish brown or rnfous brown, irregularly speckled with darker ;
two diffnse dark brown lines, limiting a central fascia, which is deeper colonred
than the rest of the wing ; the first from one-third of costa to one-third of inner
margin, inbent on the median vein, the second from two-thirds of costa to middle
of inner margin, somewhat bent outwards on median vein ; traces of a snbmarginal
line, forming two dark brown spots beyond cell.

Hindwings : with an indistinct dark brown central fascia, edged by darker lines.

Underside rufous ochreous, without markings. Head, thorax, and abdomen
concolorous with wings ; face and palpi brown-black.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

Two ? ¥ from Paramba, Ecuador, January to May 1897.

Forewings falcate, the apex acute ; a blnntly rounded projection bej-ond vein 3,
below which the hiudmargin is straight and oblique, above it concave. Hindwings
with slight blunt tooth at vein 4, and a more acute one at vein 7.

Neither of the two examples is in perfect condition ; there appears to be
a dark basal patch on the forewings, edged by a deep brown line.

14. Leuconotha subfumida sp. nov.

Forewings : smoky white, with the costa and all the veins brown ; fringe
whitish.

Him/wings : the same, but the veins hardly marked ; costal area whiter.

Underside similar ; the hindwings paler.

Thorax and abdomen like wings ; face and vertex white ; collar yellow.

Expanse of wings : 24 mm.

One c? from Palma Sola, Venezuela.

15. Psamathia subangulata sp. nov.

Differs from P. placidaria Wlk., in having the hindmargin of forewings with
a very distinct angle at vein 4, and the apex acutely produced and shortly subfalcate,
instead of, as in typical Psamathia, having the margin straight from apex to
anal angle.

Forewings : uniform pale lilac-grey, thickly rippled with brown-black, especially
towards the hindmargin ; a small coal-black sjjot at middle of base ; first line at
one-third, angled and with a dark brown spot a* the subcostal vein, then nearly
straight and very slender to inner margin at one-third ; second at two-thirds,
oblique and slightly sinuous outwards to vein 4, then strongly incurved and vertical
to inner margin beyond two-thirds, geminated in its lower half ; a dark blotch
towards hiudmargin between veins G and 7.

Hindwings : with an acutely angled outer line, dark brown and double from
costa to the angle, slender and indistinct below ; a thick brown marginal shade from
apex to the tooth, which contains a large chocolate-brown spot.

( 124 )

Uuderside paler, witliont speckling. Vertex, thorax and abdomen coueolorons ;
face, palpi, and antennal pectinations dark brown ; fringes worn.
Expanse of wings : 30 rum.
One iS from St. Vincent, March 18i»: (Dr. P. Reudall).

1>>. Syngria(?) cinerea sp. uov.

Foreirinz/s : dark ashy trrey, with dense black speckling : traces of diflfnse black
shades near base, before middle, and at two-thirds, this last more distinct, angled
outwards in middle, then concave to near before anal angle ; costa marked with
narrow black spots ; veins towards hindmargin finely paler ; fringe brownish grey.

Ilindwinfis : with some black scales near base, and diffuse central and snb-
marginal shades : inner marginal area paler grey ; the veins pale ochreoas ; fringe
brownish, beyond a pale marginal line, which towards anal angle is preceded by
black marginal dots.

Uuderside dnll brownish cinereous, faintly mottled with darker ; forewings
with a snbmargiual, hindwings with a submarginal and marginal obscurely marked
darker fascia. Head, thorax, and abdomen cinereous : face and palpi brown.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

One ? from Palma Sola, Venezuela.

Family GEoMETlillJAE.
Subfamily OENOC'HROMINAE.

IT. Leptoctenista subrufa sp. uov.

Foretoings : olive-brown with a reddish tinge, thickly strigalated with darker ;
the extreme hindmargin simply rnfins ; an obscure dark cell-spot, and two dark
costal marks, one at three-fonrths, the other shortly before apex, the latter indicating
the beginning of an obscure dark dentate snbmargiual line, which on the veins below
the costa is followed by three or four pearly grey wedge-shaped streaks ; fringe
rufous.

Ilindivincjs : with the outer half darker ; traces of a curved central paler line,
marked with black dashes on the veins, and a fainter .submarginal line ; costal
area pink.

Underside uniform coppery red, with dark cell-spots, that in the hindwings
larger and more conspicuous. Face, palpi, antennae, and vertex deep red ; thorax
and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

Two ? ? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low cnuntry, January 189" (Rosenberg).

Subfamily MECOC 'ERATIXAE.
18. Hyphedyle albimacula sp. nov.

Foretoings : rufons grey in the basal half, becoming altogether deep dull red in
the outer third of the wing ; the costal area olive-ochreous with darker striatious ;
a faint dark cell-spot ; beyond it a large tadpole-shaped snow-white blotch, the tail
pointing towards the costa ; fringe dull red.

Ilinrlwhigs : with the marginal area more narrowly red, the fringe paler.

Underside redder ; inner marginal area of forewings pale and lilurred ; some

( 125 )

pearly grey scales in the red before the hiadmargiu ; hindwiugs more mottled,
the inner as well as the enter margin with grey scales. Head, thorax, and
abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings : 36 mm.

One S from Paramba, Ecuador, April 1897, dry season : 3500' (Rosenberg).

Much like rubedinaria Wlk., but distinguished by the white blotch.

None of the veins of forewiugs are distorted.

Subfamily CYLLOPODINAE.

19. Atyria? mamillifera sp. nov.

Foreivings : shaped as in ^1. isis, and with the band abbreviated as in the
aberration ops Druce ; but the costal projection mamillate, and rounded below
vein 3, instead of being diffusely pointed.

Hindioings : with the black border not narrowed, as in ops, but of equal width
with typical isis.

Underside the same. Head and abdomen as in isis.

Expanse of wings : 41 mm.

One ? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, January ls07 (Rosenberg).

20. Cyllopoda attenuata sp. nov.

Like C. claudicula Dalm. and dichroa Perty, but very much smaller ; the
oblique yellow fascia much narrower and with straighter edges. In the hind-
wings the black streak that separates the two yellow portions is narrowed and
wedge-shaped towards the hindmargin which it sometimes does not reach.

Expanse of wiugs : 26-28 mm.

Two 4 S from Sao Paulo.

21. Cyllopoda nanipennis sp. nov.

Foreicim/s: dark brown-black, slightly powdered with paler scales ; an
elongated semi-oval yellow blotch from base to near anal angle, lying between the
submedian vein and the median ; a narrow oval blotch from below costa at three-
fifths to before hindmargin above the anal angle, vein 3 marked across it with black
scales which are thickened basewards.

Ilindivings : with a small curved yellow blotch towards apex, and a narrower
dark-sufiused one above anal angle.

Underside the same ; the forewings browner, the hindwings shot with bine.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; top of face with a yellow bar : pectus, legs,
and undersurface of abdomen yellowish, with some fuscous scales intermixed.

Expanse of wiugs : 30 mm.

One 4 from Rio C'achiaco, and another from Sarayaco.

Distinguished from C. matutina Wlk., which it most resembles, by the small
size of the hindwings ; the pectinations of the antennae are short.

Cyphopora gen. nov.

Foreivings : with costa curved and towards apex strongly convex : apex and
hindmargin rounded.

Hindicings : with both angles and the hindmargin rounded.

( 12'i )

Antennae of ? !<hortly pectinated ; palpi porrect, reaching well in front of face,
the second joint hairy, the third slender, as long as second ; tongue and frenulnm
present.

Xeuration : forewings, cell three-fifths of wing ; discocellular biangnlated,
vertical above and again shortly below, obliqne between ; median vein bent upwards
towards end ; first median nervnle at five-eighths, second at seven-eighths ; lower
radial from lower angle of discocellular, and therefore not far above third median,
strongly curved at origin ; upper radial straight from upper angle of cell ; 7, 8, '•>,
10, stalked ; 11 anastomosing for some distance with 12 ; hindwings, with 6 and 7
short stalked ; the medians and radial as in forewings ; costal closely ajiproximated
to subcostal near base, but apparently not connected by any bar.

Scaling sparse ; wings semihyaline.

Type C'jphopora ch.ihia sp. nov.

Notwithstanding the anomalous nenration, I shall refer this genus for the
present to the geometrid subfamily C'jllopodinae.

22. Cyphopora dubia sp. nov.

Forewings : hyaline white, with the veins dark grey ; costal area narrowly dark
grey ; hindmargin more broadly grey, the dark area thinning out to a point above
anal angle ; a faint grey cloud from three-fourths of inner margin to vein 2.

Hindwings : with narrower grey hindmargin, ending, as in forewings, before
anal angle.

Underside as above ; the costa of hindwings also greyish ; retinaculum ( ? ), a
small round patch of grey scales. Face, palpi, and legs blackish, speckled with
white : thorax whitish ; vertex, shoulders, and base of patagia yellowish ; abdomen
grey ; anal segment, especially beneath, bright orange.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, April 1897, dry season, 3.300 ft. (Rosenberg).

23. Darna marginata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale yellow, with the base, the costa narrowly, and the hindmargin
broadly black, the latter narrowing off to a point at anal angle.
Hindwings : witli hindmargin black from apex to anal angle.
Underside like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen black.
Expanse of wings : 35-38 mm.
Two ? ? from Cucuta, Venezuela.

Hadesina gen. nov.

Forewings : costa nearly straight ; apex blunt ; hindmargin obliquely curved.

Hindwings : with both angles and hindmargin rounded.

Antennae (?) shortly pectinated ; palpi?

^'euratiOH : forewings, cell only one-third of wing ; discocellular obli(pie ; first
median nervnle close before end of cell, second and third stalked ; radials near
together from centre of discocellular ; 10, 7, 8, 0, stalked ; 11 free ; hindwings, cell
below reaching beyond half of wing ; discocellular twice bent, elongate ; first median
at three-fourths, second and third stalked ; radial from lower angle of discocellular :
6 and 7 long stalked ; costal well separated from subcostal.

Wings hyaline.

Type Hadesina lindiaria sp. nov.

( 127 )

24. Hadesiua limbaria sp. uov.

Forewings : hyaline, with the veins black ; costal, hind, and inner margins
black ; a small black blotch at one-third of costa embracing the discal sisot ; a Inroad
black oblique band from two-thirds of costa to hindmargin above anal angle.

Ilimlwinys : with costal and hindmargins black ; the veins black ; a blackish
clond towards base along snbmedian fold.

Underside like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen all black.

E.xpanse of wings : .39 mm.

Two ? ? from Chimbo, Ecuador, 1000 ft., August 1897 (Rosenberg).

Macroueiu'odes gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa slightly curved throughout ; apex blunt ; hindmargin
curved.

Iliiidwings : with apes rounded ; hindmargin slightly bent at veins 3 and 1 b ;
the true iunermargin short.

Antennae of S pectinated for four-fifths ; palpi laxly haired, upcurved in front
of face; tongue and frenulum well-developed ; hindtibiae with 2 jjairs of short
stout spurs.

Neuration : forewings ; cell reduced, about one-sixth of wing ; discocellular
concave in middle, shortly oblique above and below ; median vein much thickened
and sinuate, curved downwards beyond cell ; the first median nervule rising just
before middle of wing, second and third separating at two-thirds ; the two radials
from the ends of the concavity of the discocellular, both thickened for nearly one-
third of their length, and forming a strong ridge on the undersurface ; the wing-
membrane beyond cell between the subcostal and median veins bladdery and
distorted ; subcostal vein swollen and sinuate like the median, but curved upwards
beyond cell ; 10, 7, 8, 9, stalked from before upper angle, 7 running near and jiarallel
to the upper radial ; 11 from near base ; submedian fold, approximated to median
vein, and like it thickened and subsiuuate in the basal half.

Ilnxhcings: discocellular with short upper and lower arms, the upper vertical,
the lower oblique, and with the long central portion running parallel to subcostal ;
costal divergent from subcostal ; veins 3, 4, and 6, 7 stalked ; vein 2 at five-sixths.

Type : M. alhimacula sp. uov.

25. Macroneurodes albimacula sp. nov.

Forewings : white in basal half, smoky Ijlack beyond ; costal area above
subcostal vein, exceirt a basal streak, and inner margin below submedian vein,
smoky blackish ; the veins slightly marked with black, the submedian fold strongly
and thickly blackened ; the edge of the apical black portion starts from the costal
streak at two-fifths and runs obliquely towards anal angle, forming a sharp tooth
basewards at the separation of veins 3 and 4 ; in the apical portion is an oblique
elongate white blotch reaching from below costa to vein 4 ; fringe smoky black.

Hindicings : white, with the costa narrowly, the apex and hindmargin broadly,
smoky blackish, the tint apparently running up along the inner margin also ; in the
black border at the apex is a large oval white spot : fringe smoky black ; the veins
finely dark.

( 128 )

Underside the same : face white ; palpi, thorax, aud abdomeu blackish mixed
with white ; shoulders yellow ; le<,'s black and white.
Expanse of wings : 3S mm.
One (J from Bogota, Colombia.

20. Momonipta? semilugens sp. uov.

Forewinqs : dnll smoky black ; at one-third of costa a white fasciaform blotch
begins qnite narrow, widens ont to below the median vein, aud occnpies the second
third of inner margin ; two white oval snbapical spots, separated by vein 7 ; a
faint pale oval space bej-ond cell ; fringe black.

Hindicings : white, with a broad smoky black border from two-thirds of costa
to two-thirds of inner margin, narrowest at the middle of the wing.

Underside similar. Face, legs, and underside of abdomen bluish white ; palpi,
head, thorax, and abdomen smoky black.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

Two (?cJ from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1504 (Garlepp).

27. Phaeochlaena basalis sp. nov.

Forewings : black, towards the base somewhat hyaline ; a pale hyaline streak
from base beneath median vein to just before origin of first median nervule : two
shining white spots beyond the middle, placed obliquely aud nearly touching, the
npper, above the median, twice as large as the lower, which is placed between
veins 2 and 3 ; two slight white dashes on veins 5 and 6 towards hindmargin :
fringe black.

Ilindwings : black, with a hyaline whitish central streak from base to two-
thirds of wing, lying mainly below median vein, but partly extending along the cell.

Underside the same. Face and palpi black above, white at sides ; thorax and
abdomen cinereous ; base of shoulders broadly orange

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One ? from San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

28. Phaeoclilaena nubilosa sp. nov.

Forewings : dnll greyish brown, all the veins finely yellow ; a pale whitish
patch at base of cell, a slighter one beyond cell and a small yellow spot before apex
at the origin of veins 7, &, 0 ; fringe concolorous.

Hindicings : whitish, with a broad hindmarginal black border, scarcely reaching
the anal angle ; costal border narrow.

Underside paler brown ; the veins not yellow : no subapical pale spot in fore-
wings. Face, vertex, and jialpi yellow ; shoulders ochreous aud fuscous ; patagia
orange edged with fuscous ; thorax ochreous ; abdomeu cinereous.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One (? from Chimbo, Ecuador, July l.sl»7, lOnii ft. (Rosenberg).

20. Scaea caesiopicta sp. nov.

Forewings : basal two-thirds orange ; costal edge and inner margin to sub-
median vein deep purple-black ; the veins and folds black ; marginal third blue-
grey, shading into blue-green in certain lights, separated from the orange area by a

( 129 )

sinnons velvety black shade from two-thirds of costa to before anal angle ; fringe
blue-grey.

Hvuhvings : with the inner marginal half greyish bine, the costal half smoky
pnrplish black ; the veins black ; the fringe bine-grey.

Underside like upper, bnt the dark tints all paler ; veins of the yellow area of
forewing not black ; costal edge only finely black ; the dark shade between the
tints diffuse and broad. Head and thorax brownish cinereous ; abdomen bluish
grey ; abdomen beneath and legs brownish grey.

Expanse of wings : .52 mm.

One ? from between R Songo and R. Snapi, Bolivia, llUO m., March to
June (Garlepp).

30. Scaea discinota sp. nov.

Forewings : with basal half orange, the veins and costa narrowly, the inner
margin broadly black ; outer half dark pnrplish grey, with a vertical black bar
limiting the orange half; fringe coucolorous with outer half.

IJi/id/rinffs : with more than the basal half orange ; hindmargin purplish black,
starting from three-fifths of costa, curved outwards and much narrowed to anal
angle, touching a black spot on upper arm of discocellular ; costa very narrowly,
inner margin more broadly black ; veins finely black.

Underside similar ; the veins less broadly black. Head, thorax, and abdomen
black.

Expanse of wings : 48 mm.

One ? from Pedregosa, Merida, 3000 m., October 1897 (Briceno).

31. Tanaostyla conjunctiva sp. nov.

Forewings: hyaline whitish, the veins and folds smoky black; costal area above
the subcostal vein and inner margin below the submedian black ; apex and hind-
margin more broadly black ; an oblique pure white blotch beyond the cell from
below costa to vein 3, its inner edge fairly straight, its outer somewhat rounded and
lobed between the veins ; the median vein, the two lower median uervules, and the
discocellular more thickly black than the other.

Hindwings : similar ; the costal and hindmargins diffusely black.

Underside like upper. Head, thorax, and abdomen smoky cinereous ; abdomen
below whitish.

Expanse of wings : <S 37 mm. ; ? 47 mm.

One c?, one ? , from Bogota.

Differs from typical Tanaosti/la in having in both sexes veins 6 and 7 of hind-
wings coincident throughout, not stalked and furcate.

32. Tithraustes impleta sp. nov.

Forewings : smoky hyaline ; all the veins thickly and coarsely black ; costal
and inner margins black, above the subcostal and below the submedian veins
respectively ; ajjical third black, containing in it beyond cell a flattened oval pure
white blotch ; the space immediately beyond cell between veins 6 and 7 and the
marginal end of that between veins 2 and 3 is also clothed with white scales.

Hindwings : with veins black ; the costal, hind, and inner margins black ;

( 130 )

marginal ends of spaces above and below vein 5 whitish ; the fork between veins
3 and 4 on both wings is filled np with black scales.

Underside like upper. Face and palpi black; cheeks white; thorax and abdomen
cinereous ; an orange spot on side of each shoulder in front ; abdomen beneath pale.

Expanse of wings : 4U mm.

One ? from Colombia.

33. Tithraustes moerens sp. uov. and ab. coudensata uov.

Foj-eivings : smoky blackish, the basal area semihyaline, with the veins black ;
a large irregularl)- oblong white blotch beyond cell, and a smaller round one at anal
angle ; two small white spots before hindmargin beyond cell.

Hindwings : with the hindmargin broadly black ; the veins black ; a white
blotch beyond cell, with a fainter one below it.

Underside similar ; the hindwings with a whitish streak on submedian fold and
at base of cell. Face whitish, with the centre vertically grey ; palpi externally
blackish ; thorax and abdomen blackish ; base of patagia yellow ; underside of
abdomen white.

Expanse of wiug.s : c? 35 mm. ; ? 37 mm.

One (?, one ?, from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, Jan. 7th, 1S97 (Rosenberg)
Three <? J, two ? ? from Paramba, dated Blay 1SU7, dry season, are much more
suffused with smoky, all the white blotches being reduced in size ; to this aberration
the name condensata may by given.

34. Tithraustes picata sp. nov. and ab. intersecta nov.

c? Foretvings : white ; costal, inner, and hindmargins narrowly blackish : an
oblique blackish streak from middle of costa, including the discoeellnlar, along vein
3 to the hindmargin above aual angle ; vein 2 thickened towards the margin and
connected with 3 by a transverse streak ; apical area black, with two, sometimes
three, oval white spots ; the veins and folds often black.

Ilindwinqs : with costal and hindmargins black and all the veins black.

Underside duller. Face, palpi, and vertex white ; thorax blackish ; base of
patagia yellow ; abdomen blackish above, white beneath.

? with the white spaces purplish hyaline, the large postmedian blotch alone
whiter and larger ; the two apical spots much reduced.

Expanse of wings : 30-35 mm.

Many of both sexes from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, January 1897
(Rosenberg), also one S from above Chimbo, August 1807 (Rosenberg).

ab. intersecta uov. One ? has the large white blotch much reduced, the black
from the apical area encroaching upon it, and the veins across it blackish, so that it
forms a narrow quadrilobate fascia ; the two apical spots, on the contrary, are as
large and as white as in the tj 6-

Subfamily DYSPHANIINAE.
Xanthoxena gen. uov.
Foretvinqs: with costa uniformly curved; apex rounded: hindmargin strongly
curved, more oblique below; aual angle distinct.

Ilindivings : with hindmargin well-rounded and faintly protuberant in middle;
anal ansrle rectangular.

( 131 )

Antennae ( ? ) well pectinated; palpi slender, short, porrect; frenulum apparently
absent.

Neuration : forewings ; cell not half as long as wing ; discocellular oblique ;
first median nervnle at two-thirds, second and third stalked; lower radial from near
the top end of discocellular; upper radial stalked with the 5 subcostals; 11 anasto-
mosing for a considerable distance with 12 ; hindwiugs with costal only shortly
approximated to subcostal; 3, 4, and 0, 7, stalked; radial from near top end of
discocellular.

Type: Xanthoxena imitans sp. nov.

The type species, except that the wings are shorter and broader, strongly
resembles those of the genus Smieropus in the Cijllopodinae. But, coloration apart,
there really seems to be no affinity between them. I cannot detect any trace of
a bar between costal and subcostal of hindwiugs, nor of a frenulum; and as the
neuration is identical with that of the subfamilies Dysphaniinae and Geometrinae, I
see nothing for it but to refer it to the former, incongruous as its position may
appear. The pectination of the ¥ antennae in these subfamilies is nothing unusual.
It may be placed next the Papuan genus D>jsschema, Warr., with which in fact it
has several points in common.

35. Xanthoxena imitans sp. nov.

Foreioings : bright yellow; fringe and hindmargin black, more broadly at apex;
costa diffusely black, the black narrowing at base and l)eyond middle.

Ilind/ciiujs : bright yellow, with black margin from before apex, where it starts
narrow, to anal angle, where it is broadest.

Underside the same. Head, thorax, and abdomen all yellow; antennae and
tips of jialpi black; body beneath and legs yellow; the tarsi fuscous grey.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

Two ? ? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low countr}-, January 1897 (Rosenberg).

; Subfamily GEOMETEINAE.
30. Aplodes pallida sp. nov.

Forewings: jjale A-ellowish green, without any markings; costa white, tinged
with red at base.

Hindwings : paler; fringes of both wings concolorous.

Underside similar. Face and palpi ochreous green; thorax and abdomen
green; vertex and shaft of antennae white.

Expanse of wings : 14 mm.

One cJ from the island of Bonaire, July 1892 (E. Hartertj.

37. Auophylla ambusta sp. nov.

Forewings: deep green; costal area above subcostal vein yellowish ochreous,
speckled with brown; a pale ochreous unspeckled cell-spot touching it just before
the middle, which reaches only half across the cell; marginal area yellowish ochreous,
filled with brown striae, which in places are confluent; the inner edge of this
marginal border is sinuous, forming two outward curves, one l)Ctwcen veins G and
7, the other between veins 2 and 4: the edge itself is ochreous, unspeckled; a small
brown blotch before apex; fringe dark brown.

( 132 )

lliiul icings: without eell-mavk; the marginal border starts from two-thirds of
costa and forms a sinns between veins 2 and 4, and another on submedian fold,
rnnuino- m inner margin for one-fourth; a brown-black sliade runs from apex to
ana] an<'le, strongly marked at apex; brown striae as in forewings; fringe brown.

Underside vellow-green; costa of forewings tinged with reddish; a black-brown
marginal streak from anal angle towards apex; a black-browii apical spot on
hindwincs. Head, thorax, and abdomen greenish; abdomen with black-brown crests.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One <S from Palma Sola, Venezuela, 1890 (Whyman) ; near to A. sarptaria
Moeschl., bnt that has yellow fringes.

38. Auophylla invasata al). pernipta uov.

Differs from the type form in the lower portion of the pale marginal border of
forewiug being much narrower, the green of the central area reaching to two-thirds
of inner margin and becoming confluent with the apical area, the pale streak from
the costa reaching only as far as the median vein. All else as in the type.

Three ? ? from Palma Sola, Venezuela, where also the type form occurs.

It may be noticed that this species does not agree with the type of the genus
in neuration, 6, 7, 8,0, 10, 11 being all stalked together, 11 anastomosing, some-
times more strongly than at others, with 12, and lU rising after 7; veins 3 and 4
are short-stalked in both wings.

Dichorda gen. nov.

Foreivings: broad; costa slightly curved; hindmargin curved, more obliquely
below.

Hindwings : broad; hindmargin rounded; innermargin long; anal angle sijnare.

Antennae of 6 with delicate pectinations to three-fourths: i)alpi porrect, rough-
haired, terminal joint short; frenuhun extremely fine.

Neuration : forewings, cell less than half the length of wing; discocellular
concave, more oblique below; first median nervule at three-fourths, second shortly
before third; lower radial from above middle of discocellular, upper from the
deflexed end of cell; 7, lii, S, 0, stalked from close before end; 11 anastomosing with
12; hindwings, costal apjjroximated to subcostal near base only; G and 7 hardly
stalked; medians as in forewings.

Type: Dichorda iridaria Guen. {Geometra).

39. Dichorda allineata sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish green, with two whitish lines, the first very fine and
indistinct, slightly waved, at one-third, the second, faintly curved, from apes to two-
thirds of inner margin; cell-spot small but distinct, black; fringe concolorons.

Hindwings : with a straight white median line and black cell-spot.

Underside mealy whitish green, with the cell-spots black. Thorax and abdomen
green; vertex white; antennae ochreous; face whitish green; palpi speckled with
fuscous.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One cJ from Pabna Sola, Venezuela.

( 133 )

Forewings with costa curved; apex slightly produced; hindmargin faintly
sinuons; hindwings triangular with inncrmargin very long; hindmargin nearly
straight till towards anal angle, then curved; scaling fine; the scales pale with
dark tips, arranged so that they form numerous pale and dark green transverse
wrinkled lines.

Dnicia gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa slightly curved; apex produced; hindmargin oblique,
hardly curved, slightly indented above anal angle which is well-marked.

Hindwings : with ajiex rounded and anal angle rectangular; a decided tooth
at vein 4, the hindmargin sinuate above, straight below to anal angle.

Antennae pectinated in both sexes; palpi porrect, the terminal joint slender,
much longer in ? than in i; tongue and frenulum present; abdomen with tufts of
red scales.

Neuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing ; discocellnlar vertical above,
strongly concave below; first median at two-thirds, second close to third; lower
radial from the bend in discocellnlar, upper from top angle of cell; veins 10, 7, 8, 9,
stalked from the angle; 11 free, osculating or anastomosing with 12; hindwings,
discocellnlar with lower half oblique; veins 0, 7, and 3, 4 stalked.

Type : Drucia delpkinata sp. nov.

Rackeospila asmura Druce also belongs here.

The genus agrees both in structure and shape of wings with Progonodes Warr.,
but the scaling and markings are quite dissimilar.

40. Drucia delphinata sp. nov.

Forewings : green ; the costa pale ochreous with brown freckles ; cell-spot
black; a horseshoe-shaped mark on hindmargin from apex to vein 4, cream-colonr
washed with flesh pink, edged with red-brown, with red-brown specks in it, and with
a faint shade across middle; a similar smaller blotch before anal angle, narrowed to
hindmargin ; marginal line red-brown, darker brown and forming triangles beyond
the subapical blotch; fringe cream-colour chequered with pink.

Hindwings : with a large oblong blotch at apex reaching to the tooth at
middle; a square blotch at anal angle, narrowing above at middle of inner margin,
then swelling into a semi-oval shape to near base; no cell-spot.

Underside pale sea-green, with the blotches showing dull white. Head, palpi,
and antennae dull red; thorax green; abdomen ochreous, with reddish dorsal crests.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

One c? from Sao Paulo. Allied to D. asmura Druce {Rackeospila) from
Panama.

41. Gelasma hemithearia sp. nov.

Forewings : dull grey-green, or olive-green ; the lines slightly paler, the teeth
marked by whitish points on the veins ; first from one-fourth of costa to one-third
of inner margin, angled outwards in cell and on submedian fold, followed by a
deeper green tinge ; the second from three-fourtiis of costa to three-fourths of inner
margin, incurved beyond cell and on submedian fold, projecting on veins 3 and 4,
preceded by deeper green ; costa ochraceous, with purplish speckles ; cell-spot

10

( 13-1 )

obscure, diffuse, deeper greea ; marginal line iiui-jjlisU, iiitenapted by ])alo spots at
the ends of the veins ; fringe whitish, broadly chequered with purplish grey spots
beyond veins.

Hinclwings : without first line.

Underside greenish white ; the forewings more or less suffused witli ochraceous,
the costa broadly ochraceous ; marginal sjiots purplish ; cell-spots in the ? some-
what rufous tinged. Face and palpi reddish brown above ; vertex white ; thorax
and abdomen greenish ; the abdomen dorsally marked with reddish grey scales.

Expanse of wings : c? 19 mm. ; ? 25 mm.

One c? from Santos ; one ? from Sao Paulo ; the c? yellower green, the ?
greyer. Neuration : forewings, cell less than one-half of wing ; first median close
before end, second and third loug-stalked ; lower radial from above centre of
discocellular ; upper stalked with 7, 8, 9, 10, from upper angle ; 11 close before end,
anastomosing with 12. Hindwings : with 3, 4, and 0, T stalked.

Except for the S antennae, the sjiecies might easily be mistaken for a
Hemitliea.

42. Hydata malina.
Aplodes malina Butler Tr. E. S. 1881, p. 33U. <S.

In a ? from Paramba which answers well to the original description of this
insect, the palpi are very slender and porrect, the third joint twice the length of the
second ; the antennae are laterally flattened with thick close clavate teeth, the shaft
white, the teeth themselves ochreous. The neuration is the same as in suhfenestraria
Wlk. = safisfacta Wlk. — the type of the genus Ilijdata. The chief characteristics
of this genus are the anastomosis of the costal and subcostal of hindwings, exactly
as in the Ih/driomeniiiae and in many African genera of Gcometririae ; veins (5 and 7
are on a very long stalk, separating only a little before the; hindmargin. In the
forewings vein 11 becomes coincident with 12.

43. lodis (?) longipalpis sp. nov.

Forewings : dull sea-green ; the costa ochraceous, marked with purplish flecks ;
the lines marked merely by white dots on the veins ; first at one-third, second at
two-thirds, outcurved be)-ond cell ; cell-spot whitish, obscure ; a dark purplish
marginal line, interrupted by white dots at the end of the veins ; fringe green (?).

Hindwings : similar, bnt without first line, and the cell-spot more conspicuous.

Underside uniform whitish green, in the forewings faintly rosy tinged. Face
and palpi red-brown ; vertex whitish ; thorax and abdomen green.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

One ? from Palma Sola, VenezAiela.

Remarkable for the very long pal])i, even for a ? .

In the absence of a cJ, I have queried the genus. The ? shows no trace of a
frenulum.

Lissochlora gen. nov.

Forewings : triangular ; costa nearly straight, curved before apex ; apex pro-
minent ; hindmargin oblique, but little curved.

Hindwings : kite-shaped, both angles well marked ; hindmargin hardly curved,
with a very faint elbow in middle.

( 135 )

Antennae of S bipectinate, of ? simple ; palpi porrect, long ; second joint
squamose, third as long as second, smooth, spatulate ; tongue and frenulum present.

Neuration : forewings, cell two-fifths of wing ; discocellular oblique below ;
first median at two-thirds, second at nine-tenths ; lower radial from upper two-
thirds, upper from top of discocellular ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 free ; 10 rising close
to origin of8,;0. Hindwiugs with costal approximated to subcostal for a perceptible
distance ; 6 and 7 stalked.

Type : Lissochlorajlavijimbria Warr. {Aplodes).

Aplodes nortia of Drnce probably belongs here.

44. Lissochlora incognita sp. uov.

Forewings : apple-green ; costa white, tinged with red at base ; an outer curved
line at two-thirds, indicated merely by white dashes on the veins ; fringe yellowish,
the basal half deeper than the apical ; a pink spot at the apex of wing.

Hindwings : with a minute dark cell-dot, and some reddish scales at base of
fringe.

Underside more whitish green, the outer line appearing as a dark green shade ;
costa of forewings yellowish. Face pale ochreous, fillet and antennae white; vertex
and thorax green ; abdomeu ochreous.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from the Felder collection, without locality, but almost certainly from
S. America.

45. Microloxia dilucida sp. nov.

Forewitigs : pale green, thinly scaled ; costal edge white ; two oblique white
lines, first from two-fifths of costa to one-third of inner margin, acutely angled on
the subcostal vein ; second from close before apex to four-fifths of inner margin ;
fringe white ; cell-sj)ot absent.

Hindwings : with the two lines and fringe white.

Underside pale green, the lines showing through ; forewings yellowish green
towards costa, the base of which is tinged with reddish. Face green above, whitish
below ; palpi pale, externally tinged with reddish ; fillet and antennae white ; vertex,
thorax, and basal half of abdomen green; terminal half of abdomen whitish.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

One (? from S. Paulo.

As the five species of Microloxia from >S. America at present described bear
considerable superficial resemblance to each other, a tabular arrangement is here
given for their discrimination : —

A. outer line of forewings curved : fringillata Schaus.

B. both lines straight and parallel.

a. face green : dilucida Warr.

b. face reddish.

a', forewing with red apical spot : apicata Warr.
b'. forewing without red apical spot : bistriata Warr.

C. first line oblique outwards : moUissima Uogn.

( 136 )

46. Microloxia apicata sp. no v.

Forewinqs : bright apple-green ; costal streak, two obliqne straight transverse
lines, veins towards hindmargin, and fringe white ; basal half of fringe ivory-white;
a small brownish cell-spot and a brown-red spot at apex in the fringe ; first line
from two-fifths of costa to one-third of inner margin ; outer line near margin.

Ilindicings : with the two lines and fringe white.

Underside shining greenish white, the lines showing through; costal half of
forewings yellowish green ; costal fringe white ; costa at base brown-red ; apical
fringe brown-red. Face and palpi deep bright red ; palpi below and two spots on
lower half of face whitish ; fillet, upper part of face, and antenna; snow-white ;
vertex and thorax green ; abdomen discoloured, probably greenish white.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

One 4 from Nova Friborgo, Brazil.

Closely allied to M. bistriata Warr., from S. Paulo.

47. Oospila concinna sp. nov.

Differs from 0. alhicoma Feld. in the following points : the apical and anal
blotches arc not separate, but united by a pale space along the marginal line ;
the anal blotch does not reach to the lower radial and is more rounded, having no
angular projection towards the apical blotch ; the edges of the blotches and the
striae within them are dull purple. In the hindwings the oval blotch on inner
margin is reduced to a mere shallow streak, and the course of the subcostal vein
is marked by silvery white scales as well as the upper part of the discocellular ; the
hindmargin is somewhat abruptly elbowed at vein 6; thorax purplish grey ; patagia
green with the tips violet.

Expanse of wings : 50 mm.

Nine Si, one ? from Merida, November 1898, April 1899 (Briceno).

48. Oospila congener sp. nov.

Forewings : semi-transparent sea-green, with purple-grey markings : viz. au
oblique cell-patch, and apical and anal blotches ; the apical blotch rises finely from
ajiex and swells out between veins 7 and 4, as in 0. hjalimi, AVarr.

Hindwings : with a sinuous apical blotch and a rounded one at anal angle ; a
purplish grey spot at lower end of cell, and a white raised spot at top of dis-
cocellular ; the fringe in both wings is entirely wanting.

Underside uniform opaline.

Face worn, apparently pale green with purplish scales at top ; palpi and
forelegs whitish, with dark external scales ; vertex and shaft of antennae white ;
antennal pectinations ochrcous ; collar, shoulders, and base of patagia green ; rest
of patagia, thorax, and base of abdomen purple-grey; abdomen green with five
purple-grey metallic dorsal crests; anal tuft pale.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One S from Rio Demcrara, British Guiana, July 1897.

Differs from 0. hyalina in having the markings purple-grey instead of red-
brown ; and from violacea Warr. in the markings of the hindwings.

( 137 )

Racheolopha gen. nov.
In liis genns Racheospila Gnenee included species having white red- edged spots
on the dorsum and those bearing crests of scales. The majority of his species belong
to the first of these groups, and in these the antennae of the ? ? are simple. la
his description of R. aggravaria, made from a ? , he remarks on the pectination
of the antennae, and suggests that it maj' form an exception in the genus. The
abdomen of this species he makes to have three white crests. Of the only other
species described by him as possessing crests, Micctdaria, he knew the S only ;
the ? has, like aggravaria, pectinated antennae. For these species I propose the
name Racheolopha, with miccularia as type. The two species described by me
(Nov. ZooL. IV. pp. 430 431) as Racheospila jaspklata (?) and rosipara {S)
having crested abdomens {jaspidata having pectinated antennae as well) should be
transferred to Racheolopha. The cell is shorter than in Racheospila ; veins 3, 4
of forewings are shortly stalked, and the upper radial generally stalked with
10, 7, 8, 9.

49. Racheolopha flavicincta sp. nov.

Forewings : pale green ; tlie costa towards base reddish ochreous ; a small
black cell-spot ; on the hindmargin below, apex extending from above vein 7 to
below vein 4 is a large horseshoe-shaped red-brown blotch edged with yellow ;
marginal line and fringe rufous, the line slightly swollen at anal angle.

Hindwings: with a jjear-shaped apical red-brown blotch extending to vein 4,
and a semi-elliptical one at base of inner margin, both edged with yellow ; cell-spot
and fringe as in forewings.

Underside whitish green with the apical blotches showing through detached
from the margin. Head and antennae red ; thorax green ; abdomen above greenish
speckled with red, with five red crests of hair, the first three also with metallic
scales.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Palma Sola, Venezuela.

Antennae of ¥ pectinated ; hindmargin of hindwings bent at veins 4 and G,
straight between.

50. Racheolopha similiplaga sp. nov.

? Foreivings : apple-green, with a small black cell-spot ; a brown marginal
line, swelling ont into a small brown blotch beyond cell and a larger one at anal
angle, both edged with yellow ; fringe pale, chequered with brown.

Hindwings: with a red-brown semicircnlar blotch at apex and a smaller
triangular one at anal angle ; a red-brown marginal line ; fringe as in forewings ;
cell-spot obsolete.

Underside pale glossy green, with the large brown patches showing through.
Palpi greenish, with apex reddish ; face dull red ; vertex and thorax green ;
abdomen ochreous, vnih. red-brown metallic dorsal crests.

c? with no marginal blotch iu forewings opposite the cell and none in hindwings
at anal angle ; cell-spot of hindwings minute.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One ? from N. Friborgo ; one <? without locality.

In the forewings vein 11 is stalked with 0, 10, 7, 8, 9.

( 138 )

51. Racheospila alboseriata sp. nov.

Forewings : delicate greeu, semi-trausparent ; costa finely white, with a rod
streak beneath it near base; inner and outer lines represented by white dashes on
the veins ; fringe white with a slight red line at base ; cell-spot red-brown.

Iliiidicings : the same.

Underside whitish green ; costal area of forewiugs deeper green ; the costa
itself rather broadly reddish at base. Face red-browu, mixed with white below ;
paljii red-brown above, whitish underneath ; vertex and shaft of antennae snow-
white ; collar red ; shoulders and patagia green ; abdomen ochreous white, tinged
with green, especially towards base ; dorsum with three white red-edged blotches.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

Five examples, including both sexes, from Merida, Venezuela (Briceno).

A more delicate insect than R. albociliaria H. S.

52. Racheospila isolata sp. nov.

Foreu'ings : pale semi-transparent green with a bluish tinge ; costa narrowly
white with a red-brown streak at base ; a small red-brown cell-spot, and rod-brown
marginal line, running round along costa for a short distance, swelling out into a
horseshoe-shaped spot between veins 4 and 5, and into a shallow blotch at anal
angle ; fringe white, chequered witli red-brown ; very faint antemedian and post-
median denticulated white lines.

Ilindwings : similar, with a shallow blotch at apex also.

Underside pale silvery green. Face, palpi, and collar reddish ; vertex and
thorax green ; abdomen ochreous dusted with reddish, with red-edged white dorsal
spots.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

Two ? ? from New Grenada.

The antennae are not pectinated, but serrate. In the forewings the first median
rises at four-fifths, the second and tliird are short-stalked : veins T, 8, 9 rise mnch
further than usual, S and 9 separating quite close to costa.

53. Racheospila parvipuncta sp. uov.

Forewings : very pale green, the costa whitish ; two fine pale lines ; the first
before one-third, bent on the median vein ; the second beyond two-thirds, slightly
curved outwards in upper half, denticulate on the veins; cell-spot minute, ferruginous;
fringe yellowish.

Ilindwings : the same, without first line.

Underside pale whitish green. Vertex and thorax pale green ; abdomen
whiter with slight red dorsal spots ; face and paljii abuve and externally dull red.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

Two ? ? from Kio Demerara, East Coast.

Like R. carbina Druce, from Mexico, but smaller.

54. Racheospila purpureotincta sp. nov.

Forewings : semi-transparent delicate green ; the lines marked by violet dashes
on the veins, the lines themselves faintly darker green, lunulate ; first at one-third,
slightly curved ; second at about two-thirds, excnrved round cell, incurved below

( 139 )

the median and approaching first line on inner margin ; both linos with the costal
and inner marginal spots blurred violet, the intermediate dashes each concisely-
tipped with white ; cell-spot large and blurred, with a deeper violet centre ; costa
at base violet ; a very fine violet marginal line ; fringe white with faint violet dots
beyond veins.

Hindtvings : without first line.

Underside pale green, slightly yellowish tinged ; costa and cell-spot of fore-
wings dull violet. Face and palpi white beneath, brown above ; vertex white ;
thorax and abdomen green, abdomen with snow-white dorsal spots.

Expanse of wings : i 24 mm. ; ? 30 mm.

Two Jc? 1 ? from Palma Sola, Venezuela. Also 1 cJ from Paramba, Ecuador.

55. Racheospila remota sp. nov.

Of the same size and shape as R. dcntilinea Warr., but the fringe yellowish
green, without red basal line or brown flecks ; the exterior white line forther from
the hindmargin, straighter and scarcely crenulate, not denticulate, the inner line
also white ; no trace of olive shading ; the cell-spots of both wings black.

One 6 from Azahar de Carthago, Costa Rica, 5000 to 6000 ft. (Underwood).

56. Racheospila rufiguttata sp. nov.

Foreivings : yellowish green, the costa finely white, tinged at base with red-
brown ; the two lines marked by rather large brownish red sjwts, those on costa,
subcostal vein, and vein 7 forming a small blotch ; cell-spot large, brown-red ;
marginal line finely red, interrupted at the vein-ends ; fringe yellowish white.

Hindwings : without first line of spots.

Underside whitish green, with a yellowish tinge. Face brown, mixed with
white scales in middle ; palpi whitish, brown above, the terminal joint brown ;
vertex and thorax worn ; abdomen ochreous, green-tinged towards base, with three
white, red-edged blotches on dorsum.

Expanse of wings : 37 mm.

One ¥ from Merida, Venezuela (Briceno).

Distinguished from albociliaria H. S. by the wholly pale fringes, not intersected
with red ; larger and coarser than alboseriata Warr., the cell in both wings
decidedly shorter.

57. Racheospila sigillaria Gueu. ab.(?) intensa nov.

Like typical sigillaria, but the vinous-purple line which in-ecedes the marginal
white festoon swollen into a purple shade, which at anal angle of both wings and
towards apex of hindwings becomes a blotch ; the purple streak below the white
costal edge also broader ; the abdomen much more broadly and deeply red, this
colour also embracing the whole of the metathorax, which is usually grocn.

The example described was sent along with a cJ of the ordinary form from
Palma Sola, Venezuela, 1896, and is probably only an aberration. As a rule the ?
does not differ from the cJ.

Neuration: as in R. isolata, but the upper radial is stalked with 10, 7, 8, 9.

( 140 )

58. Rhodochlora discipuncta sp. nov.

Forewings: very pale yellowish green, without any markings, except a bright
red cell-spot ; fringe concolorons.

llindivings : the same.

Underside the same, withont cell-spots ; antennae ochreons, shortly pectinated.
Face and palpi whitish brown ; vertex white ; thorax and abdomen concolorons with
wings.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One S from La Paz, Bolivia, October 1895 (M. Stnart).

59. Tachyphyle undilineata sp. nov.

Foreicings: rather deep green, with nnmerons olive-brown transverse strigae ;
the lines of the same colour ; first at one-fourth, waved, convex outwards above and
below the median ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner
margin, irregularly waved ; cell-spot brown.

Hindwings : as forewings, with one central line waved.

Underside whitish green ; forewing with dark cell-spot.

Face and palpi ochreons (probably faded from green), terminal joint of palpi
fuscous ; vertex and antennae white ; thorax and abdomen green.

Expanse of wings : 37 mm.

One c? from Rio Demerara, British Guiana.

Telotheta gen. nov.

Forewings: triangular; costa nearly straight; apex prominent; hindmargin
obliquely curved ; costa at base with rough hairs.

Hindwings : with apex rounded, and anal angle rectangular ; hindmargin
rounded, with a slight bend at middle.

Antennae of c? pectinated, of ? serrate, pubescent, short ; palpi of J short,
porrect, of ? very long ; second joint sparsely haired above, third slender and smooth,
quite as long as second. Tongue present ; frenulum of c? fine, of ? invisible.

Neiiration : forewings ; cell two-fifths of wing ; discocellular vertical ; first
median nervule at three-fourths, second and third stalked ; vein 5 from upper half
of the discocellular ; veins II, 6, lO, 7, 8, 9, stalked together and rising in the order
given, 6 in the usual jdace of 7, and 7 close to 8 and 9 ; hindwings, with the two
subcostals on a very long stalk, separating shortly before hindmargin ; radial and
medians as in forewings ; scaling and structure generally very delicate.

Type : Telotheta chlorostignm sp. nov.

60. Telotheta chlorostigma sp. nov.

Forewings : green, covered with very fine whitish striations ; cell-spot diffuse,
darker green ; fringe concolorons ; costa yellow.

Hindwings : simOar ; both wings rather darker green along hindmargin.

Underside whitish green ; base of costa of forewings bright rosy. Fare, third
joint of palpi, and forelegs bright red ; antennae and vertex white, the latter tinged
with pale green ; thorax green ; abdomen ochreons green with dorsal and lateral
red lines.

Expanse of wings : 24 mm.

(141 )

One ? from (Jliimho, Ecuador, August 1897, 1000 ft. (Rosenberg) ; one cJ from
Merida, Veneiouela, October 1808 (Briceno).

This insect must be very close to Geome.tra muacipiuictata Dogn. from Loja,
which I have not seen ; but Dognin speaks of the face as " jaune-ochrace," Tlie
peculiar neuration separates it from all other species.

Subfamily STERRHINAE.
01. Anisodes albipupillata sp. nov.

Forewings: dark fawn-colonr, with a slight reddish tinge; the markings
precisely the same as in A. gloharia Guen., ordiiiata Wlk., and mctasjiilata Wlk.,
but the discal spots different, being round and pure white, without a trace of
darker edging.

Ilindwings : with the cell-spot much larger, pure white, with a narrow
dark edging.

Underside rosy with the white spots strongly showing through.

Expanse of wings : 33 mm.

One ? from S. America, without more precise locality.

This is very j^robably the form recorded by Gnen^e as globnri'a rar. A.

It is extremely likely that this and the three species above mentioned are all
four variant local forms of one and the same species, differing, as they do, only in
the character of the cell-spots.

62. Anisodes bipartita sp. nov.

Forewings : grey with a slight flesh-coloured tinge and finely dark-speckled ;
basal line at one-fourth, very indistinct, angled in cell, and marked by dark dots on
veins ; median shade dark grey, oblique, slightly sinuous, and towards costa sub-
dentate, parallel to hindmargin, from two-thirds of costa to beyond middle of inner
margin ; cell-spot ocelloid, indistinct, its centre of the ground colour ; exterior lino
marked by dark vein-dots, at five-sixths ; submarginal very indistinct ; a marginal
row of black dots between the veins, and minute ones at the vein ends ; fringe
concolorous.

Hindwings : like forewings, but with no basal line ; the cell-spot large, round,
blackish, lying in the median shade, which is difi'use.

In both wings the area from base to median shade is paler than the marginal
area, except a narrow band on which lie the dots of the outer line.

Underside rather darker ; the cell-spots of both wings large, round, and black.
Face and palpi .bove dark brown, beneath pinkish ochreous ; vertex and fillet
white ; collar reddish grey ; thorax and abdomen i)aler grey.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One c? from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmann).

The forewings are narrow and elongate, with the hindmargin more oblique ;
hindmargin of both wings subcrenulate, hardly projecting at vein 4.

03. Anisodes conferta sp. nov.
Foreivings : yellow, so thickly covered with rnfous, fuscous and blackish
transverse striae as only to sliow a small yellow si)ace before and behind the black
cell-spot, and a yellow luunlate submarginal line ; the usual three lines thick,

( 1^2 )

parallel to Liiidmargiu, but almost lost in the ilark striae ; small dark marginal
spots between the veins ; base of costa rosy ; fringe rosy.

Ilindwings : with costa broadly rosy, and the whole wing slightly suffused with
the same hue ; five waved and curved dark transverse lines, the antemedian fine, the
median thickest ; the other three indistinctly lunnlate and separated by the pale
yellow ground-colour ; cell-spot black.

Underside bright rosy, with only the marginal and inner areas yellow, the
former traversed by a rosy line. Face and palpi yellow beneath, bright rosy above ;
vertex, collar, and antennae yellow ; thorax and base of abdnmen fuscous ; the
shoulders tinged with rosy ; abdomen yellow with a rosy patch on the anal half.

Expanse of wings : 48 mm.

One c? from Jamaica.

The fringes are quite worn, but appear to have lieen yellow and rosy.

64. Anisodes costinotata sp. nov.

Foreivings : fawn-colour, dusted and tinged with vinous-red, most thickly along
the costa ; the lines reddish tinged, all starting from dark fuscous marks on costa ;
first at one-fourth, curved, marked by spots on veins and a darker spot in cell ;
second at middle, somewhat squarely bent outwards round cell-spot which is vinous
brown and distinct, then incurved to middle of inner margin ; outer line at three-
fourths, oblique to vein 6, concave to vein 4, and denticulate to three-fourths of inner
margin, marked by reddish dots on veins ; snbmarginal line itself indistinct, but
starting from a larger irregular dark blotch on costa ; marginal spots reddish.

Hindicim/s : with an oval white ccll-sijot edged with vinous brown, and
succeeded by an obscure reddish central shade ; a i)Ostmedian curved line marked by
brown-red dots on the veins.

Underside paler ; cell-spots and outer lines marked ; costa of forewings darker,
with all the costal blotches dark. Face and palpi above, and collar reddish fawn-
colour ; face and palpi below, vertex, thorax, and abdomen paler fawn-colour.

Expanse of wings : 34 mm.

One c? from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmann).

Hindmargin of hindwings distinctly dentate, with a deeper excision between
veins 4 and 6.

65. Anisodes ferruginata sp. nov.

Forewings : deep ferruginous-orauge, densely striated with darker ; costa
brown ; the lines diffuse, darker ferruginous deepening into brown ; first at one-
fourth, curved; second, median, including the small round white dark-edged cell-si)ot;
outer line distinctly dentate exteriorly on the veins ; the submargiiial cloudy ; a row
of blackish marginal dots : fringe concolorous.

Ilindwings : similar ; the space between veins 3 and 4 on both wings some-
what darker.

Underside dull reddish ochreons, with the outer lines dull red. Face and palpi
above deep ferruginous, paler below ; vertex and collar still darker ; thorax bright
ferruginous like wings ; abdomen wanting.

Expanse of wings ; 40 mm.

One S from Paramba, Ecuador, April 1897, dry season, 3500 ft. (Rosenberg).

Distinguished from all other species by its coloration.

( 143)

60. Anisodes insigniata sp. nov.

Forewiiigi : yellowish ocbreous, thickly dusted with dark ferrngiuous, more
especially along costa ; the lines all ferruginous ; first from costa at one-fifth, oblique
outwards to median vein and apparently stopping short, its lower half running from
median to inner margin much nearer the base ; a strong thick ferrngiuous straight
line from middle of costa to middle of inner margin, touching the oblitpe linear cell-
mark ; outer liue from costa at two-thirds, oblique outwards to vein 6, then lunulate,
vertical to vein 4, and strongly incurved below to inner margin just beyond middle
line ; submarginal line thick, curved parallel to hiudmargin, interrupted below
middle, and forming two lunulate ferruginous blotches above anal angle ; marginal
space traversed by an acutely zigzag line, the teeth on either side touching sub-
marginal liue and hiudmargin, blotched in middle and at anal angle ; veins all
ferrngiuous ; marginal line ferruginous ; fringe ochreous.

Hindicings : the same, but the cell-spot represented by a large tridentate
ferruginous-edged silvery patch.

Underside simply ochreous, with all the markings restricted. Face and palpi
yellowish ochreous below, ferruginous above ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen yellowish,
speckled with ferruginous.

Expanse of wings : 38 mm.

One ? rom British Guiana.

67. Anisodes lichenea sp. nov.

Form ngs : pale lichen-grey, speckled witli dark atoms, and tinged with olive ;
costa much speckled with fuscous, towards apex whitish, with tliree purple flecks ;
the lines obscure, marked only by vein-dots, and a little darker on costa ; median
shade olive, subdentate ; cell-spot black-edged, with a minute pale centre ; sub-
marginal line pale, preceded and followed by darker-dusted shades, the former, as
usual, slightly greyer below costa, beyond cell, aud above anal angle ; marginal dots
dark pur2)le between the veins ; fringe whitish, with rosy flecks at end of veins.

Hbuhdnys : similar ; outer line of dots plainer, with a larger blotch at inner
margin.

Underside deep dull rosy ; the cell-spots dark ; marginal line red ; fringes
yellowish. Face and palpi browu above, ochreous below ; vertex white ; thorax and
abdomen grey like the wings ; second segment of abdomen with a ring of purple
specks.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One ? from Jamaica.

Inner margin of lundwiugs shorter, anal angle more truncate, as in illinaria
Guen., with which it corresponds generally in shape.

08. Anisodes nigropustulata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, faintly tinged witli darker ochreous or rufous, and with
slight blackish dusting along the costal area ; first line indicated by three rather
large black spots placed in an oblicjue line, that on the subcostal at one-third, that
on the submedian at one-fifth ; preceded by three smaller spots, in a parallel line ;
one near base below median, the second above the subcostal, the third on costa ; a
minute dark spot in cell and on submedian fold beyond the first line ; cell-spot

( l-l-t )

round, black, with grey centre ; followed by a diffuse greyish somewhat denticulate
median shade ; outer "line marked only by small vein-dots ; submarginal line pre-
ceded by six black blotches, a single one beneath costa and on vein 3, a double one
beyond cell and in snbmedian interval, and followed by a darker ochreous shade,
which is blackish beyond cell ; fringe ochreous, with a row of rather large black
spots at base.

Hind icings : similar, but with the inner and outer lines of spots ending on inner

margin in a black blotch.

Underside much paler, tinged with pale rosy ; the cell-spots and those preceding
the submarginal line showing through. Head, thorax, and abdomen all ochreons ;
the palpi externally fuscous.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One (? from Tijuco, BrazU.

Related to A. urcearia Gaeii.

69. Anisodes ocularis sp. nov.

Foreicings : greyish straw-colour, very finely dusted with fuscous grey atoms ;
the lines rather obscure, dark grey tinged with rufous, most distinct towards costa ;
first at nne-fourth, twice slightly curved outwards ; second at two-thirds, denticulate,
starting from a dark costal spot, excurved round cell, then vertical to inner margin
just beyond middle ; third, submarginal, at five-sixths, obliquely curved outwards to
vein 7, vertical to vein 6, curved to vein 4, then oblique and straight to inner margin
before anal angle, marked below middle only by vein-dots ; a double red apical blotch
surronnded by grey scales ; cell-mark a large grey oval, with pale central point ; a
marginal series of small black dots ; fringe concolorous.

Himhrings : with middle and outer line grey, the latter marked throughout by
vein-dots ; cell-mark as in forewings, but with a deep black spot on the upper edge ;
a small dark dot on median vein near base.

Underside very pale straw-colour, with only the outer line and marginal dots
marked ; cell-marks linear, dark grey, that in the forewings with a pale central line.
Face and i)alpi dull reddish ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One S from Palma Sola, Venezuela.

Hind wings with hindmargin distinctly toothed at middle.

70. Anisodes spissata sp. nov.

Forewings : dark ochreous, snfinsed and very finely striated with dull ferruginous ;
the lines also dull ferruginous ; the first curved and inbent on the snbmedian fold,
from one-sixth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin ; median shade thick, from
two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, outwardly toothed on veins 3
and C, and inwardly on vein 2 ; exterior line from three-fourths of costa to inner
margin a little before the anal angle, lunulate, the teeth marked slightly darker on
the veins ; submarginal thicker and interrupted, toothed at veins 5 and 2, the teeth
touching the hindmargin ; dark marginal spots between the veins ; the fringe paler ;
cell-spot linear, ferruginous ; costa ferrnginous.

IJindwings : similar, but the cell-spot oval, brown-edged, with a white centre.

Underside suftnsed with dull rosy, except along inner margins. Head, thorax
aud abdomen concolorous.

( 145 )

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

Two ? ? from Rio Demerara, British Guiana.

Allied to nebuligera Butler and nodigera Butler.

71. Anisodes stramineata sp. no v.

Forewings : pale straw-colour, densely sprinkled witli brick-red andgreyisii olive
atoms ; the lines thickened with a greyish olive tint ; first line at one-fourth, grey-
tinted outwardly, preceded by a slight space free from speckles ; median shade from
just beyond middle of costa to middle of inner margin ; outer line from four-fifths
of costa to four-fifths of inner margin ; both these dentate-lunulate and grey-edged
inwardly, the outer line with the teeth prominently marked with blackish and
followed by a narrow unspeckled space ; a greyish marginal shade containing the
very obscure pale submarginal line ; cell-spot a flattened ring ; marginal dots dark
reddish black ; fringe straw-colour.

Hindioings : the same, but the cell-spot larger, white, with a black edge ;
fringe with small reddish dots beyond the ends of veins as well as the spots
on margin.

Underside duller ; marginal spots and outer line represented on both wings, the
forewings also with cell-spot and median shade, and the costa s^jeckled ; the markings
all dull pinkish grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour ; palpi above rosy ;
face at top brownish.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, 3.500 ft., dry season, April 1897 (Rosenberg).

72. Anisodes subcarnearia sp. nov. and ab. grisea nov.

Forewings : deep flesh-colour, much suff'used and dusted with olive ; all the
lines olive ; the inner and outer marked with the usual series of black vein-dots ;
median shade rather thick, externally snbdentate ; cell-spot round, black-edged, with
grey or whitish centre ; marginal dots black, small ; fringe concolorous.

Hindicitigs : the same ; the cell-spot large and black, with a minute white
centre and ring of white scales round it within the black disc.

Underside deep dull rosy ; the cell-spots blackish, linear ; fringe rosy. Face
dull red-brown ; palpi brighter red ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorous
with wings.

Expanse of wings : 26 to 28 mm.

Two ? ? from Sao Paulo (type) and Maraval ; the latter brighter and paler red,
with less olive suffusion.

A second ? from S. Paulo I shall for the present refer here as ab. grisca. Instead
of being red, it is dull grey, with a slight pink tinge ; cell-spots of both wings round
aud black, with a minute white central speck ; abdomen grey, with a dorsal row of
red dashes ; underside pale whitish, with a rosy flush.

73. Anisodes subpallida sp. nov.

Forewings : pale stone-grey, darker grey along the costa ; inner and outer lines
indicated by small vein-dots ; central shade obscurely darker, slightly curved round
the cell-spot, which is white, somewhat shining, without darker edging ; submarginal
line indistinctly paler, lunnlatc, preceded and followed by a darker shade, that which

( 146 )

precedes it being marked by dull blotches between the veins ; a row of small dark
marginal dots ; fringe concolorons.

Ilindwings : like forewings.

Underside glossv, whitish ; the forewings towards costa slightly flushed ; cell-
spots and onter lines indistinctly expressed. Head, thorax, and abdomen all grey ;
the abdomen tinged with reddish on back ; palpi and forelegs rosy above ; face
rather darker at top.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

A pair from Petropolis, Brazil.

A rather dull and inconspicuous-looking insect.

74. Anisodes tenera sp. uov.

Forewings : pale fawn-colour, with delicate darker strignlae ; the inner and
outer lines marked by vein-dots only, at one-fifth and fonr-fifths respectively ; cell-
spot distinct, blackish, with a minute white speck in centre ; central shade dark
fawn, irregularly dentate externally, the space between it and basal line filled in
with the same colour ; a marginal row of dark spots, but no submarginal line ;
fringe concolorous.

Himhcings : exactly the same.

Underside much paler, almost whitish ; costal region of forewings tinged with
rufous ; the cell-spots large and dark, elongated. Head, thorax, and abdomen all
concolorous.

Expanse of wings : 2(3 mm.

One tS from Corcovado, Rio Janeiro.

The dark suffusion between inner and median line is fainter towards inner
margin of forewings and costal margin of hindwings.

75. Anisodes urcearia ab. diflPusa nov.

In Guenee's type form the transverse lines are fine, and the vein-dots by which
they are marked decidedly darker than the lines themselves ; Guenee, indeed, calls
them black, but they are really a very deep red. In the form before me the whole
surface of both wings is much more densely dusted with red scales than in the usual
paler examples ; the cross lines are much thicker and more ditiuse, and, instead of
the darker vein-dots, the edges of the lines are merely marked with deeper red ; and
similarly the dark blotches below the costa, opposite the cell, and above the anal
angle, which precede the pale submarginal line, as well as the marginal spots, are
in this case deep rosy. The underside of both wings is proportionally more deejily
suffused with red.

One ? from Rio Demerara, British Guiana, of the same size as those of the
type-form from the same and other localities.

Genus ANTEOIS nom. nov.

At page 308 of his Verzeichniss, Hilbuer placed four species under J-Jois,
viz., auroraria, ostrina, russcaria, and politariu ; of these the first, second, and
fourth had been previously figured by him under the head of Gcometm, while the
third had not only been figured but described by him in the Zutrage (p. 27. n. 78
[1818]) as Eois russearia. It follows, I think, that russearia is the type of Eois ;

( 147 )

and that this name mnst supersede Gnenee's Camboyia, at all events for those
species which, like russearia, have antennae in the S not pectinated, but ciliated
only. For those with pectinated antennae the name Camboijin, will stand.

The generic term Eois, therefore, cannot be applied to any group of Stcrrldnae.
The group to which it has hitherto been referred is a large one, and will ultimately
have to be subdivided. 1 am not at present prepared to say whether any or which
of the other generic terms applied to species of the grouj) should be used instead of
Eois ; but as some name must be employed I propose that oi Antcois provisionally
(type of genus : A. muricata Hfn.).

76. Anteois mellea sp. nov.

Forewings : deep yellow ; costa for two-thirds purple-brown ; a slightly marked
pur]ile line near base ; an indistinct sinuous median line ; a distinct sinuous outer
line, followed by an interrupted submarginal line, containing two more strongly
marked spots below middle and another at anal angle ; fringe yellow, not separated
from wing by any line.

Hindwings : the same, without basal line. .

Underside paler. Face, palpi, and thorax purple-brown, glossy ; vertex and
antennae white ; abdomen yellow ringed with red.

Expanse of wings : 15 mm.

Several from Sao Paulo, Brazil.

77. Anteois obliquaria sp. uov.

Forewings : dull whitish, slightly tinged with rufous and dusted with grey
atoms ; the lines grey, all oblicjue and parallel to the very obliixue hiudmargiu ; the
first thick, from before middle of inner margin, the second from the middle, third
and fourth finer, the third snbdenticulate ; all four lines are more or less obliterated
before reaching the costa ; fringe pale grey, with darker base.

Hinihcings : whiter, with traces of four lines, most distinct on inner margin.

Underside like npper. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings : 16 mm.

Five ? ? from Caicara, Orinoco, April 1898 (fjhcrrie).

The costa and hiudmargin of forewings are both straight, the apex acute ; the
insect reminds one of Anteois triangularis Warr. iPtychopoda), but that species has
the wings still more elongate, and grey not whitish in colour, the lines still more
oblique.

78. Anteois sulphuraria sp. nov.

Forewings : very jiale sulphur-yellow, faintly and irregularly sprinkled with
brownish ; the costal area especially marked with brownish scales ; no lines visible ;
fringe yellowish.

Hindwings : with very obscure traces of antemedian and postmedian lines.

Underside glossy, pale yellow, with the costa of forewings broadly rufous.
Face black-brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 15 — 16 mm.

One S, one ?fr6m Chimbo, Ecuador, August 1807 (Rosenberg).

The antennae of the i are subserrate, with very long cnrling cilia. The

( 148 )

hindwings have the hiudmargin strongly excised beyond cell and snbcrennlate to
anal angle ; veins 6, 7, and 3, 4 stalked ; the cell short.

The species bears a striking resemblance to Craspedia ra<sa Warr. described
further on.

Genus: ASELLODES Gnen.

The species of this genns must be referred to the snbfamily Sterrhinae. In
both sexes vein 8 of the hindwings tonches 7 near base and tlicn diverges to the
costal margin. Cell about half as long as wing ; discocellular with a short vertical
upper area, and obliquely curved lower portion ; the lower radial from the angle
at their junction and therefore much nearer G than .4. First median nervulc at
two-thirds, second at eight-ninths ; upper radial from upper angle of cell ; 7, 8, 0
stalked from three-fourths ; 10 and 11 stalked from one-half, 10 anastomosing with
8, 9. In the hindwings of ? veins 6, 7 are stalked, the rest as iu forewings. In
the 6 the subcostal vein is nearly in the middle of the wing ; the two subcostal
nervules stalked and very divergent; the radial runs obliijuely into the excision
before anal angle, and the three median nervules are obscured, the submedian fold
forming a strong furrow on the upper side, projecting and fringed with hairs below.
The hindtibiae and tarsi in the ^J are quite aborted and hidden by dense hairs.
(Guenee must have mistaken the middle tibiae for the hind ones).

Calyptocome gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa nearly straight ; apex prominent, bluntly rounded ;
hindmargin oblique, curved towards anal angle.

Ilitidwintjs : with hiudmargin well rounded, inner margin long ; anal angle
squared.

Antennae of <S with the joints triangular, subserrate beneath, with long
ciliations. Pal])i quite short, not reaching front of face ; hindtibiae of 6 aborted,
without spurs, and with a pencil of hairs ; of ? with three spurs.

Xeiifation : forewings, cell one-half of wing ; discocellular vertical, very faint ;
first median uervule at three-fourths, second at seven-eighths ; radials normal ;
7, 8, 9 stalked from a little before end ; 10 shortly before them, 11 at one-half; 10
anastomosing with 11 and again with 7, 8, 9. Hindwings with 3, 4, and (i, 7
short-stalked.

Type : C. pamiaria Gueu. (Acidulia).

The underside of the hindwings iu the 6 is roughened and sometimes beset
with long hair-like scales.

79. Calyptocome roseoliva sp. nov.

Forewings : dull rosy, with sinuous olive-ochreous transverse bands ; the costa
rosy, with a subcostal olive-ochreous stripe ; the bands are obscurely marked and
difficult of exact observation ; antemedian, median, postmedian, and submargiual,
with traces of yet anotlier below apex ; fringe rosy and ochreous.

Hindwings : without iirst line ; both wings with dark linear cell-spot.

Underside of forewings glossy rosy ; of hindwings yellowish. Vertex, antennae,
face, and palpi brown ; thorax and patagia olive-ochreous ; abdomen rosy.

Expanse of wings : 18 mm.

One d from St. Vincent, March 1897 (llendall).

( 149)

80. Cnemodes dentilinea ^i. nov.

ForeiciiiflS : greyish flesh-colonr, fiuely dusted with darlc atoms ; the lines
fuscous ; first vertical at one-fonrth, curved below costa and indistinct ; second from
two-thirds of costa to tliree-fifths of inner margin, slightly iiibent below middle, and
obscure at costa ; third at five-sixths, irregularly dentate and fine ; marginal line
very fine, interrupted by jmle spots at the ends of the veins ; cell-spot blackish,
distinct.

Ilimluungs : like forewings, but without first line.

Underside j)aler, the ground-colour othraceous tinged and suffused with rosy ;
the two outer lines and the cell-spots indicated. Head, thorax, and abdomen like
wings ; abdomen, face, and palpi whitish below ; fillet between antennae black.

Expanse of wings : 37 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador.

Distinguished from the other species of the genns by the submarginal line
being denticulated instead of undulating.

81. Craspedia approbata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale ochreons with slight blackish dusting ; lines yellowish
ochreons, parallel to hindmargin ; first from one-third of costa to one-fourth of inner
margin, bent in cell ; median from be3-ond middle of costa to middle of inner margin,
excurved round cell ; outer line very fine and denticulate at three-fourths ; sub-
marginal line broad between two ochraeeous shades ; a marginal row of small black
dots ; fringe ochreous ; cell-spot round, black, and distinct ; the exterior line at
costa is slightly marked with brownish.

Ilindwings : without first line ; the hindmargin slightly prominent in middle.

Underside whitish ochreons, the forewings suflfused with greyish ; cell-spot and
outer lines indicated. Palpi ochreons, second joint externally dark fuscous ; face
ochreous, with slight fuscous bar at top ; vertex white ; thorax and abdomen pale
ochreons.

Expanse of wings : 1 7 mm.

One (? from Carupano, December 1891 (C. W. EUacombe).

Distinguished especially by the pale face. It comes very close to C. aiomaria
"Warr. from Jamaica, which also has the face ochreons, but the present species is
much less speckled with dark scales ; the fringe is pure ochreons without the basal
dots that occnr in aiomaria, and the hindmargins of wings are not crenulate.

82. Craspedia chlorochrea sp. nov.

Forewings : cream-white, thickly dusted with pale greenish ochreous ; the lines
very indistinct; the first at one-fourth, curved ; the outer at five-sixths, denticulate,
parallel to hindmargin ; submarginal waved, pale ; a dark, greenish cell-spot ; costa
narrowly ochreous ; a marginal row of dull greenish spots ; fringe coucolorous ; a
diffuse oblique median shade.

Hindwings : similar.

Underside paler, without dusting ; costa of forewings fuscous ; cell-spots, outer
and marginal lines expressed. Face and palpi brown, collar ochraeeous ; vertex
and shoulders white ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

U

( 150 )

Expanse of wings : 20 ram.

One S, two ? ? from ('astro, Parami, .Tannary 180,5 (E. D. Jones)

In the d the lines are hardly visiljle.

83. Craspedia consobrinata sp. nov.

Foreicings : greyish ochrcons, densely dusted with fine rnfons and fuscous
scales ; the lines as in C. ambagifera, Warr., but with slight differences ; first line
at one-fourth, bent in cell, then vertical, not outcurted ; second lino at two-thirds,
obliciucly concave to vein (i, then sinuous to beyond middle of inner margin, the
angle at vein 4 very slight ; outer line at four-fifths, fine, formed of small lunules ;
a slight blackish marginal line, interrupted at veins, fringe concolorons ; cell-spot
white with brown edge ; the space between second and third lines, which in
ambagifera is prominently pale, is here only slightly so, and very often, especially
in the ? ? , of the same tint as the rest of the wing.

Ilindwinga : similar ; the space before second line with slightly darker scaling,
especially on each side of the cell-spot which is insignificant.

Underside less dusted, with the two outer lines distinct. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorous with wings ; face and palpi brown, paler beneath.

Expanse of wings : 24 to 26 mm.

Three SS, four ? ? from Cindad Bolivar, Venezuela, June 1898 (Klages), and
a pair from Caicara, Orinoco, 1898 (Cherrie).

The abdomen of the S beneath has a double tuft of ochreous and blackish hairs
on basal segment.

84. Craspedia flexistrigata sp. nov.

Foreicings : dull ochreous suffused with brown ; the lines concise, dark brown ;
first at one-third, sharply angled in cell, then obliqne inwards, parallel to hind-
margin ; second from costa beyond middle, acutely angled on vein 6, then flexuous
and oblique inwards to before middle, approximating to first line ; third line at
five-sixths, bluntly bent at vein 7, then flexuous parallel to hindmargin ; the
second and third lines are each followed by a less distinct brown line and a deeper
brown shade ; apex of the wing paler, limited below by an obliquo line from apex
to angle of second line ; an interrupted black marginal line ; fringe paler brown,
with dark dots at base in the fringe beyond the pale dots at the ends of the veins,
cell-spot black.

Ilindicings : paler ; the cell-spot larger ; submarginal line waved, between
brown shades.

Underside ochreous, with the markings brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen
concolorons ; face brown ; abdomen with brown rings.

Expanse of wings : 19 mm.

Several of both sexes from Santos, Brazil.

The forewings are elongate, with obliipie and slightly sinuous hindmargin ;
hindwiugs short, with hindmargin toothed at vein 4 ; tarsi of the 6 invisible.

8.5. Craspedia rasa sp. nov.

Forewings: very pale sulphur-yellow, slightly greenish-tinged; without any
distinct markings, but in certain lights two or three faint paler and darker lines can
be seen running panillel to the hindmargin ; fringe concolorous,

IHndwivys : like forewings.

( 151 )

Underside less yellow ; costa of forewiiigs broadly reddisli from base to apex.
Head, thorax, and abdomen coucolorons ; face and palpi abcjve pale reddish.
Expanse of wings : 17 mm.
One <S from Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, November 18S)8 (S. Klages).

80. Craspedia rostrilinea sp. nov.

Foreicings : dull white, irrorated with fine ochreons and grey scales ; costa
finely ochreous, more broadly in the apical half; lines ochreons and grey, creaulate;
all parallel, except towards costa, to the rather obliqne hindraargin ; the two outer
lines, postmedian and submarginal, are recurved to costa, and the tooth on vein 6,
at the angulation in each, projects beaklike outwards : cell-spot and linear marginal
spots blackish ; fringe concolorous, dusted with dark scales, and with indications of
an interrupted darker middle line.

Hindwinys : similar, but without first line ; cell-spot beyond central line.

Underside glossy white, with the lines showing through; forewings tinged with
ochreous fuscous, becoming fuscous along the costa.

Face and palpi dark brown above, paler below ; vertex and antennae brown ;
collar ochreous ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One S from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmannj.

Vein 7 of hindwings from well before angle of cell.

87. Craspedia unicomata sp. nov.

Foreicings : milk-white, thickly speckled with fine black atoms ; the lines
ochreous ; costal edge ochreous ; antemedian line indistinct, sometimes marked with
a few black scales on median vein ; median line sinuous and dentate ; outer line
fine, denticulate, the teeth clearly marked with blackish points, that on vein 0 at
the end of a larger tooth projecting prominently towards hindmargin, l3nng in the
ochreous submarginal shade ; subtermiual ochreous shade partially interrupted into
blotches ; a series of blackish marginal triangles ; fringe whitish ochreous, thickly
speckled with black atoms ; cell-spot black, distinct.

Hiiuhcirigs : without first line ; the teeth of outer line hardly marked with
darker.

Underside pale ochreous, unspeckled; forewings washed with greyish ochreous;
all the markings distinctly reproduced. Face and palpi brown-black ; vertex and
collar ochreous, like the costal edge of forewings ; thorax and abdomen white,
speckled with black ; shoulders white, unspeckled.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

One c? from Santos, one ? from S. Paulo, Brazil.

88. Craspedia uniformata sp. nov.

Foreicings : dull greyish ochreons, slightly rufous-tinged and thickly covered
with grey atoms ; the lines dark grey, but indistinct ; an antemedian at one-third,
bent below costa; a thick median line from beyond middle of costa to beyond middle
of inner margin, much excurved round cell ; an outer line at five-sixths, regularly
dentate-lunulate, somewhat incurved beyond cell and on submedian fold ; a marginal
row of blackish dashes ; fringe concolorous, minutely speckled with grey ; cell-spot
dark, indistinct,

( 1^>2 )

Hindwings : similar ; no first line.

Underside odireons ; the forewings suffused tlironf;liont witli dull rosy ; the
iiiar<rinal dashes of both wings dark red. Face and palpi deep red ; vertex and
antennae oehreous ; thorax and .abdomen pinkish ochreous ; antennae with long
ciliations.

Expanse of wiugs : 21 mm.

One cJ from St. George's, Trinidad, November 1891 (C. W. Ellacorabe).

89. Craspedia viridipunctata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale stone-oolour, thickl}- sprinkled with olive and pinkish scales ;
the lines dentate, marked with olive-green points on the veins ; first at one-fourth,
stron^'ly angled in cell; a median line also aus'led and touching the green discal-spot,
followed by a diffuse olive-green shade; exterior and submargiual lines approximated;
hindmargin festooned, with small greenish spots between the veins ; fringe
concolorous.

Ilinduiiigs : similar, without first line ; the hindmargin conspicuously toothed
at middle.

Underside paler, suftused with pnriilish grey ; the lines of the same colour ;
head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face pale brown.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One ? from I'etrojiolis, Brazil.

Crypsityla gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa straight, curved before apes ; hindmargin obliquely
curved.

Hindwings : with well rounded hindmargin.

Antennae of (S finely ciliated ; palpi shortly porrect ; hindlegs of c? aborted.
Hindwings of c? with an oval thickening near base of submodian vein, bearing
beneath a tuft of curled scales.

Neuration : forewings, cell two-fifths of wings ; discocellular vertical ; first
median nervnle at three-fourths, second at seven-eighths ; lower radial from above
centre of discocellnlar ; upper normal; T, 8, 9 stalked; 10 and 11 free, 11 rising
far back towards base ; 111 anastomosing with 11 and again with S, 9. Hindwings
with vein 7 from before upper end of cell ; 3 and 4 stalked.

Type : Cri/j/sifgla quinqurlineata Dogn. {Acidalia).

9(J. Dichromatopodia deflexa sp. uov.

Forewings : dark chocolate-brown ; the lines ochreous ; first curved at one-
third ; second from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, excnrved
beyond cell ; a pale angulated cell-mark ; marginal dark line witii distinct pale
s]i()ts on the veins; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : with the outer bent line only distinct.

Underside dull ochreous suffused with red ; the outer linos of both wings only
marked. Head, thorax, and abdomen all concolorous.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One (? from Palma Sola, Vene;^ucla, 1890 (Whyman).

( 153 )

91. Euacidalia germaua sp. nov. and ali. obscura nov.

Forewimjs : ochreous with a slight reddish tiuge, minutely sjicckled in parts
with blackish ; first line at one-fonrth, blackish, obscure, bent in cell, then obli(iue ;
median shade just beyond middle, beut round cell, diffuse, to middle of inner
margin ; outer line at fivc-sixtlis, minutely angled outwarc^s on vein (!, then sinuate,
parallel to hindmargiu, marked by distinct black spots on veins ; submarginal line
obscure, between two darker greyish shades, the inner one witli darker lunulate
blotches between the veins ; fringe pale ochreous with distinct blackish spots at base
beyond the veins ; cell-spot small, dark.

Ilinchvings : similar, without first line.

Underside the same, the forewings greyer ; outer line and cell-spots distinct.
Face and palpi dark brown ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings : 19 to 22 mm.

Two (?c?, 1 ? from Newcastle, Jamaica.

A second ? expands 26 mm. and is wholly smoky greyish fuscous, the markings
more or less hidden ; it may be distinguished as ab. obscura.

This darker form must be something like E. sericeata Pack., from N. America.

Both wings have the hindmargiu indented opposite the cell, the hindwings
slightly crenulate throughout.

92. Euephyra subsimilis sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish ochreous, thickly dnsted with rufous-olive, more fuscous
above costa ; first line from before one-third of costa to oae-fourth of inner margin ;
bluntly angled in cell, then oblique and sinuous inwards ; outer line from three-
fourths of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, oblicjue outwards to vein 6, then
less oblique to vein 4, thence sinuous inwards ; cell-spot oval, whitish, edged with
brown, lying in a very slight and diffuse median shade ; a fine dark marginal line
interrupted at the veins ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwiiigs : the same.

Underside paler, less speckled ; the first line not expressed. Head, thorax,
and abdomen like wings ; face and paljii browner, like the lines.

Exjianse of wings : 21 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, 35t)0 ft., Blay 1897, dry season (Rosenberg).

Like conspicillaria Snell. in shape and colour of wings, but the lines not
denticulate ; the discal white spot smaller.

93. Haemalea circumducta sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish ochreous, with a faint greenisli tint, dusted and suffused
with grey ; the lines very indistinct ; a waved inner line, diffuse median shade,
and waved outer line are obscurely traceable ; a row of smoky black marginal spots
before the fringe, which is concolorous ; cell-spot small and dark.

Hindwings : similar.

Underside paler, in the forewings suffused witli rosy. Face and paljii rccl-
brown ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One ? from Palma Sola, Venezuela.

( 1^4 )

04. Haemalea minuta «p. uov.

Foir/n'/if/s : bone-colour, vei\v faintly dusted with darker ; the costa and fringe
dark vinous ; marginal line dark purple-black, preceded by some jjurplish brown
clouds ; three curved, slightly waved, very pale brown lines, at even distances
apart : the basal less curved than the two outer ; cell-spot minute.

Jliiuhciiuis : similar, without the basal line ; the middle line before the small
black cell-dot.

Underside white with the fringes vinous ; forewings, except along inner margin,
washed with rosy. Face, paliji, and forelegs deep rosy ; thorax and abdomen like
wings ; vertex and antennae fuscous.

Expanse of wings : 15 mm.

One t? from S. America, exact locality not stated.

0-5. Haemalea penumbrata sji. uov.

Forewi/igs : pinkish ochreous, dusted with grey ; lines very obscure, slightly
waved ; a median, exterior, and submarginal can be faintly traced ; cell-spot difl'nse,
dark ; a dull purplish marginal shade, oblitjuely edged from ajiex to beyond cell,
tlien narrowed, and ending on submediau fold ; a deeper marginal line ; fringe
pinkish ochreous.

Hiiidivlngs : the same, without any marginal shade.

Underside paler ochreous, pinkish tinged. Face and palpi red-brown ; thorax
and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One ? from Dominica, June 1897.

00. Haemalea perlata sp. nov.

Forciriiigs : glossy, semi-hyaline white, very finely dusted with dark ; the costa
bronzy brown-black ; marginal line of similar coloured lunules, separated by a
white dot at the end of each vein ; the lines, represented by dark dots, indistinctly
connected ; the first, near base, slightly curved ; the second at two-thirds, oblique
and nearly straight ; the exterior, near hindmargin, sinuous ; submarginal line
obscurely dentate ; cell-spot bronzy brown ; fringe white with slight bronzy
reflection.

Ilinilwings : the same, without first line; hindmargin slightly produced in
middle.

Underside like npjier, with the cell-spots, outer, and marginal lines brown ;
costa of forewings likewise brown. Face, vertex, and front of thorax bronzy brown;
lower third of face white ; thorax and abdomen white.

Expanse of wings : 20 ram.

One ? from 8t. George's, October 1891 (('. W. Ellacombe).

Nearest to //. rujicinctata Gnen. bnt smaller, much more transparent ; the
fringes white, not red ; the middle line of forewings well beyond cell-spot, instead
of over it.

( 155 )

07. Haemalea straminea sp. uov.

Porewings : bright straw-yellow, thickly flecked with orauge ; an orange spot
at base ; the lines dark brown ; first at one-third, vertical, faintly bent outwards
just below the median vein ; second at two-thirds, oblique outwards to vein 4, bent
inwards and subobsolete to vein 2, then parallel to the upper arm to inner margin
shortly before anal angle ; traces of an interrupted submarginal line ; marginal line
deep brown ; fringe concolorons.

Uindwings : with outer line only, and that very faint and interrupted.

Underside jialer, with the lines showing through ; hindwings with an obscure
broa,dish dark margin. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 19 mm.

One ? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, November 1896 (Rosenberg).

98. Heterephyra distinctata sp. nov.

Forcwings : dull brick-red, finely dusted with fuscous ; the lines fuscous ; first
from one-fifth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, curved, and slightly projecting
in cell and on snbmedian fold ; second from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of
inner margin, slightly angled outwards at veins 0 and 4, then incurved ; third at
four-fifths, fine and distinct, somewhat irregularly dentate, oblique outwards to
vein 6, incurved to vein 4, vertical to vein 3, then strongly oblique inwards to above
vein 3, thence vertical to inner margin ; a very faint cloudy submarginal shade ;
marginal line distinct, black, interrupted at the veins ; fringe briclc-red ; cell-spot
oval, whitish, with dark edge.

Hindwings : precisely similar.

Underside dull rosy with the inner margins whitish ; the lines faint. Thorax
and abdomen like wings ; fillet and base of antennae white ; rest of antennae, face,
and palpi deep red.

Expanse of wings ; c? 3lJ mm. ; ¥ 32 mm.

One c? from Dominica, August 1895 (Elliott), type ; one ? , St. Vincent, March
1897 (Rendall).

The <? is darker, with more obscure markings.

99. Heterephyra fuscicosta sp. nov.

Foreivings : dull brick-red, dusted with fine fuscous scales; the costa dark
fuscous throughout ; the lines diffuse and indistinct ; first from one-third of costa to
one-fourth of inner margin, vertical below the median ; second at two-thirds, faintly
dentate, strongly incurved below middle ; third at five-sixths, sinuous, regularly
and bluntly dentate, the teeth filled up with fuscous scales ; marginal line reddish,
indistinct ; fringe whitish with reddish base ; cell-spot round, white, black-edged.

Hindwings : similar, the lines very indistinct ; the cell-spot round and black.

Underside pale pinkish. Thorax and abdomen like wings ; vertex, antennae,
face, and palpi, dull dark red.

Expanse of wings : 34 mm.

One ? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, January 1897 (Rosenberg).

Distinguished from H. distinctata by the dark costa, reddish vertex, and pale
fringes.

( 15fi )

ion. Heterephyra fuscidiscaria.

Foren-inqs : dull brownish testaceous, with a slight olive tint, darker, somewhat
pnrplish, towards hiiidmargin : the lines purplish, obscure ; first at one-fourth,
vertical, bent below costa ; median shade bent slightly round the cell-spot, which is
round and large, diflfusely filled with pnrplish scales and with a purplish crescent on
its inner edge ; outer line denticulate, at three-fourths ; a dark purplish marginal
line ; fringe brownish.

llimlicings : similar ; the cell-blotch larger ; the ground-colour more rufous.

Underside gilded yellowish, or yellow flushed with red : the lines and cell-spots
and costa of forewings brick-red. Palpi yellowish, externally bright red ; face
brown-red above, ochreons below; vertex brown-red; shoulders and patagia ochreons ;
thorax and abdomen much tinged with red-brown.

Expanse of wings : 2s mm.

Several ? ? from Santos (type) and Petropolis, Brazil.

Near //. pcrspcctaria Wlk., with which it agrees in the markings, but the cell-
spots are wholly difi'ereut

101. Hetereph3rra illimitata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull bnck-rcd, very finely dusted with grey, with three grey
lunulate-dentate lines, as in pcrsjvctaria "Wlk. : the first, at one-third, vertical ;
the second and third parallel to each other and incurved below middle ; marginal
area darker ; fringe coucolorous, without any trace whatever of marginal line or
spots ; cell-spot round, varying in size, pure white with a dark grey edge and some
blackish scales at centre.

llini/icinyii : the same, without first line ; cell-spot always larger than that of
forewings.

Underside uniform dull flesh-colour, with a slight bronzy yellow tinge. Face
and paljii above dark red-l)rown, pale>ochreous below; vertex, antennae, thorax, and
abdomen coucolorous with wings.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

Two c? c? from Paramba, Ecuador.

Akin to (liscopiinctaria H. S., and perspectaria Wlk. ; distinguished from the
former by the total absence of marginal line or spots, and by the dark vertex ;
from the latter by the large round white discal spots ; and from both by the much
larger size.

Hyriogona gen. nov.

c? Fofcir/iifls : elongate, with curved costa; apex pnidnced; hindmargin oblique,
long, hardly curved ; inner margin heavily fringed.

Hindwings : narrow, more or less elongated ; inner margin generally long, and
the anal angle produced, the hindmargin well rounded.

Antennae of cf lamellate, shortly pubescent, tlie joints minutely angled and
spiked ; jialjii short, hairy beneath ; tongue and frennlnm present ; hindtibiae
thickened and tufted, without spurs ; the tarsi quite short.

Xeuration: forewings, cell more than half as long as wing; first median at
three-fourths, second shortly before end of cell ; radials normal ; veins 7, 8, 9, 10

( 157 )

stalked, 11 free ; snbiuedian fold strong-Iy siuuous ; hiudwiags with n and 7 long-
stalked; vein 3 from before end of cell; vein 2 at one-half, strongly curved downwards
at origin and recurved again towards 3 at hindmargin ; inner margin thickened, witii
a long fringe and tuft of hair ; the submedian vein also fringed with hair beneath.
Type : Ilijriogona, capitata, sp. nov.

102. Hyriogona capitata sp. nov.

Forewings: lemon-yellow, the basal two-thirds wholly suffused with pinkish
lilac, dusted with grey ; first line darker lilac at one-third, angled in cell, then
oblique to inner margin before middle ; outer line from costa at two-thirds to anal
angle, irregular above middle, with a sinus inwards beyond cell, and a beak out-
wards between veins 3 and 4, vertical below ; apical area with two pale lilac clouds
from costa to vein 4 ; veins with a dark lilac dot at their ends ; fringe lemon-yellow
with no trace of basal line ; cell-spot large, dark.

Ilindwings : lilac, leaving only a narrow yellow margin, widest at costa and
vanishing before anal angle ; exterior line of forewings reproduced, with some yellow
luiiulate patches in the angles ; fringe yellow ; cell-mark lilac.

Underside duller. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons with the lilac of
the wings.

Exjjanse of wings : 17 mm.

One c? from S. Paulo, Brazil.

103. Hyriogona fimbriata sp. uov.

Resembles //. caj>/fala, but in the forewings there is a long tooth of scales from
the anal angle ; the hindwings are shorter, the hindmargin more rounded ; vein 2
of hindwings is straight, not curved ; and there is a fringe of long hairs on upper
side along cell and vein 5 to margin.

Forewings : greyish pink, with no first line ; the edge of the yellow triangular
space at margin is oblique into anal angle, instead of reaching the inner margin
before it ; apical region filled up with dull pink.

Expanse of wings : 16 mm.

One <S from Chimbo, Ecuador, August 1897, 1000 ft. (Rosenberg), type ; and
three S6 from Paramba, Ecuador, June 1S97, dry season, 3.j0U ft. (Rosenberg).

Neochrysa, gen. nov.

c? Forewings : elongate ; costa slightly curved ; apex produced ; hindmargin
carved, more obliquely below the middle.

Ilindwings : lanceolate, the inner margin very short, fringed and tnfted with
long hairs ; hindmargin i)rodnced iu middle to a blnnt point.

Antennae of i ciliated ; palpi quite short, smooth ; tongue and frenulum
present ; hindtibiae without spnrs, but with a pencil of hairs.

N'euration : forewings, cell half the length of wing ; first median ncrvule at
four-fifths ; second close before end of cell ; radials normal ; 7, 8, 9 stalked ; in and
11 stalked, K) anastomosing with 7, <S, 9, forming a single areole ; hindwings with 6
and 7 short-stalked, 6 running into the point ; vein 3 from well before 4 ; vein 2
from much nearer the base.

Type : Scochrysa comosa sp. uov.

( 158 )

104. Neochrysa comosa sp. uov.

Forewings : deep yellow ; the costa and lines j)nrj)le-ro.sy ; the first lino at
one-third, and the median, which is incurved below middle, both diffuse, the area
from base to median more or less wholly suffused with purple-rosy ; outer line waved,
from three-fonrths of costa to anal angle ; marginal area beyond it suffused with
purple-rosy, containing an obscure pale submarginal line ; fringe yellow.

Iliruhvings : with a straight median rosy shade, the basal area within it suffused
with rosy ; the rest as in forewings.

Underside similar to upper. Thorax, vertex, and face deep purple-red ; fillet,
antennae, and abdomen yellow ; the last red-spotted.

Expanse of wings : 12 mm.

One cJ from Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Neosterrha, gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa straight, convex before ape.x, which is bluntly subfalcate;
hindmargin oblique, faintly sinuous.

Hindicings : kite-shaped ; apical and anal angles S(iuared ; hindmargin angled
at vein 4.

Antennae of tj subserrate, with very long fascicles of cilia; palpi short, thick,
not reaching front of face ; second joint rough-scaled, third minute ; tongue and
frenulum present ; hindtibiae and tarsi in cj of equal length, not aborted, the tibiae
with terminal spurs only.

Neuration of Cra&pedm ; in colour and markings recalling Mnesitlietis.

Type : N. thetis sp. nov.

105. Neosterrha thetis sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green with three darker green lines ; first curved at one-
fourth ; second oblique and excurved round cell, from two-thirds of costa to beyond
middle of inner margin ; third submarginal, more strongly denticulate ; marginal
line darker green, interrupted by pale spots at the vein-ends ; fringe green varied
with paler ; cell-spot black, distinct ; traces of a median dark shade visible on
the costa.

Iliiidicings : with two lines ; cell-spot a double white dot.

Underside paler ; costa of forewings tinged with rufous ; marginal line dark
green. Face and palpi reddish ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen green, like the wings.

Expanse of wings : 19—26 mm.

Three ? ? from Azalar de Carthago, Costa Rica, 5-6U00 ft. (Underwood), type ;
one ? from Chimbo, August 1897 (Rosenberg) ; one S from Raramba, Ecuador,
and one 6 from R. Dagua, Colombia (Rosenberg).

Sometimes the whole of the forewings beneath, and the marginal and outer lines
of hindwings are deep rosy.

Pogonogya gen. nov.

Forewings : triangular ; costa straight, convex before apex, which is produced,
especially in the c? ; hindmargin oblique, slightly prominent at vein 3.

Hindwings : with hindmargin rounded and slightly prominent in the middle,
more strongly in the S ; inner margin in the S thickened and furrowed, the furrows
beneath and the marginal edge with expansible tuft of long hairs.

( 159 )

Aiiteunac filiform, in S pubescent ; palpi ipiite short ; hind legs of c? aborted,
of ? long, the tibiae with a pair of very short apical spurs ; abdomen of J long,
with the anal segments well developed.

Neuration : forewings, cell about half as long as wing ; first median nervule at
two-thirds, second at eight-ninths ; radials normal ; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked from before
end of cell ; 11 from one-half, bent down towards but not anastomosing with the
stalk of the others : hindwings, in the cJ, with 0, 7 and 3, 4 loug-stalked ; in the
? 3, 4 hardly stalked ; 6 and 7 coiucideDt throughout.

Type : Pogonogya rufulata sp. nov.

The coincidence of veins G and 7 in the hindwings of the ? is curious ; I have
seen only this one ? ; and further examination may prove it to be merely an accidental
peculiarity, but I do not expect so ; the two 6 S have identical neuration throughout.

10(3. Pogonogya rufulata sp. nov.

Forewings : reddish ochreous, dusted with reddish, especially along the hind-
margin beyond the outer line ; costa narrowly red ; cell-spot indistinct, reddish ; only
the outer line distinct, from five-sixths of costa to inner margin just before anal
angle, above which it is curved outwards ; fringe red. In one S there are traces ou
the inner margin of an inner and a median line. In the ? the marginal area is not
more tinged with red than the rest of wing.

Iliiulwings : with the fringe and a short line close to the apex red; the rest
of the wing in the ? like forewiug ; in the S wholly suffused with red, and with
a sinuous postmedian red line ; the furrow above and the hairs of inner margin deep
red ; the hairs in the furrow beneath pale ochreous.

Underside i)aler, tinged with red towards the hindmargin ; thorax and abdomen
like wings ; head, collar, palpi, and antennae all red.

Expanse of wings : 1 7 mm.

Two i S, one ? from Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, May and June 1S9S (Klages).

lu7. Polygraphodes denticulata sp. nov.

Forewings: whitish, finely grey-speckled ; the lines blackish, rising from black
costal spots ; first line at one-fourth, bent in cell, then oblique and fine ; median
line thick, dentato-lunulate, stroJigly ontcurvod round the black cell-spot to beyond
middle of inner margin ; outer line fine, black, from two-thirds of costa to three-
fom-ths of inner margin, marked with black points on veins and forming an acute
prominent angle outwards on vein 0, followed by a dark luunlate shade (reduced to
a line be3-ond cell and on snbmedian fold), which forms the inner edge of the very
obscure snbmarginal line ; marginal spots deep black ; fringe white, cherjuercd with
grey between the veins, and with a grey spot in the middle of each whitish interval.

Hindwings : similar, without first line.

Underside dull whitish, with the markings grey and very indistinct. Face and
palpi above brown, whitish below ; vertex and antennae white ; thorax and abdomen
whitish, with grey dusting.

Expanse of wings : J 18 to 22 mm ; ? 24 to 26 mm.

A good series from Parana, Entre liios, Argentina.

( IGO )

Prasinochrysa gen. nov.

Few/rings : with costa straight for two-thirds, then convex ; apex rectangular ;
hinilmargiu curved.

Ilindwings : with apex rounded ; hindmargin curved, somewhat indented before
anal angle, which is square and prominent.

Antennae of cJ subdeutate, ciliated ; palpi porrected upwards, slender, smoothly
scaled ; tongue and frenulum present ; hindtibiae thickened and flattened, covered
with a tnft of hair, hiudtarsi very short and aborted.

Neuratmi : forewings, cell half the length of wing ; discocellular vertical ;
first median nervnle at tliree-fonrths, second sliortly before third ; lower radial from,
above the centre of discocellular, upper from top end of cell ; 7, 8, 9 stalked ; 1(J
from the same point, anastomosing with 11 high up and again shortly afterwards
with 7, 8, 9 ; 7 rising from the end of areole ; the second areole very small ; hind-
wings with the two subcostals from end of cell ; medians and radial as in forewings.

Type : P. eucharis Drury (= Chri/sange detracta Wlk.).

It seems im^wssible to locate this species iu any of the existing genera of
Sterrkinae.

Prospasta gen. nov.

A development of Ptgchopoda Stph., on the lines of ^1. amplipennis Butl.
from India.

(? Forewings ; with the inner margin very short, not more than half as long as
the costal margin ; the hindmargin almost equalling the costal in length, distinctly
sinuous, bulging outwards between veins 2 and 4, the anal angle appearing lobed
and jirojecting over the hindwing.

Ilindwings : of ordinary shape, the ajicx rounded, the anal angle squared ;
a long pencil of hairs from the base lying along the fold within the inner margin.
Hindtibae thickened and flattened, without spurs ; tarsi quite short.

Antennae ciliated ; mouth parts damaged.

Type : Prospasta data sp. nov.

108. Prospasta elata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale ochreous, the markings chestnut-brown ; a spot at base of cell ;
one on costa at one-third, representing first liite, which is slightly curved outwards
and runs to the middle of inner margin ; a small cell-spot ; a sinuous double outer
line from two-thirds of costa to inner margin close before the anal angle, wliere it is
most distinctly marked ; fringe apparently concolorous with ground-colour.

Ilindwings : with a broad central chestnut fascia, commencing narrow before
middle of costa, bnt on inner margin extending from anal angle to one-third from
base ; tlic area beyond it dusted with brown.

Underside wholly ochreous ; the pencil of hairs along inner margin of hindwings
brownish. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous ; middle segments of abdomen brown.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

One J from Paramba, Ecuador.

( Ifil )

Hi'j. Ptychopoda atriseriata sp. uov.

Foreiriiigs : bone-colour, sparsely dusted with black atoms ; tUe Hues marked
witli greyish ochreous scales ; first at one-third, curved, ofteu indistinct, marked also
by three black vein-dots ; median shade broad, parallel to hindmargin, situate at
two-thirds ; outer line at five-sixths, slightly waved, and marked by a very distinct
series of black vein-dots ; snbmarginal line pale, traversing a somewhat darker
marginal area ; fringe ochreous, with small black spots at the base, on the fringe at
the vein ends, not on the hindmargin ; cell-spot black and distinct.

Ilirul icings : similar, but without first line ; median shade embracing the black
cell-dot ; marginal shades darker grey than on forewiugs. In both wings the space
between median shade and exterior line is paler and nndusted.

Underside very similar, with the outer markings distinct.

Face and palpi brown-black ; vertex whitish ; thorax and abdomen ochreous.

Expanse of wings : S 16 mm. ; ¥ 18 mm.

Two S c? from Onoribo, February — March 1893 ; another from the interior
of Surinam, August 1892, and three 6 <? from Paramaribo, December 1892
(C. W. Ellacombe).

110. Ptychopoda flexicosta sp. uov.

Fore/rings : greyish ochreous, dusted and suffused with darker ochreous, or
with dark grey; in the latter case the lines and markings are more distinct ; these
are all parallel more or less to one another and to the hindmargin ; first from two-
fifths of costa to one-fourth of inner margin ; median shade from two-thirds of costa
to middle of inner margin ; outer line irregularly dentate-lunulate, from five-sixths
of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, followed by a narrow pale space ; snb-
marginal line pale and waved between two narrow waved darker bauds ; a slight
row of marginal dark spots ; fringe concolorous, dusted and lined with grey ; cell-
spot dark, distinct.

Uindwinga : similar, without first line.

Underside coarsely dusted with fuscous atoms ; cell-spots and outer lines
distinct ; the marginal spots larger and plainer, at the ends of the veins as well as
between them. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings. Antennae thick, subserrate,
with bristly cilia.

Expanse of wings : 17 mm.

Five Si from Parana, Eutre Rios, Argentina, two of the darker form, the other
three more ochreous ; the description is made from the darker specimens, as the
markings are apt to become lost in the paler ones. The costa of forewings is convex
near base and before apex, inflected between ; in perfect specimens the wings
present a mealy appearance.

In the forewings the cell is more than half as long as the wing ; the discocellular
short, the subcostal and median veins being both bent inwards towards extremity ;
the lower radial rises from above the centre, the upper radial is somewhat curved
upwards at origin ; veins 7, 8, 9 stalked ; 10 anastomosing with 11 and again with
8, 9. In the hindwings (5, 7 are on a long stalk. Superficially the insect much
resembles some species of the Pyralid genus Mcfasia.

( 102 )

111. Ptychopoda gibbosa sp. nov.
Foreivings : pale brownish oclireons, sprinkled with dark scales ; the lines
obscure, slightly darker than the gronud-ioluar ; tirst line hardly traceable ; median
thick, subdeutate, very oblique below middle, from two-thirds of costa to middle of
inner margin ; outer line at five-sixths, denticulate, the teeth indicated by black
dots on veins ; a pale submarginal band between two darker bands ; fringe
concolorous, with small black dots in it beyond the veins ; cell-spot small.
Iliwhoings : similar.

Underside silky, brownish ochreous, with cell-sj)ots and outer line distinct.
Face, palpi, and forelegs brown-black ; collar ferruginous ; thorax and abdomen
like wings : vertex paler ochreous.

Expanse of wings : (? 18 mm. ; ? 21 mm.
One <?, one ? from St. Andrew's, Grenada, April 1890.

The markings in the t? are less distinct than in the ?. In both sexes the
hindmargin of hindwings is slightly indented beyond cell ; but whereas the shape
of the hindwing in the ? is normal, and the anal iingle well marked, the hindwing
in the d is short and nearly round, both angles being rounded off; the abdomen (tj)
is nnnsually elongated, with spreading anal tuft ; the antennae of c? with short
ciliations ; in both sexes veins 6, 7, of hindwings are on a short stalk. In the ?
the middle spurs of the hind-tibiae are almost obsolete.

112. Ptychopoda indecora sp. nov.

Forewings : dingy ochreous grey, speckled with fuscous ; the lines marked by
rather large blackish spots ; first at one-third, the spots generally obsolete ; median
shade from qnitc two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, slightly rufous-tinged
and thicker below ; cell-spot blackish, variable in size and distinctness ; outer line
at five-sixths, the spot on vein 6 displaced towards hindmargin ; fringe concolorons,
with a row of dark dots at base beyond veins.

Hindwings : similar, with a paler submarginal line indicated, between two
submarginal darker shades.

Underside mnch paler and clearer, without dingy dusting ; cell-spots and outer
line very distinct. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons ; tips and outside of
palpi blackish.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

Two d S, four ? ? from Dominica, March (4), June (1), and November(l) 1897.

The (S (S are paler than the ? ?, and in consequence the markings more clearly-
traceable.

113. Ptychopoda infantula sp. nov.

Forewings: bone-colour, tinged with ochreous ; first line blackish, at one-fourth,
angled below the snbcostal, then oblique ; a similar line, blacker on costa, just
beyond middle; traces of a submarginal line; cell-spot large and black at two-thirds;
fringe concolorons.

Ilinrlwings : with a blackish antemedian line, a large black cell-spot, and traces
of a submarginal line.

Underside much suffused with dull ochreous and grey ; both cell-spots very
large, black. Fare and jialpi blaik-brown ; vortex, tliorax, and abdomen concolorous
with wings ; abdomen with traces of a bhu'lc band in niidille.

( 163 )

Expanse of wings : 1 1 mm.

One ? from the island of Bonaire, Jnly 1892 (E. Hartert).
Forewings narrow, elongate ; costa straight ; apex produced ; hindmargiii
obliqne. Hindwings with inner margin short.

114. Ptychopoda (?) long'ipedata sp. uov.

Foreirmgs : dnll greyish ochreons, thickly sprinkled with dark-grey scales ;
the costa dark grey at base ; Hues parallel to hindmargin, which is very oblique ;
first line indistinct ; median from two-thirds of costa to beyond middle of inner
margin, touching the black cell-spot ; onter line from four-fifths of costa, below
which it is faintly curved, to inner margin before anal angle, denticulate, marked
with black veiu-dashes ; snbmarginal line very indistinct ; fringe grey, with a row
of black dots in it beyond the veins.

Hindwings : the same.

Underside darker, the lines and spots more distinct. Head, thorax, and
abdomen like wings ; face and palpi brown-black.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One c? from Parana, Eutre Rios, Argentina.

The fore and middle legs are very long and slender ; the hind-femora are also
long, the hindtibiae and tarsi are wholly hidden in a tuft of greyish ochreons hairs.
The forewings are elongate, with the apex produced and the hindmargin oblique.

115. Ptychopoda oedipus sp. nov.

Forewings : pale olive-ochreons, the veins rather paler ; traces of an inner line
at one-third, marked by black scales ; at two-thirds a curved slightly sinuous fascia
of black scales, becoming thickened below the middle, edged by a paler line ;
snbmarginal line faintly paler.

Hindwings : similar.

Underside ochreons, speckled with deeper ochreons. Face and palpi dark
brown ; thorax and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 11 mm.

One c? from Cachabi, low country, November 1890 (Rosenberg).

The hindtibiae of the t? are swollen into a flat pad or cushion.

The species somewhat resembles Pt. monogrammata Guen. in miniature.

110. Ptychopoda pedissequa sp. nov.

Forewings : chalk-white, thickly powdered with greyish ochreons ; the lines of
the same colour ; antemedian curved, at one-third ; an oblique cloudy postmedian
shade from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin; exterior line at five-sixths,
subdentate; a snbmarginal line; a marginal line of dark dashes; fringe concolorons;
cell-spot grey.

Jlindwings : with the three outer lines curved.

Underside washed with grey ; the marginal dashes distinct ; head, thorax, and
abdomen like wings ; face above dark brown.

E.xpanse of wings : 12 mm.

Three ¥ ? from Bonaire, July 1892 (E. Hartert), type ; and three ? ? from
Cliuilad Bolivar, Venezuela, May to August 1808 (Khiges).

( 104 )

11 :. Ptychopoda substrigata sp. nov.

Foivir/m/s : chalk-white, sparingly dusted with gi'i'vish ochreous scales ; the
liues grey ; first curved at one-third, second at five-sixths, dentate-luuulate ; the
dusting thicker in the central area towards the lines ; a small black cell-spot ;
a greyish ochreons band before hiudmargin, separated from the cater line by a
white band without darker dusting ; marginal .dots small, dark ; fringe white,
dusted with grey.

Ilinduings : whiter, less dusted ; outer line browner ; cell-spot and marginal
dots as in forewings.

Underside white, slightly dusted ; both wings with a broad diffuse straight
brownish submarginal baud ; cell-spots and marginal spots distinct. Head, thorax,
and abdomen white.

E.xpause of wings : 10 mm.

One ? from faraua, Entre Rios, Argentina.

118. Rhodostrophia obscura sp. nov.

Forewings : pale grey, thickly covered with dark-grey scales ; no first line
visible ; a very indistinct darker median shade, parallel to hindmargin, passing jnst
beyond a cloudy dark cell-spot ; onter line fine, blackish, from four-fifths of costa to
three-fonrths of inner margin, irregularly waved and obscurely subcrenulate, edged
by a slightly paler space, beyond which the marginal area is darker grey : marginal
spots linear, blackish ; fringe grey.

Hind/rings : paler grey, with traces only of two submarginal lines above
anal angle.

Underside pale glossy grey, with onter line of forewings darker. Head, thorax,
and abdomen pale grc)', speckled with darker ; vertex, top of face, and base of
antennae whitish ; face and palpi dark brown.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

One <? from Chili.

Of the same size and shape as 7?. chih'nnria Blanch. {Acidalia), but more
sombre in colour.

Tricentra gen. nov.

Forewings: with costa shouldered at base and curved just before apex whicli
is slightly produced ; hindmargin decidedly bent at vein 3.

lUndwings : with hindmargin irregular, bent at vein 6 and again at vein 3,
subcrenulate : the anal angle strongly marked.

Antennae of S thick, ciliated ; palpi short, porrcct ; hindlcgs of J not
aborted, the tibiae with three spurs.

Neuration: forewings, cell about one-half : discocellnlar vertical ; first median
at two-thirds, second at seven-eighths ; radials normal ; 7, 8, U stalked ; 10
anastomosing with 1 1 and again with 8, 9 ; hindwings with G and 7 from upper end
of cell.

Type : Tricentra Jliti-imaiyiiutta sj). nov.

( 165 )

119. Tricentra flavimarginata sp. no v.

Forewings : deep vinous red, dusted with, darker ; blackish along basal half of
costal area and along hindmargiu ; a blackish line at one-fourth of costa to oue-
fourth of inner margin, angnlated outwards in cell ; a blackish crenulated line
outcurved from two-thirds of costa to snbmedian fold, then vertical to inner margin
at three-fourths ; a subdentate blackish submarginal line parallel to the last ; hind-
margin with the fringe bright j'ellow, except at extreme apex and at the bend at
vein 3, where the blackish scales extend across the fringe ; two small white cell-dots
on the discocellular.

Hindwings : simOar, but the yellow margin hardly interrupted, the edge of the
dark marginal area irregularly creunlate ; cell-dots as in forewings.

Underside paler and duller ; a i)ale streak on discocellular. Thorax and
abdomen duU vinous red ; shoulders blackish ; head damaged, but apparently black ;
antennae red.

Expanse of wings : 19 mm.

One <? from Paramba, Ecuador, Jan. to May 1897.

Superficially somewhat recalling a Chrysocraspeda.

Xenostigma gen nov.

Like Anisodes in shape and markings of wings, but the palpi more like those
of Hetcrephgra ; second joint long, squamous, obli({nely porrect in front of face,
third joint minute, hardly visible ; antennae of S subserrate, with regular cilia ;
hind-tibiae and tarsi of S aborted, a long pencil of hair from the femoro-tibial joint.

Neuration : forewings, cell abont half as long as wing ; discocellular somewhat
inangulated ; first median nervnle at four-fifths, second at seven-eighths ; radials
normal ; 7, 8, 9 stalked from well before end of cell, 10 a little before them, 1 1 from
one-half; 10 anastomosing with 11, and again with 8, 9, forming a double areole.
Hindwings with veins 3 and 7 close before angles of cell.

Type : A', peiftisaria Wlk. {Ephyra, ?').

120. Xenostigma perfusaria.

Ephgra ? perfusaria Wlk. xxii., p. 634.

Walker's type is without head, and otherwise not in perfect condition. I have
therefore thought it useful to redescribe the species shortly from a fresh i , from
Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, May 18!I8 (Klages).

Forewings : pale wood-colour, dusted with darker, and suffused towards hind-
margin with rufous ; first line at one-fourth, much outcurved, indicated by three
blackish dots on subcostal, median, and snbmedian veins respectively ; second line
from just beyond middle of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, also strongly
outcurved, jiarallel to first line, lunulate outwards ; third line at three-fourths,
marked by distinct black vein-spots, which represent the teeth of the deuticulations ;
submarginal line very obscure, preceded by a dark clond on costa, three confluent
blackish blotches between veins 4 and 7, and another at anal angle; an oblique
blackish triangular streak from apex to the subcostal blotches ; marginal lunules
distinct, black, with slightly paler edging; fringe concolorous, with black dots
beyond the veins ; cell-spot small, whitish, edged with rufous.

Hindwings : cell-spot largo, oval, black-brown, with a few pale scales at centre,

12

( 166 )

lyiug lietwcen straight autemediaa and median parallel dark lines ; the rest as in
forewings.

Underside paler, less dusted, with dark cell-spots and onter dotted line in Loth
wings, the forewings with a straight dusky median shade. Face and paljii externally
blackish ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; abdomen with the segmental
divisions dark.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

AValker's type was a ? from Veneznela.

Subfamily TEPHROCLYSTIINAE.
Phaulostathma gen. nov.

ForeicinflS : triangular ; costa nearly straight, faintly incurved at middle ;
hindmargiu long, obliquely curved.

Ilindwings : very small ; costa and hindmargiu curved ; all the margins
fringed.

Palpi long, porrect, thickly haired, terminal joint indistinct ; forehead produced
below ; antennae of S strongly ciliated.

Neuratiou as in Tephroclystia.

Type : Phaulostathma dis/ormata Dogn. (Eupithecia).

Stenopla gen. nov.

S Forewings : elongate-triangular ; costa straight ; apex prominent ; hind-
margin oblique, curved towards anal angle.

Ilindivings : narrow, almond-shaped ; apex prominent ; inner margin short
and densely fringed ; hindmargiu curved from the somewhat pointed apex.

Palpi rostriform, porrect, twice as long as head ; antennae broken ; abdomen
elongated, with anal tuft strongly developed ; hind tibiae with four spurs.

Xeuration : forewings, cell three-fifths of wing ; discocellular straight, oblique ;
first median at four-fifths, second close before third ; radials normal ; areole simple ;
7, 8, 9 stalked; lU, 11 stalked, 10 anastomosing with (>, 'J ; hindwings with lower
arm of discocellular very oblique, reaching to three-fourths of wing, S anastomosing
with 7 for three-fourths of cell ; 0, 7 stalked ; medians as in forewing, all three
very short.

Type : Stenopla virescens sp. nov.

121. Stenopla virescens sp. nov.

Forewings : olive-green ; the lines black, sharply angled below costa ; first
close to base ; second and third, forming the edges of the central fascia, at one-third
and two-thirds ; the space between basal patch and fascia, and the interior itself of
fascia, dusted with fine black scales, and with fine but obscure parallel transverse
lines ; a darker band with waved edge beyond second line, touching the obli(iue black
cell-spot ; snbmargiual line obscure, i)recedcd by dark patches at costa, beyond cell,
and above anal angle ; fringe olive-green.

Ilindwings: greenish grey, with traces of two darker central lines and a
cell-spot.

Underside of both wings greenish ochreous ; the lines indistinct and dull.
Head, thorax, and abdomen green ; anal segment with a dark spot.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One (? from Santos, Brazil.

( 167 )

122. Tephroclystia dentosa sp. nov.

Forewings: dull dark greenish, covered with dense iron-grey suffusion and
crossed bj- nnmerous strongly dentated blackish lines, finely edged with paler scales ;
a blackish snbmargiual band between the outer and submargiual lines, interrupted
above by a paler obliijuo space from the apex ; a small pale spot on margin at anal
angle ; marginal line black and thick, interrupted by pale spots at the vein ends ;
fringe pale greenish cherpiered with dark grey.

Ilindwings : similar ; the inner marginal half of wing paler.

Underside paler, more yellowish, with all the markings blackish and distinct.
Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish green, mottled with blackish.

Expanse of wings : 2.5 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador.

The palpi are long and porrect, with the terminal joint short. In the single
specimen the thorax and base of forewings are ochreous yellow, but this colour is
almost certainly due to the effects of moisture.

123. Tephroclystia fumimixta sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green, suffused, except towards bindmargin, with smoky
olive-fuscous, which almost obliterates the markings ; submargiual line pale,
lunulate, the lunules partially filled up with darker ; marginal line obscurely dark,
interrupted by a small pale dot at the ends of the veins ; fringe concoloroi;s.

Ilindwings : with traces of several transverse slightly waved darker lines, one
postmedian being broader than the rest and mure conspicuous.

Underside dull greenish cinereous, with traces of darker shades, which are
most distinct at costa of forewings. Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-green, mixed
with fuscous.

Expanse of wings : 24 mm.

One ? from Azalar de Carthago, Costa Rica, 5000 to 6oOO ft. (Underwood).

124. Tephroclystia praelongata sp. nov.

Forewings ; pale ashy grey, dusted with darker ; the lines very faint and fine ;
the inner at one-third, the median, the exterior at two-thirds, and the submarginal,
all bent in beyond the cell and then parallel to bindmargin ; cell-spot and marginal
spots black, distinct ; fringe pale grey.

Hindwings : more whitish in the costal half ; speckled with grey along inner
margin, where there are traces of the commencement of four dark lines.

Underside of forewings grey, of hindwings whitish, without markings. Head,
tliorax, and abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings : IS mm.

One ? from Chili.

Forewings very narrow ; bindmargin very obliipie, as long as inner margin ;
hindwings elongate, almond-shaped.

125. Tephroclystia purpureoviridis sp. nov.
Forewings : pale green ; the markings dark jjnrplish ; a tine curved dark line
close to base ; a broad curved central fascia formed of four slightly creuulate diffuse
purplish lines separated by whitish green scales, the band nearest base considerably

( 168 )

obliterated b}' the grceu gronnJ-colour ; a submargiual line of small purple limulcs
most distinct beneath costa, beyond cell and towards inner margin ; fringe rufous-
pnrplisli.

Ilitiffwinqs : whitish iu basal half, green beyond ; two straight antemedian dark
lines ; a broad pnrplish median band, partially double ; a submargiual row of small
pnrple spots, with whitish edges.

Underside dull purplish mixed with green ; the bands deeper pnrplish. Head,
thorax, and abdomen green ; the palpi porrect, long.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

Oue ? from Paramba, Ecuador, Jan. to May 189".

SuBFAMiLT TRICHOPTERYGINAE.
126. Rhopalista albidivisa sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, snflnsed in parts with flesh-colonr, olive-green, and
rufous ; basal patch small, edged by an olive-green band with dark margins ;
central fascia with inner baud narrow, olive-green, traversed by three black lines, the
outer band waved and sinuous, projecting in middle towards hindmargin, traversed by
four blackish lines ; central space white from costa to inner margin, containing an
obscure dark cell-spot ; submargiual line lunulate, pale, traversing a mixed rufous
and greenish shade, preceded and followed beyond cell by blackish blotches ;
marginal line black, interrupted ; fringe pinkish ochreous, cher[uered with olive-
green beyond the veins.

Ilin<lwi»(js : whitish, with some greyish scales near base; abdominal tuft
whitish, surrounded by a bed of rufous scales ; fringe white.

Underside ochreous whitish ; the edges of the central fascia indicated on costal
half; a blackish apical blotch traversed by the pale submargiual Hue and stopping
short at vein 4 ; a smaller marginal blotch between veins 2 and 3 ; hindwings with
grey curved submargiual shade ; cell-spots blackish. Head, thorax, and abdomen
ochreous varied with olive-green and rufous scales.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One i from Merida, Venezuela, IGuo m., 1898 (Briceuo).

127. Rhopalista requisitata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green, crossed by irregular dentate-lnnulate darker green
lines, which along costa and on the veins in places deepen into black ; two basal,
and three extra-basal, sharply auglod outwards on veins and folds, lunulate between;
filled up with deeper green, so as to form two bands, with a paler green space
between and at base ; central fascia with the inner edge formed of three, and the
outer of four dark lines, also deepened into bands by darker green between them,
the outer four running in below middle and coalescing with the inner three, so that
the width of the central fascia on inner margin is only oue-third of its costal
breadth ; space between basal patch and central fascia and centre of fascia itself
above the median pale green; cell-spot linear, black, distinct; central fascia followed
by three obscurely lunulate olive-green lines ; submargiual line dentate, pale green,
indicated mainly by dark-green wedge-shaped blotches marked with black before
and after, these being most distinct at costa and bej'ond cell ; two black marginal
spots at end of each vein, and a black spot beyond each in the pale-green fringe.

( lfi9 )

Ilindwings : clingy greyish white, with some pale rnfous-g-rey hairs in the cell ;
the flock of hair on the snbmeJian fold silky white.

Underside dull dirty white, discoloured with grey ; the forewings with inner
margin, an obscure augulated outer fascia, and the apex paler ; hiudwings with
traces of three cnrved interrupted postmedian fasciae ; the tuft of hair on submedian
fold below ochreous grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-green ; the thorax
deeper green, mottled with blackish scales ; the abdomen paler, with the hinder
edges of segments marked by a double row of dorsal black spots ; the front edge of
the last three segments with a smaller black sjiot in the centre.

Expanse of wings : 48 mm.

Two <S<3 from R. Tauampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

The forewings are very much like H. /rondo sata Guen.

128. Rhopalista rosenbergi sp. nov.

Foretvings : greyish ochreous, strongly snifused with dull greenish; the markings
brownish fuscons ; these are a basal patch, crossed by two or three dark lines and
edged by an irregularly dentate outer line ; a more or less vertical band before the
middle, irregularly edged on both sides, containing three or four dark waved lines,
forming the inner margin of the usual central fascia ; its outer margin wider,
excurved beyond cell and somewhat greyer and obsolescent below middle ; sub-
marginal line obscure, lunulate, preceded by dark patches on costa, and beyond cell,
these being separated by an oblique pale streak from apes ; the paler spaces before
and beyond central fascia each traversed by two waved and dentate lines ; fringe
greenish, with a pair of black spots at base at the end of each vein ; cell-spot linear,
blackish, placed in the paler centre of the central fascia.

Hindicimjs : sombre grey ; the fringe ochreous with dark spots beyond veins ;
marginal spots as in forewings; tuft of hair on submedian fold large, ochreous; the
inner margin darker.

Underside dingy straw-colour, mottled with fuscons ; forewings with inner
margin broadly whitish ; space between median and fourth median nervnle above
and submedian fold below dull fuscous ; a black apical blotch, leaving apex itself
and a narrow spot on middle of hindmargin straw-colour ; cell-spot black, followed
by three obscnre dark lines below costa ; hindwings with cell-spot, postmedian line,
and marginal fascia blackish ; tuft of hair on submedian fold fuscons. Facf , palpi,
and vertex rather bright ochreous, mixed with fuscous scales ; thorax dark brownish
olive ; abdomen ochreous, varied with rufous and fuscons scales.

Expanse of wings : 3.5 mm.

One t? from Chimbo, Ecuador, Angnst 1897, 1000 ft. (Rosenberg).

This species, named after the collector, is near R. (/azapina Dogn., from Loja,
but that has yellowish hindwings.

129. Rhopalista undulosa sp. nov.

Foreivings : pale greyish green, crossed by bands formed of fine black waved
and crennlated lines ; basal band consisting of three such lines, the outermost twice
carved outwards ; inner edge of central fascia a band of three lines ; outer edge also
of three, but the outermost of these three bent outwards away from the other two,
marked with dark veiu-dashes, and separated from the others by a fine greenish

( 170 )

line ; submargiual line irregularly waved, pale, preceded b}- three black interrnpted
waved lines, of which the (mtermost is thickest and fills np some of the Innnles
with black ; pairs of black dots on hindmargin at the cuds of the veins ; fringe
green, chequered with dark beyond veins ; cell-spot small, blackish ; the fascia
between basal patch and central fascia is traversed by a central blackish and two
greenish lines, most distinct on costa.

Ilindwings : whitisli, with pale grey narrow snbmarginal band and faint
marginal dots in pairs; fringe whitish; abdominal area greyish-tinged; the tnft
of hairs ochreous.

Underside dirty whitish in forewiug ; traces of the three outer lines of central
fascia ; cell-spot blackish, linear ; costa dotted with black ; a blackish apical blotch,
not quite reaching the apex itself, through which the snbmarginal line is marked
by four pale spots ; hindwings clearer white, with dark cell-spot, dotted postmedian
line, and distinct submargiual band ; fringes of both wings whitish, with interrupted
blackish marginal line at base. Face, pali>i, thorax, and abdomen pale green ;
abdomen dotted with black and with a black basal band beyond metathoras ;
vertex paler.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

One c? from Castro, Parana, September 1898 (E. D. Jones).

The green both of wings and body is very apt to fade into ochreous.

130. Rhopalodes seminivea sp. no v.

Foretoings : silky whitish grey, with a faint olive-green tinge ; the basal patch
and central fascia filled up with olive-green and grey mixed in places with rufous ;
basal patch with the inner two-thirds olive-green, crossed by three or four black
curved lines, the outer third paler, separated from the inner part by a curved pale
Hue ; curved band between basal patch and central fascia whitish green, traversed
by two darker lines ; central fascia with three dark lines on its inner edge and four
on its outer ; the central area generally paler, and partially annular; on the costa
the fascia is green, becoming rufous in the cell, and below, the veins above inner
margin marked with dark scales ; its outer edge is angled below subcostal vein and
again at vein 4, concave between ; the pale band following it contains two or three
confusedly denticulate green lines ; snbmarginal line white, interrupted, preceded
by irregular dark rufous and fuscous blotches ; marginal area green, with a pale
diffuse oblique apical streak ; pairs of black dashes on margin at the ends of the
veins with submargiual dashes between them, these last often connected with the
dark outer edging of the luuules of the snbmarginal line ; fringe olive-green mottled
with darker beyond the veins.

Hindwings : pure satiny white above and below.

Underside of forewings glossy, whitish towards inner margin, smeared with
dark grey towards costa ; external lines of central fascia, and the submargiual fascia
on the costa bright red, as are the subapical veins, between which the white
submargiual line is preceded by a blackish cloud. Head and thorax mottled light
and dark green ; face paler ; abdomen ochreous grey.

Exjianse of wings : 3.5 mm.

Two Sd from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

Smaller and much more delicate than /?. j/fifrata Huell.

( 171 )

131. Rhopalodes variegata sp. nov.

Foretvings : whitish ; the transverse lines olive-green, slightly dusted in parts
with pale brick-red scales ; basal patch pale brick-red, narrow ; central fascia
suffused with scales of the same colour, sometimes from costa to inner margin,
sometimes chiefly on costal half ; the inner and outer edge of central fascia and the
cell-spot blackish ; all the lines much as in R. patrata Snell.

Hindwings : dull whitish, with a slight rusty tinge.

Underside of both wings pale, without markings ; forewings with a sordid
pink tinge ; the costa with black marks at the beginning of the cross lines ; no
dark postmedian and marginal grey bands. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale
ochreous, tinged with pale reddish ; anal segment of abdomen with a distinct
blackish spot, basal segment obscurely darker; no dark dots on the two first
segments ; palpi black externally.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

Five (? (? from Castro, Parana (E. D. Jones).

Subfamily EUCESTIINAE.

132. Lissopsis dukinfieldi sp. nov.

Foretvings: uniform fulvous orange; the fringe grey; a pale oblique streak
from apex showing through from beneath ; costa at base tinged with grey.

Ilindumigs : the same, with the streaks below faintly showing.

Underside of forewings like upperside, but the costa narrowly and apical area
broadly olive-brown, the latter with an oblique cream-white streak from apex to
vein .5 ; fringe brown ; hindwings brown with cream-white, yellow-edged streaks
and blotches ; an elongated blotch on costa from base, its lower edge curved, a
tooth-shaped mark beyond middle of costa, and a fine curved line to apex ; a streak
from near base of cell, where it is swollen, running into hindmargin, throwing off
an arm at two-thirds to anal angle ; and a streak from base along snbmedian
fold ; fringe brown, except along the costal apical white curve, where it also
is white.

Head, thorax, and abdomen dull mouse-colour ; face with white cheeks ; basal
joint of antennae, legs, and pectus interspersed with whitish scales.

Expanse of wings : 37 mm.

One cJ from Castro, Parana, March 1898 (E. Dnkinfield Jones).

Subfamily HYDRIOMENINAE.
Genus Brephoscotosia Warr., Nov. Zool. II. p. 114.

In the description of the neuration of this genus, made without denuding the
wings, an error occurs. In the forewings, vein II rises well before the middle of
cell below the costal shoulder, 10 from before end of cell ; 10 anastomoses, as usual,
with 11 and again with 8, 9 ; 7, 8, 9 are stalked from end of cell ; first median at
two-thirds, second at eleven-twelfths. In the hindwings the first median rises at
three-fourths, second at seven-eighths ; 6, 7 are short-stalked ; and the costal
anastomoses with eubcostal to near end of cell.

( 172)

133. Calocalpe rosenbergi sp. cov.

(J Foreicings : dark grey, witli the nsnal series of curved darker lines and
slightly paler interspaces forming alternate lighter anil darker dashes on the veins ;
basal patch and central fascia a little darker ; submarginal line waved, pale,
forming a more prominently whitish blotch above the snbmedian fold ; fringe
concolorons ; marginal line dark.

Ilindwings : with no distinct markings except the pale snbmarginal line.

Underside brownish grey, with the veins spotted ; cell-spot and marginal lines
of central fascia towards costa dark. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons.

? with the space between basal patch and central fascia and the whole
marginal area paler grey, the basal patch and the central fascia itself, especially
the marginal bands, by contrast, much darker grey ; snbmarginal line not so white,
but edged externally with darker blotches ; the hindwings with the curved post-
median line and basal area darker. Underside pale grey, with basal two-thirds in
both wings deeper ; cell-spots in both wings black.

Expanse of wings : S 52 mm. ; ? 54 mm. '

A pair from Ibarra, Ecuador, May 1897 (Rosenberg).

Named after the collector.

The species is considerably larger than either of Butler's Chilian species,
caiiguene?isis and exacta, with which it is most nearly allied.

The S sliows slight traces of a vinous tint at the rise of veins 3 and 4.

134. Camptog^ramma (?) foedata sp. nov.

Foreicings : dull dark grey, the lines and markings darker ; the whole basal
two-thirds suffused with darker rendering the lines indistinct ; first line curved at
one-fifth; inner edge of central fascia curved parallel to it; outer edge at two-thirds,
darker and more distinct, being followed by a whitish line, incurved beyond cell,
then forming two blunt projecting teeth between veins 2 and 4 ; submarginal line
dentate, indicated by small wedge-shaped whitish-tipped black marks, connected by
blackish dashes with the hindmargin ; the whole wing crossed by indistinct dark
waved lines ; cell-spot black : snbmarginal line obscure ; fringe grey.

Hindwings : similar ; hindmargin slightly incurved beyond cell.

Underside pale cinereous, with the markings darker. Head, thorax, and
abdomen dull grey.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, January to May 1897.

This may be a Scotocoremia.

Deinoptila gen. nov.

c? Forewings : broad ; the costa abruptly shouldered at one-fourth, then
straight, only slightly curved before apex, which is acute ; hindmargin obliquely
curved ; inner margin decidedly convex.

Hindwings : ample ; costa curved ; apical angle produced, obtusely rounded ;
hindmargin nearly straight, and faintly crenulate; inner margin with a very dense
erect fringe of hairs ; all the veins below the median clothed with layers of hair ;
the cell filled with mealy scales.

Forewings on underside with a bed of hair along inner margin, and the
retinaculum with a large curled tuft.

( 173 )

Antennae filiform; palpi rostriform ; hind-tibiae with fonr spnrs.

Neuration : forewinys, cell less than half of wing ; discocellular oblique ;
first median nervnle at abont two-thirds, second jnst before third ; radials normal ;
the upper slightly stalked with 7,8,9; 10 and 11 stalked, 10 anastomosing with
8, 9. Hindwings with discocellular angulated, the radial from below the centre.

Tj'pe : Deinoptila pellicula Dogn. {Cidaria).

Dolichopyge gen. nov.

Forewings : elongate ; costa nearly straight ; apex rounded ; hindmargin very
obliquely cnrved.

Hindwings : narrow ; apex produced ; hindmargin rounded ; inner margin
short. Palpi porrect, drooping, hairy beneath. Antennae of cJ thick, lamellate,
slightly pubescent, of ? filiform. Abdomen of S elongate, the anal tuft much
enlarged. Inner margin of hindwings in c? attenuated, but with no trace of a lobe.

Neuration : forewings, cell longer than half of wing ; discocellular vertical ;
first median nervule at three-fourths, second close before end ; the median nervure
shortly upcnrved at extremity, so that the third median nervnle seems to rise from
the discocellular; areole simjile ; 10 and 11 being stalked, 10 anastomosing with
8, 9. Hindwings with discocellular oblique ; the radial from its centre.

Type : D. bifasciata sp. nov.

135. Dolichopyge bifasciata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale grey, tinged in many instances with rnfous or brown ; basal
patch of the pale ground-colour, marked only by the beginning of two dark lines on
the costa ; centra] fascia with its inner edge black, curved from nearly one-third of
costa to one-fourth of inner margin, followed by a darker grey band with waved
outer edge ; outer edge of central fascia from two-thirds of costa to three-fonrths of
inner margin, black, crenulate, outcurved between veins 6 and 2, preceded by a
darker band which is often obsolete below the median ; a waved dark line shortly
beyond it ; submarginal pale, luuulate, the lannles filled in with dark grey at costa,
beyond cell, and on submedian fold; that between veins 0 and T generally remaining
pale ; marginal line fine ; fringe grey.

Hindwings : of ? grey, with traces of six or seven darker curved waved lines ;
of (? whitish, with the lines hardly visible.

Underside shining grey, with all the lines dark grey. Head, thorax, and
abdomen pale grey, the abdomen dark grey along dorsum and with a dark ring on
second segment ; anal tuft in S palo ochreous.

Expanse of wings : S 26 mm.; 5 28 mm.

Many examples from Castro, Parana (E. D. Jones).

The central fascia is sometimes filled up with dark grey : at others the two
external dark bands are almost obsolete.

136. Epirrhoe corrivulata sp. nov.

Forewings : fuscous grey, the lines and shades dark fuscous, the central fascia
blackish fuscous ; its inner edge curved and waved, at nearly one-third, blackish,
its outer edge at two-thirds, oblique outwards to below vein 0, there bluntly angled
and obliquely waved inwards; the fascia paler in the middle and traversed by two or
three darker lines ; basal area traversed by four fuscous lines, all parallel to inner

edge of fascia ; central fascia followed by tliree parallel waved lines, the outermost
of which is developed into irrcg-nlar dark fnscons triangles edged by the slightly
paler snbmarginal line; pairs of marginal black dashes at the vein ends, separated
by a pale dot in each interval ; fringe concolorons with wings.

lliiidtcim/s : dnll greyish fnscons, withont markings, except an obscnre dark
cell-spot, and a faint cnrved line and fascia jnst beyond middle : marginal spots as
in forewings.

Underside greyish ochreous powdered with grey ; a central cnrved dark line on
each wing and traces of snbmarginal shade. Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish
fuscons.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina.

A sombre-looking insect, distingnishod Ity the single angulation of the central
fascia externally at vein 0, and the central dark line beneath.

137. Epirrhoe imbecillata sp. nov.

Forewings : white, slightly dusted with grey, and crossed by numerous dark-
grey waved lines ; these are all darker and more strongly expressed in the costal
half of wing ; central fascia with the inner edge curved and waved ; the outer edge
oblique from costa and forming a prominent subacute tooth between veins 3 and 4,
thence incurved and Innulate ; the outer upper half of the fascia filled with dark
grey; a slight grey fascia near base; the space between it and central fascia traversed
by three indistinct grey waved lines ; central fascia edged outwardly by a broadish
white band, traversed by a grey line and edged by a dark line which beneath costa
is thickened and dentate, followed by another dark line ; snbmarginal line distinct,
white, regularly dentate-lunulate, edged on both sides in the upper half of wing
with blackish ; marginal area grey ; pairs of subcontiguons black marginal spots ;
fringe white, chequered with grey beyond veins, and darker in basal half below
costa : cell-spot blackish.

Ilindwings : white, slightly dusted with grey ; cell-spot and marginal spots
towards anal angle, dark grey ; fringe white ; traces of a grey snbmarginal line on
inner border. In one specimen the cell and space bej-ond in the forewings is tinged
with rufous.

Underside white ; basal area tinged with grey as far as outer line, which in the
upper half of forewings is preceded by a dark grey cloud ; apex and hindmargin of
forewings blackish ; hindwings with a grey marginal border ; cell-spots dark grey ;
fringe of forewings white chequered with grey, of hindwings wholly whitish. Head,
thorax, and abdomen white dusted with grey ; palpi dark grey.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

Two 66 from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia (Garlepp) 1894.

138. Epirrhoe multivagata.

(?) Scotosia multivagatn Hulst. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. iv., p. 27.

A c? example from Qnincy, which appears, by comparison with the description,
to belong certainly to montimgata Hulst., is an Epirrhoe and not a Scotosia ; the
discocellnlar of hindwings is straight and oblique, with tlie radial from its centre;
the palpi are short and blunt, and the antennae lignlate, lamellate. In appearance it
certainly is wonderfully like a grey Scotosia.

( 175)

139. Epirrhoe rufilineata sp. nov.

Forewings : gre3-ish ochreons, slightlj' tinged with green; the markings brown-
black ; basal patch small with a vertical brown-black edge, the extreme base
remaining of the ground colour ; central fascia occupying middle third of wing, its
edges crenulate, the inner slightly curved, the outer nearly vertical, brown-l)lack
enclosing a small pale space at costa ; the pale bands preceding and following it
with a rufous line close to the fascia, and both as well as the central fascia itself
tinged with rufous towards inner margin ; submarginal line interrupted, the lunules
followed by small wedge-shaped blackish marks, and preceded by a black-brown
costal blotch, by two dark elongate marks beyond cell, and by a double sinuous
cloud at anal angle ; marginal line fine, black ; fringe concolorous with ground
colour, mottled with dark beyond veins.

Ilindwiiigs: dingy greyish ochreons, with traces of two curved postmedian lines.

Underside paler with central and submarginal dark grey fasciae on forewings,
the latter broad at costa; hindwings with two curved postmedian bauds. Face
and palpi brown-black : vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One S between Chimborazo and Chimbo, July 1897 (Rosenberg).

140. Epirrhoe subpulchrata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green ; basal patch small, edged by a band of three
blackish irregularly waved lines ; central fascia with its inner band formed of four,
its outer of three waved and dentate blackish lines ; the inner edge waved parallel
to basal patch ; the outer minutely dentate below costa, insinuate beyond cell,
forming two prominent teeth between veins 4 and 2, and two others less prominent
above inner margin ; submarginal line pale, regularly lunulate outwards and
dentate inwards, preceded by three similarly formed darker green lines ; marginal
line dark, interrupted at vein ends ; cell-spot dark ; fringe green, with deeper greeu
chequerings beyond veins.

Hindwings : ochreous white, tinged with grey in basal half and along inner
margin, with indications of two dark grey lines above anal angle ; cell-spot grey ;
marginal line as in forewings ; fringe ochreous white, chequered with grey.

Underside greenish ochreous, with blackish jwstmedian and marginal fasciae, the
latter interrupted by a pale green spot below middle and paler at the apex; cell-spot
large, blackish ; hindwings yellower, with curved grey median, postmedian, and
submarginal lines, the space between the first two rather greyer; cell-spot dark grey.
Face, palpi, and thorax greenish ; abdomen cinereous ; metathoracic tuft and edges
of abdominal segments dark.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

Two S S from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

The palpi are short, and upturned.

Eriopygidia gen. uov.

Agreeing with Spargania Guen. both in general appearance and structure, but
characterised at once by the difference in the abdomen of the i. This in Spargania
is short and blunt ; in Eriopygidia on the other hand it is elongate, reaching

( 176 )

considerably beyond the liindwings ; the anal parts are largely developed, and
snrronnded with long enrled tnfts of hair.
Tj'pe E. augustaria H. S. {Eucosmia).

141. Eriopygidia olivata sp. nov.

Forewings : olive-green, varied with olive-brown ; the lines velvety black ; the
first close to base, the second at one-fonrth ; two median near together and enclosing
a somewliat darker narrow central fascia with a black cell-streak tonching the inner
line ; an e.xterior line at three-fonrths, di.stinct only on costa ; submarginal line pale
grey, regnlarly waved, preceded and followed by black waved and i>artially luunlate
lines ; pairs of black spots at the ends of the veins, followed by black blotches in
the olive-green fringe.

Ilindtvings : dark smoky brown, becoming deeper along hindmargiu ; fringe
rnfons.

Underside dnll rnfons, in the forewings tinged with olive towards base ; the
lines dull black, continnons ; forewings with a broad blackish marginal fascia ;
hindwings with two line.'*. Face, vertex, and tliorax pale olive-green ; palpi and
abdomen also olive-green, spotted with black ; anal tnft in the S olive-ochreons,
strongly developed.

E.\panse of wings : 32 mm.

One S from Newcastle, Jamaica.

Distinguished from Aimjydalopterijx dulcifernta Wlk., and Xanthorhoc
perviridis Warr., to both of which it bears a superficial resemblance, by the
smoky brown hindwings.

142. Eriopygidia semirubra sp. nov.

Forewings : bright olive-green, the lines black or blackish green, separated by
deep bine-green tints and edged with pale silvery blue ; the lines forming about
eleven velvety black spots on costa ; base -deep blue-green with a broad black
dentate-edged basal line finely margined with bluish white, succeeded first by a deep
green line, then a black one finely edged with silvery bine and again with deep
green, this last line being vertical at one-third ; central fascia with the inner edge
luunlate, two lunules being above and three below the median vein ; each luunle
deep green towards base and black externally with a silvery blue finer lino between ;
outer edge of central fascia formed of three dentate black lines separated by deep
blue-green ; the outer of the three finely edged first with silvery blue and then with
green ; submarginal line lunulate, silvery white, interrupted, preceded and followed
by deep-green shades which become black on eacli side below costa, and externally
only beyond cell, the lunules above and below vein 3 united with hindmargiu by
conical black blotches ; a pale yellowish green oblique atreak from apex, and the
centre of the bands preceding and following the central fascia also pale yellowish
green ; marginal line velvety black, interrupted by snow-white spots at the vein
ends, those above the median with a black projection inwards, those below each
interrupted between the veins ; fringe deep green, the basal half darker ; cell-spot
large, velvety black.

Hindwings : dark smoky fuscous, the apical third orange ; fringe smoky
grey, mixed witli orange scales in the upper half, the ends of the veins white ;
cell-spot dark.

( 177 )

Underside of forewiugs with basal lialf smoky grey, apical region and costa
tliroughont deep fulvous, towards apex striated with black ; the costa with a pale spot
at two-thirds and at apex ; cell-spot large, velvety black ; fringe as above ; hind-
wings with basal two-thirds grey speckled with darker ; outer third fulvous speckled
with grey, with traces of two curved dark lines ; cell-spot black. Face and palpi
dull olive-green ; thorax deep green and black ; abdomen cinereous olive, with
whitish scales intermixed ; forelegs and base of costa of forewings reddish ; anal
tufts largely developed, blackish, fidvous beneath.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

One (J from Chaco, Bolivia (Garlepp).

In certain lights the black tints of the forewings assume a purplish tint.

Euperizoma gen. nov.

Distinguished from Perizoma Hub. by the antennae of the S being pectinated.

The areole of fore wing is double, but vein 11 rises far back and does not diverge
so much as usual from the subcostal nervure, the areole being therefore long and
narrow, vein lO only shortly anastomosing with 11 ; the cell is more than half as
long as wing ; in the hindwings the discocellular is angled and the radial from below
the centre. Scaling rather thin.

Type : Euperizoma mibicincta sp. nov.

143. Euperizoma nubicincta sp. nov.

Forewings : pale grey, with darker grey lines and with a slight rufous or
ochreous tinge ; basal patch obscurely darker ; central fascia formed of three diffuse
grey lines, all jjarallel and slightly bent in cell ; marginal area dark grey, of about
the same width as the central fascia, containing an indistinct waved subraarginal
line ; fringe grey with paler base ; marginal line formed of blackish dots in pairs on
each side of the ends of the veins ; the spaces on each side of central fascia form two
pale bands of uniform width ; cell-sjjot hardly visible.

Hindwings : similar ; the central fascia not so well marked.

Underside darker. Head, thorax, and abdomen all grey.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One <? from Costa Rica.

144. Hammaptera (?) caliginosa sp. nov.

Forewings : blackish grey, faintly green-tinged ; basal patch separated from
central fascia by an oblique ochreous whitish band, broader on inner margin, with a
dark line down the middle, which also is broader on inner margin ; central fascia
broad, blackish, the wavy lines across it obscure ; its outer edge from two-thirds of
costa to three-fourths of inner margin, with a rounded prominence at vein 6 and two
more prominently projecting teeth between 2 and 4 ; followed by a pale ochreous
band with a fine ochreous central line ; marginal area dark grey, containing two
darker grey crenulated lines immediately following the i)ale band ; the submarginal
line pale, lunulate, interrupted beyond cell by a cloudy blackish patch reaching
hindmargin ; the lunule above vein 6 is filled with hoary grey scales, that between
veins 3 and 4 is prominently whiter ; fringe blackish grey ; marginal line obscure.

Hindwings : pale sordid grey, jialer towards costa ; marginal area darker
beyond a paler lunulate submarginal line ; inner margin darker grey.

( 178 )

Underside of forewings blackish ; a small ochreons whitish apical blotch ; upper
arm of pale baud beyond central fascia swollen into a broad pale blotch ; inner
margin and lower half of hindmargia paler ; hindwingdull ochreons, with five or six
curved dentate lunulate grey lines ; a curved grey submarginal band preceded by a
slightly ])aler band. Face, thorax, and abdomen dark grey ; vertex, collar, and
shoulders mixed with pale ochreons scales.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

One ? between Chimborazo and Chimbo, July 1897 (Rosenberg).

145. Hammaptera tenera sp. nov. and ab. griselda nov.

Foirwhiffs : cream-white, shaded in parts with pale pinkish and olive tints ;
central fascia formed of two olive black-edged bands, separate above median vein
and embracing an obliqne dark linear cell-mark, uniting below median and forming
often four flattened aunuli, the outer edge of fascia sometimes marked with dark dashes
on veins ; basal space pale, crossed by two pairs of waved lines ; the band preceding
and following the central fascia pale, traversed by a central waved olive-ochreous
line ; submarginal line whitish, regularly waved, preceded and followed by an olive
band, marked with black scales in the spaces beyond the cell and below vein 2, the
darker markings in the outer band assuming the form of wedge-shaped streaks
towards hindmargin ; marginal spots large, in pairs at the ends of the veins ; fringe
pale, cheqnered with darker at the veins.

Hindwings : cream-coloured ; marginal spots as in forewings, preceded b}' a
narrow pale grey border ; fringe wholly pale.

Underside cream-colour, suffused with pale olive-grey except along inner margin
of forewings ; marginal border dull blackish, broad in forewings, narrow in hind-
wings ; in the former the apex and a small marginal spot below vein 4, as well as a
narrow baud preceding the fascia are pale cream-colour ; cell-spots distinct. Head,
thorax, and abdomen cream-coloured tinged with olive and pinkish.

Expanse of wings : 26 to 30 mm.

One c?, two ? ? from Parana (type), Entre Rios, Argentina ; also one ? from
Claparo, Port of Spain, Trinidad, December 189(j (Dr. lleudall), and one ? from
Venezuela (Mocquerys) ; a 6 from Jamaica does not seem to dift'er.

The pencil of hairs in the abdominal fold of hindwings of 3 is pale like the
ground colonr.

The insect is delicate in colonr and soon bleaches, very few specimens appearing
fresh.

The ? ? can be distinguished from pale ? ? oi E.fringillata Guen., which they
somewhat resemble, by the darker border of the forewings beneath reaching to vein
2 instead of stopping short at vein 4.

In a c? from San Pedro Sula, Honduras (bought from Herr Fruhstorfer) tlie
ground colour is whitish overlaid with grey, without any pink, and with very slight
olive tints visible. At first sight it appears very different from the type form, and
may be distinguished as ab. griselda.

146. Hydriomena praelatata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale olive-green, with darker green, more or less confluent, striae ;

the base and transverse fasciae purple-brown ; the latter with deeper wavy edges,

and all darker and forming blotches on the costa ; the first three bent on the median

vein ; first near base, interrupted at middle ; second broad, from one-fourth of costa

( 179 )

to before middle of inner margin ; third narrow from before middle of costa to
beyond middle of inner margin ; fonrth from two-thirds of costa to before anal
angle, narrowed and wavy below middle; fifth bifid at costa, and tonchiug fonrth at
inner margin ; marginal line interrnpted between the veins and with a black dash
on them ; fringe greenish cheqnered with brown.

Hindwings : pale grey ; the marginal line and mottlings of fringe darker grey.

Underside of forewings cinereons, with the fasciae darker, along the costa
blackish, leaving five pale green costal patches between them, the fourth the largest;
a pale green space along hindmargin from vein 3 to 7 ; hindwings cinereous, with
two curved darker postmedian bauds. Face green with two purple lateral streaks
from the upper part ; palpi purplish ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen green ; abdomen
flecked with darker scales, the anal tuft paler ; mctathoracic tuft purplish metallic ;
legs dark fuscous, mottled with green at the joints.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One c? from R. Tanamimya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

Smaller than praemuiidata, and more chequered in the markings ; the under-
surface different.

147. Hydriomena praemundata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull olive-green, without any darker green mottlings ; the base and
five waved and dentate-edged fasciae purplish ; the first three bent on the median
vein, the last two more dentate ; the last edged with whitish internally ; marginal
line formed of dark blotches at the ends of the veins, followed by dark mottlings in
the green fringes.

Hindwings : uniform dark grey, deeper towards hindmargin.

Underside cinereous; the fasciae blackish along costa only, with three yellowish
green intervals before apex, the middle one becoming white between veins 6 and 8 ;
hindwings with traces of two curved darker lines beyond middle. Palpi fuscous ;
face green, with two dark spots in the middle ; vertex and thorax green ; patagia
with two black dots at base; abdomen greenish cinereous, marked with darker along
the back ; mctathoracic tuft purple.

Expanse of \^ings : 39 mm.

One S from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

148. Ochyria inamorata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull pinkish grey, varied in parts with white scales, and with the
markings bright olive-green ; the basal patch, the inner and outer bands that limit
the central fascia, and the marginal area are all olive-green, tinged in parts with
yellowish ; the band between basal area and central fascia and the space beyond the
fascia are dull pinkish grey; the central area of the central fascia above the median,
and more or less the whole width of it below, and the sjiace beyond it towards anal
angle are frosted with whitish scales, and all the green bands are finely edged with
whitish ; cell-spot triangular, olive-green, edged with rufous ; submarginal line
ill-defined, edged internally in places with reddish olive patches, and followed by a
triple black blotch along margin between veins 4 and 7 ; a row of black marginal
lunules ; fringe rufous grey, paler towards apices. All the lines become blackish
along the costal edge.

Hindwings : dull yellowish white ; fringe the same ; traces of three or four

(.180 )

dark lines on inner margin above anal angle ; a dark marginal line along lower half
of wing.

Underside cream colour ; forewings grey-tinged toward costa ; outer edge and
lines of central fascia blackish ; apex and hindmargin blackish, the apex itself and
a dnll patch below vein 4 cream-colour ; fringe dark grey above middle, cream-
coloured below ; bindwings with cell-spot and curved snbmarginal line grey, with
faint traces of other lines along costa. Head, thorax, and shoulders olive-green ; the
palpi externally darker green : patagia and abdomen blackish, with a few whitish
and olive-green scales intermixed ; abdomen on sides and underneath cream-colour
dusted with grey.

Expanse of wings : 39 mm.

One c? from R. Tauampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

The antennae of the 6 subserrate and well ciliated ; palpi well developed.

149. Perizoma muscosata sp. nov.

Forewings : greenish yellow, much speckled with dark fuscous and partially
suffused with fuscous along the middle of disc and towards hindmargin, the veins
remaining finely yellowish ; the lines fine, blackish, Innulate-dentate, more regular
beyond the middle ; two close to base nearly vertical and straight, followed by a
third, waved and dentate, forming the edge of the basal patch ; inner edge of central
fascia formed by two blackish dentate lines, at about one-third ; outer edge by two
partially double regularly dentate Innulate lines from two-thirds of costa obliciue out-
wards to vein 6, then inwards to inner margin near middle, approaching the inner
edge on submedian fold; bands preceding and follo^viug central fascia traversed by a
strongly waved line; snbmarginal line black, regularly lunulate-dentate, with traces
of a paler dark-edged line beyond it; pairs of black marginal spots at the vein ends;
fringe dark grey ; cell-spot linear, blackish. The darker suffusion of the central
area does not reach beyond the subcostal and submedian veins.

Hinduings : brownish grey, with traces of two curved snbmarginal lines,
more distinct on inner margin ; cell-spot dark ; marginal spots as in forewings ;
fringe brown-grey.

Underside ochreous frosted with brownish ; the forewings suffused with grey.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like forewings ; face darker.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

One ? from Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina.

Genns Plectroboarmia Butler, Tr. E. S. 1882. p. 366.
This genns must be referred to the Ilydriomenhiae ; the costal vein of the hind-
wings anastomoses with the subcostal for nearly the whole length of the cell ; the
discocellular is oblique ; the ueuration of the forcwing is quite normal, the areule
being double. The forehead is large and tumid ; and the j)alpi are upcurved in
front of face.

loit. Plemyriopsis olivacea sp- nov.
Forewings: olivaceous, the costa with double dark marks at the commence-
ment of the lines ; the lines all double with a paler centre ; first at one-sixth,
oblique ; second at one-fourth, oblique and slightly undulating, forming inner edge
of central fascia; both these lines are angled just beneath costa ; a blackish oblique

( 181 )

cell-spot near beyond second line ; outer line at five-sisths, parallel to hindmargin,
yellowish white finely edged on both sides with black and again with a pale black-
edged line ; onter half of central fascia with several darker olive waved lines ; sub-
marginal line formed of white-edged dark lunules ; fringe concolorous.

Ilindwings : similar, the spaces between the dark lines paler.

Underside cinereous olive, with a rufous tinge along the disc of forewings ; the
hindwings paler. Head, thorax, and abdomen olivaceous cinereous.

Expanse of wings : 24 mm.

One ? from Azalar de Carthago, Costa Rica, 5000 to 6000 ft. (Underwood).

The hindmargin of both wings is simply bulged, not angled, below the middle.

151. Polyphasia truncata rufibrunnea snbsp. nov.

This South American form is distinguished by the fasciae before and after the
central area being reddish brown, this tint also extending to the basal area, and in
one of the two examples being also diffused over the whole wing, of which in the
other example the central area is whitish; all the shades are more precise above the
subcostal and below the submedian vein.

Hindwings : shining whitish grey.

Two ? ? from Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina, of 32 mm. expanse.

152. Psaliodes infantula, sp. nov.

Forcivings : dull lilac, crossed by three pale green lines ; the first at one-fourth,
its outer edge concave ; second shortly beyond first ; third from two-thirds of costa
to three-fourths of inner margin, sinuous, and inbent below median ; joined above
the middle by an oblique green streak from the apex.

Hindwings : pale grey.

Underside darker, and freckled ; the markings of the forewings showing
through ; the hindwings with traces of lines along inner margin. Head damaged ;
thorax and abdomen cinereous.

Expanse of wings : 16 mm.

One (? from above Chimbo, Ecuador, 30U0 ft., August 1897 (Rosenberg).

The single specimen is not in good condition ; but its size and coloration
distinguish it well from other species of the genus.

Ptychorrhoe gen. nov.

Forewings : triangular ; costa straight, but strongly convex before apex ;
hindmargin oblique, faintly elbowed at vein 4, but not curved, as long as inner
margin, which is somewhat convex.

Hindwings : narrow ; a slight prominence at vein 7 and a strong tooth at
vein 6, thence sabcrenulate to the apparent anal angle, the abdominal margin
below vein 2 being folded under as a flap.

Antennae simple, filiform ; palpi porrect, the terminal joint drooping.

JS'euration : forewing, cell nearly half of wing ; discocellular concave, oblique
below ; first median nervule at one-half, second close before end ; 7, 8, 9 stalked ;
10 anastomosing with 11 far back, and again with 8, 9, forming a double areole ;
hindwiug with discocellular oblique, and radial from the centre ; 6 and 7 stalked.

Type : Piychon-ho'c rayatu. Doguin {0/jisogonia).

13

( 182 )

153. Spargania approbata sp. nov.

Foretvings : dull olive-greeu mixed with paler ; the lines black, deutate aud
lunnlate, more complete than in S. narangilla Dogn., and with black costal spots
between each line as in that sspecies ; first line from one-fourth of costa oblique to
median, then incurved, and again obliiiue to beyond one-third of inner margin, the
basal patch crossed by another similar black line ; inner edge of central taseia
parallel to first line and dentate ; outer edge from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds
of inner margin, strongly dentate, forming two small acute teeth on each side of
vein 6, and two larger and blunter ones on each side of vein 3, incurved beyond
cell ; the two edges approximating on inner margin ; a black cell-spot followed by
an indistinct central dark line; three black dentate lines in the marginal area
parallel to outer edge of central fascia, the first complete, the second much
interrupted, the outermost strongly zigzag, the outer teeth reaching hindmargiu ;
large double black spots on each side of each vein-end, followed by black spots in
the dark-green fringe ; all the black lines slightly edged with yellowish and pale
scales ; the area below the median vein flushed with purplish.

Hindicings : dull coppery, tinged with greenish at base aud inner margin ; a
faintly darker snbmarginal curved line ; fringe coppery.

Underside of both wings greenish coppery ; costa of forewings chequered with
pale and black dashes ; a pale blotch on costa beyond central fascia, followed by
two obli(ine black shades, the outer the larger ; apex paler ; marginal line finely
black ; fringe paler, with black spots beyond veins ; hindwings with only faint
traces of postmedian line and cell-spot. Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-green,
basal segments of abdomen varied with black ; fore and middle tibiae green, black-
spotted ; hind-tibiae wholly green.

Expanse of wings : 42 mm.

Two 6S from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

Allied to S. narangilla Dogn.

154. Spargania colorifera sp. nov.

Forewings : yellowish olive-green, suffused with darker green, and crossed by
numerous waved blackish lines, starting from velvety black costal spots finely
edged with yellowish scales ; basal patch edged by a nearly straight black line from
one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, the basal area darker green aud
containing a black line edged with bluish white and a black spot on costa and
inner margin ; central fascia dark green, of uniform width, both edges waved and
edu-ed with bluish white, with a wavy black central line and the veins blackish,
each bluish white line edged by an olive-green one ; marginal area traversed by
three waved black lines, the first and third partially edged with yellowish scales,
the third preceded by bluish white scales, and by a black spot beyond cell ; a row
of black marginal lunulcs ; fringe with inner half olive-green, the outer half paler,
both chequered with darker ; cell-spot blackish.

Hindwings : dull pink, the base and inner margin tinged with greenish fuscous;
traces of two dark lines on inner margin above anal angle ; marginal Innules black,
preceded by a smoky fuscous snbmarginal line, thickened towards apex ; fringe pale
yellowish green, with basal half pink and black.

Underside of forewings dull pinkish, with the linear cell-spot and outer edge
of central fascia blackish, and the outer lines blackish towards costa only ; a dark

( 183 )

blotch before apex coiitaiaing two small yellowish spots ; nppcr half of band beyond
central fascia yellow, traversed by a dark line ; costa spotted, yellow and fuscons ;
fringe yellowish, cheiiaered with black ; hindwings yellow, speckled with reddish
fuscons, with waved median, postmedian, and submarginal lines of the same tint,
the last followed by a blotch beyond cell ; fringe yellowish, mottled with reddish
fuscons ; cell-spot ronud, blackish. Palpi dark fuscous mixed with greenish
ochreous ; head and thorax olive-green ; patagia green with black scales near base
and towards apex ; abdomen green much mixed with black.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One S, one ?, from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

Easily distinguished by the coloration of the underside of both wings.

Stenorrhoe gen. nov.

Foi-ewings : very long and narrow ; costa straight, curved only at apex, which
is prominent ; hindmargin obliijuely curved.

Ili/idwings : elongate ; hindmargin produced at vein 7, thence slightly curved
to vein 2, there strongly truncate to anal angle ; inner margin quite short, but
amply developed.

Falpi short ; antennae of c? strongly bipectinate to beyond middle ; tongue
and frenulum present ; forelegs and middle legs long and well developed, the
latter with terminal spurs ; hindlegs quite short and feeble, without spurs.

Keuration : forewings, cell two-thirds of wing ; discocellular short, rather
oblique ; first median nervule at three-fourths, second at seven-eighths ; radials
normal ; 7, 8, 9 stalked ; 10 and 11 free, 10 anastomosing with 11 and again with
8, 9, forming a double areole ; hindwings with cell one-half of wing ; the dis-
cocellular oblique ; radial from the centre ; costal anastomosing with subcostal for
three-fourths of cell ; veins 6, 7 hardly stalked.

Type : Stenorrhoe longipcnnis sp. nov.

The single si)ecies is anomalous in appearance and structure.

155. Stenorrhoe longipennis sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous, suffused with fulvous, and sprinkled with black scales ;
costal edge black ; a slight black line along subcostal vein, and an obscure blackish
horizontal streak through cell ; lines blackish ; first from two-fifths of costa to
one-third of inner margin, sharply angled in cell near middle ; second from three-
fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, also sharply angled outwards on
vein 0 ; a dark cell-spot ; a row of neat black marginal dots ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : ochreous, much dusted with black towards base and along inner
margin ; cell-spot and marginal spots as in forewings.

Underside ochreous with black suftusion at base and before outer line of
forewings. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous ; antennae black.

Expanse of wings : 18 mm.

One (J from Castro, Parana.

The pectinations of the antennae are thick and stont and well separated

Trichorrhages gen. nov.

Forewi?igs : elongate ; the costa mainly straight, but arched at base, and
convex before apex ; apex blunt ; hindmargin obliquely curved ; inner margin at

( 184 )

about one-third from base deeijly cleft, the submedian vein being etrongly bent
ujjwards above the cleft, each side of the cleft thickly clothed on the upper surface
with hairs.

Ilindwinqs : with hindmargin and both angles rounded.

Pali)i porrect, rostriform, decumbent ; antennae simple ; abdomen and legs
broken.

Neuration: forewings, cell less than half the length of wing; discocellalar
augnlated ; first median at three-fourths, second close to third ; radials normal ;
7, 8, 9 stalked; 10 and 11 stalked; 10 anastomosing with 8, 9 ; hindwings with
discocellnlar oblique, the radial from the centre ; 6 and 7 stalked.

Type : Tiichori-kages umbrosa sp. nov.

156. Trichorrhages umbrosa sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous suffused with shades of brown and green, among which
can be discerned a darker basal jiatch, a broad central fascia, the outer edge of
which is lanulate, and a pale Innulate submarginal line, preceded and followed by
darker shades ; marginal spots black and round ; fringe blackish.

Hindwings: pale slaty grey, darker along hiudmargin ; fringe blackish.

Underside of forewings dull dark cinereous ; of hindwings paler ; cell-spots
dark. Head, palpi, and thorax olive-green and brown ; abdomen wanting.

Expanse of wings : 38 mm.

One t? from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmanu).

The unique example is very much wasted, and an accurate description is
impossible.

157. Xanthorhoe fragilis sp. nov.

Forewings : pale greyish green, crossed by waved red-brown lines, which are
all thickened on costa, and densely dusted with red-brown striae ; three red-brown
lines in basal area, all angled on the subcostal vein, then vertically waved to inner
margin ; central fascia with its inner edge formed of one and its outer of three
similar lines, but the outer three are angulated on vein 4 as well as on vein 6,
incurved to vein 2, thence vertical to inner margin ; cell-spot small, blackish, close
beyond the inner edge of the fascia ; marginal area crossed by three waved brown
lines, all thickened and somewhat confluent at costa and between veins 3 and 4 ;
marginal line fine, blackish, swollen between the veins ; fringe red-brown, with the
base conspicuously paler.

• Hindwings : whiter, tinged with greenish, with all the outer lines repeated, but
indistinct towards costa ; cell-spot small, blackish ; hiudmargin subdentate, the
tooth at vein 4 more marked.

Underside reddish grey, flecked with dark, and with all the chief lines darker ;
marginal spots much more distinct than above. Head, thorax, and abdomen dull
greenish grey, speckled with red-brown.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One 6 from Bogotd, Colombia (Child).

A thinly scaled and rather fragile-looking species ; the veins flue ; palpi shortly
porrect ; the pectinations of the antennae in cj full ; discocellnlar of hindwings
oblique ; radial from the centre.

( 185 )

Subfamily EUDULINAE.

158. Eudule circumducta sp. nov.

Foreivings : orange-red ; the costa and hindmargin narrowly blackish ; the
costal streak is quite narrow at base, widening gradually to apex where the dark
margin is broadest.

Hindwings : with only the hindmargin blackish, this narrowed to a point above
anal angle and before apex on costa.

Underside the same. Head, thorax, and abdomen red ; antennae and palpi
black.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One c? from Chimbo, Ecuador, 1000 ft., Aug. 1897 (Rosenberg).

Nearest to E. cytherea Schaus.

Subfamily HETERUSIINAE.

159. Heterusia magnifica sp. nov.

Forewings : bright red ; the inner margin narrowly, the hindmargin more
broadly black ; costa with two triangular black blotches at base, an oblong broader
one at middle, reaching to median vein, and a bar beyond it to hindmargin ; all the
blotches separated from each other at costal edge by a sulphur-yellow spot ; fringe
black, chequered with white between the veins.

Hindwings : with the black hindmarginal border pierced by long red streaks
between the veins and shorter ones on the veins ; and with three black bands inter-
rupted by red along the fold of the cell ; the first basal broad ; the second strongly
angulated on the radial ; the third more broadly interrupted in the middle, con-
sisting of one large oblong blotch from costa, and four smaller snbquadrate ones
from inner margin, separated by the red veins ; fringe mottled, black and white ;
wholly white round the apex.

Underside of forewings like upper, but the apex beyond the postmedian band
pale sulphur-colour with a row of oblong black blotches on the veins ; the fringe
snlphur-colour with black mottlings beyond the veins ; a blotch on the subcostal
vein at base, and vein 8, across the postmedian band, sulphur-colour ; of hindwings
with the red spaces all sulphur-colour, and the veins delicately marked with the
same colour ; the fringe the same, with slight black mottling. Face and palpi
hairy, black mixed with pale snlphur ; thorax and abdomen black ; fillet and tips
of shoulders and of patagia tinged with pale ; segmental rings of abdomen narrowly
pale above, becoming more broadly so on the sides and almost wholly sulphur-
coloured underneath ; legs black, varied with pale hairs.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One c? from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

160. Heterusia obliquistriga sp. nov.

Foretvings : dull olive-brown ; two slightly oblique yellowish white streaks
from costa ; the first at one-third, the second a little beyond two-thirds ; the first
reaching median vein, where it is widened and continued as a more oblique whitish
hyaline streak towards the hindmargin between veins 2 and 3 ; the second stopping
short at vein 6.

( 1«« )

llindiciuij.s : niiiform olive-ljrown ; fringe of both wings concolorons.

Underside of forowiugs like upper, bnt the brown speckled with paler ; of hind-
wings dirty whitish, coarsely speckled with fuscons ; the margin from before apex
to anal angle broadly olive-brown : a dark cell-spot. Head, thorax, and abdomen
brown ; abdomen beneath whitish.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One S without locality, in the Felder collection.

101. Trochiodes inexpectata Stand, ab. dilatata nov.

Differs from the type form in having the middle of hindmargin of forewings
white, above and below. In the hindwings the white area is mnch more extensive,
the base of the wing being only narrowly blackish and the costal margin the same.

One S from Bogota collection.

Having only seen the one examide described, I leave it as an aberration only ;
it is probably a good species.

Subfamily PALYADINAE.
162. Aplogomplia oppletaria sp. nov.

Forewings : pale straw-colonr ; costa from base to middle with four irregnlar
confluent brown spots, containing metallic scales, their lower edge ragged, and pro-
duced very irregularly as brown strigae to inner margin : outer third and fringe
brown, the submarginal line indicated by a straw-coloured spot on costa and at
anal angle, and irregularly varied with metallic scales and spots ; a marginal line
of metallic dashes.

Ilindwivcis: with submarginal curved row of metallic drops and marginal line
of metallic dashes ; traces of lirown strigae along inner margin, in<licating an ante-
median and postmedian line ; fringe straw-colour, darkening towards apex, which is
marked with a slight fuscous cloud.

Underside similar, without metallic scales ; the apical blotch of hind wing larger
and deep brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour, discoloured with darker
scales, especially the abdomen, which has a brown ring near base ; antennae brown.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

Several examples from Paramba, Ecuador, 3500 ft., March 1897, dry season
(Rosenberg). In one example there are no brown strigae on either wing.

163. Trichogompha costimaculata sp. uov.

Forewings : mouse-colour ; the basal two-thirds of wing covered with dark
brown confluent striae, or wholly sufiused with brown, leaving only a few pale
transverse streaks, the suffusion extending along inner margin nearly to anal angle ;
the outer third of this brown area on costa is supplanted in the c? by a triangular
blotch of paler grey than the ground-colour, edged with ochreous ; in the ? by a
blotch wholly ochreous, limited by a band of brown striae from costa to just before
anal angle, followed by an oblique row of metallic sjjots and a submarginal metallic
line, beyond which the marginal area is again suffused with brown ; fringe
mouse-colour.

IlimI wings : with basal two-thirds only irregularly striated with brown ; the
metallic lines more developed.

( 187 )

Underside dark o-rey-brown ; the costal blotch pale ochreons in both sexes, witli
the costa itself above the blotch deep yellow ; a slight pale spot in middle of hind-
wings, which in the ? is visible also above. Head and shonlders pale ochreons,
paler in the ? ; thorax and abdomen pale grey-brown in ?, dark grey-brown in cJ ;
the basal segment of abdomen and the anal tnft of the c? ochreons.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

A pair from Paramba, Ecuador, Jan. to May 1897.

Sdbfamily NEPHODIINAE.
164. Astyochia nigrita sp. nov.

Forcioings : smoky black, the veins and costa deep black ; space between the
median and submedian veins and basal half of cell semi-transparent ; a white blotch
towards apex beyond cell, extending from vein 4 to 7 ; fringe black.

Ilindwings : white, with a broad deep black border along costal and hind-
margins ; veins and inner margin narrowly deep black.

Underside similar ; the semi-transparent spaces on forewings whiter. Head,
thorax, and abdomen deep black ; tongue bright yellow ; taft of hair on inner
margin of hindwiugs grey.

Expanse of wings : 24 mm.

Two c?c? from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

Hyalocampa gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa nearly straight, curved just before apex ; apex rounded ;
hindmargin rouuded, not very oblique ; anal angle distinct.

Ilindwings : with both angles and the hindmargin rounded.

Antennae of c? bipectinated nearly to apex ; of ? simple; paljn porrect, slender,
short ; tongue and frenulum present ; hind-tibiae with four short spurs.

JS^euration : forewings, cell three-fifths of wing, constricted at its extremity ;
discocellular short, inangnlated in middle ; first median nervule at three-fifths,
second at seven-eighths ; radials normal, the lower one fine ; 7, 8, 0 stalked ; 10
and 11 free ; 11 connected by bar with 12, 10 anastomosing with 11; hindwings with
costal approximated to subcostal, and united by a bar just before middle of cell ;
vein 7 from before end of cell ; first median nearly at one-half, second just beyond
three-fourths. In the forewing in both sexes veins 3 and 7 are strongly bent down-
wards, approaching veins 2 and 6 on hindmargin ; in the cj the median and submedian
veins are strongly concave towards each other near base ; the foveal bar is thick
and strongly marked, lying on a very fine curved fold from submedian fold to
median vein ; above the curve of the submedian vein a straight chitinous bar
appears, covered with black scales, the wing membrane above it being finely fluted ;
the wing membrane perfectly transparent, without pigmented scales.

Tj'pe : Hyalocampa specularis sp. nov.

16.5. Hyalocampa specularis sp. uov.

Forewings: perfectly hyaline; except along the margins and an oblique bar
across the end of cell to hindmargin at vein 3, where, as well as at apex, the
hindmarginal border is wider ; all the veins black.

Hindwings : without the oblique bar, and with the inner margin very narrowly
black.

( 188 )

Underside the same. Face and a spot in front of thorax white ; rest of head
and thorax and the abdomen blackish, nnderneath whitish.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
One (?, one ? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, January 1897 (Rosenberg).

Lissocharis gen. nov.

Forewings : costa curved throughout ; apex and hindmargin rounded.

Hindwings : with hindmargin and both angles well-rounded.

Antennae of S delicately pectinated, the pectinations short, thick, claw-shaped,
with a bristle at end; apical third subserrate; palpi damaged ; tongue and frenulnm
present ; legs long ; hind-tibiae with four short spurs.

Neuration : forewing, cell nearly two-thirds of wing, constricted towards
extremity, the subcostal vein especially being deflexed ; discocellular inangnlated
close below upper end of cell, then oblique and angnlated outwards at middle ; the
lower third vertical; first median nervnle at one-half, second at five-sixths ; lower
radial very fine, from the outward angulation of discocellular, upper radial from the
deflexed end of cell; 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked, 11 free from cell, and anastomosing with 12;
9, 10 coincident, anastomosing with 11, 9 again anastomosing with 8; foveal bar
strongly developed ; median and submedian veins concave towards each other at
base ; hindwings with costal and subcostal closely approximated at base ; vein 7
before end of cell ; discocellular inangnlated below ti. The hiudwing slightly
shouldered at base ; the costa sinuate.

Allied to IJyalocampa Warr.

Type : Lissocharis nigrivenafa sp. nov.

166. Lissocharis nigrivenata sp. nov.

Forewings : semihyalinc white ; all the veins thickly black ; costal area above
subcostal vein black ; hindmargin broadly black ; an oblique black discal blotch
touching costal black margin, and joining an equally broad black blotch between
veins 3 and 4 running into hindmargiual border, leaving two white subapical spots
separated by vein 6 ; lower radial not marked with black and very indistinct.

Hindivings : with the veins black ; a black margin broad along costa to apex,
then narrowing to anal angle ; inner margin narrowly black.

Underside the same ; the discocellular of hindwings more broadly blackened.

Head, thorax, and abdomen greyish black ; the patagia whitish ; face white.

Expanse of wings : S 29 mm.; ? 26 mm.

One cj, one ? from Paramba, Ecuador, Jatiuary to May 1897.

167. Nipteria conjunctiva sp. nov.

Foi'ewings : silky, pale fuscous grey ; a darker cell-spot, and two lines meeting
at middle of inner margin, one from one-third of costa, faintly convex outwards,
the other from two-thirds of costa, more or less parallel to hindmargin ; fringe
concolorons, darker beyond veins.

Hindwings : with small dark cell-spot and obscure line bej'ond middle parallel
to hindmargin.

Underside darker, dappled with fuscous; the outer lines and cell-sjiots thick and

( 189 )

distinct. Vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings ; face and fillet pale
ochreous.

Expanse of wings : 41 mm.

One c? from Castro, Parana, November 1897 (E. D. Jones).

168. Nipteria foedata sp. nov.

Forewings : dnll dirty whitish, slightly brown-tinged, especially along costa
and hindmargin ; first line at one-fonrth, nearly vertical, slightly waved ; outer Hue
at three-fourths, marked by dark dashes on the veins, angled on vein 6, then
oblique inward, approaching first line on inner margin; fringe dull brown ; cell-spot
black.

Hindwings : paler, with traces of a postmedian line, more distinct towards
inner margin ; fringe pale, becoming brown towards anal angle.

Underside dull whitish ; both wings with an obscure postmedian line marked
by black vein-dots, and not corresponding with the course of the line above ;
forewings with black cell-spot. Face and thorax dull greyish ochreous ; abdomen
paler.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One <S from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmann).

Placed in Nipteria. provisionally : the apex of forewings is slightly produced ;
vein 11 anastomoses with 12, veins 9 and 10 coincident anastomose with 11,0 after-
wards anastomosing with 8.

169. Nipteria faneralis sp. nov.

Foreivings : smoky brown-black; costa marked with blackish strigae and a few
whitish intervals ; costal and apical regions dappled with dark and paler strigae ; a
subquadrate white costal blotch before apex, from the inner edge of which an
obscure darker line can be traced ; cell-spot black ; fringe concolorous, slightly
mottled with paler.

Hindwings: striated throughout with darker, and deeper coloured towards
hindmargin ; cell-spot black ; fringe blackish, unmottled.

Underside with ground-colour paler, and all the markings more distinct ; the
hindwings with ground-colour pale greyish white, with a distinct blotched darker
postmedian line. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.

Expanse of wings : 4.5 mm.

One c? from La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru.

170. Nipteria intervallata sp. nov.

Forewings : ochreous grey, peppered with darker ; the lines darker, at nearly
equal intervals ; first curved at about one-fifth, second straight from middle of costa
to middle of inner margin, just in front of the small black cell-spot ; third parallel
to second, from two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin ; traces of a waved
submarginal line ; a slight dark marginal line, thickened with spots between the
veins ; fringe paler.

Hindwings: with the inner line absent; both wings are somewhat darker-
tinted towards hindmareiu.

( 190 )

Underside the same : marginal area of forewings distinctly darker except at
apex. Head and shonlders j-ellow ; thorax and abdomen concolorons with wings.
Expanse of wings: 44 mm.
One 6, one ¥ from Paramba, June 1897, dry season, 3500 ft. (Rosenberg).

171. Nipteria (?) satellites sp. nov.

Foretvinf/s : smoky blackish ; a triangnlar dull white blotch lying between
median and submedian veins, rightangled above the anal angle, with a ronnded
projection in middle of wing from median to snbcostal ; the veins dark across it ;
traces of a paler su])marginal line from before apex to end of vein 2, forming
two slight pale patches before costa, and a white spot between veins 3 and 4 ;
fringe dark.

Hindiriiu/s : dark smoky grey, with the central space paler ; the veins dark.

Underside of forewings like tipper, bnt the dark markings brown grey ; an
apical white spot. Hindwings with smoky brown curved central band followed by
a whitish one ; traces of a pale snbmarginal line ; a whitish marginal spot between
veins 3 and 4. Head, thorax, and abdomen dull grey ; palpi bright yellow.

Expanse of wings: 3.5 mm.

One S from between Cachabi and Paramba, February 1897 (Rosenberg).

Veins 0, 7, 8, 9 stalked; 10 and 11 stalked, 11 anastomosing at a point with 12;
cell two-fifths of wing.

172. Nipteria satyrata sp. nov.

Forewings : dull smoky grey-brown, darker along costa and hindmargin, which
are dappled with irregnlarly blotched transverse striae; a smoky dark cell-spot ; an
indistinct obliqne line from middle of inner margin to fonr-fifths of costa where it
ends in a dark blotch, the lower part being marked only by vein-dots ; fringe dull
grey, mottled with dark at the vein ends.

Hindwings : with a broad curved central band showing through from the under-
side, beyond whicli a paler space intervenes before the dark hindmargin.

Underside much clearer ; the oblique line of forewings black below costa,
followed by a pale whitish blotch between veins 4 and 6 ; the space below the
median vein dull and blurred ; hindwings with the broad central band and hind-
margin blackish. Head, thorax, and abdomen smoky brown-grey.

Expanse of wings : 52 mm.

One ? from La Ualata, Merida, 1897 (Bricefio).

Neuration as in N. incoloraria Gnen. ; but a curious anomaly occurs in the
forewings, where vein 5 is connected by a bar with 0.

173. Nipteria sericea.
Deilinia sericea Warr., Nov. Zool. IV. p. 462.

I have seen another pair of this insect, and find that it sliould be transferred to
the American Genus Nipteria ; the foveal bar, which is present, though not con-
spicuous, had escaped my notice. In one ? the upper radial is stalked with 7, 8,
9, 10 ; in the SS and the second ¥ it rises from the upper angle of cell.

( 191 )

1T4. Nipteria subcomosa sp. uov.

Forewiiigs : dull semi-transparent grey, with all the veins slightlj- darker ;
fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : the same.

Underside rather darker, especially in the hindwings. In the c? the wings are
covered thronghont with short ghsteuiiig hair-like scales, while the whole of the cell
and the snbmedian fold beneath it bear thick tufts of grey down, which are visible
as a dark shade above. These tnfts of down are evidently soon rubbed off, as in
some of the examples there is no trace of them, the whole wing apjiearing thickly
haired. Face, palpi, vertex, shoulders, and basal joint of antennae yellow ; thorax
and abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings : c? 35 to 40 mm ; ? 35 mm.

Three SS from CachabI, low country, January 1897 (type), and several of both
sexes from Paramba, June 1897, dry season, 3500 ft. (Rosenberg).

Drnce's perimede, which must otherwise be like this species, is said to have the
head parts all brown.

Parallage gen nov.

Foreirings : elongate, costa faintly curved ; apex blunt ; hindmargin obliquely
rounded ; anal angle hardly expressed.

Hindwings : with both angles rounded off ; hindmargin faintly indented beyond
cell ; antennae (?) subserrate, with short bristles ; palpi porrect, slender. Tongue
and frenulum well developed.

Neuration: forewings, cell more than half as long as wing ; discocellnlar inangu-
lated, short, the subcostal being strongly deflexed at extremity ; first median nervule
at one-half, second at five-sixths ; lower radial and third median from lower end
of cell ; upper radial from the upper angle ; veins 7, 8, 9 from the bend in the
subcostal ; 10 from the same point; 11 well before 10, anastomosing with 12, 10
anastomosing with 11 and subsequently with 8, 9 ; the foveal bar distinct even in
the ? ; hindwings, cell and discocellnlar as in forewings ; costal approximated to
subcostal near base only ; 6, 7 from upper angle of cell ; medians as in forewing ;
no radial ; scaling sparse ; the wings very transisarent.

Type P. inemhranacea sp. nov.

I have referred this genus to the Geometridce, notwithstanding the point of
origin of the lower radial, which must be considered as a remarkable abnormality ;
in all other respects the insect agrees with Geometrid structure, and especially, in
the presence of the foveal bar, with the Nephodiinae.

175. Parallage membranacea sp. nov.

Foreicings : pale grey, almost diaphanous, crossed by oblique zigzag lines of
dark fuscous, wliich form blackish dashes where they intersect the veins ; the fir.st
from one-third of costa to one-fonrth of inner margin ; second, third, and fourth at
equal distances from each other, the second from middle of costa, the fourth from
three-fourths, the third traversing the discocellnlar, the second and third not visible
below the median, the fourth faint and obliqne to inner margin before middle ;
beyond these three more, of which the middle one is fainter, the first reaching inner
margin beyond middle and the last at anal angle ; fringe (worn) pale grey.

( 192 )

Hinrlwings : with traces of darker curved postmedian aud snbmargiual lines,
and a dark mark on discocellnlar.

Underside glossy, with the markings showing through. Head, thorax, and
abdomen cinereous ; tips of the patagia paler grey.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One ? from Bogotd, Colombia.

The type specimen is not in perfect condition ; superficially the insect con-
siderably resembles a Gi'apkidipus.

n6. Psilosetia pura sp. nov.

Forewings : sliining white ; costa, especially towards apex, grey ; fringe grey.
Hindwings : white, with grey fringe.

Underside white ; fringe grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen white ; face and
shoulders 3-ellowish-tinged.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

One <? Merida, Venezuela (Briceiio) (type) ; one c?, one ?, Paramba, Ecuador.

SuBFAMiLT BKACCINAE.

IT 7. Nelo divisa sp. nov.

Forewings : brown-black ; a horizontal elongated red Ijlotch from near base to
two-thirds of wing, Ijdng between the median and submedian veins, both its ends
pointed, the upper edge projecting in the middle a little above the median vein ;
beyond the cell a square red spot ; fringe black.

Hindwings : entirely black.

Underside paler ; costa and hindmargin of forewings and the whole of
the hindwings grey-brown, with the veins black. Head, thorax, and abdomen
black ; abdomen whitish below ; shoulders with a lateral red spot.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One c? from Paramba, Ecuador.

Genus STENELE Wlk. II. p. 356.

I find that, the genus Dichostrepsia, described by me in Nov. ZooL. II. p. 121,
must sink to Stenele. The distortion of the median and submedian veins is often
scarcely perceptible, though the bladdery space below the median is always
present. The neuration of Stoieli',, as given by me in Nov. Zool. I. p. 412, and made
without denuding the insect, requires correction. In the forewings, veins 7, 8 are
stalked ; 9 and 10 are free from the cell ; 10 anastomoses with 11 ; 0 anastomoses
with 10 and 11, and subsequently with 8 (or 9 and lo stalked anastomose conjointly
with II).

The insect which I made the type of Dichostrepsia, viz. tricolorata, is mani-
festly the same as Nelo solimara Th. Mg., Le Naturaliste, 1892, p. 262, which will
stand as Stenele solimara Th. Mg. ; and to this genus also must be referred, judging
from the description, Melanchroia {?) uiirantiaria Th. Mg., Ann. S.E. Fr. Is95,
Bull. p. cclxxv.

( 193 )

178. Stenele ruberrima sp. nov.

'Forewings : coppery red ; the ajncal half black, its edge forming small teeth on
the veins, and an acute angle on the snbmedian, and reaching inner margin at three-
fourths, farther from the anal angle than in S. tripuncta ; the three pale spots
smaller and darker than in tripunctu, the upper one consisting of two, obliquely
contiguous, and not reaching below vein 5.

Hindwin(js : with the apex broadly black, the teeth on the veins short.

Underside fulvous-orange in forewings, the costa yellow ; the three pale spots
as large as in tripuncta ; the apical area beyond them greyish red-brown ; hind
wings yellow, with the veins finely orange-fulvous ; apex, margin, and fringe
red-brown, slightly darker at the vein ends. Palpi fuscous; face ochreous; vertex
ochreous with two black dashes ; collar black, ochreous at sides ; antennae black ;
thorax and abdomen like wiugs. Underside of abdomen ochreous; a single blackish
lateral stripe.

Expanse of wings : 48 mm.

One (S without locality. Closely related to S. tripuncta, and certainly
S. American.

179. Stenele tripuncta sp. nov.

Foretvings : fulvous orange ; the apical half black ; the edge, which is some-
what inconcise, runs from middle of costa to shortly before anal angle, slightly bent
on the median, and forming a small acute angle on the submedian ; in the black
area are three pale yellowish hyaline sjiots ; one subqnadrate towards costa between
veins 7 and 4 ; the other two smaller towards hindmargiu on each side of vein 3 ;
fringe concolorous.

llindwings : with a narrow black margin from before apex to aual angle,
running up and forming acute wedge-shaped marks along the veins ; fringe black.

Underside of forewings yellow suffused with fulvous ; the pale spots larger ;
the apical area beyond them browner ; edge of dark area with an acute subcostal
tooth and right-angled at vein 2 ; hiudwings yellow with all the veins thickly
fulvous orange and partially confluent ; a similar coloured spot on the discocellular ;
the wedge-shaped marginal marks with bright yellow spots between them. Paliji
fuscous ; face ochreous white ; vertex and collar black mixed with yellow ; antennae
black ; thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings ; abdomen pale ochreous
beneath, with two fine brown parallel lateral lines.

Expanse of wings : 43 mm.

One cJ from the Amazons.

Taraxineura gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa straight nearly to apex, which is rounded ; hindmargin
well rounded.

llindwings : with both angles and the hindmargin rounded.

Antennae (J) strongly bipectinated to apex; palpi porrect; tongue and frenulum
present ; hindtibiae with four spurs ; anal tufts largely developed. Besides the
foveal bar, the forewings have a very distinct but small fovea developed.

Neuration : forewings, cell quite two-thirds of wing ; discocellular very fine,
inangulated above the middle ; first median at five-eighths of cell, second at elaven-
twelfths ; lower radial missing, replaced by a fine fold, shortly becoming obsolete ;

( 194 )

ni'iier radial lung-stalkud willi 7 from the end of cull, botb strongly beut downwards,
6 terminating at the jwint iu hiudmargin where 5 would normally end ; 8, 0 stalked ;
h) and II stalked, 10 anastomosing with 8, 9 ; hindwings, with neuration normal ;
costal apin-oximated to subcostal for nearly half of cell, T i'rom before end ; first
median at one-half, second at seven-eighths. No radial.

Type : T. carbonaria sp. nov.

A develoi^ment of ilelanchroia.

180. Taraxineura carbonaria sp. nov.

Forewings : coal-black, without markings, except a large snbquadrate white
blotch at and beyond the end of cell ; fringe black.

Hindwings : wholly black.

Underside the same. Head, thorax, and abdomen black ; collar, tongue, and
anal tnfts deep ochraceons. From the femoro-tibial joint of forelegs rises a short
pencil of black hairs and a long ochraceons process without scales.

Expanse of wings : 34 mm.

One c? from Bogota, Colombia.

Subfamily ASCOTINAE.

181. Bronchelia subalbida sp. nov.

Foreu'itigs : dingy grey, with darker grey specklings and markings ; the three
lines much as mfratcrnaria Gnen., but only dark fuscous, not black ; the exterior
line more oblic[ue outwards from costa and much less strongly dentate ; the whole
hindmargin darker gr&j, containing the uniformly lunulate submarginal line ;
marginal lino fuscous, interrnpted at the veins ; cell-spot dark grey ; fringe grey.

Hindwings : the same, the cell-spot large and distinct ; the exterior line
imiformly dentate and nearly straight.

Underside dull dirty whitish, with a broad smoky grey marginal fascia ; fore-
wings dappled with grey, the costa ochreous ; the three lines marked as dark spots
on costa, the exterior grey as far as the lower radial. Face and palpi dull brown ;
vertex pale grey ; collar and thorax grey tinged with ochraceous ; abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings : 65 mm.

One S from the interior of Surinam, September 1892 (C. W. Ellacombe).

Distinguished from frcdarnaria, Guen., by the broader, less elongated wings,
with less strongly dentate margins, and by the whitish underside with complete
dark marginal band.

Another cj from Castro, Parana, agreeing with the type above described in
breadth and outline of wings has the ground-colour whitish, thickly strewn with
olive-grey speckles, and the outer line of forewings as strongly dentate as in
J'raternaria. The underside dull whitish, with the marginal band narrower and less
strongly marked, especially in the hindwings.

182. Bryoptera subbrannea sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish, speckled and along the costal region suflfnsed with greyish
ochreous ; the lines indistinct and interrupted, all followed by an ochreous grey
shade, making them appear double ; first, slightly marked with blackish scales,
curved, at one-fourth; outer line at two-thirds, parallel to hiudmargin, slightly

( 195 )

crennlate and blackish ; closely preceded by a less distinct but parallel median line ;
submargiual line waved, followed by an ochreous grey shading ; marginal spots
dark ; cell-spot indistinct.

Hindicings : without first line.

Underside of both wings smoky brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen like
wings ; palpi externally and a bar towards top of face brown.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One (S from Paramba, Ecuador, January to May 1897.

Distinguished by the uniform brown underside.

183. Cymatophora apicalis sp. nov.

Forewings : smooth olive-grey, slightly speckled with darker ; first line at one-
fourth, bent below costa, then oblique inward ; median shade vertical, thick and
diffuse, olive-fuscous, at two-fifths ; outer line from two-thirds of costa, also fuscous
olive and diffuse at costa and inner margin, where it joins the median shade ; cell-
spot black ; submarginal line very indistinct, marked by slight dark lunules, and
more visible beyond cell, where it crosses the beginning of a large triangular olive-
fuscous blotch lying on the margin below apex ; a row of black marginal spots ;
fringe concolorous with wings, but olive-fuscous bej'ond the triangular blotch.

Hindwings : paler, with two straight olive-fuscous lines, antemedian and post-
median, diverging and becoming obsolete, towards costa, and plainer on inner margin
where they are slightly geminated ; submarginal line obscure except at anal angle ;
cell-spot and marginal spots as in forewings.

Underside greyish ochreous, darker in forewings, speckled with fuscous, the
markings of upperside partially reproduced. Thorax and abdomen like hiudwings ;
head and shoulders concolorous with forewings.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

Three S S from Castro, Parana, February 1897 (E. D. Jones).

The description is taken from a fresh, well-marked specimen ; in many cases
the markings are much less distinct, and the ground-colour browner.

184. Cymatophora (?) commaculata sp. nov.

Forewings : dingy ochreous whitish, the costa yellower ; the lines bronzy grey,
macular and interrupted ; three in the basal field, curved and starting from large
costal blotches ; two postmedian, consisting of coarsely marked lunules distinct only
in lower half of wing, and ending at and just beyond middle of inner margin ; two
more submargiual ; the last four all confused and lost in a dull bronzy grey blotch
occupying the apex ; a row of blackish spots on margin between the veins ; a black
cell-spot ; fringe ochreous and grey.

Jlindtcings : similar ; all the lines curved, those near base broken up into spots.

Underside similar, but the markings still more confused ; a broad diffuse
submarginal band, the apex of forewings, and a spot below middle remaining paler.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous mixed with grey.

Expanse of wings ; 30 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, January to May 1897.

Distinguished from other species by the blotched character of the markings.
It is referred to Cymatophora provisionally.

( 196 )

185. Cymatophora ochrea sp. nov.

Forewings : 3elIowisli claj-colonr, speckled with dark fuscous ; a diffuse curved
fuscous basal shade at oue-fourth ; a broad diiFase nearly straight dark fuscous
median shade, followed b}' a thick dentate-edged postmediau line, which joins the
median shade on inner margin, and projects slightly along veins 3 and 4 ; the band
between this line and the submarginal is paler, less speckled with fuscous ; sub-
marginal line fine, but blotched on costa, beyond cell, and at inner margin ; the
blotch beyond cell connected with hindmargin by a triangular iliffuse fuscous patch ;
marginal spots dark fuscous ; fringe concolorous ; cell-spot dark fuscous, lost in the
median shade.

Hindwings : with two dull fuscous lines, median and postmedian, near together ;
a less distinct dark submarginal line.

Underside similar, but all the tints duller. Thorax and abdomen like wings ;
face, vertex, and collar yellower.

Expanse of wings : 3U mm.

One c? from Chiriqui, Panama.

The hindmargin of hindwings is slightly and irregularly indented beyond cell.
The forewings have no fovea, but it may be left in C ijiwxtophorn provisionally.

186. Cymatophora paraphiata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale grey, more or less suffused with dull tawny, speckled and
striated with fuscous ; the lines fuscous, irregularly waved ; first at one-fifth,
second at two-fifths, both obscure, slightly bent out in cell ; outer line more distinct,
denticulate outwards on the veins, and somewhat projecting between veins G and 3 ;
submarginal indistinct, pale, preceded and followed by dark striae partially confluent
into clouds ; fringe grey with dark spots at base between tlic veins ; cell-spot grej',
indistinct ; a fulvous cloud below costa beyond the outer line ; a diffuse pale space
at apex and anal angle.

Hindwings : with the extreme base pale, the lines as in forewings, the dark
dusting stronger beyond first line ; area beyond submarginal line paler, without the
tawny suffusion of the central area.

Underside whiter, the speckling coarser ; marginal third much darker, fulvons
and fuscous, less marked in the hindwings ; cell-spots blackish, distinct. Head,
thorax, and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 43 mm.

One ? from British Guiana.

The reference to Cymatophora is provisional. The hindmargin of both wings
is subcrenulate. The nenration is somewhat abnormal, the cell being only one-third
as long as wing ; veins 3 and 4 from the lower end of cell ; the lower radial from
above the middle of discocellular ; 7, 8, 9 stalked, 10 and 11 free. The costa of
forewings is rather prominently arched near base and incurved at middle.

187. Cymatophora ustifumosa.

Bri/optera (?) ustifumosa Warr. Nov. Zoul. IV. p. 466 ? .

Having lately seen twelve sj)ecimens (six SS, six ??)of this insect from
Parana, Entre Kios, Argentina, I can refer it ;to the genus (ywa^oyV/orrt, and describe
the 6, which differs very considerably from the ?, having the hindwings white,
while those of the ? are smoky fuscous.

( 197 )

(?. ForewiiHjs : whitish, fuscons-speckled ; markings blackish fuscous, tinged
with olive ; a short costal mark near base ; first line curved, from one-third of costa
to oue-fourth of inner margin, bent in cell and again on submedian vein ; outer line
from costa at two-thirds to three-fifths of inner margin, oblique outwards at first
and forming a blunt projection beyond cell, then sinuous inwards, thickened at the
veins ; cell-spot large and round ; the whole area between the lines filled up with
dark fuscous-olive, excejit a slight sjiacc on inner margin beyoud first line and
a larger space on costa before second line, which below the middle is preceded by
a smaller spot ; submarginal line white and waved, distinct only from costa to
vein 4, being there jireceded by a dentate-edged blotch of olive-fuscous strigae and
followed by a less marked fuscous cloud, which is also slightly reproduced above
anal angle ; the whole of the anal area below middle and beyond second line is
whitish ; marginal spots deep black, connected by a black line ; fringe whitish
tinged with olive and grey.

Hindidiig& : whitish, S23eckled with olive-fuscous, especially towards hind and
inner margin ; on the inner margin are traces of the commencement of three blotched
lines, the two outer being again slightly marked beyond cell.

Underside duller white, with the markings indistinct. Head and thorax olive-
fuscous ; abdomen whitish, basal segment with two large olive-fuscous blotches,
the remaining segments with a pair of smaller spots ; legs whitish ; foretarsi
chequered fuscous and whitish.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

Six {J (? from Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina.

188. Hymenomima camerata sp. nov.

Foretcings : dull whitish, faintly grey-speckled, more thickly along the costa
and hindmargia ; the veins and lines dark grey ; the lines below vein G all parallel
to hindmargin ; first curved, close to base ; second a little before the middle, pro-
jecting roundly in cell and on submedian fold, the bend in cell touching the discal
spot ; outer line dentate, from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin,
excurved beyond cell ; submarginal pale, zigzag, between two thick dark grey
shades, formed of wedge-shaped confluent marks ; a row of blackish marginal spots
between the veins, produced to touch the outer dark shade ; fringe grey.

Hindwinys : without first line ; the cell-mark crescentic and free.

Underside dull whitish, with difi"use dark grey marginal border ; cell-spots and
outer lines dark grey. Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, speckled with blackish;
palpi and antennae darker.

Expanse of wings : 3U mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, January to May 1897.

189. Lepiodes exilis sp. nov.

Forewings : pale grey, dusted with darker ; the lines fine, blackish ; the first
three curved, the submarginal alone dentate-lunulate ; the three lines from black
costal marks at one-fifth, two-fifths, and three-fifths respectively, obliijuely curved
outwards to median vein, then vertical, the outer incurved to vein 2 ; median line
somewhat nearer outer than inner, jjreccding the black cell-spot ; the first line is
preceded and the outer followed by a rufous shade ; ^submarginal preceded by a
fascia of confluent blackish-edged Innules ; a fine black marginal line : fringe grey.

14 "

( 198 )

Hindwings : similar, lint without first line.

Underside grey with a yellowish tinge ; both wings with dnll blackish marginal
fasciae and large ronudish black cell-spots. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey.

Expanse of wings : 23 mm.

One ? from Cindad Bolivar, Venezuela, August 1808 (S. Klages).

In forewings vein 11 anastomoses with 12 for some distance, then with 7, 9, 10
which are stalked ; 8 missing ; all the veins very fine.

190. Stenalcidia grisea sp. nov.

Forctdngs : dark hoary grey ; the lines indistinct, marked on the costa by black
spots ; first at one-fourth, second just before middle, outer at two-thirds, marked by
blackish dots on veins, and followed between veins 3 and 4 by a darker grey-brown
blotch; submarginal pale grey, regularly undnlated, preceded by a dark greylunulate
shade ; black marginal spots ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : the same without first line : a slight dark cell-spot.

Underside dull smooth dark grey, with cell-spots and outer lines blackish.
Face and jialpi blackish grey ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen like wings.

One ? from Castro, Parana, December 1898 (E. D. Jones).

191. Stenalcidia punctilineata sp. nov.

Forewings : brownish ochreons ; the lines all marked by black spots on veins ;
the first and third double ; first at one-fonrth, the inner arm running into base as
a black streak ; outer from two-thirds of costa to before middle of inner margin,
with its outer arm developed into a series of black wedge-sha])ed marks with a pale
dot at base, and joined on inner margin by the spots representing the central line : a
submarginal row of dark wedge-shajied markings, preceded by a dark cloud beyond
cell ; marginal spots black, distinct ; cell-spot black ; fringe full, the inner half
darker and mottled.

Hindwings : with a black line at base, double black antemedian and postmedian
lines, the latter lunulate-dentate ; no submarginal line, but a black cloud beyond
cell ; marginal spots and fringe as in forewings ; cell-spot large and distinct.

Underside suff'nsed with fuscous, paler in hindwings ; fringes and costa of
forewings pale brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; abdomen with black
ring at base and pairs of black spots on dorsum ; f\ice above and palpi externally
brown-black.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One 6 from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmann).

192. Stenalcidia venusta sp. nov.

Forewings : silvery grey, finely striated with darker ; the costa with oblique
dark marks ; lines velvety black ; first from one-third of costa, minutely
biangulated in cell, then oblique, parallel to costa, to near base of inner margin ;
second line from two-thirds of costa, at first oblique outwards, bluntly rounded
between veins G and 4, then oblique and sinuous to before middle of inner margin,
closely approximating to first line on submedian fold, towards which it throws out
black spurs along the veins ; the whole inner margin, as far as the middle of cell,
pale flesh-colonr tinged with fulvous brown, this tint also forming beyond outer line
a broad fascia running obliquely towards apex and filling up two or three lunules

( 199 )

which rejiresent the snbmargiual line ; marginal area, except at middle, darker
grey ; fringe silvery grey, beyond a fine dark marginal line ; cell-spot indistinct.

Hind wings : with waved antemedian and postmedian dark lines, the latter
followed by a flesh-coloured fascia containing a tawny band.

Underside smoky fuscous, darker towards hindmargin, the hindwing paler.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey, much varied with flesh-colour and tawny ; face
and paljji brown.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

One c? from Paramba, Ecuador (Rosenberg).

193. Sjmecta duplicata sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish white, the lines darker grey, thicker at costa ; first at one-
fifth, curved and waved, geminate ; median before middle, strongly projecting in cell
before the linear black cell-spot, and incurved below the median vein to inner margin
near first line ; outer line at two-thirds, geminate, denticulate, outcurved above
middle, strongly incurved below, touching base of cell-spot, to near middle of inner
margin ; .submarginal line pale, waved, between two grey shades formed of confluent
lunules, the inner between the veins, the outer upon them ; large black marginal
spots between the veins.

Ilimltvings : without first line ; the cell-spot large and immediately preceding
the inner arm of the postmedian line ; fringe of both wings whitish.

Underside uniform dull grey, darker towards hindmargin ; cell-spots dark.
Head, thorax, and abdomen pale grey.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

One ? from San Jose, Costa Rica (Underwood).

The two species which I have already described in this genus (Nov. Zool. IV.
p. 473), cumifascia and giiseola, were represented by c^c? only ; in the present case
the type is a ? , having moderately pectinated antennae and the fovea of forewings
almost as strongly developed as in the dd.

The absence of yellow colouring on the body will distinguish it from 6'. cunei-
/ascia, to which it otherwise bears considerable resemblance.

