30.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE.
Vol. XXVIIL, 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

H Jouinal of Zooloo^

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXVIIL, 1921.

(WITH NINE PLATES.)

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k. VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1921.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXVIII. (1921.)

MAMMALIA

PAGES

1. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. — 2. Mammals. Oldfield

Thomas and Martin A. C. Hinton ...... 1 — 13

2. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. — 3. Ungulate Mammals.

Lord Rothschild ......... 75 — 77

AVES

1. On a Collection of Birds from West-Central and North-Western Yunnan.

Lord Rothschild ......... 14 — 67

2. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. — 4. Birds collected from Kano

to Air (Plates I. — IX.). Dr. Ernst Hartert .... 78 — 141

3. Review of the Birds collected by^lcide d'Orbigny in South America. C. E.

Hellmayk.

Part 1 171—213

Part II 230—276

4. On some Birds from the Weyland Mountains, Dutch New Guinea. Lord

RoTHSOHii-D 280 — 294

LEPIDOPTERA

1. On the replacement of a lost vein in connection with a stridulating organ in
a new Agaristid moth from Madagascar, with descriptions of two new
genera. Dr. Karl Jordan ........ 68 — 74

V

(vi)

PAGES

2. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. V. Lepidoptera collected in

Northern Nigeria and the Southern Sahara in 1919 — 1920. Lord
Rothschild.

Part 1 142—170

Part II 215—229

3. Two new African Sphingidse. Dr. K.\rl Jordan ..... 277 — 279
INDEX 295-317

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME XXVIII.

I. — IX. Captain Angus Buchanan's Air Expedition. From photographs by A. Buchanan.

^ JJ20-

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

H journal of ZoolOQ^-

EDITISD BY

LORD EOTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K. JORDAN.

^

^

Vol. XXVIII.

No. 1.

Pages 1—213.
Pr-ATES I.— IX.

Issued May 14th, 1921, at the Zoological Museum, Trixg.

PRINTED BY HAZEI.L, WATSON' 4: VINEV, I.D., I.ON'DOX AND AYLESUURV.

1921.

Vol. XXVIII.

N0VITATE8 ZOOLOGICAE

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-
PEDITION.

II. MAMMALS OUfidd Thomas and

Martin A. C. Hinton.
■2. ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM
WEST-CENTRAL AND NORTH-WESTERN
YUNNAN Lord Rothschild .

3. ON THE REPLACEMENT OF A LOST VEIN

IN CONNECTION WITH A STRIDULATING
ORGAN IN A NEW AGARISTID MOTH
FROM MADAGASCAR, WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA . . Dr. Karl Jordan

4. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-

PEDITION.

III. UNGULATE MAMMALS . . . Lord Rolhsehild .

0. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-
PEDITION.

IV. BIRDS COLLECTED FROM KANO TO

AIR (Plates I.-IX.) . . Dr. Ernst Harlerl

6. CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EX-

PEDITION.

V. LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN
NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE
SOUTHERN SAHARA IN 1919-1920 Lord Rothschild .

7. REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY

ALCIDED'OHBIGNY IN SOUTH AMERICA. C. E. Jlellmmjr .

1—1.3

14—67

68—74

10 — ( I

78—141

M2— 17(1

171-213

.^

NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XXVni, MAY 1921. No. I.

CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EXPEDITION.

II.

ON THE MAMMALS MOTHER THAN RUMINANTS) OBTAINED DURING
THE EXPEDITION TO AlR (ASBEN).

By OLDFIELD THOMAS AND MARTIN A. C. HINTON.

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.)

IN a previous number of Novitates Zoologicae,^ we gave an account of
the small mammals collected by Captain Angus Buchanan when stopping
at Kano on his waj' northwards towards Air.

Thanks to the kindness of Lord Rothschild we are now able to give a list
of the complete collection made by Captain Buchanan, both of such further
mammals as he obtained in the Kano region and of those which he got north-
wards to Air itself, which he explored most successfully.

As this is a country which has been hitherto entirely out of the ken of
mammalogists, we were prepared to expect a considerable number of new forms
to be discovered, but we certainly never expected that so very high a proportion
of the species would be new. Indeed, we believe it may safely be said that in the
history of mammalogy no collection containing so high a proportion of novelties
has ever come to Europe from a Continental locality.

In all, the collection contains 36 sj)ecies and subspecies, of which no less
than 18 arc new, 6 of these latter having been described in our previous paper.
Considering the comparatively barren nature of the country, and the number
of mammals usually found to occur in any given area, the cai)ture of 36 forms
indicates that Captain Buchanan has been highly successful in getting a full
representation of the fauna of the districts he has worked in.

The area dealt with extends from Kano, lat. 12° N., long. 8-30° E., north-
wards through Zinder and Agades, to the great mountains in Air, Mt. Baguezan,
17-30° N., 9° E., and Iferouan, a strip therefore about 600 miles due nearly north
and south.

From Kano northwards the country steadily becomes more and more desert ;
it is thin bush to commence with, then dwarf bush, and in the north absolute
desert.

■ XXVII, p. 315, 1920.

1

2 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Further details about the country and Captain Buchanan's expedition will
be given in connection with the working out of the birds by Dr. Hartert.

As already stated, the National Museum has to thank Lord Rothschild for
a full set of the mammals dealt with, including all the types. The skins are
all beautifully prepared, and Captain Buchanan is to be congratulated on the
great value that his collection has proved to possess.

The additional species are all local representatives of forms known either
in North Nigeria, in Algeria, or in the Egyptian Sudan, the nearest relationship
being evidently with the last-named. No further mammals so peculiar as the
short-tailed gerbil, Desmodillisciis, previously obtained in Kane, have to be added
to the list, but the occurrence of a new Gundi, which we have named in honour
of Lord Rothschild, greatly extends the range of that most interesting group.

All the species, of both collections, obtained by Captain Buchanan are here
mentioned, those of which no list of specimens is given being those recorded
by us from Kano in our previous paper.

1. Epomophorus anurus Hcuglin.

? 23. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

This is a great extension of range for this species, which has not hitherto
been recorded west of the Bahr-el-Ghazal.

2. Nycteris thebaica Geoffr.

41. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.
(J 87 ; $ 85, 86. Zinder. l.-oOO ft.

3. Hipposideros cafier tephrus Cabrera.
$ 6, 27. Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 ft. (and two previously recorded).

4. Pipistrellus culex Thos.
Farniso, near Kano.

5. Seoteinus schlieffeni Peters.

$ 111. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

^119. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

$? 116. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

6. Atelerix spiculus Thos.

(? 2, ? 3. Kano. 1,700 ft.

$ 11, 12 (young). Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

7. Fells haussa sp. n.

? 34, 83 (juv.). Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

cJ 108. Zinder. 1,500 ft. Hausa name Sawala wala.

A small and exceptionally pallid representative of F. ocreala. Size small.
General colour sandy above, white below ; the body and limbs without con-
spicuous spots or stripes. Centre of forehead and cheeks pale bu£E ; eye-rings

NOVITATES ZOOI.OOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 3

white. Top of head, naj)o, and back darker bu£f, ticked with dusky hair-tips.
Mid-dorsal stripe represented by an inconspicuous rufous streak, extending
from the lumbar region to the root of the tail. Flanks and outer surfaces of
limbs pale buff ; spots on flanks inconsjiicuously represented by brighter and
deei^er buff hairs. Underparts white, with a narrow ochraceous throat band
and obscure traces of yellow spots on belly. Hands and feet white above. Tail
coloured like body proximaUy, its distal half greyer with three or four black
annulations, of which the last two are complete.

Skull and teeth smaller than in ocreata, otherwise not essentially different.

Measurements of type taken in the flesh :

Head and body, 470 mm. ; tail, 255 ; hindfoot, 114 ; ear, 57.

Skull, cJ (type) ; and $ : condylo-basal length, 80-8, 74-7 ; zygomatic
breadth, 64, 57-1 ; width of brain-case, 41-8, 40-1 ; front of canine to posterior
angle of carnassial, 27-9, 24-2 ; length of upper carnassial, 10-5, 9-!).

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult male, B.M. No. 21.2.11.1G, original No. 108, collected at
Zinder, February 16, 1920.

This animal is undoubtedly worthy of sj)ecific recognition, differing in a
quite striking manner from all other members of the ocreata groux) by its con-
siderably smaller size and marked desert coloration.

We ought to mention that the adult female, although equally j)allid, has
the upper parts rather greyer and less buffy in tone than they are in the male ;
the vestigial mid-dorsal stripe is ticked with dusky hair-tips, while in the male
the tint is clear, the dusky hair-tips being apparently segregated to form a feeble
black streak on either side of the rufous central area. The kitten is rather
darker than either of the adults, and has the spots and stripes more strongly
developed.

8. Caracal caracal poecilotis subsp. n.

? 145. Mt. Baguczan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

A desert-coloured form with whitish ear-pencils.

Fur short, about as in specimens from Kordofan and Somaliland. General
colour sandy above, white below. Mid-dorsal region scarcely darker than the
flanks and limbs, with practically no trace of a transverse stripe across the withers.
Ears with ectote clothed with numerous fine silvery-white hairs lying upon a
black ground ; terminal pencil composed of black and white hairs in about
equal numbers, the white hair.s preponderating in the antero-internal j)ortion
of the pencil. Throat pale buft'. Chest with brighter buff spots. Other under-
parts pure white. Tail pointed at tip, resembling the back in colour, but a little
more pallid below.

Skull and teeth normal.

Dimensions of typo measured in the flesh :

Head and body, 690 ; tail, 255 ; hindfoot, 156 ; ear (without tufts), 76 mm.
Weight, 13 lb.

Skull: condylo-basallength, 106-1 ; basal length, 97-2 ; zygomatic breadth
81'8 ; cranial breadth, 51-2 ; interorbital breadth, 22-1 ; base of canine to m'
37-4; p' length, 15 ; 7?ii length, 11-4 mm,

Hab. As above.

4 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921-

Tyjw. Adult female. B.M. No. 21.2.11.19, original No. 145. Collected
May 24, 1920.

This animal differs conspicuously from all other caracals in the national
collection by its exceptionally pallid coloration and silvery ears. 8o far as we
can judge from descriptions, it makes a nearer approach to G. c. nnhicus Fisch.,
described from the region between the Atbara and the Blue Nile, than to any
other subspecies. With regard to the forms treated by Matschie as distinct
species {berberorvm and iinhicits, with subspecies), we prefer to regard them all
as subspecies of the widely distributed C. caracal.

9. Ichneumia albicauda F. Cuv.
(J 81 juv. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

10. Canis anthus F. Cuv.
$116. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

11. Vulpes pallida edwardsi Rochebr.

o 78. rarni.so, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

$ 102, 109. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

Referred provisionally to the Senegal edwardsi of Rochebrune, as was done
by Thomas when writing about a specimen from Kontagora, N. Nigeria, in 1918.
This western form is undoubtedly very close to the true V. jxillidn of Kordofan.
On the other hand, Captain Buchanan obtained some specimens of this group
farther north in Damergou, and representing a form which we think should be
subspecifically separated. Hausa name Yinyowj'a.

12. Vulpes pallida liarterti sulisp. n.

(J 117. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

Two further hunter's skins from Takoukout and one from Agades.

Smaller and paler than V. p. edwardsi.

Size of a male about equal to that of the female edwardsi. General colour
above near pale ochraceous buff, slightly darkened along the middle dorsal area,
paljng on sides to " light buff," and gradually passing to quite white below. Head
mostly like body, the crown ochraceous buff like back, the cheeks whitish ;
preocular brown patch and pale- brown muzzle as dark as in edwardsi. Ears
very pallid, " light buff," with white edges. Forelimbs whiti.sh, with a pale
brown line running from the elbows down their outer side. Hind limbs similarly
white, with a pale-brown edging running down from the hips. Tail, apart from
the usual white-based, black-tipped terminal hairs, light buff above, slightly
lined with blackish, ochraceous buff below.

Skull of the single male specimen smaller, smoother, and more rounded than
those of the two available male skulls of edtmrdsi. Post-orbital processes less
developed, in fact less even than in the female edwardsi, which have about the
same skull- lengths. Bullae smaller than in edwardsi.

Hub. As above.

Dimensions of the type :

Head and body, 400 mm. ; tail, 270 ; hindfoot, 95 ; ear, 63.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 5

Skull, greatest length, 94 ; coudylo-basal length, 91-5 ; zygomatic breadth,
52 ; interorbital breadth, 18 ; breadth on postorbital processes, 24-3 ; breadth
of brain-case, 39-5 ; length of p' on outer edge, 7-9.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.23, original No. 117. Collected
March 12, 1920.

This very pretty little desert fox is a pale local race of the widely spread
V. pallida, its browner allies of Nigeria being far more like the original Kordofan
form than it is. The skull of the type is curiously small and smooth, although
its basilar suture is completely closed.

"Weight, 2Hb."

We have much pleasure in naming it after Dr. E. Hartert, of Tring, who
was himself one of the first Europeans, and the first natiu-alist, to visit the regions
north of Nigeria. He was at Kano in 1885, but was at the time very ill with
fever.

13. Vulpes riippelli caesia subsp. n.

tS 125. South side Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 3,300 ft.

(S 179. Aouderas, Asben. 2,700 ft.

An almost wholly blue-grey race of V. riippeUi.

General characters as in true riippelli, but the reddish wash along the dorsal
area, so prominent in riippelli, and reduced in subsp. somuliae, here almost
obsolete, practically the whole back being a beautiful silvery grey. Just along
the middle line of the back there is a suffusion of dull ochraceous practically
confined to the under-fur, and hardly affecting the general colour. Buffy of
head and neck of rather a warmer tone than in riippelli. Colours elsewhere as
in light-coloured specimens of that animal. White tail-tuft well developed.
Skull without special characteristics.

Dimensions of the type, measured in the flesh :

Head and body, 455 ; tail, 355 ; hindfoot, 120 ; ear, 98 mm.

Skull, greatest length, 110; zygomatic breadth, 58; palatal length, 56-5;
length of p* on outer edge, 10-5.

Hah. Asben, on high ground. Tyj)e from Mt. Baguezan. 3,300 ft.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.26, original No. 125. Collected
May 4, 1920.

This beautiful silvery-grey fox is evidently closely allied to the Sudan
V. riippelli, but is distinguishable by the nearly complete disappearance of the
ochraceous on the back, and its consequently more wholly grey colour.

" The natives say that this animal is only to be found in the mountains —
not heard of at Agades in tlie low country." — A. B.

14. Poeeilictis rothschildi T. & H.

Farniso, near Kano. (Tyjio B.M. No. 21.2.11.29.)

The skull of the type has now arrived, and shows that the specimen was
somewhat immature. The dimensions of a fuUy adult skull were given with
the original description.

15. Euxerus erythropus chadensis Thos,
(J 88, 110; $96, 97. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

6 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

16. Eiixenis erythropus agadius subsp. n.

9 122. Agades. 1,710 ft.

Like erythropus chadensis, but smaller and more pallid ; the skull with
smaller bullae and shortened rostrum.

Size small, the hindfoot only 56 instead of 60 mm. or more. Pattern as in
c. chadensis, but ujiper parts yellower and paler.

Skull much smaller than in chadensis, with smaller, shorter, and rounder
bullae. Rostrum peculiarly short, but the cheek-teeth absolutely as large as
in chadensis ; p' in type unusually minute.

Dimensions of type taken in flesh :

Head and body, 200 ; taO, 180 ; hindfoot, 56 ; ear, 13 mm.

Skull ( measurements of cj and $ chadensis in parentheses) : condylo-incisive
length, 47-9 (56-6, 54) ; zygomatic breadth, 27-8 (33-1, 3M) ; dental length,
26 (29-6, 28-4) ; cheek-teeth (on crowns), 12-1 (12-3, 11-9) ; bullae, 11-7 x 8-2
(13-2 X 9, 12-8 X 9).

Hab. As above.

Type. An adult female, B.M. No. 21.2.11.32, original No. 122. Collected
April 15, 1920.

In the type and only specimen, p' is in jjlace, but unworn ; m' is slightly
worn ; and the basal suture, although visible, is practically closed, so that the
animal is fully adult. The temporal ridges are weakly developed, as compared
with those of skulls of chadensis in similar stages of dental development ; and
this character and the shortening of the rostrum (which may be apjircciated by
comparing the dental and molar lengths given above) suggest that in spite of its
advanced dentition the type may, in terms of time, be actually younger than
specimens of chadensis in corresponding stages of dental development. Agades
is, of course, in the true desert, while Yo (the type locality of chaderms) and
Zinder are in far more richly vegetated country. Teeth are more rapidly worn
away in the desert than elsewhere, and it may be that dental development is
sometimes hastened in compensation.

There can be no doubt that the present form should be distinguished from
chadensis ; the only doubt we have had has been as to whether we should accord
it full specific rank or not. But on the whole we think it better to treat it merely
aS' a subspecies of erythropus.

17. Taterillus gracilis angelus T. & H.
Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.36.)

18. Gerbillus nigeriae T. & H.

<J 99, 112, 113, 101 ; $ 100, 98. Zinder. 1,500 ft.
Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.52.)
Hausa name daska.

19. Gerbillus gerbillus Oliv.

cJ 170 ; 9 1G2, 163, 169. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

cJ 185, 189, 190 ; $ 195. Aderbissinat, Asben. 1,525 ft.

Tuareg name aquotic.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 7

20. Gerbillus pyramidum Geoff.

$ 127, 157, 158. Mt. Baguczan, Asben. 5,200 ft.
(J 161 ; $ 160, 164, 171. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

21. Dipodillus campestris Levaill.
$ 135, 141, 146 (juv.), 152. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

22. Dipodillus garamantis Lataste.

cJ 159. Agades. 1,710 ft.

(J 167 ; ? 168, 174, 175, 176. Azzal, Asben. 1,825 ft.

? 194. Aderbissinat, Asben. 1,525 ft.

(J 124. South of Baguezan Mount. 3,300 ft.

cJ 131 ; ? 151, 154, 155, 156. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

This species and D. campestris, together with Gerbillis gerhillus and O.
pyramidum, are proved by Captain Buchanan's collecting work to have far more
extensive ranges than was previously supjjosed. The four species named were
obtained by Dr. Hartert and Mr. Hilgert in the neighbourhood of In Salah ; and
they are now shown to range southwards completely across the desert.

23. Desmodilliscus buchanani T. & H.

Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.81.)

24. Steatomys cuppedius T. & H.
Farnibo, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2.11.85.;

25. Cricetomys gambiannus oliviae DoUm.

$ 9. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.
Hindfoot, 62 mm. Hausa name gafia.

26. Cricetomys buchanani sp. n.

(^ 10. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

A harsh-furred, bright-coloured species of large size.

Size approaching that of ansorgei, considerably larger than gamhiunus ;
hindfoot, 71 ; condylo-basal length of skull, 77-8 mm.

Fur harsh ; on imderparts dense, the hairs rather stiff or spiny. General
colour exceptionally bright and yellow for a Cricetomys. Back clothed with a
grizzle of tawny olive, dark brown and black, the dark hair-tips becoming fewer,
and the colour brightening to a yellowish brown upon the flanks. Top of muzzle
dark brown ; forehead greyish. Eye-rings and upper cheeks dusky, incon-
spicuously lined by yellowish hairs, in sharp contrast with the pallid lower cheeks ;
the latter clear, pale yellow, continuous below and behind with the colour of the
undersurface. Ears dusky, in sharp contrast with the general dorsal colour.
Outer surfaces of limbs like back and flanks. On dorsal surfaces of hands the
tint deepens and clears to form a median stripe of sepia traversing the meta-
carpus ; outer margins of hands and bases of digits 3, 4, and 5 pale buff ; digits
otherwise white. Feet with a broad stripe of sepia on upper surface, traversing

8 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIR. 1021.

outer half of metatarsus and ending at bases of digits 2, 3, and 4 ; outer margins
narrowly bordered with white ; inner half w'liite, washed with pale buff ; digits
white. Underf)arts pale buff throughout, this colour running up on to the lower
cheeks ; inner surfaces of limbs more nearly white. Tail dusky proximallj%
white distally ; the white portion forming rather more than half the length of
the tail.

Skull agreeing in general form and proportional measurements with that of
gamhianus ; differing from the latter in its much greater size, strongly developed
supraorbital ridges and postorbital processes, in wliich resiJects it resembles the
skull of ansorgei. From the latter species it differs in its more normal nasals
and lighter cheek-teeth. Temporal ridges parallel and straight, not bowed
outwards in parietal region.

Dimensions taken on the skin :

Head and body, 400 ; tail, 415 ; hindfoot, 71 ; ear, 3G mm.

Dimensions of skull: condylo-basal length, 77-8; eondylo-incisive length,
75; zygomatic breadth, 38-1 ; interorbital constriction, 11-7 ; mastoid breadth,
2G-7 ; nasals, 31-8 x 10-7 ; dental length, 41-7 ; diastema, 25-7 ; length of
anterior palatal foramina, 8-7 ; cheek-teeth (crowns), 11-1.

Hab. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.87, original No. 10. Collected
December 16, 1919.

We have much pleasure in associating this fine species with the name of its
discoverer. C. buchanani is a very striking animal. Its large size and strongly
ridged skull suggest comparison with the Angolan C. unsurgei ; but in all essential
respects it shows itself to be more nearly allied to true gambianus.

27. Rattus (Mastomys) sp.

Farniso, near Kano.

(J 107, $ 84. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

28. Rattus (Myomys) daltoni Thus.
Farniso, near Kano.

29. Leggada haussa T. & H.

Farniso, near Kano. (Type B.M. No. 21.2. 11.100.)
? 103. Zinder. 1,500 ft.

30. Acomys airensis sp. n.

cJ 129, 132, 149, 153 ; ? 133, 142, 144, 147.

? juv. (in blue pelage), 148, 150. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

Closely resembling A. wiiherbyi in outward api^carancc.

■Size larger than in ivitherbyi ; hindfoot about 17 instead of 15 mm., extreme
length of skull about 29-3 instead of 28 mm. Colour as in u-ithcrbyi ; but hairs
at base of procctote lighter in colour than elsewhere, instead of being concolor
with the rest of the head.

Skull with the brain-case relatively narrower and slightly less depressed than
in wiiherbyi ; greatest width of brain-case, measured across temporal ridges.

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 9

averaging 40 instead of 48 per cent, of condylo-incisive length. Interorbital
region a little more constricted, and the supraorbital beads a little stronger and
more sharjily defined anteriorlj'. Other characters, making allowance for the
greater size, essentially as in witherhyi.

Dimensions taken in the flesh :

Head and body, 102 ; tail, 95 ; hindfoot, 17-5 ; car, 16 mm.

Skull of tyjje (and of 147 $ ad., in iJarentheses) : condylo-incisive length,
26-8 (27-5) ; occipito-nasal length, 29-7 (29-8) ; zygomatic breadth, 14-4 (14-4),
interorbital constriction, 4-6 (4-8) ; greatest width of brain-case across temporal
ridges, 12-7 (12-4) ; nasals, 12 x 2-6 (12-1 x 2-0) ; dental length, 13-8 (14-3) ;
cheek-teeth (on crowns), 4-1 (4-2).

Hab. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.109, original No. 149. Collected
May 25, 1920.

This animal, " taken among the great rocks of the Baguezan Hills on the
plateau," is a western representative of A. witherhyi. Having regard to the
cranial differences and to its isolated situation, we think it better to treat it as
a distinct species rather than as a mere subspecies of the animal described by
de Winton.

31. Arvicantliis testicularis Sund.

$82. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft. (Other specimens previously recorded.)
d^ 89, 90, 93 ;? 91, 92, 94, 96. Zinder. 1,500 ft.
cJ 123. Agades. 1,710 ft.

32. Lemniscomys olga sp. n.

(J 121. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

An exceedingly jjale species, even paler than dunni.

Size and proj)ortions as in dunni, but tail shorter than head and body. Fur
unusually spiny, the back feeling almost like that of a young, or fine-spined,
Acomys. General pale ground-colour, very light, almost " cream-buff " ; the
lateral darker stripes rather lighter and relatively narrower than in dunni.
Toi5 of head nearly clear buff, lightly lined or grizzled by darker hairs. Central
dorsal stripe obsolete beyond nape, narrower and less black than in dunni. Lateral
strijies essentially as in dunni and other members of the group ; the striping
unusually fine, the light areas somewhat, the dark areas considerably, narrower
than in dunni, which species, in turn, differs from zehra in a similar way. Cheeks
and eye-ring clear buff. Ears clear " Isabella," without any dark marking.
Arms and legs still lighter than in dunni ; dorsal siu'faces of feet cream-coloured.
Undcrparts pure white. Tail rather more hairy than in other forms, very finely
scaled ; 13 scales, instead of 9 as in dunni, occup3nng 10 mm. near the middle
of its length ; dorsal surface of tail scarcely darker than ventral surface ; no
trace of a caudal prolongation of the central dorsal stripe.

Skull and teeth essentially as in dunni.

Dimensions of the type measured in the flesh :

Head and body, 91 ; tail, 77 ; hindfoot, 23 ; ear, 13-5 mm.

Skull of type (an adult, cheek-teeth half worn) : condyle- basal length, 24-3 ;

10 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921.

zygomatic breadth, 13 ; intcrorliital brcatltli, 4-3 ; duiital length, 13-2 ; upper
cheek-teeth (crown length), 4-9 mm.

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.128, original No. 121. Collected
March 28, 1920.

We have great jileasm'e in naming this pretty mouse after Sirs. Buchanan.
Captain Buchanan says : " My old native Berber Bushman states that this
species lives solitary — never in numbers. Taken among tlie undergrowth of
low bush."

33. Jaculus iacalus aireusis subsp. n.

? 120. Takoukout, Damergou. 1,550 ft.

(J 191, 192; ? 186, 187, 188, 196. Aderbissinat. 1,525 ft.

In 1913 ' Thomas sorted the Jerboas of the J. jaculus group into five sub-
species, mainly according to size, those from the Algerian Sahara, from Biskra
to Lake Chad, all being put under the name of •/. j. deserti Loche.

We have now taken the opportunity to lay out geograxJhically all the
specimens of " deserti," and find to our great interest that they are themselves
readily divisible, by colour, into no less than four local races, which we have no
alternative but to call subspecies.

Fortunately the British Museum now possesses the typical specimen (and
lectotype ') of Lataste's darricarrerei from Bou Saada, and also a specimen which
is nearly a topotj'pe of Loche's deserti (type locality Ouargla), having been
obtained by Dr. Hartert on the " plateau 46 km. east of Ghardaia," so that we
are in a position properly to identify these names. Their respective localities
are the farthest north and the farthest south of the form to which we apply the
name deserti, those still farther south towards In Salah being different.

The following are the subspecies we should recognise :

1. J. j. deserti Loche (syn. Dipus darricarrerei Lataste).

General colour drabby grizzled with brown from the fine brown tijis to the
dorsal hairs. Sides lightly washed with brown. Darker colour of crown and
face passing more or less down on to the cheeks. Jliddle white ring on tail little
marked, often absent. Hindfeet about 60 mm. in length.

Hab. Northern Algerian Sahara, from Bou Saada to Ouargla. Very
common round Biskra, whence we have a large series.

2. Jaculus jaculus sejrius subsp. n.

General colour stronger, darker, more cinnamon-buff, the darker upper
colour descending quite low on the sides and the checks. Tips of dorsal hairs
prominently darkened. Middle white ring of tail almost or quite absent. Hind-
foot comparatively long, 63-64 mm.

Dimensions of type :

Head and body, 110 mm. ; tail, 177 ; hindfoot, 64 ; ear, 25.

Skull, incisor-bulla length, 35-2 ; condylo- incisive length, 30-5.

Ilab. Ain-Sefra, S.W. Algeria. Alt. 1,100 m.

1 Ann. Mag. N.H. (8), .xi. p. 4S2, 1913.

2 C£. Ann. Mag. N.H. (9), iv. p. 353, 1919.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. I'J21. J J

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 13.8.G.80, original No. 100. Collected
May 10, 1913, by A. Ruddle. Presented by Lord Rothschild. Six specimens.

Distuiguished by its strong cinnamon-bufl'y coloiu", equally unlike the drabby
of deserti and the clearer buffy of centralis.

3. J. j. centralis subsp. n.

General colour clear buffy, little or not grizzled with browu. Sides and
cheeks washed with buiTy. Middle white ring of tail, before the subterminal
dark one, prominently marked. Hindfeet, C3-64 mm.

Dimensions of type :

Head and body, 127 mm. ; tail, 178 ; hindfoot, 63 ; ear, 20.

Skull, length from front of incisors to baek of bullae, 34-7 ; condylo-incisive
length, 30-6.

Hah. Central Algerian Sahara. Type from Oued-el-Abiad, north of
In-Salah. Other specimens from 160 km. south of Ghardaia, and 25 km. south
of El-Golea.

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 12.11.14.52, original No. 30. CoUected
April 25, 1912, by E. Hartert and C. Hilgert. Presented by Lord Rothschild.

4. J. j. airensis subsjD. n.

General colour clear pale buffy, with scarcely any darker grizzling ; narrowed
laterally, where the sides are almost white. Cheeks wholly white, the white
passing above the eye to the base of the ears, which have prominent basal white
patches. Hairs of nape also tending to be whitish. Middle white tail-band
well marked. Hindfoot about 60 mm. Hausa name damberia, Tuareg eddoic.

Measurements of type :

Head and body, 109 mm. ; tail, 195 ; hindfoot, CO-5 ; ear, 195.

Skull, incisor-bulla length, 34.

Hab. Air. Type from Aderbissinat. 1,525 ft.

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 21.2.11.131, original No. 180. Collected
August 19, 1920.

This beautiful little jerboa is readily distinguishable by its white sides and
white cheeks. Its feet are shorter than in centralis and seriits, about as in
deserti, but the skulls of all are of very much the same size.

34. Massoutiera rotiischildi s^). n.

cJ 130, 134, 137 ; $ 136, 138, 140. Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

Most like M. mzabi, but the colour darker and the bullae smaller.

Size about as mzabi. General colour slightly darker, the tone with rather
more brown and less yellow in it, but the difference is not very strongly marked.
Below the colour is generally darker and more drabby, though in some specimens
the hairs are tipped with white. Feet smoke-grey, less white than in mzabi.
Tail as in mzabi, not so bushy as in harterti.

Skull on the whole very like that of M. mzabi, but it is rather less heavily
built, and flatter, less convex, on the crown. The bullae, whose size is here of
such systematic importance, are rather smaller in the upper view, and this
difference is intensified below owing to the antoro-inferior part of the bullae.

12 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

between the lower side of the meatus and the middle line, being markedly
less inflated. And of course, in comparison with M. hurttrti, with its extremely
inflated bullae, the difference is still greater. Intcrorbital space decidedly
narrower than in the other species. Interparietal smaller. Front edge of
anteorbital plate rather more slanted.

Teeth as in M. mzahi, except that the highly opisthodont condition of the
incisors is even more marked, the incisive angle being only 53°, one of the lowest
indices known in rodents.

Dimensions of the type :

Head and body, 185 mm. ; tail, 37 ; hindfoot, 34 ; ear, 16.

Skull, greatest median length, 45 ; greatest diagonal length, 46-7 ; condylo-
incisive length, 41 ; zygomatic breadth, 28 ; length of nasals, 17-5 ; interorbital
breadth, 10-6 ; greatest breadth on bullae, 28 ; interparietal, 7-7 x 10; palatilar
length, 20 ; palatal foramina, 6-5 ; upper molar series (crowns), 8-5 ; bulla,
greatest diagonal horizontal diameter, as seen from above, 16-3 ; ditto, below
18; height, 15-8.

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult female. B.M. No. 21.2.11.136, original No. 138. Collected
May 18, 1920.

This Gundi is curiously more similar to the North Saharan Massoutiera
mzahi than to its nearer neighbour, the species discovered by Dr. Hartert in the
Central Sahara, M. harterti. It is, however, clearly different from both, as is
natural from its geographical isolation.

It is with special pleasure that we find an opportunity to name a member
of this most interesting group in honour of Lord Rothschild, who has himself
taken so much interest in Gundis, and to whose generosity the National Museum
owes so large a proportion of its material in the group. Many of its examples
of Ctenodactylus gundi, its only useful specimens of Massoutiera mzahi, the type
of Massoutiera harterti, and now this tjrpical series of the new form are all results
of explorations carried out either by him personally or on his behalf, and it is
therefore peculiarly fitting that a member of the group should bear his name.

35. Lepus canopus sp. n.

(5 73 ; $ 74, 20 juv. Farniso, near Kano. 1,700 ft.

A short-eared hare of unusually pallid colour.

Size and general characters as in senegalensis and zcchi, but general colour
much lighter than in cither. Back a mixture of tawny and black, lightening
to clear buff upon the flanks ; underparts generally, pure white. Crown a
fine grizzle of black and tawny, bordered by dusky hairs above the eyes, and in
sharp contrast with the facial stripes. The latter form, on each side, a broad
fusiform stripe, extending from the ujiper lip backwards to a point midway
between the eye and the ear, and completely encircling the eye-ring. Cliccks
below facial stripes greyish. Proectote Isabella with a buff-coloured fringe along
its anterior margin ; tips black. Nape patch clear dull buff. Outer sides of
limbs and pectoral collar bright buff. Underparts, other than chest, pure white.
Tail with a narrow median stripe of black, bordered by buff above ; the sides
and lower surface pure white.

>f0VITATE9 ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 13

Skull as in senegalensis. Grooves of upper incisors simple, deep, and filled
with cement.

Dimensions of type taken in the flesh :

Head and body, 430 ; tail, 70 ; hindfoot, 108 ; car, 100 mm.

Skull of type : condylo-basal length, 74-3 ; extreme length, 82-7 ; zygomatic
breadth, 39-2 ; postorbital constriction, 13-7 ; nasals, 35-8 x 18-0 ; dental
length, 41-1 ; cheek-teeth (alveoli), 15'3.

Hah. As above.

Type. Adult male. B.M. No. 21.2.11.138, original No. 73. Collected
December 3, 1919. Hausa name zomo.

Apart from its more pallid coloration, this species differs from both sene-
galensis and zechi most strikingly in possessing sharjily defined white facial
stripes. From zechi it differs further in having the median dorsal surface of
the scut definitely black. In the Togoland species, the range of which, judging
from our material, extends to the Bawchi Plateau, the scut is ru,sty brown, or
at the most dusky, above, never actually black.

(Hares were also numerous at Agades, Mt. Baguezan, and Damergou.)

36. Procavia buchanani sp. n.

(J 139 (immature). Mt. Baguezan, Asben. 5,200 ft.

5 177 (stage viii). Aouderas, Asben. 2,700 ft.

A small species of the P. ruficeps group.

Size about as in P. ruficeps. General colour above grizzled buffy greyish,
paler than in any of the described West African species, the hairs brownish at
base, then dull buffy, brown subtcrminally, and with buffy whitish tips, which
give a general grizzled effect. Undersurface dull buffy, not sharply defined,
the hairs pale brownish at base. Head coarsely grizzled grey, not buffy, the
crown dull rufous brown. Ears with blackish edges ; pale buffy postauricular
patches behind them. Dorsal patch oval, ochraceous buffy, the hairs mostly
buffy to their bases. Forearms and liands, hindlegs and feet coarsely grizzled
grey, neither darker nor lighter terminally.

Skull of about the size and shape of that of P. ruficeps, conspicuously different
from the much larger and more heavily built skull of P. goslingi, the Dassie of
Nigeria. Teeth of even ]3roportions, not markedly hypsodont, much as in
P. ruficeps.

Dimensions of the type :

Head and body, 335 mm. ; hindfoot, 60 ; ear, 28.