Subfamily FIDONIINAE.

194. Fidonia marginata sp. nov.

? Forewings : deep yellow, with a marginal border whose inner edge is curved
from three-fourths of costa to anal angle, thickly dusted with fine olive-fuscous
striae ; fringe iron-grey.

Iliiul wings ; with a narrower border from apex to anal angle, of uniform width
throughout, but narrowed to a point at anal angle, much darker than in the forewings,
che yellow being all but obliterated ; fringe as in forewings.

c? with only the inner edge of the border indicated in the forewings, the apex
of both wings with a few grey scales.

Underside deeper yellow ; the marginal borders dark olive-fuscous, and com-
plete in both wings and in both sexes. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs all yellow :
forelegs tinged with fuscous ; antennae dark grey.

Expanse of wings ; S 26 mm. ; ? 28 mm.

Five 6 cJ, four ¥ ? , from Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, October 1898 (Klages.).

( 200 )

Mimocharis geu. no v.

Forewings : with costa slightly curved ; apex rectangular : hindmargin oLllciuely
curved.

Hindwings : well rouuded.

Palpi short, drooping ; autennae of 6 subserrate and pubescent ; forehea^l
somewhat prominent ; frenulum present ; no fovea ; hindlegs broken.

NeimUion : forewings, cell half as long as wing ; discocellular vertical ; first
median at two-thirds, second at seven-eighths ; radials normal ; 7, 8, 9, lU stalked
from some distance before end of cell : 1 0 and 1 1 coincident, anastomosing and
becoming coincident with 12 ; hindwings with costal ai)pro.\imating to subcostal for
nearly half of cell ; veins 3 and 7 before angles of cell.

Type : MimocJiaris rosgala Th. Mg. {Ileterusia).

Allied to the European Chiasmia, but of very diiferent aspect, mimicking
Heterusia.

Narragodes gen. nov.

Forewings : broad, the costa in biisal half well arched ; ajiex bluntly produced ;
hindmargin sinuous ; inner margin convex.

Hindwings : with both angles and the hindmargin fully rouuded.

Antennae of S pectinated, the pectinations ciliated and rather far apart ; paljii
quite short, porrect ; tongue very slight ; frenulum jjresent ; hind-tibiae much
thickened, with a pencil of hairs and four spurs.

Neuration : forewings, cell half as long as wing ; the margins inclined inwards
towards the end ; first median at three-fourths, second at seven-eighths ; radials
normal; 7, 8, 9 stalked; 10 and 11 coincident, anastomosing strongly with 12;
hindwings with the costal anastomosing with subcostal for quite three-fourths of
cell ; the subcostals from the iipper angle ; no radial ; medians as in forewings.

Type : 2\arragodes fdscata, sp. nov.

Difl'ers from Narraga Wlk. — with which genus it agrees in the anomalous
anastomosis of the costal and subcostal of the hindwings — in having short, broad
wings instead of narrow, elongated ones ; in the absence of a fovea in forewings,
and in the subcostals of hindwings not being stalked.

195. Narragodes fuscata sp. nov.

Forewings : dark brownish fuscous, rather coarsely scaled ; traces of two darker
fascia, one median passing over the blackish cell-spot, the other postmedian and
curved ; fringe fuscous.

Hindwings : the same, the fasciae both curved, parallel to hindmargin.

Underside much paler, greyish ochreous, with dense fuscous striae ; the fasciae
plainer. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.

Expanse of wings : 20 mm.

One cJ from Sao Tuulo, Brazil.

Subfamily SELIDOSEMINAE.

Amblui'odes geu. nov.

Forewings : with costa straight, curved just before apex ; apex rectangular ;
hindmargin crennlate, obliquely curved below.

(201 )

Hindwings : with apex rectangular, hindniargin vertical and crennlatc to below
vein 6, then abruptly bent and straight to vein 2 ; inner marginal area largely
developed, thickly fringed with hair, and produced into a curved lobe at anal angle,
and with a fringed lobe at base ; beneath with a bed of hairs along subniedian fold ;
upper side clothed with hairlike scales, as in TricJwstichia Warr.

Antennae three-quarters the length of forewings, slender, and finely serrulate ;
palpi porrect, second joint hairy, third short and smooth ; tongue aud frenulum
present ; legs strongly developed ; hind-tibiae thickened, with a pencil of hair.

Neuration : forewings, cell more than half as long as wing ; discocellular
oblique outwards ; first median nervule at two-thirds, second close before third ;
lower radial from somewhat above the middle of discocellular ; veins 7, 8, 9 stalked ;
10 and 11 stalked ; 10 anastomosing with 8, 0 ; hindwings with vein 7 from before
angle of cell ; the three median nervules short, the last two from angle of cell.

Type : Amhlurodes commixta sp. nov.

196. Amblurodes commixta sp. nov.

Forewings : dull greenish, covered and suffused, except towards the hindmargin,
with dark olive-brown more or less confluent striae ; first line very obscure, from
about one-sixth of costa to one-third of inner margin, externally dark-margined,
forming three teeth outwards, one on subcostal vein, and one above and below the
snbmediau vein ; an indistinct blackish antemedian line ; a dull greenish ochreous
median line, bent below median vein, then vertical to inner margin, internally dark-
edged ; a similarly pale slightly dentate line nearly touches it on inner margin;
submarginal line strongly dentate and much paler just at costa, preceded by a dense
blackish shade forming oblong blotches between the veins ; the dark costal blotch
is preceded by an oblique jjale line, which is apparently the commencement of the
line which approximates to central line on the inner margin ; hindmargin crenulate,
with dark marginal spots between the veins ; fringe olive-brown.

Hindwings : dull dark smoky brown, the fringe paler.

Underside dull cinereous, darker towards base ; both wings with an ill-defined
blackish central line and submarginal I'ascia ; the forewings with an abbreviated
middle line from costa. Head and thorax dark olive-brown, with green scales
intermixed ; abdomen paler, more greenish ; anal tuft dull ochreous.

Expanse of wings : 48 mm.

Three cJc? from Paramba, June 1897, dry season, 3500 ft. (Rosenberg).

Allied to Am/iltirodes vellcdata Moeschler (Iscknopteryx), from Surinam, but
much darker, and without the inner pale straight line. Moeschler's description,
however, was drawn from a single c? ; and it is just possible that the pale inner line
was not natural, but caused by abrasion in the setting.

Callipseustes gen. nov.

Foretoings : costa gently curved, apex depressed, minutely produced ; hindmargin
faintly elbowed at vein 4, vertical above, oblique below.

Hindwings : apex and hindmargin rounded ; anal angle square.

Antennae in S simple, lamellate ; palpi porrect, very short ; tongue aud
frenulum present ; hind-tibiae of c? with four spurs, and thickened, with a pencil of
hairs. Forewings with the submedian vein swollen at base and bent downwards, the
wing membrane between it and median somewhat i)uekered and contorted.

( 202 )

Neuration: forewings, cell more than half as long as wing; discocellnlar
vertical ; first median nervnle at one-half, second close before end ; radials normal ;
7, 8, 9 stalked from before end of cell ; 10 and 11 stalked and oscnlating with 12.

Type : C. parambicola sp. nov.

197. Callipseustes parambicola sp. nov.

Forewings : glossy ochreous, striated finely with grey and suffused with rufous
brown ; liasal and marginal areas pale, crossed by fine striations ; central area dark
blackish brown : its inner edge from before one-third of costa to near middle of inner
margin, its outer from nearly two-thirds of costa to beyond middle of inner margin,
wavy and bent at right angles on vein 4; twice as broad on costa as on inner margin ;
two or three waved and swollen lines beyond the fascia ; a dentate fine white sub-
marginal line from before apex, indicated in lower half of wing by dark blotches before
margin ; fringe brcwnish.

Ilindwings : dark cloudy grey ; a dark grey pale-edged slightly crenulate post-
median line, not reaching costa, and a rather large dark cell-spot.

Underside yellowish ochreous, thickly speckled and in forewings siiffnsed with
blackish grey ; an outer curved line in both wings indicated by black vein-dots.
Head, thorax, and antennae pale ochreous ; abdomen wanting.

Expanse of wings : 27 mm.

One 3 from Paramba, Ecuador, January to May 1897.

198. Cidariophanes indentata sp. nov.

Foretvings : dull olive-green, thickly dusted and striated with fuscous and rufous;
all the veins rufons ; a small dark fnscous spot on median close to base, followed by
a larger blotch between subcostal and submedian veins ; inner edge of central fascia
from one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin, black, inwardly edged with pale
ochreons, forming two strongly rounded jirojections outwards above and below
median ; these two projections are tilled up with olive-fuscous ; outer edge black,
externally margined with pale ochreous, from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of
inner margin, oblique outwards to vein 4, then incurved to submedian fold and again
oblique outwards, dentate-lnnulate, followed by dark patches between the veins ; a
dark sinuons central shade parallel to onter edge just beyond the dark cell-spot ;
submarginal line preceded by a rufous shade, and marked by three white spots below
costa, interrupted in middle by an oblique rufous shade ; a row of black marginal
lunules between the veins ; fringe dark olive-fnscous.

llindicings : dull whitish; the inner and hindmargins much sjieckled with
grej'-brown ; two black curved submarginal lines from above anal angle, the inner
concise, the outer difluse, and becoming cloudy towards costa; marginal line black;
fringe fuscous.

Underside of forewings ochreous, striated and sufi"used with fuscous ; inner
margin whitish ; a dark straight central streak, blackish cell-spot, and crenulate
outer line ; three pale subapical spots ; a pale blotch below middle of hindmargin ;
hindwings speckled but not snflused with fnscous ; a distinct tliick fuscous ante-
median line ; the cell-spot, crenulate postmedian line, and clondy submarginal shade
fuscous. Thorax olive-fuscous and ochreous ; face and vertex paler ; abdomen
ochreous, speckled with fuscous, the crests ochreous.

( 203 )

Expanse of wings : S 41 mm. ; ? 48 mm.

One S, one ? from R. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

The ? has the markings somewhat less distinct.

199. Cidariophanes perrubrescens sp. nov.

Foreivings : with the ground colour only slightly olive-tinged, being almost
wholly suffused with dull flesh-colour, with much less dark mottling than in
indeiitata and with the dark and light tints more contrasted ; the description of the
markings given for that species applies entirely to the present species, with one
exception ; in indentata the upper curve in the inner edge of the central fascia
projects further outwards than the lower ; in perrubrescens it does not thus project,
and the pale space preceding the dark shade is broader and more oblique.

Hind wings : whiter, being without the dark dusting on inner marginal half ;
the submarginal shade and fringe paler.

Underside altogether paler, a mixture of ochreous and olive-brown ; hindwings
paler, more whitish, with less freckling ; the dusky antemediau line, which is plain
in indentata, entirely absent. Head and thorax paler, ochreous speckled with
blackish and dark olive-green.

Expanse of wings : 41 mm.

Two (?(? fromR. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

Altogether a brighter-looking species than indentata.

200. Isclinopteris chryses, al). dispar nov.

Differs from chri/ses Druce, in that the i has a large pure- white blotch, shaped
like a flattened figure of 8 in the end of the cell, touching a whitish or pale spot on
costa ; the costal portion of the submarginal line also is prominently white, and is
preceded by a bluish white costal blotch ; the submarginal line is acutely dentate,
not waved. The hindwings are smoky olive-fuscous, becoming darker immediately
before the yellow apical space.

The ? has the median space between the oblique basal and the toothed outer
line wholly filled up with velvety black except along the costa, the black portion
projecting also beyond the teeth of the outer line between veins 2 and 4 as far as
the submarginal line ; the yellow apical portion of the hindwings is deeper than in the
(?. The underside agrees with the type.

Expanse of wings : c? 44 mm. ; ? 48 mm.

Two 33, two ? ? from Paramba, Ecuador (Rosenberg).

It seems probable that the black central suffusion in the ? ? is not constant, as
in a ? from Chimbo the whole wing is dull green, showing the three dark lines
distinct ; in a c? from Chimbo the white discal blotch is much larger and rounder,
and not connected with the costa.

Lobopola gen. nov.

Foretvings : elongated ; costa slightly arched throughout : apex blunt ; hind-
margin obliquely curved ; inner margin somewhat convex.

Hindwings : with well rounded hindmargin.

Antennae of 3 pectinated ; palpi obliquely jjorrect, reaching in front of face,
the third joint small ; tongue and frenulum present ; hind-tibiae with 4 spurs.

( 204 )

The inner margin of hindwinga possesses a lobe, reaching to half its length and
folded over beneath.

Ne.uration : forewings, cell not quite half as long as wing; discocellular vertical;
first median nervule at two-thirds, second just before end; radials normal; 7, 1(1, 8,
9 stalked ; 11 and 12 free ; hindwings with first subcostal and second median from
before ends of cell.

Type : Lobopola cimarrona Dogn. (Bourmia ?).

Allied to Perissopteryx Warr., bnt the lobe onl}' half as long ; vein 11 of
forewings free, not anastomosing with 12 ; the lines and markings quite different.

201. Oenoptila venusta sp. nov.

Foreicings : deep brick-red with a yellowish undertone, covered with slender
fuscous striae ; the two lines broadish, dull yellow ; first from one-fourth of costa
to one-third of inner margin, faintly curved ; second at three-fourths, slightly
sinuous ; the central included space rather deeper red, especially close to lines;
fringe concolorous ; cell-spot obscure.

Hindicings : with only the outer line.

Underside pale pinkish yellow, striated towards costa and ape.x, with traces
of the second line. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.

E.xpanse of wings : 30 mm.

One ? from Dominica, February 1897.

Like Oe. nigrilineata Warr. ab. reversa, from Jamaica, as far as regards the
colour of tlic Hues, but with the ground-colour red instead of dark red-brown.

202. Petelia fulva sp. nov.

Foreiciiif/s : pale reddish fulvous, thickly striated with fuscous ; the lines dark
vinous fuscous, thick and somewhat indistinct; first at one-fourth, bent in cell, then
vertical; second, median, vertical, with a faint bend outward below middle; third at
three-fourths, rather abruptly bent outwards at vein 4, then parallel to hindmargin ;
fringe concolorous ; cell-spot black, small ; the base and costa slightly darker than
ground-colour.

Hindwings : the same, without first line.

Underside much paler, pinkish ochreous ; the cell-spots large and distinct ; the
outer line obscurely marked. Face, palpi, vortex, and collar deep rod ; thorax and
abdomen like wings, the abdomen deeper red along back.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One S from Florida, August and September ISOo (Priddoy).

Stegotheca gen. nov.

Forezvings : elongate, narrow ; costa arched at base, then straight ; apex
rectangular ; hindmargin vertical above, obliquely curved below.

Ilindwinys: liroader than forewings; both angles rounded oflf; hindmargin with
a blunt elbow at vein 2.

Abdomen of t? extending considerably beyond hindwings ; antennae thick,
lamellate, tongue and frenulum strongly developed ; palpi and legs damaged.

Forewings with a large foveal space at base between subcostal and submedian
veins, covered beneath by the large semi-oval chitiuous retinaculum affixed to the
costal vein.

( 205 )

Newation : forewings, cell quite three-fifths of wing ; discocellular sliglitly
obliqne, biconcave ; first median nervnle at two-thirds of cell, second near before
third ; lower radial from upper third of discocellular between its two concavities ;
upper from npper angle ; veins 7, 8, 9, 10 stalked from considerably before end of
cell; 11 still further backwards, becoming coincident with 12; hindwings with costal
approximated to snbcostal for about half of cell; vein 7 well before end of coll ;
first median at three-fourths ; no radial.

Type : Stegotheca amissa sp. nov,

203. Stegotheca amissa sp. nov.

Forewinf/s : dull ochreous, more or less covered with greenish fuscous scales ;
the markings indistinct ; traces of a dark shade near base ; a dark median line
from middle of costa oblique outwards to vein 4, there bluntly rounded and inflected,
and denticulate to inner margin at three-fifths, preceded by a darker fjiscia, the
inner edge of which runs parallel to the line ; submarginal line pale, preceded by
a darker shade, marked beneath costa by horizontal dark streaks ; space beyond
central fascia pale on inner margin and tinged with ochreous ; fringe concolorous.

Ilindivings : dull fuscous grey.

Underside dingy grey ; both wings with darker margin. Thorax and abdomen
greenish grey.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One c? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, November 1896 (Rosenberg).

The description above given is the best under the circumstances ; the single
example is considerably worn,

Subfamily SEMIOTHISINAE.

204. Semiothisa combusta sp. nov.

Forewings : dull whitish, suffused with rufous brown ; lines sienna-brown ;
first close to base, second just before middle, thick and diffuse, botli oblique outwards,
angled in cell, then oblique inwards, the median preceded and followed towards inner
margin by paler zigzag brown lines ; outer line from two-thirds of costa, slightly
crenulate and marked with dark brown spots on veins, to three-fourths of inner
margin, outwardly edged irregularly with white, and then followed by a broad
blotched sienna-brown fascia, the marginal area beyond it being varied with paler ;
three dark costal spots before apex with ochreous between them ; marginal line and
fringe dark brown ; the subapical excision strong ; space between veins 2 and 3
from their origin to fascia hyaline white.

Hindwings : wholly suffused with rufous brown except a pale marginal patch
below the tooth ; a brown line at base ; a thick diffuse brown antemedian shade ; a
waved postmedian and slightly curved submarginal line both rufous ; apical area
darker ; fringe dark brown : cell-spot obscure, brownish.

Underside yellow with all the markings deep rich brown ; the discal triangle
and apical blotch of forewings white.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One <S from Azalur de Carthago, Costa Rica, 5000 to 6000 ft. (Underwood).

( 206 )

205. Semiothisa ochrata sp. uov.

Forewings : dingy brownisli ochreons, dasted and striated with fnscons ; the
lines fnscons, ill-tlefined ; first at one-fourth, cnrved ; second shortly l)e3-ond it,
before the middle, thick and slightly sinnons, followed by a distinct black elongate
cell-spot ; third line waved and snbdentate, at three-fonrths, cnrved from costa to
vein 2 and bent in at the snbmedian fold, followed by a less distinct parallel line
and shade, thickened into blotches between veins C and 7, 3 and 4, and above anal
angle ; the whole marginal area rather darker ; fringe dingy ochreons, beyond an
irregnlar dark basal line.

llindwings : with no first line or onter shade ; cell-spot large, round, black.

Underside ochreons, washed with dull yellow and speckled with fnscons ; the
cell-spots and a single outer line distinctly black. Thorax and abdomen like wings,
but the abdomen tinged with yellow ; collar, vertex, and face dnll ferruginous.

Expanse of wings : 29 mm.

One (? from Dominica, July 1897.

Forewings with the hiudmargin faintly sinuous, without excision ; hindwings
bluntly angled at middle.

206. Semiothisa praelongata sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish ochreons, with a slight lilac tinge and sparsely speckled
with dark atoms ; the lines dull ferruginous, starting from thickened outwardly
oblique blotches ou costa, and marked with darker scales on the veins ; first at
one-fifth, cnrved ; second before the middle, ill-defined, sinuous ; third at two-thirds,
faintly sinnons ; fourtli obliqne, at three-fourths, diflfnsely edged with ferruginous
below costa, aud approximated to third below vein 6, with a large black Innule
externally between veins 3 and 4 ; marginal area lilac-grey ; snbapical incision
margined with black ; slight black dots along the margin between the veins ; fringe
concolorous, darker along the incision.

Jlindvnngs : without first line or black lunnle ; cell-spot dark, round.

Underside quite different; yellow, densely speckled with tawny, and with white
patches along cells and snbmedian folds ; cell-spots large and black ; the lines
tawny ; a dark tawny band beyond fourth line, broader in the forewiug, and above
vein 4 reacliing to the hindmargin, containing a white apical patch above and a
triangular yellowish patch below. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with
wings ; forelegs much mottled with dark brown.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One ? from Dominica, December 1897.

Distinguished by the narrow elongate wings ; a shallow, oblique, subapical
excision from vein 7 to 4, the hiudmargin below it very obliijne : hindmargin of
hindwings crenulate, and acutely projecting in middle.

207. Tephrinopsis rectilineata sp. nov.

Forewings : pale sandy oclireous, with faint darker dusting ; the costa with
fuscous striae ; the three lines straight and parallel, nearly vertical, pale or dark
brown, at one-fourth, one-lialf, and throe-fourths respectively, the last generally
accompanied liy a parallel shade of varying width forming a fascia ; a marginal
shade with curved edge from below apex to anal angle ; marginal dots black ;
fringe concolorous below, towards ai)ex brownish ; cell-spot brown, very obscure.

( 20Y )

Ilindwings : with a straight brownish postmedian line or shade, often appearing
Innnlate ; marginal shade slight ; cell-spot brown.

Underside yellower, with the markings, especially the cell-spots, more distinct.
Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons.

Expanse of wings : c? 23 to 24 mm.; ? 24 to 28 mm.

A series including both sexes from Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina.

The two inner lines of forewings are often very slight or even obsolete ; on the
other hand, in the darker and more strongly marked ? ? , a central line is visible on
the hindwings also.

Subfamily ENNOMINAE.
208. Anisoperas impostor sp. nov.

Forewings : ground colour fulvous-yellow, almost hidden by very line and
dense fuscous striae, the subcostal area and a small patch beyond cell remaining
yellower ; lines fine, dark brown ; first from one-third of costa to one-third of inner
margin, bent below costa, then straight and a little oblique to inner margin ; second
from two-thirds of costa, sharply angled outwards on vein 7, then incurved, and from
vein 5 straight and parallel to first line, to inner margin shortly beyond middle,
marked externally by white dots on the veins ; in its costal portion it forms the
margin of a subapical white blotch, which is notched outwardly and contains some
dark scales ; from the outside of this blotch an obscurely dentated submarginal line
runs to before anal angle, the teeth darker, tipped with whitish scales ; cell-spot
black, ringed with grey ; fringe concolorons.

Hindwings : the same, but without first line ; yellow spot beyond cell plain.

Underside dull testaceous, fnscons-speckled ; the lines indistinctly marked ;
cell-spots plain. Face, palpi, and vertex (}ark fuscous : fillet white ; thorax and
abdomen concolorons with wings.

Expanse of wings: c? 35 mm.; ? 46 mm.

Four (?(?, one ? from Faramba, Ecuador, March 1897, dry season, 3000 ft.
(Rosenberg).

Distinguished from both atropunctaria Wlk., and svhfultnta Warr., by the
regular curvature of the secoiidline, and the comparative distinctness of all the lines.
The small yellow fulvous patch beyond the cell of both wings is characteristic.

209. Anisoperas rectilinea sp. nov.

Forewings : mouse-colour, densely dusted with dark fuscous and hoary scales ;
the costa striated blackish and white ; the lines blackish ; first at one-third, curved
in middle, and marked by a dull yellow spot on median vein ; outer line straight
or faintly curved, from two-thirds of inner margin to costa close before apex ; a
denticulated submarginal line ; the veins towards margin somewhat darker ; fringe
concolorons ; cell-spot very obscure.

Ilindwings : like forewings, but without basal line.

Underside paler, without first line, and with traces of cell-spots. Head, thorax,
and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : S 39 mm.; ? 41 mm.

A pair from Merida, Venezuela (Briccno).

The ? has traces of a darker median shade adjacent to the outer line.

( 208 )

210. Apicia praeapicata sp. nov.

Forewings : greyish ochreons, thickly dusted with small dark atoms ; the lines
very fine and inconspicuous ; first curved, at one-fourth ; second just before middle
of costa, below which it is curved, and passing over the black cell-spot runs oblirpicly,
parallel to hindmargin, to middle of inner margin ; third from three-fourths of costa
to two-thirds of inner margin, faintly luuulate between the veins ; marginal area
beyond it darker, tinged with pale brown ; snbmarginal line waved, indistinct, but
placed in a darker grey shade, the lunnles opposite the cell filled np with dark and
followed by a dark clond to hindmargin ; marginal spots small, black ; fringe
concolorons.

Iliiulwings : with a curved cloudy antemodian line in front of the black
cell-spot ; a double strongly marked dark brown line from four-fifths of costa to
four-fifths of inner margin ; marginal area dark grey.

Underside wholly pale greyish ochreous, speckled with fuscous ; a cloudy
blackish snbmarginal fascia, entire and thickened beyond cell on forewings, reaching
only to cell in the hindwings ; outer lines and cell-spots represented. Read, thorax,
and abdomen concolorons with base of wings ; toj) of face and paljji Ijrown.

Expanse of wings : 38 mm.

One S from Petropolis, Brazil.

The hindmargin of hind wing is crenulated, the middle tooth prominent.

211. Asestra albitumida sp. nov.

Forewings : pale brownish ochreous, faintly speckled with darker ; first line at
nearly one-third, angled on the'snbcostal vein, brownish fnscous with whitish scales
intermixed, expanding on inner margin into an oblong white blotch, traversed by a
faint dark line, which forms a black dot on the submedian vein ; outer line from
costa at five-sixths, angled just below costa and again on vein 6, thence oblique
inwards to three-fourths of inner margin, and marked only by dark vein-dots,
expanding on inner margin into a similar blotch to the first line ; on the costa it is
followed by a triangular white blotch, with its centre 'on the costa of the ground-
colour ; marginal area rather deeper in tone than rest of wing"; fringe concolorons ;
cell-spot round, rufous, rather large.

Ilindivings : pale straw-colour, slightly speckled, with a curved snbmarginal
series of dark dots on the veins.

[Tnderside of both wings whitish ochroons, the forewings tinged towards costa
and hindmargin with dull brownish, the lines indistinctly indicated. Head, thorax,
and abdomen concolorons with forewings.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One cJ from Loja, Ecuador.

Aterpnodes gen. nov.

Allied to Spiloo'aspeda and Spododes, bnt with the hindmargins of both wings
entire and not crennlate. Palpi short, porrect; antennae of c? subdentate, shortly
bnt densely pubescent ; hind-tibiae of S thickened, with four approximate spurs,
and a pencil of hairs. Forewings with a fovea.

Neuration : forewings, cell quite half as long as wing ; discocellular nearly
vertical ; first median at one-half, second at seven-eighths ; radials normal ;

( 209 )

7, 8, 9, lU stalked ; 11 anastomosing strongly with 12, 10 with 11, and snbseqnently
approximated to 8, 9 ; hindwings with costal shortly approximated to subcostal ;
vein 7 well before angle of cell.

Type : Aterpnodes geminipuncta sp. nov.

212. Aterpnodes geminipuncta sp. nov.

Foreicings : dnll fawn-colour, speckled with black ; the costa blackish ; the
lines very indistinct, denoted by small black vein-dots ; first at one-fonrth ; outer
line at seven-eighths; snbterminal represented only by two black Innales on veins 5
and 6 ; a row of minnte black marginal dots ; fringe concolorons ; cell-spot black.

Hiruhdngs : similar, but with no black luunles.

Underside paler ; the cell-spots and submarginal Innules distinct. Thorax and
abdomen concolorons ; head and antennae brown.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One cJ from Azalar de Carthago, Costa Rica, 5000 to 6000 ft. (Underwood).

213. Azelina dorsipunctata sjx nov.

Foreicings : grey-drab, finely speckled with black scales ; the two lines brown,
fine, most distinct towards costa ; first from one-third of costa to one-third of inner
margin, forming three outward curves, marked with a darker spot on median and
submediau veins ; second from five-sixths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin,
oblique and straight to vein 5, then forming a crenulated sinus inwards to vein 1,
thence oblique to inner margin ; cell-spot hyaline white, 8-shaped ; between it and
second line a tawny shade ; a slight tawny shade at apex, and four black sub-
marginal dots ; fringe concolorons.

Ilimhcings : with costal area whitish; a straight brown postmedian line, paler-
edged outwardly ; two dark submarginal dots towards anal angle ; a small whitish
cell-spot.

Underside paler, with coarser and darker freckles ; cell-spot of hindwings dark
with a white centre ; outer line in both wings represented by black vein-dots ; some
tawny and fuscous shades beyond outer line. Head, thorax, and abdomen like
wings ; second and third segments of abdomen with a pair of large black spots,
those on second segment wider apart than those on third.

Expanse of wings : 32 mm.

One S from Palma Sola, Venezuela, 1896 (Whyman).

Forewings with a blunt tooth at veins 3 and 6 ; hindwings as in gammaria
Moeschl., the apex rounded; hindmargin straight to vein 3, which is prominently
toothed, concave between 3 and 2, which is faintly toothed, then straight to
anal angle.

214. Azelina incompta sp. nov.
Forewings : grey-brown, with a slight fulvous tinge in parts; the central space
deeper brown, containing a linear vertical white cell-mark; lines rather darker ; the
first at one-third nearly vertical, forming three uniform small curves ; outer line
from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, irregularly waved, forming
a rather more prominent sinus inwards between veins 4 and 2, marked by minute
white dots on the veins, with a rather larger one at costa ; submarginal dots black
and white ; two or three very obscure slightly darker clouds in the marginal area ;
fringe concolorons.

( 210)

Tliwhvings : brownish, fnlvons-tinged towards anal angle ; a blackish post-
metlian line ending in a white spot on inner margin ; submarginal dots black.

Underside fawn-colonred, speckled with black ; inner half of forewings whitish ;
outer line white and straight, starting from a white costal blotch ; costa ochreons
marked with fuscons ; cell-mark as above ; some white scales before the two lowest
submarginal dots ; hindwings with the postmedian line waved and dentate, black,
edged with white ; anal area whitish and fulvous ; a distinct round black cell-spot
with i)ale centre.

Head, thorax, and abdomen coucolorons with ground-coloar of wings.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

One S from ten miles above Mapiri, Bolivia, 20U0 ft., 1895 (Stuart).

Forewing with sharp tooth at vein 6 and a blunt one at vein 4.

215. Azelina indistincta sp. nov.

Forewings : dull purplish grey, the markings indistinct ; first line at one-third,
forming three outward curves, that above the median the most prominent ; it is
edged outwardly by a darker shade and inwardly towards the costa by a paler mark ;
outer line from five-sixths of costa to five-sixths of inner margin, bulged beyond cull
and more prominently on the submedian fold, incurved between, preceded by a broad
dark shade with a fulvous reflection, which beyond the cell is developed into a more
or less prominent bronzy yellowish blotch ; at the costa the line is followed by a
pale sometimes whitish dash; a narrow dark apical shade from costa just beyond
this mark to middle of hindmargin, and two indistinct dark clouds towards anal
angle ; small black whito-tipped submarginal dots above vein U and on each side of
vein 3 ; cell-mark angulated, narrow, subhyaline ; costa marked with alternate
dark and pale striations ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwings : paler, brownish grey, tinged with fulvous towards anal angle ;
a fine dark irregularly crenulated line from just above anal angle to four-fifths
of costa.

Underside brownish cinereous, flecked with darker ; inner marginal half of
forewings bluish white ; outer line dark brown, curved more or less parallel to
hindmargin, followed by a small yellowish white spot on costa ; a smoky dark cloud
along hindmargin ; cell-mark and submarginal dots as above ; hindwings darker
throughout ; a large oval velvety black cell-spot ; outer line thicker, more crenu-
lated than above, followed by a darker shade.

Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings ; anal tuft of <S whitish.

Expanse of wings : S 38 mm.; ? 30 mm.

Two Jc?, one ¥ from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmann).

Forewings with the apex and a tooth at veins 3 and G slightly prominent (more
so in ¥ than in cJ); the fringe minutely denticulate at each vein ; hindwings with
the fringe similarly denticulate, the teeth at veins 2 and 3 more prominent, the
margin between them excised.

216. Azelina subochreata sp. nov. and ab. nocturna nov.
Forewings : rufous fawn-colour ; first line at one-fourth of costa, oblique out-
wards and forming an inconspicuous projection above median, then oblic|ue inwards
parallel to hindmargin, inwardly faintly edged with paler scales ; outer line from
three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, nearly straight, slightly convex

( 211 )

between the veins below median, and bent in at inner margin, preceded by a deeper
red-brown shade and followed by a fine dark line ; median area rather darker than
the rest ; cell-spot hyaline white, bent in middle, and surrounded by a deeper tint ;
marginal area darker like the fringes; no submarginal spots.

Hindwings : darker, dull smoky brown, showing rnfous only towards hind-
margin ; an obscure darker line from before anal angle to before apex.

Underside bright rufous, speckled with grey ; inner marginal area of both
wings and hindmargin of forewings grey ; discal mark of forewings more developed;
outer line of forewings double, the inner, representing the straight line above, faint;
the outer finely blackish and irregular ; this on hindwings becomes whitish and
denticulate. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings, but less rufous ; anal
tuft pale.

Expanse of wings : 36 mm.

Two S S from Popayan, Colombia (Lehmaun).

Between these two specimens there is as much difference in coloration as
between the two forms of Pergama meliss(x Druce. In the second example, for
which I propose the name of ab. nocturna, the ground colour is dull sombre grey,
with the central fascia dark fuscous grey, almost blackish, without any rufous
tint whatever ; and below the grey tints are much more predominant than in
the typical form.

217. Azelina velutina sp. nov.
Forewings : dull brownish grey speckled with black scales in the S , more pearl-
grey in the ? ; basal line somewhat indistinct, marked by black scales, from one-
fifth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, forming a blunt tooth in cell at about
one-third of wing, and two less prominent below the median vein ; outer line sinuous
from five-sixths of costa, convex above median, then concave, and again convex
outwards, running sharply in to middle of inner margin, finely edged throughout
with white, and preceded by a broad diffuse black-brown shade ; the spai:e between
the lines more or less suffused with fuscous brown, except the costal area, the median
vein standing out jjale brown ; cell-spot formed of two black dots placed obliquely
one above the other, distinct in ?, obscure in cJ; costa dotted with fuscous; marginal
area in ? beyond the white line first pearly grey with a darker line in the middle,
then brownish ; in the c? wholly brownish ochreous ; black submarginal spots, the
uppermost one tipped with white ; marginal line dark ; fringe grey with darker grey
centre and fine ochreous basal line.

Hindwings : pale brownish grey in c?, pearly grey in ¥ ; outer line paler,
sinuous, shaped somewhat as in forewings, edged inwardly with a darker shade,
especially above anal angle ; an indistinct submarginal cloud ; fringe as in fore-
wings ; all the markings faint towards costa.

Underside cinereous, more brownish-tinged in the 6, much speckled with dark
scales ; outer line of forewings blackish, denticulate ; submarginal sjjots large and
white; no cell-spot ; hindwings with distinct crennlate blackish outer line edged
with a paler more ochreous tint ; cell-spot small and annular ; a single white sub-
marginal spot between veins 0 and 7. Head and thorax brownish grey or fuscous,
like forewings ; abdomen like hindwings.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

Two cJc?, two ? ? from Castro, Parana (E. D. Jones), the ? ? dated March and
November lb96, the 6 <S August and October ISOS.

( 212)

Forewings strongly toothed at veins 3 and 6 ; hindwings with the teeth hardlj'
marked ; the scaling above is smoother than usual iu the genus.

218. Cartellodes ochrea sp. nov.

Fofcwings : glossy ochreous, fiiintly speckled with blackish ; a pale browu line,
slightly sinuous, at three-fourths, angled on vein 6 and retracted to costa; cell-spot
brown ; fringe concolorous.

Illmhciiigs : with the line straight, broader, at two-thirds.

Underside similar, with traces of an inner line ou forewings, which probably
iu fresh specimens is visible ou the upper side. Head, thorax, and abdomen
coucolorons.

Expanse of wings : 22 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, April 1897, dry season, 35UU ft. (Rosenberg).

219. Certima sericea sp. nov.

Forewings : silky whitish, with a slight primrose tinge ; the markings quite
pale brown ; a curved inner line, often obsolete, an oblique outer line, from
three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, and a finer submarginal line,
which joins the outer line below middle ; a faint cell-spot.

Hindwings : with the oblique line central ; the submarginal as iu forewings ;
no inner line ; the cell-spot obscure.

Underside white ; the costa of forewings ochreous, with some ochreous speckles
beneath it ; submarginal line indicated by a brown costal spot, and dots on the veins
beneath it. Palpi dark fuscous ; antennae rnfons ; head, thorax, and abdomen like
wings.

Expanse of wings : GO mm.

Two (?(? from Bogota, December 1890 to March 1897 (Biirger).

The hindmargin of both wings is slightly bent at vein 4 ; the shoulders and
patagia are elongated.

Very near " Metrocampa sulphuraria " Mssu., of which it may prove to be
a form.

Cnephora gen. nov.

Forewings : with costa convex at base, slightly inflexed beyond middle ; apex
minutely produced ; hindmargin toothed at veins 0 and 4, obliquely curved below.

llindtvings : with hindmargin curved, the apex rounded, the anal angle sijuared.

Palpi porrect, the second joint roughly scaled, the third blnnt and smooth.
Antennae lamellate, simple; tongue and frenulum present; hind-tibiae not thickened,
with 4 spurs. Forewings at base with a depression between median and submediau
veins. Patagia enlarged, reaching beyond the metathorax.

Neuration : forewings, cell quite half as long as wing ; discocellular vertical ;
first median nervnle at three-fourths, second at five-sixths ; third from end of cell ;
radials normal ; 7, 8, 9 stalked ; vein 11 anastomosing for some distance with the
costal ; 10 anastomosing with 11 and again with b, 9. In the hindwings the first
subcostal and second median both rise just before end of cell. Wings without
markings.

Type : Cnephora griseuta Mssu. {Azelina).

( 213 )

• 220. Cratoptera vilaria H.S., Anss. Sclim. fig. 330.

Cimicodes primularia ? Drace, Biol. Centr. Am. Lep. Ilet. ii. p. 18.

Cimicodes pi-imularia S Bruce, I.e., t. 42. f. 21. ab.

Herrieh-Scliaeffer's figure represents, as Guende says, a pale yellow insect, with
no markings bnt the oblique line. Druce's primularia ? must be identical with it
But his S , which is tigured, having the doable brown spots of the marginal area
expressed, may be regarded as an aberration. Along with this form there comes,
both from S. Panlo and from Bolivia, a further aberration, which I call obscurata
ab. nov. from R. Tanampayo, Bolivia, in which the marginal areas of both wings and
costa of forewings are suffused with dull reddish brown, the apical area of forewings
however remaining yellow. All the examples of the two aberrations that I have
seen are S S ; it is therefore probable, though by no means certain, that the typical
paler forms are always ¥ ¥ .

221. Cyclomia alternata sp. nov.
Foreivings : deep dull red, with a diffuse black cell-spot ; fringe red.
Hindwings : uniform deep yellow, the fringe reddish-tinged.
Underside dull yellow ; the costa and marginal area of forewings, and outer
half of hindwings reddish-tinged ; fringe red. Head, thorax, and abdomen red.
Expanse of wings ; 21 mm.
One ¥ from the Bahamas.

222. Cyclomia bellula sp. nov.

Foreivings : yellowish white, covered with fine trauverse purplish brown striae,
and with the lines of the same tint ; these are irregular in form, and shades rather
than lines ; first at one-fourth, broader on costa ; second broad and diffuse, just before
the middle, generally closely followed by a curved'line which joins it below middle ; an
outer line at three-fourths, bent below costa, and a submarginal irregular shade, the
two more or less united into a band ; some dark pnrplish dashes between the veins
along the margin ; fringe yellow, flecked with dark at apex and anal angle, and
with a broad dark blotch at the middle of margin.

Hindwings : with curved antemedian, postmedian, and submarginal brownish
purple bands ; a darker blotch at apex.

Underside similar, slightly less striated. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellowish
speckled with dark.

Expanse of wings : 13 mm.

One cJ from Carupano, December 1891 (C. W. Ellacombe).

Allied to C.fulpimacula from Cliimbo.

223. Cyclomia costipuncta ab. ocellata nov.
Differs from C. costipuncta Warr., in the dark costal spot being obsolete, and
the submarginal line being expanded into a sliglitly sinuous ochreous-fnscous band
with irregular dark edges at costa and on inner margin ; cell-spot a yellowisli, dark-
edged annulus.

Hindwings and underside as in the type.

Both wings are much speckled with dark on the upper surface.

One S from Caicara, Orinoco, November ISUS (Uherrie).

1$

(214)

Forms similar to this aberration have been received from Palma Sola and
Cnciita, Voueznela, and from ( 'haco, Bolivia. They bear a strong resemblauco to
some of the forms of the very variable species C. mopsana Guen. from S. Domingo
and Purto Rico, bnt the dark marginal band of hindwiugs is more comjilete. For the
present it seems best to keep the mainland forms distinct.

224. Cyclomia fulvimacula sp. nov.

Forcmngs : dnll ochreons, thickly strigulated with dark brown ; a dark brown
curved inner and submarginal line ; a thick dark brown central line, interrupted on
the discocellular by an oblong deep orange patch, which is preceded by a dark brown
blotch ; an orange clond beyond snbmarginal line below apex and at anal angle ;
fringe dark brown, preceded by a row of dark marginal spots.

Hindwiugs : yellower, with similar markings.

Underside the same, but less speckled ; the oblong orange cell-blotches plain.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreons, thickly speckled with blackish.

Expanse of wings : 10 mm.

One (J from ('himbo, Ecuador, July 1897, 1000 ft. (Rosenberg).

Much smaller than the different forms of mopsaria Guen.

225. Cyclomia rubida sp. nov.

Foreivings: yellowish, entirely suffused with dull reddish, the red tint becoming
much brighter along hindmargin ; costa minutely dotted with darker, and with two
deep red spots at one-half and three-fourths, denoting the origin of transverse lines,
which are, however, hardly traceable ; fringe deep red ; uo trace of ocellus or
discal mark.

Hindwings: yellower, not suffused, but only sprinkled with bright red, and
towards costa whitish : liindmargin only with a narrow red suffusion ; central and
snbmarginal interrupted red lines, not reaching costa.

Underside of both wings deej) yellow speckled with red, most thickly towards
hindmargin ; inner margin of forewings whitish.

Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow tinged with red ; antennae reddish, with the
apical fourth externally white.

Expanse of wings : 27 mm.

One ¥ from Rio Janeiro.

226. Eusarca multilinea sp. nov.

Forewings: ochreons with a pink tinge and shaded with fuscous ; costal area
brownish-speckled, suffused with brown along the costal edge ; the extreme apex
whitish ; a double oblique brown line from one-third of inner margin towards cell-
spot, becoming obsolete above the median vein ; a bigeminate brown line from
middle of inner margin into apex, the innermost arm darkest and most distinct ;
two obscure grey snbmarginal lines disappearing in apex ; a small black cell-spot ;
a distinct brown marginal line ; fringe ochreons, with pale base ; space between inner
and outer lines paler than rest of wing.

Hindwi)H/s : without basal lines ; with three central lines and two submarginal,
these last broader and more distinct than in forewings ; cell-spot between the first
and second of the median lines,

( 215 )

Underside yellowisli speckled with brown ; tbe lines indistinct, except the
broad double one into apex of forewiugs, which is preceded by two brown spots.

Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreons, the vertex and shonlders paler.

Expanse of wings : <S 36 mm. ; ? 42 mm.

One d, one ? , from Merida, Venezuela, November 1898 (Briceuo).

Hindmargin of both wings bowed but not elbowed ; apex of forewings in ¥
more prominent ; tints of the ? paler than those of the <J.

227. Eusarca subfasciata ab. crocea nov.

Forewings : pale yellow ; costa sliglitly dotted with brown ; a short oblique
brown streak from costa before apex forms with a smaller brown spot beyond it a
triangular blotch ; beyond the middle of the inner margin the commencement of an
oblique rust-coloured line is faintly marked ; fringe jiale yellow, tinged with brown,
especially at apex.

Ilimlu'ings: with a faint brown line just before the middle ; fringe brown
at apex.

Underside yellow ; forewings with a broad chestnut-brown marginal border
obliquely cut off to apex ; hindwiugs with some brown scales at ajiex. Head brown ;
thorax and abdomen yellow.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One (J from Palma Sola, Venezuela.

An extremely pale and little-marked form of E. subfasciata Warr.

228. Eusarca umbrilineata sp. nov.

Forewings : fawn-colonr, irrorated with fine dark atoms ; a black dot near base ;
the lines purplish brown ; first fine, from one-fourth of costa, irregularly oblique
outwards, angled in cell at one-third from base, then oblique to inner margin at
one-third ; outer line from three-fifths of inner margin oblique towards ai)ex, shortly
before which it is bluntly angled and retracted to costa, accompanied on its inner
edge by a broad shade which runs through to apex and edged outwardly by a faintly
lustrous line, followed by a darker shade beneath apex and towards anal angle ;
an oblique dark costal streak at middle above a small black cell-dot ; fringe
fawn-colour.

Hindwings : with the purplish line and shade central ; the basal area paler, the
marginal clouded with purplish grey ; traces of a curved dark line from three-fourths
of costa, touching central line on inner margin.

Underside dull yellowish, with strong dark strigulations ; the lines and shades
all distinctly expressed ; the apex broadly, the hindmargin more narrowly whitish
grey. Head and thorax fawn-colour.

Expanse of wings : 35 to 39 mm.

One ? from Sao Panlo (type), and two ? ? from Castro, Parana, October 1897
(E. D. Jones). One of these is so thickly suffused with fuscous that the markings,
except the oblique line, are almost hidden.

229. Eusenea rotundata sp. nov.
Forewings : chestnut-brown, deeper brown between the two lines ; first line
obscure, from one-fifth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, forming a prominent
projection in cell above the median, then oblique inwards ; outer line black, slightly

( 2IG )

concave outwards, and becoming double in lower half, from two-thirds of costa to
two-thirds of inner margin ; marginal third paler, esjiecially immediatel}' be3-ond
outer line, and striated with lilack ; fringe concolorous, a single white snbmarginal
dot below vein 7 ; cell-spot small, oval, hyaline white.

Ilimfwings : duller, more snfi'used with fuscons, except along costa and inner
margin ; traces of a dark, paler-edged line from above anal angle towards two-thirds
of costa.

Underside bright chestnut-brown : cell-spots round and white ; inner half of
forewing whitish ; hindwiug towards anal angle whitish, speckled with black.
Head, thorax, and abdomen chestuut-brown.

Expanse of wings : 41 mm.

One c? from Merida, Venezuela (Bricefio).

Hindmargiu of both wings without any trace of teeth.

230. Hasodima (?) incongruata sp. nov.

Forewings : whitish grey, varied with ochreons grey transverse striae, the
costal area suffused with grey ; the lines ochreons grey, indistinctly expressed,
wavy ; first from one-fourth of costa to two-fifths of inner margin : second from
two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner margin ; snbmargiual from five-sixths
of costa to five-sixths of inner margin ; a small dark cell-spot ; fringe whitish, with
grey marginal spots.

ITindwiiigs : white, slightly dusted with grey along inner and hindmargiu and
with traces of two transverse lines jnst above anal angle.

Underside white ; costa of forewings and costal end of submarginal line fuscons.
Head and thorax grey ; abdomen wliitish.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

Two t? c? from Bogota (Child).

The hindwings are bent at the end of vein 3 as well as vein 7. It differs from
tyjjical Hasodima in having no crests to the abdomen.

An example marked Macaria incongruata Wlk. is in the British Museum
Collection, bnt there is no trace of the description having ever been published under
that name. That specimen was likewise from Bogotd.

231. Herbita flavidiscata sp. nov.

Forewings : fulvous brown, slightly tinged with lilac-grey towards the hind-
margin ; the costal edge snow-white, speckled with fuscous ; five indistinct darker
lines or shades, much as in //. nicila Dogn. ; the outer and snbmargiual denticulate,
the teeth of the former marked with grey dashes on the veins ; cell-spot Ijlack, grey-
edged, with a few slight fulvous orange scales round it, which also appear along the
outer edge of the second line, and form a roundish blotch with irregular edges and
paler centre beyond cell : a large pak' costal spot before apex, semicircular in shajie,
edged by a grey space, which on the costa towards base bears a snow-white spot ;
the centre ochreons, tinged with grey ; the costal area marked with brown striae ;
fringe dark brown.

IliixlwiiKis : similar ; the yellow cell-patch more obscure.

Underside pinkish ochreons grey, speckled with dark grey ; submarginal line

( 217 )

grey. Face aud palpi brown-black ; vertex and anteuual shaft white mixed with
grey scales ; collar aud thorax fulvous ; abdoineu rufous-ciuercous.

Expanse of wings : 56 mm.

One d from Paramba, Ecuador.

232. Ira subcostata sp. nov.

Forewings : fawn-grey, slightly speckled with darker ; the costa finely marked
with black and pale intervals ; a thick difl'use blackish shade from inner margin
close to base, running beneath the snbcostal vein to beyond middle, and thence
extending to costa ; first line at one-fourth, ontwardly curved between the veins ;
median line straight and thick, from three-fifths of costa to three-fifths of inner
margin ; a blackish semi-oval costal blotch before ajjex, marked by a strong white
spot towards base ; from this spot a very obscnre dark dentate-lnnnlate line runs
obliquely inwards, touching median line on snbmedian fold, and ending in a dark
spot on inner margin ; an indistinctly darker snbmarginal dentate-lunulate line ;
fringe i)aler than ground-colour ; cell-spot dark, almost hidden by the median line
and subcostal shade.

Iliruhvings : with dark cell-spot, curved median shade, and dentate-lunulate
postmedian and snbmarginal darker lines.

Underside dull cinereous, speckled with darker, with an obscure cloudy sub-
marginal fascia on both wings, and round black cell-spots. Head, thorax, and
abdomen concolorous.

Expanse of wings : 52 mm.

Two c? c? from Paramba, Ecnador, June 1897, dry season, 3.500 ft. (Rosenberg).

233. Isochromodes dispar sp. nov.

Foreii'infjs : pale brownish ochreous, dusted with darker ; the lines diffuse, pale
brown, not much darker than the ground-colour : first at one-fourth, vertically
waved ; second at one-half, similarly waved and vertical, passing over the small
dark cell-spot ; third at three-fourths, obscurely double, waved and vertical to
middle, then incurved and joining median line on inner margin ; snbmarginal line
marked only by some dark cloudy spots, one separate beyond cell, two or three
more or less coalesceut towards anal angle ; fringe whitish, chequered with sandy
beyond veins.

Ilindwings : with curved central and snbmarginal lines only, the margin beyond
the latter clouded with greyish.

Underside whitish ochreons, speckled with brown along costa and towards base
in the forewings, slightly speckled only along costa in hiudwings ; a smoky black
fascia, straight from below three-fourths of costa to anal angle in forewing ; from
costa and curved in hindwing, narrower and nearer hindmargiu ; a well-marked
black lunulate marginal line ; cell-spots black. Head, thorax, and abdomen
ochreous ; top of face and upper edge of palpi brownish.

Expanse of wings : 39 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador (Rosenberg).

Of Walker's cxtimaria, which I have made the type of the genus, I have seen
i S only ; these are grey, not ochreous, in ground-colour, and have the markings,
more especially on the underside, so very difi'ercnt, that I am not disposed to consider
them the S <S oi the species here described. Sabalodes bermeja of Dognin, which I
have not seen, may possibly be the i of dispar.

( 218 )

234. Meliuodes fxirva sp. nov.

Forewitigs : saady rufous, speckled with darker, the costa with fuscous striae ;
the lines fuscous, slender, but marked distinctly on the veins by black white-tijiped
dots ; first at one-fourth, nearly vertical ; outer line from four-fifths of costa to
three-fourths of inner margin, oLli^ne outwards to vein 6 and there angled outwards,
angled inwards on vein 5, thence oblique outwards to vein 4, vertical to vein 3,
strongly oblique inwards to vein 2 and thence vertical to inner margin ; a dark
discal mark ; fringe concolorous ; a slight dark apical shade.

Ilindu'iiigs : similar, without first line.

Underside paler, more straw-colour ; the lines thicker, dull fuscous, without
dark dots. Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

Several of both sexes from Bogota.

Allied to M. hogotata Snell. {Epione.)

235. Microgonia apidania ah. caliginosa nov.

Foreioings : dull jiale olive, striated with fuscous ; this ground-colour, however,
only appears over the apical area between the median shade and hindmargin as far
as vein 4, all the rest of the wing being covered with smoky black, except a few
pale scales along inner margin at base of the first, the median, and the submarginal
lines, and narrowly along the hindmargin : the first line and median shade are
deeper black, and the submarginal dark zigzag line rises from the black lower cloud
through the pale-olive area towards apex ; the fringe is olive throughout.

Hiixlwings : entirely covered with smoky black, with the central line still
deeper ; the fringe concolorous.

Underside smoky olive-fuscous, darker towards hindmargins ; the central line
black in both wings ; the apical white spot distinct, preceded by the dull brown
fascia, which scarcely reaches the middle of the wing. Head, thorax, and abdomen
smoky black, like the wings ; the vertex and antennae alone pale olive-green.

One S from Palma Sola, Venezuela, 189G (Whyman).

236. Microgonia insolita sj). nov.

Forewings : dark brown, with dense deeper brown striations ; first line obscure,
from one-third of costa to near middle of inner margin, slightly outcnrvcd above and
below the median vein ; second line straight and oblique, from just beyond middle
of inner margin towards apex, before which it is sharply deflected to costa; space
between the two lines deep velvety brown, containing a small concisely marked oval
cell-spot of whitish scales ; fringe concolorous.

llimhiings : with the straight line slightly autemedian, the included basal area
rather darker than the marginal ; in the marginal area can be traced a darker
outwardly dentate submarginal shade, the teeth being marked by pale dashes on
the veins ; fringe of abdominal Ijorder white.

Underside of forewings dark brown, becoming paler towards base, which is
freckled with whitish ; traces of oblique lunulate postmedian and dentate sub-
marginal lines ; the space between them on costa slightly fulvous-tinged ; costo-
apical sj)ace greyish ; cell-spot as above, but less concise. Underside of hindwings
bluish white, dusted with dark scales ; some brown striations along costa ; a broad
brown marginal border, dividing below middle into a narrow marginal shade and a

( 2l9 )

feubmargiual row of nebulous brovvu deutate spots on the veins ; coil-spot small, black ;
fringe brown throughout. Abdomen dark cinereous-brown, the antepenultimate
segments blackish ; anal tuft paler ; head and thorax greyer Ijrown ; pectus and
abdomen beneath dull bluish white ; legs broken, probably whitish.

Expanse of wings : 52 mm.

One c? from Popa3'an, Colombia (Lehmann).

Forewings with costa strongly convex before apex ; apex minutely and bluntly
produced ; biudmargiu straight. Hindwings blantly elbowed in middle.

237. Microxydia brunnea sp. nov.

Forewings : reddish brown ; first line curved, from beyond one-third of costa
to one-third of inner margin ; second line from beyond two-thirds of costa to
two-thirds of inner margin, sharply angled outwards on vein 7, then curved inwards ;
both lines sublustrous ; the space between them deeper brown ; a patch of dark and
sublustrous scales at end of cell ; submarginal line sinuous, indicated by dark marks
on the veins, most distinct towards anal angle ; fringe dark brown.

Hindwings : with the dark central fascia narrower.

Underside brighter, more fulvous brown, speckled with darker, with the central
fascia indicated, but without lustrous lines ; a patch of lustrous scales at end of cell.
Head, thorax, and abdomen all brown.

Expanse of wings : 18 mm.

One c? from Newcastle, Jamaica.

Costa of forewings slightly curved ; apex prominent ; hindraargin faintly
sinuous, indented below apex and above anal angle. Hindwings with hindmargiu
nearly straight.

238. Mixopsis (?) casta sp. nov.

Foreivings : pearly ochreous, thickly speckled with pale olive-brown, and over
all dusted with deep black scales ; the costa shaded with olive, especially towards
apex ; the lines fine, deep black, edged with pearly scales ; first from one-fourth
of costa to one-third of inner margin, forming angles outwards above and below the
median vein, and followed by an olive-brown shade ; second from before apex to
two-thirds of inner margin, slightly flexuous, acutely angled at vein 7, and there
joined by a fine dark streak from apex, preceded beneath costa by a brownish cloud
with a wisp of whitish scales across the line ; cell-spot large, round, pearl-grey with
a black edge ; a faint waved olive-brown submarginal Hue ; marginal spots reddish ;
fringe rufous ochreous ; the basal area is most free from striae and speckles and
therefore palest.

Hindwings : much paler, without olive-brown speckling, and with only few
black scales ; a blackish cell-spot, a fine black straight postmedian line and faint
olive-brown submarginal line.

Underside with costa of both wings tinged with olive-brown and slightly black-
speckled ; both wings with cell-spot and outer line black ; the latter jjrcceded in
forewing by a black costal blotch, and in liindwing angled outwards In-low costa.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, speckled with black ; palpi externally
black-brown.

Expanse of wings : 43 mm.

( 220 )

One i from La Murccd, Chauchamayo, Fcrii.

Ilinilinargiii of both wings uniformly ciirveil, not augulated ; except iu this
respect, not tlifferiiig from typical Mixopsis, in which it may be left for the present.

239. Mixopsis pallidaria sp. nov.

Forewings : pale flesh-colonr, with some sparse black dusting ; first line fine,
black-brown, from one-fonrth of costa to beyond one-third of inner margin, forming
an acute angle ontwards iu cell, and a blunter one on submcdian fold ; closely
preceded by an olive-green line, dentate inwards on the median and submedian
veins, the included sjiace lustrous, white at the costa ; outer line similarly consti-
tuted, from costa shortly before apex to two-thirds of inner margin, but the dark
line followed by the green one, which is strongly dentate ontwards on all the veins,
most prominently on veins 7, 0, and 4, incurved from 7 to 4, closely approximated,
from vein o to inner margin, to a slightly sinuous dark brown oblinue line which
runs from three-fourths of costa to beyond middle of inner margin ; the space
between these hues deeper flesh-colour ; the green outer shade of the outer line is
followed by a diffuse pearly white tint ; marginal area deep flesh-colonr, above the
angle along the hindmavgiu dull green ; fringe flesh-colour, with darker mottlings
beyond veins above middle ; cell-spot distinct, round, black.

Ilimlwings : satiny white, slightly tinged with flesh-colonr along hindmargin
and with a few scattered black scales along inner margin ; cell-spot black ; traces
of two black lines on inner margin at two-thirds, neither reaching midwing ;
fringe from apex to vein 4 white, with dark marks beyond veins, below vein 4
flesh-coloured.

Underside satiny white, speckled with black ; the outer line on both wings
black, marked by vein-spots, which iu the forewings are connected ; forewings
slightly washed with brown, and with a dark brown blotch on costa before second
line, which becomes blackish beyond cell ; cell-spots large, black and distinct ;
fringe of forewings flesh-coloured, with slight mottling iu ujjper half ; of hindwings
wbite with blackish mottling throughout. Head and thorax pale flesh-colour ;
abdomen whiter.

Expanse of wings : 44 mm.

One 6 from 11. Tanampaya, Bolivia, 1894 (Garlepp).

240. Nematocampa decolorata sp. nov.

Forewings : pinkish cre.am-colonr, speckled with jiiukish brown ; the lines
brown ; first at one-third, bent on the subcostal vein, then straight ; second from
beyond two-thirds of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, slightly curved outwards,
and dentate inwards on the veins, preceded closely by a more curved and finer
median line, which joins it at inner margin ; discal mark long, crescent-sliapud ;
marginal area filled up with pale pinkish brown, except an irregular oval space
before apex, wliich remains of the pale ground-colour and is traversed by the darker
veins ; marginal line darker ; fringe brown.

Ilimlwingx : with the costal area pale ; the marginal third pale pinkish brown,
to the inner edge of which a fine curved postmedian line is contiguous ; cell-mark
as on forewings.

Underside very similar. Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings ; 28 mm.

( -^21 )

One f? from Castro, Parana (E. D. Jones).

A neater and smoother-looking insect than its allies ; the hindwings with a
distinct angle at middle of hindmargin.

241. Nepheloleuca absentimacula sp. nov.

Forcicings : pale snlphnr-yellow, with faint grey transverse strigae ; costa more
whitish, with the striae fuscons ; lines faint, pale grey ; first from one-fourth of
costa to one-third of inner margin, interrupted below costa ; outer line much
interrupted and very faint, from costa before apex to near anal angle ; a short grey
stre.ik on inner margin at two-thirds ; cell-spot linear, brown ; fringe concolorous
with wings.

Ilimhcings : whitish towards costa, and without first line ; cell-spot small,
brown ; outer line grey, at four-fifths, parallel in the main to hindmargin, angled in
middle, where there is a slight orange cloud ; a brown-black spot in the tail, which
is blunt ; fringe deeper yellow, with a very tine basal line.

Underside paler, without striae ; a brown cell-sjwt in forewings, and a brown
outer line in hindwings, the marginal space between tail and anal angle brown.
Palpi whitish, tipped with brown ; face whitish with a brown bar above ; vertex
whitish ; thorax and abdomen pale yellow.

Expanse of wings : 40 mm.

Two (?c? from Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, September 1898 (S. Klages).

242. Paragonia longidens sp. nov.

Very much like P. occiduata, Gucn. and the paler-marked forms of tasima
Cram., but differentiated at once by the structure of the <S antennae.

In Parayoniii, proper, these are serrate, the serrations jjubescent, and with a
single bristle on each side from each serration, the bristle being about twice as long
as the serration ; in the present species the serrations have developed into distinct
pectinations, laterally ciliated, and bearing a bristle from the apex, the bristle
being barely as long as the pectination. The hindmargins of hindwings are crenulate,
both above and below the angulation at middle. The $ example from Paramba has
dull ochreous wings, thickly speckled and strigulated with fuscous, with four diffuse
curved dark fuscous shades, basal, median, postmedian, and submarginal ; the basal
and marginal areas more or less wholly fuscous ; the hindwings with three shades ;
both wings with black cell-spot.

Underside duller and paler, with the marginal area in both wings beyond the
exterior line darker.

Expanse of wings: i 56 mm. ; ? 80 mm.

One i from Chimbo, August 18'J7 (Rosenberg) (type) ; one ? from I'aramba,
Ecuador.

243. Paragonia planimargo sp. nov.
Foreicinys : ochreous fawn-colour, with fine fuscous dusting, the costal and
outer marginal area greyer, with less of the ochreous tint ; lines very obscure,
indicated by a slightly darker hue and by i'aint dots on the veins ; first at one-third ;
median bent round the cell-spot ; outer lino starting from a large oval bluish white
subapical spot on costa to three-fourths of inner margin, bent vertically on sub-
median fold, and ending in a rather darker blotch ; submarginal, the plainest, near

( 222 )

liiiidiuargin, with more distinct black vein-marks; fringe ccmcoloious ; ct'll-sjiot
black ; very concise, formed of erect scales.

Jlimlicings : with base and costa paler ; markings, except submarginal line and
the black cell-spot, hardly distingnishable.

Underside still paler : cell-spots very distinct ; outer line marked by strong
blackish vein-dots ; snbmarginal obscure. Head and palpi dull Ijrown ; thorax
and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : 48 mm.

One (? from Cncuta, Venezuela.

This species agrees with occiduata Gncn. in having the margin straight on each
side of the angle in both wings ; it is entirely without the yellow discal blotch and
strongly expressed markings of that species. The antennae are of typical structure.

244. Pero muricolor sp. nov.

Forcwings : pale fawn-colour, suffused with darker ; lines dark brown, simple;
first from before one-third of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, faintly sinuous ;
second from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, slightly bent out-
wards in midwing, but otherwise straight, edged inwardly by a fuscous brown shade;
all the space between the lines, except that above the subcostal vein, which remains
of the paler ground-colour, dull rufous brown, becoming dark brown below the
median vein ; a small blackish cell-s]]ot ; marginal area shaded, like the Ijasal, with
darker fawn-colour, with a row of small inconspicuous submarginal black dots ;
fringe dark fawn.

Jliiu/iri/igs : paler, dull whitish ochreous, becoming more ochreous towards
hindmargin, with a fine dark line from inner margin before anal angle, where it is
slightly curved, to costa before apex ; four black submarginal dots.

Underside dull greyish ochreous, with darker striae ; inner marginal area in
both wings paler ; both wings with dark linear cell-spot, and fine dark outer line,
which does not cross the paler inner area ; fringe fawn-colour. Head, thorax, and
abdomen all dull fawn.

Expanse of wings : 30 mm.

One cJ from Pojiayan, Colombia (Lehmann).

Outer margin of both wings bent, hardly toothed at veins 3 and 6.

245. Perusia subustimaculata sp. nov.

Forcu'ings : X)ale yellowish ochreous, freckled with darker ochreous, esjiecially
towards the hindmargin ; a faint dark cell-spot ; fringe coucolorous.

Ilimlwings : the same, without cell-spot.

Underside paler ; forewings with a brown obliipie snbapical costal blotch.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous ; shoulders and patagia yellower.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One S from Loja, Ecuador.

240. PoUa quadrilineata sp. nov.

Foreu'inqs : dull dark fawn-colinir, with fine dark scattered striae; the lines

dark brownish fuscous, all more or less ])arallel to hindmargin; first from one-fifth

of costa to one-fifth of inner margin, strongly angled in cell; the fourth sliortly before

apex, straight to below vein 6, then curved and irregularly waved ; between these

( 223 )

two lines the costal area is pale ochreous, widest beyond middle where it reaches
below vein H, and tapering to a i)oint at each end ; the second and third lines rise
from its lower edge, at even distances from each other and from the ontside two ;
the ochreous costal area is thicklv dnsted with fascons, and from the middle of costa
contains an oblique dark brown blotch ; fringe concolorons ; apex of wing dark.

Ilindirings : with the first two lines continued across them, first close to base,
second at one-fonrth ; basal area pale, with dark speckles ; the rest of the wing dark
as the forewings ; a large round yellow cell-spot, with darker yellow centre.

Underside dull pale grey, with the margins clouded with darker. Head and
thorax like wings ; abdomen wanting ; fillet narrowly white.

Expanse of wings : 35 mm.

One ? from Cachabi, Ecuador, low country, December 1896 (Eosenberg).

247. Prochoerodes cubitata sp. nov.

Foretvings : fawn-colour, towards the hindmargin flushed with redder fawn,
with slight black dusting and obscure striae ; the basal area also slightly redder-
tinged than the central ; lines obsciare, hardly darker than ground-colour, but
marked by white dashes on veins ; first curved, at one-fourth ; outer line double,
oblique and slightly curved, from middle of inner margin to costa just before apex ;
the reddish tint beyond the line runs actually to the apex, giving the appearance of
the line itself so running, but the white dash nearest the costa is placed before the
apex ; a darker rufous cloud from anal angle runs into the marginal cloud ; cell-spot
small, black, distinct, of raised scales ; fringe rufous fawn-colour, the tips towards
anal angle shining whitish.

Hindwings : with the double line slightly antemedian and straight, just beyond
the black cell-spot ; an obscure and irregular dentate submarginal shade ; extreme
hindmargin from apex to angle at middle lilac-grey ; fringe as in forewings.

Underside pale greyish fawn, much speckled with black, with slight rufous
suffusion beyond the double line, which is however not expressed, and a deeper
suffusion at margin in middle ; apex of forewings white ; cell-spots distinct ; fringe
as above. Face and palpi fuscous brown ; vertex pale grey ; thorax and abdomen
like wings.

Expanse of wings: 48 mm.

One ? from British Guiana.

Nearest to F. incaudata Guen., but the hindwings have a distinctly produced
blunt tail, without jmle scaling ; forewings bluntly angled at vein 4, the apex
minutely produced.

248. Spilocraspeda plana sp. nov.

Forewings: drab, thickly dusted with black scales; first line curved, at one-
third, indistinct, except above inner margin, and marked by vein-dots ; second line
also marked only by vein-dots, lying in a straight line from costa shortly before
apex to inner margin at three-fourths ; fringe concolorons, with small dark spots at
the ends of the veins ; cell-spot l)lack.

Hindwings : the same ; the outer line curved, and the dots indistinct.

Underside much paler, with the dusting and cell-spots black. Head, thorax,
and abdomen drab, mixed with fuscous scales.

( 224 )

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.
One J from Bogotii (I'liild.).

Very mnch like Sp. 7ugripunctata AVarr. from Mapiri, but less distinctly
marked, and the course of the lines different.

249. Spilocraspeda(?) nifigrisea sp. nov.

Forewings : ashy grey, speckled and much suffused with dull reiMish : a
cronulated red line at one-fourth ; a broad reddish central fascia, its inner edge
diffuse, its outer crenulate and distinct, margined with paler grey, from four-fii'ths
of costa to three-fonrths of inner margin, incurved beyond cell and projec-ting
strongly below the middle ; a reddish apical j)atch, internally edged by the wavy
grey submarginal line, and another at anal angle touching the projection of central
fascia ; a small black cell-dot ; marginal line very line, with minute black dots at
the ends of the veins ; fringe grey.

Hindwings : similar.

Underside of forewings cinereous, becoming blackish towards hindmargin ;
cell-spot and outer line dark ; apex white with a few dark sjjecks ; fringe whitish ;
hindwings paler. Palpi and face reddish ; thorax grey ; abdomen wanting.

Expanse of wings : 28 mm.

One ? from Paramba, Ecuador, April 1897, dry season, 3500 ft. (Rosenberg).

2.50. Tetracis rufa sp. nov.

Forewings: greyish brown, rufous-tinged, the greyer tint predominating along
costa and beyond the outer line ; with numerous dark atoms and striae, especially
in the ? ; an obscure darker curved line at one-third ; outer line rufous edged with
shining pinkish white, slightly bent, from apex to three-fifths of inner margin ;
cell-spot blackish ; fringe rufous.

Hindwings : pinkish grey, darker along hindmargin ; in the ? much speckled
with fuscous ; a small dark cell-spot : fringe rufous.

Underside dull grey, with a darker outer line in both wings. Head, thorax,
and abdomen like wings.

Expanse of wings : c? 37 mm.; ? 40 mm.

Two <S S, one ? , from Sao Paulo.

251. Urepione conscripta sp. nov.

Forewings : pale oehreous, almost wholly suffused with greyish fuscous and
speckled with darker, a large patch at the anal angle only remaining pale ; the
lines fascous and olive-brown ; both angled below costa then oblique inwards ; first
at (juite one-third, second at three-fourths, to two-fifths and three-fonrths of inner
margin respectively ; the outer expanded on inner margin into an olive blotch with
blackish scales intermixed ; midway between the two lines a brown median shade,
parallel ; submarginal line irregularly bent and angled to anal angle ; a black
submarginal dot on each side of vein 3 ; fringe concolorons ; cell-spot minute.

]li ml wings : oehreous, without suffusion, but speckled and mottled with jiale
brown ; a black cell-spot on a brownish central shade ; a brownish submarginal line

( 225 )

from before apex into anal angle, preceded l)y a fine line forming two arcs, the apex
toncliing snbmarginal line below vein 4.

Underside with both light and dark tints much brighter ; the inner half of
forewing more or less ochreons. Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreoiis ; face and
palpi brown.

Expanse of wings : 26 mm.

One c? from Talma Sola, Venezuela, 1896 (Whyman).

Forewings with hindmargin bent at vein 4, vertical above, obliqne below; hind-
wings with an angle at vein 4, the hindmargin rounded above, straight below to
anal angle. The same size as Urepiom tessellata Wlk. (Ili/peretis).

Note. — In NoviTATES Zoologicae, Vol. II. p. 82, I described a supposed new
South American moth as Adelotypa xanthobrunnea, referring the genus erected
for it, not without hesitation, to the Orthostixinae. The specimen was found in
a box of South American Geometi'idac ; and I was not at the time aware of the
close resemblance between certain South American Rhopalocera, in neuration as
well as superficial appearance, to some of the Geometridae, so that it never occurred
to me that I had to do with a species of Rhopalocera. Had the antennae been
entire, this fact would, of course, have been evident at once ; but being both broken
off short, I was induced to describe them as filiform. The insect is really a
specimen of Limonias bolena Butler. I have to thank Mr. Schaus for calling my
attention to the mistake.

( 226 )

THE BIRDS OF BUEU,

BEING A LIST OF COLLECTIONS .MADE ON THAT ISLAND BY
MESSRS. WILLIAM DOHERTY AND DUMAS.

By ERNST HARTERT.

[Plate IV.]

IN March 1897 our friend Dohertv collected near the well-koown port of Kayeli,
which used to be Mr. AVallace's hunting grounds, and later ou that of Brniju's
collectors. Doherty's collection did not therefore contain any novelties ; but many
species peculiar to Burn were represented in large series and different stages of
plumage, and he obtained one male of the very rare Monarcha buruensis A. B. Meyer.
About eighteen months later Mr. Dumas, the former companion and skinner of
the late Alfred Everett, visited Burn by order of Mr. Everett, and with the special
instruction to collect at high elevations. He reached Mount Mada, where he was
busy at an elevation of about 30il0 ft. ; and, though a still higher ground should
have been collected over, and though it is evident that Everett's supervision was
absent (new birds being obtained iu single immature specimens only), he did very
well, as he sent a large collection of very well prepared skins from Kayeli and
Mount Mada, with a surprising number of new forms. The principal interest
attached to these forms is the relationship of many of them to Malayan forms,
which were never before known to enter the Moluccan area. It will be of the
utmost interest to learn whether other Moluccan islands have a similar mountain
fauna with Western (Indo-Malayan) elements to the same extent as Burn, and it
must not be supposed that the last bird is already discovered on Burn. For such
special zoogeographical interest compare Prioniturus mada (of Celebensian affinity),
Microeca addita, Eri/thromyias buruensis, Phijllergates everetti dumasi {of Unndanese
affinities), Androphilus disturbans, Acanthopneuste everetti, and Geocichla dumasi.

1. Astur pallidiceps Salvad.
(Cf. Orn. Pap. I. p. G4.)
One young male was procured by Dohertv at Kayeli in March ISO". " Its iris
was pale brown, feet orange-ochreous, claws black, bill black, cere and bare skiu
round the eyes orange-ochreous."

2. Accipiter ceramensis (Schleg.).
One fine aAxAi female was obtained by Dumas on Mount Mada, at about 3000 ft.
above the sea. This is the bird called Accipiter rubricollis by Sharpe (Cat. B. I.)
and Salvadori {Orn. Pap. I.) ; but Schlegel's name, Nisus cirrhocephalus ceramensis
(^Mus. P. B. Astures, p. 39, 18G2), has priority. Sharpe repeats in his new Hand-
List, I. p. 253, the former mistake that the species (or subspecies ?) occurs iu Burn
and Morotai, while it should be Ceram and Burn, tlie species inhabiting the Northern
Moluccas (Batjan, Halmahera, and Mort)-) being eri/thrauchen (cf. Salvadori, Orn.
Pap. I. pp. OS, (i9).

( 227 )

3. Baza subcristata reinwardti CMiill. & Schleg.).
Two mali:s, Kayoli, Bam (cf. <uifeii, \). 20).

4. Ninox hantu (Wall.).
S ?. Doherty collection, Kayoli, Blarcli 1807.

The relations of N. kcmtii require consideration, but I am not able at present to
work them ont.

5. Pisorhina magica (S. Miill.).

c? jnn., Kayeli, Doherty collection ; cJ ad. Monnt Mada, Dumas collection.

With this bird we have again reached a most vexed and difficnlt crnx of
systematic ornithology, which has been treated differently by almost every author.
Sharpe {Cat. B. Brit. Mus. II. pp. 69 — 7.5) has separated Scops niagkus magicus
(Ceram, Amboina), S. magicus leucospiliis (Batjan, Gilolo), S. magicus boiiruensis
(Bonrn), S. 7nagicus morotensis (Morty), and others, which I will not mention, as they
are probably quite distinct specifically. Schlegelunited all these forms. Salvador!
{Orn. Pap. I.) recognised S. magicus (Amboina, Ceram (?), Aru), S. leucospilus
(Batjan, Halmahera, and Burn), and iS'. morotensis (Morty, Ternate).

Meyer and Wiglesworth {B. Celebes I.) mention magicus (Amboina, Ceram),
leucospilus (Batjan, Halmahera, Ternate, Burn), and morote?isis (Morty, Ternate),
all as subspecies of manadensis. Quite recently we have a most jjainstaking article
on Scops magicus and its allies by Dr. Finsch. He {Nat. Lej/den Mus. xx. p. 103)
unites magicus, bouruensis, leucospilus, and morotensis, and gives the following
distribution : Amboina, Ceram, Burn, North Celebes, Batjan, Ternate, Halmahera,
Morotai, Aru, Sumbawa. There are fifty-four examples in Leyden, in different
reddish and brown phases. Sharpe, Schlegel, and Finsch have in any case shown
laudable consistency ; the former in sjditting them up to the ,bitter end, the latter in
uniting them all. Salvadori's (and Me3'er and Wiglesworth's, after Salvadori's) view
can hardly be correct, as ho evidently went by the different phases of coloration and
by the markings, which are very variable, and constructs a distribution which
is difficult to believe in, allowing leucospilus to spread over the Northern and
Southern Moluccas (Buru), and morotensis over Morty and Ternate, but not over
Halmahera, where, between the two strongholds of morotensis, the allied leucospilus
is to occur I In view of the close relationship of these forms, which must be
admitted by every one, such a distribution is not probable ; it is possible if
these forms are all "good species," while it can not be accepted if Meyer and
Wiglesworth's view of their subspecific value is taken.

As far as my conception of these owls goes, the case is as follows : —

The specimens from the Southern Moluccas — namely, from Amboina, Ceram,
and Buru — are absolutely identical in a specific as well as subspecific sense. Those
from the Northern Moluccas — namely, Batjan, Halmahera, and probably also Morty
— are identical inter se ; but it seems to me that the northern form might be separable
subspecifically as a smaller race from typical magicus from the Sontli Jloluccas.

For the latter {magicus) I obtain the following measures of the wing : 107
(Sharpe), 177 (Sharpe), 185, 186, 188, 190 mm. ; for the smaller northern form :
157 (Sharpe), 172, 175, 178. Finsch gives for the latter 102—191, for the former
173 — 192 mm. My measurements and Dr. Sharjie's show a striking difference
between the northern and southern forms, while Finsch's exhibit only a very small

( 228 )

average in the same direction. The question of their snbspecifio valne is therefore
still open to doubt, but I believe at jiresent in a smaller northern race.

The Muity form is very likely inseparable from the small northern one, but it
is remarkable that the few specimens (we have also one in Tring) known from
there are all very reddish browu. This is probably merely the rufons phase ; in
any case wo cannot assnme, without further evidence, that all Morty si)ecimens
are similarly rufous.

I am not prepared to accept the localities Am and Sumbawa for Scops mnqicKS
without hesitation. From Snmbawa I have before me typical Scops manar/i'iisis
albiventris, and not magicus ; and it is diflScnlt to believe that Am has typical
magicus.

6. Strix cayelii, sp. nov.

Oney(>»2rt/e of a most beautiful Strix from Kayeli, October 1898, closely re-
sembles the golden-yellowish form of Strix nocaehoUandiae, of which it is probably
a subspecies, but has a more blackish ground-colour above, and the beautiful white
mottlings are replaced by brownish ones, except on the middle and greater wing-
coverts. The dimensions are smaller, but the longest remiges in both wings not
being fully grown, exact measurements cannot be given. Tail 120 mm.

Although I have only one specimen of this owl, and the differences are slight, I
cannot suppose that it is the same as Strix noraehollandiae. I believe, however,
that many more forms of Strix will yet be found in the Eastern Archipelago.

7. Eos bornea cyanonotus (Vieill.).

Eos rubra var., Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 21.
Eos rubra (partim) anctornm.

The Burn examples of the red lory differ so conspicuonsly from the tyi)ical
form of Amboina and Ceram, that most ornithologists would separate them
specifically. I prefer to treat them as a representative subspecies. Examples from
Amboina, etc. are larger, and the body-plumage is uniform above and below and of
a much lighter and brighter scarlet>-red, lighter on the head. Those from Burn are
very much smaller and the red is darker and more crimson. At present I am not
able to make any further subdivisions, but it seems that examples from the Key
Islands are generally larger; in other resi)ects, however, they are perfectly similar to
those from the Islands of Amboina and Ceram. Probably those from Bum
(cgano)wtus) have lighter and more yellow bills, but unfortunately neither Dohcrty
nor Dumas took the trouble to mention the colour of tiie beak on the labels, while
we have fourteen from other localities with the colour of the bill described on the
labels.

I have chosen the name cyanonotus (Vieillot in Nonv. Diet. xxv. p. 334) which is
based on Levaillant's figure of the " Lori a frauges blenes " on jilanche 93 of his
" Perroquets." This figure is of the small size and the dark, almost crimson, red of
the Burn birds, very much in contradiction to his light red " Pcrrnche scarlate,"
which we take to be the typical form. These are the wing-measurements of the
series now in the llothschild Museum ; —

( 229 )

Eos bornea bornea.

c?. AVallace, Amboina (dealer's label) .
No locality, but probably Amboina.
Ceram (in A. B. Meyer's handwriting)
Amboina (in W. Blasins' handwriting)

i. ad. Amboina 2.5..5.82 (H. 0. Forbes coll

cJ Monawalka 13.11.00 (H. Kiihn coll.)

* '> II I! V II

<S „ 10.11.90 „ „ „

^ II II II II I)

<S Teoor Isl. 1.0.09 „ „ „

T ,, ., 11. JJ „ „ „

* II II II >> II II

5

+ II 11 II 11 11 11

^ II II II II II II

2

^ II II II 1! 11 II

d Jeniai, Taam Is. 11.90,, „ „
c? Tnal, Key Is., 11.5.08 „ „ „

?

?

1.5.98 „

2.5.98 „

12..5.98 „

11. .5.98 „

12.5.98 „

• """S

A-'J^

UILU.

71

100

?J

II

167

JJ

11

157

)J

0 „

nearly ITiJ mm., bnt not

fully grown.

JJ

109

mm.

7)

1.58

JJ

JJ

168

»

JJ

160

JJ

?J

157

JJ

5J

162

J)

TJ

1.52

JJ

1)

1.58

JJ

J)

162

JJ

JI

1.57

JJ

U

173

JJ

)5

170

JJ

J'

172

JJ

JJ

167

n

JJ

172

JJ

JJ

174
172

JJ

JJ

JJ

JJ

167

)i

JJoi bornea ci/anonotus.

c? Mt. Mada, Burn, 3000 ft. (Dnmas coll.). wing 140 mm.

+ II II 11 II 11 II

(? Kayeli, Burn (Doherty coll.) .

o )j 11 11 II . •

+ )) II 11 II • •

O >J II II II • •

. ..ilig

aivj

140

1.55

l.)5

151

152

8. Trichoglossus cyanogrammus AVagl.
Kayeli, Bnrn, Doherty and Dumas coll.

The distribution of this jmrrot is remarkable. It seems to e.xtend without local
variation over the Southern Moluccas to New Guinea and the Western Papuan Islands,
but to be absent from the Northern Molnccas.

9. Hypocharmosyna placentis (Temm).

No specimens received from Burn, but a Mr. P. T. JIakatita presented a pair
to Mr. Doherty, which he said were from the little island of Amblau (or Amblaw),
sonth of Burn. They fully agree with specimens from other localities.

10. Eclectus cardinalis (Bodd.).
cJ ? frnm Kayeli sent by Doherty, males only from Kayeli by Dnmas.

( 230 )

11. Tanyguathus affinis Wall.

Two <?, one ? from Kaveli, Dnmas coll.

We have not received Taiujgnothm gramineiis, vihXch. is cviilentlv a rare hiril.
T. alfinis is a representative of T. mpgalorhjnchus.

12. Geofii'oyus rhodops (Gray).

From Ka3-eli and Mount Mada, at about 3ui)(i ft. The young male has a green
crown, but it passes by moult into the lilac-bine crown through a brown-headed
stage, liiie its close allies Ge. j^ersonafus,_floresianm, sumbaihisis and probably all
the rest.

13. Aprosmictus amboinensis buruensis Salvad.
It seems that this form is not distiugnishable from A. amboinensis amboinensis
except by the entirely black bill. The interscapular region is entirely blue in adult
males and apparently in females also, those with the interscapular region more or
less green being younger individuals. Doherty obtained this parrot near Kayeli ;
Dumas on Mount Mada, about 3000 ft. high. In November they moulted on the
coast.

14. Prioniturus mada sp. nov.

One immature niale, Mount IMada, 3000 ft., Damas coll. " Iris olive."
Green, feathers of nape with greyish blue edges, iuterscapulium mixed with
bluish grey, lower back greyish blue, feathers of rump bordered with gre3nsh blue.
Lesser upper wing-coverts and broad line on inner bend of wing to below the
scapulars of a somewhat ashy blue, a little darker than " campanula-blue " of
PI. ix. fig 11 in Ridgway's Nomencl. of Colour. Under-snrface of a much lighter
green, sides of chest darker and washed with blue ; under wing-coverts washed
with blue near the margin: longer under tail-coverts bright yellow, not yellowish
green. Wing 175, tail (the elongated central rectrices not measured, as they are
not fully developed) 97, bill from gape 22 mm., tarsus 15.

It is a pity that we have no adult male, but the differences from the Celebes
species {P. platunts), which is the nearest ally, are so evident and striking, that 1
could not leave the Burn bird nndescribed. According to Schlcgel {Mus. F. B. III.,
Psittaci, Revue, p. 22) the Leydeu Museum possesses a young female killed by
Hoedt on Nov. 8th, 1864, in the bay of Bara on the north-western coast of Burn.
The accuracy of this statement has been doubted (ef. Salmi/ori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.,
XX. p. 410), but we can now believe it. Most likely the yown^ female differs so
little from the same stage of P. platurus, that the differences were not noticed.

15. Eudynamis orientalis (L.).

The bird to which this name is generally applied is by no means rare in Burn,
though we only got it from Kayeli and not from Mt. Mada.

The first plaiuage of the young of E. orieiitalis is rusty buff above and
below, and it is similar in the young of E. c'/anocepliala and allies, while it is black
in E. honorata mahujana and evidently in all its allies. The foster-parents of
E,. orientalis are unfortunately not known. (Uf. Nov. Zool. 1898, pp. 4G1, 472.)

( 231 )

A study of the material of the genus E'ldijnamis has now shown me that I was
wrong in identifying the birds from Alor and Sumba (Nov. Zool. 1898, pp. 461 , 472)
with E. o'ientalis. These birds are a form of E. ajanocephala, and are united with
the latter in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIX. p. 324. This, however, is not quite exact,
as they are so mnch smaller that they cannot be united with the large Australian
race. As far as I can make out the smaller race has no name. The smaller race
has the wing of the mab's 200 to 210 mm., the larger has it 220 to 222 mm. long,
and there are similar differences of dimensions of the tail, bill and feet, and also in
VnQ females. The large race inhabits Australia, the typical small race, which I call

Eudynamis cyanocephala everetti snbsp. nov.

in memory of our late friend Alfred Everett, who obtained it in Alor and Sumba
(type Sumba !) inhabits Alor, Sumba, Timor, the Key Islands and small islands to
the north of it, and evidently parts of New Guinea and other islands, though the
New Guinea specimens require a most careful study.

Owing to the resemblance of the adult males of Eudynamis, which are all black,
and the different stages through which the young birds jiass, as well as to the want of
well-dated, well-sexed individuals, and last not least to all biological observations,
which would here be of particular value, the genus Eacli/nainis is not easily under-
stood, and even the two most important works on the same, namely Salvadoii's
excellent memoir in the immortal Oniitologia Papuasia, I. pp. 3.59 to 370 and
Shelley's article in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIX. pp. 315 to 328 are not sufficient and
not quite satisfactory.

An examination of the material at jsresent available in the Tring Museum leads
me to the following results, which, however, may require considerable additions, and
even alterations, when a richer material is worked out at leisure.

Eudynamis honorata honorata (L.).
S ad. wing about 187 to 107 mm. ; crown of ? ad. with buff shaft-stripes ;
first plumage of young blackish. India to China.

Eudynamis honorata malayana (Cab.).
c? ad. wing about 198 to 220 mm. ; crown of ? ad. with buff shaft-stripes ; first
plumage of young black. Malay Archipelago.

Eudynamis honorata mindanensis (L.).

S ad. wing about 192 to 200 mm. ; crown of ? ad. rufous with blackish stripes ;
first plumage of j'oung blackish. Philippines to Sanghir.

Blasius has {Braunschweig. Anz. of January 11, 18S8, &n(\. Russ' Isis, p. 78)
separated the Sanghir form as sanghirensis * because he thought it had a differently
shaped bill, but I am sorry to say I cannot see this difference, after having
compared a series, and I do not therefore admit the form sanghirensis. Meyer and
Wiglesworth (i?. Celebes I. p. 211) admitted it but had no material for comparison.

Eudynamis orientalis orientalis (L.).
c? ad. wing about 213 to 22U mm. ; ? ad. with cinnamon spots above; first
plumage of young buff. Moluccan islands only.

* Tbis is not quoted in Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XIX.

( 232 )

Eudynamis orientalis rufiventer (Less.).

Like E. o. orientalis, but much smaller, the females apparently as a rule with
broader bars to the feath<'rs of the underside, but, as we do not well know the
different stages of the plumage, this is not quite certain. Wing of male apparently
185 to 195 mm. I say apparently, as I do not know how to distinguish between
the males of E. c>/anocephala cceretti and E. orientalis nijicenter, unless the latter
alone occurs in the north of New Guinea ! If the two occur together, they must be
" good species," althongh I have not yet discovered the secret how to distinguish
between the adult males.

New Guinea, Salwatty, Batanta, Mysol, and perhaps also Aru, but not Peuaug.

Eudynamis orientalis salvadorii subsji. nov.

The specimens from New Britain and New Ireland are evidently closely allied
to E. 0. rufiventer, but differ in tlie followinj;- characters :

They are much larger, the bill larger and longer.

The males are less greenish and more steel-blue.

Wing of males, 203 to 210 mm. They seem to resemble E. o. orientalis, but
the male is more blue, and the female appears to be more barred below and is more
frequently spotted above.

This form (type S ad. New Ireland) is named in honour of my friend Count
Salvadori, who in the Omit. Papuas. I. p. 358 has already commented on the
specimens from New Britain.

Eudynamis cyanocepliala cyanocephala (Lath.),
c? ad. wing about 215 to 222 mm. ; ? ad. with white spots above ; first plumage
of young pale buff, white below. Australia (? to New Guinea).

Eudynamis cyanocephala everetti Hart.

cJ ad. wing about 2U0 to 210 mm, ; ? ad. with white spots above ; first plumage
of young pale buff, white below. Key Islands, lesser Sunda Islands (Alor, Sumba,
type Siunba !) and probably parts of New Guinea.

Eudynamis melanorhyucha 8. Mull.
S ad. differs from all the former in having a black bill. Celebes.

Eudynamis melanorhyucha facialis Wall.

Like E. m. melanorlojnchu, but smaller and very often with some white feathers
on the forehead and chin. Snla Islands (Nov. Zool. V. p. 127).

10. Centropus bengalensis javanicus (Dumont).

Kayeli, Doherty. — This is the bird called Ceatropus mcdius by Wallace in
Proe. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 23.

I cannot quite agree with Messrs. Meyer & Wiglesworth, who, in the Birds
of Celebes I. pp. 213 to 21T, lumped togetlier Ceittropus beiKjalensis, jaeanicus
and rectunguis of the Catalogue of Birds. They may be correct with regard to
rectunguis, but it seems to me that the Malayan form (Jftcanicus) differs conspicuously

( 233 )

from hengalensia b)' its dark mantle, while the black is sharply defined in the
continental beiujalensis. Theii' remarks about the literature quoted by Shelley are,
it is true, correct, and I even believe that the distribution, as quoted by Sbelley,
requires some alterations, but I am sure that two forms — though as subspecies —
must be recognised.

With regard to Centropus sinensis I have even to go farther than Shelley in the
work of separating, as I find that the Java form diflfers consisicuously, principally iu
the form of the bill, from Continental birds, so that it must be recognised as

Centropus sinensis bubutus Horsf

I shall write aljont it in more detail on a future occasion.

17. Cacomantis aeruginosus Salvad.
Two males, one female, one J'oung from Kayeli (Doherty coll.). 1 confess that
it is very diflScult to separate these birds from C. virescens of Celebes, but the
underside is more greyish brown and darker than in the latter. It should probably
only be considered as a " subspecies," just as C. virescens should evidently stand as
a subspecies of C. threnodes, of which merulinus is very likely distinct.

18. Ceyx cajeli Wall.

This beautiful little Kingfisher is common near the port of Kayeli, from which
it takes its specific name, and on Mount Mada, to at least 30ii0 ft. high. The
young has the beak dark brown with a whitish tip. The crown is only very
minutely, almost obscurely spotted with bine ; the throat is pale yellow, not white.

19. Tanysiptera acis "Wall.

AVallace {P. Z. S. 1863, pp. 23, 24) was perfectly right in separating the Burn
species from the 7'. dea which inhabits the other Southern Moluccas, although he
procured only an immature individual. The adult ?nale differs from 2'. dea, with
which Salvadori {Orn. Pap. I. p. 436) united it, in the less blue ear-coverts, the
sharply defined blue cap, perfectly black, not blue, mantle, the mottled upper tail-
coverts and bases to the rectrices. The undersurface of the 3'oung is buff with
black edges, while in the perfectly adnlt bird it is white with only a faint buff tinge
and without black edges to the feathers. The iris of the adult male is dark olive-
brown, bill red, feet dark greyish or olive. Wing (c? ad.) 117, central rectrices (fully
developed) 285, bill from nostril 29 mm. In the first plumage the npperside is
rusty brown, lighter on the crown and wing- coverts, rump and tail-coverts greyish
brown, lateral .rectrices brown washed with blue, central pair uniform blue.
Underside buff with broad blackish lateral and narrow black terminal borders, under
tail-coverts uniform buft'.

Dumas obtained this species on Mount Mada only.

211. Halcyon chloris (Bodd.).

One male from Kayeli, one female from Mount Mada. Rather large and blue,
wiug 114 mm.

( 234 )

21. Halcyon sancta Vig. & Horsf.

One from Kayeli (Dnmas coll.)- This bin! (marked S) is rather small, the
wing only 88 mm.

22. Alcedo ispida moluccana Less.

One male, Kayeli, Doherty coll. Bill black, rather long, 42 mm. from forehead.

23. CoUocalia esculenta (L.).
<? Jlonnt Mada, Dnmas coll. Wiug 102, glossy green.

24. Macropteryx mystacea Less.
Bara and Kayeli. Wings 210 and 21.j mm. (Small Molnccan race.)

25. Hirundo rustica gutturalis (Scop.).
One adnlt specimen from Kayeli (Doherty).

2G. Microeca addita sp. nov.

This remarkable new bird is closely allied to the bird I described (Nov. Zool.
IV. pp. 170, 524) as Microeca osciUans from the moniitains of Sonth Flores. I
should not wonder if a new genns wonld be created for these birds, but I prefer for
the present not to separate it from Microeca, leaving the vexed question of the
genera of Muscicqndae to others.

The new species, Microeca addita, differs from M. oscillans iu its larger size,
more uniform brown npperside, darker rufous brown, not chestnut-brown tail,
whitish (not buff) under tail- and under wing-coverts and lighter breast.

c? ad. Upperside rufous-brown, darker on the head, brighter and more rufous
on the wings and the upper tail-coverts. Tail rufous-brown, more reddish on the
borders. Wings blackish brown with rufous-borders to the remiges. Underside
whitish, the feathers being grey with white borders, the feathers of the abdomen
white, only grey at base. Under tail-coverts white. Under wing-coverts white
with buff and brownish shades. Iris olive. Bill black, feet brown. S wing 80,
tail TO, metatarsus 10, bill (from forehead) 11 mm. (wings of males oi M. oscillans
70 to 78 mm., not 81 as said on p. 524 of Nov. Zool. IV.) ; ? of M. addita, wing 81,
tail 62, metatarsus 18-5, bill 10 mm. (? of J/, oscillans wing 75-5 mm.)

One pair was obtained on Mount Mada, 3000 feet high, by Mr. Dnmas.

27. Muscicapa griseosticta (Swinh.).
Onefemale, Kayeli, March 1897 (Doherty coll.)

28. Erythromyias buruensis Hart. Bull. B. 0. Club, VIII. p. 31, (PL IV. fig. 2).

(? ad. Top and sides of head and hindncck slate-colour ; upper wing-coverts
slate-colour, Wivshed with brown ; remainder of upper surface ashy brown. Remiges
and rectrices ashy brown, remiges with lighter brown outer edges and whitish brown
on the inner edges, more so towards the base ; rectrices edges with brown on outer
webs. Chin, throat, chest, and sides of body cinnamon-rufous ; flanks washed with

( 235 )

brown ; mkldle of abdomen white ; under tail-coverts bntFy-white. Iris olive ; feet
brown ; bill black. Wing G9 to 70, tail o2, metatarsus 21, cnlmeu 1*5 mm.

? ad. Like the nude, but the cinnamon-rnfons colour of the underside just
a shade less bright and much smaller ; wing 03 to 64, tail 48 to 49 mm.

Juv. Upperside blackish brown, each feather with a rusty buff longitudinal
spot near the tip, only the crown of the head uniform. Underside rusty buff with
blackish tips to the feathers, middle of abdomen buffy white. •

This fine bird was discovered on Moant Mada, at about 3000 feet above the sea.

20. Monarcha buruensis A. B. Meyer.
One single adult male of this very rare flycatcher was obtained by W. Doherty
at Kayeli in March 1897. Its iris was found to be brown, feet dark slaty blue,
bill blue, tip darker, more blackish brown, cutting edges whitish.

30. Monarcha loricatus Wall.
A large series from Kayeli (Doherty) and several from Mount Mada (Dumas).
Both sexes are alike, black and white when adult, but the female is much smaller.
Wing of males 89 to 90, oi females 83 to 85 mm. The young of both sexes are
brown above, rusty brown below, lateral rectrices rusty buff with greyish edges,
central blackish. Iris of young deep brown ; feet dark slaty blue ; bill pale blue ;
extreme tip blackish. In the Key species, Monarcha leuearas, the sexes are also
alike in colour, and the birds with rnfous undersurface are the young of both sexes.
The adult of M. leucarus resembles the M. loricatus very much, but the cheeks and
sides of neck are white in the latter, black in the former.

31. Monarcha inomatus (Garn.)
One single &i\.vli female, with the grey upperside and foreneck rather light, was
shot at Kayeli by one of Doherty's hunters. I believe this species is not before
recorded from Buru.

32. Myiagra galeata Gray.
Kayeli and Bara. " <S ad. Iris deep brown. Feet blackish. Bill slaty blue,
tip and edges black " (Doherty). One in moult in March.

33. Rhipidura tricolor (Vieill.)
Kayeli, Doherty, and Dumas. Moulting in March.

34. Rhipidura buruensis Wall.

Kayeli, Mount Mada and Buru. The female is not so bright, being washed

with brown on the upperside, and considerably smaller. Wing of the male 87 to 90,
of the female 81 to 85 mm. Immature birds have buff tips to the upper wing-
coverts and remiges, the young has the feathers of the chest tipped with buff instead
of largely spotted with white.

35. Rhipidura superflua Hart.

In n>ai. B. 0. Club, VIII. p. 32 (February 1890) I described this form as
follows : (J ad. Top and sides of head light brown ; a line from base of bill to

( 230 )

above the eyes brownish buft'. Hind-neck and uppermost part of back like the
head ; remainder of upper parts bright cinnamon-rufous. Remiges brownish black,
the inner edges of all whitish bnff; outer edges of secondaries bright rnfons.
llectrices blackish brown, the base and outer edges of basal portion dark cinnamon-
rufous ; all, including the central pair, broadly tipped with cinnamon, darker on the
middle ones. Throat white, with a black patch across the crop ; remainder of under-
snrface rnfons-bnff, the sides washed with brown ; nnder tail-coverts and thighs
cinnamon. Wing 68, tail 80, metatarsus 18, culmen 13 mm. $. Smaller, wing
about 62 mm. Obtained by Dumas on Mount ]Mada, at about 3000 feet.

It will be an interesting, though difficult work to study all the red-backed
Rhipidwae of this group, and to work out their relationship.

36. Edoliosoma marginatum Wall.

Evidently common at Kaycli. The /'emu I r differ.s from the male in being a just
perceptible shade lighter below and in having much lighter, almost white under
tail-coverts, besides being smaller. Wing of ??iale-'< about 11.5, oi females about
110 mm. long. Young birds are lighter below, some of the feathers of foreneck,
chest, and sides of body with black shaft-lines and spots along the shaft, and
wing-coverts deep buff.

37. Oriolus bouruensis (Qnoy. & Gaim.).

Kayeli, Bara, Mount Mada. The young birds have rust}- rufous edges to the
quills and wing-coverts.

The wonderful case of mimicry between this bird and the Philemon is related
in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 26, and in Wallace's Mala>/ Arcldpelaf/o:

38. Dicrurus atrocaeruleus amboinensis Gray.

Plentiful near Kayeli and Bara, and not rare on Mount Mada. " Iris always
deep brown '" (W. Doherty).

According to Salvadori two he saw from Burn had the wings longer than others
from Ceram and Amboina. The wings of six Burn examples measure 14" to
149 mm., that of one from the north-east coast Ui6 mm.

3'.t. Pachycephala examinata Hart.

Differs from F. lineolata from the Sula Islands in having the abdomen (which
is white or with a faint ochreous tinge in P. lineolata) ochraceous bnif, the under
tail-coverts buff instead of white. The wing longer, measuring 81 to 82 mm.
Back more brownish, the grey cap thus becoming more conspicuous. The male has
the throat white, the chest washed with grey. The female has the imderside
uniform ochraceous buff, the wing only about 78 mm. long. Cf Nov. Zool. V. (not
IV. as quoted Ball. Ji. 0. Club, VIII. p. 14) p. 131, IMl. B. O. Club, YIII. p. 14
(Nov. 1808).

The name of I', griaeonota is best not adopted at all, but if it should
be adopted it would be more sensibly ajiplicable to the Sula form than to that
from Burn.

(237 )

4it. Pachycephala melanura buruensis Hart.

The male differs from PachjiccplKiln melanura clio from the Sula Islands, with
which it has hitherto erroneously been considered " identical" in being of a mnch
deeper dark greenish olive colour on the upperside, and in having at the nppcr wing-
coverts pure black with narrow olive edges. The golden-^yellow collar on the back
of the neck is unbroken, the pectoral pure black collar is very wide and broadly
united with the black sides of the head. The remiges are edged with the colour of
the back. Tail black. The female differs from that of cUo in the colour of the
underside, which'is pale huffish brown below, lighter in the middle of the abdomen,
darker and browner on the chest, and becoming more greyish on the throat. Under
tail-coverts bnffy yellow. The young male is more rufous below and darker on the
back than the female, which is olive-brown above. ? ad. wing 93, tail 73, culmen
18 to 19 mm. ' (Cf. Bull. B. 0. Club, VIII. p. 33).

Kayeli, Bara, Mt. Mada.

41. Cinnyris zenobia (Less.).
Frequent at Kayeli and Bara.

42. Cinnyris proserpina (A\'all.).

Mount Mada and Ka_veli. In the Catalogue of Birds this very distinct form is
mixed up with C /ui/ri.scapularis into C. asjxcsia, but all these forms are distinct,
though representative forms.

43. Dicaeum erythrothorax Less.

This beautiful little bird was obtained at Kayeli and on Mount Mada. A nest
from Kayeli is protected by some large overhanging leaves and beautifully woven of
soft rufous fibres, the entrance-hole being very near the top.

44. Philemon moluccensis (Gm.).

This bird, which so closely resembles the Oriolus bouruensis, that their
synonymy has been mixed up, although they belong to widely-different families, is
evidently common on the island. The young is like the adult bird, but the feathers
on the sides of the lower throat are widely edged with pale sulphur-yellow, and the
quills have greenish outer edges. The fresh feathers, after the moult, are more
olive, but they become somewhat foxy brown when worn and faded.

45. Zosterops buruensis tSalvad.
This bird is extremely rare in collections, but Dumas got four specimens on
Mount Mada. Three are marked " ?," one c?, but it is evident that two are males,
two /m«fes, and two are remarkably smaller than the other two. These birds do
by no means have their nearest in the Celebensian Z. intermedia, which differs
widely in its more uniform under-surface, lighter and more yellowish upperside and
other characters, nor in Z. Moris from Banda, which is also lighter and more
yellowish above and has the flanks and sides of breast much paler, but in a bird
inhabiting Batjan and Ternate. This latter bird agrees with Z. bi/ruensis in the
dark upperside and dark sides, but it differs slightly in being a little smaller, less
golden olive and more green above, and in having the sides of the body also more
greenish and even still darker I I name it

( 238 )

Zosterops obstinatus spec. uov.

Type : Ijixtjan, September ls97, 4000 feet bigh, Dohert)' coll. Unfortunately I
have before me only two examples from Batjan and three from Ternate, collected by
Doherty, and they are all bad skins. Nevertheless, they show very distinctly that
the Ternate bird is not quite the same as the Celebensian Z. intermedia. It differs
from the latter in having a greener shade on the upperside, the rmup and forehead
less yellowish, and much darker and more olive flanks and sides of the body.
Geographically one would naturally expect the Ternate and Batjan birds to be the
same, or nearly the same. Owing to the bad state of our skins I cannot say con-
fidently whether they are the same or not, but I cannot at present separate them,
though our s])ecimens from Batjan seem to be darker above and on the flanks again
than those from Ternate. AVhy the Ternate bird was always confounded with
Z. intermedia is strange to me, as so many other forms were separated on account
of differences not a bit more striking. Probably a number of these forms will be
united into one species by future workers, and kept only snb-specifically distinct,
but it will require much study to do so properly, and as long as we do not lump
them at present, we will advance our knowledge and pave the way for the future.

4(5. Criniger mysticalis ^Vall.

Evidently frequent at Kayeli and Mount 3Iada. The female is smaller than
the male, wing c? about 110, ? about loO mm. The name was originally spelt
as above.

47. Pitta rubrinucha Wall.
Two males of this beautiful Fitta were obtained on Mount Mada.

48. Phyllergates everetti dumasi Hart.
{Bull. B. 0. Club VIII. p. 31 [189U]).

Differs from Fhjllergates eteretti of Flores in being slightly more brownish on
the uape and less greenish, more rufous-olive on the back, ami in having no
indication of white on the outer rectrix. Wing 40 to 40 mm.

Four specimens were obtained on Mount Mada.

The distribution of Plii/llergates so far east is of the utmost interest. The
Catalogue of Birds (VII. l<s^3) knew it only from India, Java and Sumatra, then
Whitehead discovered it in Borneo and on the Philippines ; Jleyer and Wiglesworth
described one from Celebes, Everett sent it from Flores, and now it appears in the
Moluccan Islands.

49. Androphilus disturbans sp. nov.
Mr. Dumas shot on Mount Mada a bird which he marked " ? ," and which had
a chocolate-brown iris. It is probably (judging from the spotted appearance of the
lower throat and breast) an immature bird. It has ten rectrices, very strong feet,
and belongs evidently to the genus Androphilus, so far only known from high
elevations on Borneo and Celebes. The bird before me is above very deep olive-
brown. The underside is yellowish buff, lower throat with brown tips to the
feathers, chest strongly washed with rufous brown, abdomen, thighs and under tail-
coverts brown, under wing-coverts spotted buffy and brown. The specimen is not

( 239)

in very good condition. The bill from the base on the forehead about 18, from gape
to tip 2ii, wing 03, metatarsns 2o, hind-toe with claw IT, tail very much worn,
apparently when perfect about oO mm.

This bird also is quite a surprise in the Moluccas.

.50. Cisticola exilis (Vig. & Horsf.).

Mount Mada and Kayeli. Wallace {Ffoc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 25) described the
Burn bird as C. rmtica, but, according to Sharpe, it is the same as C. exilis (Cat. B-
VII. p. 269).

ol. Acanthopneuste everetti Hart.
{Bidl. B. 0. Club. VIII. p. 31 [Feb. 1899.])

c? ad. Top of head gre}'ish brown ; superciliary line pale grey, not very
conspicuous. Rest of u])perside dark olive-green. Tail and wings blackish brown
edged with the colour of the back, rectrices with narrow white edges to the inner
webs. Throat dirty white ; remainder of under-surface bright sulphur-yellow ;
sides of breast and body washed with greenish olive. Wing .59, tail 42, metatarsus
22, culmen 13 mm. ?_ like the males, but a little smaller, wing 58 mm. Jar. Crown
olive-green like the back, throat yellow like abdomen.

The geographical extension to Burn of this bird, which is evidently related to
Acanthopneuste presbytis of Timor and A. jioris of Flores is most interesting. It
differs from A. Jioris by its greyish brown crown, whitish throat and absence of
white in the tail, the narrow edges to the inner webs of the rectrices not being
visible when the tail is shut or even moderately spread out. A. ei-eretti differs still
more from ^1. presbi/tis, in having no white in the tail, in wanting the pale central
line on the crown, in its darker abdomen and much larger size.

-1. etcretti was discovered by Dumas on Mount Madn.

52. Acanthopneuste borealis Bias.

Common in winter.

I very much doubt that the species formerly included in Cri/ptolopha and now
placed in Acanthopneuste really belong there at all. The type of Acanthopneuste is
borealis, which seems to me to be a very good Phijlloscopus, while the Malayan
species of the group to which my Jioris, everetti, and presbt/tis belong, are evidently
not Phi/lloscopi, nor to be retained in Cnjptolopha proper.

53. Geocichla dumasi Rothsch.
[Plate IV. fig. 3.]

One single male was obtained on Mount IMada, and described by Mr. Rothschild
{Bull. B. 0. Club, VIII. p. 30, Feb. 1809) as follows :—

c? ad. Whole upper-surface bright olive-rufuus brown, with two tufts of
creamy white feathers, one on each side of the rump. Lesser upper wing-coverts
like back ; greater upper wing-coverts black, with two rows of large round white
spots. Remiges blackish brown ; the outer webs of the primaries with narrow,
those of the secondaries with broad, olive-rufous borders. All wing-feathers,
except the outer three, with large white patches near the base of the inner webs.
Tail like the back, but darker. Whole throat and chest black ; abdomen white ;

( 240 )

flauks olive-yellowish brown, some feathers on the side of the breast olive vrith
black tii)s, as well as some of the white breast feathers, thus forming a broken
irregular band across the breast. Under tail-coverts creamy white. Under wing-
coverts mixed black and white. Iris dark brown : bill black ; feet light. Culmeu
23, wing 94, tail GS, tarsns 32 mm.

Ihb. Monnt Mada, Burn (3000 feet), August 1898.

54. Calornis obscurus (Bp.).
Kayeli, common.

•>-y Munia molucca (L.).
Typical molucca from Bara and Kayeli.

60. Macropygia amboinensis (L.).
Common on Burn, where it was fonud at Kayeli by Wallace, Forbes, Doherty
and Dumas. Forbes obtained it also on Lake Wakolo, Dumas on Mount Mada,
at about 31)00 feet above the sea. The species is known from Amboina, t'eram and
Burn. The colour of the crown is very variable, being sometimes much lighter,
sometimes deeper rufous-cinnamon. Tlie young birds before me have the feathers
of the crown deep rufuus-cimiamou, only blackish at the utmost base, like the
adult ones.

57. Reinwardtoena reiuwardtsi albida subsp. nov.

The Buru-form of the genus Reinwartoena* differs from the form inhabiting
the Northern Moluccas and New Guinea in being much more whitish below. The
underside is almost pure white without the lavender-grey coloration so conspicuous
in most forms of R. reimnirdtsi.\ This is only to be seen on the sides of the
breast and flanks, and on the under tail-coverts. AVing S 235, ? 225 mm. Iris
chocolate-brown. Type : Mount Mada, Burn, 3000 feet, Dumas coll. This species
seems to be rare on Burn, as neither Wallace, Forbes, nor Doherty procured it
there. Two specimens, S and ? , however, were shot by Dumas, and there is
one labelled Buru in the Leiden Museum. Probably the Amboina and Ccram
specimens will belong to my albida.

The distribution and the geographical variation of Eeinwardt's Pigeon is very
interesting. The original type was erroneously stated to be from Celebes, but seems
to have come from one of the Northern Moluccas. This form, to which I have
restricted the name of reinwanltsi, has the abdomen more or less washed with
lavender-grey. In the Bull B. 0. Club, v. VII. p. 35 (February 1898) I have
described sjiecimens from Obi Major as R. r. obfensis, but a moulting skin received
from Mr. Lucas, and the fading of the yellowish buff on the chin and cheeks in the
collection have shown me that the colouration is not natural, but is the result of the
juice of some kind of fruit.} A similar staining is also visible in the Buru speci-
mens. As it is, I cannot separate C)bi s])ecimcns from tyjiical rcinirardtsi, although
one of them is practically as white as my albida from Burn. The darker New Guinea

* This is the original spelling, but in the same ye.ir (1854) it appeared also in the form of
Jteinwardtnenas ; this name, varied with ae and oe and with or without *, has always been in use, until
in 1890 Heine invented for it the unnecessary substitute Coccyznenas, which nobody accepts.

t Thus originally spelt.

X This case is similar to the one of the supposed Sylvia gutaris from the Cape Verde Islands, only
there attention had been called to the real facts long ago.

( 241 )

race has been separated by me as Jl. r. (ji-iscothicta (see Nov. Zool. III. ji. 18).
According to Salvadori it is absent from Jobi, Mefoor ami Miosuom, but Doherty
sent lis some Jobi skins which seem not to differ from the New Guinea ones
{griseotitKta), and [further researches may perhaps also turn it up on the other
islands. The birds from Misori Ishiud, in the Geelvink Bay are separated as a
subspecies minor by Schlegel, and elevated to specific rank by Salvadori. They are
much purer white below and smaller. Excejjt in their smaller size they do not
seem to differ from albida. Wing about 210 mm.*

We can, therefore, at present recognise four local subspecies of Reinwardtoena
reinwardtsi.

a. Reinwardtoena reinwardtsi reinwardtsi.

Abdomen lavender-grey, wing about 22i.) to 230 mm.t
Hab. Northern Moluccas — Batjan, Halmahera, Obi.
(Synonyms. R. ti/pica Bp., R. r. obiensis Hart.)

b. R. reinwardtsi griseotincta.

Nearly the entire underside lavender-grey, wing about 230 to 24.5 mm.
Ilab. New Guinea, Waigiu, Salwatty, Jobi.

c. R. reinwardtsi minor.

Nearly the whole underside whitish. Wing about 210 mm.
JIab. Misori and Biak in the Geelvink Bay.

d. R. reinwardtsi albida.

Practically the whole underside whitish. Wing about 22.) to 23.5 mm.
Ilab. Southern Moluccas — Burn (type), and probably Amboina and Ceram.

e. R. browni.

Differs from the former in having a slaty, not chestnut, back and tail, and
inhabits the Duke of York Islands and New Britain, and is like

./'. R. crassirostris
with a larger beak, from the Solomons, more distantly related, and better kept as
a separate species. The genus Coryphoenas for the last is an unnecessary
encumbrance.

58. Columba mada Hart.
{Bull. B. 0. Club, V. Vm. p. 33.)
This curious ])igeon resembles in its coloration the so-called iiymnophaps
albcrtisi, from which it differs in its whitish throat, light abdomen, want of terminal
bar on rectrices and other characters. The naked space round the eye is much less in
extent than in the Gijmnophaps albertisi. If the genus Gymnophaps is recognised,
I suppose mada would have to be placed in it ; but I do not see the necessity of
that genus. If it is recognised, then several more subdivisions of Columba must be
made for the sake of consistency. The adult male of Columba mada has the bill
yellow, red at base. Top of head and neck pure grey, merging into the colour of

* I could only examine one adult male collected by Doberty on Biak, an island immediately close to,
but separate from Misori.

f Males are larger tban females.

( 242 )

the rest of the njiper snrface, whieli is slate-colonr with liirht srey borders to the
feathers. The rcctrices are deej) slat}--brovrn with very narrow pale brownish tij)S.
Sides of head, throat, chest, and breast bnff, almost pure white on the throat. The
buff colour of the breast merges into the vinaceons-cinnamou colour of the abdomen.
Under wing-coverts cinereous. Under tail-coverts light cinnamon with lighter,
somewhat rosy edges. Thighs whitish grey. Feet and iris red. Wing 229,
tail 170, exposed portion of culnien 10 mm. ? ad. Like the adult male, but
smaller: wing 213, tail 155 mm. Jin:. Above blackish slate-colour, lighter on
the neck. Underside pale cinnamon, under wing-coverts grey with pale cinnamon
tips, under tail-coverts cinnamon.

A few adult and young specimens were shot at about 300U feet on Mount Mada,
in August 1898.

59. Myristicivora melanura (G. R. Gray).

Only this species of White Pigeon was procured by Wallace, Forbes, Doherty,
and Dumas, at Bara, Kayeli and on Mount Mada.

6u. Carpophaga perspicillata (Temm.).
Common on Burn, where every collector met with it. Wallace, Forbes, and
Doherty procured sjiecimens at Kayeli, Doherty at Bara, on the north-west coast,
and Dumas on Mount Mada, at 3000 feet above the sea. The iris is dark brown,
cere dark purple, legs and feet purple. The sexes do not differ. A specimen
from December moults the remiges. This pigeon inhabits the Northern Bloluccas
(Halmahera and adjacent islands and Batjan) and Burn.

01. Ptilinopus prasinorrhous (G. R. Gray).
A common bird on Burn, where it was shot at Kayeli and on Mount Mada, at
3000 feet. " Iris orange red "' (Dnmas). The distribution of P. prasinorrliOKS is
somewhat remarkable, namely, the Western Papuan Islands and some, but not all,
of the Moluccas. While inhabiting the islands in the Geelviuk Bay it is said to
be absent from New Guinea, and while being found as far north as 'Weeda and
Dammar (near Halmahera), it is not recorded from Halmahera and Batjan I
Specimens from the various jilaces do not seem to differ.

02. Ptilinopus viridis (L.).
This oldest known form of the lotreron group of Green Pigeons is only known
from the Southern Moluccas : Amboiua, Ceram, Burn, and the adjacent little
islands. Doherty procured s])ecimens at Kayeli and Bara on the north-west coast
of Burn. The sexes do not differ at all.

03. Megapodius forsteni Temm.
Kayeli and Mount Mada, SUUU feet. The adult male from Mount Mada is
darker than the female from the same place and a pair from Kayeli. Especially
the head and abdomen are very dark and the upper jiart of the mantle is very
pure grey.

04. Strepsilas interpres (L.).
Frequenting the sea shores.

(243 )

ON THE BIRDS OF SOUTHERN ARABIA.
By W. E. OGILVIE-GEANT.
WITH FIELD NOTES BY A. BLAYNEY PEECIVAL.

[Plate X.]

IN the spring of 1800, the Governor of Aden, General O'Moore Creagh, V.C,
finding it advisable to malce a political trip through the interior of Southern
Arabia, wrote to the Director of the Natural History Museum suggesting that a
natiiralist should accompany the expedition.

The zoology of Arabia being still very imperfectly known, Professor E. Ray
Lankester readily acceded to the Governor's most kind request, and asked me to under-
take the arrangement of the details. The necessary funds for the expedition were
partly supplied by grants from the Royal Society and the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

A willing volunteer was found in Mr. A. Blayney Percival, who had already
spent three years collecting zoological specimens in the Transvaal and British
Central Africa ; and the services of the late Mr. W. Dodson, a professional
ta.xidermist, were also engaged. It was with great regret that we learnt of the
death of this promising young naturalist, which took place at Aden on October
20th, just as the expedition was on the point of returning to England. Fever
and acute dj'sentery, brought on by drinking impure water in tlie Abiau country,
rapidly proved fatal ; and Mr. Percival very nearly lost his life from the same
cause. As is too often the case, no care was taken to boil the drinking water,
and there can be little doubt that had this very necessary jirecantion been followed,
no serious consequences would have resulted.

General Creagh finding it necessary to make his trip much earlier than he had
at first contemplated, Messrs. Percival and Dodson made a somewhat hurried start
from England, and arrived at Aden on August 0th. They found all arrangements
complete, and the expedition only awaiting their arrival to start. It had been the
Governor's intention to make a somewhat extensive trip through Southern Arabia,
but on August 19th he was unfortunately obliged to return to Aden on important
business, which ultimately prevented his return.

This unforeseen event rendered it impossible for Mr. Percival to travel in parts
of Southern Arabia which he would otherwise have visited. While with General
Creagh's party the naturalists proceeded to Shaik Othman and Lahej, and thence
worked their way north by Al Anad, Jebel Mauif and A\ Milah as far as Jimil,
returning south by a more easterly route through open sandy desert to Lahej, which
was reached on August 18th.

Before returning to Aden the Governor specially recommended Mr. Percival
and his party to the care of the Sultan of Lahej, who treated them with the
greatest kindness while they remained in his country, providing them daily with
fowls and fresh meat, and placing camels and horses at their disposal. At this
time Mr. Percival made the acquaintance of Mr. G. W. Bury, an Englishman
who has done more travelling and exploring in south-west Arabia than any

( 244 )

other European. This gentleman, being nnattached, joined the party, and by his
knowledge of the people and their language proved of the greatest assistance.

During their stay in the district, the country and Wadis to the east and west
of Lahej, and as far north as Jebel Manif, were thoroughly explored, and a number
of species not previously recorded from South Arabia were obtained. A thick-knee
plover (CEdknem'ts dodsoni), a bush-shrike {Iclepkonus percicali), and a lark
{Ammo manes saturatus) proved to belong to undescribed species.

On September 15th Mr. Percival and his party left Lahej, and, leaving the
baggage at Shaik Othman, returned to Aden to obtain permission to visit the Abian
country, which lies to the east. AVhile waiting for the Governor to obtain a favourable
reply from the Sultan of Shukra they took up their quarters at the Government
bungalow at Shaik Othman, and worked the surrounding country to the south of
Lahej and the desert to the west towards Little Aden.

On the evening of September 28th a start was made for the Abian country,
which was reached on the following evening ; and, after the usual negotiations with
the Sultan had been completed to his satisfaction, a camp was formed near Al Khaur,
on the Wadi Hassan, where birds and small mammals were fairly numerous.

The water at this camp must have been polluted, and proved the source of all
the subsequent misfortune, for about twelve days after their arrival all the party
were attacked with low fever of a very severe t3'pe. At this time Mr. Bury was
obliged to leave the party and return to Aden. Between October 10th and 16th
j\lr. Percival made a trip through the mountains to the east in search of Ibex, etc.,
leaving the camp in charge of Dodsou, who was then apparently quite well and
anxious to continue collecting in the district, which had proved a good one. On his
return, though suffering himself much from daily attacks of fever, he found Dodson
in a much worse plight, and very ill and weak. Moving by easy stages, the party
retraced their steps, arriving on the night of October 19th at Aden, where, as already
related, poor Dodson shortly succumbed. Plate X. shows the route of the
travellers.

The season during which the expedition was made was too early for complete
success, and almost all the birds obtained were in full moult, and consequently
difficult to make up into good skins ; while insects were very scarce. On the whole,
however, as will be seen by the following list, our ornithological knowledge of South
Arabia has been very considerably increased, and we owe a debt of gratitude to
Mr. Percival and his unfortunate companion who lost his life in the pursuit of
science.

The results of the ornithological researches round Aden and Lahej of (Joloncl
Yerbury and Messrs. Barnes and Hawker have been incorporated in the present
paper, as well as the collection made by Dr. H. 0. Forbes and myself in November
l>iOS ; so that the following list gives a complete account of the avifauna of South
Arabia as known up to the present time, and adds forty-seven species to the list
published by Colonel Yerbury in the Ibis for 1890.

The collection made by Messrs. Percival and Dodson is in the British Museum,
and a second almost complete set at Tring.

1. Corvus corax (>).

C'imus corax Linn. ; Yerbury, Ibh 1890, p. 2i'>.
Colonel Yerbury says the T'ommon Raven is fairly commi n inland ; no specimen,
however, was obtained.

( 245 )
-• Corvus umbrinus.

Con'us umbrinus Sundev. ; Yerbury Ibis W%, p. 26.
a—c. (J 5 . Lahej. September 4th.

The above birds, iu freshly monlted plumage, have the feathers of the head
aud neck purplish black with an oily gloss. All three are apparently younger
birds, having the bill more slender and less deep than that of the fully adult.

[Hound Lahej these birds are extremely numerous, and we found them common
at Dirjaj in the Abian Country. They are usually to be found round towns or
villages, where with vultures and Paria dogs they act as scavengers. They are
of somewhat social habit, and often to be seen in flocks. During the ripening of
the dates the crows do a large amount of damage by eating the fruit. They and
the fruit bats are so destructive that the natives have to make bags of palm leaves
and fix these over the bunches of dates to protect them. To see a crow trying to
catch a lizard is a very funny sight. Having chased him into a tuft of grass, a
wonderful dance is executed round aud over the hiding-place, until at last the lizard
is captured and devoured. — A. B. P.]

3. B.hiuocoi-ax aiBuis.

Corvus affinU Riipp. ; Yerbury, Jliis 1890, p. 26.
((. Ad. Ma'ir, Abian Country. October 13th.

A bird of this species in very worn brown plnmage was at first sight mistaken
for Corvus editlue from Somalilaud, which it superficially resembles in size. The
present species, however, has the down at the base of the breast feathers grey,
instead of white, as in C. edithce.

[This Mountain Crow, only met with on the highest ground, was first seen
near Jimil, but not obtained until I was on the mountains near Ma'ir, in pursuit
of Ibex. It was a fairly numerous species, but I found it very wary and difficult to
approach. — A. B. P.]

4. Dilophus carunculatus.

Dilophus carunculatus (Gm.) ; Yerbury, 1896, p. 26.

Only recorded by Col. Yerbury and the late Mr. Barnes.

5. Oriolus galbula.

Oriulus (jalhuh Linn. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 23.

((. ? ad. Shaik Othman. September 23rd.

h — d. (J imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 27th.

[Iris and bill black ; legs slate.

We saw one or two Golden Orioles at Shaik Othman and several iu the Abian
Country.— A. B. P.]

ij. Estrilda rufibarba.

Eslrikla rvfibarha (Ehrenb.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 27.

Colonel Yerbury obtained examples near Lahej in January 1884.

17

a. b.

(?ad.

<•- /•

c?ad.

g-

cJ vix ad.

h. i.

? ad.

Jc. 1.

? ad.

( 246 )..
T. Aidemosyne cantans.

Aidemofyrte cuiil'im. (Gm.) ; Yerbury, /i/s 1896, p. 27.
a^. (J ? ad. Lahej. August 23rd and September 3rd.
fl. (J ad. Shaka, N. of Labej. August 29th.

[Very commou round Laliej aud Shaik Othman. Numbers are caught by
boys and sold in Aden, where many of the Indian natives keep large numbers of
birds.— A. B. P.]

8. Hyphantornis galbnla.

Hyphaiitoriiig ffilliilii (Ri'pp.) ; Yerbury, His 189G. p. 27.

Lahej. August 11th.

Lahej. September 9th.

Lahej. September 1.5th.

Habil, Wadi Abrain, X.W. of Lahej. September 13th.

Shaik Othman, September 23rd.

[Very common wherever trees are found. — A. B. P.]

9. Passer domesticus.

Passer domesticus (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ihis 189G, p. 28 ; Hawker, Ihis 1898, p. 375.

a—;/". (J. ? ad. et imm. Lahej. September 0th.

g. h. (J. ? ad. Shaik Othman. September 23rd.

[Very commou in Lahej and all the towns towards Jimil, but I do not
remember seeing it in Dirjaj or Ma'ir, in the Abian Country. In Lahej sparrows
are very commou and as bold as their English relatives, feeding about the streets
and paths of the town. They breed about the Sultan's palace in the loopholes around
the roofs and in the ceilings of passages, which are made of sticks laid across from
side to side. As every house has a fiat roof the walls of which are loopholed,
they find plenty of nesting places. There were young in the nests when we were
there, in August 1899. At Dar Mansur, a very small village of one tower and a
few huts, they were numerous ; and as there was uo cultivated ground of any sort
in the neighbourhood, merely open sandy desert, I am at a loss to know what they
lived on. In the Mimosa belt I saw a flock of sparrows far from any houses or
huts, but they seemed quite at home. — A. B. P.]

10. Passer euchlorus.

Passer euchlorus (Licht.) ; Y'erbury, Ihi^ 189(3, p. 27. Hawker, lh,f 1898, p. 375.

a — rf. cJ. ? ad. et imm. Lahej. August 11th.

e. J ad. Wadi Bana, Abian Country. September 29th.

/— ^j. (J. 5 ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian country. October 2nd to 5th.

As will be seen from the above list there are a fair series of this species in the
present collection. Colonel Yerbury makes some interesting remarks on this
species, and writes : — " It would be interesting if some one would devote a little
time to working out the changes of plumage of males of this species, as males in all
stages are to be seen in the flocks : — (i.) a bright canary yellow, with long, pale
fawn-coloured, almost white tail ; (ii.) like the former, but wanting the long tail :
and (iii.) a form hardly distinguishable from the females. What does this mixing
up of forms mean ? — I concluded it to indicate that these birds bred all the year
round, and the fact that form i. is rare while form iii. is by far the commonest, may
lend some support to this ; or it may mean that the nudes begin to assume the

( ^^" )

canaiy-coloured plumage at the eud of the first year, but do not assnme the long
tail till the beginning of the second. As the birds breed gregarionslr, it would be
difficult to identify the actual owners of any particular nest." The truth of the above
remarks is partly borne out by the observations of Mr. A. B. Percival, who found
the females rare and difEcnlt to obtain, the majority of dull-coloured hen-like birds
in a flock proving on dissection to be males and referable to form iii. There are
several examples of form ii. — that is, the bright canary-yellow bird with the tail
normal. I have never seen examples of form i. with the " long, pale fawn-coloured,
almost white tail," and Mr, Percival did not meet with it. We may therefore infer
that it is a seasonal appendage, as some of the birds met with are evidently very old
examples. It is quite possible that the present species is not a true Passer and should
be placed in a distinct genus.

[Rather scarce in the neighbourhood of Lahej, but very common in the Abian
Country.— A. B. P.].

11. Fringillaria striolata.

Fringillaria striolata (Lieht.) Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Miis. xii. p. 5G1 (1888).
a. I), ad. Ma'ir, Abian Country. October 13th.

This is the first time this species has been recorded from Southern Arabia.
12. Alaemon desertorum.

Alaitiion desertorum (Staul.) ; Yerbury, Ihis 1890, p. 29.

a. — b. t? ? ^^' Lahej. August 24th.

c.—Ji. d ? ad. Shaik Othman. September 20th to 27th.

(. cJ ad. Huswa, Bay of Aden. September 19th:to 20th.

[Iris brown ; bill grey ; legs flesh-colour.

This fine Lark is only found on the low deserts near the sea, and is commonest
along the coast to the west of Shaik Othman and eastwards towards Dar Mausur.
None were seen beyond the belt of Mimosa trees to the south of Lahej, and only one
or two were met with in the Abian Country.

This Lark has a habit of flying up like a Skylark for perhaps 100 ft. and then
fluttering downwards, uttering a few notes as it drops. This usually takes place at
dawn. It is a very fast runner and is extremely difficult to catch. The flight is
very peculiar, and the white bars show very plainly and make the bird look much
like a Hoopoe when on the wing. — A. B. P.]

13. Galerida cristata.

Galerita crhlutu Linn. ; Yerbury, Ibis 189G, p. 29.

Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 28th to 31st.
Haithalhim, N.W. of Lahej. September 6th.
Lahej. August 11th to September 8th.
Shaik Othman. September 22nd to 27th.
Huswa, Gulf of Aden. September 19th.

I have handed the whole series of Crested Larks over to Mr. Hartert for
identification, and he has kindly furnished me with the following remarks : —

" A considerable number of Crested Larks were collected at Shaik Othman,
Lahej, Shaka, Haithalhim, Huswa. Although they were collected at rather an
unfortunate time of year, most of the specimens bring in moult, the series shows
beyond doubt that they all belong to one form — viz., a sandy subspecies of the

a. — e.

c?? ad.

/■

ad.

g.—n.

cJ?ad.

0. — u.

cJad.

r.

c?ad.

( 248 )

Galerida cnt<tata grou]), and that uo siiecimeu of the G. theklm group is among
them. The latter, in fact, has not yet been fonnd in Arabia, nor apparently
anywhere farther east than Somali-land. The Arabian specimens closely resemble
the long-billed Crested Larks from Somali-land, except that the latter seem to be
slightly smaller. These long-billed Galeriiht from Somali-land are very nnlike
the thick-billed ones from that country, and I take this opportunity to emphasise
the fact that Somali-land — like Southern Spain and most parts of North Africa —
is inhabited by two totally distinct species, one of the theldce group, identified in
the British Museum and by Erlanger with G. theklm ellioti, and one of the
cristatci group. This fact has hitherto been generally lost to science, as most
authors on Somali-land birds have not distinguished the different forms of Crested
Larks. The birds from South Arabia resemble tlie North Indian forms, but are
more of a pale sandy and less greyish tint. Individuals from Afghanistan and
Baluchistan are very similar, but seem to be a little smaller. Larger series, with
the wings not in moult, must, however, be compared before settling the question of
size. At present I refrain from naming the Arabian Crested Lark, although I
am sure that it requires a new subspecific name. Science, however, would hardly
be benefited in this case by bestowing a new name in a solitary instance ; and I
prefer to await an opportunity of fully reviewing the Eastern Crested Larks, before
giving new names to such forms as may require them. I must, furthermore, admit
that it will require some study to point out the distinctive characters between the
pale Southern Spanish and Senegambian, as well as the Greek and Montenegrin
races. The form from the Hungarian littoral has been identified by Madarasz {Bull.
B. 0. Club, s. p. 99) with setiegalensis, but it is considerably larger, darker, more
rufescent, and more distinctly spotted on the under wing-coverts near the margin.
It requires a new name, unless one of C. L. Brehm's can be referred to it, a question
which it is not easy to settle, as Brehm often mixed up his Crested Larks from various
localities, and united very different forms under one name. I am, nevertheless,
quite willing to drop my name, chltce, for one of the most distinct forms of long-
billed GaleridiV, in favour of Brehm's nigricans. It is true that Brehm united with
typical dark birds from the Nile Delta, individuals of a dark shade from Germany,
and in his collection there are birds called nigricans from Sandersleben, Gotha,
Auma, Ahlsdorf, Dresden, and only one labelled 'Egypt,' the latter being the
same as my ' delta^ but his description can apply to the latter form, and he
says {Vogel/ang, p. 124) 'Egypt and Thuringia,' and later on {Kaumannia 18.")8,
p. 20(3) ' darkest on the black soil of the Nile, and shot in Germany near Dresden,
Auma, and Gotha.' Needless to say that the latter have not much to do with the
birds from Lower Egypt, but, as I said, one might accept ' nigricans ' for the dark
form from the Nile Delta."

[The Crested Lark is found in lai'ge numbers all over the low deserts
especially near Lahej and the neighbouring districts and thence up to the
foothills of Jebel Manif and Jimil. In the Abian Country very few were seen. —
A. B. P.]

14. Mirafra cantillans.

Miidfra simplex Heugl. ; Sharpe, Cat. II. Brit. .1/i/s. xiii. p. 595 (1890).
Miriifra ciintiUtinif Blyth, ; Sharpe, Cat. B. IJrit. ,!/«.<. xiii. p. GOo (189(1).
Mirafra sp. inc. Barnes, /iis 18U3, p. 84.

( 249 )

a. cJ ad. Shaka, N. o£ Lahej August 28th.

b~d. ? ad. Habil, Wadi Abrain, N.W. of Lahej September 13th and 14th.
e—f. (J Lahej August 25th.

Iris hazel ; bill and legs flesli-colour. (A. B. P.)

The series of this Lark collected by Mr. Percival in the neighboui'hood of Lahej
undoubtedly belong to M. simplex Hengl. Most of the specimens which are in worn
plumage agree well with the tj-pe ; but a female collected at Habil on September
13tli, which has the new feathers of the mantle half grown, clearly shows that it
belongs to the Indian species M. cantillans, which no doubt extends across Balu-
chistan and Persia to Arabia. M. simplex is therefore founded on worn examples of
M. cantillans.

In worn Indian examples the spots on the chest are nearly obsolete, and
in this stage they agree with the type of M. simplex.

15. Ammomanes saturatus subsp. nov.

Ammonuiiies deserti Sharpe ; Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 646 (part specimens u to y from Abyssinia).
"■ ? ad. .Tebel Manif, N. of Lahej August 13th (type of the species).

I. c. 5 ad. et tJ imm. Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej August 13th and 14th.
il. ad. Ma'ir, Abian Country October 13th.

Iris brown ; bill and legs flesh-colour. (A. B. P.)

The four birds collected by the Percival-Dodson expedition differ conspicuously
from tjqiical A. deserti Licht. in having the general colour of the upper parts dark
grey instead of isabelline, and the rufous on the rnmiJ and edges of the tail-feathers
more pronounced. In writing about ..4. deserti {Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xiii. p. 646) Dr.
Sharpe makes the following remarks : — " The Palestine birds are rather larger than
the Egyptian, and the Abyssinian birds are much darker grey than any from Egypt ;
they will probably be found to represent a permanently dark race."

The dark Abyssinian specimens alluded to above, and entered in the list of
specimens under the letters u to y, agree perfectly with the Arabian examples before
me, and differ in s.o marked a degree from typical A. deserti that it seems necessary
to recognise them under a distinct name.

Total length 5-5 in. ; cnlmen 0'65 ; wing 3-8 to 4-0 ; tail 2-55 to 2-7 ; tarsus
0-9 to 1-0.

[I first met with this Lark at the foot of Jebel Manif, where I saw a few and
obtained a couple of siiecimens. One or two more were seen near Jimil and a
few amongst the hills near Ma'ir, but they were nowhere common. It is essentially
a hill bird and never seen on plains. — A. B. P.]

16. Pyrrhulauda melanauchen.

Pyrrhulauda melaimuchen (Cab.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 29 ; Hawker, Ibis 1898, p. 375.

a—f. g ? ad. Wadi Al Kabir, W. of Lahej, August 22nd.
g—h. (J imm. Shaka, N. of Lahej, August 28th to 30th.

[Iris brown ; bill grey ; legs light flesh-colour.

Very common in lower deserts and wadis on the way to Lahej, but none were
seen farther inland, nor do I remember any being met with in the Abian Country.
They are strange little birds, witli their plaintive note and peculiar colouring.
The dark underparts of the male show very distinctly when the bird is on the
wing. — A. B. P.]

(250 )
IT. Motacilla alba.

ilotaciUa alba Linn. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 25.
Common winter visitor.

IS. Motacilla melanope.

MoUiaUci mehoiope Pall. ; Sharpe, O'l. B. Brii. .Uiis. x. p. 497 (.1885).

a. t? imm. Shaik Othman. September 20 th.

b. Imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 8th.

This is the first time the Grey Wagtail has been recorded, from Southern Arabia.
19. Motacilla flava.

Motacilla flava Linn. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. .Vii.i. x. p. 516. PI. vi. Figs. 3—5 (1885).
a—b. ? imm. Lahej. September 4th.

c. Tix.ad. Habil, Wadi Abrain, N.W. of Lahej. September 14th.

(l—h. (J $ imm. Shaik Othman. September 17th to 2.Srd.

(. ? imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 7th.

This is the first record of the Blue-headed Wagtail from South Arabia.
20. Motacilla feldeggi.

Miitacilhi fdileijgi Michah. ; Yerbury, Ibii 1896, p. 25.
u. (J ad. Shaik Othman. September 20th.

21. Anthus trivialis.

Aiithm trivialis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. x. p. 543 (1885).
« — e. (J ad. Shaik Othman. September 17th to 23rd.
This is the first time the Tree Pipit has been recorded from Southern Arabia.
[Seen only in the irrigated gardens of Shaik Othman, where in company with
various Wagtails it was fairly common. — A. B. P.]

22. Nectarinia metallica.

Xectarinia iiietoUiua Licht. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 25.

a—h. 2 ad. et(J? imm. Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej. August 12th.

(. (J imm. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 28th.

Ic. (J vix ad. Haithalhim, N. of Lahej. September 6th.

I. ? ad. Lahej. September 2nd.

<J imm. Iris, bill, and legs black.

? ad. Iris brown ; legs black. (A. B. P.)

I found this species common in the Goldmohur Valley near Aden, and shot
several females. The adult ?nales were very wild and ilifiicult to approach, and the
only specimen I succeeded in shooting after a morning's pursuit was lost among the
volcanic debris with which the valley is strewn.

Mr. Percival found this species in all the wadis, especially in the more desolate ;
he, too, found the t/iales very wary and difficnlt to secure.

23. Cinnyris habyssinica.

Ciimyris huhysnnica (Hempr. & Ehr.) ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. ix. p. 52 (1884).
a. ? ad. Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej. August 13th.
6. cJ imm. Ma'ir, Abian Country. October 14th.

This is the first time this Snubird has been recorded from Southern Arabia.

( 251 )
24. Cinnyris osea.

Ciumjris osea Bonap. ; Gadow, Cut. B. Brii. .Vii.t. ix. p. 53 (1884).
a. (J ad. JIa'ir, Abian Country. October l'2th.

This is tlie first time this Sunbird has been recorded from Southern Arabia.
The sjjecies was hitherto only known to occnr in Palestine, so the above specimen
indicates a considerable extension of its range.

[This Sunbird was not uncommon at Wadi Yeramis in the Abian Country.
It was extremely wary, and I only succeeded in obtaining one. — A. B. P.]

25. Telephonus percivali.

Telei>hoims perciciU Grant ; Bull. B. O. C. Ixix. p. 1 (1900).
5. (;J ad. Al Milah, N. of Lahcj. August IGth. (Type of the s^iecies.)
Adult male. — Allied to T. Uanfordi Sharpe, but somewhat smaller, the bill
especially being less stout ; the foreneck, chest, and rest of the nnderparts much
greyer, and the rufescent margin to the inner webs of the quills, so conspicuous in
T. blanfordi, barely indicated. Iris brown ; bill black ; legs grey.

Total length 7-.3 in. ; culmen 0-88 ; wing 3-0 ; tail 3-4 ; tarsus 1-2.

26. Lauius fallax.

Laidusfallax Finsch. ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mm. viii. p. 247. PI. viii. (1883^.

Laniiis sp. inc. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1886, p. 16.

Laniun lahlora ; Yerbury (nee .Sykes), Ibis 1896, p. 21 ; Hawker, Ibis 1898, p. 374.

a. ? ad. Jebel JIanif, N. of Lahej. August 13th.

6. $ ad. Al Milah, N. of Lahej. August 16th.

f— / jj 5 ad. et imm. Shaik Othman. September 20th to iSth.

Iris black ; bill and legs grey. (A. B. P.)

There can be no doubt that this species has been wrongly identified in all the
previous lists of South Arabia, for the specimens procured by Colonel Yerbm-y, Captain
Nurse, and Mr. Hawker, all belong to L.fallaj:. The black secondaries tipped with
white distinguish this species at a glance from L. laldom, which has the inner
secondaries largely mixed with white.

[Common near Lahej and Shaik Othman, but rarely seen in the Abian Country.
—A. B. P.]

27. Lanius nubicus.

Lanius nnhicus Licht ; Yerbury, 7//'-i 1896, p. 21.
a—c. ? ad. et ^ imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country, October 3rd to 9th.
Colonel Yerbury obtained a specimen of this Shrike at Lahej in January 1885.
It appears to be an uncommon species in this locality, and was not obtained by
Messrs. Percival and Dodson.

2^5. Lanius isabellinus.

Lanius isabellinus Hempr. & Ehr. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 21.

(?) L. speculigems Tacz ; Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 279 (1883).

I shot a fully adult male («) in the neighbourhood of Shaik Othman, which
exactly agrees with the description of typical A. upeculigerus Tacz. (4). A some-
what younger bird, possibly a female (but the sex has not been determined), was

( 252 )

collected by Colonel Yerbnry at Laliej, and evidently belongs to the same species as
specimen (a), but tLe white specnlum on the base of the primaries is obsolete, the
ear-patch dark brownish, and the dark spot in front of the eye barely indicated.

I am inclined to believe that L. speculigerus Tacz is merely the fully adult of
L. isabellimis.

a. (J ad. ShaikOthman (IF.iJ.O.f?. and //.O.F.). Wing 3-9 in., tail 3-5.

b. Vix ad. Lahej (J. It'. Yerlunj) „ 3-85 ,, „ 3"5.

The length of tail in the above specimens appears to be slightly longer than
usual, the average measurement being 3-2 to 3-3 inches. This species was not
obtained by Messrs. Percival and Dodson.

29. Lanius coUurio.

Liinius colhirio Linn. : Yerbury, Ibis 189G, p. 21.

a. mm. Wadi Bana, Abian Country. September 29th.

b. Imm. Wadi Hassan, „ „ October 9th.

30. Lanius phceuicuroides.

Lanius phcmicuroides Severtz ; Gadow, Qet. B. Brit. ilus. viii. p. 278 (1883).

a. ad. Shaik Othman. September 26th.

b. c. (J ad. et ? 1mm. AVadi Bana, Abian Country. September 29th.
f' — ?• c? ? inun. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 2nd to 9th.

This Shrike is new to the fauna of Southern Arabia.

[At Shaik Othman this bird was only once seen, but in the Abian Country they
were common near the water in Wadi Bana and Wadi Hassan. — A. B. P.].

31. Hypocolius ampelinus.

Hypocolius amjtclimis Bonap. ; Barnes, Ibis 1883, p. 74 ; Yerbury, I/iis 189(5, p. 21.

This species is said to have been seen by the late Mr. Barnes near Shaik
Othman. No specimens, however, have been procured in the neighbourhood of
Aden.

32. Sylvia nisoria.

Sylvia nisoria (Bechst.) ; Seebohm, Col. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. G (1881).
a. (J Ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 7th.

This is the first record of the Barred Warbler in South Arabia.
33. Sylvia atricapilla.

Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 23 (1881).
". ? ad. Shaik Othman. September 26th.
This is the first record of the Blackcap in Arabia.

34. Sylvia cinerea.

Sylria cinerea Bechst. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 8 (1881).
o — b. (J ? ad. Shaik Othman. September 25th and 26th.
The Whitethroat is recorded for the first time from South Arabia.

a.

J ad.

b.

cjad.

c.

Ad.

d.

Ad.

e—h.

c? ? ad.

I — /.-.

Ad.

I. m.

(? ? ad.

( -^53 )
35. Sylvia hortensis.

Sylvia hortensis Bechst. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Biit. Uus. v. p. 10 (1881).
a. Ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 9th.

This is the first time the Garden Warbler has been recorded from SonthL'rn
Arabia.

30. Aedon familiaris.

Sylvia familiaris Menetr. ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 36 (1881).

Jimil, north of Lahej. August IGth.

Al MUah „ „ August 16th.

Shaka „ „ August 29th.

Habil, ATadi Abrain, North-West Lahej. September 12th.

Lahej. 25th August and September 26th.

Shaik Othman. September 2ijth.

Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 3rd and 10th.

This Warbler has not iirevionsly been recorded from South Arabia.
Iris brown ; bill and legs flesh-colonr. (A. 15. P.)

37. Parisoma blanfordi.

Sylvia blanfunli ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Miis. v. p. 29 (1881) ; Salvador!, Ann. Mas. Oil'. Genov. xxvi.
p. 259 (1888) ; Cholmley, Jbis 1897, p. 203 ; Phillips, Ibis 1898, p. 407 ; Hawker, Ibi.^ 1899, p. 69.
Parisoma blanfordi. Grant, Ibis 1900, p. 154.

o. (J ad. Jebel Manif, north of Lahej. August 13th.
b. Ad Ma'ir, Abian Country. October I3th.

Iris brown ; bill and legs grey. (A. B. P.)

The occurrence of this rare Warbler in Southern Arabia is remarkably
interesting. It was only known to occur in North-East Africa, and very few
examples have found their way to this country. Up to the present time only five
examples have been recorded. Mr. W. T. Blanford obtained the type at Rairo,
Abyssinia ; then an example from Shoa was recorded by Count Salvador!. Sub-
sequently the species was met with by Mr. A. Cholmley in the Erba Mountains,
Snakim, and by Mr. E. Lort Phillips and Mr. R. McD. Hawker in Somali-laud.

38. Phylloscopus trochilus.

Pltylloscopus sp. inc. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 78 ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 25.

«. (?) ? imm. Huswa, Bay of Aden. September 19th.
b. ^ ad. Shaik Othman. September 23rd.

Although the Willow Warbler had been observed both by Col. Yerbury and the
late Mr. H. E. Barnes, this is the first time that examples have been procured.

30. Phylloscopus sibilatrix.

Phyllnscopus sibiUitri.r (Bechst.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 54 (1881).
a (?) ? ad. Shaik Othman. .September 19tb.

The Wood Wren is recorded for the first time from the neighbourhood of Aden.

( 254 )
40. Acrocephalus turdoides.

Acrocepluilus turdoides (Meyer) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit, iliis. v. p. 95 (1881).

« (J. Shaik Othman, September 2Gth.

6 ? . Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 10th.

This is the first record of this species from Arabia.

Iris hazel brown; upper mandible black, lower grey becoming whitish towards
the base ; legs slate. (A. B. P.)

41. Hypolais pallida.

Hypolais imUida (Hempr. & Ehr.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mks. v. p. 82 (1881).

«. ad. Shaik Othman. September 18th.

h.-d. (J $ ad. Al Khaur, AVadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 3rd to 10th.

This Warbler, which had not hitherto been recorded from Aden, was obtained by
Dr. H. 0. Forbes and myself at Shaik Othman in November 1808. Specimens
from the same locality and from the Abian Conntry are in the present collection.

42. H3rpolais languida.

Uypolais languida (Hempr. & Ehr.) ; Seebohm, Cut. B. Biit. Miis. v. p. 80 (1881).

a — c. 5 ad. Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej. August 13th.

d. (J ad. Al Milah, south of Jimil. August 14th.

e. ad. Mijba, north of Lahej. August 17th.

Iris brown ; bill flesh-colour ; legs light sage-green. (A. B. P.)
This is the first time this "Warbler has been recorded from Arabia. The bastard
primary is abnormally lengthened in specimen </, exceeding the primary coverts in
length by 0-12 in. The bird from Al MOah, however, undoabtedly belongs to the
present species ; in the other four specimens the bastard primary is about equal in
length to the primary coverts.

4a. Monticola cyanus.

ilonticola ajaiius (Linn.); Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 22.

Said to be a regular winter visitant at Aden.

44. Monticola saxatilis.

ilonticola saxatiUs (Linn.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 313 (1881).
«. cJ imm. Shaik Othman. September 20th.
b. 0. (J imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 2nd to Gth.

The Rock Thrush had not hitherto been recorded from Aden.
[A solitary example of this Rock Thrnsh was shot at Shaik Othman ; it was in
very poor condition. A few were seen in the Abian hills. — A. B. P.]

4o. Riiticilla sp. inc.

RuticiUa sp. inc. ; Yerbury, Ibis 189G, p. 25.

Colonel Yerbury writes : — " A Redstart is a casual cold-winter visitant, but the
exact species awaits identification ; it will, however, in all probability be found
to be It. phcenicurus or 7?. 'iiK.ioleuca."

( 255 )
46. Erithacus golzii.

Erithacus golzii (Cab.) ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mm. v. p. 297 (1881).
(I. ? ad. Lahej. September 14th.

''— /• <? ? ad. Shaik Othman. September 17th-2Ctb.

Iris brown ; bill and legs earthy brown. [A. B. P.]

The occurrence of this Nightingale in Southern Arabia is extremely interesting,
as hitherto it was only known from We.stern Persia, Turkestan and the Caucasus.
Its winter quarters were unknown.

47. Burnesia gracilis.

Buriiesia gracilis (Cretzschm.) ; Yerbury, Ibi.i 1896, p. 25 ; Hawker,/4is 1898, p. 375.

((. cJ ad. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 13th.

i— /. (J ? ad. Lahej. August 22nd to September 14th.

g. (J ad. Shaik Othman. September 2Cth.

Iris orange (yellowish in the female) ; bill dark grey ; legs flesh-colonr. (A. B. P.)
48. Prinia sp. inc.

Prinia sp. inc. ; Barnes, Ihis 1893, p. 78 ; Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. 25.

Colonel Yerbury writes : — "A nest of a species of Prinia was found at Shaik
Othman on February 24th, 1895, containing four brick-red eggs."

It seems to me possible that the eggs found may have been those of Burnesia
gracilis, a very common species in that neighbourhood.

49. Cisticola cisticola.

Cisticola cisticola (Temm.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 25.
« — e. cJ 9 ad. Lahej. August 23rd to September 2nd.

[Iris pale yellow ; bill flesh-colour, brownish towards the tip; legs flesh-colour.
Common among low bushes, particularly between Shaik Othman and Lahej.
A. B. P.]

50. Saxicola cenanthe.

Saxicola lenanthe Linn.; Barnes, /6/.< 1893, p. 76; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p 24.
(I (J imm. Shaka, north of Lahej. August 31st.
h. (J imm. Shaik Othman. September 21st.

Iris, bill and legs black. (A. B. P.).

51. Saxicola deserti.

Saxicola deserti Temm. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 24.
Saxicola stapazina Yerbury ; (nee VieiU.) ; Ibis 1886, p. 17 ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 76.
a. (J ad. Lahej. September 6th.
b—c. (J ad. Habil, Wadi Abrain, N.W. of Lahej. September 12th.

52. Saxicola isabelliua.

Saxicola isabelliua (Cretzschm.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 24.
«. (?) (J ad. Huswa, Bay of Aden. September 2i)th.
b—(l J ad. Shaik Othman. September 25th.

e. (?) ^ ad. HabU, Wadi Abrain, N.W. of Lahej. September 13th.

[This and the two preceding species of Chat were obtained on the cultivated
land round Shaik Othman and Lahej, and were very seldom seen near open
desert.— A. B. P.]

( 25G )

53. Saxicola pleschanka.

Saxicola pleschanh:! (Lepech.) ; Barnes, Jbis 1893, p. 76 ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 24.

a. (J ad. Wadi Bana, Abian Country. September 29th.

h. ? ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 5th.

This Chat was first observed by the late Mr. Barnes, in the neighbonrhood of
Aden, but uo example was obtained. Any doubt that may have been felt about the
occurrence of this species in Southern Arabia is now satisfactorily set at rest.

54. Saxicola lugentoides.

Saxicola lugentoides Seebohm ; Cut. B. Brit. ilus. v. p. 371 (1881).
'(. [cJ] ad. Ma'ir, Abian Country. October 13th.

The occurrence of this rare Chat in S. Arabia is a matter of considerable
interest. It was only known to inhabit Sennar, North-East Africa, where it was
supposed to be a resident.

55. Myrinecocichla melanura.

MyrmecocicJila nwlanura (Temm.); Yerbury, Ibis 1886, p. 17 ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 77 :
Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 24, pi. 1. fig. i.

a — e. cJ $ ad. Jebel Manif, north of Lahej . August 13th and 14th.

/. Ad. AI Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 10th.

g — h. Ad. Ma'ir, Abian Country. October 13th.

[Iris, bill and legs black.

Common about the foothills of Jebel Manif, in rough wadis and in the
crater at Aden.— A. B. P.]

56. Cercotriclias melanoptera.

Cercotrichus mclanoptcrus (H. & E.) ; Yerbury, Ibii 1896, p. 23.

o — m. (J $ ad. et imm. Lahej. September 2nd to 15th.

u. (J ad. Jebel Manif, north of Lahej. August 14th.

o—j). ij $ ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 2nd to 10th.

[Iris brown ; bill black ; legs grey.

Very common in the low bushes of the desert; they are, however, not very
easy to shoot, owing to their habit of slipping out of the opposite side of the bush.
They are very pugnacious, and remind one of the Robin. Most of my birds were
obtained in the evening, when they were feeding round the bushes. — A. B. P.]

57. Argya squamiceps.

Argya sqiuimicejts (Cretzschm.) ; Yerbury, ll'is 1896, p. 23 ; Hawker, Ibis 1898, p. 375.
"—9- c? ? ^^- Lahej. August 2Mth to September 15th.

[c? Iris pale orange or raw-sienna ; bill and legs pale greenish yellow.

? Iris brown ; bill and legs greenish yellow.

The Babbling Thrush is extremely common in the Lahej district, and is always
found in flocks, which keep low down among the bushes or on the ground. This
species is very noisy, especially if there are Jackals or other vermin about, hence
they are usually known as Jackal birds.— A. B. P.]

( 257 )
58. Pycnonotus arsinoe.

Pyenonoim iirsiiioe (H. & E.); Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. 23.

1 fouuJ this Bnlbnl common in the Goldmohur Valley, and procured several
examples.

59. Pycnonotus xanthopygus.

Pijcimmtus .raiilhopygiiis (H. & E.); Yerbury, Ibii 1800, p. 23 ; Hawker, Ibis 1898, p. 375.

". ? ad. Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej. August 13th.

b — 0. (J ? ad. Lahej. September 8th.

(/. ? ad. Huswa, Bay of Aden. September 19th.

e—f. ad. Ma'ir, Abian Country. October 13th.

60. Muscicapa grisola.

ilusckojm gi-isiiln (L.) ; Barne.s, fhii 1893, p. 74.
II— i. cJ ? ad. et imm. Shaik Othman. September 17th to 23rd.
/.'. ad. Huswa, Bay of Aden. September 19th.

[Very common in irrigated gardens at Shaik Othman. — A. B. P.]
61. Terpsiphone cristata.

Terpsiphone cristata (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 22.
(I — /'. ? imm. Lahej. September Gth and 8th.

Iris black ; bill and legs slate. (A. B. P.)

62. Hirundo rustica.

Iliruiuh rustica Linn. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 22.

Appears to be a rare visitor to Aden.

63. Cotile obsoleta.

Ptilomprogne obsoleta (Cab.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 22.

I saw several of this species flying about the rocks in the Goldmohur Valley at
Aden, and obtained a specimen.

64. Cotile riparia.

Cotile riparia Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. s. p. 96 (1885).
((. (J ad. Shaik Othman. September 26th.

The Sand Martin had not previously been recorded from South Arabia.

65. lynx torquilla.

Ii/iix torquilla Linn. ; Hargitt, Cat. B. Br/I. .!/«.<. xviii. p. 560 (1890).
((. cj ad. Shaik Othman. September 23rd.

Iris brown ; bill brown ; legs dirty sage-green. (A. B. P.)

The Wryneck is recorded for the lirst time from Southern Arabia.

66. Coccystes jacobinus.

Coccystes Jacobinus (Bodd ) ; Yerbury, Ihis 1806, p. 20.

Examples of this Cuckoo have been obtained by Colonel Yerbury and Captain
Nurse.

( 258 )
07. Cuculus cauorus.

Ciicidus caiionts Linn. ; Barne.s, Ibis ISM, p. 72.

«. ? vix ad. [wing 83 in.]. Habil, Wadi Abrain, X.W. of Lahej. September 12th.

b. [?] ad. [wing 7-8. in.] Labej. September 5th.

c—c. (J $ imm. [wing 8-0— 8-2 in.]. Shaik Othman. September 15th to 24th.

Specimen b of the above list appear.s to be a very old/emale ; the foreneck and
chest are iiearlj' nuiform dull rufous, the latter with a few very narrow dark bars ;
a wide collar of feathers surronudiiig the back of the neck is barred with the same
rufous colour, and the black bars across the feathers of the breast and sides are
very narrow.

Specimen « is altogether a younger bird, with the foreneck and chest marked
with buff and rather widely barred with black ; as in specimeu l>, there is a wide
collar of rufous barred feathers round the back of the neck.

The first record of the occurrence of this species at Aden is found in Mr. Barnes'
paper ; subsequently, in November 1808, I shot an immature bird near Shaik
Othman.

08. Centropus superciliosus.

Cenirojms supercilwstis (H. & E.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 20.
0 — h. (J ? imm. Lahej. August 20th to September 14th.
c — d. 5 ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 8th.

[ 6 Iris brown ; bill black ; legs slate.

? Iris pale yellow ; bill black, grey at gape ; legs bluish grey.
Not uncommon, but difficult to see or shoot ; it was very noisy at night and in
the early morning. — A. B. P.]

09. Cypselus melba.

Cypselus melba (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 18913, p. 17.

7(1. Cypselus affinis.

Ci/pselus affinis Hardw. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1890, p. 18
a. Ad. Ma'ir, Abian Country. October 14th.

[Very common near Ma'ir and in the hills around. — A. B. P.]
71. Caprimulgus nubicus.

Caprimxilgus nubicus Licht. ; Yerbury, Ibis 189(5, p. 18.
a — c. (J ad. Wadi, near Lahej. August 22nd to 24th.

d—f. J ad. et imm. Shaik Othman. September 23rd to 24th.

Iris black ; bill flesh-colour, black at tip ; legs bluish pink. (A. B. P.)
As all the adult birds are sexed male, there is no further evidence as to whether
t\iefeinale differs in plumage or not.

[Most of the Nightjars were found in the wadis, and were usually jmt up when
we were walking or riding through ; they were fairly numerous ; a few were seen
at Shaik Othman, hawking round the outside tif the gardens. — A. B. P.]

( 259 )
7:i. Caprimulgus inoruatus.

Ciipriiiivlijus hwrnatiis Heugl. ; Hartert, C'lil. B. Bnt. ^Mtis. xvi. p. 5uG (1892).

a. imm. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 29th.

b. cJ imm. Lahej. September 14th.

e — e. ? ad. et imm. Shaik Othman. September 17th to 23rd.
/—(•/. (J 5 imm. Al Khaur, Aljian Country. October 1st to 5th.

Oat of the seven specimeus collected, five (including three adults of both sexes)
belong to the rufous form, while two immature birds have the upper parts brownish
grey. There can be no doubt that the difterence in colour of the tipper parts has
nothing to do with either age or sex, but is purely individual.

The rufous form from Arabia exactly resembles the immature tyjie of C. c'nnri-
momeus Sharpe from Lagos, which Mr. Hartert has alreadj' shown to be identical with
C. inornatus.

This is the first time this North-East African species has been recorded from
Southern Arabia.

73. Merops cyanophrys.

Merops cyaiiojihri/s (Gab. & Heine) ; Terbury, Ibis 1896, p. 19.

a—f- (J ? . ad. et imm. Lahej. August 19th to September 3rd.
g — i. [J ad. Shaik Othman. September 17th to 2l8t.

Total length 8'0 inches ; iris carmine ; bill lilack ; legs greyish black. (A. B. P.)
74. Merops albicoUis.

3Ierops sp. incert. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 71 ; Yerbury, 189G, p. 19.

n — e. Ad. et imm. Jimil, N. of Lahej. August 16th.

/. ? imm. Jebel Manif, X. of Lahej. August 12th.

g — J,, j imm. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 28th.

; — )(. ^ 5 imm. Lahej. August 19th and 20th.

This is the first time this Bee-eater has been met with outside Africa ; it is no
doubt the third species mentioned by both Colonel Yerbury and the late Mr. Barnes.

75. Merops persicus.

Merojis persicus Pall. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 19 ; Hawker, Ibis 1898, p. 374.

Not obtained by the Percival-Dodson Expedition. Captain Nurse procured it
on November 14th, at Aden. Colonel Yerbury records it from Shaili Othman on
March 4th, and from Lahej, March 12th. Mr. Hawker obtained two males at Lahej
on October 25th.

76. Upupa epops.

Upupci epnps Linn. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 20.

Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej. August 14th.

Shaka. August 28th.

Shaik Othman. September 21st and 22nd.

Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 8th.

bill black at tip, flesh-colour at the base ; legs grey. (A. B. P.)

a.

S

ad.

b—c.

6

$ ad.

d—e.

c?

? ad.

/■

Ad.

Iris black ;

bill

( 260 )
"7. Lophoceros nasutus.

Lophoceros nasutus (Linn.') ; Grant, Oil. B. Brit. Mm: xvii. p. 40G (1892).
((. (J ad. Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej. August 13th.

b—c. (J ad. et imm. Wadi Bana, Abian Country. September 29th.

d — e. ? ad. et (J imm. AI Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 2nd.

(? Iris orange ; bill black ami white ; legs black. (A. B. P.)
The occurrence of this little Hornbill in Southern Arabia will no doubt surprise
many ornithologists, but it must not be forgotten that the tii-])e of Buceros forslialii
(which is synonymous with L. nasutus) was described by Hemprich and Ehrenberg
from that country. In the Catalogue of Birds (juoted above, S. Arabia has been
accidentally omitted in giving the geographical range of the species.

[The Hornbill was first seen near Jebel Manif, but there it was not common,
and very difficult to shoot. In the Abian Country, jiarticularly near Al Khaur,
it was seen feeding in hundreds on a yellow fruit which was common along the
irrigation canal. Almost all the birds seen were black-billed males, and only one
female was obtained. — A. B. P.]

78. Halcyon semicaerulea.

Halcyon semicarulea (Forsk.; ; Yerbury, /i/s 189('>, p. 20.
a — n. cJ ? ad. et imm. Lahej. August 11th and September 14th.
0—^. ? ad. et imm. Al ililah, N. of Lahej. August 14th to 16th.

'I — "• I? *<^- ^' imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 3rd.

Iris brown ; bill scarlet-vermilion ; legs vermilion. (A. B. P.)
The above series illustrates fully the interesting changes of plumage which
intervene between the young bird and the fully adult. Birds in the first jilumage
are easily distinguished by the short blackish bill, pale buflF chest with the feathers
fringed with blackish ; by the white breast and belly ; and by having the outer webs
of the qnills greenish blue instead of deep cobalt. Besides these, there are several
birds in intermediate stages, with the bill scarlet as in the adult. Of these : (a) has
the breast and belly nearly jjure white, only one pale chestnut feather having made
its appearance ; (b) has several chestnut feathers ; and (c) has a patch of deep
chestnut feathers on each side of the breast.

[Common in the palm-groves round Lahej, but we did not meet with many
elsewhere. — A. B. P.]

79. Coracias garrulus.

Coracias yarnda Linn. ; Yerbury, Ihi.i 1896, p. 19.
(1. c^ imm. Shaik Othman. September 25th.
h. J ^"3. Wadi Bana, Abian Country. September 29th.

80. Coracias abyssinicus.

Oiracias ubi/ssinicus Bodd ; Yerbury, Ihis 1886, p. 16 ; Barnes, Ihis 1893, p. 72 ; Yerbury, Ibis
1896, p. 20.

No example of this bird was obtained.

81. Carine sp. inc.

Cariiie sp. inc. i Barnes, Jhi.s 1893, p. 68 : Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 17.
The species still remains doubtful. Mr. Percival shot an example while returning
from the disastrous triji to the Abian Country, but was too ill to preserve it.

( 2';i )

82. Scops giu.

ffcnjM (jlu (Scop.) ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. (18.

A single specimen obtained liy the late Jfr. Barnes proved to belong to this
species.

83. Asio accipitrinus.

Asia acvipitrimis (Pall.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 189(i, p. 17.

An example of the Short-eared Owl was obtained by BIr. (Jhevallier.

84. Bubo milesi.

Bubo milesi ; Sharpe, Ibis 188G, p. 1C3, pi. vi. ; Yerbury, Ib/s IS'JG, p. IG.
a. ? ad. Shaik Othman. September 17tb.

[Iris lemon-yellow ; bill black ; gape light grey.

We saw several of these owls at iShaik Othman, and obtained one of them. —
A. B. P.]

85. Strix flammea.

titrix Jiammia Linn. ; Yerbury, Ibis 18'JG, p. IG.
«. ? ad. Lahej. August 24th.
6. ? ad. Haithalhim, near Lahej. September 7th.

[Iris black ; bill white ; legs dirty flesh-colour.

The Barn-Owl was met with in the caves in the banks of the Wadi Saghir and
about Haithalhim. — A. B. P.]

86. Pandion haliaetus.

Pandion haliaiitus (Linn.) ; Yerbury, J bis 18'JG, p. lU.

87. Falco peregrinus.

Fttlci) pereyrinus ; Barnes, Ibis 181)3, p. G4.

Barnes reports the occurrence of this species, but as no specimen was procured,
its identity is by no means established.

88. Falco barbarus.

Falco larbarm Linn. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 64.

Falco pimicus ; Yerbury (nee le Vaill.), Ibis 18'JG, p. IG.

a — c. J ad. et (J ? imm. Lahej. August 12th to September 1st.
(/. Imm. Haithalhim, near Lahej. September 6th.

\_A(/tdt : Iris brown; bill grey: cere greenish yellow; legs lemon or Indian
yellow.

Immature : Iris hazel ; bill and feet slate.

This species is common in the AVadi Saghir. — A. B. P.]

Dr. Sharpe's original identification oi the J'emale specimen obtained by the
late Mr. Barnes near Lahej was undoubtedly correct, and the late Loril Lillbrd
was certainly mistaken in referring the same specimen to F. punicus.

18

( 262 )
8!i. Falco feldeggi.

FdkufeUkggi Schl. ; Hawker, Ihis 18'JH, p. 374.
ti—h. J ? imm. Wadi Saghir, Lahej. SeptBUiber 1st, 18a9.

[ ? Bill slate ; cere and skin roimil eye slate-grey ; feet vory light greenish
grey.

Both this and the previous species are not nucommon in the various wadis
near Lahej, but thoy were never met with in the Ahiau Country. They were usually
found in pairs.

Most of our specimens were obtained at the cave where we obtained the smaller
Fruit-bats. When any one entered the cave numbers of Bats at once flew out, and
were promptly pounced on by one or other of these Falcons. On several iiccasions
we saw Falcons hawking at dusk, and I think tliey were in search of Bats. —
A. B. P.]

'.'". Cerchneis tinnunculus.

Cn-i-hiieis tbiimnaihis (Linn.) : Sharpe, Git. JJ. Brit. Mus. i. p. 425 (1874).
Tinmmculus nliiuturim (Daud.) ; Yerbury, Iljis 189^, p. 16.

(i—b. cJ J ad. Lahej. September 7th and 8th.

c—d. cJ J ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 2nd.

[(? Iris black ; bill greyish yellow, gape orange ; legs orange.

IJare in the low country, but not uncommon amongst the Abian hills. — A. B. P.]

'•'1. Milvus segyptius.

Milnis mgyptms (Gmel.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 16.
n — b. Imm. Lahej. August 25th.

Young birds have the culmen entirely black. One of the spiicimens shot by
myself at iShaik Othman has ,tlie bill yellow, the terminal part of the culmen
blackish.

[Egyirtian Kites were extremely numerous around the town of Lahej, particularly
near our quarters, the bodies of the birds we threw out being the attraction. I do
not think they are quite as bold here as the Kites in British Central Africa. On
the Ruo River in B. C. Africa I lost more than one specimen, a Kite shooting past
me as I wiilked towards a dead bird, and taking it before my eyes.

Among the Bedouins of Dethina and further to the north-east, where lances are
used, the following plan for the destruction of Kites is sometimes emjiloyed. A
long sharp lance or lance tiji is fixed in a recess among mimosa bushes, and on it a
piece of meat is fixied, so that a Kite stooinng at tlic meat either transfixes itself or
is so much cut as to be easily cauglit or killed.- A. 1!. P.]

92. Elanus coeruleus.

KlnniiK rwruliii.^ (Desf.) ; Yerbury, Jliis 189G, p. 15.
". J *'!■ Shaka, N, of Lahej. August 30th.

[Hare.- A. B. P.] •

* Ealiaetas lencogaster.
JltiliaHtun fcurof/nitttr (Uiiit-l) : BHrn'-s, ILtn IS'Xi, p. ift;.
Barnes reports having .seen wiiat he believed tu be .in imm;itin-e bird uf this specie.s. I entirely agree
wilh t'oluncl Yerbury in thinking that it is most improbaljle lliat the Wliite-bellicd Sea-Kagle occurs
near Aden.

93. Aquila chrysaetus.

Aquilti chrijsnetHH (Linn.) ; Barnes, Ibis 1803, p. C5 ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 15.
The occurrence of the Golden Eagle at Aden rests ou the observations of
Colonel Yerbnry and the late Mr. Barnes ; no exami)le was procnred.

94. Aquila imperialis.

Aqiiibi imiK-riiilis (Bechst.) ; Barnes, Iliis 1893, p. Gti.

The authority for the occurrence of this sjiecies rests on the observations of
the late Blr. Barnes. The species was not met with by Colonel Yerbnry, myself, or
Messrs. Percival and Dodson.

95. Accipiter nisua.

Accipiler uisus (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 15.
Colonel Yerbury obtained a male at Lahej.

90. Melierax polyzonus.

Melicrax polyzuiius (Bupp.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 1.0 ; Hawker, Ibis 1898, p. 374.

a — e. ad. et imm. Lahej. August 19th to 23rd.

/. ad. Lahej. September 3rd.

g. imm. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 28th.

It. (J imm. Habil, Wadi Abain. September 13th.

'—/■•. i ad. et imm. AI Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 2nd and 3rd.

[Adult. — Iris brown ; bill grey ; cere and gape orange ; legs orange.

Immature. — Iris yellow or lemon-yellow ; bill light grey at base, dark grey at
extremity, gape orange or yellow ; legs yellowish to light orange.

The Chanting Goshawk ha.s a habit of perching at the end of a dead branch or
on top of a stump. It is a slow flier and very easy to ajiproach. Its food consists
of insects and reptiles. — A. B. P.]

97. Circus pygargus.

Circus pijgargtis (Linn.) ; Sharps, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. i. p. (i4 (1874).
a. ? imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 7th.
This is the first time Montague's Harrier has been recorded from Arabia.
[A few examples were found in the neighbourhood of Wadi Abrain, but they
were difficult to shoot. At Al Khaur several were seen near our camp, sailing
quietly about in the early morning and evening. — A. B. P.]

98. Circus macrurus.

Circus iiMcrurus (S. G. Gmel.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 15.

1 have examined an immature male obtained by Colonel Yerliury in the
neighbourhood of Lahej.

99. Circus aeruginosus.

Circus irrio/iuiisiis (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. II. Ilril. Miis. i. p. 69 (I.s7t).
o. Imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 2nd.

Iris brown ; bill black ; cere and gape grey ; legs lemon-yellow. (A. B. P.)

( 264 )

Tliis is the Krst time the Marsh Harrier has been met with in Arabia.
The iiuiuiiitinv exaiujile proi'ured was the only one met with during Messrs.
Percival and Dodsou'.s stay in ^Southern Arabia.

100. Vultur monachus.

Viiltiir monachui', Linn. ; Yerbury, Ihis 1891), p. 14.

One captnred at Aden is living at tlie present time in the Zoological Society's
Gardens.

mi. Neophron percnopterus.

Neophron pirritopt^rus (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 189t>, p. 14.
«. Imm. Lahej. September 5th.

102. Pelecanus onocrotalus.

Pelecaiius onocrotalus Linn. ; Barne.s, Ibis 1893, p. 179 ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 40.

103. Phalacrocorax nigrogularis.

Plialacromrux sp. incert. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1886, p. 24 ; Barnes, Jbis 1893, p. 179;

Yerbury, Jbis 1896, p. 39.
PliaUicrocomx nigrogularis Grant & Forbes, Bull. Liverp. Mas. ii. p. 3 (1899).

I did not meet with this species during either of our visits to Aileu, but there
can be little doubt tliat the bird recorded by both Colonel Yerbury and the late Mr.
Barnes belongs to the same species as that met with by Dr. Forbes and myself off
Cape Guardafui and off the coast of the islands of Abd-el-knri and Sokotra. The
black birds are the adults, and the brown, birds in the second year.

1U4. Sula sula.

Sula fiber (G. R. Gray) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 40.

lu.5. Phaethon indicus.

Phaeton indicus Hume ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 40.

106. Anas boscas.

Anas boscas Linn. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 174.

Mr. Barnes records the Mallard as having been seen near Huswa.

lt)7. Dafila acuta.

Dafila acutij (Linn.) ; Hawker, Iljis 1898, p. 376.

108. Nettion crecca.

Querqiiedula crecca (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibis IK'JO, p. 39.

lO'J. Querquedula circia.

Qiiiri/ufrlulii. ciir.iu (Linn.) ; Barne.s, Ibis 1893, p. 174.
«. ? ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 7th.

[Two pairs of the Garganey Teal were seen near Al Khaur. — A. B. P.]

( 265 )
110. Spatula clypeata.

Spatula clij/jeata (Linn.) : Yerbury, J/,is 1896, p. 39.
a. (J ad. Al Khanr, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 9th.

[Sereral Shovellevs were seen at Shaik Otliman, near Laliej, and iu the Abian
Conntiy. They were very tame.— A. B. P.]

111. Phoenicopterus roseus.

Phwnicoptems roseii.i Linn. ; Yerbury, Ib/s 1896, p. 38.
A colcl-weatlier visitor.

112. Platalea leucorodia.

I'laliiha hucormliii Linn. ; Yerbury, Ihh 1896, p. 38.

A rare winter visitor.

113. Scopus umbretta.

Scopus umhrHIa Gmel. ; Yerbury, Ihls 1896, p. 38.
a—c. c? ad. Haithalhim, N. of Lahej. September 6th and 7th.
[Was common near Haithalhim.— A. B. P.]

114. Abdimia abdimii.

Cicmiia ahdimii Licht. ; Yerbury, Ihin 1896, p. 38.
a. Ad. Haithalhim, N. of Lahej. September 7th.

Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; naked skin on face pink ; legs brown and pink.
(A. B. P.)

115. Ciconia ciconia.

Cicotmi ciconia (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Miis. xxvi. p. 299 (1898).
a—b. ? ad. Habil, N.W. of Lahej. September 10th.

The White Stork has not previously been recorded from Southern Arabia.
[A large flock was seen at Haliil, and a pair shot. — A. B. P.]

110. Ardea cinerea.

Ardea cinerea Linn. ; Barnes, Ihis 189.3, p. 173 ; Yerbury, Jhis 1896, p. 37.
(I. 5 imm. Shnik Othman. .September 24th.
h. Yix ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 16th.

[Herons were fairly common along the Wadis in Abian.— A. B. P.]
117. Phoyx purpurea.

Phnyx pm-piirea (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 60 (1898).
o. $ imm. Al Khaur, Wadi H.ass.an, Abian Country. October 4th.

The Purple Heron has not previously been recorded from Southern Arabia.
118. Herodias alba.

Ardea alba Linn. ; Barnes, //./.f 1893, p. 173.

( 26f, )
II 'I. Lepterodias asha.

A,dea ci^h, Sykes ; Barnes, Il.h 189.'!, p. 173.

Arrlrii guhiris ; Yerbury (neo Boac), Ihis 189t), p. 37.

Colonel Yerbnrj- doubted the occurrence of L. a.sha at Aden, and was of opinion
that the bird obtained l)y the late Mr. Barnes would prove to be L. cf/ilaris.

Dr. Forbes and I, however, obtained a specimen which undoubtedly belongs to
the present species, and proves that Barnes' identitication was quite correct.

1-0. Garzetta garzetta.

Garzetia ganetUi (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvi. p. 118 (1898).

Dr. Forbes and I obtained an adult mrile of this species from a flock feeding on
the coast near Iluswa ; with them were a number of Lcpferodias aslia, one of which
was also secured.

121. Ardeola ralloides.

Ardeoln rallolilrs (Scop.) ; Sharpe. Cut. B. Brit. .I/«.s-. xxvi. p. 202 (1808).
? iram. Shaik Othman. September 18th.

Iris lemon-yellow : legs sage-green. (A. B. P.)

This species has not previously been recorded from Southern Arabia.

122. Bubulcus lucidus.

Anlea hiihitfus Aiidonin ; Yerbury, Jlii 189G, p. .37.
a— (I. (J ? ad. Lahej. August 20th to September 4th.

[? Iris pale yellow ; bill orange : legs pale yellow.

This Egret is very common in and around Lahej, breeding in trees on the
market place in hundreds. Wlien we visited the Heronry we found both fresh eggs
and young birds in all stages of development. — A. B. P.]

123. Ardetta podicipes.

Anivtiii podicepx (Bonap.) ; Barnes, Ihls 1893, p. 173 ; Yerbnry, Jbis 1896, p. 37.

a. 5 ad. Shaik Othman. September 22nd.

b—r. Imm. Al Khaur. Wadi Ha.ssan, Abian Country. October Sib to 7tb.

[Several seen in Wadi Hassan. — A. B. P.]

124. Butorides brevipes.

Ar<!,,i Ifrevipes; Hempr. & Ehr. Hartl. P.Z.S. 1881, p. 959.
Butornlf^ lorriprs ; Sharpe, Git. B. Brit. .Vim. xxvi. p. 278 (1898).

Riebeck obtained this species at Bolhaf, and there are three examples from Aden
in the British Museum Collection, collected by Capt. H.J. Kelsall.

12.5. (Edicnemus dodsoni.

rF.diairmus dodsoni ; Grant Bull B. O. C. No. Ixvi. p. xix. (1899).

(Edioiniinn Mcolopax ; Barnes (ucc S. G. Gmel.) Ibix 1893, p. 1G9 ; Yerbury, Ilns, 189G, p. 34.

{J ad. liahej. August 2itii (Type of the itpecieii).

This Tliiek-knee is most nearly allied to (T:. (tfllnis (Riipp.), but witli the ground-
colour of the interscapular region largely mixed with greyish bull', while the deep

( 2fi7 )

black markings, so conspicnons in the lattiT species, are r°dnced to sb.aft stripes.
The greater and median wing-coverts are altogetlier gre)-er, the chest and breast
more heavily streaked with brownish black, and the middle pair of tail-feathers as
well as the enter webs of the two following pairs are mostly grey with indistinct
blackish vermicnlations and cross-bars. Iris lemon-yellow ; bill lemon-yellow,
black at the tip; legs lemouj'ellow.

Total length about 14-.5 in., cnlmea fmm feathers on forehead to tip 14 ;
wing 8-0 ; tail 4-9 ; tarsus 3-4.

[Dodsou's Thick-knee is not uncommon in the sandy wadis whcrc^ Kiijmdiitis
(irahs occurs, and resembles that species in its habits of crouching, but it allows one
to come within a few yards before rising. — A. B. P.]

126. Eupodotis arabs.

Eupothtis anihs (Linn.) ; Yerbury, IJiix 1896, p. 32.

o. ? ad. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 30th.

h. ? ad. Habil, Wadi Abrain, N.W. of Lahej. September 10th.

[This fine bird is not uncommon in the sandy wadis. It is usually seen in
pairs and is very difficult to ap]iroach on foot, but on a camel one can usually get a
shot by riding round the bird in a circle as it crouches on the ground, for it then
allows one to approach within 30 or 40 yards before rising. The early morning,
when the birds are feeding, is the only time to look for them. The female from
Shaka had two three-parts-grown young with her, but we were only able to bag the
old one.— A. B. P.]

127. Houbara macqueeni.

Houhara macqueeni (J. E. Gray); Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. 33.
Both Colonel Yerbury and the late Mr. Barnes believe this species to occur in
Southern Arabia, but, so far, no example has been procured.

128. Cursorius sp. inc.

Cursorius sp. inc. ; Yerbury, Ihis 189G, p. 33.
Uj) to the present time the Courser found in Southern Arabia has not been
identified, but the species will probably jirove to be ('. (/aUieKs. The e.xamples shot
by Mr. Chevallier near Aden do not ajipear to have been identified.

129. Arenaria interpres.

Slrrjjsilus interpres (Linu.) ; Yerbury, Ihix 1896, p. 34.
AreiKiriiix interpres ; Sharpe, Cut. B. Brit. Mns. xxiv. p. 92 (1896).

130. Haematopus ostralegus.

Ihrmiitnpns ostralegtis (Linn.) ; Yerbury, //</.■; 189('., p. 34.

The specific identity of this s])ecies still remains somewhat doubtful ; for,
though common along the harbour, no specimens have been procured.

131. Squatarola helvetica.

Sqiiatarola helvetica (Linn.) ; Yorbury, llns 1896, p. 23.
«. Ad. Aden Harbour. September 21st, ,

( 2fi8 )
132. Charadrius pluvialis.

Charaihius phivialis (Linn.) , Yerbury, Ihlg 1896, p. M3.

Said to be a cold-weather visitor.

133. Ochthodromus pyrrhothorax.

JEgialith mongdliciiajiiid Barnes, (nee Pall), 7/./.s 18;i.3, p. lO'.l ; Yerbury, Jbis 189i;, p. 34
Orhlhodrmniiss pi/rrlmlliorru- (Gould) ; Sharpe, Cut. B. liril. .!/«.<. xxiv. p. 22('i (189fi).

134. Ochthodromus geoflfroyi.

Ochlhodrnmiia geoffroi/i (Wagl.) ; Sharpe, Cat. II. Bril. .Vm. xxiv. p. 217 (1896).
a—b. ? ad. Aden Harbour. September 21st.

135. .ffigialitis dubia.

yEgialilh dubia (Scop.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit, iliis. xxiv. p. 263 (1896).
a. Ad. sk. Aden Harbour. September 21st.

136. iEgialitis alexandrina.

jEgialitis cantiana ; Yerbury, //«'.< 1890, p. 34.

yEgialiliH alexandrina (Linn.) ; Sharpe, Oit. B. Brit. .Uus. xxiv. p. 275 (1896).

137. Recurvirostra avocetta.

Remrvimstra arncetla Linn. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Bril. .]fiis. xxiv. p. 326 (1896).
«. Ad. Lahej. September 9th.

138. Himantopus himantopus.

Jlimanhipus Candidas Bonnat. ; Y'crbury, fhis 1896, p. 35.

EiiiianUipiis Iiimatitopus ; Sharpe, Cut. B. Brit. Mas. xxiv, p. 310(1896).

139. Numenius arquata.

Numenius arrjunla (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 35.

141). Numenius phaeopus.

Nunw.nias ph<eni)us (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibia 1896, p. 35.

141. Glottis nebularius.

Totaiius canexceiis (Gmel.) ; Hawker, /his 1898, p. 376.

14:3. Tetanus calidris.

Tolanus calidris (Linn.) ; Y'erbury, /hi.t 1896, p. 35.
a—b. $ ad. Aden Harbonr. September 21st.

143. Tetanus stagnatilis.

Tutmnm sttigmitUit:, Becht. ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Bril. Mas. xxiv. p. 422 (1896).
n. (J Al Khaur, Wadi Bani, Abian Country. Octnber 6th.

144. Tetanus glareola.

Rhyacnpliilus ghireola (Gm.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. 3fus. xxiv. p. 491 (1896).
". ? ad. Lahej. August 22nd.
, b. (J ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 6th,

( 269 )
145. Helodromas ochropus.

Heludromus ochrojiun (Linn.) : Yerbury, IJiis 1896, p. .S5

146. Tringoides hypoleucus.

Trhtgo/clea hf/poIatCHs (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ihix 1896, p. .S5.

". Ad. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August ."iOth.

/'. ? ad. Lahej. August 24th.

c—h. (J ? ad. .Shaik Othman. September 1 7th to 2-2nd.

147. Terekia cinerea.

Terekia cinerea (Giild.) ; Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. .S5.
a — h. Ad. Aden Harbour. September 2l8t.

148. Machetes pugnax.

Miichctfs 2nigyiar (Linn.) ; Hawker, Ilia 1898, p. .S76.

149. Calidris arenaria.

Calidris areruiria (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibin 1896, p. 35.

150. Tringa alpina.

Tringa alpina Linn. ; Yerbnry, I bin 1896, p. 35.

151. Tringa minuta.

Tringa viinuta Leisl. ; Y'erbury, Ibis 1896, p. 35
II. Ad. Aden Harbour. September 21st.

152. Gallinago gallinago.

GaUinago e(f!estis ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 35.

153. Dromas ardeola.

Dramas ardeola Payk. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 170 ; Y^erbury, Ibis 1896, p. 34.

154. Larus ridibundus.

Lants ridibundus Linn. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 176; Y'^erbury, Ibis 1896, p. 36.

155. Larus brunneicephalus.

Larus brunmiceplialiis J erdon ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 175 ; Yerbury, Iliis 1891), p. 36.

155. Lams ichthyaetus.

Larus khthyaetus. Pall. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 175 ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, )). 3{;.

157. Larus leucophthalmus.

Larus Uucophthdmus Temm. ; Hartl. P. Z. .S, 1881, p. 959.
Two specimens are recorded from Hami, South Arabia.

158. Larus hemprichi.

Larus hemprichi, Bonap. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 176 ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 36.

( 270 )
ir>i». Lams aflSnis.

Lams sp. inc. ; Barnes, Ihix 1S93, p. ITo.
Larus uffinh (Reiiih.) ; Terbury, Ibis 189G, p. Hti.

Dr. H. 0. Forbes ami I found the species common at Aden in November, and
jmicnri'd several s]ieeiiuens.

I'll I Sterna miuuta.

SUrtm minutii, Linn. ; Barnes, lli'm 1>I93, p. 177 ; Yerbury, Il>i» 1891!, p. 3r>.

I'U. Sterna albigena.

Sterna albigfiia Reichenb. ; Barnes, Ihis 18113, p. 17(5; Yerbury, 11)'" 189li, p. 3G.

162. sterna bergii.

Stenw hm/n (Liclit.) ; Barnes, Thi.s 1893, p. 177 ; Yerbury, Ihk 1896, p. 36.

103. Sterna media.

Slfriif! mfiVnt (Horsf.) ; Barnes, //;;.s- 189.'!, p. 17« ; Yerbury, //.;.•,■ 1896, p. 36.

104. Sterna anaestheta.

Sterna aimnlhclii Scop. ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. 178 ; Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. 36.

1 05. Sterna fuliginosa.

Simia fiilir/ivosa Gmel. : Barnes, fbis 1893, p. 178 ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 36.

l'i(i. Gelochelidon anglica.

Sterna anglieii Mont. : Yerbury, /bis 1896, p. 37.

107. PuflBmis persicns.

Piiffiniis persinis Hume; Barnes, Ibis 1893, p. ll^i; Salvin, 0(l. B. Brit. Miis. xxv. p. 381,

pi. iv. (1896).

los. Podicipes capensis.

I'udicijies cajiensis Licht. ; Grant, Cat. B. Brit. .!/«.«. xxvi. p. fAS, pis vii. and viii. (1898).
a. (J ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October I'lth.
The Sonth African Dakhiek is a new addition to the fauna of South Arabia.
[Only one seen. — A. B. P.]

Ki'.i. Podicipes nigricoUis.

Poilicijies nigricoUis Brehni. ; Barnes, lliis 1893, p. 174; Grant, Cut. B. Brit. j\fiis. xxvi. p. 53-t,

specimen "q " (1898).

ITi). Tumix lepurana.

Tirmiz hjmnina (Smith) ; Barnes, Ibis 1893, |). 168 ; Yerluiry, Ibis 1896, p. .32.

171. Rallus aquaticus.

Riillus ii(jiialiciis Linn. : Yerbury, /bis 1891!, p. 33.

( 271 )
1T2. Zapornia parva.

Ziipornid 2)aii'(i (Hcop.) ; Sharps, Cut. fl. Ihit. Miia. xxiii. p. 80(1894).
<(—c. (^ ad. et (;J ? imm. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 4th to 6th.
Tliis is the first time the Little Crake has been recorded from Southern Arabia.

173. Crexcrex.

Crex pmtenxln Bechat. ; Barnes, //«s 1893, p. 172.

a. (J ad. Shaik Othman. September 17th.

b. (7 ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country, September 5th.

[Several Landrails were seen in the gardens at Shaik Othman ; those obtained
were in very poor condition. Two or three were seen in the Abian Conntr}' near
water.— A. B. P.]

174. Gallinula chloropus.

GaUinuJa sp. inc. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 3.'5.
a — h. cJ ? ^^- Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 9th.
Colonel Yerbury observed this species at Haifhalhim to the north of Lahej,
but did not procure a specimen.

[Several seen near Al Khaur. — A. B. P.]

175. Vinago waalia.

^'hiago waalia (Gmel.) ; Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. 29.
o— J. cJ ad. Haithalhim, N. of Lahej. September 6th.
Iris orange ; bill grey ; legs pale orange. (A. B. P.)

176. Columba intermedia.

Columba llvia Yerbury (nee Bonnat.), Ibis 1896, p. 29.
a — c. (J 5 ad. Lahej. September 1st to 6th.
[Iris brown ; bill black ; legs bright pink.

The Eastern Rock-Dove is to be seen in large numbers in most of the wadis
which have high banks, in the wells, and on the minarets of the mosques. They are
usually very tame, and sit about the mouths of the water-worn caves in the clay
banks of the wadis. They are most common in the neighbourhood of towns, where
they seem to be semi-domesticated. — A. B. P.]

177. Turtur turtur.

Tiirlur turtur (Linn.) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mun. %xi. p. 396 (1893).
a. Juv. Lahej. August 20th.
This is the first record of this species from Southern Arabia. The skin is that
of a very young bird, only just able to fly, and the species mnst consequently breed
in the neighbourhood of Lahej.

178. Turtur senegalensis.

Turtur smegaJmsis (Linn.) ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 30.
(/. (J ad. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August .30th.
h. ? ad. Wadi Bana, Abian Country. September 29th.

( 272 )
179. Turtur semitorquatus.

Tiirfiir rixoriim ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 30.
(I. (J ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Conntry. October 2nd.

[Common at Al Khanr, feediug on tlie same fruits as the Hornbiils. Not seen
anywhere else. — A. B. P.]

180. Turtur roseogriseus.

Tiirliir rose.ogrheu» Sundev. ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Miis. xxi. p. 430 (1893).
a. (J ad. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 30th.

Iris orange ; bill black : legs manve. (A. B. P.)

This is the first time this somewhat rare 8])ecies has been recorded from
Southern Arabia. A fine specimen was obtained by Dr. H. 0. Forbes and myself
dnring our trip to Lahej in November 1898.

181. CEna capensis.

(Ena cnpemia (Linn.): Yerbury, Ihh ISnCi, p nO : Hawker, //i/.s 1898, p. 375.
a — b. $ ad. et (J juv. Al Jlil.ib, N. of Lahpj. August ICth.

e. ^ ad. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August 30th.

(l—h. cj ? ad et (J imm. Huswa, Bay of Aden. September Iflth.

[ ? ad. Iris brown ; bill black ; legs bluish pink.

TVe found the Cape Dove extremely common in .some places, ]iartienlarly at
Huswa, which is a shallow well near the coast of the Bay of Aden. There they
were seen in hundreds passing to and from the well in a sternly stream. They are
easily caught in snares, and many are brought into Aden for sale in the Bazaar.
They are also very common in the belt of Mimosa trees near Lahej, where they breed
in colonies. — A. B. P.]

182. Pteroclurus exustus.

PterncUs exustus Temm. ; Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. 30.

Living examples of this species obtained in Southern Arabia were safely
transmitted by Mr. A. B. Percival to the Zoological Gardens, London. It is
common in the neighbourhood of Lahej, and fair bags may be made in the early
morning and in the evening by waiting near the water-holes. Considerable nnmbers
are brought alive into Aden and sold as food.

183. Pterocles lichtensteini.

Piernch's lichtensteini (Temm.) ; Yerbury, Iliix 189i'i, p. 31.
«. (J ad. Habil, Wadi Abrain, N.W. of Lahej. September T2th.

184. Caccabis melanocephala.

CdCCnliis melnuocpjih/ila (Riipp.) ; Yerbury, Ihis 1896, p. 31.
«. ? ad. Al Milah, N. of Lahej. August 14th.
/'. S ad. Shaka, N. of Lahej. August .30th.
e. jj ad. Al Khaur, Wadi Hassan, Abian Country. October 8th.

[(? Iris brown; bill and legs vermilion; naked skin round the eye pink ; below
white.

( 273 )

? Iris brown ; bill and legs i)iiik.

This fine Partridge is usually met with among the foothills or in the rough
wadis. It seems to iirefer the open hillsides, and in the evening the male ma}'
constantly be seen perched on a projecting rock, where he remains calling for a
long time. It is a very difficult bird to flush, but, once on the wing, will fly for
a long distance before it again alights. The birds obtained in the wadis seem to
be smaller than those from the Abian hills — one bird measuring 19 in. from bill
to tail. The species was not seen at any great elevation. — A. B. P.]

185. Caccabis chukar.

Ciiccabis chulcar (G. R. Gray) ; Barnes, Ibi.i 1893, p. 160 ; Yerbury, Hih 1896, p. 31.

If this species really occurs at Aden it is curious that it was not obtained during
the present expedition.

18G. Ammoperdix heyi.

Ammoperdij- heiji (Temm.); Grant, Cal. B. Brit. Miis. xxii. p. 93 (1893).
Ammoperdix hoiihami ; Barnes (nee Fraser), Ibis IS'J'd, p. 167 ; Yerbury, Ibis 18",I6, p. 3'2.
a. $ ad. Jebel Manif, N. of Lahej. August 14th.

It is unfortunate that only a female was procured. The females of the
species oi Ammoperdix so closely resemble one another that it is imiwssible to
identify them with any certainty, and it must still remain somewhat doubtful
which species occurs in Southern Arabia. The bird from Aden, sent home by the
late Mr. Barnes to the Zoological Gardens on January 14th, 1892, was identified as
^4. honhami. I never e.xamined this specimen, and there is now no record as to
whether it was male ovfertiale. I agree with Colonel Yerbury (cf Ibis 1806, p. 32)
in thinking that this bird must have been wrongly identified as A. bonhami. The
species found at Muscat is certainly A. heyi, for there are an adult pair in the
British Museum Collection.

[At the foot of Jebel Blanif, near the only water in the district, 1 put up a covey
of eight of these birds, but only obtained one specimen. The bird is well known to
the native shikaris, who informed me that it is not common, but is occasionally seen
in the hills. At Ma'ir I saw two pairs, but was unable to get a shot at them. One
of my shikaris told me he saw this bird at Jimil. They are said to haunt the
camping grounds at the foot of the hills.— A. B. P.]

187. Coturnix coturnix.

Columui comiminis Bonnat. ; Yerbury, Ibis 1896, p. 32.
a. $ ad. Habil, Wadi Abrain, N.W. of Lahej. September 14th.
h. $ ad. Shaik Othman. September 21st.

188. Coturnix delegorguei.

Cotvmix delegorguei Deleg. ; Yetbury, Ibis I89C, p. 32.

( 274 )

SOME NEW OR RECENTLY DESCRIBED LEPIDOPIEBA,

By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.
(Plate V.)
LYCAENIDAE.
1. Ogyris ineeki sp. nov. (fij,'. 1.)

THl.S is the largest aud most aberrant species of the geaiis, though distantly
allied to 0. geiioceca Hew.

Ujijicr.si(/e : Fore- and hiadwiugs dark browu with a purple sheen, so that in a
bright light they appear plum-coloured. Hiudwiug with tleutatud margin and two
tails ; the one situated at the upper median vein is much longer and broader, being
also widened at the end.

Underside: Vinaceons fawn-colour. Internal area of forewing blackish; both
fore- and hindwing with a number of brown spots encircled by fuscous bars, the
shape and position of which can be best understood from the figure.

Length of forewing : 31 mm.

Hub. Milne Bay, British New Guinea (A. tS. Meek J, February ]8i»9, 1 <? ; a
second 6 in the collection of Staudinger from the same place.

SPHINGIDAE.
2. Chaerocampa kiihni sp. nov. (PI. V. tig. 2).

(??. Similar to Ch. i)is/i//ns Butl. from the Andamans, but smaller, forewings
less pointed, and the pale band much more angnlated.

IM. Dammer Island, Banda Sea (H. Kiihn), December 1898, a series of
both sexes.

3. Chaerocampa lunata sp. nov.

This fine new species is closely allied to C/>. castor from Java, but is dis-
tinguishable by its more variegated forewing, especially the sharply defined white
submarginal line.

The forewing has a submarginal series of sharply defined silvery lunules which
form a chain with the points directed inwards. Base of inner margin with a snow-
white streak.

Underside of a deeper red than in Ck. castor, basal half of forewings red and
not smoky brown ; both wings crossed by three parallel, blackish, transverse lines,
of which the outer is broken uj).

Body below much redder than in C7i. castor.

Hah. Khasia Hills, India, \ i$.

4. Chaerocampa brunnea (PI. V. f. 3).

Ch. brunma Semper, Srlwietl. I'/nlipj^. U- p. 4(10. n. 4(1. t. 52. f. 1 (IH'JO) (Mindauao).
Pamcra huruemis Rothschild, Nov. ZooL. VI. p. 69. n. 7 (18'J9) (Burn).

The insect I described from Burn seems to be the same species as Cliaerocamija
brunnea.

( 275 )

5. Phalaenoides basiplaga sp. uov. (PI. V. f. 5. ?).

t? ? . Differs from Ph. megisto Boisd. in the hindwing being marked witli a
large white basi-discal patch both above and below.

Hab. Milne Bay, British New Guinea, February 1SU9 (A. S. Meek), 1 <?, 1 ?.

6. Phalaenoides kuhni sp. nov. (PI. V. f. 4. ?).

?. Palpi black, tirst segment, and end of second laterally and ventrally, white.
Head dark fawn-colonr, a ring round the frontal cone (not quite closed above), three
spots on occiput, front of liasal .segment of antennae, and a strijie behind the eye,
white. Thorax above fawn-colour, collar edged with white, a spot on patagia white,
metanotum also marked white. Sterna white. Abdomen yellow, tirst segment
white above, edged with black, the black edges of the other tergites less obvious ;
sternites edged witli white, basal one all white. Legs : femora white, with a yellow
spot above, tibiae black, witli three white rings, yellowish in front, third apical,
foretibia, besides, with a yellow patch ; tarsi black, tip of segment I to 3 and base
of segment 1 narrowly white.

Wings, upperside. Forewing : dark fawn-colour, a trapeziform patch at

internal margin in basal half, an irregular, oblique band from costa to internal
angle, interrupted behind M^, a number of small dots in basal half, and two rows
of dots upon the uervules outside the band, two submarginal spots at apex, and a

series of dots at the end of the veins white. Hindwing brownish black, a large

basal patch, rounded externally, dots at end of veins, and a small submarginal sjiot
at anal angle white.

Underside brownish black. Forewing : a broad streak along internal margin

from base to beyond middle, a short basal streak behind costal margin, two sjiots in
cell, an oblique band as above, but more widely interruj»ted, a rather large apical
spot, and a series of dots at margin, white. Hindwing as above.

Length of forewing : l!) mm.

Hab. Dammer Island, Banda Sea, 11.12.98 (H. Kilhn), 1 ?.

GHALCOSIIDAE.
7. Canerkes gloriosus sp. nov. (PI. V. f G, ?).

¥. Head and antennae above blue ; face, a line on occiput and cheeks dirty
white ; palpi bluish black, dirty white ventrally. Thorax above blackish blue,
collar edged white, patagiae with a white dot at end, mesouotum with another
white dot at each side farther back, sterna blue ; abdomen yellowish buff colour,
ringed with blue above ; more white beneath, without blue rings. Legs greenish-
blue above, buff beneath.

Wings, upperside. Forewing : black, with a greenish tint, without distinct

gloss, with the following white spots ; one at extreme base, followed by two
others, an oblique series of four across middle of cell, a larger one upon cross-veins,

an irregular series of tive between cell and apex, and two near internal angle.

Hindwing : iiltramarinu blue, shot with j)urple outwardly, basal area and three
streaks in abdominal area white, marginal area bluish black in front, yellow behind;
three white sjiots in blue area.

Underside : both wings blue. Forewing black at apex, markings esseutialJy

( 276 )

»8 above. Hindwing : the white spots somewhat larger, with two more discal

spots, one before ,R'', the other behind M^, and two small submarginal sj)ots
between R" and Ml

Length of Ibrewing : 131 mm.

Hab. Samatra : Padang Sidempoean (Ericsson), 1 ¥ .

8. Canerkes albivitta sji. nov.

? . Upjierside of antennae and head, and part of sides of sterna and upperside
of legs greenish blue ; face part of sterna, legs and abdomen buft'. Thorax above
dark olive green, patagia tipi)ed with white, metanotum white behind, first segment
and underside of abdomen also white, tergites blue at bases.

Wimjs above. Forewing : very dark olive green, not glossy ; an obliijue

band in middle, crossing cell before end, stopping at SM-, not interrupted, about
3 mm. broad, white ; a subapical series of 5 small, rounded, spots, shaded with

blackish scaling. Hindwing : white, a marginal band, inwardly ultramarine

bine, externally dark olive green, almost black, sinuate between R' and M', almost
reaching end of cell, very narrow between SM' and anal angle, 4A mm. broad
before M-.