Skull, condylo-basal length, 84 mm. ; zygomatic breadth, 49 ; nasals, median
length, 24-5 ; posterior breadth, 20 ; diastema, 10-2 ; upper cheek-tooth series,
35 ; molars only, 18 ; width of m', 7.

Hab. Air, as above. Type from Aouderas. Tuareg name akoka.

Type. Female, adult but not old ; just in stage viii. B.M. No. 21.2.11.141,
original No. 177. Collected July 22, 1920.

This Dassie, which we have named after its discoverer, is a pale and strongly
grizzled West African representative of the group of small species of which the
Soudan P. ruficeps is the best known. From the other West African species,
P. kerstingi and goslingi, it is distinguishable by its j)aler colour and much smaller
size.

14 NoviTATEa ZooLoaicAE XXVni. 1921.

ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FROM WEST-CENTRAL AND
NORTH-WESTERN YUNNAN.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

THIS collection was made by the well-known botanical collector, George
Forrest, for Colonel Stephenson Clarke, during the years 1918 — 1919,
and consists of 1,442 specimens of 278 species and subspecies. Colonel Stephenson
Clarke is most generously presenting the types of new forms and half the
remainder to the British Museum and the other half to the Tring Museum.

The principal places collected in were the Lichiang Range of mountains and
the hills and valleys surrounding Tengyueh. The few other places are T'ong-
Shan, Yangtze Valley, the Shweli-Salwin Divide, and the Shweli Valley.

The Lichiang or Likiang Range is in N.W. Yunnan, and the portion
collected in lies about 27-20 - N. latitude and 100-22° E. longitude. Tengyueh and
District is about 25° N. latitude by 98-28° E. longitude. The Shwcli-Sah.in
Divide, i.e. the portion collected over, is about 25-40° N. latitude by 98° E. longi-
tude. The character of the avifauna is distinctly Himalayan, but many migrants
from the north pass the winter in Yunnan, and the Tengyueh and Shweli
districts show a decided Burmese preponderance.

Two lists have been published lately on the birds of Yunnan. One by
Collingwood Ingram in 1912 in the Novitaies Zoologime, in which he included
all records up to date, and the second in 1914, by Outram Bangs and John C.
Phillips, in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for 1914, only
giving an account of the actual collection dealt with. Ingram enumerates 352
forms and Outram Bangs 238 ; 78 of the latter are not contained in the former,
so that up to 1914 430 forms had been recorded from Yunnan, of which 7 are
undoubtedly recorded in error, so that 423 remain. S. Uchida and N. Kuroda,
in Annotationes Zoologicae Jajmnenses, 1916, record a further 46 forms, of which
33 had already been recorded, owing to the authors having overlooked Bangs and
Phillips's paper, so that the total number up to 1921 was 436. The number of
forms in the present collection new to the Yunnanese avifauna are 59, so that
we now know 496 forms from Yunnan.

Considering the almost total absence of large birds from this collection, and
the smallness of the series aimed at, the proportion of 278 out of 496 species
known is remarkably large. In the second collection sent were 192 birds with
Chinese labels, or in a few cases no labels. These, owing to illness and departure
on a fresh expedition, Mr. Forrest was temporarily unable to label ; and as
they are all from the Tengyueh District (including the Shwcli-Salwin Divide), I
have recorded them here as from the Tengyueh District simply.

1. Prancolinus chinensis (Osb.).
Teirao ckinetuis Oabeek, Voij. en Chine, vol. ii. p. 326 (1771) (China).
One strongly marked and bright-coloured (J, no data.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 15

2. Bambusicola fytchii fytchii Anders.
Bamhusicola fijkhii Ander.son, P.Z.S., p. 214. pi. xi. (1871) (Ponse, W. Yunnan).

Collingwood Ingram merely record.s Anderson's specimens. Bangs and
Phillips record one sj^ecimen from Mengtze which tliey describe as new under
the name of Bnmbvsicola olengina. They evidently com^jared their bird with
a specimen of B. fytchii hoi^kinsoni Godw.-Aust. from Assam, at the same time
not realising that the type locality Ponse is in Yunnan. The differences on the
breast and flanks are not valid (i.e. those given by Bangs and Phillips) ; but
/. fytchii differs from /. hoyhinsoni in having a less rufous more olive-grey crown,
back, and rump, and the spots on the back and interscapulium are black, edged
with rufous, not entirely rufous as in /. hojikinsoni ; the chin and throat are
buff, not rufous buff.

2 (;JcJ) Tengyueh District.

3. Coturnix coturnix japonica Tcm. and Schl.

Colurnix vulgaris japonka Teraminck and Sclilcgel, Sic' old's Fmin. Jap. Aves, p. 103. pi. Gl (1849)
(.Japan).

1 (J, July 1918, 8,500 ft., cornfields. (Iris soft brown ; bill dark brown; legs
and feet dark brown.)

4. Ithaginis clarkei Rothsch.

Itliaginis clarlcci Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xl. p. 67 (1920) (Lichiang Range, Yunnan).

This is a most interesting discovery, as it is from the same country as /. kuseri
Beebe.

1 adult 3, 3 cJc? juv., 1 $ July 1918, 12,000—14,000 ft., pine forest. (Iris
orange-yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet scarlet ; nads dark brown.)

The principal differences of this species from cr;/e?(<«s are the longer crest,
long pointed ear coverts, and in younger birds the black mask in the (J cJ ; and
the greyer uniform upper and under surface in the $$.

5. Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgs.).
Phariamis crossoptilon Hodgson, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, vii. p. 864 (1838) (no exact locality).

The three specimens of this bird, obtained by Forrest, appear at first sight
very different from G. crossoptilon , as the general tone of colour is not white,
but very pale blue-grey, and the throat is dirty brownish grey. However, on
closer examination the colour of the throat proves to be due to staining. As
regards the blue-grey tinge, the birds are in moult and one or two fresh feathers
are much paler and others are pure white. I therefore cannot separate this
Yunnan form until we get further specimens full moulted and j^roving distinct.

In his Monograph of Pheasants Mr. Beebe expresses the view that in
Crossoftilon the number of taU feathers being variable is of no diagnostic value,
and in consequence expresses some novel views on the status of the several
forms. I cannot agree with him at all, as the tail feathers and ear tufts by
their structure at once divide the species of Crossoptilon into two sharply separated
groups, each at present containing two species as follows :

16 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Group I. — Tail featliers witli plumules more or less disconnected, 22 — 24 ;
ear tufts long and pointed. C. mantschuricum, C. aurilum.

Group II. — TaU feathers with plumules more united, 20 ; ear tufts short and
blunt. C. harmani, C. crossoptilon.

2 cJcJ, 1 ?, August— September 191S, pine forests 13,000—14,000 ft. (Iris
golden yellow ; bill reddish yellow ; legs and feet scarlet-crimson ; nails dark
brown. )

Mr. Hartert points out that this bird was actually described under the name
of Phasianus cros-soptilon in the text, and that the name thihetamtm only occurs
under the plate.

6. Phasianus colchicus elegans Elliot.
Phasianus elegans Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi. p. 312 (1870) (Sechuen).

All recent ornithologists have united P. ehgaiis Elliot and P. shuJeni Elliot,
nom. nud. , from Sechuen and Yunnan respectively, and from material at present
available no other course is possible. Should, however, larger series from
Yunnan make it possible to separate the two races, a name must be created for
the Yunnan birds. It is regrettable that Forrest sent no adults.

1 puUus, July 1918, 9,000—11,000 ft.

7. Amaurornis phoenicura chinensis (Bodd.).
Fuliea chinensis Boddacrt, Tahl. PI. Eul. p. 54 (1783) (terra typ. restr. Hongkong).

1 $, June 1918, 8,500 — 9,000 ft., marshes, Lichiang Valley. (Iris dark brown ;
bill green ; base of upper mandible dull red ; legs and feet olive-ycUow. )

8. Rostratula benghalensis benghalensis (Linn.).

Rallus henghalensis Linnaeus, Si/sl. Nat. cd. x. i. p. 153 (1708) (Asia).

1 <J, Tengyueh, 5,000 ft., October 1919, ricefields. (Iris blue black ; bill
dark brown above, pale below ; legs and feet duU dark green.)

9. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Linn.
Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, Sxjst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 146 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

, 1 9, hills and side valleys round Tengyueh, 5,000— 7,000 ft., October 1919.
(Iris dull purple ; bill dark brown above, pale below ; legs and feet grey-brown.)

10. Limosa limosa melanuroides Gould.

Limosa melanuroides Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 84 (1846) (Port Essington).

1 $, Tengyueh, 5,300 ft., October 1919, marshes and ricefields. (Iris deep
purple ; bill pinkish brown ; legs and feet dark greenish grey. )

11. Tringa hypoleucos Linn.
Tringa hypoleucos Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

2 cJ(^, 4 ?$, Tengyueh, 5,000 ft., March and October 1919, ricefields,
streams, and marshes. 1 ^, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1918. (Iris
blue-black or dark brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet light greyish green.)

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiOAE XXVItl. 1921. 17

12. Tringa glareola Linn.

Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758) (Europe — Sweden).

1 c?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,000—5,500 ft., October 1919, ricefields and marshea.
(Iri.s deep purple ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-green.)

13. Tringa ocrophus Linn.

Tringa ocrophus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758) (Europe— Sweden).

1 (J, Yangtze Valley, 6,000 ft., September 1918; 2 ^^, 1 ?, Tengyueh,
5,000 ft., October 1919 ; 1 ?, Shweli Valley, August 1919. (Iris blue-black ;
bill black-brown ; legs and feet light greyish green.) 1 $, Tengyueh District.

14. Tringa nebularia (Gunn).
Scolopax ne^mlaria Gunnerus, in Leem, Beskr. Finm, Lapp. p. 251 (1767) (Norway).

1 $, Shwoli Valley, 6,000 ft., November 1919. (Iris brown ; bill greenish
brown ; legs and feet dark brownish green.)

15. Sarcogrammus indicus atronuchalis (Blyth).

Lobivanellus alroniichalis Blyth, Jerdon's Birds Iiulia, iii. p. G48 (1864) (Burmah).

1 $ juv., Tengyueh Valley, 5,000 ft., Augu.st 1919, marshes. (Iris black-
brown ; bill basal half orange-red, rest black ; core orange-red ; legs and feet
dull brownish yellow ; claws black.)

10. Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth).

Pluvianii-s cinereus Blyth, Journ. As. Sac. Bengal, xi. p. 587 (1842) (Calcutta).

1 cJ, Tengyueh Plain, 5,300 ft., October 1919, ricefields and marshes.
(Iris orange-red ; bill orange, tip black ; legs and feet lemon-yellow ; claws
black.)

17. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gm.

Charatlrius fulvus Gmelin, Sysl. Nat. i. 2. p. 687 (1780) (Taliiti).

1 (?, 1 ?, Tengyueh, 5,300 ft., October 1919, ricefields. (Iris deep purple ;
bill black- brown ; legs and feet greenish grey. )

18. Charadrius placidus Gray.

Charadrius placidus Gray, Cat. Mamm. Birds, etr., of Nepal and Tibet in Brit, Mm. 2nd ed. p. 70
(1863) (Nepal).

3 ??, Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., June and September 1919, by streams ;
2 $$, Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., August and October 1919, ricefields and
marshes. (Iris reddish brown, brown-purple, or black ; bill black-brown ; legs
and feet creamy yellow, biscuit brown, or dull yellow ; claws black.)

19. Charadrius dubius dubius Scop.

Charadrius duMus Scopoli, Del. Faunae el Florae Insubr. ii. p. 93 (1786) (Luzon).

1 9, juv., Tungyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., October 1919, ricefields and marshes.
(Iris deep brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-brown.)
2

Ig- NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

20. Sphenurus sphenurus (Vig.).

Vinayo sphenvrus Vigors, P.Z.S. p. 173 (1831) (Himalayas).

The single $ is ratlier darker green above, and the liead and underside less
yellow, than our Kashmir and Sikkim $9, but until we can compare J<J I prefer
not to separate it.

1 $, June 1919, Shweli-Salwin Divide, pine forests. (Iris reddish scarlet ;
fiill blue ; legs and feet pale crimson ; nails grey.)

21. Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Tcmm.).

Columha linmilis Tcmniiiick, PI. Cul. livr. 44. pi. 2.50 (1S24) (Bongal, Luzon).

1 ?, Yangtze Valley, 7,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 $, Tengyueh Valley,
5,000 ft., August 1919, mixed forest, bamboo thickets.

(Iris yellow ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet dark brown. Iris black-brown ;
bill dull black ; legs and feet pinkish grey.)

22. Streptopelia ehinensis vacillans Hart.

Streptapeha cliinerutis I'aciUans Harfert, Nov. Zool. xxiii. p. 83 (191G) (Yunnan).

1 (J, Tengyueh Plain, bamboo thickets, August 1919, 5,000 ft. (Iris orange ;
bill ruddy brown ; legs and feet dull pink.)

23. Streptopelia orientalis orientalis (Lath.).
Columha orientalis I,atham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 606 (1790) (China).

Forrest only sent 1 (J of this species.

1 (J, Lichiang Range, pine forest, 10,000 ft., September 1918. (Iris orange ;
bill dull crimson ; legs and feet deep magenta.)

24. Columba hodgsoni Vig.

Columlm hodgsoni Vigors, P.Z.S. p. 16 (1832) (Nepal).

The 9$ sent by Forrest have the mantle and wings, where they are maroon
in the (J, of a deep slate blue glossed with steel blue, not dark grey as Salvadori
states.

1 adult (J, 2 adult $9, Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft., June— September
1918; 1 (J imm. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000—11,000 ft., November 1919.
{Adult, Iris creamy white ; bill dull magenta, tip black ; legs and feet dull olive-
green ; nails yellow. Imm., Iris j)ale red ; bill black ; legs and feet dull black ;
naUs yeUow.)

25. Podiceps ruficollis poggei (Rchw.).

Cohjmhus nigricans poggei Reichcnow, Joiirn. f. Orn. p. 125 (1902) (Tschili, China).

1 am of opinion that the Yunnan Little Grebe belongs to the above sub-
species. Mr. CoUingwood Ingram {Nov. Zool. xix. (1912), p. 273) quotes them
ex Anderson as P. flimiatilis fhilippensis, but I do not agree with Anderson's
identification.

2 $S, 2 ??, Tengyueh Valley, August 1919, 5,300 ft., streams and ponds.
(cj. Iris greyish white ; bill brownish red ; legs and feet dark grey-green. $, Iris
pale orange ; bill black, centre pale olive-green ; legs and feet dark grey-green.)

NOVITATES ZooLoniCAE XXVIII. 1021. ■ 19

26. Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Gm.).

Ardea cinnamomea Gmelin, Sijsl. Nat. i. 2. p. 643 (1789) (China).

1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli Valley, 5,000 ft., June 1919, ricefields and marshes. (Iris
orange- yellow ; bill dark brown above, dull brownish yellow beneath ; legs
olive-green ; feet above olive-green, below orange ; nails dull lirown.)

27. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L.).

Arilfa nyrticorax Linnaeus, Si/31. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 142 (1758) (Southern Europe).

1 ^ ad., Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., October 1918, marshes; 1 9 j"'^-.
hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 5,000 — 0,000 ft., October 1919„streams and marshes.
((J ad.. Iris liright crimson ; bill black and pale greenish yeUow ; legs and feet
pale yellow ; nails brown. $ juv.. Iris reddish orange ; bill above black tinged
with green, below greenish ; legs and feet bright yellowish green, toes dark olive-
green.)

28 Butorides striatus javanicus (Horsf.).

Ardea javanim Horsfield, Trails. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xiii. p. 190 (1821) (Java).

1 (J, Tengyueh Plain, 5,300 ft., April 1919, marshes and ricefields. (Iris
yellow ; bill black above, yellow below ; bare skin round eye yellowish green ;
legs and feet olive- yellow.)

29. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.).
Buphvs haxxlncs Bonaparte, Conep. Gen. Av. ii. p. 127 (1855) (Malay Peninsula).

1 ? (winter plumage), Lichiang Range, October 1918, 10,000 ft., pools and
swamps ; 1 $ (winter plumage), October 1919, Tengyueh Plain, 5,300 ft., rice-
fields. (Iris golden yellow ; bill brown-black above, greenish orange ; cere
greenish yellow; feet and legs clear olive- green ; nails dark olive.)

30. Bubulcus ibis coromandus (Bodd.).

Cancroma coromantta Eoddaert, Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783) (Coromandel).

1 $, Tengyueh Valley, August 1919, 5,000 ft., ricefields. (Iris pale yellow ;
bill light reddish orange ; cere yellow ; legs dull black ; feet black above, dull
green below.)

31. Accipiter nisus melanochistus Hume.

Accipiter melanochistus Hume, Ihis, p. 356 (1869) (Simla).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000— 12,000 ft., October 1918, cliffs and pine forests.
(Iris orange- yellow ; bill black; cere grey ; legs and feet yellow ; claws black.)

32. Accipiter gentilis schvedowi (Menzb.).

Ashnr palamharius schvedowi Menzbier, Orn. Qeogr. Eur. Riissl. in Mem. Scienl. Univers. Imp.
Moscow Hist. Nat. p. 439 (1882) (Transbaiealia).

1 ? juv., Mekong Salwin Divide, 6,000—12,000 ft., forests and cliffs (1919).
(Iris golden yellow ; bill grey ; cere yellow ; legs and feet golden yellow ; claws
black.)

20 Nov:tates Zoolooicae XXVIII. 1921.

33. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (Limi.).
FaUo cyaneus Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. xii. i. p. 126 (neighbourhood of London).

1 ^, north of Tengyueh, C,000 ft., October 1919, open country. (Iris light
yellow ; bill black ; cere yellow ; legs and feet orange ; claws black. )

34. Circus melanoleucus (Forst.).

Fako melanoleucus Forstcr, Ind. Zoo}, p. 12. pi. ii. (1781) (Ceylon).

1 (J, 1 ?, hills N.E. of Tengyueh, 5,500—8,000 ft., October 1919, open
moorland. ( (J, Iris pale clear amber yellow ; bill black ; cere dull pale greenish
yellow ; legs and feet pale orange ; claws black. )

35. Aquila nipalensis nipalensis Hodgs.
Aqnila nipalensis Hodgson, Asiatic Bes. xviii. pt. ii. pi. i. pp. 13-10 (183."?) (Nepal Plain).

? juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000— 15,000 ft., October 1918, cliffs and pine forests.
(Iris yellow ; bill black-brown ; cere yellow ; legs and feet golden yellow ; claws
black.)

30. Falco timiunculus satiu:atus (Blyth).

Tinnunculus saturatns Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxviii. p. 277 (1859) (Tenasserim).

1 9 (sexed ^), Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., pine forests, August 1918.
(Iris dull deep brown ; bill blue-grey ; cere yellow ; logs and feet orange ; claws
black.)

37. Falco subbuteo streichi Hart, and Neum.

Falco suhhuteo streichi Harteit and Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. p. 592 (1907) (Swatari).

1 ? ad., hills S.W. of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris black-brown ;
bill blue-grey ; cere pale orange ; legs and feet orange ; claws black-brown.)

38. Strix aluco nivicola (Blyth). ?

Syrnium nivicola Bljfth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. j). 185 (1845) (Himalaya).

The adult $ sent by Forrest is considerably larger than La Toucho's S. aluco
karterti, and has larger white markings on the lower abdomen, but without a
large series it is impossible to separate these highly variable birds.

1 $ ad., 2 $$ juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., July and September
1918, pine forests. (Iris brown-grey ; bill olive-grey.)

39. Otus bakkamoena glabripes (Swinh.).
Ephialtes gla'iripes Swinhoe, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (4) vi. p. 152 (1870) (S. China and Formosa).

1 9, Tengyueh Valley, 5,400 ft., April 1919 (4 eggs No. I.), trees and habi-
tations ; 1 (J, hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris brown;
bill brown or greenish grey ; legs and feet brownish grey.)

Ingram has recorded a specimen from Mengtze as Otus lemplji erythrocnmpe
Swinh., but the specimen agrees with the above birds in size, while erythrocampe
is larger and has yellow iris ; whereas in Forrest's two specimens and Owston's
the iris is described as dark brown.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 21

0. b. glabripes is recorded from Formosa and S. Cliiiia and 0. b. ttmhratilis
from Hainan, and our serie.'' of the former is from Formosa alone. These two
forms and 0. b erythrommpe will require revision when a larger series is available.

Bangs and Phillips quote O. malayana ^ and $, but their measurements are .
quite absurd, being 100 mm. out for bakkamoena races and from 55 to 60 mm.
out for malayana. I am convinced they omitted the 1 before the 85 and 93.
and that they had the same birds as Ingram and myself.

40. Cuculus sparverioides Vig.

Ctwulus sparvmoides Vigors, Proc. Com. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i. p. 173 (1832) (Himalaya).

Forrest's three specimens are all young birds, the (^ from T'ong Shan is
probably in its second year (two years old), the other two being birds of the year
or one year old.

cJ ? juv., T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918 ; 1 ^ juv., hills
around Tengyueh, 5,000 — 6,000 ft,, June 1919, pine forest and open plains.
(Iris light orange ; bill greenish black ; legs, feet, and claws orange.)

41. Cuculus intermedius intermedius Vahl.

Cuctdus intermediaa Vahl, Slcriv. of Nat. SeUkahel, Kjohenhaven, iv. p. 58 (1789) (Tranquebaria).

1 c?, 2??, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., June and Augu,st 1918, pine
forests and open country. (cJ, Iris brownish yellow ; bill greyish black ; legs
and feet dull orange ; $ dark brown or brownish yellow.) 1 (^, Shweli, 8,000 ft.,
May 1919. {^ Iris dark yellow.)

42 Cuculus optatus Gould.
Cucidus optatus Gould, P.Z.S. pt. xiii. p. 18 (1845) (Port Essington).

2 <J(J ad., 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft.. May and September
1918, pine forests. (cJ ad., Iris greyish yellow ; bill dark brown, yellow at
base ; legs and feet brown. $ juv., Iris dark brown ; bill purplish ; legs and
feet orange.)

43. Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine.

Cuculus telephonus Heine, Journ. f. Orn. p. 352 (1863) (Japan).

1 (J ad., Lichiang Range, October 1918 ; 1 ? juv., Talifu, Central Yunnan,
6,500 ft., April 24, 1918. (Iris dark brown ; feet dull orange ; bill black-
brown.) 1 (J ad., Tengyueh Valley, July 1919.

44. Cacomantis merulinus querulus Heine.

Cacomantis querulits Heine, Journ. f. Orn. p. 352 (1863) (India, Nepal, Burma).

1 cj, liills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., June 1919 ; 1 cJ ad., Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 7,000 ft.. May 1919 ; 1 ^ juv,, Shweli, 7,000 ft., August 1919, forest
and open thickets. (Iris light red, light orange, or yellowish brown; bill dark
brown ; legs and feet orange-yellow, yellow, or light brown.)

22 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

45. Centropus bengalensis bengalensis (Gm.).

Cuculus henrjahiisis Gmclin, Sysl. Xal. vul. i. p. 214 (1788) (Bengal).

One young bird in half plumage ; head, neck, interscapulium, and rump as
ill adult ; tail, wings, and thighs as in first plumage.
1 ?, Lichiang Range.

4G. Pyrotrogon erythrocephalus yamakanensis (Rich.).
Harpactm ijamakaneims Rickett, Bull. B.O.C. viii. p. slviii. (1899) (Fokicn).

Distinguished from E. erythrocephalus by its darker, more olivaceous upper
side and black chin and throat.

1 cJ, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forests.
(Iris light crimson ; bUl black ; legs and feet pale greyish brown.)

47. Yynx torquilla japonica Bp.

Yunx japoiiica Bonaparte, Cotisp. Gen. Avium, i. p. 112 (1850) (-Tnpan).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., pine forests, September 1918. (Iris deep
orange ; bill greyish brown ; legs and feet dull olive. )

48. Picumnus imiominatus chinensis (Harg).
Vivia chinensis Hargitt, Ibis, p. 228. pi. vii. (1881) (May-chee, China).

1 (^, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918, thickets. (Iris brown ;
bill grey-black ; legs and feet grey- black.)

49. Dryobates pygmaeus scintilliceps (Swinh.).
Picus scintilliceps Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 96 (1863) (Peking).

2 cJtJ, 4$?, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., June— October 1918, pine forests.
1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, August 1919, 8,000 ft. ; 1 ^, Yangtze Valley, Sep-
tember 1918; 1 ?, T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., August 1918; 3 $?, hills N.W. of
Tengyueh, thickets, March and October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill dark grey ;
legs and feet olive to blackish grey.) 2 $5, Tengyueh District.

50. Dryobates hyperythrus subruflnus (Cab. and Heine).

Xylurgns suhrujinus Cabanis and Heine, Museum Heitieanum, iv., Picidae, p. 50 (June 1863) (North
China).

3 (JcJ, 3 ??, Lichiang Range, June and July 19IS, 11,000—12,000 ft., pine
forests. (Iris deep brown ; bill, upper mandible black, lower yellow ; legs and
feet dark olive.)

51. Dryobates darjellensis (Blyth).

Picus {Dcndrocopus) darjellctisis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, sir. i. p. 196 (1845) (Darjeeling).

1 cJ, 3 ??, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 1 ? juv., Shwcli Valley, 8,000—9,000 ft.,
May — November 1919, pine forests. (Iris dark brown ; bill, upper mandible
black, lower grey ; legs and feet blackish grey. )

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. ^3

52. Dryobates cabanisi cabanisi (Malli.).

Picus ca'mnisi Malherbe, Joiirn.f. Orn. p. 172 (1854) (China).

2 ^^, Shweli-Salwiii Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., June and November 1919 ;
1 c?> 39$, Lichiang Range, June, September, and October 1918, ijine forests.
(Iris dull red ; bill dark bluish grey ; legs and feet dull black.)

53. Picus canus sordidior (Ri^jpon).
Oeciniis sordidior Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 32 (1906) (Yangtze Big Bend).

1 <J, 1 $ ad., 4 ^cJ, 4 ?? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft.. May, July, and
August 1918. (Iris dull grey ; bill fawn- brown to black ; legs and feet steel
to greenish grey.) 2 $$ ad., Tengyueh Valley, June 1919; 1 (J, Tengyueh
District.

54. Cyanops franklini (Blyth).

Bucco franUini Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, xi. p. 167 (1842) (Darjeeling).

2 (?(?, 1 9, Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., streams. May and August 1919. (Iris
light brown ; bill black, lower maudible greyish ; legs and feet grey-black.)
1 (J, Tengyueh District.

55. Cyanops asiatica (Lath.).
Trogon asialicus Latham, Irul. Orn. vol. i. p. 201 (1790) (India).

1 ^, Shweli Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., mixed forest, August 1919. (Iris light
yellow ; bill duU grey-blue, lower mandible pale olive ; legs and feet dull
olive- green.)

Oustalet quotes davisoni Hume from Yunnan (Prince Henri d'Orleans), but
there is evidently an error of locality, as this species is confined to Tcnasserim
and is probably the representative there of asiatica.

56. Alcedo atthis bengalensis Gm.

Alcedo bengalensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 1. p. 450 (1788) (Bengal).

One (J from Tengyueh Valley has a very strongly marked pectoral blue band.
1 ij ad., 2 $9 juv., Tengyueh Valley, 5,000 ft., July 1919, near streams.
(Iris and bill black ; legs and feet red.) 1 ^ ad., Lichiang Range, no data.

57. Halcyon smyinensis fusca (Bodd.).

Alcedo fusca Boddaert, 7\M. Planch. Enl. d'Hisl. Nat. de d'Aub. p. 54. pi. 894 (1783).
1 cj, Tengyueh District.

58. Ceryle rudis leucomelanura (Reichcnb.).

Ceryle leucomelanura Reichenbach, Handh. Alced. p. 21. pi. 409 B. f. 3,488 (1851) (Ceylon).

4 (J(J, 1 9, Tengyueh Valley, -5,300 ft., streams, April 1919. (Iris black-
brown ; bill black ; legs and feet black.)

24 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

59. Falaeornis schisticeps finschi Hume.

Palaeornis /inscki Hume, .S/r. Fealh. ii. p. 509 (1874) (Kollidoo, Salwin R.).

Unfortunately all Forrest's 7 specimens are ia strong moult.

2 (?c?> 1 ? ad., Yangtze Valley, 7,000—9,000 ft., September 1918, pine forests.
(Iris pale yellow ; bill orange and red ; legs and feet greenish grey.) 1 (J, 2 $$
juv., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., July 1919 ; 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range,
9,000—11,000 ft., July 1918.

Ingram gives cyanoce phaJa Linn., the record being founded on some young
^^ recorded by Anderson from Momier. These were probably wrongly identified
and were young of this species.

60. Coracias affinis McClell.

Uoracias aflinis McClelland, P.Z.S. p. 164 (1839) (Assam).

The adult birds sent by Forrest are in very worn plumage.

1 (J, 1 ? ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 5,000—7,000 ft., open country. May 1919 ;
I $ juv., Shweli Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., June 1919. (Iris dark blue ; biU black ;
legs and feet dull black. 1 (J, Tengyueh District.

61. Upupa epops indica Reichenb.
Vpupa indica Reichenbach, Handh. spec. Orn. Scansores, p. 320, pi. dxcvi. f. 4,037 (India).

CoUingwood Ingram identifies some Mongtse specimens (4 (J (J, 1 $) as U. e.
saturatus Lonnb., but the jDresent specimen appears to me to be U. e. indica.
Outram Bangs enumerates 10 specimens from Mongtse as saturatus, so that the
Siberian and Mongolian saturatus appear to frequent the valleys of Yunnan in
winter at low elevations.

However, the status of U. e. saturatus is very uncertain and its distinctness
requires confirmation by the study of a series from its breeding haunts. Bangs
and Phillips enumerate U. e. indica under U. epops subsp.

1 (J, Lichiang Valley, 8,000— 9,000 ft., cultivated areas, September 1918. (Iris
black ; bill black-brown, greyish at base ; legs and feet dull greyish brown. )

62. Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus (Hart.).
Caprimvlgus macrurus ambiguus Hartert, Ibis, p. 373 (1896) (Malay Peninsula, Burma, etc.).

1 (J, T'ong Shan, 9,000 ft., September 1918.

63. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Tcmm. and Schleg.

Caprimulgus jolaka, Temminck and Schlegel, SiebohTs Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 37. pi. 12 (1847)
(Japan).

It is quite a surprise to find this form, and not indicus indicus, as the resident
race, but the great elevation (11,000 ft.) evidently produces palaearctic conditions.

2 $9, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., dry clearings in pine forest, June and
August 1918. (Iris purplish brown ; bill black ; feet and legs grey-black.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 25

04, Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould.

Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould, Icon. Av. pt. ii. pi. iv. (1838) (China or adjacent islands).

1 $, hills south of Tengyueh, 5,000—6,000 ft., mixed forest, July 1919. (Iris
deep reddish brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet grey- black.)
This appears to be the first certain record for China.

65. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scop.

Hirumh gutturalis Scopoli, Z)e?. Fhr. and Faun. Insuhr. ii. p. 9G (I78G) (New Guinea) (ex Sonnerat).

1 cj ad., Tali Valley, 0,500 ft.. May 191S ; 1 cj juv., Lichiang Valley, 8,500 ft.,
August 1918, open country. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)
1 (J, Tengyueh, 5,500 ft., open country, June 1919.

66. Tesia cyaniventer Hodgs.

Tesia cyaniventer Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 101 (1837) (Nepal).

1 3, Shweli-Salvin Divide, 7,000 ft., December 1919. (Iris dark brown ;
bill brown, lower mandible orange ; legs and feet dark olive.) 1 ?, Tengyueh
District, 1919.

67. Tesia castaneo-coronata (Burton).

Sylvia ? castaneo-coronata Burton, P.Z.S. Loiul. iii. 1835. p. 52 (1836) (Himalaya).

3 SfS, 1 ?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 13,000—14,000 ft., July— September 1918,
pine forests. (Iris brown ; bill brown, lower mandible olive- yellow ; legs and feet
olive-yellow.) 1 <J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., November 1919.

68. Spelaeornis kauriensis (Har,).

Urocichla kauriensis Haiington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) ii. p. 246 (1908) (Watan, Bhamo District).

1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft,, December 1919, thickets. (Iris crim-
son ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet brown.)

69. Spelaeornis souliei Oust.

Spelaeornis souliei Oustalet, Ball. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 257. no. 6 (1898) (Tse-kou).

Forrest sent 1 cJ, 1 ?, 1 juv. of this hitherto unique burd.

The young is undescribed ; it differs from the adult above in having the
head and hind neck bright rufous, each feather edged with black, and the back
olive rufous barred with black lines ; below it has the throat and whole
underside deep rufous.

70. Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis (Sharpe).

Anorthura talifuensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan).

3 <^<^, 2 ??, 2 ?, Lichiang Range, 14,000 ft., tliickets, July— October 1018.
(Iris dark brown or black-brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet brown.)

71. Prunella immaculata (Hodgs.).

Accentor immaculalus Hodgson, P.Z.S. Land. siii. p. 34 (1845) (Nepal).

2 ad., Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

86 NoVITATEa ZoOLOaiOAB XXVIII. 1921.

72. Prunella strophiatus multistriatus (David).

Accentor mithistrialus David, Ann. Mag. Xal. Hisl. {i), vii. p. 250 (1871) (Moupiu).

2 ?$, 7 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000— 13,000 ft., August— October 1918, thickets
by streams. (Iris pale reddish brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet light
pinkish brown.)

73. Prunella collaris ripponi Hart.

Prunella collarU ripponi Hartert, Vog. 2>aldarkl. Faun. i. p. 7G6.

The type specimen at Tring is dated May, wliilc Forrest's birds are dated
October, which accounts for the still purer grey of the breast.

5 ^(J, Lichiang Range, 14,000 ft., October 1918. Cliffs and rocky meadows.
(Iris bright reddish brown ; bill black, basal two-thirds of lower mandible yellow ;
legs and feet dull yellowish brown.)

74. Enicurus sinensis Gould.
Enicuriia sinensis GouU, P.Z.S. London, p. 665 (1865) (Shanghai).

2 9$, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., sheltered water courses, June 1918.
(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet flesh pink.)

75. Enicurus maculatus guttatus Gould.
Enicurus guttalus Gould, P.Z.S. London, p. 664 (1865) (Sikkim ?).

Outram Bangs has described the Yunnan birds as a distinct race under the
name of bacatus, and gives as the difference the larger and more numerous spots
on the back. The single bird sent by Forrest has these spots not larger than
the usual run of Indian guUatus. The Yunnan sjiecimens in the British Museum
certainly have rather big spots, but several Indian ones have them still larger,
so that I cannot acknowledge the validity of Mr. Bangs's maculatus bacata.

1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., streams and shady ravines. May 1919.
(Iris black;; bill black; legs and feet transparent pearly white.) 1 (J ad.,
1 ^ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

[Enicurus macu'atus omissus subsp. nov.

, While comparing the above specimen of m. guttalus I was struck by the
large size of a bird from Fokien in the Tring collection. Mr. Hartert kindly
examined the Fokien material in the British Museum, and we both agree that
the Fokien guitatus are a distinct local race and require a name.

(J ad. differs from m. giittatus in its larger size, larger white spots on the
back, and much larger white neck band.

Length of wing: E. m. giittatus, 95-102 (1-107) mm.

Length of wing: E. m. omissus, 112-115 mm.

Hab. Fokien, Tang Wangwang coll. Type in Tring Museum.]

76. Enicurus schistaceus Hodgs.

Enicurus schislaccus Hodgson, Asiat. Res. six. p. 189 (1836).

2 cJ<J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., May 1919 ; 1 ? ad., 1 $ juv., Tengyueh
District.

NOVITATBS ZOOLOOIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 27

77. Hodgsonius phoenicuroides (Gray).

Bradi/pterm phoenicuroides Gray, Cat. Mamm., etc., Nepal, p. 70 (Nepal).

IcJ, 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft , pine forests and thickets, May
— September 1918. (Iris black-brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet light
brown.)

78. Luscinia davidi (Oust.).

Calliope davidi Oustalet, Bull. Mas. Paris, p. 222 (1892) (Ta-tsien-Iu).

The single ^ sent by Forrest is in full moult and not absolutely adult, so
that the orange-scarlet of the throat and breast is more restricted than in our
two very bad skins. The presence, however, of a few isolated orange feathers
on the breast indicates that it would have extended.

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., pine forests, July 1918. (Iris black,
biU black ; legs and feet greyish black.)

79. Luscinia brunnea (Hodgs.).
Larvivora brunnea Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vi. p. 102 (1837) (Nepal) $,

Forrest sent 1 ^, 2 $ $, adult and one very young bird. The labels on the
(J and one $ adult appear to have been reversed.

The young bird has upperside deep olive-brown ; feathers of head and hind
neck with rusty shaft stripes and indistinct blackish edges ; upper tail coverts
olive-rufous ; primaries blackish with olive-brown outer webs ; taU slaty black ;
feathers of cheeks, throat, and breast whitish rufous edged with sooty black ;
abdomen bufEsh white, feathers more or less edged with narrow sooty lines.

1 (J ad., Yangtze Valley, 8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 ? ad., T'ong Shan,
9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918 ; 1 ? ad., 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000—
12,000 ft., July 1918, pine forests and thickets by streams. (Iris dark brown;
bill brown-black ; legs and feet blackish grey ; $ et juv., iris black-brown ;
bill brown; legs and feet pale brown.) 1, Tengyueh District, 1919.

80. Notodela leucura Hodgs.
Mascisylma, leucura Hodgson, P.Z.S. Land. p. 27 (1845) (Nepal).

The average Indian and Assam cJ(J show a wing measurement from 89
to 94 mm., but 1 Margharita ^ and 1 ^ from Darjeeling reach 97 mm. Two
Bhamo cJ<^ and the f)rescnt Yunnan (J measure 97 mm,, and 1 Annam ^ 99 mm.,
the remaining Annam ^^ recorded by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss would run
from 92 to 98 mm. if the bird I measure as 99 is really the bird they quote as
97 mm. It thus would seem that a more eastern larger race is in the process
of being evolved.

1 (J, hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., thiclicts by streams, August 1919.
(Iris black- brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

81. Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray).
Rulicilla schisticeps Gray, Cal. Mamm. B. Nepal, pp. 69, 153 (1846) (Nepal).
1 (J, 1 $, Lichiang Range.

2S. NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

82. Phoenicurus frontalis sinae Hart.

Phoenicunis fronlalis sinae Hartert, Bull. B.O.C. xxxviii. p. 78 (1918) (Kansu).

Although the colour of the forehead and throat of the ^ is certainly paler,
it is the $ which is most distinct from /. frontalis.

8 cj c? ad., 6 $9 ad., 1 $ jun., 1 $ juv., Liohiang Range, 12,000 ft., August-
October 1918, pine forests ; 1 ^ ad., Tcngyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., November
1019 ; 4 cJtJ (1 scxed ?), Tengyueh District, 1919.

83. Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus BIyth.

Plioenicura leucoplera Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beru/al, xii. 1. p. 962 (1843) (Malacca).

5 (S<S ad., 1 9 ad., 3 young, Lichiang Range, 10,000— 11,000 ft., thickets by
streams, July and October 1918 ; 1 ^ ad., Yangtze Valley, September 1918 ;
1 cJ ad., T'ong Shan, October 1918; 2 cJ,^ ad., 1 ? ad., hills N.W. of Tengyueh,
5,300—6,000 ft., thickets and meadows, October 1919 ; 2 ^<S, 2 ? ad., Tengyueh
Valley, 5,300—5,500 ft., March and November 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill,
legs, and feet black.)

The breeding-place of this race was unknown, but it evidently breeds in
N.W. Yunnan, though the birds wintering in Eastern India probably do not
breed in Yunnan.

84. Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore).

Rulicilla Jmlrjsoni Moore, P.Z.S. London, p. 26. pi. Aves Iviii. (1834) (Nepal).

2 $$ ad., Lichiang Range, 10,000—11,000 ft., thickets by streams, October
1918. (Iris black ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet black.)

85. Chaimariornis fuUginosa fuliginosa (Vig.).
Phoenicura fuliginosa Vigors, Proc, Coinm. Zool. Soc. London, i. p. 35 (1831) (Himalayas).

It is remarkable that in this species of the genus there should be extreme
dimorphism in the sexes, while they are alike in leucocephala and almost so in
bicolor.

4 (J (J, hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., April — September, 1919, thickets by
streams ; 1 ? ad., Tengyueh Valley, April 1919, 5,500 ft. ; 2 ^^, Shweli Valley,
7,000 ft., September 1919 ; 3 ^^ ad., 1 ? nestling, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft.,
by streams. Jlay — June 1918. (Iris blackish blue ; bUl, legs, and feet black.)

86. Chaimarrornis leucocephala (Vig.).
Phoenicura leucocephala Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London, i. p. 35 (1831) (Himalayas).

The sexing in this series is all wrong ; out of 7 adults all labelled <S, 6 are $ $
and only 1 (J ; the two immature birds are correctly sexed.

1 cJ, 4 $$ad., 1 (J, 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., water
courses, August and October 1918 ; 2 $$ ad., Shweli Valley, June 1919. (Iris
dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black ) 1 o> Tengyueh District, 1919.

87. Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall).
iiolacUla cyanurus Pallas, Reise Prov, Euss, Reich, ii. p. 709 (1773) (Yenissei),

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 29

88. Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgs.

Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgson, P.Z.S. London, p. 28 (1845) (Nepal).

The sexing here is erratic, a young (J being marked $ and several 9? marked (J.

1 (J ad., 1 cJ juv., 7 ??, Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., thickets,
July — October 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill black, edges and lower mandible
brownish yellow ; legs and feet olive- yellow.) 1 [J ad., 1 $ juv., Tengyueh
District, 1919.

These birds agree perfectly with Sikkim specimens, but the large number
of a series of 18 (J(J $$ from Tai-pai-shan, Tsin-ling Mountains, are considerably
smaller.

89. Tarsiger rufilatus practicus (Bangs and Phill.).

lanthia practica Bangs and Phillips, Bull. Miis. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 292 (1914) (Loukoucbai).

Bangs and Phillips treat this form as a quite distinct species, but when a large
series is compared the differences from r. rufilatus are very slight ; the back in
tlie cj is somewhat deeper blue and the rump is also darker, but the principal
colour difference is that the shoulder patch is much darker blue. The $$ are
darker above, more deep olive-brown, less rufous ; the tail also is much duller
blue. A large series of 11 (JcJ, 18 $$ at Tring from the Tsin-Ling Mountains
belong to r. practicus. This form can therefore only be considered a sliglitly
differentiated subspecies of T. rufilatus.

2 cJc? ad., 2 (J (J juv., 9 ?$ ad., Lichiang Range, 9,000—14,000 ft., pine forest
and thickets, August — October 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill black- brown ;
legs and feet dark brown.)

90. Dendrobiastes hyperythra hyperythra (Blyth).

JUuscicapa hyperythra Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 885 (1842).
1 <J ad., 1 ? 1 juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

91. Copsychus saularis saularis (Linn).

Gracula saularis Linnaeus, Sysl, Nat. ed. x. p. 109. no. 5 (Asia).

In the Cat. Birds, Brit. 31 us., vol. vii. pp. 61-64, Dr. Sharpo unites all the
forms of saularis under one head, but describes the named forms musiciis and
amoenus and the so-called hybrids, but the newest revisions of the species treat
saularis, mvsicus, aynoenus, ceijlonensis, andamanensis, pagiensis, and zoenicus as
subspecies of saularis.

4 cJcJ, 2 $?, Tengyueh Valley, March— April 1919, 5,500 ft., bamboo thickets.
(Iris black-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet brown- black.) 1 ^, Tengyueh
District, 1919.)

92. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hart.

Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hartert, Vug. paliiark. Faun. i. p. 711. no. 1,080 (1910) (Moupin, etc.).

1 tj, I ?, 1 (J ? juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July— September 1918 ; 1 ^,
1 (J, 2 9$ ad., 1 cj very young, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918 ;
1 c? very young, T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918; 4 S^, Tengyueh
Hills, June 1919, 6,000 ft. ; 1 <J, 1 $, Tengyueh Valley, March and June 1919,

30 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

5,500 ft., open thickets. (Iris black- brown ; bill, legs, and feet q black, $ dark
brown.) 2 ^^ ad., 1 (J jiin., 1 ^ jiiv., 4 ?$ ad., 1 $ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

93. Saxicola torquata przewalskii (Plcske).

PratinrnJa maiira var. przewnlshii Pleskc, Mi'st. Kis. PrzacaUl-y's lieiseti Viiijel, i. p. 40. pi. iv.
ff. 1,2, 3{1889)(Kan3u).

2 (JcJ, 1 $ ad., Lichiang Range.

94. Myiophoneus eugeniae Hume.

Myiophonem eugeniae Hume, SIray Feaih. i. p. 475 (1873) (Tliayetmyo).

This bird appears to differ from 31. temmlncki only in lacking the white spots
on the wing coverts and the concealed white on the rump and thighs. I should
therefore have considered these two forms as subspecies, only they appear to
occur together in the Karen Hills and Burmah. Hartert examined the type of
M. tibetanus Mad. and finding it to be a young laird placed the name as a
synonj'm under M. temmincki.

Thaj'er and Bangs record a series of adults {Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xl.
p. 1C8, 1912) and young, and maintain its distinctness from temmincki owing
to the absence of the concealed white of rump, etc. I therefore shrewdly
suspect that tibetanus Mad. is nothing more than eugeniae Hume, but only actual
comparison can confirm my susjiicion.

1 <J, 1 9, 1 fledgling, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., June— August 1918, cliffs ;
1 $ (marked (J), Tengyueh Hills, July 1919. (Iris dark crimson; bill orange ;
culmen dark ; legs and feet black. )

95. Monticola erythrogaster (Vig.).

Turdus erythrogaster Vigors, Pror. Comm. Soc. and Corr. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 171 (1831) (Himalaya).

1 ? juv. (first plumage), T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918 ;
1 ? juv. (first plumage), Shweli Valley, 8,000 ft., August 1919. (Iris black-
brown ; bill, legs, and feet grey-brown.)

96. Monticola philippensis (P. L. S. Jliill,).

Turdits philippensis P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Anhang, p. 142 (1776).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 11,000—12,000 ft., July 1918. (Iris dark brown; bill
legs, and feet black.) 1 $, T'ong Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918.

Hartert places the red-beUied forms as subspecies of M. solitarius, but as
they appear in South and South-East China to breed in the same areas I prefer
for the present to keep them as sijecies, in which case La Touche's larger race
must stand as M. philippensis magna, not as 31. solitarius magna.

97. Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).

Petrocincla pandoo Sykes, P.Z.S. Lond. p. 87 (1832) (Ghats, India).

2 cJcJ, Lang Bong Valley, 7,000 ft., May 1918 ; 1 ? (marked (J), Tengyueh
Valley, 5,300 ft., March 1919 ; 4 juv., Shweli Valley, 9,000 ft., June 1919 ;
1 juv., mountains north-west of Tengyueh, 0,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris dark
brown to black ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 31

98. Turdus castaneus gouldi (Verr.).

Meriila gmiWi Verreaux, Nmiv. Arch. Mvs. Hist. Nat. Paris, vi. Bull. p. 34 (1870) (Kansu).

2 cJcJ, 5 $9, 5 pull, half grown to three- quarters, Lichiaiig Range,
10,000—11,000 ft., thickets and mixed forest, June 1918; 1 $, Shweli-Salwin
Divide, 9,000 ft., November 1019. (Iris brown ; bill golden yellow ; legs and
feet yellowish brown.)

In the first plumage tlie Q has the ground-colour of undcrsurface yellower
and the spots smaller.

99. Turdus ruflcollis ruficollis Pall.

Turdus ruficollis Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs. iii. p. C94 (177G) (Dauiia).

1 c?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,.500 ft., March 1919, thickets. (Iris dark brown;
bill dark brown, tip and lower mandible orange ; legs and feet dark greyish
brown.) 2 ,^,^ juv., Tengyueh District.

100. Turdus fuseatus Pall.

Turdus fuscat us Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso. Asiat. i. p. 451. pi. xii. (1827) (Dauria).

Dr. Sharps and others identify Bechstein's Turdus dubius with this bird,
but Hartert says it is too doubtful to accept with certainty. Bechstein ante-
dates Pallas by thirty-two years.

2 S3, 1 ?, Tengyueh, March 1919; 1 J ; \ S, Lichiang Range, 1918;
1 c?, Tengyueh District.

101. Turdus naumanni Temm.
Turdus naumanni Temminck, Man. d'Orn. i. p. 170 (1820) (Oriental Europe).

1 S, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March 1919, thickets. (Iris dark brown ;
biU black-brown, basal half of lower mandible orange ; legs and feet dark reddish
brown.)

102. Turdus obscurus Gm.

Turdus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 816 (1788).

3 ?$ (1 marked (J), Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., October 1918, thickets. (Iris
and bill black- brown; legs and feet dull yellowish brown.) 1 $ (marked S).
thickets round Tengyueh, 5,500 ft., November 1919 ; 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

103. Turdus dissimilis Blyth.

Turdus dissimilisBlyth,Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, :^vi.]>. Hi. no. 12(1847) (Lower Bengal, Himalayas).

Seebohm, in the Cat. B. Brit. Mus., vol. v., footnote p. 265, rejects Blyth's
name for this bird and adopts Cabanis's one, because Blyth associated with
his S the cJ of T. tmicolor as $. Seeing, however, that Blyth describes the S of
this bird first it is quite evident that his name must be retained.

2 S3, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March 1919, thickets. (Iris dark
brown; bill orange- yellow ; legs and feet dull yellowish brown.) 1 S ju^-
1 ? ad., Shweli Valley, July 1919 ; 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft.,
September 1918 ; I S, Tengyueh District.

32 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

104. Turdus auritus Verr.

Tiirdus auritus Verreaux, Xo«i\ Arch. Mus. Hisl. Xal. Paris, vi.. Bull. p. 34 (1870) (Moupin).

Of three specimens sent by Forrest one only, unfortunately, is adult. All
three are much more heavily spotted on the flanks and abdomen than the single
<J at Tring from the Tsin Ling Slountains.

1 ad., 2 juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August — September 1918. (Iris
dark brown ; bill dull greyish brown ; legs and feet pale greyish yellow. )

105. Turdus mollissimus Blyth.

Turdiis monissimus Blyth, Jovm. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 188 (1842) (Darjeeling).

1 (J, 1 9, 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August 1918, thickets. (Iris
dark brown ; bill dull greyish brown ; legs and feet pale grcj'isli yellow.)

106. Cochoa purpurea Hodgs.

C'orlion jnirpvrea Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, v. p. 359 (1836) (Nepal).

This appears to be the first record from Yunnan.

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 9.000—10,000 ft., June 1918, mixed fore.st. (Iris
brownish red ^ bill, legs, and feet black.)

107. Pomatorhinus ruficoUis stridulus Swinh.

Pomatorhinus stridulus Swinhoe, Ihis, p. 265 (1861) (Peking Hills, Foochow).

The forms of P. ruficoUis from the mainland are extremely puzzling, the
diflSculty being much increased by the great individual as well as local variation.
I am much inclined to consider all the continental named forms, with the exception
of r. bakeri, as identical, but the series at Tring of ruficoUis ruficoUis appears to
difier from Chinese and Shan States birds by having the rectrices of the same
uniform rufous colouring as the back, whereas in r. styani, r. stridulus, and
r. reconditus, the largest proportion of the very large series I have examined
has the tail more olive than the back, and in birds where the upperside is entirely
rufous the rufous colouring both of back and tail is much darker than in Indian
birds. The colour of the bUl is not constant and therefore is a character by no
means so decisive as Messrs. Bangs and Phillips make out when describing their
ruficoUis reconditus. In r. styani and r. stridulus in many specimens the whole
culmen is black, but in others only the basal half of the culmen is dark. In
r. ruficoUis the culmen is more uniform, two-thirds to three-quarters being alwaj^s
dark, but in the Yunnan series before me the bill varies from an entirely j'ellow
eulmen with a dark basal spot to a bill with two-thirds of the culmen dark.

At first sight an extreme form of stridulus with the back, rump, and tail
deep maroon-rufous appears to be very different from typical forms of styani
with the back and tail olive, or olive tinged with rufous, but every intergradation
occurs, 80 that the two names must be considered as nothing but synonyms.
Hartert {Vog. paldarkt. Faun., pt. i. pp. 039, 640) already draws attention to the
existence of intermediate specimens, both in Sikkim and China, between
r. ruficoUis and r. styani ; but, as I mentioned, there appears to be a preponderance
in Sikkim of birds distinct from Chinese examples, and therefore I cannot for
the present unite them. I have examined about 100 Chinese and Yunnanese

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 33

examples, including three nestlings, and I eannot find any difference between
Chinese and Yunnan individuals except that I have never seen a Yunnan
specimen with the culmcn entirely black as in many Chinese examples, and I
have never seen any Chinese sjjecimens with the culmen with so little dark
colouring as in extreme Yunnan individuals. As, however, the Yunnan examples
with the greatest extent of yellow on the culmen are from June and July, and
the one with least yellow is from October, it is more than likely that tlie bill
differences are seasonal. I therefore consider that at present wc can only accept
five races of P. ruficollis, viz. :

P. ruficollis ruficollis Hodgs., Himalayas, Assam, etc.

P. ruficollis stridulus Swinh., China.

P. ruficollis bakeri Har., Burmah, Shan States, etc.

P. ruficollis nigrostellalus Swinh., Hainan.

P. ruficollis niusicus Swinh., Formosa.

In the nine specimens sent by Forrest the breast varies from olive-grey with
whitish edges to the feathers to white with olive-brown streaks in the centre of
feathers, and to olive-rufous with broad white margins to the feathers.

2 (J (J, 2?? (1 marked <J), Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., June— September 1918,
scrub and thickets. (Iris brown; bill grey- brown ; legs and feet dull grey.)
3 cJcJ, 2 ?9 (1 cJ marked ?), hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., Blarch— October 1919.

108. Pomatorhinus maoclellandi odicus Bangs and Phil).

Pomatorhinm macchllandi odicus Bangs and Phillips, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 286 (1914)
(Mengtsze).

6 ^c? (3 marked $?), 4 $$ (3 marked <^^) (length of wing, (J(J 91-93 mm.,
9? 85-88 mm.), Lichiang Range, 9,000—11,000 ft., thickets and pine forests.
May — July 1908. (Iris clear pale yellow; bill brownish grey; legs and feet
greyish brown.) 1 $, Tengyueh, May 1919.

109. Pomatorhinus erylhrogenys imberbis Salvad.

Pomatorhinus imherhis Salvaclori, Ann, Mzis. Genoi: (2), vii. p. 410 (1889) (Yado Karen Hills).

CoUingwood Ingram quotes a specimen from Momien (Anderson) as e. ferru-
gilatus, but the two fledglings sent by Forrest are in my opinion undoubtedly
e. imherhis, and Ander.son"s will also be this form.

1 fledgling, Lichiang Range, 9,000—11,000 ft., July 1918; 1 fledgling,
Tengyueh, June 1919. (Iris duU white ; bill grey-brown ; legs and feet light
grey.)

110. lanthocincla subunicolor griseata subsp. nov.

Differs from s. subunicolor by its more slaty-grey head and less rufous
more olive upperside and taU, and especially in the partially disintegrated outer
webs of the primaries being much brighter and darker yellow. Below, the throat
and breast are darker and sharply defined from the rest of the lower surface,
while in s. subimicolor the paler abdomen graduallly merges into the breast.
L'nder tail coverts more olive.

3 $9 (2 marked (J), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., August (tyjie), November
1919. (Iris brown; bill, legs, and feet black-brown. ) 1 (J, 1 $, Tengyueh District,
1919.
3

34 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

111. lanthocincla aflSnis oustaleti Hartert.

lanthocinda affinis oustaleti Hartert, Yog. paJdarkt. Faun. vol. i. p. 633. no. 970 (1909) (Tsekou).

The nine birds sent by Forrest agree perfectly with the type at Tring.

5 c?(?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000—13,000 ft., May— September 1918, pine
forests; 3 S^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., May-July 1919. (Length of
wing, <J 100-109 mm. ; ? 95 mm. Iris dull grey or greyish white (? dull brown) ;
bill black-brown ; legs and feet brown. )

112. lanthocincla ellioti ellioti (Verr.).

Tmchahpteron ellioti Verreaux, Nom: Arch. Mus. Paris, ri.. Bull. p. 36 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese

Thibet).

I cannot find any difference between the birds sent by Forrest and tj^pical
e. ellioti, though they ought to be e. honoripeta Hart., but they certainly do
not agree with his description and do agree with e. ellioti.

12 cJcJ, T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., September 1918 ; 4 cJc?. 3 ??, 1 fledgling,
Lichiang Range, 10,000 — 12,000 ft., May — July 1918, thickets and pine forests.
(Length of wing, cJ 97-100 mm. ; $ 87-92 mm. Iris dull white ; bill bla<;k ;
legs and feet light brown.)

Colonel Rippon (Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 32, 190G) describes Trochalopterou
yunnanense as differing from ellioti in being everywhere darker and greyer.
This would be the same difference as between ellioti ellioti and ellioti bonvaloti
Oust. = ellioti honoripeta Hart. It is possible that ellioti ellioti is the breeding
race and that the darker greyer honoripeta comes to Yunnan on migration.

113. lanthocincla lanceolata bonvaloti (Oust.).

Bahox lanceolaius lonvahti Oustalet, Ann. Scie. Nat. (7), xii. p. 274 (B. bonvaloti, p. 273) (1892) (So,
Thibet errore ! Recte Tara, Thibet).

Oustalet's type is much worn, but is a specimen similar to cJ No. 2 (W.R.)
of Forrest's series, viz. a bird in its second year with tlie head and cheeks very
dark and the breast stripes very broad. Dr. Sharpe's character for his
B. yunnanensis, that the moustachial line is chestnut instead of black, is not
constant, two of Forrest's having black moustachial lines, while five have them
chestnut. In fact, the Yunnan race of lanceolaius is a very doubtfully distinct
form. I, however, must keep it separate because its identity with or difference
from lanceolatvs lanceolaius can only be finally decided by the comparison of
freslily moulted S.W. Chinese specimens with equally fresh Yunnan birds ;
personally I consider them identical, but Forrest's and Colonel Rippon's series
consist of very worn examples. In any case Oustalet's name has priority over
Sharpe's.

4 (JcJ, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., May— September 1918, scrub
and pine forest ; 1 S, Tengyueh, May 1919 ; 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.,
December 1919. (Iris pale yellow ; bill olive-black ; legs and feet dull grey.)
2, Tengyueh District, 1919.

114. lanthocincla ocellata similis subsp. nov.

^ nearest to T. o. artemisiae in head and throat, but at once distinguished
by the feathers of the breast and foreneck having large black markings as in

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 35

/. o. ocellata, whereas in o. artemisiae they have narrow subterminal bands.
Differs from o. artemisiae ^ in the black of the throat being wider and also
extending on to the breast, apparently coalescing with the larger upper chest
spots. Ear coverts and superciliary line as in ^J artemisiae, biLffish grey or
brownish grey. Differs from both o. ocellata and o. artemisiae in the buff of the
breast and abdomen being darker and uniform, whereas in the two named
forms the breast and centre of abdomen are jialer and sharply contrasted with
the flanks. It is also smaller than the two known forms.
Length of wing : (J o. artemisiae, 133 mm.

,, ,, ,, cJ o. ocellata, 129 mm.

,, ,, ,, (Jo. similis, 125 mm.
1 (J (marked $), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., September 1919.

115. lanthocincla maxima (Verr. ).

Pterorhinus maximvs V'erreaux, Nottv. Arch.Mus. Paris, vi.. Bull. p. 36.pl. 3. f. 1 (1870) (Mountains
of Thibet).

2 cj (J, 3 $9 (1 $ marked ^), Lichiang Range, 11,000—13,000 ft., July-
September 1918, cliffs in ravines. (Iris dull grey; bill grey- brown ; legs and
feet pale yellow.)

110. lanthocincla Jorresti sp. nov.

This extraordinary species combines the characters of several others. It
has the ear coverts and cheeks of melaiwstigma, the breast markings of
erythrocephala erythrolaema, and the head of nigrimentu7n.

Ad. above head similar to yngrimentum, but less grey feathers edged with
more vinaceous, supercalium broadly brown-grey, not silver-grey, behind. Inter-
scapulium much less heavily spotted than in nigrimentum, but the two paratypes
show hardly any at all ; back less rufous, more olive, tlian in nigrimentum ;
ear coverts grey tinged with vinaceous as in melaiwstigma, but feathers much
less distinctly dark centred ; feathers of ear coverts long and narrow as in
melanostigma ; chin black as in nigrimentum ; breast and abdomen dark vina-
ceous chestnut, whole centre of feathers black as in erythrolaema and e. icoodi,
not edged with black as in nigrimentum.

Forrest sent three specimens all sexed $, length of wing 100, lOS, 108, so
there appear to be 1 $ ? and 2 ^,^. The $ ? has the least black markings on
the interscapulium and the primary coverts greenish chestnut, not bright rufous
chestnut.

2 SS, ? ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.. May— September 1919, thickets.
(Iris clear yellow (brown !) ; bill, legs, and feet dark brown.) 1 ^, Tengyueh
District. (Type, Shweli-Salvin divide, v. 1919.)

117. lanthocincla chinensis (Scop.).

Lanius chinensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. and Faun, Insuhr. ii. p. 86 (1786) (China).

I $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., August 1919. (Iris dull crimson ; bill,
legs, and feet black.)

86 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

118. lanthocincla sannio (Swinh.).

Garrulax sannio Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 403 (1867) (Amoy).

1 cJ, 2 $$, Lichiang Range, 8,000 — 10,000 ft., mixed and pine forests, June
1918 ; 2 (J (J, 1 ?, Yangtze Valley, 6,000—8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 2 ^^, 2 ??,
Teng3'ueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March 1919 ; 1 cJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.,
July 1919. (Iris pale yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet dark brown.)

119. Leiothrix luteus jrunnanensis subsp. nov.

In his Vogel der paldarktischen Fauna Hartert acknowledges two races of
Leiothrix luteus, and gives as the distinction /. luteus inner primaries with orange-
red bases, /. calipygus primaries without orange-red bases. This is not quite con-
sonant with the series now at Tring, but I. luteus has the basal one-third of outer
web beyond the primary coverts brilliant crimson from the fourth primary
inwards, whOe /. calipygus has it orange. The character of the interruption of
the red or orange in the outer web of the inner primaries is somewhat variable.
In I. calipygus of the ten specimens at Tring three have it interrupted on the
8th and 9th, two on the 8th onlj', and five not interrupted at all. In I. luteus
of the five specimens at Tring none have it interrupted. The new form differs
from I. calipygus in its larger size, more sharply defined j'ellowish head, and in
the fact that out of eight specimens six have the red or yellow on the 7th, 8th,
and 9th primaries broadly interrupted, while the whole eight have this colour
on the first secondary interruiJted or entirely absent, whUc in the other two
subspecies it is never broken or it is entirely black.

Length of wing : /. calipygus, (J 65-71 mm.; 5 63 mm.
,, ,, ,, I. yunnanensis, cJ 72-76 mm. ; $ 66 mm.

The black base to the bill is seasonal, being a winter character.

6 cJcJ, 2$?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000— 10,000 ft , May and November 1919.
(Iris brown ; bUl orange-red summer, scarlet with black base winter ; legs and
feet dark brown.) (Type ^, May 1919.)

A specimen from Bhamo has the wing 65 mm. and the Cth, 7th, Stli, and
9th primaries l)roadly interrupted. A series to compare is a great desideratum.

120. Moupinia poecilotis sordidior subsp. nov.

Differs from M. p. poecilotis in the cheeks being much greyer, less rufous ;
in the top of the head, occiput, back, and rump being dark olive-brown, not
rufous brown ; and in the sides of breast being greyish, less rufous.

Of the five sjiecimens marked 9$, one has a wing measurement of 47 mm.,
the rest like the seven marked cJ(J, and two without data vary from 52 to 54 mm.
Thus only one $ was obtained, all the remaining thirteen are cJcJ.

13 cJo, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000— -12,000 ft., July— October 1918, thickets.
(Iris, bill, legs, and feet dark brown.) Tj^^e No. 225.

121. Schoeniparus genestieri (Oust.).

Akippe genestieri Oustalet, Bull. Miis. d'Hisl. Xul. Paris, iii. p. 210 (1897) (Tsekou).

1 ^, 2 ?$, T'ong-Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918; 1 S, Yangtze Valley,
7,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 <£', 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., June 1918,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'III. 1921. 37

pine forests; 2 ^^J, 1 juv., hills round Tcngyuch, 6,000 ft., April and June 1919.
(Iris and bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 1, Tengyueh District, 1919.
Schoeniparus intermedins Ripp. from the Shan States must sink as a S3aionym
of S. genestieri. Rij)pon compares it with S. mandelii, there having ajoparently
been no specimens of genestieri at that time in the British Museum.

122. Pseudominia castaneceps (Hodgs.).

Minla castaneceps Hodgson, Ind. Rev. p. 33 (1838) (Xepal).

3 36, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forest. (Iris
brown ; bill brown, lower mandible very pale brown ; legs and feet olive. )

2 S3, 2 ??, Tengyueh District, 1919.

This is new to the Chinese fauna.

123. Proparus ruflcapillus sordidior Ripi^.

Proparus sordidior Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 60 (1903) (Gyi-dzin-shan, W. Yunnan).

3 cJcJ, T'ong-Shan, 9,000—10,000 ft., August 1918, thickets ; 2 S^, Yangtze
Valley, 7,000—8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 $, hills round Tengyueh, 7,000 ft.,
October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill black-brown, lower mandible yellow-brown ;
legs and feet dark olive- brown. ) 1 q, 2 $ $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

124. Proparus vinipectus bieti Oust.

Ahippe [Proparus) bieti Oustalet, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 7. xii. pp. 283. 301. pi. ix. f. 2 (1892)
(Ta-tsien-lou).

Of Forrest's series of 15, 11 are marked cJ and 4 $ ; of the 11 marked (^

3 show a wing measurement of 54-55, and are clearly $.

8 (J (J, 7 $?, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft.. May— October 1918, pine
forests. (Iris and bill dark brown ; legs and feet dull brown.) 2 S^, Teng3meh
District, 1919.

125. Proparus swinhoei Verr.

Proparus swinhoei Verreaux, Noup. Arch. 2Ius. Paris, vi.. Bull. p. 38 (1870) (Thibet).

2 cJ(^, 3 ??, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., December 1919, mixed
forests. (Iris brown ; bill greenish brown ; legs and feet dull orange. ) 1 3,
Tengyueh District.

126. Brachypteryx cruralis Blyth.

Brachypteryx cruralis Bl3'th, Journ. As. Sue. Bemjal, xvi. p. 136 (1847) (Xepal).

Collingwood Ingram includes — form of the species — this teste Oustalet ex.
coll. Prince Henri d'Orleans ; while Bangs and Phillips identify a single specimen
from Mongtse as C. sinensis Ripp. The six adults and one young sent by
Forrest are undoubtedly cruralis cruralis.

5 cJcJ ad., 1 cJ juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000—12,000 ft., June— August 1918 ;
I ,5' ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., June 1919, rocky ravines and clifEs.
(Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, ^nd fe?t dark brown.) 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

38 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

127. Lioptila desgodinsi (Dav. and Oust.).

Sibia desgodinsi David and Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7), i. p. 139 (1877) (Yer-ka-lo).

4 (J 5', 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 8,500 — 11,000 ft., May — June 1918, pine forests.
(Iris dark brown ; bUl, legs, and feet black. )

Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, in their article on the " Birds of S. Annam
and Cochin China," enumerate the 6 (J^, 6 $$, they obtained as Malacias
desgodinsi. WhUe comparing the above Yunnan series I looked at the o ? I
had received from Messrs. Robinson and Kloss, and find the Annam bird to be
quite distinct. I herewith describe it as — ■

[Lioptila robinsoni sp. nov.

Differs from L. desgodinsi in its smaller size, pure slate-grey back, and in
the ear coverts being vinaceous cinnamon- brown with broad white shaft stripes
not uniform b^o\^■n-black as in desgodinsi.

Length of wing : desgodinsi, ^ 100-102 mm. ; $ 93-95 mm.
,, ,, ,, robinsoni, q 89-90 mm. ; $ 83-89 mm.

Type (J 224, Dalat, S. Annam, 4. iv. 1918. C. Boden Kloss leg., in Tring
Museum.]

128. Lioptila pulchella coeruleotincta subsp. nov.

Differs from P. pulchella in head and back being more blue-grey, in the
primaries being almost black edged with brighter blue, and in the central
rectrices being olivaceous amber-brown, the black subterminal area being much
smaller, and the grey terminal area somewhat broader. Below there is an almost
complete absence of any brown tint and the grey is piu'er, the abdomen showing
a faint vinaceous tint in one specimen, while the grey ends to the rectrices have
no brown tint whatever.

2 (3' (J, 2 $$(1 9 marked 3). Length of wing: (^<^ 100-104 mm.; ?? 93-94 mm.
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000—7,000 ft., May 1919 (type), thickets and forests.
(Iris dark brown; bUl black; legs and feet blackish grey.) 1 ^, 3 $?,
Tengj'ueh District, 1919.

129. Actinoduia egertoni egertoni Gould.

Aclinodura egertoni Gould, P.Z.S. Land. iv. p. 18 (1836) (Nepal).

2 cJc?, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—9,000 ft.. May and November 1919,
thickets. (Iris light j-eUow (black- brown ?) ; bill lead bro«n ; legs and feet
dark brown.) 2 ^^, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

These birds are undoubtedly typical egertoni, and not ramsayi, a form of
which is enumerated by Bangs and Phillips.

130. Ixops poUotis saturatior subsp. nov.

Differs from P. poliotis in the lanceolate feathers of the head having distinct
sUver-grey margins, the feathers themselves being blackish slate colour, not
brown-black ; the back is less olive, more rufous, £^nd the feathers are edged

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 39

with rusty yellow ; the undersurface has the feathers much deeper chestnut
rufous, distinctly edged with rusty yellow ; ear coverts more silvery grey.

2 cJcJ (1 marked $), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., May and July 1919,
thickets. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet brown.) 2 ^^, 2 $?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Type ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, May 1919.

131. Stachyridopsis ruficeps bhamoensis Har.

Slacliijridopsis bhamoensis Harington, Ann. and Mag. Nal. Hist. (8), ii. p. 245 (1908) (Bhamo).

2 (JcJ, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., June and December 1919. (Iris
brown; bill dark brown; legs and feet olive-brown.) 2 .^(J, 2 $$, Tengyueh
District, 1919.

132. Minla ignotinca Hodgs.
Minla ignotinca Hodgson, Ind. Rev. p. 33 (1838) (Nepal).

As the name ignotinca was only altered to ignotinctiis in 1841, ignotinca must
stand.

2 SS, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft.. May— July 1919, scrub. (Iris
and bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 1, Lichiang Range, 1918 ;
3 (J(J, 3 ??, Tengyueh District.

Minla jerdoni Verr., from China, was differentiated on the iU-defined pale-
olive flammulation on the sides of neck, breast, and flanks. Now in the Tring
Museum there are several from Sikkim showing this flammulation quite as
strongly, if not more strongly, than in typical jerdoni. I therefore consider that
jerdoni Verr. sinks as a synon3Tn of ignotinca Hodgs. The brighter yellow of
the breast mentioned by Bangs and Phillips is also untenable in face of large
series of Indian birds.