Undfrside. Forewing : white markings as above, but wider, base with

dirty buff streaks ; basal area glossy blue, disc outside baud jnirplish blue, e.\cept
black internervnlar patches, area outside subapical series of white spots black, a

small white dot behind M'-.^ Hindwing as above, but marginal baud rather

narrower iu middle, a little wider behind, including the vestiges of white submarginal
dots between R- and M'.

Length of forewing : 25 mm., width IH mm.

GEOMETRIDAE.
'.>. Presos angelus (PI. V. f. 7 ¥ ).

Presos angelus Rothschild, Nov. ZooL. V. p. 102, n. 12 (1898).

( 277 )

ON A NEW RACE OF IBEX.

Capra sibirica lydekkeri snbsp. uov.
By HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(Plate II.)

OOME time ago I received through Mr. Hagenbeck, of Hamburg, a very fine pair
^ of an Ibex, which Mr. Hagenbeck thought was remarkable for the size of its
horns. On showing it to Mr. Lydekker, he at once perceived that it differed some-
what both from the Tian-Shan form, the typical Capra, sibirica, and the Himalayan
C. s. sakeen. Since then another male specimen came to London from Mr. Hagen-
beck, and was exhibited by Mr. Lydekker at a meeting of the Zoological Society.
We had previously supposed that this Ibex was nearest to C. s. duuvergnei , under
which name it was exhibited. While, however, making a description of this
interesting new subspecies, I have come to the conclusion that it cannot be C. s.
ilauccrgnei, both from its different locality and from the strongly pronounced knobs
on the horns, and I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. Lydekker.

Very old yiuile : Centre of back creamy white, with a deep brown dorsal line
running from behind the shoulders to the root of the tail. Head, neck, shoulders
and flanks pale brown. Nape of neck and hind-quarters creamy white. Tail from
the base for half its length of the same brown colour as the shoulders, rest very deep
brown, white on the whole underside.

Forelegs from the hoof to the knee, hiudlegs from the hoof to the hock brown.
Forelegs from the knee to the shoulder of the same brown colour as the lower part
of the leg in front, much paler behind. Hindlegs from the back to the stifle-joint of
a very deep brown in front, much darker than the lower part of the leg, but
behind from the hock upwards pale brownish white, gradually passing into the
creamy white colour of the hindquarters.

Horns very massive and strongly curved. The circumference at the base in
proportion to the length much greater than in the three other known subspecies of
C. sibirica. The knobs in front of the horns are wider apart, narrower, and not so
prominent as in G. s. sakeen, with which I have compared it. From the description
in Mr. Lydekker's book this would always seem to be the case in comparison with
typical C. sibirica.

A younger male app)ears to have the white saddle less extended, the general
colour of the head and body darker brown and the hair of the legs longer with a
more reddish tinge, while the white patch on the nape is very large and of a purer
white than in the older male. The female is paler brown all over, with less distinct
markings.

The principal differences between this aud the other three races of C. sibirica
appear to be the much larger size and bulk of the animal, the heavy beam of the
horns, the large white nape-patch and coloration of the legs, which seems to lie
intermediate between that of 0. s. sibirica and that of C. s. sakeen. In the former
the legs arc brown in front and white behind for their whole length, while iu the

19

( 278 )

latter they are entirely brown. In this new form, however, the legs of the oldest
mah are qnite brown on the lower half, as in C. s. sakeeii, while on their upper half
they are white behind as in C. s. aihirica.

The three specimens from which this description is made were collected by one
of Mr. Carl Hagenbeck's travellers in the Katutay Range of the Altai Mountains,
in the winter of 1898—1890.

Length of horns over curve in the oldest male IISU mm. ( = 40J- in.), in the
younger mrde 'lOO mm. (= 35<| in.), circumference of horns at base in the oldest
male 32ii mm. (= Vli in.)

ON TUJRACUS CUALCOLOPHUS Neumann.

By ERNST HARTERT.

(Plate 1.)

Con/thaix lii-hiijstoni (non Gray !), Reichenow, Juurii.f. Orn. 1887, p. 57.

Turorus schalowi (non Reichenow Joiirn. f. Ont. 1891, pp. 148, 210) ; Reichenow, T'oV/. Deutsch-Ont-

Afv. p. 104 (1894) (Mori river, east of Nyanza).
Tnracus chalcolophus, Neumann, Orn. Monalsher. 1895, p. 87 ; Shelley, B. Afr. I. (List) p. 119;

Neumann, Jouni.f. Orn. 1899, pp. 65, 73.

THIS interesting form of Tiiracus resembles very closely the Bengnela Plantain-
eater known as Turacus schalowi (Reichw.) (Jour}i. /. t>/-n. 1891, p. 5 ; Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. XIX. p. 439), but differs from the latter in the length and colour of
the crest-feathers. These are longer, reaching 112 mm. in the most adult male in
the Berlin Museum ; they are slightly widened towards the tip, and are distinctly
metallic greenish-blue before the white tip.

The late Dr. Fischer shot Tiiracus chalcolophus on the Mori river on the east
side of Victoria Nyanza, but his specimens were not separated from T. schalowi.
Colonel von Trotha obtained it in the Loita Hills in German East Africa, and Oscar
Neumann in the forests of Gnrui, about 2000 to 2600 mm. above the sea, in the
Loita Hills and on the Ngare Dobasch ; so that it appears to inhabit the forest-clad
mountains between the great Masai-ravine and the Victoria Nyanza, to about 1'
southern latitude, while farther north, at Sotik and Man, only Turacus hartlaubi
has been found so far (cf. Journ.f. Orn. 1899, p. 74).

According to Reichenow and Neumann tvpical T. licingstoni would only occnr
iu the Zambesi region, while birds from German East Africa have been separated
by Fischer and Reichenow, who described two new forms, which they named
T. reichenoivi and T. hybridus. These latter birds are evidently different from the
more southern T. livingstoni, but possibly T. reichenoici and hi/bridus cannot be
separated (cf Neumann, I.e.).

The Tring Museum has received a skin of T. chalcolophus from Mr. Oscar
Neumann, and I am at present not aware of any other examples in British
collections.

The plate shows the characteristic points of Neumann's Plautaiu-eater very well.

( 279;

ON A EEMAEKABLE NEW SPECIES OF MANGABEY-LIKE
MONKEY {CEBCOCEBUS CHRYSOGASTEH).

By R. LYDEKKER.

(Plate III.)

THIS monkey was sent from the Upper Congo to Mr. Carl Hagenbeck, of
Hamburg, who forwarded it to London.

From the Impossibility of examining the skull and dentition, the generic
position of this interesting species cannot be accurately determined, but it appears
to agree so closely in general characters with the '• Mangabeys " that it may safely
be placed for the present in the genus Cercocebits. It agrees with the other
members of this genus in the bare upper eyelids (these both in this species and
in the remaining ones of the genus should be described as flesh-coloured rather
than white). It also agrees with the Blangabeys approximately in general form,
relative length of tail, in the manner of carrying the latter over the back, and in
its screaming cry when disturbed. It differs, however, from the ordinarily accepted
definition of the genus Cercoccbus in that the hairs of the crown of the head
are distinctly annnlated with yellow, as are to a lesser degree those of the back.
But as a similar feature occurs in an undoubted Cercocebus now in the Zoological
Society's Gardens (referred tentatively to C. fidiginosus *), it is e's-ident that the
absence of annulation can no longer be regarded as cliaracteristic of the genus.
The specimen is not fully adult, so that the proper size of the form to which it
belongs cannot be determined ; but it evidently indicates a small monkey of the
approximate dimensions of an ordinary Cercocebus.

Having the bare upper eyelids and general form of Cercocebus, this specimen
may be described as follows : —

Hair of crown of head light olive-coloured, with a speckled aj)pearance, due to
the presence of dark and yellow rings on the individual hairs. Fur of back of the
same general tint, but the speckling becoming less defined on the lateral and hinder
portions of the back, and finally disappearing on the flanks and outer sides of
limbs and tail, which tend to slate-grey in colour. Paws darker. Face brownish,
whiskers somewhat lighter coloured than crown of head. Under-parts from chin
to root of tail bright orange. Inner surface of limbs rather paler than outer
surface.

The bright orange nnder-surface of this monkey distinguishes it from all other
species of Cercocebus, as well as all species of Cercopithecus, and suggested at
once the name of " ckri/sogaster."

No other Mangabey has any approach to the same ventral coloration. In
young .specimens of the " Drill " and " Mandrill '" the chin-tuft is of the same orange

* Having examined this specimen, I am o£ opinion that it is rather a very young female of the new-
species Cercocebus chrysoijasti-r t\an ot C./ii!i^iiiosus.—\\'AhTER Rothschild.

( 280 )

hne, but the rest of the imder-parts are quite differeut. It Las been suggested
that this monkey is a hybrid between a baboon (such as Mandrill or Drill)
and a species of Cercocebus or Cercopithecus. If this were the case the nose
wonld probably be loncer, the tail much shorter, and the cheek-jionthes (which
are large) of small dimensions. Moreover the orange under-snrface could not
be accounted for in this way ; so that this theory may be rejected and the
specimen regarded as a distinct species, which may provisionally be assigned
to the genus Cercocebus.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. VII. DECEMBER, 1900. No. 3.

A MONOGRAPH OF CEABAXES AND THE ALLIED
PRIONOPTEROUS GENERA.

By the HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., and KARL JORDAN, Ph.D.

(Contimied from Vol. VI. p. 286.')

(Plates VI., VII., VIIL, XL, XII.)

Genus CHARAXES.

Pupilio Eques Achivus Linn^, Syst Nat. ed, XII. p. 748 (1767) (partim ; typus : P. E. A. helena) ;
Drury, lUusti: Exot. his. I. index (1770) ; Cramer, Pap. Exnl. I. p. 5 (1775) ; Fabr., Syst. Eiit.
p. 449 (1776) ; Goeze, Ent. Beytr. 111. 1. p. 50 (1779) ; Fabr., .Manl. Ins. II. p. 6 (1788) ;
Gmel., Sy.Ht. Nat. I. 5. p. 2-2.^4 (1790).
Pupilio Nymplialis Gemmatus, Goeze {non Linn^, 1758), I.e. p. 288 (1779).
Pupilio Nymphalis PhaU'ralus, Gmelin, I.e. p. 2312 (1790).
Pupilio Nymphalis, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 61 (1793).
Papilio, Douovan {non Linn^, 1758), Ins. of China t. 35 (1798).

Nymphalis, Latreille {non Linn^, 1758). Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. XIV. p. 82 (1805) (typus : P. E.
A.jusM L.) ; Gddart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 350 (1823) (partim) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew., Gen.
Diurn. Lep. II. p. 306 (1850) ; Kirby, Cat. Dinrn. Lep. p. 267 (1871).
Paphia Fabricius {non Bolt., 1798), in Illig., Magaz. Ins. VI. p. 282 (1807) (partim ; typus: P. E.

A.jason L.).
Charaxes Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV. p. 18 (1816) (typus: P. E. A.jason L.) ; Tbon,
Naturgesch. Schm. p. 72 (1837) ; Feld., Nova Act. Ac. Car. Nat. Cm: XXVIII. 3. p. 39 (1861) ;
Butl., Proc. Zool. Soe. Land. p. 622 (1865) (Monograph) ; Scliatz, Fum. d; Gait. Tagf. p. 175
(1888); Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zritsehr. XXXVIII. p. 173 {im^) {Palla = Chara.res ex err.) \
Butl, Jonrn. Linn. Soe. Lonil. XXV. p. 348 (1896) (partim , Revision) ; Auiiv., Kongl. !iv. Vet.
Ale. HancU. XXXI. 5. p. 221 (1899) (partim ; Afric. spec).
Tigridia Hubner, Verz. Schmett. p. 40 (1816-27) (partim ; typus : P. N. Ph. acesUi L.).
Eriboea id., I.e. p. 47 (1816-27) (partim ; typus : P. E. A. brutus Cram.).
Coea id., I.e. p. 48 (1816-27) (partim ; typus : P. E. A. varanes Cram.).
Doxocapa id.. I.e. p. 49 (1816-27) (partim ; typus : P. N. Ph. erminea Cram.).
Pvlyura Billberg, Enum. Ins. p. 79 (1820) (partim ; typus : P. E. A.jason L.).
Satyrus, Godart {non Latreille, 1810), I.e. p. 477 (1823) (partim).
Apatura, Boisduval {non Fabricius, 1807), Ind. Meth. p. 14 (1829) (pjirtim).
Jasia Swaiuson, ZoiA. Illustr. II. 2. p. 90 (1831-32) (partim ; typus : P. E. A.jason L.).
Phyllophasis Blanchard, Hist. Nat. J?is. III. p. 447 (18iO) (partim ; typus: P. D. F. galanthia Cram.).
Philngnoma Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., I.e. p. 310 (1850) (partim ; typus: P. E. A. deeius Cram.).
Palla, Kirby {non Hubner, 1816-27), Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 273 (1871) (partim).
Monura Mabille, Bull. Sac. Zool. Fr. I. p. 280 (1876) (typus : P. N. Ph. zingha Cram.).
Haridra Moore, Lep. of Ceylon I. p. 30 (1880) (typus ; Ch. psaphon Westw.) ; id., Lep. Ind. II.

p. 229 (1895).
Charaxes {Haridra), Wood-Masou & Nicev., Jonrn. As. Soe. Beng. LV. 2. p. 363 (1886).
Palla {Charaxes), Scbaus & Clements, Sierra Lcune Lepid. p. 9 (1893).

Differs from Eulepis in both sexes in the cell of the hiudwing being open.
The egg of Ch. Jasoti became known and was described and figured ut the end
of the eighteenth century. No other Charaxes eggs were compared till Doherty

'2*^

( 282 )

took »ji the study of the bntterfly eggs, and published some short but highly
important notes on them in 1886. Doherty says of the egg of the " Charaxinae "
(Joiirn. As. Soc. Bcriff. LV. 2. p. 109): "Eggs large, few, globular, havd, not so
high as broad, with obscure ribs and cross-lines at the base onl)-, forming (usually)
tetragons, with minute projecting points at their intersection." For " base " should
be read " apex." We have examined the eggs of a number of species, taken from
the bodies of dry specimens. Apart from size, there is no ayiparent difference in
the eggs of the various species. The micropyle end is flattened, slightly concave,
with the centre raised; from the centre radiate slight ribs, which gradnally disapjjear
at the sides and do not reach the base or underside; the longitudinal ribs are con-
nected by extremely feeble transverse ridges, and bear, as Doherty correctly points
ont, small projecting points, which are easily visible under a good lens.

The slug-shaped caterpillar is widest iu or before the middle, narrowed behind,
and has a finely granulated skiu. The head is flat, prognathous, and bears four
processes which point backwards and are rough with tubercles, as is the hinder edge
of the head between the processes ; cheeks also tubercalated ; the anal segment
bears dorsally two more or less prominent processes, which are longer in the young
larva than in the full-grown one. The colour of the larvae is generally green, often
yellowish, the head bears, on each side, a light line which runs along the outer horn,
and there is a spot on one or more abdominal segments, the colour of these latter
markings, which are mostly more or less halfmoon-shaped, is as a rule huffish, the
spots having often a darker (reddish or bluish) border. The caterpillar is a very
slow creature, which does not voluntarily leave the twig on a leaf of which the egg
was deposited. Of CA. jason it is known that the larva makes on the surface of the
leaf on which it feeds a kind of web which serves for a foot-hold. The larva is
known of C/i. polyxena, psaphon, fabius, etiieocles, brutus, mranes, cithaeron jasoit.
The thick chrysalis is bright green as a rule, very smooth and shining, dorsally
very convex; head bluntly bipartite ; end of abdomen with two rounded tubercles
ventrally.

The imago of most species is robust, and has a powerful flight. The antenna
is gradually thickened to a club ; the last four segments are much shorter dorsally
than ventrally, the tip of the club appears, therefore, when looked at from the side,
rounded ventrally. The number of segments varies in the different species from
44 to 5G, and is also individually not quite constant. The last 15 to 18 segments
are broader than long, the preceding ones longer than broad, and the proximal
segments again broader than long. The three ventral carinae are prominent ; the
deep grooves between them extend from the base to the apex of each segment, the
proximal ones excepted. The sensory hairs are dispersed over the groove, but are
more dense in the middle of each groove, forming here a rounded or oblong jiatch.
The basal pair of setae, characteristic of the Nijmjihalid'tr (see Nov. Zqol. V. p. 390),
is well developed, as is also the lateral pair, wliich stands in the middle of the
segment dorsally of the lateral carinae. The scaling is not dense, but reaches to the
last but fourth segment ; the scales are small and elongate, mostly black, those of
the internal (or anterior) side rarely white (rarancs).

The palpi reach well above the head and protrude forward, being somewhat
S-shaped ; they are longest in candiopc. The scaling is smooth ventro-Iaterally
and does not show any interspersed long hairs, while the scales of the ventral edge
and of the free part of the dorsal side are long, forming a kind of crest, the dorsal
crest produced into a tuft which is contiguous to the eye ; second segment two

( 283 )

or three times as long as the first ; third generally pointed, seldom (neantkes)
compressed and snbtruncate.

Genital armatnre of c? with penis-funnel, the opening of which extends at least
to the middle. The difierences between the species in the varions parts of the
armatnre is generally very slight, bnt occasionally considerable. There is a great
variety in the denticnlations of the penis-sheath ; if there is a series of teeth tbe
most distal one is dorsal or nearly dorsal, while the series turns proximally towards
the left side in most cases, the most proximal teeth being often ventro-lateral.
Legs : see Nov. Zool. V. p. 558.

There is a great diversity in the shape of the outline of the wings of Charaxes.
The outer margin of the forewing varies from being nearly straight to being deeply
concave, the most prominent point lying either between SC^ and SC", or at SC^, and
is sometimes produced into a more or less acute angle at SC^. The hindwing is
abdominally always somewhat, often considerably, longer than costally, and has in
most species a triangular form. The strength of the dentition of the distal (or outer)
margin of both wings varies much according to species and groni)s of species, and
is also not quite constant within the species. The teeth at veins R' and M^ of the
hindwing are mostly produced into tails of various length, which may be pointed,
rounded, or dilated at the tips. The upper tail, or, in other forms, the lower one, is
not seldom wanting, either in one or both sexes, and there are also species without
tails, while in others tooth M' is prolonged to a third tail. The anal angle is in
many species more produced than the outer margin between the tails, which
character is exaggerated in Ch. zingha.

There is nothing in the scaling — apart from the basal patch on the underside of
the forewing — of the wings by which Charaxes is distinguished from the allied
genera. As in other Butterflies (and Moths) the anterior half of the upperside of
the hindwing and the basal and posterior half (or more) of the underside of the
forewing are covered with scales of which those of the upper layer have the distal
edge entire, not dentate. These parts of the wings are practically those that are
covered when the Butterfly is at rest with the wings closed above the back. The
extent of the areas with non-dentate upper scales is variable. As a rule, the upper-
side of the forewing has dentate scaling only, but there are species (etheocles tj,
ameliae cJ, etc.) in which the scales, at least of the upper layer, are more or less
non-dentate on the forewing ; and occasionally nearly the whole upperside of the
hindwing, not only the anterior half, is covered with non-dentate scaling {etheocles S).
Metallic scales are in Butterflies as a rule non-dentate. This does not hold good
among Charaxes. While in a few species {_m>jcerina, etc.) the light blue spots of
the forewing above are composed of non-dentate scales, they consist of dentate ones
in many other species {tiridates, etc.). The metallic basal area of the forewing
found in many Charaxes {tiridates, etesipe, etc.) consists of sharply toothed scales.
A rather great variety in size and outline of the scales is observed in the cell on the
upperside of the forewing. Here we meet in one species with very long and very
narrow scales {eupale); in others with sharply dentate scales and many hairs
{varanes, etc.); in others again with long-toothed scales which are larger than the
scales on the disc {castor, etc.); while in some species the scales in the cell and on
the disc are not essentially diiferent (ncanthes).

The wing membrane is in many species, especially the tawny African ones,
more or less green, as are here also the veins. The latter are accompanied,
especially on the underside, by dispersed, long hairs.

( 284 )

The neuration exhibits some variation iu several points. The length of cell of the
forewing is not constant in the genus, three being species in which the distance from
the lower angle of the cell to the base is greater than that to the end of W (castor,
etc.) ; while in other Charaxes the reverse is the case {Ch. polyxena, for instance).
Vein R^ of the forewing varies in position specifically and individnally, joining
R' sometimes near the point of origin of M', sometimes 5 or more mm. distally of it.
M- of the forewing stands generally about midway between M' and the base of M,
but in many species it is considerably nearer M'; The praecostal veinlet of the
hindwing is often two-branched {raranes, candiope, etc.), sending a more or less
long spur basad, whereas in most species it is simply curved distad, being, however,
thickened at the bent as a rule. The distance between SC^ R' and W of the hind-
wing is also not constant in the genus, and varies even individually ; on the whole,
Ri is midway between SC- and D^ As explained in vol. V., p. 557. D' of the
hindwing reaches M either at the point of origin of M' (or near it), or is more
proximal ; there is some individual variability in this respect, but the more obvious
differences are found in the sexes or in different species.

WhOe in Eulepis the sexes do not differ very greatly, except in epigenes from
the Solomon Islands, sexual dimorphism is among Charaxes a much commoner
phenomenon than similarity of the sexes in colour and shape. The wings of the
? are always broader than those of the S, and the hindwing is, as a rule, less
triangular ; the tails are broader, often widened at the end ; in some species the <J
has one, the ? two tails, in other the tails of the S are obliterated, while the ?
possesses such an appendage.

The pattern of the upperside is often very different in the sexes and in the
various species. The ? ? can be arranged according to the pattern of the upperside
of the forewing into four groups :

(1) The discal and jiostdiscal interstices form a forked band, which is generally
more or less interrupted at tiie veins into spots or patches. This is the normal
type of ? . There are many species in which the c? has a similar band, but in this
sex the patches composing the band are smaller than in the ? .

(2) The upper discal interstitial patches become small or obsolete, while the
postdiscal ones form together with the posterior discal ones an oblit^ue band which
extends from the costal to the internal margins. This type is found in both sexes
of a number of species, and in the S 3 only of some others.

(3) Tlie upper postdiscal interstitial spots are reduced in size or absent, while
the discal interspaces and the posterior postdiscal ones form a broad curved band.
This type does not occur in the t?-sex.

(4) The band is similar in appearance to that of type (3), but it is composed of
the posterior postdiscal and discal interstices and the upper median ones, the band
often entering the cell. This type is also confined to the ?-sex, and is met with
only in one polychromatic species 1 , etheocles, of which other specimens belong to

type (1).

It is worthy of note that though types (2) to (4) are doubtless derivations
from type (1), the middle and upper discal interstitial patches are enlarged in type
(3) and reduced in type (2), while the reverse is the case in regard to the upper and
middle postdiscal spots. The same elements iu the pattern of the wing follow here,
in the same genus, opposite directions of development, a phenomenon which we
meet with commonly among Lepidoptera. It is obvious that the divergency of the
lines of development of such closely allied species is not explained by assuming that

( 285 )

the elements in the pattern develop jihylogenetically according to a tixed " law."
The phenomenon shows, on the contrary, that some agency foreign to the allied
insects decides which of the many possible liuesof development an element (dot, line,
sjiot, i)atch, band, streak) of the pattern must follow.

The variability in the pattern — apart from " sports " — is in some species rather
slight, relating only to minnte diflferences in the size of the spots, the relative
positions of the bars and general tint of the wings, while in others the individual
differences are so great that some authors have considered them specific. In C/i.
poli/xemi, for instance, both sexes are so extremely variable that ten odd specific
names have been bestowed upon individuals from North India and Burma alone.
The occurrence of very different iudividnals in the same locality may sometimes be
due to meteorological factors acting npon the individual chrysalis. But we have no
evidence of that in regard to Ckaraxes. Nor is there any evidence that the cases of
variability put down by Butler as seasonal variation, and those queried as such by
Moore and Anrivillius, are really seasonal. In many instances we have found that
individuals belonging to two supposed seasonal forms occur together at the same
time of the }'ear, the one form not being apparently more plentiful than the other.
Only such varieties should be called seasonal of which it is shown that they are
seasonal. Considering differences of undated specimens as seasonal is unjustifiable
— because arbitrary — as is treating those of not-localised individuals as geographical.
The only suggestion we can here make as to seasonal variation among Ckaraxes is
based on dated specimens of Ch. pobjxena from North India ; these specimens show
that the individuals emerging from hibernated pupae are rather smaller than the
average summer specimens.

We recognise 103 distinct species, of which 30 are divided into 90 subspecies
(= geographical forms). To classify such a great number of species of a genus
satisfactorily is not an easy matter. Though the relationship of any two species
may be recognised with certainty, it remains often a purely arbitrary matter in
which order the groups of species have to follow one another in the linear arrange-
ment of a list We have as guides in the classification of Ckaraxes some structural
characters, such as the dentition of the costal margin and the length of the ceil of
the forewing, the sexual armature of the 6, and the pattern. Of these characters,
those of the sexual organs can be employed only with great caution.

These organs exhibit often but very slight differences in closely related species,
and hence sometimes give important hints as to the relationship of species, if there
are any special structures observed ; but we must keep in mind that similarity in the
penis or clasper does not necessarily indicate relationship, as the similarity may be
the outcome of the obliteration of the different special structures. In this category
of unreliable characters belongs, for instance, the occasional absence of denticula-
tion from the penis. On the whole, there are few structural characters available
in the classification of Ckaraxes, for the simple reason that the constant structural
differences of groups of species, relating to both sexes, are employed to characterise
genera. The species dealt with in this monograph being divided up into genera
according to the structure of the body and wings, it is not possible to further divide
these genera on purely structural characters. The colouration of the wings must,
therefore, remain one of the chief guides in the arrangement of the species. But
here again one must take care not to be misled by analogies, which are not rare
among Ckaraxes as regards the phyletically younger pattern of the npperside of the
wing. There is a whole series of species which bear on the upperside a j«mafkable

( 286 )

resemblance to other species of Ckaraxes with which they are not nearly related
{hildebrandti and brutus, anticlea and protoclea, guderiana ? and pelias, varions
forms of etheocles ? and bohemani, numenes ? , citkaeron 5 , etc.), and it is of great
sigcnificancejthat all these "mimetic" species can be grouped together on account
of the agreement in the nnmber of denticulations of the costal margin of the fore-
wing with the number of scale-rows (see vol. V. p. 351). It is no less interesting
that into this same group come also the peculiar acraeoid zingha, the Argijnn.is-\\]s.&
jahlusa, the green eupale, and paphianus, mycerina and allies with the leaf-like
nnderside. Many of these species show, moreover, striking affinities in the pattern
of the underside.

Another group is formed by the allies of Ch. pob/xena, taranes, candiope,
which have preserved, on the upperside, a more ancestral pattern than the other
Charaxes, and may, for this reason, be put at the beginning of the series. Into a
third natural group come the allies of Ch. fir/dates in which the median bars SC —
R- of the forewing below liave left their normal place at one-third or one-fourth the
way from the cell to the apex of the wing, havin? wandered proximad to near the
cell ; a transition to this group is found in Ck. im'perialis and ameliae which have
retained the normal position of those bars. A fourth group unites all the " typical "
Charaxes, allied to jasori, with heavy bars on the underside and black and white,
or brown, lines upon the abdominal fold.

The greater proportion of the species is African (80), one occurs in the
Mediterranean countries and 22 in the Indo-Australian region. The Mediterranean
species (jason), as well as one of the Indo-Malayan Charaxes (fabius) are of an
African type, while the other eastern species have a near relative in the African
Ck. vara/ies. Australia is not known to be inhabited by a species of this genus,
while there occurs a form of Eulepis, a genus confined to the Indo-Australian
region. New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago have one species, the Solomon
Islands are without Ckaraxes, but the New Guinea species may be expected to be
discovered there some day. On each of the Moluccan Islands one species only is
found, with the exception of Burn, where two species have been obtained. Celebes
has four, Sumatra five, Burma seven, Sikkim five. South India two, Java three, and
the lesser Sunda Islands one each ; from Borneo four species are known ; Palawan
has five species, while each of the Philippine Islands seems to be inhabited by three
only ; in China there is one species, which goes as far north as Shanghai.

The most striking features in the habits of Charaxps are the rapid flight, the
partiality to putrid matter, and the constancy with which a specimen returns to
the same spot. Few species are found in the open country {Ch. pelias pelias, jason,
fabius), where there are only bushes and rarely trees ; most species inhabit the
more wooded country, and some are found only in and near larger forests. The
males come often in some numbers to water pools on roads ; both sexes are fond
of the juice of trees, of decaying frnits, dung of animals, putrid meat, and can
successfully be entrapped by the use of such baits ; one is known to come to flowers
{zoolina).

I. Underside : discal bars of forewing and discal and postdiscal ones of hindwing
arched ; subbasal and submedian lines of bars of hindwing thin, reaching SM^ (or
SM') ; median bars SC^ — R^ of forewing much more distal than R- — R' ; or, if
discal bars not clearly marked, median bar SC* — SC^ much more distal again than
bars SC— R».

( 287 )

A. Forewing below uormally scaled between C and costal edge.

a. Discal line of bars of hindwing below moderately biconcave, no regular,
sharply defined, pale bnff, postdisco-submarginal ring between 0
and SC2.
a}. Median bars SO* — R- of forewing below more or less coutiimons.
a^. ? , forewing above more or less mummy brown, basal area brighter,
with creamy white halfmoons on disc ; S similar to ¥ , or
with basal half or two-thirds creamy olive bnff'.
a}. S similar to ? .

1. Charaxes durnfordi (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 6. f. 1 to S).

Charaxes durnfordi DisUnt, Entom. XVII. p. 191 (1884) (Sunjei Ujong, Mai. Pen.).

S S . Bodi/ abom varying in the different subspecies from tawny chestnut to
cinnamon, paler in ? than in <J, thorax somewhat greenish olive ; underside whitish
creamy buff, sides of sterna somewhat darker.

(?. Wings above of the colour of the body, forewing somewhat darker than the
hindwing ; this colour extends on forewing to near apex of cell and white discal

spots, and shades into the blackish brown colour of the rest of the wing.

Forewing : black median bars very obscurely marked as black clouds or snff'used
patches, with white spots at their outer side, these more or less halfmoon- or angle-
shaped, spot R2— R' mostly small, spots M^— SM^ resembling together the letter
M ; a series of postdiscal spots white ; these become gradually smaller costad, the
posterior ones are also halfmoon- or angle-shaped, the submedian ones fused to a
M, at internal margin there is mostly a white postdiscal and sometimes also a discal
patch ; admargiual interspaces occnpied by white spots situated upon the internervular
folds, the submedian ones sometimes fused to a rather large patch, the others always
small, no dot between SC* and SC', mostly also dots SC°— R= absent, seldom all
obliterated. Hindwing : discal bars more or less heavily marked, mostly half-
moon-shaped; they form the proximal border of a milky, or creamy, white band
which consists of the postdiscal and admarginal interspaces and includes the ovate
or circular black, postdisco-submarginal jjatches with white centres, in one form
also the discal interspaces white, in which nearly half the wing is occupied by that
colour, the white area narrowed at abdominal margin ; median bars at least vestigial
except last ones ; admarginal Hne curved between veins, reaching extremities of
veins, but separated between vems from edge of wing by white marginal spots.

Underside dirty creamy white ; median interspaces of fore- and hindwing,
except a small spot at outer side of dilated portion of bar D of forewing, more
or less drab colour, paler on hindwing than on forewing ; submedian interspace of
cell of forewing and submedian interspaces of hindwing generally also somewhat

drab ; discal luniform bars of both wings very thin, not prominent. Forewing :

basal cell-spot heavy, the three cell-bars angled in middle ; bar D heavy ; submedian
bar M'— M- more distal than usual, touching M= 0 to 8 mm. from point of origin of
that vein, much more distal than submedian bar M-— SJP ; submedian bar R^— M'
present, short, oblique, almost longitudinal; median bars R'— SM- almost continuous,
bar R3— M' generally a little more distal than the others, about 10 mm. from base of
M' ; median bar R'— R' more proximal than the other median bars, but at least
5 mm. from cell at R', median bar R'— R'^ on a level with bar R^— M', about ',» mm.
from cell, forming an obtuse angle with bar SO^— R' ; postdiscal harg represented

( 288 )

b)' ill-defined hrown patches with a more distinct dot upon internervnlar fold, these
dots somewhat closer to discal lunitbrm bars than to outer margin of wing ; discal

interspaces often rather whitish at median bars. Hindwing : bar D heavy and

prominent ; cell-bar 4 reaching M beyond origin of M'- ; siibbasal and submedian
series of bars continned to S&P ; median bar R' — M' more distal than the two bars
near it, 3 to 4 mm. from base of M' ; jjostdiscal bars thin, more or less regularly
arched ; white submarginal dots vestigial or absent, black dots not very prominent,
npper two mostly absent, admarginal brown line faint ; ujiper tail short, triangular,
2 to 4 mm. long, second a very short tooth.

? . Similar to S, but larger, paler, the white markings of the forewing mostly
more extended ; tail 6 to 8 mm. long, less pointed than in S, very faintly spatulate.

Length of forewing : S, 44—52 mm.
„ „ ), S , 50 — 57 mm.

Tenth tergite of abdomen deeply sinuate, the two processes long and slender ;
penis-funnel long ; penis denticulate along the upper edge, the teeth prominent,
standing in an irregular row which is sometimes double before end ; extreme tip of
penis without teeth, slightly curved towards the left.

Ilab. From Burma to Java and Borneo ; rare, a forest species. The geographical
races of this species from Java, Borneo, Malacca, Sumatra, and from Tenasserim-
Burma are so conspicuously different that in 1893 I thought myself justified in
treating them as distinct species. But we find now, on examination of a larger
material, that the distinguishing characters of these geographical representatives
are not so constant as I at first considered them to be.

a. Ch. durnfordi nicholi (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 6. f. 1).

g. Ni/mj>halh nicholii GroBe Smith, Am,. Mag. N. H. (5). XVIII. p. 150 (1886) (Burmah).
Chariij'eii nicholii id. & Kirby, Rhop. Exnt. I. Char. t. 2. f. 1. 2 (1887) ; Nicdv., Journ. Bombay

N. H. Soc. XII. p. 330. n. 12 (1899) (Dawnat Range, Marcli).
(J. Churajres durnfordi. Elwes, Proc. Zuol. Soc. Land. p. 284 (1891) (Karen Hills) ; Biitl., Journ.

Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 389. n. Ill (1896) (si/non. p. parte \ E. Pegu).
(J. Hariiha nicholii, Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p. 246. t. 182. f. 2. (1896) (E. Pegu).

S. Wings above. Forewing : chestnut-colour, reaching jnst to base of M' ;

no white dots near npper angle of cell ; discal markings M- — SM- fused together
forming a sharply pointed M, spots SC^ — M^ angle-shaped, rather thin, spot W — R^
sometimes absent ; postdiscal markings R' — SM^ very much heavier ; discal and
postdiscal patches at internal margin fused; admarginal spots between veins obvious,

last two separate. Hindwing : interspaces between median and discal huiiform

bars creamy white, the discal series of luniform bars marked, especially between
C and R', or scarcely vestigial ; area in front of cell from near base of R' to median
bars blackish brown ; median bars C — R' deeply arched ; postdisco-submarginal
black patches small, the second the largest, diameter of patches R- — M' only 3 mm.,
patches R' — R' and M' — SM^ somewhat smaller ; white marginal lunules well
marked.

Underside with a purplish brown tint all over in side light. Forewing: median

and discal bars very much closer together than median and submedian ones, xicholi
agreeing in this resjiect best with the Java form; postdiscal interspaces R' — SM,
very much wider than discal ones, much shaded with drab. Hindwing : post-
discal interspace SC— R' wider than the others, the discal bar SC— R' much closer
to median bar than this is to submedian one ; bars on abdominal fold much more
broken in our speciinen tjjan iu the figure in Rhop. Exot., tail also a little longer.

( 289 )

? . Unknown.

Length of forewing : <?, 45 — 48 mm.

Hab. Bnrma and Tenasserim ; 1 <? in Tring Museum from the Dawnat Range,
March 1895 (Hauxwell).

b. Ch. durnfordi durnfordi (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 6. f. 2).

Charaxes durnfordi Distant, Enton. XVII. p. 191 (1884) (Sungei Ujong, Mai. Pen.) ; id., Rhop.

Mai p. 432. u. 9. t. 40. f. 8, J (1886) ; Nicev., Butt, of Ind. II. p. 278 note (188G).
Haridra durnfordi, Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p. 248 (1896) (Mai. Pen.).

(?. Wings above. Forewing : chestnut area more extended than in nicholi,

reaching to lower angle of cell, and at internal margin to near white postdiscal
patch, there being no white discal patch at internal margin ; discal spots SC* — W
and R' — SM^ heavy, spot R-—R^ minute, last two separated by (S-M'); postdiscal
spots M^ — SM^ forming a large M which, at SM^, nearly touches the large, admar-
ginal, white patch, which is much larger than in any other race, the two spots
M^ — SM^ being merged together ; discal spot SC^ — SC vestigial ; dots beyond

upper angle of cell present ; admargiual dots larger than in nicholi. Hindwing :

discal interspaces mnch shaded with pinkish buff, so that the black discal, Inniform
bars are very prominent; the upper four of these bars enlarged (basad) to triangular
patches ; postdisco-snbmarginal black patches all separated from one another, the
upper two nearly touching each other, patches SC^— M' about f mm. distant
from one another, patches R' — M^ about as wide as postdiscal white interspaces ;
admarginal line interrupted between veins, heavier upon veins ; white marginal
half-moons large.

Underside. Forewing : median interspace M' — M^ narrower than discal one ;

discal interspaces M^ — ISM^ wider than postdiscal ones. Hindwing : median bar

SC^ — R^ midway between submedian and discal ones.

Length of forewing : c?, 48 mm.

Hab. Sungei Ujong, Malay Peninsula.

Up to 1900 only one specimen known to science, the type, which is now in the
Tring Museum. Female unknown.

c. Ch. durnfordi connectens (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 6. f. 3, S).

Charaxes {Haridra) durnfordi, Nic(^ville ..t Martin {/ion Distant, 1884), Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIV.

2. p. 437. n. 262 (1895) (pt. ; N.E. Sumatra, ^, ? ).
Charaxes durnfordi, Hagen, Iris IX. p. 187. n. 248 (1896) (N.E. Sumatra).
Charaxes {Haridra) connectens Nio(5ville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXVI. 2. p. 554. n. 10. t. 3. f. 24, ^J

(1897) (N.E. Sumatra).

c?. Wings, above. Forewing : discal and postdiscal spots R^ — SM- somewhat

shorter than in durnfordi durnfordi, the admarginal spots M^ — SM' not fused
together to a large patch, and in other admarginal dots slightly smaller than in
durnfordi. Hindwing : brown admarginal line a little heavier, and white sub-
marginal spots (within black postdico-submarginal patches) on the whole a little
smaller than in durnfordi.

Underside as in durnfordi.

?. Like $, paler, the white spots larger.

Length of forewing : i, 48 — 50 mm.
„ „ „ ?,57 mm.

( 290 )

Ihb. N.E. Sumatra. lu the Tring Musenm 2 66,1 ? from Dr. Martiu and
1 S from Dr. Hageu, the latter caught in Augn.st 1S91.

M. lie Niceville when describing (I.e.) the Snmatran specimens of <'k. durnj'ordi
as a distinct species (I) avoided giving any differential characters between connecte.ns
and the Malaccan durnfordi ; he compares it with the more deviating nickoli from
Burma and standinyeri from Java. As the single specimen of Ch. durnfordi
durnfordi which is known is in the Triiig Museum, we are enabled to point out the
above-mentioned differences. Bnt these differences are so slight that they may
turn oat to be purely individual, considering that the Sumatran specimens are not
at all constant in the size of the white markings. As M. de Niceville has, however,
given a name to the Snmatran examples, we must keep the insects in cjuestiou
subspecifically separate, until further material from the Malay Peninsula proves
that connectens is a synonym of durnfordi durnfordi.

The insect is as rare in Sumatra as it is elsewhere. It " occurs in heavy forest
on the lower ranges and outer spurs of the Battak Mountains," says Dr. Martin,
who took his first specimen in 1888 at Eoemeh Kenangkong.

Dr. Hagen received also two specimens from the Battak Mountains : his
collector captured a c? at Bandar Kwala in Serdang, and Dr. Hagen himself found
a S in Serdang in the dense forest.

d. Ch. durnfordi staudingeri (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 0. f. 4, $).

6- Charaxes sUnulingeri Rothschild, Iris VI. p. 349. n. 2 (1893) (Java) ; id., Nov. Zool. II. t. 8.

f. 2, (J (1895) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 389. n. 113 (1896) (Java).
Charaxes durnfordi-staudingeri (!), Fruhstorfer, Berl Ent. Zeitschr. XLI. p. 302 (189C)

(Palabuan, cJ ? ).
Charaxes durnfordi stauditiger (!), Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nachr. XXIII. p. 237 (1897) ( ? , Palabuan).
Haridra staudingeri, Moore, Lep. Iml. II. p. 248 (1896) (" N. Borneo " ex errore loco " Java ").
Charaxes {Haridra) staudingeri, Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXVI. p. 535. n. 9 (1897)

(Java).

^ Wiiiffs above darker than in the preceding races, the basal area of both wings

being mummy brown, not chestnut. Forewing : discal spots M' — SM- shaded

with brown, much closer to postdiscal ones than in the other races, spot II- — R'
elongate, thin, more distal than in the other races, the series less irregular in
position ; spots beyond upper angle of cell obsolete ; postdiscal spots R' — SM' very
wide, spots SC" — R^ small, the upper one often absent, postdiscal patch at internal
margin present, the discal one vestigial ; admarginal dots absent or faintly vestigial,

submediau ones sometimes present, but very thin. Hiudwing : median bars very

obscure, discal interspaces with little huffish scaling ; discal bars much less arched
than in the other races, especially bars R- — SM-, hence proximal edge of white area
much less convex between veins : postdisco-submargiual black patches, often with
violet scaling at edges, pointed upon internervnlar folds, the middle ones often
reaching the very heavy admarginal line, patches R' — M' not broader than the
interspaces between them ; veins within white area generally a little heavier black
in the other forms.

Underside. Forewing : median bars R' — .SM" standing in a straight row,

the bars themselves angled, bar R'— R' about 1 mm. from bar R' — R= ; median
interspaces R' — SM' much wider than discal ones, the latter narrower than post-
discal ones ; outer margin much shaded with brown, especially below apex.

Hindwiug : discal interspace SC" — R' wider than median one.

( 291 )

? . Wings above. Forewing : both the discal and postdiscal spots very large,

the two series close together, except in front; discal spot R- — R'* placed as in (?,
but separated from the spots near it only by the lower veins ; postdiscal spot SC" —
R' elongate, thin, no spot before SC ; admarginal spots absent, except subraedian

ones which are vestigial ; no white spots be)'ond upper angle of cell. Hindwing

as in S , but postdisco-submarginal patches larger ; discal interspaces more huffish,
hence discal bars more prominent ; admarginal line still heavier, the admarginal
white interspaces very narrow, much shaded with violet.

Underside as in c?, discal luniform bars very feeble, especially on forewing :
the discal and postdiscal series of bars of hindwing rather wider apart than in the
Sumatran form.

Length of forewing : cJ, 44 — 46 mm.
? , 50 mm.

Hab. Java ; in the Tring Museum 4 c?c?, 1 ? from Tjisolok {type, Grelak),
Palabuan and Mount Gede (Prillwitz, received from Herr Fruhstorfer).

Dr. Staudinger has with great kindness presented me with the type specimen
of this form, which I described from his collection.

e. Ch. durnfordi everetti (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 6. f. 5, S).

cJ. Charaxes evpretti Rothschild, Iris VI. p. 348. n. 1 (1893) (Barram E., N. Borneo, July 1892) ;

id., Nov. ZooL. II. t. 8. f. 5 (189.5) ; Bull., Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV, p. 389. n. 112 (189ri).
Nymphalis dunfordi (!), Pagenstecher, Abh. Senl: Gesdlsch. XXIII. p. 404. n, 190 (1897)

(Sandakan).
Haridra everetti, Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p. 248 (1896) (N. Borneo).

^ Body above and basal area of forewing cinnamon, much paler than in the other
subspecies of durnfordi. Forewing : the cinnamon colour extending along in-
ternal margin to angle of wing ; discal and postdiscal white markings rather thin,
the posterior ones about 1 mm; thick in middle, but all much prolonged dis'tad,
forming deeply arched half-moons, except discal spots SC — R^ which represent
acute angles ; white spots beyond u))per angle of cell prominent ; discal sjiots M- —
SM- separate ; admarginal spots present, spots M- — SM- not fused ; these and the

postdiscal spots somewhat violet. Hindwing : median bars more obvious than in

the other races, owing to the pale colour of the wing, discal interspaces pale wood-
brown at median bars; discal bars deeply arched, prominent; postdi.sco-submarginal
black patches much larger than in the other subspecies, the white postdiscal
intersjiaces reduced to narrow half-moons ; the admarginal white interspaces shaded
with violet ; admarginal line heavy ; dirty creamy white marginal lunulas not very
prominent.

Underside pale, but median interspaces deeper brown, at least on forewing, than

in the Sumatran and Malaccan forms. Forewing : postdiscal, angle-shaped,

brown patches very prominent ; median interspace M' — M^ narrower than discal

one, median bar R- — R' nearly 4 mm. distant from bar R'— R^ Hindwing :

bar D, very prominent, median bars R' — M^ closer to discal bars than in the
other forms.

? . Unknown.

Length of forewing : t?, 52 mm.

Hab. Borneo. In the Tring Museum 1 S {fype) from Bukan, N. Borneo, July
(A. Everett) ; single specimens also in other collections. .

( 292 )

i'. c? diflferent from ? , basal half of wings being creamy olive bnff above in cJ,
olive tawny in ? .

2. Charaxes nitebis (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 6. f. 6, ?, Celebes).

<J. Nymphalis nitebis Hewitson, Eiot. Butt. II. Nymph, t. 2. f. 7. 8 (1859) (Celebes) ; Kirby, Cat.

Dium. Lep. p. 272. n. 48 (1871) (Celebes).
g ?. Chnrnxes nitebis, Staudinger, Exot. Tugf. p. 17,^ (1886) (Celebes, Minahassa).

$. Body above raw nmber colour, thora.x somewhat olivaceous green : under-
side creamy bnff, sides of sterna somewhat darker.

Wings ahote black, basal half of forewing and basal two-thirds of hindwing
(abdominal fold excepted) covered with creamy scaling which appears creamy olive
buff where both upper and under layer are pale, as is the case from base of M^ of fore-
wing to near outer edge of pale area, and anteriorly on disc of hindwiug, while the
remainder of the pale area is greenish olive buff owing to the under layer of scales

being black. Forewing : olive buff area reaching anteriorly just to upper angle

of cell, but there is an olive creamy buff patch beyond apex of cell between R' and
R^ generally divided by the black median bar R'— R^ and separated from the area
only by the black bar D, outer edge of area sinuate between veins R^ and M-, less so
between M" and 8M-, obliijue, crossing M- about II mm. from edge of wing and
reaching internal margin 0 to 8 mm. from posterior angle ; median bars R' — M'
sometimes marked, separating from the area a rather thin Innnle, bar M'— M^
sometimes vestigial ; two discal and a series of postdiscal spots creamy olive buff :
discal spots between SC^ and R^ 2 to 4 mm. long, separated from each other, about
8 to 9 mm. from upper angle of cell ; postdiscal spots smaller, the series concave
from R- — M'', spot R' — R^ a little more proximal than the next, spot SO" — R'
sometimes vestigial, spots M''— SM^ not seldom absent, spot R^— R' 7 mm. from

outer margin. Hindwing : olive buff area extending costad beyond SC^, here

the median bar C — SC^ generally marked and the cellule C— S(J^ from base to
median bar black, but mostly an olive buff stripe along SC-, at outer side of the
bar the pale colour forms generally a triangular patch that reaches C and is
separated from the rest of the area only by the more or less obviously black vein
SC-, bar SC- — R' seldom marked ; abdominal region up to M and 31- raw umber
colour, middle and base of fold somewhat whitish ; black outer marginal area
widest in front, measuring at SC^ about 12 to 15 mm., the olive bnff scaling extends
distad along veins R^ — M- and reaches, at M' and M- often the ad marginal spots ;
submarginal white dots minute, the second the largest ; admarginal interspaces
occupied by greenish olive buff spots, which are widely separated from one another,
are externally straight or slightly convex, proximally triangularly dilated at ends,
and are often divided at the internervnlar folds into triangular spots ; last spots
more or less shaded with yellow ; bptween these spots and the white dots there are
the submarginal black dots, which are generally deeper black than the remainder
of the black outer area.

Underside huffish wood-brown, discal interspaces creamy white at median bars,
outer marginal area down to discal, luniform, bars slightly washed with wax-yellow;

bars in basal half somewhat olive, not deep black. Forewing : median bars

R'— SM^ continuous or nearly so, bar R*— R^ closer to cell, bars SC — R^ about
midway between cell and discal series of bars ; the latter concave from R' — M', the
upper two more proximal than bar R' — R' ; discal interspaces R' — M' much wider
than the median interspaces ; postdiscal spots light chestnut with an olivaceous tint,

( 293 )

spots M* — SM^ well marked, the others gradually fading away as one approaches the
costal margin, the spots separated from the discal bars by thin pale wood-brown
interspaces; black snbmarginal dots more or less faintly vestigial, white scaling
between the postdiscal and submargiual spots obvious at apical and posterior angles

of wing. Hind wing : costal snbbasal bar (at outer side of PC) absent ; median bars

almost continuous, forming a slightly convex line from costal to abdominal margin,
bars M^— SM^, though broken twice, much more regular than in the tawny Charaxes ;
submedian series of bars stops generally at (SM'), but sometimes bar (SM')— SI\P is
marked, forming an acute angle with bar M— (SM') ; discal interspaces C— R^ wider
than median ones ; postdiscal spots of the same colour as on forewing, more or less
halfmoon-shaped, spot SC^— R' more or less obsolete, spot R'— R^ the heaviest ; the
white and the black snbmarginal dots separated by blue or greyish blue scaling,
black dot C — SC- absent or vestigial; admarginal interspaces pale buff-yellow,
separated at veins, nearly straight outwardly ; admarginal brown line thin ; edo-e
of wing washed with brown and ochraceous ; upper tail 3 to 5 mm. long, second
a very short tooth.

? . Body above tawny olive, hairs on thora.x somewhat olivaceous green ; under-
side cream colour.

Wings above olive tawny, sometimes rather darker brown, apical two-thirds of

forewing brownish black. Forewing : the black bars not defined owing to the

outer two-thirds of the wing being suffused with black, but their position indicated
by creamy white or somewhat huffish markings which occupy part of the discal and
postdiscal interspaces ; the series of discal markings consists of seven spots, of
which spots R^— M- are strongly arched, spot SC=— R' generally preceded by a
creamy white dash, occasionally there are some creamy scales near upper angle of
cell between SC^° and R- ; postdiscal spots SC^— SM'' placed like postdiscal inter-
spaces of underside, spot SC^— SC^ often obsolete, the two submedian ones fused,
occasionally rather obscurely marked, posterior spots larger than anterior ones ;
posterior admarginal interspaces sometimes marked as ill-defined bnffish or russet

spots. Hindwing : median bars C — R' fused with the 2Kirpli!ih black area that

extends from these bars to base and gradually fades away into the olive-tawny colour
of the disc ; two creamy white patches at outer side of these bars, often washed
over with brown, followed sometimes by some whitish scaling behind R' ; postdisco-
submarginal black patches C— R' extended basad to discal creamy patches, but
patch SC^— R' only so along SC^, patches R' — M-'more or less incompletely isolated,
longer than broad, their submarginal portions deep black, patches M- — SM- isolated;
white snbmarginal dots large ; admarginal interspaces shaped as in 6, of the colour
of the disc or paler ; admarginal line dark brown.

Underside as in <?, somewhat iialer, the white patches in discal interspaces
larger ; tail as in cf , somewhat broader.

Length of forewing : S, 40—44 mm.
„ „ „ ? , 44 — to mm.

Tenth abdominal tergite deeply sinuate, the two processes not quite so slender
as in Ch. durnfordi ; dentition of penis less heavy, claspers narrower.

llab. Celebes, and Sulla Islands.

The male bears a superficial resemblance on the upperside to Eulepis pyrrkus.

( 294 )
We recognise two geographical races :

a. CL nitebis nitebis (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 6. f. 6, ? ).

Nymphalis nitebis Hewitson, I.e.

Charaxes nitebis, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 635. d. 51 (18G5) (Celebes) ; Stand., l.c. ; Eothsch.,

Iris V. p. 4.37. t. G. f. .S, ? (1892) (S. Celebes).
Xymphalis nitebis, Pagensteober, Abh. Senl: GeselUch. XXIII. p. 403. n. 188 (1897) (Minahassa ;

Dongala).

cJ. Discal series of bars of underside not heavier than median one, the upper
discal bars of forewing rather feeble ; median interspace M' — SM- of forewing
narrower than the median interspaces before it ; black submarginal dots of hind wing
smaller than the greyish blue ones.

? . The pure creamy white portions of the discal patches C — R' of the hindwing
above wider than long ; discal lunnles R'— M* of forewing 1 — IJ mm. thick at inter-
nervular folds ; on underside the median interspaces of forewing and the black and
blue dots of hindwing as in c?.

Hab. Celebes. In the Tring Mu.'^enm 2t <? cJ, 5 ? ? : from Maros country, August
and September 1891 (W. Doherty), Dongala and Tawaya, Palos Bay, August and
September 1896 (W. Doherty), Toll Toli, November— December 1895 (H. Frnhstorfer).

We do not find any constant difl'erence between the examples from North and
South Celebes. The males from the South are on the whole somewhat paler beneath
than those from the North, and onr fimg\e female from the Sonth has the postdiscal
spots of the forewing above rather huffish.

b. Ch. nitebis sulaensis Rothsch., subsp. nov.

c?. The discal spots SC° — R" of the forewing above generally larger than in
nitebis, the postdiscal spots M* — SM- less often absent ; submarginal dots M^ — SM^
present. The underside is less pale than in nitebis, the discal bars are heavier black,
the median interspace M^ — SM" of the forewing is broader than the interspace
M' — W-, the black submarginal dots of the hindwing are much larger than in nitebis,
and the blue spots at their proximal side brighter blue.

? . The discal spots of the forewing aboi-e are rather wider than iu nitebis and
purer cream-colour, lunule R^ — M' nearly 2 mm. thick at internervular fold, small
creamy dots beyond upper angle of cell more distinct, admarginal spots M'— SM'
better marked, the others faintly vestigial ; on hindwing the creamy white discal
spots are larger, being longer than broad, the admarsriual spots are obviously paler
than the disc, and the black submarginal spots are larger than in nitebis nitebis.

The umlerside exhibits the same differences from nitebis as the 3 does.

Hab. Sula Islands. In the Tring Museum from : Mangoli (^yjoe), W. Doherty,
October and November 1S97, 13 SS, 1 ?; Besi, W. Doherty, October 1897, 1?;
Mangoli (Dr. Platen), 1 cJ.

b^. Forewing above without a series of creamy white halfmoons on disc.

c^. Up]ierside of hindwing without a band of large postdiscal, pale blue,
halfmoon-shaped patches.
«■*. Forewing above without a creamy, postdiscal, narrow band.

rt'. Bars of underside not pale chestnut, white band of forewing, if
present, not considerably narrowed behind.
a'. Forewing above not blue iu S, white band not widely inter-
rupted at R^ in ? .

( 295 )

The " tawny " Charaxes which follow here have so many characters in common
that we give a general description of all the species in order to avoid repetition.

3 ? . Wings, upperside, varying according to species and sex from rich tawny
orange to buff yellow, base generally deeper in tint than disc. Forewing : cell-
bars generally not marked, bnt in the paler forms mostly shining through from the
underside ; bar D more or less heavy, dilated costally, mostly divided Ijy the tawny
orange discocellular vein ; submedian bars M' — SM^ often showing through from
below, median bars R^ — SM^ often all or partly well-marked, sometimes absent,
median bar R- — R- about 1 or 2 mm. from cell, median bars SC — R' not often
absent, generally rather heavy, sometimes forming patches ; discal bars luniform,
black or brown, the series about jiarallel to margin, but costally somewhat cnrviug
basad, the upper bars often patch-like, closer to outer margin than to cell ; discal
interspace mostly paler than rest of wing, often white ; postdisco-submarginal black
or brown patches more or less rounded, if isolated, the postdiscal interspaces
separating them from the discal lunules either tawny orange or more or less white ;
outer edge of wing black or brown, admarginal interspaces paler brown, or tawny
orange ; very often the discal, postdisco-submarginal and marginal black or brown
markings all fused together to form a broad border to the wing, which border often
includes a series of brown resp. tawny orange spots, in some cases the black border

is costally dilated to apex of cell. Hindwing : abdominal fold jiale buff-yellow ;

median bars C — R' mostly marked, the other median bars as well as the submedian
and discal ones either not visible, or showing through from below, discal interspace
often pale, sometimes white, at least in front ; a series of postdisco-submarginal
patches, the anterior ones the largest, including a series of white submarginal dots,
of which often only the last two are developed ; an admarginal black or brown
line mostly visible, sometimes complete, often interrupted at veins ; the postdisco-
marginal area often all black, with or without tawny admarginal interspaces ; tails
varying in length according to species, sex and individual, longer in ? than cj as a
rule, the second generally short, with the exception of the ? ? of a few species,
the tails seldom both reduced to mere teeth.

Underside in various tints of brown and yellow, according to species, sex, or
individual, olivaceous brown, yellowish, ferruginous, buff-yellow, the darker parts
more or less glossy ; discal interspace at distal side of median bars often pale,
sometimes white ; median intersjiace generally (with some exceptions) darker in

tint than the discal and submedian interspaces. Forewing : cell with three arched

or undulated bars, sometimes with a fourth bar at base indicated by a dot, cell-bar 3
often separated into dots ; submedian and median bars generally well marked, mostly
sharply defined ; submedian bar R' — M' often present, very short, close to base of
M' ; discal bars luniform, in most species more proximal than the black or brown
discal lunules of the upperside ; postdiscal and submarginal bars mostly indistinct,
generally fused together to form Ul-defined patches which often bear white scaling
in centres representing the white submarginal dots, the submarginal spots are
occasionally more bar-like, and the white (silvery) scaling is often much extended,
in which case the postdiscal indistinct dark blotches are well separated from the

submarginal black or brown spots or bars. Hindwing : basal costal bar never

absent, though sometimes rather faintly marked, curved distad ; costal subbasal
bar seldom present, then situated at the outerside of the praecostal veiulet; subbasal,
submedian and median bars more or less discontinuous, forming irregular series
the bars on the abdominal fold absent or short, but sometimes scarcely interrupted

( 296 )

between M and SM^ and occasionally joined to each other by a longitndinal line :
discal bars regularly arched, bar SC-— R' the most proximal of the series ; post-
discal Innnles broader, ill-defined, often much less arched, sometimes nearly straight,
especially the posterior ones, the discal and postdiscal series meeting at SIVP, the
series being farther apart in front ; a row of black snbmarginal dots, about midway
between edge of wing and postdiscal Innnles, more or less shaded proximally with
metallic bine scales ; at their proximal side, often joined to them, stand white dots ;
postdiscal and admarginal interspaces not glossy.

Body above of the colour of the base of the wings ; underside paler, middle of
sterna buff or whitish ; palpi above (free portions) black, underside bnff or white.

In this group we find the commonest Charaxes of the Indo-Malayau fauna ;
the range of the group extends from Ceylon, N.W. India and China to the Bismarck
Archipelago.

The Indian and Malayan species are, in the male sex, very fond of moisture :
they assemble on wet places of roads, sometimes in great numbers.

a}. Discal bars of hindwing below all regularly arched, and the series of
postdiscal bars convex in middle, nearly parallel to outer margin.

3. Charaxes latona (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 11. f. 5, ?).

Charaxes latona Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 631. n. 37. t. 37. f. 1, ? (1805) (" Timor" loc. err.).

c? ? . Bodi) above tawny orange, rather darker in front than behind ; below
more tawny at sides, but paler in middle ; middle or sterna and tip of anterior tarsi
pale buff ; femora buffish white, speckled with black scales ; underside of palpi
whitish buff, paler than middle of prosternum.

cJ. Winqs above slightly paler than thorax, both with a broad black border, or
the discal luniform markings of the forewing and the postdisco-submarginal patches
of the hindwing isolated, with intergradations.

Undenide deeper fulvous than the upperside, less orange, sometimes partly

slate-colour, the bars well defined. Forewing : row of median bars R-— SM»

oblique, hence discal interspace R^— SM- narrower behind than at R=, bar R^— M' just
behind bar R^-R', or very little more proximal, bars M^— SM^ resembling in shape
the number 3, seldom less pointed at (SM^) ; median bars SC— R' continuous,
formino' an angle upon R' and reaching R- midway between median and discal bars
R2_R3; discal bars fulvous brown or black, well defined, deeply and regularly
arched, continuous, prolonged distad upon the veins ; the postdisco-submarginal
patches seldom distinct, the paler scaling within them developed costally to some

silvery white patches. Hindwing : median bar R'— M\ 1 or 2 mm. beyond origin

of M', bar M'— M" exactly behind it or very little more proximal or distal, bar R^—
R' just in front of it, seldom more proximal ; discal bars strongly arched, con-
spicuous, the series curving distad in middle, hence more parallel to outer edge of
wing than in the other fulvous Charaxes ; black and blue snbmarginal dots convex
outwardly, admarginal fulvous brown bars arched, hence the paler admarginal
interspaces, at the outcrside of those dots, much narrowed midway between the
veins, being here not wider than, scarcely as wide as, the black dots ; upper tail
variable in length, triangular, second a mere tooth.

? . Larger than cJ ; wings broader, paler, but basal region often darker ; upper
tail longer, but sometimes very short, triangular or of nearly even width, not
spatulate, second tail always very much shorter than the first. Wings, upijerside :

(297 )

forewing, median bars R^ — M' always marked, bar M' — M^ also often present, median
bars SC — R^ generally developed to triangular patches ; discal bar deeply incurved,
more or less arrowhead-shaped, especially bar R^ — R', black or fulvous, prolonged
distad at the veins, these luniform markings in nearly the same position as the
discal lunnles of the underside, the latter markings, therefore, not shining through
above, or the discal Innules of the upperside are partly a little more proximal than
those of the underside (in the allied species the reverse is the case) ; postdisco-sub-
marginal patches more or less ovate, 2 to 7 mm. in diameter, patch SC— SC'^ the
largest, black or brownish black, separate from the black, or blackish brown, edge of
the wing, but sometimes the adiuarginal interspace, except the last ones, so densely
shaded with black that the rounded outer edge of the spots is scarcely traceable ;
discal and postdiscal interspaces paler than the basal area of the wing, sometimes

white. Hindwing : median bars C — W seldom absent, the following two or three

seldom present ; bar D present only in a few forms ; discal luniform bars present
in some subspecies, in the subspecies from New Hanover very heavy ; postdisco-
sulimarginal jiatches ovate, the second the largest, the white snbmarginal dots within
them sometimes absent from the upper patches.

Underside paler than in c?, the submedian, discal, postdiscal and adraarginal
interspaces of both wings especially pale, bars as in cJ, discal ones of forewing more
arched, the discal interspaces of both wings with fulvous yellow or lilackish scaling
distally, this scaling 'forming triangular patches which arc distally bordered by the
discal lunules.

Length of forewing : S, 38 — 45| mm.
„ „ „ ? , 47— .57 mm.

Penis with one prominent tooth before the tip (PI. VIII. f 1, papuensis), usually
accompanied by one or two minute teeth, a few more small ones about 2 mm. from
the tip ; the dentition varies a little, but is essentially the same in all the sul)species
of latona ; no other Ckaraxes has the same armature.

Hah. Sulla Islands, Northern Moluccas, Aru Islands, New Guinea and the
islands near its coast, Bismarck Archipelago. Not recorded from the Southern
Moluccas (Ceram, Amboina), the Key Islands, North Australia, and the Solomon
Islands. The species is geographically very variable; the extreme subspecies {diana
from New Hanover and mcridionalis from British N. Guinea) are very different in
appearance, but are connected by intermediate forms.

((. Ch. latona artemis Rothsch., subsp. nov.

c?. Wings above : black border of forewing extending at costal margin nearly
to apex, its inner edge concave from SO to M', crossing R^ 0 mm. from D^, an
indistinct fulvous (discal) spot in the border behind R', no median bars R' — M* ;
discocellnlar bar obsolete behind, being black only in front; outer margin of forewing

somewhat more concave than in latona latona. Hindwing as in Batjan specimens,

the black border rather narrower ; the three last adiuarginal fulvous inters})aces
marked, of which the anal one is more yellow, edge of wing (not fringe) brown
between R' and SM', except at veins.

Underside on the whole somewhat paler than in Batjan and Halmahera
examples, especially the forewing, the bars thinner and tlieir whitish plumbeous
edges much less distinct ; on the hindwing the median bars R' — M' are not
continuous, upper end of bar R'^ — R^ more distal than lower end of bar R' — R-,
and lower end of bar R^ — R^ more proximal than upper end of bar R' — M'.

21

( 298 )

?. Uppersit/e as in the ]iiilei' tawny orniigc cxaiuiiles from Halmnliera, the
markings very variable individnally in distinctness and size ; liar D of forewiiis:
obsolete behincl ; the last five ijostdisco-snbraarginal patches of the hindwin?
mostly smaller than in hit. hitonn ; the discal Innnles of the fnrowing' either tawny
oehraceons or blackish ; enter edge of forewing and admarginal line nf hindwing in
two specimens deep tawny oehraceons, in one more blackish.

I'ndeviiidi' as in Halmahera examples, or the discal, postdiscal and admarginal
interspaces more bnff-colonr : the bars thinner ; median bars I!' — ]\I' sitnated us in
(?, not continuons.

Length of forewing : $, 4ii mm.
„ „ „ ? , 50 — 00 mm.

Hah. Maugioli (= Mangoli = JIangola), Snlla Archijielago : type i (Platen) in
coll. Staudinger, 1 ? (Platen) in coll. Stand.: 1 ? (Platen) and 1 ? fDoherty, October
1897) in Mns. Tring.

In the ? canght by W. Doherty the median and discal markings of the njijier-
side are mostly much darker, and hence more conspicnous, than in the other two 9 ?
examined by ns.

I). Ch. latona latona (Xov. Zooi.. VII. t. 11. f ."i, 9).

Chanixes lalniiii Butler, Proc. Zool. Sur. Laml. p. G31. n.?u. t. .37. p. 1. 9 (LSI').")) (■• Timor" he. err.) :

Stand., E.rol. Tnqf. p. 172 (ISBC) (/«/<»«» ?, = cimon ^, Batj.iu, Halmahera): Hour., Bnl.

Kill. Zcihrhr. XXX. p. 131 (1886) U'doiia ? , = cUnaii ^, = hyenmix $ ) : Butl., Jniirii. Linn. Soc.

Land. XXV. p. .S97. n. 136 (1896) (■".'/n. '■.'■ pnrtf : " Timor " Inr. en: ; " «. Maca-ssar, h. Amboyna,

(/. Aru " = tiffiiiis, c is (^ , not $ ).
CliariLces bremnm Felder, Reisc yoram, hep. p. 430. u. 715. t. 69. f. 1. i, $ (1867) (Cilolo) ; Biitl.,

Trans. Eiil. Sue. Ltmil. p. 120. n. 6 (1870) (hreniiH.-: J of nffinis ?).
Charcnm cimmi Felder, /..-. n. 716. t. 58. f. 6. 7, ^ (1867) (Batjan) ; Butl., I.e. n. 7 (1870)

(distinct ; both sexrs seen) ; id., Jovvii. Linn. Soe. Lnnd. XXV. p. .395. u. 130 (1896) (Batj.an).
X>/nijilmli.<i liitomi, Kirby, Cat. Diiini. Leji. p. 272. n. 49 (1871) ("Timor" loe. en: ; Gilolo) :

Pagenst., Ahh. Send: Geselheh. XXIII. p. 404. n. 189 (1897) (Batjan ; not " Celebes ").

6. }V//ii/6, iipperside. Forewing : black outer area occupying anteriorly

move than half the wing, extending often along SC to apex of cell, being here
20 mm. (or more) wide, the area gradually narrowing beliind, measuring 8 or 9 mm.
at SM-, more or less obviously incised at R' and M' : discal bars SC" — R- fused
with the black area, but sometimes (in a Halmahera specimen) partly separated from
it by two fulvous orange spots ; (the same individual has a fulvous orange postdiscal
spot before SM-) ; median bars R- — M' always (2) present in Batjan individuals,
occasionally also bars M' — (SM'), in most Halmahera examples only tlie median
bar R- — R' is marked, and this is occasionally also wanting ; bar D mostly feebler
behind than in front, in some Halmahera specimens obsolescent behind. Hind-
wing : median bars C — R' present in all Batjan siiecimen,s, which, moreover, have
also the disco-cellular bar feebly marked ; in Halmaliera individuals the bar SC- —
R' is mostly absent ; the black outer area is 12 to 1.") mm. wide behind SC-, its edge
so irregular, the black scaling extending along the npper veins ; the ronnded post-
disco-submarginal patches are traceable in the area, the posterior patches are partly,
and more or less obviously, separated from one another and from the black marginal
line ; the three upper submarginal white dots are sometimes minute or obsolete.

Underside dark rnsset, distal portion of discal interspace of forewing and post-
disco-snbmarginal interspaces of hindwing slaty grey and glossy, forewing at outside
of median and discal bars and hindwing at outside of discal bars fnlvous-ochr.acoous;

( 299 )

the bars heavy, their plumbeous edges also conspicuous ; admarginal interspaces of
hiudwiiig dirty gallstone-yellow. Upper tail 4 — 5 mm., second half the length or less.

? . Wi/iffg, nppersidc, basal area up to median bars varies from brownish tawny
orange to ochraceous tawny orange, being on the whole browner in the specimens
from Batjan than in those from Halmahera; the discal, postdiscal and admarginal
interspaces paler, being dark orange ochraceous, except the outer portion of the
discal interspaces at the postdiscal bars, and the posterior portion of the disc of the
hindwing, which are of nearly the same tint as the bases of the wings. Fore-
wing : median bars SC= — W forming triangular patches, bars R- — M' generally also
heavy, while median bar M' — M- is mostly feebly marked ; of the discal, Inniform,

barSj the upper three are the heaviest, the others are often fulvous, not black.

Hindwing with two median bars, only in one specimen (type of brenmis) with one bar.

Underside : submedian, pro.ximal portion of discal, and admarginal interspaces,
buff-colour, median interspace ranch more brown ; all the bars heavy, inclusive of
those on the abdominal fold ; jMstdiscal hmiform spots of the hindwing tawny
russet ; the discal, black, lunules of the furewing a little more distal in the Batjan
specimens than in most individuals from Halmahera. Upper tail 6 — 8 mm long,
second 2 J — 3| mm.

Length of forewing : c?, 39—45 mm.
„ „ - ? , 48—55 mm.

Ihh. Northern Moluccas. In the Tring Museum from Halmahera, 4 (?<?, 5 9 ? ;
Batjan, 5(?cJ, 7 ? ? (W. Doherty, March 1892, 1 ?).

The tt/pe of latona was said to be from " Timor," but it does not differ from
Halmahera individuals ; the figure in P.Z.S. 1865 is rather roughly executed. The
specimen was bought, according to the " Register," from Mr. Stevens, together with
a number of other Lepidoptera, all said to be collected by Mr. Wallace on Timor.
This collection contained several well-known North Moluccan forms which cannot
be expected to occur as such on Timor (see Nov. Zool. VI. p. 442).

The specimens from Batjan are on the whole darker than those from Halma-
hera; but the distinctions do not hold good according to the material from both
islands submitted to us for examination and selection by Messrs. Staudinger and
Bang-Haas. In one of our Batjan SS the black scaling of the upperside is much
more extended than in ordinary specimens, the costal margin of the forewing and
anterior third of the cell are black, the tawny area of both wings is also less bright
than in ordinary iS-

i\ Ch. latona ombiranus Rothsch., subsp. nov.

$. As large as the largest specimens of latona latona.

Wings, upperside. Forewing : black area fully as wide as in the average

example oi latona latona ; bar D obsolete behind ; median bars R- — M' developed;

edge of black area not obviously incised upon R^ and BI'. Hindwing : black area

wider behind than in latona latona, a slight indication of the tawny admarginal
intersp)aces M'— SM-.

Underside darker than in latona latona, the bars still heavier. Forewing :

the i)ost(iisco-submarginal patches very indistinctly marked, extending close to the
discal lunules, admarginal interspaces less yellow than in latona latona, interrupted
at the veins ; in one specimen the outer half of the wing minutely striolate

transversely. Hindwing : admarginal, gallstone-yellow, interspaces more deeply

concave outwardly than in the allied form ; tails somewhat longer.

( 300 )

?. Much more different from latona latona than i.

Winqii, Ujiiier.-'iilf, basal area darker than in subspecies latona (as is also the

liody). Forewing : the median bars SC"— M' very heavy, bar M' — M= also

heavy, all black ; discal Inniform bars brownish black, all shari)ly marked, bnt not
heavy, the upper ones not heavier than the others ; postdisco-submarginal patches
sharply defined, well separated from the brownish black outer border of the wing,
patches S(;' — SC^ fused together, larger than in latona, vein SO* not tawny within
this patch ; the discal postdiscal and admarginal interspaces buff or whitish buff,

more yellow at the proximal side of the discal lunules. Hindwing : median bars

(; — H' present, the upper three heavy, discal interspace between these bars and the
black postdisco-submarginal patches buff ; discal lunules of the underside faintly
marked ; jiostdisco-submarginal patch larger than in the other Moluccan subspecies ;
admarginal interspace buff, hence black marginal line very conspicnons.

Underside : bars very heavy ; submedian (]iartly), discal, i)0stdiscal and
admarginal interspaces bnff ; basal, subbasal, and median intersi)aces much deeper
brown than in latona latona ; postdisco-submarginal si>ots of forewmg indistinct
and small ; jiostdiscal Inuules of hindwing dark chestnut, the contiguous patches
outside them, which include the white submarginal dots and extend distally to the
black submarginal dots, hair brown, darker than in latona.

Length of forewing : c?, 4oi mm.
„ „ ? , 54 — 56 mm.

Halj. Laiwui, Obi, "^ cJcJ, 2? ¥ (W. Doherty, Sept. 1897).

The differences from the other forms of latona are very consi)icuous in
the ?. The ? of latona ombirauus resembles more the ? of latona diana
from New Hanover than the ? ? of those subspecies which are geograjihically
nearer.

'/. Ch. latona papuensis.

Chnmrrs pnpinmis Butler, /,,/>. Exi,l. p. 10. t. 0. f. 1, ^ (1809) (Dory = Dorey, ^, not ?,
from Aru) ; id., Joiiru. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 395. n. 131 (I89C) (N.W. Guin, ; cimonides
" Rothschild " rr err.).

Xi/mpli'ilh ((/i'h/.s- var. b. C. j«q>unisis, Kirby, Cul. Dhirii. Lcp. p. 272. sub. u. 50 (I.STI) (Papua).

CtinraxfR cimnnkhs Grose-Smith, XiiV. Zocil.. II. p. 3o6. n. 124 (ISOfi) (Humboldt Bay).

i. Winqs, iqjperside. Forewing: the black outer border not so wide in

front as in latona latona, hence less narrowing behind ; black median bars SC" — R-
standing separate from the black border, often absent, the same in position as the
respective bars of the underside ; discocellular bar mostly obsolete behind, very
seldom the posterior portion of the bar black ; median bars R- — SM- absent, or
slightly showing through from below, only in one individual from Humboldt Bay

are median bars R-— M- marked. Hindwing : no constant difference from the

exam]iles oi latona latona, except that the tails are shorter ; the white submarginal
dots are minute, the u))i)er ones mostly absent ; of the admarginal tawny spots only
the last one before SM- is always indicated, the one in front of M'- is also often
traceable, while the preceding ones are very seldom vestigial.

Underside : paler brown than in latona latona, not appearing so much variegated
in colour ; the bars much thinner, the bars on the abdominal fold thin or absent ;
postdiscal interspaces of hindwing much less bright in colour, the postdisco-sub-
marginal grey interspaces less glossy, the admarginal line of the hindwing much
paler brown, wider, less sharply defined, the yellow admarginal interspaces of the

( :^oi )

same wiug much less conspicuous, being less yellow and smaller ; tJje brown
marginal line broader, less well-defined than in the Moluccau race.

?. W/iiffs, fringe (as in J) less extended white than in hifona latoin.

Uppeiside. Forewing : upper discal luuiform bars not heavier than the

others, except in a ? from Waigeu and another from Salwatti, closer to the post-
disco-submarginal black (or brownish black) jiatches than in latona lafona, except

in the Waigen specimen. Hindwiug : black, or blackish brown, marginal line

broad, interrupted at the veins, much less curved between veins than in latona
latona ; tails shorter.

Underside differs from that of latona latona 2 in the same way as in 6 :
besides, the buff yellow colour at the distal side of the median bars of lioth wings is
more restricted.

Length of forewing : cf, 4ii — 43 mm.
,, „ ?, 47 — 53 mm.

riab. Dutch New Guinea. In the Tring Museum from Dorey, 2 cJc?, 3 ? S ;
Humboldt Bay, 3, 6 S (Doherty) : tSkroe, 8.W. New Guinea, 2 ? ? ; Kapanr, S.W.
New Guinea, 14 S S , 2 ? ? (W. Doherty, December 1896 to February 1S97) :
Waigeu, 2 i i , \ ? (Dr. Platen, rec. from Messrs. Staudinger and Bang-Haas) :
Salawatti, 1 ? (H. Kiihn).

Ti/pe ot papuensis in coll. Grose-Smith from coll. Saunders.

The three Humboldt Bay examples (described by Blr. Grose-Smith as cimonidea)
approach the following subspecies in the median bars SC"' — R- of the upperside ot
the forewing standing closer to the black border of the wing than in the ordinary
individuals of papuensis ; in one of the three individuals the median bars R- — M'-
are marked on the upperside of the forewing, and there are tawny, jiostdiscal,
rather obscure, Innules in the black border of the forewing between R- and SM" :
on the hindwing of this specimen, above, the tawny admarginal interspaces
R' — SM- are marked, the three last are especially clearly defined, and the black
postdisco-submarginal patches R'— SM- are partly well-defined.

e. Ch. latona stephanus Hothsch., subsp. nov.

C'liamxcs lalutiii r. riiiioiiides, Staudinger («u« Grose-Smitb, 1894), /<■/.< YII. p. 1'2() (1894) (Kon-

stantinhafen).
Charaxcs affiiiis yar. papuensis, Hagen, .falirb. Xass. \'ei: Xtil. L. p. 94. n. 160(1897; (Germ. N.

Guinea).

Though the country inhabited by the present subspecies is farther away from
the Moluccas than the area occupied by the preceding subspecies {papui'nsi-i), ('It.
latona stephanus is nevertheless intermediate in characters between latona papuensis
from Dutch New Guinea and latona latona from the Northern Moluccas. This fact
is so interesting and is of so high importance for the study of geographical variation,
that we must fix the knowledge of it by giving a name to the race occupying the
eastern part of northern New Guinea.

<?. Forewing above with the black border broader in front than in latona
papuensis, its inner edge more irregular ; median bars S( >' — R^ entirely fused witli

black border, or with a small fulvous spot each at the distal side. Hindwing

as in papuensis, but the tails very short as a rule, and the black border on the wliole
a little narrower.

Underside as in papuensis.

( 302 )

?. Wiiiffn above as in ? papuensiis, but I lie discal luniform bars of the forewing

blacker, deeper iiicnrved, more angnlated, especially bar R-- W. Hindwing as iu

jxipuensin, tails sliortcr.

Underside : funr upper discal bars of forewing more angle-shaped than in
papuensis.

Length of forewing: ^, 38 — 4o mm.
„ „ „ ?,50mm.

Hub. Northern parts of German New Guinea. In the Tiiiig Mnsenm : 1,' S d.
5 ? ? from Stepbansort and Erima (Dr. Hugen, February, April, August, .September,
December).

Dr. Hagen found this form iu February, April, -July, August, October,
December, and concludes that ajiparently a new brood ajipears regularly every
two months.

/■ Ch. latona layardi.

Cluinijis hitonn, Pagenstecher {non Butler, ISC.'i), Jahrh. Xosx. I'lc. Xal. XLVII. p. 77. n. 32 (1894).
(Neu Lauenburg) ; Eibbe, Irh XI. p. 132 (1898) (Neu Pommern ; Neu Lauenburg) ; Pagenst.,
Lepklopl. Bhmarck-Arch., in Chun, Zoologiai, Heft 27. p. 91 (1899) (^p. parte ; Ralum).

Charaxes hiyanii Butler, Juurii. Liii/i. Soc. Lontl. XXV. p. ;i95. n. 132 (1896) (N. Britain ; X.
Ireland, ^J).

S • Very close to Ch. latona stephanus, but the postdisco-submarginal patches
of the upperside of the hindwing partly separated from each other, the admargiual
tawuy intersjiaces at least vestigial between all the veins.

? . Wings aboce. Forewing : discal luniform bars appearing farther away from

the ])Ostdisco-submarginal patches, the latter being smaller, than in papuensis and

stephanus, well separated from the marginal line. Hindwing : discal bar C — SO"

well marked, all the other discal (luniform) bars vestigial; the ground-colour between
these discal Innules and the marginal line of (about) the same pale orange-yellow
colour as the disc at the outside of the median bars C — R- ; postdisco-submarginal
j)atches farther away from the marginal line than in the allied races from German
and Dutch New Guinea, more triangular, and marginal line much thinner.

Underside more yellow than in the before-mentioned races, the discal (black)
lunules of the forewing farther away from the rather well-defined jmstdisco-sub-
marginal patches, the interspace between the lunules and the patches pale yellow ;
cell uniform in tint. On the hindwing the interspace between the discal lunules
and the tawny chestnut, postdiscal, spots broader than in papuensis and stephanus,
the pale yellow admarginal interspaces more than twice the width of those of the
allied New Guinean subspecies ; marginal line thin, well separated from fringe :
median interspace of both wings rather dark brown.

Length of forewing : <J, 45 mm.
,, ,1 „ ? , 54 mm.

Ilab. Bismarck Archipelago : Neu Pommern (= N. Britain) ; Neu Lauenburg
(= Duke of York Is.) ; Neu Mecklenburg (= N. Ireland). In the Tring Museum
from : Kiuigunang, Neu Pommern, ] S, and Mioko, Neu Lauenburg, 1 ? (C. Ribbe).

Both Dr. Pagenstecher and Herr Ribbe say that the specimens they have
examined are not distinguishable from the individuals from German N. Guinea
(Konstantinhafen), while Dr. Butler considers them to be specifically distinct
from papuensis, layardi being " a representative of C. cimon" Ch. cimon stands in
Dr, Butler's Revision two pages separate from Ch. latona, of which it is a synonym.

!/. Ch. latona diana (Nu\-. Zool. V. t. T. f. ;\ ?).

Chui-iixes latona diaiuc Rothschild, Nov. Zooi,. V. p. 90. n. 1 (1898) (N. Hannovei') ; Pagenst..
Lepiilnpt. Bhmarch-Arrh., in Chun, Zoolngka, Heft 27. p. 91 (1899).

6. Willys, vppersidc, more extended black than iu any other form of bitoiin,

also darker orange fulvons. Forewing : black outer area extending close to npper

angle of cell and jiosteriorl^- to near middle of internal margin. Hindwing: black

disco-marginal area wider than iu hitoiia littoiia, tawny admarginal interspaces absent,
except anal one ; median bars C — R^ heavy, discal interspaces between them and
black area paler, median interspaces at proximal side of those bars darker than the
rest of the tawny area of the wing.

Undi'i-side darker than iu latoini liifoua ; median line of black bars obviously
bordered white distally, discal interspaces pinkish white proximally from R- of
forewing to R^ of hindwing.

? . The markings iu the same position as in the other forms of latona, but the
black colour ver}- heav}-, and the ochraceous colour partly replaced by white.

Ujipersidc— — Forewing: basal area dark russet brown; median bars very
heavy, bars SC^"* — R-' forming a large black patch ; discal and postdiscal interspaces
white : discal line of bars separating them well marked, the bars deeply arched ;
postdisco-snbmargiual black spots much larger than in lutona lafomi, merged
together with the marginal line, except the last which is partly separated from the

marginal border by a tawny line. Hindwing : russet tawny ; median bars (! — R-

as in (?, median interspaces dark brown at and near these bars, discal ones white or
nearly white lu'oximally ; a discal series of six or seven black lunnles crosses the
wing about midway between cell and black postdisco-submarginal patches, discal
hiniform bar C — SC'- in one of the two specimens not separated from the postdisco-
submarginal patch ; postdiscal interspaces tawny, except interspace SC- — R' ;
postdisco-submarginal patches much larger than in all the other forms of Intona,
with minute white centres, all touching one another, except the last two; admarginal
interspaces bright tawny ochraceous.

Underside ditfers from that of latona latona in the cell of forewing, proximal
portions of discal interspaces of both wings, and greater part of submedian interspaces
of hindwing, being white : tail broad.

Length of forewing : S, 47 mm.

„ „ „ J , 53—57 mm.

Ilab. Neu Hannover, Bismarck Archipelago, 1 6,'^'i "i (Capt. H. C. Webster,
February and March 1807_).

/'. Ch. latona gigantea.

Clmruxcs ijigantea Hagen, Jahrh. A'««.v. I'. - . Sat. L. p. 9-1. n. 161 (1897) (Simbaug).

S. Wings, upperside. Forewing : discal luniform bars separated from the

black postdisco-marginal border of the wings by tawny orange halfmoons; the three
iipi^er bars heavy, the tawny orange spots at their distal side small, bar R- — R-'
indistinct, almost fused with the black border, which is somewhat widened between
R- and R^ bars R'— SM- orange tawny, about 1 mm. distant from the black border
between veins; median bars SC* — R- midway between cell and discal bars, bars R-— M-
vestigial.^ — Hindwing: postdisco-submarginal patches .R' — SM.' more or les.s

( 304 )

completely isolated, patches C — R' fused witli one another, but separated from the
black, heavy, marginal line by a small, orange tawny, admarginal spot, the distance
from jiroximal edge of black patches to tip of 8(,'- somewhat sliorter than tlie
distance from the same point to black median bars ; tails very short.

Underside much more tawny orange, much brighter, than in popuensis and
stephanus ; discal interspaces of fore- and hiudwing at outside of median bars
])artly buff yellow as in ? ? of the allied forms ; postdiscal interspaces of hiudwing
wider, and the admarginal ones wax yellow.

?. Wings, upperside, as in papuensis, bnt the discal Inuiform bars of the
forewing more tawny, somewhat thinner, and the marginal line of the hiudwing
also thinner, more widely separated info lunnles at the veins.

On the underside the discal lunnles of both wings are less blackish, the discal
interspaces are more extended pale buff at the median bars, the postdiscal interspaces
of both wings and the admarginal ones of the hindwing are wider than in the races
from northern and western New Guinea ; tails as in p<(puensis.

Length of forewing : cJ, 40 mm.
„ „ „ ? , 52—54 mm.

llab. Simbang, Huon Golfe, German New Guinea: 1 i {t'/pc), December 10th
1894 (Dr. Hageu), 1 ?, January 2Uth 1895 (Dr. Hagen), 1 ? ((,!apt. Webster).

i. Ch. latona leto.

Charaxes latona leto Rothschild, Nov. ZooL. V. p. 97. n. 2 (1898) (Goodenough ; Ferguason).

£?. Agrees with C/i. latona gigantea, except in the following particulars : —

Upperside. Forewing : a series of browu discal luniform bars standing

2J mm. from the black border of the wing ; these bars are extremely faint in
gigantea and only 1 mm. distant from the black border, which is broader in gigantea
than in leto, bar SC^ — R' twice as wide in leto, the tawny orange intersjjace distal

of it larger than in gigantea, no tawny orange interstitial spot SC— SC^

Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal black patches smaller, admarginal orange tawny
interstices larger, than in gigantea.

Underside : no small yellowish buff discal patches at outer side of median bars,
bnt ground-colour in discal interspaces of forewing proximally paler than elsewhere ;
hindwing with a greyish plumbeous gloss, except a marginal aud a postdiscal band.

? . Unknown.

Length of forewing : c?, 45 — 47 mm.

Ilab. D'Entrecasteaux Islands : Goodenough I., 1 tS Qj/pe) (A. S. Meek,
December 1896), Fergusson 1., 1 J (A. S. Meek, between September and December
1894).

J. Ch. latona meridionalis Rothsch., subsp. nov.

t?. The specimens in which the discal lunulas of the forewing above are least
isolated (tgpe) agree almost with gigantea, but can be distinguished by the discal
lunnles R^— M-, which are almost completely fused with the black border of the
wing, being more black ; further, by the median bars C — R' of the hiudwing being
absent or very feeble ; the postdisco-submarginal patches C— R^ of the hindwing
are, moreover, fused with the heavy marginal bars, but remain separated from each

( 305 )

other, the veius being tawuy ; tail somewhat longer than in yiyaulea. In other
iadividnals the discal lunnles of the forewing are all separated from the black
border of the wing, and all the black postdiseo-submarginal patches of the hindwing
stand separate from each other and from the marginal bars ; snch specimens differ
very little from leto, but the median bars SC^ — R' of the forewing above are
somewhat more proximal, the median bars C — R' of the hindwing nboci' are feebler,
and the posterior postdiscu-snbmarginal patches of the hindwing are comparatively
larger.

? . Winys abocc darker tawny orange in basal region than in yiyantea, the discal
Innules of the forewing almost as in stepkanus, more blackish than in giynntcci, and
heavier ; discal and postdiscal interspaces more orange than in ufA'phanus ; marginal
line of hindwing nearl}' as in stephatms, heavier and blacker than in qiqiintcfi \ tails
as in yigantea aud papuensis, longer than in stepkanus.

Underside mnch darker than in gigantea, agreeing with that of steplianus, the
median and discal interspaces, however, more extended yellow-buff, especially the
former.

Length of forewing : S, 41—45 mm.
„ „ „ ? , 51—57 mm.

Hab. Milne Bay, Brit. New Guinea, a series of both sexes caught by Mr. A. S.
Meek iu December 1898, and in January, February, and March 1899.

/'. Ch. latona aruanus.

Charaxes papuensis Butler, Lrp. Ej-oI. p. 15. n. G, J , )iot (J, t. 6. f. 4, J (18tJ9) (Aru).
Chat-axes aruanus Butler, I.e. p. 100 (1872) (Aru) ; Ribbe, Iris I. p. 84. n. 80 (188G) (Aru).
Chamxes latona Butler, Jourii. Limi. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 397. n. 136 (1896) {siih sijnon. ; Aru " J '
is (J affinis).

(?. Unknown to us, no description published anywhere. Most likely similar to
the 3 of me?idio/ialis or papuensis.

S . Similar to the S of C/i. latona papuensis from N.W. Dutch New Guinea,
but differs in the following details : —

Upperside. Forewing a little more falcate, the discal arched bars not

black, but tawny orange, only bar SC — SC" being marked by some black scales,
hence these bars much less prominent than in the New Guinea races ; j)ostdisco-

submarginal patches not touching the narrow black marginal border. Hindwing :

postdiseo-submarginal patch C — SO" much larger than patch SC" — R', the other six
patches very much smaller than in the average New Guinea ? ; admargiual bars
tawny, npper three somewhat blackish, not prominent.

Underside : discal arched bars of both wings less black than in the allied races,
discal bars SC^— R' of forewing very ill-defined, not being deeper in colour than the
ochraceous, triangular patches standing at their proximal side ; tawny ochraceous
admarginal spots of hindwing ill-defined ; tail triangular, 4 mm. long.

Length of forewing : ? , 48 mm.

Hab. Arn, described from the type in the Oxford IMuseum, which Prof. E. B.
Poulton kindly sent us for comparison mth females of latona from other localities.

Ribbe collected this species on Arii, but where his specimens have gone to we do
not know. The individuals labelled Aru in the Godman-Salvin collection, now in
the British Museum, are ajfi/iis, which occurs only in Celebes.

:in6 )

//. J)i>(.':il IjiU-s of hiiiilwiiig below less regularly air.lied, espeeially tlic iiostefior

ones, postdiscal series of bars almost straight, hence lunch farther

from onter margin near }V than near 8C"-.

a\ S, hindwing above with a black, scarcely interruiited, admarginal line,

])eiiis with a patch of teeth on the right side (PI. VIII. f. •,'. :i) :

?, black postdisco-ad marginal jjatches of forewing above all

separated, patch SC^— S('< small, isidated.

4. Charaxes affinis(Xov. Zool. Vll. i. IJ. f. li, ? ).

(J. ChanuTs ajfiiiis Butler, Prur. Z',,,1. Sw. Oiml. p. (IM. n. 58. t. 37. f. 4, ^ (1805^

(Macassar) ; Honr., Berl. Enl. Z,dsd„: XXX. p. 131 {im\\){nffiiiis J, = icallarei ? ) ; Stand..

E.n>t. Ttiijf. p. 17-2 (188i;) (gynandrom. specim.) ; Honr., nrrl. Kni. Zritschr. XXXII. p. 49'.l.

fig. A (1888) (gynandrom. special.); Rothsch., Iris V. p. 438 (1892) (S. Celel)e8); Butl.,

Juuni. Lhiii. Sor. Loud. XXV. p. 39G. n. 135 (1896) (Macassar, Menado ; " Ternate " lur. err.).
.\i/m/jli(iVs (ifiinis, Klrby, Cut. Diiirii. Lip. p. 272. n. 50 (1871) (y<^ : Celebes).
Chara.ris parmeiiioii Felder, lieUr Xnriini, Lrp. p. 439. n. 717(1867) (Macassar) : Butl.. Trun^. Enl.

Soc. Loud. p. 1211. n. 8 (1870) (jiarmiumii = affiiiis).
Cltariuces demonax Felder, /.c. p. 440. n. 718 (1867) (Celebes) ; Butl., I.e. n. 9 (1870) (drmoMU =t

affinis) ; Jan.i., Cruise Manhcm II. p. 375. n. 56 (1886) (Maros).
XijiiiphtiUs polijj-nia var. C. jmniiriiinii, Kirby, C-il. Dinrii. Leji. p. 272. sub n. 52 (1871)

(Macassar).
Xi/mjiliaU.f pn/i/.r, nil var. C. demuna.r. Kirby, I.e. (Celebes).
?. Charaxes icalhieei Butler, if/i, E.nit. p. 100. t. .38. f. 2 (1872) (Macassar).
CA»m.i'cs /otoH,( Butler (ko« Butler, 1865), /oK/'«. Linii. Soc. Lnnd. XXV. p. 397. n. 131! (1896)

(/larliin ; Macassar : " Aru," " Amboina" Inc. err., Aru " J " is (J).
Xi/inji!ialis uffinh, Pagenstecher, .{bli. Srnek. Xaturf. Ges. XXIII. p. 403. n. 185 (1897) (Celebes).
XiimphiiViK latnnii, id., /.,-. p. 404. n. 189 (1897) (Celebes, not "Batjan").

cJ?. Body aboce, especially tlic thora.x, less bi-iglif tawny orange than the
wings, more ochraceons.

S. Wings, upperside, bright tawny orange, abdominal fold for the greater jiart

buff. Forewing rather falcate, onter edge either nearly entire, or denticulate ;

posterior half or two-thirds of bar D obsolete ; median bars SC''— R- heavy, forming
generally triangular patches which are more or less fused with the black outer area,
but the second stands sometimes ipiite isolated, median bar R' — M' seldom clearly
marked above, abont (i mm. distant from origin of M' (as on underside) ; black
postdisco-marginal area much narrower behind than in front, measuring abont 4 mm.
at SM- ; discal bar M- — SM- present, either heavy and separated from black border
of wing by a small tawny orange spot between veins, or feeble and then more or less
comjiletely isolated (in all s])ecimens from North Celebes ?), bar M' — W stands also
often partly separated from the black border, these discal bars much more distal
than the discal bars of the underside ; edge of wing with two minute tawny dots
between M= and SIVP in the greater nnmber of individuals ; fringe white between

veins. Hindwing somewhat variable in shape, anal angle more prominent in

some specimens than in others ; median bar ( '— SC- seldom absent, in some speci-
mens also bar SC-— R' marked ; postdisco-submarginal jjatches C — R' large, the
others small, patch SC^ — R' at least 6 mm. long, the black scaling extending,
moreover, in many specimens along SC- basad for several millimetres, all the other
patches separated from one another ; white submarginal dots within those patches
variable, often partly absent ; admarginal line black, sharply marked, sejiarated from
edge of wing, at least posteriorly between the veins where it is generally thin, from

( 307 )

(' to W it is geuerally heavy, dilated along tUe veins and joined to, or partly fused
with, the postdisco-submarginal patches ; iijjper tail acute, 3 to 4 mm. long, second
very short, sometimes not so much prominent as the teeth SC^ — R".

Underside : varying from ochraceous to ochre yellow, the glossy parts appearing
darker (slaty grey) in side light, the discal interspaces lighter at the median bars,

all the bars much thinner than in lafona. Forewing : submediau bar M'— M-

rather oblique, bar M- — (SM') about midway between base of M- and bar M' — M^
often also oblique, bar R^— M' always about (in both sexes) ; discal bars more distal
than in latoiia, less arched, the series not interruj)ted at R- ; postdiscal patches
very obscurely marked, with ill-defined, white patches at their distal side, of which
the middle ones are mostly very feeble ; upper cell-bar curved twice, the middle
portion pointing distad, basal cell-spot at least vestigial, costal margin somewhat

greyish at base. Hindwing : median series of bars much broken, none of the bars

contiguous, bar R^ — M' several millimetres distant from base of M', not standing very
far from the discal series, bar R- — R^ much more distal than bar R' — R-, the discal
interspace, therefore, not half the width between R^ and M' as between C and R-;
discal bars mncli less arched than in latona, the posterior ones almost straight, the
series not parallel to outer margin of wing, it being slightly curved basad from
C — R' and then running nearly straight to SIVP, which it reaches close to anal
angle ; postdiscal bars indistinct, represented by blackish, ill-defined, feebly curved
lunules, interspace between them and the discal bars tawny outwardly, more yellow
proximally; admarginal blackish brown line thin, but well-defined, not touching
edge of wing, sometimes interrujited at veins.

? . Often confounded with the ? of latona.

Wings, uppermle. Forewing : outer margin more concave than iu latona ;

median bars SC° — R^ less enlarged than in latona, somewhat more distal ; discal
luniform bars more distal than in latona and also much more distal than the discal
bars of the underside, which show through, the upper ones more or less enlarged ;
postdisco-submarginal patches more triangular than in latona, closer to edge of
wing, often fused with the black-brown margin ; marginal line much thinner than in
latona, very indistinctly defined, the pale tawny orange colour extending close to the

fringe at the veins. Hindwing : median bars C— SO" always (?), SC-— R' mostly

present, bar R' — R- seldom distinctly marked, disc outside these bars often very
pale ; discal lunules shining through from below ; there is often a very indistinct,
baud-like, dark shade from the inner edge of the upper postdisco-submarginal patches
straight to anal angle, corresponding to the black postdiscal band of the underside,
this shadowy band sometimes ending iu a conspicuous blackish half-moon at anal
angle ; postdisco-submarginal patches closer to margin than in latona, the posterior
ones always small, the middle and upper white snbmarginal dots seldom obliterated;
admarginal line thin, but well-defined, broken up into slightly arched lunules, the
upper ones heavier ; upper tail spatulate, 7 mm. long, second a very short and
blunt tooth.

Underside : discal interspaces of both wings, the greater part of the postdiscal
and submediau interspaces of the forewing ochre yellow, median interspace of both

wings more or less brown ; bars thinner than in latona. Forewing : submediau

bar M'— M^ always considerably more distal than submediau bar M" — (SM'), and
median bar R'— M' much more so than median bar M' — M^ ; discal luniform bars
less deeply arched than in latona, more distal in position ; postdisco-submarginal
spots much shaded with white scales, consisting generally of a blackish proximal

( 308 )

(postdiscal; dot or dash which is separated from a similar, but loss obvious, spot by
whitish scales; from the postdiscal dots extend basad fine, yellow, lines situated at

the internervular folds R''— S.M-, these lines sometimes very faint. Hindwing:

discal interspace very much narrowed between R-' and M', the median bars R-— M'
not far from the discal series, esjiecially bar R'— M' ; discal bars luniform, the
posterior ones very feebly arched, the series very slightly convex from SC;*— M',
reaching SM- much nearer tip of that vein than in latona : postdiscal bars slate-
black, much less arched than in lulona, the series almost straight.

Length of fore wing : i, 38—44 mm.
), „ ? , -50—53 mm.

Ilab. Celebes, 23 c?cJ, 7 ? ? in the Tring Museum from South Celebes : Maros
country (W. Doherty, August— September 1891), Patunuang (H. Fruhstorfer,
January 1896) ; Macassar (Wallace) ; Menado (Dr. Meyer) ; North Celebes :
Minahassa (Dr. Platen), Toli-Toli (H. Fruhstorfer, November— December, 1895),
Dongala, north of Palos Bay (W. Doherty, August— September 1806).

There are two specimens in the Felder collection which are labelled " Amboina.
Loniuin." The British Museum received from the Godman and Salvin collection
also a specimen of ajjiids from " Amboina," another from " Aru " (both standing in
Dr. Butler's Revision of Ckaraxes under latonaW), and a third from " Ternate." All
these specimens are identical with affinis, and those localities are certainly erroneous.
We know from experience that the material bom/kt by travellers in the Dutch East
Indies from cajitains, natives or dealers, is often wholly unreliable as regards
localities, specimens from different islands being often mixed together ; we have
found Javanese species among material from Amboina, Celebes sjiecies in a lot from
Java, Java examples in a collection said to be from Timor, etc., forms of which
we are absolutely certain that they do not occur in the localities from which the
specimens were said to come. Nobody will convince ns that ( 'It. a/jjins occurs on
Ternate, Amboina and Aru, unless he is able to show authentic specimens, collected
recently by careful scientists.*

Felder's Ck. demonax is identical with uffiids and not a car., as Dr. Butler says
(l.c.~)\ FeUer's parme?don, erroneously said by Dr. Butler (I.e.) to be a synonym of
lato?ia, is also a0nis, but differs from the average specimen of affitds in the anal
angle of the hindwing being more produced, and in the second tail being scarcely
indicated.

The 7Ha/es of ajfini.-i are easily distinguished from all more western species by
the black admarginal line of the hindwing and the structure of the penis ; from
latona, moreover, by the pattern; Vae JhrMle resembles somewhat fhe female of
latona, but the spatulato upper tail, the extremely short second tail, and the
different position of the discal lunnles of the iipperside of the forewing and of the
discal and jiostdiscal lunules of the underside of the hindwing are characters by
which affinh can readily be recognised.

A cJ in the Tring Museum without locality, but clearly belonging to affinis
according to pattern and penis, has all the tawny postdiscal interspaces of the
forewing vestigial, the specimen somewhat resembling in this character Gh.
aristogiton.

Professor Kukenthal seems to have bought up a great many of the Lepidoptera recorded by
Dr. Pagenetecber, I.e. ; the list furnishes illustrations of what we said above, and should be used with
caution.

( 309 )

i'. S, hindwing above with the admarginal line feebly marked, tawny, or, if

black, interi-npted at the veins, penis without a lateral patch of teeth

or this ])atch is on the left side ; ?, postdisco-admarginal patches of

forewing above more or less merged together, at least the upper ones.

«". c?, postdiscal tawny interspace R' — 11^ of forewing above at least as large

as the black (or tawny) bar standing at its proximal side, or

the tawny interspaces W — M' small bnt present and both tails

developed; ?, discal l)ar R' — R- of forewing above not mnch

heavier than posterior discal bars, much closer to outer margin

than to median bar R' — R^, or, if heavy, the hindwing with two

tails and the median interspaces SC'^ — R^ not black, ilarmax

grouj).

•"i. Charaxes distanti.

Chnraxes dhlanii Honrath, Berl. Eiit. Zeilschr. XXIX. p. 277 (1885) (Perak : Borneo) ; Dist.,
Rhq). Mfil. p. 434. n. li t. 36. f. 2, ^ (1886) ; But!., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 398.
n. 143 (1896) (Borneo) ; Hagen, Inn IX. p. 187. n. 251 (1896) (N.E. Sumatra).

Clmraxes (llariclra) lUsUinti, Nice'ville it Martin, Journ. As. Soe. Beng. LXIV. 2. p. 438. n. 265
(1895) (N.E. Sumatra ; Middle Tenasserim).

cJ ? . Underside of palpi, and middle of pro- and of anterior portion of meso-
sternum, almost pure white ; sides of sterna of the colour of the wings ; underside
of abdomen often slightly paler.

c?. 1Vin(/», ujjjjers/de : markings tawny, not black, which gives the wings a

uniform ajipearauce. Forewing: median bars R^ — M' mostly marked, bar R- — M'

mostly angle-shaped, bars SC** — R' heavier, darker, the upper of the two oblic^ne,
forming an angle-shaped spot together with the streak-like bar SC* — SC" ; discal
bars luniform, the posterior ones often ill-defined, washed out, lunule R^ — M'
7 to 9 mm. from edge of wing (between veins), ujjper bars widened basail and also
more or less broadly connected along the veins with the brown postdisco-submarginal
patches ; of the latter the middle ones often reach the edge of the wing, patches
R' — SM" about as wide as, or smaller than, the interspaces between them and the

discal lunnles. Hindwing : outer area from edge of wing as far as the postdiscal

bars, which shine through from below, darker tawny orange than the rest of the wing,
costal margin somewhat whitish ; median bar C — SC^ straight, or slightly arched,
often faintly marked, median bar ISC' — R' mostly absent, sometimes vestigial :
postdisco-submarginal patches all small, the postdiscal portions (pro.ximal of the
white dots) obliterated, except between C and R^ wliere they are more or less clearly
marked, sometimes nearly all the patches reduced to minute spots, the last two dots
more black than the others ; admarginal line separated into lunnles, mostly rather
clearly defined, seldom shadowy ; tails reduced to short teeth.

Underside varying from orange ochraceous rnfous to yellowish ochraceons ;

bars tawny or ochraceous tawny, postdiscal series of hindwing mostly slaty black.

Forewing : costal margin to a little beyond apex of cell white ; basal dot of cell
absent, cell-bar :\ never entire, broken up into dots, the dots, however, often all
fused together, sometimes the posterior dots obliterat<'d, the bar, if nearly entire,
heavier than the other cell-bars, cell-bar 4 often straight, reaching M at or before,
never distally of, point of origin of M' ; median bars R" — SM* stand in an oblique,
almost continnous, series, bar R- — -R' exactly (or almost) in front of bar R-^ — M' :
the discal inters))acos narrowing behind : white submarginal scaling band-like, the

( 310 >

apical patches often much smaller than those towards internal angle. Hindwing :

the two cell-bars converging in front, here often fnsed together ; the npper post-
discal bars are Inniform, more or less completely fused to a nearly straight band ;
white snbmarginal dots all prominent.

?. Like c?, larger, the disc of the wings very slightly paler, the postdisco-
snbmarginal spots and the white snbmarginal dots of the hindwings larger, the
iidmarginal interspaces of the hindwing below more wax-yellow; tails as short
as in d".

Length of forewing : 6, 41 — 4(5 mm.
„ „ ?,52mm.

//<i/i. Tenasserim and Sumatra to Borneo. Li the Tring Museum from : Dawnat
Range, Tenasserim, March 1895 (Hauxwell), 1 S : Perak, 1 J, 1 ? (Kinta distr.,
coll. by Mr. Goldham) ; N.E. Sumatra, 'J S<S: Selesseh, January, April, May, June,
August (Dr. Martin); Bunguran, Natuna Islands, 2 c?c?(Hose, July — September
1894) ; Borneo, 10 cJc? : Lawas, April 1892 (A. Everett), Mt. Dnlit, February and
March 1894 (Hose), Kina Bain, Pengaron (S.E. Borneo).

A ? from Borneo in Mr. Grose Smith's collection.

The Bornean c? J have the underside more tawny than the specimens fiom
Sumatra, Perak and Tenasserim ; one only of the Bunguran <S <S agrees in this
respect with the Bornean ones, the other being paler. Specimens that have been
on the wing for a longer time have the umlerside apparently paler than fresh ones.

The Tenasserim example in the Tring JIusenm is the smallest of all specimens
we possess of the species ; the discal lunnles of the forewing are very obscurely
marked, washed out (as they sometimes are in Bornean specimens), the admarginal
line of the hindwing is also very indistinct, and the tawny snbmarginal spots are
minute.

Dr. Hagen (I.e.) received about a dozen specimens from his collectors who
brought them from the Gajo country, while Dr. Martin (Lc.) found it " in the
forests of the plains, at Paya Bakong and Selesseh, perhaps not higher than Namoe
Oekor."

<i. Charaxes kahniba.

C'haraxes (Ffaridm) Inmtimra, Doherty {nmi Butler, 1872), .Jviini. .la. ,S'yc. Heiig. LV. 2. p. 124.

n. 9fi (1886) (Kamaon); Wood-Mas. & Nici'v., ihid., p. 363. n. 103 (1887) (Cacljar, July) ;

Nicev., in Kisley, Go:elleer of Sikkim p. 148. n. 23.5 (1894) (Sikkim).
Charaxes hiimwara, Xicoville, I3utt. nf Imlin II. p. 282. n. 572 (1880) (Kumaon ; Sikkim; N.E.

Bengal; Cachar) ; Elwea, Tniii^. Ent. Soc. I.nml p. 308. n. 213 (1888) (Sikkim); id., Proc.

Zonl Snr. Lnml. p. 284 (1801) (Karen Hills, Burma).
Harkhn binav-arm ('.), Swinhoe, Tmiis. Enl. Soc. Laiirl. p. 289. n. 19.5 (1893) (Khasia Hills).
Harklm kahrnha Moore, Lrp. Iiul. II. p. 235. t. 171. f. 1. 1». \h. Ir. jj,? (lH9t;) (Sikkim ; Assam ;

Burma ; Tenasserim).
diamxt's kahriilKi, Butler, Jnurn. Linn. Snc. Loml. XXV. p. .'i'.i8. n. 141 (IK'JG) (Sikkim ; Bhutan ;

Assam ; Burma).

Differs from the allied species constantly in a number of characters, and is
most easily recognised by the strongly pronounced markings of the underside.

6. Wings, upperside. Forewing : discal halfmoons R^ — M'- sharply defined,

black or dark tawny, the upper discal bars SC — R" much heavier, bars SC^ — R'
joined along veins to the black border of the wing ; postdiscal, iialfmoon-shaped
interspaces slightly deeper in tint than tlie middle of the wing, the upper three
smaller than the others, interspace SC — SC" isolated, nioic or less elongnte, never

( 311 )

absent ; admarginal tawny orange interspace M- — 8M- always well marked, some-
times connected along (SM') with the jiostdiscal interspace, the other admarginal
interspaces vestigial between veins ; median bars SC^ — R^ generally rather heavj',
black, seldom tawny. — ■ — Hindwing : snbmedian bar C — SG° present, though not
heavy ; median bar C — St!- always conspicnons, obliqne, slightly S-shaped ; post-
disco-submarginal black ])atches with the white dots generally obsolete, the dots, if
better marked, of a bnffish-colonr, not pnre white, patch 80- —R' at least twice the
size of patch C — SC-, veins C and SO' often black near these patches, the following
three patches, rhomboidal, well separated from one another ; marginal tawny line
more clearly defined than in tlie allies of hnhriihn ; edge of wing dentate, n]iper tail
3 to :VJ mm.

Viuleraiihi maize yellow, this colour strongly contrasting with the russet-tawny
colour of the median interspaces R^ — M' of forewing, of all the median interspaces
of hindwing, the postdiscal interspaces of tlie hindwing and of the small triangular

patches at the proximal side of the discal lunules of fore- and hindwing.

Forewing : basal cell-spot always present, heavy; cell-bar 3 heavy, sometimes
interrupted ; bar D very heavy ; subbasal bar M- — (SM') sometimes vestigial ;
snbmedian bar M' — M" just behind point of origin of IP, or more distal, bar R- — R'
barely 1 mm. distant at R' from bar D, often fused with the latter behind ; median
liar M' — M- angle-shaped, bar R^ — M' mnch more distal, the median interspace
M' — M- barely half the width of median interspace M^ — (SM') ; postdiscal inter-
spaces R' — SM- with rather large tawny patches : brown, postdiscal, short streaks
upon iuternervular folds, followed by wliite scaling which is distally limited by a

brown line, of which the partitions between veins are not obviously luniform.

Hindwing : subbasal interspaces more or less tawny russet ; snbmedian interspaces
partly of the same colour, but a spot in cell at cell-bar 4 and interspaces CM — SO
mnize-colour ; basal costal bar closer to PC than in the allied species, long, S-shaped,
basal cell-spot marked in all sjiecimens ; subbasal, snbmedian and median bars
heavy, but costal subbasal bar mostly absent, seldom vestigial ; cell-bar 3 repre-
sented by a black dot, which is sometimes absent ; subbasal, snbmedian and median
bars M — (resp. M^) — SM^ form continuous zigzag lines ; a black line upon SM-
between submedi.in and median bars, another at base of abdominal margin of wing :
median bar R' — M' much more distal than the lower end of bar R- — R'' and upper
end of bar M' — M*; jwstdiscal interspaces rnsset tawny except at discal Innules :
jiostdiscal bars black, arrowhead-shaped ; admarginal interspaces wide, maize-
colour ; marginal, tawny, line sharjily defined, scarcely thinner near veins than
between.

? . Differs from the allied species in the same way as the i does.

Wings above somewhat jialer on disc than in <?. Forewing : discal Innules

SC — R- not much heavier than the others ; postdiseo-submarginal patches more or
less indistinctly sep,T.rated from one another, the veins between them being tawny :
admarginal tawny interspaces more obvious than in S , at and between veins; median

bar R^ — M' more distal than in the allied species, bar R^ — R^ more proximal.

Hindwing : the wliite submarginal dots within the black postdiseo-submarginal
patches all developed, the middle one rather strongly angle-shaped : dark tawny
marginal line liroadcr tlian in S : upper tail 8^ to I'iA mm.

Underside as in c?, but the forewing has the middle discal lunules somewhat
more proximal, and the postdiscal interspaces mnch less variegated with tawny
russet.

( 312 )

Length of forewing : S, 41 — ^o mm.
„ „ „ 5 , 47—56 mm.

The penis is very strongly denticulate (PI. VIII. f. 4), the number of teeth is
large ; they stand in an irregular donble or treble series which widens out proximally
into a sinistro-lateral patch ; penis-funnel long and slender.

Had. Kumaon to Teuasserim. In the Tring Museum 17 SS, 9 ? ? from:
Sikkim, the Khasia, Naga, and Garo Hills.

The species is rarer than < 'h. marmax. It was generally considered to be
lunawara, until Moore pointed out tliat lunawara was nothing else but marmax.
In Sikkim it is met with at lower elevations. Doherty found it to be rare in the
Lower Kali valley, Knmaon.

7. Charaxes marmax.

Charaxes marmax Westwood, Cut. Or. Ent. p. 43. t. 21, (J, J (1848) (Assam ; Sylhet) ; Butl., Pmc
Zool. Soc. Loiiil. p. ()3G. n. 57 (18G5) (Assam ; Silhet) ; Moore, ibid., p. 831 (1878) (Moolai,
Upp. Tenasserim, 3-6000 ft.); Nicev., Butt, of IikUk II. p. -281. n. 571 (IHSrt) (Sikkim;
Assam ; Sylbet ; Upp. Tenass.) ; Elwes, Trans. Ent. Sue. Loud. p. 3G8. n. 212 (1888) (Sikkim) ;
Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 308. n. 140 (1896) (Darjiling ; Silhet ; Khasia Hills ;
Buxa ; Mungphu ; East Pegu).

.Vi/mj>Iiali.'i niarma.r, Doubleday, Westwood & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lej>. II. p. 309. n. 37 (1850)
(Silhet ; Assam) ; Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lip. Mux. E. I. Comji. I. p. 206. n. 422 (1857) (Dar-
jiling ; Cherra Punji).

Nyniphalis jmlyxemi var. k. C. marmax, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Leji. p. 272. sub n. 52 (1875) (Ind. bor.).

Charaxes lunaiiara Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 99. t .37. f. 2, (J(1872) (N.E. Bengal ; ? =aihycus carolm).

Xymphnlis (Iluridra) marma.r, Wood-Ma.son & Nici'ville, Journ. As. Sue. Beng. LV. p. 306. n. 102
(1887) (N. Caehar, Silcuri, June— July) ; Nicev., in Risley, Guzettter of Sik-kim p. 148. n. 234
(1894) (Sikkim, April to October).

Nymphalis piolyxemi var. marmax, Robbe, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bcl(j. XXXVI. p. 130. n. 53 (1892) (Dar-
jiling ; Kuraeong).

Haridra viarmax, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent, Soc. Land. p. 289. n. 194 (1893) (Khasia Hills) ; Moore,
Lep. Ind. U. p. 233. t. 170. f. 1. In. 16. \c. J, ? (1896) (Sikkim, Bhotan, to Tenasserim ; Mai.
Pen.).

S. Willys above. — Forewing : median bars .SC— R' midway between apex of
cell and the respective discal bars, in the specimens which have the latter much
enlarged a little nearer these black discal patches ; discal Inniform bars R' — SM'
tawny ochraceous, seldom blackish ; postdiscal tawny orange interspaces SC^ — S(f
sometimes very small, but apjiarently never quite replaced by black; admarginal tawny
line generally developed behind and near apex, much less in middle of margin, where

the tawny colour appears often only at the tij) of the veins, or is quite absent.

Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal patches very variable in size, the middle ones
pointed externally, postdiscal portions of these smaller than submarginal ones, white
submarginal dots sometimes absent, the second the last to disappear : marginal
line indistinct ; tails short, upper one 1 J to 4 mm., dentition of edge of wing some-
times feebly developed.

Viider.vde pale ochre yellow, median inters])aces R- — M- of forewing, all the
median interspaces as well as the middle, submedian and subbasal ones of the

hindwing more or less pale russet tawny. Forewing : median interspace M' — M*

half the width of interspace M" — (SM') ; median bar R- — R' more proximal than bar
R' — M', bar R' — R" touching R- midway between the median and discal bars R- — R^.

Hindwing: basal costal bar halfway between base of wing and Pt', not reaching

tJ; no vestige of cell-bar 3; npjjer lunules of postdiscal series much less distinct

( 313 )

than the others ; marginal line indistinct or, at least, not conspicnons ; postdisco-
snbmarginal interspaces glossy, pinkish buff or vinaceons buff ; discal interspaces
not glossy.

? . Discal interspaces of upper- and underside somewhat paler than in c? ; median
bars of forewing above often patch-like, closer to cell than to discal bars ; discal bars
more blackish than in S, the upper ones not (or little) heavier than the others.

Hindwiug : white submarginal spot within postdisco-snbmarginal patches all

developed, the upper one often obsolete, never larger than the second.

Underside: postdiscal slate-black bars of hindwing heavier than iu S, the upper
ones more luniform than the others ; tail 8 to 10 mm. long.

Length of forewing : (J, 37 — 44 mm.
„ ,, „ ? , 49 — 65 mm.

Penis with few teeth above, but with a lateral patch of teeth about 3 mm. from
the apex (PI. VIII. f. 5) ; penis-funnel long, slender, its extremity convex above.

Hab. Sikkim to Malaeca and Tonkin. In Tring Museum 29 <?(?, In ? ? from :
Sikkim ; Khasia Hills ; Garo Hills ; Naga Hills ; Katha, Burma ; Theiping, Mai.
Pen. ; Tonkin.

A common species at lower altitudes, occurring in Sikkim from Ajnil to October;
apparently not varying according to season.

8. Charaxes aristogiton.

Charaxes arislogilon Felder, Beise Novara, Lep. p. 444. n. 727 (1867) (hub. ?) ; But!., Trans. Eiit.

Soc. Land. p. 121. n. 18 (1870) (Sikkim) ; Nicev., Btitt. of India II. p. 282, n. 573 (1886)

(Sikkim ; Sylhet ; Upp. Tenasserim) ; Manders, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p 526. n. 93 ( 1890)

(Shan States) ; Adams., Cat. Butt. Burma p. 20. n. 207 (1889) ; Nic^v., Joarn. Bombay N. //.

Soc. V. p. 296. n. 50 (1890) (Chin Lnshai) ; Butl., Joam. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 397.

n. 139 (1896) (Darjiling ; Upp. Tenasserim).
Nymphalis polymna var. C. aristogiton, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 273. sub n. 52 (1895).
Charaxes desa Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 832. (1878) (Moolai ; Upp. Tenass.)
Charaxes aristogeton (!), Elwes, Tram. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 368. n. 214 (1888) (Sikkim).
Haridra arislogon (!), Swinhoe, ibid., p. 289. n. 196 (1893) (Khasia Hills).
Charaxes (Haridra) aristogiton, Niceville, in Risley, Gazetteer of Sikkim p. 148. n. 236 (1894)

(Sikkim) ; id., Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXVI. p. 552. n. 8. t. 2. f. 11. 12 (1897) (si/n. jiro parte ;

gynaDdromorph. spec.).
Haridra aristogiton, Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p. 236. t. 173. f. 1. la (1896) (Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Naga

Hills ; Sylhet).
Haridra desa Moore, I.e. p. 235. t. 172. f. 1. la. U. Ic. J, ? (1896) (Tenasserim : Moolai, Toungoo,

Thoungyeen).
Haridra adamsoni Moore, I.e. p. 236. t. 173. f. 2. 2a. (J (1896) (Mepley Valley, Upp. Tenass., Feb.).

cJ. Witiffs, upperside. Forewing : discal bars R^ — SM* brownish black,

luniform, bars SC'' — R^ very heavy, fused with one another and with the postdisco-
submarginal band, also prolonged basad along veins towards median bars SC^ — R^
which are sometimes reached ; postdiscal, tawny, halfmoou-shaped interspaces
R' — M- about half the breadth (or less) of the respective postdisco-submarginal
patches, interspaces R' — R^ much smaller, sometimes vestigial, interspace SC — R'
vestigial, or filled up with black, interspace SC^ — SC^ very seldom vestigial : edge

of wing as in marmax. Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal black spots C — R'

fused together, sometimes extended to edge of wing, the vein between them very
rarely tawny ; the white submarginal spots as in marmax, but the first on the whole
larger and the last of the npper ones to disappear (while iu marmax the second is
the last to disappear).

22

( 314 )

Underside more or less uniformly pale vinaceons rnsset, the discal interspaces
of the forewing and the discal and admarginal ones of the hindwing a little more

clay-colonr. Forewing : interspace between median bars M' — M'- about one-third

narrower than interspace between bars M-— (SM'), median bar R- — R' continnoiis
with bar R' — M', not mnch more proximal (as it is in marmax), costal edge

more or less obvionsly scaled white at base. Hindwing : basal costal bar

placed as in marmax ; median bars R' — M' continnons ; rest as in marmax ; discal
interspaces glossy.

?. Wi7)gs, upprrside. Postdiscal, tawny interspaces of forewing narrower

than in marmax, especially the upper ones ; the first white siibmarginal dot of the
hindwing larger than the second.

Underside as in <?; median bar R' — R'' of forewing mnch closer to median bar
R' — R' than to discal bar R- — R^ ; first and second white submarginal spot wider
apart from the resjiective postdiscal slate-black bars than in marmax, the white
spot C— SC^ well marked, withont blackish bar at distal side (the bar present
in marmax).

Penis with rather heavy denticnlatiou above, bnt withont the lateral patch of
teeth which is found in marmax ; penis-funnel much shorter than in marmnx, its
upperside concave to tip.

Hab. Sikkim to Tenasserim. In the Tring Museum 21 6 S , 4? ? from: Sikkim;
Khasia Hills, Naga Hills ; Katha, Burma ; S. Shan States, Siam frontier ; Toungoo,
April.

The specimens from Tenasserim have the discal bar R' — R' thinner than the
individuals from N. India, the bar not being much wider than the tawny postdiscal
spot at its distal side ; in these examples the black area is suddenly dilated in front,
but the black scaling is not so much extended as in the North Indian individuals ;
the median bars SC^ — R' stand abont midway between the cell and the black outer
area in the Tenasserim specimens. In the female sex from the same country the
discal bars SC — R' are much wider (according to Moore's figure) than in females
from North India. Dr. F. Moore considers these Tenasserim specimens to be
specifically distinct from aristogitoii, and calls them desa. It is possible that desa
represents, indeed, a geographical form of aristogiton. The penis and penis-funnel
are as in aristogiton.

The specimens of marmax and aristogiton from North India are easily distin-
guished from one another by the colour of the underside of the wings, the shape of
the penis-funnel and the denticnlatiou of the penis; intergradations do not seem to
occur either iu Sikkim or Assam. From an examination of North Indian material
only one must, therefore, necessarily arrive at the conclusion that marmax and
aristogiton are two distinct species. But the matter becomes comi)licated, if one
takis into consideration the specimens from the Shan States and Tenasserim. In
these countries there occur, besides ordinary aristogiton, individuals which combine
characters of marmax and aristogiton, specimens which, besides, vary inter se very
much, and exhibit sometimes characters not found either in marmax or aristogiton.
The following specimens (S d) of the size of our smallest marmaxsLud aristogiton, or
even smaller, are in the Tring Museum :

(1) A specimen from Muong Gnow, Shan States, caught in the second half of
the year.

Wings, upperside. Forewing : median bars SC'' — M' not marked ; bar D

( 315 )

feeble, tawny ; ditical bars R^ — S5P feebly curved, closer to postdisco-submarginal
patches than in aristogiton, fused with them at veins (except at SM^), discal bars
SC^ — R^ much enlarged, extending basad at veins to near the median bars which
shine through from below in cei'tain lights, postdiscal tawny spots smaller than in
aristogito)!, s])ot SC"* — SC absent, the following one vestigial, the third somewhat
larger, the dark scaling separating it from the tawny orange area tawny brown
between veins ; tawny admarginal spots obsolete, except the last, represented by
some tawny scales between veins as in kahruba. Hiudwing : all the postdisco-
submarginal spots separated from one another, the first like the second, 4i mm.
long, with heavy white centres, the other spots all very much smaller, with white
dots, admarginal line indistinct ; a trace of a wax-yellow spot at anal angle, found
sometimes in aristogiton.

Underside &% in marmax, the median interspaces less prominent ; median inter-
space M' — M* of forewiug as wide as in aristogiton, upper tail 4i mm.

Penis as in marmax, but the lateral patch of teeth just indicated ; penis-funnel
as in marmax.

Length of forewing : 38 mm.

(2) The same locality and time of the year as No. 1.

Wings, Kppei-side. Forewiug : median bars SC* — M^ feebly marked, bar D

black costally; discal bars and postdiscal tawny interspaces as in No. 1, but the
upper interspaces somewhat larger and less shaded with brown, discal, patch-like,
bar R' — R^ black, not dark tawny between veins ; admarginal orange-tawny line

well developed as in ordinary marmax and aristogiton. Hind wing : as in No. I,

tail a little shorter, yellow spot at anal angle distinct, snbmarginal white dots a little
smaller.

Underside of the tint of aristogiton, but admarginal interspaces of both wings
as yellow as in marmax, discal interspaces also with a trace of the yellow colour of
marmax ; median bar R^ — R^ of forewing and R^ — M' of hiudwing placed as in
marmax, median interspace M' — M- of forewing as white as in aristogiton, snbmar-
ginal, blackish, bar C — SC of hiudwing marked, but placed as far from the white
submarginal dot as in aristogiton, cell-spot 3 of hiudwing present (as in most
s])ecimeQS of kahruba').

Penis above denticulated as in aristogiton,hw.ii\ie lateral patch of teeth present;
penis-funnel as in aristogiton.

Length of forewing : 37 mm.

(3) A specimen from Chiengkong, S. Shan States, Siamese frontier, March
(ex coll. Watson).

Wi)igs, upperside. Forewing as in No. 3, but median bars more distinct,

discal bar R' — R^ as in No. 1, and postdiscal tawny spot SO* — SC* present, postdisco-
submarginal, black, patches somewhat heavier, orange-tawny line obsolete in middle.

Hiudwing with the postdisco-submarginal patches larger than in Nos. 1 and 2,

the upper two not separated, the others touching one another (except the last three),
white dots C — R' obscure, the following four absent ; edge of wing less sharply
dentate than in Nos. 1 and 2.

Underside as in aristogiton ; tail short, 2 mm. long.

Penis and penis-funnel as in aristogiton.

Length of forewing : 37 mm.

( 316 )

(4) A specimen from the Salween Valley, N. Shan States, 3000 ft. (ex. coll.
Watson).

Wings, upperside. Forewing as in marwax, median bars SC — R° very thin.

Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal patch C" — SO" with white dot, the following

withont white dots, second patch one-fourth larger than the first, patches R' — M*
gradually diminishing in size.

Underside as in aristogiton, median bar R* — R' of forewing closer to cell,
admarginal region of hindwing more yellow ; npjier tail short, very broad at base,
second tail scarcely indicated, dentition of wing obsolete.

Penis with some lateral teeth, dorsal teeth as in marmax, penis-funnel as in
aristogiton.

Length of forewing: 35J mm.

(5) A specimen without locality agrees with No. 4, it has, however, the outer
edge of the forewing more extended tawny yellow, the underside a little more
variegated with yellow ; cell with dot 3 present. Penis feebly denticulated above,
without lateral patch of teeth, penis-funnel as in aristogiton.

(tj) A specimen labelled " Shan States ? " has the median bars of the forewing
above well-marked ; the discal interspaces are paler than in marmax a,nd. aristogiton;
postdiscal tawny orange spots and discal bars as in aristogiton, but tawny spot SC —
SO' marked, margin all black, except before SM-, the tawny colour faintly vestigial
between veins. The postdisco-submarginal patches all large as in No. 3, second
only with a distinct white dot.

Underside as in No. 2, but admarginal interspaces less yellow ; tail short,
dentition not obsolete.

Penis nearly as in marmax.

Length of forewing : 39 mm.

Moore's adamsoni is based upon a single specimen from the Mepley Valley,
Upper Tenasserim, resembling specimen (2) ; the tawny interstitial spots SC^ — R*
of the forewing above are completely isolated, the black postdisco-submarginal
patches C — R- of the hindwing have no white centres and spots R' — SM- are minute.

9. Charaxes harmodius.

Charaxes hurmncthix Felder, Rchr Xoi-iini, Lrp. p. 445. n. 720 (18G7) (Java) ; Fruhstorf., Ent.

Nadir. XXIV. p. .'57 (1898).
Charaxes scylax, Butler (non Felder, 1867), Jouni. Lhm. Sm: Land. XXV. p. 397. d. 137 (1896)

(Java).
Charaxes {Haridra) aristogiton, '^ic&viUe, Journ. As. Soc. Seng. LXVI. 2. p. 552. n. 8(1897) (j/artim).

S . Wings above similar to those of Ch. marmax. Forewing : discal luniform

bars R" — SM" thin, the posterior ones often obsolete, bars SC^ — R^ varying in width,
the uppermost one often comjiletely fused with the postdisco-submarginal patches ;
postdiscal interspaces SC* — SM" always developed, the posterior ones wider than the
black postdisco-submarginal patches, interspace SO' — SO^ mostly filled up with
black ; of the postdisco-subniargiual patches patch R' — R" obvionsly smaller than
patches 80^ — R' and R^ — R^ all the patches separated from edge of wing, but the
middle ones often extending very close to it ; middle of wing paler than basal area.

Hindwing : median bar 0 — SC* or bars C — R" black, bar R'' — R^ seldom

vestigial ; submedian bar V, — SO^ black or brown, at least vestigial ; postdisco-
submarginal patch 0 — SO^ not, or not much, smaller than the following patch, the

( 317 )

other patches very variable in size, often tonching one another, sometimes well
separated, pointed distall\-, the snbmarginal portions black, the postdiscal portions
brown, sometimes obsolete, centre-parts brown ; white snbmarginal spots in most
specimens conspicuous, especially the upper two, spot C — SC^ never absent, large.

Underside tawny cinnamon rufous or ochraceous, the glossy ])arts with purplish
reflections, the discal interspaces of the same tint as the postdiscal ones, but more

or less glossy, not paler. Forewing : discal lunules more proximal than in the

allied aristogiton and marmax, the discal interspaces often narrower than the darker
median ones ; discal bars black, at least the posterior ones ; median interspace
M' — M- nearly as wide as median interspace M' — SAP, or about one-third narrower.

Hindwiug : glossy all over, except postdiscal and snbmarginal interspaces,

discal luniform bars black, placed as in marmax, lunule SC^ — R' being more
proximal than the one before it ; submarginal white dots seldom minute or obsolete,
the first never absent, the black submarginal dots C — R' seldom indicated ; the
glossy postdisco-submarginal band as broad as in aristogiton, the section C— SC'^
wider than in marmax ; admarginal line thin ; last discal lunule turning round,
at anal angle, to join the admarginal line ; upper tail 2 to 5 mm. long, second a
short tooth.

¥ . Resembling the ? of aristogiton.

Upperside : disc in the Palawan form very pale. Forewing : postdiscal inter-
spaces nearly as broad as in marmax, except upper ones, which are as in aristogiton ;
discal bars SC^ — R' either fused with postdisco-submarginal patches, or isolated,
and then bar 8C* — SC° not more proximal than bar SU^ — W ; postdisco-submar-
ginal patch R' — R- considerably smaller than patch SC^ — R'. Hindwing as in

aristogiton, upper two submarginal dots always large ; central and postdiscal portions
of postdisco-submarginal patches more or less obviously brown.

Underside either as in (J, with the proximal parts of the discal interspaces,
especially of the forewing, butfish,or much paler than J, except median interspaces,
which are darker, the discal interspaces entirel}' bnft-colour ; upper two white
submarginal spots of hindwing large ; upper tail spatulate, about S mm. long,
second a blunt but prominent tooth.

Length of forewing : S, 40 — 44 mm.
„ „ ,, ? , 45 — 51 mm.

Penis and penis-funnel as in aristogiton.

Hab. Java, Sumatra, and Palawan ; not yet known from Borneo, nor from the
Malay Peninsula, where the species most likely occurs.

The forms united here \mi\ev harmodiiis are evidently the insnlar representatives
of the Indian Ch. aristogiton. We should not hesitate in treating aristogiton as a
subspecies of Ch. harmodius, if it were quite beyond doubt that Ch. marmax (which
name is older than harmodius) is specifically distinct from aristogiton.

For the present, we consider it more opportune to keep harmodius specifically
apart, feeling the more justified in doing this as there are no intergradations between
aristogiton and harmodius known. Such intergradations can be expected to occur
in the Malay Peninsula, where as yet no representative has been obtained.

Ch. harmodius has generally been overlooked or misidentified by entomologists.
Herr Frnhstorfer {I.e.), drawing attention to the species in a note entitled : " Ein
arg verkaunter Charaxes ans dem Malayischen Archij)el," shortly criticises Staudiiiger,
Semper, Nic(5ville, and Hagen ; but unfortunately he makes himself a mistake in
maintaining that the specimens from Java, Sumatra and Palawan are identical.

( 318 )

There is no diflScnlty whatever in distinguishing the three subspecies from these
three islands.

a. Ch. harmodius harpagon.

Charaxes marmar Westw. var. harjmgoii Staudinger, Jrh II, p. 85 (1890) (Palawan).

Cfiaraxes inarmaj- var. harpugmi, Semper, Tiitif. Philijip. p. 33G. d. 520 (1892) (Palawan).

Charaxes harmodius, Butler {non Felder, 1867), Joum. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 398. n. 142 (1896)

(Palawan; " luirpagon manuscript name" ex errore U) ; Fruhst., Ent. Nachr XXIV p 57

(1898) (Palawan).
Haridra harjiagun, Moore, Lejj. Ind. II. p. 247 (1896) (Palawan).

<?. Wi//ps, upperside. Fore wing : median bars SC— R^ marked ; discal

Inniform bar SC^ — E' much thinner than the tawny postdiscal spot at its outside,
bar SC^— SC;-" fused with the postdisco-submarginal patch, smaller than in the other
subspecies, the black colour not extending so much i)roximad, tawny postdiscal spot

SC* — SC° sometimes vestigial. Hindwing : white submarginal dots C — R' larger

than in h. martinus and h. harmodius, central portion of the black patches in which
these dots are situated more or less tawny ; median bar SC- — R' present.

Underside ochraceous, with the median interspaces darker, bars faintly edged

with white. Forewing : white snbmarginal scaling forming two triangular patches

at apex of wing ; and thin dashes upon the folds between veins SC^— SM-.

Hindwing : postdiscal intersjiaces C— R' very wide, discal and jjostdiscal bars SC—
R' 6 to 6 mm. distant from one another, distance between bars R^ — M about 3 mm. ;
postdiscal bars indistinct, tawny, not black.

? . Wings aboce : discal interspaces creamy or yellow-buff. Forewing : discal

baud limited proximally by the median bars ; median bars SC^— R^very much closer
to cell than to discal lunules ; discal lunule SC^— SC* jnst in front of lunnle SC*— R',
not more proximal, sometimes very faint, tawny like the other lunules, not widened

out basad, lunule SC«— R' thin, not being heavier than the other lunules.

Hindwing : median bars C— R' heavy, bar R'— R-' also present as a short oblique
line ; discal band outwardly limited by faint indications of discal lunules ; upper
tail strongly spatulate.

Underside much paler than in c?, median interspaces brown, discal ones buff,
onter region more or less ochraceous ; postmedian bars of hindwing darker brown
than in cj.

Length of forewing ; 3, 40—42 mm.
)j ), „ ?, 51 mm.

Eab. Palawan, 4 <?c?, 2 ? ? (Dr. Platen).

This form reminds one by the pale tint of the upper- and underside of Ch.
marmax, of which Staudinger considered it to be a variety.

h. Ch. harmodius martinus Ruthsch., subsp. nov.

Charaxes marmax Westw. var. hurpugu,, Staudinger, Iris II. p. 85 (1890) (Sumatra ; mil

Palawan).
Charaxes {Haridra) aristogilu,,, Nic^ville & Martin (wot. Felder, 1867), Journ. As. Snc. Ikng.

LXIV. 2. p. 438. n. 264 (1895) (N.E. Sumatra) ; Nic^v., I.e. LXVI. 2. p. 552. n. 8 (1897)

(partim ; Sumatra).
Charaxes aristogiton, Hagen, Iris IX. p. 187. n. 250 (1896) (Karo, N.E. Sum.).
Charaxes harmodiw, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nadir. XXIV. p. 57 (1898) (pt. ; Sumatra).

(?. Winffs, upperside. Forewing: median bars SC*— R^ both strongly marked;

discal bar S("'— R' thinner than the tawny postdiscal spot at its distal side.

Hindwing : median bar SC"— R' black like bar C— SC^ bar R'— R^ vestigial.

( 319)

Underside: tawny cinnamon rufons, sometimes approaching in tint the pre-
ceding subspecies; bars conspicuously edged with white ; white submarginal scaling
prominent on forewing ; postdiscal interspaces of the hindwing (outside the discal
Innules nearly as broad as in harpagon, discal and postdiscal bars SC^— R' being
about 5 mm. distant from each other, interspaces R'— SM^ gradually becoming
thinner, inter8])ace R' — M' about three times as wide as interspace M- — SM'; post-
discal bars black, heavy, standing in an almost straight line, upper cues more
obviously luniform than the others.

?. Unknown ; most likely similar to S , with the discal interspaces of under-
side paler and the tail longer.

Length of forewing : <J, 40 — 42 mm.

Hab. Sumatra. In the Tring Museum, A, i S from the Bettak Mountains,
February, March, April, Ma^y, June, July (Dr. Martin); Gayoe Mountains, January,
May (Dr. Martin) ; Karo, January, September (Dr. Hagen).

Herr Fruhstorfer maintained {I.e.) that the Sumatra examples oiharmodius were
absolutely identical with those from Java ; in this he was wrong. We did not find
it difficult to distinguish all the Sumatran individuals that we have seen from an
equally long series of Java examples by the black discal bar SC° — R' of the forewing
above being thinner than the tawny interstitial patch at its outer side.

Martin's collectors found this insect only at higher elevations from Bekantschan
to the Central Plateau ; it is not very common (I.e.).

c. Ch. harmodius harmodius.

Charaxes harmodius Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 445. n. 726 (1867) (Java) ; But]., Trans. Ent.

Soc. Land. p. 121. n. 17 (1872) ; Fruhst., SHz.-Ber. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. p. 12 (1895) (Java) ; id.,

Ent. Nwhr. XXIII. p. 236 (1897) (Java ; descr. of ? !) ; id., Bed. Ent. Zeitschr. XLI. p. 301

(1897) (Java) ; id., Eut. Nachr. XXIV. p. 57 (1898) (pt. ; Java).
Charaxes sci/lax Butler (noii Felder, 1867), Journ. Linn. Soc. Lorul. XXV. p. 397. n. 137 (1896)

(Java).

(?. Resembles h. martimis, but differs as follows :

Upperside. Forewing : median bar R' — R- faint, discal bar SC' — R'

developed to a large black patch which is at least twice as wide as the tawny post-
discal spot at its distal side, discal bar SC"— SC" completely fused with postdisco-
submarginal patch, the black colour more protruding proximad than in the other
subspecies of harmodius, the interspace between median bar SO" — R' and black
disco-submarginal markings about one-half or one-third as wide as the interspace
between that bar and the cell, while in h. martinus the bar stands about midway
between cell and disco-submarginal jjatches, and in k. harpagon somewhat closer to

cell than to discal Innules. Hindwing : median bar SO" — R' vestigial only, tawny

or brown, not black.

Under-side as in /(. martimis, but postdiscal interspaces of hindwing narrower,
the discal and postdiscal bars R^ — SM^ especially close together, upper postdiscal
bars in most specimens straight or almost so, seldom luniform.

? . Similar to S.

Upperside : discal interspaces of forewing more yellowish than basal area of

wing, discal lunules R' — M' more blackish. Hindwing : discal interspace C — SC*

whitish, interspace SC^ — R' pale buff-yellow.

Underside : discal interspaces with bufi' patches at median bars ; postdiscal
black bars of hindwing heavier than in c? ; tail 7 mm. long, slightly spatnlate.

( 320 )

Length of forewing : cj, 40 — 44 mm.

„ ,, ? , 45 mm.

Hab. Java. In the Tring Museum 9 Si,\ ? from: "Java"; Sukabumi,
2000 ft. (Frahstorfer) ; Mount Gede, 400U ft. (Prillwitz).

lu. Charaxes amycus.

Cltaraxes amycus Felder, Wien. Ent. Mon. V. p. 303. n. 21, (J (1861) (Luzon) ; id., Reise Novnra,
Lep. p. 441. n. 719 (1867) (^g Luzon ; ? xpej;. alt.) ; Semp., Trig/'. Philipp. p. 80. n. 101 (1887)
(Luzon, Bohol, Camotes, Camiguin de Mindanao, Mindanao).

I^ymphalh polyxeim var. i. C.umycus, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 272. sub n. 62 (1871) (pt.).

c?. Wings above richer taway than in marmax and aristoqiton, in the forms

from Luzon and Mindoro somewhat shaded with olive. Forewing : median bars

SC^ — R° mostl}' joined along veins to black outer area, which extends always to
upper end of bar SC^— R' or farther basad ; discal bars R- — SM^ very variable,
dark tawny or black, the last one sometimes obsolete, bars SC — R^ always develojjed
to j)atche8, sometimes tawny brown, not black ; postdiscal tawny spots SC — SM^
always developed, the second and third sometimes very small, spot SC — SC* seldom
faintly vestigial ; postdisco-marginal, purplish black, band extending to internal
margin, the last partition often separated by the tawny vein SM^, the other veins
show some tawny scaling at ends, but there is never a tawny marginal line, not even

at hinder angle. Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal ])atches C — R' nearly all

fused together to a band, or patches R' — SM- isolated ; white submarginal dot G —
SO* never quite absent, but often obscure, generally smaller than dot SO^ — R' as in
Ck. marmax ; admarginal line mostly very prominent, better marked than in
marmax and aristogiton at least between veins.

Underside dift'erent in tint in the three subspecies, resembling on the whole
that of aristogiton and harmodius harpagoii ; discal interspaces of both wings glossy

as in aristogiton. Forewing : submedian and median bars R' — SM' ou the whole

more oblique than in the allies. Hindwing : discal and postdiscal series of bars

atraighter than in marmax, agreeing in this respect with typical aristogiton and
harmodius ; median and submedian bars M' — SM- farther apart than in the allies ;
tails very variable in length, in Mindanao individuals sometimes reduced to short
teeth.

? . Wings, iipperside either tawny olive or nearly orange oohraceons. Fore-
wing : discal bars R' — SM- luuiform, bar R- — R' either also Inniform or extended
basad behind R*, bars SO* — R^ developed to patches, which are black or tawny,
and are joined to the black outer area along veins ; median bars SO'' — R- (seldom
absent) closer to those patches than to apex of cfeU ; postdiscal interspaces orange
ochraceous or cream-buff, all developed, but sjiot S( '^ — S(J'' iu the Mindoro form only
vestigial ; discal interspaces filled up by a creamy butf or orange ochraceous band,
which anteriorly extends basad to bar D and median bar R^ — R' ; veins within
black marginal area more or less orange tawny, sometimes with orange tawny

scaling between veins, or veins quite black. Hindwing : disc very faintly paler

in front than behind, median bars C — R- absent (but showing through from below),
or the upper one vestigial ; white submarginal dots all present ; postdisco-sub-
marginal patches R' — SM'' becoming gradually smaller, patch SG* — R' much larger,
fused with patch G — SG".

Underside : creamy butf or buff yellow, median as well as outer portions of

( 321 )

discal interspaces more or less brown, bnt interspace between median bars SC° — R^

of forewing and cell of the same light colour as the discal interspaces. Forewing:

median bar R' — M' midway between most proximal point of discal bar R' — M' and

base of M' or closer to the latter. Hindwing : discal Inniform bars C — R' evenly

arched, not almost angle-shaped ; discal interspaces C — R' twice as wide as the
respective median interspaces ; two tails, upper one spatulate, 7 to 9 mm. long,
second curved costad, 6 to 7 mm. long.

Length of forewing : S, 34 — 39 mm.
„ „ ?, 42— 48 mm.

Penis with a lateral patch of teeth as in marmax; penis-funnel, however, as
broad as in aristogifon.

Hub. Philippine Islands, apparently on all the islands of the group.

The race from Mindanao is so different, especially in the ¥ , from those found
on Mindoro and Luzon, that we should have treated it as specifically distinct, if we
had not a 7nale specimen from Mindanao which resembles the Mindoro individuals
more than the extreme Mindanao examples. Besides, caroltis, amycua and georgius
are clearly geographical representatives of one another ; we must, therefore, expect
that iutergradatious also between the females will be found when more material
from all the islands of the Philippine group has come to hand.

Drs. Staudinger and Butler made a mistake in identifying the Mindanao insect
with the form described by Felder, which came from Luzon. This erroneous
identification misled Dr. Staudinger to describe the Mindoro form, which is very
slightly difl'erent from that inhabiting Luzon, as a distinct species. Dr. Butler, in
his revision of the genns r^«;r/ic('«, brings the Mindoro race^fo;y?'«« in the '■^ psaphon
group," while the Mindanao race stands under the name of amycus in the " marmax
group."

Gh. amycus connects the allies of Ch. marmax with those of Ch. polyxena.

a. Ch. amycus carolus Rothsch., subsp. nov.

Charaxes Imiaivura Butler, Lep. Exvt. p. 99. n. 6. t. 37. f. 2, ? (1872) (no loc, J ; ^J = marmax).
Charaxes amycus, Semper (iwn Felder, 1867), Tat^f. PhiUpp. p. 80. n. 101 (1887) (Camiguin de

Mind. ; Mindanao ; " Bohol," " Camotes," huec mbsp. ?) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV.

p. 397. n. 138 (1896) (Davao, S.E. Mindanao).

S. Wings above rich tawny orange. Forewing : median bars R- — M'- ves-
tigial, the last often absent, or bars R-— M' black, but short and thin and not curved,
median bars SO' — R- often tawny ; discal bars R=— SM- thin, often tawny brown,

sometimes not arched, the last one often very faint. Hindwing : postdisco-sub-

marginal patches R' — R' very much smaller than patches C — R\ but in one example
as in the following subspecies.

Underside : median bars R^ — M' of both wings continuous, or R= — R' a little
more proximal ; postdiscal interspace SC" — R' of hindwing about as wide as
respective discal interspaces ; tails very variable in length, upper one 2 to 4 mm.,
second 1| to 3| mm.

? . Wings abore orange ochraceous, discal area of forewing somewhat paler.

Forewing : median bars feeble, often vestigial only, sometimes absent ; discal bars
often all tawny, postdiscal interspaces of the same colour as disc, s])ot SC^ — SC well
marked ; bar D sometimes vestigial only ; veins within black postdisco-marginal
area with orange ochraceous scaling. Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal patches

( 322 )

Ri — M' isolated, pointed distall.v, their snbmarginal parts black npon internervnlar
folds : white submarginal dots somewhat linear, but not half so long as the cellules
are broad, except the upper two.

Underside : lighter parts buff-yellow, this colour often occupying the greater

part of the wings. Forewing : median bars R^ — M' continuous, or nearly so ;

median interspaces M' — SJP considerably narrower than the respective discal ones ;
postdiscal, blackish, ill-defined, inconspicuous patches SC^ — M- about one-third the

way from the edge of the pale tawny orange marginal band to the discal luuules.

Hindwing : white submarginal dots C — R^ larger than the others, all rather sharply
defined ; postdiscal interspace SC^ — R^ very little smaller, or even larger, interspace
C'—SC- always larger, than the resj)ective greyish postdisco-submiirginal patches;
upper tail 8 to 0 mm. long, second 6i to 7 mm.

Length of forewing : S, 36 — 39 mm.
„ „ „ 9 , 44—48 mm.

Hab. Mindanao (t>/pe) and Camiguin de Mindanao. In the Tring Museum
3 (Jc?,l ? from Mindanao ; several ? 9 from Mindanao in Dr. Staudinger's collection.

The specimens from Bohol and Camotes recorded by Semper as amycus belong
perhaps to this race, or may be intermediate between carolus and amyous ; we have
not seen any examples from those islands. AVe have no doubt that the individuals
from Camiguin de Mindanao are carolus.

b. Ch. amyous georgius.

Charaxes georgius Staudinger, Iria V. p. 262 (1892) (Mindoro) ; Semp., Tagf. Philipp. p. 335. n. 519
(1892) (pt. ; Mindoro) ; Butl., Joum. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 391. n. 121 (1896) (Mindoro).

cJ. Wingis above tawny orange, much shaded with olive brown. Forewing :

median bars SC°— M^ strongly developed, the last of them seldom feeble, bar
M'— (SM') also developed as a rule, bars R' — M- luniform, bar R" — R' very much
nearer cell than bar R^ — M' ; discal bars R- — SM" rather thin, black or brown, very
much thinner than the tawny orange spots at their distal side ; black border of wing
posteriorly broader than in the preceding subspecies, being between M' and M- three
times as wide as the respective postdiscal, tawny orange interspace ; veins more

or less black from cell to black area, especially in front. Hindwing : postdisco-

snbmarginal patches almost gradually decreasing in size abdominad, the upper four
fnsed together or touching each other, patches R' — M^ pointed distally, sometimes
produced to the admarginal line, which is conspicuous ; discal Innule C — SC*
vestigial.

Underside: median bar R^— M' much more distal than bar R-— R'' on both
wings ; postdiscal interspaces C. — R' of hindwing very much smaller than the
respective discal ones ; tails of about equal length, upper one 5 to 5^ mm., second
4| to 5 mm.

?. \V//ii/s abote tawny olive. Forewing : less falcate than in carolus, discal

band and postdiscal spots creamy buff'; median bars R^— M^ heavy, black, bars
R^ — M'' more or less strongly luniform, bars SC* — R- much thinner, sometimes
obsolete ; discal bars R' — SM'' thin, but sharply defined, black or brownish black,
strongly arched, bar R= — R^ also curved, but dilated basad behind R^ bars SC* — R^
developed to one large black patcli which is about as wide at R- as at SU°, fused

with the black outer area ; postdiscal creamy but!' spot SO*— SC° vestigial.

Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal patches larger than in carolus, close to the

( 323 )

admarginal, cons{)icnons line, tlie Llaek scaling extending close to the discal lunnle
C — SC^, which shines through from below, snbmarginal parts of patches deep black,
this colour forming regular lunnles or angle-shaped markings, central parts greyish,
postdiscal parts of patches R' — M^ often obsolete ; white snbmarginal spots larger
than in carolus, longer than half the width of the cellules.

Underside cream}' buff, variegated in the usual way witli olive-brown ; median
bar W — M' much more distal on both wings than bar R- — R^ ; white snbmarginal
scaling on fore- and hindwing more extended than in carolus. Forewing : post-
discal, brown, indistinctly defined patches R'^ — M^ about midway between discal
lunnles and outer edge of white snbmarginal scaling, much more proximal than in

carolus. Hindwing : postdiscal interspace SC'^ — R' about half the size of the

respective postdisco-submarginal glossy jjatch ; black snbmarginal dots much closer
to admarginal line than in carolus.

Length of forewing : c?, 34 — 39 mm.
?, 42— 43 mm.

Hab. Mindoro. In the Tring Museum 6 c? (^, 3 ? ? from : " Mindoro " (Platen);
Mt. Dulangan, 4 to 5000 ft., November 189.5 to January 1896 (J. Whitehead) ; low
lands, November 1895 to January 1896 (J. Whitehead).

c. Ch. amycus amycus.

Charaxes amycus Felder, Wien. Ent. Mm. V. p. 303. n. 21, J (1861) (Luzon) ; But]., Proc. Zovl.
Soc. Loud. p. 636. n. 55 (1865) (Philipp.) ; Feld., Rehe Novara, Lep. p. 441. n. 719 (1867)
{Luzon (J; not S = Imia) ; Semp., Tiuif. Pliilipp. p. 80. n. 101 (1887) (pt., Luzon).

Charaxes antonius Semper, I.e. sub n. 100 (1887) (Guimaras J , haec snbsp. ?).

Charaxes georgius, Semper, I.e. p. 335. n. 519 (1892) (pt. ; Polillo, Guimaras, haec subsp.?).

c?. Very close to amijcus georgius, but the black colour of the upper side more

extended. Forewing : discal bars R" — M- heavy, wider than the tawny postdiscal

s])ots, disc shaded at the base with brown ; black marginal area at least as wide

behind as in georgius. Hindwing : jiostdisco-submarginal patches less pointed

distally than in georgius, the upper five (or nearly all) fused together ; disco-mar-
ginal area generally darker tawny than in the other two subspecies.

Underside on the whole somewhat darker than in georgius.

?. Unknown.

Ilab. Luzon. In the Tring Museum A S 6 from : " Luzon" (Lorqnin, type) ;
N. Luzon (J. Whitehead).

The sjiecimen described as amijcus ? by Felder was said to be from Celebes ;
it bears on the pin one of Felder's labels on which is written : " Celebes, coll. v.
d. C!apellen, type." The specimen does not belong to amijcus, nor is it from Celebes,
but is an individual of the Javan Ch. polyxena bai/a. The ? from Polillo is,
according to Semper, the same as georgius, but we have some doubt that this is so ;
a close comparison will most likely reveal similarly slight differences between the
Polillo ? ¥ and those oi georgius from Mindoro, as are found in the cJcJ from Luzon
{amycus) and Mindoro {georgius).

The Guimaras ? first recorded by Semper as a sjiecimen of antonius is badly
preserved ; it represents jierliaps a race intermediate between amycus and carolus,
judging from the geographical jiosition of the locality.

( 324 )

i'. (?, postdiscal tawny interspace R^ — E' of forewing smaller than the
black patch at its proximal side, or absent ; ? , discal bar R' — R' of
forewing above mnch heavier than posterior discal bars, about
midway between outer margin and median bar R' — R', or nearer
the latter. Poli/.tena group.

The forms of Ckaraxes we are now going to deal with are more perplexing than
any others. We can roughly divide them into two groups, according as the males
have a white discal band on forewing, or not. On the islands of Palawan, Borneo
and Sumatra, in the Malay Peninsula, and in China, there occur both a banded and
a not-banded form without there being found any intergraduate s])ecimens between
the two. We must, therefore, conclude, for want of evidence showing the reverse to
be true, that in those localities the two forms are j)erfectly independent of one
another, or, in other words, belong to two distinct species. But if we examine the
material from Burma and North India, we find no longer two well-separated forms,
but meet with a great number of different-looking insects which entomologists have
been at pains to describe as distinct species, but which are all connected with one
another by intergradations. However, if we group the individuals again according
to the presence or absence of a white discal band on the forewing of the males, we
observe that the number of specimens which have the band more or less vestigial
and connect the two groups of individuals comjiletely is much smaller than the
number of specimens of either grouji. We have vainly endeavoured to find
characters in the sexual organs by which the forms could be constantly separated.

Have we then to deal with one, two or more " species " in North India and
Burma ? It might be suggested that the intergraduate specimens were hybrids.
But that explanation is not admissible, (1) because the number of " hybrids " would
be much too large, hybrids being rare, if not produced in confinement ; (2) because
the fact that no intergraduates between the banded and not-banded forms of Sumatra
and Borneo, whence large material has come to Europe, are known, speaks entirely
against the Burmese and North Indian " species " hybridizing so freely. Hence we
disregard this assumption of general interbreeding of " two species " altogether, and
consider all the numerous forms known from Burma and N. India as specifically
identical. Some authors have avoided the difficulty presented by the insects in
question by 2)ickiug out certain specimens as specifically distinct and including the
intermediate examples arbitrarily into one or the other of those "species" ; others
preferred enumerating the insects as a dozen or more " species," but lea\Tng it
doubtful whether the " species " were all distinct. We agree with those who
suggested, like Watson and Elwes, that the insects in question belonged all to one
and the same very variable species. To clear up the matter entirely as regards
the specific identity of the various Burmese and North Indian forms, it is necessary
to rear the insects from the eggs of ? ? which have copulated with S <S that are
similar to them in colour. It would be a long stej) forward if one of the officers
in Burma who takes an interest in Natural Science would try to obtain eggs from
one ? , rear the insects, and send the ? , together with the oftspring, carefully
marked, to a public collection or to an expert.

There is one other point to be noted. The individuals which are intermediate
between the banded and not-banded forms are mostly small specimens, being not
only rarer, but on an average also decidedly less robust than the forms which
approach the extremes in colour. Therefore, if it is true that we have to do only

( 325 )

with one variable, polj'chromatic, species, we may say that this species is in a
process of being evolved into a dimorphic species by the elimination of the inter-
mediate links. But it is surely fntile to speculate any further on this subject,
before we know precisely the life-history of the insects.

However, by uniting the various North Indian and Burmese examples to one
species, we create another difficulty, respecting the Chinese and Malayan forms.
For if we assume, as we are bound to do with our present incomplete knowledge,
that forms like khasianus and eorax are the same species, it would only be con-
sistent to regard also the banded and not-banded specimens from Sumatra, Borneo,
etc., as individuals of a dichromatic species. This, however, we cannot do, as
regards the Malayan insects, because the banded Malayan forms are all well-defined,
being, so far as we know, constantly different from the Indian banded individuals,
while the not-banded extra-Indian individuals are in the male sex not always distin-
guishable from the Indian not-banded specimens. Therefore we think it justifiable
to treat the Malayan banded forms as specifically distinct, whereas we must
include the forms with not-banded c?c? in the same species to which the various
banded and not-banded Indian forms belong. The Chinese banded and not-banded
males we consider also to be specifically identical ; it is true, there is no complete
chain of intermediate specimens known, but the material in collections is so scanty
and shows yet so much variability that the course we adopt is the best to follow at
present.

The South Indian and Ceylonese Ch. psaphon is only a geographical offshoot of
the species under discussion, but we treat it nevertheless as a distinct species,
because it is apparently always well distinguishable in both sexes from all other
forms. Ch. psaphon is, moreover, in so far of particular interest as the S is not-
banded, while the ? agrees to a certain extent better with the ? ? of the banded
than with those of the not-banded forms, and might therefore be called a rejwesenta-
tive of the banded as well as of the not-banded Malayan species. It is, however,
possible that a larger material from the North-West Himalayas and Nepal of the form
called hemana, of which we have seen only a few individuals, will contain gradations
from hemana, to psaphon, in which case psaphon will sink as a subspecies of the
variable Indo-Malayan Ch. polyxena.

11. Charaxes polyxena.

5 . Pap'dio Eques Achiviis polyxena Cramer, Pup. Exot. I. p. 85. t. 54. f. A.B. (1775) (China ; ? ,

mutilatfcl).
? . Papilio Eques Achirus bernardus Fabricius, EhI. Syst. III. 1. p. 72. n. 223 (1893) (China) (1775)

(China, ? ).

cJ. Wings, upperside. Forewing : black outer area broad, at least in front,

the black discal lunnles merged together with it, but Innnles M' — SM" sometimes
almost separate, occasionally obsolete ; postdiscal tawny or white interspace M- —
SM* seldom filled up with black scaling, the other postdiscal iutersj)aces often also
more or less marked, but interspace B? — R^ always very much smaller than the
discal portion R^ — R' of the black area at its proximal side, and situated halfway
between median bar R' — R^ and outer margin of wing ; discal interspaces varying

from being bluish white to being concolorous with the basal area. Hindwing less

dentate than in marmax and allies, tooth M' less prominent.

Underside : discal bars SC* — SC* of forewing about a third the way between

( 326 )

mediau bars aud outer margin of wing, being like tlie other median bars much more
j)roximal than in nuirmax and allies.

? . Wings, upperside. Forewing : black discal bars R'— SM-' more or less

thin, arched, joined at veins to the black postdisco-marginal band ; postdiscal inter-
space R' — R- a third the way between outer margin and median bar R' — R-, more
distal than spot R- — R^, generally smaller than the black discal patch standing at
its proximal side, but occasionally larger, buffish or white like the other postdiscal
interstitial spots and the discal band, discal bars SC — R- very much heavier than
bars R' — SM-, mostly merged together with the black outer area excejrt for post-
discal interstitial spots SC^ — R- or SC — R*.

Underside : discal bars SC* — R' of furewiug very much nearer the median bars
than outer margin.

Length of forewing : cj, 32 — 48 mm.
„ „ ? , 43 — 58 mm.

The denticnlation of the penis is individually variable ; in the more robust
specimens the teeth are generally heavier than in the smaller specimens and more
numerous before the apex standing here mostly in two irregular rows.

llab. From N.W. India to China, Palawan and .Java.

The Ckaraxes figured by Cramer, I.e., from Cinua, is doubtless & female of this
species with the tails broken off ; aud Fabricius's bernardus is also this species, as
the description and Donavan's figure prove. Moore, in Lep. Ind. 11. p. 246, refers
the name of bernardus to a white-banded Chinese species, but in that he is surelv
wrong, as Fabricius describes the forewing as having a yellow band. The name of
bernardus was published eighteen years aXt&v polyxena.

The males of all the forms of Ck. polyxena are very partial to decaying fruits,
dung, and assemble often in great numbers on damp places of roads in and near the
forest. The females do not share the habit, aud are consequently much less often
caught. The sap of trees is a great attraction for the cJ cf ; they come also to
sugar, which can be used as bait.

a. Ch. polyxena bajula.

(J ? . Ckaraxes bui/a Moore var. ? bajula Staudinger, Iris 11. p. 86 (1889) (Palawan).
Haridra bajula, Moore Lep. Ind. II. p. 248 (1895) (Palawan).

Churaxes corax dwarfed form = batjula, Staud. in litt. (sic !) Batler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV.
p. 391. sub n. 120 (1896) (Palawan).

S. Wings above, basi-discal area rather brighter orange than in repetitus aud

baya, uniform in colour. Forewing : median bars SC*-" — R'' absent or slightly

vestigial, bars R- — M- marked, or just traceable ; black outer area only 9 to 11 mm.
wide between R' and R-, somewhat produced basad behind R- and before SC ; discal
bar M-— SIP vestigial, tawny, tlie tawny orange patch separated by it from the
basi-discal area 2 mm. broad, bar M' — M- tawny or black, in the latter case merged
together with the black area, but there remains generally a small tawny orange
spot at its distal side. Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal patches C — R^ con-
tiguous, their postdiscal (proximal) portions developed, patches C — R' together
convex proximally, their edge well defined, uot produced iiroximad at veins, white
dots in centre of patches R' — M', dots C — R' much larger than the others.

Underside apparently less variable, rather paler ferruginous tawny than in the
allied forms ; discal bars of both wings less arched, white borders of bars feeble.

? . Wings above, basal area pale orauge bufl', paler than in the other subspecies

(327 )

of polyxena. Forewing : median bars R- — M' more or less marked, but bars

SC* — R^ not present, or very faiatl}' indicated ; disc pale buff yellow, paler in front
than behind ; discal barsi M' — SM- faintly indicated as orange buff lunules, the
respective postdiscal interspaces therefore not clearly separated from the discal area,
the same is the case with interspace R' — R^, the black area convex between
M.^ and SM^, but incised at (SM'), also convex between the veins from R^ — M-,
more produced proximad between R- and M\ sinuate between R' and R^, here only
6 — 7 mm. broad ; postdiscal interspace SC* — R' sometimes separated from the

discal area. Hindwing : discal area pale buff yellow in front ; median bars

O -R2 marked ; postdisco-submarginal patches all with the proximal portions
developed, hence the white dots within the patches, patch R^ — R' a little larger
than patch R' — R-, white dots large, especiall}' upper two.

Underside as in the palest specimens of repetitus, median interspaces of
forewing less brown, much shaded with buff; discal interspaces R' — SM^ of fore-
wing much broader than median ones ; tail short, rounded at tip, not spatulate.

Length of forewing : J, 35 — 37 mm.
„ „ ?, 41 mm.

Eab. Palawan. In the Tring Museum 2 i S, 1 ?.

b. Ch. polyxena fervens.

$ . Charaxes polyxemi, Weymer (nun Cramer, 1775), Stett. Eiit. Zeit. p. 269 (188j) (Nias).
(J. CJiaraxes psajihon, id. {/ion Westwood, 1848), I.e. (Nias).

(J. Charaxes fervens Butler, Jourii. Linn. Snc. Lund. XXV. p. 396. n. 134 (1896) (Nias).
¥ . an raxes fervens, Lathy, Entom. XXI. p. 228 (1898) (Nias).

S. Wings above as in bright specimens of repetitus. Forewiug : median

bars not marked ; black outer area variable in width in front, always very narrow
behind, measuring about 5 mm. behind BI^, and 18 to 21 mm. at R', sometimes inter-
rupted at (SM'), in which case the tawny admarginal patch M- — SM^ is connected
with the liasi-postdiscal area ; discal bar M" — SM" absent, or indicated as a faint
tawny lunnle, bar M' — M^ black in upper half, bar R^ — M' also black, mostly
completely merged together with the black area ; tawny postdiscal interstitial
spot R'— R^ sometimes present. Hindwing : proximal portions of postdisco-
submarginal patches R' — SM'' absent, hence white dots at proximal side of the
remaining submarginal portions of the black patches, size of these patches variable,
but patch R'— R- smaller than the following two or three.

Underside bright ferruginous tawny, discal interspaces paler proximally, bars
very prominent, especially on account of their conspicuous white borders, discal
bars regularly arched, on the whole more deeply concave than in the other forms

oi polyxena. Forewing : position of bars as variable as in repetitus and other

subspecies of poli/xena, but median bars R- — SM- rather more often continuous ;
white submarginal scaling prominent, distally generally limited by black scaling.

Hindwing : admarginal interspaces ochraceous, submarginal black, blue, white

spots prominent ; tail 4 — 7 mm. long.

? . Resembling certain ? ? of repetitus. Wings ahore, discal area white, with
a yellow tint, more distinctly yellow buff at internal margin of forewing, on
hindwing the pale colour gradually merging between R^ and M' into the tawny

colour of the basi-discal area. Forewing : median bars SC'-*— M^ marked ;

discal bars R' — M" very thin, deeply arched, the postdiscal interspace M' — M- nearly

( 328 )

as broad in middle as the black outer area, discal bar M- — SM" faiutly vestigial,
bar R' — R' rather heavier, the postdiscal spot at its distal side small, two more

postdiscal spots in black area between SC* and Rl Hindwing : postdiscal

portions of postdisco-snbmargiual patches tawny olive, not black, the patches larger
than in repetitits except patches C — R' ; white submargiual dots long.

Underside, discal, great part of postdiscal, a jwrtiou of the snbmediau inter-
spaces of both wings and the admarginal interspaces of the hindwing more or
less maize j'ellow ; discal bars deejdy arched ; tawny ochraceons marginal band
of forewing about 5 mm. broad at R', here wider than in repetitus ; tawny russet
postdiscal half-moons of hiudwiug with few black scales at outer side ; tawny
admarginal line of hindwing very prominent ; tail R^ slightly widened before end,
rounded at tip, tail IP indicated by a sharp tooth.

Length of forewing : S , 43 — 46 mm.
„ „ ? , 57 mm.

Hab. Nias. In the Tring Museum, 6 cJcJ, 1 ?.

This large form of polyxena is fairly constant ; the conspicuously marked
underside distinguishes it from all other forms of poli/xena. Ch. polyxena fervens
does not seem to be rare, as we have seen several dozens of it.

c. Ch. polyxena baya.

Nymphalis haya Moore, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Ins. Mnis. E. I.C.I, p. 207. n. 424 (1867) (Java:

not " N. India," nor larva and chrysalis) ; Pagenst., Jalirb. Xass. Ver. Nal. XLIII. p. 97. n. 64

(IS'.IO) (E. Java).
Charaxes bat/a, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lmut. p. 636. n. 5,S. t. 37. f. 5, ,J (1865) (Java ; not

" Borneo " and " India ") ; Druce, ibid. p. 346 (1873) (Java) ; Butl., Jnurn. Linn. Soc. Land.

XXV. p. 391. n. 119 (1896) (pt. ; Java).
J . Charaxes amyous Felder, Reise Nofiiru, Lrp. p. 441. n. 71'.l (1867) (pt. ; ? , " Celebes " loc. err.).
Charaxes scylax Felder, Heise Norara, Lep. p. 442. n. 720 (1867) (Java) ; But)., Tr. Enl. Soc. LmuL

p. 120. n. 11 (1870) (= baya).
Nymphalis j>olyxe}ia var. h. C. baya, Kirby, Cat. iJiurn. Lep. p. 272. sub n. 52 (1871) (pt. ; Java).
Nymphalis polyxena var. j. C. scylax, id.. I.e. (Java).
Nymphalis polyxena, Pagenstecher, I.e. n. 65 (1890) (E. Java, July).
Charaxes 2'olixeiui, Snellen, Tijdschr. r. Ent. XXXIII. p. 290. n. 26 (1890) (pt. ; Java).
Haridra scylax, Moore, Lep. Lid. II. p. 247 (1895) (Java),
Haridra baya, id., /.<•. p. 248 (1895) (Java).
Charaxes baja (!), Fruhstorfer, Berl.Ent. Zeitschr. XLI. p. 302(1896) (Java ; —scyllax ! loco sylax).

c?. Winc/s above. — Forewing : black outer area broader between M- and internal
margin and narrower between R' and JP than in re pet it as, black discal liuiiform
spots R^ — SM" close to the black band, of the tawny iiostdiscal interspaces only the
last one to four developed, but sjjots R' — R' sometimes vestigial ; median bars
SC*' — R'' seldom absent, seldom entirely merged together with the black area, as a
rule separated from the latter by a doable tawny i)atch, but joined posteriorly to it
behind R^, where the black area is dilated basad; disc between cell and black outer

area near costal margin sometimes rather pale. Hindwing : postdisco-snbmargiual

patches gradually smaller behind, the postdiscal portions of patches IP — M* not
absent, though not so large as the snbmarginal portions, the white dots consequently
within the black ])atches, that of patch R' — IP nearer the outer than the inner edge
of the patch; black scaling more or less extending basad along SC.

Underside variable as in the allied forms ; median interspaces R^ — !SM^ of the
forewing on the whole wider than the discal ones, while in repetitus the reverse is
generally the case ; second tail well indicated, rather longer than in repetitus, those

( 329 )

Sumatran specimens of that subspecies excepted which are specially mentioned
under d.

?. Wings above olive tawny, variable in the depth of the olive tint.

Forewing: median bars SC"^ — R^ and upper part of bar D merged together to a rather
large triangular patch, to which is joined the median bar W — R' ; discal band
varying from creamy white to pale buffish yellow, ochraceous beyond SM^ ; discal
bars R' — SM- rather thin, dark tawny olive, not black ; postdiscal interspaces
SC* — SM^ all marked as a rule, but interspaces SO* — R' and R^ — R' sometimes

absent. Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal patches closer to outer margin than in

polyxena repetitus, their proximal portions at least vestigial, that of patch R' — R''
well marked, hence this patch especially larger than in repetitus.

Underside similar to repetitus, but the brown median band of forewing
anteriorly limited by cell-bar 4 and median bars SC^— R^ while in repetitus the
interspace between median bars SC — R^ and bar D is buff colour ; hindwing with
two tails, the first strongly dilated at end, 8 mm. long, the second curved costad,
obliquely and obtusely cut off, 6 to 7 mm. long.

Length of forewing : $, 36 — 41 mm.
?, 43—45 mm.

Hah. Java. In the Triug Museum 18 cfc?, 5 ? ? from: "Java" (type of
scylax) ; S. Java, 1500 ft. (H. Fruhstorfer) ; Mt. Gede, 4000 ft. (Prillwitz) ;
Sukabumi, 2000 ft. (H. Fruhstorfer).

The ? described by Felder as that sex of amycus and said to be from Celebes
agrees with the ¥ ? of baya, and is certainly a Java specimen.

d. Ch. polyxena repetitus.

$ . Charaxes borneensia, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 16. n. 7. ? (1869) (Borneo, $ , non cJ).

Charaxes harpax. Distant (rton Felder, 1867), Rhop. Mai. p. 109. n. 8. t. 13. f. 1 ^ (1883) (Prov.

Wellesley, Mai. Pen.) ; Nic^v., Butt, of Ltd. II. p. 288. n. 581 (1886) (pt. ; Prov. Wellesley ;

Borneo) ; Hagen, Iris, IX. p. 187. n. 249 (1896) (N.E. Sum.) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Hoc. Land.

XXV. p. 390. n. 118 (1896) (pt. ; Borneo ; Sumatra); Bartl., Note Book of Sarawak II. p. 68.

n. 125 (1896).
Charaxes polixena, Snellen {)wn Cramer, 1775), Tijdsckr. v. Erit. XXXIII. p. 290. n. 26 (1890)

(Billiton). ♦

Charaxes polyxena, id., in Snellemann, Midd. Sumatra II. p. 16 (1892).
Charaxes {Haridra) harpax, Nici'ville and Martin, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LXIV. 2. p. 437. n. 263

(1895) (N.E. Sumatra).
Haridra harpax, Moore, Lep. Lid. II. p. 237. t. 174. f. li. Ic. ? (1895) (pt. ; Mai. Pen. ; Sumatra ;

Borneo).
Charaxes baya, Butler {non Moore, 1857), Jount. Limi. Soc, Land. XXV". p. 391. n. 119 (1896)

(Sarawak ; non Java) ; Bartl., I.e. n. 126 (1896).
Charaxes repetitus Butler, I.e. p. 392. n. 123(1896) (Sarawak, (^).
Charaxes ajax Fawcett, Ann. Mag. N.B. (6) XX. p. 112 (1897) (Battak Mts., Sumatra, June,

July).

cj. We cannot find any constant character by which to distinguish all the males
from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, the Natuna Islands, and Borneo from the
continental Ch. polyxena hierax S-f. corax. Major Fawcett described individuals
from the Battak Mountains, Sumatra, as a new species, Ch. ajax ; we have
compared a number of specimens from that locality, but failed to see that the
greater percentage of them were any more different from the examples from the
lowlands of Sumatra or from Borneo than the specimens from either of these latter

23

( 330 )

localities are inter se, though some individuals have a slightly different aspect ou
account of the larijer postdisco-suhmarginal patches of the hiudwiug. Dr. Butler's
repedtus from Borneo is based upon an individual in which the discal and median
interspaces of the forewing above are whitish buff in the costal region ; transitions
from the ordinary Bornean examples to this form, which agrees with certain
examples of Ch. pohjxena hierax S-i.jaUnder, are not rare, bnt examples with the
discal band so clearly indicated as in the t>/pe specimen of rcpetitus are rare, there
being only one in the Tring Museum among the hundred cJc? selected from large
quantities. This specimen came from Bukan, N. Borneo, and was collected (like
the type I) by the late Mr. A. Everett, in July 1891. On the whole the S S of
repetitus have tlie black admarginal lunnles of the hindwing ahore better marked
than the individuals of the continental t?-f corax, and the submedian and median

bars of the underside are nearly always conspicuously edged with white.

Upperside : black area of forewing variable in width, often reaching cell along SC*^,
postdiscal, interstitial, tawny spots variable in number, discal bars BP— SM- often
absent, sometimes completely merged together with the postdisco-marginal band :
postdisco-submarginal jiatches of hindwing either as in 6-t corax, the postdiscal
portions of patches R' — SM- absent or obsolete, or as in c?-f. hierax, the white
dots standing in the centre of the rather large and continuous, or subcontinuous,
jiatches, with all intergradations from the same places : in a few examples some of
the postdisco-submarginal spots join the black admarginal lunules. The underside
varies much in the general tint ; russet specimens are the commonest, but there are
also olive buff and bright cinnamon rufous ones.

? . Upperside : basal area varying from bright tawny ochraceous to tawny
cinnamon ; band of forewing pale ochreous buff, postdiscal interstices R' — SM-
the same colour, discal bars M^ — SM- often feebly marked, median bars SC^' — M-
vestigial or even absent, bar R^— M', however, sometimes heavier; or the discal
band is white down to M- or (SM'), the postdiscal interstitial spots are smaller,
partly absent, and tlie median bars R^ — M- are heavier ; white submarginal dots
R' — SM- of hindwing always at proximal side of the black patches, the jiostdiscal
portions of these patches being obsolete ; Sumatran individuals occasionally with
two tails like the ? of CA. pohjxena haya from Java.

Ilab. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Banta, Billiton, Natuna Islands, Borneo. In
the Tring Museum lOn S$,>^ ? ¥.

In Sumatra the insect is found, according to Dr. Martin "from the sea (Paya
Bakong) to Bekantschan. It occurs in every forest, where it is especially partial to
faeces and moist spots. It is a very variable insect as regards the extent of the
black colouration on the npi)erside of the forewing, and the colouring of both wings
on the underside." Dr. Hagen calls it the most common of all the tawny species of
Charaxes. In Borneo it must also be common, judging from the number of speci-
mens that are found in collections sent from there. Amongst the specimens which
Dr. Martin's collectors brought from the Battak Mountains are some in which
the tawny postdiscal spots R'— SM- of the forewing above are all developed, the
jiostdisco-submarginal patches rather longer than in ordinary individuals, and
second tail, more obviously indicated ; it is possible that these specimens together
with the two-tailed ? recorded by Dr. Martin belong to a mountain race, the name
of which would eventually be ajax.

(331 )
e. Ch. polyxena hierax.

Charaxes bermrdn.i, Doubleday, List. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. I. p. 112 (1844) (partim).
Nymphalis beniarilus, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 35 (1850)
(pt. 1 N. India); Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. Lis. Mus. E.l.C. I. p. 206. n. 423 (1857) (pt. ;
Silhet ; DarjiUng).
JVi/mphalis haija, Moore, in Horsf. & Moore, Cat. Lep. his. Mus. E.l.C. I. p. 207. n. 424. t. 12.

f. 14. 14o. (1857) (pt. ; N. India).
Charaxes baya, Butler, Froc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 636. n. 53 (1865) (pt. ; India) ; Nicev., Butt.

oflnd. II. p. 286. n. 578 (1886) (pt.).
Charaxes bernardus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lowl. p. 636. n. 54 (1865) (pt. ; N. India) ; Wats.,
Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. VI. p. 42. n. 96 (1891) (Chin Lushai); But]., Jourii. Linn. Soc. Land.
XXV. p. .392, n. 125 (1896) (pt.).
Charaxes hierax Felder, Reise Novara, Lep. p. 442. n. 721 (1867) (Assam) ; Butl., Tr. Eiit. Soc.
Loml. p. 120. n. 12 (1870) { = beriiardus) ; Nic<;v., Butt, of hid. II. p. 290. n. 583 (1880) (pt.) ;
Elwes, Tr. Enl. Soc. Lond. p. 369. n. 215 (1888) (Sikkim) ; Wats., Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc.
VI. p. 42. n. 95 (1891) (Pauk to Tilin, Oct.) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 390.
n. 117 (1896) (Upp. Assam ; Silhet ; non " China ").
Charaxes hipponax Felder, I.e. p. 443. n. 722 (1867) (Assam) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 120.
n. 13 (1870) ( = bernardus) ; NiceV., Butt, of Ind. II. p. 290. n. 584 (1886) (Cachar ; Sylhet ;
Khasi Hills ; Sikkim) ; Butl. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 393. n, 126 (1896) ; Wats.,
Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. X. p. 636 (1896) (Manipur R., Tiddim, 2000 ft.).
Charaxes pleistoanax Felder, I.e. p. 443. n. 723 (1867) (Assam) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 121.
n. 14 (1870) (=race of bernardus) ; Nicev., Butt, of hid. II. p. 292. n. 587 (1886) ; Elwes,
Tr. Ent. Soe. Lond. p. 369. n. 216 (1888) (Sikkim) ; Nicev., Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc.
V. p. 297. n. 51 (18<(0) (Chin Lushai) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 394. n. 129
(1896) (Sikkim ; Bhutan ; Assam).
Charaxes eorax Felder, I.e. p. 444. n. 724 (1867) (Ind. sept.) ; Butl., Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 121.
n. 15 (1870) (Silhet) ; Nicev., Butt, of Ind. II. p. 287. n. 580 (1886) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond. XXV. p. 391. n. 120 (1896) (pt.).
Charaxes harpax Felder, I.e. p. 444. n. 725 (1867) (hab. ?) ; Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 832
(1878) (Moulmein to Meetan ; Moolai, 3-6000 ft.) ; Nicev., Butt, of Ind. II. p. 288. n. 581 (1886)
(pt.) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 390. n. 118 (1896) (pt. ; Silhet; E. Pegu) ;
Wats., Journ. Bombay N. II. Soc. VI. p. 42. n. 94 (1891) (Chin Lushai, iii. v. x. xi).
Nymphalis polyxena, Kirby, Cat. Diurn, Lep. p. 272. n. 52 (1871) (pt.).
Nymphalis polyxena var. a. Char, pleistoanax, Kirby, I.e. p. 272. sub. n. 52 (1871) (Assam).
Nymphalis polyxena var. c. C. hierax, Kirby, I.e. (1871) (Assam).
Nymphalis polyxena var. e. C. hippomix, Kirby, I.e. (1871) (Assam).
Nymphalis polyxena var. h. C. baya, Kirby, I.e. (1871) (pt. ; India).
Nymphalis polyxena var. 1. C. corax, Kirby, I.e. p. 273 (1871) (Ind. bor.).
Charaxes khimalara Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 97. n. 2. t. 37. f. 1 (1872) (" N. W. Himalayas " err. loc. ;

Nepal) ; Nic^v., Butt, oflnd. II. p. 292. no. 588 (1886).
Charaxes khasianus Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 98. n. 3. t. 37. f. 6 (1872) (Khasia Hills ; N. E. Bengal) ;

Nicev., Butt, of Ind. II. p. 293. n. 589 (1880) (Jorehat ; Sikkim).
Charaxes jalinder Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 98, n. 4. t. 37. f. 4 (1872) (N. E. Himalayas) ; Nice'v.,

Butt, oflnd. II. p. 291. n. 585 (1880).
Charaxes hindia Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 99. n. 6. t. 37. f. 5 (1872) (Darjiling, (J, not $ ; ? =imua,

loc. err.) ; Kiciv., Butt, oflnd. 11. p. 291. n. 586 (1886)
Cluiraxes agna Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 832 (1878) (Moolai, Upp. Tenas.s., 3-6000 ft.) ;

Nicev. Butl. of Ind. II. p. 289. n. 582 (1886).
Charaxes walti Butler, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. p. 148. n. 6. t. 15. f. 2 (1880) (Bishnath, Assam) ;
Nicev., Butt, of Ind. II. p. 287. n. 579 (1886) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 390.
n. 118 (1896) (pt.).
Nymjthalis polycena, Niceville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. L. 2. p. 58. n. 100 (1881) (Sikkim).
Ilaridra jiolyxena, Nici^ville, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1. 2. p. 61 (1882) (Sikkim).
Haridra agna, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5). XVI. p. 306. n. 49 (1885) (Manipur).
Haridra hindia, Butler, Ann. Mag. N. II. (5). XVI. p. 306. n. 50 (1885) (Manipur) ; Swinh.,

Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 290. n. 203 (1893) (Khasia Hills).
Charaxes (Haridra) corax, Wood-Mas. & Nici'V., Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LV. 2. p. 363. n. 104 (1886)
(Cachar, June— August) ; Elwes & Nic^v., ibid., p. 427. n. 85 (1886) (Tavoy).

( 332 )

Haridra khimahiru Butler, Aim. Mug. N. TI. (5). XVI. p. 300. n. 51 (188a) (near Assam) ;

Swinh., Tv. Ent. Soc. Loml. p. 290. n. 202 (189.1) (Khasia Hills).
Uaridra boriieensis, Moore (mn Butler, 1809), Juiirii. Lhiii. Soi\ Lunil. XXI. p. 38 (1886) (Mergui,

Elphlnstone).
C/ianues (Harklra) Jalhuhr, Wood-Mas. & Nicfiv., I.e. LV. p. 303. u. 105 (1886) (Cachar :
Dhurmkhal, Nemotha) : Niciv., in Risley, Gazelleer uf Sikhim p. 148. n. 239 (1894) (Sikkim).
Oiaraxis {Iltirkh-a) himlki, Wood-Mas. & Nici^v., I.e. LV. p. 304. n. 100 (1886) (Cachar, Silcuri,

June to August) ; Nicev., in Risley, Gazetteer of Sikhim p. 148. n. 240 (1894).
Churaxes {lluridra) ugna, Elwes & Nicev., Joum. As. Sue. Bnnj. LV. 2. p. 427, n. 84 (1886)

(Tavoy).
Nymphalh hindia, Robbe, Ann. Soe. Ent. Bily. XXXVII. p. 130. n. 54 (1892) (Darjiling,

Kurseong).
lUmdrii comr, Swinhoe, Tr. Ent. Soe. Loml. p. 289. n. 197 (1893) (Khasia Hills) ; Moore, Lep.
In,/, n. p. 238. t. 175. f. 1. Irt. U. (J, 1., p. (1896) (Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam ; Khasia HUls ;
Burma).
Haridra hltasiana, Swinhoe, I.e. p. 290. n. 198 (1893) (Khasia Hills) ; Moore, I.e. p. 245. t. 182.

f. 1. I«. cj. ? (1896) (Khasia Hills ; Burma).
Haridra hienr.r, Swinhoe, he. n. 199 (1893) (Khasia Hills) ; Moore, I.e. p. 239. t. 176. f. 1. 1". h.

S- ? (1896) (Assam).
Haridra hipponax, Swinhoe, I.e. n. 200 (1893) (Khasia Hills) ; Moore, I.e. p. 242. t. 198. f. 1. 1<(.

? .cJ (1890) (Sylhet ; Khasia Hills ; Naga Hills).
Haridra pUistoaiinx, Swinhoe, I.e. n. 204 (1893) (Khasia Hills) : Moore, /.--. p. 244. t. 181. f. 1.

la. b.c. tJ. ? (1880) (Sikkim : Bhotan ; Naga Hills).
Haridra jalimler, Swinhoe, I.e. n. 204 (1893) (Khasia Hills); Moore, I.e. p. 243. t. 179. f. 1.

la. h. c. (J. ? (189C) (Khasia and Naga Hills ; Upp. Burma).
Oiuraxes {Haridra) liierax, Nic(5ville, in Risley, Gazetteer of Sikhi m . p. 148. n. 237. (1894) (Sikkim,

rare, low eler.).
Charaxes (Haridra) hipponac, NicevUle, I.e. n. 238 (1894) (Sikkim) ; Wats., Jmirn. Bomhaij

N. H. Soe. X. p. 057. n. 122 (1896) (Manipur R., = liimlia = jalimler).
Haridra harpax, Moore, Lep. Lul. II. p. 237. t. 174. f. 1. la. (1896) (pt.).

The various difFereutl)' coloured forms united here under /lierax are neither
local nor seasonal. In man)' places all the i'orm.s occur together at the same
time of the year, but one form may be much rarer than the other. The inter-
gradations also occur together with the more extreme varieties. Judging from
the dated specimens, it appears that individuals from pupae that have hibernated
are small, and have the band of the forewing never all white.

The males can conveniently be divided into some main groups of individuals,
each main group again being arbitrarily divisible into a number of groups, as
the individuals vary so much that scarcely any two are found alike, if one
compares the upper- and undersides. Although it is convenient for the student
of variation to have names for the individual varieties, we think it would not
be wise to introduce new names for those forms of the present subspecies which
have escaped being baptized by Felder, Butler, or Moore. We arrange, therefore,
the following exposition in such a manner that the ten names given by those
authors to individuals of C/i. polijxena kierax are a sufficient supply. It is
needless to say that the groups of specimens arc not sharply defined.

S. I. White band of forewing extending to internal margin. Basal area
of wings, above, blackish tawny olive to tawny, mostly with white scaling at
proximal side of median bars ; specimens without postdiscal interstitial spots
on forewing are cJ-f. pUistoanax {^ Ithimalaru), specimens with such spots
are <J-f. khasianus.

II. White band of forewing stopping at SM', or absent, with intergradations.
I«. White submarginal dots of hindwiug in centre of postdisco-submarginal
patches B,' — SM', or nearer their outer edge.

( 333 )

2a. Black disco-marginal area of forewiiig very wide in costal region,
the tawny or wiiite median and discal interstices SC^'* — R-
small, often filled up with black ; discal band of forewing
varying from being white to being only a little paler than
the basal area ; median bars R' — (SM') of forewing well-
marked also ill the tawny specimens : (J-f. hipponax.
2h. Discal and median interspaces SC^'* — R- of forewing above well
developed.
3a. Band of forewing varying from white to pale yellow.
Specimens with the black median bars SO'° — M^ of
forewing above absent are Bntler's himlia : S-i. jalbuhr.
'ib. Discal interspaces of forewing above scarcely paler than
basal area, sometimes slightly bnffish or whitish in
costal regions, with or without obvious black median
bars. c?-f. hierax {=zwatti).
ib. White snbmarginal dots * of hindwing standing at the proximal edges
of the black postdisco-snbmarginal patches R^ — SM', the post-
discal portions of these patches being obsolete, the patches small
and, generally well separated from each other ; patches C — R'
large and merged together, seldom also small ; J-f. corax
(^ = aff/ia = /larpax).
? . In this sex the band of forewing is always more or less white, seldom all
yellowish white. If we divide here the ? ¥ into several groups we must expressly
state that we do not mean to say that the females and males called by the same
aberrational name do not mate with the individuals called by other names ; a
pleisfoanax ? is not only a ? of the c?-f. pleistonax, but also of c?-f. jalinder,
t?-f. kierax, etc. Though it is known from some mammals, especially domesticated
ones, that they prefer associating (and copulating) with similarly coloured individuals^
such an association rendering the single individual less conspicuous, and hence
more protected, it is scarcely admissible to assume that the individuals of the
present variable insect gave preference in mating to those colours that came nearest
their own. The names of aberrations have not the same biological meaning as
specific and subspecific names, but express simply the fact that the individuals
so named have certain characters in common.

I. Discal band of forewing white, reaching internal margin ; white scaling
extending basad at least to point of origin of M' ( ? -f. khasianus), not extending so
far down ( ? -f. pleistoanax).

II. Band stopping at SJP.

la. White snbmarginal dots of hindwing in centre of black postdisco-
snbmarginal patches, or nearer their outer edges.
2a. White discal interstices SC* — R- of forewing smaller than the re-
spective median ones : S -f. hipponax.
2b. . . . larger than the median ones, the black median bars nearer
the inner than the outer edge of the band : ? -f. hierax. The
specimens do not exhibit characters which would justify a
separation into two forms as in the case of the ii (cJ-f. hierax,
3 -i. jalinder).

' If the dots are absent their position can be ascertained by holding the specimen against the light ;
the dots of the underside will then show through.

( 334 ;

lb. White submarginal dots of tlie hindwiug at the proximal edge of the

black postdisco-snbmarginal patches R' — SM-, the proximal parts of

these patches being obsolete : ? -f. corax.

Hah. Sikkim to Tenasserim, more or less common ; the $ S without bands rare

in Sikkim, occurring there only at low elevations, the aberrations named jalinder

and Itindia apparently the commonest of all.

The number of teeth on the penis varies much individually ; the snbapical
teeth are not so strong as in psaphon ; in many specimens there is a lateral patch
of minute teeth as in Ch. marmax, but this character is not only extremely variable
individually, but occurs independently of the characters of the wing which dis-
tinguish the various forms enumerated above.

/ Ch. polyxena hemana.

Charaxes bernardus, KoUar (mm Fabricius, 1793), in HUgel, Kaschmir IV. 2. p. 434. t. II f. 1. 2.

g (1844) (Massuri).
Charaj-es hnnaiu, Butler, Tr. Eiit. Sue. Luwl. p. 122. t. 4. f. 1 jj (1870) (Nepal) ; Nicuv., Butt, nf

India II. p. 283. n. 575 (1886) (Nepal ; Kumaon) ; Butl., Jniirn. Linn. .Sue. Land. XXV. p. 391.

n. 122 (1896) (Mussuri ; north of Landoor ; " North India" !).
Ni/mpha!is poli/xeua var. g. Ch. h'nmna, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 273. sub n. 52 (1871) (Nepal).
Chai-a.rcs {llaridra) hemana, Doherty, Jouni. As. Soe. Beng. 1887. II. p. 124. n. 97 (1886) (Kumaon);

Mackin. & Nicev., Journ. Bombay N. H. Soc. XI. p. .377. n. 124 (1897) (Mussoorie, Sept.,

4000 ft.).
Haridni hemana, Moore, Lep. Ind. H. p. 240. t. 177. f. 1. 1". 1'/. S, ? (1896) (N.W. Himalayas;

Nepal).

S. Similar to Ch. psaphon mwa, but forewing above with two or more post-
discal interstitial lunules and with tawny ochraceons outer margin ; postdisco-
submarginal patches of hiudwing without white dots, except last two ; apex of
forewing more acute than in the not-banded SS from N.E. India and Burma, outer
margin less deeply concave, and anal angle of hindwing more ronnded.

S . Wi)iffs above pale tawny ochraceons, approaching buff yellow. Forewing :

median black bars SC^— SM- all present, or bar (SM')— SM= absent ; outer margin

tawny ochraceons, especially below apex and near hinder angle. Hindwing :

jiostdisco-submarginal patches C — R' much larger than the others, confluent, all
the others separated, sometimes touching each other ; marginal line very little
darker than disc.

Butler's and Moore's figures of the S disagree considerably ; though Moore
says that his figure was taken from a, d " identical with the type." The form
seems to be distinguishable from the not-banded examples from the more eastern
parts of India, but the few specimens we have seen vary infer se.

Hah. N.W. India and Nepal ; 1 ? in the Tring Museum.

The insect is rare. Doherty, I.e., records it from " Kapkot on the Sarju,
perhaps the western limit of the group ; also, Eori and Kali valleys." He adds :
" my specimens seem to correspond well enough with Mr. Butler's figure and
description, but the markings are not very constant."

Mackinnon, I.e., found it " near Mussoorie in September at 4000 ft. elevation."

g. Ch. polyxena polyxena.

?. Papilio Eques Achivm polyxena Cramer, Pap. Ezot. I. p. 85. t. hi. f. A.B. (1775) (China

taiU broken).
Pamlio Nymphalis Gemmalus polyxena, Goeze, Ent. Beylr. III. 1. p. 288. n. 65 (1779).

( 335 )

?. Papilio Eques Achiviis beriiririlus Fabricius, Eiit. Sysl. III. 1. p. 72. n. 223 (1793) (China;

desci'.from Jones's drmmiig .').
$ . Papilio benuirdiis, Donovan, Tiia. of Chiiui t. 35 (1798) (China).
Doxocfipa epilais Htibner, Ver-.. bek. Schmett. p. aO. n. 464 (181G-27).
yymphdis 2iol!/.co Godart, Enc. MHh. IX. p. 399. n. 169 (1823) (China).
Siityriis herucirdus, Godart, I.e. p. 477. n. 2 (1823).
NymphiHs hernardus, Doubleday, West. & Hew., Genera Diiini. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 35 (1850) (China ;

nnn " N. India.")
Charajes beniardus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 636. n. 54 (1865) (China ; nnn "N. India");

id., Cat. Diurn. Lep. desn: by Fabr. p. 50. n. 2 (1809) (China) ; id,, Jourii. Linn. Soc. Loiul.

XXT. p. 392. n. 125 (1896) (pt. ; China).
Nymphtdis pohi.eena, Kirby, Cat. Dinrii. Lep. p. 272. n. 52 (1871) (part.).
CJmraxes jmly.rena, Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 346 (1873) (China) ; Leech, Butt, of China, etc.

I. p. 125 (1893) (Owei-shan ; Mupin) ; Butl., Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 392. n. 124

(1896) (China).
Ilaridra hernardus, Moore, Lep. Iml. II. p. 246 (4896) (Hong-Kong, May).
Ilaridra poly.r.ena, Moore, I.e. p. 247 (1896) (S. China).
Clwra.rcs hierax, Butler, I.e. p. 390. n. 117 (1896) (pt. ; China, J".).

Dr. F. Moore describes (Lc.) hernardus and pobjxena as two distinct species ;
the S S are indeed as different as the Indian banded and not-banded c? S of
hierax, but the description of what Moore regards to be the S of pobjxena, is
almost verbally the same as that of the ? of hernardus. One of the two ? ? iu
the British Museum has the discal band of the forewing much more ochraceons than
it is in Cramer's and Donovan's fignres, being only slightly paler than the basal
area of the wing, while the other ? agrees fairly well with those fignres ; a ? in
the Tring Museum has the band almost pure white.

S. Dichromatic : in some specimens of the not-banded form there is a vestige
of the band iu the costal region.

a'. Forewing with a white band, stopping at SM^, bluish at edges, sharply defined,
composed of three large patches R' — SM', and a small one R^ — R' which is more
proximal, two median spots SC^^ — R^, often absent, and two discal dots SC" — R^,
also often absent ; postdiscal tawny interstitial halfmoons R' — SM- more or less

marked, or absent. Hindwing : discal interspaces C — R- whitish at median bars,

the white scaling restricted, shaded with fulvous ; postdisco-snbmarginal black
patches C — R' large, extended to outer margin between C and SC', the other
patches gradually smaller ; white dots within the patches marked, often absent,

except last two. Underside : discal arched bars of both wings tawny, not black,

the postdiscal brown or black patches of forewing of other forms vestigial only in
costal region ; black basal to snbmedian bars of hindwing partly obsolete ; tail
3| mm. long. <S-f. pobjxena.

6'. Forewing without white baud, or only with a trace of it in costal region ;
median bars SC° — SM- marked ; postdiscal tawny interstitial spots R' — SM' marked,

variable in size, sometimes also spots R' — R- present or indicated. Hindwing :

postdisco-submargiual patches more or less contiguous, except the last three, with

or without white dots in centre. Underside: discal arched bars feebly marked,

tawny, black basal to median bars of hindwing better marked than in c?-f. polyxenn :
postdiscal patches of forewing vestigial or absent ; tail as in preceding form, rather
broad and long. Scarcely distingnishable from the Indian form hierax (see p. 333).

c?-f. sinensis Rothsch., nom. nov. {pohjxena, Moore non Cramer).

?. Forewing ahom, discal band varying from yellowish white to pale
ochraceons, the extremes can be matched with the two forms of the i ; the band
stopping short at SM'- ; median bars SC — R^ present or not, postdiscal interstitial

( 336 )

spots variable in size and unmber. Hindwing : postdisco-submarginal black

patches separated, except npper two, or more or less contignons ; discal interspaces
C — R^ very restricted white or whitish ochraceons at enter side of median bars, the
whitish scaling not extended to the black postdisco-submarginal patches, not even

in the examples with the band of the forewing nearly pure white. Underside :

discal arched bars better marked than in S, but more tawny than in Indian ? ?,
basal to submedian bars sometimes partly obsolete; white submarginal scaling very
variable in extent ; postdiscal patches small, tawny, not black.

Length of forewing : cf , 38 — 42 mm.
„ „ ? , 48 — 53 mm.

Ilab. China, rare : known from Hong-Kong, Mnpin, Omei-shan (W. China).
In the Tring Museum 2 d d and 1 ? from between Shanghai and Kiukiang, of the
banded form, all three with the bars in the basal half of the hindwing below more
or less obsolete ; 3 c? c? of the not-banded form labelled " China " and Hong-Kong.

12. Charaxes psaphon.

Clwi raxes psaphon Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. t. 21. f. 1, 2 (1848) (Ceylon).

i ? . Body abore olivaceous tawny ochraceons.

(J. Wings, iipperside, tawny orange colour. Forewing : cell-bar 3 generall)'

vestigial ; bar D heavy, but occasionally abbreviated behind ; median bars very
seldom vestigial (but shining through from underside in certain lights) ; disco-
marginal black area very wide, measuring at least 20 mm. in front and 9 to
10 mm. before SM', its edge irregular, the black colour extending basad especially
behind R^ and M', but taken as a whole almost gradually narrowing behind ;

tawny marginal line sometimes vestigial between veins. Hindwing : median

bars C — R' always more or less clearly marked, sometimes also bar R' — R-,
tawny colour at outer side of these bars occasionally rather pale ; postdisco-sub-
marginal black patches C — R- or C— R' so far extended basad as to cover the place
where the discal bars would stand, if they were developed, hence forming a large
black patch, which becomes narrower behind, veins black near the patch, postdisco-
submarginal spots R- — SftP or R^ — SM- more or less isolated, but often not clearly
defined owing to the tawny ground-colour near the postdisco-submarginal spots
being generally much shaded with cinnamon ; white submarginal dots mostly
absent, dot C — SC^ often well-marked, the two anal ones always present ; anal
admarginal interspace olive yellow.

Underside somewhat variable in general tint ; admarginal interspaces of
hindwing and sometimes also those of forewing wax -yellow ; basal two-thirds of cell
of forewing, submedian interspaces of hindwing and proximal portions of discal ones

of both wings mostly buff colour. Forewing : median bars R^ — SM^ almost

continuous ; postdiscal black blotches obvious, submarginal black or brown bars
sharply limiting the glossy white scaling at their jiroximal side ; median bar
R' — R^ closer to cell than to discal bar R" — Rl Hindwing : postdiscal inter-
spaces sometimes with a greenish tint, admarginal line well defined ; tail 2i to
6J mm. long.

?. Wings above often much darker in basal half than in 6. Forewing:

cell-bar 3 sometimes rather well marked, also bar 4 occasionally vestigial, upper
angle of cell with black scaling, seldom with a white spot ; bar D very heavy,
median bar R^— R' fused with it, or absent, median bars R'— (SM") often very

( 337 )

coDspicnons. seldom obsolete : a white discal band, slightly curved, reaching to
SM^ bat more or less extendedly shaded with orange-ochraceous in front of SM-,
outer edge of band sinuated between veins ; tawny postdiscal interspace M- — SM*
mostly marked, sometimes divided into two dots, sometimes there is another
postdiscal spot present before M* ; spots R'— R^ and R=— M' seldom vestigial;
outer edge of wing mostly black, but in some specimens somewhat tawny ; median

bars SC= — R^ absent (but showing through from underside). Hiudwing : median

bars C — R'' present, the wing at the outer side of these bars varying from pale
orange buff to white, postdisco-snbmarginal patches C — R' broader than the inter-
space between them and the median bars, the other patches smaller, diminishing in
size behind, the last four isolated, the white dots all present, but the third some-
times vestigial only : discal lunules R'— SM- marked as dark shadows between the
postdisco-snbmarginal patches and the discal lunules of the underside, which latter
shine through above ; admarginal line faintly marked ; anal admarginal interspace
olive-yellow.

Underside : russet brown, seldom more or less dirty buff yellow with the
median interspaces russet brown ; discal interspaces of both wings varying from
pale buff yellow to cream colour, their distal portions (at discal lunules) more or
less extended russet brown ; submediau interspaces also partly cream colour or pale
buff yellow ; postdiscal interspaces pale buff yellow at discal jlnuules ; marginal
band-like area of forewing as sharply defined as in tS ; admarginal interspaces
of hindwing maize yellow, admarginal line sharply defined ; upper tail spatulate,
8 to 10 mm. long, second 4 mm. or less.

Penis strongly denticulate, the teeth heavier and more densely set than in the
allied species. Penis-funnel comparatively short and broad.
Length of forewing : <?, 40 — 44 mm.
?, 47— .52 mm.
Hab. Ceylon and South India.

The specimens from South India are, in the opinion of some Lepidopterists,
specifically distinct from those obtained in Ceylon. But on examination of a series
of individuals from both countries we find that it is impossible to keep them apart
specifically. The characters by which Moore and others have thought to distinguish
the two " species " are so variable in the specimens of both countries that there is in
thejemale sex a complete gradation from one extreme to the other, while in the
male sex some Ceylonese specimens agree with typical South Indian ones and
certain South Indian examples exhibit typically Ceylonese characters. However,
the greater percentage of specimens from both countries are distinguishable, in the
female sex especially, and hence we keep them, with some reluctance, subspecifically
separate.

n\ Ch. psaphon imna.

Charaxes imna. Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 122. t. 4. f. 2 (1870J ("India"); Nic^v., Butt, of
India II. p. 285. n. 577 ( 188G) (Orissa ; Bombay ; Khandalla ; Wynaad ; Matheran ; Travancore ;
Beypoor) ; Aitk., Journ. Bombay N. H. Sot: I. p. 132. n. 24 (1886) (Matheran, Gh.lts,
XII. to XIII.) ; Hamps., Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LVII. 2. p. 355. n. 83 (1888) (Nilgiris, 3-4000 ft.,
rare) ; Davids. & Aitk., Journ. Bonihai/ N. H. Soc. V. p. 278. n. 40. t. A. f. 4. ia. larva, chrys.
(1890) (life hist.) ; Betham, ibid. p. 285. n. 51 (1890) (Centr. Prov.) ; Ferg., ibid. VI. p. 440.
n. 82 (1891) (Travancore) ; Betham, ibid. VIII. p. 423. n. 16 (1893) (Matheran, IV. V.) ;
Davids., Bell, & Aitk., ibid. X. p. 258. n. 67 (North Canara).

Charaxes hindia Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 99. n. 5. t. 37. f. 5 ? (1872) ("Darjeeling" loc. err.).

( 338 )

(V) Charaxes jtrox. hindia, Nicdville. ./num. Af. Soc. Bcng. LIV. 2. p. 45. n. 53 (1885) (AUpur, near

Calcutta, 1 ? ).
Uaridrn imna Moore, Lep. Ind. II. p, 231. t. 169. f. 1. 1«. b. r. ^. J, larv., chrys. (1896)

{ti/pe in coll. Grose Smith ; Parasnath Hill, Behar, $ = li/j/r himliu J Butl. : Ranchi, Chota

Xagpore ; Nagpur ; Alipur, Calcutta ; Khorda, Orissa ; Khandalla, IV. X. : Lanaoli, II. ;

Coonoor ; Nilgiris ; Shevaroy Hills ; Kathlekan, Mysore, XI. ; Travancore ; Wynaad ; Beypur ;

Matheran).

S . The black colour of the upperside iu most specimens a little more restricted
than in Ceylonese e.xamples, tails shorter on an average ; submeJiau and median
bars less obviously bordered white.

? . Wings above brighter tawny orange than in jimphon innphon ; discal baud
of forewing posteriorly more e.xtendedl}- shaded over with orauge-ochraceous ;
postdiscal tawny interspaces of forewing more often developed than in the Ceylonese
form, the outer edge of the wing often somewhat tawny.

Hab. South India to Lower Bengal. In, the Tring Museum 8 cJ (?, 5 ? ? from :
Kanara, Kavwar, Kathlekan (Mysore), Travancore, Lanaoli, JIarableshwar.

Though (.'h. pmjihon imna does not seem to be abundant anywhere, it is found
in suitable localities all over the peninsula, and goes as far north as Calcutta, if
Moore is correct in referring the specimen recorded by Niceville as Ck. pro.r. hindia
{I.e.) to imna.

The habits of this insect aud the life history have been made known by Messrs.
Betham, Davidson, Bell, and Aitken.

Mr. Aitken, I.e., 1886, says iu his list of the Bombay Butterflies, that he
"became aware of the existence of this striking butterfly only last December, when
Mr. J. Davidson and I spent jiart of two days at Matheran in trying to capture two
specimens, or rather, I should say, one specimen, for when we got them we found
that only half of each remained. I have found since that the species is by no
means uncommon on the ghats from December till March at least ; but it does not
put itself in the way of being converted into specimens. It comes out about
10 o'clock, and selecting a tree with bright, shiny leaves, perches bolt upright in the
middle of a particular leaf just a foot above the highest point yon can reach with
yonr net. Whether by accident or design, the position is fenced on all sides with a
creeper whose sharp-curved thorns lay hold of everything that passes them and let
go nothing. There the proud creature sits, chasing away any other butterfly that
approaches, and returning to the same leaf. If you i)elt it with stones, it darts oft',
takes a short circuit and returns to the same leaf. You may pelt it for an hour
with the same result. You may easily circumvent it, however, by erecting a
jdatform of stones under its percli, but your aim must be sure and your stroke
sudden, for no other butterfly goes off with such rapidity. There is only one
specimen of this in the Society's collection, a male which I ('aught at Khandalla."

Mr. Betham, ibid. V. p. 285, says : " This is truly a beautiful creature. The
colours are a deep rich chestnut with a velvety black border in the malf, relieved
in the/emale by a broad white band across the forewing. It has the most powerful
flight of any butterfly I know (while E. athamas has the fastest), and looks like a
bird while on the wing.

" The female is larger than the male and much more conspicuous, because of
the broad white band aforesaid. It is, however, a very foul feeder and greedily
fond of mhowa, so much so that it can be approached and taken by the fingers
while engaged in its meal. One year I took several of these arid C. /abius and
a few C. athamas, at a sirris tree, Acacia speciosa, which had a bough injured in

( 339 )

some way, and from which a juice exuded. Several other kinds of insects, chiefly
ants and flies, were attracted by this juice, and a number of small green bee-eaters,
Merops viridis, the magpie robin, Copsychus salamis, and the king crow or arongo
shrike, Bnchanga atra, were attracted b}' the insects. The wiugs of several of the
Charaxes that I took had bits clipped out of them by the beaks of birds. Toddy
is also a good bait for butterflies, after it has fermented a little. I was induced
to try it f.fter seeing the attraction the sirris juice had, and I found it very
successful."

Messrs. Davidson and Aitken describe the larva thus (Joiirn. Bombai/ y.H.
V. p. 278) : " Larva of the usual form, head very broad, outer pair of horns longest,
last segment flat, square, and ending in two points ; last pair of legs almost
aborted ; colour rich, dark green, with a large semicircle of pinkish-white in the
middle of the back and a yellow lateral line ; horns and sides of face rusty brown.
We reared three specimens of this on Aglaia roxburqliiuna, a very common tree
in Canara, belonging to the order MeliacesB. Among butterflies the length of the
larval life seems to be generally proportional to the robustness of the insect in its
perfect state ; and, as might be expected, C. imna is a Methuselah among butterflies.
One found on the 6th of October, then evidently a few days old, became a pupa
on the 25th of November. The butterfly emerged on the 9th of December. Like
most smooth caterpillars, this species eats its skin when cast, but not the head
case. When touched it appears to use its horns defensively, as does also
C. atkamas."

h. Ch. psaphon psaphon.

Charaxes psaphon Westwood, Cab. Or. Eiit. t. 21. f. 1. 2. J (1848) (Ceylon); Butl., Proc. Zool.

Soc. Land. p. 636. n. 52 (1865) (Ceylon) ; Nicev., Butt, of Indw. II. p. 284. n. 576 (1886)

(Ceylon); Butl, Jourii. Lhin. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 390. n. 116 (1896) (Ceylon).
NijmphaUs psaphon, Doubleday, -Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diuni. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 36 (18.50)

(Ceylon).
K ijmpJialh pohjxena var. e, C. pmphon, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 272. sub n. 52 (1871) (Ceylon).
(J. Haridra psaphon, Moore, Lep. of Ceylon I. p. 30. t. 15. f. 2. (J (1880) (Ceylon) ; id., Lep. Lid,

11. p. 230. t. 168. f. 1. la. 16. If. (J, ? (1896) (Ceylon).
? . Haridra screndiba Moore, Lep. of Ceylon I. p. 30. t. 15. f. 3. ? (1880) (Ceylon).

(?. Black area of forewing barely 3 mm. distant from bar D, measured behind
R' ; black area of hindwiug produced basad along SC" to near median bars, the
area almost gradually narrowing behind, or suddenly restricted at R^, seldom
restricted in width behind R' as in t)'pical imna.

? . Upperside more brownish tawny than in imna ; discal band of forewing
pure milky white down to (SM'), very slightly shaded with orange-ochraceous
between (SM') and SM* ; discal band of hindwing mostly a little broader and more
white than in imna ; postdisco-submarginal patches R' — R' generally somewhat
larger than in ordinary specimens of imna.

Hub. Ceylon. 8 (?c?, 3 ? ? in the Tring Museum. Moore, in Lep. Ind.,
records it from Arisvawalle (March), Trincomali (August), Kandy, Kanthalla
(October).

13. Charaxes borneensis.

Charaxes borneensis Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 16. t. 6. f. 2 (1869) (J only, Borneo) ; Druce, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Land. p. 346 (1873) (Borneo) ; Dist., Rhop,. Mai. p. 433. n. 10. t. 37. f. 6. ^ (1886)
(Mai. Pen.) ; Hagen, Iris. IX. p. 187. n. 247 (1896) (N.E. Sumatra) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond. XXV. p. 394. n. 128 (1896) (Borneo).

( :540 )

Nymphalis polyxena var. b. C boriievnsis, Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 273. sub n. 52 (1871) (Borneo).
Charaxes {Haridra) bomeensis, Nic^ville & Martin, Jonni. As. Soc. Beng. LXIV. p. 437. n. 261

(1895) (N.E. Sumatra).
ffaridiri Imrnmtxis, Moore, Lep. hid. II. p. 247 (1896) (5Ial. Pen. ; Borneo).

(?. Wings, vppersitle, tawny or russet tawny, sometimes mncli shaded with

black. Forewing : upper angle of cell mostly blackish, generally with some

white scales, which occasionally are so nnmerons as to form a distinct spot ; bar D
heavy in front ; median bars SC — R- joined to the black enter area, seldom
isolated, and then obsolete, sometimes also joined to bar D, in which case the white '
discal band is, between R^ and SC*-', represented by two or four small spots only ;
median bar R- — R^ close to bar D, with which it is often fused, bars R^ — M- always
present, arched, the second occasionally small, bars M- — SftP thinner, seldom
absent ; discal bars all fused with, or joined to, the black outer area, postdiscal
interspaces R' — SM- seldom all marked, then the upper ones minute, more or less
white, often only the submedian, double, spot present, seldom all these spots
absent ; discal interspace white, or slightly yellowish as a rule, this colour mostly
extending a little basad along R' — M', and M-, so that the median bars R' — M^ have
in most specimens some white scaling at their proximal side ; seldom are these
bars entirely separated from the tawny area ; the white band is distal ly concave
between the veins, the veins themselves more or less black within the band, the
partitions R^ — M' of the band often less than a third the size of partition M- — SM',
the band generally not extending beyond SM'', but in some individuals there is

white scaling also behind SM^ Hindwing : median bars C — R- more or less

obvions, with pale tawny or whitish scaling at outside, at least between C and SC^
this scaling palest in the darkest individuals ; postdisco-submarginal jiatches
varying in size, patches C — R' large, but generally ill-defined, the black colour
extending basad along veins, about as broad as the interspace between them and
the median bars, patches R- — SM^ much smaller, separated from one another, the
white submarginal dots situated just at their proximal edge or a little within the
black patches ; the npper white submarginal dots seldom marked ; admarginal
line brown : the disco-marginal area often much shaded with black, the tawuy
admarginal interspaces sometimes obsolete ; discal lunules faintly indicated in the
darkest examples by dark clouds.

Underside very constant in general appearance, blackish bistre brown, outer
marginal region pale sepia and olive ; sub-basal to median bars conspicuously edged

with white, no white discal patches. Forewing : median bars R' — SM^ more or

less angle-shaped, bar R-— R' more proximal than bar R'— M' ; upper postdiscal

bars replaced by more or less obvions, but ill-defined, spots. Hindwing : discal,

deeply arched, lunule C — SC' closer to the respective median bar than this is to
submedian bar C— SC^ ; upper two or three submarginal dots absent ; upper tail
short, triangular, second just indicated.

?. Wings, upperside darker than in <^. Forewing: interspace between

median bars SC— M' and cell filled up with black, of the three black patches thus
formed the middle one is much shorter than the others, median bar M' — M''' more
proximal than the outer edge of the black patch in front of it, also somewhat dilated;
discal band extending to internal margin, where it is, however, shaded with tawny ;
postdiscal spots R'— SM= generally larger than in S, the npper two or the second

sometimes absent. Hindwing : median bars C— R' black, the following ones

down to M' more or less vestigial ; discal bars R'— SM^ marked as dark luniform

( 341 )

clouds, the bars 0 — R' completely fused with the postdisco-submarginal patches ;
discal interspaces white or yellowish white in front, this colour shading off behind
into tawny, forming an irregular band which extends to near abdominal fold, bat is
very indistinct behind ; postdiscal-submarginal patches R' — SM" larger than in S,
often touching each other, sometimes their postdiscal portions well developed, in
which case the linear, white, submarginal spots stand in the centres of the patches,
outer edges of the patches (submarginal bars), however, always deeper black than
rest of the patches ; admarginal line more distinct than in S.

Underside similar to that of S, but proximal portions of discal interspaces
cream colour, outer marginal region of both wings also much paler than in S,
the discal lunules bordered with cream colour distally ; submedian interspaces

more or less creamy, at least at bars. Forewiug : median bar R' — M' much

more distal than the bars R- — R' and M' — M', interspace between median bars

SC^ — R° and cell coloured like rest of median interspaces. Hindwing : line of

median bars much broken ; postdiscal bars broad, deeply triangularly concave,
proximally shading into the raw umber colour of the postdiscal interspaces, bar
SC*— R' sometimes absent ; upper tail 7 mm. long, not spatulate, second tail just
indicated.

Length of forewing : c?, 41 — 45 mm.
„ „ ? , 47—50 mm.

Ilab. Borneo ; Sumatra ; Malay Peninsula ; much rarer than Ch. polyxena
repetitus of the same countries.

In the Tring Museum : 5 t?(^, 2 ? ? from Borneo ; 8 c? <? from the Gayoe and
Battak countries of N.E. Sumatra ; 1 <S from the Palembang district, S.E. Sumatra ;
1 ? from the Malay Peninsula. The last-mentioned ? has the postdisco-sub-
marginal patches of the hindwing larger than the Borneau examples. Dr. Hagen
says that he received this insect only from the Gayoe countries in Sumatra, but
rather commonly, and that he caught one example at Singapore ; and notes the
variability of the specimens as regards the white band of the forewing. Dr. Martin
also notices that it was caught only in the forests west and north of Selesseh by the
Gayoes, except a few specimens from the Battak Mountains.

14. Charaxes bupalus.

Charaxes hupalus Staudinger, Iris II. p. 84 (1890) (Palawan, cJ, S ) ; Butl., Jnurn. Linn. Soc. Land.

XXV. p. 394. n. 127 (1896) (Palawan).
Haridra biqxilus, Moore, Lep. Iiid. II. p. 247 (1895) (Palawan).

(S. Similar to Ch. bornee/ms, but the band of the forewiug above is pure white,
more regular, sharply limited by the median bars R- — SM'- which stand in a regular
oblique, row, bar R^ — M' being less distal than in borneensis ; there are no post-
discal spots marked. Hindwing : median bars C — R- marked, the following one

vestigial, there is a little white scaling at bar C— SC" ; postdisco-submarginal
patches R' — M' larger than in boi-neemis.

Underside tawny russet, postdiscal interspaces more tawny, the snbbasal and
submedian bar much less edged with white than in borneensis, lines of bars much

more regular. Forewiug : median bars R- — SM- continuous, with or without

yellowish white patches at their outer side. Hindwing : median bars 8C- — W

nearly continuous, very much closer to discal lunules than to submedian bars ;
white submarginal spots linear, heavy, except the third ; admarginal interspaces
pale tawny ; admarginal line tawny ; upper tail 4i mm. long, second a short tooth.

( 342 )

? . Upperside. Forewiiig : discal baud pure white, broader than in borneemis,

especially anteriorl}- ; median bars SC — R' within the band, the interspace between
them and the cell not filled up with black ; median bar R' — M' close to apex of
cell, with white scaling all round ; postdiscal intersjiaces R' — SM- white, partl_v
tinged with tawny, somewhat longer than in borneensis ; some white scales in

upper angle of cell and at M^ proximally of median bars. Hindwing : median

bars C — M' almost continuous, with a white discal band at the outer sides which is
broader than in borneensi.-i, and shades posteriorly into tawny olive, the white scaling
anteriorly almost reaches between the veins the black postdisco-submarginal patches,
and extends distad also posteriorly upon the internervular folds ; postdisco-
submarginal patches becoming gradually smaller behind, the upper two patches
not being twice the size of the following two, black scaling produced basad
upon veins C — R' ; white submarginal spots linear, heavy ; admarginal interspaces
brighter tawny than in borneensis.

Underside, median interspaces about as dark as in borneensis, outer half of
wing more or less yellowish cinnamon, postdiscal patches of forewing and outer
portions of postdiscal interspaces of hindwing dark tawny olive ; discal interspaces

more white than in borneensis, the white colour also more extended. Forewing :

median bars R- — M' continuous, bar M' — M^ a little more proximal. Hindwing :

line of median bars C— M'- less irregular than in borneensis, with the discal
interspaces about half the width of the median ones ; admarginal interspaces dark
straw-yellow : white submarginal spots linear, lieavy, all marked ; admarginal line
consjiicuous ; upper tail not, or not distinctly, spatulate, second tail longer than in
the allied white-banded Charaxes, mostly curved costad as in nntonius.

Length of forewing : S, 44 mm.
„ „ ? , 52 mm.

Hub. Palawan. In the Tring Museum 3 cJc?, 1 ?, collected by Dr. Platen
and Mr. Waterstradt.

15. Charaxes plateni.

$ 9 . Chara.,:es plahmi Staudinger, Iris II. p. 82 (1889) (Palawan) ; Semper, T(ia.f. PhiUjij). p. 335.
n. 517 (1892) (Palawan) ; Butl., Jmon. Linn. Sor. Lund. XXV. p. 390. n. 115 (I89G) (Palawan).
Haridm pluteni, Moore, Lcp. Ind. II. p. 248 (1896) (Palawan).

S ? . Body above dark tawny, thorax and head with an olivaceous green tint ;
underside pale cream-buff, tibiae a little more buff, palpi white.

cJ. Winys, upperside, dark tawny orange. Forewing : black outer area

extended to apex of cell, the black scaling produced basad along S(J to middle of
cell, bar D separated from black area b}- a small tawny spot, inner edge of the area
very oblique, crossing SM- about 10 mm. from tip of vein, no tawny spots within

black area ; cell-bar 3 faintly vestigial. Hindwing : median bars C — R' marked,

the following one vestigial, interspace at outer side of bars C — SG^ pale tawny
orange ; discal luniform bars R' — SM" more or less faintly indicated by brown clouds,
discal bars C — R^ completely fused with the respective postdisco-submarginal patches,
but there are generally some tawny scales left in front of R^ ; white submarginal
dots all developed, but the third often only vestigial ; tawny admarginal interspace
C — St!^ absent, the following one sometimes partly marked ; brownish marginal
line indistinct.

Underside : creamy white, silvery in side light, outer margin of forewing, and
postdiscal interspaces of hindwing olive yellow or yellowish olive, postdiscal

( •'543 )

interspaces of the forewing somewhat clouded with the same colonr ; admargiiial
interspaces of the hindwing yellowish wood brown to yellowish buff ; subbasal and

median interspaces more or less pale olive brown ; bars rather weak. Forewing :

interspaces between snbmedian and median bars M' — (SM') of about equal width.

Hindwing : admarginal line tawny cinnamon, clearly defined ; upper tail

4| to 5i mm. long, second If mm.

?. WiiH/s above olive tawny. Forewing: upper angle of cell somewhat

blackish, coil-bar 3 vestigial at SC ; bar D heavy; median bars SC'' — SO" heavy,
upper 2 only 3^ mm. from upper angle of cell, no white scaling at basal side of
bars ; discal band white, broadest (11 mm.) between R' and R^, narrowest behind
R-, extended to 0 (not to edge of wing), shaded with olive tawny at internal
margin of wing, its outer edge sinuate between veins R* — SM" ; an elongate post-

discal, huffish, spot between M" and SMI Hindwing ; median bars C — B^

forming a black continuous line, curving basad, sharply limiting the olive tawny
colour of the basal region, crossing R- 3 mm. from D ; a broad white, faintly
yellowish, band from costal margin to M' posteriorly shading into olive tawny,
9 mm. wide at SC", little narrower behind ; discal bars R' — (SM') clearly defined,
continuous, luniform, separated from the black postdisco-submarginal patches by
olive tawny interspaces, these interspaces becoming wider behind, interspace
SC^ — R' vestigial, discal bar C — SC^ completely fused with postdisco-submarginal
patches ; the latter heavy, patches R' — M' of the same size (T mm. in diameter),
the following one somewhat smaller, all these not separated ; white submargiual
spots rather heavy ; admarginal olive tawny interspaces all developed except the
first, anal one filled up with olive buff scaling.

Underside as in c? ; upper tail spatulate, 8 mm. long, second 4 mm.

Length of forewing : cj, 40 — 42 mm.
,, ,, ?, 46 mm.

Hab. Palawan, 8 SS. One female in Dr. Staudinger's collection. The white
underside distinguishes this species from all allies. The most interesting feature of
the ? is the development of the discal, luniform, bars of the npperside of the
hindwing, which do not appear with the same distinctness in any other tawny
Chamxes.

16. Charaxes antonius.

Charaxes antonius temper, Verh. Ver. Nat. Unterh. Hamhurg III. p. 113 (1878) (Mindanao) ; «/.,
Tmif. PhUipiK p. 80. n. 100. t. 14. f. 6. 7. S- 8. ? (1887) (Mindanao ; u„n ? Guimaras,
= amycus) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 38;). n. 114 (1896) (Mindanao).

Ifiiridra anUmiun, Moore, X,e;j. Iml. II. p. 248 (1887) ("Philippines").

(J ? . Body above raw umber colour, head and thorax with an olive-green gloss.
Underside brownish sepia colour; palpi cream colonr, middle of prosternum and
the tibiae and tarsi somewhat darker ; femora black with a dense sprinkling of
white scales.

(?. WinffS above glossy tawny olive. Forewing : black outer area extending

to upper angle of cell, strongly narrowing behind, about 9 to 10 mm. wide at SM-, its

edge not sharply defined, bar D faint, no other bars present, no postdiscal spots.

Hindwing : discal bars vestigial as dark luniform clouds, often extremely faint,
njiper two fused with the postdisco-submarginal patches ; of the latter series the
upper four are fused together, and generally also with the admarginal line, patches
R' — SM^ isolated, their proximal portions obsolete.

( 344)

Umlersicle brown sepia colour, variegated witli bistre. Forewiug : median

bars R- — SM- continnons, median interspace M- — SM* narrower than interspace
M' — M-, the darker median band hence narrowing behind, median bars SC° — R-

somewhat nearer discal series than apex of cell. Hindwing : interspace between

snbmedian and median lines of bars from costal margin to M resp. R^ narrower
than in borneensis, npper two median bars CM — SC" nearly contiuuons ; postdiscal
bars slightly arched, or almost straight, standing in a straight line ; upper tail
somewhat spatnlate, about 8 mm. long, second tail also widened towards apex,
curving costad, 6 mm. long.

? . Wings above slightly paler. Forewing : a white band with a faint tawny

olive tint, posteriorly strongly shaded with tawny olive, extends from SC" to
internal margin, the baud is widest in middle, anteriorly it reaches apex of cell, its
outer edge (taken as a whole) is convex, its inner edge ill-defined ; postdiscal spots
W — SM^ luniform, separated from discal band by black, tbin, discal Innules, post-
discal spots SC° — R- about 7 to 8 mm. distant from band ; no median bars SC — R-,

nor any other median bars. Hindwing : median C — SC* extremely faint, discal

bars C — R' ill-defined, partially separated from postdisco-snbmarginal patches by
two light patches ; scaling between these discal bars and the vestigial median
bars somewhat greyish, veins SC and R' especially pale ; postdisco-snbmarginal
purplish black patches C — R^ gradually decreasing in size, fused, the following
four sejiarated, with the postdiscal portions obsolete, the submarginal jiortions deep
black ; submarginal white spots linear, heavy ; admarginal interspaces C — R'
obsolete.

Underside somewhat paler than in 3, the snbmedian and discal interspaces
partly creamy buff, but not white ; postdiscal and admarginal interspaces of hind-
wing greenish bistre ; bars nearly as in <?, upper three submediau and median bars
of hindwing continuous ; upper tail strongly spatulate, 9 mm. long, second almost
boot-sha]ied, carving costad, broadest in middle, about 7 mm. long.
Length of forewing : 6, 37 — 41 mm.

„ „ ?, 50 mm.

Hab. North, East, and South-East Mindanao. In the Tring Museum 2 S <S ,
1 ¥ , collected by Dr. Platen (received from Messrs. Staudioger and Bang-Haas) ;
May, August to October, December to March, according to Semper.

i". S , forewing above blue ; ? , white band of forewing interrupted at R^

17. Charaxes mars.

jj Charaxes mars Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. p. 172 (1886) (Minabassa, N. Celebes).

$ Charaxes mars, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Enl. France, p. 194. f. 12 (1897) (Maros country).

cJ. Upperside of body olivaceous black, sides faintly fulvous, abdomen russet.
Underside of palpi and abdomen, and four posterior tibiae and tarsi pale drab or
wood brown, sterna brownish black.

6 ■ Wings above. Forewing : strongly glossy greenish blue, changing into

bluish green in side light, costal and outer margins black with a slight greenish

gloss. Hindwing also glossy blue, especially if viewed from behind, except base,

abdominal fold, and costal margin ; the greater part of tlie winp- tawny orange,
cellules (' — R' nearly totally blaek, cell more or less shaded with black ; jiKstdisco-

(345)

snbmarginal black patches inostl}' touching admarginal line between veins, white
snbmarginal dots minute or obsolete.

Underside olivaceous slate-colonr, with greenish and purplish reflections in side
light, glossy except postdiscal interspaces and, ou forewiug, part of median inter-
spaces ; submedian bars edged proximally, median bars distally, with white ; post-
discal interspaces mostly somewhat ochraceous at discal bars, this colour more

extended anteriorly on forewing. Forewing : median bars nearly continuous ;

outer edge of wing glossy to postdiscal, indistinct, bars, glossy band wider in middle
than behind ; white submargiual scaling visible in a front view, much reduced,

except at apex of wing. Hindwing : bars on abdominal fold obsolete ; series of

median bars crossing M just at origin of M' ; black and blue snbmarginal dots
present, white ones generally, obsolete ; admarginal interspaces somewhat brown,
narrow, last one yellowish as a rule ; admarginal line very thin, not consjjicuons,
separated from edge of wing ; upper tail 5 to 6 mm. long, second a very short tooth.

? . According to Oberthiir's description and cut : Wings above : black,
slightly bluish, this colour shading oif into the brown-yellow colour of the base and
external margin ; discal interspaces white, forming a broad band from R^ to internal
margin, the two spots SC^ — R- more distal and separated ; postdiscal inters2)aces
8C'' — SM^ luniform, heavy, not so large as the black discal patches at their proximal

side, tawny. Hindwing : tawny ; postdisco-submarginal black patches C — R^

large, not completely fused, patches R^ — M' about half the size of patch R' — R^ ;
snlimarginal white dots all present, upper two largest ; median bars C — R' marked
as black spots, discal interspace occupied by a white band in front, which shades
oif into the tawny ground-colour ; basal area np to median bars tawny brown ;
admarginal line very thin (as in c?), partly well separated from the brown edge
of the wing ; admarginal interspaces all marked, but the upper ones narrow.

Underside paler than in (J, discal intersi)aces (except distal portions) white ;
submedian interspaces partly white ; postdiscal interspaces yellowish at discal
lunules ; tail broader than in c?, not spatulate.

Length of forewing : <?, 36 — 41 mm.
,, ,, ?, 48 mm.

Hab. Celebes.

The two specimens of C/tarazes mars found by Dr. Platen in North Celebes,
Minahassa, and those obtained by W. Doherty in South Celebes differ in some
details, as most butterflies from North and South Celebes do. This beautiful species
does not seem to have been met with by any other explorers than Platen and
Doherty. Neither A. Everett nor H. Frnhstorfer came across it during their stay
in Celebes.

a. Ch. mars dohertyi.

Charaxes mars Staudinger var. dohertyi Rothschild, Iris V. p. 437. t. 6. f. 2 ^J (1892) (S. Celebes,
Marcs country) ; Oberth., Bull. Soc. Eiit. France p. 194. f. 12 J (1897) (Maros country,
Petoenoeang, Asoewe, July 14. 1896).

d . Winffs above on the whole more extended blue than in mars mars ; hind-
wing : tawny colour reaching costad beyond R', there being a tawny spot in front
of that vein, sometimes another before SC^ postdisco-submarginal patches W — M*
isolated, patch R'^ — R- almost isolated, patch M' — M'' about as broad as long.

? . Descrii>tion see above.

24

( 34fi ^

Hab. South Celebes, 7 Si: Maros connti-v, \V. Doherty, Angast — September
1802 ; both sexes iu coll. Oberthnr caught by W. Doherty between Maros and
Tjamba.

b. Ch. mars mars.

Charaxes mars Staudinger, Ej-.ol. Tngf. p. 172 (188ij) (Minahassa) ; Butl., Jnum. Linn. Soc. Lmiil.
XXV. p. 396. n. 133 (1896).

S. Tawny colour of iippersirh of bindwing not reaching in front of R' ; black
postdisco-submarginal patches all fused together (except dots M-'S — M-), patch
M' — IP elongate, vein R' and outer half of M' black, tawny admarginal inter8])aces
SC — R" faintly indicated ; tail shorter than in mars dohertiji.

?. Unknown.

Hab. Minahassa, N. Celebes : 1 cJ iu Dr. Standinger's collection, another in
that of Mr. Adams (ex coll. Honrath).

18. Cliaraxes madensis (Nov. Zooi.. VI. t. ?>. f. 4.).

Charaxes matlensis Rothschild, Entom. XXXII. p. 172. n. 2 (1899) (Mt. Mada, Buni).

(S. Unknown. Most likely resembling that of f'//. mars.

? . Allied to (7i. mars. Ujjjjersiib'. Fori'wing : blackish brown, no blue

tone, white discal baud broader than iu mars ? , farther from cell, its inner edge
deeply concave at M-, discal bars R' — M^ vestigial within band, postdiscal inter-
stitial patches R' — SM'^ completely merged together with band, while in mars they

are separate. Hindwing : baud more sharply defined than in mars, narrower,

white, the blackish brown postdisco-submarginal area much wider than in mars,
posterior postdisco-submarginal patches not separated from one another, at least
four times as wide as iu i/iars.

Underside : white scaling of forewing anteriorly more extended than in mars,
the black median bars are more distal, and the distal ones much feebler ; the black
snbmarginal sjiots of the hindwing are well marked and stand about 4 mm. from
the edge of the wing.

Length of forewing : ? , 60 mm.

Hab. Mt. Mada, Burn, 3,00ii ft., August 1898 (Dumas).

The basal costal bar of the hindwing below is not marked in the figure, but i.s
vestigial in the rather damaged specimen.

A'. Basal to median bars of underside pale chestnut, white baud of forewing
above narrower behind.

10. Charaxes ocellatus.

$. Charaxes ocellaliis Friihstorfer, Surlel. Enl. XI. p. lo8 (IH9G) (Lonibok, 2000 ft.); id., Berl.

Em. Zeihch: XLI. p. 388. t. 9. f. 4. (IHli"),
$ . Charaxes sumharnm Rothschild, Entom. XXIX. p. 308 (1896) (Sumba ; Sambawa).

c? ? . Body above tawny, thorax somewhat olivaceous ; underside creamy white.

(J. Winffs aboce chestnut-tawny, forewing darker than hindwing, outer region

of forewing and postdisco-submarginal patches of hindwing black. Forewing

falcate, crossed by an oblique discal band of pure white ])atches, the band not
reaching SM-', widest in front, bordered proxinially by tlie median bars R- — SM'- and

( 347 )

bar D, median bars SC^'— R* within band, bars R'— M^ arched, patch M^— SM^ very
much smaller than the one before it ; one or two whitish or pinkish buff postdiscal
spots between SO* and R' about halfway between band and apex, the second spot
most])' absent, sometimes both scarcely traceable ; internervular folds with huffish

longitudinal lines at margin ; fringe white except at veins. Hindwing ; median

bars C — R^ present, standing in an oblicpiely curved row, bars R^— M" also often
indicated, more proximal than bar R'' — R^, a series of patches at the outer side of
these bars, the upper one white and largest, the other gradually becoming smaller
and more and more tawny ; discal bars luniform, dark tawny, or blackish, the
upper ones forming the border of the pale discal patches often obsolete, tlie series
strongly and obliquely curved ; postdisco-submarginal black patches very large, the
upper two always fused together, mostly the upper four not separated, patch
SC" — R' 10 mm. long, the patches becoming gradually smaller, they are separated
from the discal bars by ochraceous balfmoons ; white submarginal dots all present,
the upper two the largest, the last three sometimes vestigial; adinarginal interspaces
ochraceous, the last three joined along veins to postdiscal luuules of the same
colour, the upper four more restricted, separated between veins into dots, in which
case cellule S— SC' has no such admarginal spots, the black postdisco-submarginal
patches being completely fused to the margini-admarginal line, or the spots are not
divided at internervnlar fold ; admarginal line touching postdisco-submarginal
patches at veins C— R', extended to edge of wing, black in front, more tawny
behind, tails dark tawny or blackish, tips edged with buif or white, fringe white
between veins.

Underside fawn-colour, basal to median bars pale chestnut, heavy, basal cell-
spot present on both wings. Forewing : cell-bar 4 touching M closer to M- than

M', its shorter costal portion curved, about at riglit angles to the longer and
obliquely placed hinder portion : median bars M^ — SM^ very oblique, reaching
SM- 8 mm. from end, hence median interspace considerably widening behind ;
white band as above, posteriorly bordered by the discal bars, but as the series of
bars is almost parallel to margin it recedes costad more and more from band, the
interspace is pale drab ; discal bars outwardly bordered with creamy scaling which
forms generally halfmoons ; postdiscal bars represented by patches of variable and
different size, patches M' — SM' black, triangular, the others somewhat chocolate,
the snbmedian ones fused together, but generally incised externally upon (SM'),
patches R^ — M' and SC*^ — R' much smaller, often also patch R' — R'-, outwardly the
postdiscal spots bear whitish, triangular dots, or greyish Innules, excejjt the last
patch, which is bordered externally with a bluish grey, sometimes M-shaped, patch ;

admarginal interspaces more or less grey. Hindwing : median series of bars

obliquely curved from C to R^ then again from R' to (SM'), forming an angle upon
R', bars M^ — SM- forming an acute angle upon (SM') pointing basad, often reaching
the angle which is formed by the respective snbmedian bars and which points distad ;
basal and subbasal costal bars present ; a longitudinal line upon fold SM- — SM^ as
in oi-ilus ; SM- mostly chocolate in middle ; discal interspaces filled up by a white
band which is more or less widely separated from the discal lunules by rather well-
defined continuous patches of Isabella colour ; discal and postdiscal bars luniform,
the former not prominent, partly obsolete, separated from the postdiscal ones creamy
Innules which are somewhat thicker than the discal bars ; postdiscal bars chestnut,
bars C— SC^ and R'— R- are always patch-like, while bar R^ — M' and mostly also
bar SC — R' are thin ; submargmal white dots present, but spot R^ — JI' sometimes

( 348 )

iuconspicuons owing to the respective interspace between the black and bine siib-
luargiual dot and postdiscal bar being much shaded with cream colour ; admarginal
interspaces cream-bnff, small ; admarginal line pale drab : edge of wing greyish
between veins ; tails i)ak' drab, creamy at tips, botli somewhat sjiatnlati'. npper 9
to 9i mm. long, second slightly cnrved costad, 7 mm. long.

?. Like c?, but somewhat larger, fore wing above slightly darker in ba.sal half,
tails somewhat longer.

Length of forewing : c?, 38 — 40 mm.
,, „ ?, 44 — 50 mm.

Penis similar to that of Ch. oriliis.

Hab. Lombok, Samba wa, Flores, and Samba.

This very remarkable insect, discovered by W. Doherty in February 1896 on
Sambawa and Sumba, was shortly afterwards also found on Lombak by W.
Frnhstorfer. The name of ocellatus has two or three days' priority over that of
sumbanus, and hence must be employed to designate the species.

The close relationship of Ch. ocellatus with the very aberrant-looking Timorese
Ck. oriliis becomes apparent on comparison of the coloration of the underside ; the
penis has also a close resemblance in both insects, its dentition being peculiar to
these two species.

a. Ch. ocellatus sumbanus.

? . Clniraxes sujnbaims Rothschild, Entum. XXIX. p. 308. n. 1 (1896) (Sumba).

c? ? . White band of forewing above stopping at 80°, with a very few white
scales before SC"*^ ; white patch M^ — SM- deeply incised upon (SM') at both sides,

.'5 mm. long, measuring diagonally 6 mm. Hindwing : series of median bars

C — R' more strongly arched than in the other local forms, )iale discal spots R^ — M''
very indistinct, spots V — R- plainly marked in ¥ only ; black postdisco-snbmarginal
patch R^ — M' not pointed proximally, the postdiscal halfmoon-shaped interspaces
deeper ochraceous than in the races from Lombok and Sambawa ; white sub-
marginal dots M' — SM- in cj, and R'— SM- in ?, minute; admarginal ochraceous
interspaces C — R' not divided into small spots, the uppermost well marked ;
admarginal line posteriorly and tails rather bright tawny.

Underside. Forewing ; median bar M* — SM^ very oblique, posteriorly

almost reaching discal bar, discal bar M' — M- straight, curved only at ends ; post-
discal patch R'— R- little larger than patch R- — R^ patch M- — SM" incised

outwardly upon (SM*), with a bluish grey patch which resembles figure 3.

Hindwing : discal interspace C — SO' wider than median one, median bars 0 — R'
more jiro.ximal than in the races from Lombok and Sambawa ; jiostdiscal chestnut
liar SC- — R' patch-like, heavier than patch R-— R^, lunules M' — SM- about 1 mm.
thick in middle, admarginal creamy bntf interspaces all well marked.

Length of forewing : (J, 40 mm.
„ „ ?,44mm.

I/ab. Sumba: W. Doherty, Febr. 1890, below 200U ft., 1 ? ; A. Everett,
November 1896, 1 cJ.

b. Ch. ocellatus florensis Rothsch., subsp. no v.

cf Wi?igg, aboce. Forewing : white band somewhat curved owing to patches

R'— M- being nearer cell than in the other races, some white scaling in front of

( 349 )

patch SG'-5— R', patch BI'— SM- proximally not incised upon (RM'), straight or
convex, outwardly incised, measuring 4K to 6 mm. in length, and diagonally

6 to 9 mm., black area extending basad behind SM- beyond band. Hindwing :

discal bar C— SO- obsolescent, white discal patch extending to postdisco-snb-
marginal black patch ; median bars C— R' more arched than in the other races, bar
R'— BI' visible, the pale spot at its cater side marked ; postdiseo-snbmarginal
patches IP— M" not distinctly isolated, the spots touching each other ; white sub-
marginal dots larger than in sumbamis ; admarginal spot C— SC" absent, spots
SC-— R' separated into tiny dots ; admarginal line from R' to SM' and tail darker
than in sumbamis.

Unili'rsid,: Forewing : median bars M-— SM- 3 to 4 mm. from discal liar

at SM-, slightly produced basad upon (SM') into a point ; upper white discal
patches more or less pointed outwardly ; discal bars SC^— M- arched, the pale
lunulas at their distal side conspicuous ; postdiscal patches SG»— M' of about the
same size, small, the creamy white dashes or angles at their outer side conspicuous ;

greyish white sealing at margin, between veins, also conspicuous. Hindwing :

median bars nearly placed as in sumhani's, the series sharply angled upon R^ ; discal
interspace C — SC^ wider between veins than median one ; postdiscal chestnut Innule
SC-— R' thinner than patcli R-— R', chestnut halfmoons M'— SM" about 1 mm.
thick in middle.

?. Unknown.

Length of forewing : <S, 38 to 40 mm.

Had. South Flores, 2 c? <? (A. Everett, November 1896, dry season).

c. Ch. ocellatus sambavauus.

? . CharaxeK sumhanm sambammus Rothschild, Entom. XXIX. p. 309. n. 2 (1896) (Bima, Sambawa).

S. Unknown.

? . Wings, above. Forewing : a broad white costal streak in front of band ;

inner edge of patch R^— M' 1| mm. more distal at M' than edge of patch M'— M',
patch M^— SM- strongly convex distally, but incised upon (SM') proximally
produced basad upon (SM') into a point ; internal margin with an indistinct

ochraceons patch as continuation of band. Hindwing : discal patch C— SC" only

3i mm. long, discal patches marked down to M^ but last one indistinct ; median
bars C — R' blackish as in florensis, but not arched or angled ; discal bars dark
tawny, not blackish brown ; postdiscal interspaces as pale as the second discal
l)atch, much jialer than in sumhanus; postdiseo-snbmarginal patches R' — M^ pointed
l)roximally, patches R' — M" isolated ; admarginal spots paler than in Jiorensis and
siimbanus, admarginal line as in Jlorensis.

Underside. Forewing: cell-bar 3 separated into a number of dots ; median

bar M'^ — SM- as in ,//oi-en.^is, rather more angled upon (SM'), bar R^— M' 1 mm.
bej'ond bar M' — M*, arched, bars SC' — R' much closer to outer edge of white
patches than to bar D, interspace between white baud and discal bars darker than
in sumhaniis &nA florensis ; discal bars SC — M' strongly arched, the pale lunules at
their outside very conspicuous ; postdiscal patch M' — SM* not incised outwardly,
the grey scaling at its outside more restricted than in the preceding forms, post-
discal patch R'— R2 larger than patch SC— SC. Hindwing : median bars C— R'

more distal than in Jiorensis and sumbanus, discal interspace C — SC narrower than

( 350 )

mediau one ; postdiscal bar 8C' — H' obsolescent, not chestnut, wliile chestnut
halfmoons M' — SM- are heavy, measnrinjj in middle abont 4 mm. : white sub-
marginal dots 11' — M' clearer defined than in the preceding forms.

Length of forewiug : ? , 50 mm.

Hah. Sambawa: Bima (W. Doherty, February 1896), 1 ?.

(I. Ch. ocellatus ocellatus.

?. Chiiraxes oceUatus Frnhstorfer, Suckt. Ent. XI. p. 108 (18SIG) (Lombok, 2000 ft.) ; /rf., Bed.
Ent. Zeitschi: XLI. p. .■?88. t. 9. f. 4 (1897) ; id., I.e. XLII. p. 6 (1897).

cJ. Unknown.

?. Like .sambavanus, but the upper discal patch of hindwing above is purer
white, the other patches of the discal series, especially patches R- — M-, are better
marked, the median and discal bars are blacker. On the underside, the mediau bars
R' — M^ of theforewing are closer to cell, cell-bar 3 is complete, median bars of
hindwing thinner than in sambavanus, postdiscal chestnut patch C — SC^ smaller.

Length of forewing : ? , 46 mm.

Hab. Lombok, 1 ¥ (Jijpe, H. frnhstorfer) in the Tring Museum.

These differences may bo purely individual, but until it is proved that they are
so, we must keep the Lombok and Sambawa individuals subspecifically separate.

b*. Forewing above with a narrow, creamy, submarginal band, which does
not reach the costal margin.

20. Charaxes orilus.

jj. Charaxes oriliis Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 13. t. 5. f. 5 (1869) (Timor) ; id., Juurn. Linn. Soc Land.
XXV. p. 357. n. 20 (1896) (Timor).

(? ? . Bodi/ ahoie olive russet, abdomen more chestnut ; underside cream colour.

cJ. Wings above, seal brown, basal area, especially of forewing, washed with

chestnut. Forewing : a submarginal band of creamy patches, anteriorly gradually

becoming narrower and fading away, at SM^ H to 6 mm. broad and close
to margin, straight, nearly parallel to edge of wing ; creamy white marginal

spots between veins, small, sometimes ])roduced proximad as a fine line.

Hindwing : discal bars C — R' very obscure, just traceable, sometimes with some
creamy scales at their distal side, bars R' — SM- mostly better visible, as the
interspaces between them and the median bars are generally cream-colour, but the
bars are often obsolete, discal bar R' — M* proximal of bent of R' ; postdiscal bars
much more proximal than in any other Charaxes, the upper three jiatch-like,
entirely fused with the brown basal area, bar R- — R' in front of bent of R', luuiform,
but mostly fused with brown area, as are bars R' — SM^, these latter, however, more
distal, bar M' — M^ 10 mm. from base of M' ; submarginal bars represented by
black triangular, transverse, spots, of which the upper 4 are somewhat convex
proximally and are, between veins, barely 1 mm. distant from the admarginal line,
spots R' — SM^ smaller ; admarginal line complete, rather heavy down to R^ thin
and often partly obsolete from R' to SM- ; interspaces between postdiscal and
submarginal bars, as well as admarginal interspaces and edge of wing inclusive of
tails, yellowish cream-colour, anal region mostly paler, patch (J — SC- also often
whitish, admarginal line extended to near tips of all veins ; fringe of both wings
white between veins.

( 351 )

Uiidermle pale drab or fawn-colour, sometimes ecru drab ; basal to median bars

light chestnut. Forewing : basal cell-spot conspicuous, three cell-bars heavy :

median bars li^— SM- in a nearly straight row, almost at right angles to veins, bars
R'—M-' curved distad, ends pointing basad, bar R^— R^ about ^ to 2 mm. from cell,
2| mm. from bar R" — R- ; discal interspaces ecm drab at median bars, this colour
forming an inconspicuous baud of about 3 mm. width, rest of discal interspaces
bistre colour ; postdiscal bars strongly arched, black, the series turning basad from
R' to SC* ; j)ostdiscal bars represented by patches, of which the submedian ones are
black and nearly fused together, while the others are chestnut, patches SO'— R^ and
R^ — M' small ; these patches followed posteriorly by creamy ones, of which only
patches M' — SM^ are clearly marked, wliile the others become somewhat con-
spicuous only in consequence of the snbmarginal luniform bars, which border
them distally, being rather obviously marked in this species ; tips of veins chestnut;

margin with creamy spots between veins. Hindwihg : median series of bars

nearly continuous, curving distad in middle, crossing M' 2i mm. from base of vein ;
basal costal bar and basal cell-spot present, subbasal costal bar also marked, cell-bar
3 sometimes indicated by a dot ; submediau bars M — SM- forming together an
acute angle which points distad, a pale chestnut line along part of fold SM- — SM^
another, shorter, one behind SM^ ; discal, strongly arched, bars blackish chestnut,
close to median series, the distance being nearly the same from C to M", about
1 to 2 mm. between veins ; postdiscal bars halfmoon-shaped, chestnut, the second,
fourth and fifth vestigial, all separated from discal bars by pale halfmoons, of which
the last three are cream-colour or yellowish cream-colour ; the postdiscal spots
outwardly shading into drab, this colour much extended between C and R' ; sub-
marginal black dots shaded proximally with bluish grey scaling, and the upper
three, besides, with drab scales, which form a halfmoon the ends of which point
distad, the wide interspace between the series of submarginal and postdiscal
spots pale cream-colour; admarginal interspaces bnff; admarginal line as above,
anteriorly broader ; veins brown within i)ale area ; upper tail slightly widened
beyond middle, 8 to 9 mm. long, second thinner, faintly curved costad, 0 to
mm. long.

?. Like cj, larger, wings broader, creamy colour slightly more extended;
upper tail 9 mm., second 7 mm. long.
Length of forewing : S 39 — 44 mm.

„ ,, ? 47 mm.

Clasper broad, produced into a rather short, evenly curved, slender, but strongly
chitinised hook ; 10th tergite broadly sinuate, the two processes conical, rather
thin ; penis with one large tooth standing before the apex and a few minute ones
further back (PI. H. f. 6.) ; penis-funnel as in Ch. marmax.
Hab. Timor and Wetter.

The most interesting feature of this peculiar species is the development of what
is in other species a series of white submarginal dots on the hindwing to a very
broad band, necessarily accompanied by a basad movement of the postdiscal bars,
which in the other species of this grouji are fused with the snbmarginal bars. The
submarginal band on the upperside of the forewing corresponds to the white
submarginal scaling of the underside found in all the tawny Ckaraxes. Dr. Butler,
in his Revision of the genus Churaxes put orilus between fabius and etkeocles
from which it is very dilfereut both in structure and pattern. It is like ocellatus a
member of the polyxena group.

( 352 )

n. Ch. orilus wetterensis Rothsch., subsp. nov.

S . Differs from the Timor race in the marginal spots of the forewiug above
being larger and the snbmarj;inal band wider, the latter measuring at SM- 5 to 6 mm.,
the bar separating patch M- — SM" from the cream}- marginal s])ot narrow, and
partlj" suffused with cream-colour ; on the hindwing the submarginal spots R^— SM"
are smaller than in orilus orilus.

Underside drab colour, darker than in the Timor form.

?. Unknown.

Hab. Wetter, May 1892 (W. Doherty), 3 Jc?.

h. Ch. orilus orilus.

Charaxes orilus Butler, I.e.

S. The marginal spots. of the forewing above minute; submarginal baud 2^ to
4 mm. wide at SM-, brown bar separating it between M'' and SM' from marginal
spot nearly half the width of the band, not partly obsolete.

?. Like Si but submarginal band somewhat wider behind, bar M'''— SM''
separating it from marginal spot complete.

Hab. Timor : Dili, Blay 1892 (W. Doherty), 1 ? ; Oiuanisa, Dutch Timor,
November, December 1891 (W. Doherty), b Si.

d^. Upperside of hindwing with a band of pale blue postdiscal patches.
21. Charaxes eurialus.

Seba, Thesaurus IV. p. 57. t. 46. f. 21. 22 (1764) (lad. or.).

S- Papilio Eques Achirus eurialus Cramer, Pap. Exot. I. pp. 116, 153. t. 74. f. A. B (1776)

(Amboina) ; Goeze, Enl. Beylr. III. 1. p. 79. n. 36 (1779).
S. Papilio Eques Achirus euryalus (!), Fabricius, SjKC. Ins. II. p. 20. n. 83 (1781) (Amboina) ;

id., Mant. Ins. p. 11. n. 95 (1787) ; Jabl. & Herbst, Naturs. Ins., Schmelt. 4. p. 49. a. 147. t. 61.

f. 1. 2 (1790) (Amboina) ; Gmel., Si/st. Nat. V. 1. p. 2240. n. 324 (1790) (Amboina) ; Fabr.,

Ent. Syst. III. 2. p. 70. n. 218 (1793) (Amboina).
J. Papilio Eques Achirus nisus Cramer, I.e. II. pp. 85, 150. t. 150. f. A. B (1778) (Amboina) ;

Goeze, I.e. p. 87. n. 67 (1779) ; Fabr., Spec. Ins. II. p. 21. n. 84 (1781) (Amboina) ; id., Maul.

Ins. p. 11. n. 96 (1787) ; Jabl. & Herbst, I.e. p. 51. n. 148. t. 61. f. 3. 4 (1790) (Amboina) ;

Gmel., I.e. n. 325 (179U) (Amboina) ; Fabr., Ent. Syst. HI. 1. p. 70. n. 219 (1793) (Amboina).
(J. Papilio Eques Achirus jasivs, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 449. sub n. 29 (1775) (pt. ; queried Seba's

fig.) ; Goeze, I.e. p. 51 sub n. 26 (1779) (pt.).
S ? • Xymphulis nisus, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 357. n. 23 (1819) (Amboina ; sub synon. " nissus "

Herbst, "euryalis " Herbst!).
Erihoea euriale (!), Hiibner, Verz. bek: Schw. p. 47. n. 435 (1816-27).
Nymj)halis nisus, Lucas, Lep. Exot. p. 120. t. 63 S (1835) (Amboina).
Charaxes nisus, Thon, Naturg. Schnull. p. 74. t. 37. f. 545. 546 (1837) (Amboina).
Nymphalis euryalus (!), Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 25 (1850)

(Amboina) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 270. n. 34 (1871) (Amboina) ; Pagenst., Jcihrb. Nust.

Ver. y,tl. XLI. p. 93. n. 63 (1888) (Amboina) ; id., Abh. Senk-enb. Xaturf. Ge.'!. XXIII. p. 403.

n. 184 (1897) (Ulyasser).
Charaxes eurialus, Butler, Cut. Diurn. Lep. descr. by Fabr. p. 50. n. 3 (1869) (Amboina).
Charaxes euryalus (!), Staudinger, Exot. Turjf. p. 171. t. 50. J (1886) (Amboina ; Ceram) ; Ribbe,

Iris II. p. 239. n. 78 (1890) (Ceram, rare) ; Rober, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XXXIV. p. 308 (1891)

(Ceram) ; But!., Jouru. Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 399. n. 144 (1896) (Amboina).
Charaxes euryalus (!) Cr. ? nov. aberr. abruptus Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. XII. p. 178 (1898)

(Amboina).

S ? . Head, pronotum and anterior part of mesonotnm dark chestnut, rest of
■upperside olivaceous black, with a slight chocolate tint. Underside chestnut, palpi

( 353 )

aud middle of pro- aud of anterior ]iortioa of mesosternum bulF, middle of abdomeu
ochraceous bnff ; middle and hinder legs : femora black, with white scaling, tibiae
and tarsi dark clay colonr.

d. Wi/iffs above purplish black, with a slight brown tint. Forewing : with

an obliijue series of postdiscal, tawny ochraceous, patches of variable size from SO'
to internal margin, last spot buff colour, a spot before SC= sometimes vestigial ; or

these spots all absent, bnt occasionally the last one or two indicated. Hindwing:

postdiscal interspaces filled up by pale blue patches which are fused with the
creamy white or yellowish admarginal interspaces to a broad baud, which is divided
by the thin black veins and includes the black postdisco-submarginal, rounded spots
with bluish white centres, proximal edge of band convex between veins, bine scaling
C — SC'' obsolete in most individuals, admarginal black line continuous, heavy.

Underside chestnut, the glossy parts somewhat olivaceous, bars heavy, rather
variable in size and position, mostly edged with greenish olive, but if the interspaces
between the bars are pale ochre yellow, the respective bars are edged with white;
submedian interspaces of fore- and hindwing partly pale ochre yellow in some

specimens. Forewing : discal interspaces sometimes with pale yellow patches at

the outer side of the median bars ; discal bars halfmoon-shaped, postdiscal ones
also luniform bnt much less conspicuous, the postdiscal interspaces (between these
bars) pale yellow, this colour mostly extended between M- and SiP to near edge of
wing, including two black spots, the upper yellow postdiscal interspaces sometimes

obsolete; white submarginal scaling forming small patches between veins.

Hindwing: discal and postdiscal black luniform bars strongly arched, the postdiscal
halfmoon-shaped interspaces bright chestnut, mostly somewhat yellowish at discal
bars ; postdisco-submarginal, glossy grey, patches SC* — M' about equal in size,
except patch R^— M' which is larger, patch C— SC very small ; submarginal bars,
which form the outer portions of these patches, black ; white submarginal dots
within patches all present ; admarginal interspaces pale ochre yellow, the upper
four larger than the glossy grey postdisco-submarginal patches ; admarginal line
continuous, blackish chestnut ; upper tail, 5i to 8 mm. long, second a short tooth.

? . Wtngs ahore. Forewing : postdiscal pale ochre yellow patches very large,

the band of patches either complete, often with the discal interspaces SC* — R^ also
pale ochre yellow, or incomplete, the band extending from internal margin to M'

and then fading away. Hindwing as in S , but the postdisco-submarginal black

patches much larger, the blue postdiscal interspaces only partly joined along veins
to the pale admarginal ones.

Undermde nearly as in c?, except that the submedian, discal and postdiscal
interspaces are more extended yellow, hence the underside appearing more
variegated ; median bars of forewing closer to the discal ones than in most t?,
bars R^ — M' sometimes touching one another ; upper tail broad, 6^ to 0 mm. long,
second a blunt tooth.

Length of forewing : c?, 42— 52 mm.
„ ,, ? , 55 — 65 mm.

According to the development of the band on the forewing above one can
separate the individuals into two groups the names of which are :

a. Ch. eurialus ab. eurialus (syn. : abruptus P'rahst., I.e.).
Band absent or only marked behind in i^, abbreviated in front in ?.

( -i'i )
h. Ch. eurialus ab. nisus.
Band more or less complete in both sexes.

Penis irretrnlarly dentate above near the tiji, the series turning laterad
proximally and ending in a jiatch of heavy teeth situated on the right-hand sid(!
about 3 mm. from the apex ; penis-funnel long, slender, nearly as in Cli. marma.r.

Hab. Amboina and Ceram. In the Tring Museum 11 c?c?, 11 ? ?. Amboina:
W. Doherty, February 1892.

U. Median bar St!* — SC* of forewing below much more distal than bars SC'' — It'-'.
'12. Charaxes varanes.

Seba, Thesmii: IV. p. 4S. t. 3;>. f. 13. 14 (1764).

J'opiliu Eques Achimix rnraws Cramer, Pap. E.rot. II. p. 100. and 151. t. 160. f. D. E (1777)

(Amboina and Coromandel ! !) ; Goeze, Ent. Beijtr. III. 2. p. 87. n. 69 (1779) ; Fabr., Spec. Ins.

II. p. 14. n. 55 (1781) (India !) ; Stoll, in Cramer, Pap. E.cot. IV. p. 202. t. 388. f. A. B (1782)

(Amboina !) ; Fabr., .Vanl. Ins. II. p. 7. n. fil (1787) ; Jabl. & Hbst., A'"(«r.s-. Selimrtl. IV.

p. 22. n. 133. t. 56. f, 3. 4. 5 (1790) (India!); Gmel., Syxt. Nat. I. 5. p. 2236. n. 309 (1790)

(India !).
PapiUo Nymphalis mivHei, Fabricius, Ent. .Si/.sf. III. 1. p. 06. n. 206 (1793) (India !).
Cuea mtranesm (!), Hiibner, IVrj. Ink. Sdinutt. p. 48. n. 442 (1816-27).
Nymphalis vemnes (!), Godart, E,w. Meth. IX. p. 364. n. 48 (1823) (Caffraria).
PhyUophasls veranes (!), Blanchard, Hist. Ins. III. p. 448. n. 2 (1840) (pt.).

PhilognotiM I'aranes, Westwood, in Doubl., Westw. & Hew., Hfn. Diiirn. Lep. p. 311. n. 2 (1850).
Palla rarants, Kirby, Cat. Diiirn. Lep. p. 274. n. 3 (1871) (pt.).
C/iara.ces raranes, Butler, Pior. Zuul. Sue. Land. p. 176 (1881) ; Auriv., Kon. So. Vet. Ahitl. llantU.

XXXI. 5. p. 241. n. 56 (1899) (pt.).

S ? . Upperside of body white ; head, pronotum and anterior edge of meso-
notnm ochraceous buff, often shaded with grey, head with two white dots behind, often
also with two pale buff dots before, the antennae ; palj>i above more or less black :
antennae rufous brown or rufous, scaling of inner two-thirds of dorsal and lateral
surface black, of outer third white. Underside buff yellow, abdomen cream colour.

S. Wings above, proximal area white, shading into pale ochreous or orange

tawny on forewing, distal area bright chestnut tawny. Forewing : costal margin

rather strongly curved, outer margin distinctly concave ; cell-bars often vestigial,
especially bar 3 ; bar D thin, cleft costally ; no submedian bars ; median bar
SC— SG*^ 8 to 10 mm. from cell, often fused with the discal band of patch-like
bars, median bars SC^— R^ 2 to 3 mm. nearer the cell, heavier, bar R^— R' 1 to
2 mm. from cross-vein, often touching bar D, sometimes completely fused with it,
bar R'— M' somewhat oblique, seldom at right angles to M', often angle-shaped
or resembling number 3, with the ends pointing basad, 3 to 4 mm. from base of
M', bar M'— M'" thinner, sometimes abbreviated behind, or vestigial, also oblique,
: to 8 mm. from base of M', often resembling number 3, with the ends pointing
basad, bar M*—SM' seldom present (in 8 out of 112 specimens), short: discal
bars enlarged to patches, fused with the postdiscal, submarginal and admarginal
bars to a disco-marginal area, which includes a series of postdiscal and a series of
submarginal ochraceous spots, basal edge of the area triangularly convex between
the veins from R* to M=, often produced to median bar R^— M', and, between R- and
R', to median bar R'— R-; postdiscal interstitial spots SG^— M- more or less ovate,
spots R'— R-' smaller than the others, no spot, or only a vestige of one, before SG°,

( 355 )

move distal thau spot SC^— R', spots IP— SM- small, the last often vestigial or
absent, the series about parallel to outer margin, but spot SC*— R' more proximal ;
submarginal series of interstitial spots almost exactly parallel to margin, smaller
than postdiscal spots, spot SC*— SC° more often present than absent, all sub-
triangular, if large, basally convex or straight, distally rounded ; postdiscal bars in
most specimens deeper brown than the rest of the outer area, rounded ; fringe white

at internervular folds. Hindwing: the white area concave between C and R-, then

gently convex, reacliing abdominal margin about 4 mm. from tip of SM-, slightly
blnish distally, crossing R^ at or before its bent; about midway between white area
and margin of wing there is a series of postdisco-submarginal, blackish brown,
patches, with the centres less dark, situated between (' and M\ mostly followed by
a small spot behind M*, the patches variable in size and distinctness ; a series of
admargiual, blackish brown, lunules, the posterior ones generally more or less
obviously edged with glaucous blue distally, admarginal interspaces more or less
tawny ochraceons between veins ; fringe restricted- white at internervular folds.

Umlerside : varying in the tint of the ground colour, generally ochreous
proximally, more clayish ochraceons distally, but often all clayish ochvaceous,
(■louded all over with black scales, apex of cell of forewing, outer area of both wings,
especially at discal line, and abdominal area of hindwing more or less glossy ; bars
thin, those in basal half very irregular in shape, brownish black, without black

borders, but on hindwing sometimes glossy. Forewing : cell without basal sjiot,

cell-bar 2 arched, ends pointing basad resp. upper end costad, bar 3 interrupted, bar
4 very irregular, but not very variable, its middle portion more distal and bidentate;
bar D very thin, vein D^ varying in length ; two snbmedian bars M'— (SM'), con-
tinuous, or nearly so, bar M'— M- concave basally, closer to base of M' than to that
of M'; median bars M'— (SM') 2 to 3 mm. distant from snbmedian bars, bar M'— M'
angle-shaped, the angle pointing basad, 1 to 2 mm. from base of M', median bar
E,3_M' more oblique, 0 to H mm. from bar D, bar R^— R' about 1 to 2 mm. from bar
D, bars SC^—R^ generally not continuous, 5 or 6 mm. from apex of cell, bar SO*— SC^
2 or 3 mm. more distal ; discal bars fused to a rather heavy continuous line, or
narrow baud, beginning at costal margin 25 mm. from apex, forming a rounded
angle between R' and R^, where it is about 11 mm. distant from outer margin, and
being parallel to outer margin from R^ to internal edge of wing, the line often
bordered distally with clayish grey, somewhat silvery scaling ; a series of black or
blackish postdiscal patches or dots, the posterior ones often obsolete, all placed in
circular buff patches, which are often quite indistinct ; between discal line and post-
discal patches tbere is often an indistinct brown line.- Hindwing : basal costal

bar arched, pointing distad, not reaching C ; costal subbasal bar absent, subbasal
bar C — S(J- absent, or represented by a small dot in angle between C and SC^ sub-
basal cell-bar concave basally, followed by a short bar M— (SM') or M— SM^ whicii
is often more distal, subbasal bar SM' — SM^ more distal again, its upper end pointing
distad and often reaching the upjier end of the respective snbmedian bar : snb-
median series of bars also not quite continuous, that within cell forming two angles
which point distad ; costal median bar more proximal than median bar C — SC-, the
upper part of the latter more distal than the posterior part, bars SC*— R^ gradually
a little- more distal, bar R'^ — R' touching R' close to its origin, bar M' — M- before
origin of M', bar M'— (SM') 1 or 2 mm. more distal, often joined to snbmedian bar
M^— (SM') along (SM'), median bar (SM')— SM= often joined to respective sub-
median bar in a similar way ; discal bars fused to a heavv line or narrow band as on

( 356 )

forewing, the line straight, crossing K^ 2 to :i mm. from its origin, beginning at costal
margin 8 to I'l mm. from tip of C and reaching abdominal margin close to anal angle,
barely J mm. broad ; a postdisco-submarginal series of pale ochraceons rings,
parallel to onter margin, bordered proximally with chestnnt tawny; within the rings
are the blackish postdiscal bars, of which bars SC" — M' are absent or represented
by dots, and the snbmarginal bars represented by dots, central parts of rings
occnjiied by white scaling, which is consiiicnons in rings M' — SM- ; a series of
indistinct pale ochraceons Innnles often between discal line and postdisco-snbmarginal
rings ; black admarginal Innnles short, bnt distinctly transverse, if not obsolete,
bordered white distally, especially the posterior ones, with pale ochraceons half-
moons at proximal side, whicli halfmoons often touch between veins the pale
ochraceons jiostdisco-submarginal rings, often reducing the interspaces to diamond-
shaped patches ; tail U^ l)road, of even width, or slightly spatnlate, about 6 to 8 mm.
long, tail M^ represented by a blnnt angle.

?. Larger than (J, white basal area of forewing above more extended, under-
side occasionally ])alc olive, with a greenish tint ; tail longer, and broader at tip.

Length of forewing : S, 36 — 45 mm.
„ „ ? , 39—50 mm.

Penis much thinner than in all the preceding species : one tooth of variable
size about 1 mm. from end, followed proximally by a few more very small ones ;
])euis-fannel slenderer than in marmax, its npperside convex at tip ; clasper (PI. 8.
f. 24.) rather slender, the apical hook broad, concave on the up])erside.

Hab. Africa south of the Sahara, from Senegambia and Abyssinia to the Cape
Colony.

(Vamer's figure in Paj). Exot. IL represents nndoubtedly this species, bnt is
not exact enough to enable us to say which of the forms described below the figure
must be referred to. (Cramer gives Amboina and Coromaudel as locality !

Ch. varanes varies considerably, especially on the underside; while the
individuals from South Africa are different on the upperside from the remainder of
the species, and, therefore, are kept subspecifically separate in this monograph, the
specimens from tropical East and AVest Africa do not seem to us to have developed
into an Eastern and a Western race. Bnt Ch. varanes from the East Coast is by
no means the same as Ch. varanes from the western forest region. On the former
country the underside presents similar variation, as does the underside of the South
African race, there being three forms distinguishable : one with the wings irrorated
with clouds of black scales, a second without this irroration and with the bars clearly
marked, and a third with the ground of wing deeper in tint and the bars accordingly
fainter : the second and third forms run into one another. Li West Africa only the
second form occurs.

The trichromatism in the South and East African Ch. varanes, which is best
marked in the individuals from Cape Colony and Natal, may be the outcome of
seasonal changes in the environment, the one extreme form looking more like a
withered leaf, the other extreme more like a fresh leaf ; but the data at our disposal
are not sufficient to allow us to express an opinion on the question, whether those
three forms, or at least the most different ones, are confined to certain seasons, or
whether the differences in the individuals mean simply individual variability inde-
pendent of the season of the year. It will be difficult to settle the question without
careful observations on the spot, as even material with exact data, day of capture,
locality, altitude, will not tell us much if it does not comprise a long series of

( 357 )

specimens from the same place from all times of tbe year. The climate iu East Africa
is often locally so ilifterent, that individuals caught on the same day, but a few miles
apart, may have i)assed the chrysalis state under very different climatical conditions.
The few dated specimens we have iu the Tring Museum are recorded below.

The larva and chrysalis of the South African subspecies are described by Trimen
(see below).

". Ch. varanes austrinus Rothsch., subsp. nov.

(?) PupiUo Equcs Achivus varanes Stoll, in Cramer, Pap. E.rnl. IV. p. 202. t. .388. f. A.B (1782)

(Amboina !).
Nijmplwllt i-ennies (!), Godart, Em: MHh. IX. p. 364. n. 48 (1823) {syii.pni p. : CafEraria) ; Lucas

Lep. Ej: p. 123. t. 65. f. 1 (1835) (CafEraria).
Philiifinamii varanes, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Dlurn. Lep.ll. p. 311. n. 2 (1850) (pt. ;

CafEraria) ; Trim., Rhnj,. Afr. Auxir. p. 181. n. 105 (1862—66) {syn. pro p. ; Knjsna ; Natal;

Pt. Elizabeth ; King Williamstown ; Grahamstown).
Palla varanes, Staudinger, Erot. Tutif. p. 174. t. 60 (1886) (pt. ; Natal).
Chara.re.f raranes, Trimen & Bowker, .S. Afr. Butt. I. p. 321. n. 105 (1887) (pt.); Butl., Journ. Linn

S<ic. Lonil. XXV. p. 400. n. 149 (1896) (pi); Dist., Ann. ihuj. N. H. (7). I. p. 51 (1898)

(Barbertou) ; Aurir., Konigl. Sv. Aknd. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 241. n. 56 (1899) (pt.).
Chara-ies fulreseeiis, Karsch {non Aurivillius, 1891), Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVIII. p. 192. n. 57

(1893) (sub itynim.) ; Auriv., Ent. Tiihlr. XV. p. 312. n. 202 (1894) (sub synun.).

5 ? . White colour of base of forewing reduced to a small patch at internal
margin which seldom extends to M^, distally never extending to discal tawny
chestnut patches ; on hindwing the white area does not quite reach the bent of
vein R^ Three forms according to coloration of underside : —

a\

c? ¥ . Underside russet or pale tawny olive in S , clay colour or greenish olive in

"^ ^ (Syp<^ of subspecies, from Natal), ape.x: of cell of forewing and outer marginal area

of both wings conspicuously glossy ; veins prominently green ; discal line heavy,

bordered with greyish white outwardly, bars in basal half feebly marked, partly

absent, markings in outer region also partly obliterate or vestigial.

This form is common enough in Natal; we possess, however, only one specimen
from there with date (Durban, March). A second dated specimen (?) from
Zululand, Makuri Hill, was caught in May ; it has the forewing more extended
white than our Natal specimens have, but agrees in the greenish olive tint of the
underside with a number of ¥ ? from that country.
bK
i. Underside pale clayish ochreous in basal half, bars prominent, ocelli of
hindwing all well marked, as are the other markings of the marginal area.
iSome specimens of the male sex only from Natal, without date of capture.
c\

6 ¥ . Underside irregularly irrorated all over with black scaling, apex of cell of
forewing devoid of black scales (or almost so), bars generally rather heavy, as are
the postdiscal sjiots of forewing and ocellate patches of hindwing, ? paler in ground
colour than S , less tawny.

A series of individuals of both sexes from Natal and Cajie Colony; no dates.

Hab. Cape Colony : Natal ; Zululand ; Transvaal.

The larva and pupa are described by Mr. Trimen, I.e., as follows : —

" Larva. Dull bluish-green above ; i)ale whitish-green beneath, irrorated

with very minute silvery dots. On the sixth, eighth, and tenth segments, a j)ale-
ochreous, somewhat crescentic, mark cm the back, -that on the tenth segment verv

( 358 )

faint and only found in full-grown specimens. A thin, sinuated, silvery lateral
stripe. Head flat, armed with four backward-sloping, recurved, somewhat serrated
horns, bright turquoise-blne beneath, and in young sjiecimens edged with reddish.
Anal segment flattened, bifid. Feeds on a species of Rims (]irobably R. Ineviguta).

" Pnpa. Pellucid blue-green with a delicate ]ilum-liiie bloom. On each side

of abdomen a row of six black dots. On anal pedicel two pairs of small yellowish
tubercles, and a similar pair ou ventral surface, close to pedicel, facing towards the
head."

Mr. Trimen continues to say: — "This very fine butterfly is common in the
wooded parts of South Africa, and is very conspicuous on the wing. At rest, it is
by no means easy to detect, its undersurface colouring being so like faded or
withered leaves, and its accustomed seat being on the stems or among the branches.
Its flight is not so rapid as that of several of its near allies, and it often descends to
sport about low trees and even bushes. The exuding sap from wounds of trees is
very attractive to it ; and I once enticed a specimen by honey smeared on a trunk
at Plettenberg Bay. The species seems to be out during every month of the year,
but is numerous only during the warmer season.

" The South African examples difler from those I have examined from different
parts of Tropical Africa in having the basal white of the forewing so much restricted.
They are, however, variable in this particular, some females exhibiting a small
inner-marginal white patch, extending as far as median nervnre ; but none that I
have seen present nearly so much white as is found in specimens from ('ape Coast
Castle and Sierra Leone on the West Coast, or Quilimane and Zambesi on the East
Coast, in which, in both sexes, the white largely invades the discoidal cell and in
the ? nearly fills it. In the hindwing, also, tlie wliite in the Tropical examples is
extended to a jioint considerably nearer anal angle."

Ij. Ch. varanes vologeses.

Philoijniima varanrx, Doubled.iy, Westw. & Hew., Geii. Diiini. Lep. p. 311. n. 2 (1850) (pt. ; Sierra

Leone ; Ashanti) ; Butl., Cut. Diiini. Lep. dexrr. hy Fohr. p. 50. n. 3 (1869) (S. Leone) ; Plotz,

Stett. Eut. Ziit. XLI. p. 194. n. 107 (1880) (Victoria, Gamer., VL VIII.) ; Capronn., C. R. Sac.

Em. Beh/. XXXIII. p. 125. n. 63 (1889; (Kassai) ; Smith, Pruc. Zonl. Sue. Loud. p. 472. n. 90

(1890) (Aruwirai); Godm. & Salv., in Jameson, Stony i,f Rmr Ohimn p. 441. n. 90(1890)

(Congo) ; Hamps., Ann. Mag. A'. LI. (6). VII. p. 181 (1891) (Sabaki E.) ; Sharpe, Proc. Znol.

Soc. Loml. p. 341. n. 47 (1894).
Palla vologrses Mabille, Bull. Sue. Zool. France I. p. 280 (1876) (Congo ; Landana).
Palla varam-i Kirby, Cut. Diurii. Lep. p. 274. n. I! (1871) (pt.) ; Stand., E.rot. Tag/, p. 174 (1886)

(pt.); Butl., Ann. .Vag. X. H. (6). VII. p. 42. n. 13 (1891) (E. Afr.) : Auri'v., Ent. Tidskr.

Xn. p. 216. n. 148 (1891) (pt. ; Cameroons, Gaboon) j Holl., Proc. N. S. Nat. Mits. XVI.

p. .571 (18U3) (Freetown) ; Butl., Pro,: Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 650. n. 26 (1893) (Lake Mweri ;

Zomba, January) ; id., I.e. p. 562. n. 18 (1894) (Brit. E. Atr. I ; Reb. & Rogenh.. in Baumann,

.yamiihmd zur Mlqiielle p. 3.32. n. 95 (1894) (Mwansa ; Ufiomi) ; Holl., !.c. XVIII. p. 26*

(1895) (E. Afr.) ; Lanz, Iris IX. p. 143 (1896) (Parumbira, Oct.).
Chara.ies raranen, Trimen & Bowker, S. Afr. Butt. I, p. 321. n. 105 (1887) (pt.) ; Trim., Pvoe. Zonl.

Soc. Lond. p. 39. n. 59 (1894) (Manicai Mimeni) : Biitl.. ./oui-n. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 400.

n. 149 (1896) (pt.) ; id., Ami. May. X. IL (6). XVIII. p. 69. n. 7 (1896) (Nyassa) ; id., Proc.

Zuol. Soc. Loml. p. 256. n. 21 (1898) (Zomba); id., I.e. p. 397. n. 11 (1898) (Brit. C. Afr.) ;

Auriv., Kongl. Sr. Vet. Akad. Hand!. XXXL 5. p. 241. n. 56 (1899) (pt.).
Palla (Chnra.rex) varaties, Schaus & Clements, Sierra Leone Lep. p. 9 (1893) (S. Leone).

6 ?. White area of forewing aboce occupying at least lialf the cell, extending
beyond M- and coming posteriorly near the chocolate tawny outer area or touching

( 359 )

it ; iu ? the cell is often all white ; on hindwing the white area reaches the bent
of R\

On the whole the West African specimens have the outer half of the npperside
a little deeper in tint than the East African individnals.

Three forms in East Africa, one of them only in West Africa.
<■/'.

c? S . Underside clayish tawny, the bars feebly marked, partly obsolete, discal
line heavy, markings in onter region feeble, except ocellate patches C — SO" and
M' — SM^ ; gloss iu outer region prominent. The underside is apparently never olive
as in certain South African specimens.

Common in East Africa. In the Triug Museum from Port Alice, Uganda,
July 3rd and 19th, 1894 (Dj. Ansorge) ; Kibwezi, Brit. E. Afr., April 7th, 1894
(Dr. Ansorge) ; Dar-es-Salaam, Germ. E. Afr. ; Delagoa Bay ; Zomba, October-
December 1895 (Dr. Rendall).
e'.

S ? . Underside paler, bars prominent, markings in marginal area better
defined.

The difference between form i'' and r/' is not so marked as in the case of the
corresponding forms of C/>. earunes uastrinus.

In the Tring Museum from Parurabira, Lake Nyassa, October 23rd and 24th,
1894 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Delagoa Bay ; Chipaika Estate, near Bandawa, Nyassaland
(Watkinson) ; Ft. Johnstone, January — February 1896 (Dr. Rendall) : Dar-es-
Salaara, Germ. E. Afr. ; Mikindani, Germ. E. Afr., January — May 1897 (Reimer) ;
Mombasa, Brit. E. Afr. ; Mazera's, Brit. E. Afr., March 12th, 1895 (Dr. Ansorge):
Pabo, Unyoro, July 24th, 1897 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Hoima, Unyoro, August 12th, 1897
(Dr. Ansorge) ; Salomona, Eritrea, November — December 1897 (Schrader) ; Bogos,
Abyssinia (Hausal) ; and all over West Africa from Seuegambia to Angola.

/'•

(? ? . Underside irrorated with black scaling.

In the Tring Museum from Masindi, Unyoro, April 14th, 1897 (Dr. Ansorge) ;
Mombasa ; Mikindani, January — May 1897 (Reimer) ; Dar-es-Salaam ; Delagoa
Bay ; Chijmika Estate, near Bandawa, Nyassaland (Watkinson).

23. Charaxes fulvescens.

Pdjiilio Nymphalh Gemmatus imranrx, Drury (noii Cramer, 1777), Ilhistr. Et. Ins. III. p. H and

Index (1782) (S. Leone).
NymphaVs i-ermies (!), Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 364. n. 48 (1823) (pt.).
PlniUnpliuxis vercmes, Blanchard, Hisf. Nal. /««. III. p. 348. n. 2 (1840) (pt.).
Pliiliii/iinnui rermies, Westwood in Doubl., Westw. & Hew., Gfn. Diiirn. Lep. II. p. 311. n. 2

(1850) (pt.).
Palla vanities, Kirby, Cat. Dlurn. Lepid. p. "274. n. 3 (1871) (pt.) ; Mab., Bull. Soi-. Zuul. Fnince

I. p. 280 (W. Afr.).
PnUit varaiies V2a. fnh-escens Aurivillius, Eiit. Tiilikr. Xll. p. 21lj. sub n. 148 (1891) ("type "

Drury's fig.).

c? ? . Differs from Ch. varanes as follows :

Wings, upperside : basal area huffish maize yellow, not milky white, on hind-
wing creamy white at base and in abdominal fold; outer area darker than in varanes,

blackish chestnut on forewing at costal and outer margins. Forewing : apex

more ronnded, outer margin less concave ; median bars more distal than in caranes,

( 360 )

bar R' — M' fi to 74 mm. from base of M', bar R- — R' If to 2i mm. from cross-vein
D', never touching bar D, which is obsolete behind ; discal patches R^ — SM'^ tawnv
chestnut, much paler than the postdiscal patches and the marginal area ; postdiscal
yellowish buff interstitial spots smaller than in caranes, spot SC* — SO' often present,
double spot M- — SM- often obsolete ; submarginal interstitial spots also smaller,
often minnte, seldom nearly all absent, extreme outer edge tawny, fringe not dis-
tinctly white between veins, though there are occasionally a very few white scales at

the interncrvnlar folds on the underside. Hindwing : the creamy ba'sal area

posteriorly less extended than the white area of caranes, and also less well defined,
gradually shading into the outer area ; discal line of underside showing through,
anteriorly generally marked by tawny scaling ; postdisco-submarginal round patches
nearly black, variable in size, seldom with a white dot inside : brownish black
admarginal bars larger than in caraytes, less arched, the upper four larger than the
last three, margin outside these bars and tail distinctly paler than admarginal area,
creamy at upper angle ; tail not spatulate, broader at base than in varanes, hence
margin more oblique from tail to anal angle, tooth at M' generally less obvious than
in varani's.

Underside : ground colour pale straw yellow, much shaded with clay colour ;
bars black, thin, prominent on account of the pale ground colour, with a thin, glossy,

whitish border in side-light ; discal line less black, more dark clay colour.

Forewing : discal line more sharply angled before R- than in varanes, and more
concave behind, its costal part often liroken up into spots ; in most specimens the
I)0stdiscal spots represented by sharply marked dots ; median bars R^ — SM' in
varanes at about equal distance from discal line, in fulvescens bar R' — M' farther

away from the line than bars M- — SM'. Hindwing : proximal border of ocellate

postdisco-submarginal spots not chestnut, but tawny olive, black ring of upper
ocellus heavy, sharply marked also distally, submarginal black bars of ocelli
SC' — M' generally represented by a tiny, but conspicuous, black dot, central parts of
ooelli M' — (SM') all white, not shaded with ochraceous ; admarginal black spots
much smaller than in varanes, but sharper defined, more obvious, with or without
tiny white spots at distal side which are never distinctly transverse as in varanes ;
fringe with dispersed white scales, especially behind tail; no white spots at inter-
nervular folds.

Length of forewing : cJ, 39 — 48 mm.
„ „ ? , 48 — 54 mm.

Penis and penis-funnel as in Ck. varanes ; clasper constantly different ; the
apical tooth thinner, more curved, its upper surface less concave (PI. 8. f. 25.).

Larva and chrysalis unknown, most likely not essentially different from those
of Cli. varanes.

Hah. West African Forest Region, from Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda.

Ch.fuhescens is constantly different in the characters of the wings and claspers
from varanes, and there are no intergradations. The two insects occur together in
the same place at the same time of the year, as our material jiroves ; hence varanes
and fulvescens can neither be geographical nor seasonal varieties. Against there
being forms of a dimorphic species tell the following facts : (1) that two insects are
distinguished by differences in the claspers of the 6 6; (2) that the differences
presented by the wings are found in both sexes, without there being any intergrada-
tions between the two insects ; (3) that fulvescens does not occur in East Africa
projier, though varanes of West and East Africa are not subspecifically separable.

( 361 )

We do not see any reasou for the assumption tliat ftdcescens is a variety of
varanes ; everything points to its being independent of it.

We recognise two geographical races, which are connected by intergradations
occnrring in the intermediate countries.

a. Ch. fiilvescens fulvescens.

Papilio Nijmplmlis Gemmatus varanes Drury, I.e. (Sierra Leone).

Palla varanes ya.v. fulrescens Aurivillius, I.e.

ChiraMS fulvescens, Karsch, Berl. Enl. Zeitschr. XXXVIII. p. 192. n. 57 (189.=S) {sijn. pro p. ; Adeli,

Togo) ; Auriv., I.e. XV. p. 312. n. 202 (189i) (Bonge, Cameroons, Nov., Dec).
Cliara.res nigrescens Butler, Jeurn. Linn. Sac. Loncl. XXV. p. 401. n. 150 (1896) (Sierra Leone ;

Gold Coast ; Ashinti).
Charaxes varanes var. ? (ab. ?) nigrescens, Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 241.

n. 56 (1899).
Charaxes varanes var. (temp.?) (a.h.l) fulvescens, id., l.c. (1899) (pt.).

<? ? . Wings above. Forewing : pale basal area reaching to origin of M' or

beyond, shading distally into orange ochraceous ; postdiscal and submarginal inter-
stitial spots orange ochraceous. — — Hindwiug : basal area whitish cream-colour
behind, gradually shading into the outer area.

Underside : ground colour very pale straw yellow in basal area.

Hab. Sierra Leone to Gaboon. In the Tring Museum from : Sierra Leone,
5 (Jc?, 1 ?; Gold Coast, Accra, 33 cJc?, 4 ? ?; Agawasso, middle of July 1897.
4 c?c?; Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, caught in March, April, May, June, August,
and September (Dr. Roth), 0 c?cJ, 4 ? ? ; Cameroons, 2 c?cf .

Individuals from Gaboon and the Cameroons approach the ne.xt subspecies.

b. Ch- fulvescens monitor Rothsch., subsp. nov.

Charaxes fulvescens, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 401. n. 151 (1891)) (pt. ; Congo).
Charuxes varanes var. (temp, i) (ab. ?) fulvescens, Aurivillius, Kongl. Sr. Al:ud. Hnndl. XXXI. 5.
p. 241. n. 56 (1899) (pt. ; Congo).

c? ? . Wings above. Forewing : basal area not quite so pale as in nigrescens,

shading on disc into tawny orange ochraceous ; postdiscal and submarginal inter-
stitial spots more tawny than in fulcescens. Hindwing : basal area more white,

better defined, posteriorly more restricted, the outer area darker, especially in anal
region ; black admarginal spots large.

Underside more clay colour than iw fulvescens, in ? with a greenish olive tint.

Hab. Congo : Upoto (Rev. Oram), 2, S S , Kassai country, 2 S3. Fajao, Unyoro,

July 11th {tgpe!) and Kith, 1897 (Dr. Ausorge), 2 SS, 1 ?; Mon3'onyo, Unyoro,

March 18tii, 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 c?; Pt. Alice, Unyoro, March 3rd, 1894, and

July 3rd, 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 2SS; Mtebe, Uganda, July 30th, 1894 (Dr. Ansorge),

,1 ? ; Kampala, Uganda, March 21st, 1897 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 ?.

The specimen from Mon3'onyo has a distinct white dot in the fir.st black
postdisco-submarginal patch of the upperside of the hindwing, and traces of such
dots also in the other spots.

24. Charaxes balfouri (Nov. Zool. VII. t^ 11. f. 3, S).

Charaxes balfouri Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 176. t. 18. f. 0 ? (1881) (Socotra) ; id., Journ,
Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 400. n. 148 (1896) (Socotra) ; Auriv., Kongl. So. Akad. Uandl.
XXXI. 5. p. 241. n. 55 (1899) (Socotra).

3 ? . Body above chestnut-hazel, antennae the same colour, paler at ends, their
scales also chestnut except those on outer surface, which are white ; underside
clayish creamy buff.

25

( 3r,a )

cJ. lV!>iffS above : basal area bazel-cbestnut, gradually sbading into the reddish

chestnut outer area, which has a maroon purple tint, especially on bindwing.

Forewing : similar in markings to CA. varanes, but postdiscal spots rather smaller,
hence the series of postdiscal and submarginal interstitial s])ots closer together,
these series of spots either of nearly tlie same colour as the base of the wing, or tawny
ochraceons ; outer edge scalloped ; fringe white except at ends of veins. Hind-
wing : of the postdisco-snbmarginal series of brownish black spots of CA. varanes
only the upper two are marked, small, the others vestigial or absent ; two white
submarginal dots between M= and SM" more or less conspicuous ; black admarginal
lunules large ; interspaces between them and fringe bluisli white ; fringe buft'; edge
of wing conspicuously scalloped.

Underside bistre brown, bars in shape and position similar to those of

CA. varanes. Forewing : bar D complete, with a white proximal border which

gradually fades away proximally; discal line as strongly angled as in Cli.fi(lvescens,
slightly concave between R- and M', then somewhat convex, with a heavy white
outer border from SC^ to (SM'), the white scaling occupying the whole area between

discal line and postdiscal dots, but gradually sparser distally. Hindwing : discal

line convex, very slightly broken at some of the veins, two upper partitions some-
what concave, with a heavy white outer border which is sharjily limited between
C and SC- and again between M' and SM-, while between SU^ and M' it is much
broader and gradually fades away, the postdiscal-marginal area thinly shaded with
white scaling ; eye-spot C — SC sharply marked, composed of a white centre
surrounded by three rings ; blackish brown, bistre, dark chestnut, eye-sjwts SC'- -M'
vestigial, the centres of spots M'— SM- white, transverse, tbe proximal portions of
the wings of these latter spots marked or obsolete, the distal portions obsolete ;
black admarginal spots heavy, but widely separate, with heavy, transverse, white
outer borders ; edge of wing buff and fringe white, except at extremities of veins ;
tail of even width, not distinctly spatulate, narrower than in Cli. varanes, 6 to 7 mm.
long, tooth M^ prominent.

?. Similar to S, ground colour paler, the reddish chestnut colour of the
upperside less extended.

Length of forewing : cJ, 36 — 40 mm.
„ „ ? , 42 — 45 mm.

Sexual organs similar to those of Ch.fulvescens and roranes, clasper resembling
more that oi fulrescens.

Hah. Socotra. In the Tring Museum 3 c?J, collected by 0. Grant at 150U and
31)00 ft., January 22nd and 24th and February 7th.

h. Discal line of hindwing below deeply biconcave, a sliarj)ly defined, pale b\iff,
jiostdisco-submarginal ring C — SCI

25. Charaxes analava (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 11. f 1, J).

Ch/traxes anaUimi Ward, Entum. IX. p. .3 (1872) (Madagascar); Mab., in Grandid., HM. Mdd.
XIX. 2. Lfp. I. p. 194. t. 25a. f. 2. '2a (1885) (Madaga.scar) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Land.
XXV. p. 369. n, 47 (1896) (Antananarivo); Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Akad. Hamll. XXXI. .5.
p. 241. n. 54 (1899) (M.adagascar).

c?. Body above cream colour, head, collar, and anterior part of mfsonolniu
ochraceons buff, seldom smoky brown, palpi without black dorso-lateral stripe,
antennae green, with creamy scales ; underside cream colour, or creamy buff, breast

( 363 )

with buff or black oblique stripes underneath legs, sides of metasternum same colour
as the stripes, tipperside of femora also buff or black.

S. Wings above : Naples yellow, changing into buff yellow in anal region of
hind wing. Forewing : outer area from apex of cell to margin black, this area nar-
rowing posteriorly, about 8 to 10 mm. broad at SM'-, its inner margin conve.x betwi^en
veins, no separate snbmedian and median bars, liasal area mostly a little extended
distad beyond lower angle of cell, but lower end of bar D tlien obsolete or very thin ;
the black area includes, as in CA. candiope, a series of postdiscal interstitial spots of
the same colour as the basal area, spot SC* — SG* absent, the next one about
2 to 3 mm. in length, spots R' — R^ minute, especially the npjier of tlie two,
spots R^ — M- larger than the others, diameter about 2i to 3J mm., spots IP— SM^
small, close together at (SM'), mostly fused to one spot; outer edge of wing
concave, scalloped, marginal dots small ; discal interspaces SC* — R" somewhat
closer to cell than in Ch. cancHope, varying in width, |- to J as wide as the black

area between them and apex of cell. Hindwing : postdisco-marginal bhick band

from C to R^, continued behind by dispersed black locales and the slightly curved
admarginal bars R' — M^ and the two dots near anal angle, the band stopping in
front at C, but its outer portion sometimes extended to costal margin; the band
consists of the postdisco-snbmarginal eye-spots, the admarginal bars, and the inter-
spaces between, the latter often less deep black than the eye-spots and bars ; the
eje-spots R' — M* often vestigial, upper three marginal buif lunules well separated,
posterior ones less so, because here the ends of the veins are not deep black, but
clayish, shaded with few black scales ; outer edge deeply scalloped, anal angle not
triangularly produced, while the outer margin is more produced at R' tlian nsunlly,
hence the wing somewhat pentagonal, with three tails.

Underside : veins green ; greenish olive cinnamon from base to irregular discal
line, darker near the latter, much variegated with white ; black bars thin, bnt

sharply defined in basal two thirds. Forewing : base of costal margin white, cell

with three black bars, first short, bordered with white basally, second before middle,
reduced to a short streak behind SC which is placed into a straight, heavy, wliite
bar, third bar thin, complete, straight, faintly irregular, oblique, reaching M at or
before base of M', mostly nearly parallel to bar D, apex of cell all white ; submedian
bar M' — M- present; median bars SC^ — IVP conspicnons on the dark gniutid on
account of their white proximal borders, bar M' — M^ 2 to 3 mm. from base of M',
slightly incurved, bar W — M' oblique, posteriorly more distal than the bar behind
it, anteriorly touching lower angle of cell, bar R^ — R^ in front of it, bars SC^ — R"
0 mm. from cell, a little nearer to the cell than to the discal line, at right angles to
veins, or slightly inclining basad ; interspaces between median bars R' — M" and cell
respectively submedian bar M' — M^ buff cinnamon ; discal bars fused to a continuous
line which begins at costal margin 12 to 14 mm. from apex, is strongly convex behind
R', then irregularly concave down to be3'ond M^ the posterior portion more distal,
slightly oblique, straight, reaching SM'- 4 to 5 mm. from tip of this vein, distally
this line is bordered white (except beyond M-), the white colour shading into the
cinnamon buff postdisco-marginal area ; })Ostdiscal bars represented by a series of
minute dots, spot SC — SC^ only being larger, ovate, all surrounded by some grey
scaling, internal marginal area from base to near discal line, and anteriorly to M

resp. M-, creamy. Hindwing : basal costal bar absent, or very short, jilaced along

the basal branch of PC, no costal snbbasal bar, subbasal bar C — S(J^ also often
absent, subbasal bars SC— SM' continuons, heavily bordered white basally,

( 364 )

posteriorly approachiug, or joining, snbmedian bar SM^ — SM', this latter much more
l)asal than the other snbmedian bars, anteriorly joined to median bar (SM') — SJP
by means of an irregular longitndiual line, tlie interspace limited by these median
and snbmedian bars as well as the cellnle beyond SM' and part of the area between
median and discal bars (SM') — SM^ ecrn drab ; median bars continuous down to
(SM'), the line crossing M at, or a little distal of, base of M'-, regularly convex ;
costal median bar variable in position, always more basal than the other median bars,
which are almost continuous to (SM'), this line convex in middle, nearly parallel
to snbmedian line, interspaces between the two lines white proximally, cinnamon butf
distally ; discal bars all continuous representing a very irregular line, which forms
nearly a half-ring between costal margin and internervular fold K' — R'-, tlien runs
obliquely distad to beyond It", turns sharply back, forming a concave curve down
to beyond M", where it forms a right angle ending at SM'^ about 5 mm. from anal
angle ; at W the line comes close to the median one ; distally the line is broadly
bordered with white, which colour is very much extended between SC^ and IV ; post-
discal and submarginal bars not sharply defined, brown, the former distally, the latter
proximally bordered with creamy butf, curved towards each other, the upper ones
meeting to form rings, the rings filled up with brown and grey scaling, ring C — SC*
very conspicuous on account of its heavy tawny outer border and its regular shape;
irregular ring-spots R' — R' and the anal ones the smallest, spot R^ — M', wliich is
the least well-defined, the largest ; submarginal area and outer margin cinnamon,
varying in shade, admarginal bars thin, transverse, slightly curved, bordered with
white proximally and with whitish bine distally ; tail R' 8 to 12 mm., rather broad,
not pointed, generally slightly turned backwards, tail M' 5 to 8 mm. long, straight,
slightly pointed, tail M' 7 to 10 mm. long, somewhat curving frontad, slightly
pointed.

?. Not essentially different from d.

Clasper not essentially different from that of C/i. raranes ; penis-funnel much
shorter, and broader apically, than in that species ; penis with one solitary tooth
iibont 1^ mm. before apex.

Length of forewing : cj, 38 — 47 mm.
„ ,, S , 40 — 50 mm.

Hab. Madagascar, in forest country. In the Tring Museum, ~ 6 S.

B. Forewing below with single rows of scales before C.
26. Charaxes candiope.

Nymphalis candiope Godart, Enc. Mith. IX. p. 353. n. 10 (1813) (hab. ?).

Chariixes viriilicostatiis Aurivillius, Offers. Vel. Akad. Fijrh. XXXVI. 7. p. 41 (1879) (Damaraland).

S ? . Body abate : varying from tawny to ochraceous, head, pronotum, and
anterior part of mesonotum deeper in tint than rest of upperside, dots on head and
pronotum vestigial or absent, palpi with a black dorso-lateral stripe ; uiu/erside
creamy buff, sides of breast slightly tawny.

c?. Wings : veins (and membrane) green ; upperside tawny or orange tawny,

basal area slightly paler or pale ochre yellow. Forewing rather falcate ; three

cell-bars vestigial, bar 3 mostly black at SC ; snbmedian and median bars M' — M'
showing through from below, or the median one clearly marked behind M', median
bars SC — M' present, bar R' — M' halfmoon-shaped, occasionally nearly extending
to base of M', bar R^ — R' often fused with bar D, which latter is dilated in front,

I

( 365 )

bars SC — R^ more distal, dilated, each more or less convex proximally, concave
distally, often joined to bar D as well as to discal bar R-— R^, iu which case the
interspaces are more or less isolated and reduced in size ; a complete series of black
discal patches, representing the discal bars, the series parallel to outer margin, but
turning costad at RS the patches contiguous, each convex proximally, concave
distally, patch R.' — W the smallest, all joined along veins (except (SM')) to the
postdisco-snbmargiual band, thus isolating a series of seven tawny ochreous, post-
discal, interstitial spots, of which the posterior ones are the largest ; edge of wing
blackish brown, the admarginal interspaces pale tawny, but not always clearly
marked ; the postdisco-submargiual black band widest in front ; the discal and

postdiscal interspaces in the St. Thome race small or only vestigial. Hindwing :

basal to discal bars more or 'less showing through from underside ; a postdisco-
snbmarginal black baud, widest between SC^ and R' (at least 9 mm.), suddenly
narrower from R- or R^ to M^ often interrupted at vein M', including a series of
tawny ochreous, seldom whitish, snbmarginal interstitial spots, which stand either
in tlie middle of the band or nearer its outer edge ; postdiscal bars M- — SM'- thin,
curved, followed each by a white line, between which and the respective sub-
marginal bars, which are represented by two spots, there is more or less obvious
pale blue scaling ; admarginal interspaces tawny, upper ones more orange tawny,
seldom suffused with black, anal one olive buff, no distinct marginal line.

Underside : the naked veins and costal edge of forewing conspicuously green ;

bars black. Forewing : buff or clayish buff, slightly ochreous ; basal half of

costal edge before C with rows of white scales, otherwise scaleless ; basal cell-spot
present, bars linear, bar 3 the heaviest, about f mm. thick, its upper end a little
hook-shaped, that of bar 4 more strongly so ; submedian and median bars M- — SM-
seldom vestigial at M', bars M'— M'^ parallel, thin, at right angles to veins, about
2J mm. distant from each other, submedian one (seldom absent) behind base of M'
or a little more distal ; median bar R'' — M' more distal than the one behind it, bar
R2 — R' separate from bar D, but the interspace between them brownish, bars
SC — R' forming a continuous or a broken line ; discal bars concave distally, the
series continuous, convex from SC to R', then rnnning obliquely to SM^ which is
reached 6 mm. from tip, while at R' the series is 10 mm. distant from outer margin,
posterior bars heavier than the upper ones, the discal bars form the outer edge of a
band of nearly even width, the band varies from walnut brown to russet, changes
posteriorly generally into blackish brown, its upper two thirds are occasionally
cinnamon or almost obsolete ; a series of brown postdiscal spots, parallel to discal
series of lunules, approaching it a little behind, distance between the two series
about 4 or 5 mm., spot SC*— SC" developed to a patch, last sjjot large, fused with
the snbmarginal bar ; series of thin, inconspicuous, snbmarginal bars parallel to
outer margin, snbmarginal interspaces huffish grey, more bluish grey behind, a

bluish grey dash or spot within black patch M" — SM-. Hindwing: sepia colour or

russet sepia, snbmarginal area drab ; bars thin, basal costal bar ])ointing distad, no
costal subbasal bar, the subbasal series extending from C to SM' ; submedian series
irregular but continuous from costal margin to M, with creamy white scaling at
proximal side, which scaling forms generally a conspicuous spot before and another
in cell, submedian bar M' — M", if present, close to base of M", bar M= — (SM') distal
of base of M', about at right .angles to veins, while bar (SM') — SM^ is oblique and
often joins the respective subbasal bar at SM", bar SM" — SM'^ does not extend to
SM', it curves basad anteriorly and joins the respective subbasal one, forming a kind

( 3fi6 )

of half rinj;, which sometimes is filled np witli whitish scaling; median series
irregular, oblique down to R^, slightly concave, bars U'- — M' more distal than the
others, R^ — M' about U mm. from base of M', bar M'— M- just behind base of M',
M*— (SM') about 3 mm. more distal, at right angles to M'^, (SM') — S5P again more
distal, reaching abdominal margin beyond tip of SIP, the median bars (except last)
with creamy white scaling at outer side, this scaling forming an irregular band from
costal margiu to R', followed by three spots, bar M- — (SM') edged with creamy
white ; discul bars arched, especially upper two, the series concave from C to R^,
bar SC" — B' the most proximal, standing in or before the middle of the wing,
oblique from R' to RP or to abdominal margiu, the bars edged distaliy with ochraceous
or greenish ochraceous Innules : postdiscal bars arched like the disoal ones, the post-
discal interspaces therefore halfmooii-shaped, the uj)per ones generally wider than
the posterior ones, varying in tint from raw umber to bnrnt umber, white sub-
marginal spots in the same position as above, posterior ones curved, black
snbmarginal bars represented by black dots to which are joined ]U'oximally bluish
dots, uppermost black dot generally absent, all placed in buff or olive buff scaling ;
upper admarginal interspaces pale buff; marginal line posteriorly burnt umber
colour ; upper tail slender, more or less pointed, second longer, of even width, often
slightly spatulate.

?. Larger than d , basal area of both wings, above, ])ostdiseal interstitial spots
of the forewing and the snbmarginal ones of the hindwing paler ; tails longer than
in c?, broader.

Length of forewing : S , 39 — 46 mm.
,, „ ?, 44 — 52 mm.

Apical process of clasper broad, narrowed into a sharp, rather short, hook :
tenth tergite divided by a rounded sinus ; penis with a dorsal series of teeth,
varying in size and number, the teeth closer together near apex.

Hab. Africa south of the Sahara (Cape Colony excepted) ; St. Thome ; Socotra.

a. Ch. candiope candiope.

Nymphalh candiope Godart. Em. Mith. IX. p. 35:!. n. 10 (1823) (liab. V) : Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,

Gen. Diiirii. Lep. II. p. 30i). n. 16 (1850) (Congo); Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 268. n. 17

(1871) (Congo).
Charax.es aindiope, Butler, Proc. ZouL Sue. Lniul. p. 628. n. 18 (1866) (Congo) ; Druce, ibid. p. 412.

n. 5 (1879) (Angola) ; Obertb., Aim. Mus. Civ. Genova XV. p. 166. n. 45 (1879) (Abyssinia ;

June, July) ; Gooch, Entmn. XIV. p. 6 (1881) (Natal) ; Spiller, ihUI. XV. p. 8 (1882) (Xat-il) ;

Stand., Ej-ot. Ta-nf. p. 169. t. 58. J (1886); Ti-in. & Bok.,.S. A/r. Butt. I. p. 327. n. 107. t. 6. f. 4.

cJ (1887) (from' Natal northwards) : Capronn., C. R. Soc. Enl. BcUj. XXXIII. p. 146. n. 77

(1889) (Si-Banghi, Gabon) ; Smith, Proc. Zoul. Sue. Loud. p. 472. n. 85 (1890) (Aruwimi) ;

Godm. & Salv., in Jameson, Slori/ nf Pair Column p. 440. n. 87 (1890) (Aruwimi) ; Trim., Proc.

Zool. Soc. Land. p. 180. n. 33 (1892) (Omrora VIII. ; Ehanda IX.) ; Kursch, Ent. Xoclir. xviii.

p. 176. n. 44 (1892) (Baliburg); Schaus & Clements, Si.rm Leone Lfji. p. 8 (1893) (S. Leone);

Auriv., Ent. Tidskr. XV. p. 310 n. 190 (1894) (Cameroons, IV. v.) ; Butl., Proc. Zno]. Soc. Loud.

p. 562. n. 17 (1894) (Mt. Hiihnel, 16,000 ft.) ; Holl., Proc. N. St. i\at. J/".v. XVIII. p. 262 (1895)

(Somaliland) ; Butl., I.e. p. 254. n. 13 (1895) (Zomba) : id., I.e. p. 725. n. 13 (1895) (Brit. E. A.);

id.. I.e. p. 852. n. 17 (1896) (Nyassaland) : Sharpe, ibid. p. 553. n. 33 (1896) (Uarro Mts.,

Somaliland) ; Butl., Juuni. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 367. n. 44 (1896) (Many local, noted) ;

Auriv., KonrjI. Sr. Akad. /land. XXXI. 5. p. 240. n. 51 (1899) (from Sierra Leone and

Abyssinia to Damaraland and Natal).
Churaxcs viridieostatun Aurivillius, qfeers. Vet. Akad. Fork. XXXVl. 7. p. 41 (1879) (Damaraland).

c?. JJo(/y above: clayish ochraceous, wings orange tawny, base ochre yellow.

I'orewing : bar D and meflian bars SC* — M' very variable in size, median bar»

( 3(i7 )

Ri_M' often obsolete, bars SC*— R= not joined to bar D, bar R'— M' generally
smaller than the ocbreons or tawny orange triangle bordered by it and veins M' and
R' ; black discal patch R' — R'^ about the size of the orange tawny patch at its
proximal side, or smaller ; postdiscal, tawny orange, interstitial spots very variable,
sometimes larger than the black discal patches. Hindwing : snbmarginal inter-
stitial spots orange tawny, upper four or five sitnated nearer the onter than the
inner edge of the black baud ; admarginal interspaces orange tawny, anal one
olive buif.

Underside. Forewing : basal area pale buff; cell-bar 4 thin, nearer to apex

of cell than to bar 3 ; median bars SG^ — R- oblique to the veins ; brown discal band

3 to 4 mm. broad between _R^ and M', the band often very pale. Hindwing :

discal Itmnle SC^ — R' nearer to base than to outer margin or jnst in middle of wing;
distance between median and discal bars R'^ — R' varying from H to 4 mm. at R-,
postdiscal interspaces C — M' of nearly equal width or the npper three much wider,
the distance from the proximal edge of discal bar SO" — R' to the outer edge of
the respective postdiscal bars varying from 2 J to 4 J mm. ; marginal line pale,
ill-defined; upper tail 3J to 6J mm., second 7 to 9^ mm. long.

?. Paler than S, especially basal area, median bars of forewing abac ■ larger,
bar R'— R- often joined to bar D as well as to discal patch R'— R- ; upper tail 8 to
lOi mm. long, second 9 to lOi mm.

The bars of the underside are often partly indistinct, the wings not appearing
so strongly variegated as in other individuals, the white baud on the disc of the
hindwing being also absent. Such specimens occur especially often in S. E. Africa,
and are mosr likely individuals which have hibernated in the pupal state, repre-
senting a cold season form.

Length of forewing : <?, 40 — 46 mm.
,, „ ? , 46 — 52 mm.

Hab. Continent of Africa from Sierra Leone and Abyssinia to Natal and
Damaraland ; not found in the Cape Colony; a common species. Antinori observed
it feeding on the exudations of Solanaceous plants (Oberthiir, Ann. Mas. Civ.
Genova XV. p. 106). According to BIr. Morant the species is on the wing during
the greater part of the year in Natal (Trimen & Bowker, I.e.).

b. Ch. candiope thomasius (Nov. Zool. V. t. T. f. 5. S).

Charar.es candiope var. Ihomasius Staudinger, E.riit. Taaf. p. 169 (1886) (St. Thome) ; Auriv.,
Kong. Vet. Akad. H„ndl. XXXI. 5. p. 241. sub n. 51 (1899) (St. Thomt').

Charaxes candiope local race ? : C. thumasiuSi Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 368. sub d. 45
(1896) (St. Thome).

(S. Wings aboce, basal area ochre yellow, the area on forewing sharply

defined, on hindwing shading into russet tawny. Forewing : bar D heavy,

fused with median bar R- — R^ median bar R'— M' visible, bar M'— M- short,
vestigial, outer area of wing blackish mummy brown, the tawny postdiscal inter-
stitial spots small, posterior ones obsolete, as are the admarginal spots.

Hindwing : disco-marginal blackish mummy brown area very broad in front,
the snbmarginal dots within it minute, admarginal tawny interspaces obsolete,
except two upper ones.

Underside. Forewing : basal area very pale ochreous ; submedian bar

M' — M" absent (always ?) ; cell-bars as in continental candiope, apical interspace

( 368 )

of cell uarrower than the postmedian one ; median bars SC" — R- closer to cell
than to discal bars ; brown discal band 4 to 5 mm. wide between R- and M' ;

series of brown postdiscal spots SC^— M' j)arallel to outer margin. Hindwing

as in candiope candiope, brown marginal line better defined, black submarginal
spots partly dash-like, longitudinal.

?. Unknown.

Length of forewing : S, 42 mm.

Hah. Island of St. Thom6 (St. Thomas) in the Gnlf of Guinea (coll.
Standinger).

c. Ch. candiope velox (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 11. f. 3. S).

Charaxes relax Grant, Bull. Liverpool Mus. II. p. 10 (1900) (.Socotra, up to 4000 ft.).

cJS. Winqs ahore and body tawny, basal area of wings a little paler.

Forewing : median bar R' — M' halfmoon-shapcd, touching both veins, bars SC— R-

twice as long as broad. Hindwing : submarginal interstitial spots in middle of

black disco-submarginal band, outer edge of this band somewhat dentate between
the veins ; admarginal interspaces R'^ — M- partly, anal one totally, scaled
olive-buff.

UiK/erside. Forewing : postmedian intersjiace of cell paler than the rest of

the cell, whitish, a little, or not, broader than the apical interspace of cell; submediau
bar M' — M" proximal of base of M' ; median bars SC — R" forming a curved line,
bar SC' — R' at right angles to veins ; black patch M" — SIP in posterior angle

about half the size of the respective postdiscal interspace. Hindwing : discal

and submarginal interspaces grey or drab ; discal and ])ostdiscal, luniform, bars
parallel, the series of nearly equal distance from C to M', the interspaces between
them greenish ochraceous, discal bar SC^ — R' in the middle of the wing, 6 mm.
distant from base of R", measured between veins, discal bar R* — R' 2 mm. distant
from median bar R" — R', measured along R-, the halfmoon formed by the discal
and postdiscal bars M^— SM^ less oblique than in continental candiope ; edge of
wings dentate, upper tail pointed and long in c?, 6 to 7 mm. long, second
7 to 8J muj. ; in ? tails 10 mm.

Length of forewing : S, 39 — 41 mm.
„ „ ?, 44 mm.

Hab. Socotra ; 4 S3,'i ? ?, collected by 0. Grant in January and February
1899, at 1200 and 3500 ft.

27. Charaxes antamboulou (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 11. f. 2. t?).

Charaxes untamlouluxi Lucas, Ami. Sc. Nut. Zuul. (5). XV. 22. p. 1 (1872) (Madagascar) ; Saalm.,
Lej>. Mad. I. p. 8G. n. 125. t. 2. f. 24. 25 (1884) (Nossib.')' ; Mab., in Graadid., Uht. Mad., Up.
I. p. I'Jl. t. 23. f. 3. 4. ? (1885-87) (pt.) ; Butl., ./««)«. Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 368. n. 45
(189G) (Ft. Dauphin ; Ankafana) ; Auriv., Kongl. f!v. Akad. llaiidl. XXXI. 5. p. 24L n. 52
(ISyy) (Madagascar).

CharaxcH amdiape, Ward (no,t Godart, 1823), Ent. Mo. Mug. IX. p. 210 (1873) (Madagascar) ;
Saalm., Her. Senk. Ges. p. 82. n. 29 (1878) (Loucoube).

Charaxes candiope var., Saalmiiller, I.e. p. 123 (1879).

S ? . Body above tawny ochraceous, thorax paler, palpi with a black dorso-
lateral line ; underside cream colour, sides of sterna russet, femora black, with
white, dispersed scales, abdomen clay colour.

c?. Wing.i al)oce, similar to those of Ch. candiope ; basal area pale ochrcous
veins partly green ; hindwing tawny posteriorly and along black postdisco-

( 369 )

snbmarginal band. Forewing : falcate, outer edge not, or very little, dentate

at the veins, middle cell-bar represented at SC bj' a black or brown spot ; bar D
sometimes separate, mostly with a small ochreons dot distally at upper end, seldom
completely fused with median bars; median bar M' — M* seldom obviously vestigial,
the other median bars of Ch. candiope merged together with the black disco-
marginal area, this area including a series of postdiscal interstitial spots as
in Ch. candiope, the spots, however, smaller, and some discal spots, namely,
a band composed of three confluent spots between S(J^ and R-, and two contiguous

spots W — M', admarginal interspaces and outer half of costal margin tawny.

Hindwing : moderately dentate, two tails ; interstitial spots within black postdisco-
submarginal band smaller than in Ch. candinpe, tawny colour along this band very
much restricted from C to R-.

Underside as in Ch. candiope., brighter russet, the white borders of the bars

rather more conspicuous. Forewing : cell-bar 3 closer to bar 2 than to

4, interspace between 2 and 3 bright russet, basal cell-bar rather long, con-
spicuous, upper end of cell-bar 4 at right angles to SC, or pointing proximad ;
median bars SC — R° at right angles to veins ; interspaces between median bars
SC^ — M' and cell russet, median bar M' — M'^ touching at ends the discal, russet,
band-like, area ; submedian bar M' — M^ proximal of base of M'; snbmedian and
median bars M" — (SM') seldom vestigial behind M-, the former 1 or 2 mm. distant
from base of IVP, discal series of carved bars less concave in middle than in

candiope. Hindwing : median bar R^ — R^ more gently curved than in candiope;

discal luniform bar SC^ — R' in middle of wing; upper, tawny russet, postdiscal
halfmoon-shaped patches wider than the middle ones, last halfmoon less obliquely
placed to vein M''^ than in Ch. candiope candiope ; submedian bar M^ — (SM') a little
more j)ro.\imal than in candiope ; upper tail 6 to 8 mm., second 9 to 10 mm. long.

? like (? ; underside more greyish, especially in submarginal region, discal
interspaces of hindwing more white ; upper tail 9 mm., second 10 mm.

There occur specimens of either sex which have the forewing more falcate
and the underside much less variegated, the bars being partly obsolete. Such
a specimen is figured by Mabille, I.e., t. 23. f. 4 ; in the Tring Museum there is
a c? and a ? of this form, which specimens have bar D and bars SC — R' of
forewing, most of the bars of the hindwing as well as the white discal spots
and the upper postdiscal, half-moon-shaped, patches obsolete. It is possible that
these specimens represent the cold season form.
Length of forewing: i, 38—41 mm.
„ „ cJ, 41—47 mm.

Hab. Madagascar : Nossi-be, Ft. Dauphin, Ankafana, Morondawa. In the
Tring Museum 9 c?c?, 4 ? ?, mostly from Morondawa.

Gh. antanboulou is very closely allied to Ch. candiope. We keep it separate
as a distinct species, because there is another Charaxes in Madagascar, named
cowani, which is also a close ally of candiope, and differs from antamboidou only
in some details. We know little about the distribution and nothing about the
time of occurrence of Ch. antambouloa and cowani ; these forms may be mere
individual varieties ; but before we have sufficient evidence to warrant such a
conclusion, it is better to treat the two forms as distinct species. In Saalmiiller's
figure the hindwing is nearly as strongly denticulate as it is in cowani ; if that is
not due to exaggeration on the part of the artist, the example figured would prove
that the strong denticulation of the wings of cowani is not of specific value.

( 370 ;
28. Charaxes cowani (Xov. Zool. VII. t. 11. f. 4. S).

Charaxes cowani Butler, Ann. Mag. N. 11. (5). II. p. 285 (1878) (Fiauarantsoa) ; id., I.e. (5). V
p. 336 (1880) (?, Fianarantsoa) ; Saalm., Lep. Mad. I. p. 88. n. liG (1884) (Fianarantsoa) ;
Butl.. Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 72. sub n. 89 (1888) (coicaiii and aiitamboulon distinct) ; id.,
.fourii. Linn. Soc. Lontl. XXV. p. .3G8. n. 46 (1896) (Fianarant-soa : Betsileo) ; Auriv.. Kongl.
Si: Akad. Hamll. XXXI. 5. p. 241. n. 53 (1899) (Madagasscar).

Charaxe-i antambouhni Mabille, in Urandid., Hist. Mad. XIX. 2., Lep. I. p. 191. t. 23. f. 1. 1«
(1885-87) (pt. ; cowani = untainhoulon .').

Charaxes cowtni Staudinger, Exol. Taiif. p. 169 (1886) (Madagascar).

<?. Body above, and basal area of wings, tawiiy ocbraceons, darker than in

antamboulou. Forewing : discal interspaces SC — E^ reduced in size, partly

obsolete, tawny like the postdiscal interstitial spots, no interstitial spot between
W and M', or only a trace of it, black area posteriorly wider ; edge of wing

dentate. Hindwing : black area also broader than in antamboulou, edge of wing

strongly dentate, tooth M- developed to a tail ; blue submarginal dots R' — SM^
generally rather conspicuous.

Underside : darker than in antamboulou, the huffish interspaces, especially of

forewing, reduced in size. Forewing : cell-bar 3 a little more distal than in

antamboulou, apical interspace of cell russet, not buff, snbmedian and median bars
M' — M- much closer together than in the allied species, black discal patch
M- — SM- more oblique, postdiscal bars represented by small, but rather sharply
marked, dots : snbmedian and median bars M- — (SM') rejiresentcd by spots behind

Ml Hindwing : blue and black submarginal dots conspicuous, but small :

snbbasal and snbmedian bars (SM')— SIVF absent ; postdiscal series of halfmoou-
shaped spots a little less curved than in antamboulou, tooth R- 2 mm. long, tail
R' 10 mm., tail M' 3 to 4 mm., tail M= lU to 11 mm.

? . Body and basal area of wings aboce as in antamboulou, outer margin of

both wing and posterior portion of disc of hindwing very dark tawny brown.

Forewing : median bar R' — M' without tawny spot at outside, completely fused
together with the black outer area ; tawny interspaces at distal side of median bars
R^— M' vestigial. Hindwing : submarginal, buff, spots rather heavy.

Underside somewhat paler than in i, snbmedian and median bars M' — •M'' of
forewing not quite so close together, dentition of wings as in J, tail R^ 11 mm.,
tail M' 4 mm., tail M- 12 mm. long.

I lab. Madagascar: Betsileo; Fianarantsoa. lu the Tring Museum 2 i S ,
1 ? without precise locality.

II. Underside, series of subbasal bars of hindwing stopping at M, or abdominal
fold streaked.

C- Serrations of costal margin of forewing in basal third about half the
number of the scale-rows before vein ('.
c. Discal bars of fore- and hindwing regularly arched, postdiscal ones
of hindwing also concave distally, about parallel to discal
ones,
e'. Median bars SC" — R- of forewing below close to cell, if
present.
(T. Median bars of hindwing below continuous, forming an
almost straight line, which is conspicuously bordered
with white distallv.

( 371 )
29. Charaxes numenes (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 7. f. 3, S).

Nymphalh numenes Hewitson, Eml. Butt. II, XijmjihalU t. 2. f. 9. 10. U. (^,? (18.09) (S. Leone) ;
Kirby, Cat. Dlurv. Lep. p. 209. n. 27 (1871) (S. Leone) ; Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zool. France I.
p. 28(1 (1870) (Landana) ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Kais. Lmp. Car. Ak. Nulurf. XLI. II. 2. p. 8 (1879).

Charaxes numene.% Butler, Prnc. Zool. Soc. Lonil. p. 630. n. 29 (1865) (S. Leone) ; Plotz, Stett. Enl.
Zeit. XLI. p. 194. n. 104 (1880) (Eninga, May ; Victoria, Nov.) ; Stand., E.rol. Tugf. p. 170
(1880) (Monrovia ; Fernando Po ; Gaboon) ; Dewitz, I.e. L. 4. p. .371 (1887) ; Godm. & Salv.,
in Jameson, Story Rear Culuiiin p. 440. n. 83 (1890) (Aruwimi); Moschl., Abh. Senkenh. Gesellsch.
XV. 1. p. 61. n. 100 (1890) (Aburi) ; Auriv., Ent. TUlskr. XV. p. 311. n. 192 (1894) (Ekundu,
Bonde, XI.) ; But!,, Jouni. Linn. Soc. Lmul XXV. p. 377. n. 70 (1896) (S. Leone, Accra ;
O. Calabar ; Cameroons ; Fernando Po ; Angola) ; Auriv., Koiigl. Sr. Akad. IIumU. XXXI. 5.
p. 240. n. 46 (1899) (Sierra Leone to Angola).

cj ? . Body {<S) abore black, somewhat bluish, dark mummy brown in front,
dots on head and pronotum white, (?) wood brown or cinnamon ; tdtderside, palpi
buff, mostly with the vestige of a white lateral line, abdomen of S buif, of ?
clayish buff, breast cinnamon olive.

c?. Wings abore : blue-black, glossy in basal two-thirds. Forewing : four

pale blue, discal sjiots, in an oblique row from R' — M-, often preceded by a fifth
spot, upper spots generally linear, the others more or less rounded, diameter 1 to
1^ mm., the series almost straight, spot R'' — M' being less distal than in tiridates ;
a series of small postdiscal spots from SC^ to internal margin, last one or two
sometimes absent, first spot the largest, about 1 mm. broad, white, spot SC^ — R'
also generally white, the others pale blue, middle ones sometimes luniform, the
series parallel to outer margin, but curving costad in front, spot R' — R^ 5 mm.
from outer margin ; marginal spots pale buff, clearly marked, spots R' — M- more or

less luniform. Hindwing ; a postdiscal series of pale blue spots of nearly equal

size, spot C — SC'- rounded, the largest, diameter about li mm., spots R' — M-
halfmoon-shaped, spot R^ — R^ the smallest, the series first concave, spot SC^ — R'
being 9 to 12 mm. distant from outer margin, then almost straight, spot M* — (SM')
5 mm. from outer margin ; a complete series of white submarginal dots, edged
blue, especially distally ; admarginal interstices with triangular, bnff, spots near
veins, no such spots at C and SU° ; fringe white except at the very ends of veins,
«dge of wing buffish between veins, rather heavily so between C and R' ; abdominal
fold brownish black, paler at edge.

Underside : cell of forewing and submediau interspaces of both wings pale
yellowish buff, discal interspaces of forewing at median bars and discal interspaces
of hindwing also buffish, median interspaces on both wings and rest of the large
triangular discal area of forewing raw umber or bistre colour ; white borders of

bars conspicuous. Forewing : basal cell-bar absent, bar 2 heavy, generally over

1 mm. broad, bar 3 sejjarated into two spots, the posterior the largest, the spots
sometimes fused to a bar which is constricted before middle, bar 4 thinner, upper
half deeply concave, upper end pointing distad, lower half nearly straight, reaching
M at or a little below base of M' ; bar D very gently curved, sometimes nearly
straight ; snbmedian bars M' — (SM') very heavy, bar M' — M" a little more distill
than bar M'— (SM') and also distal of point of origin of M', submediau bar R'
sometimes marked, situated in angle before M' ; median bars SC — SM^ in an
oblique series, the series broken at R^, bar R' — M', which is convex distally, being
about 2 mm. distant from lower end of bar R^ — R^ often also broken at M', bars
M'' — SM" much heavier than the upper ones, last one often touching discal bar,
median interspaces M' — SM- sometimes with black scaling, wliich often joins the
bars together ; discal bars R' — SM" evenly curved, black, the other discal bars

( 372 )

more or less obsolete, bars M' — SM^ bordered pale blae outwardly ; posterior
postdiscal interspaces pale yellow, the others more buffish, npper two with a white
spot each : jiostdiscal bars M' — 8M- represented by heavy black patches which
have pale blue, not conspicuous, outer borders, the outer postdiscal spots vestigial,
limited distally by jiale half-rings ; marginal, yellowish buff or jiale clayish, spots

ill-defined. Hindwiug : basal costal bar close to PC, touching this vein at bent ;

costal subbasal bar seldom marked, snbbasal bar C — SC;^ often feeble, barely h mm.
distal of point of origin of FC ; snbniedian bars continuous (or nearly so) from
costal margin to (>SM'), costal bar often curving distad, joining costal bar of median
series ; the latter also continuous, somewhat in middle, both series about parallel,
distance variable individually, white borders of the lines prominent, while the black
bars are often obsolete and always thin, except upper bars ; discal bars all arched,
the series deeply concave between C and I{-, the bars often obsolete, white borders
seldom prominent, postdiscal bars halfmoon-shaped, black, middle ones sometimes
nearly straight, generally much heavier than the discal ones, but often rather
ill-defined ; postdiscal interspaces more yellow than discal and snbmarginal areas ;
interspace C — SC" as large as, and generally better defined than, interspace SC-— R';
a series of white snbmarginal dots, followed by blue and by black ones, except between
upper veins ; admarginal interspaces with triangular spots as above, rather paler,
shaded with blue npon internervular fold ; tails very short, upper one U to 2 mm.
long, second a mere tooth.

?. Resembling ? oi tiridates on upperside. Forewing : shorter, white patch

between M' and M- less oblique. Hindwing : snbmarginal spots smaller, white,

with blue borders ; admarginal insterstitial spots interrupted.

Underside as in c?, hence very different from tiridates ; white band of forewing
as above, patches M" — SM- distally limited by the black postdiscal patches, which
are smaller than in cj, no discal bar M^ — SftP, but the yellow interstitial halfmoon
vestigial, postdiscal interspaces much less yellow than in tiridates.

Length of forewing : cJ, 41 — 44 mm.
,, „ ?, 4.T— .51 mm.

Penis with a tooth 1 mm. before tip as in eioletta, but the large proximal crest
reduced to a very low but long ridge, the penis resembling that of Ch. mixtus ;
penis-funnel as in violetta.

Hah. West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola and to the Uganda Protectorate.
In the Triug Museum 23 c? c?, 10 ? ? from: Sierra Leone, Pt. Lokkoh, July 1899
(Capt. Stevens) ; Gold Coast ; Congo ; Great Forest of Upper Congo, three days'
march from Ft. Beni, 7. v. 1899 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Pt. Alice, Uganda, 19. vii. 1894
(Dr. Ansorge) ; Ran, Nandi country, Uganda Protectorate, 14. iii. 1898 (Dr. Ansorge).

30. Charaxes violetta (Nov. Zool. VIL t. 7. f. 1. 2, 6- 8, ?).

Charades viideila Smith, Ent. Mu. Mag. XXI. p. 247 (1885) (Del. Bay) ; Smith & Kirby, Rhup.

Exot. I. Charax. p. 1. t. 1. f. 1. 2. 3. jj, ? (1887) (Del. Bay); Trim. & Bowk., .S. Afr. Butt.

III. p. .?85. n. 38:5 (1889) (Del. Bay.) ; Monteiro, Delagoa Bay t. 1. f. 3. (1891) ; Bull.. Journ.

Linn. Sor. Loud. XXV. p. 37G. n. 74 (1891",) (Del. Bay ; Zanzibar) ; id., Pruc. Zoul. Soc. Lond.

p. 851. (1896) (Nyassaland) ; id., I.e. p. 852. n. 14 (189G) (Xyassaland, ? ) ; Auriv., Kongl. Si:

Akad. Uaiidl. XXXI. 5. p. 239. n. 40 (18991 (Del. Bay ; Germ, E. Afr. : Bagamoyo, Pangani).
Charaxes xijikans, HoUaud, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mun. XVIII. p. 754 (1896) (Brit. E. Afr.).

i ? . Body of cT as in the allied species ; ? , above olive bistre, abdomen hair
brown, white dots on head and collar conspicuous, underside wood brown, palpi
creamy bufl'.

( 373 )

S. Winffs above : blue-black, glossy, with pale blue and white markings which

assume a purplish tint in side-light ; resembling the upperside of C/i. cithaeron.

Forewing : an oblique discal series of five spots from SC* — M'', u])j)er two linear,
first often absent, last two elongate or subrotundate, never halfmoon-shaped,
3 to 4 mm. long, spot W — M' very little more distal tlian spot R* — 11^ ; a postdiscal
series of small, rounded or triangular, dots from SC* to M^, upper two white, the
following two minute, often absent, the series placed as in the allied species ;
between M" and SM' there is a large ])atch composed of the discal and postdiscal
spots which are merged together, this patch, which measures T) to 8 mm. in length,
often divided by a deep sinus ; a broad streak behind the patch along internal
margin, 8 to 11 mm. long; minute, whitish or bluish, marginal dots, upper ones,

sometimes all, obsolete. -Hindwing : a large violet blue area, from C to SM^

much shaded with white between abdominal fold and apex of cell, entering cell,
often extending basad to middle of cell, partition SC'^ — R' 4 to 11 mm. long, often
isolated, sometimes separated into two spots, partition C — SC" always isolated,
mostly divided into two spots, which are sometimes very small, outer edge of area
convex as a whole, concave between veins R^ and SM- ; black outer area narrowing
posteriorly, constricted at veins, with a series of minute blue dots with white
centres ; admarginal interstitial spots concave both sides, blue, white at veins, no
such spots between C and SC^ of spot SC^— R' only the posterior half marked,
occasionally this as well as upper half of spot R' — R" absent.

Underside as in numenes ; bars of forewing omch less heavy, median bars
straight, the series less broken at R^ and much less oblique, being 0 to S mm. distant
at M" from discal bar ; on hindwing the subraedian and median lines of bars farther
apart, especially at costal margin and at M'', the median line less convex in middle,
often almost quite straight, discal interspaces rather more shaded with white near
median bars than in numenes ; submarginal tricolorous spots small, the white
proximal and black distal portions closer together ; tails pointed, longer than in
numenes, upper one 4 to 6 mm. long, second 2 to 3 mm.

? . Wings above : resembling those of Cli. cithaeron ; brownish black, slightly

purplish, olivaceous at base. Forewing : a broad white baud from costal to

internal margin, curved, widest behind, about 1 mm. from cross-veins, 10 to 13 mm.
broad between M' and M^ with more or less extended pearl-blue scaling at proximal
side of band from M' or M- to internal margin, white costal streak prolonged basad;
two white postdiscal spots SC* — R\ first oblique, seldom rounded, mostly larger
than the second, dots R' — M' often marked ; marginal dots generally absent

or vestigial, seldom distinct, though small. Hindwing : a white discal band,

tapering behind, about 4 mm. broad in middle, its proximal edge nearly straight,
shaded with pearl blue, this bluish white scaling extending over the black basal
area to near middle of cell, the band is also distally bordered by purplish pearl-blue
scaling, which is variable in extent and generally dentate between veins ; a white
postdiscal patch C — SC' mostly fused with white band ; submarginal white dots
small, shaded with pale blue at edges ; admarginal interstitial spots thinner than
in c?, pale blue, whitish at veins, seldom interrupted, but spot C — SC" absent, upper
part of spot SC- — R' also mostly absent, seldom more spots wanting ; fringe white,
except at ends of veins.

Underside: bars and ground colour as in S. Forewing: median bars

R' — SM- of forewing a little more oblique, white discal band broader than in
cithaeron, its inner edge more concave ; black discal lunule M* — SM" vestigial,

( 374 )

sometimes represented onl)- by a few black scales upon (SM') ; postdiseal dots

1{' — M^ often well marked and white. Hindwing : discal interspaces occupied b)'

a white band from costal to abdominal martjin, broadest in front or in middle,
narrowest at (SM'), distally shaded with clayish olive and not sharply defined ;
discal and postdiseal Inniform bars variable as in <?, seldom nearly all absent, the
white distal borders of the discal bars often ])rominent ; upper tail nearly even in
width, 5 to 8 mm. long, second 4 to 5 mm.

Length of forewing : cJ, 35 — 42 mm.
„ ,, ?, 38— 48 mm.

Penis-funnel concave above to the tip, blunt, the tip thickened forming a short
hook ; penis with one dorsal tooth about 1 mm. before end, and a high triangular
ridge about 2§ mm. from end (PI. VIII. f. 10.).

Hab. Uelagoa Bay to Mombasa and Nyassaland. In the Tring Museum 22 S 6 ,
12 ? ? from : Delagoa Bay, Dar-es-Salaam, Taveta (June and July), Mombasa.

The species is not rare in the coast districts from Delagoa Bay to Mombasa.
In the specimens from tropical (German and British) East Africa the blue
respectively white discal markings or bands are wider than in the individuals from
Delagoa Bay. In the c?c? the blue streak at the internal margin of the forewing
aboce is in specimens from Delagoa Bay 8 to 1 1 mm. long, in the individuals from
tropical East Africa 11 to 14 mm.: patch SC" — R' of hindwing is 4 or 5 mm. long in
the individuals from the one, 5 to 11 mm. in those from the other region, the whitish
blue scaling in the apical portion of the cell is more restricted in the Delagoa Bay
e.xaiuples, and the outer edge of the blue area is, on the wliole, less concave between
the veins. In the ? ? from Delagoa Bay the baud of the forewing is only 4 mm.
wide at (SM'), against (i to 10 mm. in individuals from German and British East
Africa ; i;he band of the hindwing is also obviously narrower both iibove and below.

The Ckaraxes recorded by Dr. Holland from Brit. E. Africa, as CIi. .riphares,
I.e., belongs to C/i. violetta according to a sketch which Dr. Holland kindly seut us.

(P. Median bars of hindwing below not continuous.
e^. Basal area of forewing jiale blue.

31. Charaxes bohemani.

Ckaraxes boheman'i Felder, Wien. Ent. .Von. III. p. 321. n. 2i. t. t!. f. 3. (J (1859) (L. Ngami) ;
Bull., Proe. Zool. Sue. Lontl. p. 630. n. 31 (1865) (S. Afr. V) ; id., Lep. E.eot. p. 28. t. 10. f. 3. ?
(1870) (Zambesi) ; Druce, Pror. Ziml. Sue. Limd. p. 412. n. 8 (1875) (Angola) ; Staud., Exot.
Ta(J. p. 170 (1886) (Vivi, Congo) ; Butl., Ann. Mag. N. U. (6). VII. p. 42. n. 10 (1891)
(Kandera, Oct.) ; Trim., Prnc. Zool. .Sw. Lund, p 81. n. 38 (1891) (Omrora, Aug.) ; Butl.,
Proi-.Zonl. Soc. Lmid. p. G49. n. 21 (1893) (Brit. C. Afr;, Aug.) ; Selous, ihid. p. 16 (1894)
(Manica) ; Trim., ibid., p. 44. n. 70 (1894) (Manica) ; Reb. & Rog., in Baumann, Miinxailaiid
p. 332. n. 102 (1894) (Ulia) ; Butl., I.e. p. 256. n. 20 (1895) (Zomba) ; id., I.e. p. 720 n. 15
(1895) (Zomba) ; id.. I.e. p. 852. n. 16 (1896) (Nyassaland) ; id., Ann. .Mag. .V. //. (6). XVIII.
p. 69. n. 6 (1896) (Nyassaland); id., Joum. Linn. Sue. Land. XXV. p. 378. n. 79 (1896)
(Angola ; Congo ; Ngama's ; L. Mweru ; Zomb* ; Kandera ; Mamboia ; S. Salvado ; Zambesi) ;
Lanz, Iri.i IX. p. 143 (1896) (Tanganika) ; Auriv., Koui;!. Si: Ahid. Ilandl. XXXI. 5. p. 238.
n. 36 (1899) (E. Afr. ; \V. Afr. south of Congo ; not in Cape Colony and Natal).

Nymphalia bohemani, Kirby, Cat. Dium. Lfp. p. 270. n. 32 (1871) (S. Afr.).

d ? . Body above grey olive, four dots on head, a line behind eye and underside
of i)alpi creamy buff ; sides of breast and legs olivaceous, seldom creamy, underside
of abdomen creamy (d), or olive grey (?).

( 375 )

d. Wings ahoce black, slightly bluish, nearly the basal half of forewiiig and

basal two-thirds of liiiidwing pale blue, purplish iu side-light. Forewiug ; outer

edge of blue area obliiiue, the area extending to near apex of cell or a little beyond ;
black outer area 4 to 8 mm. wide at SM^ a white spot SC*— SC 6 to 0 mm. from
apex of wing, oblique, 3 to 5 mm. wide anteriorly, often shaded with blue at edges,
a smaller white and blue spot behind it, followed by one or more tiny blue dots ;

faint pale blue marginal dots ; fringe white, except at ends of veins. Hindwing :

blue area limited in front by SC^ except in basal third of wing where it extends
to (', one or two bine patches before SC!^ posteriorly the area stops at (SM'), outer
border convex ; black outer area 7 to 13 mm. wide at SC', narrowing behind,
4 to 6 mm. broad at M' ; a series of pale blue submarginal dots, upper one often
obsolete ; admarginal pale blue spots transverse, mostly incised between veins,
creamy at veins, npper ones obsolete ; abdominal fold olive grey, the scales within
the fold bluish ; fringe white, black at tips of veins.

Underside varying from pale fawn colour to purplish seal brown, outer

marginal region paler than rest of wings. Forewing : white or bluish white

borders of bars prominent ; cell-bars almost straight ; bar D faint ; two submediau
bars M' — (SM-) slightly varying in i)osition, bar M' — IP proximal of base of M' ;
median bars R^— SM- in an oblique row, corresponding to the outer edge of the
blue area of the upperside, almost continuous, each bar more or less concave,
bar (SM')— SM^ often vestigial, sometimes reaching discal bar M" — SM", median
bar R^ — R^ close to apex of cell, bar R' — R^ in front of it, but seldom clearly
marked ; ground colour outside the median bars rather paler than rest of disc,
the pale band-like area corresponding to the white baud of the ? ; black discal
bars M^ — SM^ fused to one thin lunule, the other discal bars also luniform, but
small, gradually disappearing towards costal margin, each followed by a yellow
lunule of larger size, the upper two, however, white as above, shaded with
ochraceous at edges, the uppermost one not quite so large as on upperside, the
yellow spots R' — M' small, the series about parallel to outer margin of wing,
except uppermost spot, which is more proximal than the others, distance of series
from Mjargin about 7 to 9 mm. ; of the postdiscal bars at the outside of the yellow
spots only the last three are well marked, being represented by black triangular
patches outwardly bordered with pale blue, this blue border resembles the number 3

between M^ and SM". Hindwing : bars very much thinner than on forewing,

the thin white borders, especially of the median and discal series, more prominent
than the black bars, these being partly obsolete ; basal costal bar curved, pointing
with np|ier end towards the bent of PC, seldom absent (in one of Felder's two
specimens) ; subbasal bars C — M nearly continuous ; costal submediau bar variable
in position, often in front of subbasal bar C — SC^, submediau bars C — M about
2 mm. from subbasal ones, entering cell at or beyond base of R' ; bar D very
thin, without white edge ; series of median bars very irregular, bars SC' — R'
and R^ — R^ much more basal than the others, bars M- — SM^ feeble, at M- about
4 mm. from discal bar ; all the discal bars luniform, their white borders alone
present in some specimens, except bar M'— SM'^, which is always well marked,
the series regular, bar C — SC^ only more basal than the others, the white bt)rders
contiguous with wax yellow, more or less distinct, spots which are distally bordered
by vestiges of the postdiscal bars, postdiscal bar M" — SM- prominent, parallel
to discal one ; a series of small submarginal white-blue-black dots, sometimes
nearly all obsolete ; admarginal luuules wax yellow, huffish at veins, upper ones

( 376 )

obsolete, anal one olive bnff ; tails slender, acnte, upper one 4 to 6 mm. long,
second 2^ to 4 mm.

? . Wi/iffs above. Forewing with a white band bordering the blue basal

area, the band about 7 mm. broad, at SC^ °, slightly increasing in width posteriorly,
as far as M', then much narrower, partition M" — SM- trapezoidal, narrowest before
SM^, upper angle of cell and cross-veins black, sometimes also a black patch at
proximal side of band before M' and another behind M', outer edge of band concave
between M^ and SM', and here edged with blue ; white subapical (postdiscal)
l)atches as in cJ. Hindwing : as in <?, but admarginal lunnles larger.

Underside. Forewing : white band as above, bordered pro.\imally by the

obliquely placed, heavy, median bars, the baud contiguous posteriorly with the
discal bar JP — SM- ; yellow postdiscal spots heavier than in <S ; interspace between

submedian and median bars M' — M- often all black. Hindwing : postdiscal

and admarginal yellow markings larger than in i ; discal interspaces sometimes
with a vestige of a huffish band at the outer side of the median bars ; uj)per
tail of nearly even width, not acute, 8 mm. long, second pointed, 4 mm. long.

Length of forewing : c?, 36 to 44 mm.
„ „ ? , 45 to 47 mm.

Penis-funnel broad, blunt ; penis resembling tiiat of Ck. hipunctatus, the
ridge-like dorsal tooth less compressed proximally.

Hab. From Lake Ngami northwards to the Lower Congo and the Massailand,
not in Cape Colony and Natal. In the Tring Museum 11 <?<?, 7 ??, from:
Lake Ngami (Wahlberg, ti/pc) ; Blantyre ; Likoma, 1. viii. 96 and 23. ix. 96
(Button) ; Zomba, x. to vii. 95 (Dr. Percy Kendall) ; Mineni Valley, Manica,
17. iii. 92 (Selous) ; Kuhiriri R., Angola, xi. 99 (Penrice) ; Mkengi, Lower
Congo ; Kariinia, Congo Free State, near border of Torn, 1. v. 99 (Dr. Ansorge).

The individuals {SS) from Ngami, collected by Wahlberg, from which Felder
described the species, are much smaller than individuals from other localities, and
have the underside of the body uniformly cream colour and the nndersurface of
the wings pale fawn ; there are two specimens in the Felder collection marked
ti/pe ; others also so marked are in the Stockholm Museum.

Mr. Crawshay, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) XVIII. p. 09, says : " Very rarely met
with, and almost impossible to take unless when indulging its foul appetite for
putrid flesh or excrement. This specimen I took feeding on leopard's excrement
at the side of the path in open forest."

/^ Basal area of forewing not pale blue.

c\ cJ, hindwing with broad pale blue, or pale blue and white, band ; basal
half of underside of forewing not bluish grey ; ? , hindwing with a broad bluish
white or huffish banil.

32. Charaxes xiphares.

$ . Pajulin Kqiies Achivus xiphares Cramer, Piqi. E.r.it. IV. p. 171. t. 377. f. A. B (1781 ) (Cap. b. sp.) ;

Fabr., .Unnl. his. II. p. 11. n. 98 (1787).
(J. Papilio Eqiiis .InjiMauliciis t!ii/esks Stoll, in Cram., P(y>. Ej-ot. Sujipl. p. 144. t. 32. f. 2. 'ii!

(1790).
?. Papilio Eqiies Arhii-us .ryj/hares (!), Jablonsky & Herbst, Nature. Schmett. IV. p. 47. n U6.

t. 60. t.r>. G (1790).
? . Papi)ii) Sijmphalis xi/iharm, Fabricius, Eiit. Syst. III. 1. p. 71. n. 221 (1793).
Enbopa thyestesm (!) Hiibuer, Ver:. bek. Schmett. p. 47. n. 432 (1816-27).
Eriboea xyphuris (!) Hiibner, I.e. n. 434.

( 377 )

(J. Nymphalis ihiirius Godart, Eiic. Melh. IX. p. 354. n. 15 (1823) (Caffraria ; synon. " thieste

StoU " ! !).
?. Nymphalis xiphares Godart, /.r. p. 357. n. 26 (1823) (Cap. b. sp.) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,

Gen. Ditirn. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 19 (1850) (Cap. b. sp.),
$. Chamxes xiphares, Doubleday, List. Lep. Ins. Bril. Mus. I. p. Ill (1844) (Cap. b. sp.) ; Butl.,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 631. n. 35 (1865) (Cap. b. sp. ; ? of thieste ?).
(J ? . Charaxes xipJuirex, Boisduval, in Delegorgue, Vmj. Afr. Atistr. II. p. 593. n. 81 (1847)

(Pt. Natal ; ? =xq>}ian.i, ^ =thi)estes) ; But]., Cat. Diurn. Lep. desei: Fabricius p. 51. n. 7

(1869) (S. Afr.) ; Trimen & Bowk., S. Afr. Butl. I. p. 346. n. 117 (1887) (Cape Colony ;

Caffraria); iid., I.e. III. p. 408 (1889) (Barberton) ; Butl., Journ. Lhtn. Soe. Loml. XXV. p.

376. n. 75 (1896) (Cap. b. sp.) ; Dist., An,,. .Uag. N. H. (7) I. p. 51 (1898) ; Auriv., Kmirjl Sv.

Akad. Ilamll. XXXI. 5. p. 239. n. 42 (1899) (Cape Colony, CafEraria ; not Brit. E. Afr.).
(J. Kymphalis thieste (!), Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., /.c. p. 309. n. 18 (1850) (Caffraria; "an

iV. xijdiares mas ? ").
cJ $. Xi/,nph(dis xiphares, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Aiistr. I. p. 167. n. 97 (1862) (pt.) ; Kirby, Cat.

Diurn. Lep. p. 270. n. 33 (1871) (Afr. m.).
(J. Chanu-es thieste (!), Butler, Proc. Znol Soc. Land. p. 631. n. 34 (1865) (Caffraria ; " thurias

Godart," " thiestcssa Hiibn." err. calam.).

(? ? . Bof/y above, olive black, head and collar more rnsset brown, four dots on
head and a line behind eye white ; beneath sepia brown, palpi clay colour, with the
vestige of a white line close to eye, abdomen dark clay colour in $ ; femora speckled
with white scaling.

$. Wings above: bluish black, with pale bine markings, which assume a

purplish tint in side-light. Forewing : four discal spots between R' and M", the

upper two 1 or 2 mm. from cell, small, the other two a little larger and more distal ;
a complete series of postdiscal dots, parallel to outer margin, curving basad at both
ends, the middle one the smallest, 8 mm. from outer margin, all blue except the
upper two, which are white ; margin with ill-defined ochraceous dots ; fringe white,

excejit at ends of veins. Hindwing : a blue band across middle from C to

abdominal fold, iuterrnpted at SC', indented upon the other veins, proximally
sinuate between R' and R^, width 6 mm. between SC^ and R', 9 mm. before M^ its
outer edge, taken as a whole, somewhat convex, posteriorly nearer the margin of
wing than in front, distance at M' 9 mm. ; a complete series of blue submarginal
dots, all separated ; a series of ill-defined, ochraceous, admarginal spots, which
mostly extend to edge of wing upon internervular folds ; abdominal fold olive, paler
towards abdominal margin.

Underside : sepia brown, outer area slightly shaded with ochraceous, discal
interspaces of both wings drab at outer side of median bars ; resembling the under-
side of bohemani, but bars of hindwing heavier. Forewing : bar edged with bluish

white ; cell-bars almost straight, faintly concave proximally, cell, except apical
interspace, drab brown ; submedian bars M' — SM'^ continuous with one another and
with coil-bar 4 ; bar D thin ; median bars R-^ — SM^ in a very oblique row, the last
touching discal bar, all three slightly concave distally, with rather heavy bluish
white borders, median bar R^— R'only 1 to 2 mm. from cross-vein; discal series of
bars obsolete towards costal margin, contiguous with gallstone yellow halfmoons at
outer side up to R', between SC" and R' the halfmoons are replaced by two wliite,
rounded, dots ; contignons with these spots are the postdiscal patches of which
patches M' — SM- are large and black, while the others are small and olive and ill-
defined, patches M' — SM^ heavily bordered with blue distally, the blue scaling
between M- and SM'^ resembling the number 3 ; admarginal interspaces somewhat

ochraceous gallstone yellow, this colour more obvious between M' and SJI-.

Hindwing : basal costal bar further away from PC than in C/i. bohemani : no costal

( 378 )

snbbasal bar ; costal snbmecliau bar more basal than tbe other two submediaa bara ;
snbbasal and submedian bars C— M nearly parallel, rather closer together thau in
bohemani ; bar U thin ; costal median bar a little more distal than median bar
C — S(_'-, all median bars with rather heavy, white, outer border, bars R' — W con-
tinuous, ]{' — If- being very little more distal than R- — 11', while bar li' — M' is about
2 mm. more distal ; discal bars luniform, upper ones less well-defined than the
posterior ones, bars R' — R' more distal, all followed by ochraceous gallstone yellow
halfmoons, which are bordered distally by the ill-defined, more or less patch-like,
postdiscal bars ; a series of white and blue submargiiial spots, posterior ones suc-
ceeded by black dots ; admarginal interspaces tawny olive ; tails short, triangular,
blunt, upper one 2J mm. long, second 2 mm.

?. Wivgs above : blackish brown, slightly pur])lish. Forewiiig: an oblique

band of five patches, upper three between S(_'' and W 1 to 2 mm. from cross veins,
fused together, the veins being very thinly brown, about 4 to 5 mm. wide, patch
R' — M' 7 mm. from base of M', diameters 4 and 5 mm., patch M'— M' obliquely
behind it, very oblique, often touching distally the ])Ostdiscal spot, behind M- there
is often a sixth, small, white spot ; a jiostdiscal series of small spots as in S , upper
two white, the others more or less ill-defined, sometimes vestigial, buff; marginal

dots ochraceous buff, indistinct, except dots M-— SM'^ Hiudwing : a very broad

buff band occupying centre of wing from costal to abdominal margin, about 9 mm.
broad behind SC", 10 mm. in middle, shaded with fuscous behind (SM'), partition
C — SC" often whitish, mostly with a small spot at outer side, often rednced in size
and separated from rest of band ; band penetrating into cell, its inner edge ill-
defined, outer edge convex, not quite parallel to outer margin of wing, more or less
indented upon veins, subangulate before R^ ; a series of pale blue snbmarginal dots,
partly centred white ; admarginal interstitial parts transverse, ochreous or ochra-
ceous bufl', s])ots C — SC- absent, SC^ — R' mostly vestigial ; fringe white, except at
tips of veins.

Underside somewhat paler than in <?, drab brown. Forewiug : bars as in

(J ; median bar R' — R- often marked ; white discal patches as above, rather wider,
bordered proximally by the median bars, of which bars R'^ — M' are continuous,
interspace between curved bar M^ — SM" and discal bar also white ; postdiscal
interstitial spots SC — R' white, larger than in S, rounded, the following three

white proximally, yellow distally. Hindwing : slightly paler than forewing ;

median bars with heavy white outer border, which often develops to a white band
which is extended to the discal luniform bars, but remains more or less shaded with
drab brown distally ; white snbmarginal spots arched, blue ones rather large, except
upper two or three ; admarginal gallstone yellow interstices rather well-defined ;
upper tail of nearly even width, rounded at tip, 9 mm. long, second short, tri-
angular, blunt, curving frontad, 4 mm. long.
Length of forewing : c^, 43 mm.

„ „ ? , 50 to 52 mm.

Ilab. Cape Colony and Natal. In the Tring Museum 1, cJ 3 ? ? from Natal.
"This grand C/iarajrs," says Trimen, I.e., p. 348, "inhabits the woods of the
Cape Colony and of KaflVaria Proper as far eastward as the Basheo river. In Natal
it is replaced by the closely allied C. cithaeron, Feld., which does not as yet appear
to have been taken elsewhere. The actual district in Kafl"raria where xiphares
gives place to cithaeron is not known. At Knysna and Plettenberg Bay I met
with C. .li^ihares not uncommonly from the miildle of December until the middle

( 379 )

of May. Both sexes hannt by preference the outskirts of woods, seeming to delight
in short flights of great velocity over open spaces, ending in a return to the tree
stem or projecting twig they have quitted. The moist exudations on the trunks
and branches always attract this butterfly, and I have frequently seen three or four
specimens together busily engaged in drinking at one of the supplies of moisture.
I have more than once disturbed a ? at rest on quite a low bush, but the c?, though
occasionally descending to within a few feet of the ground, never appears to settle
except at a considerable height. Mrs. Barber has often observed the ? at high-
lands near Grahamstown — and I noticed examples there and at Mitford Park in
1870 — but singularly enough has never seen the c? on the wing. Colonel Bowker,
who forwarded several fine examples of both sexes from Kaifraria Proper, noted the
species as 'rare' on the Bashee River. Mr. W. C. Scully, who has lately (1885)
observed the species in woods near Seymour (Eland's Post), found that a large
number of these butterflies were attracted by the sap e.xuding from a climbing
composite shrub, the stem of which he had wounded for the purpose."

33. Charaxes cithaeron.

Charaxes cithaeron Felder, Wlen. Ent. Mon. HI. p. 398. t. 8. f . 2. (J . 3. ? (1859) (Natal) ; ButL,
Prnc. Zoo}. Soc. Lonil p. 631. n. 33 (1865) (Natal) ; Gooch, Eiitom. XIV. p. 6. 7 (1881) (Natal,
larva) ; Spiller, ihUl. XV. p. 8 (1882) (Natal) ; Staud., E.tnl. Turjf. p. 170 (1880) (Natal) ;
Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leoji. Cur. Ak. Xtit. h. 5. p. 371 (1887) (Ngura) ; Trim. & Bowk., S. Afr.
Butt. I. p. 345. n. 116 (1887) (Natal, metam. !) ; But!., Proc. Zuol. Soc. Land. p. G49. n. 23
(1893) (Zomba, ?) ; Trim., ihul. p. 45. n. 71 (1894) (Manica) ; Butl., I.e. p. 256. n. 19 (1895)
(Zomba) , id., I.e. p. 720. n. 14 (1895) (Zomba) ; id., Jourii. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 375.
n. 70 (1896) (Natal ; Transvaal ; Zomba ; Kilimandjaro) ; id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 397.
n. 10 (1898) (Brit. E. Afr.) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sr. Ak. Hand!. XXXI. 5. p. 239. n. 41 (1899)
(pt. ; Natal ; Transvaal ; Manica ; Nyassa ; Kilimandjaro ; Brit. E. A.).

Nyniphali-t xijihares var. .1. {cilliaeron Felder), Trimen, lihuji. Afr. jlnxlr. p. 1G9. sub n. 97 (18G2)
(Natal).

Nymphalis cithaeron, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 270. n. 33rt (1871) (Natal).

6 ? . Body above olive black, anteriorly slightly russet, four dots on head, a
line behind and two dots on collar cream colour ; undersif/e clay-colour, sides of
breast darker, palpi of both sexes and abdomen of <S almost creamy bnfi", palpi with
the vestige of a white line close to eye ; femora black with white, dispersed, scales.

S. Wings above blue-black, glossy in basal area, with pale blue markings,

which assume a purple tint in side-light. Forewing : a series of pale blue discal

spots ; three spots SC' — R^ elongate, close to cross-veins, the uppermost often
absent, two spots R^ — M^ more distal, generally smaller, seldom a little larger
than the blue-black interspace between them, distally often concave, the second
sometimes oblique, two more spots between M- and SM", sometimes vestigial, often
merged together ; a postdiscal series of spots, parallel to outer margin, but spot
SC* — SC more proximal, upper two white, the others pale blue, spot R' — R- the
smallest, diameter about 1 mm., the following often little larger, but sometimes
gradually and considerably increasing in size, spots M- — SM- not rarely merged
together, forming witli the respective discal spots a large square patch, the centre
of which shows, however, some blue-black scales of the ground colour, this patch,
about 6 mm. from outer margin in front of SM* ; along internal margin, behind
the discal and postdiscal series, stands a long pale blue patch, varying in length
from 8 to 15 mm., often very narrow, sometimes contiguous with patch M- — SM- ;
marginal dots buffisli or bluisli, only the jmsterior ones marked in most individuals;

( 380 )

fringe white, except at ends of veius. Hiudwiug : a bluish white patch, which is

more white liehind than in front, extends from R' to abdominal fold, is 6 to 8 mm.
broad behind ]{', and \2 to 14 at M", it stops proxinially mostly at D', bnt apex
of cell generally with some blnish white scaling, and reaches behind cell to base
of M'-, onter edge of patch incised at U-, and often also at R^, mostly slightly
concave between posterior veins ; the patch is preceded bj' a rounded or elongate
spot in front of R', this spot seldom contiguous with the jiatch ; before SC" we find
one discal and one postdiscal spot, either of the two often absent, sometimes both
wanting ; black outer area gradually narrowing beliind, 4 to 6 mm. broad at M',
7 to 8 mm. at 11- ; a complete series of pale blue submarginal spots, well-marked,
but spot C — S(7 occasionally absent, more or less rounded, posterior ones sometimes
transverse, mostly with minute white centres ; admai-ginal interstitial spots yellow
or yellow butt', transverse, pointing distad at ends, often sliaded with blue in
middle, or interrupted, posterior ones mostly touching each other at veins, no such
spot before SC'% spot SC- — R' also often absent ; fringe creamy white between
veins ; abdominal fold dirty white, clayish distally, often somewhat bluish in
centre, base mostly blackish, long hairs in front of it black in basal two-fifths, then
dirty white.

Underside pale tawny olive, with a gallstone yellow tint, bars individually

variable in thickness. Forewing : discal interspaces yellowish at outside of

median bars, cell often of the same yellow tint ; basal cell-bar often indicated by
an obscure dot, cell-bar 2 nearly straight, 3 slightly curved, occasionally interrupted,
bar 4 mostly distinctly curved twice in costal half : bar D thin, but complete ;
submedian bars 1 to 2 mm. apart, bar M' — M- proximal of base of M', but
distal of lower end of cell-bar 4, submedian bars and upper cell-bar with a
thin bluish white distal border, besides the normal bluish white jiroximal border,
cell-bars 2 and 3 with distinct bluish white border at both sides ; median
bars R^ — SM- concave distally, sometimes angle-shaped, the bars generally
touching each other, forming an oblique series, bars M'^ — SM- mostly fused
together either to a single halfmoon, or to a marking which resembles the
number 3, 5 to T mm. distant at (SM') from discal lunule, median bars R' — R'
1 to 2 mm. from cross-veins, the upper of the two often vestigial or absent ; discal
bars M' — SM" distinct, black, regularly arched, the other discal bars vestigial or
absent, forming the proximal borders of a series of postdiscal interstitial spots, of
which the upper two are white, the others ochreous yellow, and which are situated
as on iipperside ; postdiscal bars M' — SM- represented by black spots, the other
postdiscal bars not often vestigial, spots M- — SM- merged together to a large patch
which is incised distally upon (SM'), and has a conspicuous, pale Idue, outer border
which resembles the number 3, patch M' — M- also more or less obviously bordered
blue distally ; admarginal interspaces ill-defined, wax yellow ; marginal dots butt',
often obsolete, internal area (or part of it) from (SM') to internal margin

often fuscous. Hindwing : bars thinner than on forewing, sometimes ])artly

obsolete ; costal snbl)asal bar at outer side of PC mostly absent, costal submedian
bar always in front of subbasal bar C — SC", either straight or pointing distad ;
costal median bar a very little more proximal than median bar C — SC^, or just in front
of it ; discal bar SC' — R' generally only 1 mm., seldom 2 mm., more proximal than
bar C — SC^ ; admarginal gallstone yellow interstitial markings paler at veins,
shaded with olive bntt' between veins, especially the posterior ones, anal one all
olive butt'; white submarginal dots mostly all present, followed by blue ones

( 381 )

of which the upper two or four are often obsolete, aud these followed again by
black dots which are generally present at least between veins R'-* and SM- ; discal
bars short and thin, postdiscal ones mostly obsolete, or only vestigial ; tails pointed,
upper one 5 to T mm. long, second 3 to 4| mm.

?. Wiii(/s above purplish seal brown, somewhat paler at base, long hairs in

basal area of hindwing olivaceous. Forewing : a transverse, curved, discal band

from costal to inner margin, 1 to 2 mm. from cross-veins, white, slightly shaded
with violet at edges, especially behind, its iimer edge triangularly sinuate at hinder
side of R^, convex between the veins, but mostly concave between M- and SJI',
enter edge sinuate between R- and R' in most specimens, more or less indented
upon veins, the band widest (8 to 12 mm.) between M' and M-, but on the whole
of nearly even width, jiatch at internal margin often prolonged, the streak along
costal margin also generally prolonged basad ; postdiscal series of spots represented,
at least, by two white spots SC* — R', which are larger than in cJ, often shaded
with violet at edges, aud followed in many specimens by one to four small huffish
white dots the last one of which, between M' and M', often touches the band ;

admarginal buff dots M- — SM- often present. Hindwing : a large white central

l)atch, much shaded with purple, especially at edges, variable in width, expanded
between costal margin aud abdominal fold, proximally limited by median bars
C — R", which are vestigial or show through from underside, penetrating a little
into apex of cell, or stopping at D', outer edge convex, almost parallel to outer
margin, but farther away from it in front than behind, width of patch before
R^ 10 to 14 mm., before SC^ 3| to 6 mm., at outer side of band before SC- there
is sometimes an isolated postdiscal spot, similar spots occasionally indicated between
SO- and R^ more or less incompletely isolated ; abdominal fold bluish white, buff
or clay colour distally ; submarginal blue spots as in S , often larger, posterior
ones mostly transverse; admarginal interstitial spots as in S, spot SC- — R'
generally better marked, coloi;r varying from cream to ochreous, posterior spots
sometimes nearly all blue.

Underside similar to that of S , band of forewing as above, but less curved,
patch M- — SM- square or posteriorly narrower than anteriorly, often completely
divided by a black streak on (SM') ; discal interspaces of hindwing most pale clay-
colour at median bars ; upper tail of nearly even width, not pointed, 8 to 10 mm.
long, second pointed, slightly curved frontad, 4 to 6 mm. long.
Length of forewing : cj, 42—46 mm.
„ „ ?, 46— 52 mm.

Penis closely resembling that of t'h. bipunctatas, being armed with a sinistro-
lateral subapical tooth and, proximally, with a dorsal tooth-like ridge.

Ilnb. East Africa from Natal northwards to Nyassaland, German and British
East Africa ; its northern limit is most likely the Victoria Nyanza and the hills
south of the Keuia. In the Nandi country the western Ch. smaragdalis already
appears. In the Tring Museum 2SS, 12?? from: Durban, Natal; Rikatla,
Delagoa Bay ; Lauderdale, and Zomba (October to December), Brit. C. Afr. ;
Mikindani, Germ. E. Afr. ; Mombasa.

The male» from Natal, Delagoa Bay, Nyassaland, Mozambique, and the
coast region of German East Africa do not apparently exhibit any geographical
variation, ihn females from Mombasa, British East Africa, differ obviously from
the individuals from the other localities mentioned ; while in the Natal ? ? the
white baud of tlie forewing above is 8 to 10 mm. distant from outer margin of

( 382 )

wing behind M', the distance is onl_v <! mm. in the ? ? from Mombasa, the band
being broader in these individuals (1 1 mm.) ; on the hind wing the band is also very
wide in the latter specimens, the black outer area of the wing measuring only 8 mm.
at M', the band is 15 mm. wide at M- in one specimen, 10 mm. in the other ; the
discal bar M- — SM" separating the white band on the underside of the forewing
from the yellow lunnle is very thin, being comiwsed of scattered black scales, and
the median liar M" — SM- is less oblique than in the ? ? from other places.

A ? in the Berlin Museum from Usaramo, German East Africa (Stnhlmann)
agrees fairly well with the Mombasa examples. It is possible that the differences
here pointed out will be fonnd to be more or less constant.

Dr. Trimen (I.e.) gives the following description of the larva and the habits of
C/t. cit/iaeron : —

" Labva. — Deeper or lighter green, closely granulated with yellow, on back ;
light bluish green or light bluish grey on under surface ; a chrome-yellow lateral-
inferior stripe from second segment to anal extremity, which is bifid into two acute
processes of the same yellow as the stripes. On sixth and eighth segments the
yellow stripes are connected by a backward-cnrved, almost semicircular, transverse,
yellow stripe ; on back, just preceding the hinder portion of each transverse stripe,
a dark purple spot, composed of two small spots connected by indistinct purple
lineolae. On each side of eleventh segment, a small yellow spot, just above
longitudinal stripe. Head rather large, green, surmounted by four serrated green
horns (of which the two middle ones are longer than the others and divergent) ; face
and outer edge of horns bordered with yellow ; between the two middle horns a pair
of small, acute, black-pointed tubercles. Feeds on the flat-crown acacia {Zi/yia
fastigiata) in March and April.

" Pupa. — Light green, slightly maculated with white. A silvery white line
running along curved edges of wing covers to summit of head, interrupted on the
line of the antennae. Anal segment produced, and bearing three pairs of small
jiointed tubercles.

" The above description of the larva and pupa are made from notes and drawings
of Natalian specimens communicated to me by Captain H. (_'. Harford and Mr. W. D.
Gooch. The former gentleman wrote that he found several of the larvse almost full-
grown in the month of April, and that shortly before becoming pnpiu they changed
to a very light green. The butterflies were disclosed after thirteen days' pujiation.

" This close ally of C. xipliares (Cram.) is readily recognised by the characters
given above, which appear to be quite constant. It seems also to be quite a local
form, as I have seen no examples except from the coast of Natal, and have found no
record of its occurrence elsewhere.

"At D'Urban, Port Natal, cithaeron is of very frequent occurrence. From the
middle of February to the beginning of April 1867 I observed many specimens of
both sexes, frequenting chiefly the ' sucking places ' on tiie stems and branches of
Zygia fastigiata (the flat-crown acacia), on which tree, as abiive noted, the larva
lives, and of Acacia lebheck. Another favourite resort of this butterfly was an
exudation on the stem of Oiicoba spinosa in the Botanic Garden. In habits and
flight it entirely resembles its close congener. I observed a specimen on the wing on
June 23rd, 1S05; and Colonel Bowker has taken examples in the mouth of August ;
but they are only numerous in the summer months. When within reach, specimens
engaged in feeding are easily captured. The paired sexes were taken by Colonel
Bowker, and sent to me in August 1881."

( 383 )
34. Charaxes smaragdalis.

Cluirii.rrs smiiriigfhlis Butler, Prur. Zoal. .S'oo. Luml. p. 630. d. 32 t. 36. f. 5. ^ (18G5) (.Congo) ;
id., Lq,. Exot. p. 5. t. 2. f. 1. ? (18G9) (Congo).

Differs from (7;. citliaeron constantly in the following characters : —

(?. Wings above : large blue jiatches of forewiug from M' (or M') to internal
margin a little more distal : Lund of hiudwing pale blue, whitish only proximally at
abdominal fold, broader, especially in the middle, than in cithaeron, hence black

enter area more reduced ; admarginal spots blue, nearly white at veins.

Underside : bars mnch heavier than in cithaeron, especially on forewing, ground
colour darker, more olive, hence the pale yellowish spots more prominent; postdiscal
patches of forewing distally bordered by pale bluish half-rings.

?. Wings above: band of forewing more blue behind, less curved; band of

hindwing blue, admarginal spots blue, almost white at veins. Underside : darker,

bars of forewing a very little thicker, postdiscal patches of forewing as in i.

To these distinguishing characters we must add the greater size of the blue
patches on the forewing between M^ and internal margin and on the hindwing
between C and R', but these characters vary so much in either species that they
cannot serve to distinguish all specimens of the one from all individuals of the
other.

A i from Ran, Nandi country, British East Africa, and another from
Landana, Congo Free State, have patch M- — SM- of the forewiug not broader
than certain examjiles of Ch. cithaeron from Natal and N3'assaland.

Penis and penis-funnel as in Ch. cithaeron.

Ilab. West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola, and as far east as the Nandi
country in the Uganda Protectorate.

Ch. cithaeron and the two local forms of Ch. smaragdulis are geographical
representatives. The characters of the individual from British East Africa men-
tioned before (unfortunately in a very bad state of preservation) make it probable
that a longer series from the interior of British East Africa will show all the
connecting links between smaragdulis and cithaeron, which are as yet wanting,

Charaxes smaragdulis has, like most of the Churuxes with a wide range,
developed into a north-western race extending from Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast
and an equatorial race found from the Niger Coast to the Congo basin and the
Uganda Protectorate.

Dr. Butler described Ch. smaragdulis from the Congo in ISG.i ; the name of
smaragdulis must, therefore, be applied to the eipiatorial race (and to the entire
species). In lS9(i Dr. Butler described again as Ch. princeps specimens from the
Cameroons which he thought to be specifically distinct from Ch. smaragdulis on
account of the reduction of the blue patch M^ — SM* on the forewing and the greater
extent of blue in the marginal region of the hiudwing. These and some other points
mentioned by Dr. Butler, indeed, hold good, on the whole, if one compares Cameroons
examples with individuals from Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast, but not if
^^ princeps" is compared with (!ongo specimens. Onr scries of specimens from the
Congo basin shows clearly that princeps is nothing else but smarugdulis. The main
character by which all the examples from the ( 'anierooiis and ( 'ongo can be clistin-
guished from tlie specimens from the more northeni jiarts of the AVest Coast, namely
the greater size of the discal series of sjiots on the u|ipersicle of the forewing as

( :^84 )

compared with the postdiscal series, is not meutioned liy Dr. Butler. As pri/icejjs
applies, therefore, to the same race to which the name of smaragdalis was originally
given, the north-western race recjuires a name.

a. Ch. smaragdalis smaragdalis.

Charaxis smamgdilh Butler, Ic. t. 36. f. 5. ^ (1866) ; id., Lep. E.rut. p. 5. t. 2. f. 1. ? (1869) ;

Godm. & Salv., in Jameson, Story Rear Ctilumn p. 440. n. 84 (1890) (Yambuya) ; Auriv., E)it.

Tiilskr. XII. p. 216. n. 14,') (1891) (C'ameroons) ; Butl., Juurii. Linu. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 375.

II. 71 (1896) (pt. : Cameroons, Congo) ; Auriv., A'-.hi//. Si: AK: Ilandl. XXXI. 5. p. 238. n. 37

(1899) (pt. ; Cameroons, Congo).
Xymphalis muirugilalix, Kirby, Cut. D'nirn. Lip. p. 270. n. 33/j (1871) (Congo).
Charcucs cithncruu, Dewitz, Nov. Act. Lenp. Car. Ak. Xnt. L. 4. p. 371 (1887).
Chara.res 2>ritirrps Butler, I.e. p. 376. n. 72 (1896) (Victoria, Cameroons).
Chiiraji-x smaraijilulis var (ab. ?) jiriiiccps, Aurivillius, l.r. p. 238. sub n. 37 (1899) (Victoria,

Cameroons).

cJ. Wi»f/s (ibore. Forewing : discal spots very much larger than the post-
discal ones, s])ot M' — JP at least twice (mostly three or four times) as large as the
respective postdiscal one, separated from it, obliquely concave distally; patch M' — M'
complete or subdivided by one or two black spots into a larger discal and smaller
postdiscal portion, its outer edge mostly biconcave, 2i to 3i mm. from edge of wing
before SM', breadth of patch 5i to 12 mm. ; postdiscal spots li' — M' often minute ;
outer edge of wing sometimes very feebly concave, and the apex less acute than in

the north-western race, but this character is quite inconstant. Hindwiug : blue

area expanded between SC" and abdominal fold, patch SC'^ — R' not seitarated, but
often reduced in width; in front of SC there arc two spots, often merged together to
one large patch which is generally sinuate in front, but is occasionally complete,
proximal spot seldom obsolete, blue one much extended distad, in many specimens
reaching blue admarginal spots, in which case the black area between blue patch
and admarginal spots is posteriorly divided into more or less small spots in which
are situated the white and blue snbmarginal dots.

Underside : median bars R- — M" of forewing strongly concave, bars M- — SM'
very heavy, fused to a W-shaped mark.

?. Wings, above. Forewing: band 2 to 3 mm. from outer margin before

SM^ ; a series of jjostdiscal spots, upper two larger and white, the others minute

and blue. Hindwing : blue area extended distally as in S , the black outer area

reduced in width, posterior patches more or less isolated, outer edge of blue area
regularly concave between veins from R' — SM".
Length of forewing : 6, 42 — 50 mm.

„ „ ? , 50 mm.

Hab. Niger to Angola and Uganda Protectorate. In the Tring Museum from: Rau,
Nandi Country, Uganda Protectorate, December 12th, 18US (Dr. Ansorge), 1 S ;
Landaua, 1 S ; Congo and Kassai Country, 6 d"c?, 1 ?. In the British Museum
from Victoria, Cameroons, and Congo ; in the Berlin Museum from Angola
(Mechow), and Old Calabar ; Dr. IStaudinger has a ? from Lambarene, Ogowe.

In the width of patch M^— SM^ of the npperside of the forewing, the Rau
specimen, as said before, does not essentially differ from certain examples of
Ch. cithacron, being only 5i broad, the patch stands, however, closer to the outer
margin ; on the hindwing patch SC" — li' measures only 3^ by 4 mm., :iud the
patch before SC" is divided up into two well-separated spots.

( 385 )
h. Ch. smaragdalis butleri Rotbsch., subsp. nov.

Clinraxes sinaragdnlis, Schaus & Clements, Sirrni Lroiie Lejtid. p. 9 (1893) ; Butl., Jourii. Linn.
Snc. Lotifl. XXV. p. 375. n. 71 (1896) (pt. ; Sierra Leone) ; Auriv., Koiigl. So. Ak. Ilmidl.
XXXI. 5. p. 238. n. 37 (1899) (pt. ; Sierra Leone).

3 . Wings, abom. Forewing : patch M- — SM- always complete, 5 to 7 mm.

from edge of wing before SSP, distally concave or nearly straight ; discal and postdiscal
spots M' — M- never quite separate, always merged together to one patch, which
is deeply sinuate in front, the postdiscal portion mostly larger than the discal
one, seldom somewhat smaller ; postdiscal spot R' — M' as large as the discal
spot R' — M', often larger, seldom a little smaller, postdiscal spots ovate, none

of them concave distally. 'Hindwing : blue area less wide than in stnaragdalis,

patch C— SC^ not separated into a discal and postdiscal spot, the patch includes,
however, often a black ovate spot which is not rarely joined to the black basal
area, outer edge of blue area less regularly concave between veins than in
Ck. sm. S))iaraydalis ; the black outer area, though partly constricted at veins,
not interrupted from C to SM".

Underside darker olive than in sm. smarag/hilis, hence the patches of yellow
clay-colour more prominent ; bars in basal area of forewing a little thinner than
in most sm. stnaragdalis, bars M- — SM" forming a less heavy and less regularly
W-shaped mark,

? . Wings, above. Forewing : band 6 to 8 mm. from outer margin before

SM". Hindwing : blue area less extended than in sm. smaragdalis, not so

regularly concave between veins, indented upon SC-, often also upon K' and R'-,
partition C — SC^ either complete or divided into a discal and a postdiscal portion ;
black outer area gradually narrower behind, not interrupted, but more or less
constricted at veins 51' and M", about o mm. broad between M' and M".

Underside darker olive than in sm. smaragdalis.

Length of forewing : cJ, 43 — 48 mm.
„ ,, ?, 48 — 55 mm.

Hab. Sierra Leone to Gold Coast. In the Triug Museum from : Sierra Leone
(tijlje) 18 (?(?, 14 ¥ ? ; Gold Coast, 3 (?c?, 5 ? ?.

This subspecies is named in honour of Dr. l?utler, who has twice given
a revision of the genus Charaxes, and who is doubly associated with the present
species as author.

f/*. Hindwing withoirt a broad pale blue, white, or buff band, or the
basal half of the forewing below is bluish grey.

35. Charaxes monteiri.

Charaxee motUeiri Staudinger, E.cot. Togf. p. 170. t. 59. (J, J (1886) (S. Thomf!) ; Butl., Joum.
Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 376. n. 73 (1896) ; Auriv., Kong!. S,: Akad. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 238.
n. 38 (1899).

c??. Body a^Oftf bistre brown in cJ, tawny bistre in ? , four dots on head, a
line behind eye, a dot on pronotam laterally and another on tegnla before wing
creamy white ; underside in S creamy buff, breast darker at sides, palpi cream
colour, in $ clay colour.

S. Wings, above blue-black, glossy blue in side-light, with greenish reflections
on hindwing. Forewing : a discal and a jmstdiscal series of purplish blue spots.

( 386 )

spots M- — SM- merged together to a large patch as iu Lh. smaragdalis butleri,
concave distally, measuring aLont 8 mm. npon (SM'), contignons with a broad
streak at internal margin, which reaches almost end of SM- ; discal spots SC'' — R'
elongate, separated by the blue-black veins, spot J{' — If- the longest, spots R^ — M-
shorter and broader, convex proximally, somewhat concave distally ; postdiscal
spots R- — M'' triangular, concave distally, pointed proximally, spot M' — M- joined
to the discal one between veins, spot R' — M' nearly reaching discal one, postdiscal
spots SC^ — R- somewhat smaller, not distinctly triangular, spot SC— S(? the

smallest, somewhat white in centre. Hindwing : a jiurplish blue disco-postdiscal

band of seven patches, all separated from one another by the blue-black veins,
all concave distally, the posterior ones joined along the veins to the blue admarginal
spots as in Ck. smanigdalis smaragdalis ; length of patches C — M' between veins
4, 8, 10, 10, 0 mm. respectively, patches M' — (SM') reaching base of M^ ;
submarginal dots as in smaragdalis, blue, jiartly with minute white centres.

Underside, distal part of discal interspaces, postdiscal and submarginal
interspaces of forewing bistre, rest of forewing and submediau, postdiscal,
submarginal, and jiroximal portion of discal interspaces of hindwing of a peculiar
bluish grey colour. Forewing : cell-bars similar to those of Ch. smaragdalis, bar
4 deeply incurved in costal half, npi^er end pointing distad ; bar D rather heavy;
snbmedian bars M' — (SM') concave proximally, nearly touching each other, bar
M' — M- just distal of base of M' ; median bars SC^ — R^, 3 mm. from cross-veins
at R-, bars R^ — SM^ concave distally, contiguous, bar R' — M' 0 mm. from base
of M', 3A to 4 mm. from bar D, bar M- (SM'J, u to 7 mm. from bluish grey jiost-
discal lunule at (SM') ; discal bars obsolete, last ones vestigial, their outer borders
rather clearly defined on account of the postdiscal bluish grey interstitial half-
moons ; postdiscal bars M' — SM- represented by black i)atches. Hindwing :

costal subbasal and submediau bars joined together in front to a half-ring, the
costal submediau bar standing in front of the subbasal bar C — SC; cell-bar 4 curving
basad posteriorly, joining (or nearly so) cell-bar 2 ; median bars olivaceous, thin,
posterior ones partly obsolete, costal one not or very little more basal than bar
C — SC'-, bars SC — R' and R-— R' a little more basal than R' — R- ; submarginal
dots black ; tails short and blunt.

?. Wings, abore. Forewing: brownish black, base and internal marginal

area burnt umber ; a broad, white, obliijue band from middle of costal margin
to SM-, 1.5 mm. wide between M' and M-, 6 mm. before R', its inner edge irregular,
outer edge indented npon and between veins, between M^ and SM- the band
nearly reaching margin of wing, the white scaling almost surrounding a large
postdiscal, black patch, whicli is sometimes divided at (SM') ; two, rather large,

white postdiscal sjwts SC — R', followed by traces of one or two more.

Hindwing : raw umber, darker towards base, clayish cream colour at anterior
angle, fringe clayish creamy, more extended brown at ends of veins R- to SM' ;
a complete series of blue submarginal spots, centred white, placed in ovate,
postdisco-submarginal, black jiatches, which are separate, and of which the second
is the largest, measuring 7 mm. iu length, these patches jjoiuted distally and
proximally ; admarginal line very heavy between veins.

Underside. Forewing : basal area very pale olive, more grey at the bars ;

white band as above, but extending to outer margin at internal angle, including
the two ])ostdiscal, black patches M" — SM- ; median row of bars at inner edge
of baud more oblicpie than in J ; postdiscal spots R'— M' bluish white, well marked,

( 387 )

the last one merged together with the Ijaud ; postdiscal spots ISC'"— M' olive,

bordered distally by clayish grey arches, spots M' — SM- black. Hindwing :

nearly as in cj, siibmedian interspaces and proximal portions of discal interspaces
pearly grey, discal bars obsolete, except the last, postdiscal interstitial lunules
bluish grey, bordered distally by the more or less obsolete, brown, postdiscal
Inniform bars ; snbmarginal brown spots transverse, preceded by a series of white,
sulimargiual, transverse, spots ; admargiual line thinner than above, extreme edge
of wing clay colour ; tail R'' blunt, second tail a short, blnnt, tooth.

Length of fore wing : cJ, 43 — 44 mm.
„ „ ?, 49 mm.

Hah. St. Thome. In the Tring Mnsenm 1 c?, 1 ?, received by Fekler from
Dr. Standinger, and 2 66 collected by A. Mocquerys in October and November
1899.

A very interesting insect, a representative of Ch. tiridates resembling, in the
pattern of the upperside of the 6, Gh. smai-agdalis.

36. Charaxes tiridates.

(J. Papiliii Eqties Achivus lii'Ulates, Cramer, Piqi. E.rot. II. p. 100. t. 161. f. A. n (1777) ("Java,"
"Amboina," loc. err. !) ; Goeze, Eiit. Bri/ti: III. 1. p. 87. n. 68 (1779) ; Fabr., Sjm: Ins. II.
p. 11. n. 43. (1781) ("Amboina" loc. err.) ; id., MaiiL Ins. U. p. 6. n. 47 (1787) ; Jabl. &
Herbst, Nuturs. Schmett. IV. p. 55. n. 150. t. 62. f. 3. 4 (1790) ("Amboina," "BrasUien"
loc. err.) ; Gmel., Sy-^t. Nat. I. 5. p. 22.35 n. 300 (1790) (" Amboina " loc. err.).

6. Piipilio Nt/inphali.i rhdhraUia lirkhilex, Drury, Illuslr. E.rot. Ins. III. p. 31 & Index t. 23. f.
1. 2 <J (1782) (" Brazil " loc. err.).

6- Pap/tin Xijrnphiilis tiridates, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 62. n. 195 (1793) ("Amboina"
loc. err.).

?. Papilio Nympluilis marica Fabricius, I.e. p. 113. >i. 346 (1793) (Africa, Mus. Banks).

6. Piq/ilio tiridntis, Donovan, Ins. of Imliii t. 23. f. 3 (1800) (" Amboyna" loc. err.).

6- Eriboea tiridatis (!), Hiibner, Verz. hek. Srhmrtt. p. 47. n. 429 (1816-27).

Nyntphalis tiridates, Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 354. n. 14 (1823) ("Java," "Amboina," loc. err.) ;
Lucas, Hist. Not. Lep. E.r. p. 119. u. 62. f. 2 (1835) ("Java," "Amboina," loc. err.) ; Doubl.,
Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. II. p. 308. n. 11 (1850) (Ashanti) ; Trim., Rhvp. Afr. Aiistr.
p. 172. n. 99 (1862) (" Moselekatze's couutry " loc. err.) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 209. n. 26
(1871) (Africa) ; Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zool. France I. p. 280 (1876) (Congo ; Gaboon).

? . Pajjilio marica, Donovan, A'«^ Reposit. II. t. 37. f. 2 (1834) (Africa).

Vharaj-es tiridates, Thon., Xatiirg. Schmett. p. 73. t. 36. f. 543. 544. 6- (1837) ("Java," "Amboina,"
loc. err.) ; Doubl., List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. I. p. Ill (1844) (Ashanti ; Congo) ; Butl.,'
Proc. Zijol. Sue. Land. p. 629. n. 28 (1865) (Sierra Leone ; Ashanti ; 6 =t/ridatcs, ? =murica):
id., Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. Fabricius p. 52. n. 8 (1869) ; Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lund. p. 412.
n. 7 (1875) (Angola) ; Plotz, Stett. Ent.Zeit. XLI. p. 194. n. 103 (1880) (Abo, January) ; Stand.,
Exot. Taaf. p. 170. t. 59. 6 (1886) (Guinea ; Angola ; Fernando Po) ; Dewitz, Nor. Act. Leop.
Car. Ak. Naturf. L. 4. p. 371 (1887) (Jan., Feb., April, S. of Congo, Mukenge) ; Capronn.,
a p. Soc. Ent'. Behj. XXXIII. p. 125. n. 67 (1889) (Kassai) ; id., I.e. p. 146. n. 81 (1889)
(Congo) ; Smith, Pmc. Zoal. Soc. Lund. p. 472. n. 88 (1890) (Aruwimi) ; Godm. & Salv., in
Jameson, Slonj Rear Col. p. 440. n. 82 (1890) (Aruwimi) ; Auriv., Eut. TnUkr. XII. p. 215.
n. 141. (1891) (Cameroons) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. Sue. Lnnd. p. 649. n. 24 (1893) (L. Mweru) ;
Karsch, Berl Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVIII. p. 191. n. 54 (1893) (Togo) ; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Loud. p. 341. n. 49 (1894) (Usoga to Uganda, 4000 ft., June) ; Auriv., I.e. XV. p. 311. n. 193
(1894) (N'Dian, Bonge, in. v. xi.) ; Butl, Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 377. n. 77 (1896)
(pt. ; S. Leone ; Accra ; Lake Mweru ; Ashanti ; Isubu) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sr. Vet. Ahid. Haudl.
XXXI. 5, p. 239. n. 43 (1899) (pt. ; Sierra Leone to Angola, Lake Mero and Uganda).

Charaxes tiridates var. mixtus Bntler (non Rothschild), I.e. (1896) ( J , not 6)'

c? ? . Boefi/ aboi'c : olive black in c?, with a faint blue tint ; head, pronotum
and anterior part of mesouotnm more or less mummy brown ; tawny olive in ? ;
fonr dots on head, a line behind eye and a dot laterally on collar creamy buff ;

( 388 )

underside clayish cinuaiuou, sitU-s of breast more bistre, palpi pale claj'-colour,
mostly with a vestige of a white line uear eye, abdomen of 6 varying from creamy
bufl' to clay colour.

6. Winys above : blue-black, basal half of forewing and basal two-tliirds of

hindwing with a strong blue gloss. Forewing : two series of small pale blue spots ;

the discal series oblique, consisting of the four spots R' — M'-, often followed by a
fifth spot M- — (SM'), spot M'— M- seldom absent, often obliquely halfmoon-shaped,
spots R' — R- linear, spot R- — R' rounded, both 1 to 2 mm. from cell, sometimes
there is a thin linear sj)ot before R', spot R'— M' more distal, rounded or halfmoon-
shaped, postdiscal series complete, upper spot white, mostly larger than the other,
the series first convex, then concave, and straight from M' to SM' or internal
margin last spot often wanting, spot (SM')— 8M- also often absent ; a complete
series of pale ochreous marginal spots, well defined, spots R- — M- transverse, luni-

form, the others shorter, dot SO* — SO' often vestigial. Hindwing : a postdiscal

series of seven pale blue spots, all separate, the series biconcave, the second spot
farthest from outer margin, distance lu to 14 mm., the last spot closest to margin,
spot C — SC" rounded, generally the largest of all, diameter li mm., the other mure
or less halfmoon-shaped ; a complete series of submarginal spots, parallel to outer
margin, the spots more or less rounded, blue, centred white, white centres of upper
spots often absent ; admarginal interstitial spots pale ochraceous, sharply defined,
luniform, interrupted or constricted at iuteruervular folds, well separated from one
another, often bufiish near veins; edge of wing and fringe huffish white between veins.

Underside : olive cinnamon, varying a little in the depth of the tints, forewing

mostly more yellowish than hindwing.-- Forewing : borders of bars bluish white,

rather thin ; basal cell-bar often vestigial, bar 2 straight, .3 curved, sometimes inter-
rupted, often lA mm. broad, bar 4 convex in middle and concave in costal half,
upper end sometimes dilated basad along SC, forming a sharp hook ; bar 1)
complete ; submedian bars M' — (SM') 1 to 3 mm. distant from one another, bar
M' — M'-' just proximal of base of M', seldom distal of it ; median bars R' — R'
1 to 2 mm. from cross-veins, not or little thicker than bar D, median bars R^ — SM"
in an oblique row, continuous, or almost so, all curved, bars M- — SM- fused to a
somewhat 3-shaped mark which often touches posteriorly discal bar M^ — SM- ;
discal bars M' — SM- thin, black, regularly arched, the other discal bars vestigial or
absent, contiguous with postdiscal interstitial halfmoons of which the posterior ones
are well defined and clayish gallstone j-ellow, uppermost white, more rounded,
second also often whitish ; postdiscal bars M- — SM- represented by two large black
patches which are bordered very pale blue distally, the blue border resembling the
number 3, postdiscal patch M' — M- smaller, olive black, more or less indistinctly
bordered j)ale blue, the other i)ostdiscal patches vestigial, not or little darker than
the ground colour, but often rendered more obvious on account of the paler clayish
buff Ijorders ; margin with indistinct clayish buff spots ; cell, submedian interspaces

and proximal portions of discolours pale clayish wax-yellow. Hindwing : bars

thinner than on forewing ; basal costal bar not touching PC, \l mm. distant from
it, mostly straight, seldom curved and pointing distad ; subbasal costal bar bordering
PC joined together with costal submedian bar to form a half-ring ; costal submedian
bar in front of subbasal bar C — 8C; cell-bars 2 and 4 mostly joined together
behind, as are often subbasal and submedian bars C — SC^ in front ; costal median
bar in front of median bar C— SC", which is S-shapcd, or very little more proximal,
median bar St,'-— K' arched, li to 3 mm. more proximal than barsj ('— SC", and

( 389 )

R'— R', bar R-— R' arched, about 1 mm. from base of M', bars R'— SM- nearly
contiunous, crossing M' about 3 to 4 mm. from base ; discal bars all regularly
arched, only the jiosterior ones well marked, the others obsolete or absent, but the
white distal borders more or less preserved, postdiscal bars represented by olive
brown, ill-defiued, patches, but bars M' — SM'' thin and arched, sometimes tawny
olive, but mostly black ; snbmarginal dots white and blue, followed by black dots,
upper black dots absent from most specimens ; admarginal interspaces occupied by
creamy bnif spots, which are generally shaded in middle by olive buff; admargiaal
line fuscous, forming lunules between veins ; submedian interspaces and small
patches at outside of median bars pale clayish wax yellow ; tails pointed, upper one
3 to 5i mm. long, second 2 to_3 mm.

? . W/nffs ahore : pale tawny olive. Forewing : apical half blackish brown,

with a purplish sheen in side-light, variable in the depth of the brown tint ; a white,
oblique, posteriorly slightly curved, discal band crosses wing from costal margin to
SM-, generally well separated by the veins into patches, patch R' — R^ about 10 mm.
long, patches R^ — SM' more or less sinuate distally, patch M' — M- very oblique
proximally, patches M- — SM" much smaller, often much shaded with tawny olive,
the patches more or less heavily bordered blackish brown proximally, upper angle
of cell also blackish brown ; a postdiscal series of two larger white spots followed
by four indistinct tawny olive ones, spot M' — M^ contiguous with the white band ;
marginal spots much less obvious than in c?, in most individuals the last two alone

well marked. Hindwing : median bar C — SC'^ generally marked, with a white

patch at outside, white is seldom obsolete ; a postdisco-marginal band of the colour
of the apical area of the forewing, bordered proximally by a series of more or less
vestigial clayish spots which correspond to the blue postdiscal spots of the S, the
band convex between veins proximally, wider in front than behind ; within it we
find a series of purplish blue submarginal spots, mostly with white centres, and a
series of clayish buff, transverse, spots, constricted or interrupted at the inter-
nervular folds ; extreme edge clayish between veins, fringe white, except at ends
of veins.

Underside : similar to c?. Black bars of forewing heavier, median bars more
oblique, bar R^ — M' more straight, generally at right angles to M', seldom touching
upper end of oblique bar M' — M'-'; band less interrupted at veins than on upperside;
discal bar M' — SM'- often obsolete ; black postdiscal patches M' — SM" smaller than
in S. Upper tail of nearly even width, not pointed, Ti to 9 mm. long, second
2 to 4 mm.

Length of forewing : c?, 44 — 52 mm.
„ „ ? , 48—58 mm.

Clasper not essentially different from those of the allied species, upper edge
irregularly notched and dentated before tip (PI. VIII., f. 20) ; penis with a single
dorsal tooth 1 mm. before tip (PI. VIII., f. 7) and a rather high dorsal ridge about
2^ mm. before apex, the ridge variable in outline.

Huh. From Sierra Leone to Angola and British East Africa and (according to
Butler) Brit. Central Africa ; not in the coast regions of East Africa, nor in South
Africa; a common insect. In the Tring Mnsenm 70 (?c?, 20 ? ? from: Sierra
Leone ; Accra ; Coomassie ; 0. Calabar ; Cameroons ; Gaboon and Ogowe ; Congo :
Stanley Pool, Lukolele, Bopoto, Kassai : Aruwimi Forest (Dr. Ansorge) ; Unyoro
(Dr. Ansorge): Warringo R., 9. vii. 97, Kaligire, 5. i. 9s, Fajao, l8. vii. and 10. xii.
97 ; Uganda Protectorate (Dr. Ansorge): .Ran, Nandi country, Marcli 1898.

( 390 )

A c? from Cameroons in Mr. Grose-Smith's collection has no admarginal spots
on the npperside of the hindwing.

Boisilnval, in Delegorgne Voy. A/'r. Atisfr. II. p. 593, records tiridates from the
countr}- of Moselekatze (Ziiliiland), iu which ho was wrong ; the specimens were
either wrongly located, or they helouged to another species {xiphai-es or citkaeron).

37. Charaxes bipunctatus.

Chamxes hijmiiclat,i.-< Rothschild, Nov. Z.ior.. I. p. 53C. n. 4 (1894) (Gold Coast?) ; Butl, Journ.
Limi. Siic. Lvml. XXV. p. :i78. u 78 (189G) (Accra) ; Auriv., A'o«(;/. Sv. Ahitl. Ilamll. XXXI.
5. p. 240. n. 44 (1899) (Ashanti).

c?. CUosely resembling Ch. tiridates. Mw^s aioiv, strongly pm-plish. Fore-
wing : onter margin on the whole less concave than in tiridates ; discal spots small,
two to five in number, jwstdiscal series represented by one small, blnish white, spot
SO* — SO' only, which is sometimes followed by traces of a second, blae, spot ;

marginal spots as in tiridates, bnt less well defined, being shaded with black.

Hindwing : postdiscal series of spots represented by two rounded dots (' — R',
variable in size, followed sometimes by a third, vestigial, spot ; snbmarginal dots
smaller than in tiridates ; admarginal interstitial markings ochreons bnff, jirominent,
slightly shaded with bine upon internervular folds, bnt not obviously interrupted.

Underside more uniformly dark cinnamon than in tiridates and mixtits ; median
bars of forewiug as iu tiridates, bars M'— SM" mostly merged together to a rather
regularly cnrved halfmoon ; costal submedian bar of hindwing and median bar
S(j2 — Ri more or less straight, submedian and subbasal bars farther apart than in
tiridates, not curving towards one another at' C and M ; tails reduced to two
short teeth.

? . Similar to ? of tiridates ; submarginal blue and white dots of hindwing
minute, admarginal buff markings prominent, as in d, not divided at the inter-
nervular folds.

Underside as in $, bars of hindwing thinner than in tiridates ; white band as
above, discal bar M^ — SM- absent ; tails reduced to short teeth.

Length of forewing : S, 44 — 45 mm.
„ „ ? , 47—48 mm.

Clasper rather broader at tip than in tiridates, the hook somewhat different
in outline (PL VIII. f. 28.) ; the penis has the subapical tooth sinistro-lateral, as
in mixtus, but rather more ventral, the dorsal ridge reduced to a heavy tooth
(PL VIII. f. 9.).

Hah. Gold Coast to Aruwimi Forest. In the Tring Museum 6 S<S, 2 ? ?
from : Kumassi to (.'ape Coast Castle, iv. 99 (Cajit. Gifford) ; Lukolele to Stanley
Pool (Harrison) ; 2 and 3 days' march from Ft. Beui, great forest of Upper Congo,
6. and 7. v. 99 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Gold Coast (?).

88. Charaxes mixtus (Nov. Zool. V. t. 0. f. 1. ?).

Chamxea mixlus Rothschild, Nov. Zool. I. p. 536. n. 3. t. 12 f. 8. ^ (1894) (Lukolele).

Charaxes liridales var. iiii.rtiin, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 377. sub n. 77 (1896) (pt. ;
(J, not ? ; Victoria, Cameroons) ; id., Ann. Mag. X. H. (6). XIX. p. 124. (1897) ; Auriv.,
Kongl. Sv. Altul. IhnuU. XXXI. 5. p. 239. sub n. 43 (1899) (Cameroons ; Lukolele and
Katanga, Congo).

The specific distinctness of this insect has been doubted. Messrs. Butler and
Aurivillius treat it as a " var." of tiridates, which term Aurivillius employs lor

( :^9i )

geographical forms. Ch. tiridates aud mixtus, however, occur together ; therefore
mixtus is not a geographical representative of the common tiridaU'S. It can also
not be a mere individual aberration, because (I) the differences in colour are
constant, and (2) the sexual organs of the c? are different. The most remarkable
feature of Ch. mixtus is the similarity of the sexes.

3. Very close to Ch. tiridates, but ground colour and markings of upperside
more purplish, discal series of spots of forewing less oblique, spots M'' — SM'^, if
present, not so close to postdiscal series, upper two spots of postdiscal series white,
marginal spots dirty cream colour, square, situated upou the inteniervular folds ;
postdiscal spot C — SC" of hindwing much smaller than spot SC" — R', posterior three
or four postdiscal spots often nearly contiguous, sometimes there is a discal spot
C — SC* present, snbmarginal dots smaller than in tiridates, white edged with blue,
or blue, admarginal spots blue, ujiper ones often creamy at veins, not interrupted.

Underside darker olive, less yellowish, than in tiridates, outer marginal area
shaded with grey, bars of forewing on the whole thinner, median bars W — SM- less
oblique, bars W — SM- forming a more regularly W-shaped mark, which, moreover,
is more proximal than in tiridates ; snbmedian costal bar of hindwing mostly straight,
often pointing distad, sometimes curved to PC, no subbasal costal bar at outerside
of PC.

?. Like cj, larger; blue postdiscal spots of forewing very small, admarginal
spots absent, exce])t spots M^ — SM" which are blue.

Length of forewing : 3, 43 — 51 mm.
? , 57 mm.

Clasper slenderer than in Ch. tiridates, the hook longer (PI. VIII. f. 27.) ;
penis similar to that of tiridates, but the ridge very much reduced (PI. VIIJ. f. 8.)
and the snbapical tooth sinistro-lateral, not dorsal ; penis-funnel broader and
blunter than in the allied sjjecies.

Hab. Congo and Cameroons. In the Tring Museum ~ 3 i from : >Stanley
Pool to Lukolele, Congo (Revs. Harrison and Clarke) ; a ? in the Berlin Museum
from Cameroons.

f/'. Median bars SC^ — R- of forewing below in normal position, 6 t» 9 mm.
from cell,
e*. Hindwing above without large admarginal patches.

g^. Cell-bars of forewing below black and thin, bar 3 interrupted, or
rufous chestnut.
e*. Cell-bars black.

c^ Hindwing below without straight rufous chestnut band
across disc.
c°. Abdomen olive black above.

c-'. 3, cell of forewing above witli blue patch ; ?,
band of liindwiug white, or bluish only at
edges.

30. Charaxes ameliae.

Clmra.res ameliae Doumet, Ret\ Zual. (2). XIII. p. 171. t. 5. f. 1. 3 (18C1) (Gaboon); But],
Pi'oc. Zoo!. Soc. Land. p. 030 n. 30 (186.5) (Gaboon ; S. Leone) ; Hew., Ex. Bull. V. Charaxes
t. 5. f. 20. 21. ? (1876) (0. Calab.ir) ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Lraj,. Car. Ak. Xaliirf. L. 4. p. 371
(1SS7) (S. of Congo, January) ; Capronn., C. R. So<\ Enl. Hehj. XXXIII. p. 125. n. G8 (1889)

( 392 )

(Kassai ; Congo) ; Auriv., Eiit. Tidshr. XII. p. 215. n. 142 (1891) (ngiiis=ame!iae) : Schaus
& Clements, Sierra Leone Lej.kl. p. 9 (1893) ; Karsch, Berl. E„t. Zeilschr. XXXVIII. p. 192.
n. 55. (1893) (Adeli, Togo) ; Auriv., /.,-. XV. p. 310. n. lill (1894) (Ekundu, N'Dian,
Cameroon.*, March) ; Butl., ./mini. Linn. Soc. Litml. XXV. p. 374. n. 68 (1896) (S. Leone ;
Cameroons ; O. Calabar ; Accra) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Ak. UumU. XXXI. 5. p. 240. n. 47 (1899)
(S. Leone to Congo).

Nijmplialis iniieliae, Kirby, Cut. D'liini Lep. p. 270. n. 28 (1871) (Afr. occ).

Villi rii.ieii reijiiis Aurivillius, F.nl. Tiihkr. X. p. 191 (1889) (Cameroons).

(? ¥ . Bofh) above : olive black in cJ, blackish sepia in front, in ¥ bistre brown,
thorax more olive, white dots on head and pronotnm conspicuous ; umlerside cream
colour, sides of breast and legs more gre}-, abdomen of ¥ clayisli bnif, seldom drab.