The $ of ignotinca has the outer edges of the primaries white or pale lemon
yellow, not crimson as in the ^, and the edges and tij)s of the rectrices very
pale pink.

133. Siva cyanuroptera wingatei Grant.
Siva toingatei Ogilvio Giant, Bull. B.O.C. x. p. 38 (1900) (Yunnan City).

Siva cyanuroptera Hodgs. falls into six well-separable subspecies, and when
we get more material from Eastern Yunnan a seventh form will probably prove
separable.

The key to the forms is as follows :

(Ends of secondaries bordered with white.
S. cyamiroptera cyanuroptera : Assam and Himalayas.
Ends of secondaries not bordered with white. 2.
'Head distinctly striped, breast grey.

S. c. wingatei : Bhamo District and West Yunnan.
2. Head distinctly striped, breast white.
S. c. sordida : Tenasserim.
.Head not distinctly gtriped. 3.

40 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Head brownish, breast grey.

S. c. subsp. ? : Mee-chow, E. Yunnan ?.
Head bluish, breast white.

S. c. oatesi : S.E. Burmah and Shan States.
Head uniform brown. 4.
Primaries uniform black-brown.

S. c. sordidior : Pcrak, Malay Peninsula.
Primaries edged with wliite.

S. c. orientalis : Annam and Cochin China.

4.

The birds from the Bhauio District are indistinguishable from typical West
Yunnan S. c. xcingatei.

S. c. sordida must be excessively rare, as the only specimen in the British
Museum in 1914 was Hume's tj'pe from Tenasserim, and we have none at Tring.

1 cJ (marked ?), 2$? (1 marked cj), hills round Tengyueh, 6,000—7,000 ft.,
June and November, 1919; 3 $$, 2 ?$ (marked $), Shweli-Salwin Divide,
7,000 ft.. May 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bUl dark olive ; legs and feet pale olive. )
1 S, Tengyueh District, 1919.

(Length of wing : ^^ 65-66 mm. ; ?? 62-63 mm.)

134. Siva strigula yunnanensis subsp. nov.

All forms of strigula differ much between fresh and w orn plumage. In fresh
plumage the back, rump, and upper tail coverts are very strongly marked with
olive- yellow ; while when worn these parts are dark grey only slightly tinged
with olive. The various subspecies fall into two sections, S. s. strigula, with
black tail, only the base of inner web of the two central tail feathers being dull
deep chestnut, and S. s. castaneicavda and the remaining subspecies with five-
sevenths of the inner web and four-sevenths of inner half of outer web chestnut.

S. s. yunnanensis differs from s. malayana in the head being much brighter
olive orange-yellow, sharply defined from the colour of the back and mantle
even in worn birds, in having a broad whitish band behind the eye, also back
deeper olive in worn birds, less schistaceous grey. From s. castaneicauda it
differs in being less golden olivaceous above.

Length of wing : 10 cJJ 69-71 mm. ; 6 9? 65-68 mm. (4 $? and 4 ^^ sexed
wrongly on labels.)

8 cJJ, 4 9$, Lichiang Range, 10,000—11,000 ft., June, July 1918, mixed and
pine forest; 1 3 (marked 9), T'ong Shan, 9,000 ft., September 1918 ; 2 99 (1 9
marked <^), Tengyueh Hills, June 1919 ; 1 J (marked 9), Shweli-Salwin Divide,
8,000 ft., May 1919. (Iris brown ; bill, legs, and feet grey.) 2 99, Tengyueh
District.

T\-pe cJ, Lichiang Range, July 1919.

[Siva strigula omissa subsp. nov.

The differences between the Perak form and «. malnyrtna Hart, have been
overlooked. S. s. omissa differs in being much brighter j'ellow below and in
having the head more sharjjly distinguished from the mantle and back, being

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 41

much brighter olivaceous orange- yellow ; from s. yunnanensis it differs in being
smaller and greyer above.

Length of wing : ^ 67 mm. ; $? 60-63 mm.

Habitat : Perak. Type ?, Gunong Kerbau, Perak, 5,000 ft., March 1913
— Tring Museum.]

135. Pteruthius rufiventer Blyth.

Pieruthius rufiventer Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 183. no. 25 (1842) (Darjeeling) $.

1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., December 1919, forests. (Iris greyish
purple ; bill grey- black ; legs and feet light brown.)

136. Pteruthius xanthochloris palhdus (David).

Allotriu-s xanthochloris var. pallidum Aimand David, Notw. Arch. Mu.s. Paris, vii., Bull. p. 14 (1871)
(Frontiers of Kookonon).

1 (?, Lichiang Range, October 1918 ; 1 $, T'ong Shan, 9,000 ft., pine forests,
October 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull black ; legs and feet grey.)

137. Pteruthius melanotis subsp. ?

Bangs and Phillips record M. melanotis from Yunnan, but the single specimen
sent by Forrest differs both from that and from M. tahanensis Hart.

It is sexed $, and has the bars on wing coverts rufous brown as in the $9 of
both subspecies of Pt. melanotis. It differs, however, from the ?? of both forms
in having the entire throat and chin rufous as in (J M. tahanensis, whereas the
$ 5 of both races have only the sides of the throat and chin rufous ; the band
below the ear coverts is brownish yellow, not olive-yellow or clear yellow as
in the two other races respectively. The outermost pair of rectrices are pure
white as in M. melanotis, whereas in M. tahanensis the basal third is smoky grey.

1 $ ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, December 1919 ; 1 ? ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

138. Pteruthius aeralatus ricketti 0. Grant.

Pteruthius ricketti Ogilvie Grant, Bull. B.O.C. xiv. p. 92 (1904) (S. China, etc.).

Both Ingram and Bangs record Pt. aeralatus aeralatus from Yunnan. The
former only quoted Anderson and had no specimens to compare, but Outram
Bangs had a (J, and therefore cannot have compared it with true aeralatus.

3 SS, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide,
5,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forest and pine forest. (Iris black ; bill purplish
black ; legs and feet light brown.)

139. Suya crinigera yunnanensis Har.

Suya crinigera yunnanensis Harington, Bull. B.O.C. xxxi. p. 110 (1913) (Yunnan).

The three fully localised specimens sent by Forrest are in such awful condition
that nothing can be done with them as regards determining the status of the
so-called seasonal forms. In C. crinigera it is said that the winter plumage is
above fulvous brown with black streaks ; while the summer plumage is black-
brown, with only slightly paler edges to the feathers. Now the three birds here

42 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVXII. 1921.

enumerated consist of two birds in striped plumage and one in the almost
unstriped dark plumage. One in striped plumage is dated May, second one
September, while the unstriped bird is dated June.

1 ? (marked S), Tali Valley, 6,500 ft., May 1918 ; 1 ? (marked S), Lichiang
Range, September 1918 ; 1 (J, Tengyueh, June 1919. (Iris brown ; bill dark
brown above ; legs and feet pale brown (birds in striped plumage.) 5, Tengyueh
District.

The five birds without labels from the Tengyueh District are in much better
plumage, and all agree in being unstriped.

140. Suya superciliaris Anderson.

Saya superciliaris Anderson, Zool. Res. Two Exp. Western Yunnan, p. 642. pi. !i. f. 1 (1878) (Momien).

2 cJc?, Tengyueh, June 1919.

141. Yuhina gularis griseotiueta subsp. nov.

Differs from 1'. g. yangpiensis Sharpe in the crown of head being greyer,
less brown in the back, and rump being darker, more greyish, less reddish olive,
and in the throat and upper breast being paler, less rufous.

1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000—11,000 ft., June 1919, thickets. (Iris
and bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 2 c?<^, 1 ?, Tengyueh District,
1919. Type ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide.

142. Yuhina flavicollis rouxi (Oust.).
Ixulus rouxi Oustalet, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. ii. p. 186 (1896) (Ly-Sien-Kiang, Yunnan).

4 (JcJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., June 1919, cby thickets. (Iris and
bill dark brown ; legs and feet pale brown.) 2 ^3, Tengyueh District, 1919.

One of the last 2 ^^ is in very fresh plumage and the breast is tinged some-
what with yellow. When a good series of fresh-plumaged examples from Yunnan,
Burmah, and Assam are compared, it will probably turn out that /. rouxi and
/. harterti are the same.

143. Yuhina diademata ampelina (Ripp.).
Yuhina ampelina Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xi. p. 12 (1900) (Warar Busu, 6,000 ft., Bhamo).

1 ? juv., Tengyueh, August 1919 ; 5 (J (J, 9 $? (3 marked ^), Lichiang Range,
9 000— 12,000 ft., pine forests, May 1918. (Iris black-brown; bill, legs, and feet
yellowish brown.) 2 ^^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Ingram records diademata diadcmala as reported by Oustalet from Tsekou
and by Wingate from East Yunnan, but these are all, I am certain, ampelina.

144. Yuhina occipitalis obscurior subsp. nov.

Differs from o. occipitalis in being darker, more ashy, above ; feathers of
crown purer ash grey, not brownish ; back and rump darker and more olive ;
hind neck gre3'er, less rufous ; tail much darker, more blackish ; below the
breast is more vinous, less cinnamon.

The sexing was also not correct in this species.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVUI. 1021. 43

10 c^tS, 6 $9, Lichiang Range, 11,000—12,000 ft., May— July 1918; 3 ??,
Tengyueh District, 1919, pine forests. (Iris dark brown ; biU reddish brown ; legs
and feet pale brown. ) (Wing, JcJ 04-67 mm. ;$$ 61-63 mm.) Type cJ, Lichiang.

145. Cisticola cisticola tintinnabulans (Swinli.).
Calamanthella tinlinnabiUans Swinhoe, Journ. As. Soc, N. China Branch, ii. (1859) (Amoy, etc.).

1 (J, Tali Valley, 6,500 ft., May 1918 ; 1 ^, no data ; 1 ?, Albino Hills round
Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., June 1919, cornfields and scrub. (Iris dark brown; bill
black-brown; legs and feet pale brown.) 1 adult, 2 young, Tengyueh District.

146. Alcippe nipalensis yuimanensis Har.

Alcippe fratercula yunnaneyisis Harington, Bull. B.O.C. xxxiii. p. 63 (1913) (Gyi-dzin-shan, Yunnan).

These birds are more rufous on the breast than Colonel Rippon's Talifu
specimens, but in n. fratercula we find light- and dark-breasted birds also. The
large size at once separates it from the latter.

3 (J^, hills west of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., April 1919; 1 3, 8hweli-Salwin
Divide, 9,000 ft., June 1919 ; 1, Lichiang Range, 1918, thickets by streams.
(Iris reddish brown ; bill blackish grey ; legs and feet grey -brown. )

Bangs and Phillips enumerate eleven specimens from Mengtze under the
name of A. nipalensis hueti (Dav.), but the jirobabUity is that they are really
A. n. yunnanensis.

147. Franklinia gracilis (Frankl.).

Prinia gracilis Franklin, Proc. Comm. Sc. and Corr. Zool. Soc. Lonil. p. 119 (1831) (Valley of
Ganges, etc.).

1 (5>, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 cJ, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,300 ft., August 1919.
(Iris pale orange ; bill black-brov.n ; legs and feet brown.)

In the Catalogue of Birds Dr. Sharpe unites Franklinia with Cisticola. In
the Harullist, however, he follows Gates (cf. Faun. Brit. Ind. Birds, vol. i.
pp. 370, 371), and keeps the two genera separate.

Oates's characters are as follows :

Cisticola. — Bill pointed ; first primary less than half the length of second ;
wing longer, more pointed.

Frankliyiia. — Bill blunt ; first j^rimary more than half the length of the
second ; wing shorter, more rounded.

I much doubt, if all the numerous African Cisticolas were compared, whether
these characters would hold good ; but this examination would occu^jy a con-
siderable time, and would delay this article much too long.

Franklinia and Cisticola have twelve tail feathers, whereas Priiiia has only ten.

148. Prinia inornata exter Thay. aijd Bangs.

Prinia inornata exter Thayer and Bangs, 3Iem. 3Iiis. Comp. Zool. xl. p. 182. pi. v. ff. 4-5 (1912)
(W. Szechuan).

1 S, 2 ??, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 3 cJcJ, 3 $$, 3 juv., hUls around and VaUey
of Tengyueh, 5,000—6,000 ft., March— October 1919, thickets. (Iris brown ;
bill greyish black-brown ; legs and feet brown.) 7 ?, Tengyueh District.

44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Some of these .specimens do not aj)pear to be darker than exlensicaudata,
although Bangs and Pliillips refer all their Mengtzc series to in. exter. Thay.
and Bangs.

149. Megalurus palustris Horsf.
Megcdurus paluslris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. xiii. p. 159 (1822).

1 $, Tengyuch Plain, 5,400 ft., June 1919, ricefields. (Iris dark brown ; bUl
black-brown, under mandible lead grey ; legs and feet pale brown.)

150. Phyllergates coronatus (Jord. and Blyth).

Orthotomits coronatus Jerdon and Blyth, P.Z.S. Land. p. 200 (1861) (Darjeeling).

1 (J, Teng3'ueh Valley, 5,500 ft., October 1919, thickets. (Iris dark brown ;
bill brown, lower mandible pale ; legs and feet light brown.)

151. Phragamaticola aedon (Pall.).

Muscicapa aedon Pallas, Ueise Prov. Kuss. Reich, iii. p. 695 (1776) (Dauria).

2 c?(?, Tengyueh, 5,500 ft.. May 1919, thickets. (Iris black-brown ; bill dark
brown, pale j'ellowish on under mandible ; legs and feet pale brown.) 1 <^,
Tengyueh District, 1919.

152. Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth).

Dumelicola thoracica B!j-th, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 584 (1845) (Nepal).

2 cJ,^, 2 $9, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., June — July 1918, pine forest. (Iris
dark brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet light brown.)

153. Horeites flavolivacea intricatus Hart.

Horeiles flavolivacea intricatus Hartert, Vog. Palaearct. Fauna, i. p. 533 (1909) (Taipaishan).

1 $, Tengyueh District.

154. Horeites acanthizoides acanthizoides (Verr.).

Ahrornis axinnlhizoides Verreaux, Xour. Arch. Miis. Paris, vi., Bull. p. 37 (1871) (tcrr. typ. W.
Szecliuan).

1 $, Tengyueh District.

155. Horeites brunneilrons (Hodgs.).

Orthotomus {Prinia) hrunneifrons Hodgson, P.Z.S. London.

2 c?<?. 3 ??, 1 (? juv., Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., October 1918, pine forests ;
1 (J, 1 9 (marked ^), Shwoli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., June 1919. (Iris
and bill dark brown ; legs and feet light olive.)

150. Horeites major Moore.

Horeites major Moore, P.Z.S. Land. p. 105 (1854) (Xepal).

1 (S, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., August 1918 ; 1 cj, Shweli-Salwin Divide,
7,000—8,000 ft., June 1919, thickets. (Iris brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and
feet pale olive.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 45

157. Phylloscopus armandii (Milne-Edw.).

Abrornis armandii Milne-Edwards, Norw. Arch. Mits. Bull. i. p. 22. pi. 2. f. 1 (1865) (N. China).

Wing, c? 67 mm. ; $ 56 mm.

1 cj, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft.. May 1918 ; 1 Q (marked ^ ?), Chien Chuan
Valley, 7,000 ft.. May 1918, thickets. (Iris brown ; bill, legs, and feet dull brown.)

158. Phylloscopus subaffinis (Grant).

Oreopneusle subaffinis Grant, Bull. B.O.C. x. p. 37 (1900) (Pu-an-ting, S.W. Kweichu).

5 (J(J, 6 ?$, Lichiang Range, 6,000 ft., July— November 1918, thickets on
hills. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet dark brown.)

159. Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth).

Phyllopneuste fwscala Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 113 (1842) (Calcutta).

The wings are of very variable size, ^^ 53-58, $9 48-50 fide Hartert. In
the five before me the variation is 55, 56, 58, 61, 65 mm., eo with a much larger
series it may be possible to separate the Yunnan race as a larger subspecies.

2 (Jc? (1 marked ? err. !), Yangtze Valley, 8,000—9,000 ft., September 1918 ;
1 S, Tali Valley, 6,500 ft.. May 1918 ; 1 (J, Lichiang Range, October 1918 ;
1 (J (? err.), hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., November 1919, thickets on hills.
(Iris brown ; bill brown, yellow on basal two-thirds of lower mandible ; legs and
feet olive-green.)

160. Phylloscopus maculipennis debilis (Thay. and Bangs).

Regidoides maculipennis debilis Thayer and Bang.s, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, vol. xl. no. 4.
p. 180 (1912) (Kiating, W. Szechuan).

The two specimens sent by Forrest agree with Ph. m. debilis in the colour
of the head, but the rest of the description appears inapplicable as regards
tn. macidipenni.s, but nothing definite can be said with only two sjiecimens to
compare.

1 cJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., November 1919, mixed forest. (Iris
brown ; bill dark brown ; legs and feet olive. ) 1 $, Tengyueh District.

161. Phylloscopus proregulus forresti subsp. nov.

Differs from p. inoregulus and p. newloni in the much darker, less brownish-
olive colour above ; more sulphur- yellow rump ; black, not pale, basal two-thirds
of under mandible, and the darker and much duller superciliary line and bands
on the head. The length of the wings appears to be smaller, but this may be
due to sex.

Length of wings of eight specimens, 50, 52 i, 52, 53, 54, 56, 53, 48 mm. (Type
No. 2 ? 48 mm.)

The three specimens with data are all scxed $, but only the type is correct ;
the other 2 are (J (J. Only 2 out of the 8 are $$.

6 (J(J, 2 9$, Lichiang Range, 9,000—11,000 ft,, pine forests. May 1918. (Iris
brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-green.)

46 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

162. Phylloscopus occipitalis coronatus (Temm. and Schleg.).

Ficednla coronata Temminck and Schlegel in Siebold's Fauna Japonica Aves, p. 48. pi. 18 (1847)
(Japan).

1, Lichiang Range.

163. Phylloscopus borealis borealis (Bias.).

Phyllopneiisle borealis Blasius, Naumannia, p. 313 (1858) (Sea of Okliotsk).

Of the two marked ^ one has wing 61, the other 69 ! ! ! The latter only is
correct.

1 (J, 4 $?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., May 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill (J dark
olive, $ under mandible pale olive ; legs and feet dark olive.)

164. Phylloscopus davisoni (Gates).

AcantJtopneusle davisoni Gates, Faun. Brit. Ind., Birds, vol. i. p. 420. no. 430 (1889) (Mount Muleyit,
Tenasserim).

Gates goes minutely into the question of the identity of Blyth's Reguloides
viridipennis, and proves to his own satisfaction that it was the same as
trochiloides Sund. As he bases his proof apparently almost entirely on Brook's
examination and report on Blyth's type, it would be necessary to re-examine
this to be absolutely certain ; but meanwhile one must accept Gates's names
provisionally for the bird with the whole inner web of the outer pair of tail
feathers white.

1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., December 1919, mixed forest. (Iris
brown ; bill brown ; lower mandible orange ; legs and feet olive.) 1 ? Tengyueh
District.

165. Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephala (Anders.)

Culicipeta iephrocephalus Anderson, P.Z.S. London, p. 213 (1871) (Bharao).

The series is all wrongly sexed. I have sexed by measurement. ^^ 55-58
mm. ; $ ? 52-54 mm.

3 SS, 5 ??> Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., thickets. May— July 1918;
? moulting, Yangtze Valley, 9,000 ft., September 1918. (Iris brown ; bill dark
brown, under mandible yellow-orange ; legs and feet pale brown. ) 1 (J. 1 $,
Tengjrueh District.

106. Cryptolopha poliogenys (Blyth).
Culicipeta poliogenys Blyth, Journ, As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. p. 441 (1847) (Darjeeling).

3 ^(J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., December 1919, thickets. (Iris brown ;
bill black-brown, under mandible brownish yellow; legs and feet olive-brown.

167. Cryptolopha castaneiceps castaneiceps (Gray).

Abrornis ca^laneoceps Gray, Cal. Mamm., etc., Nepal, p. 66. et App. p. 152 (1846) (Nepal).

1 (J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., thickets, December 1919. (Iris brown ;
biU dark brown, lower mandible pale brown ; legs and feet olive.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 47

168. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).

Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swainson, Zool. Illuslr. ser. i. pi. 13 and text (1820-1) (Ceylon).

1 marked ^ is a 9, but 2 $$, 2 ^^, are correctly sexed (according to size).
2?$, Lichiang Range, September 1918; 1 (J, 1 ?, Yangtze Valley, 8,000—

10,000 ft., September 1918, thickets. (Iris brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and
feet dark olive.) 1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft.. May— June 1919 ;
1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

169. Chelidorynx hypoxantha (Blyth).

Rhipidura hypoxanlha Bljiih, Jonrn. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 935 (1843) (Darjeeling).

9 all marked 3, but 2 evidently o$, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft.,
June — October 1918 ; 3 (J^J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft.. May and December
1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill black, lower mandible yellowish brown ; legs and
feet dark olive.) 1 ^J, Tengyueh District, 1919.

170. Muscicapa melanops melanops Vig.

Muscicapa melanops Vigors, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 171 (1831) (Himalayas).

2 c?c?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft., May— July 1918, open country
and pine forests; 1 $, Yangtze Valley, September 1918>; 2 $$, T'ong Shan,
9,000—10,000 ft., September 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

3 SS, 2 $9, Tengyueh Valley, 5,300—5,400 ft., April— May 1919, thickets.
(Iris black ; bill, legs, and feet black.) 1 (5', 1 9; Shweli-Salwin Divide, June 1919.

The (J(^ vary in size from 83-89 mm.

171. Muscicapa leucomelanura cerviniventris (Sharpe).
Digenea cerviniventris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mtis. iv. p. 460. no. 2 (1879) (Manipur Hills).

The adult cJcJ appear to have a darker and clearer buff on the breast than
our Burmese, Assam, and Szechuan birds.

3 cJc? ad., 2 99 ad. (1 marked J), 1 ^ imm., 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000 —
14,000 ft., pine forests, July— August 1918; 1 juv., Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft.,
September 1919. (Iris ruddy brown ; bill black ; legs and feet dark brown-black. )

172. Muscicapa hodgsonii (Verr.).

Siphia hodgsonii Verrcaux, Nonv. Arrh. J\Ius. Paris, vi., Bull. p. 34 (1870) (Moupin).

4 cJcJ, ad. 3 99 ad. (1 ^ marked 9, 1 9 marked ^), Lichiang Range, 12,000—
13,000 ft., pine forests, June — October 1918. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet black.)
1 cJ ad., 299 ad., Tengyueh District, 1919.

173. Muscicapa parva albicilla (Pall).
Muscicapa alhicilla Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. i. p. 462 (1827) (Dauria).

1 (J juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., October 1918 ; 1 <3>, 1 9, Yangtze Valley,
7,000—8,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 (J, T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., August 1918 ;
1 c?, hills N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919, thickets. (Iris ruddy to
dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.) 3 99, Tengyueh District, 1919.

48 KOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

174. Muscicapa strophiata (Hodgs.).

Siphia strophiaia Hodgson, Indian Eeview, i. p. 651 (1837) (Nepal).

The two cJcJ in unworn plumage have a wing measurement of 70 and 77 mm.,
while Indian and otlier Chine.se birds average 67-73, but two go fully 75 and 77,
so I cannot separate the Yunnan bird for the present.

3 cJc? ad., 2 $$ ad., 1 ^ juv., 1 $ verj' young, Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft.,
mixed forest, Julj' — October 1918. (Iris black-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet
dark brown.) 2 J^J ad., Tengyueh District, 1919 (1 sexed $).

175. Muscicapa sibirica fuliginosa (Hodgs).

Hemichelidon fttliginosa Hodgson, P.Z.S. London, p. 32 (1845) (Nepal).

The series sent by Forrest seem to be less brownish, more blackish above,
than the series at Tring, but I consider they are in more freshly-moulted plumage.

4 cJo, 5 ?? ad., 3 ^^ very young, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., pine
forests, May — September 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull black ; legs and feet
black.) 2 ?$ ad., 4 cJcJ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

176. Muscicapa blythi nom. nov.

Mnscicapula melanoUwa Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 940 (1842) (Nepal, Darjeeling).

As I consider Dr. Hartert's treatment of the flycatchers to be the best to
date, I place this species in the genus Muscicapa, and in consequence the name
of melanoleuca is preoccupied. The names poonensis Sykes and pusilla Blyth
refer to $ birds from the Deccan and Central India, and are therefore clearly
inapplicable, our bird being unknown there, and moreover the descriptions of
these two birds do not agree with either race of melanolecua ; they might in fact
refer to the $? of any half a dozen birds. I therefore rename the species after
its first describer.

2 (J (J ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., pine forests. May 1919. (Iris
black-blue; bill, legs, and feet black.) 1 (J ad., 1 <J jun., 1 juv., Tengyueh
District, 1919.

177. Muscicapa rubeculoides dialilaema (Salvad).

Cyornis dialilaema Salvadori, Ann. Mvs. Genov. (2), vii. p. 387 (1889) (Taho, Karen Hills).

The rufous colour running up into the cliin is the distinctive character of
this race.

3 <J(J ad., Yangtze Valley, 8,000 ft., thickets by streams, September 1918.
(Iris orange-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet greyish black. )

178. Muscicapa tickelliae whitei (Har.).
Cyornis whitei Harington, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), ii. p. 245 (1908) (Watau, Bhamo District).

1 ^, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,400 ft., thickets, April 1919. (Iris black-brown ;
bill black ; legs and feet grey-brown.) 1 <J, 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Harington's name of u'hitei dates from 1908, whereas Thayer and Bangs's
name of glaucicomans dates from 1909.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 49

179. Niltava sundara Hodgs.

Nillam sundara Hodgson, Indian Review, i. p. 650 (1837) (Nepal).

Outram Bangs has separated the Yunnan form as sundara denotata, but the
specimens I have before me from Forrest cannot be separated from Sikkim and
Assam birds ; the two c?o, however, are very large, the wing measure being
86 mm.

2 <3'(J, 2 9?, 1 c?, 4 ?? juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000—11,000 ft., thickets by
streams, June— September 1918 ; 1 $, Shweli Valley, 5,000 — 6,000 ft., June 1919,
(Iris black-brown; bill, legs, and feet black.) 1 cj ad., 1 cj juv., Tengyueh
District, 1919.

180. NUtava grandis (Blyth).

Chaitaris grandis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 189 (1842) (Darjeeling).

1 (5 juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

This apjjears to be the first record for Yimnan.

181. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).

Platyrhynchus albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 13 (1818) (Bengal).

This agrees with the Hainan series at Tring, and does not appear to differ
in any way from tjrpical Indian birds.

2 ^^, 1 9, Yangtze Valley, 7,000—8,000 ft., thickets by streams, September
1918 ; 4 (J (J, 1 $ (marked <J), Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March— September 1919.
(Iris black-brown ; biU, legs, and feet black. )

182. Pericrocotus brevirostris ethologus Bangs and Phill.

Muscipeta brevirostris ethologus Bangs and Phillips, Bidl. Mus. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 282 (1914)
(Hnenshan, Hupeh).

10 (J(J ad., 2 cj(5 juv. (one marked $), 6 $?, 2 nestling plumage, Lichiang
Range, 9,000—12,000 ft.. May— August 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and
feet black.)

At Tring we have 2 (J ^J, 1 $, of brevirostris ethologus from Mengtze, and 1 $
agreeing exactly with Hume'.s characters of $ neglectus, and also agreeing with
specimens of what I take to be neglectus from Chin Hills and N. Cochar.
Should further series prove neglectus to occur alongside the brevirostris forms in
Assam and Yunnan it will have to be restored to its position as a good species
and not treated as a subspecies of brevirostris. The shades of red and scarlet
and orange in all the species of Pericrocotus are very variable, and I am not at
all convinced that the colour differences cited by Messrs. Bangs and Phillips as
distinguishing the Kulu race, the Himalayan-Burmese race, and the Chinese race
are constant, but until fresh and large series can be compared I keep them
separate.

183. Pericrocotus speciosus speciosus (Lath.).

Turdus speciosus Latham, Ind. Orn. i. p. 363 (1790) (Himalayas).

1 c? ad., 1 cJ jun., 1 $ ad., Tengyueh, August — September 1919.

60 XOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

184. Pericrocotus roseas (Vieill.).

Muscicapa rosea Vieillot. N. Did. d'Hisl. Nat. xxi. p. 486 (1818) (Bengal).

1 J, 1 9 ad., Tengyueh, March— April 1919 ; 1 $, Lichiang Range, 1918 ;
2 $?, Yangtze Valley, September 1918.

185. Graucalus macei Less.
Graucalus macei Lesson, Traiti d'Orn. p. 349 (1831) (Bengal) (?).
1 cJ juv., Tengyueh District, 1919.

186. Campephaga melanopteia (Riipp).

Ceblepyris nuXanoptera Riippell, Mus. Senckenh. iii. p. 25. pi. ii. I. 1 (1845) (probably New Holland).

1 (J, Shweli Valley, 7,000 ft., September 1919. (Iris red ; bill, legs, and feet
black.) 1 (J, Tengyueh District, 1919.)

187. Microscelis leucocephalus (Gm.).

Twdus leucocephalus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 826 (829 rect.) no. 104 (1789) (China).

1 (J fere ad., 1 ? juv., T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., August— September 1918 ;
1 (J fere ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., November 1919, mixed forest in
ravines. (Iris brown ; bill flame-orange ; legs and feet coral-red.)

188. Microscelis concolor (Blyth).

Hypsipetes concolor Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xviii. p. 816. no. 1,248 (1850) (Tenasserim).

1 ? ad., Chien-Chuan Valley, 7,000 ft.. May 1918 ; 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range,
10,000 ft., September 1918 ; 1 ? juv., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft., July 1919.
(Iris ruddy brown-red ; bill dull brown-red ; legs and feet brown-black-red.)

189. Spizixos canifrons Blyth.

Spizixos canifrons Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, siv. p. 571 (1845) (Cherra Punji).

■ When Ingram wrote his paper on " The Birds of Yunnan " (Nov. Zool.,
xix. 1912) he records 2 cJ^J, 1 $ from Mengtze, and suggested quite rightly that
they were immature. Bangs and Phillips in recording six specimens from
Mengtze and Loukouchai describe them as a new local race under the name of
Spizixus canijrons ingrami. They give as the two main differences : throat
grey, not brown ; and underparts duU oUve-green, not greenish yellow.
Forrest has sent seven fully adult specimens, which I have compared at Tring
with 8 typical birds, (2 sex ?), Chin Hills, Venning coll. ; 3 cj c?- 1 ?. Sinlum,
Bhamo, Harington coll. ; 1 cj, Upper Burma, Bingham coll. ; and 1 $, N. Cochar,
Stuart Baker coll. The Yunnan series agrees absolutely with the eight at Tring,
two having greenish-yellow undersides, as bright as any of the above tj^iical
birds, whereas some of the latter have olive-green undersides as dull as any
Yunnan bird. The throat is grey or broT\nish grey in all the fifteen adult speci-
mens, not chocolate brown as stated by Sharpe. The undersides of the three
immiture Mengtze birds are much the brightest yellow of the whole eighteen

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 51

specimens before me. In view of these facts I am obliged to sink S. c. ingrami
as a synonym of S. canifrons.

5 ^(J (1 marked $), 1 $, Lichiang Range, 8,000—9,000 ft., May 1918, thickets
and scrub ; 1 $, ShweH-Salwin Divide, June 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull
ivory colour ; legs and feet grey-brown. )

190. AIcunisstriatus(Blyth.)

Trichophorus striatus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi. p. 184 (1842) (Nepal),

Bangs and Phillips describe two specimen.?, ^ $, from Loukouchai (Bull.
Mits. Comp. Zool. Iviii. p. 284) as A. striatus pavlus, saying that Gates had
already drawn attention to the small size of Burmese and Tenasserim birds
with which the Yunnan specimens agreed, while the Sikkim were always much
larger. I have measured our Tring series of 12 ^J^J and 4 $$, and find that
6 Sikkim (J (J range from 98 to 107 mm. and 6 (J (J from Assam and Burma measure
from 97 to 106 mm. The 2 (J (J sent by Forrest show a wing measurement of
109 mm,, thus exceeding by 2 mm. aU the Sikkim (JcJ at Tring. This I think
proves conclusively that Yunnan examples are typical striatus, and the type of
s. paulus being from Yunnan the name cannot stand.

2 cJcJ, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., July and December 1919,
thickets. (Iris pale yellow ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet grey-black.)

191. lole maclellandi similis subsj). nov.

The birds allied to maclellandi are a very puzzhng group. The latest treat-
ment of them has been to divide them into three species — ^naclellandi Horsf.,
tickelli Blyth, and holti Swinh. ; the latter two with several subspecies. I have
carefully compared the six specimens sent by Forrest with the six described
forms, and, while they jDrove to belong to a new form nearest to binghami Hart,
this comparison has led me to the conclusion that all the seven forms are subspecies
of one species, maclellandi. The amoimt of green on the back in maclellandi
and the three forms hitherto treated as subsjiecies of tickelli is not to my mind
a specific character, as all the other characters are found in various modified
degrees in all the seven races. I therefore consider these birds must be classified
as follows :

lole maclellandi
lole maclellandi
lole maclellandi
lole maclellandi
lole maclellandi
lole maclellandi

maclellandi (Hodgs.). Assam, Himalayas.

holti (Swinh.). Foochow, China.

similis Rothsch. Yunnan.

binghami Hart. S. Shan States, Upper Burma.

tickelli (Blyth). Karen HiUs, Moulyit.

peracensis Hart and Butt. Malay States.

lole maclellandi griseiventer (Robins, and Kloss). S. Annam.

/. m. similis differs from m. binghami in its much darker breast, the feathers
of which consequently show the white centres much plainer ; the back and head
are much darker and the coverts from bend of wing more extended brown.
From m. holti it differs in the abdomen being paler and the undertail coverts
yellower.

52 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

3 cJcJ ad. (1 marked $), 1 (J jun., 2 $9 (1 marked ^), Shweli-Salwiii Divide,
8,000 ft.. May and August, 1919. (Iris light red-pale orange ; bill black-brown ;
legs and feet brown.) 2 (J (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919. Type Shweli-Salwin
Divide.

192. Pycnonotus xanthorhous And.
Pijcnonotus xanthorhous Anderson, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 265 (1869) (Manwyne, Yunnan).

6 9$, Lichiang Eange, 9,000 ft.. May— August 1918, thickets by streams.
(Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black. )

193. Molpastes bunuanicus (Sharpe).

Pycnonotus burmanicus Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mas. vi. p. 125. no. 2 (1881) (Burmese countries).

4 cJ(J, 2 $$ (1 marked ^), Tengyueh Valley, 5.500 ft., March— August 1919,
thickets. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black. )

194. Chloropsis hardwicMi Jard. and Selby.

Chloropsis hardwickii Jardine and Selby, III. Orn. ii. addenda, p. 1 (1830) (Nepal).

1 -J, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 (J, 1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, December 1919,
mixed forests. (Iris brown ; biU, legs, and feet black. )

195. Hemipus picatus capitalis (McCleU.).

Muscicapa ? capitalis McClelland, P.Z.S. Land. p. 157. no. 24 (1839) (Assam).

1 $, Shweli Valley, 7,000 ft.. August 1919. (Iris brown ; bill dark brown ;
legs and feet black.)

196. Lanius schach tephronotus (Vig,).

Collurio tephronotus Vigors, Proc. Coinrn. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. Land. pt. i. p. 43 (1831) (Himalaj-as).