S. Winys above : velvety blue-black, marking.s pale smalt bine appearing pearl

bine or purplish in side-lig-ht. Forewing: anterior half or two-thirds of the basal

thirds of the cell occupied by a triangular patch which is 3 mm. broad at the slightly
sinuated apex and includes mostly a black dot at two-thirds of its length (the black
dot corresponding to njiper part of cell-bar 3 of iiiider.vile), costal margin more or
less pale blue (upper layer of scales), excej)t in apical third ; a subrectangular patch
R- — R^ jnst beyond apex of cell, about 3 mm. long, three more discal spots between
SC* and R- about S mm. from cell, the first of them linear, thin, the second more or
less rectangular, about 3 mm. long and 11 mm. broad, tlie third linear, often absent;
a postdiscal series of eight spots, almost straight from R' to internal margin, spot
R' — R- 4 mm. distant from outer margin, last spot 0 mm., first spot more proximal,
lu mm. from apex of wing, the spots gradually increasing in size towards internal
margin, spot R'— R'^ the smallest, about 1 mm. wide, sjiot M-— SM' the largest,
about 4 mm. long and 2^ broad, that at internal margin often longer ; a streak of
8 to 11 mm. length at base before SM" ; a series of small admarginal dots, dots

M^ — SM- well separated. Hindwing : a discal series of patches, as continuation

of the postdiscal series of the forewing, extends from C" to (SM'), forming a band
which is interrupted at R' and incised distally upon R-, the band very variable in
width, widest behind, extending into apex of cell, patch .S(J-— R' more or less
rounded, a postdiscal patch (_' — SC-, occasionally reduced to a small limnle, a little
more distal than patch SC- — R', seldom with a discal patch at proximal side : a
series of eight snbmarginal spots parallel to outer margin, barely 2 mm. distant from
it, the spots rounded, of about equal size, diameter H to 2 mm., spots M- — SIP
seldom contiguous ; a series of admarginal bars, dilated distad at ends, slightly
constricted in middle, almost continuous from R- to anal angle, spots C— R' seldom
vestigial ; abdominal fold hair brown, seldom uniform in colour, mostly edged with
creamy buff, or assuming a white buff tint beyond end of SM-^, the long liairs before
the fold brownish black, with a chocolate hue, the bases of the hairs paler.

Underside : olivaceous wood brown, with a yellowish tint, shaded with ecru

drab on hindwing, white borders of black bars slightly bluish. Forewing : no

basal cell-spot, cell-bar 2 curved, bar 3 interrupted into a larger posterior and
smaller anterior spot, bar 4 distally convex in middle and concave near both ends,
bnt more obviously so in upper half; subbasal bar M- — (SM') sometimes repre-
sented by a spot ; snbmedian bar M' — M- jnst behind, or a little proximal of, base of
M', bar M^— (SM') about 2 mm. more proximal, both generally at right angles to
veins ; median bars R'— M- slightly concave distally, bar W — M' 5 mm. from base
of M', bar M' — M'^ abont 2 mm. more proximal, bar M-— SM- more straight,
generally triangularly dilated proximally upon (SM'), again 2 mm. more proximal
than bar M' — M-, at right angles to M-, median bar U-— R^ touching bar D at lower

( 393 )

angle of cell, bars SO^ — R^ mostl}' concave proximally, 8 mm. from cell, gronad of
wing at outer side of median bars grej'ish or ecru drab, bluish grey between M^ and
SM^, this pale scaling forming ill-defined patches ; discal series of bars represented
by two black Innules between M' and SIVP, the other discal bars seldom vestigial ;
postdiscal bars M' — SM'' developed to two large black patches, patch M'' — SIVP
incised outwardly upon (SM'), both patches bordered outwardly by very pale blue
scaling, border of double patch M^ — SM'^ extending basad to near the discal bars,
resembling the number 3i the other postdiscal patches obsolete, but their pale outer
borders fused with the postdiscal, luniform, pale interspaces to more or less complete
rings, postdiscal interspaces M' — SM' wax yellow ; submarginal l)ars M' — SM^

generally vestigial. Hiudwing : paler than forewing, bars thinner ; basal costal

bar short, curved, reaching PC at or before angle of this vein ; subbasal costal bar
absent, subbasal bars C — M continuous ; submedian costal bar a little more proximal
than the other submedian bars, these almost continuous down to (SM'), the bars
almost straight, submedian interspace ecru drab, nearly white; median bars nearly
continuous, standing in an almost straight line which crosses M at base of M',
proximal half or two-thirds of discal interspaces occupied by a distally ill-defined
band of ecru drab colour ; discal bars thin, mostly vestigial or absent, bordered
by white Innules at outer side, bars SC" — R' and R' — M' much more proximal
than the others ; postdiscal bars also curved, generally vestigial, seldom quite
absent ; postdiscal interspaces varying from tawny olive to olive buff ; submarginal
black dots vestigial between R'^ and SM', last two always present, minute, the
white submarginal dots also more or less vestigial ; admargiual interspaces olive
tawny, mostly bluish white at veins ; submarginal and abdominal areas ecru drab ;
tails ])ointed, upper one 2^ to 5 mm. long, second a short tooth.

? . Wings, upper side : burnt umber colour in basal area, outer area more

blackish, especially on hiudwing, with a purplish tint. Forewing : three series of

spots, cream colour or white; four discal patches from R^ to internal margin, patches
R^ — M'^ isolated, ol'lique, convex proximally, often concave distally, patch M- — SM^
triangularly sinuate jaroximally at (SM'), about 4 mm. broad at M^, often with pale
blue scaling at proximal, less often at distal, edge, contiguous with long patch at
internal margin, discal patch R^ — R^ close to cell, spots SC — R^ halfway between
cell and postdiscal series, spot SC — SC^ thin, linear, the two others about 4 mm.
long, all separated, placed in an oblique row, proximal edge of spot SC* — R'
2 to 4 mm. more distal than proximal edge of spot R' — R- ; postdiscal spots nearly
placed as in <?, but second and third farther from margiu, spot at internal margin,
if present, fused with the discal patch, pustdiscal spots more yellowish distally than
proximally or all white; admarginal spots small, all separate, nearly touching fringe.

Hindwing: a milky white discal band, about 6 mm. broad in front, tapering

behind, reaching abdominal margin at a distance of 4 mm. from end of SM^ ;
basally the band is bordered by jiale blue scaling between SC" (or R') and (SM'),
this scaling consisting of the upper layer of scales extends basad as far as origin
of M- or a little farther down, distally the band has a narrower pale blue border;
between C and R' or R^ there are mostly two or three white postdiscal spots
more or less distinctly separated from the white band ; a series of white submarginal
spots edged with pale blue, upper three white spots the longest, but the posterior
spots have wider blue borders; admarginal interstitial spots transverse, triangularly
dilated distad at veins, creamy at veins, buff in middle, anal one thin, bine.

Underside: more yellowish than in cj, white markings better defined,

27

(394)

abdominal area of hindwiug not ecru drab. Forewing : white discal patches

larger than above, postdiscal spots SC* — M* ronnded, with indications of the discal

bars at the jiroximal, and of the postdiscal bars at the distal side. Hiudwing :

white discal band seldom touching discal bars C— R', generally widely separated
from them ; submarginal area ecru drab or white only distally, white submarginal
spots rather large, bnt not well defined, white dots M" — SW, however, miunte ;
admarginal interspaces more or less gallstone yellow except distally near veins ;
upper tail 5 to 8 mm. long, second 3 mm.

Length of forewing : t?, 38 — 48 mm.
„ ? , 42—54 mm.

Clasper longer than in tiridates and allies, the hook longer and more gently
curved ; penis armed with a tooth 1 mm. before end, more or less obviously grooved
longitudinally before the tooth, a very feebly raised, long, ridge 3 ram. before end ;
penis-funnel broad, blunt, if viewed from above, apical hook Ijroad at base but
sharply pointed.

Hub. Sierra Leone to the Upper Congo and Nyassaland. In the Tring Museum
35 S 6, 19 ¥ ? from : Sierra Leone ; Gold Coast ; Shabo country, Niger, February
1895 (Dr. Roth) ; Calabar; Bopoto, Congo ; Kassai, Aruwimi forest, three and ten
days' march from Ft. Beni, 7. and 14. v. 99 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Bandawe, Nyassaland,
April (F. Watkiuson).

T^'h^ females from Nyassaland have the discal spots of the forewing above all
white, while in the specimens from Sierra Leone and Gold Coast they are more or
less cream colour, at least the upper discal ones. This difference, however, is not
constant, as there occur in West Africa, together with cream-spotted specimens,
individuals which do not apparently differ from the Nyassaland examples.

In a cJ from the Kassai country, Congo basin, the cell-bar 3 of the hindwing
below is indicated by a black dot.

(P. (S without blue patch in cell of forewing above ; ? with blue band on
hindwing.

40. Charaxes imperialis (Nov. Zool. V. t. 6. f. 5. ?).

Chamxes imperialis Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lund. p. 531. t. 11. f. 3. ^ (1874) (Wliydah, Gold Coast) ;
Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 748. n. 40 (1877) (imperialis " Murr.") ; But!., Proc. Zool. Soc.
Loud. p. 570. n. 26 (1887) (Rio del Rey, J ) ; Schaus & Clements, Sirrra Leone Lepid. p. 9
(1893) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 374. n. 67 (1896) (S. Leone ; Rio del Rey) ;
Auriv., Koiigl. Sv. Ak. Uamll. XXXI. 5. p. 240. n. 46 (1899) (S. Leone ; Ashanti ; O. Calabar ;
Bena-Bendi, Congo).

<? ? . Body as in C/i. ameliae.

<J. Wings above velvety black, greenish blue in side-light, slightly glossy at

base, especially in cell of forewing. Forewing : three small, white, discal dots

SC'^ — R^ upper two about 7 mm. from cell, dot R'' — R^ close to cell ; a band of
four small, white, postdiscal dots SC^ — IV, edged with blue, followed by a larger
blue spot, often centred white, and again by three turquoise blue discal ]iatches
between R" and internal margin, which gradually increase in width, patch at
internal margin about 5 mm. long, patch M'^ — SM- proximally sinuate at (SM'),
the series straight from internal margin to R', then curving costad : minute blue
admarginal dots, sometimes absent except dots RP — SM- ; fringe restricted white

between veins ; apex of wing rather acute. Hindwiug : a tunjuoise blue discal

band from SC^ to (SM') as a prolongation of the band of the forewing, about 5 to

( 395 )

7 mm. broad, obliqnel.y cut off posteriorly, preceded by a white discal spot C— SC*,
edged with blue, and a blue postdiscal spot, the former sometimes vestigial ;
submarginal spots turquoise bine, upper two the largest, diameter about U mm.,
more or less rounded, tlie others more transverse, last two seldom with vestiges
of white centres ; admarginal spots the same colour, thin, interrupted between
veins, spot 0 — SC* always, the following one or two sometimes absent ; abdominal
fold grey or clayish grey near margin.

Underside olive wood brown, tinged with tawny olive, with a bluish olive grey
gloss in side-light, snbbasal to median bars thinly bordered with bhiish grey at
both sides.- — Forewing : basal cell-bar seldom indicated by a dot, cell-bars 2 to 4
nearly equal in thickness,- barely J mm. broad, bar 3 mostly interrupted, bar 4
convex distally in middle, concave in upper half ; submedian bar M' — M- proximal
of base of M', bar M- — SM' generally angle-shaped, i to U mm. more proximal
than bar M'— M'^ ; median bars R' — SliP one behind the other, not continuous,
bars R'— M^ curved, bar M- — SM^ straight or angled upon (SM'), the tip of the angle
pointing distad, bar R' — M' often very short, about 6 mm. from base of M', bar
R"— R' 1| mm. from bar D, bars SC— R'' 9 mm. from cell, short, thin, bars
SC° — R' with a small white spot at outer side ; discal bars M'— SM- black, thin,
curved, the others vestigial or absent, followed by five postdiscal dots between
SC^ and M', white, distally yellowish, bars M'— SM", however, with a bluish distal
border followed by gallstone yellow, heavy, halfmoons ; postdiscal bars M^ — SM^
represented by a large double patch, deeply incised distally upon (SM'), with pale
blue outer border resembling the number 3 ; bar M' — M" represented by the
vestige of a second patch ; outer margin with an indistinct band of 2 mm. width,
which is slightly more yellow than the disc ; internal margin blackish near angle.

Hindwiug : subbasal and submedian series of bars stopping at M, but there

is occasionally a minute submedian bar behind M near origin of M- ; basal costal
bar curving distad touching PC at angle of this vein, subbasal costal bar absent,
.submedian costal bar standing in front of the subbasal bar C — SC^, curving distad ;
median costal bar more proximal than the other median bars, curving basad,
sometimes joined to submedian costal bar along costal margin, mediau bars
R' — SM* in an almost straight row, the row slightly broken at R^, bar R- — R' being
about J or 1 mm. more proximal than bar R^ — M', bar C — 8C- more basal, more
or less concave distally, whitish outer border of bar 0 — SC- developed to small
white spots, similar liut smaller spots often between R' and R^ ; discal bars
arched, thin, partly obliterated, bluish white distal borders of the upper bars
■conspicuous ; postdiscal bars M^ — SM^ black, well marked, the other postdiscal
bars vestigial, seldom clearly defined, postdiscal luniform interspaces gallstone
yellow, often more olivaceous tawny ; white submarginal spots present, last two the
smallest, but the best defined, shaded with bluish grey, followed by blue and black
dots, except the upper ones ; admarginal interstitial bars dilated distad at ends,
gallstone yellow, constricted in middle, the distal triangular portions near veins
bluish grey ; tails acute, upper one 3 to 5 mm., second about 2 mm.

? . Wings above blackish brown, purplish, outer area of hiudvving rather deeper

in tint than rest of upperside. Forewing : basal half of costal margin chocolate ;

three series of spots, a discal series : two sj)ots SC^ — R-, about 9 mm. from cell,
the second more distal, often a trace of a spot before SU', a square spot R'' — R' close
to cell, four spots R' — SM'-, spot R^ — M' more or less rounded, 8 mm. from base of
M', the next a little more proximal, spots AP— SM" placed into blue patches, a

( 396 )

lilne patch also behind SM-, these discal spots nearly equal in size, more or less
bufi", spots R^ — W and M^ — SM- more cream}', or all creamy white proximally ;
a postdiscal series parallel to the discal series behind, anteriorly curving costad,
sjiot R' — R° nearest the margin, the series posteriorly gradually retreating from
margin, spot M' — (SM') vestigial, spot (SM') — SM- absent, all bnff; adraarginal
spots small, ochraceons bnff, not well defined, upper ones obscure ; friuge restricted

white at internervnlar folds. Hind wing : a blue discal band as in cJ, preceded

by a large, white, discal patch C — SC- and a smaller, postdiscal, buff, patch, the
latter often shaded with blue ; submarginal spots buff, larger than in <}, last two
minnte, white with blue edges, admarginal bars all present, buff, not interrupted.

Undeiside nearly as in S , all the median bars of forewing with a dirty white
patch at outer side, discal patch C — SC^ of hindwing and the postdiscal interstitial
spots of forewing larger than iu S ; tails triangulur, ujijier one 5 to 8 mm., second
2 to 4 mm. long.

Length of forewing : 6 40 — 45 mm.
„ „ ? 4T— 51 mm.

Clasper similar to that of Ch. tiridates, slenderer ; penis with a tooth 1 mm.
before the end and a short tooth-like ridge fartlier back, nearly as in (^//. l/i/ntnctatus;
penis-funnel very little narrower towards end, being of nearly the same width near
base as near extremity, the tip is curved down as in other Charuxes, but this
vertical jiortion is broad, not pointed, being ronnded triangular.

Hab. Sierra Leone to the Congo, rare. In the Tring Museum 9 c?(?, 4 ? ?
from Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast, one of them canglit at Sierra Leone in
October 1898 by Capt. Stevens. In the Berlin Museum from Victoria, Cameroons ;
in Dr. Staudinger's collection a S and a ? from Borombi, Cameroons, and a
c? from the Gold Coast.

In one of the S cj from Sierra Leone there are vestiges of blue discal spots
R' — M^ on the upperside of the forewing.

Dr. Staudinger's ? from the Cameroons has the postdiscal spots of the
upperside of the forewing much paler than they are in our Sierra Leone examples,
and the blue band of the hindwing is wider.

fl!°. Abdomen white.

41. Charaxes pythodorus.

C'hurarea pijthudonis Hewitson, Ent. J/o. Mag. X. p. 57 (187.S) (Angola) ; Auriv., Kaiiyl. Sr. Ak.

Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 239. n. 39 (1899).
Charares pilhndofux (!) Hewitson, Ex. Bull. V. Charaxes. t. 5. f. 18. 19. ^ (1874).

(?. Head, pronotum and anterior part of mesouotum mummy brown, ujipcrside
of palpi and meso-metanotum black, the last with white hairs ; abdomen creamy
white ; undermle of palpi and abdomen buff, sides of sterna and legs clay colour,
femora blackish above.

S. Wings abore black, slightly blue in side-light. Forewing: basal half

of costal margin chocolate brown, especially the veins, if denuded ; discal spots
SC — R' placed nearly as in ? of imperialis, spots SC— R^ about 8 mm. from
cell, small, not so broad as the space between them, spot R^ — R' close to cell,
spot R'— M' 5 to 7 mm. from base of M', these spots white, edged and shaded with
pale blue, white spots M'— SM^ 0 to 7 mm. from base of M', a little larger than

( 397 )

spot R' — M', placed into a very large pale blue patch which is 12 to 16 mm. broad
at iuterual margin ami of which the oblique proximal edge is 9 mm. from base
of wing at SM- ; a pcstdiscal series of pale blue spots, curving costad in front,
the spots increasing in size behind, rounded, diameter of spot M' — M- 1 to 3 mm.,
spots M^ — SM^ merged together with the blue area ; no admarginal dots, fringe

white except at ends of veins. Hiudwing : a large i)ale blue area from near

base to beyond bent of R', shaded with white proximally, becoming almost pure
white towards abdominal margin ; base for about 4 mm. and postdisco-margiual
area black, the latter 10 to 14 mm. broad at SC", 4 to 7 mm. at M^ ; a series of
small, submarginal spots, white, edged and shaded with blue, anterior spot the
largest, diameter about IJ mm. ; admarginal, pale blue, markings very thin,
partly obsolete.

Underside uniformly bnfiish clay colour, black bars very thin, except bars

M" — SM* of forewing, whitish edges of bars extremely thin. Forewing : no

basal cell-spot, cell-bar 3 separated into two portions, sometimes into three or four
dots, cell-bar 4 nearer bar 3 than apex of cell, strongly convex in middle distally,
concave near ends ; bar D partly obsolete, very thin ; snbmedian and median
bars M* — SM^ heavy, joined together behind, forming a heavy half-ring, which is
sometimes entirely filled up with black, snbmedian bar M' — M- 3 mm. from base
of M^ ; median bars R^ — M" concave distally, bar R' — M' 7 mm. from base of
M', bar M' — M* 3 mm. more proximal, median bar R* — R^ 1 to 2 mm. from cell,
mostly straight, less often concave distally, bar R' — R* short, convex distally,
10 mm. from cell, bar SC^— R' about 2 to 2| mm. more distal, of the same
shape, on the outer side of median bars there are seldom vestiges of white
spots ; discal bars M" — SM^ represented by a black halfmoon, the other discal
bars indicated as blackish clouds forming an indistinct, nearly continuous, band ;
postdiscal bars M' — SM^ represented by a large black patch, concave distally, with
ill-defined, faint, grey scaling at proximal and distal sides, the other postdiscal
bars mostly represented by small, ill-defined, brown or black spots ; internal

margin black near angle, bluish grey in and be3'ond middle. Hiudwing : basal

costal bar short, sometimes absent ; no subbasal costal bar ; submedian costal
bar more proximal than the other submedian bars, curved or straight ; median
bars all more or less obviously convex distally, the series more irregular than
in C/i. imperiaUs, bars SC"— R' and R'— R^ more proximal than the other bars ;
discal and postdiscal bars represented by brown, more or less distinctly halfmoon-
shaped, clouds, the postdiscal ones better defined than the discal ones ; bluish white
submarginal dots obvious, last two contiguous with blue and black dots ; anal angle
less produced than in C/i. imperial/^, tails reduced to short, blunt, teeth.

?. Like (J, wings broader. Forewing: outer margin less concave; postdiscal
spots more purplish blue, upper discal ones more extended white ; on the underside
the white discal spots at outer side of the median bars present, but small.

Length of forewing : cj ? , 37—45 mm.

Clasper similar to that of C/i. imperiaUs ; penis without subapical tooth,
armed only with a minute tooth situated about 3| mm. from the apex ; penis-
funnel as in imperiaUs, but the tip of the hook more acute.

Ilab. From Angola to British East Africa ; not occurring north of ('ougo, or
in S. Africa.

Ch. pijthodorus is a sexuall}' mouomorjihic southern ally of Ch. imperiaUs ;
in the development of the markings of the forewing above pijthodorus agrees

( 398 )

better with the ? than with the S of impertalis, inasmnch as in both sexes of
j»ltho(hru» and in the ? of imperialis, the discal interstitial spots are present.

The differences between the two geographical races of pijthodoru» are not
conspicuous, but seem to be pretty constant.

a. Ch. pjrthodoms pythodoms.

Chamxes jnjthodorus Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. X. p. 57 (1873) (Angola) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lpp.

p. 748. n. 77 (1877) ; Dewitz, Xm-. Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Nalurf. L. 4. p. 371. (1887) (Miikenge) ;

Auriv., Kongl. Sv. AI-. Haiidl. XXXI. 5. p. 239. n. 39 (1899) (Mukenge ; Angola ; L. Merc).
Charaxes pitlmloi-vs (!), Hewitson, Ex. Butt. V. Charoxes. t. 5. f. 18. 19. (J (1874) ; Bull., Prw.

Zonl. Soc. Land. p. 649. n. 22 (1893) (Rhodesia, L. Mweru, June) ; id., Jmirn. Linn. Sue. Loud.

XXV. p. 375. n. 69 (1896) (L. Mweru ; Angola) ; Lanz, /W.s- IX. p. 142 (1896) (Plateau north

of Tanganyka).

c?. Wings, upper&ide. Forewing : pale blue postdiscal spots M" (SM^)

completely merged together with the blue discal patch, blue scaling of discal
spots R^ — M^ more or less extended distad, generally reaching the postdiscal
spots. Hindwing : black outer area about lO mm. broad at R'.

Underside, : submedian costal bar more or less straight, situated in front of
snbbasal bar C — SC^.

? . See above. The blue scaling on upperside of forewing between veins
R' and M- much less extended.

Ilab. Angola (t'jpe, Brit. Mns.) : $ ? from Pungo Andongo (Home3'er) iu the
Berlin Museum ; Lake Mweru (Brit. Mns.) ; plateau north of Lake Tanganyka (this
form, or nesaea ?). In the Tring Museum 2 c? c? labelled " Congo " and Lukolele,
Congo.

b. Ch. pytliodorus nesaea.

Charaxes nesaea Grose-Smith, Ann. Mag. N. B. (6). III. p. 132 (1889) (Mombasa).
Charaxes pythodorus, Aurivillius, I.e. (1899) (Germ. E. Afr.).

(J. Wings above. Forewing : postdiscal spot M^ — (SM') more or less

separate from blue discal patch, sometimes also spot (SM') — SM- isolated, spots

R3 — M^ not connected with the respective discal spots by pale blue scaling.

Hindwing : black outer area about 14 mm. broad at R\

Underside,: subbasal costal bar curved distad, more distal than in the preceding
form, standing between subbasal and submedian bars C — SCI

?. Unknown.

Ilab. British E. Africa : Mombasa (coll. Grose-Smith). In the Tring Museum
2 (?<? from Ran, Nandi country, caught on the 13th and 14th of March, 1898
(Dr. Ansorge) ; Germ. E. Afr.

rf". Hindwing below with a rufous chestnut baud across middle.

42. Charaxes hadrianus (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 7. f. 4. S).

Charaxes hadrianus Ward, Ent. Mo. Mag. VIII. p. 120 (1871) (CamerooDs) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn.
Lep. p. 748. n. G8 (1877) (Cameroons) ; Butl., Jovrn. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 381. n. 88
(1896) (Gaboon ; cit. partim /aha) ; Auriv., Kcigl. Vet. Ahid. Haiidl. XXXI. 5. p. 240. n. 48
(1899) (Kamerum ; Gaboon ; Ogowij ; Bangasso, Upp. XJbanghi).

( 399 )

Charaxcs dux Staudinger, E.cnt. Tagf. p. 170 (1886) (Gaboon).

Charuxes yahonka Crowley, Tr. Ent. Sue. Loml. p. 553. t. 17. f. 3 (1890) (Gaboon) ; id., Proc. Ent
Soc. Land. p. 38 (1890) {galonica = hadrianua).

i ? . Palpi above black ; head, ])ronotnm, and anterior part of mesonotum
rafons chestnnt, meso-metonotnm and l)ase of, in ? the whole npjierside of, abdomen
drab brown, rest of abdomen and underside white.

£?. Wings, uppcrside. Fore wing : base as far as origin of M' rnfoas

chestnnt, this area horizontally ent off or sinnate in cell, distally separated by black,
proximally ill-defined, more or less heavy, median bars from a broad creamy
white discal l)and ; the baud abont 18 mm. wide at internal margin, 11 mm. distant
from base, patch M^ — SM" of nearly the same length, bordered grey proximally and
distally, patch M' — M- mnch smaller, obliquely concave distally, patch R' — M'
isolated, the wing being black, about 2 to 3 mm. from base of M', spot R^ — R' again
smaller, discal patches SO* — R^ 8 mm. from cell ; a series of five or six postdiscal
spots, also white, spot SC^ — SC° absent or minute ; a white admarginal spot upon

(SM'), sinuate distally ; fringe white at ends of internervnlar folds. Hiudwing :

creamy white, base blackish for abont 4 mm., this colour gradually shading into
grey distally ; a series of black snbmarginal bars, well separated from one another,
mostly somewhat concave proximally, shaded at edges with olive grey, bars Sf? — R'
sometimes rather feebly marked ; a thin, black admarginal line, contiunons or
subinterrnpted at internervnlar folds ; abdominal fold slightly shaded with grey,
more white, less cream colour than disc.

Underside : chalky white, slightly glossy, bars very thin. Forewing : cell-
bar 3 absent, bar 2 very oblique, partly obliterated, bar 4 nearer M" than M', angled
in middle, the angle pointing distad ; snbmedian bars M' — (SM') one in front of the
other, 2 mm. from base of M.' ; median bar M- — (SM') 2 mm. distant from the sub-
median bar ; median bar M' — M" 1 or 2 mm. more distal, concave distally, | to
1 mm. distal of base of M', bar R^ — M' oblique, 4 or 5 mm. from base of M', bar
R^ — R^ close to bar D, parallel to it, distance about ^ mm., bar SU* — R' 7 mm.
from cell, oblique, bar R' — R^ very little more distal, sometimes convex distally ;
discal bars SC!'^ — M^ more or less vestigial, especially the posterior ones, bar M^ — SM^
fused with the postdiscal bar to a large black patch, which includes some white
scales near proximal edge as vestige of the white discal border of the discal bar ;
the other postdiscal bars not represented, but the postdiscal interspaces occupied by
white spots as above ; outer two-thirds of wing more glossy than base and internal

marginal area. Hindwing : basal and subbasal costal bars absent, snbbasal bars

C — M vestigial or absent ; snbmedian costal bar about l^mm. from PC, much more
basal than the snbmedian bars C — M ; median bars more proximal than in the
allied species, the series almost straight, but interrupted at veins, bar R'' — W very
close to bar D, bar R' — M' absent, bar M'— M^ midway between M' and M^ no
median bars M^— SM^ ; discal bars concave distally, except the last ones, very much
heavier than the other bars, forming a continuous series which extends in a straight
line from costal to abdominal margin, crossing M' about 1 mm. from base and
C 15 mm. from end of these veins, the bars edged white distally, contiguous with
a postdiscal, rufous chestnut band of 2 mm. width, the band shar])ly defined,
irregularly concave between veins distally, except between M" and SM^ with
vestiges of black postdiscal bars at outer edge, especially behind ; black submarginal
dots R' — SM- minute, dot SC^— R' sometimes vestigial ; admarginal interstitial
spots, primrose yellow, extremely pale, spots C — R' sometimes ochraceous ; a

( 400 )

black marginal line, ver}' thin, obliterated between veins, more heavily marked on
tails ; upper tail about 5 mm., second 2 mm. long, both blunt.

¥. Like c?, larger. Wings alwvi'. Forewing : cream}' white patches larger

than in 6, discal patches R'^ — M'' not separated, patch M' — M- II mm. long in
middle, postdiscal spot M' — iP about 3i mm. in diameter, touching discal patch ;
besides admarginal spot M- — SM- there is another, minute, admarginal sjwt

between M' and M-, or a vestige of it. Hindwing : black basal area a little more

extended ; black submarginal bars heavier than in cJ ; proximal of them there are
olive grey patches representing the postdiscal bars, patch (SM') — SM- black, as
are sometimes the npper patches ; white submarginal sj)ot8 more or less isolated
by these postdiscal clouds from the white discal area ; abdominal fold shaded with
black dispersed scales.

Underside : apical half of forewing somewhat shaded with brown scaling ;
discal line of bars of hindwing about 4 mm. from base of M', submarginal black dots
larger than in S.

Length of forewing : S, 44 — 4G mm.
„ „ „ ?, 48 — 51 mm.

Clasper in outline similar to that of tiridatcs and allies, but the apical hook
not concave on the upper surface, the carina which runs from the tip of the hook to
the inner surface of the clasper not sharply raised ; penis armed with a small dorsal
tooth 1 mm. before end, a short, low, carina, ending in a small tooth about A mm.
before end, one or two more small teeth between carina and subapical tooth ; penis-
funnel more gradually curved than in tiridates, more triangular thau in impcrialis,
apical hook very short, vein D^ of hindwing reaching M' about midway between
M' and M^ in both sexes.

Hab. Niger to Congo. In the Triug Museum 2 SS, ~ ? ?, from Warri,
Niger Coast Protectorate, April (Dr. F. Roth) ; Gaboon ; Kassai country.

The c? from the Kassai country (figured on PL VIL) has the admarginal
spots C — SC^ of the underside of the hindwing ochraceous. In the ? form
Warri the submarginal bars of the hindwing above are large, continuous, the
postdiscal black jiatches C — R' are also well developed and fused with the
submarginal bars, isolating two white submarginal spots, no white admarginal
intersj)ace C — SC-.

CIt. kadrianas, although standing isolated in the present group of species,
is nevertheless more closely allied to Gh. pythodorus, ameliae, and imperialis
than to any other Charaxes. In the pattern of the upperside of the forewing
it agrees well with the females of Ch. imperialis and ameliae, and with both
sexes oi pi/thodorus; the nearly all white hindwing seems at first sight to be a
very peculiar character, but is only the outcome of an exaggerated development
of white scaling which has already begun in Cli. pythodorus. The proximad
movement of the discal luniform bars of the underside of the hindwing is peculiar
to this species ; the other bars of the underside, except the large postdiscal
patch M- — SM- of the forewing, are more or less feebly marked, agreeing in
position fairly well with the species with which we here associate hadrianus.
The uniform appearance of the underside, however, is glaringly interrupted by
the baud across the hindwing. This band, which is so very prominent on the
white ground, must surely have some biological meaning ; the resemblance of
hadrianus to Fieridas is not enhanced by it.

(401 )

. J*. Nearly all the bars of nnderside tawny.

e^ Abdomiual area of hiudwing below without tawny longitudinal lines,
e'*. c?, forewing with two series of postdiscal and admarginal orange
spots, which are merged together posteriorly at base to a broad
band ; ? , postdiscal spots of forewing above orange.

43. Charaxes azota (Nov. Zool. V. t. 5. f. 3. c?).

Philngnoma azota Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Man. XIV. p. 82 ? (1877) (Del. Bay, ? ).

Charaxes azota, id., I.e. XIV. p. 181, (J (1878) (Nyassaland) ; Trimen & Bowk., S. Afr. Butt. lU.
p. 387. n. 384 (1889) (Del. Bay, Nyassa ) ; Monteiro, Ddagoa Ba;/ t. 1. f. 1 (1891) ; Trim.,
Prnv. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 40. n. 01 (1894) (Manica) ; Butl, Aim. Mofj. N. H. (6). XV. p. 248
(1895) (Del. Bay) ; id..Joinii. Linn. So,: Lonil. XXV. p. 365. n. 36 (1896) (Del. Bay) ; Auriv.,
Kongl Si\ Ak. Handl. XXXI. .5. p. 2.35 n. 23 (1899) (Del. Bay, Manicaland).

Charaxes callidea Smith, Ann. Mug. N. H. (6). III. p. 130 (1899) (Mombasa).

Charaxes ngasnnn Butler, Hid. (6). XV. p. 249 (1895) (Nyassaland) ; id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Land.
p. 253. n. 11 (1895) (Zomba).

Charaxes azota local form : Charaxes callidea, Butler, Joum. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 365 sub
n. 36 (1896) (Mombasa).

Charaxes azota local form : Charaxes nyasana, Butler I.e.

Charaxes azota var. (ab. ?) nyasana, Aurivillius, I.e. (1899) (Nyassaland).

Charaxes azota var. (ab. ?) callidea, id., I.e. (1899) (Mombasa).

3. Upperside of palpi, head, prothorax and anterior part of tegnlae bright
cinnamon rufous, rest of upperside olive black, abdomen often somewhat chocolate,
four dots on head white, more or less obvious ; underside of palpi, and the sterna
dark vinaceous cinnamon, legs and abdomen paler, second segment of palpi with a
thin pale line at eye, its tip laterally and the greater part of segment 3 black.

Wings above velvety black, faintly purplish, both with a wide cadmium orange

postdisco-marginal band. Forewing : costal edge cinnamon rufous, this colour

extending into cell, often occupying the basal half of the cell, the very edge of the
wing generally black, at least in middle, base behind cell np to M' often faintly
shaded with cinnamon rufous, vein M often of the same colour up to R^ ; the orange
band includes a series of black submarginal spots, variable in size and number, the
upper ones always confluent, hence the band divided into an admarginal and a
postdiscal portion, the veins traversing the band more or less heavily black,
except the posterior ones, the size of the orange patches or spots into which
the band is thus separated very variable in size ; extreme outer margin always

black. Hiudwing : band variable in width individually, narrowest in front as a

rule, measuring S to 12 mm. at SO', its proximal edge slightly irregular,
crossing B IJ to 4 mm. distally of M' ; black submarginal dots M'— SM- (witli
white centres) nearly always present, the submarginal dots SC^— M* sometimes more
or less obviously vestigial, especially dot SO" — R' often conspicuous.

Underside vinaceous cinnamon rufous, with a whitish vinaceous gloss, bars,
postdisco-marginal area of forewing, and postdiscal and admarginal interspaces of
hindwing not glossy ; postdisco-marginal area of both wings somewhat orange ;
basal to median bars cinnamon rufous, e.\cept bars M-— SM' of forewing, which are

black. Forewing : cell-bars heavy, bar 3 often separated into two dots, bar 4

slightly oblique, slightly angled in middle in many specimens, narrowed behind,
basal cell-spot absent ; submedian bars M'— SM' continuous with each other and
cell-bar 4 ; median bars M'— SM- also continuous, but bar R'— M' more distal, bar
R2_R3 fused with bar D as a rule, bars SC— R- augle-shaped, fused together to a

( 402 )

short zigzag band, sometimes thin, occasionally overshaded with glossy vinaceons
scales ; discal bars rather ill-defined, slightly Inniform, standing in a continnons
series, which at (SM') is about lit mm. distant from edge of wing and at R' only
8 mm., the series running apicad from M' to R', and costad from R' to SC ; post-
discal interspaces tawny ochraceous at discal bars ; postdiseal bars M- — SM-
developed to a black patch of variable size ; glossy pinkish white snbmarginal

spots SC — SC° conspicnous, the others vestigial. Hiudvviiig : basal costal bar

not very distinct, anteriorly often joined to costal snbraedian bar ; no basal to
snbmedian bars on abdominal fold ; submedian bars continnons, forming an obliqne,
slightly curved line which crosses M just before M- ; median bars also continuous,
forming a straight, or nearly straight, line from costal margin to SM-, twice as
heavy costally as behind as a rule, crossing M midway between M' and M- : discal
bars luniform, proximally very ill-defiaed, dark cinnamon rufous, with orange or
yellow buif lanules or spots at outside ; postdiseal bars more or less tawny orange,
their outer edges well defined, incurved ; snbmarginal pinkish white dots C — SM''
all present, but very small, the last two or three joined to black snbmarginal dots ;
upper tail 2 to 3 mm., second a mere tooth.

?. Body above as in <?, but abdomen sepia or broccoli brown ; underside
paler than in cj.

Wings, above. Forewing ; costal margin paler than in t? ; a discal band

from R^ to internal margin, white, anteriorly mostly shaded with yellow, 25 mm.
broad at internal margin, patches R' — M- triangularly concave outwardly, patch
R3_j£i about half (or less than half) the size of patch M' — M-, discal spot
R- — R^ close to cell seldom conspicuous, mostly vestigial, often absent, always
small, discal spots SC*— R- yellowish, seldom almost white; 4 to 5 mm. long,
mostly slightly concave proximally, often preceded by one or two streaks : the
basal area np to the discal markings brownish black, but part of cell of the same
colour as costal margin of wing ; discal black bars represented by a curved black
band from SC to R', followed by two arrow-head- or angle-shaped spots, bar M- —
(SM') often vestigial ; upon these bars follows a series of postdiseal, orange,
somewhat ovate, spots, the upper four measuring about 5 mm. in length, spot
R3 — ]yji larger, the spots generally separate, seldom fused together, mostly some-
what ochreous near black discal bars ; postdisco-submarginal black band widened
behind and in front, very seldom separated into spots ; an admargiual orange band
of about 2| mm. width, consisting of halfmoons, which are sometimes separated

from one another ; extreme edge of wing black, fringe white between veins.

Hindwing : middle of wing from costal to abdominal margin occupied by a broad
white band, of which the inner edge crosses SC at base of R', shaded outwardly,
especially in front, with orange ; this white area bordered by a black postdisco-
submarginal band, which is parallel to outer margin, but is generally narrower
costally and abdominally than in middle, measuring between R^ and M' about
8 mm., distally dentate upon veins ; the baud includes two or three white
snbmarginal dots posteriorly, and is followed by an orange admargiual band
about 4 mm. in width between R' and M' ; edge of wing black ; base black.

Underside paler than in S, vinaceous tawny up to median bars, discal
interspaces of fore- and hindwing and jwstdiscal ones of hindwing ochre yellow, the

discal ones of forewing becoming creamy white towards internal margin.

Forewing : bars as in S, but submedian and median bars M' — SM- closer
together, often fused, postdiseal interspaces partly ochreous ; black patch near

(403 )
internal angle very variable in extent, sometimes altogether replaced by tawny. -

Hintlwing : discal luuiform bars generally clearly defined, but sometimes partly
obliterated ; basal costal bar indistinct ; upper tail 3 to 6 mm. long, ronuded at
tip, second 1 to 2i mm.

Length of forewing : tJ, 38 — 42 mm.
„ „ ? , 42—50 mm.

Clasper slender, the ridge which forms the inner edge of the hook continued on
to the inner surface of the clasper, here situated much closer to the ventral than the
dorsal edge of the clasper ; penis curved before end, with the trace of a dorsal tooth
at the bent, without other armature ; penis-funnel not triangular, as broad at apex
nearly as at base, slightly narrowed before apex, apical edge turned downwards,
rounded, not narrowed to a point ; the processes of the tenth tergite are short.

Vein D^ of hiudwing in both sexes about midway between M' and M'- PC of
c? and especially of ? with a short spur.

Hah. Delagoa Bay to Nyassalaud and Brit. E. Africa. In the Tring Museum
from: Delagoa Bay, 16 <? c?, 4 ? ? ; Lauderdale, Brit. Cent. Afr., 1 c? ; Ghipaika.
Estate, near Bandawe, Brit. C. Afr., 3 <? <?, 1 ? (Watkinson) ; Zomba, Brit. C.
Afr., December, 1895, 1 cJ, 1 ? (Dr. Percy Kendall) ; Parumbira, Lake Nyassa,
German E. Afr., 8. xi. 93 and 9. xi. 93, 3 c? c? (Dr. Ansorge) ; German E. Afr., 1 ? ;
Taveta, Brit. E. Afr., July 1891, 1 S. Mombasa, Brit. E. Afr., in coll. Grose-
Smith ; Dar-es-Salaam in Berlin Mus. and coll. Staudinger ; Majuji, N. Usegua,
end of May, in Berl. Mus. A long series from Zomba in H. J. Adams's collection.

A ? in the Tring Museum without exact locality, said to be from German East
Africa, has the black postdisco-submarginal bands of both wings very much reduced ;
on forewing there is, instead of a continuous band, a series of minute dots from
SC* to M^, followed by two somewhat larger spots, while on the hindwing the band
is not interrupted, but its postdiscal portion is replaced by orange, so that the black
band is only 3 mm. wide between veins ; the band stops costally at SC".

We do not agree with Dr. Butler that the specimens from the various localities
are subspecifically separable. The characters adduced by Dr. Butler as separating
the individuals from Nyassalaud from those from Delagoa Bay do not hold good ;
Dr. Butler, when describing w/asajia in 1895, and again when writing the note on
azota, ni/asana and calliclea in his revision of the genus in 1896, had only one c?
from Delagoa Bay for comparison. Our series of 16 males from that locality proves
that the number and size of the black markings within the orange bands of the
upperside are individually very variable ; in some of the specimens the series of
spots reaches on the forewing down to SM^, while in others it stops at R', while
others again are intermediate.

When Mr. Grose-Smith described calliclea as a distinct species, he had
overlooked that the insect had already received the name o{ azota by Hewitson.

p. S, Forewing above without postdiscal orange spots, upper admargiual dots
very small or absent ; ? , postdiscal spots of forewing above white or
creamy white.

44. Charaxes protoclea.

Charaxes protoclea Feisthamel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 260. n. 12 (1850) (Casamance) ; Butl., Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lmul. p. G27. n. 13 (1865) ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leap. Car. Ac. Nalurf. L. 4. p. 371
(1887) (Mukenge, April) ; Capronn., C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXXIII. p. 126. n. 71 (1889)

( 404 )

(Kassai) ; id., he. p. 14G. n. 78 (1889) (Congo) ; Schaus & Clements, Sierra Leoue Lephl. p. 8
(1893); Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitsrhr. XXXVIII. p. 192. n. 60 (1893) (Adeli) ; Butl., Ann.
Mag. X. H. (6). XV. p. 248 (1895) ; id., Jmtrn. Linn. Snr. Land. XXV. p. 364. n. 35 (1896)
(Cameroons ; O. Calabar ; S. Leone) ; Auriv., Kong!. Sr. Al:. IlumU. XXXI. 5. p. 234. n. 22
(1899) (Senegambia to Angola).

5 . Charades aeaon Herrich-Schaeffer, Aussereur. Schm-etl., Tagf. f. 9. 10 (1850) (Afr. occ).

<^. Nymphalis protoctm Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurii, Lep. II. p. 309. n. 14 (1850) ;
Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 268. n. 13 (1871).

?. Nymphalis aeson, id., I.e. p. 272. n. 51 (1871) (Gold Coast).

S. Uppcrside of head, prothorax, anterior part of tegulae deep chestnut ;
meso-metanotum olive black, abdomen seal brown, nearly black ; palpi black ;
underside drab colour, with a chocolate tint.

Wing.i above velvety black, with a bluish tint in side-light. Forewing :

admarginal interspaces from M' or M" to internal margin cadmium orange, the
spots sometimes fused together, forming a short band of from 2 to 5 mm. width
behind, in some specimens there are tiny admarginal dots also between veins SC

and M' ; fringe white between veins. Hiudwing with a broad postdisco-admarginal,

cadmium orange baud, narrowing in front, 4 to iJ mm. broad at SC", 10 to 12 mm.
at M' ; a series of black submargiual dots, the dots all present, or some or nearly
all absent, dot C— SC^ often rather large and fused with the black area ; extreme
edge of wing black, fringe white between veins.

Underside darker than in azota, varying from vinaceous walnnt brown to
olivaceous mummy brown ; bar nearly as in azota, but on forewing, cell-bar 3
divided into two dots, cell-bar 4 strongly curved distad in middle, median bar
M' — M- more distal than bar M" (SM'), on hiudwing, discal and postdiscal bars
rather more obvious, the glossy submargiual area reduced in width, almost separated
into large halfmoous, white submarginal dots heavier: upper tail H to 2 mm.,
second a mere tooth.

?. Body as in 6, but underside paler, clay colour, palpi more creamy
buff.

Wings above black, slightly blnish in side-light ; discal baud across both wings

as in azota ? , but milky white, bluish at edges, somewhat narrower. Forewing :

costal margin slightly chocolate towards base ; discal band 11 to 13 mm. broad at
SM'\ 5 mm. from cell behind M', spot R- — R^ vestigial, seldom absent, spots SO' — R"
separated, the second about twice as long as broad; postdiscal spots SC* — M'' as in
azota ? , but smaller, especially the upper four, spots R' — M- separated from discal
band by black arched or .angled bars, bar M' — M- often abbreviated, bar M' — (SM')
sometimes vestigial, the postdiscal spots milky white or slightly tinged with
yellow ; admarginal spots orange, variable in size individually, gradually decreasing
in size costad, spots SC^ — M' generally mere dots, sjiots M- — SM- mostly confluent

to one elongate spot, but sometimes well separated and minute. Hiudwing :

discal band narrowing behind, the abdominal fold not being white ; its outer edge
almost straight, slightly convex ; postdisco-submarginal black band as in azota ? ,
but broader, especially its first partition broader than in that species, measuring
between R^ and M' from 9 to 12 mm.; 2 to 5 white submargiual dots in this baud ;
orange admarginal band on the wliole less regularly convex between veins proximally
than in azota.

Underside dark fawn colour from base to median series of bars, approaching
vinaceous cinnamon ; discal and postdiscal spots and band of forewing and disco-
postdiscal band of hiudwing as above, but creamy white, the postdiscal spots more

( 405 )

cream colour, less white, soraetimes all these pale interspaces pale maize }'ellow.

Forewing : bars as in cJ, discal bars Inniform or angle-shaped, rather thin, pnstdiscal
ones represented by patches or spots, often minute, externally more or less obviously
bordered with whitish, glossy, scaling, patches M^ — SM- black, fused together, large,
with bluish white scaling at outside, which more or less resembles the letter M, the
others russet tawny, but patch M' — M- often partly black, marginal area russet

tawny, tawny behind. Hindwing : as in azota ? , median bars M- — SM- rather

heavier, postdiscal ones also heavier as a rule, the glossy submarginal area sharper
defined in most individuals, the admarginal tawny or orange tawny, bands bordered
proximally by creamy buif bars ; upper tail 3 to 0 mm., second a blunt tooth.

Length of forewing : <?, 38 — 45 mm.
„ „ ? , 47—52 mm.

Sexual armature as in Ch. azota, but penis with several extremely small,
teeth dorsally.

Vein D' of hindwing joining M in S at point of origin of M-, in ? between
M' and M^

Hab. Senegambia to Angola and Upper Congo. In the Tring Museum,
21 c?c?,7 ?? from: Sierra Leone ; Gold Coast ; Congo: Lukolele, Bopoto, Kassai ;
Aruwimi forest, two, three, and ten days' march from Fort Beni, May 6. 7. 14.
1899 (Dr. Ansorge).

The orange band of the forewing above is in the males from the Congo basin
on the whole more reduced than in the individuals from the northern parts of West
Africa (Sierra Leone and Gold Coast) ; the Congo individuals have also the under-
skle slightly darker. In one of our specimens from Lukolele, Congo, there are on
the npperside of the forewing distinct traces of the orange postdiscal spots SC*— R^
of Ch. azota, and also some orange scales about 2 mm. from the admarginal band
between M' and SM^; this individual forms a kind of connecting link between
Ch. azota and ■protoclea ; the postdiscal orange spot (SM') — SM'' of the forewing
above is vestigial in many <;?<?; in an individual from Victoria, Cameroon?, in the
Berlin Museum it is rather conspicuous.

f°. Abdominal area of hindwing below with tawny longitudinal lines.

45. Charaxes cynthia.

Charaxes cynthia Butler, Proc. Zuol. Soc. LonfL p. 026. n. \'l. t. 36. f. 3. (^ (1865) (Ashanti) ; id..
I.e. p. 570. n. 2,') (1887) (Rio del Key) ; Smith, ibid p. 472. n. 85 (1890) (Aruwimi) ; Auriv.,
Em. Tidsk. XII. p. 215. n. 138 (1891) (Cameroons) ; id., !.c. XIV. p. 310. n. 188 (1894)
(Cameroons) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 366. n. 40 (1896) (O. Calabar ; Rio
del Rey ; Cameroons ; Angola) ; Auriv., Kn/igl. Sr. Vet. Ak. Himdl. XXXI. 5. p. 235. n. 21
(1899) (Ashanti ; O. Calabar ; Cameroons ; Kuilu ; Aruwimi ; Njam Njam ; Angola).

Nymphulis cynthia, Kirby, Cut. Diurn. Lep. p. 268. n. 11 (1871) ; Dewitz, Xov. Act. Lenj). Car. Ak.
Naturf. XLI. 2. p. 28 (1879) (Angola).

?. Charaxes Ii/sia7uissa Westwood, Thes. Oxon. p. 181. t. 34. f. 3. 4 (1874) (Ashanti).

cJ Body al/ove somewhat brighter than in liK/vtius, but darker than in boucti,
white dots on prouotum as in boue.ti ; below as in houeti, breast slightly darker
laterally.

Wings, upperside, similar to that of Ittcretiu.s, but without the bine gloss.

Forewing : cell and base behind cell brighter than in lucretius, deep orange rufous ;

( 406 )

bar D and heavy median bar R* — R' fused togetlier, with orange rufous spots
SC " — R' at outside, these spots fused together, seldom separated, spot R^ — R'
smaller than the other two, sometimes minute ; black submedial-discal area
nearly the same as in hicretius, narrower and better defined behind, with two
discal spots SC* — R- of variable size, sometimes also with traces of thin discal
lunules R^ — M' ; postdiscal band of bright orange rufous spots more oblique than
in lucretius, patches R^ — M- generally with a black incision or a black line
anteriorly, representing the discal bars, admarginal spots smaller than in laavtiiis,
mostly somewhat separate from edge of wing, patch M^ — SM^ externally nearly
always incised upon (SM'), and proximally produced into a short line upon (SM'),

as in boueti. Hindwiug : disco-jiostdiscal band somewhat widened basad in and

beyond cell to near base of JI- ; admarginal rnfiius orange baud as in houeti,
the black postdisco-submarginal band distally somewhat produced at veins and
interncrvular folds, hence the admarginal interspaces not regularly convex between
veins as in lucretius ; marginal black line thin as in houeti ; of the submarginal
blue and white dots only the last two are marked.

Underside vinaeeous hazel, median and disoal interspaces of forewing and
submarginal area of hindwiug with a rather slight whitish pink gloss in side-light)

bars bright cinnamon rufous, heavy. Forewing : basal third of costal margin

white ; cell and discal inters])aces somewhat clayish, basal cell-spot present, cell-
bar 4 strongly curved twice, its upper end pointing distad ; subinedian and median
bars M- — M- very heavy, patch-like, generally joined together at (SM'), black, some
bluish white scaling between them, submedian bar M' — M- proximal of M', median
bar M' — M- 5 mm. from base of M', both bars black behind, no submedian bar
R^ — M', median bar R^ — M' sometimes feeble, slightly curved distad, 1 or li mm.
more distal than median bar M' — M-, bar R- —R^ touching bar D behind, median
bars SC — R^ in the usual place, each angle- or halfmoon-shaped ; discal bars
Inniform, obscurely marked, edged externally with pale greenish bnff lunules,
bars R' — M- separated from median bars ; outside median bars a pale pinkish
buff patch, from M^ to internal margin, much widened behind ; postdiscal bars
represented by spots, of which spots M' — SM- are black, spots M- — SM'
large, fused together, with three more or less separate bluish white spots
outwardly, the other postdiscal spots indistinct, also with some pale submarginal
scaling distally, which is more distinct between 8C^ and SC^ ; posterior orange

admarginal spots rather obvious. Hindwiug : costal margin of wing edged with

orange rufous, basal costal bar long, curving distad, snbbasal bars C — M continuous,
but bar M — (SM') more basal and almost longitudinal ; submedian line of bars
slightly irregular, crossing M just at the base of M- , median bars continuous,
forming an almost straight line which is outwardly bordered with a thin black line
which crosses M proximally of base of M' ; discal interspaces occupied by con-
tinuous silvery white band, IJ to 2A mm. broad, variable in width individually and
geographically, extending to abdominal margin, bordered distally by the discal bars,
of which the upper ones are arched; all discal bars bordered outwardly with pale
olivaceous buff; postdiscal bars chestnut tawny, arched, generally rather dilated
basad between veins, ill-defined proximally, better so distally ; white submarginal
dots vestigial, with pinkish buff transverse spots at outside, last two dots more
obvious, with the black submarginal dots present ; anal admarginal spot olive butt' ;
edge of wing a little less sharply dentate than in lucretius ; tails triangular, pointed,
upper oue 4 to o mm. long, second 3 to 4 mm.

( 407 )

? . Body above somewhat darker tliau in <S abdomen beneath without the
black lines of lucretiiis.

Wings, upperside, as in S, but basal area of forewing mnch less bright and less
extended, cinnamon rufous, the disco-postdiscal band buff yellow, distallj* tinged
with orange rufous, seldom shaded with brown, broader than in cJ, measuring
9 mm. in width at SM'^ the discal portions of the j)atches R^ — M'^ larger than in S ;
median spots SC^ — W pale ochraceous rufous ; admarginal spot as in S, but spots

SC — M^ larger than in S , about equal in size. Hindwiug ; disco-postdiscal band

buff )'ellow, wider than in <?, 8 mm. broad at R', edged externally with rufous
orange ; admarginal orange rufous band more even in width than in S , being com-
paratively narrower in middle than in the other sex, its proximal edge evenly
convex between veins down to R^ ; band of both wings sometimes suffused with brown.
Underside : paler than in S, the interspaces between the heavy bars more
glossy ; discal and postdiscal interspaces of forewing and large halfmoons at
outside of discal bars of hindwiug as well as cell of forewing buff, more or less pale,
discal band of hindwiug silvery as in c?, but wider, or pale yellowish buff like discal
patches M' — SM- of forewing ; tails longer thau in S , the upper one slightly
spatnlate, 8 to 9 mm. long, the second pointed, (3 to 7 mm. long.
Length of forewing : c?, 38 — 42 mm.
„ „ ? , 45—49 mm.

Hook of clasper irregularly denticulate at upper edge, rather strongly curved,
acute ; penis curved before the end, no armature except a feeble ridge about 2| mm.
from the tip which bears some small teeth, the ridge is oblique, turning proximally
towards the left side ; penis-funnel somewhat narrower towards the end, apex
rounded when seen from above, apical margin turned downward to form a rather
heavy hook.

Vein D^ of hindwiug in both sexes before M', as in boueti.

Hab. West African Forest Region, from Sierra Leone to Angola and Unyoro ;
Fernando Po, coll. Grose-Smith, In the Tring Museum 15 ^cJ, » ? ? from:
Sierra Leone ; Gold Coast ; Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, February and April
(Dr. Roth) ; Congo ; Lukolele, Bopoto, Kassai ; two and three days' march from
Ft. Beni, Aruwimi Forest, May 6. 7. 1899 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Fajao, Unyoro, 15. vii.
97 (Dr. Ansorge). This is a close ally of Ch. boueti, of which it may be called
the West Ai'rican representative, though the two insects cannot very well be united
to one species, the differences between them being too great.

Charaxes cynthia has apparently developed into two subspecies, the one
inhabiting the northern parts of West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Niger, the
other ranging from Cameroons to Unyoro. W^e have not seen sufficient material of
t]ie femiile sex, and therefore do not give a name to the Congolese form, but point
out the following differences between the males :

Sierra Leone to Niger : Postdiscal band of forewing above posteriorly obviously
paler than in front ; discal band of hindwing ferruginous buff yellow, edged with
orange rufous. White discal band of underside of hindwing 2 to 4 mm. broad
before SC^

Cameroons, Congo, to Unyoro : Band of forewing above not distinctly jialer
behind than in front ; band of hindwing orange rufous, little paler proximally ;
orange rufous admarginal band of hindwing above and beloiv wider than in cijiithia
cijnthia. On underside the white discal baud is on the whole narrower thau in the
northern race.

( 408 )
46. Charaxes boueti (Nov. Zool. VI. t. S. f. '..'. c?).

Charaxes boueti Feisthamel, A7m. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2). VIII. p. 2fil (1850) (Gambia).

(J. Bod)/, above, clavish tawny ocbraceous, Lead, pronotum, anterior portion
of mesonotnm, and palpi ochraceons rufous ; underside creamy buff, palpi and
middle of presternum almost white ; palpi with a black dorso-lateral line ; anterior
tibiae and oblique stripes on breast underneath legs ochraceous.

Whigs, ahoee, orpiment orange, marked with black, base slightly less bright
than disc. Forewing : no bars in cell ; bar D thin ; median bars heavy, patch-
like, bars R' — SM' gradually a little more proximal; bar R- — R' close to apex of
cell, touching posteriorly bar D, sometimes absent, bars SC* — R^ in the ordinary
{)lace, more or less triangular ; di.scal bars SC — M- present, mostly rather
heavy, bar M- — (SM') sometimes vestigial, bar SC* — SC'^ triangular, produced
basad, bar R- — R' extending proximad to median bar R' — R'', with which it is
often fused, bars R' — M" smaller, generally luniform, sometimes linear, spot
M' — M'' seldom absent ; postdiscal and snbmarginal bans fused together with
the marginal line to a postdisco-marginal band which is proximally incised
upon or at veins, and includes the orpiment orange admarginal spot.s, which
anteriorly decrease in size, spots M^ — SM^ fused to one patch, band 6 mm. wide
before (SM'), about 4 mm. upon fold R' — R- ; veins SC'' — R^ between discal and

postdiscal black markings often all black. Hindwing : median bars C — R'

vestigial, sometimes rather clearly marked, often with pale scaling at outside ;
a postdisco-submargiual band of variable width, narrowest behind, composed of
jiatches which are either separated or fused together, patch SC^— R' the largest,
3 1 to 5 mm. wide, somewhat prolonged distad at SC", as the other patches also
often are, but in a lesser degree, the band of about the same width as the orpiment
orange admarginal band, the difference in width not considerable, sometimes
patches R* — SM" obsolete ; submarginal blue and white dots M- — SM^ present ;
anal admarginal interspace olive buff; marginal black line thin, not interrupted.

Underside ochraceous buff, slightly variable in the depth of the tint, the
bars thin, tawny ochraceous, except posterior bars of submedian, median, and

postdiscal series, which are black. Forewing : basal third of costal edge silvery

white ; cell-bar 3 separated into dots, no basal cell-spot ; median bar R^— M' about
4 mm. from base of M', interspace between median and submedian bars M" — SM'-
inostly bluish ; discal bars halfmoon-shaped, the series almost j)arallel to outer
margin, but anteriorly curving costad, the upper bars developed to ill-detined
triangular patches ; postdiscal series parallel to the discal one, interspace between
veins about 2 to 3 mm, bars ill-defined, posterior ones patch-like and triangular,
with whitish blue or bluish white scaling at outside ; internal margin more or
less extended bluish white.- — ■ — Hindwing : basal costal bar short, median bars
continuous, forming a straight or nearly straight line which crosses M just proximally
of base of M', often more or less broadly bordered with silvery white, as sometimes
is the submedian series proximally ; discal bars luniform, feebly marked, rather
close to median series, ochraceous, bar R^ — M^ only 1 or 2 mm. from base of M',
jiostdiscal bars often better defined and more tawny, but sometimes very obscure ;
buftish white submarginal dots more or less vestigial, last two heavier and with
blue-black dots at outside ; admarginal interspaces pale orange ochraceous or
ochre yellow, anal one olive buff; edge of wing dentate, tails acute, njiper one
3 to 4 mm., second 5 mm. long.

( 409 )

? . Body above darker, especially abdomen more brown than in S ; abdomen
belotv more or less tawny.

Wings abote mnch less bright orange than in $, black markings mnch larger
than in S, basal area (up to median bars) varying from pale ochraceons rnfons
to cinnamon rnfons, discal and postdiscal interspaces of forewing and discal band

of hindwing yellow bnff. Forewing : discal interstitial jiatch M" — SM" 6 mm-

broad at M'', the patches decreasing in size anteriorly, the npper three somewhat
elongate, patches SO' — R^ separate from the others, as discal bar R^ — R' extends
so much basad as to touch median bar R' — R^, the discal bars all dilated basad,
except bar M" — (SM"), which is thin ; postdiscal interspaces more or less rounded,
edged with ochraceous rufous, especially broadly so at veins, the spots becoming

slightly smaller towards costal margin ; admarginal spots pale ochraceous rufous.

Hindwing : median bars C — M more or less vestigial, discal band heavily bordered
distally with ochraceous rufous, this border becoming wider behind, its proximal
edge corresponding to the discal bars, between C and R\ where the ochraceous
rufous colour is very restricted the discal bars are sometimes vestigial, standing
within the pale band ; postdisco-snbmarginal black baud continuous, less narrowing
behind than in $ , externally dentate at veins ; white snbmarginal dots M- — SM^
present, dots R' — M- sometimes vestigial ; admarginal interspaces less bright
orange than in c?.

Underside either as in $ or more fawn colour, especially the median and
submarginal interspaces, discal and postdiscal interspaces paler than in c?, bars
on the whole better defined ; tails longer, very slender, a little less pointed than
in S ; cell-bar 3 of forewing sometimes not interrupted.

Length of forewing : cJ, 34 — 3S mm.
„ „ ? , 40—42 mm.

Vein D^ of hindwing in both sexes proximal of base of M' as in cynthia.

Penis with some extremely small dorsal teeth (or traces of them) at the subapical
bent, and two larger sinistro-lateral teeth about 3 mm. from end ; penis-funnel and
clasper similar to those of cynthia, hook of clasper strongly chitinized, long, sharply
pointed.

Ilab. Tropical East Africa and Senegambia.

We can distinguish two geographical forms.

a. Ch. boueti lasti.

Charaxes lust! Smith, Ann. Mug. N. II. (6). III. p. 131 (1889) (Mombasa) ; id. & Kirby, lihop.

Exot. I. C},<ini.i-es. p. 8. t. 4. f. 4. 5. (1890) ; Trim., Prac. Zuol. So,;. Lond. p. 39. n. 60. t. 5.

f. 6. ? (18114) (Manica) ; Butl., ihkl. p. 720. n. 12 (1896) (Zomba) ; id., Jourii. Linn. Soc. Loud.

XXV. p. 367. n. 42 (1896) (Mombasa ; Zomba).
Cha>-a.ces niacdouni Butler, Proi:. Ziml. Sue. Lund. p. 252. n. 9. t. 15. f. 1. cj (1895) (Zomba) ; id.,

Journ. Linn. Sue. Lond. XXV. p. 367. n. 41 (1896) (Zomba).
Charaxes lasti Grose-Smith var. fiiivincejis Lanz, Iris IX. p. 142 (1896) (Parumbira ; Tanganyika,

October).
Chumxrs boueti var. macduuni, Aurivillius, Kongl. Si\ Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 235. n. 20 (1899)

(Manica ; Zomba ; Parumbira ; Tanganyika).
Chunu'fs houeli var. lasti, id., I.e. (Mombasa).

c? ¥ . Winys, above. Forewing : median bar R^— R' present, in ? fused

with bar D, in S touching this bar behind.

Underside. Forewing : snbmedian and median bars M' — M- tawny, not black.

28

( 410 )

Hab. Tropical East Africa : Mauicaland; Nyassalaud ; Tanganyika; Usaiubara
(coll. Staudinger) ; Mpwapwa (coll. Standinger) : Mombasa (coll. Grose-Smith).
In the Tring Musenm 'i<5S,2 ?? from: Zomba, December l.stln (Dr. Percy
Kendall) ; Bandawe, Nyassalaud, April l-^th, ls99 (F. ^Vatkinsou) ; German
E. Africa, without precise locality.

I>. Ch. boueti boueti (Nov. Zool. VI. t. 8. f. 2. S, type).

Charaxes boiteti Feisthamel, /.■-. ; Butl ,./o»i-«. Liiiii. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 367. n. 43 (1896) (Gambia);
Auriv., l.c. t. 5. f. 2. J (1899) (Casamanca).

(J. Wings, above. Forewing : median bar R- — W very thin, completely

fused with bar D ; discal bars SC" — R' all heavy and fused together, the orange
patch iucluded between them and the median bars SC — R- smaller thau in

lasti. Hindwiug: black postdisco-submargiual band not interrupted from C — M^,

narrower thau in the sj)ecimens of hiiiti with a not interrupted band.

Underside. Forewing : submedian, median, and postdiscal bars M' — M-

black ; median bar R- — R^ touching bar D jiosteriorly. Hiudwing : submedian

and median lines of bars more blackish than in lasti, the interspace between them
darker ; nervular lines and bars on abdominal fold more obvions than in lasti.

Hnb. Senegambia : Casamanca 1 3 (type) in coll. Oberthtlr ; 'Z specimens in
the British Museum from the Hinterland of Sierra Leone.

Mons. Chas. Oberthtir has kindly sent us a drawing of the type of boueti, which
is reproduced on Plate VIII. of Vol. VI.

The differences between boueti and lasti may be purely individual, considering
that lasti is a very variable insect. We cannot find any constant difference between
the specimens from Nyassalaud and those from the coast region of German and
British East Africa.

/<'. Cell-bar 'i of forewing below heavier than bar 4, narrowed in front, sub-
median and median bars M' — SM'' of forewing very heavy.

47. Charaxes lucretius.

Papilio Eques Achivus lucretius Cramer, Pajj. Exut. I. p. 129. t. 82. f. E. F (1777) (Guinea) ; Fabr.,
Sper. Ins. U. p. 22. n. 91 (1781) (Guinea) ; id., Mafit. Ins. II. p. 12. n. 107 (1787); Jabl. &
Herbat, Natiirs. Schmetl. IV. p. 73. n. 158. t. 66. f. 1. 2 (1790) ; Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I. 5. p. 2244.
n. 340 (1790) (Guinea).

Poj/ilio Nymphaliti lucretius, Fabricius, Ent. Sj/st. III. 1. p. 84. n. 261 (1793) (Guinea).

Eriboai lucretia (!), Hiibner, Verz. hek. Schmett. p. 47. n. 425 (1816-27).

Nijnqjhalis lucretins, Godart, Enl. .Uelh. IX. p. 352. n. 7 (1813) (Guinea) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,
Ge?i. Diurn. Lep. II. p. 308. n. G (1850) (Guinea) ; Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lip. p. 268. n. 10 (1871)
(Guinea) ; Dewitz, Nop. Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Nfitiirf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 8 (1879) (Chinchoxo).

Chiiruxes lucretius, Doubleday, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. .Uus. I. Ill (1844) ; Butt, Proc. Zoiil. Soc.
Limd. p. 62(;. n. 11 (1865) (Guinea) ; id.. Cut. Diurn. Lep. descr. hi/ Falir. p. 53. n. 12 (1809)
(Ashanti) ; Stand., Exot. Tuijf. p. 169. t. 58 (1886) (Gaboon, Fernando Po, Gold Coast);
Dewitz, Nor. Act. Leop. Car. Ale. Naturf. L. 4. p. 371 (1887) (Mukenge, Nov.) ; Bull., Proc.
Zool. Hoc. Lond. p. 60. n. 15 (1888) (Monbuttu, Equat. Afr.) ; Capronn., C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg.
XXXIII. p. 125.. n. 66 (1889) (Kassai ; Congo) ; id., l.c. p. 146. n. 76 (1889) (Gabon); Mab.,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6). X. p. 22 (1890) (A.ssiuie) ; Godm. & Salv., in Jameson, .S/ui-^ .ft«ar
Column p. 440. n. 80 (1890) (Aruwimi) ; Moschl., Ahh. Sent Ges. XV. p, 61. n. 99 (1890)
(Aburi) ; Auriv., Eut. Tidskr. XII. p. 215. n. 1:18 (1891) (Cameroons) ; Schaua & Clements,
SnrraLeone Lepid.p.Hi^Xa^'i); Karsch, Ikrl. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVIII. p. 187. n. 52 (1893)
<AdeU, Togo) ; Auriv., l.c. XV. p. 310. n. 189 (1894) (Cameroons ; I.— VI. ; IX.— XI.) ; Butl.,

(411 )

Joum. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 3G6. n, 39 (189C) (S. Leone ; Isubu ; Cameroons ; 0. Calabar ;
Fernando Po ; Accra ; Ashanti ; Angola) ; Auriv., K<mf/l. Sc. Vet. Ah. llamll. XXXI. 5. p. 234.
n. 19 ( 1899) (Sierra Leone to Angola and the Aruwimi R.).

(J. Head, pronotum and auterior portiou of mesonotnm as well as upperside of
palpi dark cinuamou rufous, rest of meso- and metanotum brownish black, abdomen
chestnut, dots on head and pronotum obsolete or absent ; underside ochraceous
tawny, breast more hazel, palpi with a black dorso-lateral stripe which is thinly
edged with white beneath ; middle and hinder femora black above, with a sprinkling
of whitish scales.

Wings, above, with a strong pnrplish blue sheen all over in side-light, black,
■cell of forewing cinnamon rnfons, this colour extending more distad at costal
margin and occupying also base of wing beyond cell where it shades into the black
colour ; discal and admarginal marking rufous orpiment orange, the discal band

of the hindwing anteriorly somewhat paler. Forewing : cell-bar 4 more or less

heavily marked, bars 2 and 3 mostly vestigial ; bar D broad, generally partly
separated from the black discal area by some rufous orpiment orange spots, never
quite isolated ; a postdiscal band of spots, straight, almost parallel to margin, about
4 mm. broad at SM^, decreasing in width costad, the upper spots rounded, spot
SC* — SC° mostly very small, sometimes absent ; admarginal spots halfmoon-shaped,

the series complete, the upper ones smaller, spots BI- — SIP not fused together.

Hindwing : disco-postdiscal band of nearly even width, proximally sinuate at SG-,
crossing K' at right angles, 4 to 7 mm. broad at this vein, its inner edge crossing M
at point of origin of M' ; admarginal interspaces developed to a complete, uninter-
rupted band of halfmoons, about 4 mm. wide between veins ; marginal black line
barely A mm. broad, not interrupted ; snbmargiual dots M- — SM° minute, bluish
white, the others absent as a rule, but in one of our examples (from the Congo) all
the dots vestigial ; edge of wing strongly dentate.

Underside : reddish chestnut, forewing somewhat paler than hindwing shading
from M' to internal margin into orange buif ; basal to median bars black, clearly

marked, edged with bluish white. Forewing: no basal cell-spot, cell-bars 2 and 3

rather heavy, but short, bar 4 thinner, not, or slightly, curved or angled, about
at right angles to veins ; bar D thin, anteriorly dilated distad ; submedian bars
M' — (SM') very heavy, patch-like, bar M' — M- distal of base of M', no snbuiedian
bar R^ — M' ; median bars M' — SM- heavy, widely separate from submedian bars,
median bar R^ — M' thin, more distal than bar M' — M-, 7 to 9 mm. from base of M',
oblique, inclining basal costally, like bar M' — M^, bar R-— R' 1 or H mm. from cell,
thin, bars SO' — R^ in the usual place, each one angle-shaped, the jioints of the
angles directed distad ; discal bars SC'' — (SM') vestigial, represented by chestnut
spots which are arranged in an oblique series that anteriorly slightly curves costad
and posteriorly touches median bar M- — (SM') ; postdiscal bars SC — -M' represented
by similar spots, which are luniform and open basad, postdiscal bar M' — M- heavier,
more or less black, bars M- — SM- represented by a large black patch that extends
to internal margin, veins M^, (SM') and SM- with pale blue scaling within and at
that patch, postdiscal and admarginal interspaces rather paler than the rest of the

wing, especially behind. Hindwing : black bars thin ; basal costal bar short,

distant from PC, no subbasal bar C — SC^, no basal cell-spot, sabmedian series
extending to (SM'), much broken, cell-bar 4 reaching M at point of origin of M- ;
median series also broken, bar C — SC- arched, bars M- — SM^ generally not distinct,
reaching abdominal margin 4 or o mm. from tip of SM^ ; discal and postdiscal bars

(412 )

heavy, somewhat Inuiform, vinaceons brick red, the series first parallel, then con-
verging, slightly enrving distad between W and R', the discal series faintl.v bordered
with white proximally ; snbmarginal pinkisli white dots SC- — SM- present, the last
two with the black snbmarginal dots at ontside ; adraarginal interspaces smaller
than above, dark ferruginons, thinly edged with pinkish white at both sides ; mar-
ginal line as above ; tails acute, short, npjier one 3 to 4, second 2 to 3 mm. long.

¥. Bo(/i/ above as in d, bnt abdomen blackish brown ; underside paler than
in cJ, abdomen with two black stripes, interrupted at edges of segments.

Wings above blackish brown, with little bine gloss. Forewing : basal

three-fifths of costal margin and part of cell dark cinnamon rnfous, cell-bars and
bar D less conspicuous than in 3, owing to the ]iosterior half of cell (or more) being
suffnsed with blackish brown ; median bars S(J'— R'- vestigial iu some specimens ;
postdiscal band of patches as in c?, but colour varying from creamy white to
yellowish buff, posteriorly somewhat broader than in S, spot SC* — SC* vestigial or
well-marked; admarginal spots smaller than iu <?, often obsolete, the last two often

cream colour, the others cinnamon rufous. Hindwing : disco-postdiscal band

varying from creamy white to bnlf yellow, straight, extending to abdominal margin,
of even width from SC=, or R", to SM-, wider at C, 5 to 9 mm. broad at R-, often
triangularly sinuate proximally upon R', often incised distally upon veins, edges of
band somewhat ochraceons rufous in the more yellow banded specimens ; admarginal
spots as large as in 6, but sometimes smaller and clearly separated from one
another, ochraceons orange, paler proximally, or very pale buff ; snbmarginal dots
ftP— SM-' as in S.

Underside: mars brown or fawn colour, postdiscal band of forewing and disco-
postdiscal one of hindwing wider than above, less sharply defined, bntf or huffish

white. Forewing: median bars SC'— R" more angle-shaped than in i, tawny

marginal band comparatively more obvious. Hindwing: discal series of bars

very inconspicuons, partly obliterated ; postdiscal bars as heavy as or heavier
than in d", snbmarginal area shaded with pinkish white, white snbmarginal dots
indistinct ; tawny ochraceons admarginal halfmoons somewhat thinner than in S,
their pinkish white j)roximal borders broad; tails as in S, bnt longer.

Length of forewing : S, 37 — 41 mm.
„ „ ? , 40—46 mm.

Clasper not so sharply pointed as in cynthia ; penis-funnel more triangular,
slenderer, apex thickened underneath to a tubercle which is compressed and produced
proximally into a tooth ; penis thin, with a dorsal tooth about 1 mm. before end,
and traces of teeth about 3 mm. from apex.

JIdh. West African Forest Region from Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda.
In the Tring Museum, 25 tJcJ, 8 ? ? from : Sierra Leone; Gold (Joast ; Cameroons ;
Congo: Lukolele, Bopoto, Kassai ; Ft. Alice, Uganda, Febmary 1, 1807 (Dr.
Ansorge).

In the unique specimen (c?) from Ft. Alice the band of the forewing is nearly
eqnal in width, narrower than in most individuals from other places ; the bluish
white snbmarginal dots R'— SM- of the upperside of the hindwing are conspicuous,
and there is a trace of a further dot before R^

Ihe/emales from the tlongo basin and Cameroons have a very pale baud.

The specimens from Fernando Fo seem to be slightly different from those from
other localities. In the single 3 examined (iu coll. Hewitson) the orange jiarts of
the upperside are darker, being more shaded with purple blue, the admarginal

( 413 )

spots are smaller ; the black marginal line of the hindwing is heavier between
the veins, the veins within the orange band of the hindwing above are blackish.
The ? ? have the band of the npperside yellowish ; the admarginal halfmoous
of the hindwing are contiguous, shaded with tawny ; admarginal line heavier
between veins ; the tawny resp. blackish discal and postdiscal bars of both wings
below rather sharply defined, the discal ones especially more strongly marked than
in the individuals from other places, the discal tawny ochraceons halfraoon-shaped
bars of the hindwing separated by pale buff spots from the chocolate tawny
postdiscal band of bars, which shows obvious vestiges of black scaling at the
discal edge.

p. Admarginal spots of hindwing large, halfmoon-sbaped, several mm. distant
from edge of wing.

48. Charaxes odysseus (Nov. Zool. V. t. 7. f. 4. ? ).

? . Charaxes odysseus Staudinger, Iris V. p. 260 (1892) (St. Thome) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lmid.
XXV. p. 366. n. 38 (1896) (St. Thomas) ; Aurir., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Hundl. XXXI. 5. p. 234.
n. 18(1899) (St. Thom^).

S. Unknown.

? . Bodi/ above : thorax olive bistre, palpi, head and pronotum more raw umber
colour, abdomen mummy brown ; dots on head and pronotum obliterated.

Underside drab grey, palpi, middle of pro- and mesosternum, and abdomen
more creamy white.

Wings, upperside ; blackish mummy brown, slightly purplish, basal area of
forewing Vandyke brown, of hindwing Front's brown, abdominal fold shading into

wood brown. Forewing : a large patch in apex of cell purplish black, submedian

bar M' — M^ vestigia], broad, median bars traceable, represented by large purplish
black patches which are slightly deeper black than the rest of the mediano-marginal
area ; a triangular patch at base of cellule R^ — M', a short streak behind R- about
4 mm. from cell, a double patch SC'*'' — R- about 2 mm. from npper angle of cell,
cream colour ; two discal spots SC^ — R'^ almost white, and a band of postdiscal spots
white, this band extends from SC^ to internal margin, widening posteriorly, the

spots all separate ; four admarginal patches R^ — SM" creamy white. Hindwing :

a creamy white discal band as prolongation of the band of the forewing, narrowing
behind, divided by the brown veins into patches, shaded with brown behind M-, its
inner edge broken at R^ ; an admarginal series of creamy white halfmoons from C
to M- several mm. from edge of wing ; submargiual dots, spots liP — SM- very small
bluish white, no other submargiual spots.

Underside : pale clay colour, markings not sharply defined. Forewing ; no

basal cell-spot, cell-bar 2 obliriue, thin, cell-bar 3 thicker behind, less obliijue, cell-bar
4 thin, slightly undulate, nearly at right angles to veins; bar D very thin; submedian
and median bars M-— SM- fused to a large brownish black patch, submedian bar
M'— M- distal of base of M^, heavy, like the median bar M'— M^, no submedian bar
R' — M' ; median bar R'— M' rather obscure, 8 mm. from base of M', bar R^— R^
close to cell, indistinct, bars SC^ — R- in their usual place (at one-third the way from
cell to apex of wing), also not clearly marked ; discal bars SC* -R' marked as
slight clouds, bars R' — M^ scarcely traceable as proximal borders of the creamy
white patches ; series of postdiscal patches as above, wider behind, less clearly
defined ; postdiscal bars R' — SM- represented by purplish black patches, submedian

( 414 )

jiatch very large; admarginal spots as above, larger. Hindwing: basal costal bar

faint as are all the basal to median bars; no snbmedian bars (SM') -SM' ; snb-
median and median series rather far apart, the median series nearl}' contiunous down
to R^ broken at this vein ; discal bars clay colour, continuous, fnsed at veins with
the similarly coloured postdiscal bars, which stand close to them ; discal interspaces
totally occupied by a creamy white band which is widest (8 mm.) at costal margin,
measures 3 mm. before 11^, and 1 i mm. behind R', and widens out again at
abdominal margin ; postdiscal interspaces small pale buff; no admarginal spots
and admarginal bars marked, but creamy white submarginal spots as above, anal
submarginal dots larger than above, both tails broad, triangular, l)lunt, njiper one
3mm., second If mm. long.

Length of forewing : ? , 39 mm.

R^ of hiudwing M at base of M'.

Hub. Island of St. Thom6, 1 ? in coll. Staudinger.

This is a very remarkable species ; its greatest peculiarity is the position of the
large admarginal halfmoous of the hindwing.

(I. Cell-bars of forewing below straight, with heavy white borders, or bar 4 all
white, discal bars of forewing straight.
e^. Basal area of njjperside of wings milky white like body.

4'.». Charaxes lactetinctus.

(J. Charaxes lactetinctus Karscb, Enl. Xachr. XVIII. p. 113. n. 1 (IWi); id., Berl. Eid. Ztilsi-hr.
XXXYIII. p. 190. n. 53. t. 5. f. 3 (1893) (Adeli, Sept. October) ; id., I.e. Sitz.-Ber. p. 19 (1894) ;
Butl., J(mrn. Lhm. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 365. n. 37 (1896) (Adeli) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vel. Ak.
Handl. XXXI. p. 234. n. 17 (1899) (Togo).

S ? . Upjierside of palpi, head, pronotum and tegnlae tawny, rest of upperside
milky white ; antennae black ; underside of palj)! pale tawny, with a black lateral
line which is bordered pale yellow ventrally ; sternae and legs russet, femora more
black, abdomen in ? white, tawny in middle, with an interrnpted black streak at
each side.

(?. Wings aboee : basal half of forewing and basal two-tliirds of hindwiug

bluish white. Forewing : tawny, the white area not reaching SC, e.xternally

oblique ; bar D heavy, triangular, median bars R' -SM= forming large continuous
patches, black, median bars SC!*°— R- also black, heavy, elongate, contiguous; discal
and postdiscal patch-like bars less deep black, discal ones SC^— R^ forming a large
triangular patch pointing backwards, patch R-— R^ more pro.ximal, subrectangnlar,
contiguous with the black median patch R^— M^ ; postdiscal brownish black patches
merged together to a band which widens posteriorly, and is produced towards the
margin of the wing at the veins ; the orange tawny discal interspaces SC^^(SM')
smaller than the postdiscal brownish black patches, separated from each other at
the veins, the upper ones more or less rounded, the series almost parallel to outer
margin ; admarginal, tawny, spots about as large as the discal ones, convex proxi-

mally, upper ones not clearly separated from one another. Hindwing : white area

posteriorly wider than in front, its outer edge crossing R^ proximally of bent ; disco-
snbmarginal bars enlarged and merged together to a very broad black band, which
includes the whitish violet bine submarginal dots R'--SM- close to its outer edge ;
postdiscal interspaces C — R' tawny about 2 mm. wide before SC- ; orange tawny

( 415 )

admarg;inal interspaces transverse, npper one largest, middle ones abont If mm.
wide, interspaces R' — M- strongly constricted between veins, anal one olive butF ;
admarginal line black.

Underside chestnut. Forewing : postdiscal and marginal interstitial bauds

tawny, the former abont 3 mm. wide at (SM'), narrowing costad, the latter wider in
middle than behind ; cell-bars transverse, bar 2 and 3 with rather thin white borders,
bar 4 all white, the black scaling being obliterated ; bar D thin ; submedian bars
M' — (SM') heavy, the npper one with a heavy white proximal border, this border
jnst behind point of origin of M', snbmedian bar (SM')— SM- more or less marked,
as is also the snbbasal bar ; median bars R' — SM- snbcontinuous, the series crossing
M' abont 8 mm. from the base of that vein, no median bar R-— R'', black median bars
SC^ — R- also obliterated, but their white distal borders developed to a triangular
patch ; postdiscal bars R^— SM- more or less black, patch-like, bordered distally by
a bluish grey scaling which forms a narrow band that extends to near costal margin,

but becomes anteriorly more olive and less distinct.- Hindwing : all the basal to

jwstdiscal bars absent, except discal bar (SM')— SM- which is black, but the position
of the median, discal and postdiscal series of bars is indicated in consequence of the
difference in tint of the discal, postdiscal and submarginal interspaces, the discal
and submarginal interspaces forming two somewhat greyish brown bands, while the
postdiscal interspaces are merged together to a chocolate band ; this latter band is
of about 4 mm. width in middle, crosses SC^ about 10 mm. from end of vein and
thence runs towards anal angle ; submarginal black bars R' — SM- represented by
black dots which are bordered bluish white proximally, similar bluish white, but
less distinct, lunules also between C and R^ ; admarginal interspaces as above,
rather wider (except upper one) less bright orange tawny, interspaces R^— M-
yellowish in middle ; marginal line blackish brown ; abdominal area tawny ; tails
triangular, second longer than first, length 5 resp. 7 mm.

?. Like c?, wings somewhat broader, tawny orange postdiscal interstices of
forewing ahore wider ; on the underside the median bars R'' — M- of forewing closer
to cell than to postdiscal bars (in S the reverse is the case), on hindwing the
chocolate postdiscal band more proximal, proximally bordered by a distinct grey
line, discal interspaces C — R^ orange.

Length of forewing : c?, ? , 40—45 mm.

Ilab. Togolaud : Adeli, found in September and October, not rare according to
the discoverer. A ? in the British Museum found between Scarcies and the Niger.

y '. Basal areas of wings above not white.

(f. t'ostal median bar of hindwing below absent.

i^. Dentition of outer margin of hindwing not prominent, no
tail M'.
g*. Forewing above: cell with a black subapical patch, post-
costal median and discal interspaces more or less
orange.

50. Charaxes drnceanus.

Charuxes ilruceanus Butler, Cist. Ent. I. p. 4. n. 1 (18G9) (0. Calabar) ; id., /.<y. Ex. p. 2G. t. 10.
f. 4. (J (1870) (0. Calabar) ; Spiller, Entvm. XV. p. 8 (1882) (Xatal) ; Westw., Thcs. 0.rnn.
p. 182. t. .34, f. 6. (J (1874) (Old Calabar, Natal, Zambesi) ; Staud., E.eol. Tui/f. p. IG'J (1886)
(Natal) ; Trim. & Bowker, S. .tfi: liiitt. I. p. 329. n. 108 (1887) (Natal ; Transvaal ; Zambesi ;

(416)

Angola) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 252. n. 7 (1895) (Zomba, ? ) ; id., I.e. p. 720. n. 6

(1895) (Zomba) ; id., I.e. p. 110. n. 7 (1896) (Nyassa, IV. : Njika) ; id., /.<■. p. 822. n. 10

(1896) (Lurapi R., Lower Nyika, XI.); id., Journ. Linn. .Sw. L<md. XXV. p. 351. n. 3. (189r.)
("O. Calabar" and "Gaboon 'Woe. eiv.?; Zomba; Orange R. ; Kaffraria; Nyika; Nya-ssaland) :
Dist., Ann. Mag. N. H. (7). I. p. 51 (1898) (Limpopo H.) ; Auriv., Kimfll. Sv. Vfl. Ak: Iliimll.
XXXI. 5. p. 233. n. 11 (1899) ("O. Calabar" ; Gaboon ; Congo ; Angoia ; Natal ; Tran.svaal ;
Nyassaland ; Zambesi).

C'hara.res cineulon Hewitson, Enl. Mn. Mag. VI. p. 177 (1870) (Natal).

NympkaHs druceamts, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 268. n. 12 (1871) ("0. Calabar"; Natal);
Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Naturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 28 (1879) (N. Angola).

c? ?. Body as in pollux, but npper.side varying from cbestiint browu to orange
tawny.

S ■ Wings above similar to those of pollux, basal area varying from chestnut
brown to ochraceoas tawny, band better defined than in pollux, its width variable,

3^ to 5^ mm. at SM- of forewing. Forewing: cell-bar 3 sometimes vestigial, more

or less obviously showing through from the underside, cell-bar 4 transverse, about
2 mm. broad, not reaching M, but posterior part often vestigial ; submedian bars
M'— S5P absent or ftiintly vestigial ; median bar M'— SM- mostly absent, sometimes
marked as a heavy line, bars W — M" developed to patches which e.xtend often to
cell, situated as in Ch. phoebus, median bar R^ — R^ fused with bar D as in pollux,
median bars SC'° — R- heavy, sometimes extended basad to cell, bar S('*— SCP
also present, elongate ; discal bars SC;' — R- or SC* — R' fused to a heavy triangular
patch, bar R' — R^ if isolated very small, bar R^ — R^ often absent, but if present
always situated close to median bars SC* — R-, in the darkest iudi\'iduals it is
joined to these bars as well as to discal bars SC — R- ; ochraceous rufous or tawny

admarginal spots large, well defined, rounded proxiraally. Hindwing : tawny

ochraceous or orange tawny discal band narrowing behind, with a darker tawny
outer border ; black postdisco-snbmarginal band almost straight proximally, its
inner edge crossing R just at or a little beyond bent of that vein ; pale blue
submarginal dots R^ — SM' present, last one largest ; admarginal spots ochraceous
rufons or tawny, slightly separated at veins, or contiguous, spot SO- — R' two to
four times as wide as the black marginal line, anal one thiu, more or less olive.

Underside reddish chestnut or ferruginous ; bars nearly as in pollux, somewhat

wider, especially their silvery white borders. Forewing : median bar R^ — R^

seldom separated by a small, short, white, spot from bar D, median bars SC — R-
partly obsolete, their white borders fused to a band of even width, about 3 mm.
broad, which is joined to the white disco-postdiscal band, median bars R^— M'- very
heavy, the upper 5 mm. from base of M' ; discal bars SO' -R' olive, obsolescent,
white band sharply defined, 4 to 5 mm. broad at (SM'), 3 mm. at fold R''— M',
4 mm. between R- and W, of about even width (2^ mm.) from R- to SC", pinkish
posteriorly, separated from the series of black postdiscal spots by a chestnut or
orange rufous band, which becomes paler behind, where it is as broad as the white
band ; postdiscal bars patch-like, gradually decreasing in size towards costa, patches
R' — M- almost touching one another, all bordered white or bluish white distally,
the white border of double patch M'- — SM- resembling the number 3, borders
R2 — M^ generally also of a similar shape, the black patches being distally slightly
sinuate in middle, upper patches more or less transverse, proximal edge of patches
SC* — M' sometimes also with thin bnt obvious white border; admarginal interspaces

larger than above, but more ill-defined. Hindwing : black bars not heavier

than their white borders, basal costal bar linear ; upper two black submedian

(417 )

bars absent, their white borders fnsed to a band of 2 to 3 mm. width which is
continuous with the cell-liar 2 ; upper three (or more) black median bars absent,
their white borders fused with the white discal band, but parti}' separated from
it by tawny chestnut spots, white borders of cell-bar 4, bar D aud median bar
B,2 — W fused together at E^, submedian bar M^ — (SM') nearly longitudinal, joining
line (SM'), median bar M" — (SM') more distal than in pollux, continuous with
median bars (SM') — SM^ which join together the ends of the abdominal lines ;
white discal baud inclusive of white borders of median bars (5 mm. wide at C,
strongly narrowing behind ; of the discal series of black bars only those beyond
M° are present, forming a nearly straight line at the outer edge of the white
band ; the interspace between the white submedian and mediano-discal bands
4 to 5 mm. broad at SC", rather regular in shape down to M ; postdiscal
interspaces fused to a band of the same colour as the basal area of the wing ;
postdiscal black bars varying in width, more or less luniform, heavily bordered
with white distally, position of bars nearly as in pollux, bars R' — R^ being more
distal than the others, bar M' — M- closer to snbmarginal one than in pollux ;
submarginal bars transverse, the upper one or two luniform, concave distally,
bars M' — SM^ also somewhat arched, concave proximally, the last fused with
postdiscal ones to a ring (or double ring), filled up with olive (which is often the
case with the ovate interspace between postdiscal and submarginal bars M' — M*)
and including two white and blue dots, but no white scaling at postdiscal bar,
submarginal bars C — M" heavily bordered white proximally, thinly so distally, bar
M' — M- generally with a blue dot in white scaling ; submarginal interspaces less
bright in colour than the postdiscal band, more or less cinnamon rufous; adniarginal
interspaces rectangular, upper one halfmoon-shaped, contiguous, ferruginous tawny,
the posterior ones pale ochraceons ; black marginal line thinly but obviously edged
with white ; edge of wing much less sharply dentate than in ordinary pollux,
agreeing in this respect with phoehus, tooth M' very short, rounded, tail R' 4 to
5^ mm. long, second 5 to 6 mm.

?. Like 3, larger, discal band of upperside paler, sometimes buff yellow, tails
very long, slender, but less pointed than in pollux and allies, tail R^ 9 to 10 mm.,
tail M- 9 to 10 mm. long.

Length of fore wing : S , 3.5 — 40 mm.
„ „ ?, 42— 48 mm.

Penis thick, a large subapical tooth with several small ones close behind.

Hub. " Old Calabar," " Gaboon," according to Butler ; Congo, Angola,
Nyassaland, Zambesi, Natal. In the Tring Museum 3 c?c?, 3 ?? from: South
of Congo, Congo Free State ; Zomba, December 1895 (Dr. Percy Rendall) ;
Lauderdale ; Karkloop, Natal, April.

The Natal specimens have the black colour of the upperside on the whole
rather more extended than the individnals from Angola and the Congo, and the
discal interstitial band is paler orange. Whether the species really extends to
Old Calabar, whence the type is said to be from, is more than doubtful.

h*. Forewing above : no cell patch, median, discal and postdiscal bars all merged
together to a large black area, which is narrow behind.

( 418

51. Charaxes eudoxus (Nov. Zool, VI. t. 8. f. 3. S).

Papilio Kques Achivus eiidojeui Drury, Illuxlr. Ex. Tns. III. p. 44 and Index, t. 33. f. 1. 4 (178"2)'
(S. Leone).

<?. Body similar to tliiit of <lruccann».

Wings above : basal area chestnut. Forewing : chestnut colour of base

extending to vein M', shading into the blackish brown colour of the disc ; bar D
anteriorly partly free, but median and discal bars not or scarcely traceable ; a disco-
postdisoal band orange rufous, tapering costad, separated into spots e.xcept behind,
its distal edge about parallel to outer margin ; a series of admarginal spots of the

same colour. Hindwing : blackish brown before cell ; abdominal fold greyish

basally, pale orange rufous distally; discal baud orange rufous, deeper in tint behind
where it gradually shades off into the rnfons chestnut postcellular area, somewhat
constricted at SC", postdisco-submarginal band brownisli black, sometimes almost
separated into spots, pro.ximally convex, distally concave between veius ; admarginal
interspaces broad, 3 to 4 mm., halfmoon-shaped, either separated by the black veins,
or fused to a continuous band ; marginal line black ; fringe white between veins.
Underside : chestnut, from pale chestnut to tawny ochraceous in outer marginal

region of forewing ; bars black, bordered with white. Forewing : cell-bar 2

circular, 3 elongate, oblique, 4 transverse, thin, close to bar D ; submedian bar
M' — M'' heavy, just behind base of M', bar R' — M* present in angle of veins
R^ and M' ; submedian and median bars M' — SM^ fased together to a large
patch, median bars R' — M- more distal than in all the allied species (except
lactetinctiis), bar R' — M' being about 9 mm. distant from base of W, white edges
of these long bars comparatively thin, median bar R^ — R^ fused with bar D, bars
SC*— R^ partly obsolete, but their white borders fused to a nearly straight band ;
discal bars absent, but their white borders present as a double series of very thin
white lines from SC* to M',the last touching median bar, discal interspaces M^ — SM'
pale ochraceous, fused with the postdiscal interspaces ; postdiscal black bars repre-
sented by black spots, spots SC — M' rather small, the others larger and confluent,
all distally sinuate upon iuternervnlar fold, distally bordered with white, this scaling
forming M-shaped markings between R" and M', while between M" and SM" (where
it is bluish) it forms two or three dashes ; admarginal interspaces rather large, pale

ochraceous behind, more tawny ochraceous anteriorly. -Hindwing : black bars all

very thin as in driiceanus, the snbbasal black and white bars SC — (SM') continuous
with the submedian bars in front of SC and C, the latter two broad, their black
central lines in the southern subs]iecies absent, forming a jrarely white band which
stands close to PC at C ; cell-bar 4, bar D and median bar R-— R' placed as in
pollux, joined together at R^ ; black median bars partly absent ; white discal band
considerably narrower than in druceo.mat, including a series of tawny patches which
divide the white band into a proximal line, which represents the white borders of
the median bars, and a distal line, which represents the white borders of the discal
bars ; postdiscal bars C — R'^ as triangular si)ots, the others transverse, linear, thin, all
bordered with bluish white lines distally which, at veins SC' and R', form obvious
angle-shaped markings similar to those of C. pelias and allies ; submarginal bar,-?
thin, sometimes curved, edged white (or bluish white) proximally ; submarginal
intersjiaces dark cinnamon rufous, narrower than the admarginal ones, at least
interspaces R- — ]\P ; admarginal interspaces ochraceous, or tawny ochraceous, rather

( 419 )

narrower tban above ; anal ring small, olivaceous with two white submarginal dots ,-:
edge of wing dentate as in druceanus, tails jioiuted.

?. Essentially like S, tawny band of forewing, above, wider.

Length of forewing: S, ?, 40 — 43 mm.

Hab. Sierra Leone to Northern Angola. A rare species in collections. Dr.
Bntler, in his Revision of the genns Cliaraxes, said, that " up to the present time
Drury's figures are all that remain to show us what this species is like." However,
up to 1896 (the date of publication of the Revision) Ch. eudoxus had already been
recorded again by Moschler from Ashanti and by Dewitz from Angola. Dr. Pogge-
obtained apparently quite a number of specimens in Northern Angola.

a. Ch. eudoxus eudoxus.

Papilio Eqiies Acliirus eudoxus Drury, I.e. (Sierra. Leone).

Papilio NymphaUs I'udn.riis, Fabricius, Eut. Sysl. III. 1, p. 65. n. 203 (1V93).

Ni/mphalis eudo.ms, Godart, Em-. Meth. IX. p. 362. n. 6 (1823) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew., Ge7i.

Diurn. hep. II. p. 309. n. 12 (1850) ; Kirby, On. Diurn. Lep. p. 268. n. 9 (1871).
Charaxes eudiisux, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loiul. p. 626. n. 10 (1865) ; id., Cat. Diurn. Lep. deacr..

by Fabr. p. 53. n. 13 (1869) ; Moschl., Abk. Senk. Gesellscli. XV. p. 61. n. 98 (1890) (Aburi) ;.

Auriv., Eut. Tidskr. XV. p. 310. n. 187 (1894) (? similar to (J); Butl., Jouni. Linn. Soc.

Land. XXV. p. 352. n. 7 (1896) ; Auriv., Knmjl. Se. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 233. n. 12

(1899) (S. Leone ; Ashanti ; Kanoierun ; nun Angola).

cJ. Orange rufous band of forewing extending to SC^ four upper partitions
separated from one another ; black postdisco-submarginal band of hindwing
considerably broader than orange rufous admarginal band, the latter consisting
of halfmoous which are not completely fused together. On the underside, black
snbmedian and median bars of forewing M' — M" elongate ; two upper black
submedian bars of hindwing as well as black costal median bar present.

? . Similar to S (see above).

Hab. Sierra Leone ; Ashanti ; Cameroons. A c? agreeing with Drury's figure is
in the Oxford Museum ; a S from Buea, Cameroons, in Dr. Staudinger's collection ;
a specimen from Aburi, Ashanti, in the Senkenbergische Museum at Frankfort-ou-
the-Maine.

l>. Ch. eudoxus mechowi Oberthtir i. 1. (Nov. Zool. VI. t. 8. f 3).

NymphaUs eudo.ms, Dewitz (^non Drury, 1782), Nor. Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Xalnrf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 17

(1879) (N. Angola).
Charaxes eudoxus, Aurivilliu.s, Kougl. Se. Vet. AI-. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 233. n. 12 (1899) (pt. ;

Angola).

cJ. Band of forewing above about 6 mm. distant from tip of vein SM^, strongly
tapering costad, stojjjiing at SC'', four upper spots small, luniform (ti/pe) or rounded
elongate. Black postdisco-submarginal band of hindwing interrupted at veins R' to
M", or M' and M'^, anteriorly as wide as, or a little wider than posteriorly, consider-
ably narrower than the admarginal baud. On underside the submedian and median
bars M' — M^ very heavy, j)atch-like, black costal and subcostal bars of submedian
and median series absent.

? . Not known. ,

Length of forewing : S, 43 mm.

Hab. Northern Angola (Mechow), 1 J (t>/pe) in coll. Obi-rthiir ; Beni Bendi,
Sauknro, Congo Free State (L. Cloetens, .January 1895), 1 S, in Mus. Bruxelles ;

(420)

1 (? in coll. H. Adams (from coll. Honrath) withont locality, but doubtless collected
by Major Mechow or Dr. Pogge in Northern Angola : 2 d S from Northern Angola
(" Guinea inf." Pogge) in Dr. Staudinger's collection, also in the Berlin Museum
from the same country.

Ch. eurfoxus connects druceanus with the allies of Ck. Jason in the pattern of
the underside.

f. Dentition of hindwing strong, tooth M' prolonged to a tail.
52. Charaxes andranodorus.

Chamxps cinaihm, Butler {iton Hewitson, 1870) ; Ann. Mug. N. II. (5). V. p. 335. n. \i (1880)
(Fianarantsoa).

Clinriuei iinilraiiodoi-m Mabille, Bull. Sue. Ent. Belg. XXVIII. p. 184 (1884) (Madagasc, d)\ id.,
in Grandid., Hist. .Modog., Lip. I. p. 182. d. 3. t. 21. f. 1. lu, ? , t. 2,5 ./. f. 1. 1«, $ (1885-87)
(Madag.); Butl., Jnuvn. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 351. n. 4 (1896) (Fianarantsoa ; Ankafana,
Betsileo) ; Auriv., Koiigl. Sv. Vet. Ak. ffanrll. XXXI. 5. p. 283. n. 10 (1809) (Madag.).

Charaxes zoippux Mabille, ihdl. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXVIII. p. 184 (1884) (Madag.) ; id., in Grandid.,
Sist. Mad., Leji. I. p. 179. n. 2. t. 25. f. 2. 2a (1885-87) (Madag.).

Charaxes spec, Oberthiir, Bull Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 11 (1888).

(?. Body ahoee deeji ferruginous, white line behind eye conspicuous, dots on
head obliterated ; underside brighter ferrngiuous ; palpi with a very broad pure
white lateral band which does not quite reach tip of second segment, no black line
on this segment, apical segment very short, black, with a few ferruginous scales
below ; sterna with black, brown and white obliipie bands, abdomen with a black
medial stripe, broad at base, edges of segments in this stripe white, this scaling
€xtended laterally to a white stripe; anterior legs white beneath, deep black above,
the other legs white, femora black above, with dispersed white scales.

]Vi/iffs a/joee reddish ferruginous, markings deep black. Forewiug : cell-bar

3 and 4 present, the former the smaller of the two, both more or less triangular,
not reaching M ; bar D very heavy, narrower between R- and R' than in iront ;
no submedian bar, but median bars very heavy, bars M- — (SM') and (SM') — SM"
more or less longitudinal, not fused together, bar M' — M" a large patch, somewhat
concave distally, convex proximally, anteriorly touching M, bar M' — M^ a similarly
shaped patch, more distal, occasionally dilated to base of M-, and then touching
bar D, no median bar R*— R^, bars SC'' — R^ fused to a patch of variable size,
sometimes produced basad to bar D, but often band-like, to it is joined discal bar
R- — R' which is much more pro.ximal than discal bars SC — R-, these latter three
bars continuous, forming a triangular band which is joined along veins SC^ — R^,
as is bar R^ — R^ along R-, to black postdisco-marginal band, reddish ferruginous
interspaces SC^ — R^ almost or completely isolated, smalicr than the discal inter-
spaces SO'' — R- ; postdisco-marginal black band somewhat wider behind than in
front, the black scaling produced basad at veins, hence the reddish ferruginous
discal interspaces R^ — M^ partly isolated, interspace M" — SM'- about as wide at
(SM') as black band ; the band includes a series of reddish ferruginous marginal
«pots which are not so wide as their black intersjiace, more or less rounded, the

upper ones somewhat elongate, spots M- — SM" separate. Hindwing : basal area

in and behind cell somewhat tawny, bases of cellules C — R' with purplish black
patches, some black scales occasionally also before base of R", bar D vestigial
in front in some individuals ; median area bright orange in front ; disco-marginal

( 421 )

area black, somewhat sinuate between veins, extended to base of M', suddenly
narrowed from (SM') to abdominal margin, the discal portion of the black area
being represented beyond (SM') by an obscure bar which separates an ochraceous,
triangular patch from the rest of the abdominal fold ; two blue snbmarginal dots
M^— SM^ ; admarginal interspaces M^— SM^ mostly fused to a rather thin yellowish
or bluish olive buff line, the other admarginal interspaces not marked, or interspaces
C— R' represented by thin, ochraceous or tawny, lunules.

Underside deep ferruginous, changing into ochraceous towards abdominal angle
of hindwing and into ferruginous orange on forewing at outer margin and posteriorly

on disc ; white lines and bands silvery white, glossy, bars black. Forewing :

cell-bars inclusive white borders wider than interspaces, black bar 4 about 2f mm.
broad at widest point ; submedian and median bars M' — SM- merged together to
a large patch, bars M' — M- also confluent, but generally divided in front by a
white line, median bar R' — M' 17 mm. from base of cell, mnch more distal than
bar M' — M", median bar R- — R^ fused with bar D, but in most examples there is
a white spot behind R* which partly isolates bar R- — R^, bars SC^ — R'^ less heavy,
upper one a mere dot, white borders forming a band which is as wide as the
ferruginous interspace at its proximal side, that band at right angles to costa as
in pkraortes, hence much less directed apicad than in dntceainis, joined at R' to
white discal band, which is from SC* to R^ little wider than postdiscal ferruginous
band, includes between R^ and SIP a series of more or less conspicuous ferruginous
spots or lines or patches which partly or totally separate the white distal borders
of the median bars from the discal band, and is distally sinuate upon veins ; discal
black bars SC^ — R' present ; postdiscal bars SC^ — R^ more or less transverse, bar
R' — R- generally rounded, bars R^ — SM- larger, straight proximally, rounded
distally, bars M'^— SM- nearly completely fused together, but division obvious,
bars SC^ — M'^ each with a sharply defined silvery white patch at outside ; patches
R'— M- halfmoon-shaped, jiatches SO* — R' larger than the others, tlie up])ermost
elongate ovate, these patches represented between M- and SM'- by bluish white,
less sharply defined, spots ; veins black at extremities, this scaling extended basad
to postdiscal black bars, at least at veins M' — SM^, within this black scaling stands
upon each vein a conspicuous, silvery white, dash or elongate ovate spot, veins

(SM') and SM-' excepted. Hindwing : costal submedian and upper two or three

median black bars absent ; basal costal bar inclusive white border more or less
ovate, the white border often extended to PC and base of C ; white borders of
upper two submedian bars, cell-bar 2, and subbasal bar M — (SM') fused to a
band which stops at (SM'), the ferruginous subbasal interspace continnoas with
the ferruginous line near basal abdominal margin and joined along (SM') to the
ferruginous mediano-submedian interspace which itself stands in connection with
the disco-postdiscal ferruginous interspace, being continued along (SM') ; white
costal median spot either isolated, or joined to the white submedian band ; a broad
white band occupies the middle of the wing, this band is convex proximally,
slightly biconcave distally, narrowed almost into a jwint at (SM'), broadest
between R- and R", about 9 mm., it consists of the white borders of the median
and discal bars plus the interspaces between these bars which are also white, only
the costal discal interspace being mostly ferruginous, and being joined across C
to the ferruginous mediano-submedian ferruginous band ; the white band includes
cell-bar 4, submedian bar M' — M' close to base of M- and submedian bar M" — (SM'),
further median bars 0 — R', which are small and sometimes absent, median bar

( 422 )

R'— R', which is heavy and stands very little distally of base of M', short median
har R'— M', long and oblique median bar M' — M" and short bar M- — (SM') which
jwints basad ; upon this band follows a ferrngiuons band which is ])roximally
slightly biconvex, distally irregularly biconcave, postdiscal black bars C — R'
vestigial at outer edge of this band, bars M' — SM^ marked ; submarginal bars
■conspicuous, transverse, slight curving distad, bars M'' — SM* much more distal
than bar M' — M-, submarginal interspaces silvery white, except interspaces
M- — SM- which are olive black, including two blue and white dots, these last
interspaces not so white as the preceding ones ; admarginal interspaces ochraceons,
4inal ones fused together, greenish, with white triangnlar spots distally at veins
C — M-;' black marginal line broader between than at veins; black abdominal
lines without ferruginous interspaces between, joined together at ends by means
of the median bars ; discal bars (SM')— iSM^ present, interspace between them and
respective median bars silvery white, discal bar IP — (SM') vestigial or distinct,
short ; edge of wing very strongly dentate ; tails long, slender, pointed, tail R'
8 mm., tooth M' 4 mm., tail M- 9 mm.

?. Like <S, larger, paler ferruginous, ferruginous admarginal interspaces of
hindwing all marked, but interspaces R' — M- divided between veins into long
triangular spots standing along veins ; tails longer than in c? ; snbbasal ferruginous
band of hindwing below not joined along (SM') to snbmedian band of same colour.

Length of forewing : <?, 50 mm.
„ „ ? , 55 mm.

Penis very slender, not dilated at apex as in druceantis, with a small tooth
I mm. from end.

llab. Madagascar : Fianarantsoa : Ankafana, Betsileo.

Mabille's Charaxes zoippus is nothing else but andranodorus ; the figure of
the c? of andranodorus in Hist. Mad., Lip. is drawn from a specimen of which
tail M* was broken. The species is apparently rare, as it is represented in few
collections by anything like a series.

/(-. Costal median bar of hindwing below present.

t^. Black postdiscal bars of hindwing below well marked, convex
proximally.
i^. Wiug.s above tawny, at least discal band of forewing.

ff". Submarginal interspaces of hindwing below silvery white all
over.

53. Charaxes phraortes.

ChariLTea phraorles Doubleday, .-Inn. Mug. N. H. XX. p. CO (1847) (Madagascar) ; Butl,, ihi,]. p. 625.

n. 6 (1865) (Madag.) ; Guen., in Vinson, Vuy. iladay., Annexee F. p. 28 (1865) ; Butl., Lej>.

Exot. p. 26. t. 10. f . C ? (187U) ; Saalm., Lrp. Had. p. 86. n. 123 (1884) (Madag.) ; Mab., in

Grandid., Uht. Mad., Up. I. p. 177. n. 1. t. 25. f. 1. In (1887) (Madag.) ; Butl., Journ. Linn.

Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 352. n. 5 (1896) (Madag.) ; Auriv., Koiigl. Sv. Vet. Ah. Handl. XXXI. 5.

p. 233. n. 7 (189'J) (Madag.).
Nymjjhalii) phraortes, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. hep. II. p. 309. n. 22 (1850)

(Madag.) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 267. n. 6 (1871) (Madag. ; cil.faU. ! !).

? . Bodi/ above tawny ferruginous, dots on head not obvious, white line behind
eye conspicuous ; underside ferruginous, middle line of pro- and mesosternum and
three oblique lateral lines on meso- and metasternum white ; palpi with a broad
white stripe which does not quite reach tip of second segment, third segment all

( 423 )

"black, second without black line ; anterior leg black above, white beneath, tlie other
legs dirty white, femora black above, with dispersed, white, scales ; abdomen pale
■ochraceous, whitish towards base, sides with ill-defined black and white scaling.

Wings above : base tawny ferruginous, rest ferruginous orange, marked with

black i)atches and bands. Forewing : all the bars very heavy ; cell-bars 3 and 4

represented by patches which do not reach M, upper jiatch much heavier than the
other ; submedian bar M' — M- present, in front of median bars M- — SM- ; median
bars K' — M^ very large, 3^ mm. broad, somewhat halfmoon-shaped, bar R' — M'
more distal than the others, median bar R^ — R' fused with bar D, forming with it a
hammer-shaped patch, bars SC — R- forming a similar mark, bar R' — R' being
broader than the others touching the discal bar R-— R^; discal bars SC* — Represent,
halfmoon-shaped, joined along veins to black postdisco-marginal area, bars SC* — R'
very much broader than bars R' — R' ; postdisco-marginal black area lieavily dentate
at veins R'— M- ; marginal ferruginous orange dots of nearly equal width, about 1 or
li mm. wide, postdiscal spots SC* — R' of that colour isolated, rounded, sjiot R' — R^

small ; median series of bars extending generally beyond SM-. Hindwing :

median bars C — R' piresent, the second 3 mm. from base of R\ the first 2 mm. more
distal ; black postdisco-submarginal area only 2J mm. from base of M', anteriorly
narrower, measuring 5i mm. between (J and SO', black colour somewhat produced
basad between R- and R^; a complete series of ferruginous orauge luuules, upper
ones heavier, nearly 2 mm. broad between veins, all slightly separated at veins,
black marginal line 1 wide, even in width.

Underside ferruginous chestnut ; bars deep black, much heavier than in poUux.

white borders also heavy, silvery white. Forewing : cell-bars 2 and 3 more or

less circular, 4 also rounded off behind ; submedian and median bars M- — SM^ fused
to a large patch which extends to base, median bars SC* — M- placed as above, bar
R- — R^ more or less completely separated from bar D, but the white borders of these
bars always fused ; pinkish white discal patches R^ — SM- of almost the same width,
each more or less rectangular, patch M- — SM^ narrower than 2>ostdiscal ochraceous
patch M^— SM= ; discal black bars SC*— R^ present, bars R'— R^ thin, the last of
them close to median bar R' — R'^ ; postdiscal bars represented by black spots, spots
SC — R' small, smaller than the ochraceous spots at their proximal side, spot SC* —
SC^ a little larger, spot M' — SM- large, all with ochraceous spots resp. patches at
proximal side, and all bordered outwardly by bluish grey, heavy, semicircles ;
admarginal tawny ochraceous spots much larger than those of upperside, veins with

black patches at ends, more or less covered with bluish grey scaling. Hindwing:

black bars up to median series inclusive of their white borders much broader than the
ferruginous chestnut interspaces, which is especially obvious in cell ; median bar
C — SC'^ more distal than the median bars next to it, median bar R^ — R' 4 mm.
distant from bar R' — R-, with a ferruginous spot between itself and bar D, median
bar M' — M'-' long, oblique, pointing auad, median bars M' — SM' at right angles to
veins, continuous, joined to the black abdominal lines, bar M- — (SM') more proximal
than bar (SM') — SM- ; submedian bar M- — (SM') long, extending straight from
base of M^ to end of longitudinal line (SM'), the ferruginous chestnut interspace
between the bar and this line a long narrow triangle ; no discal bars except a
continuous, almost straight, transverse, very slightly oblique line from M- to
abdominal margin ; postdiscal inters(iaces beyond irregular, silvery white ; discal
baud ferruginous chestnut, this colour forming a band of about 3 mm. breadth,
curved distad before R', partitions R' — M- halfmoon-shaped, partition M- — SM-

( 424 )

ochreons ; postdiscal bars vestigial, densely shaded with silvery white like the
snlimarginal interspaces, bars M^ — SJP, however, marked ; snbmarginal Mack
liars transverse, not abbreviated at ends, bnt not continuous, as the preceding bar is
always a little less distal than the following one ; admarginal interspaces ochraceons,
paler behind, whitish at ti))s of veins ; black marginal line thinner than the black
snlimarginal liars, edge of wing strongly dentate, as in jjoI/i/j-, with three tails, second
the shortest.

?. Larger. — ^yinffs above rather paler than in S. Forewiug : median bar

R- — R^ separate from bar D, sulimedian bar M' — M- and median bars M- — SM-

wanting. Hindwing : no median bars visible ; middle admargiual spots rather

larger than in S-

Underside : the ferruginous chestnut colour more extended, the white discal
bands of both wings wider, the postdiscal ferruginous chestnut band of hindwing
more broken into spots at veins, postdiscal bars of hindwing a little better marked,
tail M' shorter.

Length of forewing : cJ, 45 mm.
„ „ ? , 50 mm.

Penis as thick as in Ck.jason, less curved before end, one heavy dorsal tooth
at bent, with another smaller one behind.

Hab. Madagascar. Li the Tring Museum 1 c?, without more jirecise locality.
Kirby, I.e., cites the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. as being the place where the species was
described by Doubleday, and the authors who, after the publication of Kirby's
Catalogue, mention j'hraortes have accepted that erroneous reference.

K". Submarginal interspaces of hindwing below not white in centres.

g''. Ad marginal patches of hindwing above large, veins between them
heavily black ; tooth M^ short, blunt ; underside olive russet.

54. Charaxes phoebus.

Charaxes phiebus Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnnd. p. 625. n. S. t. 36. f. 2. ^ (1865) (Abyssinia) ;

Oberth., Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova XV. p. 167. n. 48 (1879) ((^,$ ; Shoa, July) ; id., I.e. XVIII.

p. 728. D. 59 (1883) (Feleklek ; Sciotalit, I. II. VI. VII. XII.) ; Butl., Journ. Lhin. Soc. Lmul.

XXV. p. 352. n. 6 (1896) ; Auriv., Kong!. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 23.S. n. 9 (1899)

(Abyssinia).
Nymphalh castor (sic !) var. a. Char, jihoehus, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lrji. p. 208. sub n. 7 (1871).

S ?. Bod^ above tawny russet, mesonotnm with an olivaceous tint.

Underside olive russet ; palpi with thin white line, third segment black, second
with a black lateral strijie on free part, black and grey stripes underneath legs
indistinct, middle of abdomen blackish in ? , segments slightly edged with grey.

Wings above a little less bright than in pollux. Forewing : cell-bar

4 short, narrow, bar D about 1 mm. wide in middle, dilated distad before and
behind R' ; median bars R^ — M- transverse, more distal than in jtoUu.r and thinner,
median bar R-— R^ present, close to bar D, which it generally touches, or with
which it is partly fused, bars SC* — R- more distal than in polliix ; discal bars
SC^ — M- present, the posterior ones as small spots, bar R- — R^ extended basad,
ill-defined bar SC* — S(? also widened, but cellule SC^ — SC' orange between discal
and median bars; postdisco-snbmarginal black band of nearly even width (4 to 5 mm.),
incised at posterior veins, somewhat sinuate between upper veins, slightly widening
from R' to SC*, strongly dilated basad before SC*, upper veins somewhat scaled black,

( 425 )

separating the orange postdiscal band into spots, jiartition W — R' of the same
width as respective partition of black band, the preceding ones gradnally somewhat
smaller ; orange admarginal spots becoming smaller costad, posterior ones about
half the width of the black band, the spots separated by the black veins, spots

M^ — SM^ fused, but incised distally upon (SM'). Hindwing : ochraceous

orange, discal band better defined than in pnllur, median bar 0— SO' and
bar D vestigial ; postdisco-submarginal black band proximally convex between
veins, distally slightly produced into points between veins, partition C— SC^
narrower than the others, the band only 5| mm. at widest point, last partition
almost isolated, including one minute and another larger pale bine subinarginal
dot ; admarginal interspaces dark orange, separated by the rather thinly black
veins, upper interspaces widest, measuring 4 to 5 mm. before SC^ anal one narrowest,
li mm. broad, somewhat ochreous ; black marginal line as in drticeanus.

Underside olive russet ; bars very much thinner than in pollux, white band
of fore- and hindwing much better defined distally than in pollux, except from

M- to internal margin of forewing (where the band is pinkish). Forewin" :

cell-bar 3 half the width (white border included) of olive rnsset interspace following
it, black cell-bar 4 a very thin line ; median bar R^ — ^M' 5 mm. from base of M', bar
R- — R' partly separate from bar D, bars SC^ — R' obsolete, bar W — R- thin, olive
luniform, bright olive russet spots at outer side of median bars R'' — M- as wide
as bars inclusive white border ; discal bars SC" — M' present, represented by rather
ill-defined spots situated in middle of white band, bar SC* — SC obliterate ;
postdiscal band following white band gradually narrowing costad, a little more
ochraceous than basal area ; postdiscal black spots smaller than clayish ochraceous
admarginal ones, spots SC^ — SC'' and R- — M' very short and thin, almost obsolete,

transverse, linear, only spots M- — SM^ triangular, these two almost separate. •

Hindwing : basal costal bar a dot ; black lines with white borders of abdominal fold
scarcely half the width of interspaces in middle ; median bar M' — M- longer than
in pollux, bar M^ — (SAP) more distal than in that species ; discal abdominal bar
as in pollux, but thinner ; postdiscal baud russet, ochreous be3'ond M'-*, somewhat
incised at veins C — R' ; postdiscal black bars very thin, halfmoon-shaped, bordered
white as in pollux, but less heavily, last bar forming with snbmarginal one a
ring-shaped patch which is well separated from the edge of the wing ; snbmarginal
bars also very thin, partly vestigial only ; snbmarginal interspaces shaped as in
pollux, but clayish bistre brown ; admarginal interspaces clayish tawny ochraceous,
ochreous beyond M', posterior ones wider than on upperside ; marginal line very
thin in front ; dentition of wing nearly as in pollux, bnt tooth M' shorter than
teeth R' and R-, tail R^ 5 mm, tail M^ 4 mm.

?. Larger than c?. Discal baud of forewing aiofs paler, median bars R^ — M^
rounded, bar R^ — R^ separated from bar D, admarginal spots halfmoon-shaped,

being concave proximally. Hindwing: discal band cream colonr, shar{)ly defined,

extending to abdominal margin, .5i mm. broad at S('-,of about even wi<lth from
SC- to M^, followed by a tawny orange band, whicli is narrower than in c? ; black
postdisco-submarginal band 7 mm. broad between SC^ and R", proximally less convex
between veins, black colour somewhat produced basad upon veins, anal patch only
3J mm. wide; admarginal spots somewhat paler than in (?,also somewhat narrower,
especially tlie posterior ones, anal one almost cream-colour ; black marginal line
about 1 mm. broad.

Underside as in (? ; postdiscal black spots of forewing a little less linear

29

( 426 )

snbmarginal iuterspaces of hindwing more scaled white at postdiscal and sub-
marginal bars ; tails broader, upper one 7 mm. long, second 5 mm.

Length of foron-ing : d, 41 mm.
„ „ ? , 47 mm.

Hab. Shoa, Abyssinia ; found by Antinori in July at Mahal-Uong, Axaleua,
Feleklek, and Scioatalit (= Shoatalit). In the Tring Museum 2 c?c?, 2 ? ? from
Shoatalit, Shoa, January, June, December (Antinori j.

Antinori says that the species was attracted by exudations of a solanaceous plant.

/(". Admargiual patches of hindwing small ; tails acute, tooth M' pointed,
nuderside red chestnut,
e'. Discal liaud of hindwing tawny or pale buff

55. Charaxes poUux.

Fapilio Eques Achiviii jmlltu: Cramer, Pap. Exol. I. p. 61. t. .37. f. E. F {Villi) (Guinea).
PapiVo Eques Achiinn cnstoi; Fabricius (iion Cramer, 1775), Gen. Ins. p. 251. n. 30. 31 (177G).
Painliri Nymplialts Pliahratus cumulus Drury, Illustr. Ex. Ins. III. p. 41. t. 30. f. 1. 2 and Indei
(1782) (S. Leone).

tS. Boihj above tawnj', darker in front than behind ; head with four rather
Indistinct dots and a postocular line white, a dorso-lateral strij)e on second, and the
whole third segment of palpi black ; underside tawny ochraceous ; palpi with a
white lateral line ; breast with black streaks underneath legs, bordered with white,
a white streak on mesosternum near base of wing ; anterior tibia and tarsus
white beneath, black or brown above, the other legs clay colour, femora black
above, with white dispersed scales ; abdomen with a white interrupted stripe at
each side, which is broadest and most distuict at base, where the stripe is bordered
black mesially.

Wings, abijc ! : basal area tawny, followed by a broad ochraceous orange

disco-postdiscal band ; postdisco-marginal area black. Forewing : cell-bar 4

represented by a heavy spot, bar D also heavy ; median bars R' — M'^ as heavy
spots, spot R' — M' generally the larger, close to D', median bars SC°— R- elongate,
heavy, often prolonged basad to cell, followed behind R- by a streak which
represents the median and discal bars R- — R' ; discal bars SC— R' heavy, fused
together, the upper one prolonged basad, completely (or nearly so) filling uj) the
basal half of the cellule 80^ — SC'^; the black colour extends generally also along
SC' — R-, so that discal ochraceous orange spot SC° — R' and postdiscal ones 8C'— R'
are more or less isolated, all these patch-like bars black, discal bar R' — R- as well
as R^ — M' sometimes vestigial, minute ; black border of wing of about even width,
7 mm. broad at M', inner edge concave between veins from SC* — R- or R' ;
marginal dots generally jjresent, pale orange, minute, the posterior ones the

smallest as is the case in Ch. brutus. Hindwing : discal area whitish towards

costal margin ; black outer area widest in middle, its inner edge being nearly
Btruight, not following the curve of the outer margin, 8 to 9 mm. broad between
E* and R^ ; pale blue submarginal dots M'^ — SC* present, mostly merged together ;
admarginal sjwts absent or present, orange tawny, anal one olive buff ; fringe
whiti- between veins.

Underside red chestnut ; bars heavy, black, heavily bordered with white,
placed as in brutus. Forewing : submedian and median bars M'— SJP generally

( 427 )

fused to a large jiatch ; discal bars SO* — M^ or SC* — M' present, bar R^ — R^ behind
the short band of median bars SU* — R^; between short discal bars R' — M' and
median bars are two ochraceous spots ; white band somewhat pinkish behind
and gradually shading into the orange ochraceous postdiscal baud ; postdiscal bars
represented by black triangular patches which are bordered each with a grey, angle-
sliaj)ed, line distally, the lines at internal angle pale blue, separated from one
another between M" and SIP into three dashes ; veins with black patches at ends,
patches R' and R^ larger than the others, veins E^— M^ generally with bluish

white scaling before end. Hiudwing : basal costal bar somewhat bean-shaped ;

white discal band abunt as broad as the orange ochraceous postdiscal one ; median
bar M' — M- a little distal of base of M' ; white band with a tawny jiatch at costal
margin, followed generally by a series of smaller patches down to R' ; no black
discal bars except between M- and abdominal margin, these contiguous with orange
ochraceous postdiscal band, postdisco-marginal area of the same pattern and colour
as in Ch. bruttis bnitus, submarginal interspace M' — M- chocolate ; chocolate
intersj)ace behind black line upon SM^ triangnlar ; edge of wing sharply dentate,
tail R' 4 to 5 mm. long, tooth M' li mm., tail M- 3 to 4 mm.

?. Similar to S, wings wider; disco-postdiscal band of upperside somewhat
paler ; abdomen beneath much more extended, the white scaling reduced.

Length of forewiug : cJ, 36 — 45 mm.
,, ,, ?, 41— 51 mm.

Clasper narrower than in Cli. jason, hook very slender in a dorsal view, evenly
curved ; penis thin, somewhat dilated at end, not suddenly bent before apes as
in jason, without teeth ; penis-funnel obviously narrowed towards end, apex convex
above, turned downward to a sharp hook.

Hab. Sierra Leone to Angola, Congo to the Naudi country, Uganda
Protectorate, Nyassaland, Manicaland ; not found in the regions between the
south shore of the Victoria Nyanza and the East Coast. A rather common insect.

a. Ch. poUux geminus Rotbsch., subsp. nov.

Charaxes pollitx, Trimen ();o» Cramer, 177:".), Proc. Zoo!. Soc. Loud. p. 41. n. 04 (1894) (Manica) ;
Butl., ibid. p. 252. n. 8 (18i<5) (Zomba) ; id., I.e. p. 720. n. 7. (1805) (Zomba) ; id., Joum.
Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 852. n. 8 (189l>) (pt. ; Zomba) ; Auriv., Kumjl. Sr. Vet. Ak. Handl.
XXXI. 5. p. 233. n. 8 (1899) (Zomba).

c? ?. Hiudwing abori' with admarginal spots, at least the upper ones present ;
on the underside the hiudwing bears iu ? a triangular chocolate jiatch between bar
D and apical cell-bar : black abdominal line between SAP and SIP as a rule not
hammer-sliaped distally, postdisco-submarginal black anal ring of hiudwing sepa-
rated from anal edge of wing ; tails sharply pointed in both sexes.

Hah. British Central Africa and Manicaland. In the Tring Museuiu Q Si,
4 ? ? from Nyassaland : Lauderdale (ti/pf-), Chipaika Estate, Baiidawe (F.
Watkinson), Zomba, December (Dr. P. Rendall).

b. Ch. poUux pollux.

Papilio Eques Achivus jioUux Cramer, Pap. Exot. I. p. 61. t. 37. f. E. F (1775) (Guinea).

Papilio Equrs Adiinis castor Fabricius (««« Cramer, 1775), Gen. Ins. p. 251. n. 30. 31 (177(5) ;
Goeze, Ent. Bi-i/tr. III. p. 74. n. 16 (1779) ; Fabr., Spec. In.i. U. p. 11. n. 44 (1881); id.,
Mani. Lis. II. p. 6. n. 48 (1787) ; Jabl. & Herbst, iVutura. Schmctt. IV. p. 57. n. 151. t. 63.
f. 1. 2 (1790) ; Gmel., Syst. Nat. I. 5. p. 2235. n. 301 (1790) (pt.).

(428 )

Papilio camulua Drury, Illxistr. Exot. Im. III. p. 41. t. 30. f. 1. 2 (1782) (S. Leone).

Papilio Ni/mphalis castnr, Fabricins, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 63. n. 196 (1793) (Guinea).

Erihoeti jmlusm (!), Hlibner, V(rz. hek Srhmell. p. 47. n. 427 (1816-27).

Papilio castor, Donovan, AVl^ Reposit. II. t. 116 (18'26).

Papilio camilhig, id., l.r.

.Xymphalis castor, Godart, Enc. MMi. IX. p. 351. n. 4 (1823) (Guinea) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,

Gen. Diurn. L,p. II. p. 308. n. 3 (1850) (S. Leone ; Congo).
Clmrares castor, Doubleday, List ftpec. Lrp. In>s. Brit. Mus. I. p. 110 (1844) (S. Leone ; Congo) ;

Bull., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnud. p. 623. n. 7 (1865) (S. Leone; Congo).
Charaxes poUiLc, Butler, Cat. Diurn. Lep. di'xer. hi/ Fahr. p. 53. n. 14 (1869) (S. Leone) ; Druce, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Land. p. 416 (1875) (Angola) ; But]., ibiil., p. 60. n. 16 (1888) (Monbutlu, Equat.

Afr.) ; Auriv., Ent. Tidsl.r. XXI. p. 214. n. 134 (1891) (Cameroons) ; Schaus & Clement.^ Sierra

Leone Lej.id. p. 8 (1893) ; Auriv., I.e. XV. p. 310. n. 185 (1894) (Cameroons) ; Reb. & Rog.,

in Baumann, Massailand p. 332. n. 37 (1894) (Xorth Urundi) : Butl., Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Land.

XXT. p. 352. n. 8 (1890) (pt. ; S. Leone : Angola ; Monbuttu) ; Auriv., Knngl. Sr. Vet. Ak.

Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 233. n. 8 (1899) (pt. : Senegal : S. Leone ; Ashanti ; Cameroons ; Gaboon ;

Chinchoxo ; Angola ; Monbnttn).
XymphalispoUiu-, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 267. n. 3 (1871) (.■iyn. ex parte!).
Xymphalis castor, id.. I.e. n. 7 (1871) (syn. ex parte !).

6. No adinarginal spots on hiudwing a/joi-e except the olive bnff anal one
which is occasionally ])reseut ; on underside the anal ring of the hindwitig touches
the edge of the wing, the black line between SM^ and SM' is dilated at end, and
in ? bar D of hindwing is so close to aj)ical cell-bar that there is no or little
chocolate scaling between them.

Ilab. Sierra Leone to Angola and the Uganda Protectorate. In the Tring
Mnseiim 24 <JcJ, 14 ? ? from: Sierra Leone; Accra, Gold Coast; Gaboon R. ;
Bopota, Upp. Congo ; Pt. Alice, Uganda, 19. vii. '94 (Dr. Ausorge) ; Nandi
Station, Uganda Protectorate, 10. xii. '96 (Dr. Ansorge).

f. Discal interstitial band of hindwing above bluish white.

56. Charaxes ansorgei (Nov. Zool. V. t. 5. f. 2. 6).

Charaa-es ansorgei Rothschild, Nov. Zool. IV. p. 181. n. 5. (1897) (Patsho, Nandi Country, Dec. 11,
1896) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. nandi. XXXI. 5. p. 231. n. 2a. and p. 638 (1899).

(?. Bodij, above, pale chestnut, dots on head obsolete, line behind eye creamy
buff; heloic brownish clay colour, with pale chestnut oblicjue streaks on breast,
abdomen clayish chestnut ; paljii buff, with a thin white lateral line, free portion of
palpi with a broad black dorso-lateral stripe ; legs clay colour, femora black above
with the usual sprinkling of pale scales, anterior tibia and tarsus brown above,
white beneath.

Wings, ahore. Forewing : basal area tawny chestnut ; cell-bar 4 transverse,

about 2^ mm. long, bar D as in plioebus ; median bars M" — SM" small, ill-defined,
bars 11^ — M- represented by large patches, patch M' — M"' halfmoon-shaped, diameters
3 and 4 mm., patch W — M' broader, median bar R- — R' close to bar D, but
separated from it, rounded, bars SC^— R-' as large patches, fused together, disco-
postdiscal band tawny orange, separated into jiatches by the black veins ; discal
bars SC^— R' heavy, confluent, joined at veins to postdisco-marginal area, bar
R-— R' thinner, bar R-— R^ more basal, dilated basad, bar R'— M' represented by a

dot, bar M'— M^ vestigial ; marginal dots orange ochraceous, small. Hindwing :

purplish black, base more brown ; a white discal baud, slightly shaded with buff,
about 4 mm. broad at SC-, dilated between SC' and W owing to an extended bluish

( 429 )

white scaling ; abilominal fold wood brown, edge gre3-ish buff ; a small and a larger
pale blue submarginal spot between M" and SM- ; admarginal spots tawny
ochraceons, npper ones the largest, subrotundate, the posterior ones linear, trans-
verse, anal one olive bnff.

Underside : basal area chestnut, onter area russet olive, basal to discal bars
olive, the others black, position of bars nearly as in pollux, white borders of bars

rather wider than in pollnx in costal region of both wings. Forewing : median

bars R^ — M'' concave distally, thinner than in pollux, olive bar R^ — R' separate
from bar D, bars SC* — R' feebly marked ; dis-cal interspaces M'— SM- pinkish
white, distally as sharply defined as in pkoebus, discal bars SC^ — M^ present,
posterior ones mere dots, all placed close to postdiscal, russet olive, band (as in
pelias and allies) ; postdiscal black patches less triangular than in pollux, white
spots at outside of patches SO* — SC° and R" — M' rather conspicuous, bine spots

M- — SM^ joined together ; admarginal spots rnsset. Hindwing : basal costal bar

as in pollux pollux ; median bars R- — M'- rather heavy, ajiioal cell-bar separated
from bar D by a chocolate triangle, abdominal lines inclusive white border much
broader than olive chocolate interspaces ; white discal band as sharply defined as
in 2jhoebus, narrower ; postdiscal black bars as in pollux, but bars SC^ — R' and
R' — M' more proximal, hence the respective submarginal interspaces, which are like
the others russet olive, wider than in pollux ; admarginal interspaces slightly
ochraceous ; blue submarginal spots in anal ring ; dentition of edge sharp, tails
pointed, about 4 mm. loug.

? . Unknown.

Length of forewing : S, 08 mm.

Hab. Patsho, Nandi Country, 1 1 . xii. '96 (Dr. Ansorge), 1 c?.

The t>/pe of this species has so far remained unique.

j*. Base of forewing above black ; discal interstitial band of patches of forewing
above white, or maize yellow, npper patches sometimes shaded with orange.

57. Charaxes brutus.

PaiJilio Eques Achivus brutus Cramer, Paji. Exot. III. p. 82. t. 241. f. E. F (1779) (Cap. b. sp. !

loc. err.).
Papilio Eiiues Achivus cajus Jablonsky & Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. IV. p. 05. n. 154. t. C4. f. 1. 2

(1790) (Cap. b. sp., loc. err.).

c?. Body above olive black, sometimes more bistre, third segment of jialpi
black, free upperside of second segment of palpi, head and pronotnm dark
ferruginous, mesonotnm somewhat greenish olive or steel blue ; four indistinct
dots on head and a line behind eye white ; underside pale orange, palpi with a
black dorso-lateral and a white ventro-lateral stripe ; breast with black obliqne
streaks underneath legs edged with grey ; abdomen white at side ; forelegs black
above, white beneath, tarsus with some orange scales, the other legs whitish clay
colour, femora above black with dispersed white scales.

c?. Wings above brownish black, with a purplish tint in certain lights, crossed

by a white, creamy white, or maize yellow band; fringe white between veins.

On forewing the band is interrnpted at the veins, consisting of eight spots which
become smaller costad, the last spots varying in width before SM- from 4 to
10 mm., outer edge of band parallel to outer margin of wing, distance about 8 mm. ,

( 430 )

j.it spot SC'' — SC often a little inclining costad ; median bars W — M^ in some
specimens vestigial, forming the proximal border of the respective patches of the

band ; admarginal dots, if present, small, all of abont the same size. Hindwing:

band considerably variable in width, widest in front, bnt often widely bordered
with pale glancous blue, in which case the band appears wider in and beyond cell
than towards costal margin, stopping at (SM') or nearly reaching abdominal
margin, distance of band from outer edge of wing 10 to 11 mm. at SC-, and G to
8 mm. at (SM') ; abdominal margin ochraceous ; submarginal spots bine, mostly
with white centres, generally only the last two or three present, spots C^R- seem
to be always wanting ; admarginal spots absent, or vestigial, or the series more or
less complete.

Underside from base to white band red chestnut or rufous red or reddish
cinnamon rufous, from band to outer margin varying from tawny ochraceons to
tawny olive, basal to median bars with heavy and clearly defined white borders
all round, these bars black, heavy, their centres often more or less extended
olivaceous wood brown; veins partly thinly edged with white; band not interrupted.

Forewing : a white line along costal edge from base to beyond middle ; black

basal cell-spot absent, cell-bar 4 not or very little angled, at right angles to the
veins like the other cell-bars, bar 3 heavier than 4, but often abbreviated and
elongate-ovate ; submedian M- — (SM') oblicjue, mostly joined to or fused with
median bar M- — (SM'j, submedian bar M'— M- just before base of M', about 1 to
2 mm. distant from median bar, both often joined together at M-, the interspace
between them sometimes all white ; median bar W — M' abont | or 1 mm. more
distal than median bar M' — M^ often slightly inclining basad, bar R= — R^ fnsed
with bar D, bars SC^ — R- in the usual place, continnous, but often somewhat broken
at veins ; diseal bars SC — R' present, the others absent, but sometimes the rufous
scaling which, if they were present, would separate them from the median bars,
vestigial also between R^ and M- ; the white or yellowish band is a disco-postdiscal
band, the upper two partitions, SC — R', are postdiscal, width of baud as above,
rather wider behind ; postdiscal bars represented by a series of black triangular
or rounded patches which stand a little nearer the white band than the outer edge
of the wing, the posterior patches largest, all bordered at least distally with bluish
or huffish white scales which form generally a heavy M between M- and SM- ; veins

with black, ill-defined spots at ends, and pale ones between. Hindwing : costal

edge thinly white ; basal costal bar separate from veins, but often touching costal
line ; snbbasal bar C — SC absent, seldom vestigial ; submedian costal bar at right
angles to costal margin or inclining distad, 1 to IJ mm. from base of PC, bar
C — SC inclining distad, often touching cell-bar 2, more distal at C than costal
submedian bar, reaching SC- at or before base of R' ; cell-bar 4 in front of base
of M=, anteriorly prolonged along D- and D', mostly joined along R- to bar W ;
median costal bar generally inclining basad, the series of median bars widely
interrupted at veins, but almost straight down to (SM'), bar R-— R^ fnsed with
bar D^; longitudinal lines upon abdominal fold heavy, line SM- — SM' continuous
distally with line SM- ; white diseal baud more or less narrowing abdominad,
reaching abdominal margin, generally with some rufous scales anteriorly (and often
also between R- and R^) at the outer side of the median bars, these scales then
separating the white border of the bars from the band, width of band variable ;
diseal bars C — R' absent, the following ones also often absent, but those beyond
M- generally marked, bordered white distally, placed at the outer edge of the

(431 )

white band ; postdiscal liars represented by black spots, which are halfmoon-shapecl,
bnt have often the middle of the concave outer side somewhat produced, hence
resembling slightly an anchor, bordered pale olive or white or blnisli white distally,
this white scaling produced into a pointed line upon internervular folds SC- — R'
and R^ — M', the series of postdiscal spots about midway between white band and
snbmarginal bars, curving distad lietweeu R' — and R' ; submarginal black tiars
transverse, the series jiarallel to outer margin, interrnpted at veins, bordered
white proximally, very thinly so distally ; bars M^ — SM^ curved, forming with the
respective postdiscal bars a ring ; submarginal interspaces varying from chestnut
red to pale olive ; admargiiial interspaces ochraceous, bordered milky white distally ;
marginal line black, about j mm. broad, continuous; edge of wiug sharply dentate;
tails triangular, mostly sharply pointed ; tooth M' often developed to a third,
shorter, tail.

? . Like S, but larger, wings, especially hindwing, broader, band wider, in
Madagascar form band of forewing anteriorly orange, with spots R' — R^ produced
basad, discal interspaces SC^ — R' also with orange patches ; abdomen beneath witli
a black, broad streak along each side, which is slightly interrupted at edges of
segments.

Length of forewing : <S, 34 — 45 mm.
„ „ ? , 44—50 mm.

Hook of clasper evenly and gently curved (in a dorsal view), slender ; penis
somewhat widened at end, with one single, dorsal, tooth standing about 1 mm.
before the apex ; penis-funnel moderately narrowed towards end, slender, apical
edge produced downwards to a very short tooth.

Hak Africa, south of the Sahara, Madagascar, a common species. We
distinguish five subspecies.

a. Ch. brutus Junius.

Charases hnitus var. Junius Oberthlir, Ann. Mits. Civ. Genova XV. p. 166. D. 47 (1879) (Abyssinia;

June, July, Aug., Sept.) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ah. Handl XXXI. 6. p .231. sub n. 1 (1899)

(Abyss.).
Cliaraxes Junius Oberthur, I.e. XVIII. p. 728. n. 58 (1883) (Fcleklek ; Sciotalit ; Let-Marefia ;

I. II. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII.).
S. Head and prouotum shaded with olive, less bright ferrngiuous than in the
other races ; body below tawny olive, sides of abdomen without white line.

Wings above blackish brown, band maize yellow, no blue scaling at edge of

band. -Forewing : band 6 to 7 mm. broad at SM^, then gradually narrowing to

R^, upper four spots smaller ; marginal spots maize yellow, bat their pro.ximal

edges slightly shaded with buff. Hindwing : band gradually narrowing down

to (SM'), 6 to 7 mm. broad at SC^ 2 mm. at (SM'), reaching abdominal margin,
where it is somewhat dilated again, outer edge of band a little concave between
veins ; admarginal spots subluniform, separated at veins, orange butf, all present,
upper one a dot; submarginal blue dots M- — SM- merged together.

Underside reddish cinnamon rufous from base to discal band ; bars with wide

grey centres, their black colour reduced to thin lines. Forewing : band cream

colour ; outer area of wiug clayish ; postdiscal spots triangular, but rather small,

the upper ones olivaceous ; black scaling at end of veins reduced. Hindwing :

band creamy white ; postdiscal interspace (outside white band) Ua/.el, ochreous
behind ; postdiscal bars as in the other continental forms, but smalffr ; submarginal
interspaces clayish hazel ; submarginal black bars partly obliterated, replaced by

( 432 )

white scaling, bars M" — SM-, however, present, closer to the postdiscal ones than
in the other subspecies ; admarginal interspaces (aual one included) ochreous ;
edge of wing bhmtly dentate, a very short and lihint tooth at M' ; tails shorter,
broader, and less pointed than in the other four races, upper tail 5 mm. lung,
second 4 mm., no tail at M'.

¥. Like c?, but band broader, paler, blue submargiual dots of himhving and
marginal spots of forewing smaller; abdomen lilackisli brown above and below;
underside slightly tawny in middle.

Length of forewing : cj, 44 mm.
„ „ ?,49mm.

Hub. Abyssinia, recorded by Oberthilr from Shoa as being found all the year
round except in March and April ; in the Tring Museum are specimens (received
from the Genoa Museum), labelled Sciotalit, January, and Feleklek, February, 1880
(Antinori).

Dr. Bntler, in his Revision of the genus Charaxes does not mention this
peculiar form.

b. Ch. brutus somalicus Rothsch., subsp. nov.

cJ. Similar to Cli. brutus Junius, discal band of upperside nearly as yellow ;
differs aboce in the band of the forewing being narrower beliind, being about as
wide in somalicus at SM- as it is at M^ in Junius ; further, in the baud of the
hindwiug being anteriorly also narrower than in Junius, having the greatest width
at W, and in the slightly thinner admarginal lunules. On the underside the basal
area is coloured as in brutus brutus, tlie bars are, however, as grey as in Junius,
but a little broader ; the postdiscal black sj)ots of both wings are larger than in
Junius ; the submargiual bars as heavy as in brutus brutus ; snbmarginal interspaces
more olive than in brutus brutus, much wider thau in brutus Junius, white discal
band narrower than in the latter form ; body as in Junius.

Bab. Harrar Highlands, Somaliland, 1 c? in tlie British Museum.

c. Ch. brutus angustus.

Charnres bniitis, Druce (^noii Cramer, 1779), Pror. Zoo!. Soc. Loud. p. 412 (1875) (Angola);
Pliitz, Sletl. Ent. Zed. XLI. p. 11)4. n. 102 (1880) (Cameroons, vii. ix. .\.) ; Dewitz, Nov.
Act. Lcop. Car. Ak. Niiturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 371 (1887) (Mukenge) ; Capronn., C. R. Soc. Eut.
Belg. XXXIII. p. 125. n. 6.'') (1889) (Kassai) ; Smith, Pioc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 472. n. 84
(1890) (Aruwimi) ; Godm. & Salv., ia Jameson, Story Hear Column p. 440. n. 79 (1890)
(Aruwimi) ; Sharpe, fris IV. p. 58. n. 57 (1 891) (Bauggala) ; Auriv., Enl. 7'idskr. XII. p. 215.
n. 130 (1891) (Cameroons) ; id., I.e. XV. p. 310. n. 18G (1894) (Cameroons, ii. xi.) ; Butl.,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 350. n. 1 (1890) (pt. ; Cameroons ; Angola) ; Auriv., Kongl.
Sv. Vet. Ak. Hand}. XXXI. 5. p. 231. n. 1 (1899) (pt. ; Congo; Banggala, Kassai, Aruwimi ;
Mukenge ; Angola ; Cameroons).

<J ¥ . Similar to natalensis, but diifers as follows : —

Wings above with a narrow band, that of forewing measuring only 2A to 4 mm.
before SM-, band of hindwing gradually decreasing in width behind ; very little or
no olive bine scaling along band on eitiier wing ; marginal spots of forewing
vestigial or absent, the posterior ones generally absent, but sometimes all as well
marked as in natalensis ; no admarginal spots on hindwing.

Underside : bars on the whole heavier than in natalensis, basal area red che.st-
nut ; of the discal series of bars of the liindwing bars (! — BI' or C — M" absent,
interspaces between white band and black postdiscal bars tawny ochraceous, while
the snbmarginal interspaces are reddish chestnut.

( 433 )

Length of forewing : cj, 42 — 46 mm.
,, ,, ?, 47 — 54 mm.

Hah. Augola to Niger, gradually merging into brutus hrutiis. In the Triug
Mnsenm 18 cjcj, 4 ? ? from: Congo: Leojmldville, Kassai, Upoto {ti/pe 1), Lnkolele:
two and four days' march from Ft. Beni, Great Forest, May 6. 8. '99 (Dr. Ansorge) ;
Angola ; Cameroons ; Old Calabar.

Our specimens of Ch. brutus from Ran, Nandi, Uganda Protectorate, Fajao, and
Unyoro agree on the whole better with the following form than with angustus ; the
fresh specimens have the band of the upperside rather yellowish, somewhat like
somalicas.

d. Ch. brutus brutus.

Papilio Eques Achirus biiitiis Cramer, I.e.

Papilio Equps Achivus cajus Herbst, I.e.

Eriboea bruUi. (!), Hiibner, Verz. heh. Schmett. p. 46. n. 422 (1816-27).

NymphaVi^ hrulliis (!), Godart, Euc. MM. IX. p. 351. n. 3. (1823) (Guinea).

Chm-axcB biiilus, Doubleday, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. JIus. I. p. HI (1844) (S. Leone) ; Butl.,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Loml. p. 625. n. 9 (1865) (S. Leone ; Guinea) ; Staud., E.rol. Tiigf. p. 160

(1886) ; Mab., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6). X. p. 23 (1890) (Assinie) ; Karscb, Enl. Nadu: XVUI.

p. 176. n. 48 (1892) (Togo) ; id., Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVIII. p. 190. n. 50 (1893) (Adeli,

July to Sept.) ; Schaus & Clements, fiierra Leuiif Lepid. p. 8 (1893) ; Butl., Jouni. Linn. Soc.

L'init. XXV. p. 350 n. 1 (1896) (pt. ; S. Leone ; Accra) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl.

XXXI. 5. p. 231. n. 1 (1899) (pt. ; S. Leone ; Ashanti ; Ivory Coast ; Togo ; Fernando Po).
Nymphalis brutus, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diuru. Lep. II. p. 308. n. 5 (18.50) (S. Leone ;

Guinea) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 268. n. 8 (1871).

(? ?. Like brutus angustus, bnt band of forewing 5 to 8 mm. broad before SM"
in (J, T to 9 mm. in ? .

There are seldom traces of pale blue admarginal spots on the hindwing.

Hab. Sierra Leone to the Niger ; common. In the Tring Museum 10 c? c?, 0 ? ?
from : Sierra Leone ; Coomassie ; Accra ; Manfd ; 0. Calabar. The specimens from
Cameroons belong mostly to angustus, or are intermediate.

In the width of the band this form comes much nearer natalensis than does
angustus, though the latter is geographically intermediate.

e. Ch. brutus natalensis.

Nymphalis brutus, Trimen {non Cramer, 1779), Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 173. n. 100 (1862) (Natal).

Charaxes brutus var. Butler, Proc. Znol. Soc. Lund. p. 625 sub, n. 9 (1865). (Pt. Natal).

Charaxes brutus, Gooch, Entoni. XIV. p. 6 (1881) (Natal ; larva noticed) ; Spiller, ibid. XV. p. 8
(1882) (Natal) ; Trim. & Bowk., S. Afr. Butt. I. p. 335. n. Ill (1887) (pt. ; Nat.il ; Caffraria) :
Montoiro, Delagoa Bay p. 220 (1891) ; Butl., Proc Zoul. Soc. Land. p. 253. n. 10 (1895)
(Zomba) ; id.. I.e. p. 720. n. 5 (1895) (Zomba) ; id., Joum. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 350. n. 1
(1896) (pt. ; Nat.-il ; Delag. Bay ; Zomba; KUimandjaro ; Taita) ; Dist., Ami. Mag. N. H.
(7). I. p. 51 (1898)) (Barberton).

Chara.ces brutus var tuitalensis Staudinger, E.rot. Tagf. p. 169. (1886) (Natal) ; Lanz, Iris IX. p. 140.
(1896) (Parumbira, Tanganyika, October) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sr. Vet. Ah. Hnndl. XXXI. 5. p. 231.
sub n. 1 (1899) (KafFraria ; Natal ; Zambesi ; Delagoa B. ; Parumbira, Tanganyika).

c?. Head and pronotum deep ferruginous, abdomen beneath orange in middle,
white at sides.

Wings above, purjilish black, band white, sometimes cream colour, obviously

edged with pale blue from M-' of forewing to (SM') of hindwing. Forewing :

band broad behind, considerably narrowing costad, 8 to 10 mm. wide at SM-, 5 to
6 mm. at M", and 3 or 4 mm. between M' and M^ two upper spots often minute,
especially in Natal individuals ; marginal spots distinct, white, pro.ximally somewhat

(434)

bnffish. Hindwiug : bluish border of band wide, especially proxiraally in and

behind cell ; admarginal spots cream colonr, blnish at and bnffish between veins, iu
most individuals widely interrupted between veins, but sometimes the halfmoons
complete ; blue submarginal dots varying in number from 2 to 5.

Undi'rside : reddish chestnut up to median bars or almost ferruginons ; discal
bars R' — SM- of hindwing more or less heavily marked, often also bar SC^ — R'
present ; postdiscal interspaces (between white band and postdiscal bars) of the
same or nearly the same tint as the submarginal interspaces ; wing strongly
dentate, tails long and pointed.

?. Like J, abdomen beneath pale orange with two black, slightly interrupted
lines.

Wings, above : more brown, less deep black than in S, band wider than in c?.

Forewing : baud 10 to 12 mm. broad at SM", the upper spots often orange

distally, spots R' — R^ elongate in most specimens, shorter in those from Natal than
in individuals from tropical East Africa, sometimes there is a very faint vestige
of the discal spots SO* — R' present iu Ch. brutns am/ara ? ; marginal spots dull
orange, whitish in middle at edge of wing. — —Hindwing: admarginal spots seldom
vestigial only, occasionally not interrupted between veins, smaller in Natal speci-
mens than individuals from tropical E. Africa.

Underside exhibits the same distinguishing characters as (J, tooth at M' com-
paratively shorter than in S.

Length of forewing : c?, 37—45 mm.
„ „ ? , 42—50 mm.

Penis as in andara with a minnte tooth shortly behind the snbapical tooth.

Hab. East Africa, from Natal to the Tanganyika, Kilimandjaro and the coast
regions of German East Africa, not found in the Cape Colony, and not yet recorded
from the coast districts of British East Africa. In the Tring Museum 11 S3,
14?? from: Natal: Rikatla, Delagoa Bay ; Mozambique; Dar-es-Salaam ; Taveta
(July); Zomba and Lauderdale, Nyassaland ; Parambira, October 22nd and Novem-
ber 7th (Dr. Ansorge).

The larva was discovered by Mr. Gooch. Dr. Trimen, I.e., describes the
caterpillar and chrysalis as follows : —

" Larva. — Bright yellowish green (covered with minute yellow granules) ;
second and last segments of a much duller green than the others. On each side of
back a row of cuneiform yellowish marks, broad anteriorly, and deflected upward
and posteriorly, narrowing to a point before hind-edge of the segment. On seventh
segment a yellow-circular dorsal marking with a brown centre. Head light green ;
the frontal horns short and tipjied with cobalt-blue, — the two outer horns shorter
than the two middle ones ; mandibles light blue tijiped with black. (W. D. Gooch,
MS. description and outline drawing of Natalian larva, 1874).

" Captain H. C. Harford, who also observed the larva in Natal, saw the ova
deposited on the leaves of the Seringa {Melia azedarach), and noted that they were
at first pale yellow, but became in a few hours reddish brown. From an egg that
was watched on a leaf out of doors the larva was hatched on the eighth day after its
deposit. It was brownish green, with the head and horns brown, and the caudal
processes very long and curved inward. After the first moult, it was dark olive
green, with a slight indication of a pale spot on the back of the seventh segment ;
the head being of a darker brown, but the horns lighter at the tip ; while the anal
processes were light ashy grey. After the second moult, it became dark green

( 435 )

miiintely irrorated with white, and showed the whitish spot on the second segment
much more distinctly; the head was larger in proportion to the body, and presented
an ochreons line running along the sides and along onter edge of the horns. After
the third moult, it remained of the same dark green, but the white dorsal spot was
circled with light blue. (This larva does not appear to have been described by
Captain Harford in its final stage).

" Pupa. — Bright green ; spiracles reddish brown ringed with white, diminishing
in size towards last segment; projections of head tipped with white; some confluent
white spots on wing covers. Head rather acutely bitid; thorax very convex;
wings forming slight lateral projections ; abdomen making a great angle at the
segment in a line with apex of wing-covers, the last segment prolonged into a pedicel
bearing four tubercles. (H. C. Harford, MS. notes on Natalian pupa, 1809)."

About the habits of Ch. brutus natalensis we learn from Dr. Trimen that he
" frequently met with this fine Charaxes at Port Natal, and managed to capture a
good many specimens at the ' sucking places ' (on stems or branches of trees where
moisture exuded) so specially attractive to butterflies of this group. On the wing,
brutus is one of the very swiftest of Nymphalidas, and it is difficult to follow its
flight, except when it is chasing another of its species, or some competitor at the
drinking stations mentioned. I noted examples in February, March, and April,
and Colonel Bowker took several in August in the same locality ; while in Kaffraria
he had noticed the butterfly's occurrence in March, May, and June."

The individuals from the Tanganyika region connect ncUalensis with the West
African forms.

/. Ch. brutus andara.

Charaxes andara Ward, Ent. Mo. Jhjg. IX. p. 2li;i (1873) (Madagascar) ; Saalm., Li-p. .Vail. p. 88.
n. 128 (1884); Mab., in Grandid., Hisl. Matlag. Up. I. p. 187. t. 22. f. 4. 5. G (1887) (Tamatave;
Foulepointe) ; Butl., Jowra. Liim. Snc. Land. XXV. p. 351. n. 2 (1896) (Antananarivo ; Ft.
Dauphin) ; Auriv., Kongl. St: Vet. AL Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 231. n. 2 (1899) (Madag.)

jj. Edges of abdominal segments above sometimes slightly grey. Wings
above with a violet tint ; band conspicuously edged with pale blue from M- of

forewing to (SM') o( hindwing. Forewing ; band 6 to 8 mm. broad before SM°

(inclusive of blue border), patch M' — M^ 3 to 4 mm. wide, spot R^ — R'' generally
elongate, narrow, sometimes prolonged to bar D, but its proximal portion then
shaded with brown, spot R' — R^ often also elongate, spots SC^ — R' mostly bluish,
small, often only vestigial ; marginal spots white as a rule, often slightly orange
proximally, in one specimen (in Mr. Grose-Smith's collection) all orange and rather

larger than usually. Hindwing: two submarginal dots M' — SM-, blue ; admarginal

bluish creamy white line seldom continuous, mostly very widely interrupted between
veins, there remaining only triangular spots at the ends of the veins, these spots
extending into tails, anal admarginal spot, however, linear and transverse, bluish
olive ; discal band stopping at (SM').

U»dersif/e rufous red from base to discal band, bars without grey centres.

Forewing : cell-bar 3 somewhat rounded, 4 rather slender, as is bar D ; median bars
SC — R- also slender, bars SC'^ — R- each very much longer than broad (a part of
white border) discal bars SC^ — R' dark olive ; outer area of wing from white band
to margin tawny ochraceous ; black postdiscal patches R' — M' rather smaller than

in the continental forms, less pointed. ^Ilindwing : basal costal bar not touching

white costal edge, often rounded, almost circular, white band posteriorly as well as
anteriorly with ])rown spots or vestiges of such ; interspace between white discal

( 436 )

band and black postdiscal bars cinnamon rufons, as a rnle darker than basal area ;
postdiscal bars C— M- transverse, not or slightly curved, rather thin, not dilated
iu middle, edged olive distally ; submarginal iutersj»ace chestnut, seldom rufous
chestnut, mnch wider than in the other forms, bar R' — R^ 5 mm. distant from
submarginal bar, much shaded with white distally, interspaces M' — SM- olive, with
bine and white submarginal dots ; sul)marginal bars blackish olive, transverse,
linear ; wing more heavily dentate than iu the continental forms, tail R' 7 to 8 mm.
long, tail M' 3 to u mm., tail M- 6^ to 7i mm.

?. Winffs above less blaish than in <?.— — Forewing : costal margin more or
less tawny ; band pale orange, white from M- backwards, posteriorly edged with
pale blue at both sides, bnt especially pro.\imally, 10 mm. broad at SM", patch
W — M' 7 mm. long, oblique proximally, patch R- — R' extended to bar U, patch
Ri — R- about twice as long as broad, with two discal spots in front, besides the
two rounded postdiscal spots SC* — R', discal spot S(J* — R' rather larger, produced
distad along R' and mostly joined to the postdiscal spot, discal spot HV* — SC linear,

an orange streak also in front of HC* ; marginal spots pale orange. Hindwing :

band broadly bordered with bluish white proximally, basal lialf of abdominal fold
also milky white, pale blue distal border of band gradually narrowing costad ; blue
submarginal dots M^ — SM^ heav)-, fused together as a rule, dot M' — M^ often
present ; admarginal line orange between, cream}' buS' or blnish at veins, nearly
continuous, or iuterrupteil at the veins, often obsolete from C to R', anal portion as
in (?, but wider.

Underside : as iu S , but submarginal area of hindwing more olive and white,
the chestnut scaling very much reduced, sometimes almost entirely replaced by
olive and white ; tails and teeth as in t?, rather broader at base and longer.
Length of forewiug : c?, 34 — 41 mm.
„ „ ? , 42—46 mm.

Penis sometimes with a second, very small, tooth situated behind the ordinary
tooth present in all forms of brutus, agreeing with that of nataleiisis.

Hub. Madagascar, apparently all over the island in suitable localities ; a forest
insect. In the Tring Bluseum 8 c?<J, 2 ? ¥, partly from Morondawa.

The female is very different from those of the continental brutus on account of
the development of the discal interstitial patches of the forewiug above ; this con-
spicuous difference, however, does not justify specific separation, because traces of
the discal parts of those j)atches are fonud also in continenta.\ Jemales.

P. Black j)ostdiscal bars of hindwing below absent, or represented by elongate
triangular, longitudinal spots, their grey distal borders present, upper
ones long, curved proximally towanls the veins, the lines in the same
cellule forming distally an acute angle, but do not always reach one
another.

/{'. Bars in basal half of underside all black, not centred grey.

58. Charaxes castor.

Papilio Equen Achirug aietor Cramer, Prip. Exot. I. p. Gl. t. 37. f. c. D. (1775) (Guinea).
PapiUo Eques Achivus poUux, Fabricius (non Cramer, 1775), Gen. Ins. p. 251 (1776).

S S . Body above olive, with a faint russet tint anteriorly, white dots on head
more or less obvious, line behind eye conspicuous ; underside olive black, faintly
russet ; palpi with a very broad white stripe, breast obliipiely striped huffish white.

( 437 )

segments of abdomen edged white, this colour laterally fused to a streak, forelegs
black above, white beneath, other legs black, densely scaled huffish white, exccjjt
upperside of femora.

cJ. Wi/iffs abocc purplish black, base of hindwing more sepia colour, base of

forewing occasionally faintly chocolate. Forowing : elongate, median bars often

vestigial in side-light, cell occasionally with one or two ochraceous buff dots at the
distal and jiroximal edge respectively of the large cell-bar 4, corresjionding to the
anterior portions of the apical and subapical interspaces of the cell below; a band of
discal interstitial spots from SC^ to internal margin, pale ochraceous or butF, the band
widely interrupted at R-, the two upper spots being more distal than the other
jiatches which stand in a straight row, last three patches up to M- continuous (veiu
SM-, however, thinly black), 4 to 7 mm. broad before SM-, jiatch M' — M- narrower,
somewhat halfmoon-shaped, more distal, patch R^— M' again narrower, halfmoon-
shaped, again more distal, spot R- — R' much smaller, elongate, just in front of
l)atch R' — ]\'P, 4 to 6 mm. from cell, spots SC^ — R- smaller, nearly square, the
upper of the two somewhat oblique, the second slightly concave proximally and
often also concave distally ; this baud of patches is followed by a postdiscal series
of six interstitial spots of the same colour, the series slightly curved, upijermost
spot the largest, subrotundate, or proximally concave, G or 7 mm. from outer margin,
about 3 mm. wide, the others gradually approaching discal patches, spot R^ — M'
often, spot M^ — M^ always touching discal patches at veins M' and M- respectively,
halfmoon-shaped, sometimes these last two spots fused with the discal patches at
both ends, thus entirely isolating the respective black jjostdiscal spots ; fringe thinly,
white between veins ; marginal iuternervular spots, if present, minute, creamy

white. Hindwing : median bars C — R' seldom separated from the black basal

area by some creamy buff scaling ; a triangular ochraceous buff or pale buff band,
nearly white at costal margin, seldom reaching M-, often much shortened, 6 to 8 mm.
broad at SC-, externally sinuate at SC- and R' in many specimens, the outer edge of
liand at R' very little distal of, or just at base of M' ; apex of cell often shaded with
creamy buff; four or five blue submargiual dots, the last two fused, with white
centres ; a series of admarginal interstitial spots, upper one or two ochraceous, the
following more or less pale blue, often creamy at veins, last one or two greenish
olive buff, spot C — SC- generally triangular, the others transverse, mostly produced
distad at veins, narrowed or interrupted at iuternervular folds, spot SC- — M- thinner
between veins than the black marginal line ; fringe conspicuously white between

veins. Underside: basal area chestnut or black, with intergradations, black bars

very heavy, nearly the same in position as in Cli. pelias, jason, epijasitis %nAliansali,

white borders of bars heavy. Forewing: cell-bar 3 ovate ; bar D widened in

front ; submedian and median bars M' — SC- close together, mostly fused or joined
together, median bar R= — R' separated from bar D by the white border line,
median bars SC* — R^ fused to a broad band which is narrowest costally ; black
discal spots SC — M- ])laced as in the allied species, ui)per two much larger than
tlie others, discal interspaces creamy white, interspace SC^ — R' generally with
an ochraceous spot ; jjostdiscal interstitial band yellow ochraceous or buff, posterior
patches transverse, often luniform, upper ones more rounded, touching the black
discal spots or being separated from them by white scaling ; black jiostdiscal
jiatches heavy, rounded distally, patches M- — SM- not separated or incised at
(SM'), but faintly emarginate distally, as is patch M' — M^ iu many specimens,
the patches bordered distally, seldom also proximally (the last ones always

( 438 )

•excepted), with olive grey, this scaling forming generally a kind of bracket ],
being externally limited by a series of thin, black, snbmarginal bars, which mostly
<;nrve basad at ends ; veins olive grey near ends, Imt black at edge of wing, white
internervular marginal dots minute, or as large as the black transverse spots at ends

of veins. Hindwing : median bars somewhat more proximal than in the allied

species, except Ch. //fu/suli, basal costal bar less S-sliaped tlian in /lansali ; white
discal interstitial band widest in front, variable in width ; of the discal series of
bars only bars M' — SJP and R- — R' present ; j)0stdiscal interstitial band chestnut,
very broad, seldom less broad than the submarginal interspaces, mostly slightly
separated into patches by the thinly grey veins, the band proximally sinuated
between R- and R', patches R^ — M- generally rounded i)roxinially, the band
continued to abdominal margin by a pale ochreous luniform patch of nearly
even width ; black jwstdiscal bars inconspicuous, bordered externally by grey lines
which form, as in the allied sj)ecies, acute angles upon and between the veins, lines
touching SC- and R' long ; submarginal black bars transverse, bars M' — SM^ or
R' — SM- larger, submarginal intersjjaces olive, interspace M- — SM- large, upper
ones more or less heavily shaded with bluish grey, blue and white submarginal dots
obvious, except upper ones ; admarginal interspaces pale ochreous, slightly edged
with pale blue, especialh' at veins ; black marginal line often heavier than the
admargiual intersjiaces, broadest between veins as a rnle ; edge of wing obviously
dentate, two tails, upper one acute, 4 to 7 mm. long, second of nearly even width,
6 to 9 mm. long.

?. Larger than S, paler, the discal interstitial band of the wing above on the
whole wider, tails longer, the second or both slightly spatulate and curving a
little frontad.

Length of forewing : i, 44 — .53 mm.
„ „ ? , 51 — 61 mm.

Sexual armature similar to that of Ch. Jason ; penis with a few minute teeth
immediately behind the heavy subapical tooth.

Hab. A common species in tropical Africa, not foimd in Cape Colony and Natal,
replaced in Abyssinia by Ch. hansali.

a. Ch. castor flavifasciatus.

Charaxes hamuli var., Slaudinger, &o^ Tuiif. p. 168 (1886) (Zanzibar, mainland).

Charaxes castor, Trimen & Bowk., S. Afr. Butt. I. p. 338. n. 112 (1887) ; lid., I.e. III. p. 407

(1889) (Barberton); Pagenst., Jalirb. Wisseiisch. A:i.it. Hambuiy. X. 2. p. 26. n. 53 (1893)

(E. Ungu, IX.) ; Trimen, Proc. Zoul. Hoc. Load. p. 41. n. 'IS (1894) (Manica) ; Holland, Proc.

U. States A'lil. .Vus. XVIII. p. 262 (1895) (Somaliland) ; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Son. Land. p. 533.

n. 33. (1896) (Darro MU., Somaliland, XI.) : Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXY. p. 353. n. 10

(1896) (pt. ; Tanganyika; Mamboia).
Charaxes hansali, Butler (non Felder, 1867), Ami. .Mag. N. H. (6). VII. p. 42. n. 9 (1891) (Kandere

and Nguru, Germ. E. Afr., Oct. Nov.).
Charaxes castor Crann. \AT_tiari/asciatus Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 251. n. 5 (1895) (Zomba) ;

id., I c. p. 852. n. 9 (1896) (Nyassaland) ; id., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 353. n. 10 (1896)

(pt. ; Del. Bay ; Zomba ; Zambesi ; Centr. Afr. ; " Upp. Egypt " loc. err. ? an hansali ?) ;

Auriv., Kongl. Sc. Vet. Ah: Hamll. XXXI. 5. p. 232. sub n. 4 (18il9) (Del. Bay ; Zambesi ;

Hanica ; Nyassa ; Parumbira ; Brit. E. Afr.).
Charaxes Jiavi/ascialus Butler, Ann. Mug. iV. //. (6). XVIII. p. 68. n. 2 (1896) (Nyassaland).
Charaxes castor var. orientalis Stand, {sic!), Lanz, Iris IX. p. 140 (1896) (Parumbira, Oct.).

<J ? . Wings above : discal band pale buff yellow, seldom of the same ochraceous
tint as in the western form. Forewing : marginal internervular bullish white

(439 ) ■

spots present, seldom only vestigial ; basal area iu most individuals rather paler,
cell-bar 4 often vestigial, not rarely bordered by two pale buff spots ; some indi-
viduals, especially ? ? , bave a vestige of a pale bntf spot before the base of R'. •

Hindwing : snbmarginal interstitial lunules mostly not interrupted at ioteruervular
folds in c?.

Underside : interspaces in basal area chestnut, very seldom black, bars rather

thinner than iu the west coast form. Forewing : postdiscal pale ocliraceous spots

not touching black discal spots ; marginal white spots conspicuous. Hindwing :

chestnut band on the whole less broad than in castor castor, more deeply siiuiate
distally at 0, SC", and R\ the sinus sometimes extending to near proximal edge
of this baud ; submargiual bars and marginal line rather thinner than in castor
castor, hence pale yellow admarginal interspaces larger.

«'. Ch. castor flavifasciatus f. flavifasciatus.

Interspaces of basal half of underside chestnut.
This is the ordinary East African form.

i'. Ch. castor flavifasciatus f. reimeri Rothsch., nov.

Interspaces of basal half of underside black. Type from Dar-es-Salaam.

This form is very rare.

In a gynandromorpbous individual in the Tring Museum from Mikindani,
German E. Africa, collected by Herr Reimer, the interspaces of the basal area of the
underside are chestnut on the c?-wings, black on the ? -wings.

Hub. East Africa, from Nyassaland and Delagoa Bay to Somaliland. In the
Tring Museum 18 tJcJ, 8 ¥ ? from: Delagoa Bay; Likoma, Nyassa, vi. vii.; Zomba,
December 1895 (Dr. P. Rendall) ; Parumbira, October (Dr. Ansorge) ; Mikindani ;
Lindi ; Taveta, vi. vii. '90 ; Dar-es-Salaam.

b. Ch. castor castor.

Papllio Eqiies Arkifus cantor Cramer, I.e.

Papilio Eques Achirus jmlhix, Fabricius (uon Cramer, 1775), Ge/i. Iiis. p. 251 (1776) ; Goeze, Enl.

Beijtr. III. 1. p. 75. n. 17 (1779) ; Fabr., Spec. Li.i. II. p. 11. n. 45 (1781) ; id., Mend. Lis. II.

p. 6. n. 49 (1787) ; Herbst, Naturs. SchmHt. IV. p. GO. n. 15-2. t. 63. f. 3. 4 (1790) ; Gmelin,

Syst. Nat. I. 5. p. 2-235. n. 302 (1790).
Papilio Nymjihatis pulhi.r,, Fabricius, E)it. Syst. III. 1. p. 63. n. 197 (1793).
Eriboca castoris (!), Hiibner, Verz. hek. Schmett. p. 47. n. 426 (1810-27).
Nymphilis pijllu.r, Godart, Eiic. Metli. IX. p. 352. n. 5 (1823) (Guinea) ; Lucas, Lcp. Ex. p. 119.

t. 62. f . 1 (1835) (Guinea) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew., Goi. Diuni. Lrp. II, p. 308. d. 4 (18.=)0) ;

Kirby, Cat. Dinrn. Lrp. p. 267. n. 3. (1871) (pt.).
Charaxes polluT, Doubleday, L/.s-( Sj>ec. Lep. Lis. Brit. Mus. I. p. 110 (1844) (Ashanti) ; Feisth.,

Ami. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 255. n. 8. t. 9. f. 1. ? (1850) (Senegal) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnnd.

p. 623. n. 3. (1805) (Ashanti ; Guinea).
Charti.rcs castor, Butler, Cat. Diiirn. Lep. ticsir. Fithr. p. 53. n. 15 (1869) (S. Leone) ; Druce, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 412 (1875) (Angola) ; Stand., Exot. Tar/f. p. 168 (1886) (Senegal, Cameroons,

Fernando Po) ; Capi-onn., C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXXIII. p. 146. n. 75 (1889) (Gaboon) ; Mab.,

Ann. Soc. Ent. Pr. (0). X. p. 23 (1890) (Assinie) ; MOsch., Ahh. Senk. Ges. XV. p. 61 (1890)

(Aburi) ; Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 472. n. 83 (1800) (Aruwimi) ; Godm. ct Salv., in

Jameson, Story of Rmr Column, p. 4.39. n. 78 (1890) (Aruwimi) ; Auriv., Ent. Tidskr. XII.

p. 214. n. 135 (1891) (Cameroon.«) : Karsch, Ent. Nachr. XVIII. p. 176. n. 51 (1892) (Togo) ;

id., Berl. Enl. Zeilschr. XXXVIII. p. 187. n. 51 (1893) (Adeli) ; Auriv., I.e. XV. p. 309. n. 184

(1894) (Cameroons, IV. XI.) ; Butl., .Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 353. n. 10 (1890) (pt. ;

S. Lcono ; Ashanti ; 0. Calabar ; Cameroons ; Angola ; Fernando Po) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv.

( 440 )

Vet. Ak. Hnndl. XXXI. 5. p. 232. n. 4 (1899) (Senegal ; S. Leone ; Ivory Coast ; Ashanti ;

Togo ; Cameroons ; Congo).
Xympluilh cfi.iloi; Kirby, l,c. p. 267. n. 7. (1871) (pt.) ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leop. Car. Al: yaliirf.

XLI. 2. 2. p. 8. 28 (1879) (N. Angola).
Charaxes castor va.r. Jlavi/asciatus, Butler, l.r. (pt. ; Accra).

<? ¥ . Winffs above : baud pale ochraeeons. Forewiiig : marginal spots absent

or vestigial, the white scaling generally restricted to the fringe. Hiudwing :

posterior admarginal, ])ale hlne, spots interrupted as a rule.

Vnfkrsidi; : interspaces in liasal area varying from black to chestnnt.

Forewing: orange ocliraceons postdiscal ])atche8 deeper in tint than m Jlavifasciatus,
in most specimens touching the black discal spots ; black, snlimarginal, bracket-
shaped bars heavier than in the eastern form ; white marginal dots minute.

Hindwing : postdiscal chestnut band less deeply triangularly sinuate externally at
veins than m ^finvi/a.^ciatus, the sinus less pointed ; black admarginal line as wide
as, or wider than, admarginal interspaces.

c\ Ch. castor castor f. castor.

Interspaces in basal area of mvhrmh chestnut or deep cinnamon rufous.

This form is comparatively rare. K fe.mnU from "Warri with short, uon-spatnlate
tails, has the rufous chestnut baud of the umlcr.sidi' of the hindwing very narrow,
the patches composing the band are, in fact, smaller than the respective submarginal
interspaces, patch R' — R- (for instance) measuring ii to 4 mm. in width.

(IK Ch. castor castor f. godarti.

Ckuraxes castor var. et ab. godnrti Aurivillius, l.r.

Interspaces in basal area of underside black. This is the usual West African

form.

Hab. Senegambia to Angola, Upper Congo, Unyoro, Uganda as far east as the
Nandi country. In the Tring Blusenm :^n SS, 10 ? ? from: Sierra Leone; Gold
Coast ; Warri, Niger, January and July (Dr. Roth) ; ( !ameroons ; Congo : Stanley
Pool to Lukolele, Bopoto, Kassai; Fajao, Unyoro, 22. vii. '9T (Dr. Ansorge); Patsho,
Nandi country, Uganda Protectorate, 1 1 . xii. 'Ofi, and Rau, Nandi country, 14. iii. '98
(Dr. Ansorge).

Why Prof. Aurivillius calls the form godnrti " var. et ab.'' we do not under-
stand ; the name of the West African " var.," = subspecies = geographical race, is
Ch. castor castor ; godarti is one of the two forms of this dichromatic subspecies.

l^. Bars in basal half of underside with greyish olive centres.

z'. Upperside with a broad maize yellow or orange band across both wings.
2°. Discal interstitial band of ujiperside maize yellow.

59. Charaxes hansali.

Charaxes han»aU Felder, Reiae Novara, Lqy. p. 446. n. 728. t. 59. f. 3. 4 (1867) (Bogos) ; Oberth.,
Aim. Mm. Ch: Genom XV. p. 166. n. 46 and p. 184. n. 25 (1879) (Shoa, July, Aug.) ; id.,
I.e. XVIII. p. 727. n. 57. (1883) (Ambo-Karra, VIII.) ; Butl., Jo,ir„. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV.
p. 353. n. 9 (189G) (Bogos, Abyssinia) ; Sharpe, Proc. Zonl. Soc. Land. p. 370. n. 12 (1898)
(Somaliland, Wagga, 6000 ft., Feb.) ; Auriv., Koiigl Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 233.
n. 6 (1899) (Bogos ; Somaliland).

Xijmphdis hanmVi, Kirby, Cat. Dhini. Lrji. p. 267. n. 5. (1871) (Bogos).

<S ? . Bodi/ above olivaceous russet, abdomen russet olive ; dot before antenna
and line behind eye conspicuous; underside as in pelias, red brown stripes less bright,

( 441 )

hazel colour, abdomen white, with a rather narrow brown median line, ventral edge
of pal])i brown.

(?. Wififfs similar in jiattern and shajje to those of CA. pelias saturnus.

Vpperside brownish black, pnrplish, basal area rnsset or sepia colour, discal

band, postdiscal and admarginal spots maize yellow. Forewing : cell-bar 3

vestigial, 4 mostl}' large and fused with bar D and the series of median bars, the
rnsset or sepia colour stopi)ing midway between M- and M' ; median bars JP — S]VP
ill-defined proximally, continuous, bar R' — M' about 3 mm. more distal, continuous
with bar R^ — R^, bars SC — R- again about 4 mm. more distal, also fused together,
the whole area between these median bars and cell-bar 4 more or less uniformly
black, the jiroximal limits of the median bars SC'' — 51' being generally vestigial
only in side-light ; on account of the position of the median bars the yellow discal
band consists of three portions, which are again divided by the veins, last
portion about (3 mm. broad, portion R' — M' 4 mm., jiortion S(''^ — R' (sometimes
with a streak before SC*) 3 mm. broad and scarcely toucliing portion H' — M',
concave pro.ximally ; the discal bars SC — M' are fused together and joined along
veins to postdisco-marginal area, hence the yellow postdiscal interspaces reduced to
a series of spots of which spots R' — M' are minute or just traceable, while spot
SC!' — >SC^ is 2 to 4 mm. long and H to 2 mm. broad ; marginal sjwts, especially the

middle ones, less extending proximad than in pelias. Hindwing : discal band

extending to M-, somewhat narrowing behind, basal area shaded at band with maize
yellow scales, median bar C — SC^ visible ; abdominal fold grey, brown median bars
M- — SRP often vestigial, sejsarating a triangular patch near anal angle from rest of
abdominal fold, outer edge of band slightly concave from C to R^, often rounded-
sinuate between R^ and M', M' and M-, crossing R at bent of this vein and M'
4 to 5 mm. from its base ; 3 to 5 blue snbmarginal spots, last two fused together ;
series of admarginal, maize yellow, interspaces complete, the interspaces separated,
about as thick as the black marginal line, transverse, anal one greenish.

Underside hazel, much less bright red than in Ch. pelias, postdiscal band of
interstitial patches of about the same colour as the basal area, discal band cream}',

bars in basal area as in Ck. pelias saturnus. Forewing : olive black, discal spots

SC'* — IVP as in saturnus, jiostdiscal interstitial patches gradually smaller towards
SC"*, the upper patches not larger than the respective black discal spots, the white
interspaces at their proximal side abont as large as those patches, much larger than
in Ck. pelias ; black jjostdiscal spots as in saturnus ; marginal intersjiaces creamy

white at edge of wing. Hindwing : median bars rather heavier than submedian

ones, submedian longitudinal liar M- — (>S5r) joined to short median bar M" —
(SM') ; discal bar R- — R^ heavy, discal bur M'— M- present as a thin line ; no
red brown patch before 0 at outer side of costal median bar ; postdiscal hazel-
coloured band narrower than in saturnus, the grey angles less conspicuous ;
jiostdiscal black bars C — R- represented by longitudinal spots ; nearly all the blue
snbmarginal dots marked ; admarginal intersj)aces as wide as in ordinary saturnus,
creamy white, greenish buff ))roximally, n]iper ones somewhat ochraceons, anal one
greenish buff; dentition of wing as in C/(. pelias saturnus, upper tail 5 to (i mm.
long, second 8 to 9 mm.

? . Like i, larger, postdiscal interstitial spots R' — M- of the upperside of the
forewing larger ; njijier tail 11 mm., second 12 mm.
Length of forewing : i, 41 — 43 mm.
„ „ ? , 50 mm.

30

( 442 )

Penis similar in shape to that of Ch. pelias ; besides the subapical tootli, which
is stroug, there is farther back a series of teeth of which the three last ones are
dorsal, the others sinistro-lateral.

Hab. Abyssinia ; Bogos and Shea ; the mountainous parts of Somaliland
bordering on Abyssinia. In the Tring Mnseum A S <S , 1 ?.

j". Discal interstitial band of npperside ochraeeous to orange.
(5i). Charaxes pelias.

Popilio Eques Achirus pelias Cramer, Pup. Exut. I. p. 5. t. 3. f. c. u (1775) (Cap. b. sp.).
Pajnlio Eques Arhirus cuslor, Fabricius, Gen. Inn. p. 251. n. 30 — 31 (177G) (pt.).
Papilio Eques Achirus poUu.r., Gmelin, Syxt. Nat. I. 5. p. 2235. n. 302 (1790) (pt.).

S ? . Body above ochraceons tawny, head and pronotum more tawny, dots
on head obsolete, white line behind eye conspicuous ; beneath dirty white, white
stripe on palpi very broad, the ventral tawny or brown line reduced basally to
a few scales, third segment black, second segment often with black or deep
brown scales in apical half along white stripe ; breast with oblique, dirty white,
black and tawny stripes ; anterior legs black above, white beneath ; abdomen
white beneath, bases of segments more or less extended fulvons or brownish black.

<J. Wi/iffs above basal area varying from tawny ochraeeous to blackish

brown. Forewiug : cell-bar 3 sometimes vestigial, 4 heavy ; no submedian

bars ; median bars R' — SM'- in a nearly straight row, bar R^ — M', however, a
little more distal, bars R^ — M" very heavy, patch-like, straight or slightly concave
distally, bar R'' — li^ fused with bar D to a hammer-shaped mark, bars SC — R^
large, fused together, bar IV — R- produced basad to near bar D ; discal interspaces
forming a pale ochraeeous band which is 5 or 0 mm. wide at HW, of nearly the
same width up to R', broken at R^, the portion SC* — R^ being more distal than
the main part of the band ; the band limited distally by a series of discal bars
extending from SC to M-, the upper two bars larger than the others, fused together,
the three or four jwsterior ones often halfmoou-shajied, bar M- — (SM') sometimes
vestigial ; black postdisco-marginal band pro.ximally regularly sinuate between the
veins from SC* to M^, the black scaling extending basad along these veins, including
a series of ochraeeous admarginal interspaces which vary very much in size, and
are at least as wide as, generally much wider than, the black scaling at the veins

which separates them, the interspaces M" — SM- often not separated. Hindwing:

a triangular, pale ochraeeous, discal band from costal margin to M' or M", anteriorly
whitish buff, its inner edge reaching M' at base of this vein ; abdominal margin
of wing grey, abdominal fold brownish grey ; disco-submarginal area black ; pale
blue submarginal spots conspicuous, the posterior ones largest, the series generally
not extending costad beyond R', but occasionally reaching SC^ ; admarginal inter-
spaces halfmoon-shaped, upper ones pale ochraeeous, the others creamy white,
shaded with ochraeeous at internervular folds, anal one olive butf. somewhat
greenish or yellowish, size of these spots very varial)le, the sjiots sometimes touching
each other, rounded triangular, nearly as in C/i. Jason, while in other individuals
the spots are widely' separated and not thicker than the black marginal line.

Underside reddish cinnamon rufous or chestnut, postdiscal and admarginal
interspaces of forewiug and upper admarginal ones of hindwing ochraeeous, discal
baud white ; basal to median l)ars black with centres olive grey, edged with
white. Forewing : costal edge in basal half olive grey ; cell-bars 'Z and 3

I

(443 )

ronnded at ends, bar 4 inclusive white border at least as hroad as apical interspace
of cell ; submediau and median bars M' — SIVP close together, mostly merged
together, median bar R'— M' about 2| mm. from base of M', bar R^— 11' jnst in
front of it, separated from bar D, which latter is much wider in front than behind,
or touching it, bars SC — R^ fused to a short broad band, which is only 5 mm.
from base of R° and measures 3 mm. in width (incl. white border) ; white discal
band generally with a rufous ochraceous spot between Stl^ and R', often with a
smaller spot before S(f and a third before R' ; at the outer edge of the band
stands a series of olive black spots SC* — M^ representing the discal bars, the band
divided by the veins into square patches from R^ to SM" ; jiostdiscal ochraceous
intersjiaces triangular, or partly halfmoon-sha])ed, touching with tips the postdiscal
black spots of which the last ones are large and the upper ones sometimes absent,
these spots rounded distally, concave or straight proximally, interspaces between
them and submarginal interspaces all olive grey, this scaling often slightly glossy
at edges of spots, forming a ring or half- ring round the spots ; admarginal interspaces
as above separated by olive grey scaling which changes into black scaling at

extremities of veins. Hindwing : basal costal bar long, reaching from base of

C to end of PC, curving distad at end, often distinctly S-shaped ; no subbasal bar
C — SC- ; costal submedian bar oblique, posteriorly close to PC, bar C — SC- a
little more distal, touching SC" just between cell-bars 2 and 4 ; submedian bar
M^ — SM' beginning just before point of origin of M^ longitudinal ; median bars
<J — M'^ almost continuous, costal bar more proximal, with a brown red spot at
outside, bar R^ — R^ fused with bar D (or absent?), bar R^ — M' absent, liar
M-— (SM') much more distal, about 10 mm. from base of M-, close to discal
abdominal bar ; black lines upon abdominal fold inclusive white borders wider
than their brown red interspaces ; white discal band broadest at C, gradually
narrowing to M-, the white interspace at abdominal margin between transverse
median and discal bars joined to the baud ; besides the discal liars beyond M^,
which are fused to one line, there is a short and heavy bar R- — R^ at outer edge
of band ; postdiscal brown red interspaces triangular, pointing distad, except
interspace M' — M^, bordered by olive grey lines distally which form acute angles
upon and between veins ; postdiscal bars represented by olive scaling at the distal
points of these angles, but bar M- — SM- black ; last postdiscal interspaces M- — SM-
pale ochreous, forming one long narrow halfmoon ; submarginal bars transverse,
black, ratlier thin, separate, last three or four somewhat 1 uniform, being concave
proximally, last two fused together, all the submarginal bars with blue or bluish
scaling at proximal side, this scaling more blue and more extending between R'
and SM-, with minute white submarginal dots ; admargiual interspaces more or
Jess ochraceous, with creamy white scaling at veins, posterior interspaces more
greenish than yellow, anal one greenish olive buff, sometimes the ochraceous colour
reduced to subrotundate spots ; two tails, second longer than lirst.

?. Like cJ, larger, disco-postdiscal baud of ujiperside paler, basal area less
bright, upi)er tail comparatively longer ; abdomen l)elow brown in middle, edges
of segment white, this scaling widened at sides.

Length of forewing : d" , 38 — 4(> mm.
„ „ ? , 42—49 mm.

Genital armature as in Ch. jason.

Hah. Cape Colony northward to the Congo, the Victoria Nyanza and the
Coast regions of Brit. E. Africa.

( 444 )
(I. Ch. pelias saturnus (Nov. Zool. VII. t. Iv!. f. 2. 6).

Chitraxes jtuius var., Bertoloni, Mem. Ac. Sc. Bologna II. p. 5. a. 1 (Separat. !) (1851) (Mozambique).
Sijmphdis pelitif, Trimen (non Cramer, 1775), RUoji. A/i: .liistr. I. p. 175. n. 101 (18G2)
(Damaraland) ; Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Up. p. -267. n. 4 (1871) (pt.).

(Tiamj-fs mturnus Butler, Pioc. Zool. Sue. Lnnd. p. 624. n. 5. t. 3G. f. 1. J (1805) (Inter, of S. Afr.):
id., Lip Exnt. p. 5. t. 2. f. 2. ? (18C9) (?, Congo; Zambesi); Drace. Pioc. ZnoL Soc.
Lniul. p. 412. n. 2. (1875) (Angola) ; Auriv., Offers. Vel. Al:. Fori,. XXXVI. 7. p. 41 (1879)
(Damaraland) ; Spiller, E„tom. XV. p. 8 (1882) (Natal) ; Bull., Ann. Mog. N. H. (5). XII-
p. 101 (188.^) (Vict. Nyanza) ; Dewitz, Xor. Art. Leap. Car. Ak. Xaturf. h. 4. p. 371 (1887)
(Lumami R., II. Ill V. VIII.); Trim. & Bowk., S. A/r. Butt. I. p. 334. n. 110 (1887) (Xatal ;
Transvaal) ; Trim., Pmc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 80. n. 34 (1801) (Omrora, VIII. ; Ehanda, IX.) ;
Hamps., -Ihii, Mug. \. II. (6). VII. p. 189 (1891) (Sabaki R.) ; But]., Pror. Zo„l. S„r. Land.
p. 647. n. 16 (1893) (Nyassaland, I.); Trim., ibul. p. 41. n. 62 (1894) (Manica); But!., ibid. p. 251.
n. 6. (1895) (Zomba); id., I.e. p. 720. n. 8 (1895) (Zomba) ; Holl., Proe. U. St. Not. .!/«.•.•.
XVIII. p. 753. (1895) (Brit. E. Afr.) ; Butl., Aim. Mn,,. X. II. (6). XVIII. p. 68. n. 3 (1896)
(Deep Bay, Nyassa, II.) ; Lanz, //•« IX. p. 140 (1896) (Tanganyika) ; But)., Jviim. Linn. Soe.
I.imd. XXV. p. 354. n. 11 (1896) (Congo; Angola; Tanganyika: Zomba; Taita ; Zambesi;
Delagoa B. ; Matabele ; Durban; Damaraland) ; Dist., Ann. Mug. X. II. (7). I. p. 51 (1898)
(Pretoria, II. XH. ; Rustenburg, XII.) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 188. n. 9. p. 904. n. 6.
(1898) (Mashon.aland).

Xymphalis mtiiniii.i, Dewitz, I.e. XLI. 2. 2. p. 828 (1879) (N. Angola).

Charaxes jielia-i, Vollenh., T/jdsehr. r. Ent. XV. p. 15. D. 6. (1872) (Lower Guinea) ; Gooch, Enloni.
XIV. p. 6 (1881) (Natal); Westwood, in Gates, .Mal„heMund ed. II. p. 349. n. 43. (1H81)
(Seruli R., VIII. ; Victoria Falls, I.) ; Staud., E.rot. Tag/, t. 58. (J (1886) (Transvaal).

Charoxe.-< peliox var. soliimux, Staudinger, /.■■. p. 168 (1886) (Transvaal ; Congo) ; Reb. & Rog., in
Eaumann, Massoilond p. 332. n 96 (1894) (Ussui & Ussure, Germ. E. Afr.) ; Auriv., Kongl.
Sr. VH. Al.: Ilundl. XXXI. 5. p. 232. sub n. 5 (1899) (Congo to Damaraland, Natal northward
to Brit. E. Afr.).

cj ? . Winyit, above. Forewing : postdiseal ochraceons interspace SO^ — SC*

at least 4 mm. long, the other postdi.scal interspaces also larger than the black

discal bars at their proximal side. Hindwing : obvionsly triangnlar, admarginal

interspaces R' — R' thicker than, or as thick as, the black marginal line.

Underside reddish cinnamon rufons. Forewing : postdiseal ochraceons spots

large, triangnlar, very mnch larger than the black discal and postdiseal spots

SO — M-, postdisco-snbinarginal olive grey scaling p.alc bluish in side-light.

Hindwing : costal bars separate, at least basal costal bar not joined to the
snbmedian and median costal bars ; lirown red interspaces npon abdominal fold
as wide as, or wider than, the olive black lines (white borders excluded) ; postdiseal
brown red patches R- — M" as wide as the respective partitions of the white discal
band or even wider ; ochreons spots in admarginal interspaces extended, expanded
between veins ; dentition of wing acute, tails slender and long, in c? upper one
4 to 6 mm., second 9 to 10 mm., in ? longer.

In tlie ordinary form the admarginal intcrs])aces SC- — R^ of the hindwing
above measure about ~ to 3 mm. in a Ijasi-distal direction.

The following two forms deviate from the normal in a remarkable way :

«'. Ch. pelias saturnus ab. (loc. ':) laticinctus.

Chiiraxes saturnus var. liiticinctvs Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lmul. p. 252. sub n. 6 (1895) (Kondeland) ;
id., l.c. p. 822. n. 9 (1896) (Vuwa, west coast of L. Nyassa, VIII.) ; id., I.e. p. 851. 852. n. 10
(1896) (Nyassaland).

The admarginal interspaces of the hindwing about as wide as in C/i.ja.wn.
This form seems to be found esjiecially often in Nyassaland, but apparently

( 445 )

occurs also farther north and east, there lieiug an example from Mpwapwa iu the
Berlin Museum which comes very near t3-pical luticiiictus.

b^. Ch. pelias satumus ah. (loc ?) brunnesceus Rothsch., ab. nov.

The basal area of the wings aborc brownish black, more chocolate near base,
disco-postdiscal liand deeper yellow than in ordinary satnniKS, the admarginal
spots of the forewing small and much shaded with brown, much darker than the
postdiscal interspaces both above and below, hindwing rather shorter than in
ordinary satumus, the admarginal interspaces larger than in pelias pelias, but
not thicker than the heavy, black, marginal line, interspaces R- — M- shaded with
blue ; discal band of hindwing scarcely reaching W, only 4 mm. wide at SC-. On
underside the white discal band of the hindwing is narrower than in ordinary
satumus, and the black marginal line is heavier.

This form, which resembles somewhat joe/«'as joe/e'as, occurs in northern Angola.

Hab. Ch. pelias satumus occurs from Natal to the Congo, Victoria Nyanza,
and the coast regions of British East Africa ; it is a rather common species in
Nyassaland. In the Tring Museum 31 SS, 6 ?? from: Natal; Delagoa Bay;
Likoma, Nyassaland, caught in June, July, August (Rev. Button) : Bandawe,
Nyassaland, March (Watkinson) ; Parumbira, October (Dr. Ansorge) ; Mombasa ;
Angola ; Congo. A .specimen said to be from Uganda was given to Dr. Ansorge
by Capt. Williams,

Congo individuals are rather large ; the blue submargiual spots of the
npperside of the hindwing are often large, but not always larger than in individuals
from other places ; the base of the forewing above is sometimes as bright tawny
orange as in Nyassaland specimens.

Dr. Trimen, I.e., says that " in Damaraland, where Mr. J. A. Bell found it
rather abundant, the butterfly was commonly found on the droppings of the larger
animals. In Natal it would appear to be rare. Col. Bowker having sent me only
an example, which was taken on an orange-tree at Pinetown, and another <?
captured at the same place in April 1883."

b. Ch. pelias pelias.

Pupilio Eques .ichivus pelias Cramer, I.e. ; Goeze, Ent. Bei/tr. III. 1 p. 82. n. 46 (1779) ; Herbst,
Natiirs. Schmelt. IV. p. Q2. n. 1.53. t. 6.^. f. 5. (!. (1790) (syn. ex parte ; " Guioea " loc. err.).

Erihoea pelrijjiii (!) Hiibner, ]'erz. belc. Schmelt. p. 47. n. 424 (1810-27).

Nyiiijihdlis peliiig, Godart, Em\ MM. IX. p. 351. n. 2 (1823) (Cap. b. sp.) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,
Gen. Diiini. Lej). II. p. 309. n. 20 (1860); Trimen, R/mp. .\fr. Aiislr. I. p. 175. n. 101. II. p. 340
(1862) (pt.) ; Kirby, Oil. Dmrn. Lep. p. 207. n. 4 (1871).

Chriraxes peli<is, Butler, Proc. Zonl. Soc. Loud. p. 024. n. 4 (186.")) (Cap. b. sp.) ; id., Lep. Ex. p. 25.
n. 1. t. 10. f. 5. ? (1809) (Cap. b. sp.) ; Staud., Exni. Ta,//. p. 108 (1880) ; Trim. & Bowk.,
.S. Afr. Bull. I. p. 331. n. 109 (1887) (Cape Colony, western distr.) iid., /.-■. III. p. 407 (1889)
(Febr.) ; Butl., Joiirn. Linn. Soc. Lo/id. XXV. p. 335. n. 12 (1890) ; Auriv., Kongt. Sr. ]'el.
Ak. Handl. XXXI. 6. p. 232. n. 5. (1899) (Cape Colony).

c? ? . Wings abore basal area blackish brown. Forewing : postdiscal pale

ochraceous interspaces smaller than the black discal bars resp. spots at their

proximal side ; cell-liar 4 large and sipiare. Hindwing shorter than in .safurnits,

admarginal interspaces smaller, widely separated, thinner than the heavy, black,
marginal line.

( 44() )

Underside reddish chocolate, bars pale grey with thin black and white borders,
interspaces between them narrower than in safur?ii(s, lilack onter borders of median

bars of fore- and hindwing mneli heavier than the jiroximal Iwrders.. -Forewing :

discal bars SC* — M^ heavier than in saturnus, larger than the small ochraceous,

])ostdiscal spots, black postdiscal spots (bars) SC* — M' obsolete or small.

Hindwing : reddish chocolate interspaces on abdominal fold very thin, except that
near basal alidominal margin ; basal to median costal liars fnsed, resp. touching
each other ; postdiscal reddish chocolate patches smaller than in saturnus, not so
wide as the white discal band ; admarginal interspaces with yellow spots which are
widely separated, at least the upper ones ; edge of wing bluntly dentate, tails
shorter and broader than in saturnus, npper tail 2 to 'i mm. long, second 4 mm.

Length of forewing : c?, 38 mm.
„ „ ? , 45 mm.

Hab. Gape Colony. In the Tring Museum 1 (?.

" This is the only South-African Charares known to inhabit the open
monntainous western tracts of the Cape Colony," says Dr. Triinen, l.r. " Specimens
have reached me from Genadendal (Rev. G. Hettarsch) and Montagu (Mr. L. Taats),
and I noticed it in Bain's Kloof in January 1876. Having heard from
Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer that the species occurred abundantly at Montagu, I visited
that locality in January 1876, but did not succeed in taking any examples,
although I saw four during my two days' sta}'. I found that, as my
correspondent reported, the butterfly haunted the ' Wagenboom ' (^Protea
grandiflora), sitting close until accidentally disturbed, when it darted away with
great rapidity, and would settle on some distant bush of the ' Wagenboom,' not
returning to its former station, as is the habit of so many species of Charaxes.
Dr. Kannemeyer, however, who had a very much more intimate acijuaintance with
pelias than I enjoyed, noted that it commonly showed a preference for some
particular twig, generally a withered one ; it was most prevalent at the end of
November and beginning of December. Mr. Taats took it, in the same locality,
' flying about willows,' February. I think it very proliable that the larva feeds
on the Wagenboom, and that the butterfly will be found all through the mountainous
country where that fine shrnb or small tree prevails."

f. Discal band of uppers ide obscurely indicated or absent.
k"^. Hindwing with small blue postdiscal spots above.

61. Charaxes jason.

Papilio Eques Achivus jason Linn^, Syst. Nal. ed. XII. p. 749. n. 26 (1767) (Barbaria) ; Urury,

Jlluatr. Ex. Ins. I. p. 1. t. 1. f. 1. 2. and Index (1772) (Smyrna); Cramer, Pap. Exot. II. p. 1.36.

t. 186. f. A. B (1777) (Smyrna) ; Stoll, in Cramer, Pap. E.rnt. IV. p. 78. t. 329. f. a. u. ?

(1782) (Smyrna").
Piijiiliii Eijuia .[(liiriisjasius Linnd, I.e. (Errata) ; Onomal. Hist. Niit.Vl. p. 80 (1776) ; Fabr., Si/nt.

Ent. p. 449. n. 29. (177.5) (ayn. ex parte ; Barbaria) ; Goeze, Enl. Bri/tr. III. 1. p. 60. n. 26

(1779) (pt.) ; Fabr., Spec. Ihk. II. p. 10. n. 40 (1781) (syn. ex parte; Barbaria) ; Fabr., .!/««(.

Jus. II. p. I'l. n. 44 (1787) ; Cyrillo, Enl. Xaipol. Spec. prim. t. 2. f. 1 (1787) ; Herbst, A'«(«rs.

Srhmetl. IV. p. 67. n. 155. t. 64. f. 3. 4. 5 (1790) (Africa) ; Gmel, Sijst. Nat. I. 5. p. 2234. n. 26.

(1790) (pt.) ; Giorna, Caleml. Ent. p. 99. (1791) (metam.) ; Petagna, InMit. Ent. II. p. 443

n. 1. (1792) (Naples) ; Prunner, Lep. Petlemmt. p. 2. n. 2. (1798) ; Esper, Schmctt. I. t. 99.

cont. 54. f. 1.2. cJ, $ t. 104. cont. 59. f. 2-7. metam. Siippl. TngM'lunett. p. 29. n. 187 and p. 61.

(180.5) (Nizza, end of Sept., habits, metamorpb.).
Papilio (Ac!iiv,(.t)jaxii,x, MuUer, Natnm. V. 1. p. .'■|7:1 n. 26 (1776) (Barbaria).

( 447 )

Papiliu Xi/mphalis jasiu«. Fabricius, Eiit. Sijxl. III. 1. p. 61. n. 191 (1793) (syn. ex parte;

Barbaria).
Xympliiilix Jasiui-, Latreille, Ilixt. Xal. Crnd. Iiim. XIV. p. 83. n. 1 (1805) (Nizza) ; Godart, E/ir.

JUth. IX. p. 360. n. 1 (1823) (Barbary ; Spain ; Portugal, Sicily, Naples, S. France, Nizza ;

Corsica ; Hyeres ; Dalmatia ; Constantinople ; Asia Minor).
Papilio NymphnUs rhen Httbner, Saminl. Eur. Srhmetl. p. 19. n. 1. I. f. Ill, 112. 580. 581 (1805-21).
Erihoea uneilonix Hiibner, Verz. bi'k. Schmeit. p. 47. n. 423. (1816-27).
Papil/o Jasins, Ochsenheimer, Schiiiett. Eur. I. p. 151. n. 1 (1807) ; Godart, Hini. Nat. Lep. Fr. II.

p. 81. n. 27. t. 10. f. 3. 4 (1822) (metam.).
Chara.reit Jashis, Ochsenheimer, Hi-hiurtl. Eur. IV. p. 18 (1816) ; Boisd., Spec. Gen. I. t. 5 n. f. 12

(1836) ; Duponch., Bull. Sac. Enl. Fr. p. 59 (1837) ; id., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 193 (1837)

(larva) ; Thon, Nalurg. Schmeit. p. 72. t. 32. f. 507. 508 (1837) ; Herr.-Schaff., Schmett.

Eur. I. p. 45 (1843) ; Doubl., List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit Mas. I. p. 110 (1844) ; Duponch., Cat.

Meth. Lep. Eur. p. 11 (1844) (Spain ; Provence ; Italy ; Turkey ; June, Sept.) ; Pierr., Bull.

Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 41 (1849) (Hyferes) ; Bertol., .Vem. Ac. Sc. Bologna II. p. 5. n. 1 (Sep. !) (1851)

(ex parte) ; Girard, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 6 (1864) ; Pierr., Bull. Soc. Enl. Fr. p. 52 (1864)

(Hyeres) ; Stand., Cat. Lep. Eur. Faun. p. 15. n. 192 (1871) (Maurit. ; Iberia ; Gall. mer. ;

Italia; Dalmat. ; Graecia) ; Pears., Ent. Mo. Mug. X. p. 113 (1873) (Mentone ; habits!);

Saiger, Enl. Xachr. II. p. 156 (1876) ; Nolck., Slelf. Enl. Zeit. XLIII. p. 174 (1882) (Cannes,

larva) ; Ragusa, Nat. Sic. VII. p. 31 (1884); Calberla, Iris I. p. 130 (1885) (Civitavecchia, VI.;

Firenze, X,); Honr., Silz.-Ber. Berl. Enl. Zeitschr. p. 18 (1887) (Dalmat. ; Lisboa) ; id., I c.

p. 21 (1891) (Dalmat.; Lisboa); Donitz, ibid. (Portugal); Norris, Entom. XXIV. p. 17^

(1891) (Corfu, habits); id., Entom. XXV. p. 95 (1892) (R. Magra, Italy, Oct.); Bromil.,

ibid. p. 323 (1892) (Nizza) ; id.. I.e. XXVI. p. 219 (1893) ; Stand., Entom. XXVI. p. 262

(1893) (Ajaccio); Ruhl, Pakiearet. Grossschm. I. p. 320. 771 (1892-95); Chapm., Ent. liec.

p. 191 (1894).
Apatura jasius, Boisduval, Iml. Meth. p. 14 (1829) (Provence, May, Sept.).
Paphia jasius, Duponchel, Icon. Chenill. I. p. 167. n. 69. t. 24. f. 68. a. b. c. d (1832) (metam.).
Nymphalisjasun Doubl., Weatw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. II. p. 308. n. 1 (1850) (S. Eur. ; As. Min.;

Barbary) ; Kirby, Cut. Diurn. Lep. p. 267. n. 1 (1871).
Charaxes, Rambur, Lep. Andal. p. 18 (1858) (Cadiz).
Nymphalis iusius, MuUer, Zool. Juhrb. I. p. 505 (1886) (larva, pupa).
Charaxes jason, Butler, Peoc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 623. n. 1 (1865) (S. Europe ; Asia Min. ; Barbary) ;

id.. Cat. Diurn. Lep. dcsrr. by Fabr. p. 54. n. 16 (1869) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Snc. Land. XXV.

p. 355. n. 13 (1896) (Corsica ; Spain ; S. France).

S ? . Similar to Ck. epijasius. Body and wiugs above more brown.

Wings, upperside. Forewing : basal half of costal margin russet tawny like

head and pronotnm ; black bars vestigial, in side-liglit the interspaces appearing
paler than the bars ; postdiscal iuteistitial spots orange, the series almost, straight,
slightly curving costad anteriorly, nearer onter edge in front than behind, npper
spots largest, spot SC^— SC^ of about the same size as the respective admargiual
spot, often somewhat smaller or larger, spots R^— SM^ transverse, posterior ones
often obsolete ; admarginal interstitial band as in ^yZ/a^Vs, deeper in colour, orange.

Hindwing : discal band represented by a white patch at costal margin, the

patch much shaded with brown, often vestigial down to R-, generally with one to
three tawny patches or spots at outside ; admarginal band of interspaces rather
variable in width, the npper patches sometimes not longer than broad, while in
other individuals they are as long as in epijasius, orange, posterior ones paler, distaliy
shaded with greenish buff, anal one greenish buff ; black marginal line heavier
than in epijasius, its breadth measuring between R' and R- often more than half
the length of patch R'— R-, but generally only one-third the length of this patch ; a
series of pale blue submarginal dots from R'— SM-, spots SC- — R' sometimes
vestigial.

Unilcrsic/e as in epijasius, basal area brighter ferruginous red, jiostdisral iuid
admarginal interstitial patches of forewing deep orange, olive black median bars of

( 448 )

both wini(s thinner. Forewing : orange patches in white discal band small

or lOlisiilete, hence the white colour more extended anteriorly than in epijasius ;
orange jiostdiscal spots longer anteriorly than towards internal margin, posterior
ones transverse ; snhmarginal olive grey scaling sharply defined distally ; the

admarginal orange patches smaller than above. Hindwing : median series of

bars concave from C -R^ often almost straight, median bar M'— M- a little more
distal than in epijasius ; white discal band concave distally between C and R^, of
about even width, generally widest before R^, about 2| mm. broad at R' ; discal bar
R2 — R3 distinct as a rule, often well within white band, seldom absent ; postdisco-
snbmarginal area as in epijasius, width somewhat variable ; admarginal chrome
coloured band somewhat narrower than above, in some si)ecimens half as wide again
as in others, limited proximally by the submarginal bars, which are transverse,
the upjjer ones being, however, sometimes luniform, while the hist ones are
curving basad at ends towards the postdiscal bars ; upper tail 4 to 5 mm., second
8 to 9 mm.

?. Paler than cJ, larger; median bar R^—M' of underside of hindwing often
present, j)ale blue spots of upperside of hindwing sometimes enlarged to patches
which nearly tonch each other ; tails longer; abdomen olive black beneath, segments
edged with white, this scaling often extended at each side to a streak.

Length of forewing ; S , 37 — 42 mm.
„ „ ? , 40—47 mm.

Clasper (PI. VIII. f. 29) with the dorsal edge in dorsal view almost straight,
suddenly curved before end, hook therefore strongly curved ; penis (PI. VIII. f. 11)
thick, curved before end, with one strong dorsal tooth at the bent and often one or
two smaller ones close behind ; penis-funnel moderately narrowed towards end, apex
rather flat, broad, apical edge turned down, triangular, pointed.

Hab. Mediterranean countries, where the food-plant. Arbutus unedo, is
abundant, in two l)roods ; the old writers received it from Asia Minor, but there is
ajiparcntly no recent record of the species from there. The admarginal orange
respectively chrome coloured band of the upperside is apparently wider in specimens
from Greece than in individuals from the western parts of the Mediterranean
subregion.

The egg, larva and pupa were discovered by Pruuner, a German, who was an
oflBcer in the Sardinian army, and were figured and described by Esjjer {i.e.).
Since then many accounts of the life history and the habits of Ch. jasius have
been published. The egg, larva and pupa agree in structure with those of other
Ckaraxes (see p. 282). The larva when quitting the egg is brownish green, but
soon becomes brilliant green, sometimes somewhat bluish. Tiiere is a yellowish
green, oval, dorsal jiatch on the third and fifth abdominal segments each, which
are bordered by a dark line, and in the full-grown caterpillar become more or less
blue centrally, or nearly all blue ; central horns green or yellow basally, red
apically, lateral horns red, externally yellow, with a stripe which extends to the
month and is j>osteriorly bordered black. When tlie caterpillar has cast its skin
the horns are first very short, but soon grow to normal size. The caterpillar lives
on the upperside of the leaf, where it spins a kind of web which enables it to fasten
itself on the leaf. Mr. Pearson gives, I.e., the following description of the early
stages of Ck. jasius :

" I was fortunate enough in the course of last winter and spring, spent at
Mentone on the shores of the Mediterranean, to find the larva of this species in some

( 449 )

abundance, and trust that the following notes on its habits may prove of interest.
The larvae were found on either slope of one of the numerous valleys whieli intersect
the lower i)arts of the splendid amphitheatre of hills surrounding Mentone. These
slopes are covered with a scrub consisting, for the most part, of myrtle, arbutus, and
lentiscus. Having by chance discovered a small individual ou an arbutus scrub, I
was induced to search farther, when I found the larvae to be by no means uncommon.
They were easily discovered, in spite of their colour approximating closely to that of
their food plant, as they remained always on the upper surface of the leaf on the
silken carpet to be after mentioned, which also greatly assists their detection. The
arbutus shrubs were generally of small growth, although in some places they
attained to 9 or 10 feet ; the stunted plants I fonnd, however, to be the most
productive, especially when isolated. On only three occasions did I find more thau
one larva on a bush, viz., on two of these occasions two, and on the other no less
than five. The larvae had hybernated, being all found during the month of January,
and were about half grown, with the exception of three which did not exceed half
an inch in length.

" A very good description of the caterpillar will be found in MM. Duponchel
and Gueu6e's ' Iconographie des Chenilles ' ; the only remark I have to make ou
this head being, that in my specimens there was an evident difference in the shades
of green exhibited by the larvae when seen together, some being darker, and of a
bluish green, while others were more of a yellowish green. The dift'erence in colour
did not arise, as 1 at first thought it might, from the amount of shade enjoyed by
the shrubs, as the darkest larva was found on a small plant of a foot and a half in
height exposed to the full rays of the sun. The oval dorsal marks on the seventh
and ninth segments were also much more strongly marked in some specimens than
in others.

" The larvae of this species are very easily reared, being very sluggish and rarely
moving from the leaf on which they may be resting at the time until it, or those
within reach, are consumed. When they do move, it is only for a short distance,
and they invariably retreat again to the original leaf on which their web is spun.
This web consists of fine threads of silk closely jdastered over the upper surface of
the leaf, so as to give it a white, shiny appearance. It seems absolutely necessary
to the larva to enable it to cling to the leaf, and one of its first proceedings on going
to a new leaf is to spin this coating of silk over the surface. Thus one small larva,
from some defect in its spinning apparatus, was unable to weave the usual carpet
for itself, although it kept incessantly going through the usual motions for doing so,
moving its head from side to side. It was constantly falling off the twig on which
it was placed, and had to be replaced several times a day, till at length it fell ofi'and
was lost. They feed principally during the night, remaining inactive during the day
except when it is bright and fine, when, strange to say, they begin to eat as vigor-
ously as on the approach of evening. They are not voracious feeders, however, and
eat by fits and starts, never consuming much at a time. They have also a curious
habit, when exposed to a strong sun, of extending aud retracting the segments of
their bodies, as if they appeared to enjoy the heat. When once they begin to eat a
leaf, they seldom commence another till they have completely finished it, gnawing
the midrib down to the very stem. Although found in dry localities, aud in a region
subject to little or no rain, they seem to be fond of moisture. I was in the habit of
sprinkling their food with water, and I have often noticed them drinking up the
drops. In a state of repose, the larva attaches itself to the leaf by its four pairs of

( 450 )

ckspers uiily, the anal pair and feet proper being elevated, and the horns lying along
the back. Several days before monlting, the new head appears in the form of a
square dark green patch immediately behind the existing horns. This i)atch is
bounded on each side by a rose-colonred border, ultimately proving to be the new
horns ; these last are at first very lax and drooping, but soon gain their normal
position. There is a marked difference in the size of the head after the last moult, it
being then nearly twice its former size ; the horns, also, instead of being perfectly
straight, are curved slightly downwards towards tlie back. When about to ])npate,
the larva becomes of a clear transparent green, and rather shrunk in size, and if
placed in the sun becomes very restless, generally ending by falling off the food
plant. It then spins a small ball of silk on the under side of a leaf, either on the
midrib or on the edge, to which it attaches itself by the tail and hangs there with its
head directed upwards towards the under jjart of the body for three days (sometimes
a few hours more, sometimes a few hoars less), when it changes to a smooth, stout,
whitish-green chrysalis. It remains from twenty-five to twenty-seven days in pupa.
The day jirevious to emergence, the wing-cases appear suffused with a rich purple,
the double border of gamboge spots at the outer margin of the forewings being very
distinct. If the day be warm, the perfect insect generally emerges during the early
part of the next day ; if, however, the weather be dull or cold, it often does not
emerge till late in the afternoon, or in the evening."

The butterfly has the rapid flight of its congeners. It is sometimes observed
sitting on the stems of trees, and is occasionally attracted by dry fruits, figs for
instance.

f . Hindwing above with a very large, triangular, blue patch.
62. Charaxes epijasius.

Ckaraxes epijasius Reiche, in Feir. & Gal., Foy. Abyss., Ent. p. 469. t. 32. f. 1. 2 (1849) (Abys-sinia) ;
Feisth., Ann. fioc. Ent. Fr. p. 257. n. 9 (1850) (Senegal ; ab.) ; Butl., Prnc. Zonl. Soc. Loud.
p. 6-23. n. 2 (1865) (Senegal); id., Ann. Hug. N. H. (4) XVIII. p. 481, (1876) (Atbara) ;
Godm. & Salv., Prnr. Zovl. Soc. Lutul. p. 223. n. 25 (1884) (Lower Niger) ; Staud., E.eot. Tagf.
p. 168 (1886) (Abyssinia) ; Honrath, Sitz.-Ber. Bcrl. Ent. Z.itschi: XXXI. p. 18 (1887)
(Abyssinia) ; Karsch, Bfrl. Ent, Zeitschr. XXXVUI. p. 190. n. 48 (1893) (Adeli, all the
year round) ; Schaus & Clem., Sierm Leone Lep. p. 8 (1893) ; Carpent., Proc. R. Dublin
Soc. (-2). VIII. (1895) (Lokoja); Butl., Joum. Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 355. n. 14 (1896)
(White Nile; Atbara; Senegal; Lower Niger); Auriv. , Kongl. Sr. Vet. Ak. Ihindl. XXXI.
5. p. 232. n. 3 (1899) (Senegal ; S. Leone ; Togo Hinterland ; Niger ; Lokoja ; Njam Njam ;
Abyssinia).

Xynipliiilix fjiijnsius, Doubleday, Li.^1. Sjtec. Lep. Ih.i. Brit. Mas. App. p. 28 (1848) (Senegal) ;
Doubl., Westw. & Hew., Gen. IHurii. Lep. II. p. 308. -n. 2 (1850) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep.
p. 267. n. 2. (1871) (Abyssinia ; Senegal).

<??. L'pperside of body olive, head, second segment of palpi, pronotum
and anterior part of mesonotum tawny russet, dots on head obsolete, line behind
eye consjncnons ; iirulerside as in /lansali, brown middle line of abdomen often
broad.

S. Wings, upperside brownish black, j)urjilish, the median and discal bars

vestigial inside-light. Forewing : postdiscal interstitial tawny ochraceons spots

partly vestigial, spot S(!^ — SC' often rather clearly marked : marginal interspaces
widened proximad, forming a broad marginal band, chrome yellow, jialer liehind,
6 to 7 mm. broad at SM-, narrowing costad, incised upon iiiternervnlar folds,

( 451 )

posterior veins thinly, upper ones lieavily black, this black scaling dilated at

extreme edge of wing. Hindwing : a short, pale buff, triangular, discal band

from costal margin to R^ or R-, often reduced to a patch before Sfl^ ; submarginal
black bars well defined, bar C— SU- generally excepted, upper ones arched, posterior
ones more straight, but curved distad at veins ; the bars form the outer border of
a large, pale blue, triangular patch, which is widest at M", reaching to base of
M', expanded between C or S(J- and SM-, narrowing costad, being only 2 to
3 mm. ))road between SC^ and R' ; admarginal interspaces maize yellow, forming-
a similar band as on forewing, very wide, upper patches widest, patch R' — ^R^
measuring 6 to " mm. lietween veins, anal one greenish olive, veins within
band thinly black or bluish olive : black marginal line as in Ch. pelias
sattii-nns, extremely thin at anal angle, fringe heavily white, black only at tips
of veins.

Underside as in Ck. pelias saturnus, slightly varying in the depth of the

red and ochraceons tints. Forewing : median bars more distal, and discal

ones, which are all present, more proximal than in sati/rniis, the white discal
interspaces reduced to a thin band, which, moreover, includes a series of ferruginous
red patches lietween SC^ and M^, hence the white band here represented only
by the distal white border of the median and the proximal border of the discal
bars ; postdiscal interstitial patches ochraceous rufous, touching each other or
fixintly separated, variable in size, mostly triangular, often transverse ; black
postdiscal patches as in saturnus, variable ; bluish olive grey scaling at this spot
less extended than in Ch. pelias, partly replaced by cream coloured scaling
posteriorly ; submarginal black bars not vestigial ; admarginal interspaces smaller

than above and paler ; edge of wing black at ends of veins. Hindwing : as

in saturnus, white discal band narrower, sometimes with ferruginous red scaling
at the outer side of the median bars C— R', besides the patch at costal margin,
median bar R' — M' sometimes vestigial ; ferruginous red postdiscal patches and
olivaceous submarginal interspaces narrower than in C//. pelias owing to the
extension of the admarginal interspaces ; upper submarginal black bars generally
rather shaded with olive grey ; blue snbmarginal spots conspicuous ; admarginal
interspaces a little smaller than above, very pale buff yellow, whitish at vein.s
distally ; dentition of wing as in saturnus, upper tail 5 to 8 mm., second 9 to
11 mm. long.

?. Like (J, larger, upperside of wings a little more brown, white band of
underside broader, and postdiscal interstitial patches of forewing less bright.

Length of forewing : cJ, 38 — 45 mm.
„ ,, ? , 45 mm.

Genital armature as in Ck.jason.

Hah. Abyssinia to Victoria Nyanza, Senegambia to the Niger, especially in
the "Hinterlands." In the Tring Mnseum 19 c?c?, 1 ? from: Abyssinia, Bogos
and Atbara ; Bulluji, Unyoro, 12. xii. '97 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Fajao, Unyoro,
1(). viii. '97 (Dr. Ansorge). Bathurst, Senegambia; Kanakra IsL, S. Leone;
Kumasi to Cape Coast, April 1899 (('a])t. Giffard) ; Gambaga, October, November,
1898 (('apt. Giffard); Carnotville.

Feisthamel, I.e., describes a sport in which the yellow colour of the band of
the hindwing above has changed into a greenish colour, and in which the underside
is greenish brown, with a broad middle band of a paler colour, tiie bars having
disappeared.

( 4.52 )

D- Serrations of costal margin of forewing in basal half equal in nnmlier
to Ihe scale-rows in front of vein (_'.
e. Median and sulimedian liars of fore- und hindwing lielow well
separated, not fnsed together to a narrow, lirown or black,
band ; tail M- not spatulate.
g^. Cell-bar 4 of forewing below separated into round spots,
costal and subt:ostal bars of basal half of hindwing
represented by round spots.

o:?. Charaxes zingha.

Piqnlio Xi/mphiilis jiholerntus zingha StoU, in Cramer, Pup. F..r. IV. p. 53. t. 31u. f. n. c J. (1780)

(Afr.) ; Gmel., Sijd. Nut. I. 5. p. 231-'. n. 599 (IT'JO) (S. Leone).
Pujiilio Xi/mphalis Phaleratus herenice Drury, lUustr. K.i\ Ins, III. p. 13 ;ind Index t. 11. f. 1. '2. ^

(1782) (S. Leone) ; Fabr., Munt. Ino. II. p. 48. n. 471 (1787) (S. Leone) ; id., Ent. Si/sl. III. 1.

p. 114. n. 350 (1793).
Papilio zinghiis, Herbst, Xutum. Schmetl. VI. p. 151. n. 86. t. 151. f. 3. 4 (1793).
Tigritlia zinghu, Hiibner, Verz. liek. SchmHI. p. 40. n. 355 (1810).
Nymphulis bereniee, GoA&ri, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 356. n. 21. (1823) (S. Leone); Doubl., Westw. &

Hew., (rV«. Diiini. Lep. TI. p. 310. n. 39 (1850) (S. Leone).
PupiUii bereiiiee, Donovan, Nat. Rfpnsil. III. t. 107 (1825) (S. Leone).
Clwraxes berenice, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. LoniL p. 637. n. 60 (1865) (S. Leone) ; id., Cat. Diiini.

Lep. descr. bij Fabr. p. 54. n. 17 (1869) (S. Leone) ; Dewitz, Nm: Arl. Leap. Car. Ak. Nalurf.

L. 4. p. 371 (1887) (Angola, I. II. IV. X.).
Xiiuiplialis (?) -.higha, Kirby, Cat. D/iirti. Lep. p. 273. n. 57. (1871) (Afr. occ).
iinimra zhighu, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zml. Fr. I. p. 280 (1876) ; Auriv., Ent. ThUkr. XII. p. 216.

n. 14G (1891) (Cameroons); id., /.c. XV. p. 312. n. 205 (1894) (Cameroons) ; id., Kmujl.Sr.

Vet. Ak. Hunitl. XXXI. 5. p. 245. n. 1 (1899) (S. Leone ; Ashanti ; Cameroons ; Mukenge ;

Yanibuya).
Chara.vcH zinrjhn, Staudinger, E:rut. Taijf. p. 171. t. 58. J (1881',) (Gabuu) ; Godm. & Salv., in

Jameson, Storii of Rear Column p. 441. n. 89 (1890) (Yambuya).

c?. Body above tawny (skeleton black) ; palpi, head and pronotum lilack,
white dots on head and line behind eye and creamy white lateral dot of j)ronotum
prominent, two tawny dots on prouotuui near middle, also conspicuous, patagia
pale in front, edged with black. Underside black and pale ochraceous ; paljii,
middle of jiro- and mesosternum, two smaller anterior and a larger, elongate,
oblique, posterior, lateral sjwts on mesosternum and abdomen, jiale ochraceous ;
mesosternum with three dots at hinder edge, metasternum with a jiatch behind
coxae and a rounded lateral jjatch, bufi" or whitish ; abdomen with a black line at
each side of middle line ; anterior legs with tip of femur, base of tibia and the
tarsus white, the other legs more or less scaled ochraceous, but femora black above,
with some white scales.

Wings, upperside, black, with a large basi-discal orange red (Chinese orange)

area which forms a large triangle jjointing towards apex of forewing. On

forewing the area occupies base of cell, extends to SC or R', its costal edge from
SC* — R^ has about the same direction as M, but is often somewhat concave, outer
edge of area almost straight, oblique, incised upon and between veins, 5 mm.
distant from outer margin of wing at R^, 8 to 9 mm. at SM^, the veins R' — R'
traversing the area more or less black, patches SC'" — R^ thus more or less separated,
varying in width, patch SC' — R' small, sometimes absent; cell-bars partly vestigial ;
median and submedian bars R-'— M- represented by black spots, median bar M' — M-
often vestigial only. Hindwing : orange red area paler at costal margin, its

( 453 )

outer edge nearly straight, crossing M a little beyond M' ; a series of snbmarginal
dots from R- — SM-, two in each cellule, the upper ones (often obsolete or absent)
orange red, the posterior ones white, the series curved, nearly parallel to outer
margin ; admarginal SC" — M' present, orange red, spot R' — R- the largest, spots
R- — M' often minute, spot M' — M- seldom vestigial, placed near tip of tail, creamy
buff, spots M=— (SM') and (SM')— SM- yellow, mostly fused together, much smaller
than spot R' — R- ; wing strongly rounded anteriorly, concave from R' — M-, produced
into a blunt tail at M-, dentate at W and M', anal angle more produced than
in etesipe.

L'mlerside. Forewing : internal area up to M' reddish orange, this colour

entering cell ; rest of wing very pale olive buff, with the veins and folds and the
outer margin drab ; basal cell-spot and cell-bar 2 fused together to a round spot,
which has a similar spot in front before C, cell-bar 3 separated into two, cell-bar
4 into three round spots, the latter standing in a triangle, the most distal spot
smallest ; bar D very heavy, measuring 2i to 3 mm. in width in middle :
submedian bar M- — (SM') sometimes indicated by a dot below base of M",
submedian and median bars R'* — M- oblong spots, which do not always touch
the veins, median bar R' — M' more distal than bar M' — M^, 6 mm. from base
of M', all these spots black, no median bar R- — R^, median bars SC^ — R- fused
together to a triangular, blackish drab, mark, pointing postiead, 8 mm. from
upper angle of cell at SC^ ; discal bars SC^ — R^ fused together to a drab line,
which is ill-defined, stands midway between median triangular costal patch and
apex of wing, is slightly curved, and is prolonged to M- by the black, partly
obsolete, bars R^ — M-, which are somewhat heavier upon veins ; postdiscal bars
M' — SM- represented by large black patches, bar R^ — M' sometimes vestigial,

internal margin black at angle of wing. Hindwing : bars black; costal area

from liase to beyond middle, posteriorly limited by SC- or R\ creamy buff, here and
there pinkish ; two spots, one at base of C, the other at angle of PC, representing
the basal costal bar ; submedian and median costal bars also developed to large
round spots, submedian and median bars C — SC- represented by smaller round
spots, more distal, median bar R' — R^ also a round spot ; basal cell-bar joined at
M to cell-bar 2 forming a ring which opens costad, cell-bar 4 joined near upper end
to cell-bar 2, curved as in etesipe, posterior part very heavy, sending out a branch
to bar D ; median bars R- — M- all joined to, or fused with, bar D at base of R',
median bar M' — M- about '3 to 4 mm. from b.ase of M-, median bar M-— SM' fused
to a heavy oblique band, 8 mm. from base of M^ crossing SiP several mm.
proximally of its end ; submedian and subbasal abdominal bars forming similar
bands, extending to abdominal edge of wing, all these bars connected with one
another by heavy longitudinal lines upon veins and internervular folds, the veins and
internervular folds also more or less black between median and snbmarginal bars,
but no internervular lines between median and discal bars C — R' ; discal bar
C — SC- 6 mm. from tiji of C, bar R' — R- 7 mm. from ti}) of R-, somewhat hmiform,
triangularly dilated basad, bars C — R'' fused together as are bars M' — SM', but
discal bars R^ — M^ more isolated, represented by long triangular dashes ; i)ostdi8cal
series of bars similar to discal series, but dilated distad upon internervular folds,
bars R- — M' luniform, bars M' — SM- very heavy, fused witli the snbmarginal bars,
jiostdiscal interspaces C — M' more or less rufous red, the uj)per one the smallest,
spots R'— M^ halfmoon-shaped, interspaces M' — SM- tilled up by two yellow spots,
the second twice as large as the first, both narrower than interspaces R' — M' ;

( 454 )

«nbmargin;il bar C— SC- somewhat curved, bars HC — R- straight, bars W — M'
mncli more tlistal, tlie sedes being broken at R- as in etesipe, slightly curved distad,
bars M' — M- fused with the postdiscal bar and the marginal line to a large jiatch
with which is also fused the large patch formed by the postdiscal and submedian
bars M- — SM- ; submarginal interspaces within this black ])atch represented by
-small bluish white dots, submarginal interspaces C — R^ drab, divided at folds,
followed by two more whitish oues, also divided ; marginal line black, not
interrupted ; admarginal interspaces C — 11= rather large, rufous red, intersjiace
R- — K^ narrower, constricted or interrupted, the nest still narrower, often obsolete,
represented generally by a rufous red and an olive buif dot, no admarginal
interspace M' — M-, while interspace M^ — SM- is represented by a large pale yellow
spot ; subbasal to discal interspaces in posterior half of wing pale butt', becduiiiig
almost white towards base.

?. Body above ochraceous, thorax slightly olivaceous, liead and paljji and
jironotum black, spots as in S, anterior tarsus pale ochraceous.

Wings abore with a large orange area, which becomes slightly reddish in

■cell of forewing, this area larger than in cJ. Forewing : ajiex blunt, outer

margin faintly concave in middle, internal angle rounded ; cell all reddish orange,
with the dots of the underside all marked, but partly only vestigial ; broad bar D
also mostly isolated, the orange colour penetrating outside bar D to SC^'^ ; heavy
median bars SC — R- at least vestigial, median bar R- — W represented by a black
dot, which is absent from underside, median bar R-' — M' a conspicuous dot, a little
more distal than in J ; submedian and median dots M' — M- vestigial ; the black
outer area about 10 mm. at SM-, narrowing costad, of nearly equal width from
SC" or R' to R-* : cellules R' to costal margin black, except postdiscal spot SG' — R'
(which has sometimes a distinct spot in front) ; the discal bars are sometimes
clearly marked, angle-shaped or luniform, black or rufous red, separating a series
of spots from the orange area, of which spots M' — SM^ are generally small ; veins

black near outer area. Hindwing : outline nearly as in t?, anteriorly less

rounded, the wing produced into a lai)j)et from M^ to (SM'), this lajipot divided by
an incision at fold M' — BI- into a smaller and slightly longer, rounded, anterior,
and a broader, obliquely rounded, posterior portion ; orange or pale orange area
wider than in S, extending 3 to 5 mm. beyond apex of cell, its outer edge irregular;
bar D and median bar R- — R^ often marked, also sometimes median bars SU- — R-,
while the other bars in the basal half generally shine through from the underside ;
outer half of wing not so deep black as in S, with three series of markings : a
series of small postdiscal spots, reddish orange, the posterior ones paler, the upper
oues often obsolete, a series of submarginal dots, the series broken at R- and again
at M', the upper portion often obsolete, orange, the second jjortion of 4 dots rather
heavy, orange, the last of the 4 whitish, and the third portion (still more distal)
white ; an admarginal series consisting of spots C — R^ which are complete, spot
R' — R^ large, orange, and of spots R' — SM- which are yellow, spot R^ — M' inter-
rupted, sjwt M- — SM' also interrupted, the ujiper j)ortion generally absent, or at
least miiuite, the second portion a rounded or ovate patch, spots M- — SM'-' often
fused to a narrow line.

Underside appearing somewluit ]ialer than in i, the l)ars lieing on the wjiole
not so heavy, and consequently the jiale intersj)aces larger.

Length of forewing : cJ, 34 — 38 mm.
„ „ ¥, 41 — 46 mm.

( 455 )

LeiigtU of SC- of liiudwing (from base) : <?, 23 mm ; ? , 30 mm.
„ M + M^ „ „ (?, 27 mm; ? , 33 mm.

C'liisper more complicated tban iu the allied species, the dorsal margin produced
mesiad into a tooth which is deeply grooved on the npperside, apex of clasper
beyond this tooth broad, then narrowed into a hook ; ventral edge of clasper armed
on the inner side with a tooth which points distad (PI. VIII. f. 30, subdorsal view) ;
})enis-i'nnnel long, very slender, apical third convex above, almost rod-like, end curved
downwards, forming a hook ; penis thick, apex compressed, a short denticnlated
dorsal ridge before the end ; tenth abdominal tergite with two processes.

Hab. West Africa, from Sierra Leone to the Upper Congo. In the Tring
Museum 22 SS, 11 ? ?, from : S. Leone, Ft. Lokkoh, Suza country, vii. '99 (("apt.
.Stevens) ; Slierboro ; Accra ; Warri, Niger, 4. v. '76 (Dr. Roth) ; Stanley Pool to
Lukolele, and Bopoto, Congo ; Great Forest on Upper Congo, three days' march
from Ft. Beni, 7. v. '99 (Dr. Ansorge;.

This species has been separated generically from Ckaraxes on account of the
outline of tlie hindwing. TLe absence of tail R' and the shortness of tail M- give
the insect a peculiar appearance, but do no more justify a generic separation from
Charaxes, than the difference in the outline of the wings does in the case of varanes,
mycerina, etc. In our opinion Ch. zingha is closer related to Ch. etesipc than this
is to Ch.jamus, camliopc, polyxena, etc. It is in colour of an acraeoid appearance.

h}^. Cell-bar 4 of forewing below not separated into rounded spots.

i^. Bars of underside chestnut tawny with black or brown borders, heavy.
irv'. Discal and postdiscal bars of hindwing below not regularly arched.
M*. Baud of upperside of hindwing distal of middle of wing iu i.

64. Charaxes etesipe.

$ . Papilin Xi/wphalix Phuleratus ethencleg, Drury (nou Cramer, 1777), lllustr. Er. Ins. III. p. 12.

t. 10. f. 1. 2. and Index (1782) (S. Leone) ; Fabr., Ent. Stjst. HI. 1. p. 64. n. 200 (1793) (pt.).
? . Nymphalis etrsipe Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 3.55. n. 19 (182:1) (S. Leone).
<j. Nymjihalis elheta Godart, I.e. p. 356. n. 20 (1823) (Afr. occ. ; ^ of etesipe .»).

(?. Bor/i/ above olivaceous black, bead, pronotum and anterior portion ot
mesonotum bistre ; dots on head and pronotum and line behind eye prominent,
mesial dot of pronotum mostly concealed by the hair-like scaling ; underside
cream colour, palpi white, stripes on sterna underneath legs, posterior part of
metasternum aud upperside of anterior tibia and tarsus brown or black, four
posterior femora black on npperside, with dispersed white scales.

Wiriys ahoce, blackish blue, glossy blue in side-light, more glossy towards base,

with a greenish tint. Forewing : outer margin generally obvionsly denticulate ;

a spot in upper angle of cell and a series of five discal spots SC — M' white, mostly
edged with blue, spot R^ — R' minute or absent, close to cell, spot W — R- also
small, the other three about 1 to IJ mm. in diameter, no discal spofs from M- to
internal margin ; a complete postdiscal series of spots, the posterior ones the
largest, often developed to large patches, pale blue, the upper four or five small,
more or less white, generally blue at edges, spot R' — R- the smallest, the series
l^arallel to outer margin, curving costad in front ; a complete series of admarginal

spots, jiale blue, whitish upon iuternervular folds. Hindwing : a postdiscal

series of pale lilue spots, the series somewhat angled before K^, in some forms the
spots dilated basad to the apex of the cell aud fused together, the upper ones

( 456 )

mostly excepted, rejiresenting a broad disco-postdiscal band, bar D and median bars
C — R- sometimes vestigial, a white discal i)atch C— SC- either isolated or joined
to the respective bine postdiscal spot ; snbmnr<rinal dots white, mostly blue at
edges, spot H' — K- small, sometimes vestigial ; admarginal spots R- — M- generally
continuous, feebly interrupted by the black veins, extending far into tails, pale blue,
mostly white at veins, spots SC^ — R° rufous red, heavy, or vestigial, or absent ;
anal spot huffish : the snbmarginal and admarginal series broken at R- owing to
the wing being suddenly dilated at H- : a white and jiale blue patch at abdominal
margin near anal angle.

I'nderside variegated with cream colour and drali ; basal to median bars rnf'ous
red, edged with black.— — Forewing : markings in cell and snl)median and median
bars heavy ; basal cell-spot present, with a costal spot in front ; bar 3 more or less
rounded, bar 4 strongly angled, interspaces more or less creamy white ; submedian
bar M'— M- before base of M', more distal than bar M-— (SM'), the latter extended
black, often joined to respective discal one, no submedian bar R' — M' ; discal bars
M' — (SIP) continuous or nearly so, bar R^ — M' more distal, about 4 mm. from base
of M', somewhat luniform as a rule, bar R- — W more jiroximal, bar R' — R- more
distal thau bars SC^ — R', these latter fused to one marking, median bars with
milky white patches at outer side ; discal bars black, standing in a slightly curved
series, bar M- — (SM') sometimes touching median bar, bars SC — M' short, more
like spots thau bars, not luniform, all at outside with milky, or creamy, white
patches — posterior ones externally shaded with rufous in some individuals — which
are well separated from one another and reach to the postdiscal black bars, which
stand in a series about parallel to outer margin, the posterior bars patch-like, the
middle ones rejiresented by rather small spots, the upper two larger again, especially
patch SC'^ — SC^, which has often a rnfous red centre ; submargiual bars thin,
forming a blackish drab line which is more or less interrupted at veins, very widely
so at R', edge of wing thinly blackish drab, admarginal interspaces with white or

creamy patches between veins, patches SC — SC* and R' — R- small. Hindwing :

basal costal bar represented by a l)rown spot, PC edged with blackish brown, costal
submedian, median and discal bars wanting, the costal area uj) to jwstdiscal bar
creamy white ; subbasal to discal bars C — SC^, cell-bar 2 and upper portion of
cell-bar 4, as well as median and discal bars SC- — R', heavy ; subbasal to median
bars C — SC- close together; bar D thin; basal cell-spot black, veius SM-, SJP,
and (SM') more or less black, a line between these veins and sometimes one beyond
SM^ also black ; median bars M^— SM- zigzag; discal and postdiscal bars black,
j)arallel, bars R- — R' more distal than bars R' — R^ and R' — M', postdiscal bars
R^— SM- arched, the respective discal ones not or only slightly arched ; submedian
white spots prominent, submedian interspaces drab, this colour extending between
C and R- to discal bars or more basad ; blackish brown submargiual bars C — H-
straight, bars R" — M' enlarged, l)lack, bars M' — SM- much shaded with blue ;
admarginal spots C — R^ rufous red, bordered all round with white, transverse, ui>i)er
one triangular, spot R- — R' olive buff, small, often very thin, sjwts R^— M- larger,
more or less yellow, not interrupted at M', anal spot olive buff ; tails slender, long.

?. Body above, less black than in S, bistre brown ; underside as in S, but
abdomen brown, with huffish or whitish edges to the segments ; anterior tarsi white.

Wi7i^s, upitemide : purple black, with a slight bluisli gloss, which is stronger

and more greenish in basal area. Forewing : the markings creamy white, or

from M- to costal margin jjale tawny ochraceous ; discal spots as in i, but smaller,

( 457 )

epots R^ — ]VP either separate or fused with the postdiscal jiatches, iu which case
bars R' — M- are vestigial ; postdiscal spots always large, except upper three, about
6 to 8 mm. wide at SM-, the series oblique ; no distinct admarginal spots. Hind-
wing : a mediauo-discal band from costal to abdominal margin, white, straight, at
right angles to H', narrowest between SC- and R', much shaded with olive bufi' or
blue (except in front), bordered with that colonr at both sides ; submargiiial white
spots as in S, sometimes obsolete, excejjt the last ones; admarginal spots less
conspicuous than in c?, often more or less obsolete.

Underside : similar to that of S, disco-postdiscal creamy or milky white patch
of forewing large, no discal bar M- — (SM') ; tails less pointed, sometimes slightly
spatulate.

Length of forewing : <?, 34 — 41 mm.
„ ,, ?, 39 — 45 mm.

Tenth tergite of abdomen (S) rounded ; clasper essentially as in Ch. ackaemenes;
penis-funnel shorter than in that sjjecies, otherwise similar in shape ; penis with a
triangular ridge about 3 mm. before end, similar to that of C/i. etkeocles, but dorso-
lateral ; the size and outline of the ridge is variable ; there are often some small
teeth before the ridge.

Hub. Tropical West and East Africa, and Madagascar.

The geographical representative forms which we unite here under one species
are constantly and conspicuously diiferent in the width of the postdiscal band across
the upperside and in some other details ; the East African tavetensis stands exactly
intermediate between the West African etesipe and the Malagassic cacuthis, while
abyssinicus connects taeetensis with etesipe.

a. Ch. etesipe cacuthis.

Chanixeg cacuthis Hewitson, Exot. Butt. III. Charaxes. t. 3. f. ]'2. ? . 13. (^ (1803) (Madagascar) ;
Bull., Pi-oc. Zool. So,-. Loud. p. 029. d. 26 (1865) (Madag.) ; Saalm., Lep. Maihig. p. 88. n. 127
(1884) ; Mab., in Grandid., Hht. X„t. Mu,l„gagc., Lep. I. p. 185. n. 4. t. 22. f. 1. 2. 3 (1885-87)
(E. and N.E. Madag. ; Nossibc'^) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lmul. XXV. p. 399. n. 145 (1896)
(Madag.) ; Auriv., Kongl Sv. Vet. Ak. Bandl. XXXI. 5. p. 234. n. 15 (1899) (Madag.).

Nymphalis aiculhis, Kirby, Cut. Diurn. Lep. p. 2l)9. n. 25 (1871) (Madag.).

?. Charaxes antanala Lucas, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5). XV. no. 22. p. 1 (1872) (Madag.).

cJ. Witiffs above, band broad. Forewing : rather more elongate than in

etesipe etesipe, outer edge denticulate, postdiscal band 7 to 10 mm. wide behind
SM-, 5A mm. behind M= ; white discal spot M' — M- touching or almost touching

postdiscal patch ; admarginal sjiots small, last two seldom fused. Hindwing :

white costal patch C — SC^ contiguous with blue postdiscal one, blue ])atch SC- — IV
about 6 mm. long, band not interrupted from R' to (SM'), broader from R' to M-
than black outer area, outwardly concave between veins R' — SM^, crossing M
between bases of M' and M-, generally two white spots SC" — R- marked within
baud close to its proximal edge; admarginal, rufous red, spots 80" — R- present as
a rule, but often obsolete.

Underside : white colour somewhat more extended than iu the other two races.

Forewing : submarginal bars R^ — M' present, discal bars M- — SJP close to

median bars.

? . Wings above. Forewing : markings from M- to costal margin pale tawny

ochraceous or whitish ochreous buff ; discal spots R' — M- fused with the postdiscal
ones, respective median bars vestigial within the patches thus formed, postdiscal
and discal spots R- — R^ joined together by means of chestnut scaling which extends

31

( -iss )

sometimes to apex of cell, sjiots 11'— R- sometimes joined together in the same way.

Hindwing : band bordered with blue, the blue scaling extending basad beyond

base of M'-; submarginal dots L'— H- obsolete as a rule ; admarginal spots 8(j-— R-
vestigial.

Underside. Forewing : outer half of cellules R-— M' for the greater part

drab, the submarginal bars present. Hindwing: postdiscal bars and white snl)-

uuirginal spots somewhat wider apart than in the continental forms.

Length of forewing : c?, 34 — 38 mm.
?, 39— 42 mm.

Ilah. Madagascar. In the Tring Mnseum 11 Si,'i ? ?: Antonamb*:', liaie
d'Antongil, iii. iv. "08 (A. Jlocquerys) ; Antanosy country.

b. Ch. etesipe tavetensis (Nov. Zool. V. t. 5. f. 4. S).

Ch'ini.res Irmiensis Rothschild, :\')7'. Ziml. I. p. 535. n. (1894) (Taveta) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc.

Land. XXV. p. 3S9. n. 146 (1890) ; Aiiriv., Kongl. Sc. V^t. Ak. ILmdl. XXXI. 5. p. 'i.'U. n. 14

(1899).
Charaxes cacuthis, Lanz (non Hewitson, 1863), Iris IX. p. 142 (1896) (Parumbira, X.).

<S. W/'/iffs aboce : as in cacuthis, but posterior postdiscal patches of forewing
narrower, patch M-— SM- measuring 4 mm. at the widest point, discal spots R'— M-

widely separated from postdiscal ones as in etesipe. Hindwing: postdiscal blue

patches C— R- much smaller than in cacnthis, separated from one another, the ujtper
ones not entirely contiguous with white discal patch, no white discal spots S('- — R-,
black outer area wider from R- to SM- than in both etesipe and cacuthis ; white
submarginal dots all present, but dot R'— R- minute as a rule ; admarginal spots
SC=— R= obsolete.

Underside : as in etesipe, the creamy white discal spots of the hindwing larger
on the whole.

?. Wings ahore. Forewing: markings creamy white ; discal spots R' — M-

fused with the postdiscal ones to ovate patches, bars within these jiatches vestigial.
Hindwing : band bordered and shaded over with olive buff: rnfons red admar-
ginal spots SC"-^— R= at least vestigial, bluish grey admarginal spots R-— M- present.

Underside: somewhat more extended drab than in cacuthis. Forewing:

cellules R-— M' white for the greater part from discal bars to outer margin, discal
bars R' — M° obsolescent.

Length of forewing : tj, 35—41 mm.
„ „ ?,42mm.

Hab. East Africa, hi the Tring Maseum 'i 6 i from: Taveta, July 1891
{type); Dar-es-Salaam ; Zomba, Nyassaland, xii. 1895 (Dr. Percy Rendall). 2 ? ?
in the Berlin Mnseum from Uar-es-Salaam.

The Zomba example has the blue postdiscal patches of the forewing above
more proximal than the other specimens, the patches being the same in position as
in cacuthis, and the band of the hindwing is also more proximal.

c. Ch. etesipe abyssinicus Rothscli. snbsp. nov.

Charaxes />(««<>«, Oberthur (non Godart, 1823), Ann. Mii.-^. Cii; Genova XV. p. 165. n. 44. (1879)
(Let Marefia, Shoa, Aug. '77) ; id., I.e. XVIII. p. 727. n. 55 (1883) (Feleklek, XII., Sciotalit,
I. IV.); Auriv., ?.<•. (pt.).

<S. Differs from Ch. etesipe tavetensis as follows: Upperside, forewing, jjost-
discal patch M-— SM- larger, jiatch at internal margin e.xtended to angle of wing ;

( 459 )

admarginal spots larger, spots M- — SM^ merged together to one spot, which is
somewhat 3-shaped and touches the veins. — Hindwing: pale lilne baud of more
even width, being narrower behind, and broader in front than in tavetfnsis, patch
S('= — Ri measuring nearlj' 5 mm. in length, while patch R^ — M' is ver)' little over
5 mm. long.

Underside : ground colour more cinnamon, the white patches as well as the red
bars near the end of the cell of the hindwing mnch less distinct.

?. Unknown.

In the form of the band of the hindwing intermediate between C/i. etesipe
tavetensis and (_li. etesipe etesipe.

Length of forewing : S, 40 mm.

Hab. Abyssinia : Sciotalit, Scioa (Shoa), 23. i. '80 (Antinori;, 1 <?.

d. Ch. etesipe etesipe.

Piip/Ko Nyiiiphalis Pluderatus etJievcles, Drury (non Cramer, 1777), l.c. ; Fabr., I.e.
(?). Papilio Eqties Achims elheodes, Herbst, Naliirs. ScJimrIL IV. p. 71. n. 167. t. 65. f. 5 (1790) (pt.).
? . Nymphalis etesipe Godart, I.c. ; Doubl., Westw, & Hew., Gen. Diurn. II. p. 308. n. 9 (1850).
j. Nymphalis ethela Godart, l.c. : Gut'r., Icon, mrjnc An. t. 78. f. 4 (1820) & p. 477 (1844) ; Griffith,

Anim. Kingdom, Ins. t. 2. f. 4 (1832) ; Doabl., Westw. & Hew., l.c. n. 10 (1850).
? . Cluiraxes elcsipr, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lonrl. p. 629. n. 25 (1865) (S. Leoae).
fj. Charaxes ethehi, Butler, l.c. n. 27.

$ . Charaxes etheocUs, Butler, Ckit. Diurn. Lep. ilescr. hij Fair. p. 52. n. 9 (1869) (pt.).
(j 5 . Chariixes etesipe, Butler, Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 273. t. 5. f. 6. J (1869) (ctlieta = cJ of etaipc) ;

Mab., in Grandid., Hist. Mndag., Lep. I. p. 189. n. 8 (1885-87) (Madagascar ex err. ! .') ; Dewitz,

Nov. Act. Leop. Cur. Ak. Naturf. L. 4. p. 371 (1887) (Mukenge, IV. VIII.) ; Capronn., C. R.

Soc. Ent. Belg. XXXIII. p. 146. n. 80 (1890) (Gaboon) ; Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loml. p. 472.

n. 87 (1390) (Aruwimi) ; Godm. & Salv., in Jameson, Story of Hear Column p. 440. n. 81 (1890)

(Aruwimi ; Upper Congo) ; Auriv., Ent. Tidslr. XII. p. 215. n. 140 (1891) (Cameroons ;

Gaboon) ; id., l.c. XV. p. 311. n. 196 (1894) (Cameroons, IV. XI.) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc.

Loud. XXV. p. 399. n. 147 (1896) (S. Leone ; Accra ; O. Calabar : Isubu ; Cameroons) ;

Auriv., Kongl. Sr. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 234. n. 13 (1899) (S. Leone to Angola and

Aruwimi ; Abyssinia and Madagascar loc. err.).
cJ $. Nymphalis etesipe, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269. n. 24 (1871) (Afr. occ.) ; Dewitz, Nor.

Act. Leop. Car. Ak. Naturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 29 (1879) (N. Angola).

S. Wings shorter and broader than in the other races ; ahore with postdiscal

macular bands narrow. Forewing : discal spot M' — M- nearer to cell than to

postdiscal spot ; postdiscal spot M- — SM- proximally incised, distally produced into
a short line upon (SM'), somewhat shaped like figure 3, about half as wide again
transversely as in basi-distal direction, spot M' — M- convex proximally, somewhat
concave distally, diameter about IJ mm., spot at internal margin very variable in

length ; ])Osterior admarginal spots rather heavier than in the other races.

Hindwing : postdiscal spots nearly eijual in width, spot C — SC- often small,
sometimes obsolete, spots R' — SM- distinctly halfmoon-shaped, all separated from
one another, the last ones, however, mostly touching each other.

Underside more extended drab than in cacuthis. — Forewing : discal bars
M' — SM- widely separated from median ones ; cellule M- — SM- mnch shaded with
black, with scarcely any or with few white scales at outer side of median bar,
the discal bar M^ — SM- very heavy, as iu tacetensis ; cellules R- — M' with n large

creamy patch, the submarginal bars more or less obliterated. Hindwing :

discal bars R' — M^ very short.

?. Wings, above: markings varying individually from white to creamy buff.
Forewing : spots smaller than in taceten.ns, discal spots R' — M- as a rule

( 460 )

separate from postdiscal ones, seldom close to them, or, if fused with them, very

small. Hiiidwing: admarginal line R- — M- obsolete or very thin and interrupted;

white submarginal dots C — R- more or less obsolete in the specimens from Sierra
Leone to Gold Coast.

Length of forewing: i, 35 — 4U mm.
„ „ ¥, 41 — 45 mm.

/lab. West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Angola and Unyoro. In the Tring
Museum 36 cTt?, 11 ?? from: Sierra Leone; Kumassi to Mansu, iv. '!t9
(Northcott) ; Mamfi, Accra, Begoro ; Warri, 20. ix. '97 (Dr. Roth) ; Cameroons ;
Great Forest of Upper Congo, two and three days' march from Ft. Beni, C. v. &
T. V. '99 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Congo ; Kassai ; Wakibara, Unyoro, 23. vii. '97,
Warringo R., Unyoro, 8. vii. '97, Fajao, Unyoro, 10. xii. '97 (Ur. Ansorge).

Dr. Rotli caught a ? at night at a lamp (!) at Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate-
Pi. V. of Nov. ZooL. V. represents a curious aberration from Sierra Leone.

n*. t? with band of hindwing above in middle.

65. Charaxes penricei Rothsch., sp. nov.

<?. Body as in CA. etesipe.

Wings, wpperside, bluish black, somewhat metallic green towards base.

Forewing : markings similar in position to those of Ch. etesipe cacuthis, all white,
the posterior patches slightly edged with blue, postdiscal spots SC^ — R^ larger
than in cacuthis, patch M- — SM- 0 mm. wide, more proximal than in cacuthis,

being 9 mm. distant from end of SM^ Hindwing : a band across the wing

as in the ? etesipe, but the band is blue for the greater part, the white colour
being restricted to spots which correspond to the white spots of the underside,
externally the band is incised npon the veins, point of origin of M' about in middle
of band ; median bar C — SC- and bar D appear as black lines within the band ;
.submarginal and admarginal spots essentially as in etesipe etesipe.

Underside nearly as in etesipe S, but the white markings larger and purer

in colour, the red bars brighter. Forewing : black discal bars R^ — SM- placed

as in etesipe ? , being much more proximal than in etesipe 6, discal bar M- — SM^
not clearly separated from the respective median one, white postdiscal interspace
M^— SM= 3i mm. broad at M-', and 6 mm. at SM-, black postdiscal patch M^— SM^

larger than in etesipe ?. Hindwing: rufous red post<liscal spots C — W very

conspicuous, the following postdiscal interspaces also more or less rufous red,
median and subraedian bars M^ — (SM') closer together than in etesipe.

Length of forewing : cJ, 38 mm.

Genital armature not essentially different from that of Ch. etesipe.

llab. Quebe R., Angola (Penrice), 1 S.

This curious sj)ecies resembles much more the ? of Ch. etesipe than the 6
on the upperside of the hindwing, while on the forewing the pattern recalls that
of Ch. etesipe cacuthis from Madagascar.

w'. Discal and postdiscal bars of hindwing below regularly arched, forming
halfmoons together.

60. Charaxes achaemenes (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 12 f. 1. ?).

Ch/iraxes jocuste Doubleday, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. Huh. I. Append, p. 28 (1844) {nom. mul.) ;
But!., Proc. Zool. Sor. Lmid. p. 628. n. 21 (1865) (»'>;». mul.; Senegal) ; id., IV. Eiil. 6V. Lmul.

( 461 )

p. 274 (1809) (m-hienifws =jocaste); id., Ann. Ma;,. N. B. (4). XVIII. p. 481 (1876) (Atbara);

id., I.e. (0). VII. p. 4->. n. 11 (1891) (Kandera, X.) ; id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnml. p. 648. n. 17

(1893) (Zomba, VII.).
Nymphalh jucaste Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lcp. II. p. 309. n. 17 (1850) {nom. mid ;

Senegal).
Charaxes achamenr.i Felder, Reise Noi-ara, Lep. p. 446. n. 729. t. 59. f. 6. 7 (1867) (Natal) ; Butl.,

Tr. Ent. Soc. Land. p. 121. n. 20 (1870) (= S oi jocoste); Obertb., yl;m. Mus. Civ. Genom

XVIII. p. 727. n. 56 (1883) (Shoa, August) ; Trim. & Bowk., S. Afr. Butt. I. p. .340. n. 113

(1887) (Natal ; Del. Bay ; Becbuanaland) ; Mab., Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. p. 23 (1890) (Assinie) ;

Trim., Pm: Zool. So,: Loml. p. 80. n. 35 (1891) (S.W. Afr.; Omrora, VIII. ; Ehanda, IX.) ;

Monteiro, Ddogoa Boy t. 1. f. 2 (1891) ; Trim., I.e. p. 41. n. 65. t. 5. f. 7. ? (1894) (Manica) ;

Carpent., Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. (2). VIII. (1895) (Lokoja) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud.

p. 256. n. 18 (1895) (Zomba) ; id., Jmirn. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 356. n. 15 (1896) (Senegal ;

Atbara ; Kandera ; Zomba ; Zambesi ; Del. Bay) ; id.. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 822. n. 11.

(1896) (Deep Bay, Nyassa, III.); id., /..-. p. 852. n. 11 (1896) (Nya'^sa) ; Lanz, h-ix IX.

p. 142. (1896) (Tanganyika) ; Auriv., Kougl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 234. n. IS

(1899) (Senegal ; Ivory Coast ; Lokoja ; Angola ; S.W. Africa. ; Becbuanaland ; Natal to the

Tanganyika, Somaliland and Abyssinia).
A'ym/ihalh acJiaenienes, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269. n. 20 (1871) ; Dewitz, Nuc. Act. Leoii. Car.

Ak. Naturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 28 (1879) (Angola).

<?. Body above olive drab, head and pronotum nearly walnnt brown, abdomen
drab colour ; white dots on head and line behind eye conspicnous ; underside
creamy white, with brown oblique streaks on breast underneath femora, anterior
tibia brown in front.

Wi7igs aboee olive black, bistre colour towards base ; markings white.

Forewing : elongate as in Ck. fahius faiius ; cell mostly with an obscure spot
in upper angle ; a discal band of four patches from R' to internal margin, oblique,
patch M^— S^P 5 mm. broad at SM-, patches R=— M^ mostly somewhat narrower,
separated, conve.x proximally, somewhat concave distally, especially patch R^— M',
this band jjreceded by three discal sjwts ; spot R-— R' close to cell, small, the
other two, S0°— R^ at about ^ the way from cell to apex of wing; an oblique
postdiscal series of spots from SC^ to IVP, decreasing in size posticad, the upper one
U to 2i mm. wide, spots R'— M^ close to discal patches, with which they are
sometimes completely fused ; a series of admarginal elongate dots from SC— SM^
standing upon the iuternervular folds, the s])ots of about the same size throughout.

Hindwing ; a discal band from costal margin to abdominal fold as prolongation

of the band of the forewing, 4| mm. broad at SC^ generally widened basad in cell,
its outer edge nearly straight, crossing M at, or a little beyond, origin of M' ; a
complete series of snbmarginal dots, all prominent, more or less heavily shaded
with glaucous blue : admarginal spots linear, glaucous blue, somewhat white at
veins as a rule, extending into tails, spots IV— W thin, SC-— R^ absent or vestigial,
C— SC- absent, anal one more or less yellow, wing suddenly widened from R- to SM-,
hence the admarginal and snbmarginal series of spots broken at R- (which is
especially evident on underside) ; abdominal fold grey in middle, especially near
SM^ with an ill-defined white patch before anal angle.

Underside : greyish white, variegated with drab colour ; basal to median bars
rnfous chestnut, edged with black, except thin bars SC^'—SM' of hindwing, which
have the black edges seldom vestigial. Forewing : basal cell-spot present, cell-
bar 3 represented by a spot behind SC, bar 4 very oblique, curved costad, somewhat
comma-shaped, but of nearly the same thickness throughout, closer to M- than M' ;
bar D somewhat dilated costally ; snbmedian and median bars about at right angles
to veins, interspaces M'— (SM') of about the same width, bars M'— M= more distal

( 462 )

than l)ars 5P — (SM'), no submedian bar R' — M', median bar W — M' 1 to U mm.
more distal than median bar M' — M-, 3 mm. from base of M', slif^htly curved, bar
R^ — R^ a little more proximal, bars SC — R' 6i mm. from apex of cell, forminor one
continnons, obliqne, straight line, bar R' — R- more distal, small, convex distad :
discal bars HV* — M- widely sojiarated from one another, small, the upjier two,
which are the heaviest, with drab coloured patches at proximal side, bar R-— R'
generally a mere dot, bar R' — M' mostly curved, no discal bar M- — SM-, the discal
interspaces milky white, much wider than the median ones, proximal portions of
postdiscal interspaces also white, fnsed with tlie discal ones, so that the discal bars
R' — M- are placed within the white area, rest of postdiscal interspaces drab colour
with a series of internervnlar, cadmium yellow, spots which decrease in size costad
and are distally bordered by the black postdiscal bars, of these latter bars SC* — R'
are minute, bars SC — SC'' subtriangular, liars M- — SM- fused to one, nearly
quadrangular, patch, the diameters of which are about 2 and 3 mm. ; submarginal
bars tawny olive, luniform, convex distally, IJ mra. from edge of wing between
veins, last three less curved, last two joined together and more black, submedian
interspaces ecru drab with darker centres, posterior ones like posterior admarginal
interspace shaded with pale blue ; marginal line drab ; longitudinal, whitish, dashes

at ends of internervnlar folds. Hindwing : basal costal bar vestigial, close to base

of wing, PC edged with rufous chestnut, no submedian and median costal bars ; all
the basal to median bars thin, except bars C — SC-, which are close together, and
cell-bar 2, as well as upper portions of cell-bar 4 ; snbbasal bar M' — (.SM') joined
along (SM') to submedian bar, median bars M-— (8M') and (SM')— SM- both
curved basad near (SM'), the prolongations soon fused to a line which extends
to submedian series ; median bar SC^ — R' at or beyond D-, bar R^ — R^ about
1 mm. more distal than bar D ; discal bars black, luniform, the upper three
heavier than the others, bar R- — R' the most distal of the series, bars M- — SM'
almost straight, slightly oblique to veins, somewhat inclining basad posteriorly ;
discal interspaces drab colour at discal bars, this colour filling up the greater part
of interspaces R^ — M^, while the rest of the discal interspaces (as well as cell) is
creamy white ; postdiscal bars thin, lunitorm, the series parallel to the discal one,
but the upper three bars are little wider apart from the discal ones than bans
W — M-, postdiscal interspaces obscurely cadmium yellow and greenish buif, the
upper ones more yellow than the others ; admarginal black bars shaded with pale
blue, upper three straight, but not continuous, the following ones more distal (owing
to the form of the wing) and also heavier, except bar M' — M- which is nearl}'
entirely replaced by blue scaling ; white submarginal spots larger than the black
ones, submarginal interspaces ecru drab ; admarginal interspaces ( ' — R- cadmium
yellow, well-defined, edged with creamy white, the others greenish buff, more or
less white at veins ; tails long, upper one pointed, 4 to 7 mm. long, second of nearly
even width, 0 to 1 1 mm. long.

S. Larger than 6, body above as in c^, or olivaceous tawiiy. Wings broader
than in tJ, tails longer. Upperside of wings umber brown towards base, or basal

area rufous tawny ; markings larger than in d. Forewing : markings yellowish

buff or orange buff, discal band paler behind, discal and postdiscal spots SC'' — R'
more or less fused together to long streaks, discal bars R' — M' absent or vestigial.

. Hindwing : discal band like that of forewing, rather paler ; submarginal spots

ns in <S, larger; admarginal spots C — R' more or less tawny, sometimes faint.

Underside: as in S, submarginal pale blue patches R- — SM- of hindwing large.

( 463 )

Length of forewing ; S, 34 — 30 mm.
,, „ ? , 39 — 45 mm.

Teuth tergite of abdomen (c?) rounded triangular, subtruiicated, with tlie trace
of a sinns ; clasper slender, almost gradually narrowed to a point from beyond
middle to end, the apical third very slender, slightly curved mesiad, armed on the
dorsal edge by a tootli which points sharply mesiad (PI. VIII. f. 36) ; penis-fnnncl
short, narrow, apex convex dorsally, extreme tip suddenly narrowed and curved
downwards, forming a sharp hook ; penis with a dorsal series of teeth, the proximal
teeth a little larger and placed towards the left side.

The seventh ventral segment of the abdomen of the ? (Nov. Zool.V. p. 550, f. 14)
convex in middle postically forming a cavity at the month of the vagina.

Hab. East Africa, from Natal (?) to Abyssinia, and from there to Senegambia
and the hinterlands of the West Coast as far south as the Niger; not known from the
trne West African forest region. A rather common insect in British Central Africa.
In the Tring Museum 50 cfc?, 9 ? ? from: Gold Coast; Bathurst ; R. Gambia;
Abyssinia ; Wakibara, Unyoro, 9. vii. and 23. vii. '97 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Ndi, Brit. E.
Afr., 20. iii. '95 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Kibwezi, 5. ii. '95 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Zomba, Nyassa-
land, xii '95 (Dr. Percy Rendall) ; Likoma, Nyassaland, 1. vi., 2. vi., 12. vi., 15. vi.,
16. vi., 17. vi., 3. vii., 11. vii., 15. vii., 17. vii., 20. vii., 21. vii., 1896 (Rev. Dntton) ;
Lauderdale, Nyassaland ; Chipaika Estate, Bandawe, Nyassaland (F. Watkinsou) ;
Delagoa Bay, vi. ; at various places between Lialui and Njoko, Upp. Zambesi, iv. '98
(Coryndon); Calweha R., Angola, 29. iii., 15. iv., 30. iv., 1. v., 11. v., 12. v., 20. vi. '98
(Penrice) ; Olimbinga R., Angola, 3. iv. and 2. v. '98 (Penrice) ; Benguella to
C'aconda, Angola, v. '07 (Penrice) ; Natal (Felder ; correct ?) ; Zambesi (Felder).

The similarity between the ? of C/i. achaemenes, Ch. guderiana, and c? ? (7*.
pelias saturnus is very striking (see Nov. Zool. VII. t. 12. f. L 2. 3.).

Mr. Coryndon, when trekking down the Zambesi from Lialui, observed this
species being often attracted by the meat (antelopes, etc.) hung on to the waggon ;
he found it also feeding on the trunk of a small wounded tree.

j'. Bars in basal half of underside thin, black, seldom tawny, but in the latter
case not edged with black ; or jjartly absent,
o'. Discal bars of fore- and hind wing, below, black, regularly arched.

0*. Discal bars M' — SM-' of forewing below absent, or vestigia], placed
within a whitedisco-postdiscal band ; fore- and hindwing below
with red or yellow postdiscal spots.
If'. Band and spots of upperside cream colour or yellow.

67. Charaxes fabius.

Papilio Eqiies Aehivus fahius f abricius, Si)ec. Ins. II. p. 12. n. 47 (17S2) (India).

S ? . Bodi/ above bistre brown, thorax slightly olivaceous ; underside creamy
buff to clayish bull", palpi paler.

(?. Wings, upperside: brownish black, bistre brown at base, with creamy

white or deep maize yellow markings. Forewing rather pointed ; a band of

three patches runs straight across veins from M' to internal margin which it readies
beyond middle ; these patches are homologous of tlie discal and postdiscal inter-
spaces which are fused together, the band is continued costad and apicad by two
series of spots, an inner, discal, series, of which spot R' — M' is often absent, spot

( 464 )

W — R' stands closer to cell, aud spots SC — R', often partly absent, are placed at
^ of the way from cell to ajiex of wing ; and an outer, postdiscal, series of 4 or 5
spots running ajiicad but curving costad at SC, spot S(_'* — S('° often absent ; a
series of submarginal dots, Ijecoraing minute or obsolete costad, the last three

always present. Hindwing : an almost straight discal band, which is pale in

front, extends from costal margin to M- or (SM"), its inner edge crosses M at origin
of M', its width variable according to locality ; a series of small white or yellowish
submarginal spots, the last two with some blue or olive bntf scaling at outside ;
adraarginal spots maize yellow or creamy, narrow upon internervular folds or
divided into triangular spots, spot C — SC- always absent, often also the next (ine,
the last one or ones mostly olive buff.

Underside : ecru drab or fawn colour, the outer region sometimes deejier drab

colour or shaded with tawny olive, bars black. Forewing : cell-bar 1 absent, 2 a

dot, 3 represented by two spots or complete, 4 nearly straight or angled ; bar D
not, or little, dilated in front ; snbmedian bar not distal of base of M', generally
midway lietween bases of M' and M-, snbmedian bar R' — M' absent; median bars
R' — SM- at right angles to veins (or nearly so), bar M' — M^ sometimes arched,
bar R^ — R' in front of R' — M' or more proximal, bars SC^ — R- at nearly J the way
from cell to apex of wing, discal interspaces at outer side of median -bars with
creamy white or pale yellow patches, which are jiartly absent in some forms ; discal
bars more or less arched, bars S(!* — M' forming the proximal border of postdiscal
spots, which correspond in size and position to those of the upperside, discal bar
R^ — M' sometimes very close to median one, with the interspace between of the
ground colour ; the creamy or pale yellow patches M' — SM- represent the discal and
postdiscal ones fused together, sometimes patch M' — M- divided by a Inniform
discal bar into a discal and postdiscal portion ; submarginal bars represented by
black spots, of which spots M^ — SM^ form a large double patch, contiguous with
this series (and marked even if the submarginal spots are obsolete) is a series of
chrome yellow or deep chrome spots which are larger than the lilack sulimarginal
spots and gradually decrease in size costad ; the submarginal patches M' — SM^
with creamy scaling at outside which forms a spot between M- aud SM- which

resembles the figure 3. Hindwing : subbasal costal bar and basal cell-spot

absent ; snbmedian series stopping at (SM'), crossing M at, or close to, base of M- ;
median series somewhat irregular, but nearly straight from costal margin to R^,
bars M- — SM- about at right angles to (SM'), the series reaching M at or a little
beyond base of M- ; veins SM- and SM^ sometimes partly black ; discal interspaces
in most forms with creamy white patches at median bars ; discal bars thin, arched,
Innnle R^ — M' more proximal, R- — R^ more distal, than the others, hence the series
angled at R^ ; the discal Innules followed at 1 to 2 mm. distance by a series of
chrome yellow or red halfmoons, of which the second is sometimes obsolete ; these
halfmoons are contiguous with the black postdiscal bars, which are obliterated iu
some forms ; white submarginal dots C — R- sometimes obsolete, black sulimarginal
liars linear, with blue sjiots at proximal side, the bars contiguous with yellow or
olive bufi' admarginal interspaces which are paler at veins : tails acute, second at
least as long as first.

?. Like tJ, but larger, wings broader, tails longer and less pointed, the first
longer than second, creamy white or yellow marking wider.

Length of forewing : <S, 30—40 mm.
„ „ ?, 34 — 48 mm.

( 465 )

Clasper apically jirodnced into a hook, variable in the different subspecies, the-
thickened basi-ventral part armed with a tooth or dentate process ; penis-funnel
curved downwards, forming a strong and sharply pointed hook ; penis armed
with teeth, dilated, 1 or 2 mm. before the end, into a ridge; tenth tergite bluntly
triangular, with the apex more or less sinuate.

Hab. From Ceylon and N. India to iSuraatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Celebes,
and the Sula Is. ; not found in Java, not recently on the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, but recorded by Godart (1823) from the Nicobars (by mistake ?).

The sexual armature of the cj cj is obviously different in the several geographical
races (compare figs. 20—23, 37—44, 50—53 of Plate VIII.).

The species is of an African tyjie and lives in more open country, not in the
dense forest.

a. Ch. fabius lampedo.

Eriboea UimpnU Hiibner, Samml. E.r. Schmetl. II. t. 52. f. 3. 4. ? (1816-?).

Nymphalis lamprdn, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. D'mrn. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 31 (1850).

Charaxes himpnhi, Butler, Proc. Zoul. Sue. Loud. p. 628. n. 20 (1865) ; Semper, Tagf. Philijip. p. 79,

n. 99 (1887) (Mariveles, Luzon ; Cebu) ; id., U. p. 335. n. 99 (1892) (S.E. Mindanao ; Palawan) ;

Butl., Jourii. Linn. Snc. Loud. XXV. p. 356. n. 17 (1896) (Palawan).
(J. Chimi.r.es zephyrua Butler, Cht. Ent. I. p. 5 (1809) (hab. ?) ; id., Lep. E.rol. p. 27. n. 4. t. 10. f. 1.

(1870).
Nymphiilis fahius var. a. Eriboea hiin/tcdo, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269. sub n. 18 (1871).
Charaxes fabius var. lampedo, Staudinger, L-is II. p. 82 (1889) (Palawan).

(? ? . Wings above : yellowish olivaceous buff towards base, markings deep

maize yellow. Forewing : discal and postdiscal spots R' — M' separate, of the

same size, or the discal one somewhat smaller, no streaks in front of discal spot
SC — R>; postdiscal spot SO*— SC* absent ; of the submarginal series spots SC^— R^

are absent, spot R' — M' is generally obsolete. Hindwing : discal band somewhat

wider behind than between SC'* and R-, approaching admarginal spots posteriorly ;
the latter constricted but not divided between veins in ?, more or less divided into
triangular spots in S .

Underside : fawn colour. Forewing : discal bar M^ — M^ at least vestigial,

arched ; yellow postdiscal spots deep chrome colour. Hindwing : the discal

luuiform liars all well marked, postdiscal rufous red sjjots all present, spot SC- — R'
not obsolete; no black postdiscal bars; median bars bordered white distally, with or
without white patches at outer side ; admarginal buft' spots slightly more yellow or
olive buff between veins ; tails c?, first 4, second o to G mm.; ?, first 7 to 9, second
5i to 7 mm.

Length of forewing : cJ, 37 — 40 mm.
„ „ ?, 44— 46 mm.

Sexual organs of J on PI. VIII. ; clasiier (f 37 side view, f. 38 dorsal view)
with a long irregularly dentate subventral process, apex of clasper with a hook of
which the outer edge is slightly denticulated, and a short round lobe ; penis dilated
about 2 mm. before the end (f. 20), the dilated dorsal part dentate ; i)enis-lunuel
short, but slender.

Hab. Philipiiine Islands : Palawan, 1 cJ, 1 ? (Dr. Platen) ; Mindoro, 1 ?
(Dr. Platen); Mindanao, 1 c^, 1 ? (Dr. Platen); Luzon (Semper); Cebu (Semper);
Mariveles (Semper).

The discal interspaces of the hindwing below are in the Palawan specimens we
have seen more extended white than in those from Mindoro and Mindanao, especially

( 466 )

in the ?; whether this difference is constant, we do not know, as we have not
examined a longer series of lampeclo. Hiibner's figure (without locality) agrees
best with Palawan examples, while the type oi zepli>/rus, which has also no locality,
is without distinct white discal band on the underside of the hindwing.

b. Ch. fabius hannibal (Nov. Zool. V. t. 7. f. 1. cJ).

Chitraxes hannihiil Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 14. n. 3. t. 6. f. 5 (1869) (Tondano ; Macassar) ; Rothsch.,
Irk V. p. 437 (1H92) (S. Celebes) ; Butl., Juum. Linn. Hoc. Land. XXV. p. 357. n. 19 (189G)
(Tondano : Macassar ; ? of echo ?).

Nymj>lialis fiilius var. b. Char, lutnnibal, Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 2G9. sub n. 18 (1871) (Celebes).

Nymphalis fabius, Pagenstecher, Ab. Seuk. Geselkch. XXIII. p. 403. n. 183 (1897) (Min.ahassa).

S ? . ]Vinff.s abovf : with the markings cream colour. Forewing : discal and

postdiscal spots R'— M' of the same size, or discal one larger, sometimes fused
together ; patch M^ — SM'' at least twice as long as (in direction of veins) broad ;

snbmarginal dots M' — SM- small, the others absent. Hindwing: band narrowing

behind ; admarginal spots mostly divided into triangular dots.

Underside : fawn colour. Forewing : median bar R^ — R^ continuous with

bar R' — M' or very little more proximal ; discal luniform bar R' — M' marked,
at least vestigial, but bar M' — M- not present, except a vestige of it behind M' ;
postdiscal yellow spots small, deep chrome colour, sometimes tinged with rufons.

Hindwing : series of median bars straight to (SM'), with a narrow white baud

at outside ; discal bars well-marked, black, regularly arched, postdiscal rnfous red
spots all present, no black bars at their outside ; admarginal spots smaller than in
lampedo, farther from margin.

?. Like cJ, but band of npperside twice as wide, that of hindwing at least as
wide behind as in front, approaching snbmarginal dots behind ; admarginal dots
R'— M', or even R^ — M', of forewing vestigial ; tails longer, especially upper one.

Length of forewing : cJ, 37 — 40 mm.
,, „ ? , 4(] — 48 mm.

Sexual organs of JcJ, see PI. VIII. ; clasper with a sharp hook and a blunt
lobe at apex (f. 39 side view, f. 40 dorsal view), inner ventral armature consists of
a rectangular ridge which is not produced into a distinct tooth ; penis (f. 21) armed
■dorsally with a series of teeth, which becomes doubled and trebled, where the penis
is dilated, and turns round towards the ventral side where the denticulation is
very heavy ; penis-funnel slender, much less curved than \u fabius fabius, suddenly
hooked at end (f. 50).

Hub. Celebes : Maros country, S. Celebes, W. Doherty, August — September
1891, 4 cJcf, 1 ?; Talant, W. Doherty, February— March 1892, 1 ?: Saugir,
W. Doherty, February— March 1892, 1 ?.

In the Sangir examples the rufous red postdiscal spots of the underside of the
hindwing are rather larger tiian in the ? ? from Celebes and Talaut.

I". Ch. fabius mangolianus Rothsch., snbsp. nov.

? . Wings above : with the markings nearly as yellow as in lampedo, except
the submarginal spots of the forewing, which are creamy white ; band of fore- and
hindwing from M' of forewing to (SM') of hindwing narrower than in hannibal ?.

Forewing : more elongate than in lianiiibal ? , submarginal spots R' — SM-

preseut, spot >SC'— R' vestigial, the last two fused together.

( 467 )

Underside : median bars and black postdiscal spots of forewiog, and discal
arched bars of liindwing obviously heavier than in lampedo; discal interspaces of
forewing more suffused with white; rufous red postdiscal patch SC" — R' of hindwiug
absent.

Length of forewiug : ? , 48 mm.

Hab. Mangoli, Sula Islands, 1 ? (Dr. Platen) ; also in Dr. Standinger's
collection.

d. Ch. fabius echo (Nov. Zool. V. t. 7. f. 2. ? ).

C'lmraxes echo Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (.3). XX. p. 400. t. 8. f. 5. G. ^ (1867) (Siugapore) ;
Druce, Proc. Zool. Snr. Land. p. 346 (1873) (Malacca) ; Dist., R!ioj). Mitl. p. 103. n. 1. f. 38
(1883) (Singapore: Mai. Pen. ; Borneo) ; Nicev. & Martin, Jourii. As. Sac. Beng. LXIV. 2.
p. 437. n. 2(!0 (189.i) (Selesseh) ; Butl., Jonrii. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 357. n. 18 (1896)
(Labuan ; Sarawak) ; Hagen, Irh IX. p. 183. n. 241 (1896) (N. E. Sumatra).

Nymjihalis fubius var. c. Chur. echo, Kirby, Cat. Diiirn. Lep. p. 269. sub n. 18 (1871).
haraxes echo sumatramis Rothsch., Nov. Zool. V. expl. of PI. VII. (1898) (Sumatra).

S- Wings above : slightly olivaceous at base, markings sulphur or cream

yellow. Forewing : discal spots R' — M' and R'— R- absent, only spots SC^ — R'

and R-— R' being marked ; patches M' — SM- rather widely separated ; the post-
discal series e.xtending to SC ; last three submarginal dots present. Hindwing :

band very narrow, about li to 2 mm. broad behind SC-, narrowing behind or of
nearly the same width ; submarginal dots very prominent, as large as or much
larger than the admarginal spots ; the latter separated into small dots.

Underside. Forewiug : discal creamy white patches M' — SM- rather larger

than above, no discal patches SC — M', but the discal interspaces sometimes suffused
with white scaling ; discal bar M'— M^ absent ; postdiscal spots SC* — M' much
shaded with drab colour, postdiscal yellow spots chrome colour, the last two
generally much larger than the others ; cell-bar 3 not distinctly divided into dots,
generally complete, cell-bar 4 straight ; median bars R- — M' continuous. Hind-
wing : median bars C— R' continuous, with a white band at outside; discal luuiform
bars bordered with bluish white distally (which is not the case in any of the
jireceding subspecies), barSC^ — R' sometimes obsolete; postdiscal spots deep rufous
red, sjiot SC- — R' olisolete, or, if marked, more yellow than the others and far apart
from discal bar, nearly all the spots with an indication of the black postdiscal bar at
outside ; black submarginal spots more or less linear.

? . Like iS, but the markings of the upperside rather wider.

Length of forewing : S, 30 — 33 mm.
„ „ ?, 34 mm.

Clasper more widened dorsally at end than in the other forms (PI. VIIL f. 41. 42.),
the internal subventral ridge produced into a short tooth ; penis very short, thick,
dorsally with 2 to 4 curved teeth about 1^ mm. before the end (f. 22) ; i>enis-funuel
slender, rather long (f. 51), much less curved than in J'abitt.sjabius.

Hah. Malay Peninsula, Singapore {tijpe^, and Borneo : Perak, 1 c? ; Pengaron,
S.E. Borneo, 1 S\ N.E. Sumatra : Selesseh, 1 ? , 21. xi. '93, and Battak Mts., 1 i,
8. vii. '94 (Dr. Martin).

I considered at first the individuals from Sumatra, in which tlie white discal
liand of the underside of the hindwing is obsolete, to represent a separate sulispecies.
but on comparing more material from Borneo and the Malay Peninsula I find that
the difference does not hold good in every case.

( 468 )
('. Ch. fabius sulphureus Rothsch., subsp. nov.

CItaraxes/ubius, Nic^-ville, litilt. of fnilia II. p. 280. n. 570 (1886) (Thoungyeen ; Mepley) : Adams.,
List Ilurm. LejK p. 20 (1889) (Arakan, III. to V.) ; Manders, Tr. Ent. Snc. Lond. p. 52G. n. 92
(I8;i0) (Shan States, XII., 5000 ft.) ; Wats., J,mni. Bumhii, N. H. Soc. VI. p. 41. n. 93 (1891)
(Pauk to TUin, X. ; Tilio, III.) ; id., I.e. X. p. G57. n. 121 (1895) (Chin Hills, IV.) : Butl.,
Juum. Linn. Sw. Lniid. XXV. p. 356. n. 16 (1896) (pt. ; Thoungyeen ; Tilin Yaw) ; Moore,
Lep. Ifid. II. p. 249 (1896) (pt.).

S. Wings above : olive black, more greenish olive towards base ; markings
brimstoue yellow. — — Forewiug : discal spot R^— M' absent, spot R'— R- absent or
minute ; postdiscal spot SC^ — iSC'° about as large as spot R^ — R^ ; submargiual dots

marked up to R' or R-. Hindwing : band tapering behind, about 3 to 4 mm. broad

behind SC- ; admarginal spots divided into triangular dots, except anal one which is
complete and bluish olive buft'.

Underside: ecru drab; postdiscal yellow spots of both wings chrome yellow.

Forewing : cell-spots heavy as a rule, cell-bar 4 angled in middle, bar D heavier
thau in all the preceding races ; white discal siwts SC'— R' and R'— R-, and post-
discal ones S(_;^— M' clearly marked ; median bar M' — M- almost straight, discal
bar M' — M- very seldom vestigial and then jilaced close to median one ; no white
patch between discal and median bars R'— M' ; postdiscal yellow spot iSC^ — SC

obsolete. Hindwing : discal interspaces more or less white, this band stopping

sometimes at M-, sometimes reaching abdominal margin ; discal luuiform bars
bordered with bluish white externally ; postdiscal chrome yellow spots all present,
bordered outwardly by the olive black postdiscal bars, the spots surrounded with
more or less conspicuous greenish olive scaling ; admarginal spots yellow between,
creamy white at veins, except at veins C and SC- ; basal costal bar short, but rather
heavy.

? . Unknown.

Length of forewing : J, 32 — 36 mm.

tJlasper similar to that oi fab. fabius, but the dorsal lobe triangular and more
jirominent ; penis as m fabius ; penis-funuel short, denticulate beneath (f b'i).

Ilab. Teuasserim and Shan States. 3 cJ J" iu the Tring Museum from : Muong
Guow, vii. to ix. '94, Yunzalun, xi. '91 (Bingham), Thaungyiu valley, 14. v. '93
(Bingham).

f Ch. fabius fabius.

ruj/iliu Eques Achirus fabius Fabricius, Spec. Jus. II. p. 12. n. 47 (1781) (India; Mus. Banks) : id.,
Maiil. Ills. II. p. 7. n. 52 (1787) ; Gmel., Sysl. Nut. I. 5. p. 2235. n. 304 (1790).

I'apiUo Nympluilisfuhius Fabricius, Ent. Si/st. III. 1. p. 64. n. 201 (1793).

Pajiilio Xymphalis solan Fabricius, Ent. .s'^.sV. III. 1. p. 69. n. 210 (1793) (hab. ?).

Pdpiliu Eques Achints evphunes Esper, Aiisl. .Sclimetl. p. 238. t. 59. f. 1. ^ (1785-98).

Nymphalisfubius, Godart, Euc. Meth. IX. p. 353. n. 8 (1823) (Nicobar Is. !) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,
Gen. Viurn. Lep. II. p. 3(19. n. 28 (1850) (India) ; Horaf. >.\; Moore, Vnt. Lei). '"><■ J^"*- ^- ■'• (-'■
I. p. 205. n. 416 (1857) (N. India) ; Kuby, Col. Diurn. Lep. p. 26H. n. 18 (1871) (India).

Charaxes fabius, Doubleday, List Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. I. p. 110 (1844) (N. India) ; Butl.,
Proc. ZorA. Soe. Lond. p. 628. n. 19 (1865) (India ; Indian Is.) ; id.. Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr.
b,j Eabr. p. 52. n. 10 (1869) (Madras) ; Moore, Lep. CeijI. I. p. 29. t. 15. f. 1 (1880-81) ; id.,
Pretc. Zool. See. Loml. p. 238 (1882) (Dharmsala, VII., at sugar) ; Swinh., itiid. p. 130. n. 42
(1885) (Pooua, IV. XI. ; Belgaum ; Bombay, XI.) ; Nicev., Jejurn. As. Soc. Ben;/. LIV. 2. p. 45.
n. 52 (1885) (Calcutta) ; Swinh., I.e. p. 425. n. 33. (1886) (Mhow, VI. X.) ; Doherty, Journ.
As. Soc. Benrj. LV. 2. p. 124. n. 93 (1886) (Kumaon, foot of hills) ; Wood-Mas. & Nicuv., ibid.
p. 363. n. 101 (1886) (Cachar, IX.) ; Nicev., Butt, 'f Iml. II. p. 280. n. 570 (1886) (pt. ; Oudh ;
Chumba, III. ; Mundi, VII. IX. ; Sikkim ; Assam ; Cachar ; Calcutta, common ; Orissa ;

( 469 )

Poona ; Belgaum ; Bombay ; Travancore ; Ceylon) ; Aitk., Junrn. Bombay N. H. Soc. I.

p. 133. n. 20 (1886) { Khandeish ; Tanna) ; Hamps., Jouni. As. Snc. Beiuj. LTII. 2. p. 355. n. 82

(1888) (Nilgiris, 3 to 4U0O ft.) ; Elwes, Tr. E,it. Soc. Land. p. 368. n. 211 (1888) (Sikkim) ;

Davids. & Aitk., .rmrii. Bombay N. II. Soc. V. p. 278. n. 39. t. A. f. 3. 3a (1890) (metam.) ;

Betham, ibkl. V. p. 285. n. 50 (1890) (Centr. Prov.) ; Fergus., ibid. VI. p. 440. n. 81 (1891)

(Travancore) ; Davids., Bell & Aitk., ibid. X. p. 258. n. 06 (1895) (Canara, habits) ; Moore,

LcjK Iiid. II. p. 251. t. 183. f. 1. !(.. Vj. \r. Irf., 1., p., (J, ? (1896) ; Bull., .fourn. Limi. Soc.

Loud. XXV. p. 356. n. 16 (1896) (pt. ; Mhow ; Bombay ; Poona ; Nilgiris ; Madras ; Ceylon) ;

Nic($v. & Mackinn., .loiirn. Bombay N. H. Soc. XI. p. 377. n. 123 (1897) (Mussorie, IV. and

IX., rare).
yymplialis Solon, Godart, Eiic. ilfth. IX. p. 357. n. 24 (1823) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew., I.e. p. 309.

n. 26 (1850).
Charaxes solon, Butler, Proc. Zoo}. Soc. Loud. p. 628. n. 22 (1865).

c?. Like Ch.fahius sulphuretis, but markings of upperside deep maize yellow
postdiscal spots of forewing above larger, peuis-fuaael more evenl)' coiive.N;
beueatli, not denticulate. There are oue or two short streaks iu front of the discal
s])ot SO* — R' of the forewing above ; tlie discal spot R' — M' of the upperside of the
forewing is sometimes indicated b}- an obscure lunule.

?. Like c?, bnt markings of upperside larger, sometimes all the snbmargiual
spots of the forewing present ; discal spot R' — R- of forewing always vestigial,
patches M' — SM- touching one another at veins.

Length of forewing: tj, 33 — 41 mm.
• „ „ ? , 34—43 mm.

Penis (f. 23) compressed, the right side more or less membraneous, a series of
teeth above, the most distal rather high, the others forming a ridge ; peuis-funnel
strongly curved, forming a very shar]) hook (f. 53) ; clasper produced into a sharp
slender tooth at end, dorsal edge raised before end into a lobe (f. 43. 44.).

Hab. Sikkim (low country) to S. India and Ceylon ; 20 cJ<^, 5 ? ?.

In the Ceylon specimens the postdiscal interstitial spots of the forewing above
are on the whole smaller than iu the individuals from the Continent.

l'^. Band of upperside white, shaded with pale blue at edges.

68. Charaxes hildebrandtl.

Xymphalis kildebraitdli Dewitz, Xoi: Act. Leo}}. Car. Ak. Naturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 28. t. 2. f. 16. ^

(1879) (Angola).
Chm-axes hildebraiidti, Aurivillius, Eiit. Tidskr. XV. p. 311. n. 195 (1894) (Cameroons); Butl., Jouni.

Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 363. n. 32 (1896) (Ondo country, Lagos) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet.

Ak. Ilandl. XXXI. 5. p. 236. n. 27 (1899) (Ashanti ; Lagos ; Cameroons ; Ogowe' R. ;

Kuilu R. ; Bena-Bendi, Congo ; Angola).
C'hdvcuns galba Distant, /Voc. Zoo/. .Sot. p. 709 (1879) (= hildebrandti accord, to Distant; hence

" yulbo " nom. max. superfl.).
Cliara.rex talagnyae Holland, Tr. Amcr. Enl. Soc. XIII. p. 332. t. 8. f. 3 (1880) (Ogowo R.).

c?. Bod>/ above blackish olive, more russet in front, four dots on head aud a line,
behind eye white, no dorsal dots on prouotum ; underside greyish creamy white,
femora blackish above ; antennae chestnut, club black.

cJ. Wiiiqs, upperside : brownish black ; a creamy white baud runs across both

wings, edged with pale glaucous blue. Forewing : band separated into spots,

except behiud, (i mm. broad at mterual margin, tapering iu frout, spot SC* — SC*
often absent, spots SC* — R- a little more distal than the others, C to T mm. from

( 470 )

outer margin, tbe band proximally withont pale bine edge between SC^-* and M' or
M- ; there is occasionally a vestige of a median liar within jiatch R' — M'. Hind-
wing : band inclnsive of pale glaucous blue borders 7 to S mm. broad in middle,
stopping at (SM'), no blue scaling proximally between C and R' ; subniarginal
white dots minute, mostly vestigial, anal admarginal interstitial spot linear, blue, a
trace of a blue admarginal sjiot behind R^, no other admarginal markings.

Underside : ecrn drab, bars black. Forewing : cell-bar 2 short, bar 3 repre-
sented by two conspicuous dots, bar 4 angled in middle, the angle pointing distad,
much nearer base of M- than that of M'; bar D very thiu; submedian bar M- — (SM')
heavy, bar W — M- about 1 mm. more distal than bar M- — (SM') and than cell-bar 4;
median bars SC'^ — R^ almost continuous, very thin, 6 mm. from cell at K', bar
U^ — M' about ] mm. more distal, bars M' — SM- gradually a little more pro.ximal,
all tbe bars more or less straight, at right angles to the veins ; discal intersi)aces
R'^ — SM- milky white ; discal bars brown, regularly arched, concave distally, thin^
vestigial, or absent, bar R-* — M- close to median bar, postdiscal interspaces milky
white, last ones merged together with discal patches ; postdiscal bar (SM') — SM-
represented by a black patch, 4 mm. distant from outer margin, all the others
replaced by wax yellow spots, which show distally sometimes vestiges of the black
liars : these spots are homologous to the proximal borders of the discal bars, the

series about parallel to outer margin, upjier ones 5 to 0 mm. distant from it.

Hindwing : no basal and subbasal costal bars, subbasal bar C — SC- also absent ;
submedian series nearly continuous, or more obviously broken at veins, the bars
more or less straight ; median bars thin, continuous, the line crossing M at base of
M-, broken at SM-, proximal half or more of discal interspaces white ; discal bars
arched, concave distally, all well marked, of even thickness, the series slightly
convex in middle, all the bars with very thin, milky white, distal edges, followed by
postdiscal, wax yellow, halfmoons which are bordered distally by the thin, black,
jiostdiscal bars ; submarginal white dots larger than above, jiosterior ones with
])urplish blue scales at outer side, followed by the black, short, submarginal bars ;
admarginal interspaces wax yellow, anal one more greyish olive buff ; tails acute,^
upper one 3 to 4 mm., second 2 mm. long.

9 . Unknown.

Length of forewing : 34 to 36 mm.

D' of hindwing reaches M before joint of origin of M'.

Clasper broad, dorsal edge convex, irregularly notched before end, ajjex
gradually narrowed into a short-pointed honk ; the ridge which extends from the
end of the hook to the inner surface of the clasper notched, appearing denticulated ;
tenth tergite rounded.

JIab. West Africa from the Gold Coast to Angola. In the Tring Museum
4 dS from the Kuilu R., French Congo, and from Leopold ville.

]{esembles on the upperside C//. bratus.

Specimens from N. Angola have generally more jjale blue scaling on the
hindwing than those from the countries farther north.

p*. Discal bars M* — SM- of forewing below present ; if absent (some ? S ),
admarginal interspaces C — R^ of hindwing occupietl liy thin, linear,
rufous red bars.
m^. Median bars SC — SM^ of forewing below not continuous, bar R- — R^
being more proximal than the others.

( 471 )

»?'. Hindwing aliove with broad postdiscal, bine, band in <? ; ? ? un-
known, except tliat of yuderiana, which bears on njiperside
a close resemblance to Ch. pelias (see Nov. Zool. VII. t. 12).
9' Forewing without large white snbmarginal spots ; adraarginal
interspaces C — R' of hindwing above not white,
c*. Forewing above with a series of discal and a series of
postdiscal bine spots,
c'. Forewing above without obvious pale blue marginal
patches ; median and discal interspaces of
underside more or less gloss}' white.

69. Charaxes blanda (Nov. Zool. V. t. 6. f. 3. (?).

Charaxes blamla Eothschild, Xuc. Zuul. IV. p. 507. n. 1 (1897) (Mikindani) ; Auriv., Kungl. Sv.
Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 236. n. 25a and p. 538 (189!)).

c?. Body above olive black, white dots on head and pronotum verj' prominent;
underside creamy buff, palpi and middle of breast creamy white, stripes on breast
underneath legs black, anterior tibia black above.

<?. Wim/s above black, with a strong greenish blue gloss. Forewing: more

greenish in basal and internal marginal areas; shaped as in (/«f/e/-/(/w«, but outer
margin obviously dentate ; a very small spot in upper angle of cell, a discal row of
five somewhat larger spots SC''.^ — M-, spots R^ — R' however obsolete, being repre-
sented only by a very few scales, more proximal than the other sjiots, a postdiscal
series of spots from SC'' to internal margin, parallel to oater margin, but curving
costad anteriorly, the first six spots small (^ to f mm. in diameter), the last three
measuring 1^, 2\, 3^ mm. respectively, the first 9 mm. from apex, the third 5 mm.
from outer margin ; all the markings pale blue, the five upper postdiscal ones with
large white centres ; no admarginal spots ; fringe restricted white between veins.

Hindwing : a large disco-postdiscal patch i>ale blue, 9 mm. wide behind, s mm.

iu middle, while its two sections SO- — R^ measure 3i and 6 mm. respectively, two
pale bine sjiots before SC^, the one in front of the patch, the other more basal and
less distinct, behind the latter spot there are a few blue scales between SC- and R' ;
white sul)marginal sj)ots thin, linear, shaded with jiale blue, the last two with
reddish purple ; admarginal interstitial spots transverse, greenish blue, anal one
ochraceous, upper ones absent, spots R^ — M- continuous, with a yellow tint upon
internervnlar folds ; abdominal fold wood brown, with a greyish white patch before
anal angle.

Underside : broccoli brown, paler at base, bars heavy, proximal portions of
discal interspaces, the median interspaces, inclusive of the apical interspace of the
cell of the forewing greyish white, almost silvery, postdisco-marginal area of fore-
wing also shaded with grey glossy scaling, except a small jiatch at costal margin, a
larger one between M' and SM-, and a rather broad marginal baud which terminates

anteriorly at SCV*. Forewing : bars nearly iu the same position as in yuderiana,

but submedian bar M' — M^ exactly behind point of origin of M', hence much nearer
median bar M' — M- than in yndericuia ; discal bars M' — SM= black, more proximal
than in qaderiana, the others brown, less conspicuous ; postdiscal bars M- — SM-
represented by two elongate, black, patches ; between tiiese and the discal bars two

pale blue sjwts. Hindwing : discal, arched, bars very prominent, postdiscal bar

M^ — SM^ also very heavy ; white snbmarginal spots ill-defined, rather large,

(472 )

transverse, except last two which are very small, with conspicuoas blue dots at outer
side between R- and SM- ; admarginal interstitial markings C — R^ maroon red,
with a fine white otitor border, the other admarginal spots less sharply defined,
yellowish olive buflf ; anal angle less produced than in guderiana, dentition heavy,
tails slender, njjper one G mm., second 7 mm. long.

?. Unknown.

Length of forewing : S, '^\ mm.

t'lasper essentially different from that of (h. etheocles and allies ; the apical
lobe of Ch. etheocles developed in blanda to a tooth, dorsal edge of clasper angled
in apical third, dentate (f. 31. 32.) ; penis-fnnnel, in a dorsal view (f. 47). with
almost parallel sides, then suddenly narrowed, the narrower portion compressed
and slightly curved downwards ; penis with some minute teeth dorsally, the row
beginning about 1 mm. from end, some more teeth on the left side and also a few
ventrally about 2 mm. from end ; tenth tergite triangular, not sinuate.

Hab. German East Africa : Mikindani, I S in the Tring Museum, caught
between January and May (Reimer).

rf*. Forewing above with pale blue marginal patches.

70. Charaxes northcotti (Nov. Zool. VI. t. 8. f. .5. S~).

Charaxes northcolti Rothsnbild, Enlom. XXXII. p. 171. n. 1 (1899).

(?. Body abore olive black, bistre brown in front, white dots on head and
pronotum conspicuous ; underside clayish buff, i}alpi and middle of breast cream}-
buff, upperside of anterior tibia mummy brown.

(?. Wings upperside : black, somewhat olive at base, marked with pale
greenish bine and white. Forewing : a small spot in upper angle of cell, con-
sisting of blue and white scales, another very minute one behind R- at onter side of
D' ; a series of discal spots, ujiper two white with some blue scales at edges, the
third more proximal, spots R' — M^ more or less halfmoon-shaped, spots M- — SM-
vestigial or absent ; a postdiscal series of spots j)arallel to outer margin, upper two
white with bine edges and placed more proximal, the spots increasing in size
posteriorly ; admarginal spots large, pale blue ; some dispersed blue scales between

discal and admarginal series ; fringe white, except at ends of veins. Hindwing :

a large discal patch, narrowing behind, limited by vein W, preceded by a small
spot, outwardly concave between veins : white submargiual dots transverse, small,
rather heavily liordered pale blue, last ones shaded with reddish jiurple; admarginal
pale blue spots heavy, anal one ochraceous.

Underside: as in Ck etkalion, wood brown, slightly cinnamon, with a silky

gloss. Forewing : discal inters]iaces greyish at outer side of median bars ; jKist-

discal black patch M-— SM' i)rominent, the respective postdiscal and submargiual

interspaces grey. Hindwing : postdiscal interstitial halfmoons not prominent ;

upper four admarginal interstices rufous red, the others olive yellow.
n -(?. Unknown.

Sexual organs similar to those of Ch. etheocles, the ventral ridge of the penis
higher than in fig. 10.

Hab. Hinterland of the Gold Coast, 2 tJc?: Gambaga, near the Volta R.,
28. viii. '9s (Northcott) ; Kumassi to Cape Coast Castle, iv. '99 (Capt. Giffard).

(473 )

A third c? from the same country in Miss Sharpe's collection.
Colonel Northcott, the discoverer of this species, fell in the battle on the
Modder River.

^. Forewing above without blue discal spots between R'' and M^.
71. Charaxes kheili.

J. Charaxes kheili Staudinger, Iris IX. p. 216. t. 2. f. 4 (1896) (Njam-Njam) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv.
Vet. Ak. Hand!. XXXI. 5. p. 237. n. 33 (1899) (Niam-Niam ; Zongo ; Sassa).

c?. Differs from Ch. northcotti in the following points : —

Upperside. Forewing : more falcate, spot in cell larger, discal series of

interstitial spots consisting only of two spots SC^-" — R^ ; posterior postdiscal and

admarginal spots smaller. Hindwing : the blue band is narrower, though it

varies considerably in width, a little farther away from the submarginal dots than
in northcotti.

Vndersuh essentially as in nortlicotti.

¥ . Unknown.

Length of forewing : (J , 36 mm.

Hab. Njam-Njam, coll. Staudinger; Congo : Zongo, Mokoanghay (Lt. Tilkens),
Sassa, Mus. Bruxelles.

W. Forewing above with white marginal patches.
72. Charaxes guderiana (Nov. Zool. VII. t. VII. f. 7. S, t. XII. f 3. ?).

Nymphalis guderiana Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leap. Car. Ah. Naturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 29. t. 2. f. 18. ^ (1879)
(Angola).

Charaxes guderiana, Trimen, Proc. Zool. Sac. Lorul. p. 81. n. 37 (1891) (S.-W. Afr. : Omrora, VIIT.;
Ehanda, IX. ; S. Mashonaland) ; But]., ihid. p. 648. n. 18 (1893) (Brit. C. Afr., I. VIU. XII.) ;
Trim., I.e. p. 42. n. 66. t. 5. f. 8. ? (1894) (Manica, UI. IV.) ; But!., I.e. p. 561. n. 16 (1894)
(Brit. E. Afr., Fuladoya) ; Eeb. & Eog., in Baumann, Masmihmd p. 332. n. 99 ('1894) (Ussuri ;
Sogonoi) ; Butl., I.e. p. 254. n. 14 (1895) (Fwamba, Nyaasald.) ; id., I.e. p. 720. n. 9 (1895)
(Zomba) ; id., Joum. Linn. Soc. Lo-nd. XXV. p. 358. n. 21 (1896) (L. Mweru ; Zomba ; Fwamba ;
Brit. E. Afr.) ; id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 822. n. 12 (1896) (Deep Bay, Nyassaland) ; id., I.e.
p. 862. n. 12 (1896) (Nyassaland) ; id., Ann. Mag. N. B. (6). XVIII. p. 68. n. 4 (1896) (Henga,
Nyassaland., I. II.) ; Lanz, Iris IX. p. 142 (1896) (Tanganika) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak.
Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 238. n. 35 (1899) (Angola ; Omrora ; Mashonaland ; Manicaland ; Nyassa-
land ; Mero See ; Tanganyika ; Ussure ; Brit. E. Afr.).

Charaxes pelias Cr. (sic!), var. tanganika Robbe, Ann. Soc. Eni. Belg. XXXVI. p. 133 (1892)
(Tanganyika).

(? ? . Body above in S olive black, russet or wood brown in front, in ? all
russet, four dots on head, a line behind eye, and two dots at each side of prothora.x,
white ; underside varying from greyish white to drab grey, palpi with a. thin
white ventro-lateral line in the darker specimens, upperside of four posterior femora
black with rather dense white scaling, anterior tibia brown above.

cJ. Wings, upperside, black. Forewing : basal area with a strong, metallic,

greenish or purplish blue gloss, a similar gloss near outer margin, but much
feebler ; a transverse spot in apex of cell, narrowed behind, generally reaching
R', white ; two white discal spots SC^* — R^ 6 mm. from cell, mostly preceded by
one or two thin white lines ; a postdiscal series of spots parallel to outer margin,
curving costad anteriorly, spot R- — R^ 4 mm. and spot M' — M^ 3 mm. from outer
margin, white, edged with pale blue, especially the posterior ones, spots M- to
internal margin mostly entirely pale blue ; a series of white admarginal spots, upper

32

( 474 )

ones elongate, small, spots M' — SM' merged together to one single, large, patch,

all more or less edged with pale bine ; fringe white, except at ends of veins.

Hindwing : a pale bine postdiscal band of variable width, npper partitions mostly
separated, often obsolete, partitions W — SM^ more or less convex proximally
regularly concave distally, width of band 2 to 3i mm. between R' and M' ; white
snbmarginal dots transverse, with pale bine borders which are in most specimens
very heavy and not rarely joined at veins M', M-, (SM'), to the postdiscal band,
black bars R' — SM'' separating the postdiscal band and the submarginal spots as
thin as, or very much thinner than, the submarginal blue and white markings ;
admarginal interstices C — R' creamy white, heavy, separated by the thinly black
veins, often with ochreous dots npon the internervnlar folds, interstices R' — SM'
pale blue, mostly with creamy white, longitudinal, subtriangular, small spots at
veins, and with ochreons dots in middle, anal one nearly all ochreous ; abdominal
fold brown, greyish near margin.

Underside drab, with a vinaceons tint, shaded with grey except median and a

great portion of discal interspaces. Forewing : cell-bar 2 elongate-ovate, bar 3

represented by two heavy dots, bar 4 somewhat oblique, curved distad in middle,
mostly slightly concave near ends, reaching M midway between M' and M^, a
white spot in apex as above, but a little smaller and often less well-defined ;
submedian bar M^— (SM') about 1 mm. distal of base of M-, bar M' — M^ generally
a little more di.stal than the lower end of cell-bar 4, but often touching it ; median
bars R^ — SM'' gradually 1 or 2 mm. more proximal, bar R^ — M' 3^ mm. from
base of M\ bar R^ — R^ just in front of it or more proximal, bars SC — R' 5 mm.
from cell, with contiguous, white, patches at outside, simUar patches often at
outside of median R' — M^, bnt here mostly reduced to a white line ; discal bars
arched, all black, well marked, with white spots at outside, which are variable
in size and distinctness ; postdiscal bars represented by patches, patches M^ — SM^
black, often large, the others brown, halfmoon-shaped, concave proximally, upper

ones often obsolete; admarginal spots as above, but not well-defined, more huffish.

Hindwing : basal and snbbasal costal bars and subbasal bar C — SC- absent,
submedian and median bars thinner than those on forewing, both costal bars a
little more proximal than the respective bars C — SC^, the two lines of bars about
parallel, concave distally between C and R' resp. M, median bars (SM') — SM'
not continuous, at right angles to the veins, or pointing somewhat basad with
hinder ends ; discal bars regularly arched, black, with heavy, yellowish or greyish
olive buff, outer borders, followed by rufous red halfmoous which are distally
bordered by the black postdiscal bars, these bars thin, often absent, bar R' — R'
often developed to a patch ; white snbmarginal spots small, transverse, not sharply
defined as a rule, posterior ones pinkish, submarginal black bars C — R^ thin, often
obsolete, bars R' — SM- heavier but shorter, with a blue dot at proximal side ;
admarginal interstices C — R' creamy white, the others white only at veins, all
with an ochreous spot in middle ; thin marginal line drab ; fringe white except
at ends of veins ; anal angle produced, wing triangular ; tails slender, acute, upper
one 4 mm., second 5 mm. long.

?. Winqs above. Forewing: brownish black, basal area hazel tawny; a

triangular patch in apex of cell, a discal and a postdiscal band of interstitial patches
buff yellow ; the discal patches R' to internal margin large, often contiguous, patch
R' — M' the smallest of them, spot R* — R' more proximal, small, often absent, spots
SC*' — R- about 5 to 6 mm. from cell, contiguous, or very slightly separated, mostly

( 475 )

■with one or two thin lines in front ; the postdiscal spots all well separated, spot
R' — R^ 5^ mm. and spot M' — M- 6 mm. from outer margin, the series curving costad
anteriorly, on the whole almost parallel to outer margin stopping at M^, spot M^ —
(SM') seldom vestigial ; admarginal spots all large, dull ochraceous rufous, often

paler in middle, spot M^ — SM^ shaded with bluish white at proximal edge.

Hindwing : basal area rather paler than base of forewing, abdominal fold grey,
blackish outwardly, with a grey, ill-defined, rather small patch before anal angle ; a
black or dark brown median patch C — R' ; discal band of forewing continued to
(SM^), tapering behind, outer edge more or less sinuate between R^ and M^, crossing
R' proximal of bent ; white snbmarginal spots transverse; upper ones sometimes
obsolete, all shaded and edged with pale blue, this blue scaling extended to patches
between R^ and SM- ; admarginal interstices as prominent as in d, interstices C — R'
orange buff, the others greenish blue, with an orange buff spot upon internervnlar
fold ; snbmarginal bars rather deeper black than disco-submarginal area, bars
M' — SM^ more or less isolated, often reduced to mere dots; discal bar C — SC^ some-
times vestigial within discal band.

Underside : spot in apex of cell of forewing, and discal band of patches of both
wings creamy white, disco-snbmarginal area of forewing and snbmarginal area of

hindwing shaded with grey. Forewing : interstitial patches smaller than above,

spot in apex of cell often small, shaded with drab, postdiscal interstitial spots
reduced to lunules, middle ones creamy white, double one M- — SM^ grey ; post-
discal bars M^ — SM^ represented by three black, triangular, patches, the last two
contiguous, the other postdiscal bars represented by clayish, indistinct, patches ; no

admarginal spots, or only vestiges of them. Hindwing : discal interstitial band

much narrower than above, costal median bar in front of median bar C — SC^ ;
admarginal interstitial markings C— R' rufous orange, R' — SM- olive buff with
gallstone yellow centres ; tails less slender than in <S, upper one slightly spatulate,
length 6 to 7 mm. and 5^ to 6| mm. respectively.

Length of forewing : <S, 29 — 35 mm.
„ „ ?, 31— 40 mm.

Clasper as in Ch. etkeocles, ajaical lobe short ; penis with a ventro-lateral tooth,
not ridge, from this tooth a series of small teeth extends dorsad as in etkeocles ;
tenth tergite triangular, rather produced mesially.

Hab. Angola; German S.W. Africa; Manicaland; Mashonaland; Nyassaland;
Tanganyika; German and Brit. East Africa. In the Tring Museum 33 cJcJ, ~ ? ?
from : Angola : Bolombo R. 28. iv., 8. v., 24. vi. '98 (Penrice), Calweha R., 1. v.,
15. V. '98 (Penrice), Cnbal R.,ii.and ii.; '99 (Penrice), Kuhiriri R, xi. '99 (Peurice);
Nambooma, Upper Zambesi, iv. '98 (Coryndon) ; Arlington, near Ft. Salisbury, ii.
'95 (Coryndon); Blantyre; Ft. Abercorn, Nyassaland; Zomba, xii. '95 (Dr. Rendall);
Chipaika Estate, Bandawe, Nyassaland, 3. v. '99 (Watkinson) ; Mineni Valley,
Manicaland, 9. and 13. iii. (Selous) ; Ruanda, Tanganyika, 23. xi. '93 (Dr. Ansorge);
Magwangware, 15. i. '94 (Ansorge) ; Parumbira, 24. x. '93 (Ansorge).

In one ^ the costal snbmedian and median bars of the underside are absent,
as in Ch. achaemenes.

The remaining allies of Ch. guderiana with " black " males are a puzzle to
Lepidopterists. The authors who have had to deal with them were startled by the
great differences between the numerous forms of the female sex, while they vainly
endeavoured to discover constant distinguishing characters between the various

( 476 )

males, and hence were inclined to express, more or less tardily, donbts abont the
number of distinct species being really so large as some anthors accepted it to be
Only Dr. Butler speaks with great coufideuce on the question. He tells us more
than once that there is no great difficnlty either in distinguishing certain species
which others had not recognised, or in mating the sexes correctly. However, in
looking over Dr. Butler's various lists of African Butterflies and his Revision of the
genus Charaxes, it will be noticed that sometimes individuals which Dr. Butler
pronounced in one place to belong undoubtedly to one species are, in another paper,
referred to a different one. The question of mating and distinguishing the males
can, therefore, hardly be so easy to solve as Dr. Bntler thinks it to be. In fact, it
will be seen further on that, for instance, the males which Dr. Butler calls rosae in
his Revision belong partly to ethalion, while his males of viola are not at all the males
of this form. To show the difficulties that meet here the classifier we mention that
eighteen names have been bestowed on the insects under consideration, and that Dr.
Bntler, in 1896, enumerated these Charaxes as ten distinct species (five of which
have Dr. Bntler as author), while Aurivillins, in 1899, treated them as belonging to
six species, of which he did not venture to give distinguishing characters except in
the female sex. Moreover, " it is singular," as Dr. Butler says. I.e., " that even
carefnl Lepidopterists have agreed in regarding two distinct females as sexes in
more than one instance." It is indeed surprising that Hewitsou (pkaeus, cedreatis),
Butler (alladinis), Dewitz (alladinis), Trimen (p/iaeus), and Standinger (chiron) all
blundered in describing a female as a male. But, to us, this shows only that great
care should be exercised before one confidently expresses any opinion on these insects.

We are sorry to say that it was the long time we spent on the study of
Charaxes ethalion and allies and the tawny Indian Charaxes which has prevented
the speedy publication of this monograph.

Negative results are seldom satisfactory. And almost entirely negative would
be the results of our researches in the present group of forms of Charaxes, if
we considered it the aim of the Lepidopterist merely to find constant distinguishing
characters between forms which appear to him to represent distinct species. Very
positive and hence satisfactory, however, we find our results, if we regard them
from the higher standpoint of the systematist who searches for the degree of
blood-relationship of the forms, and of the biologist who wants reasonable ex-
planations of great differences in closely allied insects and of similarities in forms
which are not so nearly related.

By comparing a very large material and dissecting a great number of males
from different localities— there are over 220 SS in the Tring Museum, about
half of which we have examined as to their sexual organs — we feel justified in
regarding it as a fact that only two kinds of males are constantly distinguishable.
And from this fact we draw the conclnsion that there are neither ten, nor six,
but only two distinct species, the one (ethalion) occurring only in East Africa,
from Natal to Taveta and most likely further north, while the second (etheocles)
inhabits the whole of tropical Africa from Senegambia and Abyssinia to Damaraland,
Transvaal, and Delagoa Bay ; the former is relatively constant in both sexes, and
the latter is polymorphic in either sex, but especially in the female.

This result, we confess, is not in accordance with our anticipation. We
thought that close researches would show that there were three distinct forms of
males (not connected by intcrgraduate specimens): namely (1) viola in Senegambia,
Abyssinia and East Africa in two subspecies (viola and kir/a), (2) ethalion in

( 477 )

East Africa from Natal to Brit. E. Afr., and (3) etheocles all over tropical Africa,
except the north and south, in numerous individual varieties. However, the
Senegalese viola males are, as we have found, not always distinguishable from
certain East African examples, and these are gradually connected by intermediate
specimens with etheocles males. Hence we do not see that there is any justification
in classifying these insects as more than two species, ethalion and etheocles.

The polymorphism, or better, the polychromatism, in the female sex of
Ch. etheocles is astonishingly great, but does not surpass that of certain other
Nymphalidae, or of Papilionidae.

The variously coloured females of etheocles can be grouped according to the
pattern of the upper surface into six main forms, these forms being :

(1) similar to the ? ? or c?<J of the many other Charaxes, for instance,

ameliae and imperialis ;

(2) similar to the male etheocles, the white markings of the upperside

having almost entirely disappeared ;

(3) similar to the ? ? of Ch. violetta and cithaeron ;

(4) similar to the ? of Oh. bohemani ;

(6) similar to the ¥ ? of Ch. tiridates and numenes ;

(6) similar to the i of Ch. bohemani.
If we look upon the females of Ch. etheocles from this point of view, the
polychromatism becomes less perplexing, the acquisition of various patterns in
the same species assuming a definite meaning. The pattern of form (1) is the
normal one from which the other patterns have been derived; it is very variable.
If the more or less great similarity between the females of this form and other
Charaxes is due to all these insects having preserved a pattern which approaches
the ancestral one, the agreement between the other forms of etheocles- ? respectively
with bohemani, tiridates, etc., must accordingly be the outcome of parallel develop-
ment caused, as one is wont to say, by the protection which similarity in colour
affords the individuals that associate together. Such an association of etheocles-'i
with other similarly coloured Charaxes is a fact observed first by Selous ; but
we have very little further information on this point. It need scarcely be
mentioned that in a group so difficult to deal with as the present one mistakes
as to identification are hardly avoidable ; for this reason the lists of captures
are not wholly reliable, and hence there is some difficulty iu ascertaining the
geographical distribution of the various forms. So much, however, is certain
that the varions ? -forms of Ch. etheocles have not the same distribution. In
this respect it is very interesting to note that, for instance, the ? -form called
cedreatis is found only iu West Africa, where Ch. tiridates occurs commonly, the
Jemale of which it resembles, and that the forms agreeing in appearance with the sexes
of Ch. bohemani are also restricted to the area inhabited by this species ; ihe females
of form (3) do also not seem to go farther north than the Congo, occurring
commonly in East and South-West Africa ; while the form (1), which is the
only one met with in the coast districts of Sierra Leone, is apparently very rare
in the Congo basin. The ?-form kirki found in British and German East Africa
has no representative in West Africa except in Senegambia. It is evident tliat there
is an important geographical element in the variation of Ch. etheocles, but the data
available do not allow us to differentiate more than two subspecies of '7;. etheocles,
the one which inhabiting Senegambia and the Hinterlands of Sierra Leono, Gold
Coast, Niger and probably of the Cameroons (Ch. etheocles viola) is monochromatic

( 478 )

iu either sex, while the other found in the other districts of tropical Africa is very
variable {Ch. etheodes etheocles).

Dr. Butler, in his Revision of Charaxes, mentions also seasonal variation.
But that was merely a guess ; we have no evidence whatever that the individuals
treated as such by Dr. Butler are seasonal varieties. On the other hand we know
that series of individuals of the male sex caught at the same place on the same
day exhibit considerable differences.

Ck. etheocles has been bred by Dr. Jnnod.

«•. Hindwing above in 3 without a heavy postdiscal band.

?■'. Penis with a ventral series of teeth ; ? , a series of discal and a series
of postdiscal spots on forewing, the posterior discal ones enlarged, no-
spot iu apex of cell.

73. Charaxes ethalion (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 12. f. 4. 6. ?).

Charaxes ethalion Boisduval, in Delegorgue, Voy. Afr. Auslr. II. p. 593. n. 83. ? (1847) (Pt. Natal);

But)., Proc. Zool. Sac. Lmid. p. 625. d. 15 (1865) (Zulu ; Pt. Natal) ; Gooch, Eiitom. XIV. p. 6.

(1881) (Natal) ; Trim. & Bowk., S. Afr. Butt. I. p. 342. n. 114 (1887) (Cape Colony; Caffraria;

Natal ; Delagoa Bay) ; Butl., I.e. p. 255. n. 15 (1895) (Zomba) ; id., I.e. p. 720. n. 10 (1895).

(Zomba) ; id., Joum. Linn. Sac. Land. XXV. p. 362. n. 31 (1896) (pt. ; Caffraria ; Natal ; Zulu ;

Delagoa B. ; Zomba) ; id., Ami. Mag. N. B. (6). XVIII. p. 68. n. 5 (1896) (Nyassaland) ;

Stand., Iris IX. p. 218 (1896) (Natal ; Nguru ; Germ. E. Afr.) ; Dist., Ann. Mag. A'. U. (7)

I. p. 51 (1898) (Barberton).
Ni/mphalis erithalion Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 48. f. 1 (1850).
Nymphalis ethaliuii, id.. I.e. p. 309. n. 21 (1850) (Pt. Natal; Zulu) ; Trim., Rhop. Afr. Auslr. p. 170.

n. 98. and p. 340 (1862-66) (Pt. Natal) ; Science Gossip p. 281 (1883).
Nymphalis erythalion (!), Lucas, in Cheny, Enc. d'Hist. Nat., Pap. p. 152. f. 267 (1851-53).
Nymphalis ephyrii, Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 340 (1866) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269. n. 22

(1871) (pt.; Natal).
Charaxes ephyra, Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. p. 170. t. 58. ^ (1886) (pt. ; Natal) ; Karsch, Bert Ent.

Zeitschr. XXXVIH. p. 192. n. 56 (1894) (sub syn.).
Charaxes etheocles var. ethalion, Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. yet. Ah. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 237. sub n. 34

(1899).
S- Charaxes rosae Butler, Joum. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 360. n. 25 (1896) (pt.).

(?. Wings short, broad. Upperside velvety black, with very little metallic

gloss. Forewing : blue spot in cell seldom marked, one discal spot near costa,

also pale blue, often absent, one postdiscal dot of the same colour, often wanting,

seldom followed by a second dot. Hindwing : postdiscal greenish lunules seldom

vestigial; admarginal spot C— SC^ not marked, the next three either rufous red or
greenish olive buff, sometimes very faint, posterior ones yellowish olive buff, often
very thin ; snbmarginal white and blue dots small, upper ones vestigial or absent.

Underside clayish fawn colour, often with a vinaceous flush, rather uniform iu
colour, the discal interspaces being very little paler.

?. Resembling Ch. eth. etheocles ?-f. etheocles. Upperside, ioreviing : discal

patches larger than the postdiscal ones, the two series widely separated down to M^,
seldom only to R', the upper spots yellowish or white, the last patches white, more
or less edged and shaded with blue, occasionally quite pale blue ; discal spot
B,2 — R' vestigial or absent ; patch at internal margin 8 to 12 mm. long ; posterior

postdiscal spots mostly very small ; no spot in cell ; no marginal spots.

Hindwing : a broad discal band, white, much shaded with pale blue or all pale blue,
extending to base of M^ and beyond bent of R', externally somewhat convex ;
admarginal spots SC^ — R' bright rufous.

Underside, proximal portions of discal interspaces more or less white, these

(479 )

white patches often absent from hindwing and occasionally obscnre also on fore-
wing : ground varying in tint from clay colour to clayish drab. Forewing :

postdiscal interspaces M^— SM^ mostly white, the other postdiscal interspaces less
pale, not so prominent as in ?-£ etheocles ; submarginal interspaces M^ — SM^
greyish white, forming a patch which resembles the number 3, the other sub-
marginal interspaces less pale, not strongly arched ; black postdiscal double patch
M^— SM' as in 9-f. etheocles, but the preceding patches not so well marked as

in that form. Hindwing : postdiscal bicolourons halfmoons smaller than in ? -f

etheocles, the postdiscal bars at their distal side not enlarged to patches.

There are four principal forms of the ? -sex according to the development of the
band of the upperside :

a. Discal and postdiscal spots and band white, shaded with blue.

b. Upper spots of forewing bnif.

c. Discal and postdiscal spots R'— M^ not completely separated (PI. XII.

f. 4). Chipaika Estate, Bandawe, Nyassaland, 17. iv. '99.

d. Band and spots pale blue (PI. XII. f 6), except upper postdiscal spots.

Taveta (July) ; Zambesi.

Forms a aad b are the ordinary ones which are in the Tring Museum from
Natal, Nyassaland, Delagoa Bay, and Taveta.

Length of forewing : cj, 29 — 35 mm.
„ „ ? , 38—42 mm.

The penis differs from that of Ch. etheocles constantly in the series of teeth
not turning towards the upperside, but remaining ventro-lateral (PI. VIII. f 19), the
most distal teeth are, therefore, not visible in a view of the penis from the right side.

Hab. Cape Colony, Natal to British East Africa. In the Tring Museum
32 3S, 14 ? ? from: Natal, Pinetown {Si, ? ?); Rikatia, Delagoa Bay {<Si,
? ?); Lauderdale, Bandawe, Zomba (xii.), N3'a8saland (<?(?, ?); Chipaika Estate,
Bandawe (F. Watkinson) ; Tanganyika {6S) : Dar-es-Salaam (c?) ; Taveta, vi. vii.
(c?c?, ? ?) ; Kibwezi, Brit. E. Afr., 7. iv. '94 (c?) (Dr. Ansorge).

" I met with this interesting Charaxes" says Dr. Trimen, I.e., " sparingly at
Port Natal in January and February 1867, but succeeded in capturing female
examples only. One of the latter was seated quite on the bare ground, and had
evidently only just emerged from the chrysalis. I was attracted to the spot by
seeing her flutter downward from a neighbouring tree. Colonel Bowker found both
sexes on the wing in the same locality in August 1878. I believe that I noticed a
$ in the edge of the wood at Knysna, in the Cape Colony, as long ago as 1858, and
Mr. Streatfeild, C.M.G., informed me that he took the species in the George district
in 1877, and in Kaffraria Proper in 1878."

.;'. Penis with the series of teeth turning dorsad distally ; ? , forewing above
with white band curved, or basal area blue, or band as in ethalion, but
cell with apical spot.

74. Charaxes etheocles (Nov. Zool. VI. t. VIII. f 6. (?. 7. ? ; and Nov.
ZooL. VIL t. 12. f. 5. 7. 8. ? ?).

? . Papilio Eques Adiiviis etheocles Cramer, Pajj. Exot. II. p. 34. t. 119. f. D. E (1777).
(J. Nymphalis ephyra Godart, En. MM. IX. p. 355. n. 18 (1823).

(J. Bodi/ above olive black, with a greenish tint, white dots on head and
pronotum prominent ; below varying from clayish buff to creamy white.

( 480 )

Wings, upperside : black, often with a distinct greenish tint, especially in basal

area. Forewing : a spot in apex of cell, one to three discal ones SC^— R^ about

6 mm. from cell, spot SC°— R' the largest, a postdiscal series of dots parallel to
outer margin, upper two larger and more proximal, all these spots grey blue, post-
discal ones generally more white, the number of these spots variable, sometimes all
wanting, while in other e.xamples the postdiscal series is complete reaching to 8W,
occasionally there is also a discal dot W — M' marked ; outer margin with or
without bluish grey or greenish grey markings, which vary much ia size and

distinctness. Hindwing : a series of postdiscal lunules from R'— (SM^), bluish

grey, or glossy green, seldom with a russet tint, varying from being very distinctly
marked to being scarcely traceable ; white submarginal dots shaded at edges with
pale green, last two with pale blue ; admarginal interspaces greenish grey, more or
less distinct, sometimes vestigial only, interspaces SC-— R' mostly with a rufons bar.

Underside : ground colour varying from greyish white to russet, often vinaceous,
mostly with an obvious silky gloss which assumes a greenish tint in certain lights ;

bars of basal half black. Forewing : cell-bar 1 absent, 2 a heavy dot, 3 separated

into two dots, 4 oblique, curved distad in middle, reaching M about midway between
M' and M^ ; snbmedian bar M^— (SM') about 1 mm. distal of base of M^, bar
M^— M- again 1 to 2 mm. more distal, but always proximal of base of M' ; mediau
bar M^ — SM- curved distad in middle, simdar in shape to cell-bar 4, mediau bar
M'— M- concave distally, or straight, J to 1 mm. more distal than bar M- — SW,
bar R^ — M' at right angles to R', again more distal, while bar R- — R' is | to 1 mm.
more proximal, median bar R' — R- not continuous with bars SC* — W ; discal bars
regularly concave, upper ones generally less distinct, posterior ones black, postdiscal
series parallel to discal one, last bars forming two black patches as a rule, the others

are also patch-like, but are less black being generally russet, often vestigial.

Hindwing : basal and subbasal jcostal bars as well as snbbasal bar C — SC^ absent ;
submedian and median costal bars a little more proximal than the respective bars
C — SC^, occasionally united at costal margin to a half-ring ; no bars beyond SM^
except the median bar ; discal bars regularly concave, postdiscal ones parallel to
them, but seldom well marked, postdiscal interspaces accordingly halfmoon-shaped,
the greater distal portions rufous red, these red spots very variable in distinctness,
the discal bars externally with a greenish or yellowish grey, or yellowish olive buff
border, which is often vestigial only ; black submarginal bars C — R' transverse,
often indistinct, bordered proximally by the white submarginal dots, the following
ones appear as black dots to which are joined proximally blue and white spots ; admar-
ginal interspaces C — R' more or less conspicuously rufous red, edged at both sides
with thin, glossy, greyish white, lines, upper half of intersjjace R' — M' often of the
same colour, interspaces R' — SM^ yellowish olive bnff ; marginal black line thin ;
tails acute, upper one generally somewhat longer than the second.

2 ■ Bod'/ above olive black, more russet in front : underside of palj)i and breast
more or less cream colour, abdomen brownish black, or dark clay colour.

Wings above : very variable in pattern, never so black as^in c?, brownish black
with a purplish tint, basal half of forewing and nearly the whole hindwing pale

tawny olive in one form. Forewing : a series of discal and another of postdiscal

interstitial spots paler than the ground colour, white, bntf, tawny olive, or blue, a
spot in apex of cell white or buff or pale blue ; the discal spots from R^ to internal

margin and the cell-spot often forming a continuous, curved, band. Hindwing :

with a white, pale blue, or buff band across disc, or without a band ; white sub-

( 481 )

marginal spots mostly larger than in <? ; admarginal interspaces also generally
larger, their colour variable, anal one (sometimes the last three) of an olive buff
tint, the others more or less tawny orange, this colonr sometimes restricted to inter-
spaces C— R^ which occasionally are mnch shaded purplish black.

Underside: bars essentially as in d", median bars R^— M' of the forewing
mostly absent in the specimens with a curved band ; discal and postdiscal inter-
spaces of forewing and the median and discal ones of hindwiug paler than in c?;
often a discal band of a bluish white or huffish white colour present ; tails longer
than in 3, less acute, upper one often spatulate, sometimes truncate.

Length of forewing : S, 30 — 40 mm.
„ „ ?, 35— 44 mm.

Clasper narrowed into a concave lobe (PI. VIII. f. 33. 34. 35) which is very little
curved mesiad, the armature being formed by a sharp long tooth into which the ridge
is produced that runs from the ventral edge of the apical lobe to the inner surface of
the clasper, this tooth has a ventral position, it projects mesiad and is, therefore,
best seen in a dorsal (f. 35), or ventral view (f. 33) ; tenth tergite not divided,
rounded triangular ; penis-funnel (f. 45, 46) short, broad, free portion triangular,
extreme tip compressed, forming a short, sharp, hook ; penis with a triangular,
dextro-lateral ridge ventrally about 2J mm. before the end, this ridge is variable in
height and outline, always more or less dentate, an irregular series of teeth of
variable size runs on the left side of the penis, from the ridge obliquely towards the
dorsal side of the penis, the series ending about | mm. before the tip (PI. VIII.
f. 12—18), number, size, and position of teeth variable, the ridge and the portion of
side of the penis immediately before it often rugate and rather densely denticulated,
while in other individuals this jjortion is smooth and the series of teeth is regular ;
but this difference is individual only.

Hab. All over Africa south of the Sahara, except Cape Colony and Natal. In
the Tring Museum over 220 c? <?, and 48 ? ? .

"We distinguish two subspecies : Ch. etheocles etheocles and Ck. etheocles viola,
a. Ch. etheocles etheocles.

$. Papilio Eques Achivus etheocles Cramer, Pap. Ex. II. p. 34. t. 119. f. D. E. (1777) Sierra
Leone; Goeze, Ent. Beytr. lU. 1. p. 85. n. 69 (1779); Fabr., Spec. Lis. II. p. 12. n. 41!
(1781) (Afr. occ.) ; id., Mant. Ins. II. p. 6. n. 51 (1787); Herbst, Naturs. Schmett. IV. p. 71.
n. 157. t. 65. f. 3. 4 (1790); Gmel., Sysl. Nat. I. 5. p. 2234. n. 299 (1790).
§ . Papilin Nymphalis etheocles, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. 1. p. 64. n. 200 (1793) (syn. pro parte).
? . Eriboea etheocUssa (!), Hubner, Vers. bek. Schmett. p. 47. u. 431 (1816-27).
$. Nymphalis etheocles, Godart, E?ic. Meth. IX. p. 355. n. 17 (1823); Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,

Gen. DIurn. Lep. 11. p. 308. n. 7 (1850) (pt.) ; Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 269. n. 21 (1871).
(J. Nymphalis ephyra Godart, I.e. p. 355. n. 18 (1823) (Afr. occ. : pt.) ; Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,
l.c. p. 308. n. 8 (1850) (pt.) ; Kirby, Cat. Dium. Lep. p. 269. n. 22 (1871) (pt.) ; Mab., Bull.
Soc. Zool. Fr. I. p. 280 (1876) (Congo ; synom. ex parte) ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leap. Car. Ak.
Naturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 8. n. 28 (1879) (N. Angola).
?. Chiirai-j-s etheocles, Thon, Naturg. Schmett. p. 74. t. 37. f. 547. 548 (1837) ; Butl., Cat. Dium.
Lep. descr. by Fabr. p. 52. n. 9 (1869) (pt. ; ephyra = ^J of etheocles?) ; Caproun., C. R. Son.
Ent. Belrj. XXXni. p. 125. n. 69 (1889) (Kassai).
? . Charaxes etheocles (!), Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lotul. p. 629. n. 23 (1865) (pt.).
cj. Charaxes ephyra, Butler, l.c. p. 629. n. 24 (1865) (pt.) ; Plotz, Stett. Ent. Zeit. XLI. p. 194.
n. 106 (1880) (Cameroona ; VIII. XII.) ; Staud., Exot. Tagf. p. 170 (1886) (pt. ; Gold Coa-st ;
Gaboon ; Angola) ; Capronn., /.<-. p. 146. n. 79 (1889) (Gaboon) ; Godm. & Salv., Proc. Zool.
Soc. Loml. p. 440. n. 85 (1890) (Aruwimi) ; Trim., ibid. p. 80. n. 36 (1891) (S.W. Afr. :

( 482 )

Ehanda VIII. IX.; small); Auriv., Eitt. Tiihkr. XII. p. 215. n. 139 (1891) (Cameroons) ;

Trimen, I.e. p. 43. n. 67 (1894) (Manica, lU.) ; Karech, BeH. Ent. Zeitachr. XXXVIII. p. 192.

n. 56 (1894) (pt.) ; Auriv., I.e. XV. p. 31 1. n. 194 (1894) (Cameroons, HI. V. XI. ; ephyra= J of

etheocles ? ?).
J. Charaxes ephyra, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. XI. p. 57 (1874) (?, Gold Coast; distinct from

ethalion !).
(J ? . Charaxes etheocles, Trimen, I.e. p. 80. note (1891) (etheocles = J of ephyra) ; Butl., Journ. Linn.

Soc. Land. XXV. p. 359. n. 24 (1896) (Lagos ; Gold Coast ; Cameroons ; Congo) ; Stand., Iris

IX. p. 218 (1896) ; id., I.e. p. .363. t. 3. ? ? (1896) ; Auriv., Kmigl. Sv. Vet. Al: Ilandl. XXXI.

5. p. 237. n. 34 (1899).
5 . Charaxes alladinis Butler, Cist. Eiit. I. p. 5 (1869) ("J' " ex err. ! ! ; hab. ?) ; id., Lep. Exot.

p. 27. n. 5. t. 10. f. 2 (1870) ("jj " ex err.) ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Naturf. L. 4.

p. 371. t. 17. f 8. ? . 9. ? (1887) (fig. 8 "cJ " ex err. ! ! ; N. Angola).
?. Nymphalix alladinis, Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 269. n. 23 (1871).
? . Charaxes cedreatis Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. X. p. 247 (1874) (W. Afr. ; "^" ex err. ! !) ; id..

Exot. Butt. V. Charaxes t. 5. f. 22. 23. 24 (1876).
? . Charaxes phaeus Hewitson, I.e. XIV. p. 82 (1877) (Del. Bay ; "J"' ex err. ! !) ; Trim. & Bowk.,

S. Afr. Butt. I. p. 344. n. 115 (1887) ("(J " ex err.) ; iid., I.e. III. p. 408 (1889) ; Monteiro,

Delagoa B. t. 1. f. 4 (1891) ; Trim., Prnr. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 43. n. 68 (1894) (Manica, IV.) ;

Lanz, Iris IX. p. 143 (1896) (Tabora) ; Auriv., I.e. p. 236. n. 28 (1899) (Del. Bay ; Nyassaland ;

L. Mero ; Tabora).
? . Charaxes hirki Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. XVIII. p. 105 (1881) (Mamboia).
(J ? . Charaxes carteri Butler, I.e. p. 108 (I88I) (Accra) ; Godm. & Salv., in Jameson, Story Rear

Column p. 440. n. 86 (1890) (Nkalama R., IV.).
jj 5 . Charaxes ephyra var., Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Naturf. h. 4. p. 371. t. 17. f. 10. (J.

11. ? (1887) (N. Angola).
(J. Charaxes kirki Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 60. n. 17 (1888) (Foda, X.) ; id., Ann. Mag. N. H.

(6). VII. p. 42. n. 12 (1891) (Kandera, Germ. E. A., X.).
(J. Charaxes alladinis Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 648. n. 19 (1893) (Brit. C. Afr., I. VTII.).
? . Charaxes manica Trimen, Proe. Zool. Soe. Lond. p. 43. n. 69. t. 4. f. 9 (1894) (Manica) ; Butl.,

ibid. p. 822. n. 13 (1896) (Songwe VaUey, lU. ; Deep Bay, VII.).
(J ? . Charaxes hoUandi Butler, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6). XII. p. 266 (1893) (S. Leone) ; id., Journ.

Linn. Soc. Lcml. XXV. p. 362. n. 30 (1896) (S. Leone ; O. Calabar).
?. Charaxes rosae Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 255. sub n. 16 (1895) (Delagoa B.) ; Lanz,

Iris IX. p. 143 (1896) (Tanganyika).
? . Charaxes dewUzi id., I.e.
g. Charaxes phaeus, Butler, I.e. p. 255. n. 16 (1895) (Zomba) ; id.. I.e. p. 852. n. 13 (1896)

(Nyassaland).
(J ? . Charaxes 2)haews, id., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lund. XXV. p. 361. n. 27 (1896).
(? ? . Charaxes chanlen Holland, Proc. U. St. Nat. Mus. XVIII. p. 262. (J. p. 753. ? (1895) (Brit-

E. Afr.).
cf . Cherraxes ephyra var. })haeacus Staudinger, Iris IX. p. 216 (1896) (Germ. E. Afr. ; Niam Niam).
cJ. Charaxes ephyra ab. catochrous id., I.e. p. 218 (1896) (Cameroons).

(J. Charaxes hollandi, Sharps, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 533. n. 34 (1896) (Walenso, Somali-
land, X.).
c? ?. Charaxes fulgurata Aurivillius, Rongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Bandl. XXX. 1. 5. p. 236. n. 30 (1899)
(Angola).

As we must regard, according to our researches on the dead specimens, the
individuals occurring in the same place so closely related as if they were the
immediate offspring of the same mother individual, there is no justification in
maintaining that a certain male of that series of individuals is the mate of one
certain form ot female. Unless there is evidence to the contrary, we have to
assume that the individuals of the same place copulate indiscriminately. The
Angola S figured by Dewitz, for instance, is not the mate of only one of the
three Angola ? ? represented on the same plate, but of all three. Hence
we consider it wrong to apply the same varietal name for the S and one of
those ? ? , and other varietal names for the remaining two ? ? . Such a nomencla-

( 483 )

tnre is, moreover, very misleading, if employed in lists of captures, because the use
of the same name for a certain cJ-form and for a certain ?-form obscures the
geographical distribution of the. varietal forms. For instance, " alladinis " is
recorded by Butler in his Revision from Lagos, Cameroons and Gaboon ; the form
inhabits most likely these places, but all the specimens mentioned from there by
Butler are males, while alladinis is the name of a certain kind ciijemale. Therefore
the record of males is no evidence that the particular ? " alladinis " occurs in
Lagos, Cameroons and Gaboon. What we want is a precise knowledge of the
distribution of the ? -form alladinis, and this knowledge will not be furthered by
employing the name alladinis for something that is not the ?-form alladinis.
Therefore, in the following synopsis a name employed for a (J-form will not be
used again for a ?-form.

(J. Variable ; transitions between the different forms numerous ; form 4 is
apjjarently the most constant of ail.

A. Forewing above : marginal greenish grey or bluish grey spots large ; at least
two postdiscal spots.

a. Forewing falcate, above with more than two postdiscal spots, the spots not

deeply arched ; the series mostly consisting of five to eight spots ;
admarginal spots SC^ — R' of hindwing above rather large, greenish
grey, with red centres ; postdiscal pale bluish green lunnles of same
wing often heavy, sometimes vestigial. Discal spots R^ — M' of fore-
wing above more or less marked (type), or absent. Reminding one of
gtuleriana, but the broad, pale blue, postdiscal band of the hindwing of
the latter species consists in the present form of Innules, which are, at
the utmost, 1 mm. broad. 1. c?-f. pieta Rothsch., f. nov.

We possess this form, which seems to be confined to East Africa,
from : Unyoro : Kitanwa, 9. x. '97 {type f) ; Fajao, 25. xi. '97 ;
Kasokwa, 25. viii. '97 and 5. x. '97; Warringo River, 8. and 9. vii. '97 ;
Wakibara, 23. vii. '97 ; Kiorbezi, 4. i. '98 ; Kikoyero, 31. iii. '97 ;
Hoima, 23. viii. '97 ; Fovira, 9. v. '97 ; Busilika, Bulamwezi, 11. ii. '98 ;

Karunga, Kyanika, Bulamwezi, 20. iii. '97. Quilimane, Portug. E. A.,

23. vii. '93. A long series, collected by Dr. Ansorge.

b. Forewing above with more than two postdiscal spots, but the spots forming

deeply arched, greenish, halfmoons, the horns of which reach the
marginal spots. 2. c?-f. fulgurata.

Ch. ephyra var., Dewitz, I.e. t. 17. f. 10 (1887).
Ch. fulgurata Aurivillius, I.e.

c. Forewing above with two postdiscal spots ; hindwing above with the post-

discal spots SC^— R' heavily red in many specimens ; underside varying
from whitish grey to greyish clay colour ; generally somewhat smaller
than the form picta, sometimes (Angola specimen) resembling in shape
Ch. ethalion. 3. c?-f. chanleri.

Ch. chanleri Holland, I.e.

Ch. ephijra var. phaeacus Staudinger, I.e.

In the Tring Museum from : Unyoro, Fajao, 15. and 20. vii. '97, Warringo R.,
8. vii. '97 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Somalilaud : Walenso, Sheik Hnseiu, Upper Shebeli R.,
5 to 7000 ft., wet country, 26. x. '94 (Dr. Donaldson Smith). German E. Afr :

(484 )

Dar-es-Salaam. Rhodesia : Nambooma, TJpp. Zambesi, beginning of April 1898,
Njoko, April 1898 (Coryndon). Transvaal : Rnstenburg, ix. x. '94 (Ayres). Angola :
Cnbal R., iii. '99 (Penrice).

One of the Nambooma specimens is figured in Nov. Zool. VI. t. VIII. f. 6 ;
the d individuals from that place, as well as the Njoko example, have the underside
very much variegated ; the ? , figured on the same plate, which Mr. Coryndon
obtained in jiractically the same district, has the underaide more uniform 'in colour.
Our two specimens from Somaliland, Walenso, are the same in size as $-i. picta.

B. Forewing above : marginal spots small, or absent ; if large, there is only
one (or no) postdiscal spot.

d. Forewing above with two, rather large, postdiscal spots ; underside clayish

chocolate, very uniform in colour ; wings broad, resembling in shape those
of Ck. ethalion, but are larger. 4. c?-f. cytila Rothsch., f. nov.

We received a series of this peculiar form from near Bandawe, Nyassaland,
some of them being caught in April, and also a few specimens from Ft. Abercorn,
Nyassaland. Together with them came the/emale form represented on Plate XII.
f. 7, which has precisely the same underside as regards the tint of the ground
colour. Several specimens from Angola, caught by Mr. Penrice (Kuhiriri R. and
Longa R., Nov. '99), as well as specimens from Zomba in Mr. Adams's collection,
agree on the npperside fairly well with this form, but have the underside
flushed with a strong vinaceous tint, the forewing being, moreover, more variegated.
With these S S come two kinds of ? ? , which are mentioned under forms 13 and 13.

e. Forewing above with one or no postdiscal spot, or ground colour of under-

side not uniformly clayish chestnut.
a^ Basal two-thirds of underside almost white. Upperaide : forewing with
three dots along costal edge, one or the other of them often absent,
seldom all wanting; marginal dots, if marked, very small; admarginal
spots of hindwing not centred red. 5. c?-f. catochroiis.

Charaxes ephyra ah. catochrous Staudinger, Iris IX. p. 218 (1896).

This is the form of which Dr. Butler says : " Mr. Godart's description (of
ephyra) is sufficiently good to identify the species with certainty." However,
Godart's description seems to us to apply much better to form 8.

In the Tring Mnsenm from : Cameroons ; Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate,
V. and vi. (Dr. Roth) ; Leupoldville, Congo ; Uuyoro : Fajao, 15. and 16. vii. '97,
Wakibara, 23. vii. '97, Karunga, Kyanika, Bulamwezi, 20. iii. '97 ; Masindi, 28. vii.
'97 (Dr. Ansorge).

b^. Basal two-thirds of underside not white, the median interspaces always

much darker in tint ; discal interspaces of underside at outside of

median bars and part of submedian intersjmces more or less pale

clay colour, sometimes almost grey.

a^. Marginal spots of forewing above absent or small ; ground colour of

underside broccoli brown. (5. 6-i. hollandi.

Ch. hollamli Butler, I.e.

A common West African f<^irm, occurring from Sierra Leone to the Congo and
British E. Africa ; dated specimens in the Tring Museum from : Ran, Nandi
country, 14. iii. '98, and Kabras, Uganda Protectorate, 13. xii. '96 (Dr. Ansorge) ;
AV^arri, Niger Coast Protectorate, 22. viii. '97 ; Kumasi to Cape Coast Castle, iv. '99

( 485 )

(Uapt. GiiFard) ; Great Forest of Upper Congo, fifteen days' march from Ft. Beni,
19. V. '99 (Dr. Ansorge).

b^. Like preceding, but underside with an obvious reddish purple tint,
especially on the darker coloured portions of the wings.

7. c?-f. carteri.
Ch. carteri Butler, I.e.

Also common in West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Upper Congo ; inter-
gradations between this and forms 6 to 10 numerous. This is what Dr. Butler puts
as c? to ? -f. alladinis. Dated specimens in the Tring Museum from Warri, Niger
Coast Protectorate, iv. '96 (Dr. Roth) ; Yanga, Ituri R., 29. v. '99 (Dr. Ansorge).

c^. Underside as in 6 or 7 ; upperside, marginal spots of forewing
conspicuous, white snbmarginal dots of hindwing large, one
postdiscal dot, the second seldom vestigial ; admarginal spots of
hindwing without red centres. 8. ^-f. ephjra.

Nymphalis ephyra Godart, Em. Meth. IX. p. 355. n. 18 (1823).

Charaxes viola, Butler (non Butler, 1865), Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 359. n. 23 (1896)
(Ashanti ; 0. Calabar ; Angola).

Distributed over West Africa from Sierra Leone to the Congo basin ; resembling
the East African forms 1 and 3. In the Triug Museum from : S. Leone (Capt.
Stevens) ; Kumasi to Cape Coast Castle, iv. '99 (Capt. Giflfard) ; Knmasi to
Kintampo, iv. '99 (Col. Northcott) ; Agawasso, Gold Coast, middle of vii. '97; Great
Forest on Upper Congo, four days' march from Ft. Beni, 8. v. '99 (Dr. Ansorge).

d^. Upperside, forewing: spot in cell generally large, the other two
costal spots small, the postdiscal one of them mostly absent,
marginal spots absent or vestigial, basal area green ; hindwing :
admarginal spots SC-— R^ more or less ochraceous, or ochraceons
rufous. Underside dark clay colour, bars heavy.

9. ^-f. lutacea Rothsch., f. nov.
Known to us from the Congo basin and Unyoro. In the Tring Museum from :
Lukolele, Stanley Pool ; Great Forest, two and three days' march from
Ft. Beni, 6. v. '99 and 7. v. '99 {type) (Dr. Ansorge) ; Fajao, Unyoro, 23. vii. '97
(Dr. Ansorge).

e^. Upperside violet blue ; forewing : with or without marginal spots,
costal spots sometimes all wanting ; hindwing : admarginal spots
obscnrely marked. Underside as in form 6, seldom as in 7.

10. c?-f. violacea Rothsch., f. nov.
In the Tring Museum from : Kumasi to Mansu, Gold Coast, iv. '99 (Col.
Northcott) ; Ogow6 R. {type) ; Bopoto, Congo ; Sakarnmbi, one day's march from
Ft. Beni, Congo Free State, .5. v. '99, and three days' march from Ft. Beni, 7. v. '99
(Dr. Ansorge) ; Yanga, Ituri R., 29. v. '99 (Dr. Ansorge).

Besides these ten forms, which can be subdivided almost infinitely, there
exist in collections individuals which agree on the upperside with one or the other of
forms 5 to 10, but have the ground of the underside much more uniform in colour.
Two such individuals in the Tring Museum have the upperside obviously oily
green ; the marginal markings of the forewing above and the snbmarginal dots
of the hindwing are as in c?-f ephyra. A specimen from Buaia, Bnsiro, Uganda,
24. iii. '99 (Dr. Ansorge), has the shape and size of J-f. chanleri, the costal

( 486 )

spots of the forewing are obsolete, and the underside is conspicnonsly flashed
with purple red.

Figs. 12 to 17 of PI. VIII. represent various penis forms : f. 14, Warringo R.=
cJ-f. picta; f 15, Kiorbezi= c?-f. picta ; f. 13, Nambooma= c?-f. chanleri \ f. 12,
Bandawe=(?-f. cytila ; f. 16, Wakibara=tJ-f. catockrous ; f. 17, Warri, Niger =
c?-f catockrous.

¥ . Polychromatic.
A. Forewing above with a discal and a postdiscal series of paler spots, or the
spots nearly all absent, base not pale bine, no white curved band.
a. Hindwing with a broad discal band across disc, white, buff, blue.

a^. Discal and postdiscal patches of forewing merged together, only the
upper two or three pairs separated, the band thus formed creamy
buff, anteriorly and distally ochraceous ; hindwing with admarginal
spots SC^ — W orange, the following ones olive buff, discal band
white, slightly bluish proximally, and with a faint tint of ochraceous
at distal edge. Underside, discal interspaces white.

1. ^-i.kirki.

(?) Charaxea viola Butler, Ann. Mag. N. E. (4). XVni. p. 481 (1876) (Atbara ; haec forma? aut

Ch. etheocles viola 1).
Ch. kirtci Butler, I.e. (Mamboia).
Ch. chanleri Holland, I.e. p. 753. ? (Brit. E. Afr. ; Kiknyu ?).

Resembling the Senegalese Ck. etheocles viola. It is known from British
E. Africa (Kiknyu or Kenia district?), Taveta, May 1891 (Mus. Tring), German
E. Africa, Mamboia; possibly the Abyssinian individuals recorded by Butler, I.e.,
as viola belong here also.

i'. Discal and postdiscal patches of forewing more or less joined together,
or nearly all separated, ochraceous ; band of hindwing huffish
ochraceous or buff, admarginal spots all orange, except anal one.
Underside flushed with reddish purple, discal and postdiscal inter-
spaces of forewing with buff patches, discal interspaces of hindwing
forming a buff coloured band.

2. ? -f. ockracea Rothsch., f. nov.

Ch. ephyra, Staudinger, Irh IX. t. 3. f. 6 (1896) (Gaboon).

Occurs in West Africa : Congo (Mus. Tring).

c^. Discal and postdiscal patches of forewing above as before, upper ones
huffish, posterior ones white, slightly bluish ; band of hindwing
white, and shaded with blue at edges. Resembling ? of Ch. ameliae.

3. ?-f etheocles.

P. E. A. etheocles Cramer, I.e.

Ch. ephyra, Staudinger, Iris IX. t. 3. f. 3. 4 (1896).

A West African form, the commonest in S. Leone ; known from S. Leone,
Gold Coast, Cameroons, Gaboon.

(P. Like 4' or c^ but the last discal patch of the forewing and the band of
the hindwing blue. Resembles Ch. imperials ? .

4. ?-f. re^a^/s Rothsch., nov.

( 487 )

Ch. hoUamli Butler, I.e. ? , non (J.

Ch. ephyra, Staudinger, Iris EX. t. 3. f. 5 (189G) (S. Leone).

Occurs on the West Coast : Sierra Leone (type), 0. Calabar.

e'. Like ?-f. regalis, bnt forewing : discal patches bine up to E^, post-
discal spots (except upper two) absent; hindwing: blue band broader,
its outer edge convex, parallel to margin of wing. Transition to the
individual of ? -f pkaeus with green base, mentioned below.

5. ? -f dewitzi.

Ch. alladmis Dewitz, I.e. t. 17. f. 8 (1887).
Ch. dewitzi Butler, I.e. Angola.

b. Hindwing without broad discal band.
_/\ Upperside with a red purple gloss ; spots of forewing more or less
ochraceous, the discal and postdiscal series both stopping at M^, there
being no spots beyond this vein, or the external series continued to
internal margin ; proximal series often reduced to two or three spots ;
hindwing sometimes with a postdiscal line of ochraceous lunules.

6. ?-f. senate Rothsch., f. nov.

Ch. ephyra, Staudinger, Irin IX. t. 3. f. 2 (189fi) (Gaboon).

In the Tring Museum, from the Gold Coast, R. Ogow6, and the Congo.

g^. Upperside purple blue, spots of forewing white or whitish blue, or
purple, hindwing with indications of blue postdiscal patches.

7. ? -f. alladinis.

Cli. alladinis Butler, I.e.

Ch. ephyra, Staudinger, Iris IX. t. 3. f. 1. (1896) (Gold Coast).

In the Tring Museum from the Gold Coast, Lagos and Cameroons.
h'-. Like preceding, bnt hindwing with two red and blue patches.

8. 'i-tfulgens Rothsch., f. nov. (PI. XII. f. 5).
In the Tring Museum from Sierra Leone.

?'. Like form 6, but more steel blue, especially on hindwing, spots of
forewing absent, except a small discal costal spot, which is pale blue,
and the vestige of a spot in the apex of the cell.

9. ?-f virilis Rothsch., f. nov.
One specimen without precise locality in the Tring Museum, labelled W. Afr.
B. Forewing above with a curved, white, band, or basal half of wing pale blue
as in Ch. hohemani <S.
c. Forewing with white curved band ; basal third of hindwing not pale blue.
k^. Basal area of forewing and greater part of hindwing tawny olive.
Forewing : patch R^— M' of band long, patches M^— SM- small,
obsolescent ; of the postdiscal series SC*— M^ of spots only the upper
two marked. Resembling ? Ch. tiridates. 10. i -{. cedreatis.

Ch. cedreatis Hewilaon, I.e.
Ch. earteri Butler, I.e. ? .

Hewitson's specimens came from Angola and Fernando Po.
In the Tring Museum from the Gold Coast and the Congo.

IK Basal area of both wings brown, with a metallic gloss ; band of hind-
wing broad, white or pale blue ; hindwing below with or without
white discal band. 11. i-t.rosae.

( 488 )

Ch. alladinis var., Dewitz, I.e.
Ch. rosae Butler, I.e.

In the Tring Mnsenm from Delagoa Bay ; Zomba, xii. '95 (Dr. P. Rendall) ;
Taveta, vi. and vii.

(/. Basal two-thirds of hindwing pale bine ; forewing with white band.

m}. Basal area of forewing brown ; postdiscal markings of forewing angle-
or halfmoon-shaped. 12. ?-f. lunigera Bothsch., nom. nov.

Ch. ephyra var., Dewitz, I.e. t. 17. f. 11.

Ch.fulguriita Aurivillius, I.e. ( ? , non (J). .^■

Found in Northern Angola. Type : Denily's fignre.

w^ Basal area of forewing blue or greenish bine. Resembling ? Ch.
bohemani. 13. ? -f. wawz'm, (Plate XII. f. 7).

Ch. manica Trimen, I.e.

Received, together with c?-f. cytila, from near Bandawe, Nyassaland,
(F. Watkinson) ; Loanda ; Longa R., Angola, Nov. 1899 (Penrice).

0^. Band of forewing interrnpted at IP, patch M' — M- oblique, bine colour
more restricted than in the preceding form.

14. ?-f. vetula Rothsch., f. nov. (PI. XII. f. 8).
In the Tring Mnaeum from the Ogoir6 R.
e. Forewing without white band.
/>'. Basal areas of both wings pale bine, extending on forewing to point of
origin of M', sometimes greenish at base, in which case the upperside
comes near that ? -f. dewitzi ; posterior postdiscal spots of forewing
absent. Resembling c? C/;. ^o^ewaMi'. 15. ^-tphaeus.

Ch.phaeus Hewitson, I.e. : Monteiro, I.e. t. 1. f. 4 (1891).

Recorded from Delagoa Bay ; Manicaland, April ; Tabora, German E. Africa.
In the Tring Museum from Hikuenge, Luanda, viii., and " Mozambique
(Monteiro)," the former with the base of the wings greenish ; a third specimen,
from Angola (Penrice), agrees with that from Hikuenge.

q^. Basal areas grey green blue, not violet at edges, extended on forewing
beyond base of M', joining the postdiscal spots M^ — SM^ which are
not obsolete, postdiscal sjwts of the same colour, upper two white
proximally ; a series of minute admargiual dots up to R- ; underside
with a strong vinaceous grey finsh, markings not prominent.

16. ?-f. coryndoni Rothsch., f. nov. (Nov. ZooL. VI. t. 8. f. 7.)

I received this peculiar form, together with the S i mentioned under S-i.
ckanleri, from Mr. Coryndon, who found it at Gazungnla, Upper Zambesi, in
April 1898.

b. Ch. etheocles viola.

^. Nym}>halis ephyni Godart, Eitc. Mcth. IX. p. 355. n. 18. "N. B." (1823) (partim).

(J J. Charaxes ephyra, Feisthamel, Ami. Soc. Eitt. Fr. p. 253. n. 10 (1850) (Casamanca) ; Butl.,

Proe. Zool. Soe. Loml. p. 623. n. 24 (1866) (pt.).
(J ? . Nymphalin ephyra, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 269. n. 22 (1871) (pt.).

( 489 )

5 . Charaxes viola Butler, I.e. p. 627. n 16. t. 36. f. 4 (1865) (W. Afr.); Karsch, Berl. Eni. Zellschr
XXXVni. p. 187. n. 49 (1894) (Adeli, Togo) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Loml. XXV. p. 359.
D. 23 (1896) (pt. ; W. Afr.).

^ ? . Charaxes viola Butler, Atm. Mag. N. H. (4). XVIII. p. 481 (1876) (Atbara ; haec subsp .»).

J. Charaxes chinm Staudinger, Exot. Tagf. p. 168. t. 58 (1886) (Senegal ; "(J " ex err.).

j. Charaxes ephi/ra, Karsch, I.e. p. 192. n. 56 (1893) (Adeli, Togo).

(J $ . Charaxes etheocles var. viohi, Aurivillius, Koiujl. Sr. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 238. sub
n. 34(1899) (pt.).

S- Small, resembling Ch. etheocles etheocles S-L ckanleri, wings more

elongate. Upperside., forewing : cell-spot alwa}'8 present, rather large, discal

spot SC — R' also heavy, mostly accomjianied by a line in front and a dot behind ;
two postdiscal dots, of which the second is seldom absent, occasionally traces of two

more dots ; marginal spots large, more or less fused together. Hindwing more

triangular than in the other West African specimens of Ch. etheocles, admarginal
spots rather heavy, sjiots SC- — R' paler, often with orange red centres, broader than
the space between them and the white submarginal dots ; black snbmarginal dots
R^ — SM- obvious on account of their deep black colour ; postdical line of lunules
R' — (SM') always present.

Underside clayish ecru drab, rather uniform in colour, median interspaces
scarcely darker than base.

Underside of breast, especially of metasternum, as pale as the paljii ; abdomen
little more huffish.

? . Resembling Ch. etheocles etheocles ? -f kirki. Wings above pnrjilish

brown. Forewing : a series of discal and one of postdiscal spots, spots SC* — R^

separate, or spots R' — R^ connected by tawny scales, the others merged together to
a band which is cut by the brown veins, the band is 7 to 8 mm. broad at internal
margin, is about 5 mm. from outer margin and, at M^, 8 mm. from cell, mostly
whitish at internal margin ; patch R'-' — R' often subdivided by brown scales, some-
times the proximal portion absent, patches R' — M' occasionally also with tawny
brown scales in or near middle ; outer margin with a series of large, but rather

obscurely marked, tawny spots. Hindwing : a broad, white, discal band,

posteriorly shaded with pale blue or violet, measuring 6 to 7 mm. at SC-, 1 4 mm.
along M^, the black postdisco-submarginal area reduced to a band which becomes
very narrow behind and measures only 4 mm. in front ; white submarginal dots
large, edged externally with blue, especially last ones, black submarginal dots
R' — SM^ conspicuous ; admarginal spots C — R' orange ochraceous centred with
orange, the others greenish olive bulF, often yellowish in middle.

Underside clayish ecru drab. Forewing : discal and postdiscal interspaces of

forewing creamy buff, discal luniform bars feebly marked, posterior ones obsolete.

Hindwing : discal interspaces paler than on forewing, but not sharply marked ;

postdiscal interstitial halfmoons not prominent, their proximal halves cream buff
or pale straw yellow, distal halves dark cinnamon rufous.

Length of forewing : cJ, 3U — 33 mm.
„ „ ? , 34 — 37 mm.

Triangular ridge of penis much reduced in height (PI. VIII. f. 18).

Hab. Senegambia and the Hinterlands of the West Coast, probably as far
south as Cameroons. In the Tring Museum 9 c?c?, 6 ?? from: Bathurst ;
R. Gambia ; Gambaga, near Volta R., 28. viii. '99 (Col. Northcott) ; Gambaga,
Nov. Dec. '98 (Capt. Giffard).

A c? specimen in the Tring Museum labelled " Cameroons " agrees with viola.

38

( 490 )

Both sexes of this form were described by Feisthamel in 1850 as ephyra.
Dr. Butler, in 1865 and 1896, failed to recognise the identity of Feisthamel's insect
with his own viola. What Dr. Butler considered in 1896 to be c?<? of viola are
ephyra Godart, not ephyra Feisth. = viola Butl. Aurivillius, with wonted careful-
ness, put the synonymy right.

«'. Median bars of fore- and hindwing contiuuons.

0*. Upperside with a very strong bine gloss (cJ).

75. Charaxes thysi.

Charaxes thysi Capronnier, C. R. Soc. Ent. Bilg. XXXIII, p. 125. n. 70 (1889) (Kassai) ; Butl.,
Journ. Limi. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 374. n. 66. and p. 3G4. sub n. 33 (1896) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv.
Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 236. n. 26. t. 5. f. 7 (1899) (Congo).

(?. Body above olivaceous black, head and pronotum with the usual white dots;
underside huffish white, abdomen rather darker.

cJ. Wings above black, with a strong hyacinth blue gloss. Forewing : a

postdiscal campanula blue band from SC^ to internal margin, composed of seven
spots, the first, third and fourth a little more proximal than the others, the band

gradually broader behind, patch M^ — SM^ measuring 3 mm. in width. Hindwing :

band of forewing continued across disc to abdominal fold, its proximal margin convex
before cell, where the band is 4| mm. broad, its outer margin nearly straight, but
indented upon the veins ; a series of purplish blue submarginal dots ; admarginal
interstitial markings transverse, purplish blue, extending into tails, where they
become whitish, anal one olive grey ; abdominal fold pale brown, a triangular,
grey, patch beyond end of SM^.

Underside silvery white. Forewing : cell-bars similar to those of the allied

species, bar 4 bent distad in middle ; submedian bar M^ — (SM') just behind base
of M-, submedian bar M' — M- proximal of base of M' ; median bars forming a
nearly continuous line, 2 J mm. distant from cell at R^, only lA mm. at R^ ; discal
bars situated in a brown band which runs from costal to internal margin, is nearly
straight, begins 11 mm. from apex of wing and crosses SM^ 6 mm. from its end ;
to this band is joined a large, double, blackish brown, patch M- — SM- ; postdiscal
bars, bars SC — M^ represented by a pale brown, rather indistinct, zigzag line, while
bar M^ — M^ is larger, blackish, and halfmoon-shaped ; outer margin brown;

submarginal, white, interspace M^— SM- resembling the number 3. Hindwing :

basal and subbasal costal bars, and subbasal bar G— SC^ absent ; submedian and
median bars forming two nearly continuous lines, pale russet wood brown ; the
series of discal and postdiscal bars parallel, situated in a faintly curved, tawny, band
of 2^ mm. breadth, nearly parallel to outer margin, crossing C 3 mm. from its
end, discal bars linear, curved, postdiscal ones more rounded, except the last ones
which are also linear and curved ; submarginal bars abbreviated, but transverse,
last two rounded, minute; admarginal, interstitial, markings transverse, ochraceous,
bordered at both sides with a very thin white line, anal one olive ; tails slender,
acute.

?. Unknown.

Length of forewing : 31 mm.

Hah. Kassai, Congo Free State (Capt. Thys), in Mns. Brnxelles, Mus.
Stockholm, coll. Staudiuger.

(491 )

The scales in the btisal area of the forewing above have very short teeth, those
in the outer half have scarcely any teeth.

p ^ Bine gloss of npperside not strong.

k''. (5 with pale blue band, ¥ with white band.

76. Charaxes baumanni.

Charaxps haumanni Eogenhofer, Verh. Znol. Bot. Ges. Wien. XLI. p. 564. ? (1891) (Pare) ; id., in
Baumann, Usamhara p. 328. n. 88 (1891) ; Auriv., Kongl Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 236.
n. 25 (1899) (Manicaland ; Zomba ; TJsambara).

Charaxes whytei Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 049. d. 20. t. 60. f. 2. ^ (1893) (Zomba, I. XII.) ;
id., I.e. p. 14 note (1894) ; Trim., ibid. p. 607 (1894) ; Butl, I.e. p. 255. n. 17. t. 15. f. 3. ?'
(1895) (Zomba) ; id., I.e. p. 720. n. 11 (1895) (Zomba) ; id., Jouni. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV.
p. 363. n. 33 (1896) (Zomba).

Charaxes selousi Trimen, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 45. n. 72. t. 6. f. 10. J (1894) (Manicaland).

Charaaes ethalion, Bntler, I.e. p. 362. n. 31 (1896) (pt.).

S ? . Bodi/ above dark olive, four dots on head, a line behind eye, and two dots
at each side of prothorax white ; underside clay colour, palpi and middle of breast
more creamy buff, npperside of anterior tibia of ? black.

(J. Wings above black. Forewing: a postdiscal series of white spots jiarallel

to outer margin anteriorly curved costad, upper spots minute, edged with pale bine,
last ones larger, merged together to a band which is about 5 mm. wide at internal

margin, nearly all whitish blue, 3 mm. distant from outer margin before SMI

Hindwing : a broad disco-postdiscal blael white band, tapering at both ends, its
inner edge somewhat convex, especially posteriorly, crossing M at base of M', its
outer edge nearly parallel to outer margin ; a series of white, minute, submarginal
dots ; admarginal interstitial markings transverse, continuous or subcontinuous,
tawny, shaded with blue at edges, anal one yellow, spot C — SC" absent, the next
one abbreviated.

Underside russet wood brown, glossy, except at outer margin of forewing and

in disco-j)ostdiscal area of hindwing. Forewing : cell-bar 2 short, bar 3 separated

into two dots, bar 4 straight, somewhat oblique ; bar D thin ; submedian M- — (SM')
behind point of origin of M-, bar M' — M- about 1 J mm. more distal ; median bars
more or less straight, continuous, the line straight, crossing R' about 1 mm. from
crossveius, M^ 5 mm. from its base, bordered white distally, the white scaling
forming an ill-defined baud ; discal bars represented by an obsolete line which
becomes more prominent on account of the scaling at its proximal side being deeper
in tint than that at its distal side, the line parallel to the median line from R' to
internal margin, 4 to 4| mm. distant from it, then carving distad and costad ;
postdiscal bar (SM') — SM- represented by a small black patch about 1 mm. distant
of discal line, scaling whitish at discal side of the patch ; vestiges of pale postdisco-

snbmarginal wings. Hindwing : no basal and snbbasal costal bars and no

subbasal bar C — SC^ submedian bars continuous, or the line slightly broken at
base of R' ; median bars continuous, the line apjjearing as a continuation of the line
of forewing, straight, curving abdominad beyond (SM'), crossing M- at base, with
an ill-defined, narrow, white, band at outer side ; discal bars arched, concave distally,
middle ones rather feebly marked, bar R' — R^ more distal than the others, often
obsolete, the series slightly biconcave ; postdiscal bars ill-defined, partly obsolete,
parallel to the discal ones, interspaces halfmoou-shaped, cinnamon rufous, olivaceous

( 492 )

proximally ; snbmarginal white dots shaded with bine at edges, small, followed
by the black, abbreviated, snbmarginal bars, which are bordered distally with a
thin bluish white line each : admarginal transverse interspaces reddish rnfons,
contiguous, anal one olive buff, npjier one reduced ; tail slender, acute.

? . Wi?igs, upperside, black brown. Forewing : a white discal band consist-
ing of three small spots SC'*'' — R', more or less isolated, at R^ about 4 to 5 mm.
from end of cell, followed by four contiguous patches, patch R^ — M' the smallest,
triangularly sinuate distally, patch M' — M" of the same length as the following
ones, measuring 5 to 5i mm. along veins, sinuate distally, inner edge of the band,
from R^ to internal margin, almost unbroken, crossing M'' 5 to 6 mm. from its base;
a series of white postdiscal spots SC^ — M' or SC^ — M^, the series forming nearly a
right angle, spots R' — M^ close to discal band, subluniform.— — -Hiudwing : discal
band of forewing continued to abdominal margin, of nearly even width (5 to 7 mm.)
down to (SM'), then much narrower ; white snbmarginal dots more prominent than
in tj, followed by the snbmarginal bars which are deeper black than the ground
of the wing ; admarginal interspaces tawny ferrngiuous, more or less separated at
veins, edged with pale bine.

Underside similar to that of S, but the white discal band as broad as, or
broader than, on upperside ; postdiscal area of forewing more or less whitish ;
postdiscal interspaces C — SC^ and R^ — M' of hiudwing more or less white, this
scaling sometimes extended to outer margin ; upper tail not pointed, 6 mm. long,
second pointed, 6 mm. long.

Length of forewing : <?, 28 — 30 mm.
„ „ ? , 30—33 mm.

Hab. East Africa : Manicaland, Nyassaland, Germau East Africa, Usambara.
In the Tring Museum 1 <?, 2 ? ? from Zomba, xii. 95 (Dr. Percy Rendall), Dar-
es-Salaam.

V Upperside black and orange.

77. Charaxes anticlea (Nov. Zool. V. t, vi. f. 4. j).

Papilio Nymphalis Phaleratus anticlea Drury, Illustr. Ex. Ins. III. p. 36. t. 27. f. 5. C (1782)

(S. Leone).
Papilio Nymphalis hnratius Fabricius, But. Syst. III. 1. p. 64. n. 202 (1793) (huh.?).

cJ ? . Body above olive black, head and anterior j)art of thorax somewhat russet,
four dots on head, a line behind eye, and two dots laterally on prothorax, white ;
underside.^ palpi, middle of breast and legs pale clay colour, sides of breast clayish
brown, abdomen clay colour, upperside of anterior tiliia black, of fonr posterior
femora also black, speckled with white scales.

(J. Wings above velvety black. Forewing : a postdisco-submarginal baud

cadmium orange, broadest behind, more or less continuous from M' to internal
margin, partitions .SC — R' separated, often reduced to small sjjots, the upper ones
often absent, the spots sometimes horseshoe-shaped, the baud seldom reduced to a
small spot M' — M^ and a large ])atch between M- and internal margin ; black

marginal border varying in width between M' and SM- from J to 2A mm.

Hiudwing : outer area cadmium orange, extending down to bent of R^ sekhim to
base of M', the area narrowed costally ; a series of black postdisco-submarginal

( 493 )

spots with white centres, the spots seldom so large that they almost touch each
other, the middle ones mostly absent, the npper two often joined to the black
basi-discal area, a thin, sharply defined, marginal line black ; abdominal fold
clayish brown.

Underside bistre brown, with a pinkish and nifons tint, basal areas, proximal
part of discal areas and part of outer areas, especially in apical region of forewing,

with a pinkish grey gloss. Forewing : cell-bar 2 short, ovate or ronnded, bar

3 represented by two heavy dots, bar 4 obliqne, curved distad in middle, con-
cave near ends, continuous with submedian bars M' — SM-, submediau bar M- — SM^
generally heavy, like the respective median one ; median bars more or less continu-
ous, parallel to the submedian series, crossing R- close to lower angle of cell, the
brown median interspaces band-like ; discal bars feebly marked, arched, concave
distally, the series about midway between median bars and outer margin, obtusely
angled at R' ; postdiscal bars M- — SM- represented by two ill-detiued, black,
patches, which are often preceded by a patch M' — M^ ; posterior postdiscal and

submarginal interspaces more or less obscurely cinnamon rufous. Hindwing : no

basal and subbasal costal bars, subbasal bar C — SO- also absent ; submedian and
median bars forming two continuous lines, which are parallel, costal bars heavier
than the others, brown median interspaces band-like ; glossy scaling at outside of
median line band-like ; discal and postdiscal bars arched, parallel, the double series
somewhat angled at R-, interspaces rufous red, upper ones more olive ; black sub-
marginal bars thin, last two small dots, the upper ones obsolete or vestigial, the
others concave proximally, edged purplish white distally, white submarginal dots
shaded with purple ; admarginal interspaces continuous, except upper one which is
isolated, rufous red, anal one olive buff; black marginal line edged with bluish
white, metallic plumbeous at anal angle ; tails short, triangular.

? . Wings broader, hindwing less triangular, outer margin of forewing less

concave than in S. Upperside dull brownish lilack. Forewing : a pale orange

disco-postdiscal band anteriorly divided into two discal and three postdiscal spots,
while the discal and postdiscal sjjots R- to internal margin show seldom vestiges of
a black line separating them ; discal and postdiscal spots R' — R- sometimes joined
together along R^, the band 8 to 10 mm. broad at SM^, more or less concave between

the veins at both sides. Hindwing : the band continued to abdominal margin,

narrowed beyond (SM'), very little narrower in front than behind, paler than on
forewing, except at outer edge ; submarginal white dots seldom all marked, upper
ones mostly obsolete, sometimes all obsolete except the last two ; admarginal inter-
spaces orange, continuous, interstitial spot C— SC sometimes separated, anal one
thin, olive buff.

Underside, paler than in cf , bars heavier ; discal and postdiscal interspaces of
forewing pale buff, except a brown patch SL? — R^ at proximal side of discal liars,
more than proximal half of discal interspaces of hindwing occnpied by creamy
band, tails longer than in <?.

Length of forewing : S , 28 — 31 mm.
„ „ ?, 31—33 mm.

Clasper with the rather broad apex narrowed into a hook which points mesiad ;
penis-funnel short, narrow, triangular, gradually curved in a side view, apex
produced downwards into a sharp, rather long, pointed, tooth ; penis armed
about 2 mm. from end by a short row of rather heavy dorso-lateral teeth.
Hab. West Africa from Senegambia to Angola and Uganda.

( 494 )
a. Ch. anticlea anticlea.

Papilio NymphaJis Phaleratus anfu;h:a Drury, I.e.

PapiVio Nymphalis koratius Fabricius, I.e.

Nymphalis antidea, Godart, Enc. MM. IX. p. 353. n. 9 (1823) (S. Leone) : Doubl., Westw. & Hew.,

Gen. Diurn. Lep. II. p. 309. n. 13 (1850) (S. Leone) ; Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 268. n. 14

(1871) (S. Leone).
Nymphalis honilius, Godart, I.e. p. 354. n. 13 (1823).
Charaxes antidea, Doubleday, List. Spec. Lep. Ins. Bril. 3[tts. I. p. 110 (1844) (S. Leone) ; Butl.,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 627. n. U (1865) (S. Leone) ; Butl., Oil. Diuru. Lep. desn: by Fabr.

p. 53. n. 11 (1869) ; Westw., Thes. Oj-oii. p. 181. t. 34. f. 5. ? (1874) (S. Leone) ; Schaus &

Clements, Sierra Lcntie Lep. p. 8 (1893) ; But]., .Joiirn. Liim. Soc. Lonil. XXV. p. 364. n. 34

(1896) (pt. ; S. Leone) ; Auriv., Koiigl. Sv. Vel. A!,: Uandl. XXXI. 5. p. 2.%. n. 24 (1899) (pt. ;

S. Leone).
Charaxes horalius, Feisthamel, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 259. n. 11. J, $ (1850) (Cazamanca).

cj. Black border of forewiug aboce 1 mm. (or less) wide between M- and
internal margin.

? . Forewing above, orange patches R' — R- completely separated ; hindwing,
orange admarginal markings continnons above and below.

Ilab. Senegambia to the Niger (?). In the Tring Museum 16cf <J, 2 ? ? from
Sierra Leone, vi. vii., '99 (Capt. Stevens) ; Accra.

As we have not seen specimens from the Niger, we do not know how far sonth
this form extends, but judging from analogy we believe that it does not range
farther south than the Niger.

b. Ch. anticlea adusta Rothsch. subsp. nov.

Nymphalis antidea, Dewitz (non Drury, 1782), Noi\ Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Naturf. XLI. 2. 2. p. 28

(1879) (N. Angola).
Charaxes antidea, Capronnier, C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXXIII. p. 146. n. 82 (1889) (Gabun) ; Butl.

I.e. (part. Angola) ; Auriv., I.e. (pt. ; Cameroons ; Gabun ; Angola).

cJ. Black border of forewing above 2 mm. (or more) wide between M- and
internal margin.

? . A ? from the Cameroons (Barombi) in the Berlin Mnsenm differs from the
Sierra Leone ? ? as follows : — Upperside, forewing : orange patches R' — R^ not
completely separated ; hindwing : admarginal orange markings thin, posterior ones
separated between the veins, anal one very faint. Umlerside : discal bars heavier, in-
terspaces between them darker ; hindwing : submargiual white dots larger than in the
? of ant. anticlea, posterior admarginal orange spots interrupted between the veins.

Hab. Cameroons to Angola, Congo and Uganda. In the Tring Museum 5 c? c?
from Kampala {t>/pe), 21. iii. '97 (Dr. Ansorge), Leopoldville, and Lnkolele, Congo.

In a cJ from Niam-Niam in Dr. Staudinger's collection the orange area of the
hindwing is very wide, extending proximally to the point of the origin of M'.

p^. Discal bars of fore- and hindwing not regularly arched.
q*. Underside not green, scaled.

o''. Markings of njjperside blue.

q^. Cell of forewing above with a large blue patch.

m'. Forewing above without conspicuous, blue, marginal
patches.

78. Charaxes myceriua.

Nymphalis mycerina Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 369. n. 65 (1823) (hab? ; "N. B" excepted) ; Lucas,
Lep. Ex. p. 124. t. 65. f. 2 (1835).

( 495 )

Charaxes nausicaa Staudinger, Iris IV. p. 137 (1891) (S. Leone ; Cameroons) ; Butl., Journ. Linn.

Soc. Land. XXV. p 373. n. 64 (1896) (O. Calabar ; R. Ogow^).
Charaxes mycerina, Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Bandl. XXXI. 5. p. 244. n. 73 (1899) (S. Leone;

Cameroons ; Kuilu ; Kassai).

3 ? . Head, jironotnm and anterior part of mesonotam olive mnmmy brown,
rest of upperside olivaceous black, the dots on head white ; antennae chestnut ;
underside of palpi and middle of prosternum creamy white, rest of underside clayish
creamy buff, abdomen deeper in tint in S than in S ; legs tawny, with whitish grey
scaling, femora nearly black ; anterior tibia mummy brown, anterior tarsus creamy
white.

cj. Wings above blue black, markings pale blue, purplish in side-light.

Forewing : outer margin deeply concave between SC^ and M^, more produced at
SC* than at apex proper ; cell blue, except a patch in upper angle, the blue scaling,
however, not very dense, especially distally, the black underscales not all covered ;
two discal spots SC* — R', 3 mm. from cell, elongate, the upper short and thin,
the second 3 to 5 mm. long, IJ mm. broad ; a postdiscal series of five spots,
uppermost spot between SC^ and R^, 10 mm. from cell, elongate ovate, 3^ to 4 mm.
long, no spots between R^ and R^, four posterior spots between R^ and internal
margin, in a slightly curved series, spot R^ — M' the smallest, spot M' — M- ronnded,
diameter about If mm., spot M^ — SM^ sometimes incised distally, subrectangular,

diameters 2 and 3 mm., last spot 4 to 6 mm. from end of SM^, 4 mm. long.

Hindwing : a discal band from C to (SM'), narrowing in front, continuous from
R' to (SM'), 4 to 5 mm. broad at M', partitions C — R' isolated, spot C — SC^
sometimes very small, 4 to 5 mm. from end of C, inner edge of band crossing M at
point of origin of M' ; two or three minute submarginal dots near anal angle ; five
transverse admarginal sjxits between R' and SM-, slightly separate at veins, or
contiguous, anal one very thin, spot R' — R- often divided, a vestige of spot SC^ — R'
sometimes present ; abdominal fold blackish brown.

Underside clay colour, rather glossy ; median interspaces, and a large, sub-
triangular, disco-postdiscal area from C to M' of forewing and outer margin of both

wings bistre brown, hindwing shaded with grey ; bars thin. Forewing : no

basal cell-spot, cell-bar 2 absent, cell-bar 3 represented by two small dots, thinly
bordered white, the second abont li mm. from base of M-, bar 4 transverse, very
little oblique, slightly irregular, reaching M midway between M' and M-, its upper
end 2^ mm. from base of R^, ground paler clay colour at proximal side of bar 4
than near bar 3 ; bar D very thin ; submedian bars M' — SM^ continuous with
cell-bar 4, forming with it a slightly curved Hue which crosses M- 2i mm. from
base of M^ ; median bars SC* — SM^ continuons, the bars somewhat concave
proximally, forming a line which begins 4i mm. from base of SC*-^, and crosses
M' 2 mm. from base of M', the median and submedian lines parallel behind,
divergent in front ; median bar M-— SM- straight, or distally concave ; discal
interspaces SC^-^— R^ shaded with grey, width of this greyish area 2i mm. at SC^',
and 5 mm. at R^ ; no discal and postdiscal bars, but there is a disco-postdiscal, very
indistinct, dark clayish line between internal margin and apex of wing, 7 mm. from
outer margin at SM-, slightly curved, proximally bordered with silvery white scales

down to M', this scaling reaching outer margin of wing in front. Hindwing :

no basal costal bar, no subbasal bars ; submedian bars almost continuous, forming
a proximally concave line from costal margin to M which crosses C 2 mm. from PC,
and reaches M 2i mm. from M'-, bar M'— (SM') near base of M^ ; bar D extremely

( 496)

thin ; median bars more or less concave distally, forming a continuous line which
is concave distally l)etween costal margin and R^, then convex, crossing M' close
to its base, and reaching abdominal margin 2 mm. beyond end of SiP, last bar,
however, indistinct ; discal bars merged together to a continnons, tawny olive, line,
which is somewhat concave distally, begins 2 mm. before end of C, and terminates
at abdominal margin 3 mm. from end of SM- ; close to, and nearly {uirallel with,
this line is a postdiscal line between abdominal margin and R^ which widens out
into an indistinctly defined patch between R^ and SC-, interspace between the two
lines clay colour, jmstdiscal line sometimes only vestigial ; a series of extremely
small, white, snbmarginal dots, the dots about 2 to 2| mm. from outer margin ;
edge of wing very feebly scalloped, tail R^ represented by a short triangular tooth,
no second tail, abdominal angle produced but rounded.

? . Winffg, upperside, paler than in ^, blue brown. Forewing : outer

margin more produced at SC* than in c?, discal and postdiscal spots a little larger,

a vestige of a postdiscal spot R'— R-. Hind wing : band wider than in c?, 5 mm.

broad at M-, patch SC- — R' not separated.

Underside as in <?, but costal snbmedian bar of hindwing about 2 mm. more
proximal than bar C — SC- ; tail R^ 5 mm. long, broad, subtruncate.

Length of forewing : c?, 36 — 37 mm.
„ „ ? , 43 mm.

Clasper produced apically into a narrow, somewhat spoon-shaped lobe, which is
not pointed ; penis-fnnnel (PI. VIII. f 48. 49) suddenly narrowed distally, of the
shape of a reversed tulip, the compressed apes not forming a hook, but a rounded
mesial crest which extends upon the upperside ; penis with a dorsal series of very
small teeth, the series turning proximally towards the left side ; tenth tergite
bilobed.

JIab. Sierra Leone to the Congo. In the Tring Museum 2 c?c?, 1 ? from: Gold
Coast; Cameroons ; Stanley Pool to Lukolele.

w'. Forewing above with conspicuous, blue, marginal patches.

79. Charaxes doubledayi.

Charuxes mycerina, Doubleday (non Godart, 1823), List. Spec. Lep. Lis. Brit. Mus. I. p. 109 (1844)

(S. Leone) ; Bntl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 638. n. 65 (1865) (S. Leone) : Staud., Exol. Tagf.

p. 171 (1886) (S. Leone; 0. Calabar); Auriv., Enl. Tidskr. XII. p. -216. n. 143 (1891) (Cameroons);

Schaus & Clements, Sierra Leone Lepid. p. 9 (1893) ; Karscb, Berl. Eiil. Zeitschr. XXXVIII.

p. 192. n. 59 (1894) (Togo) ; Auriv., I.e. XV. p. 311. n. 200 (1894) (Cameroons, V.) ; Butl.,

Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 372. n. 63 (1896) (S. Leone; 0. Calabar; Fernando Po ;

Cameroons).
Nymphalis mycerina, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Ditirn. Lep. II. p. 310. n. 40. t. 53. f. 2. (J

(1850) (syn. excl. ; S. Leone) ; Kirby, Cat. Diuni. Lep. p. 270. n. 30 (1871) (pt.).
Cluiruxes doubledayi AuriviUius, Kmgl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl XXXI. 5. p. 244. n. 74 (1899) (S. Leone,

type ; Ashanti ; Togo ; O. Calabar ; Cameroons ; Ogow^ R.).

S ? . Similar to Ck. mycerina ; antennae much darker, the blue scaling in the
cell of the forewing denser and more extended, forewing with admarginal blue spots,
band of hindwing of c? not interrupted at R'. On the underside the cell-bar of fore-
wing more straight, more obliquely placed, its upj)er end being only 1| mm. distant
from base of R^, median bars also straighter, the bistre brown outer marginal band
more sharply defined, the clay coloured area between it and the disco-postdiscal

( 497 )

line divided by a band of bistre brown patches ; median bar M^ — SM^ straight or
distally convex ; costal median bar of hiudwiug 3 or 4 mm. more distal than bar
C — SC^ ; the white borders of the bars of both wings much more prominent than
in mijcerina ; anal angle less produced.

? . Differs from Ch. mycerina in a similar way as the c? .

Length of forewing : S, 35 — 42 mm.
„ „ ? , 42 mm.

Hab. Sierra Leone to the Congo Basin ; not rare. In the Tring Musenm
28 (J c? from : S. Leone ; Accra and Mamf^, Begorro ; Calabar ; Cameroons ; Ogowe
E. ; Upper Congo.

r^. Cell of forewing above without blue patch.

o'. Hindwing above with blue band in middle.

80. Charaxes porthos.

Charaxes porlhos Smith, Ent. Mo. Mag. XX. p. 57 (1883) (Cameroons) ; id. & Kirby, Mop. Exot.
I. Charaxes t. 1. f. 4. 5. ^ (1887) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lcmd. XXV. p. 372. n. 62 (1896)
(0. Calabar) ; Auriv., Koiigl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 244. n. 70 (1890) (Cameroons ;
Gaboon ; Bena-Bendi, Congo).

Charaxes midas Staudinger, Iris IV. p. 135. t. 2. f. 4. (J (1891) (Cameroons).

<? . Body as in Ck. zelica ; antennae chestnut.

i. Wings, iipjicrside blue black as in mycerina ; an azure blue band from near
apex of forewing to SM^ of hindwing which it reaches in middle, the band nearly
straight, reaching internal margin of forewing 9 mm. from end of SM^, separated,
on the forewing, into more or less rhomboidal patches, patch R' — R^ abont 2i mm.
in width, the others slightly broader, a minute dot before R\ on hindwing the band
narrows towards costal margin, being 5J mm. broad along M- and 2i mm. at SC^.

Forewing : a small discal spot R'— R^ 4 mm. from cell, blue, seldom preceded

by another spot ; outline of wing as in zelica, but outer margin more concave in

posterior half Hindwing : a series of submarginal dots, dots C— R' white, edged

with pale blue, the others minute, blue ; vestiges of a blue admarginal line.

Underside vinaceous cinnamon, shaded over with glossy grey ; a rather heavy
line of burnt umber colour, faintly bordered black proximally in some places,
extends from end of SC of forewing to abdominal margin of hindwing, which
it reaches 3 mm. from end of SM^, the line crossing SM- of forewing and C of
hindwing « mm. from end, slightly curved at both extremities, with two patches
of glossy grey scaling proximally at its upper end ; cell-bars of forewing, and

submedian and median bars of both wings as in zelica, but a little heavier.

Forewing : outer marginal area less greyish, more pure cinnamon, than rest of

wing, slightly deeper in tint between SC and M', especially near margin.

Hindwing : a series of minute, white, submarginal dots, upper two the largest, the
last two accompanied distally by a black dot each ; no tails, outer margin very
faintly toothed at R', anal angle somewhat prodnced, but rounded.

?. Unknown.

Length of forewing : $, 38 mm.

Hah. Cameroons ; Gaboon ; Congo. In the Tring Museum 1 i from Carnotville
Apparently as rare as zelica.

( 498 )

})' . Bine band of liindwing beyond middle.

e*. Forewing above with a series of spots near the middle of the wing.

81. Charaxes zelica.

(J. Charaxfi zelica Bntler, Eiit. Mo. Mag. VI. p. 28 (1869) (Ashanti?) ; id., Lep. Ex. p. 12. t. 5.
f. 3. fj (1869) ; Anriv., Ent. Tidsh: XV. p. 311. n. 199 (1894) (Cameroons, V.) ; Butl.,
Journ. Linu. Soc. Lmid. XXV. p. 372. n. 61 (189G) (Ashanti?) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Al:
EamU. XXXI. 5. p. 244. n. 71 (1899) (Ashanti? ; Cameroons ; Angola).

S. Body above olive black, mnmmy brown in front; underside of palpi, middle of
prosternum, and anterior tarsi creamy white, breast olive mnmmy brown, fonr jwsterior
tibiae and abdomen cinnamon, femora black, with white scales, tarsi clayish bnfF.

S. Wings above bine black, glossy in basal area, with a faint greenish sheen,

fringe of both wings creamy bnff. Forewing : oater margin concave, apex

rounded, though produced ; a discal series of small pale blue spots, the series
straight from SC*-= to SM-, spot SC'°— R' abont 2 mm. long, 5 mm. from cell,
spot R- — R^ absent, spots R'— SM- transverse, abont 1 to li mm. thick, widely
separated from one another, spot M- — SM- 7 mm. from outer margin, spot behind
SM- more proximal, elongate ; a rounded postdiscal dot SC^ — R' 11 mm. from

onter margin, pale blue. Hindwing : an almost straight series of postdiscal

spots, upper one transverse, about 1 i mm. thick, 4 mm. from end of C, spots
SC- — R^ more rounded, a little larger, spots R^— SM-' transverse, 1 to 1^ mm. thick ;
a submarginal series of small, white, submarginal dots, edged with blue ; a series
of transverse admarginal pale blue spots, the spots separated, sometimes obsolete.

Underside olive mummy brown, a darker brown line from apex of forewing to
anal angle of hindwing, crossing SM- of forewing 0 mm. from end, M^ of hindwing
4 mm. from its base, slightly curved on either wing, bordering the outer marginal
area which is wood brown ; bars and their white borders extremely thin, sometimes

just traceable. Forewing : no cell-bars 1 and 2, bar 3 separated into two minute

dots as in mycerina, bar 4 transverse, nearly straight, nearly parallel to cross veins;
submedian bars M'— SM- continuous with cell-bar 4 ; median bars more or less
concave distally, continuous, the line beginning 2i mm. from base of SC*'*, bar
M^ — SM- concave or biconcave distally ; a wood brown patch at proximal side of
sabmedian bar M^— SM^ and another at the distal side of median bar M=— SM^
both very couspicnous ; marginal area with vestiges of a submarginal and a

postdiscal olivaceous band. Hindwing : submedian and median bars similar

to those of tmjcerina, but thinner ; outer area with a postdiscal olivaceous mummy
brown band which gradually fades away distally ; white submarginal dots small
but all marked, the posterior ones with small black dots at outer side ; edge of
wing slightly dentate, anal angle produced, rather acute, no tail.

¥. Unknown.

Length of forewing : c?, 39 mm.

Hab. Recorded from Cameroons, Angola and (?) Ashanti ; in the Tring
Museum 3 SS, one without locality, another from Caruotville, the third from
between Kumassi to Kintampo, iv. '99 (Col. Northcott). Rare in collections.

c*. Forewing above with a series of spots close to outer margin.
82. Charaxes laodice.

? . Papilio Nymphalis Phaleratm laodice Drury, Illuslr. E.mt. Ins. III. p. 34 and index, t. 26.
f. 1. 2. ? (1782) (S. Leone).

( 499 )

? . Papilio Nymphalis lymrgux Fabricius, Eiit. Syst. III. 1. p. 67. n. 209 (1793) (Africa).

? . Nymphalis lyrurgus Godart, Enc. Meth. IX. p. 364. n. 49 (1823) (S. Leone).

<f . Philogmma laodice, Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Dium. Lep. U. p. 311. n. 3 (1850) ; Butl.,

Cat. Diurn. Lep. descr. by Fahr. p. 49. d. 1 (1869) ; Plotz, St. E. Zeit. p. 194. n. 109 (1880)

(Cameroons).
cJ. Nymj)halis nesiope Hewitson, Exol. Butt. I. Nymphalis t. 1. f. 5. 6 (1854) (S. Leone) ; Kirby,

Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 270. n. 31 (1871).
(J. Charaxes m-siojie, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 639. n. 66 (1865) ; Druce, ibid. p. 413. n. 9.

(1875) (Angola) ; Dewitz, Nov. Act. Leap. Car. Ah. Naturf. L. 4. p. 371 (1889) (N. Angola,

X. II.) ; Capronn., C. R. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXXIII. p. 126. n. 73 (1889) (Congo) ; Auriv., Enl.

Tidslcr. XII. p. 216. n. 144 (1891) (Cameroons).
(J $ . Charaxfs laodice, Aurivillius, I.e. XV. p. 312. n. 201 (1894) (Cameroons ; nesiope = c? of

laodice) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 373. n. 65 (1896) (0. Calabar ; Fernando Po ;

Cameroons ; Angola ; L. Tanganyika) ; Auriv., Komjl. Sv. Vet. Ale. Ilaiidl. XXXI. 5. p. 244.

n. 72 (1899) (Ashanti ; 0. Calabar ; Cameroons ; Gaboon ; Congo ; Angola ; Tanganyika).
? . Palla laodice, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 274. n. 4 (1871) (S. Leone).

c? ? . Body as in C/t. mycerina, breast deep burnt nmber colour, antennae
chestnut.

(J. Wings above, blue black, with pale azure blue markings, which assume a
purplish tint in side-light.— — ^Forewing : two discal spots SC— R-, 5 mm. from
cell, the second sometimes vestigial ; a postdiscal series of spots from SC* to internal
margin, parallel to outer margin, only 2| to 3 mm. distant from it, spots R' — R'
minute, often absent, spot M- — SM- the largest, transverse, diameters 2 and 3J mm.

Hindwing : a postdiscal series of spots, forming a more or less interrupted,

almost straight band, widest in middle, 2 to 3 mm., spot C— SC^ very small or
absent, posterior spots (or all) slightly concave distally, spot R^ — R' 4 mm. distant
from outer margin ; a series of extremely small bluish white snbmarginal dots,
often partly absent; admarginal spots transverse, separated at veins, upper one or
two, seldom also anal one, absent ; abdominal fold brownish black.

Underside varying from walnut to burnt umber brown ; glossy grey, especially
a median, a discal and a postdiscal band on forewing, and the whole hindwing except

a band in postdisco-submarginal area. Forewing : submedian and median lines

of bars nearly as in Ch. doablcdayi, white edging rather prominent, median Ijar
M^— SM^ more or less concave distally, cell-bar 4 oblique, nearly touching upper
angle of cell, submedian bar M-— SM= at proximal and median bar M-— SM- at
distal side with a cinnamon patch ; discal bar indicated by brown transverse spots
or lunules, which form an indistinct line anteriorly curving towards outer margin ;
ending at SC^, proximally bordered by glossy white scaling, which is condensed
before SC^ to a rather large, conspicuous, admarginal patch ; within the postdisco-
marginal, not glossy, area, there is a postdiscal and a submarginal series of ill-
defined, cinnamon, interstitial spot ; apex of wing produced as in Ch. douhledayi,

outer margin angled at M-. Hindwing : submedian line of liars more or less

broken at veins, strongly concave proximally taken as a whole; median line of bars
about parallel to the submedian one from C to R', costal bar more distal than the
concave bar 0— SC- in most specimens ; a discal line, continuous, brown, slightly
concave distally, beginning 2§ mm. from end of C, crossing R^ 3i mm. from base of
M', and ending at abdominal margin near anal aagle, externally bordered by a
cmnamon line npon which follows a brown postdiscal band which fades away
distally ; a series of minute, white, snbmarginal dots ; an admarginal cinnamon
rnfous line, more or less widely interrupted at the veins ; a short tooth at R^ outer
margin rather more distinctly concave between veins, anal angle produced as ia
zelica.

( 500 )

? . Wings above purplish blue brown, outer margin burnt umber colour ; mark-
ings somewhat paler than in c?. Forewing: apes more strongly prodnced than in

cJ, angled at 8C^ ; two discal spots SG'— R- ; postdiscal spots smaller than in t?,
spots R' — R', or SC — R^ absent, last spot very small or absent, spots M' — SM^

transverse, more or less concave distally. Hindwing : postdiscal band narrower

than in S, slightly concave proximally, the spots composing it all isolated,
transverse, more or less halfmoon-shaped, snbmarginal dots white, rather more
prominent than in <?, bat the series not always complete ; admarginal spots absent
or partly vestigial.

Underside, jmlerthan in <S, more russet brown ; tail R' 5 mm. long, dilated at
apex, truncated or rounded.

Length of forewing ; c?, 32—38 mm.
„ „ ? , 40—43 mm.

Hab. West Africa from the Gold Coast to Angola, the Upper Congo and the
Tanganyika. In the Tring Museum 16 c?<?, 2 ? ? from : Accra and Mamfe, Gold
Coast; Begoro, Ashanti; "Warri, Niger Coast Protectorate, vi. '96 (Dr. Roth) ; Sobo
country, Lower Niger, iv. '9.5 (Dr. Roth) ; Ogowe R. ; Bopoto, Upper Congo ;
Lukolelo, Congo ; Kassai ; Kitima in the great forest of the Upper Congo,
twenty-one days' march from Fort Beni, Congo Free State, 25. v. '99 (Dr. Ansorge).

]/. Markings of npperside not blue.

s*. Cell-bar 4 of forewing below distal of point of origin of M'.

83. Charaxes nichetes.

Charaxes tiichetea Smith, Etit. Mo. Mag. XX. p. 58. (1883) ((J, J , Cameroons) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv.
Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 244. n. 69 (1899).

<??. Body above orange to dark tawny, often with a purplish sheen, tips of
palpi black ; underside ochraceous buff to jmle tawny hazel.

(?. Wi)igs above orange ochraceous rufous, varying in the depth of the tint with

a beautiful reddish purple sheen in side-light. Forewing : outer margin deeply

•concave, apex therefore much produced, most distal point between veins SC and SC;
cell-bar 3 represented by a brown spot ; bar D widened in costal half; median bars
R' — M- as rounded sjwts or patches, median bar M- (SM') often absent, liars
iSC — R^ about 5 to 7 mm. from cell, as spots or small patches ; discal bars
enlarged forming a purplish black band which is externally concave between the
veins, often produced distad at veins to join the brown or deep tawny marginal
band, the proximal edge of which is often marked by blackish bars, width of discal

band very variable. Hindwing : anal angle produced, outer margin rounded,

slightly scalloped, no tails ; a purplish black discal band of variable width stopping
at abdominal fold, widest in middle, almost parallel to outer margin, crossing
R' just proximal of bent of this vein, distally dentate upon R' ; postdiscal and
snbmarginal merged together to rings.

Underside tawny hazel, with a slight retldish purple gloss, bars dark cinnamon

rufous, not prominent. Forewing : cell-bar 1 absent, bar 2 abbreviated in

front, bar 3 abbreviated behind, sometimes composed of a larger anterior and a
tiny posterior spot, 4 mostly arched, seldom straight, situated near end of cell,
touching (or almost so) bar D at ends ; subbasal bar M- (SM') indicated by a
dot proximally of base of M^ ; submedian bars R' — SM^ concave distally, the

( 501 )

respective mediau bars coocave proximally, the two bars often joined together
to rings ; no median bar R^ — R', median bars SC* — R' obliqne, straight or
distally convex ; discal bars SC* — R' proximally concave, abont 8 mm. from cell ;
a thin, pnrplish black, or deep tawny, mostly continnons, line beginning at costal
margin 6 mm. from apex to internal margin, crossing SM^ about 10 mm. from end ;
area between this line and onter margin with a whitish gloss except a line of

postdiscal, triangular, spots ; a white submarginal spot SC* — SC'\ Hindwiiig :

basal and subbasal bars indistinct or absent ; costal snbmedian and median bars
absent ; submedian line of bars generally reaching SM-, the bars widely separated
from one another, bar M- — (SM') just distal of base of M^, or exactly at the point of
origin of this vein ; median line of bars also widely interrupted at the veins, bar
R' — R- close to origin of R- ; a straight discal line, posteriorly approaching anal
angle, crossing R^ about 2 mm. from base of M' ; abdominal area and area between
that line and margin glossy grey, except a series of postdiscal tawny spots, of which
the upper ones are triangular pointing distad, the posterior ones Inniform, being
distally concave, an admarginal and a marginal line also excepted.

. ? Like <S, ground colour less bright, black markings of upper side more
extended ; hindwingless produced at anal angle, tooth R^ and M^ a little longer than
the others.

Length of forewing : <J, 35 — 37 mm.
„ „ ?, 41 mm.

Clasper produced into a simple, strong, hook ; the ridge which runs from the
tip of the hook to the inner surface of the clasper is rather high and ends somewhat
abruptly ; tenth tergite divided into two sharply pointed processes ; penis thin,
with very minute teeth forming an irregular, oblique series beginning about 3 mm.
from the end ; penis-funnel short, triangular, apex compressed, rather strongly
chitinised, turned down to a sharp hook.

Hab. Cameroons to Angola, Nyassaland ; two subspecies.

The differences between the two forms leonimis and nichetes do not justify
a specific separation, nor are they constant, certain Angola individuals standing
intermediate in character between typical nichetes and typical leoninus.

a. Ch. nichetes leoninus.

Charaxes leoiiims Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 253. n. 12. t. 1.5. f. 2. ^ (1895) (Zomba) ; id., /.<■.

p. 720. n. 13 (1896) (Zomba) ; id., Joiini. Linn. So,: Uml. XXV. p. 372. n. 59 (1896) (Zomba) ;

id., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnnd. p. 823. n, 14 (1896) (Lower Nyika, VI.).
Charaxes nichetes var. leoninus, Aurivillius, Koiigl. Si: Vel. Ak. Haiidl. XXXI. 5. p. 244. sub n. 69

(1899) (Zomba).