2 (J (J (1 marked $), 1 ^ juv. (marked $), 5 ?$ (4 marked ^J), Lichiang Range,
thickets and pine forests, 9,000—10,000 ft., May— September 1918 ; 1 ? juv.
(marked S)< ^ <S <S Juv. (marked 9), hills round Tengjnieh and Tengyueh Valley,
5 000 — 7,000 ft., March — October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet
black.)

197. Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn.

Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 93 (1758) (Bengal).
2 not sexed, Shweli Valley, September 1919.

198. Lanius collurioides Less.

Lanijis collurioides Lesson in Belanger's Voy. Ind. Or., Zoologie, Oiseaux, p. 250 (1834) (Pegu).

Lesson's name has fourteen years' priority over Blyth's Lanius hypoleucos,
and it can only have been because at the time of writing the eightii volume of
the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. there were no white-fronted, grey-headed examples in
the British Museum that Gadow only described the normal phase of plumage
and not Lesson's typical phase. The fact that the bird described by BIyth is

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 53

the normal and most numerous phase was evidently the reason that Sharps in
the Handlist accepted Blyth's and not Lesson's name.

Forrest sent two young birds marked (J and $, but it is impossible to say
what the sexes are at such an age ^^ithout expert anatomical knowledge.

1 juv. 1, hills round Tengyueh, 0,000—7,000 ft., August 1919 ; 1 juv. ?,
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000 ft., August 1919.

199. Lanius nigriceps nigriceps (Frankl.).

Collurio nigriceps Franklin, Proc, Comm. Sc. Con. Zool. Soc. Lorul. pt. i. p. 117. no. 36 (1831) (Ganges
and Nerbudda).

1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., September— October 1919 ; 1 ?, Lichiang
Range, 1918 ; 1 S Juv., Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., August 1919.

[The Genera Cholornis, Paradoxornis, and Suthora.

In his book Die Vogel der paldarktischen Fauna, vol. i. pp. 405, 406, Hartert
goes rather fully into the three aljove genera, which he keeps separate. The
most striking characters he quotes as distinguishing Cholornis and Paradoxornis
are the abortive outer toe in Cholornis and the strongly flattened and enlarged
bill of Paradoxornis. He then diagnoses Svthora as identical with Cholornis, but
with fully developed outer toe. He then proceeds to point out that Suthora
unicolor (Hodgs.) is the only large species of the genus Suthora, and that, barring
the outer toe, is almost identical with Cholornis paradoxa Verr. Hartert quite
failed to mention that although S. unicolor has a developed outer toe and claw,
it forms a step towards the abortive toe of Cholornis, in so far that its toe is
considerably smaller than the inner toe, and the claw (nail) is one-third the size,
whereas the smaller Suthora and Paradoxornis have both toes and nails of about
equal size. Now Hodgson, in 1843, when describing unicolor, made for it the
genus Heteromorpha, which name is, however, preoccupied. For the genus
splitter it remains to find a new name for Hodgson's genus Heteromorpha, but
to my mind the degenerate outer toe of unicolor unites the genus Cholornis v/ith
Paradoxornis and Suthora into one genus. The large development of the bill
in Paradoxornis as opposed to Suthora and Cholornis is bridged over by the
smaller development in P. heudei than in flavirostris and guttaticollis. As
Paradoxornis Gould (1836) has two years' priority over Suthora Hodgson (1838)
I unite all the species of Suthora, Paradoxornis, Heteromorpha Hodgs., Cholornis,
and Chlenasicus under the one generic name of Paradoxornis, with exception of
■' Suthora davidiana," which belongs to the genus Neosuthora.]

200. Paradoxornis fulvifrons cyanophrys (Dav.).

Suthora cyanophrys Armand David, Jonrn. trois. Voy. Chine, i. p. 345 (1875) (Shensi mend.).

2 ^3, 2 ?$ (1 marked ^), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000—11,000 ft., May 1919,
bamboo thickets ; 1 (J, Lichiang Range, 13,000—14,000 ft., July 1918. (Iris
red (crimson) ; bill brown-black ; under-mandible pink ; legs and feet grey-
brown.) 1 cj, 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

54 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

201. Paradoxornis webbiana brunnea (And.).

Suthora brunnea .\nderson, P.Z.S. Land. p. 211 (1871) (Momien, Yunnan).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 (J, TaU VaUey, 6,500 ft., May 1918, scrub and
thickets ; 4 ^JcJ, 1 $, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., March— June 1919. (Iris
brown to dull red ; bill, culmen blackish, rest of bill dull yellow-greyish pink ;
legs and feet dull grey.) 1, Tengyueh District, 1919.

Bangs and Phillips evidently did not compare their birds with brunnea or
they would not have recorded them as typical webbiana, or else they may, as
they note themselves, have been straggUng northern migrants, though this is
very unlikely, for the breeding race of the North-West Yunnan Moimtains would
more likely furnish the winter migiants at Mengtze and the neighbourhood.

202. Paradoxornis unicolor saturatior subsp. nov.

Differs from ?(. unicolor above in being considerably darker ; head and nape
deeper brown saturated with dark gre_y ; back and rump darker and more olive-
brown, not yellowish brown ; rectrices duller, less rufous ; cheeks and ear coverts
much darker. Below it has throat and breast darker, more ashy grey ; the
abdomen, flanks, and crissum darker grey-brown, not yellowish.

3 cJ (J, 2 $$, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., mixed forests, July— September
1919. (Iris brown ; bill horn yellow ; legs and feet dark grey-brown.) Type o,
July,

203. Paradoxornis guttaticollis A. Dav.

Paradoxornis gtUtalicoUis Armand David, Xouv. Arch. JIu?. Paris, vii., Bull. p. 14 (1871) (no definite
locality, but certainly Western Szechuan).

Forrest sent 7 skins, 3 marked ^^^ and 4 $$ ; they are all worn and some
in moult, so I cannot say if they are correctly sexed.

1 marked (J, 3 marked ??, T'ongShan, 10,000 ft., August 1918, pine forests.
(Iris reddish brown ; bill lemon yeUow ; legs and feet dull green.) 1 marked cJ,
Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft.. May 1919 ; 1 marked ^J, hills south of Teug3rueh,
August 1919 ; 1 marked $, Shweli Valley, 7,000 ft., August 1919.

204. Regiilus regulus yunnanensis Ripp.

RegvlMS yunnanensis Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 19 (1906) (Yangtze Rirer, W. Yunnan).

3 c?c?' 1 ?> Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., pine forests, October 1918. (Iris
brown ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet olive-brown. )

205. Aegithaliscus bonvaloti (Oust.).

Acredula bonvaloli Oustalet, Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (7), 12. p. 286. pi. 9. f. 1 (1891) (Ta-tsien-lu and
Pendjama).

Forrest sent for him the very large series of 17 specimens, but with the
exception of 4 they are in terribly abraded plumage, some almost un-
recognisable.

10 3<S, 7 9$, Lichiang Range, 7,000— 14,000 ft., May— July 1918, pine forests.
(Iris clear yellow ; bill black ; legs and feet deep brown.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 66

206. Aegithaliscus erythrocephalus concinnus (Gould).

Psaltria concimta Gould, Birds of Asia, ii. pi. 65 (1855) (China).

Rippon's Ae. talifuensis appears to me to be identical with the above, the
darker band and flanks and the paler head being due to abrasion. Many of
Forrest's birds and a number of others at Tring agree exactly with a paratype
of Rippon's in the Tring Museum.

2 tS3, 1 ?> T'ong Shan, 10,000 ft., September 1918 ; 2 (J-J, Chien-Chuan
Valley, 7,000—8,000 ft.. May— June 1918 ; 2 ^S, Yangtze Valley, September
1918 ; 2 JcJ, 1 9, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000— 11,000 ft., June— September 1918 ;
1 (J, ShweU-Salwin Divide, May 1919, pine forests. (Iris clear yellow ; bill
black ; legs and feet brown.) 3 cJij*, 2 ??, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

207. Parus dichrous wellsi Baker.

Panis dichrous tcellsi Stuart Baker, Bidl. B.O.C. xxxviii. p. 8 (1917) (Yangtze, W. Yunnan).

4 ^^, 2??, Lichiang Range, 10,000— 13,000 ft., pine forests. May— July 1918.
(Iris bright crimson-scarlet ; bill black ; legs and feet dark grey. )

208. Parus lufonuchalis beavani (Jerd.).

Lophophanea beavani Jerdon, Birds of India, ii. p. 275 (1863) (Mount Tongloo, Sikkim).

6 (J (J, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000—13,000 ft., pine forests. May— August 1918.
(Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

209. Parus ater subsp.?

Ingram identifies a much-worn specimen of Colonel Rippon's from Lichiang
as P. aler aemodnis. The two si^ecimens from Lichiang sent by Forrest are so
terribly worn that it is impossible to say if they belong to ater aemodius or ater
pekinensis, but where the white and buS spots on the wing coverts are not
abraded they are so much smaller that I am almost sure a series of fresh-plumaged
birds will prove this to be a third unnamed Chinese race of ater.

1 cj, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 11,000—13,000 ft.. May— June 1918, pine forests.
(Iris dark brown ; biU black ; legs and feet dark grey. )

210. Parus major commixtus Swinh.

Parus commixlus Swinhoe, Ibis (2), 4. p. 63 (1868) (Amoy).

2 (J (J ad., 1 ?, 2 juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., pine forests, June-
July 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

Uchida and Kuroda enumerate P. major minor, but evidently in error, as
there are among m. commixtus examples which approach m. minor very closely.

211. Parus monticolus insperatus Swinh.
Paras insperatus Swinhoe, Ibis (2) 2. p. 308 (1866) (Formosa).

3 cJcJ, Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., June— July 1918, pine and mixed
forests. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

56 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

212. Parus hypermelaenus dejeani Oustalet.

Parus dejeani Oustalet, Btdl. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. iii. p. 209 (1897) (Ta-tsien-lu).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., Jlay 1918, pine forests. (Iris brown ; l)ill,
legs, and feet black.)

213. Parus spilonotus BIyth.

Parus spilonotus Blyth, Cat. Bs. Mus. As. Soc. p. 103 (1849) (Himalayas).

2 (5(3', Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., May and July 1919, thickets. (Iris
crimson ; bill black ; legs and feet blackish grey. )

214. Sitta himalayensis Jard. and Selby.

Sitta himalayensis Jardine and Selby, Illust. Orn. 3. pi. 144 (1835) (Himalayas).

1 (J, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., mixed forests, December 1919. (Iris
purjile ; bill grey-bro-nn ; legs and feet dark brown.)

215. Sitta yunnanensis O. -Grant.

Sitta yunnanensis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull, B.O.C. x. p. xxxvii. (1900) (Wei-yuan, S. Yunnan).

10 (3'(J, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., pine forests. May— August 1918. (Iris
dark brown ; biU greyish black ; legs and feet greyish black.)

216. Sitta europaea montium La Touche.

Sitta montium La Touche, Ibis, p. 404 (1899) (Kuatun, N.W. Fokien).

4 cJ(J, Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft., pine forests, May— October 1918.
(Iris dark brown ; bill black, sides and mider-mandible greyish ; legs and feet
black.) 1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh District, 1919.

217. Tichodroma muraria (Linn.).

Certhia muraria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. xii. i. p. 184 (1766) (South Europe).
1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

218. Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe.

Certhia yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Shayang, W. Yunnan).
1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

219. Certhia familiaris khamensis Bianchi.

Certhia khamensis Bianchi in Sharpe, Hamllist Birds, vo]. iv. 355-360 (1903) (Kham, Upper Mekong.)

1 (?, 2 $$ (marked ^), Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1918, pine forests.
(Iris dark brown ; bill black, lower mandible grey ; legs and feet olive-brown.)

220. Certhia discolor discolor Blytli.

Certhia discolor Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. ii. p. 580 (1845) (Darjeeling).
1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., :\Iay 1919.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 57

221. Zosterops erythropleurus Swinli.

Zoslerops eri/thropleurvs Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 294 (1863) (N. China).

9 ^^ (1 sexed O), 3 ?$, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., thickets by streams,
October 1918. (Iris dark brown; bill dull pinkish (fleshy) brown; legs and
feet dark olive-grey.)

222. Zosterops palpebrosa simplex Swinh.

Zosterops simplex Swinhoe, Ibis, p. 331 (1861) (Amoy).

Oustalet, besides some quite negligible characters, gives as the two most
striking differences between his Z. mussoti and Z. p. simplex that the former is
much smaller and has the green of the upper surface more golden. As regards
size simplex varies from 51 to 62 mm., while Oustalet gives 52 mm., and the bird
Forrest sent has a wing of 59 mm. This latter bird is dull green with only a
slight golden tinge on the lower rump, but some simplex are quite as golden as
p. palpebrosa. I therefore consider mussoti a synonym of simplex.

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 2, Tengyueh District, 1919.

223. Dicaeum ignipeetus ignipectus (Blyth).

Myzanthe ignipectus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 983 (1843) (Nepal and Bhutan).

2 (J (J, 1 $, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., June 1918 ; 1 S, Shweli-Salwin Divide,
10,000 ft., May 1919, pine forests. (Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)
1 (J, Tengyueh District.

224. Dicaeum minullum olivaceum Wald.

Dicaeum olivaceum Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xv. p. 401 (1875) (Tonghoo and Karem Hills).

2 (J(J, 1 $, Tengyueh Hills, 6,000—7,000 ft., pine and mixed forests, June-
August 1919. (Iris and bill black-brown ; legs and feet grey-black.) 2 ^^, 2 ?,
Tengyueh District.

The bird sexed $ has a much larger bill than the 2 sexed (^-J and any of the
13 at Tring.

225. Pachyglossa melanozantha Blyth.

Pachyglossa melanozantlm Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 1010 (1843) (Nepal).

As in the case of Dicaeum ignipectus and so many others the real author is
Blyth, who pubUshed them, taking the names from Hodgson's manuscript and
citing Hodgson as author, though at that time, and for the most part even now,
this manuscrijit was not published. This is the first record for China.

10 (all sexed ;J), Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft.. May— August 1918, pine
forests. (Iris ruddy brown ; biU grey-black ; legs and feet duU black.) 5 ^^,
Tengyueh District.

226. Aethopyga ignicauda (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris ignicauda Hodgson, Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 3 (J^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft.,
thickets by .streams, July 1919. (Iris, bill, legs, and feet black.)

58 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Mr. E. C. Stuart Baker has described the birds from the Chin Hills as Aethopyga
igvicauda flavescens {Bull. B.O.C. xi. p. 71. No. 2. (1921)). the chief difference
being the much smaller amount of scarlet suffusion on the breast. Usually
Yunnan birds agree with the forms from the Chin Hills rather than with
Himalayan races, but the four (J^J of Ae. ignicauda here enumerated must be
considered for the present to be typical ignicauda ignicauda, for they have even
more scarlet suffusion than the majority of Himalayan examples. A large series
from N.W. Yunnan and Eastern Thibet may subsequently prove this to be a
third subspecies with increased scarlet suffusion.

227. Aethopyga seheriae viridicauda subsp. nov.

Similar to s. andersoni Gates, and with similar greyer less olive underside
than s. seheriae, but tail green as in the latter.

5 (J^J, hills round Tengyueh, 5,000—6,000 ft., open scrub, June 1919. (Iris
black ; legs and feet black-brown ; bill brown. )

A specimen at Tring from Maymyo, Shan States, Colonel Harington leg., is
identical with these.

228. Aethopyga dabryii (Verr.).

Nectarinia dabryii Verreaux, Rev. and Mag. Zool. p. 173. pi. 15 (1867) (" Nord de la Chine").

12 (JjJ ad., 1 $ jun. 2 ^^ juv., 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000—12,000 ft., pine
forests. May — August 1918. (Iris black-brown ; bill black ; legs and feet dark
olive-green.) 1 $, Shweh-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., IMay 1919 ; 2 ^^ ad., 2 ??,
Tengyueh District.

229. Aethopyga saturata (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris saturattis Hodgson, Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).

1 ;?. 2 $?, Tengyueh District.

230. Aethopyga nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris nijHilensis Hodgson, Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273 (1837) (Nepal).

2 (J(J, 2 $$, ShweU-Salwin Divide, 7,000—8,000 ft., May— December 1919,
mixed forest. (Iris black-brown ; bill, legs, and feet black. ) 2 ^J^J ad. , 2 ^J^ juv. ,
1 $, Tengyueh District.

Ingram quotes sanguinipectus, but I expect it will turn out that an error has
been made in the determination owing to the bad quality of the skins.

231. Motacilla alba hodgsoni Blyth.

MotaciUa hodgsoni Blyth, Ibis, p. 49 (1865) (Nepal).

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 8,500 ft.. May 1918 ; \ ^, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6, 000 ft..
May 1919, water courses. (Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

232. Motacilla alba leucopsis Gould.
MotaciUa Uucopsis Gould, P.Z.S. Land. p. 78 (1837) (India).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. I92I. 59

233. Motacilla boaiula melanope Fall.
Motacilla melanope Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reich, iii. p. 696 (1776) (Dauria).

1 ^, Lichiang Range, 9,000 — 10,000 ft., October 1918, streams and meadows ;
1 9, Tengyueh Valley, 5,000—0,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill
dark brown ; legs and feet dull brown. )

234. Motacilla flava simillima Hart.

Motacilla flava simillima Hartert, Vog. pdlaarkt. Fauna, i. p. 289. no. 454 (1910) (Kamtschatka).

2 (5^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

235. Motacilla citreola citreola Pall.

Motacilla citreola Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reich, iii. p. 696 (1776) (East Siberia).

2 $$, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., May 1918, streams ; 2 ^^, Tengyueh Valley
and Plain, 5,300 ft., April 1918. (Iris, ^ black, $ dark brown ; bill black-brown ;
legs and feet black.)

236. Anthus berezowskii yunnanensis Uch. and Kur.

Anfhv^ maculattts yunnanensis Uchida and Kuroda, Annot. Zool. Jap. vol. ii. p. 134. no. 2 (1916)

(Mengtze).

4 $^, 49$, Lichiang Range, 10,000—13,000 ft., Alpine meadows, May-
August 1918. (Iris dark brown; biU yellow-brown ; legs and feet pale brown.)

Hartert places maculaivs = berezonskii as a subspecies of trivialis Linn., but
recent investigations go somewhat to prove that it is a seiJarate species. The
sole distinction quoted by Messrs. Uchida and Kuroda for their yunnanensis
is the shorter bill. They give for b. berezotcskii culmen 15-5-17 mm., and for
b. yunnanensis culmen 14'5-15-5 mm. ; and the bill from gape 16-17 mm. and
14-5-15-5 mm. resj)ectively. They include Formosan birds in yunnanensis. I
have accepted their name, but consider the differences rather slight.

237. Anthus richardi richardi Vieill.

Anthus riclmrdi Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hisl. Nat. xxvi. p. 491 (1818) (France).

1 cJ (sexed $), 2 ?$, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., open meadows, March 1919.
(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; sides of upper- and entire under-mandible grey-
brown ; legs and feet dull light brown.)

238. Anthus roseatus Blyth.
Anthus roseatus Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. p. 437 (1847) (Nepal).

1 cj, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, October 1918 ; 1 ^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

239. Anthus ruhilus rufulus Vieill.

Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 494 (1818) (Bengal).

1 (J, 1 9, hills west of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., open pastures, April 1919. (Iris
dark brown ; bill pinkish brown ; legs and feet Ught brown.)

QQ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

240. Alauda gulgula coelivox Swinh.

Alaiula coelivox Swinhoe, Zoologist, p. 6724 (1859) (Amoy).

2 cJcJ (sexed ?), 2 $$, Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft., June— October 1918,
stony pasture. (Iris brown ; bill grey-brown ; legs and feet light brown.)

241. Alauda arvensis intermedia Swinh.
Alauda intermedia Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Lond. p. 89 (1863) (Shanghai).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

242. Melophus melanicterus (Gm.).
Fringilla melaniciera Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. pt. ii. p. 910 (1789) (Macao).

6 (J(J ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 6,000—7,000 ft., scrub and thickets, June
1919 ; 2 $$, 1 (^ juv., Tengyueh, August— September 1919. (Iris dark brown ;
bill horn brown ; legs and feet light brown. )

243. Emberiza pusilla Pall.

Emberiza pusilla Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reich, iii. p. 697 (1776) (Daurian Alps).

2 ?$ (not sexed), Lichiang Range, 1918 ; 1 (J, 1 ? (sexed ^), Tengyueh Valley,
5,500 ft., March 1919, open dry meadows. (Iris dark brown ; biU dark grey-
brown ; legs and feet dull brown.) 1 ^, Tengyueh District, 1919.

244. Emberiza fucata fucata Pall.
Emberiza fucata Pallas, Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs. iii. p. 698 (1776) (Banks of the Onon and Ingoda).

I cj, Tengj'ueh, May 1919; 1 S, Shweli Valley, 6,000 ft., August 1919;
1 (J, Tengyueh District, 1919.

245. Emberiza cia yunnanensis Sharpe.

Emberiza yunnanensis Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 12 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan, W. Yunnan).

Hartert had identified as yunnanensis a series from the Tsin-ling Mountains
and Ta-tsien-lu, but the true yunnaneyisis is much deeper coloured.

II (5^ (4 sexed 9), Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., pine forests, May-
September 1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill black, sides and lower mandible grey ;
legs and feet light brown.)

[Emberiza cia omissa subsp. nov.

Differs from C. godleivskii in having the rufous brown of the head darker
and much more extended, and in the margins of the feathers of the back, tail,
and wing coverts, and also the rump pure rufous, not cinnamon or cinnamon-
rufous. The grey of the head, neck, and chest is darker than in godleivskii.
From c. yunnanensis it differs in all the rufous and brown portions of the plumage
being much paler, and in the sujira ocular stripe being grey, not whitish grey.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICiE XXVIII. 1921. 61

Below the abdomen, flanks, and undertail coverts are paler than in yunnanensis,
but considerably darker than in godleivskii.

Habitat : Si Taipaishan, Tsin-hng Mountains.

Type No. 1791, Tring Museum.]

246. Emberiza spodocephala melanops Blyth.

Emberiza melanops Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 554 (1845) (Tipperah).

2 (J(J, Lichiang Range, 1918.

Oustalet quotes $p. spodocephala for Yunnan, but this is evidently an error.

247. Emberiza elegans Temm.

Emberiza elegans Temminck, PL Col. 583 (1835) (Japan).

6 ;;J^J, 2 2$, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., B'lay 1918, thickets and pine forests.
(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet very light brown. )

248. Passer rutilans assimilis Wald.

Passer assimilis Walden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v. p. 218 (1870) (Tonghoo).

5 cJc?. 2 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000—12,000 ft., May-^une 1918, pine
forests ; 2 (^^. Tengj'ueh Hills, June 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs
and feet dull brown.) 1 (J, 1 $, Tengyueh District, 1919.

249. Propyrrhula subhimachala (Hodgs.).

CoryUms ? subhimachalus Hodgson, As. Res. six. p. 152 (1836) (Nepal).

The single (J sent by Forrest is in heavy moult, so the wings are not measur-
able ; the head, back, and rump are much more strongly sufEused with red
than Himalayan <;J (J generally are, and the red of the breast is deeper ; but one
moulting specimen is insufficient to describe a new local race from, and many
Himalayan birds are almost as red.

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 1918.

250. Procarduelis nipalensis (Hodgs.).

Carduelis nipalensis Hodgson, As. Res. six. p. 157 (1836) (Central and North Nepal).

1 (J, 4$? (1 sexed cJ), Lichiang Range, 12,000—13,000 ft., June— October
1918, pine forests. (Iris dark brown ; bill grey-brown ; legs and feet grey-brown. )

251. Procarduelis nibescens Blanf.

Procarduelis rvhescens Blanford, P.Z.S. Land. p. 694. pi. 74 (1871) (Sikkim).

1 cj, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., pine forests, October 1918 ; 1 ^, Shweli-
Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., May 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill dull brown ; legs and
feet brown.)

62 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

252. Haematospiza indica (Gni.).

Loxia indica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 847 (1780) (Island of Boeton, India, errore '.).

3 cJcJ (1 sexed ?), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., pine and mixed forests,
July 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill horn yellow ; legs and feet dark brown.)
This appears to be the first record for China.

253. Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus (Hodgs.).
Pyrrhulinota roaeala Hodgson, P.Z.S. London, p. 36 (1845) (Nepal).

2 (JcJ ad., 1 $ ad., 1 (J, 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—12,000 ft., pine
forests. May — June 1918 ; 1 ^ ad., Shweli-Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft,, September
1919. (Iris black-brown ; biU, legs, and feet horn brown.)

254. Carpodacus vinaceus Verr.

Carpodacus t^'Tioccu* Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. J/jts. Paris, vi., Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese
Thibet).

1 (J, 1 9, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000—9,000 ft., thickets and pine forests,
August— September 1919; 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., July 1918. (Iris
dark brown ; bill horn brown ; legs and feet duU brown. )

255. Carpodacus ripponi (Sharpe).

Propasser ripponi Sharpe, Bvll. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan, W. Yunnan).

8 c?c?. 39$, Lichiang Range, 8,500 — 14,000 ft., pine forests and open .scrub.
(Iris, cj dark brown, $ ruddy brown ; bill, (J brownish grey, $ dull grey-brown ;
legs and feet, (J light brown, $ dark brown.)

256. Carpodacus thura femininus Ripp.

Carpodacus femininus Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xix. p. 31 (1906) (Yangtze River, W. Yunnan).

The (J(J of this subspecies are undescribed. ^ differs from th. dubius in the
sides of the head being much darker, the upper half being of a deep vinous red,
almost the same colour as the lores ; the undersurface is also duller, more
vinaceous pink ; the back and rump are also apparently darker. $ differs from
$ d-ubius in the central dark streaks on the underside being much wider and
sharper, and in the absence of the rufous front half of the superciliary stripe.

4 <^(5>, 5 ??, Lichiang Range, 11,000—14,000 ft., pine forests, July— October
1918. (Iris dark brown ; bill, (J brown-grey, $ grey -brown ; legs and feet,
(J dull brown, $ duU dark brown.)

257. Pyrrhoplectes epauletta (Hodgs.).

PyrrMila ? epauletta Hodgson, As. Fes. xix. p. 156 (1836) (Xorthcm and Central Nepal).

2 <JcJ (1 sexed $), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 11,000 ft., cliffs and rocky gullies.
May and July 1919. (Iris black ; bill black-brown ; legs and feet oUve-brown.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921. 63

258. Pyrrhula erythaca altera Ripp.
Pyrrhula altera Rippon, Bull. B.O.G. xix. p. 19 (1906) (Shayang, W. Yunnan).

The red of the breast is decidedly cinnabar-red, not orange-red, as in
€. erythaca, and even the one ^ of the five sent by Forrest, which is paler,
representing the yellow phase of the typical and Tsin-ling races, has the colour
duller, being brick-red. 5 ^^ have wing 79-87 mm., 4 $$ 76-81 mm.

•5 o (J. 4 9$, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., pine forests, June — August 1918.
(Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet light brown.)

[Hitherto only one other race of Pyrrhula erythaca has been described,
viz. P. e. wilderi Riley, from Chili, N. China, but in going over the series at
Tring and in the British Museum in connection with Forrest's birds, I find
another form must receive a name.

Pyrrhula erythaca taipaishanensis subsp. nov.

(J Differs from e. erythaca in the white throat often strongly washed with
orange, in the red of the breast coming farther on to the foreneck, and in the
white band surrounding the black mask and frons being much wider. The red
of the breast varies much as in e. erythaca, but has always a greater admixture
of yellow, ranging from greenish orange-yellow through flame orange to brilliant
vermilion.

$ Differs from $ e. erythaca only in the black mask and frons being less
extensive.

Wing measurement : 33 cJ^J 78-84 mm. ; 8 $9 76-81 mm. ; 1 ^J juv. 79 mm.

Hab. : Tsin-ling Mts. (Mt. Tai-pai-shan). Type cj, 17. vi. 1905, in Tring
Museum.

While I, as a rule, deprecate the describing of subspecies from single examples,
especially females, I think that, as the above form differs from e. erythaca, when
the (J of e. wilderi Riley {Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. xxxi. p. 33 (1918) (Chili
Province) is known, it may also prove to be disMnct.]

259. Carduelis thibetanus (Hume).

Chrysomilria thibetana Hume, Ibis, p. 107 (1872) (borders of Sikkim and Thibet).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 1918.

It is rather surprising to get this very rare little bird in Yunnan, as it was
to be expected that the Chinese form C. bieti (Oust.) from Ta-tsien-lu would
have been the race indigenous to this province. Oustalet in his description of
bieti ostensibly compares it with thibetana, la3ang stress on the absence of the
white band formed by the apices of the larger wing coverts, thus proving that
he only compared his five specimens with the plate in the Catalogue of Birds.
The truth is that this figure of the (J was done from an immature (J, and in the
adult <;J of MandeUi's at Tring, and most of Mandelli's other adult (^<^ in the
British Museum, as well as Forrest's specimen, there is no trace of this band,
only an indication of a paler hair-line edging to the feathers. The only appreciable
difference between the Ta-tsien-lu bieti and the Himalayan and Yunnanese
thibetanus is the bright golden yellow instead of yellowish green of the outer
webs to the inner secondaries of the former.

64 NOVITATKS ZOOLOCICAE XXVIII. 1921.

260. Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.).

Chryaomitris amhii/utts Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 186 (1896) (Yunnan).

7 cJcJ, 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000— 12,000 ft., pine forests, May-^une 1918 ;

3 c?c?. Shweli-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft.. May 1919. (Iris dark brown ; bill horn
grey ; legs and feet grey- brown.)

If it were not for the very sharp-pointed bill this .species would bridge over
the differences between the genera Carduelis and Chloris.

261. Eophona melanura migratoria Hart.

Eophona tnelanvra migratoria Hartert, Vog. paldar. Faun. i. p. 59. no. 96 (Sidimi).

1 (J, 1 ?, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., pine forests and thickets, March 1919.
(Iris black-brown ; bill Ught orange ; legs and feet pale ruddy brown. )

When the collection of Captain Wingate was worked out Hartert had not
yet separated the two races of this bird, and so Ingram records 77iel. melanura
in error.

262. Perissospiza icteroides affinis (Blyth).

Hesperiphona afinis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xxir. p. 179 (1855) (Sikkim).

The single (J sent by Forrest is not quite adult and has the oUve tibiae of
the $, but it appears to be affinis.

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 14,000 ft., pine forests, August 1918. (Iris dark brown ;
bill dull blue-green flecked with brown ; legs and feet pinkish (fleshy) grej'-brown).

263. Munia atricapilla atricapilla (Vieill.).

Loxia atricapilla Vieillot, Ois. Chant, p. 84. pi. 53 (1805) (" Grandes Indes ").

6 (JjJ (4 sexed $), ShweH Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., thickets, June 1919. (Iris
black ; bill lead-grey ; legs and feet dark grey.) 1 ^, ShweU-Salwin Divide,
August 1919.

264. Munia punctulata topela Swinh.

Munia iopda Swinlioe, Ibis, p. 380 (1863) (Formosa).

. 8 (J(J ad. (3 sexed $), 1 ^ juv., ShweU-Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., pine and
mixed forests. May— June 1919 ; 2 cJ(J juv., Nantien Valley, 4,500 ft., April 1919 ;

4 9? (3 sexed ^), hiUs N.W. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919. (Iris ruddy
brown (J, dark brown $ ; bill, ? dull black, ^ black ; legs and feet, ^ dark grey,
$ purpUsh grej'.) 1 ^ ad., 1 ^ jun., Tengyueh District, 1919.

265. Sporaeginthus flavidiventris (Wall).
Eslrdda flavidiventris Wallace, P.Z.S. p. 495 (1863) (Timor and Flores).

When the distribution and breeding areas of Sp. amandava and Sp. flavidi-
ventris have been ascertained, flavidiventris will most likely prove to be a sub-
species of the latter, but at present the records are too conflicting to warrant this.

1 cj, hills S. of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., October 1919, thickets. (Iris orange-red ;
bill scarlet ; legs and feet pale brown. )

NoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 65

266. Oriolus indicus tenuirostris Blyth.
Oriolus tenuirostris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xv. p. 48 (1846) (Central India ?).

2 ^^ ad., 1 o jun.. 1 $ ad. (sexed ^), 1 pull., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., pine
forests, June 1918 ; 1 $ juv. (sexed ^), Tong Shan, 10,000 ft.. August 1918.
(Iris crimson ; bill dull ruddy Ijrown ; legs and feet black. )

Ingram records indicus indicus, and the two Mengtze birds he records are
undoubtedly this bird. The explanation is probablj' that the form breeding in
the plains is indicvs and in mountains tenuirostris.

207. Chibia hottentota (Linn.).

Corws hottentotus Linnaeu-s, Si/st. A'al. i. edit. xii. p. 155 (1766) (Cape of Good Hope. Errore !),

1 (J, Yangtze Valley, 6,000—7,000 ft., mixed forest, September 1918. (Iris
clear yellow ; bill, legs, and feet black. )

268. Dicrurus ater cathoecus S«'inh.

Dicrurus catlwecus Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Loud, p. 377 (1871) (China),

1 c?, 1 ? juv., Tengyueh Valley, August 1919 ; 1 ?, Shweli-Valley, 6,000—7,000
ft., August 1919. (Iris crimson ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

269. Dicrurus leucophaeus nigrescens Gates.
Dicrurus nigrescens Gates, in Hume's Nests and Eggs, edit. 2. i. p. 208 (1889) (Rangoon).

Ingram includes both nigrescens and longicaudata in his list ; it is quite
certain, however, that neither the Mengtze birds nor Forrest's five specimens
are longicaudalus. Bangs and Phillips quote the Mengtze birds as pyrrhops
Hodgs., but this is not available, being a nomen nudum, and they must be
called nigrescens Gates.

1 cj, 2 $9, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 8,500—10,000 ft., pine and mixed forests,
May— June 1918 ; 1 <J, Tengyueh Valley, 5,500 ft., ■March 1919. (Iris crimson ;
bill, legs, and feet black.)

270. Stumia nemoricola Jerd.

StiinUa neiiLoricula Jerdon, Ibis, p. 22 (1862) (Thayetmyo).

1 $, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., thickets and forests, June 1991. (Iris
crimson ; ))ill, basal half black, anterior half yellow ; legs and feet pale olive.)

271. Acridotheres tristis (Linn.).

Paradisea Irislis Linnaeus, Sysl. Nut. edit. xii. i. p. 167 (1766) (Philippine Islands).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

272, Acridotheres cristatellus (Gm.).

Gracula cristalella Gmelin, Syst. Xal. i. p. 397. no. 5 (1788) (China).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.
5

gg NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

273. Acridotheres albocinctus Godw.-Aust. and Wald.

Acridotheres alhocinclm Godwin-Austen and Walden, Ihis, p. 251 (1875) (Manipur Valley).

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 1918.

274. Gracupica nigricollis (Pajk).
Oracula nigrkoUia Paykull, Nova Acta StocBi. xxviii. p. 291. pi. 9 (I7C6).

2 (J (J, Tengyuch Valley, 5,300 ft., open meadows, March 1919. (Iris creamy-
grey ; bill black-brown ; naked skin round eye chrome orange ; legs and feet
dull ivory white.)

275. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Limi.).

Upupa pyrrhocorax Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 118 (1758) (England).

2 33, 1 ?, 1 juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000—13,000 ft., cUfIs and pine forests,
June 1918. (Iris dark brown ; biU crimson, pale orange-red in young ; legs and
feet crimson ; nails black. )

Ingram quotes P. graculus as obtained by Rippon, but it is only a wrong
application of the name, as Rippon' s bird is P. pyrrhocorax.

276. Garnilus bispecularis sinensis Swinh,
Oanulus sinensis Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. p. 304 (1863) (Canton to Ningpo).