(?. Body above and wings orange ochraceous rufous ; discal reddish jnirple,
black band of wings narrow, that of forewing not extended to rounded median bars,
that of hindwing mostly narrower than the interspace between itself and the thin
bar D, from which it is separated, width 2 to 3| mm. at R'.

Underside : discal line across lioth wings continuous, purplish black.

? . Paler, larger, discal baud of upjiersidt: rather broader.

I lab. Nyassaland. In the Tring Museum 2 cJ, 2 ? from : Zomba, December
1895 (Dr. Percy Rendall) ; t'hipaika Estate, Bandawe (F. Watkinsou).

The individuals from Angola belong to the following subspecies, but are partly
intermediate.

( 502 )
b. Ch. nichetes nichetes.

Charaxea nichetes Smith, Eiit. Mo. Mag. XX. p. 58 (1883) (J, ? , Cameroona) ; id. & Kirby, Rhnji.
Exot. I. Charaxes t. 4. f. 1. 2. 3. (J, ? (1890) ; Weym., Stetl. Ent. Zeit. p. 120. n. 11 (1892)
(ogomisis = hamatus = nichetes) ; Butl., Jounu Linn. Sor. Lond. XXV. p. 372. n. 60 (189t))
(Cameroons) ; Auriv., Kongl. St: Vet. Ak: HaniU. XXXI. 5. p. 244. n. 69 (1899) (pt. ;
Cameroona ; Ogowi' K. ; Ka.ssai).

<J. Charaxes hamatus Dewitz, Ent. Nachr. X. p. 285. fig. (1884) (N. Angola); id., Nuv. Act,
Leap. Car. Ak. Naturf. L. 4. p. 372 (1887) (N. Angola, XII.).

<J. Charaxes ngovensis Holland, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XIII. p. 330. t. 8. f. 2 (1886) (Ogow^ E.).

c?. Darker than leoninus, the red purple gloss stronger; discal band of
upperside considerably wider, on forewing touching the round median spots or
even extending further basad, on hind wing twice the width of the band of leoninus,
cell and ai'ea behind cell shaded with purplish brown.

Underside, discal line less continuous and less black than in leoninus.

?. Upperside of wings more shaded with black than in S, black discal band
broader.

Uab. Cameroons; Ogow6 R.; Congo; Kassai; Angola. In the Tring Museum
6 cJcJ from: "West Africa"; Congo: Leopoldville, Bnmba, Congo, 10. vi. '99
(Dr. Ansorge) ; Bolombo R., Angola, 28. iv. '99 (Peurice).

f. Cell-bar 4 of forewing below proximal of point of origin of M'.
q'. Underside with £i_cpntinnous line acroBS both wings.

g^. Forewing falcate, line across forewing below gently curved, bars
in outer half of hindwing below indistinct.

84. Charaxes paphianus (Nov. Zool. VI. t. 8. f. 1. ?).

Charaxes paphianus Ward, Ent. Mo. Mag. VIII. p. 120 (1871) (Cameroons) ; Auriv., Ent. Tidskr.

XV. p. 311. n. 198 (1894) (Cameroons, VI. X. XI.); But)., Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV.

p. 402. n. 154 (1896) (S. Leone ; Cameroons ; Angola) ; Auriv., Kangl. So. Vet. Ak. Handl.

XXXI. 5. p. 242. n. 62 (1899) (S. Leone ; Ashanti ; Togo ; 0. Calabar; Cameroons ; Ogow^ ;

Quango ; Mukenge : Aruwimi ; Angola).
Philognoma fahatii Butler, Lep. Ex. p. 101. t. 38. f. 1. ^ (1872) (Gold Coast ; Ashanti) ; Smith,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 472, n. 91 (1890) (Aruwimi).
Palla /alcata, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 749. n. 6 (1877) (Afr. occ.) ; Staud., Exol. Tag/, p. 174.

(1886) (Angola) ; Dewitz, Nor. Act. Leap. Car. Ak. Naturf. L. 4. p. 372 (1887) (Angola, Jan.).
? . Palla hamulom Weymer, Stett. Ent. Zeit. LIII. p. 94 (1892) (Gold Coast).
Charaxes falcata, Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr. XXXVIII. p. 192. n. 58 (1893) (Togo) ; Butl., Journ.

Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 402. n. 153 (1896) (Ashanti ; 0. Calabar).

c? ?. Body as in Ck. lickas, but beloiv much deeper brown.

S. Wings, upjjerside, yellowish tawny orange, paler than in Ch. lichas, with

a reddish purple gloss in side-light. Forewing : enter margin concave from

SC to M^, apex produced ; cell-bars 3 and 4 generally vestigial behind SG, bar D^
thin ; median bars R' — M^ seldom traceable, but shining through from below,
median bar R^ — R^ 3 to 1 mm. from cell, sometimes merged together with bar
D', median bars &('/• — R- represented by two patches which are rounded distally,
occasionally produced basad to cell ; three discal spots SC° — R', the upper one
large, generally completely merged together with the black apical area ; a black
marginal band narrowing behind, mostly not extending to hinder angle of wing,
dilated basad from R' or SC, the black scaling seldom reaching to apex of cell
or further down SC ; three postdiscal spots R^ — M' either small and isolated, or

( 503 )

partly or totally merged together with the marginal band, in which case the latter

appears dilated between the veins. Hindwing : median bars C — R' more or less

vestigial, discal bar C— SC- also visible ; postdiscal bars generally very feebly
marked, often absent, except bar C — SC^ which is mostly present ; the bars
concave distally, seldom joined at ends to the submarginal ones, which are concave
proximally ; the lower submarginal bars generally very short and feeble, sometimes
obsolete, the npper ones a little heavier at interuervular folds, bar C — SC^ heavy,
extended to margin of wing, mostly merged together with the postdiscal bar at
the veins ; admarginal line vestigial, especially between SC and R' ; abdominal
fold yellowish buff.

Underside bnrnt nmber brown, faintly ochreons here and there in submedian
and discal interspaces ; glossy, except in submarginal region of forewing posteriorly
and in marginal region of hindwing ; median interspaces of both wings slightly
deeper in tint, band-like ; bars thin, subbasal to median ones thinly edged white ;
a line beginning at costal margin of forewing near apex, crossing M- 7 mm. from
its base, C of hindwing 7 mm. from its tip, M a little proximally of, or at, base
of MS and ending at abdominal margin 3 mm. from end of SM^, the line is dark
mummy or walnut brown, gently curved on forewing, straight on hindwing, with

a rather indistinct, thin, greyish proximal border. Forewing : basal third or

fourth of costal margin white ; no basal cell-spot, cell-bar 2 concave proximally,
bar 3 represented by two dots of about equal size, bar 4 very slightly oblique,
a little distal of base of M^, in most specimens distinctly angled in middle, the
angle pointing distad ; bar D' very thin ; submedian bar M^— (SM') just before
base of M^, not continuous with cell-bar 4 ; median bars M^ — ^SM^ concave distally,
bars R^ — M- much less so, mostly straight, much more proximal than in Ch. lichas,
bar R^ — M' continuous with bar R^ — R-\ or a little more proximal, median bars
SC^ — R^ forming a proximally concave line which is, at R-, 6 mm. distant from
cell ; two oblique discal bars SC* — R', the second mostly obsolete, the first also
occasionally absent, both pointing distad with hinder end, the one appearing as
•continuation of the other ; postdiscal bars triangular, tip of angles pointing distad,
but mostly the tip alone clearly marked as a black dot ; glossy grey scaling

near margin rather more obvious than on disc. Hindwing : costal basal and

subbasal bars absent, snbbasal bar C — SC^ also not marked ; cell-bar 2 concave
jiroximally ; submedian and median bars forming two regularly curved, parallel,
lines which are not, or slightly, broken at the veins, the median line either touching
in middle the straight, discal, baud-like line, or up to 2 mm. distant from it ;
postdiscal bars very faint, concave distally ; submarginal bars also feebly marked
concave proximally, bordered distally with white lines or dots, both the postdiscal
and submarginal series parallel to outer margin, much less broken at R^ than
in lichas ; admarginal line obsolete ; outer margin of wing more triangular than
in Ch. lichas, tail longer.

?. Wi7i(is above yellow ochraceous, more tawny ochraceons distally and at

base. Forewing : median bars R- — M^ close to cell, bars SO^ — R^ as heavy as in

S , discal bars SC^ — M' present, sometimes also bar SC* — SC isolated, bars R- — M'
more proximal than the upper ones ; a complete postdiscal series of patches, upper
three more distal than the four others, size variable ; admarginal band also variable
in width, the markings at apex of wing more or less merged together (as in figure),

or more or less isolated. Hindwing : median bars C — R^ more or less vestigial,

as is bar D ; discal line well marked down to R', then vestigial ; postdiscal

( 504 )

spots concave distally, larger than in (J, snbmarginal bars also heavy in most
examples .

Underside mnch paler than m 3, pinkish bnff, shaded with clay colour,
markings as in <?, veins more obviously green.

Length of forewing : c?, 27 — 32 mm.
,, „ 2 , 33 mm.

Clasper similar to that of Ck. lichas, bnt the tooth before the apex is more
dorsal, appearing as process of the dorsal edge of the clasper ; penis-fnnnel shorter
than in liclias, more suddenly narrowed, apical rod-like portion thinner ; penis with
the teeth more dispersed.

Hab. West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola and the Upper Congo and
Arnwimi Rivers. In the Tring Museum \2 S S from: S. Leone; Knmassi to
Cape Coast Castle, iv. '99 (Capt. GitfarJ) ; Lnkolele, C'ongo ; Sakarumbi, one day's
march from Ft. Beni, Congo Free State, 5. v. '99 (Dr. Ansorge).

h^. Forewing not falcate, line across underside of forewing not curved, bars in
outer half of hindwing below distinct.

85. Charaxes lichas.

(J. Philognoma lichas Doubleday, in Donbl., Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. II. t. 49. f . 3. ^
(1860).

(? ? . Head, pro- and mesonotum olive tawny, the last in ? more olive buff,
metanotum and abdomen tawny {S) or ochraceous (?), palpi and antennae brown,
four white dots on head, and a short line behind eye white, occasionally a double
dot before antennae ; underside buff in cJ, creamy buff in ¥ .

S. Wings, upper side, tawny orange, with a strong reddish purplish sheen in

side-light. Forewing : in the darkest specimens apical half black, this area

reaching cross-veins and extending basad at costal margin, often entering upper
angle of cell, at M^ the area is suddenly narrowed to a marginal band of 3 to 4 mm
breadth, which reaches down to internal margin, the edge of the margin remaining
generally tawny orange ; the area includes in many specimens some tawny orange
spots, namely, a discal interstitial spot R^ — R' close to cell, often completely
merged together with the basal area, two discal spots SC — R'^ about 6 to 7 mm.
from cell, a discal spot R^— M' 4 mm. from base of M', two postdiscal spots R' — R^
4 mm. from outer margin, and two postdiscal spots M' — SM-, the latter snbdivided,
all these spots or some of them often absent ; occasionally there is a submarginal
spot M-— SM- present, in which case the admarginal, submarginal and postdiscal
bars M- — SM- are recognisable ; median bars R' — M- often vestigial ; in the palest
specimens the discal and upper postdiscal tawny spots are merged together with tlie
basal area, in which case the black area is mnch reduced ; outer margin concave

between R- and SM^ Hindwing : postdiscal and submarginal bars thin, black,

the postdiscal ones curved distad at ends, joining the submarginal ones, which are
straight or very sliglitly curved, thus forming more or less halfmoon-shaped rings,
ring-spot R^ — R^ small, posterior postdiscal bars often, the submarginal ones
seldom, obsolete ; a thin but mostly very distinct admarginal line black, interrupted
at veins R^ — SM-, posterior bars sometimes obsolete ; admarginal interspace C — SC-
often black, this black scaling not seldom extending basad to the vestige of discal
bar C— SC- ; median bar C— SC^ sometimes vestigial, as is in some specimens also

( 505 )

median bar SC^ — R' ; basal half or two-thirds of abdominal fold orange bnfF, paler
towards base.

Underside ochraceous ; median, and greater part of discal, interspaces of both
wings and postdisco-marginal area of forewing down to M- densely shaded with
brown scaling which varies from burnt umber colour to cinnamon rnfous, the other
interspaces also partly shaded with snch scaling, but cell of forewing np to bar 4,
basi-snbmedian interspace M— SM^ a spot at ontside of each median bar of the
same wing, and the snbmedian and postdiscal interspaces of hindwing more or less
pnre ochraceous, sometimes whitish, especially the discal spots and submedian
interspace of cell of hindwing ; the latter wing often also with conspicuons creamy
white spots at outside of median bars, spot R- — W almost silvery white in some

specimens ; bars black, or tawny, without white edges. Forewing : costal

margin white or ochraceous at base, with a black dot 1 1 mm. from base, a second
black mark in front of cross-veins ; no basal cell-spot, cell-bar 2 convex distally,
bar 3 separated into a number of dots, bar 4 straight, obliquely placed, hooked at
extreme upper end, coutiunous with submedian bars M- — SM", the line crossing
M exactly at point of origin of M-, cell-folds brown apically ; median bars SC'' — R^
continuous, forming a nearly straight line 5 mm. from apex of cell, median bars
R=— SM2 deeply concave distally, bar R^— R' i to 2 mm. from cell, bar R'~M'
more distal than bars M' — SM-, which are continuous or nearly so; a straight or
slightly curved brownish black line from costal to internal margin, 4^ mm. from
outer margin at SC"*, 10 mm. at SM^, partition SC^ — SC^ pointing obliquely basad,
part SC — R' represents apparently the postdiscal bars, while the rest is homologous
to the discal bars, at proximal side of line there is glossy white scaling in costal
region ; discal bars S(I^ — R' concave distally, bar SC — R^ touching at R' the
postdisco-discal line, the two bars, taken as a whole, at right angles to costal
margin ; postdiscal series of thin bars very irregular, the bars arrowhead-shaped,
pointing distad upon internervular folds, bar R^ — M' generally less obvious than
the others, often not visible, the cellule being scaled brown ; a snbmarginal series
of rather obscure, distally convex bars, bar at internal margin more proximal ;

upper adpaarginal interspaces more or less white. Hindwing: basal costal bar

curving di.stad, often reaching end of PC ; no costal subbasal bar, subbasal bar
(! — SC- also often absent ; submedian bars more or less concave proxiraally, upper
ones straight in specimens with darker underside, the series crossing M just at
point of origin of R', bar M' — (SM') nearer base of M-, 1 to 2 mm. distant from
cell-bar 4, submedian bars (SM') — SM' absent, but a bar behind SM', curving
basad ; median bars continuous (or almost so) from costal margin to R' or R-, the
line oblique, parallel to submedian line of bars, reaching R- 2 mm. from bar D,
continuous with the submedian line of the forewing, bars R=— (SM') concave
distally, bars (SM')— SM' continuous, reaching SM' 3 to 4 mm. before its end ;
discal bars fused together to a distally sharply defined, brownish black, straight
line, which is the continuation of the line of forewing, crossing C 9 mm. from end,
M at point of origin of M', and ending at abdominal margin near anal angle, discal
interspace as on forewing glossy, median bar R'— M' outside that line (or is this
bar a discal one, median bar R'— M' being part of the line ?) ; postdiscal bars
augulated at internervular folds, the angles pointing basad, bar R^— R' more evenly
concave, bars C — R^ more proximal than the others, the series nearly parallel to
outer margin, anteriorly and posteriorly approaching the discal line very closely ;
submarginal bars transverse, about 2 mm. from edge of wing, not abbreviated,

34

( 506 )

npper three somewhat concave distally, the others straight, continnons, the series
snddeuly ^ or 3 mm. more distal behind R^, last one or two partly bordered white
distally ; admarginal line dark tawny, bordered white at anal angle ; fringe with
some white scales midway between veins ; onter edge of wing, taken as a whole,
triangnlar, produced into a blnut triangular tail at R', and into a blunt tooth at M-,
aual angle rounded, not produced.

? Win^s above yellow buff, a little more ochraceons towards base. Forewing :

bar D^ thin, brown, median bars more or less vestigial, sometimes blackish, in the
same position as below ; discal line either shining through from below, or slightly
marked by brown scales ; postdiscal bars M'- — SM^ brown, biconcave distally if
well marked ; submarginal bars concave proximally, interspace between them and
edge of wing dark brown, or tawny, this colour mostly extending to vestiges of

discal bars SC^ — R' ; outer edge of wing slightly convex. Hindwing : postdiscal

and submarginal bars wider apart than in 6, therefore the rings formed by them
larger, centres of wings assuming sometimes a creamy tint, posterior submarginal
bars often obviously bordered white distally.

Underside almost uniformly bnff or creamy buff, very much less particoloured
than in 6, the creamy buff specimens have outside the discal line two brown
patches on forewing, one between R' and M', the other at internal margin, and
one patch in centre of hindwing ; tail broader than in i .
Length of forewing : <S , 29 — 31 mm.
„ „ ? , 33—35 mm.

Clasper produced into a slender, long, gently curved apical hook, which is not
scaled and bears on the outside a tooth which points distad ; tenth tergite rounded,
slightly sinuate mesially ; penis thin, a patch of teeth about 1| mm. before end
dorsal ly on the left side, one dorsal tooth just before end.

Xeuration : D^ of hindwing reaching M in both sexes about midway between
M' and M-.

Hah. West Africa from S. Leone to Angola, the Upper Congo and German
East Africa.

a. Ch. lichas lichas.

Philugnoma lirluis Doableday, in Donbl., Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diiirii. Lfp. II. t. 49. f. 3. ^ (1850)

(Jiab.y) ■ Lucas, in Chenu, Enc. d'Uisl. Nat, Pap. p. 154. f. 299 (1852) (Ashanti).
Pnlla lichas, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Zonl. Fr. I. p. 281 (1876) (Congo) ; Dewitz, Nw. Art. Lmp. Car.

Ak: Nalurf. L. 4. p. 372 (1887) (Mukenge, I. II. IV.) ; Weym., Stell. Ent. Zeit. LIII. p. 93.

n. 10. ? (1892) (Gold Coast) ; Schaus & Clements, Sirrra Leone Lepiil. p. 9 (1893).
Chamxes lichas, Butler, Joui-n. Liiai. Sue. Land. XXV. p. 401. n. 162 (1896) (S. Leone ; Ashanti ;

Accra; O. Calabar; Cameroons; Angola) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sr. Vet. AI,\ Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 242.

n. 61 (1899) (S. Leone to Angola).

S- Winff.i above. Forewing : black area extended to cell, sometimes the

tawny postdiscal spots R' — R' joined to the tawny basi-discal area, but in this case
the veins R' — R' black, except immediately at cell ; no tawny submarginal spots
between R- and M'.

? . As described above.

Hab. Sierra Leone to Angola and the Lower Congo. In the Tring Museum
28 c?c?, 5 ?? from: Sierra Leone, 21. vii. '88; Ashanti; Accra; R. Ogow(5 ;
Lnkolele, Congo.

One of the two Ogowe examples in the Triug Museum leads over to the
next form.

(507 )

b. Ch. lichas bebra Rothsch., snbsp. nov.

<?. Wings above. Forewiug : black colour reduced; discal tawny patches

SC' — R^ completely fused together with the tawny area, the black marginal area
only 3 to 4 mm. wide between 'B} and R- , tawny postdiscal interspaces R^ — M'
marked, or at least interspace R' — M', hence the black postdiscal patch R^ — M'
not completely merged together with the black wing border.

?. Unknown.

Hab. Great Forest of the Upper Congo : Diapauda, six days' march from
Ft. Beni (type), 10. v. '99 ; and on the 7th, 10th, and llth day during the march
from Ft. Beni to the Ituri R., the llth, 14th, and 15th of May 1899 (Dr. Ansorge) ;
5 c^c?. A (? in Dr. Staudinger's collection from the Paugani steppe, German East
Africa (R. v. Benningsen).

r'. Underside of wings without a continuous line across discs.
86. Charaxes jahlusa.

Nymphalis jahlusa Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr. p. 177. n, 102. and p. 341. t. 3. f. 5 (1862) (interior
of S. Afr.).

(? ? . Boc/'/ aboce tawny ochraceous, mesonotum somewhat olivaceous ; head
with a buff spot between the antennae, the usual four white dots, and a smaller
dot at each side near eye close to the posterior spots, palpi black above, antennae
black, tip tawny ; nnclerside white, creamy white or buff, anterior tibia, stripes on
sterna underneath legs, and part of the hairs on metasteruum blackish brown ;
abdomen with two series of brownish black patches which are generally merged
together to a double streak which is broadest in c?, the patches in ? often small.

(?. Wings above huffish orange, with black markings. Forewing : cell-bar 3

represented by a dot, bar 4 well marked, somewhat S-shaped, being concave
<listally in upper half and proximally in lower half, sometimes interrupted,
transverse, upper end not closer to cross-veins than lower end ; bar D heavy ;
«ubmediau bars M^ — (SM') a little distal of bases of veins M' and M^ respectively,
the second rounded, the first mostly linear ; median bars SC — R^ rotuudate or
•cone-shaped, preceded by a thin, longittidinal bar SC* — SC, 5 mm. from cell, bar
R2 — R^ close to cell, often merged together with bar D, bar R' — M' 4 to 5 mm.
from base of M', slightly inclining basad, bar M' — M- a little more proximal,
bar M'' — (SM') rounded, again a little more proximal, seldom followed by a short,
small, bar (SM') — SM- ; discal bars SC^ — R- triangular, patch-like, concave
distally, more or less obviously joined along veins to postdiscal bars, discal bars
R^ — M^ gradually less distinct, bars R' — M- often scarcely traceable ; postdiscal bars
halfmoon-shaped, contiguous, all produced along veins to outer margin, separating
buffish orange admarginal spots from the discal area, posterior admargiiial spots
halfmoon-shaped, upper ones elongate triangular, spot SC — SO* often wanting;
a thin black marginal line ; fringe white between veins ; outer margin deeply

concave in middle. Hindwing : a series of short median bars, bars C — R" almost

continuous, or bar SC^ — R' more proximal, bars R' — R^ close together, in front
«f point of origin of M', bar R' — M- sometimes vestigial, never clearly marked, in
many specimens the median bars obsolete ; one discal bar C — SC-, often merged
together with the median bar C — SC^ a spot in cell and larger spots at outer side

( 508 )

• if bars jialer orange ; postdiscal bars heavj-, halfmoon-sliaped, continuous, joined
alous %eins to the thin, transverse, submarginal bars, isolating transverse, linear or
ovate, pale orange spots, upper ones of these spots often absent ; admarginal black
line continuous ; admarginal pale orange interspaces continuous, very seldom
interrupted between M' and M-, shaded with olive buff at anal angle ; fringe
white between veins.

Underside, discal interspace SC— R' proximally, i)ostdiscal interstitial spots
SC^ — R' of forewing, snbmedian interspace C — St^-', a spot in cell, abdominal
area, proximal part of discal interspaces, and some postdiscal and submarginal
spots of hiudwing silvery white, apical half of forewing and submarginal area of

hindwing mure or less shaded over with silvery grey ; veins green. Forewing :

pale rufons, ape.^c down to R' olive or cinnamon, bars short bnt heavy ; no basal
cell-spot, cell-bar 2 mostly abbreviated anteriorly with a black si)ot in front before
C, bar 3 abbreviated posteriorly, mostly reduced to a dot at SC which is often
followed by a smaller dot, cell-bar 4 and bar D as above ; snbmedian bars heavier
than above ; median ones rather thinner, bars SC — R' mnch smaller than bars
R3_]y[2 . a discal series of thin bars from SC^— SM-, posterior ones vestigial, bar
Ri — R2 more distal than the others, generally with a rnfons spot at ontside, while
bars R^ — M' are more or less obviously bordered white ; the series followed by
postdiscal bars of which bars M^ — SM- are heavy, transverse, while the others are

vestigial ; admarginal mfous interspaces isolated, njiper ones minute. -Hindwing:

olive to cinnamon ; basal, snbmedian and median costal bar short, dot-like, basal
one widely separated from PC" ; snbbasal bar C— SC- a dot ; cell-bars 2 and 4 joined
together, their hinder portions forming a ring which is filled np with silvery white,
middle fold of cell black, this line connecting all the bars ; snbmedian bar C — SC-
concave proximally, about 3 mm. from base of R', subbasal and snbmedian bars
M^— SM^ generally merged together to two rings with white centres, no subbasal and
snbmedian bars SM^— SM', but two separate bars often present behind SM^ ; median
bar SC- — R' mnch more proximal than the median bars before and behind it, bar
R'— M' more distal than bar R=— R", bar M-'— (SM') 2 to 3 mm. distant from
bar M'— M-, bars (SM')— SM' reaching SM' near, or at, its end ; discal, postdiscal,
submarginal, and admarginal bars rather close together, thin, transverse, postdiscal
interspace SC- — R' larger than the others, white, the other postdiscal interspaces
rufons ochraceous, but interspace R'— M' often white ; submarginal interspaces
pinkish white, posterior ones wider than upjier ones, submarginal bars mostly
bordered white distally, upon these white borders follow the admarginal bars, which,
however, are often absent ; admarginal interspaces rufous ochraceous ; marginal
line black, partly glossy grey ; internervular folds in distal and abdominal areas
deeper in tint than ground of wing ; outer margin scalloped, tails thin, triangular,
acute, 3 to 4 mm.

?. Larger than S, hindwing much less triangular, apex of forewing less
produced. Wings above paler, being ochraceous with a slight reddish orange tone ;
black markings the same, but the submarginal and admarginal interstitial spots
rather larger. Underside as in c?, slightly paler, the silvery markings comparatively
smaller, the grey scaling reduced ; tails slender, somewhat longer than in c^, upper
one less jwinted.

Length of forewing : i, 23 — 27 mm.
¥,2(5-33 mm.

Clasiier rather broad at the end, which is so twisted that the inner surface is

( 509 )

almost horizontal, tip pointed bnt short ; tenth tergite short, ronnded, with the
vestige of a mesial sinus ; penis-funnel long, slender, gradually narrowing towards
the end, which is almost rod-like and forms a compressed hook the tip of which
points somewhat proximad ; penis short, swollen about 1 mm. before the end, with
a dorsal row of teeth which turns towards the left side proximall}'.
Hab. East Africa from the (!ape Colony to Nyassaland.

a. Ch. jahlusa jahlusa.

Nijmphalis jaklusa Trimen, Rhoi). Afr. Austi: p. 177. n. 102. and p. 341 (1862) (interior of S. Afr. i
Grahamstown ; Bashee R. ; non Zambesi) ; Gooch, Entom. XIV. p. 6 (1881) (Natal) ; Kirby,
Cat. Diwn. Lep. p. 273. n. 53 (1871) (Afr. mer.) ; Wallengr., Ofv. Vet. Al.: Fork. XXXII. 1.
(1875) (Transvaal).

Chara.d's jnhhisa, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnnd. p. 637. n. 59 (1865) (pt. ; Cap. b. sp.) ; Trim. &
Bowk., 8. Afr. Bull. I. p. 325. n. 106 (1887) (Cape Col. ; CafEraria ; twn Zambesi); iid., /.'•.
III. p. 407. (1889) (Barberton, V.) ; Butl., Jnurn. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 371. n. 57 (1896)
(Cap. b. sp. ; Xatal) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sr. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 240. n. 50 (1899) (Cape
Col. ; CafEraria ; Natal ; Transvaal).

(J. Abdomen below with two black streaks from base to end, mure or less

merged together in basal half. Wings above. Forewing : cell-bar 4 and

submedian bars well marked; discal and postdiscal interspaces mostly obviously

paler than disc. Hindwing : submedian and median bars C — SO- rather heavy

and mostly merged together, seldom entirely separate ; median bars SC" — M' more
or less marked, seldom absent.

Underside. Forewing: apical area olivaceous, shaded with white; postdiscal

white spots SC^ — R' obvious, the second ovate triangular, 1 to 1| mm. long;

cell-bar 4 and submedian bars nearly 1 mm. broad. Hindwing : olive, abdominal

area white or grey, seldom clayish ; white patches in discal interspaces contiguous,
patches M^— SM-' or M^— SM' mostly well marked, the patches very often much
larger than the olive distal portions of the discal interspaces ; postdiscal, interstitial,
white spot SC- — R' ovate, conspicuous.

?. Abdomen below with two broad black lines which are partly merged
together at base.

Wings above. Forewing: submedian bars about 1 to U mm. broad ; black

discal triangular patches SO*— R" well marked, mostly followed by some more
patches ; discal and postdiscal interspaces SO^— R^ paler than disc.

Underside as in c?, but white discal patches of hindwing comparatively (often
absolntely) smaller; white postdiscal spot SC-— R^ of hindwing often triangular.

Hab. Cape Colony ; Natal ; Transvaal. In the Tring Museum 19 Jc?, 8 ? ?
from : Grahamstown ; Estcourt ; found from middle of August to end of September,
and in February. In a ? from Grahamstown the submedian and median bars
Ml— (SM') of the upperside of the forewing are merged together to two broad
streaks, median bar R'— M' is also enlarged to an elongate patch, while cell-bar 4,
bar D and median bar R^— R', and median bars SC'-R- form three more patches.
In this individual, as well as in another from Natal, bar JP— (SM') of the hindwing
is present above.

b. Ch. jahlusa argynnides.

Charaxes m-rmnnides Westwood, Prm:. Enl. Soc. Lond. (2). III. p. 10 (1864) (Zambesi) ; Butl.,
Proc. Zn'nl. Soc. Loiul. p. 457 (1860) (jahlum distinct from nrgijimidcx !) ; Butl., .Touni. Linn.
Soc Loml. XXV. p. 371. n. 58 (1896) (L. Nyassa ; Shiru R. ; L. Tanganyika i Zambesi).

( 510 )

Charaaet jahlusa, Butler, /..■. p. 637. n. 59 (18C5) (pt. ; Zambesi) ; Trim. & Bowk., S. AJr. Butt.

I. p. 325. n. lOG (1887) (pt. : Zambesi) : lid., I.e. III. p. 407 (1S8'J).
Xi/mj>halis jah!u.ta Trimen, Ehoji. Afr. Auslr. p. 341 (1866) (pt. ; Zambeai).
Nymphalin jaMuaa var. argtjtmUlea, Kirby, Cut. Diitnt. Leji. p. 273. sub n. 53 (1871) (Zambesi).
Chnraxes jahluaa var. argxjnniihs, Aurivillius, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ah. Hamll. XXXI. 5. p. 240. sub n. 50

(1899) (Zambesi ; Nyassa ; Tanganyika).

S S. Black spots on underside of abdomen small, widely separated, not merged
together to lines.

c?. Wings above. Forewing : cell-bar 4 thin, separated into dots, often

obliterated ; snbmedian bars small, sometimes obsolete ; median bars also thinner
than in the southern form. Hindwing : median bars SC" — M^ seldom vestigial.

Underside : apical area of forewing, and the hindwing dark tawny olive, of a
more tawny tone than in jaklusa jaklasa, both wings less shaded with white,
bars obviously thinner, white discal patches of hindwing smaller than in most
specimens of j. jahlusa ; white postdiscal dots SC^ — R' of forewing and SC- — R'
of hindwing very small, mostly clayish.

? . Differs from j. jahlusa like c? ; moreover, brown discal patches SC^ — R' of
forewing above obsolete ; underside of hindwing olive tawny, apical area of forewing
tawny cinnamon.

Hub. Zambesi; Nyassaland ; Tanganyika. In the Tring Museum 3 c?(?,
lu ? ? from Likoma., Nyassa, caught in March, June, July, August, Sept., Oct.
(Rev. Button).

The basal costal spot of the hindwing below is absent in some specimens of
both sexes, the bars behind SM' are also occasionally wanting.

r* Underside green, scaling obliterated, except a few spots.
87. Charaxes eupale.

Papdio Plebejils Uriianus eupale Drury, lilustr. Exot. Ins. III. p. 7. t. 6. f. 3. and Index (1782)

(S. Leone).
Papilio Nymphalia aiiuisia Fabricius, Erit. Si/st. III. 1. p. 136. n. 419 (1793) (" Suriuam " loc. err. !).

%

(? ? . Palpi above, head, pronotum and (generally) anterior part of mesonotnm
pale russet, antennae green, mesonotum clothed with greyish white and oil
green hairs, metanotum with long greenish grey ones, abdomen greenish cream
colour ; underside dirty white, rostrum oil green, legs and palpi, if denuded, also
green.

c? . Wings, upperside, membrane oil green, basal half (or more) of forewing, and

the hindwing scaled greenish white. Forewing : basal area always extending

beyond apex of <:ell, its outer edge at right angles to costal margin, mostly sinuate
between veins ; a short brown bar upon upjier cross-veins, often a vestige of a bar
upon D' ; green outer area covered with brownish black scales, which stand
generally denser near the outer margin of the wing and at the edge of the greenish

white area. Hindwing : a series of black snbmarginal spots, variable in size,

often with white centres, spot C^>SC- minute or absent, spot M' — M- small ; outer
margin brown, this scaling often so extended as to include most of the snbmarginal
spots, sometimes restricted to the very edge of the wing.

Underside green, with sparse white scaling which is here and there condensed
to markings, especially to transverse, short, thiu lines. Forewing : ceil generally

(511 )

with a white band, which is outwardly bordered by a thia black line in many
specimens, which line represents cell-bar 4, the band transverse, midway between
M^ and M^ ; a vestige of a bar upon npper cross-veins ; a median line of bars, from
SC — R^, 7 mm. from cell, and again from R^ — M^ or (SM'), this second portion
of the line a little more proximal, the line very often obliterated, often with a band
of white scaling at ontside in which stands a brown patch between M' and M^, a
smaller one before M', and occasionally a third, small, one behind M- ; at the
ontside of these spots there are often vestiges of black discal bars ; a black and
white postdiscal dot SC= — R' 3 mm. from outer margin, preceded in many specimens
by a minute dot SC* — SC° somewhat nearer the margin ; seldom there is a third
dot before SC^ ; in few specimens the series is continued to M-, dot R' — M' 5 mm.

from margin. Hindwing : the white, linear, speckles represent partly the white

borders of the bars of other Charaxes, a more obvious line in cell is doubtless
homologous to the white proximal border of cell-bar 4 of other species ; a white,
ill-defined, sparsely scaled, band from costal to abdominal margin which includes
more or less conspicuously marked brown spots, of which spot R- — R' is apparently
always traceable ; the band crosses R^ just at the bent, it is straight, begins 4 to 5 mm.
from end of C and ends about 2 mm. from end of SM- ; traces of postdiscal, white,
interstitial lunules nearly always marked ; a series of minute, black, submarginal
dots edged with white, dots M'— M- and C— R' generally obsolete ; tail R' repre-
sented by a very short, broad tooth.

? . Like <?, a little larger, outer margin of forewing straighter, outer edge of
basal area of forewing taken as a whole less straight.

Length of forewing : <?, 25 — 34 mm.
„ „ ? , 34—36 mm.

C'lasper produced apically into a short hook beneath which there stands a
long, slender, curved tooth ; in a dorsal view the apex of the clasper appears
to be bifid ; the clasper is in structure intermediate between that of Ck. etheocles
and that of Uchas ; penis-funnel short, compressed, almost truncate in a side view
forming a strong hook ; penis thin, without dentition ; tenth tergite rounded
triangular, not sinuate.

Hub. From Sierra Leone to Angola and Unyoro ; Nyassaland ; Brit. E. Africa.

a. Ch. eupale eupale.

Papilio Plehejus Urbanue eupnU Drury, I.e.

Papilio Nymphalis aiiiasia Fabricius, I.e.

Xi/mphalis amasm, Godart, Eiu: iUth. IX. p. 389. n. 1.37 (1823) (Afr. occ.) ; Lucas, Lep. Ex. p. 129.
t. 69. f. 3 (183.5).

Charuxea eupale, Doubleday, List Spec. Lep. Ins. Brit. .Mus. I. p. Ill (1844) (Asbanti) ; Butl., Proc.
Zvol. Soc. Lotiil. p. 638. n. 64 (1865) (S. Leone ; Asbauti) ; id., Git. Diuni. Lrp. desir. bi/ Fabr.
p. 50. n. 1 (1869) (Asbanti) ; Druce, Pror. Zool. Soc. Lwitl. p. 413. n. 10 (1875) (Angola) ;
Staud., Exot. Taaf. p. 171. t. 58. $ (1886) (Angola : Congo) ; Dewitz, Noi: Act. Lep. Car.
Ak. Nal. L. 4. p. 371 (1887) (N. Angola, XII. I.) ; Capr., C. R. Soc. Ei,l. Behj. XXXIII. p. 126.
n. 72 (1889) (Kassai) ; Godm. & Salv., in Jameson, Story Rear Column p. 440. n. 88 (1890)
(Aruwimi) ; Rogenb., in Baumann, Usumbora p. 327. n. 87 (1891) (N. Usuguru) ; Auriv.,
Enl. Tithl-r. XV. p. 312. n. 204 (1894) (Cameroons, V. VI.) ; Reb. & Rogenh., in Baumann,
Massailaiid p. 332. n. 101 (1894) (N. Urundi) ; Karscb, Berl. Enl. Zeitschr. XXXVUI. p. 192.
n. 61 (1894) (Togo) ; Holl., Proc. U. St. Nat. JIus. XVIII. p. 753 (1895) (Brit. E. Afr.) ; But!.,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 378. n. 80 (1896) (S. Leone ; Asbauti ; Accra ; Cameroons ;
Angola) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Hundl. XXXI. 5. p. 245. n. 75 (1899),

( 512 )

Nymphalii eupale, Doubleday, Westwood & Hew., Ge7i. Dlurn. Lep. 11. p. 310. n. 41 (1850)
(S. Leone : Ashanti) i Kirby, Gil. Dlurn. Lep. p. 27.B. n. 56 (1871) ; Dewitz, If. XLI. 2. 2.
p. 8 (1879) (Chinchoxo).

Oiaraxes eupalis (!), Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lonil. p. 472. d. 89 (1890) (Aruwimi).

(f . Wings above. Forewing : greenish white area not reaching end of SM*,

mostlv remaining well separated from onter margin. Hindwing : snbmarginal

black dots conspicnons, outer edge of wing brown.

Underside : ochraceons and white cell-bar of forewing becomes small or dis-
appears when the other markings vanish.

?. Like i in colour, onter edge of greenish white area of forewing not more
than 3 mm. from the end of the cell anteriorly.

Hah. Sierra Leone to Angola, the Congo, as far east as Un.yoro, and (?) the
northern parts of British East Africa. In the Tring Museum M)'iS,'i ? 2 from:
Sierra Leone; Accra; Warri, ii. '96 (Dr. Roth); Cameroons; Stanley Pool to
Lnkolele ; Bopoto ; Great Forest of Upper Congo, two and three days' march from
Ft. Beni, 6 and 7 v. '99 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Naso, Chagwe, iii. '98 (Dr. Aosorge) ;
Kasokwa, Unyoro, 5. x. '97 (Dr. Ansorge); Bnaia, Bnsiro, 24. iii. '99 (Dr. Ansorge);
Port Alice, 5. iii. '97 (Dr. Ansorge) ; Bullnji, Unyoro, 7. vii. '97 (Dr. Ansorge).

b. Ch. eupale dilntus (Nov. Zool. VIL t. 7. f. 6. ?).

Chamxes eupale, Butler, Pruc. Zuul. Sue. Luml. p. 720. n. 16 (1895) (Zomba).
Charaxes eupale dilulus Rothschild, Xm: Zvol. V. p. 97. n. 3 (1898) (Zomba).

Charaxex eupale ab. diluUix, Aurivillius, Kongl. Vet. Ak. Hmidl. XXXI. 5. p. 245. sub n. 75 (1899)
(Nyassaland).

c?. Wings abore : greenish white area of forewing extending to end of SM'^ ;
black snbmarginal dots of hindwing mostly obliterated, no distinct olive brown
border to hindwing. Underside : white bar ot cell of forewing large, not dis-
appearing even if the other markings are nearly all absent.

?. Greenish white scaling of i/yv/;(.v«/r/fc' of both wings more extended than in
the ? ? of C/i. eup. eupale, the black snbmarginal dots of the hindwing smaller,
npper ones obliterated. Underside : the ochraceons and white mark in the cell of
the forewing large.

Hab. Xyassaland. In the Tring Museum 1 (?, 2 ? from : Zomba, xii. '95 (Dr.
Percy Kendall), Chipaika Kstate near Bandawa (\\'atkinson).

f. Median and submedian bars of both wings close together, fused to a narrow
band ; this baud occasionally indistinct in sj)ecies with tail M-
spatulate.
f. Underside of forewing with two large, yellow, postdiscal patches.

88. Charaxes nobilis (Nov. Zool. VII. t. 7. f 5. cJ).

Charaxes nnhili.i Druce, Enl. .!/.<. M,:,j. X. p. 13 (1873) (O. Calabar) ; Kirby, Ciil. Diurn. Lep. p. 748.
n. 75 (1877) ; Butl., ,/»«™. Limi. Soc. Lmid. XXV. p. 371. n. 50 (189G) (O. Calabar) ; Auriv.,
Kongl. Si: Ve.l. Ak. Uimdl. XXXI. 5. p. 240. n. 49 (1899) (0. Calabar ; Barombi, Cameroons).

? . Charaxes aynl/n Distant, Prnr. Zool. Soc. Loud. p. 708. t. 54. f. 4 (1879) (Calabar).

j $. Charaxes homenis Staudinger, Iris IV. p. 132. t. 2 f. 1. ^ (1891) (Barombi).

cf. Body above olivaceons black, abdomen cream colour, except first two tergites;
fonr large and a small dot on head, a line behind eye, three dorsal and a lateral dot
on prothorax, and two lateral dots on mesothorax, white.

( 513 )

Underside, palpi, middle of sterua, a broad oblique stripe on meso-, aud a
shorter and thinner one on metasteruiim, onterside of middle and hinder tibiae,
distal edges of tarsal segments, and the abdomen, white.

c?. Wings, upperside, black, olivaceous at base. Forewing : outer margin

deeply concave in middle, markings cream colour ; a broad discal band, from 11'' to
internal margin, 14 mm. wide behind, 5 to 8 in front, partition R^ — M' separated,
the band continued by two spots SC!^— R-, the upper one very small, mostly
represented only by some blnisb white scales, the second about 8 mm. from outer
margin, 4 to 5 mm. long ; a postdiscal spot SC^— SC'', occasionally vestigial, often
followed by a second, smaller, postdiscal spot, a series of small, white, marginal

dots, white scales restricted to fringe between SC" and SC^ Hindwing : the

greater part of the wing cream colour, basal black area only 4 to 5 mm. wide ; black
disco-marginal band with nearly straight proximal edge, of nearly even width
(9 mm. at SC-) from C to (SM'), inclading two series of glaucous blue spots,
snbmarginal spots more or less rounded, except upper one, second spot the largest,
2 by 3 mm., the admarginal spots transverse, divided or subdivided in sharply
pointed triangular spots, upper ones generally absent, anal spot yellow ; abdominal
fold black beyond end of SM^ the black scaling including a white, triangular,
subanal patch.

Underside : black bars very heavy, joined together, interspaces silvery white,

some yellow, others pale blue. Forewing : costal margin black, the bands joined

to it, a streak at base white ; cell-bars and bar D merged together, leaving three
rather small interstitial, white, spots, sometimes there is a fourth, minute, spot
near base ; sulmedian and median liars M'— (SM') merged together isolating a
white submedian streak behind basal partition of M and a triangular spot liefore
base of IVP, median bar R^-^M^ merged together with the black cellular area,
produced distad along M', bar R=— R^ not separated from bar D, the cellule R-— R^
completely occupied by a black streak from cell to discal bar, median bars SC*' — R-
10 mm. from cell, forming a short, broad, band, which connects the streak R- — R'
with the costal border, median interspaces SC^-^— R- white ; discal bars all present,
forming a continuous band which is nearly parallel to outer margin, and is joined
along the veins to the black postdisco-marginal band ; discal interspaces SC^ — R^
white, not separated, discal interspace R^— M' touching the next with its dilated
distal portion, the following three patches wider than above, cream colour, extended
to base at SM-; postdiscal interspaces 8L'^— M^ white, upper three nearly contiguous,
the following two widely isolated, interspaces M^— SM^ yellow, patch M^— SM^
measuring 5 by 7 mm. ; snbmarginal interspaces represented by one or two white
dots near apex of wing, and three pairs of obliquely placed, bluish white, linear
.spots M'— SM- which are often joined to the white marginal dots, the latter rather

larger than above. Hindwing : basal and subbasal bars merged together to a

black band of 3 mm. width, which is continuous with the three black lines upon
veins (SM')— SM', and with marginal line ; snbmedian and median bars forming
a band of 3 mm. width, crossing C IS mm. from end of this vein joining line (SM')
and being continuous with disco-postdiscal band, portion (SM')— SM' connecting
the black abdominal lines and isolating a white triangular patch near anal angle ;
there are sometimes traces of white interspaces in the median band ; postdiscal and
discal bars forming a third band, which is 3i mm. broad between R^ and R\
includes a series of thin, sometimes slightly curved, pale ochraceons, interstitial
lines, the band crossing SC^ 5 mm. from end, slightly angled upon R- ; snbmarginal.

( 514 )

admarginal and, marginal bars forming a fourth band, which is separated from the
disco-postdiscal one by a series of snbmarginal interstices, upper six large, white,
last two minute,'bhiish white, patch SC'° — R' the largest, measuring 3 to 4 mm. in
width ; admarginal interstitial dots triangular, bluish white, occasionally fused
together to bars, sjiots M- — SM- yellow, forming one bar which is dilated upon
(SMI) . ygJQ QJ28 miu.^ (SM') 28 mm. long, M' from its base to tip of tail 23 mm.,
anal region less produced than in most Charaxes, the wing, therefore, less triangular;
outer margin obtusely dentate, concave between tails, both tails slender, rather
pointed, tail R^ 5 mm., tail M- 4 mm. long.

? . Unknown.

Length of forewing : c?, 46 — 49 mm.

Clasper long, apex forming a hook, basal half of ventral margin thickened as
in other species, but the upper edge of this part denticulated and, proximally of
middle of clasper, produced into a heavier tooth which points distad, this armature
similar to that of Ch. fabitis ; penis-funnel very broad and rounded; penis long,
a series of dorso-lateral teeth about 3 mm. before end ; tenth tergite deeply and
triangularly sinuate, the two lobes into which it is divided pointed. Vein D' of
hindwiug joining M between M' and M.^

Ilab. West Africa : Old Calabar ; Cameroons ; Congo. In the Tring Museum
2 S S from : N'doro, Upper Ogow6 R., and the Kassai. One c? in the Museum in
Brnxelles from Abou-Mombesi-mongalla, Congo.

»'. Underside of forewing with large, yellow, patches.

/r. Postdiscal intersj)aces of forewing above (or the greater part of the
wing) white.
)f. Hindwiug above with a black postdisco-marginal band.

89. Charaxes zoolina (Nov. Zool. V. t. i». f. 4—8. t??).

Ni/injihali.t zoolimi Westwood, in Doubleday, Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. t. 50. f. 1. ? (1850)
(A«i.?) ; Trim., K!i„j,. Afr. Aunti: p. 178. n. 1(13. ? and p. .341. S (1862-65) (Natal).

c? ? . Boi/j/ above mummy brown, sides of thorax cinnamon in S, olive grey
or whitish in ? ; four white dots on head, two white dots behind eye, often joined
together to a half-ring, followed by a lateral dot on piothorax ; tuiderside white,
streaks on sterna underneath legs, upperside of anterior tibia and four posterior
femora mummy brown, abdomen clay colour in <?, cinnamon brown in ?, with
whitish scales in mesial line and at edges of segments, sometimes uuicolorous.

<J. Wimis above white, with a slight yellow greeu tint, faintly opalescent iu
side-light ; a broad disco-marginal band, which on forewing extends to base at

costal margin, black. Forewing : cell-bar 3 often present as a patch, the whole

cell sometimes shaded over with brownish black scales, but generally the interspace
between cell-bars^3 and 4, seldom the whole cell, white ; cell-bar 4 and bar D
merged together to a narrow band which is not separated from the black costal
border, the band continued in many specimens to M-, sometimes to (SM') ; black
outer area more or less dentate upon veins, 4 to 6 mm. broad at SM-, 9 to 11 mm.
at R^, including two greenish white discal spots SC — R-, which are seldom absent,
and a series of postdiscal spots which is parallel to margin, this series sometimes
reduced to one dot between R^ and M', dot R' — R^ very seldom present ; white
discal areamostly bordered in front by R-, here 2A to 6 mm. wide, seldom with two

( 515 )

small, elongate, spots in front between SC'^ and H- ; cater margin angled at SC,

more obtusely so at M^. Hindwing : black disco-marginal border 5 to 7i mm.

broad at SC^, 4 to 6 mm. at M', its inner edge nearly straight, sometimes slightly
convex anteriorly ; within the band there are two postdiscal interstitial lunules
M' — SM^, the upper olive buff, the second tawny or also more or less olive buff,
sometimes produced at M^ to outer margin, a series of minute, white, submarginal
dots, posterior two or three often bluish, upper ones occasionally absent ; admarginal
interspaces transverse, thin, ochraceous or tawny, often dilated at veins, posterior
ones often olive buff at edge, upper ones seldom marked, sometimes all absent
except interspaces M^ — SM^, an olive buff line in tail, often reduced ; end of
abdominal fold and (SM') more or less extended brown.

Underside greenish white, the bars forming mummy brown, sharply marked,

bands. Forewing : costal margin mummy brown, with a white streak at base ;

base of cell mummy brown, cell-bar 3 transverse, 1 to H mm. broad, a very little
proximal of point of origin of M^, joined along M to the brown basal patch,
cell-bar 4 close to cross-veins, forming together with bar D, median bars R^ — (SM')
and submedian bars M' — (SM') a band of 2 to 2i mm. width, which is slightly
angled at lower angle of cell in many specimens, and shows generally more or less
obvious white spots inside, which represent the median interspaces, white spot in
upper angle of cell very seldom absent ; median bars SC — 11- merged together
to a short band which is joined behind R^ to the rather broad discal band, the two
bands together resembling the letter Y ; discal band concave distally in middle,
about 3 mm. broad at its widest point between veins, distally concave between
veins, more or less black distally between R^ and SM- ; postdiscal bars transverse,
thin, but bars SC^ — R^ larger, often not separated from the discal band ; marginal
border about If mm. broad ; vein R^ generally brown between cell and discal band;
discal intersjiaces SC — R' also separated into spots by the brown veins ; postdiscal
interspaces halfmoon-shaped, spot SC — SC* thin, often obsolete, more proximal,
the second ovate, the third shorter, fourth and fifth larger, often contiguous, the
following ones smaller ; submarginal interspaces transverse, thin, often nearly all
obsolete, spots SC — SC' larger, appearing as a prolongation of the postdiscal series

of interstitial spots. Hindwing : costal margin thinly bordered brown at base,

vein PC bordered brown at both sides, this brown band extended to costal margin
and posteriorly prolonged across base of cell to join a longitudinal streak which
runs from the base along (SM') to the median band ; the latter appears as a
prolongation of the median band of forewing, is aViout 2 mm. broad, slightly
concave behind distally, it crosses M just outside base of M-, there being mostly
a white dot left in the fork formed by M and M-, it consists of the submedian and
median bars which leave here and there a white interspace between themselves,
at (SM') the band touches (or nearly) the discal liar and then turns at a sharp angle
to the end of SM^ portion (SM')— SM^ formed by the median bars only ; discal
bars thin, black, the series either straight, or distally concave between C and IP, bars
C — R3 placed in a brown band which is often alone present, while bars R-'— SM-
have brown scaling only between themselves at the veins, the white distal borders
of the last bars very thin, while the borders have often developed to obvious
transverse sjmts between SC- and 11' ; postdiscal interspaces brown, posterior ones
often yellowish, forming with the before-mentioned brown discal band one band
in which are situated the discal and postdiscal black bars and the white borders
of the discal bars ; postdiscal black bars C— R' seldom faintly vestigial within the

( 516 )

brown baod ; submarginal black bars transverse, thin, posterior ones merged
together with the jiostdiscal bars to black spots with white, or bine and white,
centres, snbniarginal bars .SC- — R' brown, submarginal interspaces C — R' white,
larger than the postdiscal ones, spots SC^ — R^ the largest, often rectangular and
contiguous ; marginal line thin, brown in front, black bt'hind ; admarginal trans-
verse interspaces elayish ochraceous, upper ones shaded with white ; veins R' to
SIP more or less brown ; outer edge of wing dentate at R', rounded in front but
slightl}' sinuate between veins, concave behind, anal portion produced, anal angle
very obtuse, tail obliquely spatulate.

¥. Larger than S, wings much broader; black markings reduced. Fore-
wing : costal margin brown, this brown scaling seldom penetrating into cell, but
occasionally the basal half of cell covered over with brown scales ; cell-bar :{
vestigial as a rule at SO, cell-bar 4 mostly merged together with bar D as in <?,
but sometimes reduced to a spot or absent ; median bars SC^-^ — R- mostly con-
tiguous with the brown costal border, but otherwise isolated, in some specimens,
however, connected behind R- with the discal series of bars ; discal interspaces
SC — R' large, seldom divided into patches ; discal bars R^ — SM^ arched, often
joined along veins to the black postdisco-marginal band, sometimes isolated, posterior
ones not seldom obsolete, liar R'- -M' 6 to '■) mm., bar M- — SM- only 5 mm. from
margin, bars SC^ — R' comjdetcl)' merged together to black onter area, but there
remain from one to three postdiscal greenish white interstitial spots, spots SC—
SC^ and R^ — R^ small, spot SC — R' larger and never absent ; postdisco-marginal
band 3i to 4 mm. broad between R- and R', 2 mm. at (SIP). Hindwing : disco-
marginal band concave in middle ; white postdiscal interspaces R' — SM' halfmoon-
shaped, ujiper ones seldom absent, discal arched bars R' — SM^ mostly thin,
occasionally obliterated ; submarginal white interstitial spots C — R' mnch larger
than in c?, spots SO' — R^ often merged together, dots R^ — SM- minute, with blue
scales distally, the series suddenly broken at R^, sj)ots R" — R^ being obviously more
distill than spots C — R- ; admarginal interspaces oehreous or ochraceous, often whitish
at veins, upper ones separate, jiosterior ones more or less continuous, narrower
between veins, the posterior submarginal black bars l)eing distally more or less
convex.

L'nik'iside similar to cf, but the brown bands thinner, especially in disco-
marginal area. Forewing : discal brown band 7 mm. distant from outer margin

between R' and M', partition R^ — R^ often produced basad to join the baud of
median liars SC — R^ ; white postdiscal interspace W — M' 3f to o mm. wide, post-
discal interspaces nearly all contiguous, the veins between them not Ijeing brown

except upper ones. Hindwing : postdiscal and. submarginal white interstitial

spots SC- — R^ larger than in cJ, the brown bands correspondingly thinner ; two
spatulate tails, upper one shorter than second.

Length of forewing; S, 27 — 31 mm.
„ ? , 32—38 mm.

Sexual organs of <S similar to those of Gh. neanthes.

IJab. East Africa from Natal to Aliyssinia ; Madagascar.

( 517 )
a. Ch. zoolina zoolina (Nov. Zool. V. t. 9. f. 4. 5. <^ 6. ?).

CharaxcK «pec. nov., Angas, Kiifirs lUudr. t. 30. f. 7. ? . and expl. (1849) (Mnlazi R.).

Nijinphalis zoolina Westwood, in Doubl., "Westw. & Hew., Gen. Diuru. Lep. 11. t. 53. f. 1. ? (1850) ;

Trim., Wiop. Afi: Au.'<l,: p. 178. n. 103. ? . and p. 341. fj (1862-G5) (Natal) ; Kirby, Cut. Diurn.

Lep. p. 273. n. 54 (1871) ; Gooch, Etitum. XIV. p. 6 (1881) (Natal) : Oberth., Ann. Miih. Civ.

Gtnoca XVIII. p. 728. n. 62 (1883) (Shoa, June).
Charaxes zoolina, Butler, Pruc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 638. n. 62 (1865) (Amazulu ; Pt. Natal) ; Stand.,

Erot. Tagif. p. 171 (1886) (Natal ; Del. Bay) ; Trim. & Bowk., .S'. A/r. Butt. I. p. 318. n. 103

(1887) (Caffraria ; Natal) ; Trim., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lnnd. p. 38. n. 58 (1894) (Manica) ; Reb.

& Rogenb., in Baumann, MassiiiUind p. 322. n. 100 (1894) (Kisuani ; Umbugwe) ; Butl., Joum.

Linn. Soc. Loud. XXV. p. 370. n. 53 (1896) (Mamboia ; Nguru ; Kilimandjaro ; Victoria

Nyanza ; Zambesi : Del. Bay ; Natal ; " Cameroons " loc. err. ! !) ; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Loud. p. 533. n. 35 (1896) (Sheik Husein, Somaliland, IX.) ; Butl., ;6(<;. p. 823. n. 15 (1896)

(Upp. Shire E., HI.) ; Holl., Proc. U. St. Nat. Mas. XVUI. p. 262 (1896) (Brit. E. Afr.) ;

Butl., I.e. p. 397. n. 9 0898) (Brit. E. Afr.) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. XXXI. 5.

p. 243. n. 64 (1899) (pt. ; Caffraria ; Natal ; Del. Bay ; Manica ; Zambesi ; Nyassaland ; Mamboia ;

N'Guru ; Kisuani ; Kilimandjaro ; Mkaramo ; Vict. Nyanza ; Brit. E. Afr. ; Abyssinia ; non

Madagascar).

(?. Hindwing with a very short tooth at R' ; on the underside, the submarginal,
white, interstitial spots SC° — SM^ of the forewing all transverse, spots SC^ — R'
thinner than the following ones, or at least not wider, spot SC* — R' not rarely
vestigial, black median bars SC'' — R- and discal bars SC'' — R'uot marked as obvions
black spots ; discal black bars SC- — R^ of hindwing absent.

Wings abore mostly a little more yellowish than in the Madagascar race.

Forewing : lilack median band always prolonged beyond M', mostly extended to M^,
not rarely to (SM') ; cell sometimes all black, occasionally nearly all white ; black
disco-marginal area 8^ to 10 mm. broad behind R^, .5 to 7 mm. before SM- ; discal
interstitial spots SC''" — R- seldom absent, the tirst the larger ; postdiscal dots
variable in size and number, dot SC° — R' always present, while dot R^ — M' is

often absent. Hindwing : median band marked as a rule by black scales ; white

submarginal dots very variable, often represented only by a few white scales.

Underside : bauds rather paler brown than in C/i. z. betsimiseraka. Fore-
wing : white snbapical interspace of cell as broad as, or narrower than median baud;
white postdiscal interstitial spots R- — M' obviously larger than the following ones,
spot M^ — SM- \ to 1^ mm. broad, spot SC^ — SC* tnmcate or concave distally,

smaller than postdiscal spot SC* — R^ Hindwing : submarginal white spot

R^ — M' much smaller than spot R- — R', mostly reduced to a tiny bluish white dot;
postdiscal white spots SC^ — R- larger than submarginal white spot R' — M^, while
in betsimiseraka the reverse is the case ; distance from point of origin of M- to end
of tail 21 to 23 mm.

?. Discal bars of forewing aboce, if not connected at veins with black border,
thin, deeply concave, bar R' — M' 8 to 9 mm., aud bar M- — SM- 5 mm. from outer
margin; white postdiscal interspace R^ — M' two or three times as wide as inters})ace
M- — SM-. On the underside, the npper discal bars of both wings not marked as
black spots ; postdiscal white interspaces of forewing decreasing in width from
li^ to SM- as on upperside ; the brown discal band much more oblique from R' to SM^
than in betsimiseraka ; submarginal white spot SC* — R' not wider than spots
M^ — SM^ ; submarginal white interstices SC^ — R- of hindwing larger than
in that race, the brown postdiscal bars SC^ — -R^ not thicker than the respective
white postdiscal spots, or thinner ; length of M- from its base to tip of tail
23 to 27 mm.

( 518 )

Length of forewing : c?, 27 — 3U mm.
? , 32—36 mm.

Hab. Natal to Abyssinia. In the Tring Museum 16 tjtj, 12 ? ? from : Natal,
Delagoa Bay, Pembe and Rikatla. Germ. E. Afr. : Mikindani, Jan. to May. Brit.
E. Afr. : Taveta, vi. ; Kibwezi, 7. iv. '94 ; Ndange, 1. iv. '!).") ; Pt. Alice, Uganda,
6. vii.- '94 (Dr. Ansorge). vSomalilaud : Sheik Hnsein, 5 to 7000 ft., 20. ix. '94,
wet country (Dr. Donaldson Smith).

b. Ch. zoolina betsimiseraka (Nov. Zool. V. t. 9. f. 7. S. 8. ?).

Charaxes bet.timheral-a Lucas, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5). XV. n. 22. p. 2 (1872) (Madag.) ; Mab,, in Grandid.,

Hint. Madag. Lep. I. p. 195. n. 9. t. 21. f. 2. 2a. g (1885-87) (Mad. or.) : Butl., Jouni. Linn.

Sor. Lontl. XXV. p. 370. n. 54 (189G).
Charaxes relatus Butler, .Inn. Mag. N. H. (5). V. p. 394. (1880) (Madag.) ; Mab., I.e. p. 196.

n. 10. t. 21. f. 3. 3n. cj (1885-87) ; But!., Journ. Linn. Soc. Land. XXV. p. 371. n. 55 (1896)

(Ft. Dauphin).
Chara.i-es zoolina., Aurivillius, Kongl. Sn. Vet. Ak: Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 243. n. 64 (1899) (pt. ;

Madag.).
Charaoces zoolina var. (ab. ?) relatus, Aurivillius, I.e. (Madag.).

tj. Hindwing produced into a heavy tooth at R' ; the snbmarginal interstitial,
white, spots of the underside of the forewing rounded, at least 1 mm. wide ; black

discal bars C — R' of hindwing well-marked within brown band. Wings above ;

black band at end of cell not continued to M-, median bar M' — M^ seldom vestigial ;
postdiscal interstitial spots variable in size and number, dot R' — M' is always the
last to disappear ; black disco-marginal baud 7 mm. broad at M\ .5 to 6 mm. at

SM''. Hindwing : median band shining through from below, but not marked by

brown scales.

Underside. Fiirewing : black discal bars mostly all marked, median bars

SC* — R'' also vestigial ; white postdiscal spots R^— SM" mostly about equal in
width, but spot R^ — M' sometimes wider, spot M^ — SM^ 2 mm. wide ; submarginal
white spots all comparatively large, spots SC^ — R^ larger than the following ones,

at least 1 mm. broad, spot St> — SC° ovate, not concave distally, 3 mm. long.

Hindwing : series of black discal bars and their white outer borders straight or
nearly so ; submarginal interstitial white spots variable in size, sjjots SC" — M' in
a straight line, or spots R'— M' a little more distal than spots SC — R'' ; line on
tail continuous with anal admarginal spots ; distance from point of origin of M-
to end of tail 24 to 25 mm.

? . Wings above. Forewing : cell-bar 4 absent ; bar D thin ; median bars

SC*5— R2 isolated ; discal bar R'— M' 6 mm. from outer margin, about I^ mm.
thick, continuous with the other discal bars, bar M^— SM^ vestigial, nearly 5 mm.
from outer margin ; postdiscal interspaces R-— SM- merged together, the veins not
being black ; black i)Ostdisco-marginal band 3 mm. broad before 11', 2 mm. before

SMI Hindwing : whitish postdiscal lunules SC— M^ vestigial ; admarginal

interstitial, linear, spot SO*— R' absent, spot R'— R^ thin.

Underside \ black discal bars present on both wings. Forewing : cell with

a tiny white dot near base which almost separates cell-bar 2 from the brown basal
scaling ; cell-bar 4 separated from bar D by a white interspace which is as broad
as the bars ; postdiscal white interspaces R'— SM'' nearly equal in width, interspace
R3 — M' a little wider than the others, measuring 4 mm. ; submarginal interstitial
spots R' — SM- gradually decreasing in size, spot R' — R- ovate. Hindwing :

( 519 )

Lrown median band with obvions white spots ; white postdiscal interstitial spots
C—W small, spot R^— R' the largest ; white snbmarginal interstitial spots SC=— R'
nearly 2 mm. broad, the brown postdiscal baud separating them from the white
postdiscal spots nearly of the same width behind S(J- as those white submargiual
spots ; distance from point of origin of M''' to tip of tail 20 mm.

Length of forewing : J, 29 — 31mm.
„ „ ?, 34— 37 mm.

Ilab. Madagascar. In the Tring Mnsenm 13 <SS, 1 ?, partly from
Morondawa.

Aurivillius, I.e., remarks correctly that Mabille's figure of " relatm Butler "
is drawn from a mutilated specimen. The differences between relatiis and betsimi-
seraka are individual; there is no absolute constancy of markings in any species.

r^. Black scaling of hindwing above reduced to a very thin marginal line
between C and R'.

9u. Charaxes kahldeni.

Charaxes kahldeni Homeyer & Dewitz, Bei-l. Etit. Zeitaehr. XXVI. p. 381. t. 7. f. 1. cJ. 2. J (1882)
(Angola) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lnnd. XXV. p. 370. n. 52 (1896) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vel.
AL: Handl. XXXI. 5. p. 253. n. 63 (1899) (Kamerun ; Angola).

(? ?. Body above olive grey, anterior part of thorax, and head, olive cinnamon,
four white dots on head, white line behind eye very thin, or divided into two dots.
Umlerside white, streaks on breast underneath legs brown, abdomen with clayish
spots.

(?. Winns upperside, white with a slight greenish tint, somewhat opalescent

in side-light. Forewing : costal margin brown proximally, brownish black

distally ; bar D marked in front ; median bar SC'— R' represented by a black spot,
varying in size, sometimes absent, 4 to 5 mm. from cell, occasionally preceded by a
tiny dot ; discal bars R-— SM^ continuous, posterior ones seldom marked, often
all obsolete ; bars SC— R- completely merged together with the black postdisco-
marginal band, there being in the black apical area thus formed only one postdiscal
white spot of variable size, while white postdiscal interspaces R^— SM^ are not,
or not obviously, separated from one another, there is sometimes a second small
white spot at the distal side of discal bar R'— R- ; black postdisco-marginal baud
slightly concave between veins, U mm. broad at (SM') ; outer margin angled or

rounded at SC\ Hindwing : no median and discal bars, but there is sometimes

a trace of one discal bar at abdominal margin close to anal angle ; postdiscal bars
M-— SM- joined to the submargiual one? to form small rings close to the margin
with pale bine centres, postdiscal bar M'— M^ sometimes vestigial, while the
submargiual bar M' — M^ is marked as a transverse line, in some specimens the
submargiual bars SG-— M' are also present ; a thin black marginal line ; anal
admarginal interspace ochreous, tail black with a thin bluish white line.

Underside white, slightly greenish, a little glossy in side-light ; markings

mummy brown. Forewing : costal margin, to which a dot in middle of cell is

joined, a median band situated as in xoolina, but rather thinner behind, mostly
including white dot anteriorly, a median spot SC'— R' joined to the costal streak,
3 to 4 mm. from cell, a discal continuous band curved costad in front, about
U mm. wide in middle, thinner behind, 5 mm. from outer margin at R' and

( 520 )

•JA mm. at SM'. a series of ver}- thin, often obsolete, postdiscal bars, close to
marginal band, mnmmy brown ; postdiscal interspaces not separated, submarginal

ones thin, upper two enlarged, marginal band 1 to lA mm. broad. Hindwiag :

bands nearly as iu zoolina, vein M' outside the median band and veins M', SM',
SIP not streaked brown, no white spots in median band ; discal band straight,
postdiscal bars thin, straight, joined to the discal band at veins, thus isolating thin
white or buffish postdiscal Innules : white admarginal interspaces SC- — R' about
as wide as, or wider than, disco-postdiscal band, spot R' — M' smaller, the others
minute and pale blue or bluish white ; submarginal bars SC^ — R^ very thin, often
obsolete, bars W — 8M'- black, joined to the black postdiscal bars ; upper admarginal
interspaces white, interspaces R^ — M- obsolete, or ocliraceons, anal interspace
ochraceous ; outer margin very slightly sinuate between upper veins, concave
between R^ and ]VP, with a short tooth at R^ anal angle less obtuse than in zoolina,
tail rather slenderer.

.? . Larger than r^, wings broader; white postdiscal interspaces of forewing
above and below, and submarginal interspaces of hindwiug larger ; with two tails
as in ? zoolina.

Length of forewing : 6, 28 — 32 mm.
S,34mm.

Sexual organs resembling those of Cli. zoolina.

Hah. Congo Basin to Cameroons. In the Tring Museum 11 Si from the
Forest of the Upper Congo, three and four days' march from Ft. Beni, canght by
Dr. Ansorge on the 7th and 8th of May, 1890 ; Leopoldville.

/-. Postdiscal interspaces (or the greater part) of the forewing above ochraceous
or ochreous.

si Hindwing below, along abdominal fold, with a brown streak which
joins distally the median l)and.

91. Charaxes homeyeri.

Charaxes homeyeri Dewitz, Berl. Ent. Zeihchr. XXVI. p. 382. t. 7. f. 3. S (1882) (Angola) ; Butl.,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXV. p. 370. n. 51 (1896) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. .H: Uandl. XXXI.
6. p. 243. n. 65 (1899) (Kamerun ; Angola).

S ? . Allied to Ch. tieanthes and zoolina. Body abore more or less white. -

Wings aboce, basal half of forewing and three-fourths of hindwiug white with a
greenish yellow tint, nearly as in ? Ch. neanthes betanimena, then ochraceous to

tawny. Forewing : outer margin angled at S(l* ; disco-marginal area tawny ;

medio-discal area and costal margin ochraceous ; median bars SC^ — R^ and bar D

absent ; postdiscal interstitial spots SC=— SM- marked. Hindwing : discal series

of bars closer to margin than in neanthes, more regular, much less concave between
SC- and R^ bar C— S(.;- absent.

Underside as in neanthes, paler in ? than in (?,but median band forming a
very obtuse angle at base of M-, the angle pointing basad, and fused posteriorly
with a brown streak of the width of the band situated upon (SM') and extending
down to base ; outer margin evenly rounded, no distinct tooth at R^ tail as in
neanthes.

Length of forewing : cj, ? , 30 mm.

Uab. Northern Angola.

( 521 )

fi. No brown streak along (SM') of hindwing below.

s*. <S, basal area of both wings white (? nnknown).

92. Charaxes ehmckei.

Charaxes ehmckei Dewitz, Berl. Ent. Zeitsrhr. XXVI. p. 382. t. 7. f . 4. ^ (1882) ; Butl., Jouni. Linn.
Soc. Land. XXV. p. 369. n. 50 (1896) (Angola) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet A I.: Handl. XXXI. 6.
p. 243. n. 66 (1899) (Angola).

S. Allied to Ch. neanthes. Body above more or less white. Wings above

as in ? Ch. neanthes betanimena, the basal area being white, with a greenish
yellow tint ; costal margin and disc of forewing, and a broad discal border of white

area of hindwing ocbreous ; disco-marginal area tawny. Forewing : median bars

SC^ — R- merged together with the disco-marginal band as in betanimena ; bar D
and median bar R' — M' present, bnt not cell-bar 4 ; postdiscal ochraceous interstitial

spots SC^ — SM- all marked. Hindwing : discal bars black, the same in position

as in Ch. neanthes neanthes, but posterior bar a little more proximal (according to
figure) ; snbmarginal spots C — R- obsolete.

Underside as in neanthes neanthes, median band vestigial on forewing, scarcely
traceable on hindwing (individnal character only ?) ; hindwing more strongly angled
at R' ; tooth broad and truncate ; tail M^ as in neanthes.

? . Unknown. \

Length of forewing : (?, 30 mm.

Ilab. Pungo Andongo, Angola, May 2.5 (Berlin Musenm).

i^. Basal area of both wings ochraceous or ocbreous above in S and ? , or
white in ? .

93. Charaxes neanthes.

Nymphalis neanthes Hewitson, Exot. Butt. I. NymphaUs t. 1. f. 2. 3. ? (1854) (Natal).

(J 5 . Bodj/ above tawny olive, thorax with a greyish tint, abdomen more tawny
ochraceous, in ? sometimes whitish, palpi brown ; four dots on head and a thin
line behind eye cream colour. Underside tawny or tawny ochraceous, middle of
sterna, legs, and in ¥ also abdomen more or less white.

S . Wings above ochraceous, sometimes almost ocbreous. Forewing : outer

margin deeply excavated between SC^ and M-, angled at SC" ; a postdisco-marginal
band of about even width, varying in tint from seal brown to tawny ochraceous ;
preceded by a series of discal patches of the same colour, the series about 0 mm.
from margin behind R', almost parallel to it, the spots seldom reduced to blackish
dots situated in pale tawny clouds, generally merged together to a band which is,
moreover, joined along the veins to the postdisco-marginal band, thus isolating a
series of rather small postdiscal interstitial spots of the ground-colour ; median
bars SC^ = — R^ triangular, their outer edge about 5 mm. from cell, often merged
together to one patch which is joined to the disco-marginal area at costal margin
and at R-, sometimes also at R' ; in the latter case, the postdiscal interstitial
ochraceous spots are reduced in size and number, spots R' — R- and M' — SM" being
absent or only vestigial ; no median bar R- — R^, but bars R^ — M- sometimes
vestigial ; bar D present ; cell-bar 4 often marked, parallel to bar D, about
H or 2 mm. distant from it, with the interspace more or less scaled tawny or

brown ; cell-bar 3 seldom marked as a dot. Hindwing : a discal series of

35

( 522 )

blackish brown, halfmoon-shaped, bars, the series somewhat biconcave, bar SC — R*
6 to 7 mm. from enter margin, being the most proximal ; j)ostdiscal bars broader,
but less well-defined, tawny, liar C — SC- absent or merged together with the discul
one, the next two transverse, the following ones more halfmoon-shaped, often
very faint, joined at the veins to the snbmarginal bars ; the latter deeper in tint,
often lilackish npon the internervnlar folds, especially last tliree or fonr, posterior
ones mostly with minnte, bnt obvious, white dots at proximal side ; npper post-
discal, snbmarginal, and admarginal interspaces sometimes obsolete, the brown
scaling then forming a disco-marginal band ; anal admarginal interspace greyish
olive buff; basal half or two-thirds of abdominal fold creamy bnif, cellule C — SC^
often the same colour from base to discal bar ; median bars sometimes faintly
vestigial.

Underside varying from ochreons to chestnut tawny, sparsely or more densely

shaded with black speckles ; veins greenish. -Forewing : costal margin generally

white at or near base, this character individually variable ; cell-bar 3 indicated by
two dots in many specimens, cell-bar 4 often vestigial, not rarely with white
proximal border, forming together with bar D and the snbmedian and median bars
M' — (SJP) a band of 2 mm. width filled up with blackish scales, this band often
scarcely traceable ; median bar SC^ — R' about 4 mm. from cell, mostly absent,
with a space at ontside which bears fewer black speckles ; discal bars represented
by tiny black dots, the middle ones of which are often absent, the dots sometimes
with white outer borders ; some glossy grey scaling in marginal area, especially at

apex. Hindwing : a white dot before base of C, another at base of abdominal

margin ; no basal and snbbasal bars ; snbmedian and median bars forming a band
as on forewing, the band bordered white proximally, slightly concave distally,
crossing M- 2 mm. from its base, then turning distad, sharply hooked at (SM'),
portion (SM') — SM' standing at an acute angle to the main part of the band,
the band often more or less obsolete, especially the proximal (submediau) part,
sometimes reduced to some vestigials in the middle of wing ; bar D in the band ;
discal bars represented by tiny spots, posterior ones arched, with thin white distal
V)orders ; postdiscal bars seldom vestigial ; snbmarginal bars small, upper ones
often obsolete, or mere dots, posterior ones transverse, with white dots at proximal
side, sometimes obsolete ; wing rather glossy, a large discal patch between R- and
M^ without gloss ; outer margin ronnded in front, concave between R' and M-,
angled or toothed at R', produced into a spathulate tail at M^ ; anal angle very
obtuse.

?. Wings above paler than in most 6i, basal area whitish in Madagascar
race, discal bars resp. patches of both wings more proximal than in S, more deeply

concave. Forewing: outer margin sharply angled at 8C* ; median bars SC^'^ — R-

smaller than in (J, occasionally absent; discal bars often all isolated, sometimes
reduced to dots, posterior ones not always marked, upper three often joined at
veins to the postdisco-marginal band, which is anteriorly obviously broader than

posteriorly. Hindwing : discal bar SC- — R' 7 to 9 mm. from outer margin, the

discal bars brownish black, often thin and separated.

Underside as in 6 , but paler ; two spatulate tails, the first somewhat curved
costad, the second rather longer, curved abdominad ; postdiscal bars of forewing
mostly vestigial.

Length of wing : cJ, 25 — 30 mm.
„ „ ? , 30- 34 mm.

( 523 )

Tenth tergite (<?) rounded, often sinuate ; penis-funnel triangular, dorsal cavity
not quite extended to the end, which is hooked ; penis thin, with a mionte tooth
before the end ; clasper narrowed at apex into a slender tooth which is gently
curved mesiad.

Ilab. East Africa from Natal to Abyssinia ; Madagascar.

Individually very variable on upper- and underside ; angle of forewing often
rounded, sometimes very prominent and acute.

a. Ch. neanthes neanthes.

Nymjyhalis iieanthex Hewitson, Exot. Butt. I. A'ympludis t. 1. f. 2. 3. ? (1854) (Natal) ; Trim.,
Rhop. Afr. AtiKtr. p. 179. n. 104 (1862) (Natal) ; Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 273. n. 55 (1871) ;
Gooch, Entom. XIV. p. 6 (1881) (Natal) ; Oberth., Aim. ilus. Ch: Geneva XVIII. p. 728. n. 61
(1883) (Shoa ; Jan., June, July, Nov.).

Charasei manlhes, Butler, Proc. Zool. Sue. Load. p. 638. n. 63 (1865) (Natal) ; Stand., Exnt. Tagf.
p. 171. t. 68 (1886) (Natal ; Del. Bay) ; Trim. & Bowk., S. Afr. Butt. I. p. 320. n. 104 (1887)
(Caffraria ; Natal; DelagoaB.) ; Rogenh., in Baumann, U.-<amhara p. 327. n. 86 (1891)
(Usagara) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. See. Land. p. 650. n. 26 (1893) (L. Merc) ; Reb. & Rogenh., in
Baumann, Ma.-^mdand p. 332. n. 98 (1894) (Serengeti) ; Holl., Proc. U. St. Nat. Mus. XVIIT
p. 262 (1895) (Brit. E. A.) ; Butl., Journ. Linn. Sac. Land. XXV. p. 309. n. 49 (1896) (Caffraria ■
Natal ; Del. Bay ; L. Mwero ; " Cameroons " loc. err. ! !) ; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 633.
n. 36 (1896) (Somaliland ; Sheik Husein, IX) ; Butl., ibid. p. 397. n. 8 (1898) (Brit. E. Afr.,
March) ; Auriv., Kongl. Sv. Vet. Ak: Handl XXXI. 5. p. 244. n. 68 (1899).

^. Wings above ochT2Jito\\9. Forewing : bars and postdisco-marginal band

varying individually from seal brown to tawny ; in the darkest specimens median
bars SC*'* — R^ joined together and to disco-marginal area, the discal bars larger,
fused to a band which is partly separated from the postdisco-marginal band by
rather small ochraceous interstitial spots, of which spot R' — R- and M' — SM- are
sometimes absent, Itrown median band at end of cell prolonged to M' ; in the
palest specimens the median patches SC^'^ — R^ are isolated and the discal bars

are also partly, the posterior ones totally, isolated. Hindwing : postdiscal

ochraceous interstitial spots SC^ — M^ well marked, upper snbmarginal interstitial
dots also obvious, though small.

Underside ochraceous or tawny ochraceous, the black speckles rather prominent
on the pale ground ; the median baud well marked, or vestigial, with all inter-
gradations, the presence of the band apparently independent of the depth of the

tone of the postdisco-marginal band of the upperside. Hindwing : tooth at R'

very short.

?. Wings above ochraceous; discal bars luniform, thin, posterior ones of
forewing separated, postdiscal ochraceous interspaces R' — JP of forewing wider

than the postdisco-marginal band. Hindwing: discal series considerably varying

in size, sometimes very slightly concave in front, bar SC^ — R' very little more
proximal than bar C — SC- in some specimens.

Underside pale ochraceous, the median band mostly well marked, sometimes
vestigial.

Hab. East Africa, from Natal to Abyssinia.

In the Tring Museum 28 <S i , 21 ? ? from : Natal : Estcourt, v. vi. Delagoa
Bay ; Zomba, xii. '95 (Dr. P. Rendall) ; Rikatla. German E. Afr. : Mikiudani, i.
to v. British E. Afr. : Mombasa ; Taveta, vi. vit. ; Kibwezi, o. ii. '95 (Dr. Ansorge) ;
Ndange, 1. iv. '95 (Ansorge) ; Mbinzan, 8. iv. '94 (Ansorge) ; Melindi. Somali-
land : Sheik Husein, 30. ix. '94, wet country, 5 to 7000 ft. (Dr. Donaldson Smith).
Abyssinia : Shoa, Shoatalit, 9. i. '80 (Antiuori).

( 524 )
b. Ch. neanthes betanimena.

Charnxes helanimena Lncas, Ann. Sc. Xat. (5). XV. n. 22. p. 3 (1872) (Madag.) ; Mab., in Grandid.,
Hist. Mudng., Lep. I. p. 198. n. 11. t. 23. f. 5. 6. $ (1885-87) (Madag. or.) ; Butl., Juurn. Lhui.
Soe. Loud. XXV. p. 369. n. 48 (1896) (Ft. Dauphin) ; Auriv., Kongl. Si: Vet. Al: Ihuult.
XXXI. 6. p. 242. n. 67 (1899) (Madag.).

Charaxes aiidrila Ward, Ent. Mo. Mag. IX. p. 216 (1873) (Madag.).

Charaxesfreyi Branczik, Jahre.ih. Ver. Treiica:. Cnmil. p. 161. t. 7. f. 8. ? (1891) (Nossib(!).

Charaxes betanimena ab. aiidriba, Aarivillins, l.r.

c?. Thorax above more olive thau in the contiuental form. Winffs above

ochraceons ochreous with a gallstone yellow tint, veins pale green (if denuded).

Forcwing : median bars SC^ — R- and discal bars completely merged together with
the postdisco-marginal band as in the darkest specimens of w. ?ie((«^/«'« ; colour of
this outer area varying from seal brown to tawny chestnut ; bar D present, but
cell-bar 4 often absent in dark as well as in pale specimens, bars R' — M- seldom
vestigial ; number of postdiscal interstitial spots variable ; angle at SC^ acute or

obtuse, sometimes rounded. Hindwing : postdiscal and submarginal interspaces

C — R' more or less shaded over with seal brown or tawny, hence the spots less
distinct, obliterated in the dark specimen.

Underside chestnut tawny, band very conspicuous or vestigial, with intergrada-
tions ; median bars 8C° — R- often vestigial, with white pro.ximal border ; tooth R'
of hindwing mostly longer than in n. neanthes, anal area more produced between
M- and SJP, hence wing more triangular ; tail longer.

? . Bo'ly above paler than in S, posterior part of mesonotum, the metanotnm
and abdomen white. Wings above, basal area white ; discal bars of both wings
heavy, continuous ; submarginal interstitial spots of hindwing obsolete.

Underside nearly as in «. neanthes, discal dots of forewing and jiostdiscal
vestigial bars more obvious.

Hub. Madagascar. In the Tring Museum 166,1 ?.

( 525 )

SOME MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON PALAEARCTIC

BIRDS.

By ERNST HAETERT.

WHEN, in 1897, I wrote for this journal some " Notes ou Palaearctic Birds
and Allied Forms" (of. Nov. Zool. IV. pp. 131 — 147), I hoped soon to
be able to coutinne my investigations on palaearctic birds. More urgent work,
however, has prevented me to work as much in that line as I should have liked;
but, ueverthe'sss, I have had some opportunities to collect and to stud)' European
birds, and I will here give a few short notes with a view to future more lengthy
articles, either by myself alone or together with a brother ornithologist

I. Certhia.

I see no reason to deviate from my conclusions about the Tree Creepers, except
in a few points. When writing in 1897 I treated C. hrackydarAyla as a sub-
species of C. familiai-is. I have now had opportunities to observe both these
forms frequently in Germany, especially near Marburg and Berlepsch Castle, in
Hesse, and I have studied a large material. I lind that both forms live close
together and yet keep separate, although it is quite possible that they mix
occasionally and produce hybrids (Deichler, Journ.f. Orn. 1896, p. 450). They
have also diiferent notes, that of C. familiaris being longer and not so loud, that
of C. brachydactyla, shorter and louder. Also the eggs of C. familiaris have in
Germany, as a rule, much smaller spots than those of C. brachydactyla, which
have larger and often confluent patches, though exceptions may not be rare
(Deichler, I.e.).

Under these circumstances^the differences in colour, size of bill and hind-
claw being constant enough— I think it is necessary to treat C. familiaris and
C. brachydactyla as two distinct species. With regard to the British Tree Creeper,
I find that it is not nearest allied to C. brachydactyla, but clearly a subspecies
of C. familiaris. The length of the bill and hind-claw and the note are those
of C. familiaris and not those of ('. brachydactyla. In fact, it differs from
C. familiaris familiaris merely in colour, being altogether much more rufous above,
the pale marks being narrower and rufous-buft' instead of buffy white, the rump
darker and brighter rufous. It must, however, be said that eastern and northern
continental examples are much more whitish than western and southern ones which
are browner and darker. Some French examples cannot easily be distinguished
from British ones, while those from Scandinavia and Eastern Prussia, for example,
differ tremendonsly. The exact distribution of C. brachydactyla is not yet under-
stood. It is principally a western bird, and yet, as far as 1 know, quite absent
from the British Islands. It will probably not be difficult to distinguish several
more subspecies of C. familiaris and perhaps also of C. brachydactyla in Europe,
but we require more material to do so with some satisfaction. Specimens from
Spain and Asia Minor are very remarkable, but our material is too scanty. (Cf.
Kleinschm. Orn. Monber. 19U0, p. 169, which appeared while this article was in
press).

( 526 )

II. Sitta euTopaea britannica snbsp. nov.

When Mr. Kleiuschmidt was in England three years ago we shot a few
Nntbatches, and it struck ns at once that they were paler below than German
examples. Since then, I have collected Nntliatches for Mr. Rothschild's Museum,
and I have now before me a very fine series from various countries, besides those
in the Brehm collection. Glancing over them as they lie in the trays, it is quite
obvious that the British examples are very much paler on the nndersnrface. This
is most obvious in freshly moulted autumn specimens. When studying these birds,
individuals of the same seasons and sexes must of course be compared, dirty spring
birds being of course not so distinct, and the males being larger and of a brighter
colour below than the females. In British individuals the beak is generally, though
not always, slightly slenderer and more pointed.

The paler undersnrface of the British form is the more remarkable as German
Nuthatches are darkest in the west, and as other British birds, if different from
the continental forms, are generally darker than their allies.

The type of Sitta europaea britannica is a bird shot in Tring Park on
October 13th, 1898.

Prof. Reichenow {Orn. Monatsber. 1895, p. 141) has expressed his opinion that
the name of Sitta advena Brehm is to be adopted for the East Prussian form of
the Nuthatch, which has been called Sitta caesia homeyeri (cf. Ibis, 1892, p. 364).
This is an error. Brehm {Handh. Naturg. Vog. Deittsckl. p. 207, 1831), says that
udcena appears sometimes in the forests of Central Germany. The types of his
S. advena are pale, worn and young individuals in moult from Thnriugia. Sitta caesia
homeyeri, however, does not appear in Central Germany, and looks different. The
majority of the East Prussian Nuthatches are very closely allied to Sitta europaea
from Scandinavia, but most individuals are less white, and more buff below, though
some are not distinguishable from the latter, while also true S. caesia, or at least
individuals which I cannot separate from the latter, are occasionally found in East
Prussia. The birds in the plumage of the so-called S. c. homeyeri are too frequent
to be regarded as hybrids. It is, however, evident that europaea, homeyeri and
caesia are merely geographical representatives of one group, and therefore the
nomenclature must be as follows : —

Sitta europaea europaea: Scandinavia, Northern Russia. (Exact geographical
limits not yet quite clear to me.)

Sitta europaea homeyeri: East Prussia, Poland, etc. (In Denmark similar
forms are said to occur ! ?)

Sitta europaea caesia : Western, Central and Southern Europe generally.
(Southern examples require attention, as do those from Asia Minor.)

Sitta europaea britannica : Common in England, rarer in Scotland, unknown
in Ireland.

III. Nucifraga (cf Nov. Zool. 1897).

I find that I cannot separate any longer Professor Reichenow's N. relicta.
Individuals in freshly moulted plumage of N. car. caryocatactes and N. car. relicta
are not separable. I have written at length about these forms in the " new edition"
of Naumann's "Viigel Deutschlauds," where those who are interested in the various
forms of this group can read my most recent views about it.

( 527 )

IV. Dendrocopus major and its forms.

A study of the Great Spotted Woodpecker with regard to its distribution and
local forms is perhaps still more interesting than that of the Creepers and Titmice,
which have received so mnch attention lately. When attempting to become
acquainted with the variation of Dendrocopus major, I find this task by no means
easy. While this woodpecker seemed to be rather constant in less extended,
especially in insnlar localities, it seemed to vary very mnch in other countries, for
example in Germany. The over-zealons C. L. Brehm separated, as long ago as
1831, four forms inhabiting Germany : —

1. Picus pinetorum, with a strong and mediocral bill, inhabiting pine-forests ;

2. Picus pityopicus, with a short, strong and stumpy beak, inhal)iting fir-
woods ;

3. Picus frondium, with a larger skull and brighter and lighter colours,
inhabiting the woods of leaved trees ;

4. Picus montanus, of larger size, with slenderer, more elongated bill, in-
habiting the " foot of the South German mountains," being found near Gastein, in
Salzburg, and Tirol.

In 18.5.5, in the " Vogelfang," Brehm separated two species :—

1. Picus major, with three subspecies :

a. P. m. montanus, larger with longer bill ;
h. P. m. pinetorum, smaller with shorter bill ;
c. P. m. pityopicus, with short bOl.

2. Picus frondium, with two subspecies :

a. P. f. lucorum, with longer bill and whitish grey underside ;

h. P.f. sordidus, with brownish grey underside.
The former (the 3 subspecies of P. major) are said to inhabit pine- and fir-
woods, the latter (the two subspecies of P. frondium) the forests of leaved trees.
Tangible differences between P. major and frondium are not given in the
" Vogelfang."

I have now compared the large series from Germany in the Brehm collection
with typical Scandinavian Dendrocopus major, and the various forms of Brehm
with each other. I found that his ''pityopicus" really had a shorter, stronger and
more stumpy beak, and could hardly be sejjarated from the northern bird, while
the majority of the others, especially the "pinetorum;" were smaller and had less
powerful, though longer and more pointed bills. The questions now arise whether
there are within Central Europe several geographically limited subspecies in a
modern sense, or whether the natnre of the trees in which the woodpeckers work
has anything to do with the form and size of their bills, as has been suggested.

( 528 )

The material at my disposal is not sufficient to answer these qnestions satisfactorilj- ;
but it is evident that examples from the western parts of the continent are smaller
and have slenderer bills than those from the northern and eastern parts. This
might be either a geographicall)' limited character, or due to the greater prevalence
of leaved trees in the western countries. But, though I cannot at present separate
any subspecies on the European continent, 1 believe that the following review of
the subspecies of Dendrocopm major is correct : —

1. Dendrocopus major major (L.).

Typical locality Scandinavia, extending to Russia and Prussia. Large form,
wings in Sweden 143 — 145 mm., in East Prussia 138 — 142 mm. Bill very thick,
blunt and comparatively short, forehead buif, underside white, slightly tinged
with buff in freshly moulted plumage, and frequently stained.

There are in Western and Southern Europe smaller forms with slenderer and
longer bills. Males from Ingelheim, on the Rhine, have the wings 136 — 141 mm.,
males from Rentheudorf about 137 — 143 mm., two males from Bosnia 138 and
139 mm., ? Hesse 136 mm., ? Herzegovina 136 mm., ? France 136 mm., females
Ingelheim 133, 139, 140 mm., ? Belgium 142 mm. A Macedonian male has the
underside beautifully white and a very short bill. In parts of Asia Blinor examples
occur which seem to be similar to the one from Macedonia, and which do certainly
not belong to D. syriacus. None of these forms can at present be separated by
me, the material at my disposal being too scanty.

2. Dendrocopas major anglicua subsp. nov.

The British Woodpecker differs very strikingly when compared with
Scandinavian and East German examples. Its wing is considerably shorter,
the whole bird smaller, the bill much slenderer, and the underside, as a rule, much
more brownish buff. The wings of English males before me measure 128, 129, 131,
132 mm., those of females 128, 130, 131 mm.

The type is an adult male shot near Horsham, in Susses, on January 2nd, 1895.

England, but not known to l)reed in Scotland or Ireland.

3. Dendrocopus major subsp. ?

Corscia and Italy is inhabited by a Great Spotted Woodpecker which seems to
me separable as a good subspecies. The wing is comparatively short, the bill very
long and slender, the underside brownish, c? wing 140, 142 mm., $ wing 138 mm.
This latter female, shot, skinned and sexed by the late John Whitehead, has some
narrow red lines on the sides of the nape. It is to be seen if all Corsican females
have this peculiarity. I Ijelieve that the Italian examples (from the Apennines) are
like those from Corsica. I refrain from naming this form liefore I have studied a
larger material from Corsica and Italy. A specimen from Sardinia in the British
Museum is small and very dark below, approaching closely the Canariaa form.

4. Dendrocopus major canariensis (Koenig).

This insular subspecies differs from D. major major in its very long and pointed
bill and the narrower white bars to the outer rectrices, which appear thus much
more black. The forehead is buff, the underside brownish, sometimes not darker

( 529 )

than in British examples, sometimes as brown as in D. m. poelzami. Some
individuals from Southern Spain come very close to canariensis. I have also seen
one from Southern Spain in the British Museum which has a red pectoral crescent,
and is not easily distinguishable from D. m. mauritanus.

5. Dendrocopus major mauritanus (C. L. Brehm).

The Moroccan Spotted Woodpecker belongs doubtless to the majo)' group. It is
distinguished by its small size, a red band connecting the black stripes on the sides,
across the crop region and the somewhat more extended red on the abdomen.
This woodpecker is only known from Northern Morocco (Tangiers).

The red crescentic chest-band is sometimes obsolete.

6. Dendrocopus major numidus (Malh.).

Differs from D. m. mauritanus in having always a band of black patches across
the chest, and a more developed red crescent, formed by the red tips of the black
feathers ; feet and bill slightly stronger.

Inhabitant of the oak-forests of Algiers and North Tunis.

Altnm {Journ. f. Orn. 1862, p. 382) recorded this form from Milnsterland,
Germany. Needless to say, this is an absurdity, caused by the old and often
inevitable evils of naming a bird from a diagnosis, instead of after a careful com-
parison, and of neglecting the geographical distribution ! Specimens of the
common German Great Sjjotted Woodpecker, with a more or less developed red chest-
crescent, are by no means rare, and there are several in the Brehm collection ; but
such birds cannot be called " numidus."

7. Dendrocopus major poelzami (Bogd.).

Differs from D. major major in its smaller size, lesser white patch on the
upper wiug-coverts, and the colour of the underside, which is even darker than in
D. m. canariensis, and of a chocolate brown. The forehead is light buff, the bill
long, wing of females 120 — 122 mm.

This form is an inhabitant of the southern slopes of the Caucasus and of the
district immediately south of the Caspian Sea.

8. Dendrocopus major leucopterus (Salvad.).

Forehead white, underside nearly pure white. The white wing-patch is much
extended, the white bars on the wings are wider and often confluent along the inner
webs. The bill is very fine. This form seems to be variable to a certain extent,
unless it can be split up again into several subspecies. The females do certainly not
show the characteristic peculiarities so well as the males, and are very similar to
D. major.

This form is an inhabitant of Turkestan and Western Mongolia.

9 Dendrocopus major cissa (Pall.).

A fine large form, with white forehead and quite white underaurface. It is
generally said that the outer rectrices of this form have a greater amount of white,
but this is not generally the case. This form is hardly distinguishable &om true

( 530 )

miuor, and reaches from Siberia eastwards to Rnssia. It seems as if it gets smaller
again in Eastern Siberia, on the Amur, and there makes a slight effort to approach
1). m. japonicus.

10. Dendrocopns major kamtschaticus (Dyb.).

Forehead pale buff, underside of the purest white, lateral rectrices pure white or
with a few tiny black spots towards the tip. Bill rather elongated.

Kamtschatka.

This bird has first been named Pictis m'ljor kamtsckaticus by Dybowski in
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1883, p. 368. The tiuotation in the Gat. B. Brit. Mas.
XVIII. p. 214 is wrong, and Taczanowski {Faune Orn. Sib. Orient. II. p. 717)
quotes " kamtschatkensis " instead of kamtschalicus. Stejneger afterwards named
the bird Dendrocopiis purus. D. m. cissa and kamtschaticus are erroneously
lumped in the C'atalogne of Birds.

11. Dendrocopus major japonicus (Seebohm).

Differs from D. major major in having the frontal band and undersurface more
brownish buff, and in having the white bars on the wings regularly continued across
the innermost secondaries. The dimensions are less. The young are striped on the
sides of the chest, and cross-barred on the lower abdomen, but this peculiarity is
also sometimes observed, though in a lesser degree, in European examples of major.

Japan and Kurile Islands.

12. Dendrocopus major syriacus (Hempr. & Ehrb.).

In this form the black line behind the ear-coverts is absent. It is a small form,
and the lateral rectrices are black with only a white tip and one additional white
bar. The immature bird has blackish striatious to the flanks and sides of the chest
and a red crescent across the chest I

Although separated in tlie Cat. B. Brit. Mm. from D. major and its allies by
such widely different species as />. cathpharius, pi/rrhothorax and pernyi, I believe
that syriactis also belongs to the major group, representing it in parts of Asia Minor,
Palestine and Western Persia, although another form of D. major, perhaps
separable, perhaps not from D. major major or its Central and South-eastern
European forms, occurs also in parts of Asia Minor. Anyhow, these forms require
more attention and study.

13. Dendrocopus major scindeanus (Horsf. & Moore).

If syriacus is admitted, 1 think the small scindeanus must also be put in the
same group.

I believe that further also

Dendrocopus cabanisi (Malh.)
from China, and

Dendrocopus himalayensis (Jard.)

from Cashmere, etc., can be regarded as forms of 7>. major, and that with these
the subspecies of this widely spread old-world group are finished, as far as they
are at present known.

( 531 )

To recapitulate, we can, I think, recognise : —

a. Dendrocopus major major : Nortliern Enrope.

b. An ill defined and not well geographically limited form, or perhaps several
forms in Central and Western Enrope.

c. Dendrocopus major anglicus : Great Britain. Not known to breed itt
Ireland.

d. Small forms in Italy, Corsica and (? the same) Sardinia, which reij^uire
attention. They might or might not be separable.

e. D. m. canariensis : Canary Islands.
y. D. m. mauritanus : Morocco.

g. D. m. numidus : Algiers and Tnnis.

h. D. m. poelzami : Southern slopes of Caucasus and country immediately south
of the Caspian Sea.

k. D. m. leucopterus : Turkestan and Western Mongolia.

i. D. m. cissa : Siberia to Russia.

k. D. m. kamtschaticus : Kamtschatka.

/. D. m. japonicui : Japan and (?) Kurile Islands.

m. D. m. syriacus : Asia Minor, Palestine, Western Persia.

n. D. m. scindeanm : Sindh to the Punjab and Afghanistan ; and perhaps also-
D. cabanisi and D. himalayeiisis might be placed in this group.

V. Strix flammea.

It is surprising to find that since Dr. Sharpe's work on the Barn Owls {Cat. B.
Brit. Mus. vol. II. pp. 291—303) so little attention has been paid to this most
fascinating group. Probably from being attracted both by the great beauty of these
magnificently coloured birds and by their striking geographical variation I have
always been specially interested in the Barn Owls. The fine series already in the
Tring Museum, including those of the Brehm collection, gave me some opportunity
to study them, and I have already described new subspecies from Curasao, Ecuador
and Snmba. One fact has always struck me, that is the constant difference of the
English form from that of Germany. Every German ornithologist wonders why
Dresser figures (in his " Birds of Enrope," vol. V.) such an " abnormally coloured "
bird with white underside ; and recently my friends in the Fatherland were indignant
that I gave Mr. Keulemans a similar bird with light underside to be figured in the
new edition of Nanmann's " Vcigel Deutschlands." This alone is a clear proof that the
English bird difi'ers from the German form— for the birds figured in Dresser's work
and in the new edition of Naumann are not at all abnormal, but the typical English
ones. Such birds do not occur in Germany, and even the lightest rather rar&
varieties from Germany do not equal the commonest British form, which is white
without or with few spots below. Under these circumstances it becomes a necessity
to give different sabspecific names to the British and Central European forms.

However, to apply the proper names is not easy. There are some excellent
works on Strix, one by C. L. Brehm in Naumannia (1858), one by Ridgway in the
" Nortli American Birds," and above all those by Sharpe in Gat. B. Brit. Mus. II. and
in the Orn. Misc. vol. I. Brehm's article is one of the best he ever wrote, though
he shot far over the mark, as usual, considering individual variations as of specific
or subspecific value, and not giving enough consideration and importance to the-

( 532 )

geographical distribution. Sharpe was quite correct in considering that the various
forms of Barn Owls had not full specific valne in the old sense, but he was
inconsistent in not allowing them snbspecific rank, while recognising the various
forms of Bubo bubo. Scops magicus, and giu, of Surnia, Ninox, Syrnium and others.
Nevertheless, his work is the most valuable of all and teaches very much, though
one thing was, in my opinion, a mistake : i.e. that Strix rosenbei-gi was placed among
the synonyms of Strix Jiammea. I am sure that S. rosenbergi differs much and
belongs to another group of forms.

In the new " Hand-List " (1899) Dr. Sharpe elevated to specific rank all the
forms of Strix he seemed to know, though not separating any of the European
ones, wliich he united with those of the whole of Africa. Dr. Sharpe's material, of
which he was justly proud in 1875, saying that it would be difficnit to find a more
comprehensive collection, was evidently inadequate, or the celebrated author could
not have said that the " dark phase," as he terms it, is rarer in old-world birds,
and that Indian individuals are darker than European ones, while in fact all Central
Europe is inhabited by a dark form. At present even the rich material now in the
Tring Museum is not sufficient, and my time too much occupied to discuss already
the Barn Owls of the world. I will therefore only speak of those of parts of
Europe and Northern Africa.

Linnaens, in his tenth edition, did not know the Barn Owl. In the twelfth
edition he created the name Strix Jfammea. This name, however, is not quite as
clear as we might wish. The diagnosis is : " Strix capite laevi,* corpore luteo
punctis albis, subtus albido punctis nigricantibus." In the " Fauna Suecica " he said :
■" Strix capite laevi, corpore luteo." He evidently did not know the bird at all, but
went merely liy books. In the " Fauna Suecica " he merely quotes Rudbeck,
who had said that the bird was rare near Upsala and " Tota flammea." He then
proceeds (in Ed. XII. Syst. Nat.) to quote first Frisch, who figured the German
form with brown underside. Then AJdrovandus (pp. 536, 538). Of these two places
p. 536 is to me doubtful. The description given there may mean almost any owl of
a size similar to that of a pigeon, while on p. 538 our Barn Owl is doubtlessly
represented. Then follow Willughby and Ray, who described the British " White
or Barn Owl." Linnaeus says : " Habitat in Europa."

Thus Linnaeus' Strix Jiammea must be referred to the species which we call
now Jiammea, but it cannot easily be restricted to a certain subspecies, comprising
as it does the continental Central European as well as the white-bellied British form.
There remain, therefore, two courses : either to restrict the na.mej/ammea arbitrarily
to the North and Central European form, or to adopt for it as the third name the
next available one. Of these the first in print is Strix guttata C. L. Brehm, 1831.
This name refers to a light variety of the dark form with the underside white, or
merging from pale rusty yellow into whitish, in contradiction to the usual form
with dark rust-coloured underside, which the author calls Jiammea, and I think we had
better stick to this latter name for the dark Central European form. Scandinavian
and Danish birds are, as a rule, very dark below. In any case, Brehm's Strix
Jiammea obscura, vulga?-is, adsjjersa and guttata refer doubtless all to the same
form in various aberrations. The typical examples of his collection are
before me.

To my surprise I find that the birds from Southern Spain, Tangiers, Southern
and Western France, the Channel Islands and Great Britain are all the same and

• Meauiug that it bad no ears.

C 533 )

not in the least separable. As Brehm has named and described the form from
Southern Spain as

Strix flammea kirchhofii,

this name mnst doubtless be nsed for the British Barn Owl.*

The distribution of this form is not yet certain. I am inclined to think that it
extends along the Mediterranean to Egypt. I have an individual from Sardinia
before me in the Tring Museum which is extremely light above, but one from
England can hardly be distinguished from it. Therefore more material must be
compared to say whether the Sardinian, Corsican, etc., birds are separate from
kirchhoffi or not. In Italy the usual form of the Barn Owl is white below with a
pale rusty shade across the chest which is seldom absent, with few small spots
on the sides of the body, which are often absent, but mostl}' present. Sometimes
individuals occur with many spots below, like Egyptian individuals. In the Turati
collection in Milan such examples are represented from Lombardy. Dark
examples, like those from Germany, are extremely rare in Italy. They are
probably foreign to Italy and do not breed there. I have seen one from Lombardy
and one from Genoa. This latter individual has the face quite dark, and can hardly
be distinguished from the very constant and well-marked insularis from the Cape
Verd Islands I The spots in the centres of the feathers are black with white tips.
The wing measures 275 mm.

Algerian and Tunisian Barn Owls are like our lurchhqfp, and perhaps not
separable from it. A series from Algeria (Loche coll.), in Milan (coll. Turati),
varies very much. Some are darker, some lighter above, but all are white below,
though spotted and punctulated in a very different degree. It would be worth
while to find out whether the coast-region, the mountains and towns on the borders
of the Sahara all have the same form or not ! The Algerian form has been well
described and named paradoxa by C. L. Brehm, and it is by no means necessary
to refer to his collection to recognise this name. Strixjlammea var. meridionalis
Koenig is clearly a synonym of paradoxa. Egyptian examples must— if separable
— bear the name splendens of Brehm, but from the material seen I do not see how
they can be separated from kirchhoffi ; I have, however, not seen many. Probably
they are more spotted with tiny black spots below, and the metatarsus is more bare.
I believe, however, that this latter character is not true, as it might be due to the
feathers of their legs being more worn. The same peculiarity is more or less seen
in those from Tunis and Morocco.

South of Egypt proper, near Khartum, a very peculiar form occurs, a large long-
legged one with pale but not pure white undersurface, with arrow-shaped spots,
and with a strongly spotted beautiful uppersnrface. This is maculata of Brehm.

Brehm's maryaritata (ex Paul of Wiirttemberg's MS.) is hardly clear. The
type is a bird labelled " Egypt," exactly like maculata, but smaller. With this
Brehm unites a bird from Saxony and one from Gera, in Reuss, of which he says
that it is the one formerly described by him as Strix guttata !

A very interesting form inhabits Madeira and probably also the Canary
Islands. It has the dark colouratit)n above of Strix j/ammea from Central Europe,
but the face is whitish with very dark spots round the eyes, combined with a very

* This is not the only instance of Mediterranean forms reaching England via France. A similar
ase is that of the Dartford Warbler (Melizophihis viulalus).

( 534 )

pale but not pure wbite and heavily spotted undersurface. It is appropriately
earned

Strix flammea schmitzi subsp. nov.

Type in the Tring Museum from Fnnchal, collected by Padre Schmitz, who has done
much to increase oar knowledge of Madeiran ornithology, and to supply specimens
to various European museums.

We are thus at present, in Europe and Northern Africa, ac(iuainted with :
a. Strix fammea flamvua : Southern Scandinavia, Central Europe to Frauce
and Switzerland, Austria, Hungarj-. (We have uo Russian material.)

h. Strix flammea kirchlwffi. : Tangiers to Great Britain and Ireland. Perhaps
along the Mediterranean, through Italy to Egypt, but possibly the Italian and
North African birds are again separable ! A few times very dark birds have
■occurred in England, but they are clearly visitors from the continent. The dis-
tribution in France of this form is not clear ! It seems that near Lyons and also
near Paris the dark and the light forms are found. Intermediate forms might occur
towards the west. I have not examined Irish individuals.

c. Strix flammea maculata : Khartum, Bine and White Nile. (Brehm col-
lection ; Witherby collection.;

d. Strix flammea schmitzi : Madeira (and ? Canaries).
■e. Strix flammea imularis : Cape Verd Islands.

VI. Gamilus glandarius.

Mr. Rothschild has brought together a very large material of the Jay. This
shows clearly that there is a tendency in Western Europe, and especially in the
British Islands, to be darker above, while in the East there is generally a lighter
colouration prevalent. These differences, however, are so slight and variable,
and the gradation is so gradual, that it is not wise to apply a snbspecific name to
the darker form.

VII. Ceryle lugubris continentalis subsp. nov.

Hitherto the large black and white Kingfishers from the Himalayas and Assam
and from Japan have been united under the name of C. lugubris or C. guttata.
They are, however, distinguishable, the bird from India being generally darker
than the one from Japan. The former has narrower, the latter wider white bars to
the feathers of the upper surface. This is esjjecially apparent on the wing-coverts.
The wing of Japanese individuals is also generally about 1 cm. longer.

The name Alcedo lugubris has been given by Temminck to the Japanese bird.
The Indian form requires therefore a new name, and I name it Ceryle lugubris
continentalis. (Type in the Tring Museum from Sikkim, shot by Mr. H. J. Elwes on
March 30th, 187G.) Gray called the Indian form Alci/on guttata, but this name is
not more available, since Boddaert has already named the African Great Kingfisher
(our present Ceryle maxima') Alcedo guttata.

( 535 )

:bemeekungen uber die neuweltliche gattung
polioptila nebst beschreibung einer neuen
subspecies aus peru.

Von C. E. HELLMAYR.

EINE schone Serie von fast 70 Polioptilen, die zu nntersncben mir dnrch
die Liebenswiirdigkeit der Herren vou Rothschild, Hartert und Prof.
Reichenow Gelegenheit geboten war, veranlasst mich zn einigen Bemerknngen, die
loffentlich nicht alien Interesses entbehreu. Die Vertreter dieser anf das warmere
Amerika beschriinkten Gattnng kann man in zwei scharf gesonderte Gruppen
zerlegen, deren eine sich durch schwarzen Oberkopf charakterisiert, wahrend
■er bei der anderen kleineren Abteilung gran oder blaugran wie der Riicken
gefiirbt ist.*

Zur letztgenannten gehoren ausser der cubauischen P. lembeyei Gundl. noch
■die nordamerikauische P. caerulea, P. dumicola aus SUdamerika und P. boliviana
aus Bolivia. P. sclnstaceigula Hart, repriiseutiert den T3'pus einer dritten, aber-
ranten Gruppe mit eiufarbig dunkler, fast schwiirzlicher Oberseite. tjber die
graukopfigen Arten nur wenige Worte.

Bonaparte beschrieb (Consp. v. 1. p. 315) eine Art aus Mexico nnter dem
Namen Calich-ora mexicana, die aber von den spateren Autoren entweder einfach
als Synonym zn P. caerulea gezogen, von anderen als das Winterkleid dieser Art
angeseheu wurde. Nelson wies nun vor Kurzem (Auk 1898, p. 16U) nach, dass
die Bonaparte'sche Art eine gut unterscheidbare Subspecies von P. caerulea
•darstelle und gibt als Heimat den Kiistenstrich von Vera Cruz (nnd Yucatan ?)
an ; unter den Berliner Vogeln finde ich zwei Exemplare, eius vou Oa.xaca, das
andere von Cocoyac, welcbe mit der Diagnose von Bonaparte vollig iibereinstimmen,
so dass ich die Ausicht Nelsons fur ganz correct anseheu muss. Diese restitnierte
form kenuzeichnet sich sofort durch geringere Grosse und mehr graue Oberseite,
ferner durch die Undentlichkeit der schwarzen Partie auf der Stirn. Eines der
untersuchten E.xemplare tragt das Winterkleid und zeigt sehr wenig von der
schwarzen Farbung auf der Stirn, wie es auch Nelson gefunden hat (mein Vogel
ist allerdings ein ? , doch zeigen die fiinf mir vorliegenden ? ? der P. caerulea
■caerulea und P. caer. obscura stets eine weit deutlichere Ausbilduug dieses
Merkmals). Unsere Form scheiut demnach liber das siidliche Me.xico verbreitet zu
sein, und stellt sich die Verbreitung der vier bekannten Unterarten von P. caerulea
folgendermassen :

P. caerulea caerulea (L.) : mittlere nnd siidl. Provinzen der vereinigten
'Staaten.

P. caerulea obscura Ridgvv. : Arizona, Californien, Untercalifornien und
Westmexico.

P. caerulea mexicana (Bp.) : Siidmexico und (?) Yucatan.

P. caerulea caesiogaster Ridgw. : Bahamas-Inseln.

* Bei meinen Dntersuchungen wurdea grosstenteils nur die ,-J ^ in Betraclit gezogen, weil die J $
■eiiiiger Arten scliwer oder gar nicht zu unterscheiden sind.

( 536 )

Mir lag ansser mehreren typischen P. clumicola noch ein Paar ans Cuyaba
vor nnd mocbte ich bloss bemerken, class die letzteren sehr gnt zn nnterscheiden
sind. Beziiglich geiiauerer Angaben der Unterschiede zwischen P. dumicola
(Vieill.) und P. boliviana Scl. verweise ich anf die Ausfiibmngen P. Leverkuhns
im J. f. Orn. 1889, p. 109. Wenn anch Zwischeuformen vorkommeu, die Extreme
sind jedenfalls anseiuanderzubalten und daher wohl besser als Subspecies einer
Art anfznfassen.

Tiber die schwarzkopfigen Arten erlaube ich mir, einige ansfiihrlichere
Notizen zu machen. Sharj)e hat im Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. 10 P. albiloris Scl.
nnd P. bilineata (Bp.) als zwei gesonderte Arten Ijehandidt, aber in einer spiiteren
Arbeit im Ibis anf die Uubestiindigkeit ihrer specifischcn Charaktere hingewiesen.
Ich habe eine Reihe von 15 Stiick aus verschiedenen Gegenden nnter den Handen
gehabt, und mich iiberzeugt, dass man von einer Sonderang der beiden Formen
absehen muss ; das augegebene Unterscheiduugsmerkmal, die Ausdehnung des
Weiss auf den Kopfseiten, ist ausserordentlich variabel und auch die ilbrigen
Kennzeichen sind nichts weniger als constant. Deshalb mochte ich die beiden
Formen als eine einzige Art, P. bilineata (Bp.), zusammenfassen.

Abgesehen von P. bilineata nnd lactea Sharpe mochte ich drei siidamerikanische
Arten nnterscheiden : P. bujfoni Scl., P. nigriceps Baird und P. leucogastra Wied.
Zwar sind auch sie von eiuander weuig verschieden, aber ihre Charaktere sind sehr
constant, so dass man sie bei einiger Ubuug mit Sicherheit auseinanderzuhalten
vermag. Die erstgenannte, auf Guyana beschriinkte Art kennzeichnet sich durch
die ausserordentlich breiten Siiume auf den Armschwingen und die breiten, hellen,
oft fast wcissen Bander an den grosseu Fliigeldecken, auch ist die Fiirbung der
Oberseite heller bliinhchgrau als bei den verwandten Arten. Mit diesen dttrfte sie
also schwerlich verwechselt warden konnen, schwieriger sind aber die Differenzen
zwischen P. leucogastra und P. nigriceps anzngeben, zumal die letztere sehr
variabel zn sein scheint, wie die folgeuden Zeilen darthun sollen. Das von Sharpe
angeftihrte Diagnosticon, dass bei der einen Art die schwarzen Partien der iinssersten
Schwanzfedern auf der Innenfahne eine " directly transverse line," bei der anderen
aber eine " oblique " oder " crescent line " bilden, kann ich nicht als durchwegs
zntreffend bezeichnen, eher mochte ich noch die weitere Ausdehnung der schwarzen
Fiirbung der letzten Schwanzfeder, die bei P. leucogastra stets die Hiilfte der Lange
des Schwanzes erreicht, wiihrend sie bei P. nigriceps anf einen kleinen Fleck an
der Basis beschriinkt ist, und den Farbungston der Oberseite, der bei dieser
(mit Ausnahme der columbianischen und peruauischen Form) mehr ins Blaulicbe,
bei jener mehr ins Graue spielt, zur Unterscheidnng heranziehen. Die Vogel
aus Bogotil und Peru kiinnen aber schon wegen ihres dunklen Riickens mit
P. leucogastra nicht verwechselt werden, doch davon spitter. Ferner ist bei dem
brasilianischen Vertreter die Brnst stets reinweiss, bei alien nigriceps-Vormeu
dagegen, wenn anch bisweilen bloss schwach, doch immer erkennbar bliiulichgrau
getriibt.

Die grosste Aufraerksamkeit verweudete ich auf P. nigriceps, vou welcher mir
ein ziemlich voUstiiudiges Material aus dem Berliner und Tring Museum zu Gebote
stand. 1885 uoterschied Sharpe drei Formen, die er allerdings specifisch trennt,
niimlich : P. nigriceps, P. partirostris und P. sclateri, vereinigte aber die um
Bogota vorkommenden, von Taczanowski P. buffoni genannton Vogel mit erstge-
nannter Art. 1889 sonderte W. Brewster die Vogel aus Siid-Me.xico als P. nigriceps
restricta von der Hauptform. Ein c? des Tring Museums aus Costa Rica stimmt

(537 )

in den meisten Pnnkten mit Brewsters Diagnose iiberein, insbesondere dnrch die
geringe Ansdehnnng der schwarzeu Kopfplatte, welche sicb nicbt iiber den Nacken
erstreckt, wie es bei den iibrigen nntersnchten Exemplaren der Fall ist. Ancb ist
der Anflug der Brustseiten dunkler, desbalb mochte ich den Vogel zu restricta
Ziehen, iind hiebei die Bemerkuug macben, dass mir diese Unterscbiede mehr
durch sein geringes Alter bedingt scbeinen ; nnsere Form bedarf also noch der
Nachnntersucbung ; denn merkwUrdigerweise zeigen die Stiicke aus Venezuela
wieder alle Cbaraktere der typiscben Form, und die Verbreitung wiire auifallend ;
allerdings lagen mir mexikaniscbe iiigriceps nicbt vor nnd balte icb es dnrcbans nicbt
fur nnwabrscbeinlicb, dass sicb dieselben als von den Veuezuela-VOgeln verschieden
erweisen sollten. Wabrend sich all die genannten Exemplare, sowobl das S ans
Costa Rica als die Belegstucke aus Venezuela, dnrcb bellblanlicbgraue Riicken-
farbung auszeicbnen, wird dieselbe bei den Bewobnern der Umgebung von Bogotd
und den Peruanern zusebends dnnkler nnd ziebt mebr ins Scbiefergraue. Die
erstgenannten Vogel zeigen, wie scbon Taczanowski hervorbebt, das Scbwarz auf
den beiden ansseren Scbwanzfedern mebr entwickelt ; dasselbe reicht namlicb auf
denselben fast bis zur Halfte der Feder, wabrend das dritte Faar nnr mebr einen
grossen, weissen Spitzenfleck besitzt. Ausserdem ist ancb ibr Scbnabel linger nnd
die Sanme der Armscbwingen sind am besten bei dieser Form entwickelt, sie setzeu
sicb namlicb in fast unverminderter Breite iiber die Spitze binweg nocb auf der
Endbalfte der Innenfahne fort. Das Exemplar des Tring Musenms ist in sehr
abgetragenem Kleide und lasst diese Verbiiltnisse nicbt sebr dentlicb erkennen,
welcbe bingegeu bei den Berliner Vogeln anffallend zntage treten. Scbliesslich
baben alle drei Stiicke in dem schwarzen Ziigel knapp vor dem Auge einen weissen
Fleck iibnlicb wie P. holiviana ; die Andeutnng eines solcben findet sicb ja allerdings
ancb bei t3'piscben nigriceps, von welcben nnsere Form aber dnrcb die angefiihrten
Unterscbiede immer zu trennen ist. Mit P. parvirostris Sb. kann sie nicbt
identiscb sein, weil diese sicb durch knrzen Schnabel (11 — 12 mm.) auszeicbnen
soil (unsere drei Exemplare messen aber 13 — 14 mm., also am langsten von alien
untersucbten), ancb wird bier fiir die Riickenfiirbung Hellblanlicbgrau angegeben.
Anders ist es aber mit P. sclateri, unter welcbem Namen Sharpe die Bewobner
von West(?)- Venezuela und der Sierra Nevada de Sta. Marta in N.-O. Columbien
zusammengefasst bat, deren Cbarakteristikon in den grauen nnd oft so scbmalen
Siiumen der Armscbwingen besteben soil, dass dieselben ganz einfarbig erscbeinen.
Alle Venezuela- Vogel, die ich untersucbte, weisen breite, weisse Saunie anf, sind
also von sclateri absolnt verschieden ; allerdings batte icb ans der Gegend, wo
P. sclateri vorkommt, kein Exemplar vor mir, aber eines in abgeriebenem Kleide
aus Cumana zeigt die fiir letztere Art in Anspmch genommenen Cbaraktere. Icb
mijchte desbalb, freilicb unter Vorbebalt, die Vermutuug aussprechen, ob nicbt
Sharpe bei der Creiernng seiner " Species " bloss Vcigel in abgeriebenem Kleide vor-
gelegen baben; dann kiinnte sicb allerdings die Bogota-Form mit der von Venezuela
als identiscb erweisen. Da ich es mir zum Princip gemacht babe, alle Angaben,
die icb nicbt selbst priifen kann, im Sinne der betr. Autoren zu erledigen, halte
icb P. sclateri Sb., freilich nnr als locale Unterart (mebr Berecbtiguug bat sie
wobl keiuesfalls) aufrecbt und nenne, da P. hujf'om von Sclater fiir die Guyana-
Art verwendet wurde, die Bogota- Viigel vorlanfig anteocularis.

War scbon die Riickenfarbung dieser Form etwas dnnkler als bei den nord-
licheren Exemplaren, so ist dies in nocb hiiherem Grade bei den Pernauern der
Fall, wek'be sich nocb in mehreren anderen Puukten von den iibrigen Vogelu

36

( 538 )

entfernen. Wahrend bei all den biaher genannten Arten iind Unterarten die an
die schwarze Kopfplatte grenzenden Nackenfedern in weisslicbe Spitzen enden,
wndnrch eine Art Qnerband angedeutet wird, ist hiervon bei den Rtiicken ans Pom
nicbts zn bemerken, sondern der Riicken erscbeit vom Hinterkdpfo an eiufarbig
scbiefergraublau. Ansserdem sind sie, weun ancb uicbt bedentend, 8<> diich
konstant grosser, wie die nacbfolgende Masstabelle zeigen moge, nnd macbe ich
den Vorscblag, sie subspecifisch von der Hauptform zn sonderu.

P. nigriceps maior snbsp. n.

Ahulicb /'. n. antcocularis, aber grosser nnd dnnkler. Oberkopf nnd Vorder-
nackeu scbwarz, ilbrige Oberseite scliieferblaugran, anf den Scbnlterfedern mebr
blanlich, die Federn an der Grenze der Kopfplatte niemals mit bellen Spitzen, also
keine Spnr von einem lichten Querbande. Kinn, Keble nnd Unterkorper weiss,
nur die Brustseiten blangrau verwascben.

L. t. ca. 120, a. 53, c. 65, t. ly, r. 12, 8 mm.

Typus: 19 Febr. 1896 Sneccha, 3000 m., Pern, coll. O. T. Baron (Rotbscbild
Mnsenm).

Masstabelle :

Bogota, i. (Mns. Berol.)cf: 49,50,17,14; ii. (Mns. Berol.) ? : 48,48,17,13,5;
iii. (Tring. Mns.) i: 49, 50, 18, 14 mm. — P. n. anteocularis mibi.

Pern. IVp. i. i: 53, 55, 18, 12, 8; ii. i: 52, 54, 19, 13, 5 ; iii. c?: 53, 54, 18,
13 mm. (Tring Mns.). — P. n. maior mibi.

Veneznela. i. S, Cnmana : 50, 52, Ifi, 12 ; ii. S, Cnmana : 50, 50, 16 ; iii. ?,
Cnmana : 49, 49, 17, 11 mm. ; iv. Maipnres, S : 51, 51, 16, 8, 12 ; v. (?, Altagracia
(Orinoco); 50, 49, + x. (abgerieben), 17, 12, 5; vi. ?, Altagracia : 50, 50, 10,7, 12,
7 mm.; vii. (?, Cindad Bolivar: 50, 50, 16, 13 mm.; viii. ?, Cindad Bolivar:
50, 50, 16, 8, 12 mm. ; ix. S, Snapnre : 50, 48, 16, 5, 12 mm.— P. n. nigriceps Bd.

Costa Rica, S: 49, 49, 16, 13 mm. — P. n. restricta Brcwst.

Wir kiinnen demnacb folgende Formen nnterscbeiden :

P. nigriceps nigriceps Baird : Nordmexico, Venezuela.

P. nigriceps restricta Brewst. : Siidmexico bis (?) Costa Rica.

P. nigriceps sclateri Sbarpe : Sta. Marta (Colombia) nnd N.-W. Veneznela.

P. nigriceps anteocularis Hellm. : Colnmbien (Bogot:!).

P. nigriceps maior Hellm. : Pern.

P. nigriceps parvirostris Sbarpe : Oberer Amazonenstrom.

Ob P. sclateri eine besondere Form darstellt oder nicbt, werden genaue
Vergleicbe derselbeu mit einer grOsseren Rcibe von Veneznela-Vogeln lebren ; sebr
erwtinscbt ware ancb eine genane Untersncbnng der Beziebnngen zwiscben den
nordmexikanischen nnd den letztgenannten Exemplaren.

Berlin, 20 September, 1900

( 539 )

NOTES ON PULEX AVIUM Taschb.

By the HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, B.A., F.LiS.

(Plate IX.)

~I '\E. TASCHENBERG in Die Flohe* p. 71, describes a flea under the name of
-* -^ Pulex avium, from various .species of birds. As synonjms of his species are
given no less than seven names of other authors for fleas found on birds. These are
Pulex gaUinae, P. columbae, P. rufics, P. hincndinis, P. fringillae, C. bifasciatus,
C. sturni and P. auritus. Dr. Taschenberg states at the end of his article on Pulex
avium that the examination of a large series of bird fleas has convinced him that all
the fleas found on birds are identical and belong to the same species. On the ground,
moreover, that the first name given to the species, that of gallinae, was unsuitable,
it was rejected and an entirely new one, avium, was employed to designate the
species.

The view that only one species of flea infests birds is still generally maintained.
Mr. F. V. Theobald t however, in his work on British Flies, pp. 31 and 32,
differentiates two species, P. gallinae and P. hirundinls, though the alleged specific
diiferences between them are unsatisfactory. Mr. Theobald also mentions Pulex
fringillae, and P. columhae, as being possibly distinct. No other attempt to
differentiate fleas found on birds has, as far as we know, hitherto been published.

The older authors appear to have named and described each flea they got from
a new host. The old descriptions are entirely insufficient, in fact they apply to almost
every flea known. An attempt to unravel the synonymy of these insects, or to reconcile
the older names with &ny particular species, is an impossibility. Few we think
would doubt that Schrank's Pulex gallinae was the insect commonly found on the
domestic fowl, but of absolute evidence to support this view there is none.

The bird fleas I have in my collection differ so much in size and colour that I
felt sure they belonged to different species, and a careful examination convinces me
that Pulex avium is a composite species. In the hope of inducing collectors to give
some attention to bird fleas I have written down the following notes, basing my
remarks on four common and easily distinguished British species. The principal
distinctive characters are found in the last abdominal segments of both sexes. We
believe that hitherto no attempt has been made to distinguish i'he females of closely
allied species of fleas by this infallible test, which renders the identification oi females
of even two such closely allied insects as Typhlopsylla agyrtes and T. orientilis a
matter of ease.

Bird fleas breed in the nests of their hosts, and are easily procured by putting
a nest into a bag shortly after the young are fledged.

» Die Fliihe. Von Dr. Otto Taschenberg. Halle. Ma.x Niemejer, 1880.

t An Account of British Flies. By Fred. V. Theobald Vol. I. London : Elliot Stock, 1892.

( 540 )

1. Ceratophyllus gallinae* (Schrank), figs. l. 2. 6. d 10. 13. 17. 19. ?.

PvZex gcdlinae Schrank, Fauna Boica III. p. 195 (1804).

Both sexes are very dark in colour. The head bears numerous hairs irregularly
scattered over its surface. Those, i.e., some half dozen, just anterior to the eye, are
somewhat longer and stouter than the others. On the posterior edge of the head
tliere are a few long thin hairs. The pal[ii in ihe female are as long as the rostrum.
The number of teeth in the pronotal comb appears to vary; some specimens of both
sexes having as many as thirty, while in others the number is reduced to twenty-six.
The epimeron of the mesothorax is well developed, and, as in the genus Ceratopsylla,
the suture between the fused epimeron and episternum is plainly visible.

The first five abdominal tergites in the male and the first four in the/e«ia/e bear
at their posterior edges on each side short strongly chitinised spines. These spines
vary in number, though there are apparently never more than four on each side.
The fifth tergite in the female bears one or two spines. The first tergite in both
sexes bears three rows of hairs, the anterior row consisting of short and the posterior
of long hairs. In addition to these the tergite bears a few long hairs scattered
irregularly over its dorsal surface. The next five tergites in both sexes bear two
rows of hairs, the anterior row consisting of short bristles and the posterior row of
long ones. There are also a few single hairs placed dorsally before the middle.
The posterior edge of the seventh tergite in the male bears on each side one long
and two very short bristles, the ratio between the lengths of these bristles being
100 : 12. In the female these hairs are also present, their relative lengths, however,
are in the ratio of 100 : 45.

The sternite of the second segment is identical in both sexes, it bears some
minute hairs laterally near its anterior edge, and two single thin hairs close to the
middle line, one on each side. The third sternite has three hairs on each side. The
fourth has three long, and one or two short hairs before them on each side in both
sexes. The fifth is similar in both sexes, having three large and two or three small
hairs on each side, the sixth in both sexes bears three long and three short
bristles. The seventh sternite in the male bears two long and one shorter
bristle, and also a few smaller hairs. The seventh sternite in the female is, as usual,
enlarged. The mesial sinus is triangular in shape, the lobes being regularly rounded
as shown in fig. 13. The number of hairs and their position on the segment varies a
little. A comparison, however, of figs. 13 to 16 will show that the seventh sternites
of all the four species herein treated of are abundantly distinct from each other. In
figs. 17 and 18 the segment is represented in situ in side view.

The coxae and femora of the forelegs are sparsely covered with small hairs. The
posterior edges of the coxae bear a single long hair. The ends of the femora bear
a strongly chitinised bristle curving downwards. At the ends of the tibiae on the
anterior edge are one long and one short strongly chitinised spines, and on the
posterior edge there are ten similar spines. The femora of the middle legs have one
long and one short chitinous spine curving downwards at their ends. The anterior
edges of the tibiae bear one long, one shorter, and four short strongly chitinised
spines at their ends. On the posterior edges there are twelve strongly
chitinised spines.

• Ceratophyllus rf Wagner. Aphanipterdogiiche Studien III. Hot. Soc. Btit. Jtot». t. XXXI.
p. 567 (1898).

( 541 )

On each side of the first four tarsi of the hindlegs in the male there are
respectively five, five, three, and one strongly chitinised hairs, in the female there
are six, four, three, and one.

Length : 306 to 340 mm.

As we have already pointed out, the chief distinctive specific characters
of the bird fleas are to be found in the posterior abdominal segments of both
sexes.

In the male the eighth abdominal tergite (fig. 6) bears on its outer surface a few
long hairs, the position of which is shown in the figure. On the inner surface the
apical area (between the stigma [si in figure] and the apical margin) is covered with
numerous very short stiff hairs. That portion of the figure between the punctured
line and the apical margin represents this area. The Tnale copulatory organs are
shown in fig. 1 (the penis being omitted). The eighth ventral segment is much
modified, it consists of one rod-like piece dilated at the base and bearing here on each
side a membrane covered with minute hairs, the outline of which I have not yet
succeeded in determining. This membrane attaches the eighth stemite to the eighth
targite. The eighth sternite is produced at its apical end on each side into a thin,
almost membraneous, process pointing dorsad. The extremity of the segment bears
some long hairs, generally six in number, seldom five.

The ninth tergite has the process (p in the figure) short, bearing two short
hairs. The two long hairs placed ventrally to this process are also present in other
bird fleas.

The " movable finger " (f. in figure) is widest at the end which is rounded, the
arrangement of the few hairs it bears can be best seen in the figure. The ninth sternite
is modified in the bird fleas in a peculiar manner. The two halves of the segment are
fused ventrally and proximally, the distal free portions being apparently movable, and
it is further covered with fine hairs. The ninth sternite is shown in fig. 2 as it
appears when flattened out, the proximal end as here drawn is produced like a long
wire-like spiral. The tenth segment consists of a mesially divided tergite and
sternite, between which the rectum is generally visible. In a previous article of mine,
Nov. ZooL. vol. v., p. 538 (1898), I suggested that the movable finger, fig. 1 f.
might be the tenth sternite ; this is an error, the movable finger being a part of
the ninth tergite.

In the female the eighth tergite (fig. 10) bears several irregular rows of short
hairs dorsally above and near the stigma. The dilated portion of the tergite is
sinuate distally ; it bears two rows of three hairs, both of which are below the stigma,
and a few hairs near the lower distal angle ; of these latter hairs two or three are short
and stout, having the appearance of spines.

The larger proximal portion of the brown abdominal gland, so conspicuous in the
female of most fleas, is in the present species about twice as long as it is wide
■(fig. 19).

The present species is abundant on the Common Domestic Fowl all over Europe,
but I do not know if it is found on the wild bird in India {Gallus galliLs). I have
also found it abundant in the nests of starlings (Stiirmis vulgaris) and blackbirds
(Turdios merula). In addition to these examples I have odd specimens undoubtedly
belonging to this species from the Kobin (Erithacus rubecida), the Long-tailed Tit
(Acredula rosea),'the Stock-dove (Columha oeneas), the Long-tailed Field-mouse
{Mu8 silvaticus), and the Noctule Bat (Scotophilus noctida), these last taken near
Brighton.

(542)

2. Ceratophyllus columbae (Walcken. & Gerv.),* figs. 3. 9. S 11. 14. 18. ?.
Pulex culwmbae (Walckeu. & Gerv.), Hist. Nat. Ins., AptLves III. p. 375 (1844).

Slightly smaller than C. gallinae, measuring 3 mm. in length. The palpi in the
female are shorter than the rostrum. The prothoracic comb consists of twenty-eight
teeth.

In the Tnale the area of the eighth tergite bearing the short hairs is reduced to a
narrow submarginal strip. The tergite externally (fig. 9) is similar to that of (jaUinae,
but has fewer hairs on the margin. The eighth stemite bears at the end on each side
three short stout bristles, but there is no distal membraneous process. The process
p of the ninth tergite is club-shaped, and bears two very short and one long hair.
The " movable finger " (fig. 3. f.) is slenderer than in gallinae, its ventral edge bearing
five hairs, of which the first and fourth are the shortest. The distal portion of the
ninth sternite is likewise slenderer than in gallinae and bears a fringe of hairs
proximally.

In the/e?)i,o/e the sinus of the seventh sternite (fig. 14) is much deeper than in
gallinae. The difference between the outlines of this stemite in gallinae and
columbae is plainly visible, even when the segments are in situ, as in figs. 17 and 18.
The hairs on the seventh stemite are similarly distributed to those in gallinae, but
are fewer in number.

The eighth tergite (fig. 11) is more angulated below the stigma than in gallinae.
The distal margin is not emarginate. There is a row of short hairs above the stigma
with a few hairs a httle further back. There are three hairs below the stigma and
a few more, chiefly marginal or submarginal, placed ventro-apically, of these latter
hairs five are short and very .stout. The abdominal gland resembles that of gallinae.

This species is parasitic on Cohimba livia. I have specimens from the domestic
variety, and am indebted to Mr. W. R. Ogilvie Grant for a nice set from the wild
bird from the Stacks of Cromarty, in Scotland.

3. Ceratophyllus hirundinis Curtis f figs. 4. S 12. 15. 20. ?.
Ceratophyllus hirundinis Curtis, Brit. Ent. IX. 1832. No. 417.

A very pale species, measuring 2 3 mm. in length. The palpi in the female are
shorter than the rostrum.

The eighth tergite in the male resembles that o{ gallinae especially with regard
to the internal area covered with short bristles. There are more long hairs on the
apical margin in the present species than in gallinae. The eight sternite is wider
apically in G. hirundinis than in the other three species, sub-truncate, and produced
obliquely dorsad. It further bears a membraneous flap on each side, the flaps being
fused together and surrounded by a large number of apical hairs.

The process p of the ninth tergite is shaped as in columbae, but is thinner.
The " movable finger " (fig. 4. f.) is boot-shaped, the sole directed distad ; it bears
one stout and rather long hair at the toe and two similar hairs at the heel.

The ninth sternite (fig. 4. IX. v.) is similar to that of gallinae, but the ajiical
portion is slenderer.

• Stephen's name of columhof, Britith Entomnl. IX. (1832) No. 417, must be rejected as a "nomen
nudum."

t Possibly Pulrx hirundinit, Kiihler, Uehenicht d. Arh. u. Veriind. d. ScliU-t. Geselltch. f. vaterl.
JiuUvr. p. 75, 1831, may refer to this species.

( 543 )

In the female the seventh steruite, fig. 15, has a different outline from that of
the other three species, and bears more hairs arranged in different positionB. The
eighth tergite, fig. 12, is more densely covered with hairs than in the other three
species. The hairs are arranged in two areas, the portion of the tergite between them
being hairless. On the ventral area of the tergite some of the hairs are thicker, but
they are not so spine-like as in the other species.

The abdominal gland (fig. 20), is slender, the proximal portion being three times
as long as it is wide.

I have found this species parasitic only on the House Martin, Ghelidon urbica.

4. Ceratophyllus styx* sp. nov. figs. 5. 7. 8. (? 16. ?.

A much more hairy species than the others, and generally about the same size
as C. hirundinis. Both sexes have the middle hair of the three dorsal apical hairs
of the seventh tergite not twice the length of the other, as is the case in the three
other species. (Cf. ante, p. 540).

In the male the eighth tergite, fig. 7, bears many hairs externally, these being
especially dense on the apical margin. The area covered with bristles on the internal
side is rather more extended than in gaUinae, and is further bordered by a double
series of spines (fig. 8).

The eighth sternite (fig. 5. VIII. v.) curves gradually ventrally towards the end,
bearing numerous hairs. It terminates proximally in a double membraneous lobe
similar to that in hii'undinis.

Process p of the ninth tergite is not club-shaped, it is shorter than this part in
columbae and hirundinis, but is longer than in gallinae, and is oblique at the end.

The movable finger (fig. 5. f.) is somewhat similar in outline to that of columbae,
but the hairs are arranged differently. There are four hairs in the centre of the
anterior margin of about equal length, and three at the tip, of which the middle one
is the longest.

The ninth sternite (fig. 5. IX. v.) has the distal portion longer and more slender
than in the other species.

In ihe female the distal segments of the abdomen are much more hairy than in
the other species, as are also the sternites of the other abdominal segment.

The seventh sternite (fig. 16) bears numerous hairs. The mesial sinus is
triangular in shape, the lobes being sharply angulated.

The present species is parasitic on the Sand Martin (Cotile riparia).

• Ceratnphyllvs bifasciatrts Curtis, Brit. EnUmol. IX. (1832) No. 417, from the S.and Martin, is
a " nomen nudum," and must consequently be rejected.

( 544 )

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW AFRICAN SPECIES OF ACBAEINAE

Bt H. GROSE-SMITH, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Etc.

1. Acraea quirinalis sp. uov.

<?. Vpperside : anterior wings differ from A. iturina Gr.-Sm. in the absence
of the cluster of dark scales in the cell, and the more extended rufous colouring
of the basal half of the wings, which is paler than in A. iturina ; on the posterior
wings it differs from A. iturina in the basal rufous colouring being less extended,
the discal row of spots is further from the cell and the spots are smaller, the
large spot at the end of the cell between the two upper median nervules of
A. iturina is absent, and there is an additional obscure spot in the cell.

Underside : does not differ from the upperside.

Expanse : 44 mm.

Hab. Usukama, south of Lake Victoria Nyanza.

In the collection of Mr. Grose-Smith.

It is smaller than A. iturina, and intermediate between that species and
A. quirina Fabr.

2. Acraea snbserena sp. nov.

$. Upperside : both wings bright fnlvons with black margins as in A. terpsichore
Linn. : anterior wings with a rather large spot in the middle of the upperside of
the cell, and another much larger (juadrate spot at the end of the cell, partially
elongated outwardly along the upper median nervnle ; the black outer marginal
band is deeply indented on its inner side between the /iiscoidal nervules : posterior
wings with minute fulvous dots near the outer margin in the black area, and a
narrow bar on the upper disco-cellular nervnle, the five large spots on the underside
showing through the wings as dark tawny.

Underside : anterior wings with the black outer marginal border strongly marked
with light fnlvons rays between the veins : posterior wings paler light fulvous, the
outer marginal black border very bright and well defined, with small fulvous
markings on the margin, inside which, between the median nervules, are four minute
fnlvons lines arranged in pairs, one spot towards the base of the cell, one on the
discocellular nervnle, one above the subcostal nervure, three below the cell near
the abdominal margin and one above, several minute spots at the base.
Expanse : 48 mm.
Hab. Sierra Leone.

In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

Allied to^l. terpsichore, but differs principally in the absence of the discal row
of small spots and of the lunules in the outer marginal black band on the underside
of the jMJSterior wings of those species.

3. Acraea althoffi Dewitz.

? . Upperside : anterior wings dusky brownish grey with an obscure greyish white
diffused band towards the end of the cell edged externally by an irregular dnsky

( 545 )

black bar and an obscnre dark grej' spot on its inner side, the transverse and oblique-
rnfons bands of the male are represented by similar greyish white bands edged
internally by gre3'ish black, one black spot below the cell : posterior wings dnsky
brownish grey at the base, beyond which is a broad irregular sordid white band,
thence to the outer margin dusky brownish grey, with submarginal whitish streaks-
in the interspaces crowned by dusky dark grey rays which extend partially into the
central sordid white area.

Underside : paler, with conspicuous greyish black spots in the middle and
towards the end of the cell and below it, a narrow marginal white streak in each,
interspace, which is duplicated below the lowest median nervule.

On the posterior wings the central white band becomes indistinct, the basal
spots are smaller and less numerous than in the male, the subconical white streaks
in the interspaces on the outer margin as on the upperside, but the dark rays-
crowning them extend across the disc nearly to the cell.

Expanse : 70 mm.

JIab. Port Alice, Uganda (Ansorge).

In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

4. Acraea pomponia sp. uov.

(?. Upperside : both wings dark brown nearly black, anterior wings with aa
oblique hyaline band of three spots before the apex, and three oval rufous brown
spots on the disc between the median uervules, the upper spot minute, the lowest
the largest : posterior wings crossed about the middle by an irregular rnfons
brown band.

Underside : anterior wings with the rufous brown spots much less conspicuous,
the apex and outer margin fulvous crossed by dark rays between the veins : jiosterior
wings with the basal two-thirds rather bright pale fulvous, the outer third crowned
by an irregular black band with a series of black rays between the veins to the-
outer margin, bordered on either side by pale fulvous markings, one black spot in
the cell towards its base, and a series of other spots of irregular size in the basal
half of the wings.

Expanse : 41 mm.

Hab. Usukama.

In the collection of Mr. Grose-Smith.

Nearest to H. peneleos Ward, but a smaller insect ; the rufous brown band
crossing the posterior wings is narrower, and the anterior wings are more opaque.

5. Acraea pelasgius sp. nov.

cJ. Upperside : anterior wings greyish brown semi-vitreous, three vitreous-
spots placed obliquely before the apex, outside which and following the contour
of the outer margin to the outer angle is a series of brown rays or markings between
the veins, the uppermost the shortest, the marking between the two lowest median
nervules the most elongate ; those on either side of the submedian nervnre confluent :
posterior wings bright brown, with marginal dark rays along the veins and in the
intersi)aces, four black spots in the cell ; numerous others clustered round the cell
and towards the base.

(546)

Underside: anterior wings bordered outwardly all round by a dusky brown band
very broad at the ajiex, crossed by the dark veins and rays in the interspaces, the
snba]>ical obliqne vitreous band as on the upperside, the brown rays or markings of
the uiijierside scarcely visible : posterior wings pinkish brown, jialer towards tlic
margin, the veins and rays crossing the disc darker brown, a conspicuous pale
biscuit-coloured band crosses the disc just beyond the cell which it partially invades ;
on the inner edge of the band is a row of round black spots of unequal size, two
spots in the cell and several others clustered around.

Expanse : 53 mm.

Hab. Port Alice, Uganda (Ansorge).

In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild ; nearest to A.parrhasiua Fabr.

6. Acraea toruna sp. nov.

(?. Upperside : anterior wings ditier from those of A. johnstoni Godm. in the
ground colour of the basal three-fourths of the wings being uniformly bright
rufous brown ; in place of the two pale tawny sjwts towards the apex o{ A. johnstoni
is a broad pale tawny band, divided into four by the veins, which crosses the wings
obliquely; the lowest of the four divisions is elongated outwardly and also inwardly
by a narrow line along the upper median nervnle to the end of the cell, inside which
is a small triangidar tawny sjiot, the two pale tawuy sjiots on the disc on either
side of the lowest median nervnle are closer together than in .1. johnstoni ; the
pale band on the posterior wings is brighter and better detined on its inner edge by
the dark rufous brown basal area.

Underside : anterior wings paler than above. Posterior wings with the base
bright chocolate brown, edged externally by an irregular row of confluent black
spots, a small spot before the precostal nervure and two others at the base, other-
wise as on the upperside.

? . Upperside : basal half bright rufous brown followed by a transverse bright
tawny band which crosses the wings from the costa to the inner margin, elongated
on each side in the region of the upper median nervnle, with a minute spot at the
end of the cell as in the male, the area beyond the band dark brown : posterior
wings as in the male.

Underside : anterior wings with the basal three-fourths paler than on the
upperside, the transverse median pale band being scarcely distinguishable.

Expanse : cj, 51 mm. ; ? , 6<J mm.

Hab. Kimbugu, Toru (Ansorge).

In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

T. Planema alicia >>p. nov.

c?. Upperside : anterior wings crossed by a bright fulvous band resembling
the band in P. excisa Butl., the rest of the wings darker than in that species.
Posterior wings bright fnlvons on the disc, becoming more rufous towards the
base and darker at the apex, the dark area narrowing towards the anal angle,
dark rays between the veins from the outer margin to near the cell.

Underside : anterior wings with the inner edge of the fulvous band defined
by a very zigzag band, more irregular than in F. ewcisa : posterior wings dark
chocolate brown, becoming rufous at the base, with a badly detined pale band

(547 )

crossing the middle of the wings beyond the cell, two spots in the cell and a
cluster of spots round it, but all much smaller and less regularly jjlaced than in
P. excisa, in which a regular band of spots crosses the wings a little before the
middle.

? . Upperside : anterior wings do not differ from the male : posterior wings
wilh the ground colour the same as the anterior wings, but rather paler, the wings
crossed about the middle by a broad irregularly defined white band, which is
narrowest on the costal margin.

Underside : as in the male, but on the posterior wings the indistinct pale band
is broader and whiter.

Expanse : 67 mm.

Hab. Port Alice, Uganda (Ansorge).

In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

8. Planema paragea sp. nov.

c?. Upperside : both wings cinereous grey, the anterior rather darker than the
posterior wings. Anterior wings with a narrow irregular obscure greyish white
band crossing the discoidal nervnles obliquely, thence turning at right angles
between the two ujiper median nervnles, another narrow band of the same
colour crosses the disc below the cell from the middle median nervnle to near
the inner margin, where it becomes obsolete. Posterior wings with an obscure
dusky white band crossing the wings before the middle, the basal spots on the
underside faintly visible.

Underside : resembles the upperside, but on the anterior wings the greyish
white bands are broader, and the space between them and the base is darker grey ;
on the posterior wings the basal area is brown, with a cluster of black spots arranged
irregularly within it.

The female resembles the male, but is larger, and the greyish white bands on
the anterior wings are broad and more distinct.

E.xpanse : c?, 51 mm. ; ? , 70 mm.

Hab. Port Alice, Uganda (A.nsorge).

In the collection of the Hon. Walter Rothschild.

Belongs to the group of A. gea Fabr.

(548)

ON THE GENUS SCAEORHYNCSUS Gates.

By ERNST HARTERT.

MR. EUGENE W. GATES has in Vol. I. of the " Birds of India " most
rightly separated this genns from Paradoxornis and Suthora, into which two
genera the members of the new genns were formerly placed by the different authors,
while he most correctly united the so-called " Chleuasicus " with Suthora. Mr.
Gates' genus contained two species : S. ruficeps (Blyth) and S. gularis (Gray).
Both these species can be divided into several subspecies, so that the genns will
have to stand as follows : —

la. Scaeorhynchus ruficeps ruficeps (Blyth).

Bill smaller, wing a little shorter, nnder-surface white, tinged with brownish
bnff along the sides of the body. Bill whitish horny (Elwes). Bill from forehead
to tip in a straight line 14 mm., wing 84 — 86 mm.

Sikkim and Buthan.

1^. Scaeorhynchus ruficeps bakeri subsp. nov.

Bill larger, wing a little longer, nnder-surface tinged with brownish bnff all
over. Maxilla of bill dark horn-brown (Baker). Bill from forehead to tip in a
straight line 16 mm., wing 90 — 9.5 mm. The bill is not only longer, bnt also
higher and much thicker. Its colour is darker in the skins, and the notes of the
collectors on our label agree with this. This new subspecies is named in honour of
my friend E. C. Stuart Baker, whom I met in Calcutta in 1888, and who has
since become an authority on Indian oology.

Type of subspecies : c? Hnngrnm, North Clachar, 3. .5. 1895, E. C. S. Baker
coll.

t'achar, Assam, to Karennee and Tenasserim.

2a. Scaeorhynchus gularis gularis (Gray).

Gf medium size, underside white, bill about 12 — 13 mm. (measured as before),
wing 91 — 93 mm.

Sikkim and Buthan.

2b, Scaeorhynchus gularis transfluvialis subsp. nov.

Smaller, bill less powerful, underside mostly more suffused with fulvoQS buflF.
Bill of the same length as that of S. gularis gularis, but not so thick. Wing
86—89-5 mm.

Cachar, Khasia Hills, and probably Karennee.

Type : S Guilang, North Cachar, 21. 4. 1895, collected by E. C. Stuart Baker.
The name is chosen with regard to the home of this form south of the Brahmaputra
valley, which evidently separates many forms of the Assamese mountain-ranges from
those of the Himalayas.

( 549 )

2c, Scaeorhynchus gularis fokiensis (David).

The largest of the three forms of S. gularis which seem to be recognisable.
Ou the whole very mnch like S. gularis gularis, bnt larger, the black throat-patch
lower down than in .S'. gularis gularis and transfluvialis, and leaving a distinct space
white on the chin, instead of reaching nearlj' or entirely the base of the bill. The
•ear-coverts seem to be darker. Underside white. Wing 98 — 99 ; bill (measured as
before) 15 — 15-5 mm. ; tail nearly 90 mm. instead of about 85 in S. gularis gularis
and in .S'. gularis transfluvialis.

Fokien, China.

I have examined examples from the collection of Mr. De La Touche.

lilST OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM THE LINGGA

ISLANDS.

By ERNST HAKTERT.

FOR a number of years it was the late Mr. Alfred Everett's wish and intention
to explore the little group of the Liugga Islands, south of Singapore, in order
to ascertain whether their fauna was entirely that of the Malay Peninsula, a
•continuation of which this gronp seems to be, or whether it had any admixture
•of the fauna of Sumatra, or any peculiar forms. Unfortunately onr friend never
reached the Lingga Islands himself, bnt during his last illness in Singapore he sent
•some of his trained Bornean bird-skinners there, who made a small collection of
bird-skins, a list of which follows hereafter.

This collection contains only purely Malaccan forms, and would thus show that
the Lingga fauna was entirely that of the Malay Peninsula, bnt it is too incomplete
for any final statement, though it is of interest that such forms, which one expects
to show local variation, do not differ. It is the first bird-collection ever made on
these islands, as far as I am aware.

In a collection of mammals made on the Lingga Islands by Mr. Abbott only
one new form (^Mus lingensis) has been separated by Mr. Miller (ef. P. Wash. Acad.
Sci. ii. pp. 206, 242 ; 1900).

1. Cittocincla tricolor (Vieill.) Two jun.

2. Orthotomus nificeps (Less.). S ? . These two specimens seem to be rather
small, but the male has the wing worn and is moulting, and one from Palawan as
well as two from Borneo are about equally small.

3. Anuropsis malaccensis (Hartl.). Two.

4. Stachyris davisoni Sbarpe (waiw/zews/s Hartert). Two c?i:J,one ?.

5. Malacopterum cinereum Eyton. S ? .

6. Malacopterum magnirostre (Moore). Three specimens. Messrs. Gates and
Biittikofer are doubtless correct in placing this species in the genus Malacopterum
instead of Turdinus.

7. Trichastoma rostratum Blyth. One ? . I may call attention to the fact,
that many Malaccan examples are more rufous than Bornean ones, while others do
not show this difference at all.

( 550 )

8. Mixomis gularis (KafS.). J?.

9. Alophoixus phaeocephalus (Hartl.). Two specimens.

10. Hemixus malaccensis (Blyth). Common.

11. Aegrithina viridissima (Bp.). <J ad., cJ jnv.

12. Chloropsis icterocephala (Less.). Two examples.

13. Hemipus obscunis (Horsf.). cJ ad.

14. Rhinomyias pectoralis (Salvad.). tJ?.

15. Culicicapa ceylonensis (tSwains.). Common.

16. Hypothymis azurea (Bodd.). Two skins.

17. Terpsiphone aflBnis (Hay). One female and one adult 7nale with a very
long tail in iicrfectly red iilnmage.

18. Dissemurus platurus (Vieill.). Several adult specimens.

19. Anthreptes malaccensis (Scop.). Common.

20. Cinnyris hasselti (Temm.). One S ad.

21. Cinnyris pectoralis (Horsf.). One i ad.

22. Chalcostetha insignis (Temm.). c??.

23. Arachnothera longirostris (Latb.). Twojhnales.

24. Dicaeum trigonostigma (Scopoli). One <?, one ?.

25. Dendrophila frontalis (Swains.). <??.

26. Eurylaemus ochromelas Baffles. S ? .

27. Calyptomena viridis Raffles. One ? , with a very short wing.

28. Collocalia linchi Horsf. & Moore. Two/emales.

29. Macropteryx comata (Temm.). c? ? .

30. Batrachostomus stellatus (Uonld). One male.

31. Thriponax javensis (Horsf). T\fo/e?nales,vnth their wings only 218 and
226 mm. in length. The size of this woodpecker seems to be rather variable.
Large series from the various localities whence it is recognised might possibly
enable us to make some subdivisions.

32. Ceyx innominata Salvad. Three specimens.

33. Rhopodytes sumatranus (Raffl.). One example.

34. Coccystes coromandus (L.). One ? .

35. Cuculus canorus canoroides (S. Miill). One specimen.

36. Surniculus lugubris (Horsf.). One S ad.

37. Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus (Horsf). One <S ad.

38. Ninox scutulata Raffl. One specimen.

39. Siphia banyumas (Horsf). cJ ad.

( 551

THE BIRDS OF THE BANDA ISLANDS.
BY ERNST HARTERT.

THE Banda Islands, south of Ceram, consist of one large island, Great Banda or
Lonthoir, and nine small islands. They are close together, and the fauna on
all of them mnst evidently be the same. They are all elevated, and have a number
of recent volcanoes, the outbreaks of which have frequently devastated vast parts
of these islands. Each island is fringed with a coral reef. These islands have
been cultivated from very early times, and the population has long been very dense.
The Bauda Islands are supposed to be the home of the nutmeg tree, and they are
very fertile. Owing to the present scarcity of old primeval forest and the density
of tlie population, they are not particularly rich in species of birds, nor are they
a specially good collecting ground. However, as birds from these islands are
scarce in museums, and as some of the species are not known to occur anywhere
else, we asked onr able correspondent Mr. Heinrich Kiihn to collect bird-skins on
the Banda Islands. He sent us a fine collection from Great Banda, containing all
the species known to be peculiar to the group. We also received a few skins
collected by our friend Mr. William Doherty from Banda Neira.

1 am herewith offering a complete list of these collections, which may serve
fairly well as a list of the birds occurring on the Banda Islands.

We became first acquainted to a large degree with Banda birds through the
extensive collections made on Banda by one of the best collectors who ever traversed
the Eastern Archipelago— the excellent Salomon Miiller, who described nearly all the
peculiar species in his great work " Verhandlingen over de natuurlijke Geschiedeni.s
der Nederlandsche overzeesche Bezittingen," in footnotes in the volume entitled
"Land en Volkenkunde" (Leiden, 1839 — 1844), namely, Rhipidura gqi/amata,
Mi/zomela, boiei, Zoster ops Moris.

Herr von Rosenberg collectedjalso birds on Banda, and so did Wallace, Hoedt,
and the naturalists of the Challenger (Salvador!, Free. Zool. Soc. 1878, pp. 83—85,
seven species enumerated) ; but complete lists of the best of these collections are
not published.

Our collectionjcontains the following 29 species :

1. Astur polionotus Salvad. {anted, p. 20.)

I cannot separate the Banda specimens from those collected on Dammer Island.
The/emale, with a reddish tinge and faint indication of cross-bars on the thighs (see
p. 20), is not lighter than the lightest examples from Dammer. We have no 7nale
from Dammer. The male from Banda has a broad and distinct rafons collar on the
upperside ; the underside is uniform, only the abdomen having some indications of
bars. A young male (apjiarently in first plumage) is on the upperside deep brown,
■with rufous edges and concealed wide rufous cross-bars to the feathers: the under-
snrface is rusty buff with wide cross-markings ; the chest has longitudinal markings.

( 552 )

2. Myzomela boiei. (S. Miill.)

We have received a beautiful series from Great Banda, and a male from Banda
Neira. "The iris is dark brown, feet i)lnmbeons, bill black." In the /emales the
feet seem to be less bright, more brownish. This species is evidently restricted to
the Banda gronp.

3. Zosterops chloris S. Mull.

Common on Great Banda. We have also two specimens from Banda Neira,
one of which has an abnormally large bill, while the other agrees with the series
from Great Banda. The iris of those from Great Banda, which were shot in
September and October, is marked by Kilhn as " bright brown," while Doherty
■described that of the two examples from Banda Neira as " pale brown." The feet
■are " dark grey, bill blackish." This species is also, as far as known, restricted
■to the Banda Islands.

4. Motacilla boarula melanope (Pall.).
Several were shot in October 1898 on Great Banda.

5. Edoliosoma dispar Salvad. {anteh, p. 15).
Great Banda, September and October.

6. Pachycephala phaeonota (Bp.).

Great Banda, common, and Banda Neira. " Iris bright brownish grey, feet
pale flesh-colour, bill black." Originally described by Bonaparte (ex Miiller, MS. in
Mus. Lugd.) from Banda.

7. Monarcha inornatus snbsp. (?)

A series from Banda all have very deep rufous abdomina, while the grey of the
opper surface is in some as light as in examples from Dammer, which I take to
agree with M. i. Icissereiisis, and others are distinctly darker. I am not yet ready
to discuss the forms of this Flycatcher.

8. Rhipidura squamata S. Mlill.

Described by Miiller from Banda, where it is still common. " Iris brown, feet
■dark plumbeous, bill brownish black." The female has a shorter wing than
the tnale.

It seems very strange that this bird should also be found in Waigin, and I
should not be surprised if a good series proved that Count Salvadori's original opinion
that it differed from the Banda form was after all correct. (Cf. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova VII. p. 924, Froc. Zool. Soc. London 1878 p. 84.)

( 553 )

9. Pitta vigorsi Gould.

We have received a beantifnl series from Banda. The /eT/iale does not seem to
diflFer from the male. There is a difference in size — the length of the wing differing
from 5 to 8 mm. — bnt this is not sexnal, unless some of our specimens are
erroneously sexed. " The iris brown, legs and feet brownish flesh-colour, bill black."

We have this species now from Great Banda (Kuhn), Banda Neira (Dohert}'),
Dammer (Kiihn, anted, p. 18), Kilsoein in the Koer group (Kiihn), Taam (Kiihn),
and Kisoei (Kiihn) ; and it is also on record from Timorlaut, bnt we have no
specimens from that locality.

10. Halcyon cMoris (Bodd.).

Great Banda and Banda Neira, common. Large birds, back greenish blue,
wings rather bright blue ; wings 111 to 116 mm.

11. Eurystomus orientalis australis Swains.
One from Great Banda, September.

12. Cuculus canorus intermedius Vahl.
Great Banda, October.

13. Eudynamis cyanocephalus everetti Eartert.j

(See anted, pp. 231 and 232). The/emale from Great Banda agrees with those
from the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Key Islands. The iris is " vermilion," feet
and bill "plumbeous." Wing 19.5 mm.

14. Chalcophaps chrysochlora (Wagl.).
Common on the Banda Islands.

15. Carpophaga concinna Wall.

Two males from Great Banda. They are what I consider typical C. concinna,
and not C. concinna separata from the Key Islands, which is much more whitish
on the under- surface, especially on the foreneck, chest, belly, and thighs. (Cf Nov.
ZooL. III. p. 180, 1896.)

16. Ptilinopus wallacei Gray.

A fine series from Great Banda. I am not aware that this species is previously
recorded from Banda, but our specimens from that locality agree perfectly with our
series from the Key Islands and from Timorlaut. " Iris reddish orange, feet crimson
lake, bill sulphur yellow."

17. Ptilinopus xanthogaster (Wagl.).

Great Banda and Banda Neira. " Iris yellow, feet dirty olive green, bill dirty
greenish yellow."

Some specimens from the Key Islands are larger than any others before me,
otherwise there is no difference between those from various localities.

37

( 554 )
18. Nnmenius phaeopus variegatus (Scop.).

Great Banda.

19. Glottis nebularius (Gunner).

?. Great Banda, Angnst 1898.

Ornithologists who do not recognise the tenth edition of Linnaeus' " Systema
Naturae " should call this bird Glottis totanus ! (Cf. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV.
p. 481.)

20. Tringoides hjrpoleucus (L.).
Great Banda.

21. Terekia cinerea (Guldeust).
Great Banda.

22. Totanus stagnatilis Bechst.
A fine male was shot on Great Banda in October.

23. Tringa subarquata (Guldenst.).
Great Banda, October.

24. Limonites ruficollis (Pall.).

Great Banda.

25. Heteractitis brevipes (Vieill.).
Common on Banda.

26. Ochthodromus geofirojri (Wagl.).
Common.

27. Ochthodromus mongolus (Pali.).
Two specimens.

28. Megapodius duperreyi Less & Gam.
Two examples from Great Banda.

29. Gelochelidon anglica (Mont.).
? . Adult, October 1898.

( 555 )

THE LEFIDOFTEBA OF BURU.

By W. J. HOLLAND, Ph.D., LL.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S., Etc.

Chancellor of the Western University of Pennsylvania ^ and Director of the Carnegie

Museum, Pittsburgh.

PART 11.— HETEROCERA.

Family EUPTEROTID^.

Genus CALAPTEROTE gen. nov.

S . Palpi minute, erect, appressed to front ; antennae short, rather hea\'ily
bipectinate, the setae depressed ; legs short and moderately hairy. Forewing broad,
the outer margin evenly rounded, the inner margin straight ; the discocellulars
evenly curved; vein 6 irom near the upper angle of the cell; veins 7, 8, and 9
issuing from the extremity of a long stalk, rising from the upper angle of the cell,
which also carries veins 10 and 11 at its anterior extremity just beyond the cell;

Nbtiration op Calapterote butleri ^,

veins 10 and 11 are parallel to each other and to the extremity of vein 12. Hind-
wing subtriangular, with its outer margin rounding into the anterior margin, the
inner margin straight, with the edge folded over on the upper surface of the wing ;
discocellulars angled at the origin of vein 5 ; vein 4 from lower angle of cell and vein 6
from uj,per angle ; veins 3 and 7 from before angle of cell ; in the cell near the base
is a small oval depression, or pit, with incrassated edges.

150. C. butleri sp. nov.

<S. Uniformly pale ochreous, shading on the upperside of the primaries into
very pale brown.

Expanse : 42 mm.

Family SPHINGIDAE.

Genus CHAEROCAMPA Duponchel.

151. Ch. lucasi Walker, Gat. Lep. Het. B. if.: VIII. p. 151.

152. Ch. punctivenata Butler, P.Z.S. Loiidon, 1875, p. 248.

This I consider a variety of butus (Cramer).

( 556 )

Genus ANGONYX Boisduval.
153. A. testacea (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. VIII. p. 102.

GE.Nrs PROTOPARCE Burmeister.

154. P. convolvuli (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. I. p. 490.

155. P. triangulifera, sp. nov.

(?. Head, thorax, and abdomen on the upperside grey, the abdomen black on
the sides with white segmental streaks. There are a few rufous hairs on the first
segment near the insertion of the hindwing. The underside of the abdomen is
white with a series of triangular black spots marking the anterior segments. The
forewings are dark grey, banded by basal, subbasal, and median curved blackish lines,
and marked with a similarly coloured spot on the outer margin and at the apex,
There is a distinct circular white spot at the end of the cell. The hindwing is pale
grey, somewhat clouded on the inner margin by obscure black lines. There is a
whitish grey triangular mark at the anal angle. The fringes of both wings are
black, checkered with white. On the underside the wings are grey, slightly paler
toward the base. The hindwing is crossed by an obscure dark median line parallel
to the outer border. The antennae are white, with the setae dark brown.

Expanse : 98 mm.

Gencs PSEUDOSPHINX Burmeister.
156. P. discistriga (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. VIII. p. 209.

Genus MACKOGLOSSUM Scopoli.

157. M. alcedo Boisduval, Voyage Astrolabe, Lip. ^. 188.

158. (V)M. sitiene (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. VIII. p. 92.

159. M. buruensis sp. nov.

(J. The palpi on the upperside, the collar, and the anterior portion of the thorax
are dull olive green, shading on the posterior portion of the thorax into deep black.
The upperside of the abdomen is deep black, the segments being lightly marked on
the anterior edge with white. The palpi on the underside and the pectus as well as
the anterior pair of legs are pure white. The abdomen on the underside is black
with lateral tufts of black hair tipped with snow white. There are a few minute
white spots on the median line of the abdomen on the underside. There are two
tufts of coal black hairs at the end of the abdomen. The anterior wings on the upper-
side are violet brown crossed by a basal, median, and postmedian band of dark brown,
the latter band invaded and interrupted in the region of the median nervules and at
the apex by patches of the prevalent ground colour. The hindwing is jet black, on
the anterior margin pale purplish brown. On the underside both wings are smoky
except at the base, where they are pure white.

Expanse : 53 mm.

This distinctly marked species is represented by a single .specimen which does
not agree with the description of any species known to me, and is not represented,
so far as I am aware, in any other collection. Sir George Hamjison informs me that
it is not contained in the British Museum, and is entirely unknown to him.

I

( 557 )

P^AMiLY SYNTOMIDAE.
Genus ERESSA Walker.
160. E. furva Hampson, Gat. Lep. Phal. I. p. 115.
The collection contains twenty or more specimens of this species.

Genus EUCHROMIA Hiibner.
1(J1. E. bourica (Boisduval), Voyage Astrolabe, Lip. p. 194.
Apparently very common.

162. E. creusa (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. I. p. 494.
Not nearly so common as the preceding species.

Family ZYQAENIDAE.
Genus HETEROPAN Walker.
163. H. scintillans Walker, Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. 11. p. 441.
Three specimens.

Genus HETERUSIA Hope.
164. H. hampsoui sp. nov.

cJ. Head black, upperside of thora.x and abdomen black, shot with deep violet
blue, the collar and patagia being deep iridescent blue. Legs black, margined with
iridescent green. Forewing elongated and narrow, black, shot at the base with
iridescent purplish blue, crossed at the middle by a band of vermilion extending from
the costa across the cell to the inner angle, diminishing in width from the cell to the
inner angle. There is a subapical band of deep violet blue, divided into six linear
spots by the nervules. The hindwing on the upperside is velvety black, marked
lightly with blue on the costal margin and broadly marked with lustrous blue on the
inner margin. On the underside the wings are marked as on the upperside, but
the bands of vermilion and blue on the primaries are more diffuse and the violet
blue of the secondaries is more extended, covering almost the entire under surface of
the wing.

Expanse : 50 mm.

Family GOSSIDAE.
Genus DUOMITUS Butler.
165. D. hyphinoe (Cramer), Pap. Exot. II. t. 154.
A single pair.

Family GALLIDULIDAE.
Genus CLEOSIRIS Boisduval.
166. C. catamita (Geyer), Zutr. Exot. Schinetl. IV. f. 653. 654.
Apparently not common iu Buru.

( 558 )

Genus CLEIS Gu^rin.

167. C. dichroa (Boisduval), Voyage Astrolabe, L4p. p. 260.

168. C. propinqua Butler, Ann. Kat. Hist. (4), XIX. p. 394.

There are two species of Cleis in the collection, each represented by both sexes
The determination of these is a matter of some difficulty. Boisduval, I.e., describes
a species of this genus from Buru under the name dichroa. His description is as
follows : " Ailes d'un noir brun ; les superieures avec une bande transverse orang^e,
commenfant a la cote ; les infdrieures sa/iia taches * ; (femelle) ayant les inf(5rieures
avec une bande terminale orang^e ; dessous semblable ; celui des superieures avec
quelques petits traits violets."

Now this description of the male given by Boisdu\'al exactly applies to the
male of one species, and of the /«ma^e to the female of the other species.

I solve the problem by taking the name dichroa Boisduval for the male, the
fe/male of which is exactly like the m.ale in the colouration and markings of the
wings, except that the orange band of the primaries is reduced in width and not so
conspicuous.

The other species, of which I have five raales and six females, has an orange
band on the secondaries, obsolescent on the upperside in most examples, though
always indicated, but very conspicuous on the lowerside. The female has this
band enlarged and conspicuous on both the upper- and lowersides of the secondaries,
while there is a strong tendency in the transverse band of the primaries to become
obsolete in this sex. In one example it is broad and conspicuous, and in another
it is reduced to a small orange spot near the outer angle, and the two are connected
by intermediate forms. Both males and females are exactly alike on the underside.

This species is, I think, without doubt Gleia propinqua Butler, see Pagenstecher,
Jahrb. Nass. Ver. Nat. XL. p. 222.
The synonymy works out thus : —
a. Cleis dichroa Boisduval ; male.
h. Cleis jyi'ojpinqiia Butler ; male.

„ dichroa Boisduval ; female.
The species figured as dichroa by Pagenstecher, Jahr. Na^s. Ver. Nat. XL.
t. 1. f. 7. 8, is not the insect found in Buru, whence Boisduval obtained his types.
Unfortunately, Dr. Pagenstecher does not indicate the sex of the specimens figured.

Family THYRIDIDAE.
Genus ADDAEA Walker.
169. A. polygraphalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXXIV. p. 1245.
A single specimen.

Genus STRIGLINA Guencie.
170. S. scitaria (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXVI. p. 1488.
Five examples.

* Italics mine.

( 559 }

Genus RHODONEURA Guenee.
171. R. intimalis (Moore), Le'p. Atk. p. 213.
One poor specimen, so determined by Sir George Hampson.

172. R. atriclathrata (Warren), Nov. Zool. III. p. 340.
A single example.

173. R. polygraphalis (Walker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXXIV. p. 1240.
A solitary male.

Family L7MANTRIIDAE.
Genus EUPROCTIS Hubner.
174. E. varians (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. IV. p. 796.
Apparently not scarce.

Genus CAVIRIA Walker.

175. C. buruana sp. nov.

<?. Pure silvery white ; palpi creamy yellow ; legs white ; antennae pale grey.
Expanse : 30 mm.

Family AG AN AID AE.

Genus NEOCHERA Hubner.

176. N. stibostethia (Butler), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1875 p. 329.

Seven specimens. (Ine female has the hindwings almost entirely black,
showing a tendency to melanism in the species.

Genus ASOTA Hubner.

177. Asota alciphron (Cramer), Pap. Exot. II. t. 133. f. E.

178. Asota australis (Boisduval), Voy. Astrolabe, L6p. p. 252. t. 5. f. 3.

179. Asota heliconia (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. p. 511.

180. Asota sp. (?).

A single specimen, resembhng a dwarfed specimen of heliconia, but wholly
without the orange markings at the base of the primaries. The abdomen is black
with the outer edges of the segments very narrowly edged with yellow.*

Family ARGTIIDAE.
Genus RHODAREAS Butler.
181. R. niceta (Stoll), Pap. Exot. IV. t. 368. f. C.
A single female.

Genus PANGORA Moore.
182. P. pasimmtia (Stoll), Pap. Exot. IV. t. 367. f H.
One fem,ale.

• See Nov. Zool. IV. p. 352. 333.— Editoks.

( 560 )

183. P. bnrica sp. nov.

<S. Palpi and front dark brown ; antennae black ; collar white, bordered broadly
behind with dark brown ; patagia creamy white, with a black spot in their centres.
Thorax on the upperside white, marked with four black spots ; abdomen crimson,
with a broad black dorsal stripe. The pectus, thorax, and abdomen on the under-
side are vermilion, the latter with some small black spots on the sides of the
segments. The legs are brown, tinged with light red. On the upperside the wings
are dark brown ; the primaries have two small white spots at the base ; there is a
larger white spot towards the end of the cell, and two small subapical white spots.
The secondaries have a patch of red at the base ; which is confluent with the some-
what broad red band of colour which extends two-thirds of its length along the
upper border of the costa, sharply defined at its extremity and on its inner margin
by the dark brown ground colour of the wing. Tlie wings on the underside are
somewhat paler than on the upperside, and all the lighter spots of the upperside
are reproduced, but are throughout pale vermilion in colour.

Expanse : 40 mm.

Sir George Hampson writes me that this species is not in the British Museum,
but may be allied to Meringocera phUonica Felder. The latter species is repre-
sented in my collection by specimens from Macassar, and is evidently distinct from
the species we are considering. It also does not agree with the description of
Meringocera tncolor Pagenstecher.

Genus NYCTEMERA Hubner.

184. N. aeres (Boisduval), Voyage Astrolabe, Lep. p. 198.
Four specimens.

185. N. baulus (Boisduval), Voyage Astrolabe, L4p. p. 200.
Only one specimen.

186. N. mundipicta Walker, Joum. Linn. Sac. III. p. 184; Swinhoe, Gat. Lep.
Het. Mus. Oxf. I. p. 141. t. 5. f. 14.

187. N. burica sp. nov.

c?. Palpi black, front white, antennae blackish; vertex white; patagia white,
with a black spot on the centre; upperside of thorax white, with a large lilack spot ;
upperside of abdomen white, with a row of small black spots forming a dorsal line ;
the pectus and underside of the abdomen white, the latter with a row of small black
lateral brown spots ; legs white, margined with blackish. The primaries on the
upperside are black, with a large oblong white six)t near the base, contiguous to the
inner margin, and two small lenticular white spots near the base along the costa ;
beyond the oblong white spot at the origin of vein 2 is a small white spot ; across
the middle of the wing is a broad and very irregular white band, extending from the
costa towards the inner margin, near the outer angle, which it does not reach ; the
lower part of this band is divided, the outer portion being rounded at its extremity,
and the inner portion extending as a sharp tooth-like projection toward the middle
of the inner margin, from which there arises a small triangular white spot, in some
specimens coalescing with the tooth-like projection ; beyond this band, near the

( 561 )

•costa, are two subapical white spots and a large suboval apical spot ; on the middle
of the outer margin is a large subtriangular white spot. The secondaries on the
upperside are white, margined broadly with black, marked at the outer angle by
two small white spots, and on the middle of the margin by a subtriangular white
spot which runs" through the black margin and coalesces with the white surface of
the wing. On the lowerside the spots and markings are reproduced as on the
upperside. The fffnude like the inale. Expanse : $ 38 mm., ? 42 mm.
Described from thirty-four examples, which show some variation in the size of
the white spots and markings.

The species is evidently common, but quite different from any other species
known to me, either by figures or descriptions of authors.

Genus ARGINA Hubner.
188. A. cribraria (Clerck), Iccm,. Ins. II. t. 54. f. 4.
Two examples.

Genus DEIOPEIA Stephens.
189. D. pulchella (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. p. 534.
Quite common.

Genus EILEMA Hubner.
190. E. apicalis (Walker), Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. \l. p. 104.
A single specimen.

Genus NISHADA Moore.
191. N. flabrifera Moore, P.Z.S. Lond. p. 23 (1878).
Two specimens.

Genus SICCIA Walker.
192. S. niasica (Pagenstecher), Jahrh. Nass. Ver. Nat. XXXVIII. p. 25.

Genus ASURA Walker.
193. A. quadrilineata (Pagenstecher), I.e. XXXIX. p. 126.
Two specimens.

Genus MILTOCHRISTA Hubner.

194. M. multidentata Hampson, Cat. Lep- Ph.aL II. p. 493. t. 32. f. 24.

The type, which was submitted to Sir George Hampson, has been already
described and figured by him, and there is therefore no need of characterising the
species except to say that the figure given in Plate 32 of Hampson's Catalogue would
never be recognised as a representation of the type without positive information
to that effect, the dark lines being altogether too dark, and their outline being only
a very rough approximation to nature. In most specimens the lines are very fine
and quite faintly indicated.

( 662 )

195. M. vepallida sp. nov.

(?. Resembling the preceding species in size and outline. The anterior wings
are pale stramineous, with only the faintest indication of transverse lines on the
limbal area. The posterior wings are pure white. The body and legs are pale
ochreous.

Expanse : 23 mm.

Gends OCROSIA Hampson.
196. 0. reversa (Walker), Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. VI. p. 105.

Genus DARANTASIA Walker.
197. D. triplagiata Hampson, Cat. Lep. Pkcd. II. p. 274. t. 25. f. 21.
The type, which is unique, has been already described and well figured by
Sir George Hampson.

Genus CACYPARIS Walker.
198. C. elegans (Butler), Ann. Nat. Hist. 5. XIX. p. 439.

Family AGARISTIDAE.
Genus IJLMETALIA Jordan.

199. Immetalia saturata (Walker), Lep. Het. B. M. XXXI. p. 54.

(1864) (Buru).

Twelve specimens, nine rnxdea and three females.

Swinhoe's figure of satrwata in Cat. Lep. Het. Oxf. I. t. 5. f 1. is apparently
incorrect, the abdomen in my specimens not being ringed with blue as in the figure ;
the hindwing also is too blue in the figure.

Genus PHALAENOIDES Lewin.
200. P, micaceus (^Valker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXXI. p. 48.
One specimen.

Genus OPHTHALlNllS Hubner.
201. 0. lincea (Cramer), Pap. Exot. III. t. 228. f. B.
Two examples.

Genus DAHLIA Pagenstecher.

202. D. hesperioides (Pagenstecher), Lep. Fauna, BismarcknArchipel, in
Zoologica II. p. 120. t. 1. f. 13.

Family NOCTUIDAE.

Genus PRODENIA Guenee.

203. P. littoralis (Boisduval), Faun. Ent. Madag., Lip. p. 91. t. 13. f. 8.

204. P, synstictis Hampson, Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths IV. p. 511.

( 563 )

Genus AMYNA Guenee.

205. A. selenampha Guenee, Nod. I. p. 406.

206. A. octo id., I.e. p. 233.

Genus CALLOPISTRIA Hiibner.

207. C. pulchrilinea (Walker), Joum. Linn. Soc, Zool. VI. p. 190.

208. C. recurvata (Moore), Lep. Atk. p. 144.

Genus ELUSA Walker.

209. E. ceneusalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVI. p. 202.

210. E. cyathicornis Walker, Joum. Linn. Soc, Zool. VI. p. 194.

Genus CAEADRINA Ochsenheimer.
211. C. exigua (Hiibner), Samml. Eur. Schmett., Noct. f. 362.

Genus LEOCYMA Guenee.
212. L. tibialis (Fabricius), Ent. Syat. III. 1. p. 661.

Genus RIVULA Guenee.
213. R. proleuca sp. no v.

S. Thorax and abdomen pale brown ; palpi pale brown ; underside of body and
legs whitish. Primaries rich brown ; a silvery white line runs from the base to the
apex, parallel to the costal margin, and an inner line of the same colour runs along
the outer margin, defined outwardly by the dark plumbeous fringes. The hindwing
on the upperside is uniformly fuscous ; both wings on the underside are pale testace-
ous, without lines or marking.?.

Expanse : 17 mm.

Genus EUBLEMMA Hiibner.
214. E. virginea (Guende), Noct. II. p. 248.

Genus ZAGIRA Walker.
215. Z. divisa (Walker), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) I. p. 107.

Genus DINUMMA Walker.
216. D. placens Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XV. p. 1806.

Genus DORANAGA Moore.
217. D. leucospila (Walker), I.e. XXXIII. p. 788.

Genus HYBLAEA Fabricius.

218. H. aterrima sp. nov.

c?. Palpi black, margined below with white ; front and collar black ; patagia
black, margined with deep chestnut brown ; ujjperside of thorax black, with a tuft

(564)

of chestnut brown hairs rising from either side of the metathoracic segment ; abdomen
black on the upperside, on the underside the segments are naiTowly margined with
white; the legs are black, margined inwardly with white; the tarsi ringed with
white. The forewings on the upperside are black, with the region of the outer
angle broadly marked with chestnut brown ; there is also a broad and indistinct
median and subapical oblique transverse shade of dark purplish grey visible on the
wings ; the fringe, just at the apex of the primaries is white. The hindwings on the
upperside are jet black, the fringe at the outer angle being for a short distance pure
white. On the underside the primaries are a dark purplish brown, with three
equidistant patches of white raised scales along the costa. The secondaries are black,
with the inner margin as far as the cell bluish green; a small spot of the same
colour is situated near the base on the costa, and an irregular figure resembling the
figure 6 placed on its side («o) is located on the upper middle of the wing, extending
from the costa to the cell. The female is like the male.
Expanse : 38—42 mm.

Genus BLENINA Walker.
219. B. chrysochlora (Walker), I.e. XXXIII. p. 935.

Genus EUTELIA Hiibner.
220. E. scelerata sp. nov.

cj. Antennae almost simple. Forewing with the outer margin slightly angled ;
cilia crenulate. Tibiae almost naked ; palpi whitish ; head, collar, and upperside of
thorax and abdomen purplish brown. Lower side of abdomen grey. Legs grey. On
the upperside the forewing is purplish brown, with a small oval spot at the end of the
cell, narrowly margined with pale grey. A number of indistinct transverse bands
of dark brown traverse the wing, those on the limbal and apical areas being most
conspicuous and being composed in part of raised scales. The hindwings are uniformly
fuscous, slightly paler at the base. On the underside both wings are pale fuscous;
both are crossed by curved geminated limbal lines ; the secondaries have in addition
an angulated median dark transverse line beyond the end of the cell, and a black spot
in the cell at its extremity.

Expanse : 22 mm.

Genus STICTOPTERA Guenee.

221. S. costata (.Moore), Lep. Geyl. III. p. 123. t. 159. f. 8.

222. S. cucullioides Guenee, Noct. III. p. 52.

22;!. S. brunneipennis sp. nov.

?. Eront, collar, patagia, and the ui)perside of the thorax pale chestnut; upper-
side of the abdomen fuscous; lowerside of the abdomen pale yellowish grey.
Primaries on the upperside are pale chestnut brown, crossed from the middle of the
costa toward the inner angle with a darker brown shade, becoming deep black
between veins 1 and 2. There is a subniarginal band of small black spots extending
parallel to the outer margin from the costa to the inner angle. Of these spots the
one situated between veins 4 and 5 is quite large, and extends inwardly toward
the base. Fringes concolorous. The secondaries on the upperside are fuliginous, the
fringes pale grey. On the underside lioth wings are uniformly pale lirown

( 565 )

the primaries being marked by a few pale spots on the outer edge of the costa,
and having a narrow and very distinct subapical brown transverse line near the
extremity, defined inwardly by pale ochraceous.

Expanse : 35 mm.

This species seems to be near Stictoptera anthycdos Swinhoe, but does not agree
with his description.

224. S. buruana sp. nov.

cJ Palpi, front, head, and upperside of thorax and abdomen black ; lower side of
abdomen slightly paler. The primaries on the upperside are dark purplish grey,
clouded over the basal half and on the limbal area by black. The fringes are fuscous,
checkered with white. The hindwings are uniformly blackish, the fringes the same
colour, checkered uniformly with white. On the underside both wings are fuscous,
shading into blackish on the outer margins ; a few indistinct lines, corresponding in
location to those on the upper surface of the primaries appear on this side of the
wings. Female like the nude.

Expanse : 30 mm.

This appears to be a common species. The collection contains over twenty
specimens which do not vary in the least.

225. S. paranthyala sp. nov.

c?. Palpi brown; front, collar, and thorax dark brown ; upperside of the abdomen
fuscous ; lowerside of the thorax and abdomen ochraceous ; legs ochraceous. The
primaries are dark brown, crossed beyond the base by a pale brown band, somewhat
irregular on its outer margin, and diminishing in width from the costa to the inner
margin. This pale band is succeeded by a still broader band, which is parallel to it and
to the inner margin, and extends from the costa two-thitds of its length from the base,
gi'adually diminishing in width to the inner margin. Beyond this pale band is a dark,
blackish brown shade, followed by lighter lines and waving dark lines. The fringes are
uniformly dark fuscous, and crenulate. The hindwings on the ujiperside are
dark fuscous, the fringes pale fuscous. On the underside the wings are uniformly
pale fuscous, with a few paler marks on the costa and a quite distinct subapical
transverse whitish line, which runs from the costa as far as vein 6. The female
does not differ from the male.

Expanse : 28 — 30 mm.

This species appears to be common, the collection containing fourteen or fifteen
specimens which do not vary at all and are quite uniform in their markings.

Gekus GYETONA Walker.
226. G. hylusalis Walker, Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXVII. p. 93.

Genl'.s CAREA Walker.
227. C. costiplaga Swinhoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XII. p. 262.

Genus ERCHEIA Walker.

228. E. cyllaria (Cramer), Pap. Exot. lU. t. 251. f. C. D.

229. E. fusifera (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XIV. p. 1398.

( 566 )

Genus ANISONEURA Guenee.

230. A. hypocyanea Guenee, Noct. III. p. 162.

231. A. salebrosa Guenee, Noct. IIL p. 161.

Genus SPIREDONIA HUbner.
232. S. diops (Walker), I.e. XH'. p. 1297.

Genus NYCTIPAO Hubner.

233. N. crepuscularis (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. ed. XII. p. 811.

234. N. ephesperis Hubner, Verz. p. 272.

This species or form has a broad white median band running from before

the middle of the costa of the forewing to near the middle of the inner margin of the

hindwing. It is otherwise ver}' near crepuscularis, with which Sir George Hampson

makes it synonymous.

Genus HYLODES Guenee.
235. H. caranea (Cramer), Pap. Exot. III. t. 269. f. E. V.

Genus POLYDESMA Boisduval.

236. P. metaspila (Walker), I.e. XIII. p. 1032.

237. P. inangulata (Guenee), Noct. III. p. 210.

238. P. graphica sp. nov.

S. Palpi erect, divergent ; antennae simple; the forelegs with the femur very
hairy ; tibiae provided with a very long, dense, wide-spreading fascicle of hair almost
reaching to the extremity of the tarsi and concealing tbem ; front and head pale
brown ; eyes black ; patagia and upperside of thorax pale wood brown ; upperside of
abdomen pale brown, underside lighter in colour; the legs wood brown. The
primaries on the upperside are wood brown, traversed by a dark median band, with a
dark brown shade on the limbal area ; a dark brown spot is found on the costa a little
before the base; a dark brown spot, made up of zigzag lines blending with each
other, is found near the base, just below the cell, between the median and submediau
nervules ; beyond the brown shade which crosses the middle of the wing, and located
on the submedian vein, is a dark brown or black spot, irregular in shape ; a multitude
of minute waved lines and dots appear upon the lighter surface of the wing ; a
crenulated dark brown line define* the outer margin ; the cilia are wood brown. The
secondaries on the upperside have the anterior margin immaculate and pale fuscous ;
the inner half of the wing is marked with spots and strigae, a prominent dark brown
spot being located between the second and third median nervules ; the outer margin
of this wing is, like the primaries, defined by a crenulated dark brown Hue; the
fringes are as on the primaries. On the underside both wings are uniformly pale
fuscous, with only a slight trace of a median transverse band.

Expanse : 42 mm.

Sir George Hampson informs me that this interesting insect should constitute
the type of a new subgenus under Folydesma, but I leave the honour of erecting the
subgenus to others, as the weather is too hot to bother with it just now.

( 567 )

Genus CYCLODES Guenee.
239. C. omma (Hoeven), Tijd. Nat. Oesch. VII. p. 281. t. 7. f. a. h.

Genus OPHIUSA Ochsenheimer.

240. 0. melicerte (Drury), Rl. Exot. Ins. I. p. 46. t. 33. f. 1.

241. 0. joviana (Cramer), Pap. Exot. IV. t. 399. f. B.

Genus HYPAETRA Guenee.
242. H. includens (Walker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XIII. p. 1107.

Genus PLECOPTERA Guenee.
243. P. antigona sp. nov.

(?. Front, collar, patagia, and upperside of thorax ochraceous; upperside of
abdomen rufous grey ; the underside of the abdomen whitish ; legs whitish, with
the hairs on the tibiae dark grey. The primaries on the upperside are pale grey,
tinged near the eosta with yellowish ; at the end of the cell there is a small annular
spot ; a broad submarginal brown line runs from the costa before the apex to the
inner margin before the inner angle, followed outwardly by a brown shade, irregularly
defined on its outer margin ; a series of small dark brown points accentuates the
extremity of the nervules ; the fringes are concolorous ; two minute brown spots
are located on the interspace between the median and submedian veins, one below
the cell near the origin of the first median nervule, the other about the middle of the
interspace behind the brown submarginal line. The secondaries on the upperside
are pale ashen grey, with the outer third covered by a blackish band ; the inner
margin is shaded with darker grey ; there is a minute discocellular spot on the under-
side. Both wings are pale grey, laved with ochraceous at the base and on the costa.
The outer thirds of both primaries and secondaries are blackish. There is a lunate
black spot at the end of the cell of the primaries, and a round discocellular spot at
the end of the cell of the secondaries ; between this spot on the secondaries and the
outer margin there is an irregular, fine, zigzag, black line.

? . The female is marked exactly like the male. The specimen before me is,
however, a trifle smaller than the viale.

Expanse ; male, 35 mm. ; female, 30 mm.

Described from a single male and a single /emaie.

Genus ACANTHOLIPES Lederer.
244. A similis (Moore), Lep. Atk. p. 174. t. 6. f. 5.

Genus REMIGIA Guenee.
245. R. archesia (Cramer), Pap. Exot. III. t. 273. f. F. G.

Genus TRIGONODES Guenee.i
246. T. cepMse (Cramer), I.e. III. t. 227. f. C.

Genus GRAMMODES Guenee.
247. G. occulata Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. XXIII. p. 103. t. 8. f. 6.

( 568 )

Genus PTEROCHAETA gen. nov.

<?. Antennae simple, filiform, two-thirds the length of the costa; palpi ascending,
the third joint produced forward, aciculate ; legs with the tibiae more or less hairj.

Neueation of Pterochacta doliertyi g, IJ.

the hind pair quite densely covered with hair and provided with double spurs at the
extremity of the tibiae ; the first and second pairs of legs are likewise armed at the end
of the tibiae with short spurs. In the primaries vein 4 is emitted a little above the
lower outer angle of the cell ; vein 5 is nearer vein 4 than vein 6 ; the costal vein is
greatly bent downward toward the inner margin, crowding the cell into a narrow space
alx)ut the middle of the wing ; the precostal follows the normal line of the costal, and
between the costal and precostal is included a superior areole considerably larger than
the cell, heavily clothed on the underside with erect hair-like scales ; the precostal
is incrassated about the middle of the costal margin, forming a projection which is
bent backwards; veins 11 and 12 are emitted from a common stalk which springs
from the costal not far beyond the base and forms the lower margin of the superior
areole ; veins 6, 7, 8, and 10 spring from a common stalk which arises at the same
point as the stalk which supports veins 11 and 12, and follows the course of the latter
until it reaches the point where vein 10 is emitted; vein 9 is emitted from vein 8
halfway between the outer margin and the origin of vein 10. Hindwing : veins 1
and la bifurcate a little beyond the base ; vein 5 springs from the lower angle of the
cell, which is acutely produced a little above the common origin of veins 3 and 4 ;
the origin of vein 6 is widely distant from the origin of vein 5 ; vein 6 at its outer
extremity is marked by an oblong oval patch of heavy raised scales.
Type: Pterochaeta' dohertyi Holland.

248. P. dohertyi sp. nov.

cJ. Palpi black on the upperside, white on the lowerside; head, patagia, and
upperside of body pale purplish brown ; the underside of the body whitish ; legs
grey, margined externally with black ; tarsi black, ringed with white. The primaries
on the upperside are purplish brown, crossed about the middle b}' a broad pale band,
running obliquely from the costa, one-third of its length from the base, to about the
middle of the inner margin ; beyond this band are a number of brown spots and
markings, forming an irregular submarginal series ; of these spots those which are
just beyond the end of the cell are the largest and most distinct, two of them being
pupiled by paler oval centres ; at the tip of each nervule on the outer margin is
a small pale spot ; there are some subapical dark brown spots. The secondaries are

I

( 569 )

fuscous, marked near the anal angle by transverse spots and strigae. The primaries
and secondaries on the underside are pale fuscous. Along the lower edge of the cell
of the primaries there are ranged three fascicles of raised hairs, and the cell is pro-
fusely clothed with raised scales ; beyond the end of the cell are two pale oval marks.
The secondaries at the end of the cell have a pale lunate mark margined with dark
grey, and there are traces of an interrupted median band of dark brown spots.

Expanse : 35 — 40 mm.

Described from five males.

This insect has been assigned (in litt.) to the genus Therrtieaia by Sir George
Hampson, who in writing to me adds in his notes the words " subgenus novum."
The insect differs structurally from any species of Thermesm known to me, and at
a glance separates itself from all others by the very peculiar squamulation of the
lowerside of the primaries and secondaries and the large tufts of hair projecting from
the lower margin of the upper areole. The neuration is also widely different. The
facies of the insect is wholly unthermesiid.

Genus THERMESIA Hiibner.
249. T. lichenea sp. nov.

(?. Body brown on the upperside, pale chestnut brown on the lowerside; legs
reddish ; tarsi ringed with white. The primaries on the upperside are rich reddish
brown, crossed by indistinct median, submedian, and submarginal dark brown bands,
accentuated on the interspaces by minute grey dots ; at the end of the cell, covering
its extremity and extending over the region of the median and radial nervules, is a
large, oval, sharply defined, glaucous spot, marked at the origin of vein 5 by a small
black dot ; above this oval spot are two small triangular spots of the same colour ;
the apex of the wing and the base are a trifle paler than the rest of the wing, being
tinged with ochraceous. The secondaries on the upperside have the anterior half
fuscous ; the inner half, especially in the region of the anal angle is tinged with rich
brown, of the same tint as that of the primaries ; a number of minute spots and strigae
adorn this portion of the wing. On the underside the wings are fuscous, tinged with
reddish ochraceous at the base and on the costae. The primaries are traversed by an
indistinct median band, followed by an even less distinct submarginal transverse band.
The secondaries have a distinct circular black spot at the end of the cell, the median
and submarginal transverse bands being more distinct on this wing than on the
primaries.

Expanse : 40 mm.

The type is unique.

250. T. bolinoides Guenee, Nod. III. p. 358.
251. T. creberrima Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XV. p. 1574.

Genus ISCHYA Hiibner.

252. I. manlia (Cramer), Pap. Exof. I. t. 92. f. A.

One specimen.

38

( 570 )

Genus EPISPARIS Walker.

253. B. varialis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVI. p. 7.

Two examples.

Genus OXYODES Guenee.

254. 0 scrobiculata (Fabricius), Spec. Ins. II. p. 212.

Four specimens.

Genus OMMATOPHORA Guenee.

255. 0. luminosa (Cramer), I.e. III. t. 274. f. D.

Four specimens.

Genus OPHIDERES Boisduval.

256. 0. Mlonica (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. ed. XII. p. 812.

Apparently common.

257. 0. jordani sp. nov.

(J. Head, collar, and thorax dark brown ; abdomen orange, shaded with brown on
the upperside just behind the thorax. There are a few brown hairs at the tip of the
abdomen ; legs brown, shading at the extremities of the tibiae into orange ; tarsi dark
brown, ringed with white. The primaries on the upperside are dark purplish brown,
profusely marked with minute dark brown or blackish points and strigae, uniformly
distributed over the entire surface ; there are a few greenish scales below the apex ;
margins crenulate. The posterior wings on the ujjperside are orange, covered with
browu hairs at the base ; the outer third as far as vein 2 is marked by a black
marginal border ; behind this, above the anal angle, is a large sublunate black spot.
On the underside the species closely resembles 0. fullonica.

Expanse : 80 — 85 mm.

Described fiom two males.

This species is very easily distinguished from all other species of the genus
known to me by the almost absolutely uniform colour of the primaries, which appear,
unless closely inspected, to be of uniform dark brown, almost black, the minute points
and dots being so closely crowded together as to present the appearance of an almost
unbroken surface of dark brown.

Genus ARSACIA M'alker.

258. A. saturatalis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXXIV. p. 1260.
One specimen.

Genus PLUSIA Ochsenheimer.

259. P. eriosoma Doubleday, Dieffenbach's New Zealand, II. p. 285.
One example.

Genus CALESIA Guenee.
260. C. dasyptera (KoUar), Hiigel's Kaachmir. IV. p. 476
Three males and tvio females.

( 571 )

Genus MECODINA Guenee.
261. M. praecipua (Walker), Oat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXXIII. p. 1056.
Three examples.

Genus ZETHES Rambur.
262. Z. grisea sp. nov.

d. Palpi pale yellowish brown; front whitish; thorax and upperside of abdomen
Xiale wood brown ; the underside of the thorax and abdomen white ; legs whitish,
marked externally by brown dots ; tarsi pale brown ringed with white. The primaries
and secondaries on the upperside are pale wood brown with an indistinct reniform
spot in the cell of the primaries ; a pale ochreous line, defined externally and
internally by darker brown, runs from the costa of the primaries, near the middle,
obliquely outwardly to beyond the end of the cell, and then returns at a sharp angle
to the inner margin of the primaries, and is continued as a straight line across the
secondaries to the inner angle. Beyond this sharply defined line, near the apex of
the primaries and near the outer angle of the secondaries, are some clouded brown
markings. Both wings on the underside are pale grey, tinted with ochreous near the
base and laved with purplish grey externally. Upon the primaries there are some
faint traces of a transverse median and transverse submarginal dark line, and in one
specimen a black point at the end of the cell of the primaries.

Expanse : 30 — 38 mm.

Genus MASCA Walker.
263. M. leucogastralis (Walker), I.e. XXXIV. p. 1508.

Genus HYPEKLOPHA Hampson.
264. H. cristifera (Walker), I.e. XXXIII. p. 1071.

Genus CAPNODES Guenee.
265. C. umbrifera sp. nov.

(J. Palpi brown, marked outwardly with white spots ; front, collar, thorax, and
tipperside of abdomen brown, lowerside of thorax and abdomen whitish ; legs pale
brown; tarsi dark brown, ringed with white. The primaries on the upperside are dark
purplish brown, crossed from the apex to the middle of the inner margin by a dark
brown line darker than the ground colour. This dark brown line is continued across
the secondaries to the middle of the inner margin, being interrupted only on the
<;osta. The apex of the primaries below this dark brown line and as far as vein 4 is
ochreous. The secondaries beyond the dark brown transverse line are pale ochreous,
marked near the inner angle by some dark brown shades ; there are also a few obscure
submarginal spots and lines ; the fringes are brown checkered with paler brown. Both
primaries and secondaries on the underside are pale yellowish fuscous, traversed by
«n obscure median and linibal transverse line and marked at the end of the cell
hy an obscure brown oval spot.

Expanse : 32 mm.

Type unique.

( 572 )

Genus RAPARNA Moore.

266. R. palpalis (Walker). I.e. XXXIV. p. 1180.

267. R. costiplaga sp. nov.

S. Palpi, head, and collar dark brown, the upperside of the thorax and the
abdomen of the same colour as the wings ; the abdomen at the extremity has some
whitish hairs ; on the underside the thorax and abdomen are a little paler ; legs
concolorous. The primaries and the secondaries on the upperside are dark puqjlish
grey, with a few minute pale dots and lines, suggesting a transverse median and sub-
marginal series. On the costa of the primaries, beyond the end of the cell and also at
the apex, are black subtriangular spots. On the underside both wings are fuscous,
and both are marked in the cell by two minute white spots defined on both sides by
blackish lines.

Expanse : 25 mm.

This species appears to be quite common.

Genus ADRAPSA Walker.

268. A. ereboides Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. 'V'll. p. 196.

269. A. scopigera' (Moore), Lep. Ceyl. III. p. 195. t. 172. f. 9.
270. A. manifestalis (W^alker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVI. p. 171.

271. A. albapicata sp. nov.

cJ. Palpi, head, and collar blackish; upperside of thorax brown sprinkled with
grey ; upperside of abdomen blackish, abdomen on the lowerside pale brown ; there
are some whitish hairs at the tip of the abdomen ; legs brown, marked with white
lines at the joints. The jjrimaries and secondaries on the upperside are dark brown \
there is a fine whitish curved basal line and a small white spot beyond it in the cell
and a large oval white sjwt at the end of the cell ; beyond the cell is a curved and
zigzag fine whitish line, followed by a similar submarginal line, most distinct at the
apex ; between this submarginal line and the margin below the apex is a large
irregular white spot, succeeded by four small marginal points; the fringes are brown,
of the same colour as the body of the wing, checkered with white, the spots of the
fringe being most conspicuous in immediate proximity to the large white subapical
spot. The secondaries are crossed by zigzag median and submarginal lines ; there
are traces of a zigzag marginal line between veins 4 and 5 ; the fringes of the
secondaries are checkered like the fringes of the primaries, but less conspicuously.
On the underside both wings are greyish, the light spots and markings of the upper-
side reappear on this side with the exception of the large white spot at the end of the
cell of the primaries, which is not indicated. All these light transverse lines on the
underside are defined internally by dark brown shades. The female is like the nude,
but somewhat paler.

Exjjanse : 40 mm.