In his review of Garnilus bispecularis Vig. and its allies {A^ovit. Zool., xxv.
pp. 430-433 (1918)) Hartert acknowledges Reichenow's h. rujescens, and identifies
as such five birds collected by Colonel Rippon in N.W. Yimnan. The chief
alleged differences from b. sinensis are the white throat and darker, greyer back.
The white throat is only present in two out of the five birds of Colonel Rippon's.
Forrest's two birds are very different inter se ; one has the back rufous-cinnamon,
as in typical b. sinensis, and chin and throat uniform cinnamon with the rest of
the underside ; the other has the back vinaceous grey, almost as in G. glandaritis,
and the throat, breast, and abdomen more vinaceous, and the cliin decidedly
whitish. I am therefore convinced that when we get a larger series of jays
from Yunnan that b. rujescens of Reichenow will prove to be a synonym of
b. sinensis, and I therefore enumerate these birds here as sinensis.

2 33, Lichiang Range, 9,000—10,000 ft., pine forests, May 1918. (Iris grey-
white ; bill black ; legs and feet pale brownish grey. )

277. Nucifraga caryocatectes yunnanensis Ingr.

Nucifraga yunnanensis Ingram, Bull. B.O.C. xxv. p. 86 (1910) (Mountains of Yunnan).

This nutcracker is intermediate between N. c. owstoni Ingr. and N. c. hemispila
(Vig.), and is constantly distinct from the latter by the black crown of the head.

2 33, 4 $9, 2 juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—13,000 ft., pine forests and ravines.
May— August 1918 ; 1 3, Sliweh-Salwin Divide, July 1919. (Iris dull dark
brown ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

IfoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 67

278. Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha (Gm.).

Corvus eri/throrhi/nchns Gmelin, Si/st. Nat. i. p. ,'$72 (1788) (China).

4 S3, 5 juv., Lichiang Range, 8,500—11,000 ft., June— October 1918, pine
forests ; 1 (J, 1 ?, Shweli-Salwin Divide, 7,000 ft.. May 1919 ; 1 (J, 1 ?, Yangtze
Valley, 8,000 ft., September 1919. (Iris orange-reddish-yellow ; bill orange-
scarlet ; legs and feet dull red.

279. Dendrocitta himalayensis Blyth.
Dendrocitia himalayensis Blyth, Ibis, p. 45 (18C5) (Himalayas).

1 (J (sexed $), 3 ?? (1 sexed <J), Shweli-Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft.. May— June
1919. (Iris red ; bill, legs, and feet black.)

Qg NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

ON THE REPLACEMENT OF A LOST VEIN IN CONNECTION WITH
A STRIDULATING ORGAN IN A NEW AGARISTID MOTH FROM
JIADAGASCAR, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW GENERA-

By dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With text-figs. 1-9.)

IN the most generalised Lepidoptera the wing-neuration agrees closely with
the tracheae of the pupal wing. This tracheal system remains of an
ancestral tj'pe in all Lepidoptera, but in the specialised families no tubular vein
is formed along some of the main tracheae, which become atrophied before
emergence of the imago, and are indicated in the fully developed wing by folds.
With the exception of some generalised groups — such as Cossiclae and Castniidae,
for instance — the stem of the radial vein is a fold in the cell, distally divided,
and the upper submedian SM' ( = Ic of Herrich-Schaffer) is absent as a tubular
vein from the majority of families of Lepidoptera.

It holds generally good that the direction of develoj)ment, which is constant
m one group of families, reappears sporadically also in other groups, be it the
loss of an ancestral organ or the acquirement of a specialisation. We find, for
instance, a clavate antenna, a specialisation, not only in all butterflies, but here
and there also among moths ; the foretibial epiphysis, an ancestral organ , is
absent from nearly all families of butterflies and has also been lost by some
moths, for example, by aU Chalcosiids and some Saturniids and Sphingids. '
The loss of the same organ in widely different groups, however, is much more
frequent than the acquirement of one and the same specialisation, and is of quite
common occurrence, as exemplified by the mouth-parts of Lex^idoptera, the
ocelli, legs, genitalia, etc. It is, therefore, not surprising that the ancestral
vein SM' ( = Ic) is found absent in some genera of families which in the aggregate
are characterLsed by the retention of that vein, f.i. in some Zygaenidae (s.l.) and
Castniidae (s.l.). On the other hand, it is most remarkable that this vein is
constantly absent from so many families of Lepidoptera. Considering the two
facts : (1) that the generalised tracheal system persists in the chrysalides of these
families, the framework on which to build up any of the generalised veins therefore
being still given ; and (2) that the wing pattern is influenced by the submedian
fold SM' as if it were a vein, one might be inclined to regard the pupal trachea
SM' as a potential vein, and to expect that the discarded vein SM' would make
its reappearance here and there. But that is not the case ; the potentiality
is gone, being, in this instance, an a priori conception without reality. The
absence of vein SM' has, in the majority of the families, the regularity of a natural
law, and if it is a law, and not a mere rule, it admits of no exceptions.

If considered from this jjoint of view, the species of Agaristid which forms
the main subject of this pajser acquires a general interest. It is a new species
from Madagascar, representing a new genus. We have only a single (J, the chief

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

69

structural features of which are the large club of the thin antenna and a stridu-
lating organ. It is the latter which claims our attention first.

The males of a number of Agaristids and Noctuids make a fairly loud noise
during flight. The sound, which carries a good distance, is produced by the

Fig. 1. — Mnsuryina lacta (J.

2. — Ditto ; underside of forewing,

3.— ,, ; club of antenna.

4. — ,, ; clasper.

5. — ,, ; hindtarsus.

0. — ,, : oral area and frons.

Fig. 7. — Submedian fold of a normal Agaristid.
„ 8. — „ ,, (SM>) and submedian

vein SM" of Miia-
ttrgina.
,, 9. — ,, vein oi & Zygacna

friction of a tarsus against a modified portion of a wing. In the Malagassic
species, which we will describe below as Musiirgina laeta (text-fig. 1), the musical
apparatus is composed of the forewing an the hindtarsus.

On the underside of the forewing Musurgina bears a naked area occupying

70 NOVITATES ZoOI.OOtOA.B XXVIII. 1921.

the cell except its upper angle, and extending backwards to the submedian fold.
This area is transversely ribbed (text-fig. 2) ; the ribs are rounded-convex, and
correspond to the interspaces of the rows of scales on the rest of the wing. Along
the costal side of the median vein a stripe of scaling is left, protected by the
vein. The space behind the cell is concave beneath and correspondingly convex
on the upperside of the wing, and is sharply bounded by the submedian fold.
Now, in other Agaristidae the wing does not show any appreciable incrassatiou
at the fold in a transverse section (text-fig. 7), while in Musurgina the place of
the fold is occupied by a conspicuous ridge, which extends as far distad as the
stridulating area and then fades away into an ordinary non-incrassate fold
(text-figs. 2 and 8). Under a weak lens the ridge has the appearance of a vein,
but on closer examination is found to differ very considerably from the tubular
veins. The ridge is not cylindrical and not hollow, and much more chitin has
been employed to construct it than in the case of a tubular vein (text-fig. 8).
The stridulation area is thus strongly supported, but this end could have been
achieved much more economically by the construction of a tubular vein similar
to SM* ( = lb ; text-fig. 8). The factors of growth which govern the development
of the stridulation organ in Musurgina are unable to reproduce the lost vein
and can only dii-ect matter to the line where support is needed, and buUd up a
substitute. The vein is a memory, and its actualitj' cannot be regained. For
comparison we add a figure of the transverse section of SM' of a Zygaena (text-fig.
9), in which genus this vein is thinner than the other veins, and evidently is on the
road towards obliteration.

The naked membrane expanding between the subcostal nervure and the
submedian ridge acts as a sound-board, the sound itself being produced by the
friction of the hindtarsus on the median nervure. This vein, which is cm-ved,
with the convexity towards the costa (text-fig. 2), as is the submedian ridge
distally, i.s enlarged within the naked area, and bears 60-odd obliquely transverse,
sharp ridges which are directed costad-distad. The ridges are strongest in the
proximal half of the vein and gradually become fainter towards the apex of the
cell, the most distal ones being shifted to the costal side of the vein.

The corresponding structure of the hindtarsus is found on the upi>erside
slightly towards the uiside, a file of transverse ridges extending from the base
of the tarsus to the apex (text-fig. 5). The first segment is inflated and bears
about 55 ridges. The hindtarsus as well as the tibia is smooth-scaled, which is
an evident advantage for the good working of the instrument. It will be noticed
in text-fig. 8 that the false submedian vein is narrow along its highest point, a
longitudinal ridge being formed which, I think, is likewise employed in the
production of the sound when the tarsus strilies across it. This ridge recalls the
stridulation organ of the Australian Agaristid, Platagarista tetraplema Meyr.
(1891), in which the instrument is comi^osed of the hindwing and hindtarsus, the
subcostal vein being provided with a ridge (but not with a file) and the hind-
tarsus with a file. Compare also what we say of Pemphigostola Strand (1909)
on p. 72.

We do not know what sound Musurgutu produces, but assume that it is
similar to the sound of Platagarista, a hybrid noise between whistling and hissing.

Further characteristics of Musurgina may be gathered from the following
description of the genus and species and the figures illustrating it.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921. 71

Musurgina gen. nov.

(J. Frons in middle a little more than one-third a.s broad as the eye is high ;
frontal process (text-fig. 6) long, conical, flattened above and below, truncate,
apical area marginate, transverse, more rounded ventrally than dorsaUy. Oral
edge of frons sharp, triangular, with the apex rounded off ; at each side a pointed
pyramidal genal process. Scape of antenna very broad, its diameter about
one- fifth shorter than that of the centre of the frons. Shaft of 30-odd segments,
very slender, lengths of segments VI to XII more than twice their widths in
centre; club (text-fig. 3) composed of 12 or 13 segments, very large, slightly
flattened, five times as broad as the shaft, rather abruptly narrowing distaUy
to form a short, thin, slightly upcurved, apical hook of 5 or 6 segments, the
last of which bears a thin, conical, truncate, apical stylet ; upperside of antenna
scaled, the club proximaUy also beneath ; underside of shaft covered with short
hair and bearing bristles like typical Agaristids. Eye naked. Palpus beneath
rough-hairy inclusive of third segment, which is less than three times as long
as apicaUy broad, and but sliglitly porrect. Pronotum at base with very large
scales contiguous to head ; rest of thorax with hair mixed with long narrow
scales. At base of abdomen a divided tuft of scales, the longest of which are
dark, metallic, oar-shaped, or lanceolate (the other segments of abdomen almost
entirely denuded in our specimen). Tibiae without spines ; tibia and first tarsal
rough-hairy in foreleg, with some long hair on upperside in midleg, smooth
and inflated in hindleg ; inner spur of midtibia reaching a little beyond one-third
of first tarsal segment ; proximal spurs of hindtibia quite short, much shorter
than the tibia is broad, and the apex of the longer (inner) spur about twice the
length of the spur distant from the apical spurs, inner apical spin: twice the
length of the outer one and about one-fourth as long as the first tarsal segment.
Hindtarsus from base to apex with naked dorsal stripe of transverse, slightly
obliquely curved ridges (text- fig. 5), segment I with spines at apex only, II without
spines at base ; V with a few spines in hindtarsus and only bristles in fore- and
midtarsus; proportional lengths of hindtarsal segments 90, 70, 17, 5, 9, segment
IV being shorter than broad. Claw with tooth in middle.

Neuration. — Forewing (text-fig. 2) : SC oS cell at two-thirds, areole small,
SC from areole, SC and SC on long stalk, SC from this stalk near areole ; R'
from upper cell-angle close to areole ; R', R', M', and M' almost at equal distances
from each other around lower cell-angle, which is rounded, M- being much more
distal than in allied genera ; M curved with the convexity towards costa ; SM'
a false vein as far as the stridulating organ extends (to near lower cell-angle)
and nearly curved like M, distally a mere fold as in other Agaristidae ; SM' thm,

distally api^roaching SM', but not joining it, i.e. SM' not " forked " at base.

Hindwing : SC- and R' from upjjer cell-angle, which is almost 90°, R' from
middle, R' and M' from lower cell-angle, which is acute, M' from near angle.
Genotype : 3T. laeta spec. nov.

Musurgina laeta spec. nov. (text-fig. 1).

cj. Head and thorax russet mixed with grey. Scaling of antenna white.
Frontal process black. Palpus orange, third segment with some black hairs.
Tegula black at apex. Abdomen much rubbed, evidently orange, basal tuft with

72 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

the long curved scales metallic black. Coxae and femora pale fawn colour,
some of the long hair almost white ; tibiae and tarsi of fore- and midlegs black
den.sel}' mixed with white ; inner side of foretibia and two spots on outer side
orange ; hindtibia and greater part of hindtarsus I pale buff, rest of tarsus blackish
above, grey beneath.

Upperside of forewLng russet ; costal margin excurved from base to beyond
middle and again near apex, termen very oblique, tornus very obtuse, the angle
almost effaced, liindmargin strongly rounded ; a silvery white stripe runs from
base of costal margin obliquely across cell, continues distad as far as the stridula-
tion area extends and then turns costad across lower angle of cell, reaching costal
margin 2 to 3 mm. from apex, the stripe 2 mm. broad below cell, 1 mm. towards
costa ; costal edge brown from base beyond middle, cell except apex and part
of terminal area shaded ■nith brown, termen partly mixed with white and bearing
a row of rufous dots placed between the veins ; fringe a mixture of white and

sepia-coloured scales. Hindwing orange, with a sepia-black terminal band

2 to 3 mm. wide, ending at anal angle, extending along costal margin to near
middle, slightly dentate upon M- and SJ\P ; termen ventricose above centre,
excurved at submedian fold, this lobe having a rufous marginal bar, two small
rufous dots between R' and M- and vestiges of two more dots farther ajiicad ;
fringe white and sepia, some white scaling at margin in black band, especially
in front of submedian lobe.

Uiiderside sepia colour, rufous marginal markings vestigial ; forewiug without
white stripe, a stripe on the submedian false vein as far as lower cell-angle, and
connected across lower cell-angle with a triangular spot placed a short distance
outside the discoceUulars pale orange buff, this stripe fading away towards inner
margin. Hindwing as above.

Genitalia: Anal tergite as in the allied genera a long, tapering, curved process
ending with a sharp point. Clasper long, narrow, ventral margin evenly
excurved, dorsal margin incurved, apex pointed, ventral apical margin with a
regular row of nearly 40 stiff bristles lying flat above the inner surface of the
clasper and being directed dorsad-frontad ; harpe an evenly curved, sharply
pointed, spiniform process (text-fig. 4).

Length of forewing : 18o mm.; breadth: 7-5 mm.

Hab. Diego 8uarez, N.E. Madagascar, 24.xii.1916 (Gaston Melou) ; 1 <J.
• The unknown $ maj' be expected to differ from the (J in the stridulating
organ being absent, the submedian fold not incrassate, the antennal club less
enlarged, the hindleg normal, and the forewing broader.

When we first saw this insect we believed it to be a species of Pcmphigoslola
Strand (1909), a genus placed by its author among the Castniids. Pemphigostola
synemonistis , of which only one cJ is known, occurs like Mvsurgina laeta on
IMadagascar. It has practically the same size as M. laeta ; the forewing is very
narrow, witli the costal margin excurved proximally and bcfoi'c apex, and bears
a stridulating organ, and the hindwing has a small submedian lobe, as in Miisur-
gina. According to Strand's detailed description Pemphigostola, however,
differs very essentially from Musurgina in SM' ( = Ic) being a tubular vein in
both wings, in the frons being broader, the forewing having no areole, both
cell-angles of the hindwing being 90°, in the midtarsus (not hindtarsus) bearing
a stripe of transver.se ridges (the file), and in other details. The colouring is
also different from that of M. laeta.

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAK XXVIH. 1921. 73

This Pemphigostola is a strange insect. The statements that in the hindwing
the cross-veins are comijlete, vein 5 arises from tlieir centre, and the costal vein
branches oflE from the midtlle of the subcostal are very remarkable, jjlacing
Pemphigostola quite outside the Castniids. The stridulating organ also is some-
thing unknown among Castniids ; in fact, I was under the impression that a
stridulating organ of this kind (wing plus tarsus) does not occur outside the
Noctuiform families of Lepidoptera. If Pemphigostola really is allied to the
Castniids, which I do not believe, the similarity between it and Musiirgina in
the peculiar antennae, the stridulating organs, the size and shape of the wings
is astounding, and if Pemphigostola should prove to be an Agaristid, the presence
of a tubular vein SM' ( = Ic) in fore- and hindwing would be no less wonderful.
However, it seems to me desirable that Pemphigostola be re-examined.

The general colouring of Musurgina laeta agrees very well with that of some
other Agaristids, especially with the Malagassic species described by Saalmiiller
as Ovios laminifera (Ber. Senck. Ges. 1878, p. 91), and figured by him in Lepid.
Madag. 1884 as Euscirrhopterus laminifer (p. 140, no. 327, tab. 8, fig. 133).
Hampson, who had not seen the species, placed it in Paratuerta among the Noctuids
{Lep. Phalaenae, ix. p. 415 [1910]). We have a (J of this laminifera, and find
that the sjjecies is a true Agaristid, representing a new genus allied to Acgocera.

Ancarista gen. uov.

cJ. Frons very narrow, widening above and below, its diameter at the
narrowest point about twice that of the shaft of the antenna ; frontal process
conical, somewhat flattened above, not quite so long as the frons is broad at
this point, truncate, the apical surface marginate, transverse, more rounded
above than below. Oral edge of frons sharp, laterally curving upwards to join
the short gcnal process. Palpus similar to that of Aegocera, segments I and II
long-hairy beneath ; III short-scaled, the scales longer at apex, therefore the
segment appearing more strongly club-shaped than it really is. Eye large.
Antenna simple, long (16 mm.), extending much beyond apex of cell, slightly
but distinctly thickened from about tliree- fifths to foiu--fifths, then gradually
becoming thinner, the distal segments being much thiimer than the shaft. Bristles
and hair on ventral sm-face as in true Agaristids. Thorax clothed with a mixture
of scales and hairs, scales of patagia especially large, widest at apices, which are
rotundate-truncate and multidentate. Abdominal tergite I with bifid tuft of
long scales and hairs, the lateral scales ciurving inward. Tibiae without spines
as in Mitrophrys, fore- and midtibiae with long hair-scales on upperside, hind-
tibia almost smooth ; inner spurs of mid- and hindtibiae more than twice the
lengths of outer ones and fully two-thirds as long as tarsal segment I. Tarsi
long, more than half as long again as tibiae, spined beneatli only, V slightly
shorter than IV.

Neuration. Forewing nearly as in Mitrophrys, SC' more proximal than

M-, areole long, 8C'- from before apex of areole, SC and SC on long stalk, SC
from this stalk close to apex of areole, R' from upper cell-angle, which is very
acute and is much more distal than lower cell-angle, R' and M' at equal distances

from cell-angle, D' longer than the cell is broad at apex. Hindwing : SC

and R' from upper cell-angle, R" from middle of cell-apex, R' and JI' close together
from lower cell-angle, M- a short distance below angle, both cell-angles a little

74 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

less than 90". Abdomen with anal tuft. Clasper long, rounded at apex, on
inside densely studded with stiff spines which are curved frontad.

$. Frons broader, antenna thinner.

Genotype : Species identified as Ovios laminifera Saalm. (1878).

Differs from Aegocera in the long and slender antennae, long tarsi, non-spined
tibiae, etc. ; and from Milrophrys in the longer antennae and tarsi, longer tibial
spurs, much more acute and more projecting upper cell-angle of the forewing,
and the narrow frons of the cj.

Our (J has a sUver streak on the forewing like the $ figured by SaalmiiUer,
but differs from that figure in bearing a broad creamy-white longitudinal stripe
which reaches the costal margin at the base and before the apex, and is posteriorly
bounded by the silver streak. Moreover, the terminal band of the hind wing
is paler, less definite, and anteriorly narrower, and the thin orange admarginal
line within this band extends forward to near apex.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 75

CAPTAIN AXC4US BUCHANAN'S AIR EXPEDITION.

III.

UNGULATE JIAMMALS COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

F

ULL particulars of the expedition Lave been given by Dr. E. Hartert and
Messrs. Thomas and Hinton.

1. Ammo tragus lervia angusi subsp. nov.

Differs from all the four other forms — /. lervia, I. saharienms, I. ornata, and
I. hlainei — in the horns being much more upright on the head, and curving farther
backwards and inwards. General colour very deep rufous, darker than in
I. ornatus ; no dark face stripe ; dorsal crest mixed with black, more strongly
on front half. Beard on sides of lower jaw cinnamon-rufous ; long hair on legs
and knee tufts, apparently more sparse and restricted than in the other forms.

1 (J ad.. No. 184. Tarrouaji Mt., Asben, 3,100 ft., August 4, 1920. (Dead
weight, 152 lb. ; height at shoulder, 36 in. = 900 mm. ; at rump, 36^ in. =
906-5 mm. ; length of body, 34| in. = 863 mm. ; girth of neck, ISJ in. = 456-5
mm. ; of body, 42J in. = 1,059 mm.) Right horn, 525 mm. = 21 in. over
curve ; left horn, 510 mm. = 201% ui.

1 ? very old. No. 178. Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 ft., July 25, 1920. {Dead
weight, 112 lb. ; height at shoulder, 31 J in. = 794 mm. ; at rump, 32J in. =
819 mm. ; length of body, 35^ in. = 888 mm. ; girth of neck, 13 J in. = 338
mm. ; of body, 43 in. = 1,075 mm.) Right horn, 400 mm. = 16 in. ; left
horn, 365 mm. = Myij m.

1 cJ, fully adult, skull and horns with scalp. No. 14. S. of Baguezan, May 1,
1920. Right horn, 550 mm. = 21 in. ; left horn, 545 mm. = 20i"TT in.

Type: $ ad., No. 184.

Hausa name Ragindoutchi ; Tuareg name Afitall.

2. Damaliscus korrigum (Ogilb.).

Antilopc korrujiim Ogilljy, P.Z.S. Land. 1836. p. 103 (Korrigum, Bomu).

This antelope was described from skulls and horns brought home by Denham
and Clapperton. In the Book of Antelopes Messrs. Sclater and Thomas go very
fully into the reasons why the names " koba " and " senegalensis ," being mixtures
of three or more species, should be rejected in favour of the name korrigum of
Ogilby. Herr Schwartz has now applied the name " koba " to the sisecies and
apparently uses it to represent Senegal examples, while he makes " korrigum "
one of the numerous subspecies which he recognises. Whether the Senegal
examples are separable from Lake Chad, Bornu, Damergou, and Gambian
examples, which in my opinion are all identical, can only be settled with fresh

76 NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

Senegambian material ; but whether they are separable or not, the names " kola "
and senegalensis are alike not admissible.

Buffon's " Koba " appears to be a mixture of a Biibalis, an Aepycerus, and an
Adenola, and Pennant quotes the name and locality, and describes and figures
as this animal a head of Biibalis caama of the Cape. Erxleben latinised Buffon's
"Koba" as " A ill Hope koba," and Cuvier called it " Aniilope senegakmis"
but both these authors simply used these names and appended to them Pennant's
description. It will thus be seen that it is quite beyond dispute that both these
names apply to a mixtiu-e of animals, or in the case of extra-strict and finnicking
purists could be treated as appertaining to Biibalis caama, in which latter case
the latter ought to be called Bubalis koba (Erxl.) 1777, as caama Cuv. dates
from 1816.

Lydekker, in the Catalogue of Ungulate Mammalia in the British Museum,
gives a key to the subspecies of the Senegal Hartebecst known to him, and uses
as principal characters the black line under the eye and the coloiu- of the legs
below the knee. He evidently cU-ew up his key at various times and from all
sorts of material, for the key characters do not agree with the specimens avaUable
for examination by myself. The character of the tan of the legs below the knee,
as opposed to the darker rufous body in k. tiang when compared with uniformity
of body colour and legs in k. korrigiim, shows that he took this from Watcrhouse,
Hawkins, and Wolf's plates, for both the Lake Chad and Gambian skins in
the British Museum, which he places under k. korrigum, have tan legs. Mr.
Gilbert Blaine {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiii. 1914, pp. 326-335) explains that,
while the black mark below and behind the eye is never present in the two
AVest African forms, it is present or absent in North-Eastern forms, and is only
invariably present in the S.E. African form eiirits Schwarz. Without discussmg
the status of Senegal specimens at present, it is my firm conviction that the
examples of Damaliscus korrigum from Lake Chad westwards to the Gambia
aU belong to the tyjiical race D. korrigum. korrigum (Ogilby).

1 very old S, No. 193. Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, 1,525 ft., August 22,
1920. (Dead weight, 271 lb. ; height at shoulder, 53 in. = 1,325 mm. ; at
hindquarters, 49 in. = 1,225 mm. ; length of body, 46i in. = 1,163 mm. ; girth
of neck, 28 in. = 700 mm. ; of body, 55 in. = 1,375 mm.) Right horn over
curve, 18t5 in. = 480 mm. ; left horn, IS/u in. = 470 mm.
' Hausa name Dere or Derri.

3. Gazella dania damergouensis subsp. nov.

(J?. Nearest to and intermediate between G. d. permista Neum. and d. rcducta
Heller., but distinguished from both by the rusty suffusion of all the white parts,
and the greater extent of the rufous on legs. The horns are quite as thick as
in d. mhorr, but longer in proportion.

1 <J ad.. No. 118. Takoukout, Damergou, 1,550 ft., March 20, 1920. (Dead
weight, 130 lb. ; height at shoulder, 43J- in. = 1,088 mm. ; at rump, ditto ;
length of body, 37i in. = 938 mm. ; girth of neck, 17i in. = 438 mm. ; of
body, 39J in. = 995 mm.) Right and left horns, 330 mm. = 13fij in.

1 very old (J skull, . procured at Damergou. Length of horns, 390 mm. =
15A in.

1 ? ad., No. 115. Takoukout, Damergou, 1,550 ft., March 7, 1920. (Height

MOVITATES ZoOLOGtOAl! XXVIII. 1921. 7T

at shoulders, 40i in. = 1,013 mm. ; at rump, 41| in. = 1,045 mm. ; length
of body, 34 in. = 750 mm. ; girth of neck, lOJ in. = 263 mm. ; of body, 35 in. =
775 mm.) Length of right liorn, 12i\- in. = 320 mm. ; left, 12i''5 in. = 315 mm.
Hausa name Mena.

4. Gazella lufifrons hasleri Poc.

Qazella riififions hasleri Pocock, P.Z.S. Land. 1912. p. 5 (Kano).

1 3' ad., No. 114. Takoukout, Damergou, l,550ft., March 6, 1920. (Height
at shoulder, 29 in. = 725 mm. ; at rumj), 32 in. = 800 mm. ; length of body,
28 in. = 700 mm. ; gu'th of neck, 13 in. = 325 mm. ; of body, 30 in. = 750 in.)
Length of horns, 270 mm. = lOy'V in.

5. Gazella dorcas dorcas (Linn.).

Capra dorcas Linnaeus, Sgst. Nat. edit. x. i. p. 69 (1758) (Egypt).

1 ad. cJ, No. 120. Tokede, Ahber, 3,400 ft.. May 4, 1920. (Dead weight
38 lb. ; height at shoulder, 24J in. = 613 mm. ; at rump, 26 in. = 650 mm.,
length of body, 24 in. = 600 mm. ; girth of neck, 12 in. = 300 mm. ; of body,
24J in. = 613 mm.) Length of horns, 240 mm. = 71"^ in.

Hausa name Matakundi.

6. Gazella ?

This is a skull and horns of an old q gazelle, which may jjossibly be an
abnormal dorcas, but it does not agree with those I have. The horns are longer,
thinner, and closer together, curving in towards the tips more like g. tilonura.

1 old o, skuU and horns. No. 15. Taken near Faodet, N. Asben, June 12,
1920. Length of riglit horn, 315 mm. = 12/u in. ; left, 320 mm. = 12/5 in.

7. Oryx algaael algazel (Oken).

Cemas ahjazel Oken, Lehrb. Xaturg. vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 741 (1816) (Western Sahara).

Lydekker throws some doubt as to the distinctness of a. algazel Oken from
the Western Soudan, and a. dammah from the Eastern Soudan. This was owing
to his never havmg seen a skin of a western example. The western specimens
I have examined in various Italian museums all showed a much greater extent
of rufous than in eastern examples.

Captain Buchanan never got within shot of this animal, owing to his great
exertions to obtain an ostrich ; for the Sabre-horned Antelope is only found
in the Damergou scrub belt where the ostriches occur. He brought home a
pair of native-killed horns.

1 o ad., horns and frontlet. Damergou. Length of riglit horn, 1,050 mm.
= 42 in. ; left, 1,075 mm. = 43 in.

78 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANANS AIR EXPEDITION.

IV.

THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY CAPT. ANGUS BUCHANAN DURING HIS
JOURNEY FROM KANO TO AIR OR ASBEN.

By dr. ERNST HARTERT.

(Plates I.-IX.)

THE best zoogeographical boiindarj', apart from vast oceans, has hitherto
been the Sahara, a wide belt of poorly inhabited and unexplored country.
As long as we knew very little about it, this was a very simple question — north
of the Sahara palaearctic, south of it aethiopian. This contention, however,
was bound to be shaken to some extent when the Sahara (as it is marked on
maps) became zoologically explored. Until the second decade of this century
the Great Desert had only been touched by zoological collectors on some of its
borders : in the east near the Nile, in the north from Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripoli-
tania. South of Algeria the Koenigs had collected as far as Ouargla, Erlanger
and Spatz from Tunisia about as far or little more to the south ; Whitaker's
intrepid collector, Dodson, had penetrated as far as ^Murzuk in Fezzan, south of
Tripolitania, and his collections added much to our knowledge, but were evidently
not exhaustive. J. Dybowski had collected during his inspecting-toiu- to El-
Golea, but of the 42 species of birds which he brought home very few came actually
from El-Golea, but were taken all along the route from Ghardaia to El-Golea,
and mostly not properly labelled. Riggenbach collected a few birds at the Rio
de Oro and Comte de Dalmas at the Bale de Levrier, Cap Blanco south, but neither
of these latter travellers had penetrated into the interior, and each had only
obtained a few specimens.

• In 1912 I collected industriously, accompanied by Hilgert, as far south as
Tidikelt (In-Salah), and in the same year Spatz and Fromholz collected as far
as Temassinin. In 1914 GejT von Schweppenburg and Spatz made their fruitful
expedition to Ideles, on the slopes of the Hoggar Mountains. Thus some know-
ledge was obtained of the Saharan avifauna, but its greater part remained still
unknown — not a step had been made (by ornithological collectors) into the desert
south of Marocco and north of the Senegal, the central belt remained unknown
almost from the Nile to the Atlantic.

Looking at any map, a somewhat large mountain-land. Air or Asben, catches
the eye in the middle of the Sahara, on older maps and in textbooks called an
" oasis," which is, however, a most misleading name for a mountainous country
with desert tracts and valleys, towns and villages, mountains rising up to about
2,000 m. in height.

Zoologically Air remained absolutely unlcnown until Buchanan's expedition.
It was with great satisfaction to myself that Lord Rotlischild fell in with my

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 79

ideas about it, with his usual zeal and interest in all scientific exploration, and
that Capt. Buchanan accepted his offer to make a collecting trip to Air for the
Tring Museum. The exploration of that country has been in my mind since
1886. In that year the leader of a Tuareg caravan in Hausaland, who had
brought salt from BUma, offered to take my companion Staudinger and me to
Asben, but we had not the means, neither the necessary outfit, ammunition, etc.,
nor the money, to accept it, nor would it have been possible, at that time, to
collect freely in Asben, which was only permanently occupied by the French in
1905. It was one of my many unfulfilled dreams of life to visit Asben myself,
but I have never given up the hope one day to see natural history specimens
from there. In 1901 I wrote (Nov. Zool. vol. viii. p. 118), "what may the
extensive mountains of Tintellust, what Asben or Air have in store for us." In
Nov. Zool. vol. XX., 1913, p. 20, I again directed attention to Asben. We knew
already from Earth's Travels that Air has tropical vegetation, that some valleys
are fertile and contain good water, that ostriches, lions, giraffes, birds were seen
by him, that near Agades he observed monkeys and butterflies. Jean, in 1909,
in his book, Les Touaregs du Sud-Est, VAir, mentions lions hi the mountains of
Timgue and Baguezan, foxes, hyaenas, cats, antelopes, monkeys, but he adds
that giraffes do not now exist in the country, and that the ostrich is not found
north of Damergu ; of other birds he mentions, besides some which, like turtle-
doves, occur in palaearctic regions as well as in the tropics, and some unin-
telligible names, glossy starlings, which are only foimd in tropical countries.
The French trader Brand in In-Salah, who had passed Air on his journey to and
from Kano, told me in 1912 that Air abounded in brilliantly coloured birds, such
as sun-birds ("colibris") and glossy starlings, and that weaver-birds' nests
could be seen in the trees. On Plate XVIII. Jean reproduces a large vultiure,
which may possibly be a young Oyps riippellii or G. fiilvus. It seems to be too
large for Lophogyps, and cannot be Pseudogyps. Foureau in D'Alger aii
Congo mentions several birds at Iferouane, among them evidently Columba
guinea, a bird of the size of a thrush, with golden underside and very glossy green
back (? Chrysococcyx cupreus), Plerocles senegalus (probably error !). At Aguellal
he observed C'oJ-f^* « ft »s, i\"»«nV?a, glossy starlings, and small birds " de toutes
nuances."

Meagre as all these statements are, they proved that the fauna of Asben is
chiefly, if not entirely, tropical. This is borne out by Buchanan's collections.
Of the birds nearly all may — apart from migrants — be called tropical species or
subspecies ; two, Sireplopdia turtiir lioggnra and Colinnba livia targia, are so far
only known from the Hoggar Mountains, where Geyr discovered them, and nine
are inhabitants also of the Northern Sahara, one is a sub-species, and closely allied
to the South Algerian Crateropus fiilvus. The mammals are on the whole
Sudanese forms or close allies of such, and what there is of Algerian forms is really
Saharan, and not found in Algeria proper. The lepidoptera are essentially
Saharan, many forms being similar to those foimd by Geyr and myself in the
Sahara between the Atlas and Tidikelt, and the Hoggar Mountains.

The boundary between the palaearctic and tropical African fauna may
therefore be regarded as fairly fixed to about the 20th degree of latitude, though
it is, of course, not a hard-and-fast dividing line, there being many exceptions —
even among birds which form the main basis of these notes. I am sorry to say
I cannot agree with my friend Geyr v. Schwepfienburg's conclusions as put forth

80 NOVTTATES ZOOLOCICAE XXVIII, 1921.

in Journ. j. Orn. vol. Ixv., 2, pp. 43-56. Nobody will and can deny that Asben,
with such birds as Nectarhiiidae, glossy starlings, Burhinus capensis, Necrosyrtes,
Chrysococcyx, hornbUls, Coliiis macrourus, Pogoniulus, Scoptelus, Batis, Eremo-
pterix, Passer griseus, weaver-birds, etc., has a tropical bird population. With
equal certainty, however, I consider a country where all these tj'pes of tropical
avifauna are fully absent, and where, instead, Burhinus oedicnemus, Sylvia nana
deserti, Buteo ferox cirlensis, Athene noctua saharae, and other birds which also
inhabit palaearctic regions north of the Sahara, or along its northern portion,
form the bird population, as palaearctic. The correctness and erudition shown
in Geyr's remarks is great, but the origin of certain forms does not, m my opinion,
prove that they can nowadays be called upon as witnesses for the relationship
of a fauna. There are in Marocco, Algeria, etc., and even in Europe, forms of
undoubted tropical origin, such as Alcedo atlhis ispida and Coracias garrulus
in Europe, tlie often-quoted Pyenonotus barbatus barbatus, Telephonus (Harpo-
lestes), Asio capensis tingitanns, Melieraxmusicits, Streptopelia senegalensis phoeni-
cophila, Apus afpnis galilejcnsis, in Africa Minor, yet these forms are nmo palae-
arctic bu-ds, and can therefore not prove the character of a country to be tropical.
Of the troj)ical birds from the expedition, 14 (possibly 15) are peculiar,
modified forms, but only 6 of them are found in Asben proper, 6 are equally found
in Damergu, Zinder, or Northern Hausaland, which are naturally richer in animal
life than the dry, desolate mountains of Air.

The birds show once more that the Sudan from east to west, like the
Saharan province, forms a uniform faunal zone. In olden times, when Jean
Cabanis was alive and head of the bird department in the Berlin Museum, a
saj-ing of his used to be proverbial among his disciples, " dat jeht so durch " (" that
ranges through"), which he frequently used to emphasise that certain forms
extended from the west (Senegal) to the Eastern Sudan. The name Sudan is
the ancient name for the negro-country south of the Sahara, from west to east.
Therefore we correctly called the expedition to Hausaland in 1885 and 188C, of
which my journey to Sokoto and Kano formed a j^art, the expedition to the
Western Sudan, and Sclater and Praed published a list of the birds from what
they call the " Anglo- Egyptian Sudan." Unfortunately it has become customary
to restrict the name Sudan to that latter region, in which, moreover, is included
the whole of Nubia, which should be separated historically, geographically, and
tb a certain extent faunistically.

While most of the birds from Kano, Zinder, and Damergu agree best with the
Senegal forms, this is also the case with the majority of Asben birds, but the
occurrence of such specialised forms as Orlyxelus meifjreni from the Senegal to
Darfur and Kordofan, the discovery of Capriniulgus eximius and Calendula dunni
as far west as Zinder are, among others, proofs of this continual Sudanese fauna.
On the other hand, many forms are different east and west, sometimes widely,
sometimes very little, though distinguishable. A stepping-stone between our
knowledge of the bii'ds of Asben to Kano and those from the " Anglo- Egyptian
Sudan " are the discoveries of Capt. Lynes, the results of which are, however,
except descriptions of a few novelties, not yet published, and who is now making
a second collection in Darfur. The temporary French occupation of Tibesti, under
Col. Tilho, has not yielded any zoological fruits.

Capt. Buchanan sailed from England early in November, and landed at
Lagos, whence he proceeded by railway to Kano. Near Kano, mostly in the

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 81

village of Farniso north of Kano, he stayed and collected from December 3 to
January 8. Kano is about 1,700 feet high, and the dry season had commenced
before he arrived there. From 9. i. 1920 to January 22 he travelled northwards
over the 140 miles to Zinder, where he camped until February 20 (PI. I.). The
journey was mostly through open bush country, interspersed with barren, sandy
tracks. Zinder was the ricliest place for birds where he collected during the ex-
pedition, many birds appearing, for example, on the wells of Baban Tubki (PI. I.).
The Zinder country is generally called Damagarim, and is from 1,500 to 1,610 feet
high. North of Zinder is a barren belt, 25 to 30 miles wide, undulating in places
with low-rounded rises, sandy or covered (in the dry season) with withered grass,
and often outcrops of gravel, boulders and rocks, in places some scraggy bush and
an odd tree. Near Kaleloua a 20-mUes-wide belt of fairly thick bush,chiefly acacias,
is passed, to be followed by a 50-mUes-wide barren belt. Takukut (Takoukout) in
Damergu was reached on March 6, and collections were made until March 27.
From south of Takukut to north of Aderbissinat extends a bush belt of fairly
scattered dwarf acacias, of elevations from 1,500 to 1,800 feet. This bush belt
is about 75 miles wide, and the only place where ostriches are found nowadays in
these countries. The 93J miles to Agades are waterless desert, there being water
only in the well at Abellama.

Agades, the French garrison and administrative capital of Air (Asben), 1,710
feet above the sea, was reached on April 1 1, and the traveller stayed there 1 1 days.
Agades, however, lies not yet in the mountains of Asben, though in the far distant
in the north smoke-blue hills are visible on the horizon. The foothills can be
reached in half a day from Agades, but the great mountain ranges commence
only near Aouderas and Baguezan, when range upon range are in view in a long
ragged line acro.ss the northern front (Pis. II., III., IV.). The typical brown-
grey rock-country of Asben is entered south of Aouderas and Baguezan at Azzal,
1,825 feet above the sea. At Arra, in the southern foothills of Mount Baguezan,
Buchanan stayed from May 1 to May 5, and on Mount Baguezan, the highest
point of which is 6,050 feet high, he stayed at an elevation of 5,200 feet from
May 8 to June 6. It had been a rainless dry season, but a few light rains began
to fall early in June. This seems to be a land of pebbles and rocks, like lava or the
sea-shore, a waterless waste, a desert of rocks, bare of plants and life. Only
along the beds of rivulets, which appear like a meandering line of sand through
the grey land of pebbles, some tufts of coarse grass and a few stunted acacias are
seen, and along the greater river-beds is more vegetation, with doum-palms
(Hyphaene) and date-palms, acacia bush and " skunk," a bush growing about
6 to 10 feet high, from a distance looking like a strong-leaved willow. Goats eat
it, and camels when in need of food ; it is evergreen, and has a strong, unpleasant
smell. Hausa name " Abisgee."

The summit of Mount Baguezan appears as a great plateau with mount upon
mount of gigantic boulders with narrow levels of sand or bare rock. Nearly all
the shelf-rock in Asben is in an advanced stage of decay, but the boulders
(Pis. VII. and VIIT.) are strong and hard. There is besides much rock like lava.
Mounts Baguezan, Timia, Agalak, Faodet, and Tamgak may be said to form almost
one continuous range. The heights are often of grotesque shape and appear like
towers and castles from the distance. At the base of the greater mountain rangea.
are fertile belts, where acacias and slirubs (particularly the skunk-like smelling
bush) grow in fair abundance, and on which the goats and camels used to feed in
6

32 NOVITATF-S ZoOLOGIrAR XXVIII. 1921.

the past — for now many large stone-built towns and villages are deserted and dead,
except in the southern parts, near Agades. There are small settlements at Timia,
Aouderas, and on Mount Baguezan, a few hundred natives in all, otherwise the
land north of Agades is in ruins and unpopulated. This is due to the continued
attacks by raiders, who come from the north, stealing camels and whatever they
can get, and attacking and killing the people who resist. A band of 14 men
attacked Timia on June 21, stealing 32 camels and wounding 8 natives, several
of whom died. Buchanan reached Timia only a few hours after the fight, just
too late to help the inhabitants. These raiders come from far north, from Janet,
about south-west of Ghat, in the territory of the Asger (Asdjer, Azkar), and were
led by a famous robber named Chebickee.

At Iferouan (2,300 feet) the traveller collected on June 13 and 14; he then
returned via Aguellal, at the foot of the Aguellal mountains (Pis. V. and VI.) and
stayed at Timia (3,800 feet) June 21-26; from there he returned to Mount Baguezan
from July 1 to 3, when the dreary aspect was relieved by some green foliage
appearing, resulting from light rains. Collections were made to about 5,200 feet,
the highest point being 6,050 feet. At Azzal (1,825 feet), not far from Agades,
Buchanan camped from July 12 to 17. In the Aouderas Mountains (2,700 to
4,000 feet) (PI. IX.) a stay was made from July 22 to August 1, on Mount
Tarrouaji August 3 and 4. Here most of the time was occupied with the
hunting of the Barbary sheep, at elevations of alaout 3,000 feet, which is
roughly the summit of the range. Here the rainy season liad set in fully.

The return journey was now commenced, and a stay made at Tegguidi,
where the collector camped at 1,375 feet below the cliff, which towers up to 1,710
feet at its top. From Tegguidi to Agades is the only place where Passer simplex
was noticed. A stay was again made at Aderbissinat, 1,525 feet, 93| miles south
of Agades, where large, lake-like temporary ponds of water had collected from
the heavy rains, frequented by a good many waterfowl and waders. From
September 3 to 5 Buchanan stayed at Tanout, 1,800 feet, south of Damergu, and
from there travelled rapidly southwards to Kano.

While the traveller had always been in splendid health, he was attacked by
malarial fever during the rains, on his return journey, from which he was still
suffering for some months in England.

WhUe the winter was absolutely dry, some slight showers fell in June, soon
followed by green foliage, but the rainy season began in the middle of July and
lasted throughout August, ending in September. Water in Asben is gained from
deep wells ; permanent surface water exists only in three places, so far as could be
ascertained, one being a deep pool near Aouderas. The year 1920 was exception-
ally good for rain, while the foregoing years were terrible, in 1919 rain falling on
two days only.

Buchanan was most kindly received, and assisted in every possible way, by
the French officers in Zinder, Damergu, and Agades. Unfortunately the insecurity
in Asben obliged the authorities to insist on a guard of Tuareg soldiers accom-
panying him on his journey to the northern parts of Asben, and he was only
allowed to stay a very short time in some of the places.

Capt. Buchanan obtained skins of 168 species. In a country which, to a
great extent, is desert and therefore poor in animal life, and considering that he
also collected as many lepidoptera and mammalia as possible, this is a very fine
collection. He believes that he got almost every resident bird in Asben, except

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXVIII. 1921. 83

two, a large falcon (probably Falro hiurmicns ahyssinicns) and a large eagle
with white on rump or base of tail. But of the 168 species, apart from migrants
from Europe, only 65 were from Asben proper, of which we are sure or must
assume that they are breeding resident birds. They are the following : Numida
(jnleata galeata, Pterocles Hchtensteinii targius, Burhimis capensis affinis, Strepto-
pelia senegalensis senegaltnsis , S. roseogr. roseogrisea, S. turtur hoggara, Oena
capensis, Columba livia targia, Necrosyrtes mon. monachus, Neophron pcrcn.
percnopterus, Gyps riipp. riippellii, Clamator jacobinvs pica, Chrysococcyx caprins
chrysochlorus, Lophoceros erythr. erlhrorhynchus (only in the south), Mesopicos
goertae goertae, Dendropicos minulus, Coracias abyssiiius minor, Upiipa (pops
somalensis, Merops orientalis viridissimus, C'olivs macrourus syniactus, Lyhiiis
vieilloti Jrater, Trachyphomts margar. margaritatus, Pogoniulus chrysoconns
schubotzi, Scoptelus oterrimns cryptostictus, Caprimvlg^ts inornatus, Apits miirinns
brehmorum (?), Apus affinis galilejensis, Riparia obsoleta buchanani, Oenanthe
leucopyga aegra, Crateropvs fvlvns buchanani, Cercolrichas podobe, Agrobates
galaciotes minor, Cercomela melamira airensis, Ilippolais pallida reiseri, Spiloptila
damans, Eremomela flavivenier alexaruleri, Hedydipna platura platura, Nectarinia
pulchella aegra, Remiz pinirlijrons, Balis senegalensis, Lanivs excubitor lencopygos,
Nilatis afer afer, Pycnonotus harbatus arsinoe, Anthus sordidus asbenaicus,
Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes, Galerida crisiata alexanderi, Ammomanes deserii
mya, Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor, Eremoplerix leucotis melanocephaln,
Erem. frontalis jrontalis, Emberiza slriolata sahari, Passer simplex saharae, P.
liiteus, P. grisetis griseus, Serinus leucopygins riggenbachi, Erythrospiza gifhaginea
zedlitzi, Ploceus luteolits luteolus, P. viiell. vitellinus, Aidemosyne cant, cantans,
Estrilda senegala brunneiceps, Spreo pulcher pulcher, Lamprocolius chnlybeus
harllanbi, Corvus albus, G. corax riificollis, C. rhipidurus.

As wOl be seen at a glance by anyone acquainted with the distribution of
birds in Africa, by far the majority of these forms are inhabitants of tropical
Africa. The greater part have evidently found their way to Asben from Nigeria,
and agree fully with the Senegalese forms, or those from Hausaland, when they
differ, as for example Pogoniulus chrysocomis schubotzi, Scoptelus aterrimus
cryptostictus, Galerida crisiata alexanderi. Others, however, have hitherto only
been known from North-East Africa, as, for examjile, Spiloptila clamaiis, Remiz
punctijron-s, Corvus rhipidurus, and others found in Zinder and Damergu. Of
still greater interest are those birds which must have reached Asben from the
north, viz. Oenanthe leucojiyga aegra, Hippolais pallida reiseri, Alaemon alaudipes
alaudipes, Ammomanes deserti mya (?), Emberiza slriolata sahari. Passer simplex
saharae, Erythrospiza githaginca zedlitzi, Corvus corax ruficollis, which Asben has
in common with the Algerian Sahara, a palaearctic country, and Pterocles lick-
tensteinii targius, Streplopelia turtur hoggara, Columba livia targia, hitherto only
known from the Hoggar Mountains.

As not a single specimeu had ever been collected in Asben, Damergu, and
Zinder, every skin from there was of the greatest interest. Also the collection
from Kano is valuable to us, as practically nothing has been known from there
except my own meagre notes and specimens, very meagre indeed owing to my
severe illness (malaria) and other hindering circumstances ; Boyd Alexander
did not collect near Kano, but passed through Katshena on his journey to
Lake Chad.

The migrants obtained are also of interest, but we know still of certain species

84 KoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921

passing througli the Western Sahara and not yet found in the Sudan south of the
latter, such as Shrpiopelia turtiir arenicola for example. Only 4 forms appear to
be peculiar to Ashen : Riparia ohsoleia buchanani, Crateropus fiihnis huchanani,
C'ercomela melavvra airensis, Anlhus sordidns asbenmcus. From such a remote
place, far away from all explored portions of Africa, I should have expected more
peculiar forms. The reason that there are so few is probably the connecting
highway through Zinder and Damergu to Hausaland, which has mostly more or
less vegetation, there being only a comparatively narrow bare belt.

Probably also this part, and indeed the whole of the Sahara, has been water-
less desert before the arrival of many of the species inhabiting it at present,
while the former bird population may have died out when the desiccation became
serious. Though I do not denj' that the desiccation of the Sahara continues
even now, I am convinced that it has in the main been a desert long before
historical times.

During my study of Buchanan's bird collection the following recent works
have more especially been of value to me : Oscar Neumann's list of the birds
of the western Senegal Colon}', and Sclater and Praed's list of the birds of the
Anglo- Egj'ptian Sudan. Among others I have had occasion specially to use
Claude Grant's articles, Zerllitz's reviews of many African groups, Neumann's
critical and detailed articles, Lynes's description of new birds from Darfur, and
Wettstein's notes on Kordofan birds. Doubtless the results of Lynes's second
expedition to Darfur, when worked out together with his first collection, will
greatly increase our knowledge of Sudanese birds.

A great desideratum is still the exploration of the country north of the
Senegal, and, though of less importance, that south of the Maroccan Atlas.

1. Stiuthio canielus camelus L.

Strutldo Camehis Linnaeus, Syst, Nal. ed. x. i. p. 155 (1758 — " habitat iu Syria, Arabia, Lybia,
Africa." Restricted terra typica North Africa, from quotations and designation of Rothschild,
Bull. B.O. Cluh, xxxix. p. 83).

(J ad., Damergu, 3.Lx. 1920. " Iris light stone-grey. Bill dull pale whitish
yellow, nostrils and corners of mouth full dull pink. Feet whitish cream-
yellow with pinkish tint. Length of neck and body 88 in., tarsus 24(?),
weight 274 lb."

This is a very fine adult male ; the tarsus measures in the skin 455 mm., bill
140 mm. It is only in Damergu, i.e. in a bush belt, about 80 miles wide, of
scattered dwarf acacias between Tanout and Tessalatin, that ostriches are found.
The food in the dry season is chiefly a leguminose shrub, about 18 in. high,
with yellow flowers and flat transversely ribbed pods, which grows, though not
abundantly, on bare sand. It is a species of Cassia near obovata. Hausa name
Filusko. Next to it the juicy leaves of Oxystelma hornouense (Asdepiadeae), a
slender creeper that climbs to the topmost branches of the acacias. Hausa name
Hanwin Rago. Other food plants of the ostrich are a species of Chtcumis (Hausa
name Gurji or Gurji kwantal, " a common ground-creeping goiu-d"), and Maerita
rigida {Capparidaceae), a small tree with white flowers, called by the Hausas
Chichiwa. Hausa name Simmina.

NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 85

2. Numida galeata galeata Pall.

Kumida gakala Pallas, Spkil. Zool. i. fasc. iv. pp. 13, 15 (1767— name given to the domesticated
guinea-fowl of Europe and America).

(Nimmla meleagris auctorum, nee Linnaeus ! Linne named the bird described
in detaO by Hasselquist, Iter Palaestinum, pp. 274-278, 1757. The name melea-
gris cannot possibly be accepted for the West African common guinea-fowl now
domesticated in Europe and other countries, because it is clear that it is that of
the species hitherto called ptilorhyncha. Hasselquist clearly described the round
white spots changing to narrow bars at the base of the neck, and the bristles at
the base of the bill, and not the obvious bluish grey-brown collar across the crop
region ; moreover he described it from a specimen brought to Cairo by Nubian
traders, together with monkeys and parrots. Advocates of " nomina conser-
vanda " will probably say the " well-known " name of meleagris must be preserved
for our domesticated guinea-fowl ; but as it obviously was not meant for it,
nomenclature would become a mockery if we continue its erroneous use, and the
domesticated species must be called Numida galeata. )

Nos. 342, 343, 344 ^$$, Zinder, 9.ii.l920.

Nos. 577, 598 (J?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 11, 17. v. 1920.

" Length, 18^ to 20J in. Top of head medium brown, sides of head pale
whitish cobalt blue, wattles red. Iris dark brown. BUI brown of various shades,
tip pale. Feet black, joints of scales generally pale brown."— (A. B.) Also
observed near Aderbissinat in August, south of Aguellal in June, and near
Aouderas in July. Hausa name Labo.

There is no constant difference between these birds, nor between them and
our series from iSenegambia. iV. galeata is common in Hausaland in wooded
districts, while on the Lower Niger the Angola-Gabun form N. galeata marchei
occurs, which is larger and has a darker and more bluish crop region with more
or less developed whitish cross-bars.

3. Francolinus clappertoni clappertoni Children.

FrancoUnus Ckipperloni Children, Denham & Clapperton's Narr. Trav. <£- Discov. North <£■ Central
Afr., append, p. 198 (1826 — no locality stated. The specimens were evidently never labelled.
The Francolm doubtless came from northern Bomu or northern Hausaland. To say that Bornu
must be the exact locality is impossible. Grant did this because on p. 320 it is said that" very
large partridges'" are found in Bomu, but there is no indication that the type of F. clappertoni
was shot there).

9 jun., nearly full grown, juv. about half grown, Zinder, 5, 9.ii. 1920.

c?? ad., Takukut, Damergu, 21, 26.iii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown, bare space roimd eyes fairly deep pink. Bill and ' cere '
(space round nostiils) dull black, edge of nostrils and corner of mouth slightly
pink. Feet ^ dull black, legs behind and soles tinted with pinkish ; $ deep bright
black, underlain with reddish, particularly on back of tarsus."

These specimens are interesting as coming not far from the original locality
of the species. So far no specimens except the type were available from there,
until Boyd Alexander collected a few from various places near Lake Chad.

There appears to be no difference between birds from Hausa and Bornu
and those of Kordofan. The former have more often buff spots, in addition to

gQ NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

the submargiiial lines to tlie feathers of the interscapulium, but this diiference
is not constant. F. clapperloni heuglini and gedgei are well distinguishable from
F.c. clapperloni, but very close to each other, F.c. sharpei from Abj'ssinia is still
more distinct and considered as a species by some authors. (Cf. Sclater and
Praed, Ibis, 1920, pp. 844-846).

4. Pterocles senegalensis senegalensis Licht.

Pterocles senegalensis LicUtensteiii, Verz. DoM. Mus. Berlin, p. 64 (1823 -" Scnegainb., Aegypt.,

Nubia ").
Pterocles exuslus Temminck, 1825.

(J ad., Abellama, south of Asben, 14. viii. 1920. "Iris dark, ej'elid pale
■whitish yellow. Bill medium whitish grey, paler yellowish at corner of mouth.
Feet dead whitish grey." Length 13^- in.

This specimen agrees joerfectly with those from Nubia.

5. Pterocles lichtensteinii targius Gcjt.

Pterocles lichlensteinti targius Gej'r von Schweppenburg, Orn. Jlonalsher. 1916. p. 56 (source of Tahart,
northern Tuareg country).

3 cJ 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet. May 13, 18, 20, and June 4, 1920.
tJ. " Iris very dark umber-brown, eyelid lemon-yellow. BOl dull sienna-brown.
Feet dull medium orange- yellow." ?. Same, but " eyelid whitish yellow."

These birds agree entirely with the specimens collected by Geyr in the north
of the Hoggar Mountains, 4 of which were kindly lent me by Prof. Koenig for
comparison. These birds differ certainly at a glance from P. lichtensteinii
lichtensteinii of Nubia (specimens from Suakim in British Museum) by having
narrower bars on the upperside and thus appear much less black ; the bars on
the wings are less white ; also the barring of the females is very much narrower,
and the ground colour is less whitish, more brownish isabeUine, so that it appears
altogether more isabeUine brownish. With regard to the other forms, I cannot
help, for the present, doubting the difference of abyssiniciis from P. I. lichtensteinii.
It seems to me that the latter ranges from the Red Sea shores (Nubia) to Abyssinia,
and North Somaliland. This was also accepted by Neumann in 1909.

Buchanan found these sandgrouse only on Mt. Baguezan, where they were
often flushed from between the boulders on the hill- sides, and were seen flying
to water at sim-down.

6. Ortyxelos meifEreni (Vieill.).

Turnix Meiffreni Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 49 (Senegal).

2 cJ ad., 3 ?, 1 (J pull., Zinder, January 24 and February, 1020. " Length
4 1-4 J in. Iris medium umber- brown. Bill various shades of dark l)rown, in
one dull pale yellowish with extreme of upper mandible blackish grey. Feet
creamy white."

There is considerable variation among these specimens, 1 male (No. 228) is
redder, has more conspicuous buff spots, bordered above by a black line on the
scapulars and inner secondaries, and lacks on these parts almost completely the
biilT edges, Altogether they do not seem to differ from a skin from the Senegal

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 87

Colony (Riggenbach) and the skins brought home by Lynes from Darfur. Tlie
young bird is in its first feather-garb, and agrees calmost exactly with adult birds,
except for its much smaller size. Wings, (J 73, 75, $ 77, 78, 80 mm. The larger
size of the 5 is, judging from Lynes's specimens from Darfur, not constant, as he
has females with wings measiuring 77 and 79, a male with wings 80 mm. That
is assuming that Buchanan's and Lynes's sf)ecimens are correctly sexed.

I am inclined to think that the position of Ortyxelos with the " Cursors," as
adopted by Sharpe and Reichenow, is wrong, and that it is a genus of the
Hemipodii (Turnicidae).

Buchanan says they frequent quiet bush, rise from the grass at one's feet
and fly " like a bat in daylight, as if short-sighted," for a short distance before
dropping into cover again. Seen singly or in pairs only. An adult bird had
small seeds, the young insects in stomach." A$shot 13. ii. 1920 had a " half-
formed egg."

7. Otis senegalensis senegalensis Vieill.

Otis Senegalensis Vieillot, Tahl. Em. Meth. Orn. i. p. 333 (1820 — Senegal, in Riocour collection).

cJ ad., Zinder, 1,500 feet, 5.ii. 1920. " Iris dark. Upper mandible blackish,
cutting edge and lower mandible whitish with pink tinge. Feet cream-white.
Length 20} in. Hausa name, Kadupkurra. Found in open half-desert country,
interspersed with dwarf bush and irregular patches of dry grass."

Also found in Hausalaud, near Zaria (of. Nov. Zool., 1915, p. 247).

8. Eupodotis arabs (L.).

Otis arabs Linnaeus, Si/sl. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 154 (17-58 — ex Edwards, who figures, on pi. 12, a specimen
from Mocca in Arabia).

$ ad., Zinder, 1,500 feet, 28. i. 1920. " Iris clear cream-white. Bill greyish
brown between nostrils and to tip, three-quarters of an inch from extreme lower
mandible darkish, remainder of bill dirty white. Feet white, slightly tinged
with yellow. Hausa name Toogee or Towgee."

It is at present impossible to define sub-species of this species.

9. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

Sterna kmoplcra Temniinck, Man. d'Orn. p. 483 (1815 — coasts of Mediterranean).

cJ juv., ? juv., Aderbissinat, 1,525 feet, south of Asben, 18, 24. viii. 1920.
" Iris dark. Bill deep bluish black with faint dull orange at corner of mouth.
Feet (^ medium full darkish sienna-brown, $ sienna-brown."

10. Himantopus himantopus himantopus (L.).

Charadrius Himantopus Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 151 (1758—" habitat in Europa australiore ").

?, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 17 . viii . 1920. " Iris full clear crimson. Bill
fairly bright black. Feet medium pale pink."

11. Tringa glareola L.

Tringa glareola Linnaeus, Sysl. A'at. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758 — " habitat in Europa ").
(J9, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 19. viii. 1920,

go NOVIIATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

12. Tringa ochropus L.

Tringa Ocrophus (evidently the " h " misplaced, though in the quoUtions as well !) Liunaeus, Sysl.
Nat. ed. x. i. p. 149 (1758 — " habitat in Europa ").

<JcJ, Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 26, 29.xii. 1920.
13. Tringa hypoleucos L.

Trinrja Hypoleucos Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. s. i. p. 149 (1758 — " Europa").
<^, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 15.viii.l920.

14. Philomachus pugnax (L.).

Trinija Piicjiiax Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 148 (1758 — " Europa." Restricted terra typica
Sweden).
cj?$, Aderbissiuat, south of Asben, August, 1920.

15. Sarciophorus tectus tectus (Bodd.)

Charadrivs leclus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 57 (1783 — ex Daubenton, pi. 834, "Pluvier du
Senegal ").

2 (J, 3 $, Zinder, 5, 9.ii.l920. "Iris clear lemon- yellow. Bill crimson
except f in. extreme which is black. Wattles dull deep pink. Feet medium
full purple. Length, lOJ to 10| in."

There is no differences between males and females. Wings, J 193, 196,
$ 187, 193, 202 mm. ! Stupendous variation. The length of 202 must be excep-
tional, the other (right) wing measuring only 201, while in about 15 specimens
from Senegal and East Africa the biggest measm'e was 1 99, and that only occiured
once, tlie usual length being 186-196 mm.

" $, February 9, in breeding condition. $, February 5, with fully formed
eggs in ovary."

16. Hoplopterus spinosus (L.).

Cluxradriua spinosus Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 151 (1758 — " habitat in Aogypto." Ex Hassel-
quist's '■ Iter").

' $9, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 1,525 feet, 15, 26. viii. 1920. "Iris rich
red. Bill deeiJ black. Feet dull deep black." Wings, 194, 199 mm. Length,
11 in.

17. Burhinus (Oedicnemus) capensis maculosus (Temm.).

OeJicncmus maculosus Temminck, PL Col. 292 (1824 — wide distiibution given, but specimen from

Senegal figured and described).
I Orilicnemus a^ttis Riippell, Mas. Senckeith. ii. p. 210(1837 — " Kordofan, Nubien, Abyssinien," but

terra typica Red Sea coast of Abyssinia, ex Syst. Nebers. ]'dy. N.O. AJr. pp. 112, 117 .').

(^, Aouderas, central Asben, 2,700 feet, 21.vii.l920. "Iris clear medium
pale lemon-yellow, eyelid lemon-yellow. BiU beyond nostril dull black, remain-
ing portion of a slightly greenish lemon- yellow. Feet pale greenish lemon-yellow."

This bird is very brightly coloured, the black spots on the uppcrsidc smaller
than in B. capensis capensis, abdomen unsj)otted excej)t along flanks, feet very
pale.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGlfAE XXVIII. 1921. 89

Though Reichenow united affinis and maculosus with capensis, he evidently
no longer adheres to this opinion, and modern authors distinguish at least a
northern brighter, lighter, and a southern darker, duller-coloured subspecies.
It is, however, difficult to know what the proper name of the pale birds should be.
Sclater and Praed {Ibis, 1920, p. 802) adopt " Kordofan " as the typical locality
of affinis, but this is not correct. Though Riippell said that its distribution was
Kordofan, Nubia, and Abyssinia, he had oidy collected it on the Red Sea coast
of Abyssinia (I.e.), and the types in Frankfurt are labelled Abyssinia. Now the
figure in Syst. Nehers. Voy. N.O. Aft:, pi. 42, seems to me to represent a bird
different from the brightly coloured ones from the Senegal, Gambaga, Asbcn,
Upi^er Nile and White Nile, with which also one from Eritrea agrees.

Zedlitz(t/o!M'«. /. Orn., 1010, p. 314) gave a review oi the iorms ot Oe. capensis.
He examined the " types " of Riiijpell, of which one only agrees with Riippell's
plate, the other is, he says, a juvenile bird and looks quite different. He truly
says that only the adult bird which agrees with the plate can be the type, and he
wonders how Riippell could have designated two different birds as types ; it
must, however, be pointed out that Riippell designated no types at all, he not
having the modern conception of the importance of type specimens ! We can
now only accept the Frankfm't birds as his types, but no individual example can
with absolute certainty be labelled " type," unless he had only one ! The birds
in Frankfurt do not have " original " collector's labels ; the labels which I found
on the specimens when I catalogued the collection thirty years ago were written
by the curator Erckel, and only sometimes were still older labels glued under the
stands, and those were hardly the original field-labels. In former days the proper
identification of the species appeared to be of more importance than the all-
important, sacred original label j)ut on the bird by the collector in the field.
Collectors who nowadays do not attach such labels, but numbers or marks only,
are fortunately rare and deserve nothing but the severest criticism.

A specimen in the Tring Museum from Ehanda in South-West Africa is
hardly distinguishable from Senegal ones, and is evidently B. capensis damarensis
(Rchw.), while some from Benguella, on the other hand, seem to agree absolutely
with others from South and East Africa, being much darker !

B. c. psammochrous (Rchw.) is synonymous of maculosus (and thus perhaps
of affinis), csongor the same as capensis. B. c. dodsoni (Grant) is lighter than
capc7isis, greyer than maculosvs (affinis auct.). B. c. ehrenbergi (Zedl.) (Orn.
Monatsber., 1910, p. 9, Journ. f. Orn., 1910, p. 314) is unknown to me.

18. Streptopelia senegalensis senegalensis (L.)
Columba senegalemis Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 283 (1766 — Senegal, ex Brisson).

3 (J, 3 $ ad., 1 (J immat., Kano and Farniso near Kano, December 1919.

2 juv. in first plumage, Timia, northern Asbcn, 26. vi. 1920.

2 cJad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 12, 28. v. 1920.

(5 ad., south of Baguezan, 3. v. 1920.

Adults : " Iris very dark umber-brown. Bill and nostrils dull black. Feet
medium reddish pm'ple."

In the young in first plumage the ujiper wing-coverts have brownish-buff
margins, the jugular collar is wanting ; at first the jugular feathers are sandy grey

90 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXVIII. 1921.

with buffy edges, later rufous buff with bluish-grey bases. A jj shot o.xii. 1919
is in full moult.

Common near Kano ; near Baguezaii among the rocks, not rare, common at
Baban Tubki near Zinder. On December 19 a nest with 2 eggs was taken near
Farniso (Kano) about 3 feet 6 in. above the ground in a low acacia bush, in a
clump of trees near village. The eggs are slightly glossy and measure 258 x 148
and 268 X 15 mm. An egg taken from the oviduct 23.xii.1919 measures
255 X 20 mm. Hausa name Kutchea, Tuareg Tedabear.

19. Streptopelia decipiens shelleyi (Salvad.)

Turlur shelleyi Salvadoii, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxi. p. 419 (1893 — Lower Xigcr !).

3 tJ", 2 ?, Farniso near Kano, 1,700 feet, December 1919, January 1920.
" Iris pale creamy white. Bill with cere black. Feet medium reddish purple."
Hausa name Zunqui.

I compared these specimens with the type and sole specimens of Turlur
shelleyi, m the British Museum, and find them to agree with the latter. This
form differs from all the other subspecies of decipiens known to me in the colour
of the primary coverts, which are bluish grey and not blackish or dark brown !
The cheeks are grey, back brownish, narrow outer edges of quUls whitish grey,
mider tail-coverts bluish grey with whitish fringes. Wings, (J 181-185, $ 171,177
mm. I measure the left whig of the tyjJe specimen 172, the right one 169 mm.
This form inhabits also Togo, as Reichenow informs me that Togo specimens
have bluish-grey primary coverts and extends to the Senegal Colony.

20. Streptopelia roseogrisea roseogrisea (Sund.).

Columha msfogrisea Sundevall, Kril. om Lcvaill. p. 54 (1857 — Xubia).

4 (^, 2 ?, Zinder, 24-30. i. 1920. "Iris rich scarlet. Bill black. Feet
medium reddish purple." Hausa name Memmacallie.

These birds do not seem to differ from Nubian examples. The coloration of
the under wing-coverts varies, being sometimes quite white, more often tinged
\yith grey.

Also observed numerous at Aderbissinat in August, and at Azzal in July.
Very common at Zinder. In stomachs mUlet and small beans.

21. Streptopelia vinacea vinacea (Gm.).
(? an subspecies.)
Columha vinacea Gmelin, Si/st. Na!. i. 2. p. 782 (1789 — Senegal. Ex Bris.son).

3 cJ, 1$, Farniso near Kano, 31. xii. 1919, l.i.l920. " Iris dark. Bill grey-
black. Feet medium full reddish purple." Hausa name Memmacallie, which
means having a black crescent on the hind-neck.

These birds are rather long-\\inged, comjiarcd with Senegal specimens.
Left wing, ^ 146, 148, 150, 2 140 mm. Possibly with a larger series a larger sub-
species might be established, but they seem to be widely spread. At Loko on
the Benae they were common.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 91

22. Streptopelia turtur hoggara (Ge3T).

Turlur liirlur hoggara Geyr von Schweppenlnirg, Orn. MonaUher. 1916. p. 59 (Ideles, northern edge of
Hoggar Mountains),

2 (J, 1 ?, Iferouan, northern Asben, 2,300 feet, 14. vi. 1920. "Iris clear
light huffish sienna, bare skin round eye deep purple. Bill brownish black. Feet
crimson to pale purple."

Buchanan only found this dove at Iferouan and observed it chiefly in the
tops of the date palms. The chief of Iferouan informed him that it never occMred
south of Tamgak (close to Iferouan), but was found among the rocks north of
Iferouan. This information is probably quite correct, as the specimens agree
with the type of S. tnrtur hoggara. They are really intermediate between S. t.
isabellina and arenicola, but nearer to the former, from which they merely differ
in the more or less bluish-grey forehead and crown, and the darker, more greyish-
brown, less isabelline, back and rump. Wings, (J 175, 168, $ 173 mm. The
wing of the type of hoggara measures 170. Stomach berries.

8. i. hoggara is one of the few birds the stronghold of which seems to be in
more northern regions, the majority of the bird population of Asben being that
of the Western Sudan.

23. Oena capensis (L.)

Columla capensis Linnaeus, Syal. Sal. ed. xii. i. p. 286 (1766 — Cape of Good Hope. Ex Brisson).

Eight specimens from Farniso near Kano, Zinder, and Mt. Baguezan. A
yomig in first plumage, Zinder, 17. ii. 1920. Hausa name Burdu.