272. A. albibasalis sp. nov.

?. The body of this species is like that of the preceding sjiecies. The primaries
on the upperside are dark brown, with some obscure lighter transverse lines ; the-
base is broadly chalky white, and there is a small subtriangular chalky white spot at
the apex. The secondaries on the upperside are uniformly jiale fuscous. On' the

( 573 )

underside both wings are dark fuscous without any lines or markings whatever. The
fringes of lioth primaries and secondaries are uniformly dark brown.

Expanse : 34 mm.

Unfortunately, there are only two female specimens of this species.

273. A. scotosa sp. nov.

cJ. Antennae, palpi, legs and body and all its appendages wood brown, with a
few whitish hairs at the tip of the abdomen. The primaries on the upperside are
wood brown, marked with curved basal and median dark brown lines between which,
in the middle of the cell, is a minute white point margined by dark brown ; there
is a very irregular submarginal pale transverse line, shaded internally by dark brown.
This dark submarginal shading on the primaries is continued across the secondaries
as a straight transverse median band, gradually widening to the middle of the inner
margin of the hindwing. The irregular submarginal light line of the primaries is
repeated on the secondaries, diverging from the brown shade which follows it on the
primaries, and running nearly parallel to the outer margin of the secondaries to the
inner angle. The fringes of both primaries and secondaries are dark brown. On
the underside both wings are fuscous. Both primaries and secondaries on this side
are crossed by a moderately broad median brown band, and both have the pale zigzag
submarginal line of the upperside faintly repeated upon the lowerside. ITaere is
a black discocellular point at the end of the cell of the secondaries. The female
is like the mule.

Expanse : 30 mm.

Described from two specimens.

274. A. speculifera sp. nov.

(?. Palpi with the first joint black, the second and third white; front white ;
eyes black ; collar, patagia, and upperside of thorax and abdomen dark brown ; the
underside of the thorax and abdomen, together with the legs on the lowerside,
brilliantly white ; tarsi pale brown. The primaries on the upperside are wood brown,
with a lunate white spot at the end of the cell and two minute white spots on the
costa, one a little beyond its middle and the other near the apex ; there are faint
traces of darker transverse median and submarginal lines. The secondaries have
the costal margin whitish, the remainder of the wing of the same colour as the
primaries, traversed by distinct transverse median and submarginal dark lines. On
the underside both wings are white at the base, shading outwardly into fuscous.
Both the primaries and the secondaries have distinct black spots on the cell,
and both are traversed by faint median and very distinct submedian dark brown
transverse lines.

Expanse : 27 mm.

Genus PSEUDAGLOSSA Grote.

275. P. fiilvipicta Butler, III. Het. B. M. VII. p. 87. t. 134. f. .5.

276. P. antipodalis sp. nov.

<?. The entire body, the legs, and the antennae fuscous. The primaries on the

upperside are dark fuscous, with distinct subbasal and median transverse lines of

dark brown, the median line thrice curved, and defined outwardly by a pale whitish

( 574 )

line ; the marginal area is traversed by an irregular submarginal band sharply
defined externally but melting into the ground colour internally; the fringes are
dark fuscous checkered with white. The secondaries on the upperside are uniformly
jiale fuscous. On the underside the primaries and secondaries are pale fuscous ;
there is an indistinct subapical whitish line on the eosta of the primaries, a linear
transverse whitish line at the end of the cell in the secondaries, and following this
a well-defined curved transverse median dark line, defined externally by a paler line.
Expanse : 26 mm.

277. P. (?) buruensis ^\i. nov.

<?. The body, the legs, and the antennae are jiale wood brown ; the eyes darker
brown. The primaries on the upperside are wood brown, with an obscure darker
brown circular dot in the cell and a somewhat larger oval spot at the end of the
cell ringed by pale brown lighter than the ground colour of the wing. There is a
fine, irregular, submarginal light line, clouded inwardly with darker brown ; beyond
this light submarginal line the wing is very pale wood brown, several shades lighter
than the ground colour of the remainder of the wing. The secondaries on the
upperside are pale wood brown, lighter than the primaries, with a small dark spot
at the end of the cell, and traces of obscure curved transverse median and transverse
submarginal lines, (^n the underside the wings are pale grey, the primaries without
markings; the secondaries at the base on the cell and near the inner margin have
two tufts of coal black hairs extending a short distance in the direction of the outer
margin ; beyond the black tuft on the cell is a minute black spot at its end, beyond
this a well-defined curved median and curved submarginal band.

Expanse : 25 — 27 mm.

Described from two male specimens.

This species is readily distinguished from all others by the little fascicles of jet
black hair near the base of the underside of the secondaries.

Genus BLEPTINA Guent^e.
278. B. nigella (Swinhoe), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 265 (1890).

Genus HYDEILLODES Guen<?e.
279. H. abavalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVI. p. 196.

Genus NODARIA Guende.

280. N. tacta sp. nov.

(?. Front white ; head, thorax, and abdomen wood brown, both on the upper
side and underside ; legs concolorous. Primaries on the upperside reddish fuscous,
traversed by two very irregular fine dark brown lines running obliquely from the
costa outwardly to the median vein about the middle of the wing, and then returning
obliquely towards the middle of the inner margin, being sharply crenulated ; between
these two lines on the costa is a dark brown shade, limited before and behind by these
lines, and accentuated on either side by a pale light yellowish line ; beyond these
lines near the margin it is a very fine waved light submarginal line, clouded on the
inner side by dark brown. The secondaries on the upperside are pale fulvous, marked
by a straight transverse dark line running from the inner margin just above the anal

( 575 )

angle toward the middle of the wing, where it disappears ; succeeding this outwardly
along the outer margin is a pale submarginal light line similar to that upon the
primaries. On the underside both wings are fuscous, the primaries lighter on the
inner margin ; both are crossed by narrow and somewhat indistinct curved median
and curved submarginal transverse lines. On the primaries the median transverse
line is accentuated near the costa by a white line defining it outwardly for a short
distance. The curved transverse submarginal lines of both wings are defined out-
wardly by a very fine white line. The female is like the male.

Expanse: 18 — 20 mm.

Described from twenty-five specimens, none of them in absolutely perfect
condition.

The species appears to be common.

281. N. clathrata sp. nov.

c?. The entire body, the antennae, and legs are grey. The primaries on the
upperside are pale greyish brown, marked by a straight transverse subbasal. somewhat
narrow, dark line ; there is a small dark brown spot at the end of the cell ; following
this is a transverse median brown line, produced in a sharp angle beyond the end of
the cell, otherwise straight, and jiarallel for the latter half of its length to the sub-
basal line ; from the apex to near the inner angle is a fi.ne dark brown line, slightly
curved inwardly toward the base. The secondaries on the upperside have a faint trace
of a prolongation of the transverse median line of the primaries, and the transverse
submarginal line of the primaries is projected across the secondaries, making a sharp
angle on the outer margin after its middle, and returning toward the anal angle,
vanishing before it reaches it. On the underside both wings are much paler, with
the spots and transverse lines of the upperside very faintly indicated. The female
is very much like the male, but darker in the specimen before me, and with all the
spots and lines somewhat more clearly defined, both on the upperside and underside.
Expanse : d, 23 mm. ; ? , 26 mm.

282. N. rugosa sp. nov.

(?. Palpi, head, upperside of thorax dark brown ; abdomen and legs pale fuscous.
The primaries on the upperside are dark brown, with a small white point at the end
of the cell, beyond which is a mass of raised dark brown scales ; there is a faint, pale
submarginal transverse line formed by the coalescence of semilunate pale lines, of
which the two uppermost, nearest the costa, are white and conspicuous; the fringes
are dark brown lightly checkered with pale fuscous. On the upperside the hind
wings are uniformly greyish fuscous, the fringes uniformly dark brown. Both wings
on the underside are uniformly fuscous without any markings.

Expanse : 33 mm.

Type : unique.

Genus CATADA Walker.
283. C. vagalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVI. p. 172.

Genus MARAPANA Moore.
284. M. plagifera (Walker), Joi^rn. Linn. Soc, Zool. VII. p. 187.

(576 )
285. M. ilatana sp. nov.

Head, thorax, and abdomen luteous ; legs concolorous. The primaries on the
upperside are pale reddish fuscous, slightly clouded with brown at the base, marked
with two spots comjwsed of raised dark brown scales at the end of the cell ; there is a
transverse subbasal straight brown line running from the costa to the inner margin ;
beyond the cell, running obliquely from the costa just before the apex to the inner
margin about the middle is a dark brown shade, gradually broadening from the
costa to vein 1, where it terminates in a fine line which runs outwardly to the inner
margin ; externally this shade is defined by a pale yellowish line. A fine yellowish
line runs from the apex to the inner angle, being defined outwardly by a dark brown
line. The fringes are brown, checkered between the nervules by pale fuscous. The
secondaries on the upperside are pale reddish fuscous, slightly darker on the outer
third. On the underside the primaries are pale reddish fuscous, slightly laved with
yellow about the apex. The secondaries on the underside are pale grey laved with
pale reddish brown on the costa, with a small black dot at the end of the cell and
traces of an incomplete curved transverse median band of brown.

Expanse : 20 mm.

Described from two specimens, in one of which the markings on the upperside
of the primaries are less clearly defined than in the other.

Genus HYPENA Schrank.

286. H. gonospilalis (Walker), I.e. XXXIV. p. 1516.

287. H. obstupidalis (Swinhoe), Proc.Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 471. t. 28. f 7 (1885).

288. H. indicatalis (Walker), I.e. XVI. p. 61.

289. H. albifascialis (Pagenstecher), Jahrb. Nass. Vei: Nat. XXXVII. p. 97.

290. H. sp. (?).

Several specimens of a species which I think is new to science, but which,
without more and better material, I hesitate to describe.

BRONTYPENA gen. nov.

First joint of palpi short; second joint elongated, subtriangular ; third joint
greatly produced, elongated, subtriangular ; palpi compressed, i)rojectiug beyond
the head, longer than the abdomen ; antennae simple ; the hind legs armed with
double spurs on the middle and at the end of. the tibiae ; second pair of legs
armed with a long spur at the end of the tibiae. The primaries with the
termen and inner margin evenly rounded ; vein 5 nearer vein 4 than vein 6 ; a small
areole above the end of the cell ; veins 8, 9, and 10 arising from a common stalk,
which, together with vein 7, springs from the outer extremity of the areole ;
vein 11 arising from the upper outer margin of the areole between vein 12 and the
origin of vein 7. Hindwing with the cell open, or closed with defective discocellular
veinlets running from a little beyond the origin of vein 8 obliquely outwardly to
the origin of vein 3 and 4.

Type : Brontypena exiviia Pagenstecher.

291. B. eximia (Pagenstecher), iris, p. 44. t. .3. f. 8. (1886).

( 577 )

Family URANIIDAE.

Genus NYCTALEMON Dalman.

292. N. patroclus (Linnaeus), Syst. Nat. p. 462 (1758).

Genus ALCIDIS Hubner.

293. A. orontes (Clerck), Icon. Ins. t. 26. f. 1.

Genus URAPTEROIDES Moore.

294. U. astheniata (Guenee), Phal. II. p. 24.

Genus ACROPTERIS Hubner.

295. A. striataria (Clerck), Icon. Ins. i. 55. f. 4.

296. A. obliquaria (Moore), Proc. Zool. Sac. Land. p. 622. t. 60. f. 17. (1877).

Genus PSEUDOMICRONIA Moore.
297. p. advocataria (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXIII. p. 822.

Genus MICRONIA Guenee.
298. M. aculeata (Guenfe), Phal. II. p. 26. t. 13. f. 8.

Family EPIPLEMIDAE.

Genus EPIPLEMA Herrich-Schaffer.

299. E. quadricaudata (Walker), I.e. XXIII. p. 847.

300. E. rhagavata (id.). I.e. p. 848.

301. E. conflictaria (id.), I.e. p. 851.

302. E. instabilata (id.). I.e. XXXV. p. 1646.

303. E. nivosaria fid.). I.e. p. 1644.

304. E. lacteata sp. nov.

S. Eyes black, antennae fuscous, thorax light brown, abdomen grey, legs

creamy. Primaries snow white, with a small black dot at the end of the cell, a

larger black spot between veins 4 and 5 beyond the cell on the limbal space, and a

similar spot just above vein 1, a little beyond the middle of the inner margin ; there

are a few faint geminate marginal lines on the interspaces, most conspicuous near the

inner angle, and three minute black dots on the outer margin just below the ape.x.

The secondaries on the upperside have a moderately large and conspicuous black

spot at the end of the cell ; a narrow curved brownish line runs from the middle of

the costa toward the outer margin, terminating between veins 2 and 3 ; a jKile

"curved line runs from beyond the middle of the inner margin, joining the other

line at the point where it terminates ; a similar faint brown line runs from the costa

near the outer angle to the same point, and is joined by a geminate pale brown line

running from the inner angle to the same point ; at this point there is a conspicuous

( 578 )

black spot ; the fringes are whitish, defined inwardly, above the point where the
various lines coalesce, by pale, dark brown lunulate marginal markings. On the
underside both wings are pure white without markings.

Expanse : 25 mm.

Type : unique.

305. E. buruana sp. nov.

c?. The eyes are black; body, abdomen, and legs pale grey. The primaries are
grey, with a minute black dot about the middle of the cell, and a larger, somewhat
diffused brownish dot at the end of the cell ; above the latter spot, toward the costa,
are three minute black points ; the costa near the apex is touched with three black
dots, and the outer margin, below the subfalcate apex, is ornamented with four black
dots ; the fringes are dark brown on the outer margin. The secondaries are darker
grey, with small points of dark brown in the cell and a larger dark brown spot at the
end of the cell ; a dark brown band runs from the inner margin near the anal angle
to the middle of the wing, where it bends outwardly to the outer margin, and then
ascending as a double brown line, extends to the upper angle of the wing; this band
is defined outwardly by a narrow white line ; the fringes on the inner half of the
outer margin are white, defined inwardly by a fine black line, and on the upper half
of the outer margin the fringes are dark brown. On the underside the primaries are
dark grey with the costa and the outer margin pale luteous. The secondaries are
whitish, with a small black dot at the end of the cell and a moderately broad transverse
submarginal grey shade extending from the costa as far as the middle of the wing,
and then terminating.

Expanse : 17 mm.

Type : unique.

Family GEOMETRIDAE.

Genus UKAPTEKYX.

306. U. geminia (Cramer), Pap. Exot. t. 133. f. C.

Genus NADAGARA Walker.
307. N. obrussata sp. nov.

P'yes black ; thorax pale ochreous ; abdomen greyish fu.scous on the upperside ;
the thorax and abdomen paler on the underside ; legs stramineous. The primaries
on the upperside are pale ochraceous, with three equidistant pale brown markings on
the costa; parallel to the outer margin, extending from the inner margin beyond its
middle to the middle of the wing, is a dark brown clouded spot, somewhat constricted
about its middle; above it two smaller brown spots. The secondaries on the upper-
side are coloured like the primaries, and from the inner margin above the anal angle,
toward the middle of the wing, extends a clouded brown spot, repeating on this wing
the pattern of the primaries. l?oth wings on the underside are very pale luteous,
with the dark brown spots of the upperside faintly reappearing.

Expanse ; 34 mm.

Type : unique.

Genus LUXIARIA Walker.
308. L. exclusa (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXI. p. 320.

( 579 )

309. L. euchlorata sp. nov.

c?. Eyes black, vertex white, upperside of thorax and abdomen greyish brown;
underside of thorax and abdomen paler; legs grey. The basal third of both wings
on the upperside is greyish brown, traversed by some waved lines ; following this is a
broad white band, entirely crossing the secondaries, bnt lost on the primaries, near
the costa, in grey cloudings, which completely cover the costa of this wing. Following
this white band outwardly is a crenulate dark brown line, followed immediately by a
parallel crenulate white line ; this white line is followed outwardly by a greyish brown
shade which covers the entire outer margin of both wings, being interrupted on the
margin by a series of pale whitish lunules defined outwardly by darker brown lunulas.
On the underside the primaries have the costal area and the outer third greyish
brown, irrorated with minute brownish transverse striae ; the white band of the upper-
side reapjjears below, defined outwardly and inwardly by heavy dark lines ; the apex
of the wing is white. The secondaries are white from the base as far as the outer
third, which is dark brown ; a narrow subbasal brown line extends from the costa to the
inner margin, and the outer margin and the ana! angle are somewhat broadly whitish.

Expanse : 27 mm.

Type : unique.

Genus MACARIA Curtis.

310. M. perfusaria Walker. Gat. Lep. Het. B.M. XXXV. p. 1659.

311. M. albapicaria sp. nov.

S. Front brown; vertex whitish; eyes black; upperside of thorax and
abdomen iron grey ; underside of thorax and abdomen whitish ; legs grey.
Both wings on the upperside have the inner half reddish grey, profusely marked
with minute spots of darker brown and crossed by subbasal and submedian narrow
brown lines ; beyond the outer half is a very sharply defined and quite regular
dark brown line, running from the costa of the primaries to about the middle of the-
inner margin of the secondaries ; beyond this the wings are solidly and uniformly
dark purpUsh grey, except as the}' are marked near the outer margin by a few pale,
indistinct light grey submarginal spots, and at the apex of the primaries have two
chalky white confluent spots. On the underside the wings have the inner half
profusely mottled with dark brown and white spots, the costa of the primaries being
almost clear white ; the outer half of both wings is dark reddish grey, with the
margins and the apex reproducing more distinctly than on the upper surface
the whitish marginal spots.

Expanse : 23 mm.

Type : unique.

Genus HYPOSIDRA Guenee.
312. H. talaca (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XX. p. 59.

Genus HYPEPHYRA Butler.
313. H. subfasciata (Warren), i\w. Zool. III. p. 143 (1896).

Genus PSAMATODES (Juenee.
314. P. nunctata Felder & Rogenhofer, Novara Reise, Lep. t. 129. f. 20.

( 580 )

Genus AMBLYCHIA Guenee.

315. A. angeronaria Guenee, Phal. I. p. 215. t. 4. f. 9.

316. A. tetragonata (Walker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXVI. p. 1651.

Genus BOARjMIA Treitschke.

317. B. acaciaria Boisduval, Faun. Ent. Madcy. Lep. 116. t. 16. f. 4.

318. B. detractaria Walker, I.e. XXI. p. 385.

319. B. sublavaria Guenee, Phal. I. p. 256.

320. B. concentraria Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. XX. p. 40. t. 3. f. 20.

321. B. bhurmitra Walker, I.e. p. 381.

Genus ABRAXAS Leach.
322. A. hypsata Felder & Rogenhofer, Novara Reise, Lep. t. 130. f. 16.

Genus MILIONIA Walker.
323. M. glauca (StoU), in Cram. Pap. E.rot. IV. p. 152. t. 368. f. D.

Genus CRASPEDOSIS Butler.
324. C. sobria Walker, I.e. XXXI. p. 164.

Genus BRACCA Hiibner.
325. B. bajularia (Clerck), leon. Ins. t. 54. f. 6 7.

Genus EUMELEA Duncan.

326. E. rosalia (Stoll), in Cram. Pap. Exot. IV. t. 368. f. F.

327. E. eugeniata Guenee, Phal. II. p. 394.

Genus NOREIA M'alker.
328. N. perdensata Walker, Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXIV. p. 1092.

Genus RAJNIBARA Moore.
329. R. luminaria (Hiibner), Zutr. Exot. Schnett. IV. p. 35. fif. 757. 758,

Genus OZOLA Walker.

330, 0. productata Zeller.

331. 0. macariata (Walker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXVI. p. 1637.

Genus PHIBALAPTERYX Stephens.
332. P. ghosha (Walker), I.e. XXIV. p. 1249.

Genus SAURIS Guenee.
333. S. eupitheciata Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. XXIV. p. 94. t. 10. f. 7. 8.

( 581 )

Genus CRA8PEDIA Hiibner.

334. C. perlineata (Walker), I.e. XXIII. p. 775.

335. C. remotata (Guenee), Phal. I. p. 458.

336. C. actuaria (Walker), I.e. XXII. p. 752.

337. C. crossoplirag:ma Meyrick, Tram. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 206 (1886).

Genus ANISODES Guenee.
338. A. argentispila Warren, P. Z. S. Lond. p. 361 (1893).

Genus TIMANDRA Duponchel.
339. T. aventiaria Guenee, Phal. II. p. 3.

Genus PSEUDOTERPNA Hiibner.

340. P. ruginaria (Guenee), I.e. p. 278.

341. P. chlora (St oil), in Cram. Pap. Exot. IV. t. 398. f. C.

Genus HEMITHEA Duponchel.
342. H. tritonaria (Walker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXVI. p. 1560.

Genus THALASSODES Guenee.
343. Thalassodes avicularia (Guenee), Phnl. I. p. 342.

Genus THALERA Hiibner.
344. Thalera sp. ?
A single damaged specimen, too poor to determine.

Family PYRALIDAE.

Genus HARPAGONEURA Butler.

345. H. complana (Felder & Rogenhofer), Novara Reise, Lep. t. 137. f. 6.

Genus MELISSOBLAPTES Zeller.
346. M. burellus sp. nov.

c?. Body throughout grey, legs whitish, eyes black. The primaries on the upper
side are grey, marked with two small black points, succeeding each other toward the
end of the cell, and one small black point near vein 3 at its origin; on the costa just
before the apex is a brown mark shaped like the figure 2. The fringes are pale grey,
checkered with darker grey. The secondaries on the upper side are pale ashen grey,
slightly darker at the outer angle ; fringes concolorous. On the under side both
wings are lustrous grey, shaded by a darker tint about the middle.

Expanse : 27 mm.

Genus CRAMBUS Fabricius.
347. C. malacellus Duponchel, L&p. France X. p. 61. t. 270. f. 5.

( 582 )

Genus ESCHATA Walker.

348. E. chrysargyria (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXXII. p. 634.

Genus CIRRH0CHRI8TA Lederer.

349. C. mnesidora (Meyrick), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 475 (1894).

350. C. punctulata Hampson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 919 (1895).

351. C. pulchellalis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monats. VII. p. 441. t. 17.

f. 10 (1863).

352. C. aetherialis id.. I.e. f. 9.

Genus EM:\IAL0CERA Ragonot.
353. E. leucocincta (Walker), I.e. p. 169.

Genus HOMOEOSOMA Curtis.
354. H. cataphaea (Meyrick), Trans. Eat. Soc. Lond. p. 88 (1897).

Genus HYPHANTIDIUM Scott.
355. H. albicostale (Walker), I.e. XXVII. p. 80.

Genus ETIELLA Zeller.
356. E. zinckenella (Treitschke), Schmett. Eur. IX. 1. p. 201.

Genus CURICTA Walker.
357. C. lutealis (Snellen), Tijd. v. Ent. XXXVII. p. 75. t. 3. f. 7. 8.

Genus ENDOTRICHA Zeller.
358. E. buralis sp. nov.

c?. Palpi yellowish, eyes brown, collar and upperside of thorax brown ; upper-
side of abdomen pale rufous ; pectus and anterior legs brown ; lowerside of abdomen
pale yellowish. The primaries and secondaries are plumbeous at the base, each
crossed by a waxy yellow transverse band from the costa to the inner margin ; this
band is constricted about its middle on the primaries, and broadens on the .secondaries
as it approaches the inner margin. The outer third of the primaries and the upper
portion of the outer third of the secondaries are rosy. On the costa of the primaries
just before the apex is a small subtriangular yellowish spot. The markings on the
upperside of the wings are repeated upon the lowerside, but more diffused and paler.

Expanse : 17 mm.

Genus COTACHENA Moore.
359. C. histricalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVIII. p. 655.

Genus VITESSA Moore.
360. V. sarumensis sp. nov.
(J. Palpi black, marked with yellowish on the sides ; front bright orange ; vertex
orange ; collar black ; patagia black, striped on both sides with orange yellow ; there

( 583 )

is a small triangular white spot on the thorax just before the abdomen ; the abdomen
black, each segment lightly margined with pale grey ; a bunch of orange yellow hairs
at the anal extremity ; legs grey, the last pair having the femur margined with white
and the ends of the tibiae whitish. The primaries on the upperside are black,
showing a bluish green iridescence in certain lights ; at the base are three orange
yellow spots succeeded between veins 1 and 2 by two equidistant subtriangular white
spots with their apices pointing toward each other; above the outermost of these
spots is a large round white spot, and beyond these two spots the outer margin has
the course of the nervules defined by fine white lines, which show conspicuously upon
the darker ground. The secondaries on the upperside are black, with a large
irregular oval white spot filling the middle of the wing. On the lowerside the
primaries are blackish, the large round spot at the end of the cell and the sub-
triangular spot below it, between veins 1 and 2, being reproduced, but less sharply
defined. There are some white rays near the apex. The secondaries on the under-
side are as on the upperside, but in addition the nervules near the outer angle are
margined with white. The fringes on the secondaries are whitish near the outer
angle. The fringes of the primaries are black. The female quite like the male.

Expanse : 37 — 43 mm.

Described from five specimens.

This species somewhat resembles Viteasa toniatica Lederer, but is manifestly
distinct.

Genus HERCULIA Walker.
361. H. nigrivitta (Walker), I.e. p. 125.

Genus SACADA Walker.
362. S. rubralis sp. nov.

?. This insect is uniformly rosy red, paler on the hindwings than on the fore-
wings. The primaries have a fine white line closing the end of the cell, followed by
a, transverse discal fine white line running at right angles from the costa as far as
vein 5, and then making an obtuse angle, running parallel to the outer margin to
the inner margin, which it reaches a little beyond its middle. On the underside
both wings are a trifle paler than in the upperside, and only the white mark at
the end of the cell of the primaries and the costal portion of the transverse limbal
line are faintly indicated.

Expanse : 38 mm.

Genus NYMPHULA Schrank.
363. N. seriopunctalis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 144 (1897).

Genus AMBIA Walker.
364. A. interstrigalis Hampson, I.e. XVIII. p. 162.

Genus AULACODES Guenee.
365. A. basilissa Meyrick, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 474 (1894).

( 584 )

Genus ORPHNOPHANES Lederer.
366. 0. thoasalis (Walker), I.e. p. 692.

Genus PERISYNTROCHA Meyrick.
367. P. anialis (Walker), I.e. p. 710

Genus DRACAENURA Meyrick.
368. D. horochroa Meyrick, Trans. Eat. Soe. Lond. p. 229 (1886).

Genus HYMENOPTYCHIS Zeller.
369. H. sordida Zeller, Lep. Caffr. p. 65.

Genus TATOBOTYS Butler.

370. (?) T. albovenalis Hampson.

" Like tv:o females from Ceylon. I am not sure that they are this species, or a
dark form of picrogramma Meyrick." Hampson in litt.

371. T. aurantialis Hampson, Trans. Ent. Soe. Lmicl. p. 197 (1897).

Genus BRADINA Lederer.

372. B. impressalis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monata. VII. p. 425. t. 15. f. 16. (1863).

373. B. selectalis id., I.e. t. 16. f. 1.

374. B. modestalis id., I.e. p. 426. t. 16. f. S.j

Genus DIATHRAUSTA Lederer.

375. D. profundalis id.. I.e. p. 438. t. 17. f. 7.

Genus STENIA Guenee.
376. S. spodinopha (Meyrick), Trans. Ent: Soe. Land. p. 469. (1895).

Genus PILETOCERA Lederer.

377. P. nigrescens (Butler), Trans. Ent. Soe. Lmid. p. 424 (1886).

378. P. reducta (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XXXIV. p. 1296.

379. P. aegimiusalis (Walker), I.e. XIX. p. 929,

Genus SCOPARIA Haworth.
380. S. sp. (?).

( 585 )

Genus ENTEPHRIA Lederer.

381. E. jaguaralis (Guenee), Ddt. & Pyral. \>. 283.

382. E. meritalis (Walker), I.e. XVII. p. 479.

383. E. sarumalis sp. nov.

S ■ Palpi whitish, tipped with black, front and vertex grey ; upperside of abdomen
whitish, with the anal extremity narrowly marked with black at the base of the anal
tuft of white hairs ; the underside of the thorax, abdomen, and legs is white. The
wings on the upperside are shining white, crossed by a subbasal transverse brown
line ; at the end of the cell is a pale linear brown line, below it a similar brown line,
and just beyond the latter, on the inner margin about its outer third, a well-defined
black point ; a narrow brown line runs from the costa before the apex toward the
inner angle, which it does not quite reach. The secondaries on the upperside are
traversed by an irregularly curved narrow pale brown median transverse line. The
fringes of both wings are white. On the underside the wings are whitish, tinged
outwardly with pale ochraceous, the markings of the underside being very faintly
repeated.

Expanse : 21 mm.

Genus RAVANOA Moore.
384. R. xiphialis (Walker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVII. p. 483.

Genus ZINCKENIA Zeller.

385. Z. perspectalis (Hlibner), Eurojj. Schinett. Fyr. i. 101.

386. Z. fascialis (Stoll), in Cram. Pap. Exot. IV. t. 398. f. O.

Genus TABIDIA Snellen.
387. T. insanalis Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. p. 220 (1880); id.. I.e. t. 8. f. 6 (1883).

Genus EURRHYPARODES Snellen.
388. E. bracteolalis Zeller, Lep. Caffr. p. 30.

Genus RHIMPHALEA I^ederer.
389. R. scelatalis Lederer, Wiener Ent. Monats. Vll. p. 411. I. 15, f 3 (1863).

Genus SYNGAMIA Guenee.
390. S. ampliatalis Lederer, I.e. p. 428. t. 16. f. 6.

Genus BOCCHORIS Moore.

391. B. adipalis Lederer, I.e. p. 475. t. 11. f. 1(3.

392. (?) B. aptalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. Jl. M. XXXIV. ),. 1425.

I am not quite sure of my identification.

39

( 586 )

393. B. lumaralis sp. nov.

S. Palpi in front white, eyes black, vertex white ; upijerside of thorax fuscous;
two anterior segments of abdomen white ; remaining segments pale grey ; underside
of thorax, abdomen, and legs white. Both wings on the upperside are white, with a
lustrous violet reflection. On the primaries there are two small brown spots on the
costa near the base ; there is a small brown spot in the middle of the cell, and a
larger brown spot at the end of the cell ; below the first, at the origin of vein 'J,
between vein 2 and vein 1, is a large subquadrate brown sjiot, and beyond this,
not far from the middle of the inner margin and situated thereon, is another large
subquadrate brown spot ; there is a narrow submarginal transverse browii band running
from the costa as far as vein 2, succeeded by a very narrow whitish series of lunulas ;
this series of hmulate spots is succeeded by a broad dark brown marginal band
of uniform width ; the fringes are white, checkered at the ends of the nervules with
dark brown. The secondaries have two dark brown spots at the base and a large dark
brown spot at the end of the cell ; there is a ciu'ved submarginal dark brown bandi
broadening on the costa and on the inner margin, succeeded by a naiTow light line of
lunulate markings on the primaries, and this again succeeded, as on the primaries, by
a broad dark brown marginal band ; the fringes are white, checkered with dark brown
less conspicuously than on the primaries. On the underside both wings are pale
grey, with the costae broadly pale ochraceous ; the outer margin and apex of the
primaries are also lightly laved with pale ochraceous ; the spots and markings of the
upperside reappear on the lowerside, but much less distinct, and quite diffuse,
the spots on the cell of the primaries and the submarginal band being most
con.spicuous, and even heavier than on the upperside.

Expanse : 24 mm.

G-ENHS NOSOPHORA Lederer.

394. N. althealis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVni. p. 697.

395. N. flavibasalis Humpson, P. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 663. t. 50. f. 3 (1898).

Genus CHALCIDOPTERA Butler.
396. C. emissalis (Walker), I.e., XXXIV. p. 1421.

Genus PHRYGANODES Guenee.

397. P. basalticalis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monats. Vll. p. 407. t. 14. f. 11 (1863).

398. P. albipedalis Hamp.son, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 686 (1898).

oOy. P. attenuata id., I.e. p. 680.

400. Phryganodes baratalis sp. nov.

c? . Palpi and head dark brown ; the eyes dark brown ; the remainder of the body,
the antennae, and the legs are ochraceous. The wings, both on the upperside and
underside are uniformly ochraceous, the costa of the primaries being margined
with plumbeous from the base almost to the apex. The female is in its markings
not different from the male.

Expan.se ; 'male, 35 mm. ; female, 42 mm.

Described from nine specimens.

( 587 )

Genus DICHOCROCIS Lederer.

401. D. tripunctapex Hampson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 691. t. 50. f. 5 (1898).

402. D. pandamalis (Walker), Gat. Lep. Het. B. M. XIX. p. 999.

403. D. snrusalis (Walker), I.e. XVIII. p. 695.

404. D. evaxalis (Walker), I.e. XIX. p. 995,

Genus NAnOL?:iA ^^'illker.

405. N. marioualis (Walker), I.e. XIX. p. 930.

40G. N. perdentalis Hampson, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. p. 697 (1898).

407. N. cuprealis (Moore), ibid. p. (il6. t. 60. f. 13 (1877).

Genus GONIORHYNCHUS Hampson.

408. G. obscurus Hampson, I.e. p. 704.

409. Goniorhynchus gulielmalis sp. nov.

iS. Palpi, front, and antennae whitish, eyes black, upperside of thora.x and
abdomen pale grey ; lowerside of thorax and abdomen, together with the legs, white.
Both wings on the upperside are white, broadly margined externally with plumbeous.
The primaries have a dark brown spot at the base near the costa, succeeded by a
round brown dot near the base on the inner margin ; there is a transverse linear
streak and a round dot about the middle of the cell, followed at the end of the cell by
a large subquadrate brown spot ; below the spots which mark the middle of the cell,
between veins 1 and 2, is a subtriangular brown spot, coalescing with a short trans-
verse line running downwardly to the inner margin ; there is a transverse limbal line
running fi-oin the costa to the inner margin, interrupted just below the costa and
bowed outwardly like the capital letter " U," beyond the lower outer angle of the
cell ; the dark brown outer margin of the primaries is relieved by two small white
spots at the apex, and by a whitening of the fringes of the outer margin just below
the apex. The secondaries on the upperside have a subtriangular dark brown spot
at the end of the cell, followed by a transverse median brown band, running from the
costa and bending outwardly after vein 2 to the anal angle ; this band is succeeded
by a somewhat obscure and broken trans\'erse limbal band, coalescing at either
extremity with the dark brown marginal shade; the fringes are brown, accentuated
with a point of white just at the outer angle and at a point a little below this angle ;
^he fringes become whitish also toward the anal angle. The underside of the wings
is much {laler and all the markings of the upperside are reproduced, but very faintly
and with poor definition.

Expanse : 17 mm.

Type : unique.

Genus SYLEPTA Hiibner.

410. S. fabiusalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVIII. p. 715.

411. S. abyssalis (Snellen), Tijd. V. Ent. XXXV. p. 172. t. 10. f. 11. 12.

412. S. balteata (Fabricius), Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 457.

( 588 )

413. S. sellalis (Guenee), Delt. & Pyr. p. 330.

4U. S. sabinusalis (Walker), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVIII. p. 708.

415. S. derogata (Fabricius), Syat. Ent. p. 641.

416. S. iopasalis (Walker), I.e. p. 652.

417. S. dissipitalis Lederer, Wiert. Ent. Mmiats. VII. p. 474. t. 11. f. 13 (1863).

418. S. benedictalis sp. nov.

? . Head, thorax, and abdomen on the upperside dark brown, antennae brown ;

lower side of thorax and abdomen pale brown ; legs pale brown, the anterior pair

marked with white dots on the tibiae. The primaries on the upperside are dark

brown, with a purplish lustre ; at the end of the cell is a minute oval pearly white

spot; beyond the cell, running from the apex to the middle of the inner margin, is

a very obscure curved transverse brown line, which is connected with the costa by

a short brown line running diagonally outward from the costa two-thirds of its distance

from the base until it meets the first line. The secondaries are pale yellowish

fuscous, with the outer margin shading into brown. On the underside both wings

are uniformly pale yellowish fuscous, .slightly clouded with brownish beyond the ends

of the cells.

Expanse : 31 mm.

Genus LYGROPIA Lederer.
419. L. obrinusalis (Walkerj, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. XVIII. p. 549.
420. L. poltisalis (Walker), I.e. p. 714.
421. L. holoxanthalis sp. nov.

i. Palpi yellowish, vertex white, antennae pale testaceous ; upperside of thorax
and abdomen \ery pale ochraceous ; underside of thorax, abdomen, and legs whitish.
Both wings on the upperside are uniformly pale ochraceous with a silk}' lustre ; on
the underside they are uniformly ochraceous, but without the silky lustre of the
upper surface.

Expanse : 25 mm.

Genus GLYPHODES Guenee.

422. G. vertumnalis (Guenee), Delt. <0 Pyr. p. 309.

423. G. indica (Saunders), Trans. Ent. Soc. London p. 163. t. 12. f. 5. 6. 7. (1851).

424. G. suralis Lederer, Wien. Ent. Monats. VII. p. 405. t. 14. f. 7 (1863).

425. G. cupripennalis Hampson, Moths of India l\. p. 351.

426. G. glauculalis (Guenee), Delt. t(- Pyr. p. 30(i.

427. G. itysalis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. X\l\. p. 501.

428. G. jovialis P'elder i<: Kogenhofer, Novara Reise, f.ep. H. 2. t. 136. f. 25.

Genus PYGOSPILA Guenee.

12.1. P. bivittalis Walker, I.e. XXXH'. p. 1365.

430. P tyres (Cramer), Pup. E.Tut. III. t. 263. f. C.

( 589 )

Genus LEPYRODES Guenee.
431, L. geometralis Guenee, Delt. & Pyr. p. 278. t. 8. f. 6.

Genus ANALYTA Lederer.
432. A. sigulatis (Guenee), Belt. & Pyr. p. 223.

Geni's SAMEODES Snellen.

433. S. cancellalis Zeller, Lep. Caffr. p. 34.

Genus IMEROCTENA Lederer.

434. M. tuUalis (Walker), I.e. XVIII. p. G49.

Genus ARCHERNIS Meyrick.
435. A. dolopsalis (Walker), I.e. XVIII. p. 692.

Genus OMPHISA Moore.
436. 0. anastomalis (Guenee), Dell. & Pyr. p. 373.

Genus HYALOBATHRA Meyrick.
437. H. illectalis (Walker), I.e. p. 658.

Genus MARUCA Geyer.

438. M. testulalis (Geyer), in Hiibner, Samml. Exot. Schmett. IV. 4. p. 12.

f. 629. 630.

Genus TETRIDIA Warren.

439. T. caletoralis (Walker), I.e. p. 651.

Genus POLYGRAMMODES Guenee.
440. P. purpuralis (Walker), I.e. XXXIV. p. 1482.

Genus PACHYZANCLA Meyrick.
441. P. hipponalis (Walker), I.e. XXll. p. 724.

442. P. dilatipes (Walker), I.e. XXXIV. p. 1419.

Genus PROOEDEMA Hampson.

443. P. inscisale (Walker), I.e. XXXIV. p. 1410.

Genu.s CALAMOCHROUS Lederer.
444. C. tranquillalis Lederer, Wieii. Ent. Mcmats. VII. p. 371. t. 9, f. 16 (1803).

Genus PIONEA Guenee.
445. P. clavifera Hampson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Load. p. 241 (1899).

440. P. aui'eolalis Lederer. I.e. p. 375.

( 590 )

Genus PYRAUSTA Schrank.

447. P. ceadesalis (Walker), I.e. XVIII. p. 639.

448. P. incoloralis (Guenee), Delt. & Pyr. p. 332.

449. P. salentialis (Snellen), Tijd. v. Ent. p. 207 (1880); id., I.e. t. 7. f. 1 (1883).

450. P. cajelalis sp. nov.

?. Palpi wbitisli, margined e.xtenially with brown; eyes dark brown; vertex,
collar, ujiperside of thorax and abdomen pale wood brown; })ectus white; underside
of thorax and abdomen greyish white ; legs concolorous. The primaries on the
upperside are wood brown, darker towards the base ; there are two small equidistant
dots on the cell, and a larger ocelliform brown spot at the end of the cell ; there is a
submarginal series of dark brown sagittate points extending from the costa before the
apex in a .straight line parallel to the outer margin as far as the space between veins
2 and 3 ; between veins 1 and 2, nearer the base, and a little beyond the middle of
the inner margin, is a similar spot. The secondaries on the upperside are pale
testaceous, shaded into wood brown on the outer margin ; a submarginal series of
points similar to those upon the primaries extends across the limbal area of this
wing, and a small black point occurs nearer the base, above the anal angle. On the
underside both wings are whitish, tinged with greyish toward the outer margin ; the
dark spots on the underside are repeated upon the lowerside with greater distinctness.

Expanse : 40 mm.

Type : unique.

P^MiLY TORTRICIDAE.

Genus SIMAETHIS Zeller.

451. S. sp. (?).

Very near Simaethis taprobanes Zeller, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. XIII. p. 178. t. 2.
f. 65, but the lines on the primaries are slightly different in their arrangement.

Family TINEIDAE.

Genus TORTRICOMOEPHA Felder.

452. T. bilineella Snellen, Tijd. v. Ent. p. 27. t. 2. f. 16. 17 (1885).

453. T. hemixanthella sp. nov.

S Palpi orange yellow, vertex whitish ; upperside of thorax very pale yellow;
upperside of abdomen pale gre}', the upper tufts of the anal hairs brown, and the
lower tufts white ; the underside of thorax, abdomen, and legs whitish. The fore-
wings are broadly pale yellow from the base to beyond the middle, they are then
broadly purplish brown ; the line of demarcation between the yellow and the brown is
sharply defined by a straight line running from the costa to the inner margin a little
before the inner angle ; the costa near the apex is marked by yellow of the same
shade as the basal half of the wing, the yellow widening toward the outer margin
and covering the entire apex; the fringes are dark brown, their origin being
accentuated by a series of minute yellow dots. The secondaries on the upperside are
uniformly dark brown. On the underside both wings are pale brown, slightly lighter

( 591 )

on the inner margin, with traces of an obscure whitish median transverse band on
the primaries.

Expanse : 20 mm.

Genus ADELA Latreille.

454. A. sp. (?).

Probably undescribed. Several specimens.

Genus ATTEVA Walker.
455. A. basalis Vollenhoven, Tijd. v. Ent. VI. p. 140. t. 9. f. 6.

In addition to the foregoing there are six other small and obscure species which
are represented by solitary specimens, and which neither Sir George Hampson nor
I have as yet determined. The collection numbers four hundred and sixty-one
species, by far the largest number ever received from Buru at one time.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF BIRDS OF SOUTHERN ARABIA.

By W. p.. OGILVIE-GRANT.

THE followiug species recorded from Aden were accidentally omitted from the
list of birds of South Arabia published in the Novitates Zoologicae VII.
pp. 243—273.

189. Buteo vulgaris.

Buteo vulgaris Leach, Yerbary, J. Bomba)j JS^at. Hist. Soc. XI. p. 75 (1897).

190. Casarca rutila.
Casarca rutila (Linn.), Yerbury, I.e., p. 76 (1897).

191. Mai'eca penelope.
Mareca pemlope (Linn.), Yerbury, I.e., p. 76 (1899).

192. Fuligula faligula.
Fuligidafuligida (Liuu.), Yerbury, I.e., p. 76 (1897).

193. Phalaropus hyperboreus.
Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.), Blanf. Faun. Brit. hid. IV. p. 282 (1898).

On p. 264, 102. Pelecanus onocrotalus should be 102. Pelecanus rufescens
[see Grant, Gat. B. Brit. Mi/s. XXVI. p. 475. Specimen i. (1S98)].

( 592 )

THE RED FLYING SQUIRREL OF THE NATUNA ISLANDS.

By OLDFIELD THOMAS.

The animal referred In- Mr. Hartert and myself iu 1895 to " Pteromys 7utidus,
Desm."* proves on a second examination, and comparison with more material than
was formerly available, to be so very mnch smaller than, and to have so many
other diiFerences from the trne Petaurista nitida, and its ally P. melariotis, as to
necessitate its having a special name.

Petaurista nitidula sj). n.

Similar in general appearance to P. nitida, bnt considerably smaller. General
body colour as in P. nitida. Sides of face and tips of ears whitish, contrasting with
the rufous crown, and blackish whisker spots, eye-rings and postauricular patches.
Woolly fur of edges of parachute, and of scrotum, grey, strikingly different to the
rufous fur around. Upper surface of bauds and feet brown instead of black. Black
of underside of wrists and ankles extending nearly half way towards the elbows and
knees. Tail of a paler, duller, rnfous than in P. nitida, and its basal half, especially
below, more heavily washed with black.

Skull markedly smaller than in P. nitida. Nasals short, very widely expanded
anteriorly, and abruptly narrowed behind. Zygomata more widely and evenly
expanded than iu the allied species.

Dimensions of the type, measured on the dry skin, and therefore only
approximate : —

Head and body 380 mm., tail 480, hind foot s.u. 66, c.n. 74, ear 27.

Skull, basilar length 52; greatest breadth 43; nasals, length 19; greatest
breadth 13 ; least breadth 6-4 ; interorbital breadth 15-2; tij) to tip of postorbital
processes 362 ; postorbital constriction 17 ; palatal length 29-5 ; diastema (to front
of p^) 15 ; tooth row (from front of p') 14-7.

Hab. Bnnguran Island, Natuna Group.

Ty2)e. Male. B.M. No. 94. 9. 28. 10. Collected 6 Oct. 1893, by A. Everett.

• Nov. ZooL. II. p. -190.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. Vn. DECEMBER, 1900. No. 4.

NOTE ON TWO MANGABEY-LIKE MONKEYS {CEBCOCE-
BUS HAGENBECKI AND SE3IN0CEBUS ALB I GEN A
BOTRSCHILDI), NOW LIVING IN THE MENAGERIE
OE THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

By R. LYDEKKER.

IN the description of Cet-cocehus chri/sogaster, pnlilislied in this Jonrnal for
August last,* mention was made of a jowag female mangabey in the menagerie
of the Zoological Society of London, which was then lal)elled C. fidiginosus,
although it is clearly distinct from that species, and is ])rovisionally assigned by
Mr. Rothschild f to the one first named. This little monkey, which now shares
the cage of the type male of C. ckrysogaster, possesses the flesh-coloured eyelids
characteristic of the more typical representatives of Cercocebus, but is distingnished
by the hairs on the crown of the head, as well as some of those on the back, the
outer surface of the limbs, and the upperside of the tail being annulated with black
and yellow after the fashion so prevalent in Cercopitlieciis. The majority of the
hairs on the upper-parts (exclusive of the head) and limbs are, however, of a
uniform pale slaty grey colour ; while on the under-parts the hue of the fur is very
pale greyish white. The face is black and the callosities are reddish. In its habit
of carrying its tail cnrled over its back, in its scream-like cry, as well as in the
relative shortness of its thumb, this animal agrees with other Cercocebi, which it
also resembles, as already mentioned, in its flesh-coloured upper eyelids.

Recently Mr. Rothschild has deposited in the Society's menagerie a small and
young male monkey (see vol. viii. PI. I. fig. 1), which agrees very closely in the
colour of the pelage with the above-mentioned female, but differs in possessing
dark upper eyelids. Apart from this feature, it has all the Cercoeehus characteristics
enumerated in the preceding paragraph. The fur on the upper-parts is generally
very light slaty grey ; but on the head, back, outer sides of limbs, and the upper
surface of the tail some of the hairs are ringed with black and yellow, like those
of so many of the guenons ; this speckled character of the pelage attaining its
maximum development on the head, where it is practically universal. The face is
black. The under-parts and the inner-sides of the limbs are very pale greyish white.

It will thus be seen that the coloration of the fur of this animal is practically
identical with that of the above-mentioned female. And it accordingly becomes a
question whether the colour of the upper eyelid may difter in the two sexes, being
black in the male and white in the female. At present we have no decisive evidence

• Vol. vii. p. 279 (1900). t Loc. cit.

40

( 594 )

of sexual eolonr variations in this grou]) of monkeys (which might also bo taken as
an argument against {\xe female belonging to C. chri/sogiiitter), lint the case of the
proboscis monkey shows that very marked sexual Jiftereuces may occur iu the form
of some monkeys. It might also be urgeil that both the male and female under
consideration are hybrids between Cereocebus and Cercopithectts ; but in the absence
of any direct evidence that such is the case, it seems inadvisable to entertain this
hypothesis.

Putting, then, on one side both the supposition of hybridism and the female
specimen, it seems, so far as we may judge from au immature animal, that the male
specimen cannot be assigned to any named species of Cereocebus. And since it
appears to be intimately connected with the more typical members of that genus by
the above-mentioned female, it may be provisionally regarded as the representative
of a new species, which maybe appropriately named C. hagenbecki, after Mr. C.
Hagenbeck, of Hamburg.

It must remain for post-mortem examination to determine whether this racte
differs from typical species of Cereocebus in the form of the last lower molar ; and
if so, whether it should be regarded as representing a genus, or subgenus, connecting
the latter with Cercopithecus. In the character of its fur it is certainly intermediate
between the two ; and by the black upper eyelid it is differentiated from typical
Cercocebi. But, on the other hand, it should be remembered that in the
undetermined female we have the same mingling of mangabey and guennn hair
associated with a mangabey eyelid, while in C'. clirygogaster we find a completely
gueuon pelage correlated with the mangabey e3-elid.

The female, I am informed by Mr. Sclater, was presented to the Society by the
Rev. A. Christopher, and came from the Mobangi River, about three hundred miles
above its junction with the Congo. The 7nale was brought down the latter river.

Turning to the second specimen (see vol. viii. PI. I. fig. 2), we find that this
is likewise an immature male, which is specially characterised by its almost wholly
black colour, and the presence of a backwardly-directed crest of long hair rnnning
from the centre of the forehead to the occiput and terminating iu a point about tlie
vertex of the head. This crest gives to the animal an appearance which cannot
be mistaken when once seen. In colour the animal is almost completely black :
but the whiskers, which are large and spreading, show a slaty tinge, and there is
pnibably some tendency to slaty on the shoulders and najie, although this is diliicnlt
to determine in the living animal. The upjier eyelids are as dark-coloured as the
rest of the face ; but the callosities are of a bright orange-red. The tail, which is
nearly bare below, is slightly tufted at the end, and the hair generally is somewhat
long and coarse, being more elongjited on the nape and shoulders than elsewhere.

With the exception of the crest on the head and the black upper eyelids, the
animal presents all the features mentioned under the heading of the preceding form
as distinctive of Cereocebus from CercopitAecus.

In its general characteristic this monkey accords with Cereocebus albigena
(Gray *), from West Africa, of which the type skin is in the British Museum
(No. 51. 1. 19. 30) ; both specimens showing the general black colour, the cranial
crest of hair, and the black upjjer eyelid. In regard to the last-mentioned feature,
it may be observed that Gray, in his British Museum Catalogue of Monlte>/s,
Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Jiuts,] gave white eyelids as characteristic of all species

• Proc. Zool. Soc. Loiul. 185U. \i. 77. pi xvi. I^Prrsbytcs). f 1S70. p. 26.

( 595 )

of Cercocehtis, inclusive of albigena ; and this erroneous statement has been copied
by all subsequent compilers. C. albigena differs, therefore, from the more typical
Cercocebi, not only by its crest of long hair, but likewise by its black upper eyelid ;
and there is accordingly much to justify its separation as a subgenus or genus ajiart,
for which Gray's name of Samnocehus * is available.

As regards minor characters of the typical C. albigena, it may be mentioned
that it has a long superciliary fringe, but the cranial crest is comparatively short and
confined to the occipital region of the head. The whiskers are moderately developed,
and of a pale grey colour ; and this greyness spreads to some extent over the
shoulders, nape, and chest. In Gray's Catalogue it is stated that the callosities
are black ; but, from an examination of the specimen, there is little doubt that
in life they were bright-coloured.

A young skin in the Museum (No. fjO. 12. 83), taken from a specimen formerly
in the Zoological Gardens, agrees in many features with the type, but in other
respects comes nearer to the next example.

This is a mounted male skin (also from the Zoological Gardens) in the same
collection (No. 57. 8. 3. 3), in which the crest extends along the whole length of
the middle line of the head to join a sujierciliary fringe, which is long. The
cheeks are thicker than in the typical albigena, and the whiskers are larger. On
the nape, chest, and upper part of the arms, the hair is blackish brown, and the
whiskers have a slaty tinge.

So far as I can gather, this specimen accords very closely with the description
of Cercopithrots aterrimtts Oudemans,t which was founded on a young siieciraen
from the Congo, subsequently referred by Mr. P. L. SclaterJ to Ce/rocebiis, anil
still later identified by Mr. Jentinck § with C. albigena. It is true that the
form of the crest is not specially referred to in the descrijition, but even if this
differ from the foregoing sj)ecimen, such difference may be due to immaturity

Regarding, then, the two foregoing specimens as probably referable to alerrimtis,
the living monkey under consideration (vol. viii. PI. I. fig. 2) differs by the total absence
of the forwardly projecting superciliary fringe of long hairs, as well as by the still
more peaked form of the head-crest, and the presence of large whiskers in front of
and jiartly concealing the ears. Its general colour is uniformly black, and the face
is more hairy than in the large undetermined male mentioned below now living in
the Gardens. If No. 57. 8. 3. 3 be rightly identified with atcrrimus, the present
animal apparently indicates another race of the sj)ecies, which may l)e provisionally
called Sentnocebus albiqena rotlitichihii.

I now come to a monkey of the same general type presented by Sir 11. H.
Johnston to the Zoological Gardens. It is a male, and was obtained near Lake
Tanganyika ; its skin i.s now in the British Museum (No. 96. 4. 28. 1). This
animal was at first identified by ]\Ir. JSclater || with ('. albigena, but subsequently
provisionally assigned by him to C. aterrimus.

It has the head-crest small and occipital in position, as in the typical
albigena ; but the superciliary fringe is mnch shorter, and the whole face and
fore-quarters are entirely black. It accordingly appears to indicate a fourth race of
the species, for which the name albiqena johnaloni may be suggested.

Mr. 0. Neumann (Zool. .Tahrlnich. vol. xiii. p. 533. lOUU), states that tliese

* Gray, oj;. r,7.,p. 27. § Ihid. ISft.i. pp. ;)S8 and 33'.i.

t Zool. (iarlen, vol. xxxi. p. 207 (IS'JD). || Op. fit. 189-1. p. Mi.

J Piw. Zoid. Soc. Loud.. IStiX p. 2SG.

( 596 )

monkeys, which he identifies witli aterrimus of Oiiilemans, are almndant in Uganda.
The fully adnlt individuals are distinguished from the typical alhigcna by the very
dark brown (instead of light grey) shoulders ; but the young are uniformly black.

If, then, it be thought advisable to separate, either subgenerically or generically,
these black and crested mangabeys with dark eyelids from the smooth-headed
Cercocebi with white upper eyelids, we shall have the following forms : viz., —

1. Semnoccbiis albigeiia alhiyena. Head-crest short and occipital in position ;
a superciliary fringe ; whiskers greyish. West Africa.

2. Semnocebus albigena aterrimus. Head-crest long, and occupying whole
middle portion of head ; a long superciliary fringe ; whiskers small, greyish, and
not concealing ears, and the hair on nape and shoulders blackish-brown. Typically
from the Congo district.

3. Semnocebus albigena rothschildi. Head-crest j)eaked and occupying middle
of head ; no superciliary fringe ; large whiskers in front of and partly concealing
ears ; colour wholly black, or nearly so. Probably from the Congo.

4. Semnocebus alhiqena johnstoni. Head-crest as in alb. albigena, but super-
ciliary fringe shorter, and whole of npper-jjarts uniformly black. Lake Tanganyika
district.

It may be added that if C. claysogaster and C. hagenbecki are retained in
Cercocebus, the ordinary definition of that genus must be modified iu regard to
the statement that the hairs are never annulated ; and in the case of the male,
at least of the latter, in respect to the universal presence of flesh-coloured upper
eyelids.

In conclusion, 1 may mention that a large adult male of this species (locality
unknown), recently presented to the Zoological Society, agrees with the typical
albigena in the length of the hair and its grey colour on the sides of the head, chest,
and shoulders, as well as in the almost completely bare face, and the absence of
whiskers iu front of the ears. There is, however, no forwardly projecting fringe of
long hairs above the eyes, which is so conspicuous in the type skin of albigena,
as well as in Dr. Gray's figure of the same : and the crest of hair extends all
over the head, and is considerably more voluminous than in the latter, although
entirely lacking the peaked form which is disjilayed iu the s])ecimen here figured.
It is difiicult to believe that these ditt'erences are individual or due to age ; and if
they are not, this monkey indicates a distinct race.

( 597 )

INDEX

abavalis (Hydrillodes), 574.

Abdimia, 265.

abdimii (Abdimia), 265.

abdimii (Ciconia), 265.

Ablepharus, 12.

Abraxas, 580.

abruptus (Charaxes), 3.5.?.

absentimacula (Nephelolenca), 221.

abyssalis (Sylepta), 587.

abyssinicus (Charaxes), 457, 458.

— (Coracias), 260.

— (Hyphantornis), 40.
Acacia, 3.38, 382.
acaciaria (Boarmia), 580.
Acantholipes, 567.
Acanthopneuste, 226, 239.
Accipiter, 226, 263.
accipitriuus (Asio), 261.
acesta (Papilio), 281.

achaemenes (Charaxes), 460, 461, 463, 475.

— (Nymphalis), 461.
Acidalia, 106, 148, 152, 164.
acik (Cinnyris), 60, 51.
acis (Tanysiptera), 233.
Acraea, 544-6, 547.
Aeredula, 541.
Acrocephalus, 1, 3, 154.
actiosaria (Ptychopoda), 107-9.
actuaria (Craspedia), .581.
aculeata (Micronia), 577.
acuminata (Heteropygia), 8.
acuta (Dafila), 264,

— (Fidonia), 96.
ada (Appias), 80.
adamsoni (Charaxes), 316.

— (Haridra), 313.
Addaea, 1 19, .558.
addictaria (Craspedia), 91.
addita (Microeca), 226, 234.
Adela, .591.

adelberti (Cinnyris), 50.

— (Nectarinia). 50.
Adelotypa, 225.
adipalis (Bocchoris), 585.
Adrapsa, 572, 573.
adspersa (Strix), 532.
adusta (Charaxes), 494.
advena (Sitta) .526,
advocataria (Pseudomicronia), 577.
Aedon, 253.

Aegialitie, 9, 268.

aegimiusalis (Piletocera), 584.
aegistus (Papilio), 83.
Aegithina, 550.
aegyptius (Milvus), 31, 262.
aequatorialis (Cinnyris), .50, 51.

— (Melanobucco), 32.
aequicincta (Hamadryas), 60.
aeres (Nyctemera), 560.
aeropus (Symphaedra), 66.
aeruginosus (Cacomantis), 233.

— (Circus), 263. ■
aeson (Charaxes), 404.
aetherialis (Cirrhochrista). 582.
aethiopicus (Laniarius), .37.
afer (Coccystes), 31.

— (Dicrurus), 38.

— (Eurystomus), 33.

affinis (Charaxes), 298, 301, 305, 306, 308.

— (Colius), 31.

— (Corvus), 245.

— (Cypselus), 258.

— (Larus), 270.

— (Nymphalis), 300, 306.

— (Oedicnemus), 266.

— (Rhinocorax), 245.

— (Tanygnathus), 230,

— (Terpsiphone;, 550.
afra (Chalcopelia), 30.
africana (Mirafra), 26, 45, 46.
africanus (Phalacrocorax), 26.
agabo (Charaxes), 512.
agamemnon (Papilio), 83.
aggravaria (Racheolopha), 137.

— (Racheospila), 137.
agitata (Duliophyle), 113.
Aglaia, 339.

agna (Charaxes), .331, 332, 333.

— (Haridra), 331, 332.
agyrtes (Typhlopsylla), 539.
Aidemosyne, 246.

ajax (Charaxes), 329.
Ala:mon, 247.

alaudariuB (Tinnunculus), 262.
alba (Ardea), 265.

— (Cxygis), 10.

— (Herodias), 265.

— (Motacilla), 2.50
albapicaria (Macaria), .579.
albapicata (Adrapsa), 572.
albertisi (Gymnophaps), 241.
albiapicata (Stenocopsis), 120,

( o98 )

albibasalis (Adrapsa), 572.
albicollis (Corvultur), 38.

— (Merops), 250.
albicoma (Oospiln), 136.
albicostale (Hyphantidium), 682.
albida (Induna), 02.

— (Reinwardtoena), 240, 241.
albidivisa (Rhopalista), 168.
albifascialis (Hypena), 576.
albifrons (Serines), 43.
albigena (Semnocebus), 593-6.

— (Sterna), 270.
albiloris (Polioptilen), 536.
albimacula (Hyphedyle), 124.

— (Macroneurodes), 127.
albina (Appias), 80.
albipectus (Turdiuus), 48.
albipedalis (Phryganodes), 586.
albipupilluta (Anisodes), 141.
albitumida (Asestra), 208.
albiventris (Astur), 20.

— (Scops), 228.

— (Zosterops), 16.
albivertex (Isoplenia), 03.
albivitta (Canerkes), 276.
albociliaria (Racheospila), 138, 139.
albofasciata (Certhilauda), 45.
albofasciatus (Nacaduba), 73.
alboseriata (Racheospila), 138, 139.
albovenalis (Tatobotys), 584.
Alcedo, 34, 234, 534.

alcedo (Macroglossum), 556.
Alcidis, 577.
alciphron (Asota), 559.
Alois, 9.^, 111.

alexandrina (Aegialitis), 268.
alicia (Planema), 546.
alimena (Hypolimnas), 65.

— (Hypochrysops), 88.

alladinis (Charaxes),476, 482, 483,485, 487, 488.

— (Nymphalis), 482.
allineata (Dechorda), 132.
Alophoixus, 550.
alorensis (Trichnglos.sus), 19.
alpina (Tringa), 2i'i9.
Alseonax, 37.

alternata (Cyolomia), 213.
althoBi (Acraea) 544.
aluta (Nacaduba), 73.
amabilis (Melanitis), 61 .
amasia (Nymphalis), 510, 511

— (Papilio), 510, 511.
Amaurornis, 22.
ambagifera (Craspedia), 150.
Ambia, 583.
Amblurodes, 200, 201.
Amblychia, 580.
Amblypodia, 77.
amboinensia (Aprosmictus), 230.

— (Dicrurus), 236.

amboinensis (Macropygia), 240.

ambusta (Auophylla), 131.

ameliae (Charaxes), 283, 28G, 391, 392, 394, 400,

477, 486.
— (Nymphalis), 392.
amissa (Stegothcca), 205.
Ammomanes, 244, 240.
Ammoperdix. 273.
ampelinus (Hypocoliiis), 252.
ampliatalis (Syngamia), 585.
amyous (Charaxes), 312, 320-23, 328, 329, 343.
Amygdalopteryx, 176.

Amyna, 563.

anacletus (Hypochrysops), 68.

anaestheta (Sterna). 10, 270.

analava (Charaxes), 362.

Analyta, 580.

Anas, 264.

anastomalis (Omphisa), 589.

ancyra (Nacaduba), 73.

andara (Charaxes), 434, 435.

auderssoni (Tephrocorys), 47.

andranodorus (Charaxes), 420, 422.

andriba (Charaxes), 524.

Andropadus, 47, 48.

Androphilus, 226, 238.

angelus (Presos), 276.

angeronaria (Amblychia), 580.

anglica (Gelochelidou), 270, 5.54.

— (Sterna), 270.

anglicus (Dendrocopus), 528, 531.
angolensis (Dryoscopus), 38.

— (Jlerops), 35.
Angonyx, .556.

angustus (Charaxes), 432, 433.

anialis (Perisyntrocha), 584.

Anisodes, 141-C, 165, 581.

Anisoneura, 566.

Anisoperas, 207.

anna (Amblypodia), 77.

annularia (Craspedia), 103.

anomalus (Ploceus), 40.

Anosia, 56.

Anous, 0, 10.

ansorgei (Charaxes), 428.

— (Pytelia), 42.

antamboulon (Charaxes), 368-70.

antanala (Charaxes), 457.

anteocularis (Polioptilen), 537, 538.

Anteuis. 146, 147.

anthedon (Papilio), 83.

anthore (Arhopala), 78.

Anthreptes, 550.

An thus, 16, 45, 250.

anthyalos (Stictoptera), 565.

antiolea (Charaxes), 286, 492, 404.

— (NymphaUs), 102, 404.

— (Papilio), 402, 404.
antigona (Plecoptera), 567.
antilope (Hypolimnas), 65.

( 599 )

antipha (Hypochlorosis),?!).
Antiplecta, 121.
antipoclalis (Pseudaglossa), 573.
antonius (Charaxes), 3>3, 34-J, 343.

— (Haridra), 343.
Apatura, 281,447.
apiaster (Merops), 34.
apicalis (Bradyterus), 48.

— (Cymatophora), 195.

— (Eilema), 661.

apicata (Microloxia), 13.'), 136.

Apicia, 208.

apidania (Microgonia), 218.

Aplodes, 131, 134, 1.3.5.

Aplochlora, 111.

Aplogompha, 186.

Aplonis, 6.

Appias, 80.

approbata (Craspedia), 149.

— (Spargania), 182.
Aprosmictus, 230.
aptalis (Boochoris), 585.
aquaticus (Rallus), 270.
Aquila, 203.

aquila (Fregata), 11.

— (Tachypetes), 11.
arabs (Eupodotis), 267.
Arachnothera, 550.
aratus (Lampides), 76.
Arbutus, 448.
Archemis, 580.
archesia (Remigia), 567.
arotitorquis (Pachycephala, 17, 23.
ardates (Nacaduba), 73.

Ardea, 265, 266.

Ardeola, 266.

ardeola (Dromas), 269.

Ardetta, 11, 2G0.

Arenaria, 267.

arenaria (Calidris), 269.

arete (Lethe), 60.

argentea (Problepsis), 107.

argentispila (Anisodes), 581.

argentistriata (Zeuzerodes), 121.

argiades (Everes), 72.

argillacea (Alcis), 95.

Argina, 561.

Argya, 256.

argynnides (Chara.\es), 509, 510.

— (Nymphalis), 610.
Argynnis, 65.
Arhopala, 78, 79.
Arhostia, 103.
aridata (Arhostia), 103.
aristogeton (Charaxes), 313.

aristogiton (Charaxes), 308,313, 314-18, 320,321.

— (Haridra), 313, 316, 318.
aristogon (Haridra), 313.
arnaudi (Philetaerus), 41.
arnotti (Myrmecocichla), 52.

arquala (Numenius), 268.

arruana (Talicada), 72.

Arsacia, 570.

arsinoe (Pycnonotus), 257.

artemis (Charaxes), 297.

Artomyias, 37.

aruanus (Charaxes), 30.").

AscotiDae, 95, 111, 194.

Asellodes, 148.

Asestra, 208.

asha (Ardea), 266.

— (Lepterodias), 266.
asiaticus (Oohthodromus), 27.
Asio, 261.

asmura (Drucia), 13.3.

— (Racheospila), 133.
Asota, 559.

aspasia (Cinnyris), 237.
assarica (Hamadryas), 60.
assimilis (Rhipidura), 13.
Astheninae, 94.
astraptes (Jamides), 75, 76.
Astur, 12, 20,24, 226, ,551.
Astyochia, 187.
Asura, 561.
Atella, 63.
Ateloptila, 112.
Aterpnodes, 208, 209.
aterrima (Hyblaea), 563.
aterrimus (Cercopithecus), .695.

— (Semnocebus), 596.
athamas (Charaxes), 338, 339.
athealis (Xosophora), 586.
athi (Mirafra), 26, 46.
Athyma, GG.

atlites (.Junonia), 64.
atoraaria (Craspedia), 149.
atra (Buchanga), 339.
atricapilla (Sylvia), 252.
atriclathrata (Rhodoneura), 559.
atriseriata (Ptychopoda), 161.
atrocaeruleus (Dicrurus), 236.
atropunctaria (Anisoperas), 207.
attenuata (Cyllopoda), 125.

— ( Phryganodes), 586.
Atteva, 591.

Atyria, 125.

aubryanus (Poeocephalus), 31.
audacis (Geocichia), 13.
augias (Telicota), 84.
augur (Buteo), 31.
augustaria (Eriopygidia), 176.
Aulacodes, 583.
Auophylla, 131, 132.
aurantialis (Tatobotys), 584.
aurantiaria (Melanchroia), 192.
aureolalis (I'ionea), 589.
auricruda (Eois), 107.
auritus (Nettapus), 26,

— (Pnlex), 539.

( 600 )

auroraria ( Anteois), 146.

— (Eois), 146.
australasiae (Halcyon), 19.
australis (Asota), 559.

— (Eurystomus), 18, 553.

— (Melittophagus), 34.
austrinus (Charaxes), 357, 359.
aventiaria (Timandra), 581.
avicularia (Thalassodes), 581.
avium (Pulex), .'i39.
avocetta (Recurvirostra), 268.
axillaris (Pratincola), 52.

aza (Hestia), 56.

Azata, 115.

azedarach (Melia), 434.

Azelina, 209-11, 212.

Aziba, 117, 118.

azota (Charaxes), 401, 403, 404, 405.

— (Philognoma), 401.
azurea (Hypothymis), 550.

baja (Charaxes), 328.

bajula (Charaxes), 326.

— (Haridra), 326.

bajularia (Bracca), 580.

bakeri (Scaeorhynchus), 548.

balfouri (Charaxes), 361.

balteata (Sylepta), 587.

bambusae (Telicota), 84.

banyumas (Siphia), 551.

baratalis (Phryganodes), 586.

barbara (Mycalesis), 88.

barbarus (Falco), 261.

Barbatula, 32.

basalis (Atteva). .591.

— (Phaeochlaena), 128.

basalticalis (Phryganodes), 586.

basilissa (Aulacodes), 583.

basiplaga (Phalaenoides), 275.

basipuncta (Epiplema), 101.

bassetti (Zosterops), 12, 16.

Batis, 36.

Batrachostomus, 550.

baulus (Xyctemera), 560.

baumanni (Charaxes), 491.

baya (Charaxes), 323, .326, 328, 329-31.

— (Haridra), 328.

— (Nymphalis), 328, 331.
Baza, 20, 227.

bebra (Charaxes), 507.
bellissima (Epiplema), 101.
bellula (Cyclomia), 213.
benedictalis (Sylepta), 588.
bengalensis (Centropiis), 232, 233.

— (Lyacaenesthes), 70.
berenice (Charaxes), 452,

— (Nymphalis), 452.

— (Papilio), 452.
bergii (Sterna), 10, 270,

berlepschi (Colius), 31.

bermeja (Sabulodes), 217.

bernardus (Charaxes), 326, 331, 334, 335.

— (Haridra), 335.

— (Nymphalis), 331, 335.

— (Papilio), 325, 335.

— (Satyrus), 335.
beroe (Nacaduba), 73.
bertae (Pitta), 18.
Betanga, 58, 59.

betanimena (Charaxes), 520, .521, 524.
betsimiseraka (Charaxes), 517, 518, 519.
bhurmitra (Boarmia), 580.
Bias, 36.

biblis (Cethosia), 63.
bideutatus (Melanobucco), 32.
bifasciata (Dolichopyge), 173.
bifasciatus (Ceratophyllus), 543.

— (Pulex), 539.
bilineata (Polioptilen), 536.
biHnella (Tortricomorpha), 590.
Bindahara, 79.

bipartita (Anisodes), 141.

bipuncta (Dysodia), 100.

bipunctatus (Charaxes), 376, 381, 390, 396.

bisaltide (Doleschallia), 64.

bismarcki (Baza), 20.

bistriata (Microloxia), 1.35, 136.

bivittalis (Pygospila), 588.

blanda (Charaxes), 471, 472.

blanfordi (Parisoma), 253.

— (Sylvia), 253.

— (Telephonus), 251.
Blenina, 564.
Bleptina, 574.
Boarmia, 204, 580.
boarula (Motacilhi), 16, 552.
bocagei (Turdus), 53.
Bocchoris, 585. 586.
bochus (Jamides), 76.
bogotata (Melinodes), 218.

bohemani (Charaxes), 286, 374, 377, 378, 477,
487, 488.

— (Nymphalis), 374.
bohndorffi (Hyphantoriiis), 40.
boiei (Myzomela), 551, 5.52.
bolena (Limonias), 225.
bolina (Hypolimnas), 64, 65.
bolinoides (Thermesia), .569.
boliviana (Polioptilen), 535, 536, 537.
bonhami (Ammoperdix), 273.
borealis (Acanthopneuste), 239.
bomea (Eos), 228, 229.

borneensis (Charaxes), 329, 339-41, .342, 344.

— (Haridra), 332, 340.
boscas (Anas), 264.

boueti (Charaxes), 405-408-410.
bourica (Euchromia), 557.
bouruana (Melanitis), 61.

— (Salpinx), 60.

( 601 )

bouruensis (Appias), 80.

— (Elodina), 7ri.

— (Oriolus), 23(5, 237.

— (Scops), 227.

— (Terias), 80.

— (Troides), 82.
boutonii (Ablepharus), 12.
Bracca, 580.
Braccinae, 102.
brachydactyla (Certhia), 525.
Brachypteryx, 14.
brachyrhynchus (Oriolus), 39.
brachyura (Pitta), 12.
bracteolalis (Eurrhyparodes), 585.
Bradina, 584.

Bradyornis, 36.
Bradypterus, 48.
brennus (Charaxes), 298, 209.
Brephoscotoaia, 171.
brevipes (Ardea), 266.

— (Butorides), 266.

— (Heteractitis), 23, 554.
britannica (Sitta), 526.
Bronchelia, 194.
Brontypena, 570.

browni (Reinwardtoena), 241.
brunnea (Chaerocampa), 274.

— (Microxydia), 219.
brunneicephalus (Larus), 269.
brunneiceps (Lagonostica), 41.
brunneipennis (Stictoptera), 564.
brunnesceus (Charaxes), 445.
bruta (Eriboea), 433.

brutus (Charaxes), 282, 286, 426, 427,429, 43 1 -6,
470.

— (Nymphalis), 433.
~ (Papllio), 281, 443.
Bryoptera, 194, 196.
Bubo, 261, 532.
bubo (Bubo), 532.
Bubulcus, 23, 29, 266.
bubulcus (Ardea), 266.
bubutus (Centropus), 233.
Buceros, 260.
Buchaaga, 339.

buffoni (Polioptila), .536, 537.
bupalus (Charaxes), 341.

— (Haridra), 341.
Buphaga, 39.

buralis (Endotricha), 582.
burellus (Melissoblaptes), 581.
burica (Pangora), 560.

— (Nyctemera), 560.
Burnesia, 255.
buruana (Caviria), 550.

— (Cethosia), 63.

— (Epiplema), 578.

— (Hypochlorosis), 79.

— (Lampides), 76.

— (Stictoptera), 565.

buruana (Talicada), 72.
buruanus (Eulepis), 66.

— (Papilio), n->.

buruensis (Erythromyias), 226, 234.

— (Gerydus), 67.

— (MacroglosBum), 556.

— (Monarcha), 226, 235.

— (Pachycephala), 17.

— (Panacra), 274.

— (Pseudaglossa), 574.

— (Radena), 56.

— (Rhipidura), 235.

— (Tenaris), 62.

— (Zosterops), 237.
Buteo, 31, 591.

butleri (Charaxes), 385, 386.

— (Calapterote), 555.
Butorides, 266.

blittikoferi (Rhipidura), 12, 13.

cabanisi (Deudrooopus), 530, 531.

Caccabis, 272, 273.

Cacomantis, 233.

cacuthis (Charaxes), 457, 460.

Cacyparis, 562.

caerulea (Polioptilen), 535.

caerulescens (Muscicapa), 37.

caesiopicta (Scaea), 129.

Cagaya, 68.

— (Cyaniris), 68.
cajelalis (Pyrausta), 590.
cajeli (Ceyx), 233.
cajus (Charaxes), 429.

— (Papilio), 433.
Calamochrous, 589.
Calapterote, 555.
caledonicus (Nycticorax), 10.
Calesia, 570.

caletoralis (Tetridia), 589.
Calidris, 269.
calidris (Totanus), 268.
caliginosa (Hammaptera), 177.

— (Microgonia), 218.
calliclea (Charaxes), 401, 403.
callinicus (Lampides), 76.
Calliploea, 59.
Callipseustes, 201, 202.
callistrate (Delias), 86.
Callopistria, 563.
Calocaipe, 172.

Calornis, 17, 240.

Calotes, 12.

calva (Vinago), 30.

Calyptocome, 148.

Calyptomena, 550.

Camaroptera, 49.

Cambogia, 147.

eamerata (Hymenomima), 107.

camillus (Papilio), 428.

( 602 )

Camplocheilus, 100.

Camptogramma, 172.

caaiulus (Nymphalis), 426, 428.

— (Papilio), 42Ci, 428.

caaariensi-s (Deadrocopus), 528, 629, 531.
cancellalis (Sameodes), 589.
Candida (Terias), 80.
Candidas (Himantopus), 268.
candiope (Charaxes), 282. 284, 28G, 363, 364,
369, 456.

— (Nymphalis), 364, 366.
Canerkes, 275, 276.
canescens (Totanus), 268.
canicapilla (Xigrita), 42.
canoroides (Cuculus), 550.
canorus (Cuculus), 20, 258, 550, 553.
cantans (Aidemosyne), 246.
cantiana (^Egialitis), 268.
cantillans (Mirafra), 248, 249.
capense (Nettion), 26.

capensis (Q3na), 272.

— (Podicipes), 270.
capitata (Hyriogona), 157.
Capnodes, 571.

Capra, 277, 278.

Caprimulgus, 258, 259.

Caradrina, .'i63.

caranea (Hylodes), 560.

carbina (Racheospila), 138.

carbonaria (Taraxineura), 194.

cardinalis (Eclectus), 229.

Carea, 565.

Carine, 260.

carneofasciata (Eois), 105.

Carolina (Arhopala), 78.

carolus (Charaxes), 312, 321, 323.

Carpophaga, 8, 12, 22, 242, 553.

Cartellodes, 212.

carteri (Charaxes), 482, 485, 487.

carunculatus (Dilophus), 245.

caryocatactes (Nucifraga), 526.

Casarca, 691.

Cassina, 36.

casta (Mixopsis), 219.

castanops (Hyphantornis), 40.

castor (Chaerocampa), 274.

— (Charaxes), 283, 284, 428, 436, 439, 440.

— (Nymphalis), 424, 428, 440.

— (Papilio), 426, 427, 436, 439, 442.
ca-storis (Eriboea), 439.

Casyapa, 83.

('atada, 675.

catamita (Cleosiris), 557.

cataphaea (Homoeosoma), 582.

cathpharius (Dendrocopus), 530.

catilla (Catopsilia), 81.

catochrous (Charaxes), 482, 484, 486.

Catochrysops, 69, 77.

Catopsilia, 81.

caudatus (Coracias), 33.

cauquenensis (Oalocalpe), 172.

Caviria, ■'').59.

cayelii (Strix), 228.

ceadesalis (Pyrausta), 590.

cedreatis (Chara.xes), 476, 477, 482, 487.

celaenua (Hasora), 85.

celeno (Lampides), 76.

ceneusalis (Elusa), ,663.

Centropus, 32, 232, 233, 258.

cephise (Trigonodes), 567.

ceramensis (Accipiter), 226.

— (Gerydus), 67.

— (Nisus), 226.
Ceratophyllus, 540-43.
Cerchneis, 262.
Cercocebus, 279, 280, 593-6.
Cercopithccus, 279, 593-6.
Cercotrichas, 256.
cerinthus (Chaetocneme), 83.
Certhia, 525.
Certhilauda, 45.

Certima, 212.

Ceryle, 534.

Cethosia, 62, 63.

ceylonensis (Culicicapa), 550.

Ceyx, 233, 560.

Chaerocampa, 274, 6.6.6.

Chaetocneme, 83.

Chalcidoptera, 586.

Chalcococcyx, 550.

ch.alcolophus (Turacus), 278.

Chalcopelia, 30.

Chalcophaps, 22, 663.

Chalcostetha, 650.

chalybeus (Lamprocolius), 39.

chanleri (Charaxes), 482, 483, 485, 486, 488.

Charadrius, 9, 22, 268.

Charaxes, 281, 328, 440—524.

chelicuti (Halcyon), .34.

Chelidon, 543.

Chettusia, 27.

Chiasmia, 200.

chiguaucoides (Turdus), 53.

chilenaria (Rhodostrophia), 104.

Chimaera, 84.

chimaera (Plesioneura), 84.

chinensis (Gerydus), 67.

chiron (Charaxes), 476, 489.

Chirosa, 68.

Chleuasicus, 648.

chlora (Pseudoterpna), 581.

chloris (Halcyon), 19, 233, 553

— (Stigmatops), 12, 17.

— (Zosterops;, 237, .651, 5.52.
chlorochrca (Craspedia), 149.
Chlorocichla, 47.
Chloroctenis, 111.
Chloropsis, 550.

chloropus (Gallinula), 28, 271.
chloropygia (Cinnyris), 61.

( 603 )

chlorostigma (Telotheta), 140.
Chogada, 112, 113.
chromus (Hiisora), 8l>.
chryaaetus (Aquila), 2U3.
chrjsargyria (Eschata), 582.
Chrysauge, 100.
chryses (Ischnopteris), 203.
chrysochlora (Blenina), 564.

— (Chalcophaps), 22, 553.
Chrysococcyx, 21, 32.
Chrysocraspeda, 105.
chrysogaster (Cercocebu.s), 279, 593.
chubbi (Cisticola), 48.

chukar (Caccabis), 273.
Ciconia, 265.
ciconia (Ciconia), 265.
Cidaria, 173.
Cidariophanes, 202, 203.
cimarrona (Lobopola), 204.
Cimicodes, 213.
ciinon (Charaxes), 298, 302.
cimonides (Charaxes), 300, 301.
cinadon (Charaxes), 416, 420.
cinerascens (Cisticola), 48.
cinerea (Ardea), 265.

— (Sylvia), 252.

— (Syngria), 124.

— (Tephrocorys), 47.

— (Terekia), 26'J, 554.

— (Zosterops), 3.
cinereus (Poliolimnas), 9.
cinnamomeus (Anthus), 45.

— (Caprimulgus), 259.
Cinnyris, 50, 51, 237, 250, 251, 550.
circia (Qiierquedula), 264.
circumducta (Eudule), 185.

— (Haemalea), 153.
circumscripta (Calornis), 17.
Circus, 263.

cirrhocephalus (Nisus), 226.
Cirrbochrista, 582.

cissa (Dendroeopus), 529, 531.
cisticola (Cisticola), 49, 255.
Cisticola, 48, 49, 239, 255.
cithaeron (Charaxes), 282, 286, 373, 378, 379
382, 384, 390, 477.

— (Nymphalis), 379.
citrinulla (Zosterops), 16.
cladara (Nacaduba), 73.
clararia (Ophthalmodes), 114.
clathrata (Nodaria), 575.
claudicula (Cyllopoda), 125.
clavifera (Pionea), 589.
Cleis, 558.

cleon (Hypochrysops), 88, 89.
cleonides (Hypochrysops), 89.
Cleosiris, 557.
climena (Euploea), 58.
clio (Pachycephala), 17, 237.
clypeata (Spatula), 265.

cnejus (Calochry.sops), 77.

Cnemodes, 149.

Cnephora, 212.

Coccystes, 31, 257, 5,iO.

Coccyzoenas, 240.

codrus (Papilio), 83.

Coea, 281, 354.

coelestis (Gallinago), 269.

Coelura, 122.

Coeluromima, 122.

coeruleus (Elanus), 262.

Colius, 31.

collaris (Lanius). 38.

CoUocalia, 1, 11, 18, 234, 550.

coUurio (Lanius), 2.52.

colorifera (Spargania), 182.

Columba, 22. 26, 29, 241, 271, 541, 542.

columbae (Ceratophyllus), 542, 543.

— (Pulex), 539, .542.
comata (Macropteryx), 550.
combusta (Semiothisa), 205.
commaculata (Cymatophora), 195.
commixta (Amblurodes), 201.
communis (Coturnix), 273.
commutatus (Monarcba), 14.
comosa (Neochrysa), 157, 158.
comparanda ( Ptychopoda), 107.
complana (Harpagoneura), 581.
compressaria (Craspedia), 103.
coDcentraria (Boarmia), 580.
concinna (Carpophaga), 12, 22, 553.

— (Oospila), 136.

— (Pitta), 18.

condensata (Sithraustes), 130.
conferta (Anisodes), 141.
conflictaria (Epiplema), 577.
confusa (Ateloptila), 112.
congener (Oospila), 13*1.
conjunctiva (Nipteria), 188.

— (Sanaostyla), 129.
connectens (Cbaraxes), 289, 200.

— (Haridra), 289.
conscripta (Urepioue), 224.
consobrinata (Craspedia), 150.
conspersa (Epicosymliia), 107.
conspicillaria (Euephyra), 153.
conspicillata (Zosterops), 3.
constautia (Melanitis), 61.
continentalis (Ceryle), 534.
contorta (Paralygris), 110.
convolvuli (Protoparce), 556.
Copsychus, 339.

Coracias, 33, 260.

corax (Charaxes), 325, 326, 329, 333. 334

— (Corvus), 244.

— (Haridra), 331,332.
coromandus (Bubulcus), 23.

— (Coccystes) 550.
corrivulata (Epirrhoe), 173.
Corvultur, 38.

( 604 )

Corvus, -Hi, 245.

— (Casyapa), 83.
coryndoni (Charaxes), 488.
Coryphoenas, 241.
Corythaeola, "26, 31.
Corythai.\, 278.
Cossypha, f>2.

costata (Stictoptera), .')64.
costiguttata (Eois), 106, 107.
costimaculata (Trichogompha), 186.
costinotata (Anisodes), 142.
costiplaga (Carea), 565.

— (Raparna), 572.
costipuncta (Cyclomia), 213.
Cotachena, 582.

Cotile, 257, 543.

Coturnix, 273.

coturnix (Coturnix), 273.

cowani (Charaxes), 369-70.

coweni (Charaxes), 370.

Crambus, 581.

crancbi (Pternistes), 30.

Craspedia, 01, 103-5, 148-.52, 168, 581.

Craspedosis, 580.

crassirostris (Pitta), 18.

— (Reinwardtoena), 241.

— (Tringa), 23.
Crateropns, 49.
Cratoptera, 213.
creberrima (Thermesia), 56tl.
crecca (Nettion), 264.

— (Querquedula), 264.
crepuscularis (Nyctipao), 566,
cretata (Cra-ipedia), 104.
creusa (Euchromia), 557.
Crex, 271.

crex (Crex), 271.
cribraria (Argina), .561.
Criniger, 47, 48, 238.
cristata (Corythaeola), 26, 31.

— (Fulica), 27.

— (Galerida), 247, 248.

— (Terpsiphone), 2.57.
cristatellus (Calotes), 12.
cristatus (Podiceps), 26.
cristifera (Hyperlopha), .571.
crocale (Catopsilia), 81.
crocata (Sitagra), 40.
croeea (Eusarca), 215.
crossophragma (Cra.'ipedia), 581.
Crypsityla, 152.

cryptoleuca (Myrmecocichla), 52.
Cryptolopha, 239.
cubitata (Prochoerodes), 223.
cucullioides (Stictoptera), 564.
Cuculus, 20, 258, 550, 553.
Culicicapa, 550.
Culicivora, 535.
cuneifa.scia (Synecta), 199.
cuprea (Cinnyris), 50.

cuprealis (Nacoleia), 587.

cupreus (Chryaococcyx), 32.

cupripennalis (Glyphodes), 588.

Curicta, 582.

Cursorius, 267.

curvimargo (Induna), 92.

Cuscus, 12.

cuvieri (Faico), 31.

cyanea (Platystira), 36.

cyanifrons (Erythrura), 7.

Cyaniris, 6H, 69.

cyanocephala (Eiidynamis), 2.30-32.

cyanocephalus (Eiidynamis), 553.

cyanogrammus (Trichoglossus), 229.

cyanonotus (Eos), 228, 229.

cyanophrys (Merops), 259.

cyanostictus (Melittophagus), 35.

cyanus (Monticola), 254.

cyathicornis (Elusa), 563.

Cyclodes, 567.

Cyclomia, 213, 214.

cydippe (Cethosia), 62.

cyllaria (Ercheia), 565.

Cyllopoda, 125.

Cyllopodinae, 125, 126, 131.

Cymatophora, 195, 196.

Cynthia, 63.

cynthia (Charaxes), 405, 407, 409, 412.

— (Nymphalis), 405.

Cyphopora, 125, 120.

Cypselus, 258.

Cyrestis, 64.

cytherea (Eudale), 185.

cytila (Charaxes), 484, 486, 488.

Dafila, 264.
Dahlia, 562.
damarensis (Cinnyris), 51.

— (Halcyon), 34.
Dammeria, 14.

darameriana (Pachycephala), 17.

— (Halcyon), 19.
Danainae, 56.

dara (Tclicota), 84, 85.
Darantasia, 562.
Darna, 126.

da-syptera (Calesia), 570.
dauvergnei (Capra), 277.
dea (Tanysiptera), 233.
decidua (Ptychopoda), 107.
decolorata (Rhinoprora), 109.

— (Nematocampa), 220.
deflexa (Dichromatopodia), 152.
Deilinia, 190.

Deiliniinae, 94, 111.
Deinoptila, 172, 173.
dt'ione (Cynthia), 63.
Deiopeia, 561.

( 605 )

deiphobus (Papilio), 83.
delecta (Diactinia), 110.

— (Eustroma), 110.
delegorguei (Coturnix), 273.
Delias, 81, 86, 87.

deltae (Galerida), 248.

Demiegretta, 11, 23

demonax (Charaxes), 306, 308.

Dendrocopus, 527-31.

Dendromus, 33.

Dendrophila, 550.

Dendropicus, 33.

denticulata (Polygraphodes), 159.

dentilinea (Cnemodes), 149.

— (Racheospila), 139.
dentosa (Tephroclystia), 1G7
dephinata (Drucia), 133.
derogata (Sylepta), 588.
desa (Charaxes), 313, 314.

— (Haridra), 313.
deserti (Ammomanes), 249.

— (Saxicola), 255.
desertorum (Alajmon), 247.
detracta (Cbrysauge), 160.
detractaria (Boarmia), 580
detrita (Xenoaiua), 115.
Deudorix, 79.

dewitzi (Charaxes), 482, 487, 488.

Diactinia, 110.

diana (Charaxes), 297, 300, 303.

Diathrausta, 584.

Dicaeum, 15, 237, 550.

Dichocrocis, 587.

Dichorda, 132.

Dichorragia, (iC.

Dichostrepsia, 192.

diehroa (Cleis), 558.

— (Cyllopoda), 125.
Dichromatopodia, 152.
Dichromode.s, 101, 102.
Dicrurus, 38, 230.
diffusa (Anisodes), 146.
diffusus (Pas.ser), 26, 43, 45.
dilatata (Trochiodes), 186.
dilatipes (Pachyzancha), 589.
Dilophus, 245.

dilucida (Microloxia), 135.
diluta (Duliophyle), 113.
dilutus (Charaxes), 512.
Dinumma, 563.
dionisius (Pithecops), 68.
diops (Spiredonia), 566.
Dioptrornis, 37.
Dirades, 121, 122.
discata (C'raspedia), 105.
discinota (Scaea), 129.
disoipuncta (Rhodochlora), 140.
discistriga (Pseudosphinx), 556.
di.scopuDctaria (Heterephyra), 1.5G.
disformata (Phaulostathma), 166.

dispar (Edolio.soma), 15, 552.

— (Ischnopteris), 203.

— (Isochromodes), 217.
Dissemurus, 550.
dissipitalis (Sylepta), 588.
distanti (Charaxes), 309.

— (Haridra), 309.
distinctata (Heterephyra), 155.
disturbans (Androphilus), 226, 238.
Dithecodes, 102.

diversa (Terias), 80.
divisa (Nelo), 192.

— (Zagira), 503.

dodsoni (CEdicnemus), 244, 266.
dohertyi (Charaxes), 345, 346.

— (Mynes), 67.

— (Pterochaeta), 568.

— (Vadebra), 57.
dolescballi (Hasora), 85.
Doleschallia, 64.
Dolichopyge, 173.
dolop.salis (Archernis), 589.
domesticus (Passer), 246.
Doranaga, 503.
dorimene (Delias), 81.
dorsipunctata (Azelina), 209.
doubledayi (Charaxes), 496, 499.
Doxocapa, 281, 3.35.
Dracaenura, 584.
Drepanoplectes, 26, 41.
Drepanulidae, 98, 117.
Dromas, 269.

dronu (Terias), 79.

druceanus (Charaxes), 415, 418, 419-22,
425.

— (Nymphalis), 416.
Drucia, 133.
Dryoscopus, 38.
dubia (^gialitis), 268.

— (Cyphopora), 126.
dukiufieldi (Lissopsis), 171.
dulciferata (Amygdalopteryx), 176.
Duliophyle, 113.

dumiusi (Oeocichla), 226, 239.

— (Phyllergates), 226, 238.
dumicola (Polioptileu), 535, 536.
dunfordi (Nymphalis), 291.
Duomitus, 557.

duperreyi (Megapodius), 23, 554.
duplicata (Synecta), 199.
duponcheli (Betanga), 58, 59.

— (Euploea), 58.

durnfordi (Charaxes), 287-93.

— (Haridra), 289.
dux (Charaxes), 399.
Dysodia, 90, 100.
Dysplianiinae, 130, 131.
Dysporus, 11.
dyspteraria (Meskea), 121.
Dysschema, 131.

( 60G )

eboensis (Cinnyris), 50.

— (Ncctarinia), oO.
echo (Charaxes), 467.

— (Delia-i), 81.
Eclectus, 229.
Ectropidia, 113.
Ectropis, 11.5.
edithae (Corvus), 245.
edolioidea (Melaenornis), 3G.
Edoliosoma, 15, 23(5, .5.52.
egista (Atella), 03.
ehmckei (Charaxes), 521.
Eilema, 5(jl.

Elanus, 2o2.

elata (Prospasla), IGIK

elegans (Caoyparis), 5C2.

elegantula (Rhipidura), 12, 18.

eliada (Appks), 80.

ellioti (Galerida), 248.

— (Pteroclea), 28.
Elminia, 37.
Elodina, 79.

elongaria (Arhostia), 103.
Elusa, 5i)3.
Elymnias, 62.
Elymniinae, 62.
emini (Galachrysea), 27.
emissali.s (Chalcidoptera), 586.
emmae (Prtitincola), 52.
Emmalocera. 582.
emoliis (Lycaenesthes), 70, 71.
cmuDctaria (Alois), 95.
Endotrit^ha, .'.82.
Ennominae, 96, 116, 207.
Entephria, 5K5.
Eois, 92, 105. 107, 14il, 147.
Eos, 19, 23, 228, 229.
ephesperis (Nyctipao), 566.
Ephyra, 165.

ephyra (Charaxes). 477, 482, 485, 486.
490.

— (Xymphalis), 478, 479, 481, 485, 488.
Epicosymbia, 107.

epigencs (Charaxes), 284.
epijarbas (Deudorix), 79.
epijasius (Charaxes), 437, 447, 448. 450.

— (Nymphalis), 4.50.
epilais (Doxocapa), 33.5.
Epione, 218.

Epiplema, 101, 123, 577, 578.
Epiplemidae, 101, 121.
Epirrhoe, 173-,5.
Episparis, 570.
epius (Spalgis), 67.
epops (Upupa), 259.
eques (Penthetria), 41.
erasa (Dithecodes), 102.
Ercheia, 5ti5.
ereboides (Adrapsa), 572.
Bressa, 557.

Eriboea, 281, .'576, 387, 410, 428, 43.3, 439, 445

447, 465, 481
erigone (Junoniaj, 64.
Eriopygidia, 175, 176.
eriosoma (Plusia), 570.
Eritbacus, 2.55, 541.
erithalion (Nymphalis), 478.
enninea (Ptipilio), 281.
erminia (Apaturina), 66.
Eronia, 81.

erythrauchen (Acoipiter), 226.
erythroceria (Cinnyris), 50.
erythrogaster (Laniarius), 37.
erythrogenj-s (Cisticola), 49.
Erythronayias, 226, 234.
erythropteru'* (Melittophagus), 3.5.

— (Merops), 3.5.
Erythropygia, 49.
erythrorhyncha (Buphiiga), 39.
erythrorhynchus (Lophocerns), 3.3.
erythrothorax (Dicaeum), 237.
Erythrura, 6, 7, 18.

Eschata, 582.

csculonta (Collocolia), 18, 234.

Estrilda, 245.

etesipe (Charaxes), 283, 453, 455-60.

— (Nymphalis), 455, 459.

ethalion (Charaxes), 472, 476, 477, 478, 482, 484,
491.

— (Nymphalis), 478.

etheocles (Charaxes), 282-6, 351, 459, 472, 479,
481,489,511.

— (Nymphalis), 4.55, 459, 481.

— (Papilio), 455, 459, 479, 481, 486.
etheoclessa (Eriboea), 481.

etheta (Charaxes), 459.

— (Nymphalis), 455, 459.
Etiella, .582.
Euacidalia, 15.3.
Eublemma, 563.
Eucestiinae, 171.

eucharis (I'rasinochrysa), 160.
euchlorala (Luxiaria), 579.
euchlorus (Piisser), 241;.
Euchromia, .557.
eudoxus (Charaxes), 418-20.

— (Nymphalis), 419.

— (Papilio), 41. s, 419.
Eudule, 185.
Eudulinae, 185.
Eudyn,amis, 230-32, 553.
Euephyra, 153.
eugeniata (Eumelea), 580.
eugenius (Andropadus), 47.
Eulepis, 66, 281, 284, 286, 293.
eulimene (Athyma), GG.
Eumelea, 580.

eupale (Charaxes), 283, 286, 510, 512.

— (Nymphalis), 512.

— (Papilio), 510,511.

( 607 )

eupale (Urbanus), 510, 511.
Euperizoma, 177.
euphancs (Papilio), 4lJ8.
Eupithecia, 106.
eupitheciata (Sauris), 580.
Euploea, 5«, 59.
Euploeinae, 58.
Eupodotis, 267.
Euprinodes, 49.
Euproctis, 559.
eurialus (Charaxes), 352-4.

— (Papilio), 352.
europa (Lethe), 60.
europaea (Sitta), 526.
Eurrliyparodes, 585.
euryalus (Charaxea), 352.

— (Papilio), 352.
Eurylaemus, 550.
eurypylu.s (Papilio), 83.
Eurystomus, 18, 33, 553.
Eusarca, 214, 215.
Eusenea, 215.
Eustroma, 110.

euteles (Psitteuteles), 12, 19.

Eutelia, 564.

evaxalis (Dichoorocis), 587.

Everes, 72.

everetti (Acanthopneuste), 226, 239.

— (Charaxes), 291.

— (Eudynamis), 231, 232, 553.

— (Gerygone), 15.

— (Haridra), 291.

— (Pachycephala), 17.

— (Phyllergates), 226, 238.

— (Pitta), 18.

exacta (Calocalpe), 172.
examinata (Pachycephala), 236.
excisa (Planema), 546, 547.
exclusa (Luxiaria), 578.
excubitorius (Lanius), 38.
oxe.sai-ia (Cliogada), 113.
exigua (Caradiina), 563.
exilinota (Ptycbopoda), 94.
exilis (Cisticola), 239.

— (Lepiodes), 197.
eximia (Brontypena), 576.
extimaria (Isocbromodea), 217.
exustus (Pterocles), 28, 272.

fabius (Charaxes), 282, 286, 338, 351, 401, 463,

465, 468, 469, 513.
- (Nymplialis), 465, 460, 467, 468.

— (Papilio), 463, 468.
fabiusalis (Sylepta), 587.
facialis (Eudynamis), 232.
falcata (Aziba), 118.

— (Charaxes), 502.

— (Palla), 502.

— (Philognoma), 502.

Faico, 31, 261, 262.
fallax (Lanius), 251.
familiaris (Aedon), 253.

— (Certhia), 525.

— (Sylvia), 253.
fascialis (Zinckenia), 585.
fasciata (Opbthalmodea), 1 14.
fasciatus (Lophocerus), 34.
fastigiata (Zygia), 382.
fatima (Terias), 80.
feisthameli (Notocrypta), 84.
feldeggi (Faico), 202.

— (Motacilla), 250.
fenestrata (Dysodia), 100.
fenestra tella (Dysodia), 90.
ferrilinea (Eois), 106.
ferruginata (Anisodes), 142.
fervens (Charaxes), 327, 328.
Fidonia, 90, 199.
Fidoniinae, 96, 199.

filiola (Nectarinia), 49.
fimbriata (Hyriogona), 157.
fimbripedata (Ectropidia), 113.
finschi (Tephras), 3.
fischeri (Dioptrornis), 37.

— (Hyphantornis), 40.

— (Mirafra), 4(;.
flabrifera (Nishada), 561.
flammea (Strix), 261, 531, 534.
flava (Motacilla), 45, 250.
flavescens (Charaxes), 409.
tiavibaaalis (Nosophora), 586.
flavicincta (Racheolopha), 137.
tlavidiscata (Herbita), 216.
flavifasciatus (Charaxes), 438, 439, 440.
flavifimbria (Lissoehlora), 135.
flavigula (Criniger), 48.
flavimarginata (Tricentra), 104, 105.
Haviventris (Pliyllostrepbus), 48.
Havociucta (Euprinodes), 49.
flavovirescens ( Ptilinopiis), 21.
tiexicosta (Ptycbopoda), 161.
Hexistrigata (Craspedia), 150.
florensis (Charaxes), 348.

Horesianus (Geoffroyus), 230.
floria (Acanthopneuste), 239.
foedata (Camptogramma), 172.

— (Nipteria), 189.
fokiensis (Scaeorhynchus), 549
forbesi (Erythrura), 18.
forskalii (Buceros), 200.
forsteni (Megapodiua), 242.
fragilis (Xanthorhoe), 184.
frater (Anous), 9.
fraternaria (Bronchelia), 194.
frazeri (Cassina), 36.
Fregata, 11.

freyi (Charaxes), 524.
Fringilla, 0.
fringillae (Pulc-x), 539

( 608 )

Fringillaria, 43, 247.

fringillata (MicroIoxia% 135.

fringilloides (Spermestes), 41.

frondium (Picus), 527.

frontalis (Dendrophila), 550.

fucipbaga (CoUocalia), 11.

fucosa (Eois), 106.

fulgens (Charaxes), 487.

fulgurata (Charaxes), 482, 483, 488.

Fulica, 27.

fuliginosa (Artomyias), 37.

— (Sterna), 270.

fuliginosns (Cercocebus), 279, 593.

Fuligula, 591.

fuligula (Fuligula), 591.

fuUa (Arhopala), 78.

fuUonica (Ophideres), 570.

fulva (Petelia), 204.

fulvescens (Charaxes), 357, 359, 360-62.

— (Palla), 3.->9, 361.
fulvimacula (Cyclomia), 21.'}, 214.
fulvipicta (Pseudaglossa), 573.
fulvus (Charadrius), 9, 22.
fumimixta (Tephroclystia), 167.
funeralis (Nipteria), 189.
furcata (Ablepharus), 12.
furfurata (Craspedia). 104.
furva (Eressa), 557.

— (Melinodes), 218.
fuscata (Narragodes), 200.
fuscicosta (Heterephyra), l,'i5.
fuscidiscaria (Heterephyra), 156.
fu.scimargo (Oreta), 99.

— ( Phrudochorda), 97.
fuscum (Lygosoma), 12.
f uscus (Papilio), 82.
fusifera (Ercheia), 565.

gabia (Delias), 87.
gabonica (Charaxes), 399.
gaika (Zizera), I'l!).
Galachrysea, 27.
galanthis (Papilio), 281.
galba (Charaxes), 469.
galbula (Hyphantornis), 246.

— (Oriolus), 245.
galeata (Myiagra), 235.
Galerida, 247, 248.
gallicus (Cursorius), 267.

gallinae (Ceratophyllus), 540, 542, 543.

— (Pulex), 539, 540.
Gallinago, 269.
gallinago (Gallinago), 269.
Gallinula, 28, 271.
Gallus, 541.

gallus (Gallua), 541.
Gamatoba, 58.
gambrisius (Papilio), 82.
garrula (Coracias), 260.

garrnlus (Coracias), 260.

Garzetta, 266.

garzetta (Garzetta), 266.

Gazapina (Rhopalista), 169.

gea (Acraea), 547.

Gecko, 12.

Gela.sma, 133.

Gelochelidon, 270, 554.

geminia (Urapteryx), 578.

geminipuncta (Aterpnodes), 209.

geminus (Charaxes), 427.

Gemmatus, 281.

genoveva (Ogyris), 274.

Geocichla, 13, 226. 239.

geofEroyi (Ochthodromus), 268, 554.

Geoffroyus, 230.

Geometra, 132, 141, 146.

geometralis (Lepyrodes), 589.

Geometridae, 90, 101, 124, 191, 225.

Geometrinae, 102, 131, 134.

georgius (Charaxes), 321, 322, 323.

germana (Euacid.alia), 153.

Gerydus, 07.

Gerygone, 15.

ghosha (Phibalapteryx), 580.

gibbosa (Ptychopoda), 162.

gigantea (Charaxes), 303-5.

glabripennis (Eois), 106.

glandarius (Garrulus), 534.

Glareola, 27.

— (Rhyaeophiliis), 208.

— (Totauus), 268.
glauca (Erythrura). 6.

— (Milionia), 580.
glaucovirens (Lamprocolius), 39.
glauculalis (Glyphodes), 588.
glenis (Xacaduba), 75.
globaria (Auisodes), 141.
Globicera, 8.

gloriosus (Canerkes), 275.

Glottis, 23, 268, 554.

Glyphodes, 588.

godarti (Charaxes), 440.

Gogana, 98.

golzii (Erithacus), 2.55.

goDgonensis (Passer), 26, 43, 45.

— (Pseudostruthus), 43.
Goniorhynchus, 587.
Gonocilix, 98.
Gonodela, 95.
gonospUalis (Hypena), 576.
gracilis (Andropadus), 47.

— (Burnesia), 255.
gramineus (Tanygnathus), 230.
Grammodes, 567.
grandiflora (Protea), 446.
graphica (Polydesma), 566.
Graphidipus 192.
Gruucalus, 12, 23.

grayi (Zosterops), 16.

( 009 )

griaea (Anisodee), 145.

— (Stenalcidia), 198.

— (Zethes), 571.
griseata (Cnephora), 212.
griselda (Hammaptera), 178.
griseola (Synecta), 199.
griseolineata (Sterrha), 94.
griseonota (Pachycephala), 236.
griseosticta (Muscicapa), 234.
griseotincta (Reinwardtoena), 241.
griseoviridis (Camaroptera), 49.
grisoLa (Muscicapa), 257.

guderiana (Charaxes), 286, 463, 471, 473 475

— (Nymphalis), 473.
guentheri (Alcedo), 34.
gularis (Ardea), 266.

— (Calomis), 17.

— (Eurystomus), 33.

— (Lepterodias), 266.

— (Melittophagus), 34.

— (Mixomis), 550.

— (Passer), 44, 45.

— (Rhipidura), 13.

— (Scaeorhynchus), 548, 549.

— (Sylvia), 240.

gulielmalis (Goniorhynchus), 687
gurneyi (Baza), 20.
gustavi (An thus), 16.
guttata (Alcedo), 534.

— (Strix), 532-4.
gutturalis (Cinnyris), 51.

— (Hirundo), 12, 23, 234.

— (Pterocles), 29.
Gygis, 10.
Gymnophaps, 241.
Gyrtona, 565.

habyssinica (Cinnyris), 250.

Hadesina, 126, 127.

hadrianus (Charaxes), 398, 399, 400.

Haemalea, 153-5.

Haematopus, 267.

hagedash (Hagedashia), 29.

Hagedashia, 29.

hagenbecki (Cercooebus), 593, 594.

Halcyon, 19, 20, 34, 233, 234, 260, 553.

Haliaetus, 262.

haliaetus (Pandion), 261.

balmaea (Acidalia), 106.

Halophanes, 91, 102, 103.

Hamadryas, 60.

hamata (Tirumala), 56.

hamatus (Charaxes), 502.

Hammaptera, 177.

hampsoni (Heterusia), 557.

hamulosa (Palla), 502.

hannibal (Charaxes), 466.

hansali (Charaxes), 437, 438, 440, 450.

— (Nymphalis), 440.

hantu (Niaox), 227.

Haridra, 281-343.

harmodius (Charaxes), 316-20.

— (Haridra), 318, 319.
harpagon (Charaxes), 318-20.

— (Haridra), 318, 319.
Harpagoneura, 581.

harpax (Charaxes), 329, 331, 333.

— (Haridra), 329, 332.
harterti (Xenocichla), 53.
hartiaubi (Erythropyia), 49.

— (Turacus), 31, 278.
Hasodima, 216.
Hasora, 85, 86.
hasselti (Cinnyris), 550.
Hebomoia, 81.
hecabe (Terias), 80.
Heledromas, 269.
helena (Papilio), 281.
heliconia (Asota), 559.
heliodora (Neptis), 66.
hellauis (Precis), 64.
helvetica (Squatarola), 267.
hemana (Charaxes), 325, 334.

— (Haridra), 334.
Hemipogon, 109.
Hemipus, 550.
Hemithea, 134, 581.
hemithearia (Gelasma), 133.
hemixanthella (Tortricomorpha), 590.
Hemixus, 650.

hemprichi (Larus), 269.

henrici (Dammeria), 14.

Herbita, 216.

Herculia, 583.

Herodias, 265.

Hesperiidae, 83.

hesperioides (Dahlia), 562.

Hestia, 56.

Heteractiti.s, 23, 654.

Heteranax, 14, 23.

Heterephyra, 155, 156, 165.

Heteropan, 557.

Heteropygia, 8.

Heterostegane, 111.

Heterusia, 185, 200, 557.

Heterusiinae, 185.

heuglini (Cossypha), 52.

Iieyi (Ammoperdix), 273.

hierax (Charaxes), 329, 330, 331, 333, 335.

— (Haridra), 332.
hildebrandti (Charaxes), 286, 469.

— (Nymphahs), 469.
himalayensis (Dendrocopns), 530, 631.
Himantopus, 268.

himantopus (Him.antopU5), 268.

hindei (Cisticola), 49.

hiadia (Charaxes), 331, 332, 333, 334, 3.37, 338.

— (Haridra), 331, 332.

— (Nymphalis), 332.
hippoclus (Symbrenthia), 63.

41

( 610 )

hipponalis (Pachyzancla), 589.
hipponax (Charaxes), 331, 332, 333.

— (Haridra), 332.

hirundinia (Ceratophyllus), 542, 543.

— (Pulex), 539, 542.
Hirundo, 12, 23, 35, 36, 234, 257.
histricalis (Cotachena), 582.
hoedti (Rhipidura), 13.

hoUandi (Charaxes), 482, 484, 487.
Holochila, G8.

holoxantbalis (Lygropia), 588.
homerus (Charaxes), 512.
homeyeri (Charaxes), 520.

— (Sitta), 526.
Homoeosoma, 582.

honorata (Eudynamis), 230, 231.
Hoplopterus, 27.
horachroa (Dracaenura), 584.
horatius (Charaxes), 494.

— (Nymphalis), 492, 494.

— (Papilio), 492, 494.
borsfieldi (Paragerydus), 67.
hortensis (Sylvia), 253.
Houbara, 267.
humeralis (Lanius), 38.
humii (Halcyon), 20.
Huphina, 81.

hurama (Hasora), 86.

hyalina (Oospila), 136.

Hyalobatbra, 589.

Hyalocampa, 187, 188.

Hyblaea, 503.

hybridus (Turacus), 278.

Hydata, 134.

Hydrillodes, 574.

Hydriomena, 178.

Hydriomeninae, 110, 134, 171, 180.

hylas (Lampides), 76.

Hylodes, 506.

hylusalis (Gyrtona), 565.

Hymenomima, 197.

Hymenoptycbis, 584,

Hypaetra, 567.

Hypena, 576.

Hypephyra, 579.

hyperboreua (Pbalaropus), 591.

Hyperetis, 225.

Hyperlopha, 571.

Hyphautidium, 582.

Hypbantornis, 40, 24U.

Hypbedyle, 124, 125.

bypbinoe (Duomitas), 557.

Hypocharmosyna, 229.

Hypochlorosis, 79.

Hypochrysops, 68, 88, 89.

Ilypocolius, 252.

hypocyanea (Anisoneura), 566.

Ilypolais, 254.

Hypolamprus, 118.

hypoleucus (Tringoides), 23, 269, 554.

Hypolimnas, 64, 65.
hypolitus (Troides), 82.
Hypolycaena, 79.
Hyposidra, 116, 579.
Hypotbymis, 550.
hypoxantba (Xenocichla), 48.
hypsata (Abraxas), 580.
Hyriogona, 150, 157.

iasius (Nymphalis), 447.

ibis (Bubulcus), 29.

ichthyaetus (Larus), 269.

icterocephala (Chloropsis), 550.

Icteropsis, 40.

iere (Delias), 87.

ignita (Dysodia), 100.

ilatana (Marapana), 576.

ilias (Holochila), 68.

illectalis (Hyalobatbra), 589.

illimitata (Heterephyra), 156.

illinaria (Auisodes), 143.

imbecillata (Epirrhoe), 174.

imitans (Xanthoxena), 131.

Immetalia, 562.

immutata (Craspedia), 104.

imua (Charaxes), 331, 334, 337, 339.

— (Haridra), 338.
imperialis (Aquila), 263.

— (Charaxes), 286, 394, 396-8, 400, 477, 486.
impleta (Titbraustes), 129.

impressalis (Bradina), 584.
inaestimata (Cinnyris), 51.
inamorata (Ocbyria), 179.
inangulata (Polydesma), 566.
incanus (Tetanus), 8.
incaudata (Procboerodes), 223.
includens (Hypaetra), 567.
incognita (Lissocblora), 135.
incolorabs (Pyrausta), 590.
incoloraria (Nipteria), 190.
incolorata (Xenocentris), 109.
incompta (Azelina), 209.
incongraata (Hasodima), 216.

— (Macaria), 216.
indecora (Ptycbopoda), 162.
indecorata (Arbostia), 103.
indentata (Cidariopbanes), 202, 203.
indica (Glyphodes), 588.
indicatalis (Hypena), 576.
Indicator, 32.

indicator (Indicator), 32.
indicus (Pbaethon), 204.
indistincta (AzeUua), 210.
Induna, 92.

inexpictata (Trocbiodes), 186.
infans (Dirades), 122.
infantilis (Calliploea), 59.
infantula (Psaliodes), 181.
— (Ptycbopoda), 162

( oil )

infulata (Muscicapa), 37.
ingens (lyngipicus), 33.
innominata (Ceyx), 550.
ino (Papilio), 62.
inomata (Chettusia), 27.

— (Gerygone), 15.

— (Lathochlora), 91.
inornatus (Caprimulgus), 259.
insanalis (Tabidia), 585.
inecisale (Provedema), 589.
insigniata (Anisodes), 143.
insignis (Chaerocampa), 274.

— (Chalcostetha), 550.
insolita (Microgonia), 218.
instabilata (Epiplema), 577.
insularis (Strix), 533, 534.
Integra (Gogana), 98.
intensa (Racheospila), 139.
intercedens (Mirafra), 46.
intermedia (Columba), 271.

— (Zosterops), 237, 238.
intermedins (Cuculus), 553.
iuterprea (Arenaria), 267.

— (Strepsilas), 9, 242, 267.
intersecta (Tithraustes), 130.
intersectis (Nacaduba), 75.
interstrigalis (Ambia), 583.
intervallata (Nipteria), 189.
intimalis (Rhodonuera), 559.
invasta (Auophylla), 132.
iobaea (Eronia), 81.

lodis, 134.

iopasalis (Sylepta), 588.

iphigenia (Hypolimnas), 64, 65.

Ira, 217.

irena (Pitta), 18.

iridaria (Dichorda), 132.

Irrisor, 35.

Isabella (Bindahara), 79.

isabellina (Saxicola), 52, 255.

isabellinus (Lanius), 251, 252.

Ischnopteris, 203.

Ischnopteryx, 201.

Iscbya, 569.

isis (Atyria), 125.

ismare (Nasuma), 56.

Isochromodes, 217.

isolata (Racheospila), 138, 139.

Isoplenia, 93.

ispida (Alcedo), 234.

isura (Rhipidura), 13.

iturina (Acraea), 544.

itysalis (Glyphodes), 588.

lyngipicus, 33.

lynx, 32, 257.

Iza, 118, 119.

jacksoni (Drepanoplectes), 26, 41.
— (Irrisor), 35.

jacobinus (Coccystes), 257.
jacquinoti (Appias), 80.

— (Terias), 80.
jael (Huphina), 81.
jaguaralis (Eutephria), 585.
jahlusa (Charaxes), 507, 509, 510.

— (Nymphalis), 507, 509, 510.
jalinder (Charaxes), 330-34.

— (Haridra), 332.
Jamides, 75, 76.
japetus (Tagiades), 83.
japonicus (Dendrocopus), 530, 531.
Jasia, 281.

jasius (Apatura), 447.

— (Charaxes), 444, 447, 448, 455.

— (Nymphalis), 447.

— (Paphia), 447.

— (PapiUo), 352, 446, 447.

jason (Charaxes), 281, 282, 286, 420-27, 437, 438,
442-446-451.

— (Nymphalis), 447.

— (Papiliu), 281, 446.
jaspidata (Racheolopha), 137.

— (Racheospila), 137.
javanicus (Centropus), 232.
javensis (Thriponax), 550.
jocaste (Charaxes), 460, 461.

— (Nymphalis), 461.
johnatoni (Acraea), 546.

— (Semnocebus), 595, 596.
jordani (Ophideres), 570.
jovialis (Glyphodes), 588.
joviana (Ophiusa), 567.
Junius (Charaxes), 431, 432.
junonia, 64.

kahldeni (Charaxes), 519.

kahruba (Charaxes), 310, 311, 315.

— (Haridra), 310.

kamtschaticus (Dendrocopus), 530, 531.

kebirensis (Stigmatops), 16.

keyensis (Gerygone), 15.

khasiana (Haridra), 332.

khasianus (Charaxes), 325, 331, 332, 334.

kheili (Charaxes), 473.

khimalara (Charaxes), 331, 332.

— (Haridra), 332.
kilimensis (Nectarinia), 49.
kirchboffi (Strix), 533, 534.

kirki (Chara.'ces), 476, 477, 4.S2, 486, 489.

— (Crateropus), 49.
kissereusia (Monarcha), 14, 552.

— (Gerygone), 15.
kittlitzi (Aplonis), 6.

— (Gygis), 10.
kounga (Arhopala), 79.
kubaryi (Phlegoenas), 1, 8.
kiibni (Chaerocampa), 274.

— (Gerygone), 15.

— (Phalaeuoides), 275.

( 612 )

hichrymosum (Tricholaema), 32.
lactea (Leucoxena), 94.

— (Polioptila), 536.
lacteata (Epiplema), 577.
lactetinctus (Charaxes), 414, 418.
laetior (Oiolas), 39.

laevigata (Rhus), 358.
laevis (Dysodia), 100.
Lagonostica, 41.
lahtora (Lauius), 251.
lampedo (Charaxes), 465, 466.
~ (Eriboea), 465.

— (Nymphalis), 465.
lampetia (Messaras), 63.
Lampides, 76.
Lamprocolius, 39.
Lamprotornis, 39.
languida (Hypolais), 254.
Laniarius, 37.

Lanius, 38, 251, 252.

laodice (Charaxes), 498, 499.

— (Nymphalis), 498.

— (Palla), 499.

— (Papilio), 498.

— (Philognoma), 499.
lapejTousei (Euploea), 58.
lapponica (Limosa), 8, 23.
Larus, 269, 270.
larvatus (Oriolus), 38.
lasinassa (Hypolimnas), 65.
lasti (Charaxes), 409, 410.
Lathochlora, 90, 91.
laticinctus (Charaxes), 444, 445.
latona (Charaxes), 296—308.

— (Nymphalis), 298, 306.
layardi (Charaxes), 302.
lebbeck (Acacia), 382.
lecius (Papilio), 281.
leda (Melanitis), 61.
lembeyei (Polioptila), 535.
Lemoniidae, 67.
Leocyma, 563.

leoninus (Charaxes), 501, 502.

leos (Gerydus), 67.

Lepiodes, 197.

Lepterodias, 266.

Leptocteriista, 124.

lepturus (Phaethon), 10.

lepurana (Turnix), 270.

Lepyrodes, 589.

Lethe, 60.

leto (Charaxes), 304, 305.

lettiensis (Ptilinopus), 21.

— (Zosterops), 16.
leucocapillus (Micranous), 9.
leucocepbalus (Melanobucco), 32.
leucocincta (Emmalocera), 582.
leucogaster (Haliautus), 2G2.
leucogastra (Polioptila), 536.
leucogastralis (Masca), 571.

leucogynia (Hebomoia), 81.

leucomela (Hyposidra), 116.

leucomelaena (Amaurornis), 22.

Leuconotha, 123.

leucopterus (Dendrocopus), 529, 531

leucopthalmus (Larus), 269.

leucorodia (Platalea), 265.

leucospila (Doranaga), 563.

leucospilus (Scops), 227.

leucotis (Colius), 31.

Leucoxena, 94.

leucurus (Monarcha), 235.

Libythaeinae, 67.

Libythea, 67.

lichas (Charaxes), 502, 504, 506, 507, 511.

— (Palla), 500.

— (Philognoma), 504, 506.
lichenea (Anisodes), 143.

— (Thermesia), 569.
lichtensteini (Pterocles), 272.
limbaria (Hadesina), 126, 127.
Limnas, 57.
Limnocorax, 28.
Limonias, 225.
Limonitfis, 554.

Limosa, 8, 23.
lincea (Ophthalmia), 562.
linchi (CoUocalia), 550.
lineolata (Pachycephala), 236.
lingensis (Mus), 549.
Lissocharis, 188.
Liasochlora, 134, 135.
Lissopsis, 171.

lithargyria (Catochrysops), 77.
littoralis (Prodenia), 562.
livia (Columba), 271, 542.
livingstoni (Corythaix), 278.

— (Turacus), 278.
Lobopola, 203, 204.
longicauda (Elminia), 37.
longidens (Paragonia), 221.
longipalpis (lodis), 134.
longipedata (Ptychopoda), 163.
longipennis (Stenorrhoe), 183.
longirostris (Arachnothera), 550.
Lophocoros, 33, 34, 260.
loricatus (Monarcha), 235.
lorquini (Hypochlorosis), 79.
lucasi (Chaerocampa), 555.
lucidus (Bubulcus), 266.

lucretius (Charaxes), 405, 406, 407, 410.

— (Eriboea), 410.

— (Nymphalis), 410.

— (Papilio), 410.
lugens (Muscicipa), 37.
higcntoides (Saxicola), 256.
lugubris (Alcedo), 534.

— (Cerylo), 534.

— (Strix), 534.

— (Surniculus), 550.

( 613 )

lilhderi (Cinnyria), 51.
lumaralis (Bocchoris), 580.
luminaria (Rambara), 580.
lumiaosa (Ommatophora), 570.
lunata (Chaerocampa), 274.
lunawara ((Jharaxes), 310, 312, 321.

— (Haridra), 310.
lunigera (Charaxes), 488.
lutaoea (Charaxes), 485.
lutealis (Curicta), 582.
lutescens (Ravadeba), 57.
Luxiaria, 578, 579.
luzonica (Radena), 56.
Lycaena, 68.
Lycaenesthes, 70.
Lycaenidae, 67.

lycaenoides (Lycaenesthes), 70. 71.

— (Pseudodipsas), 70
lycnrgus (Nymphalis), 499.

— (Papilio), 499.
lydekkeri (Capra), 277.
Lygosoma, 12.
Lygris, 110.
Lygropia, 588.
lysianassa (Charaxes), 405.

Maearia, 216, 579.
macariata (Ozola), 580.
macclouni (Charaxes), 409.
macfarlainei (Papilio), 83.
Machetes, 209.
mackloti (Dicaeum), 15.
macqueeni (Houbara), 267.
Macroglossum, 556.
Macroneurodes, 127.
Macropteryx, 234, 550.
Macropygia, 240.

macrorhyncha (Pachycephala), 17.
macrostyla (Eois), 92.
macrurus (Circus), 263.
maculata (Strix), 533, 534.
maculatus (Cuscus), 12.
mada (Columba), 241.

— (Prioniturus), 226, 230.
madensis (Charaxes), 346.
maesoides (Telicota), 84, 85.
magica (Pisorhina), 227.
magicus (Scops), 227, 228, 532.
magnifica (Heterusia), 185.
maha (Zizera), 70.

maior (Polioptila), 538.
major (Dendrocopus), 527-31.

— (Laniarius), 37.

— (Picus), 527.
malaccensis (Anthreptes), 550.

— (Hemixus), 550.
malacellus (Crambus), 581.
Malacopterum, 549.
malaya (Megisba), 68.

malayana (Eudynamis), 230, 231.

— (Hasora), 80.
malayanus (Chrysococcyx), 21.
malina (Aplodes), 134.

— (Hydata), 134.
mamillifera (Atyria), 125.
manadensis (Scops), 227, 228.
mangolianus (Charaxes), 466.
manica (Charaxes), 482, 488.
manifestalis (Adrapsa), 572.
manipa (Satyrus), 62.
manlia (Ischya), 569.
Marapana, 575, 576.
Mareca, 591.

margaritaria (Craspedia), 104.
margaritata (Strix), 533.
marginata (Darna), 126.

— (Fidonia), 199.
marginatum (Edoliosoma), 236.
maria (Pitta), 18.

marica (Nymphalis), 387.

— (PapUio), 387.
marionalis (XacoIeia),587.

marmax (Charaxes), 312, 326, 834, 351-G.

— (Haridra), 312.

— (Nymphalis), 312.
mars (Charaxes), 344-6.
martinus (Charaxes), 318, 319.

— (Haridra), 318, 319.

— (Tagiades), 83.
Maruca, 589.
Masca, 571.

mathias (Parnara), 85.

Mathoria, 119.

matutina (Cyllopoda), 125.

mauritanus (Dendrocopus), 529, 531.

maxima (Ceryle), 534.

mechowi (Charaxes), 419.

Mecoceratinae, 124.

Mecodina, 571.

Medasina, 115.

media (Sterna), 270.

medius (Centropus), 232.

medus (Mycalesis), 61.

meeki (Ogyris), 274.

megalorhynchus (Tanygnathus), 230.

Megapodius, 23, 242, 554.

Megisba, 68.

megisto (PhaLienoidcs), 275.

Melaenornis, 36.

melana (Doleschallia), 04.

melanauchen (Pyrrhulauda), 249.

— (Sterna), 10.

Melanchroia, 192-4.

Melanitis, 01.

melanoleucus (Lophocerus), 33.

Melanobucco, 32.

melanocephala (Caccabis), 272.

melanogaster (Otis), 27.

melanogenys (Anous), 9.

( 614 )

melanope (Motecilla), 16, 250, 552. .
melauops (Graucalus), 12, 23.
melanoptera (Cercotrichas),25C.

— (Chettusia), 27.
Melanopteryx, 40.
melanorhyncha (Eudynamis), 232.
melanorhynchus (Plocepasser), 41.
melanotis (Petaurista), 592.
melanura (Myristicivora), 242.

— (Myrmecocichla), 256.

— (Pachycephala), 17, 237.
melba (Cypselus), 258.
Melia, 434.

melicerte (Ophiusa;, 567.
Melierax, 263.
melina (Vadebra), 58.
Melinodes, 218.
melissa (Pergama), 211.
Melissoblaptes, 581.
Melitta, 35.
Melittophagus, 34, 35.
Melizophilus, 533.
mcllea (Anteois), 147.
membranacea (Parallage), I'Jl.
meridionalis (Charaxes), 297, 304, 305.

— (Melittophagus), 35.

— (Strix), 53.S.
Meringocera, 560.
meritalis (Entephria), 585.
Meroctena, 589.
Merops, 34, 35, 259, 339.
merula (Turdus), 541.
merulinus (Cacomantis), 233.
Meskea, 121.

mesoleuca (Ruticilla), 254.
Messaras, 63.
Metabolus, 1, 4, 11.
nietallica (Calornis), 17.

— (Columba), 22.

— (Nectarinia), 250.
Metasia, 161.

metaspila (Polydesma), 566.
metaspilata (Anisodes), 141.
Metrocampa, 212.
mexicana (Culicivora), 535.

— (Polioptila), 535.
meyeri (Halcyon), 20.
micaceus (Phalaenoides), 5G2.
Miccularia,137.

— (Racheolopha), 137.
Micranous, 9.
Microctenucha, 100.
Jlicroeca, 226, 234.
Microgonia, 2] 8.
Microloxia, 135, 136.
Elicronia, 577.
Microxydia, 219.
midas (Charaxe.s), 497.
milesi (Bubo), 261.
Miletus, 67.

Milionia, 580.
Miltochrista, 561, 562.
Mil vus, 31,262.
mimica (Xenocentris), 109.
Mimocharis, 200.
mindanensis (Eudynamis), 231
mingo (Pamphila), 85.
minor (Halcyon), 19.

— (Pycnonotus), 47.

— (Reinwardtoena), 241.
minuta (Haemalea), 154.

— (Sterna), 270.

— (Tringa), 269.
minntus (Melittophagus), 35.

— (Telephonus), 38.
Mirafra, 2G, 45, 46, 248, 249.
Mixopsis, 219, 220.
Mixornis, 550.

mixtus (Charaxes), 372, 387, 390, 391.
ranesidora (Cirrhochrista), 682.
Mnesithetis, 158.
modesta (Erythrura), 6.
mode.stalis (Bradina), 584.
moerens (Tithraustes), 1.30.
mollissima (Microloxia), 135.
molucca (Munia), 240.
moluccana (Alcedo), 234.
moluccensis (Philemon), 237.

— (Pitta), 18.

mombasae (Phyllostrephus), 48.
Momouipta, 128.
monachus (Vullur), 264.
Monarcha, 13, 14, 226, 235, 552.
mongolica (.^gialitis), 268.
mongolus (Aegialitis), 9.

— (Ochthodromus), 554.
monitor (Charaxes), 361.
monogrammata (Ptychopoda), 163.
montanus (Pious), 527.
monteiri (Charaxes), 385.
Monticola, 254.

montivagata (Epirrhoe), 174.
Monura, 281, 452.
mopsaria (Cyclomia), 214.
morotensis (Scops), 227.
Morphinae. 62.
Motacilla, IG, 45, 200, 5.52.
motitensis (Passer), 42, 43.
multidentata (Miltochrista), 561.
multifasciata (Iza), 118.
multilinea (Eusarca), 214.
multivagata (Epirrhoe), 174.

— (Scotosia), 174.

munda (Microctenucha), 100.
mundaria (Ptychopoda), 108.
mundipicta (Xyctemera), 560.
mundus (Heteranax), 14, 23.
Munia, 240.

muricata (Anteois), 147.
muricolor (Pero), 222.

( 615 )

murinus (Bradyornis), 36.

Mus, 541, 549.

Muscicapa, 37, 234, 257.

muscipunctata (Geometra), 141.

muscosata (Perizoma), 180.

musicus (Bias), 36.

Mycalesis, Gl, 62, 87,88.

mycerina (Charaxes), 283, 286, 455, 494-9.

— (Nymphalis), 496.

Myiagra, 1,5, II, 13, 2.35.

Mynes, 0,1.

Myrioblephara, 114.

Myristicivora, 242.

Myrmecocichla, 52, 256.

mystacea (Macropteryx), 234.

mysticalis (Criniger), 238.

Myzomela, 2, 12, 551, 552.

Nacaduba, 73-5.

Nacoleia, 587.

Nadagara, 578.

namaquus (Thripias), 32, 33.

nanata (Hemipogon), 109.

nanipennis (Cyllopoda), 125.

narangilla (Spargania), 182.

narina (Libythea), 67.

Narraga, 200.

Narrogodes, 200.

Nasuma, 56.

nasutus (Lophoceros), 260.

natalensis (Charaxes), 432, 433, 435, 436.

natunensis (Mus), 549.

nauslcaa (Charaxes), 495.

neanthes (Charaxes), 283, 516, 520, 521-4.

— (Nymphalis), 521, 523.
nebularius (Glottis), 23, 268, 554.
nebuligera (Auisodes), 145.
Nectarinia, 49, 50, 250.
nedusia (Hamadryas), 60.
neglecta (Collocolia), 18.

Nelo, 192.
Nematocampa, 220.
nemea (Lampides), 76.
nemertes (Salpinx), 00.
Neochera, 559.
Neochrysa, 157, 158.
Neophron, 204.
Neopithecops, 68.
Neosterrha, 158.
Nepheloleuca, 221.
Nephodiinae, 187, 191.
Neptis, 66.

neriphoides (Neptis), 66.
neriphus (Neptis), 66.
nesaea (Charaxes), 398.
nesiope (Charaxes), 499.

— (Nymphalis), 499.
Nettapus, 26.
Nettion, 26, 264.

nexistriga ( Dichromodes), 101.
niasica (Siccia), 561.
niceta (Rhodareas), 559.
nichete.s (Charaxes), 500— 502.
nicholi (Charaxes), 288-90.

— (Haridra), 288.
nicholii (Nymphalis), 288.
niebla (Herbita), 216.
nigella (Bleptina), 574.
niger (Fjimnocorax), 28.

— (Parus), 51.

nigerrima (Melanopteryx), 40.
nigra (Myrmecocichla), 52.
nigrata (Hyposidra), 116.
nigrescens (Charaxes), 361.

— (Piletocera), 584.
nigricans (Galerida), 248.

— (Pycnonotus), 47.
nigriceps (Polioptila), 536-8.
nigricoUis (Podicipes), 270.
nigricuneata (Alcis), 111.
nigrifrons (Pyromelana), 41.
nigrilineata (Oenoptilar), 204.
uigripennis (Oriolus), 39.
nigripunctata (Spilocraspeda), 224.
nigriscapularis (Cinnyris), 237.
Nigrita, 42.

— (Astyochia), 187.

— (Hirundo), 36.
nigrivenata (Lissocharis), 188.
nigrivitta (HercuUa), 583.
nigrogularis (Phalacrocorax), 204.
nigromentalis (Ehipidura), 13.
nigropustulata (Anisodes), 143.
Ninox, 227, 532, 550.

ninus (Dichorragia), 60.
Nipteria, 188-91.
Nishada, 561.
nisoria (Sylvia), 252.
Nisus, 220.
uisus (Accipiter), 203.

— (Charaxes), 352, 354.

— (Nymphalis), 352.

— (Papilio), 352.

nitebis (Charaxes), 292, 294.

— (Nymphalis), 292, 294.
nitens (P.salidoprocne), 36.
nitidula (Petaurista), 592.
nitidus (Pteromys), 592.
nivosaria (Epiplema), 577.
nobilis (Charaxes), 512.
noctis (Sepa), 83.
Noctuidae, 562.

noctula (Scotophilus), 541.

nocturna (Azelina), 210.

Nodaria, 574, .575.

nodigera (Anisodes), 145.

nodrica (Parthenos), 65.

Noreia, 580.

northootti (Charaxes), 472, 473.

( 616 )

nortia (AplodeB), 135.
Nosophora, 58C.
Notocrypta, 84.
novaehollandiae (Strix), 228.
novaezealandiae (Limosa), 8, 23.
nubicincta (Perizoma), 177.
nnbicus (Caprimulgna), 258.

— (Lanius), 251.

nnbilosa (Phaeochlaena), 128.

nuchalis (Galacbrysea), 27.

Nucifraga, 52C.

Nudaria, 9G

nudaria (Platypepla), 96.

nudirostris (Vinago), 30.

numenes (Charaxes), 286, 371, 373, 477.

— (Nymphalis), 371.
Numenius, 8, 22, 2fi8, 554.
Numida, 30, 31.

numidus (Dendrocopns), 529, 531.

nunctata (Psamatodes), 579.

nyasana (Charaxes), 401-3.

Nyctalemon, 577.

Nyctemera, 560.

Nycticorax, 10.

Nyctipao, 566.

nyikensis (Muscicapa), 37.

Nymphula, 583.

Nymphalidae, 56, 62.

Nymphalis, 281-523.

obiensis (Pachycephala), 17.

— (Reinwardtoena), 240, 241.
obliquaria (Anteios), 147.

— (Urapteroides), 677.
obliquistriga (Heterusia), 185.
oblongomaculatns (Troides), 82.
obrinusalis (Lygropia), 588.
obrussata (Xadagara), 578.
obscura (Euacidalia), 153.

— (Polioptila), 535.

— (Rhodostrophia), 164.

— (Strix), 532.
obscurus (Calornis), 240.

— (Goniorhynchus), 587.

— (Hemipus), 5.50.

— (Puffinus), 10.
obsoleta (Cotile), 257.

— (Ptilonoprogne), 257.
obsoletua (lyngipicus), 33.
obstinatus (Zosterops), 238.
obstopidalis (Hypena), 576.
obtruncata (Platypteryx), 117.
occidentali.s (Passer), 44.
occiduata (Paragonia), 221, 222.
occulata (Grammodes), 567.
oceanica (Carpopbaga), 8.

— (Globicera), 8.
ocellata (Cyclomia), 21.3.
ocellattis (Charaxes), 346, 351.

ochracea (Charaxes), 486.

— (Symphleps), 118.
ochrata (Semiothisa), 206.
ochrea ((^artellodes), 212.

— (Cymatophora), 196.
ochromelas (Eurylaemus), 560.
ochropus (Heledromas), 269.
Ochthodromus, 27, 2ii8, 554.
Ochyria, 179.

Ocrosia, 562.

octo (Amyna), 563.

ocnlaria (Sitagra), 40.

ocularis (Anisodes), 144.

odysseus (Chara.xes), 413.

Oedicnemus, 27, 244, 266.

oedipus (Ptychopoda), 11)3.

(Ena, 272.

oenanthe (Saxicola), 255.

oeneas (Columba), 541.

Oenochrominae, 101, 124.

Oenoptila, 204.

ogovensis (Charaxes), 502.

Ogyris, 274.

olga (Huphiua), 81.

olivacea (Plem3Tiopsi8), 180.

olivata (Eriopygidia), 176.

omaha (Pamphila), 85.

ombiranus (Charaxes), 299, 300.

omma (Cyclodes), 567.

Omtnatophora, 570.

Omphisa, 589.

Oncoba, 382.

onocrotalus (Pelecanus), 264, 591.

Oospila, 136.

Ophideres, 570.

Ophiusa, 567.

Ophthalmis, 562.

Ophthalmodes, 114.

Opisogonia, 181.

oppletaria (Aplogompha), 186.

ops (Atyria), 125.

ordinata (Anisodes), 141.

Oreta, 99.

orientalis (Charaxes), 438.

— (Eudynamis), 230-32.

— (Eurystomus), 18, 553.

— (Pterocles), 28.

— (Tarsiger), 36.
orientilis (Typhlop.sylla), 539.

orilus (Charaxes), 347, 348, 350, 351, 352.

Oriolus, 38. .39, 236, 237, 245.

orontes (Alcidis), 577.

Orphnophanes, 584.

orphoga.ster (Cinnyris), 51.

oscillans (Microeca), 234.

osea (Cinnyris), 251.

ostralegus (Hicmatopus), 267.

ostrina (Anteois), 146.

— (Eois), 146.
Otis, 27.

( 617 )

Otis (Zizera), 70.
owstoui (Zosterops), 2.
Oxycophina, 100.
Oxyodes, 570.
Ozola, 580.

Pachycephala, 17, 23, 236, 237, 552.

Pachypalpia, 97, 98.
Pachyzaucla, 589.
pacifica (Carpophaga), 8.
Palla, 281, 354, 358, 359, 301, 499, 502, 506.
pallida (Aplodes), 1.31.
— (Hypolais), 254.
pallidaria (Mixopsis), 220.
pallidiceps (Astur), 226.
palmarum (Telicota), 84.
palmyra (Nacaduba), 74, 75.
palpalis (Raparna), 572.
palpata (Rhinoprora), 109.
Palyadinae, 186.
Pamphila, 85.
pampuaan (Phlegoeuas), 8.
Panacra, 274.

pandamalia (Dichocrocis), 587.
Pandion, 261.
pandora (Hypolimnas), 65.
Pangora, 559, oiJO.
pannaria (Calyptocome), 148.
Paphia, 281, 447.

paphianus (Charaxes), 280, 502.
Papilio, 62, 82, 83, 281—511.
papuana (Erythrura), 7.

papuensis (Charaxes), 297, 300, 301, 302, 304,
305.

— (Nymphalis), 300.

— (Troides), 82.
paradoxa (Strix), 533.
Paradoxornis, 548.
paragea (Plauema), 547.
Paragerydus, 67.
Paragonia, 221, 222.
Parallage, 191.
Paralygris, 110.

parambicola (Callipseustes), 202.
paranthyala (Stictoptera), 565.
paraphiata (Cymatophora), 196.
parasira (Craspedia), 104, 105.
Parasynegia, 94.

Pareclipsis, 97.

parisignata (Hypolamprus), 118.

Parisoma, 253.

parmenion (Charaxes), 306, 308.

Parnara, 85.

parrhasius (Acraea), 546

Parthenos, 65.

Parus, 51.

parva (Zapornia), 271.

parvipuncta (Racheospila), 138.

parvirostris (Polioptila), 53G, 537, 538.

pasinuntia (Pangora), 559.
Passer, 26, 42, 4.3-5, 246.
patrata (Rhopalodes), 170, 171.
patroclus (Xyctalemon), 577.
paulina (Appias), 80.
paulinus (Cyrestis), 64.
pectoralis (Cinnyris), 550.

— (lynx), 32.

— (Rhinomyias), 550.
pedissequa (Ptychopoda), 163.
pegobates (Lycaenesthes), 71.
pelasgius (Acraea), 545.
Pelecanus, 264, 591.

pelias (Charaxes, 280, 418, 429, 437,44(1,442,
445, 446, 451,463,471, 473.

— (Nymphalis), 444, 445.

— (PapiUo), 442, 445.
peUos (Tardus), 53.
pelopia (Eriboea), 445.
pelzelni (Icteropsis), 40.
peueleos (Acraea), 545.
penelope (Mareca), 591.
penicula (Deinoptila), 173.
penricei (Charaxes), 460.
Penthetria, 41.

penumbrata (Haemalea), 154.
percivali (Telephonus), 244, 251.
percnopterus (Neophron), 264.
perdensata (Noreia), 580.
perdentalis (Nacoleia), 587.
peregrinus (Falco), 261.
perfusaria (Ephyra), 165.

— (Macaria), 579.

— (Xenostigma), 165.
Pergama, 211.
perimede (Nipteria), 191.
Perissopteryx, 204.
Perisyntrocha, 584.
Perizoma, 177, 180.
perlata (Haemalea), 154.
perlepidaria (Chogada), 112.
perlineata (Craspedia), 581.
permistus (Dendromus), 33.
pernyi (Dendrocopus), 530.
Pero, 222.

peronii (Geocichia), 13.
perrubrescens (Cidariophanes), 203.
perrupta (Auophylla), 132.
perseus (Mycalesis), 61.
persicus (Merops), 34, 259.

— (Puffinus), 270.
personatus (Geoffroyus), 230.
perspectalis (Zinckenia), 585.
perspectaria (Heterephyra), 156.
perspicillata (Carpophaga), 242.
Perusia, 222.

perviridis (Xanthorhoe), 176.
Petaurista, 592.
Petelia, 204.
petilia (Limnas), 57.

( 618 )

phaeacus (Charaxes), 482, 483, 489.

phaeocephalus (Alophoixus), 550.

Phaeochlaena, V28.

phaeonota (Pachycephala), 552.

phaeopus (Xumenius), 8, 22, 268, 554.

Phatthon, 10, 11, 2G4.

phaeus (Charaxes), 476, 482, 487, 488.

Phalacvocorax, 26, 264.

Phalaenoides, 275, 562.

Phalaropus, 591.

Phaleratus, 281, 452.

pharnus (Spalgis), ri7,

Phaulostathma, 166.

Phibalapteryx, 580.

Philemon, 2,37.

philene (Salatura), 57.

Philetaerus, 41.

philippina (Cyaniris), 69.

— (Parnara), 85.

— (Sterna), 9.
philippus (Miletus), 67.

Philognoma, 281, 354, 357-9, 401, 499, 506.

philotis (Delias), 81.

Phlegoenas, 1, 8.

phoebus (Charaxes), 416, 417, 424, 428, 429.

phoenicea (Urobrachya), 41.

Phoenicopterus, 265.

phoenicura (Amaurornis), 22.

phcenicuroitles (Lanius), 252.

phoenicurus (Ruticilla). 254.

Pholidauges, 39.

Phoyx, 29, 265.

phraortes (Charaxes), 421, 422.

— (Nymphalis), 422.
Phrudochorda, 97.
Phryganodes, 586.
Phyllergates, 226, 238.
Phyllophasis, 281, 354, 359.
Phylloscopus, 239, 253.
Phyllostrephus, 48.
picata (Tithraustes), 130.
picta (Charaxes), 483, 484, 486.
Picus, 527.

pierreti (Chirosa), 58.
pileata (Sterna), 0.
pileatus (Anous), '.i, 10.
Piletocara, 584.
pinetorum (Picus), 527.
Pionea, 589.
Pisorhina, 227.
Pithecops, 68.
Pitta, 12, 18, 24, 238, .553.
pityopicus (Picus), 527.
placens (Dinumma), 563.
placentis (Hypocharmosyna), 229.
placidaria (P.samathia), 123.
plagifera (Marapana), 575.
plana (Spilocraspeda), 223.
Planema, 546. .547.
planimargo (Piiragnnia), 221.

planipennis (Craspedia), 91.

Platalea, 265.

plateni (Charaxes), .342.

— Haridra), 342.
platurus (Dissemurus), .550.

— (Prioniturus), 230.
Platypepla. 96.
Platypteryx, 117.
Platystira, 36.
Plebejus, 510, 511.
Plecoptera, 567.
Plectroboarmia, 180.

pleistoanax (Charaxes), 831, 332, 333.

— (Haridra), 332.
Plemyriopsis, 180.
pleschanka (Saxicola), 52, 256.
Plesioneura, 84.

plexippus (Anosia), 56.

plisthenes (Papilio), 83.

Plocepasser, 41.

Ploceus, 40.

plumbeigularis (Anous), 10.

plunabeoscripta (Eois), 107.

Plusia, 570.

plutonica (Meringocera), 560.

pluvialis (Charadrius), 268.

Podiceps, 26.

Podicipes, 270.

podicipes (Ardetta), 266.

poecilolaemus (Dendropicus), 33.

poecilta (Nacaduba), 74.

poelzami (Dendrocopus), 529, 531.

Poeocephalus, 31.

Pogonogya, 158, 159.

Poliolimnas, 9.

polionotus (Astur), 12, 20, 24, 551.

Polioptila, 535-8.

polita (Arhopala), 78.

politaria (Anteois), 146.

— (Eois), 146.

polixena (Charaxes), 328, 329.

PoUa, 222.

poUux (Charaxes), 426, 427, 428.

— (Nymphalis), 439.

— (Papilio), 416-42.
poltisalis (Lygropia), 588.
polussa (Eriboea), 428.
Polydesma, 566.
polydorus (Papilio), 82.
Polygrammodes, 589.
polygraphalis (Addaea), 558.
Polygraphodes, 159.
Polyphasia, 181.

Polyura, 281.

polyxena (Charaxes), 282-6, 321-4, 325-8, 329,

330, 332, 334, 335, 341, 351, 455.
_ (Haridra), 331, 335.

— (Nymphalis), 306, 312, 313, 320, 328, 331, 334,

335, 339, 340.

— (Papi'io), 325, 334.

polyxo (Nymphalis), 335.

polyzonus (Melierax), 2G3.

pomponia (Acraea), 545.

ponapeasis (Ptilinopus), 7.

— (Zosterops), 3.

porphyria (Jamides), 7.5.
portho.s (Chara.\es), 497.
praeapioata (Apicia), 208.
praecipua (Mecodina), 571.
praelatata (Hydriome'na), 178
praeloDgata (Semiothisa), 20G.
— (Tephroclystia), 167.
praemundata (Hydriomena). 179
Prasinochrysa, 160.
prasinorrhous (Ptilinopus), 24'>
pratensi.s (Crex), 271.
Pratincola, 52.
pratincola (Glareola), 27
Precis, 64.

presbytis (Acanthopnenste) o^g

Presos, 276.

primularia (Cimicodes), 213

princeps (Charaxes), 38.1 384

Prinia, 2.55. '

Prioniturus, 226, 230.

Problepsis, 107.

Prochoerodes, 223.

Prodenia, 562.

productata (Ozola), 580.

profundalis (Diathrau.sta), 5.S4
ProgoDodes, 133.
proleuca (Rivula), 563.
Prooedema, 589.
propinqua (Cleis), 558.
proserpina (Cinnyris), 237.
Prosopolophinae, 97.
Proepasta, 160.
Protea, 446.

protoclea (Charaxes), 286, 403 405
— (Nymphalis), 404. '

Protoparce, 556.
proximata (Hasora), 86.
Prusias (Telicota), 84.
Psalidoprocne, 36.
Psaliodes, 181.
P.samathia, 123,
Psamatodes, 579.

psaphon (Charaxes), 282, 3"'! 395 o,,,
336-9. ' " ' '

— (Haridra), 339

— (Papilio), 281.
Pseudaglossa, 573, 574.
Pseudodipsas, 70.
Pseudomicronia, 577.
Pseudosphinx, 556.
Pseudostruthus, 43, 44.
Pseudoterpna, 581.
Psilosetia, 192.
Psitteuteles, 12 19.
Pterniate.s, 30.

334,

( 619 )

Pterochaeta, 568.

Pterocles, 28, 29, 272.

Pteroclurus, 272.

Pteromys, 592.

Ptilinopu.s, 7, 8, 12, 21, 242, 553.

Ptilonoprogne, 257.

ptilorhyncha (Numida), 30 31

Ptychopoda, 93, 94, 107.9, '147,' 161-4
i^tychorrhoe, 181.

puella (Batis), 36.

Puffinus, 10, 270.

pugnax (Machetes), 269.

pulchella (Deiopeia), 561.

pulehellalis (Cirrhochrista), 582

pulchrUinea (Callopistria) 563

Pulex, 539, 540, .542.

pumila (Alseonax), 37.

punctata (Pareclipsis), 97.

punctilineata (Stenalcidia), 198

— (Sterrha), 94.

punctivenata (Chaeroeampa), 555

punctulata (Cirrhochrista), 582.

punicus (Falco), 2G1.

piira (Psilosetia), 192.

purpuralis (Polygrammodes), 589

purpurea (Phoy.x), 29, 265.

purpureotincta (Racheospila), 138.

purpureoviridis (Tephroclystia), 167

purpuropterus (Lamprotornis), 39.

purus (Dendroeopus), 5:i0.

pusilla (Antiplecta), 121.

— (Oreta), 99.

pusillus (Melittophagus), 35.

puspa (Cyaniris), 68.

pustulata (Myrioblephara), 114.

Pycnonotus, 47, 257.

pygargus (Circus), 263.

Pygospila, 588.

Pyrausta, 590.

Pyromelana, 40, 41.

pyrrhonotus (Anthus), 45.

pyrrhothorax (Dendroeopus), 530.

— (Ochthodromus), 268.

Pyrrhulauda, 249.

pyrrhus (Eulepis), 60, 293.

Pytelia, 42.

pythodorus (Charaxes), 396, 397, 398, 400.

quadribrachys (Alcedo), 34.
quadricaudata (Epiplema), 577.
quadrilineata (Asura), 561.
— (Polla), 222.
Querquedula, 264.
quinquelineata (Crypsityla), 152.
quirina (Acraea), ,544.
quirinalis (Acraea), ,544,

Racheoiopha, 137.
Racheospila, 133, 137-9.

( 620 )

Radena, 56.

Rallina, 22.

ralloides (Ardeola), 266.

Rallus, 270.

Rambara, 580.

Raparna, 572.

rasa (Craspedia), 150.

Ravadeba, 57.

Ravanoa, 585.

i-aj-ata (Ptychorrhoi'), 181.

recticulata (Eos), 19, 23.

rectilinea (Anisoperas), 207.

rectilineata (Tephrinopsis), 206.

rectunguis (Centropus), 2.32.

recurvata (Callopistria), 563.

Recurvirostra, 268.

reducta (Piletocera), 584.

regalis (Charaxes), 486, 487.

regius (Charaxes), 392.

reichenowi (Xumida), 30.

— (Symplectes), 42.

— (Turacus), 278.
reimeri (Charaxes), 439.
Reinwardtaenas, 240.
reinwardti (Baza), 20, 227.
Reinwardtoena. 240, 241.
reinwardtsi (Reinwardtoena), 240, 241.
relatus (Charaxes), 518, 519.

relicta (Nucifraga), 526.

Remigia, 567.

remota (Racheospila), 139.

remotata (Craspedia), 581.

remulia (Mycalesis), 02.

renifera (Gonocilix), 98.

repetitus (Charaxes), 326, 327, 328, 329, 330,

341.
requisitata (Rhopalista), 168.
restricta (Polioptilen), 536, 537, 538.
reversa (Ocrosia), 662.

— (Oenoptila), 204.
rhagavata (Epiplema), 577.
rhea (Nymphalis), 447.

— (Papilio), 447,
Rhimphalea, 585.
Rhinocorax, 245.
Rhinomyias, 550.
Rhinoprora, 109.
Rhipidura, 12, 13, 2.35, 551, 5.52.
Rhodareas, 559.
Rhodochlora, 140.
Rhodoneura, 559.

rhodops (Geoffroyus), 230.
Rhodostrophia, 164.
Rhopalista, 168.
Rhopalodes, 170, 171.
Rhopodytea, 550.
Rhus, 358.
Rhyacophilus, 268.
ribbei (Melanitis), 61.
ridibundus (Larus), 269.

riparia (Cotile), 543.

— (Ptilonoprogne), 257.
risorius (Turtur),272.
Rivula, 563.

robusta (Ptychopoda), 108.

rolleti (Oriolus), 38.

rosa (Craspedia), 148.

rosacea (Carpophaga), 12, 22.

rosae (Charaxes), 470, 478, 482, 487, 488.

rosalia (Eumelea), ,580.

rosea (Acredula), 541.

rosenbergi (Calocalpe), 172.

— (Iza), 119.

— (Rhopalista), 169.

— (Strix), 532.
roseogriseus (Turtur), 272.
roseola (Oreta), 99.
roseoliva (Calyptocome), 148.
rosens (Phcenicopterus), 265.
rosgala (Mimocharis), 200.
rosipara (Racheolopha), 137.
rostrilinea (Craspedia), 151.
rothschildi (Delias), 81.

— (Semnocebus), 593, 595, 596.
rotundata (Eusenea), 215.
rousseaui (Anous), 9.
roxburghiana (Aglaia), 339.
rubecula (Erithacus), 541.
rubedinaria (Hyphedyle), 125.
ruberrima (Stenele), 193.
rubetra (Pratincola), 52.
rubida (Cyclomia), 214.

rubra (Eos), 228.
rubralis (Sacada), 583.
rubratra (Myzomela), 2.
rubricauda (Phaiithon), 11.
rubricollis (Accipiter), 226.
rubrinucha (Pitta), 238.
rufa (Baza), 20.

— (Tetracis), 224.
rufescens (Pelecanus), 591.
rufibarba (Estrilda), 245.
rufibrunnea (Polyphasia), 181.
ruficapilla (Cisticola), 48.
ruficeps (Scaeorhynchus), 548.

— (Tephrocorys), 47.
ruficinctata (Haemalea), 154.
ruficoUis (Limonites), 554.
rufigrisea (Iza), 119.

— (Parasynegia), 94.

— (Spilooraspeda), 224.
rufigula (Myiagra), 13.
rufiguttata (Racheospila), 139.
rufilineata (Epirrhop), 175.
rutimixtaria (Craspedia), 104.
rufinubes (Craspedia), 91.
rufinus (Hypochrysops), 88.
rufitibia (Orthogramma), 120.

— (Striglina), 120.
rufiventer (Eudynamis), 232.

( 621 )

rnfocinctus (Passer), 42.
rufocinnamomea (Mirafra), 46.
rufomerua (Chry.sococcyx), 21.
rufopileata (Cisticola), 48.
rufula (Epiplema), 123.
rufulata (Pogonogya), 159.
nifulus (Anthus), 45.
rufus (Pulex), 539.
rugensis (Metabolus), 1,4, 11.
ruginaria (Pseudoterpna), 581.
rugosa (Nodaria), 575.
ruki (Tephras), 3, 11.
russearia (Anteois), 146.

— (Eois), 146, 147.
rustica (Cisticola), 239.

— (Hirundo), 36, 234, 257, 259.
Ruticilla, 254.

rutila (Casarca), 591.

sabina (Yoma), 64.

sabinusalis (Sylepta), 588.

Sabulodes, 217.

Sacada, 583.

sacra (Demiegretta), 11, 23.

sakeen (Capra), 277, 278.

salamis (Copsychus), 339.

Salatura, 57.

salebrosa (Anisoneura), 566.

salentialis (Pyrausta), 590.

Salpinx, 60.

salvadorii (Dicaeum), 15.

— (Eudynamis), 232.

— (Stigmatops), 17.
sambavanus (Charaxes), 349, 350.
Sameodes, 589.

sancta (Halcyon), 234.
sanghirensis (Eudynamis), 231.
sarpedon (Papilio), 83.
sarptaria (Auophylla), 132.
sarumalis (Entephria), 585.
sarumensis (Vitessa), 582.
satellites (Nipteria), 190.
satisfacta (Hydata), 134.
saturata (Immetalia), 562.
saturatalis (Arsacia), 570.
saturatior (Cinnyria), 51.

— (Pterocles), 29.

saturatua (Ammomanes), 244, 249.

— (Turdus), 53.

saturnus (Charaxes), 441, 444-6, 451, 463.

satyrata (Nipteria), 190.

Satyrinae, 60.

Satyrus, 62, 335.

Sauris, 580.

saxatUis (Monticola), 254.

Saxicola, 52, 255, 256.

Scaea, 128, 129.

Scaeorhynchus, 548, 549.

scelatalis (Rhimphalea), 585.

scelerata (Eulelia), 564.

schalowi (Turacus), 278.

schistaceigula (Polioptilen), 535.

schmitzi (Strix), 534.

schoensis (Thripias), 33.

scindeanus (Dcndrocopus), 530, 531.

scintillaus (Heteropan), 557.

sciron (Dolescballia), 64.

scitaria (Striglina), 558.

sclateri (Polioptila), 536, 537, 538.

scolopax (QSdicnemus), 266.

S'coparia, 584.

scopigera (Adrapsa), 572.

Scops, 227, 228, 261, 553.

Scopus, 265.

Scotocoremia, 172.

Scotophilus, 541.

Bcotosa (Adrapsa), 573.

Scotosia, 174.

scrobiculata (Oxyodes), 570.

scutulata (Ninox), 550.

scylax (Charaxes), 316, 319, 328.

— (Haridra), 328, 329.
selectalis (Bradina), 584.
aelenampha (Amyna), 563.
Selidoseminae, 200.
sellalis (Sylepta), 588.
selousi (Charaxes), 491.
semicaesia (Tephroclystia), 110.
semicirculus (Euploea), 59.
semicoerulea (Halcyon), 260.
semifasciata (Heterostegane), 111.
semilugens (Momonipta), 128.
seminivea (Rhopalodes), 170.
Semiothisa, 96, 205, 206.
Semiothisinae, 95, 115, 205.
aemirubra (Eriopygidia), 176.
semisericea (Ptychopoda), 107, 108.
semitorquatus (Turtur), 3(i, 272.
Semnocebua, 595, 596.

semperi (Zosterops), 1, 2.
senegalensis (Galerida), 248.

— (Hirundo), 35.

— (Turtur), 271.
seuegalus (Telephonus), 38.
Sepa, 83.

separata (Carpophaga), 22, 553.
serendiba (Haridra), 339.
aeriata (Charaxes). 487.
sericea (Certima), 212.

— (Deilinia), 190.

— (Nipteria), 190.
sericeata (Euacidalia), 153.
Serinus, 43.

seriopunctalis (Nymphula), 583.
serpula (Aziba), 118.
setosa (Rhipidura), 13.
sextinotata (Ptychopoda), 108.
sharpei (Crateropus), 49.

— (Melittopbagus), 35.
shelleyi (Passer), 42, 43.

( 622 )

sibilatrix (Phylloscopus), 253.

sibirica (Capra), 277, 278.

Siccia, 5G1.

siculoides (Dysodia). 100.

siennata (Gonodela), 95.

sigillaria (Racheospila), 139.

sigulatis (Analyta), 589.

silvaticus (Mus), 541.

Simaethis, 500.

-similiplaga (Racheolopha), 137.

similis (Acantholipes), 567.

— (Chloroctenis), 111.
simillima (Pitta), 18.
simplex (Mirafra), 248, 249.

— (Myzomela), 12.

— (Telicota), 84.
sinensis (Ardetta), 11.

— (Centropus), 233.

— (Charaxes), 335.
Siphia, 550.

sipylus (Hypolycaena), 79.

sinus (Mycalesis), 62.

Sitagra, 40.

sitiene (Macroglossum), 55G.

Sitta, .'i26.

smaragdalis (Charaxes), 381, 383-7.

— (Nymphalis), 384.
Smicropus, 131.

sobria (Craspedosis), 580.
solimara (Nelo), 192.

— (Stenele), 192.
solon (Charaxes), 469.

— (Nymphalis). 468, 469.

— (Papilio), 468.
somalicus (Charaxes), 432, 433.

— (Pterocles), 28.

sordida (Hymenoptychis), 584.
sordidus (Pious), 527.
Spalgis, 67.
Spargania, 175, ]82.
sparsimguttata (Nigrita), 42.
Spatula, 265.
speciosa (Acacia), 338.
specularis (Hyalocampa), 187.
speculifera (Adrapsa), 573.
speculigerus (Lanius), 251, 252.
Spermestes, 41.
spiculifera (Gamatoba), 58.
Spilocraspeda, 208, 223, 224.
spilodorsata (C'raspedia), 103.
spinosa (Oncoba), 382.
spinosus (Hoplopterus), 27.
Spiredonia, 566.
spissata (Anisodes), 144.
splendens (Strix), 533.
splendidus (Lamprocolius), 39.
spleniata (Tephrocorys), 47.
Spodinopha (Stenia), 584.
Spododes, 208.
squamata (Rhipidura), 551, 552.

squamata (Stigmatops), 12, 16, 17.
squamiceps (Argya), 256.
squamipunctata (Ptychopoda), 109.
squamulata (Ptychopoda), 93.
Squatarola, 9, 207.
squatarola (Squatorala), 9.
staguatilis (Totauus), 268, 554.
stapazina (.Saxicola), 255.
staudingeri (Charaxes), 290.
— (Haridra), 290.
Stegotheca, 204, 2o5.
stellatus (Batrachostomus), 550.

— (Tarsiger), 36.
Stenalcidia, 198.
Stenele, 192, 193.
Stenia, 584.
Stenocopais, 119, 120.
Stenopla, 166.
Stenorrhoe, 183.
stephanus (Charaxes), 301-5.
Sterna, 9, 10, 270,

steropias (Diohromodes), 101, 102).

Sterrha, 94.

Sterrhinae, 91, 102, 103, 141, 147, 148, 160.

stibostethia (Xeochera), 559.

Stictoploea, 60.

Stictoptera, 564, 565.

stigmatophorus (Spermestcs), 41.

Stigmatops, 12, 16, 17.

stolidus (Anous), 9, 10.

strabo (Catochrysops), 69, 77.

straminea (Haemalea), 155.

etramineata (Anisodes), 145.

strangei (Cisticola), 49.

strepitans (Pitta), 18.

Strepsilas, 9, 242, 267.

striataria (Urapteroides), 577.

Striglina 120, 558.

striola (Addaea), 119.

striolata (Fnngillaria), 247.

striolatum (Lygosoma), 12.

Strix, 228, 261, 531-4.

strongyle (Lycaena), 68.

stublmanni (Symplectes), 42.

— (Zosterops), 49.
sturni (Pulex), 539.
Sturnus, 541.

styx (Ceratophyllus), 543.
subalbata (Pachypalpia), 97, 98.
subalbida (Brouchelia), 194.
subangulata (Psamathia), 123.
subarquata (Tringa), 554.
subbruuuea (Bryoptera), 194.
suboaruea (Craspcdia), 104.
subciirnearia (.Vuisodes), 145.
subcoerulea (Ziucra), 69.
subcomosa (Nipteria), 191.
subcostata (Ira), 217.
subcristata (Baza), 20, 227.
subfasciata (Coeluromima), 122.

( 623 )

subfasciata (Eusarca), 215.

— (Hypephyra), 579.
subfenestraria (Hydata), 134.
subfulvata (Anisoperas), 207.
aubfumida (Leuconotba), 123.
sublavaria (Boarmia), 580.
sublimbaria (Kois), 92.
subochreata (Azelina), 210.
subpallida (Anisodes), 145.
subpulchrata (Epirrhoe), 175.
subrubra (Telicota), 84.
subrufa (Leptoctenista), 124.
aubrufescens (Coasypba), 52.
aubrufjpennis (Myrmecocichla), 52.
aubserena (Acraea), 544.
subaimilia (Euepbyra), 153.
substrigata (Aziba), 117.

— (Ptychopeda), 164.
aubsulphurea (Barbatula), 32.
subustimaculata (Perusia), 222.
Sula, 11, 23, 264.

— (Dysporus), 11.

— (Sula), n, 23, 264.
sulaensis (Charaxas), 294.
sulphuraria (Anteois), 147.

— (Metrocampa), 212.
sulphureus (Chara.xes), 468, 469.
.sumatranus (Charaxes), 467.

— (Rhopodytes), 650.
sumbaensis (GeofEroyus), 230.
sumbanus (Charaxes), 346, 348, 349.
superciliosus (Centropua), 32, 258.
superflua (Ehipidura), 235.

suralis (Glyphodes), 588.

Surnia, 532.

Surniculus, 550.

surusalis (Dichocrocia), 587.

Suthora, 548.

Bwainsoni (Passer), 43-5.

Sylepta, 587, 588.

Sylvia, 240, 252, 253.

Symbrenthia, 63.

Symphaedra, 66.

Symphleps, 118.

Symplectea, 42.

Synecta, 199.

Syngamia, 585.

Syngria, 124.

aynatictus (Prodenia), 562.

syriacus (Dendrocopua), 528, 530, 531.

syrinx (Acrocepbalus), 1, 3.

— (Tatare), 3.
Syrnium, 532.

Tabidia, 585.
Tachypetos, 11.
Tachyphyle, 140.
tacta (Xodaria), 574.
taeniata (Xenocentris), 109.

Tagiades, 83.

tahapisi (Fringillaria), 43.

taitiensis (Urodyuamis), 7.

talaca (Hyposidra), 679.

talagugae (Charaxes), 469.

Talicada, 72.

Tanaostyla, 129.

tanganika (Cliaraxes), 473.

Tanygnathus, 230.

Tanysiptera, 233.

taprobanes (Simaethls), 590.

Taraxineura, 193, 194.

Tarsiger, 36.

tasima (Paragonia), 221.

Tatare, 3.

Tatobotys, 584.

tavetensis (Charaxes), 457, 458, 459.

Telephonus, 38, 244, 251.

Telicota, 84, 85.

Telotheta, 140.

Tenaris, 62.

tenera (Aniaodea), 14(i.

— (Hammaptera), 178.
tenuilinea (Azata), 115.
Tephras, 1, 3, 11.
Tephrinopsis, 206.
Tephroclyatia, 110, 166, 167.
Tephroclystiinae, 109, 166.
Tephrocorys, 47.
Terekia, 269, 554.

Terias, 79, 80.

terpsichore (Acraea), 544.

Terpsiphone, 257, 550.

tessellata (Urepione), 225.

testacea (Angonyx), 556.

testulalis (Maruca), 589.

Tetracis, 224.

tetragonata (Amblychia), 580.

Tetridia, 589.

Thalassodes, 581.

Thalera, 681.

theklae (Galerida), 248.

theon (Hypochrysops), 88.

theresita (Elminia), 37.

Thermesia, 569.

thetia (Neoaterrha), 158.

thierryi (Passer), 44, 45.

thieste (Charaxes), 377.

— (Xymphalis), 377.
thiestessa (Charaxes), 377.
thomasius (Charaxes), 367.
thosalis (Orphnophanes), 584.
threnodes (Cacomantis), 233.
thriwjpbora (Ectropidia), 113.
thridas (Hasora), 85.
Thripias, 32, 33.
Thriponax, 550.

thurius (Charaxes), 377.

— (Nymphalis), 377.
thyestes (Charaxes), 377.

thyestes (PapUio), 376.
thyestessa (Eriboea), 376.
thyonneus (Cyrestis), 64.
Thyrididae, 90, 100, 117.
thyRi (Charaxes), 490.
tibialis (Leocyma), 563.
Tigridia, 281, 452.
tilaha (Terias), 80.
Timandra, 581.
timorlaoensis (Baza), 20.
Tinnunculus, 262.

— (Cerchneis), 262.

tiridates (Cbaraxes), 283, 286, 371, 372

390, 391, 394, 396, 400, 477, 487.
tiridates (Nymphalis), 387.

— (Papilio), 387.
tiridatis (Eriboea), 387.
Tirumala, 56.
Tithraustes, 129, 130.
tomatica (Vitessa), 583.
torquatus (Urospizias), 12.
torquilla (lynx), 257.
tomda (Mirafra), 46.
Tortricomorpha, 590.
toruensis (Muscicapa), 37.
toruna (Acraea), 546.
Totanus, 8, 268, 554.

— (Glottis), 554.
trauquiUalis (Calamochrous), 589.
transfluvialis (Scaeorhyncbus), 548, 549.
transvaalensis (Mirafra), 45.
triangularis (Anteois), 147.
triangulifera (Protoparce), 556.
Tricentra, 164, 165.
Tricboglossus, 19, 229.
Trichogompba, 186.

Tricholaema, 32.
Trichopteryginae, 168.
Trichorrhages, 183, 184.
Tricbosticbia, 201.
trichroa (Erythrura), 6, 7.

— (Fringilla), 6.
tricolor (Criniger), 48.

— (Erythnira), 18.

— (Meringocera), 560.

— (Rallina), 22.

— (Rbipidura), 235.
tricolorata (Dichostrepsia), 192.
Trigonodes, 567.
trigonostigma (Dicaeum), 550.
Tringa, 23, 269, 554.
Tringoides, 23, 269, 554.
triplagiata (Darantasia), .W2.
tripuncta (.Stenele), 193.
tripuuctapex (Dicbocrocis), .587.
trisinuata (Isoplenia), 93.
tritonaria (Hemithea), 581.
tri\ialis (Antbus), 250.
trivirgata (Monarcba), 13.
trocbilus (Phylloscopus), 263.

( 624 )

Trochiodes, 186.

Troides, 82.

tropicalis (Dendropicns), 33

— (Mirafra), 45.
truncata (Polypbasia), 181.
tullalis (Meroctena), 589.
Turacus, 31, 278.
Turdinus, 48, 549.
turdoides (Acrocepbalus), 254.
Turdus, 53, 541.
Turnix, 270.
Turtur, 30, 271, 272.
387, turtur (Turtur), 271.
Tympanistria, 30.
tympanistria (Tympanistria), 3' .
Typhlopsylla, 539.
typica (Reinwardtoena), 241.
tyres (Pygospila), 588.

ugandae (Passer), 44.
ulysses (Papilio), 82.
umbretta (Scopus), 265.
umbrifera (Capnodes), 571.
umbrilineata (Eusarca), 215.
umbrinus (Corvus), 245.
umbrosa (Tricborrhages), 184.
undatus (MelizopbUus), 533.
undilinea (Craspedia), 105.
uudilineata (Tacbypbyle), 140.
uudulosa (Rbopalista), 169.
unedo (Arbutus), 448.
unedonis (Eriboea), 447.
uuicincta (Columba), 26, 29.
unicornata (Craspedia), 151.
uniformata (Craspedia), 151.
Upupa, 259.
urania (Tenaris), 62.
Urapteroides, 577.
Urapteryx, 578.
Urbanus, 510, 511.
urbica (Chelidon), 543.
urcearia (Anisodes), 144, 146.
Urepione, 224, 225.
Urobracbya, 41.
Urodynamis, 7.
Urospizias, 12.
ustifumosa (Cymatophora), 196

— (Bryoptera), 196.

vacuata (Cra-spedia), 104.
Tadebra, 57, 58.
vagalis (Catada), 575.
Valeria (Mycalesis), 87.
vanicorensis (CoUocalia), 11.
varanes (Ch.araxes), 282, 283, 284, 286, 354-62,
364, 4.55.

— (Nympbalis), 354.

— (Palla), .354, 358, 361.

— (PapUio), 281, 354, 357, 361.

( 625 )

varanes (Philognoma), 354, 357, 358.
varanessa (Coea), 354.
varialis (Episparis), 570.
varians (Euproctis), 559.
variegata (Rhopalodes), 171.
variegatus (Merops), 35.

— (Numenius), H, 22, .554.
velledata (Amblurodea), 201.
velox (Charaxes), 368.
velutina (Azelina), 211.

— (Melanitis), 61.
venilia (Neptis), 66.
venusta (Oenoptila), 204.

— (Stenalcidia), 198.
vepallida (Miltochrista), 562.
veranes (Nymphalis), 354, 357, 359.

— (Philognoma), 359,

— (Phyllophasis), 354, 359.
vermiculatus (Oedicnemus), 27.
verreauxi (Pholidauges), 39.
verticalis (Cinnyris), 50.
verticiUatus (Gecko), 12.
vertumnalis (Glyphodes), 588.
vetula (Charaxes), 488.
vicaria (Alcis), 95.

vigorsi (Pitta), 12, 18, 24, 553.

vilaria (Cratoptera), 213.

viminalis (Elymnias), 62.

Vinago, 30, 271.

viola (Charaxes), 476, 477, 481, 485, 486, 488,

489, 490.
violacea (Charaxes), 485.

— (Oospila), 136.

violetta (Charaxes), 372, 374, 477.
virens (Andropadus), 48.
virescens (Cacomantis), 233.

— (Stenopla), 166.
virginalis (Pitta), 18.
virgiuea (Eublemma), 563.
virgo (Phlegoenas), 8.
viridicostatus (Charaxes), 364, 366.
viridipunctata (Craspedia), 152.
viridis (Calyptomena), 550.

— (Merops), 339.

— (Ptilinopus), 242.
viridisplendens (Cinnyris), 50.
viridissima (Aegithina), 550.
virilis (Charaxes), 487.
vitellia (Elymnias), 62.
Vitessa, 582, 583.
vologeses (Charaxes), 358.

— (PaUa), 358.
vulgaris (Buteo), 591.

— (Strix), 532.

— (Sturnus), 541.
Vultur, 264.

waalia (Venago), 271,
w.aUacei (Charaxes), 306,

— (Ptilinopus), 553.
watsoni (Stictoploea), 60.
watti (Charaxes), 331, 333.
wetterensis (Charaxes), 352.
vfhytei (Charaxes), 491.
woodfordi (Erythrura), 7.

xanthobrunnea (Adelotypa), 225.
xanthochlora (Halophanes), 103.
xanthogaster (Ptilinopus), 12, 21, 5.53.
xanthonura (Phlegoenas), 8.
xanthops (Hyphantornis), 40.
xanthopygus (Pycnonotus), 257.
Xanthorhoe, 176, 184.
xanthorhynehus (Chalcococcyx), 550.
Xanthoxena, 130, 131.
xelianthe (Delias), 86, 87.
Xenocentris, 109.
Xenocichla, 48, 53.
Xenosina, 114, 115.
Xenostigma, 165.

xiphares (Charaxes), 372, 374, 376, 377, 37f
382, 390,

— (Eriboea), 376,

— (Nymphalis), 376, 377, 379,

— (Papilio), 376.
xiphialis (Kavanoa), 585

Tenia, 64.

Zagira, 563.

Zapornia, 271,

zarate (Delias), 87.

zarinda (Terias), 80.

zelica (Charaxes), 497, 498, 499.

zenobia (Cinnyris), 237.

zephyrus (Charaxes), 465, 466,

Ziithes, 571,

Zeuzerodes, 121,

zinckenella (Etiella), 582,

Zinekenia, 585,

zingha (Charaxes), 283, 286, 452, 455.

— (Monura), 452,

— (Nymphalis), 452.

— (Papilio), 281, 452.

— (Tigridia), 452.
zinghus (Papilio), 452.
Zizt-ra, 69, 70,

zoilus (Hamadryas), 60,

zoippus (Charaxes), 420, 422,

zooliua (Charaxes), 514, 517-19, 52(1.

— (Nymphalis), 514, 517,

Zosterops, 1-3, 12, 16, 49, 237,238, 551, ,552.
Zygia, 382.

END OF VOL. VII.

Printed by HauU, Watton, £ Vineyt Ld., London and Aj/Usburi/.

42

NOVITATES ZoOl.OGICv^.VOL,VJI.1900.

Pl.].

Miixtern-Broe imp .

TURACUS CHALCOLOPHUS Neuiiv.

TSFoviTATEs ZooLOGic^ Vol Vir. 1900,

Pi. II.

J Smit del et )it}i Mintcm Bros imp

CAPRA SIBIRICA L^i'DEKKERI lRctksch.(iJa.d.,wmtei-.)

NOVITATES ZoOLOG-ICvE, VoL.V]!, 1900,

Pl.III.

JSmat del et litiv

Uuii^errt. Bro s

CERCOCEBUS CHRYSOGASTER Lydeklcer,

NOVITATES ZoOLOGlCyeVoL.VIIJ900.

PJ.IV.

J.G.Keulemaivs del et JitK . Mir\teri\BroB imp.

IMYZOMELA ALBIGULA HeLrfc.J. £.ERYTHROMYIAS BURUEN5IS Ha.rL.(?.
3 GEOCICHLA DUMASI RotKscK.cf.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1. 0(/;/ris meeki S p. 274.

2. Ckaerocampa kiihni S p. 274.

3. „ brunnea ? p. 274.

4. Flinliteitoiiles kvhni ? ]i. 275.

5. „ basiplaga ? p. 275.

6. Canerkes gloriosus ? p. 275.

7. Presos angelus ? p. 276.

NoviTATHS Zooi-oGic^. Vol VII. 1900.

Pl.V.

mrw

W P-jj-"ki s s del et liUv

MwvtorrvBrOB unp-

Fis

Fig.

Fis.

EXPLAN

ATION OF PLATES VI., VII., VIII.,

XI

, XII.

PLATE VI.

1. Charaxes dunifordi nkholi S page 288

•>

„ durnfordi i . . .

. . „ 289

3.

„ connectens S . . .

„ 289

4.

„ staudingeri i .

„ 290

S-

„ ereretti S ■

„ 291

6.

nitebis nitebis ? ....

„ 294

PLATE VIL

1. Charaxes violetta S ........ . ]nvxe. 372

.... „

„ <S, underside ....

„ 372

a.

numenes i „ ....

. ., 371

-t-

hadrianus 3 .... .

,. 398

5-

noi>iu:,S

„ 612

6.

eupale dilutus i ....

., 512

*• ))

guderiana i . . . . .

„ 473

8.

violetta ?

„ 372

PLATE VIII.

1. Fenis oi C/iara.i-es latoiia jjapuensis ...... page 3U0

9

■*• 11

„ affinis, dorsal view

„ 306

3. „

„ „ ventral view

4. „

„ kahruba

,. 310

6. „

„ marmax ....

„ 312

6. „

„ orilus .....

,. 3.50

'• ,.

„ tiridates . . . . .

„ 387

8.

„ mi.rtus .....

,. 390

9. „

„ bipii/ictatus ....

„ 390

10. „

„ rAoletta ....

„ 372

11. „

„ jason

,. 446

12. „

,, ethi'ocles etheocles <S-t mjtila .

.. 484

13. „

„ „ „ (J-f. chanleri

.. 483

14. „

„ „ „ S-f.picta .

„ 483

1.5. „

„ „ „ 3-tpicta .

„ 483

16. „

„ „ „ c?-f. catorhrous

., 484

17. „

„ „ „ (J-f. catorhrous .

., 484

18. „

,, ,, ciola . . . .

,, 488

19. „

„ ftkalioii . . . . .

., 478

20. „

„ J'abius lampedo ...

„ 465

21. „

,, ,, hannibal . . . .

M 466

22.

„ „ I'c/tO ....

., 467

23. "

,, ,, J'abius

., 468

24. End of

\a\\e oi C'/iaraxi'is vara/ie.i

., 354

2.V „

„ „ fuleescens .

„ 359

■J6. „

„ „ ti/ida/e.-i . . . .

„ 387

Fig

27.

?J

28.

?T

29.

J)

30.

*1

31.

)»

32.

»>

33.

?J

34,

»>

35.

>»

36.

)>

37.

»»

38.

>^

39.

?»

40.

>»

41.

f^

42.

r

43.

,,

44.

,,

4.5.

)>

40.

»

47.

jj

48.

))

4V).

17

.50.

)J

.51.

>J

52.

»

53.

I'LATE Ym.—cont!»uecL

Eai\ of v&lve of C//(iraxes mixtus

bipunctatus

,. ., ., jason ....

„ ,. ,, zingha, subdorsal view

,, „ „ blanda, intevno-lateral view

„ „ „ „ dorsal view

„ ., „ etheocles etkeodes, ventral view

„ .. ,, „ „ int(>rno-latera

„ ,. „ „ „ dorsal view

„ ,. „ nchaemenes, dorsal view

„ „ „ fabius lampndo, interno-lateral v

,, ,. ,, ,, „ dorsal view

,. „ „ „ hannihnU interno-lateral \

„ „ „ ,, ,, dorsal view

,, „ „ „ echo, interno-lateral view

„ „ „ „ „ dorsal view

„ „ „ „ fabius, interno-lateral view

,. „ „ „ „ dorsal view .

Penis-fnnnel of Charaxes etheocles etkeodes, lateral view

„ ., „ „ „ dorsal view

„ ,, „ blanda. dorsal view .

„ ., „ mycerimi, lateral view

,, ,, .. „ dorsal view

„ „ „ fabius htinnibal, lateral view

„ „ „ „ echo, lateral view .

„ ,, „ „ sulpliureus, lateral view

„ ,, „ ,, fabius, lateral view .

page 390
„ 390
„ 446
„ 452
„ 471

,. 481

,. 460

„ 465

.. 466

„ 467

,, 468

,. 481

„ 471

.. 494

.. 466

,. 467

,. 468

,. 468

PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Cli.araxes aito.lava S ■

„ 2. „ antamboulou i .

„ 3. „ cancHope relox S

„ 4. „ cowani i .

„ 5. ,, latona latnna ?

„ 6. ,. nffinis ?

• page

362

368

368

370

298

306

PLATE XI 1.

Fig. J. Charaxes ackuemenes ? . .

„ 2. ,, pdias snturnus S.

„ 3. „ guderiana ? . . .

,,4. „ ethalion ? .

,, 5. „ etheocles etkeodes ^-f.fulgens

„ 6. „ ethalion ? .

„ 7. „ etheocles etkeodes 2-f.ma/iica

„ 8. „ ,, „ ?-f. vetula

page 460
444
473

478
479
478
479
479

NoVITATES ZOOLOGIC/E, VOL. VII. igOO.

Pl. VI.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGIC/E, VoL, VI[. Igoo.

Pl. VII

/If. ^

NoviTATEs ZooLOGiCA Vol VII. 1900.

Pl.VIII .

2
3

4. ^^

-19

"%

Ti

22. -

1^

^

l>

\

35

u

45

r"

43.

.7^

44

'i8.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. C. gallinae

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
1.3.
14.
lo.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

cohnnhae

hmtndinia

styx

gallinae

styx

Sexual aiiparatus * of c?.

Niiitli abdominal sternite of S, flattened out.

Sexual apparatus of (S .

i.

i.
Eighth left abdominal tergite of <^, external side.

Eighth left abdominal tergite of i, internal side, to show the

spinose ai-ea.
Eighth left abdominal tergite of J, external side.
Eighth left abdominal tergite of 9 ,

columbae

gallinae

coht/nibne

hirmidinik

gallinae

columbae

hiruiidinis

styx

galliiKte

columbae

gallinae Abdominal gland of ?

hini/nAinis

Seventh sternite of ?, flattened out.

Portion of end of abdomen of ? showing seventh sternite in situ.

* Tu all cases the penis hn.s not been drawn.

NOVITATES ZoOLOOICi^ VoL.VII. 1900.

PL. IX.

:^=±i-

y

_-/\

1.!.

S^^W^Im,

6.

/

10.

12 . '2!!^'-. ^

w.

vm.d.. ,^ I ■? i^

NoviTATES ZOOLOGICK., Vol VII. 1900.

Pi..X.

litb. tost V. £. A.Funke . Islpzig

21 AUG. 1900

NOVITATES ZOOLOCIC^, VoL Vll. 1900

PL XI

CARL Hh;NTSCHEL COLOKTVfF.

NOVITATES ZoOLOClC/t, VoL. VII, 1900.

Pl. XII

CAKI. HKN'ISCHKL COLOR! Vl'l--.

#-

"^NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Sournal of Zooloo\!.

EDITED BY

The Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. .JORDAN.

Vol. VII.

No. 1.

Issued, March 15th, at the ZooLfXiicu, MisEtM. Tium
Paoes 1—1 in.

I'RlN'llCD BY HAZELL, \VAT5iOX, & VlNi:\' I.h. I.oSnoN ANI' AVLESBUKY.

1900.

Vol. VII.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE.

KlJllKU BV

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. THE BlllDS OK l!UK IN TlIK OENTKAL

CAROLINES Jir'iM Ilaitert I

-'. THE BIRDS OF DAMMEll ISLAND IN THE

BANDA SEA Krmt UarteH . Vl

i. DESCRIPTION OK THE IIITIIEKTO UNKNOWN

EEiVrALE OF OEXJi'/TS .]f/l{J/l/L/S ROTHSCH. Uulter Rothschild . .M

t. ANOTHER SMALL CONTRIBUTION To AFRICA AN

ORNlTH0L0f4Y Ernst Ilartert . lT.

:,. I'llE LEPIUOPTERA OF UUJiU. PART I. KHOPA

lAtCEUA ir. ./. Holland 01

li. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPI'XIKS oK BUTTER-
KLIES CAPTURED C^' MR. A. S. .MEEK AT
MILNE BAV, BRITISH NEW CUINKA, IN
THE MUSEUM OF THE HON. WALTKI!
UOTIISCHILD AT TIHNC //. (Jrose-.SmUl, . SC

7. NEW GENERA AND SPEl'IES OV TIjyitlJJJDAE

AND CEOMErUIDAE FROM AFRICA . 11'. Il'<(c/-e,( . W

,s. NliW CENERA AND SPECIES OK DllEI'A M'l.l l>AE,
rtlYUiniDAE, EJ'II'J.EMJDAE, AND GEOME-
TIUDAE FROM THE INDO A I^STRALIAN AND
PAIxAEARCTIC REGIONS ir. Warmi . O.'S

As we have very little time to work at Coleoptera,
we have decided to sell in families the Private Collection
of Beetles of the Tring Museum, with the exception of
the African Longicornia and the AnthHbitlae. The
Collection contains about 43,000 Specimens of
LameUicornia (110 Plusiotis in 30 Species), 32,000
Cerambycidae (exclusive of African), 70,000
Chrysomelidae, etc., etc.

For Particulars apply to —

Dr. K. JORDAN.

Zool. Museum. Tring, Herts.

Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted.

Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.

Dr. STAUDIN6ER & BANG-HAAS,

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN,

In their New Price List, No. XI.III., offw more
thau 15,000 Species of well-named LEPIDOPTERA,
•et or in Papers, from all parts of the world, in
finest condition; VMM) kinds of PKEPAPiED
LARVAE ; numerous LIVING PUPAE, etc. Sepa-
rate Price Lists, X., XV.— XVIII., for COLEO-
PTEK.\ (19,000 Species). Lists V. and VI., fi.r
HYMEXOI'TEKA (2.HO0 Species), DIPTEKA
il,850). HEMIl'TEUA (1,.550;. OKTHOPTERA
(MO). NECROPTEIiA (S.-.O).

Jii.<i-oinit fiT I'ash Or/frj-.'^. Prices Itur.

W. F. H. ROSENBERG,

48a, Ctiaring Cross Road, London, W.C,

Kecoive.s at tii cjiieiit intervals fresli consign
ments of Zoolof»ic.il Specimens, inclitdin};
MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS' EGGS, REP-
TILES, AMPHIBIA, INSECTS OF ALL
ORDERS, SHELLS, etc., etc., from v.iiious
jiart-^ (if till' world.

Oentlenwn interested in Zoology sfiould call, or
write indicating their special branch of study, when
full particulars as to prices, etc., will be given, and
specimens srnt on approval if desired.

WiLHELM SCHLUETER,

HALLE-a.-S.. GERMANY.

Dealer in Objects of Natural History.

LARGEST STOCK OF

UAUHALS, BIKDS, EISDS' EGGS. KEPTILES
AMFHIBLA, FISHES, INSECTS. METAUOR
PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CBABS,
WORMS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHYTES, MICRO
SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &c

f'atalognes-paift free oh djfjilicatii

Brazenor Bros.,

TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

All Kinds of NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS

Preserved and IV|aunted.
OSTEOLOOICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS' SKINS.

Ht'ttinh itirtiM it Speeiaiili/,

Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c.
39, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

WILLIAM WATKINS,

ENTOMOLOGIST,

ItiMlHxlJidlij aiiiioi'ttces that lie is constaiUhj
receiviiii/ direct from his Correspondents all
over Ihji vorld new and scarce Lepidoptera,
lisl^ of ir/iich may be obtained oii ojij/liculion.

COLLECTIONS PURCHASED FOR PROMPT CASH.

lilCStDKNCE AN'I) Slfllli'

VILLA SPHINX, EASTBOURNE.

R. TANCRE,

ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

icceives every ye.ar from his colUctoi-s Large
(Jollections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-
TK A I , ASJ A (Turkestan, Kul(l.sclia,Nortbern
Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor).
and sell.s all his Duplicates at \ery Moderate
Prices. Price Ijists post free to any address
"li a))pIicatioii.

R. TANCRE.

.1 uimul Sidjscrijition to '' Xovitates ZouloijicM '^ i.' / /*.

Price of Yearly Volume, ti-hen completed, £. I /".v (('mnmission fjr Booksellers vn
r.onij'h'ted volnmes only.)

Communications, etc., iv^ay be addressed to
THE EDITORS OF

• NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRINC.

PRINTED a¥ KAZELl., WATB05, AND VlSSY, I^.. t.OrfDny .^KD .tTt.KBBlU

NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

H Journal of Zoolocj^.

EDITED BY

The Hon. WALTEE EOTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, and De. K. JORDAN.

Vol. VII.

No. 2.

Issued, August 20th, at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

Pages 117—280; Plates I., II., III., V. and X.

I'lUNTKD BY HAZELL, WATSON, U VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AVLESBDRY.

1900.

Vol. VII.

N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE.

EDITED BY

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.
CONTENTS OF NO. II.

fAcn

1. NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN DRE-

PAXULIDAE, THYRIDIDAE, EPIPLEMIDAE,

AND GEOMETRIDAE W. »'«»•»•«» .118

2. THE BIRDS OF BURU (Plate IV.) .... Ernst Ilartert 226

3. ON THE BIRDS OF SOUTHERN ARABIA (Plate X.) W. R. OyUvk-Orant 243

4. SOME NEW OR RECENTLY DESCRIBED LBPT-

DOPTERA (Plate V.) . . . Walter Rothschild . 274

ti. ON A NEW RACE OF IBEX (Plate II.) Walter RothschiM . 277

fi. 01^ rURACiV CUALCOLOPBCS JUJSUUA'N'S (PlateI.) Ernst Jfarteii .278

7. ON A NEW SPECIES OF MONKEY (Plate III.) . R. li/dekker . . 279
(EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.)

As we have very little time to work at Coleoptera,
we have decided to sell in families the Private Collection
of Beetles of the Tring Museum, with the exception of
the African Longicornia and the Anthribidaem The
Collection contains about 32,000 Cerambycittae
(exclusive of African), 70,000 Chrysomelitiae,
etc., etc.

For Particulars apply to —

Dr. K. JORDAN,

Zool. Museum, Tring, Herts.

Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted

Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.

Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN,

In their New Peice List. Nu. XLUI., ofifer more
than 15,000 .Species of well-nameil LEPIDOPTERA,
set or in Papers, from all parts of the world, in
finest condition; 1,300 kinds of PREPAEED
LARVAE; numerous LIVING PUPAE, etc. SEPA-
RATE Price Lists, X., XV,— XVIII., for COLEO-
PTERA (19,000 Species). LISTS V. and VI., for
HVMENOPTERA (2.S00 Species), DIPTERA
(I.XSO), HEMIPTERA (1,5.50), OETHOPTERA
(ii.iO), NEDROPTERA (.550).

W. F. H. ROSENBERG,

48a, Charing Cross Road, Lon(lon,W.C.,

Receives at fi-equent intervals fresh consign-
ments of Zoological Specimens, including
MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS' EGGS, REP-
TILES, AMPHIBIA, INSECTS OF ALL
ORDERS, SHELLS, etc., etc., from various
parts of the world.

Gentlemen interested in Zoology si^ould call, or
write indicating their special branch of study, when
full particulars as to prices, etc,, will be given, and
specimens sent on approval if desired.

Discnuiit fur Cash Ordem. Prices lino.

WlLHELM SCHLUETER,

HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.

Dealer in Objects of Natural History.

LARGEST STOCK OF

MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS' EGGS, REPTILES,
AMPHIBIA, FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR-
PHOSES OF INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CRABS,
WORMS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHYTES, MICRO-
SCOPICAL PEEPAEATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &o.

Brazenor Bros.,

TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c

ESTABLISHED 1863.

All Kinds of flATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS

Preserved and IVjounted.

OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Artlcnlated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIROS' SKINS.

Bt'itish BirilH a Spei'ialtty,

Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c.

Catalociui'S past free on apjiUcatlim.

39, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

R. TANCRE,

ANEAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

receives every year from his collectors Large
Collections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-
TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, Kuld.scha,Northern
Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),
and sells all hLs Duplicates at very Moderate
Prices. Price Lists post free to any address
on application.

R. TANCRE.

Annual iiuhscription to " Novitates Zoological" £1 Is.

Price of Yearly Volume, v)hen completed, £1 10s. (Commission fur JiookseUers on
completed volumes onhj.)

Communicationsp etc., may be addressed to

THE EDITORS OF

■ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRINa

PRIKTED BY HAZKLL, WaTSOX, AND VINEY, IJ>., LONDON AND ATLEaBURY.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H journal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

The Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
ERNST HARTERT, and Dk. K. JORDAN.

Vol. VII.

No. 3.

IssLEU, December 8th, at the Zooi-ogkjal Museom, Tri.vu.

Pages 281—592; Plates IV.. VI.. VIF., VIII,. IX., XL, Xll.

/•>

PRINTKD BY HAZELL. WATSON. & VINEV. Lo.. I,OND0N AND AYLESBURY.

190f>.

Vol. VII.

NOVITATES ZOULOGICAE.

EDITED BY

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT. and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. III.

1. A MONOGRAPH OF CHA RAXES AND THE ALLIKD

PRIONOPTEROTTS GENEP.A (Platks A']., VII.,

VJII., XI., XII.) .... Walter Rothschild .('• Karl Jordan 2S1

2. SOME MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON PAl.ABARCTIC

BIRDS Ernst Hartert . 5-25

.3. tJBER DIE GATTI'XG /'CX/O/'r/ZJ .... i\ e. Ihllnmyr .535
I. NOTES UN Pri.KX AVIUM Taschb. (Plate IX.) . N. <\ Rothschild . 539

5. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW AFRICAN SPECIES <>K

AfRAEINAE -/A '''rose- Smith . 514

6. ON THE GENUS SrAEORni'SC/ICS .... Ernst Hartei-t . 548

7. LIST OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM THE

LINGGA ISLANDS Ermt Ifurtcrt . 549

s. THE BIRDS OF THE BANDA ISLANDS . . Fynixi. Ilm-te.rt . 551

9. THE LEPIDOPTFRA OF BURU II'. ./. Uulh,„d . 555

10. ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF BIRDS OF

SOUTHERN ARABIA IV. R.Oi/ih-ie-Grant biH

11. THE RED FLYING SQUIRREL OF THE NATUNA

■ ISLANDS (Mjii'Ml Thimwx . 592

EXPLANATION OF PLATES VI., VII., VIII., XL, nnd XII.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

As we have very little time to work at Coleoptera,
we have decided to sell in families the Private Collection
of Beetles of the Tring Museum, with the exception of
the African Longicornia and the Anthribii/aem The
Collection contains about 32,000 Gerambyciiiae
(exclusive of African), 70,000 Chrysomeliilae,
etc., etc.

For Particulars apply to —

Dr. K, JORDAN,

Zool. Museum, Tring, Herts.

Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted.

Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.

Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN,

In their New Tkioe List. No. XLIII., offer more
than 15,000 Species of well-named LEPIDOI'TERA,
set or in Papers, from all parts of the world, in
finest condition ; 1,300 kinds of PBEPAEED
LARVAE ; numerous LIVING PUPAE, etc. Sepa-
rate Peice Lists, X., XV.— XVIII., for COLEO-
PTERA (19,000 Species). Lists V. and VI., for
HVMENOPTERA (2.800 Species). DIPTERA
(1,860), HEMIPTEKA (1,5.50), ORTItOPTERA
(HoO), NEDROPTERA (5.S0).

Discount for Caxli Orrleni. Pricci h>ir.

W. F. H. ROSENBERG,

48a, Charing CrossRoad, Lon(lon,W.C.,

Receives at frequent intervals fresh consign-
ments of Zoolofricil Specimens, including
MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS EGGS, REP-
TILES, AMPHIBIA, INSECTS OF ALL
ORDERS, SHELLS, etc., etc., from various
parts of tho world.

Oentlemen interested in Zoology should call, or
write indicating their special branch of study, when
full particulars as to prices, etc., will be given, and
specimens sent on approval if desired.

WiLHELM SCHLUETER,

HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.

Dealer in Objects of Natural History.

Brazenor Bros.,

TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGlSTUc

ESTABLISHED 1863.

LARGEST STOCK OF

MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS' EGGS. EEPTILES,
AMPHIBL4, FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR-
PHOSES OF INSECTS. ETC., SHELLS. CRABS,
WORMS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHYTES. MICRO-
SCOPICAL FREFABATIONS, PLANT-MODELS. &c.

All Kinds of (NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS

Preserved and IVlounted.

OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated Se Articulated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIROS' SKINS.

British Birita a Speeiality.

Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Ac

PataJnijVfS pnxt fi't'r nil applictifiint

39, LEWES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

R. TANCRE,

ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

receives every year from lii.s collectors Large
Collections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-
TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, Kuldsclia.Northern
Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),
and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate
Prices. Price Jjsts post free to any address
on a,pplication.

R. TANCRE.

Anmuil Subscription to " Xovitiites Zooloyicae," £J la.

Price of Yearly Volmtie, mlten completed, £1 10s. (Commission for BookseUers on
completed vii!u.i/ies only.)

CommunicationB, etc, may lac addressed to

THE EDITORS OF <• NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE,"

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,
_____^ TRIWa

PRINTRD Br HAZBLL, WATSON, AXD VINET, IJ>., LOKDON' .\KD ATI.EHilURV.

w

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Journal of Zooloo^.

EDITED BY

The Hon. WALTEK EOTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,
EENST HAETEET, and Dr. K. JOEDAN.

Vol. VII.

No. 4.

Issued, December 29tii, at the Zoological Museum. Tring.
Pacies .'iOo— 625.

I'KINTED BY HAZKM.. WAISON, i VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1900.

Vol. VII.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK

EDITED BT

WALTER ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. IV.

PAGES

1. NOTES ON TWO MANGABEY-LIKE MONKEYS
NOW LIVING IN THE MENAGERIE OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY Jt li/dekke>- . 593—6

■2. ALPHABETICAL INDEX 597—025

TITLE-PAGE, CONTENTS, AND LIST OF PLATES.

/.//

As we have very little time to work at Coleoptera,
we have decided to sell in families the Private Collection
of Beetles of the Tring Museum, with the exception of
the African Longicornia and the AnthHbiilae. The
Collection contains about 32,000 Cerambyciilae
(exclusive of African), 70,000 Ghrysomelidae,
etc., etc.

For Particulars apply to —

Dr. K. JORDAN,

Zool. Museum, Tring, Herts.

Advertisements of Zoological Objects and Zoological Books only accepted.

Subscriptions for the present Volume are due NOW.

Dr. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS,

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN,

In their Nkw Price List, No. XLIII., offer more
than 15,000 SSpeciesof well-named LEPIDOPTEKA,
set or in Papers, from all parts of the world, in
finest condition; 1,300 kinds of PREPARED
LARVAE ; numerous LIVING PUPAE, etc. Sepa-
rate Price Lists, X., XV.— XVIII., for COLEO-
PTERA (19,000 Species). LISTS V. and VI., for
HYMENOPTERA (2,S00 Species), DIPTERA
(1.850). HEMIPTERA (1,.550), OETHOPTERA
(iioO), NEDROPTERA (5.50).

Dl'CO)nit for Cash Ori/erK, Prices low.

W. F. H. ROSENBERG,

48a, Charing Cross Road, London,W.C.,

Receives at frpquent intervals fresh consign-
ments of Zoological Specimens, including
MAMMALS, BIRDS, BIRDS' EGGS, REP-
TILES, AMPHIBIA, INSECTS OF ALL
ORDERS, SHELLS, etc., etc., from various
parts of the world.

Gentlemen interested in Zoology slioufd call, or
write indicating their special bninch of study, wtten
full particulars as to prices, etc.. will be given, and
specimens sent on approval if desired.

WiLHELM SCHLUETER,

HALLE-a.-S., GERMANY.

Dealer in Objects of Natural History.

LARGEST STOCK OF

HAMMALS, BIHDS, BIRDS' EGGS, HEPTILES,
AKPHIBIA, FISHES, INSECTS, METAMOR-
PHOSES or INSECTS, ETC., SHELLS, CKABS,
WOBHS, ECHINODERMS, ZOOPHTTES, MICEO-
SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS, PLANT-MODELS, &e.

Brazenor Bros.,

TAXIDERMISTS, OSTEOLOGISTS, &c.

ESTABLISHED 1863.

All Kinds of ((ATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS

Preserved and Klounted.

OSTEOLOGICAL Specimens Macerated & Articulated.

LARGE STOCK OF WELL-MADE BIRDS' SKINS.

Bt*ttinlt Bii*(f» a Specialiti/,

Mounted Skeletons of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, &c.

Catithifinrs post free on application.

39, LEMrES ROAD, BRIGHTON.

R. TANCRE,

ANKLAM, POMMERN, GERMANY,

receives every year from his collectors Large
Collections of LEPIDOPTERA from CEN-
TRAL ASIA (Turkestan, Kuldscba.Northeru
Thibet) and EASTERN SIBERIA (Amoor),
and sells all his Duplicates at very Moderate
Prices. Price Lists past free to any address
on application.

E. TANCRE.

Annxhal Subsariplioii. to " .Ntrvitates Zooloyicae," £1 Is.

Price of Yearly Volume, %iihen completed, £1 10s. (Commission fur Booksellers on
comjilited rnliaiies onli/.)

Communications, etc., may be addressed to
THE EDITORS OF

'NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRINO.

PBINTKD BV HAZELL, WATSON, HiD VlKt-Y, LV., LONDON AKD AYLS^blJBV.

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