In the males the bill is orange-red, in females and young black or blackish.
Also observed in the Timia valley in June. Very plentiful at Aderbissinat in
August, so many that Buchanan believed them to be in course of migration.

24. Columba livia targia Geyr.

Columla livia targia Geyr von Scliweppeubuig, Orn. Monatsher. 1916. p. 58 (Ain Tabart — northern
Tuareg Mountains).

6 cJ$ ad., Timia, 3,800 feet, June, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, May 1920.
" Iris rich madder brown with fine inner circle of cream-colour ; eyelids blue-grey,
like feathers. Bill black, round nostrils chalk-white. Feet bright red with slight
purplish tinge." Tuareg name Eleelookum.

Only seen among the rocks of Timia and Mt. Baguezan, in the Arra hUls
south of Baguezan and at AgueUal. Rock- inhabitant. Feeds on berries of
bushes, grain, and a hard-spiked bmr.

These 'birds agree absolutely with €. I. targia from the Tuareg Mountains.
The rump is blue-grey, not white ; the glossy jugular zone is much less in extent
than in most C. I. livia, though some of the latter are in this respect like C. I.
targia. Generally C. I. livia has a darker breast and abdomen, but not constantly.
Rcsemljlcs more C. I. intermedia (India), but the latter is vmderneath darker,
and has much darker upjier tail-coverts. Wings, ^ 208, 213, 220, 221, $ 203,
211 mm.

92 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

25. Columba guinea guinea L.

Columha guinea Liuiiacus, Sysl. Nal. ed. xii. i. p. 282 {1766 — " habitat in Africa ! " Ex Edwards
and Brisson. Uescr. ex Edwards. Terra tj-pica " inland parts of Guinea," according to
Edwards).

6 (J $ ad., 2 juv., near Kano, December 1919, and first days of January 1920.

The young have the interscajjulium more grcyi-sli, the spots on the wings more
greyish and less defined, the throat is brownish grey or without hackles. The old
birds have the iris " glossy clear, brownish tinted ; the bare space around the
eyes deep pink ; bill dark brownish black, white over nostrUs ; feet pale dull
whitish pink." Hausa name Hasbia.

Very common in Hausaland. Buchanan saw the species as far north as
Baban Tubki, near Zinder, but never In Asben proper. Cf. Nov. Zool. vol. xxv.
pp. 356-359, Ib!s, 1920, pp. 827, 828.

26. Treron waalia (Gm.).

Cuhimtia waalia Gniclin, Bruce's Reisen Innere Afrika, II., Tiis. p. 31 (1791 — near Lake Tsana in
Abyssinia).

(J ad., Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 2.i. 1920. " Iris deep rich crimson.
Bill pale whitish green. Feet pale straw-yellow."

Buchanan observed these green pigeons plentifully near Kano on his return
journey.

27. Sarkidiornis melanotus (renn.).

Ansfr iiicliinuhis Pennant, Ind. Zool. p. 12. pi. xi. (1769 — Ceylon).

(^$ ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 17, 27. viii. 1920. Tuareg name
Teukimbub.

CSaude Grant {Ibis, 1915, p. 72) says that he can appreciate the difference of
the African race (Sarkidiornis africanvs Eyt-on, 1838), which is " always smaller."
iSclater and Praed {Ibis, 1920, p. 784) also call their African specimens S. melanotus
africanvs, thus indicating that they distinguish them from Indian ones. It
seems, however, not to be a fact that African examples are smaller. The wing
of the (J from Aderbissinat measures 397 mm., that of the $, which is always
stuijendously smaller, 299 mm.

Common on the lakes of northern Hausaland.

28. Alopochen aegyptiacus (L.).

Anas acgyptiaca Linnaeus, Si/sl. Xal. ed. xii. i. p. 197 (1766 — " habitat in Acgypto").

$ ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 16. viii. 1920. Tuareg name Tchghenem.

29. Dendrocygna viduata (L.).

Anaa viduala Liruiacus, Sysl. Xal. ed. xii. i. p. 20.3 (Columbia, South j\mcriea).

cj ? ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 19, 20. viii. 1920. " Iris dark umber.
Bill deep blue-black. Feet clear bluish lead-colour." Both D. vidxiata and
jnlva inhabit 8outh America and Africa, and American and African specimens
are indistinguishable ! Tuareg name Enud.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. I92I. 93

30. Anas querquedula L.

Anas Querquedula Linnaeus, Si/st. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 126 (1758 — " Europa." Restricted typical locality-
Sweden).

cJ, Aderbissinat, 1.525 feet, south of Asben, 24.viii. 1920. If a male, in full
eclipse, but perhaps a $ with unusual bright, grey wing. Wing only 188 mm.

The date is remarkable. Can it have migrated south already in August ?
I suppose it had stayed in Africa throughout the summer.

Common in winter in northern Hausaland.

31. Bubulcus ibis ibis (L.).

Ardea Ibis Linnaeus, Syst. Na/. ed. x. i. p. 1-t-t (17.58 — Egypt).

Four specimens from Kano and Zinder, December and January, in non-
breeding plumage. Also observed at Aderbissinat. Very common in northern
Hausaland, often following cattle and donkeys, catching insects between their
feet. Grasshoppers found in stomachs.

32. Butorides striatus atricapillus (Afzel.).

Ardea atricapiUa Afrelius, Komjl. Vet.-Akad. nya Handl. Stockholm, xxv. p. 264 (1804 — Sierra Leone).

2 tJ ad., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 1,525 feet, 13, 26. viii. 1920. "Iris
clear yellow. Bill black with utmcst base from nostrUs and lores yellow. Feet
orange- yellow, brownish on front of tarsus and top of toes."

33. Ardea melanocephala Vig. & Children.

Ardea melanocephala Vigors & Children, Denham & Clapperton's Narr. Trav. dk Discov. N. <fe C. Afr.
App. p. 201 (1826 — no locality, but doubtless northern Bomu or northern Hausaland).

S ad., Zinder, 10. ii. 1920, 3 juv., near Kano, December 1919. " ^ ad., iris
clear yellow, bare skin round eye pale yellow. BUI dark blackish grey, inner
two-thirds of lower mandible white tinted with grey." The iris of the young is
described as whitish yellow or straw- yellow. Hausa name Zelibie.

The bird shot near Zinder was in virtually waterless dry country. It had
two large rats in stomach. The Hausas tell a fable about this heron : it catches
snakes by placing its foot in a hole occupied by a snake, then waits until the foot
is gripped and well swallowed by the snake. It then extends its toes, thus making
a bulge or grapjjle by which it is able to pull the snake from its lair.

34. Abdiniia abdimii (Licht.).

Ciconia Abdimii Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 76 (1823 — Dongola).
cj, Aderbissinat, 28. viii. 1920. " Iris stone greyish brown."
Was very numerous at the water at Aderbissinat.

35. Threskiomis aethiopicus aetbiopicus (Lath.).

Tantalius aethiopicus Latham, Iiid. Orn. ii. p. 706 (1790 — " Aethiopia." Ex Bruce, Trav. Abyssinia).

9 juv., Farniso, near Kano, 20.xii.l919.
Common in northern Hausaland.

94

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XXVIII. 1921.

3G. Plegadis falcinellus falcinellus (L.).

Tantalus Falcinellus Linnaeus, Syst. Sat. ed. xii. i. p. 241 (1766 — " habitat in Austria, Italia ").

(J9 juv., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 24. viii. 1920.

Both these birds have 4 or 5 irregular white patches across the foreneck,
evidently albinistic.

37. Necrosyrtes monachus monachus (Temm.).

Calhartes tnojiachus Temminck, PI. Col. 222 (1823 — Senegal).

NEvjionyiiiJiii Jiu.vAcaux neak Kaxo.

^ ad., Tarrouaji ^Mountains, southern Asben. o.viii. I'.tiO. " Iris very dark
umber-brown. Bill and neck and head-skin pale whitish cobalt l)lue. bill darken-
ing to blackish towards tip. Feet pale whitish cobalt blue grey."

(Needless to say ia Temminck's figures the colours of the bare parts are
drawn from imagination and all w-rong !)

This is the common vultiu-e at Kano, as shown on a photograph. The
Hausa name is Angulu. Probal)ly this is also the common vidture of Aderbissinat
— though Buchanan is not quite sure that they were the same. The smaller
dark vulture seen on Mt. Baguezan was probably a j'oung Neophron. An egg
taken at Kano 11 . xii. 1919 has a pale greenish shell if held against the light, and
is white with pale rufous-brown blotches covering the thicker end and a few deeper
nifiins-brown spots. It measures 74 X 54 mm. Pieces of another egg from the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 95

same locality (8.xii.l919) have bolder, darker patches. Both nests were on
tall trees, about middle height.

38. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L.).

VuUur Perenopteriis (doubtless error for percnojiterus) Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 87 (1758 —
" liabitat in Aegypto ").

1 cJ 2 $ ad., Zinder, 2.ii. 1920. " Cere and head-skin orange-yellow."
The c? is in perfect adult dress, the females still show a few grey-brown

feathers in tail and back.

A few were seen at Agades, in April, and it was j)lentiful on Mt. Baguezan,
but never seen south of Zinder proper. A dark vulture seen on Baguezan was
doubtless the young of this species, and not Necrosyries. Hausa name Angulu
Fulani.

39. Gyps riippellii ruppellii (Brehm).

Vuliur Ruppellii A. Brehm, Naiimannia, 1852, Hefl 3, p. 44 (Khartum !).

$ juv. Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 4.vii.l920. "Iris brown. Bill
pale whitish green, cere brown-black. Feet medium greenish grey, joints of
scales wliitish."

Hausa name Mike ; Tuareg name Ajchuder. Once observed south of
Zinder (Dogo) on the return journey.

Ruppell's vulture has been collected in the western Senegal Colony by
Riggenbach. I saw it close by on a dead horse near Sokoto in 18S5. The speci-
men sent is juvenile, looking underneath like a Gyps fulvus.

(In Lieutenant C. Jean's book, Les Touareg du Sud-Esl VA'ir, pi. xviii. is a
photograjih of a large vulture from Air (Asben). It may possibly be a young
G. ruppellii or fulvus { if that occurs there), as it seems too large for Lophogyps, and
I don't think it can be a Pseudogyps.)

40. Milvus migrans parasitus (Daud.).

Falco parasitus Daudin, Traiti d'Orn. ii. p. 150 (1800 — South Africa. Ex Levaillant).

$ ad., Farniso, near Kano, 22.xii.1919. "Iris deep umber-brown. Bill
and cere light dull purplish yellow. Feet dull light whitish yellow."

Kites, probably of this subspecies, were observed in numbers south of
Abellama and Aderbissinat, catching locusts on the wing ; they appeared to be
on migration to Buchanan. The first bird seen in Asben was also a dark kite,
and many were noticed at Agades T.viii. 1920, though not before.

41. Melierax musicus neumanni Hart.

[Fako vmsicus Daudin. Traiii d'Orn. ii. p. IIG (ISOO — name for Levaillanfs Faucon Chanteur, Ois.

d'Afr. i. pi. 27) ; Fako canorus Rislach, Tliunberg's Diss. Ac. iii. p. 264 (published 1801, though

read in 1799, cf. Ihis, 1919, p.;702 !).]
Melierax canorus neumanni Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, ii. p. 1165 (1914 — Nubia, etc.).

2 0 ad,, Farniso, near Kano, 27, 31.xii. 1919.

3 cj, 1 9 ad., Zinder, January and February 1920.

1 (J in moult, stUl showing some brown juvenile feathers and 1 $ juv., just
showing some adult feathers, below and above, Aouderas, Asben, 22, 27.vii. 1920.

96 NOTTTATES TooT.cr.icxT. XXVTTT. 1921

Adults: "Iris rich (loop madder- 1 )rowii. Bill blue-black, base and cere
rich orange-chrome, sometimes almost coral-red. Feet rich orange-chrome, in
some from Zinder full coral-red.' " Inhabits open bush-country, hunts flying
low ,and often alights on ground from a perch on a tree, to take up some prey.
In the stomachs of three specimens grasshoi^pers were found."

The above specimens are typical neitmanni, except $ No. 109, from Farniso,
which may be called intermediate between neumanni and metabates, while the cj
in moult from Aouderas (No. 762) is still darker and might be called metabads !
Also the few feathers of the adult plumage in the $ from Aouderas (No. 752) are
quite dark. Such specimens that do not agree with the usual appearance of
neumanni are also found in other countries, while, on the other hand, light-winged
examples like neumanni are now and then found in the areas of the dark- winged
melabates. One might therefore be tempted not to separate neimianni, but it is
a fact that in the more desert-like countries from northern Nigeria and Asben
to the Blue Nile and Red Sea province light-winged birds predominate by far,
while in the range of metubaten, i.e. from southern Arabia and Eritrea, Abyssinia,
Bahr-el-Ghazal, southern Nigeria, Senegambia to Marocco darker birds are the
usual form. Cf. Hartert, Vog. jxil. Fauna, vol. ii. pp. 11C4-5, Sclater and
Praed, Ibis, 1919, pp. 701-2.

42. Gymnogenys typica (Smith).

Poly^joroiilea lypieus Smith, S. Afric. Qitarl. Journ. i. p. 107 (1803 — ca.stern Cape Colony).

(J, Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 27.xii.1919. "Iris very dark. Bill
black, mouth whitish, cere and bare skin round eyes pale whitish coral-pink.
Feet pale dull lemon-yellow. Length 235 in."

Observed on the water at Aderbissinat in August 1920.

43. Circus macrourus (Gm.).

Accipiter macrourus Gmelin, Nov. Comm. Acad. Petropol. xv. pro. 1770, p. 439 (1771 — " a Woronez
abhinc ad omnem Tanain occurrit").

$ ad., Farniso, near Kano, 31 .xii. 1919.

44. Micronisus gabar (Daud.).

Fako gdbar Dauden, Traili d'Orn. ii. p. 87 (1800— interior of South Africa).

(J5 ad., 2 (J juv., 1 ? juv., near Kano, December 1919.

cJ ad., Takukut, Damergu, 19.iii.l920.

$ ad., melanistio variety ('^Micronisus niger " auct.) near Kano, 5. i. 1920.
" Iris of all adults rich deep madder-brown or deepest red. of the young ones clear
lemon-yellow."

The melanistic female is not quite so deep black as our specimens from
Gabun and elsewhere. There can be no doubt that the so-called M. niger is a
melanistic variety of M. gabar. Cf. Ibis, 1919, p. 701. Gray, Schlegel, Kaup, and
Pelzeln, and recently Butler, considered the black Gabar a black variety of
M. gabar, but it was left to Mr. G. F. Archer to provo this to be a fact.

Our material shows a good deal of variation in size and width of barring, and

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 97

does not lead to the separation of subspecies. The wings of the adult males
measure 194, 19G ; those of the adult grey female 214 ; of the black one 211 mm.'

1 do not think that the generic separation of Micronisus from Melierax is
justilied : the former has a more graduated tail, and that is all ! Doubtless it
is a near ally of Mdkrax !

The Hausa name is said to be Chanibatu. but the natives do not, of course,
properly distinguish the various birds of prey, so that their names necessarily
include several species.

45. Falco chicquera ruficollis Swains.

Falco ruficollis Swainson, B. 11'. Africa (vol. xxii. of Nalur. Lilrary) i. pi. ii. p. 107 (1837 — " Senegal "
mentioned in text, but perhaps not exactly fion> there. The collections which Swainson studied
were apparently partly trade skins, and partly from Sierra Leone. C'f. p. 2G1 of vol. i.).

2 c?, 2 ?, Farniso, near Kano, 5, 9.i. 1920, Zinder, 24.1.1920. "Iris dark,
bare space round eye lemon-yellow. Bill blue-black, paling to jiale yellow at
base. Cere lemon-yellow. Feet lemon- yellow." One of the females at Farniso
was killed with a chicken in its claws.

Extends southwards to at least Zaria in Hausaland.

46. Accipiter badius sphenurus (Riipp.).

Falco (Nisus) aphermrus Ruppell, Neue Wirhdt. Abyss, p. 42 (1835 — Dahlak Is. in Red Sea).
(J juv., Farniso, near Kano, 23. xii. 1919. Occurs also in Zaria.

47. Falco biarmicus abyssinicus Neum.

Falco biarmicus ahyssinicus Neumann, Joiirn. f. Orn. 1904, p. 369 (Abyssinia, Shoa, Galla country).

(J, Farniso, near Kano, 2.1.1920.

A young male, apparently hatclied the year before, moulting above and
below from the juvenile into the adult garb. F. b. abyssinicus occurs in Hausa-
land.

48. Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temm.

Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, PI. Col. 479 (1829 or 1830— Nubia).

$ juv., Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 28.viii.1920.

In its full juvenile plumage, evidently first year. Geyr v. Schweppenburg
obtained specimens as far south as the southern escarpment of the Tassili of the
Azger, Timassinin, etc.

■ Another black hawk has been described from the Galla country, Accipiter hilgerti Erl., Journ.
/. Orn., 1904, p. 171, pi. 6. One is tempted to consider tliis bird amelanistic variety, but this cannot
be done from our present knowledge. In proportions and the light markings on tail and wings it
agrees only with Accipiter ovampoensis, but tliis species is not known to occur in Gallaland. Moreover
Hilgert saw a pair, both alike in colour, but only succeeded in getting the female. This remained
the only known specimen at the time, but July 12, 1902, Zapphiro shot a male at Bissidimo in
Gallaland, which, except in size, agrees perfectly with the type collected by Hilgert in 1901. Its
wing measures 225, tail 165 mm. Apparently A. hilgerti is, from this evidence, not a melanistio
variety, but a blackish species. Description and figure in tlie Journ. f. Orn. are very good.

98 NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

49. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus L.

Fairo linniinciilus Linnaeus, Sysl. Xal. ed. x. i. p. 00 (1758 — Europe, restricted typical locality
Sweden),

4 9, 1 c?, Farniso, near Kano, December and January.
3 (J, Zinder, January and February.

5 No. 335, Zinder, 7.ii. 1920, is moulting its body plumage on the upperside
and jugulum, the feathers of the adult male appearing all over the back, neck,
and rump in the juvenile plumage. The ,^,^ Nos. 82, 2G4, from 25.xii. 1919 and
28. i. 1920, though fully adult, also moult their body plumage above and below ;
the new feathers resemble the old, only they are darker, richer, the old ones
being paler. The same is the fact with the females Nos. 85 and 175 from
Farniso, 26.xii. 1919 and 5.i. 1920.

The Common Kestrel winters in Hausaland ; F. timuinculu.i carlo, its tropical
African subspecies, occurs near Zaria, where F. t. tinnuncuhts al.so winters.

50. Bubo africanus cinerascens Guerin.

[Sirix afrirana Temminck, PI. Col. ")() (1S21 — Cape of Good Hope. Cf. Neumann, Journ. f. Orn.,

1914. p. 38).]
Buho cinerascens Guerin, Rer: el Mag. Zonl., 1843. p. 321 (Abyssinia).

1 (J, 2 9 ad., Zinder, 20, 28 . i. 1920. " Iris very dark brown. Bill blue black.
Toes soiled whitish, claws black." Wings, r? 316, ? 316, 319 mm.

Hausa name Mogia ; Tuareg Goomack. Found in trees near village.

These 3 specimens agree well with each other, being paler on the upperside
than South African ones, with a very distinct ferruginous colour, especially on the
sides of the feathers of the head and interscapulium. They agree with other
North-East African examples. All these are smaller and lighter than South
African true B. africanus africanus {jiiaculosus of older authors).

The subspecies of B. africanus are by no means clear. All recent authors
(Erlanger, Neumann, Zedlitz, Sclater and Praed) agree that — apart from the
very distinct milesi of S. Arabia — two forms are separable, i.e. B. a. africanus
from South Africa and B. a. cinerascens from North-East and North- West Africa.
But some doubt exists about the East African birds. Oberholser (Proc. S.U.
Nat. 3Ius., vol. xxviii. p. 856) described as Asia maculosua amerimnus, a sub-
species ranging from " Natal to German East Africa," which he says is " much
paler tliroughout, as well as generally more ochraceous. and legs, feet, face, and
crissum less heavily barred with dusky." This subdivision appears to me quite
unnatural. I find South African ones, including birds from Natal, rather large,
more brownish, but skins from the Lake district (Lake Kivu, west of Lake Tan-
ganyika, Baraka, collected by Grauer), equally larger, but darker, less ochraceous,
and with these agree some few from Benguella and Angola. I could hardly say
that a Naivasha specimen ( van Someren) differs, while one from Lindi (A. Buchanan
leg.) has also the same coloration, but is smaller (wing 313 mm.). On the other
hand, skins from the Blue Nile (Capt. S. S. Flower), Sennaar (Loat), Gambaga
(Col. Giffard) are the typical cinerascens. I would gladly recognise an East
African race, if Oberholser's type was not chosen from Natal (Durban), as our
Natal skins agree with Cape Colony ones. Two extremely reddish specimens were
collected by G. Sclirader in Abyssinia (Eritrea), and one from Masindi (Unyoro),

NOVITATES ZoOtOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921. 99

collected by L. M. Seth-Smith, is of the same colour on the upperside, or very
little less red, but much less ochraceous on the underside. I suppose Schrader's
Eritrean birds are extremes of the " rufous phase " (cf. among others, Sclater and
Praed, Ibis, 1919, p. 679).

I must add that a specimen from the province of Zaria, Hausaland, collected
by Poggiolini, does not well agree with the Zinder ones, being darker and having
a wing of about 324 mm. It is, however, quite possible that it came from a
forest district, where a darker form lives, but the Gambaga Ijird (Gold Coast
Hinterland) is typical cinerascens !

51. Otus leucotis leucotis (Temm.).

Strix Icumlis Tomminck, PI. Cnl, livr. 3. pi. 10 (1824— Senegal).

$ ad., Kano, S.xii.lOlO. "Iris clear orange-yellow. Bill pale greenish
grey." Wing 1S9 ram.

1 am not certain if this owl is correctly placed in the genus Otus (Scops of
older authors).

52. Glaucidium perlatum (VieUl.) (? subsp.).
Strix perlata Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. (nouv. ed.) vii. p. 26 (1817 — Senegal).

2 ^, 1 ?, Farniso, near Kano, 29.xii.1919, 5, 9. i. 1920. "Iris clear lemon-
yellow. Bill fiale greenish yellow. Feet dull straw- yellow."

These three specimens hardly differ from each other ; their heads and entire
uppersides are rather pale, the white spots on the head rather small. In view of
tlie stupendous individual variation of this little owl I do not feel justified, without
a large series, to separate this form, but they are certainly paler than other
specimens, though very closely apjoroached by some from Abyssinia and Senc-
gambia.

53. Centropus senegalensis senegalensis (L.).

Cttculits senegalensis Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 169 (1766 — Senegal).

1 (J, 3 ?, Farniso and Kano, December and January. Occurs also in the
province of Zaria and on Lake Chad.

54. Clamator jacobinus pica (Hempr. & Ehr.).

Cvcnhis Pica Hemprich & Ehrenberg, SynA. Ptiys. fol. r (1828 — Ambukol in Dongola).

3 cJ, 1 9, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, first week in June 1920. "Iris
dark brown. Bill deep black. Feet deep leaden grey with whitish scale-joints."

.Seen in numbers at Tebernit, 27. vi. 1920. The ? 674, shot 4. vi. 1920, had
an almost fully developed egg in ovary. Stomach of another full of caterpillars.
Has a double call : one a sharp " key, key-key," the other a full .slow sound, like
" chau-chau," twice repeated. Wings, J 156, 156, 161, $ 156 mm. See remark in
Nov. Zool., 1915, pp. 253, 254. It is a vexed question whether forms should be
named which differ only on an average in size. In such cases many specimens
cannot be placed without knowledge of the locality. Thus the recognition of
such subsj)ecies is of no practical value to the curator of a collection for naming
his birds. On the other hand, the placing of the " correct name" on the labels
is not the final aim of research, and if it is a fact in nature that in one country

7

loo NOVITATES ZoOLOfilCAE XXVIII. 19:21.

a form reaches larger dimensions (or even longer wings onlj-) than in another, it
may be important to emphasise such a fact, and that is certainly very strongly
achieved bj' giving it a name. New names are always noticed and discussed,
but one mav write long treatises without their being read or considered.

55. Clamator glandarius (L.).

Ctirulus glamiarins Linnaeus, Si/.fl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. HI (1758 — "habitat in Africa septentrional! ct
Europa australi," based on Edwards, who figured and described a specimen from Gibraltar !).

$, Timbulaga, between Asben and Damergu, 15.viii. 1920. This specimen
is in full moult, the old feathers being brown and much worn, new grej'ish feathers
growing on uppersidc, wings, and tail, white ones on the undersurface.

50. Chrysococcyx caprius chrysochlorus Heine.

[Curulus cnpriu!: Boddaert, Tahl. PI. EnJiim. p. 40 (1783 — Cape of Good Hope. Ex Daubenton,

PI. Enl. and Montbeillard's text). Chri/socorcyx cnpnu.i auctorura !]
Chrysococfyx chryxochlorvs Heine, Mii.s. Hein. iv. p. II (I8G2 — Sennaar ! Erroro ! Probably

Senegal).

2 (J ad,, Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 feet, Sl.vii. 1920. " Iris deep brick red ;
eyelid red. Bill dull brownish black, base of lower mandiljlc paler. Feet dull
grey-black." The only two specimens seen by tlie traveller, in a deep valley in
the Amathasa Mountains.

C. H. B. Grant, Ibis, 1915, p. 417, has shown correctly that the name for the
" Golden Cuckoo " is C. caprius, and that there is no such thing as " C. cupreus
Bodd.," though all authors have copied "cupreus" from former writers, either
without looking into Boddaert's book at all, or not doing so properly. A new
name was given by Shaw, Mus. Lever., p. 157 (1792 — locality unknown, but
"probably" Africa), for the Emerald Cuckoo, which therefore must be called
Chrysococcyx cypreus. Messrs. Sclater and Praed, Ibis, 1919, pp. 644, 645, con-
fused the names, calling the Emerald Cuckoo (C. smaragdineus auct.) C. caprius,
but corrected their mistakes. Ibis, 1920, p. 853.

There is a striking difference in size between the Golden Cuckoos of South
Africa and those from North- West Africa. It is strange that recent students of
■African birds have not noticed this. While the wings of South African (Cape
Colony, Transvaal) C. caprius caprius measure (J (10 measured) 118-121, $
(only 2 measured) 124-125 mm., those of males from Senegal measure 108-112,
very rarely to 115 (25 measured), females 110-117 (5 measm-ed), males from Sierra
Leone 108-115 (the latter measm'cment twice, 10 measured), females 115-117
(5 measured). We have thus ^ 118-121 against ^ 108-115, $ 124^125 against
110-117 mm., surely sufficient difference for recognition of two races.

Heine's statement of the localities " Sennaar" and "Egypt" is doubtless
erroneous, as already stated long ago by Hcuglin, for C. caprius has never been
found north of Fazoglo, and there only by Heuglin, and it does not occur in
Sennaar and Nubia ! Heine sen., who bought many specimens from dealers,
probably got his type of clirysochlorus from Verreau.x, and it came from the
Senegal, not Sennaar!

While the difference between North- West African and South African Golden
Cuckoos is so striking, I cannot at present fully go into the question of the East

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 101

African and West African (Niger, Angola) forms. All I should like to saj' is,
that a good series from Harrar and neighbourhood (from Zaphiro) are generally
intermediate, males wings about 113-118 mm., that most Benguella and Angola
examjiles agree with South African ones, but some from there are smaller. I
believe, therefore, that the large form C. c. cajwius ranges to Angola, where it
meets a smaller form, while an intermediate one may occur in middle Africa,
east and west. This has already been stated by Heine (Journ. f. Orn., 18G3,
p. 350), who named the intermediate race Lamprococcyx chrysites (type locality
Gabun !), but Heine was uncertain about the distribution, and had some wrongly
located specimens — evidently from Verreaux.

Another point I have not seen mentioned (without searching the wliole
literature !) is, that the females are larger, having longer wings and tail, and
generally larger bills.

57. Lophoceros erythrorhynchus erythrorhynchus (Tcmm.).

Dxireros erylhrorhynclins Temminck, PI. Col., livr. 36, genvis Bnreros, spec. 19 (1823 — Senegal).

cJ?,Kano, 5,6. xii. 1919.

$ in moult, Agades, 22. iv. 1920.

Bills of females entirely sienna-red, except for whitish base, that of male
with long black j)atch on basal haU of lower mandible.

Common at Zinder, a few at Agades in April, more numerous at Azzal, just
north of Agades, in July, but no hornhills seeii. farther north.

58. Lophoceros nasutus nasutus (L.).
Bttceros nasutus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 154 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brisson).

(J? ad., Kano, December 1919, ^ ad., Zinder, 24.1.1920. Hausa name
Chilachoa. Common at Zinder.

The males have the distal end of the bUl all black, the females mahogany red.
In stomach of one many locusts.

These bnds are typical nasutu.s, but birds from the Eastern Sudan appear
indeed to be larger and thus intermediate between L. n. nasutus and forskalii of
Arabia.

59. Chizaerbis africana (Lath.).

Phasianns africanus Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 631 (1790 — " Africa." I substitute as typical locality
Western Senegal Colony).

3 cJ, 1 $, Farniso, near Kano, December 1919. " Iris very dark brown. Bill
lemon-yellow, in a younger bird black with base of upper and whole lower mandible
light duU green. Feet blue-black, in the younger bird brownish black."

Not noticed in Asben. " Crest erected in life." This is a common bird in
Hausaland : Kadsena, Rara, Zaria.

60. Poicephalus senegalus versteri (Finsch).

Psillacus Versteri Finsch, Ned. Tijd.sehr. Dierh. i. p. xvi. (1863— "Kust van Guinea,"' rectius Gold
Coast, teste Finsch, Papageicn. Name ex Goffin MS.).

3 (J, 1 $, near Kano, December and January. " Iris clear yellow. Bill
dark bluish or grejish black. Feet blackish."

102 NOVITATKS ZOOLOCICAE XX^^II. 1921.

Tlicse birds must nudoubtedly be called versleri, rather than P. s. senegahtx,
as all have a great amount of orange on the breast, and all over the middle of
abdomen. On the other hand, thej' are not so extensively bright orange as some
males from Sierra Leone, in which the orange extends all over the sides of the
breast and abdomen, but the extent of the orange varies, in one bird extending
even over the under wing-coverts.

Besides the orange colour on the imdcrside, P. s. versleri differs also by having
a darker green jugular region, but fine adult Senegal examples also show an orange
tinge on the breast. The $ from Kano has much less orange, and the under tail-
coverts are green, not yellow, but the specimen is not fully adult, and therefore
it is not certain whether the green under tail-coverts are only a sign of immature
age, or also peculiar to fidly adult females. A larger series may possibly show
that all Hausaland specimens are slightly intermediate, but this is not probable,
because the variation is so great.

The true P. seiiegalus senegalus is evidently only found in the western Senegal
Colony and southwards to Portuguese Guinea. The birds from Sierra Leone,
Togo, etc., are all verslfri. We have a series from the western Senegal from
Riggenbach.

61. Palaeornis krameri krameri (Scop.).

Psittacus Krameri Scopoli, Annus I. Hisl.-Nal. p. .'il (1769 — no locality ! Xciimann accepted
Senegal as original locality, because he considers that the description only agrees with females
of the Senegal form. It is, therefore, not admissible to quote " Senegal " as terra typica without
explanation, as has been done by Sclater & Praed, Ibis, 1919, p. 675 (more Americanonim ot
Mathewsi-Iredalei). I should have hesitated to introduce Scopoli's name, which has hitherto
always been considered doubtful, but as it has been done by Neumann and Sclater & Praed,
it may be best to follow their lead and thus to come to a general understanding).

(5 ad., Farniso, near Kano, IG.xii. 1919.

2 (J j u V. , Zinder, 1 C . ii . 1 920.

?, Aderbissinat, south of Asben, 26. viii. 1920.

^ ad. " Iris very pale tinged whitish, fine inner ring of greenish grey ;
eyelid orange-chrome. Bill deep mahogany, lower mandible black."

I cannot separate these birds from Senegal specimens. They have not the
brighter red bills of P. k. parvirostris and Neumann's centralis, to which they
should belong if that form is separable and extends from Sokoto to the White
Nile. I agree with Sclater & Praed that it requires confirmation, but I cannot
say that our White Nile skins (very worn though they are), collected by Col.
Yardley, agree with the Senegal form, but — unless centralis is different — would
rather unite them with parvirostris. More material is required to settle their
status.

These parrots were rare at Aderbissinat. At Zinder they frequented date-
palm groves, eating dates approaching ripeness.

62. Mesopicos goertae goertae (P. L. S. Miill.).

Picus ijoerlaij P. L. S. Miiller, Nalursysl. Svppl. p. 91 (1776— Senegal. Ex PL Enl. 320 and Biiffon).

4 (J, 2 $, Kano, December 1919, in beautiful fresh plumage.
4 cj, 2 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 12 to 29. v. 1920. " Iris very dark brown.
Bill dull grey- black, paler at base. Feet leaden grey."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 103

Though thfese specimens have a little more grey on the jugulum than most
Senegal examples, I do not think they can be separated from the latter, while, on
the other hand, specimens from the more southern parts of Hausaland, the province
of Zaria and Loko on the Benue, cannot be separated from the darker race,
M. g, poicephalus auct., which I prefer to c&U. centralis Rchw., extending from the
Gambia to the Congo and eastwards to the Victoria Nyanza and Ujjper White
NUe.

There are, since 1900, no less than four reviews of the forms of M. goertae !
In 1900 Reichenow (Orn. Monatsber., 1900, p. 58) separates what he calls
M. goertae (typicus), M. g. poicephalus, M. g. abyssinicus, and M. g. centralis. In
1903 {Orn. Monatsber. 1903, p. 181), Neumann added M. g. konigi from the Nile
between Atbara and Khartum. In 1904 Neumann (Journ. f. Orn., 1904, p. 396)
states that centralis cannot be separated from poicephalus (as already pointed out
by Grant and Sharpe in Ibis, 1902). Herein I agree, the reason probably being
that Reichenow looked upon poicephalus as a paler form than goertae (perhaps
from insufficient and faded material), while in fact it is a darker bird. Moreover,
as it is doubtful whether Swainson's poicephalus came from the Senegal, the
home of the paler form, or the Gambia, the home of a darker bird, I prefer to
adopt Reichenow's name centralis for this bird.

In the Ibis, 1915, pp. 468, 469, C. B. Grant reviewed these wood-
peckers. While I agree that the name centralis must be adopted for the
form generally called poicephalus (for reasons stated above), I separate konigi
and abyssinicus, and consider spodocephalus a subsjjecies of goertae, not
another species.

Finally Sclater & Praed, Ibis, 1919, p. 632, have written about these birds.
With their views I agree on the whole, but it is in my opinion an error to recognise
poicephalus and centralis as two different forms, all the birds from the Gambia to
the Congo and Uganda being the same, and I call them centralis because of the
vuicertainty of the name poicephalus ; on the other hand, I consider separable,
by the characters pointed out by Neumann, M. g. konigi from Nubia (Berber,
Meroe, Nakheila, Atbara, Shendi), the palest race of all.

63. Dendropicos minutus (Tcmm.).

Picus mimtlus Teiuminck, PI. Col, 197 (1823 — Senegal and coast of Guinea, Restricted terra typica
Senegal !)

1 (J immat., 3 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9, 11, 20. v. 1920.

2 cJ, 2 $ ad., Takukut, Damergu, 24, 26, 27.iii.1920. "Iris dark. Bill
dark, shading to dull greenish grey on sides of mandibles. Feet greenish grey."

This is one of the rarest woodpeckers, hitherto only known from the Senegal,
as the locality White NUe (DesMurs, in Lefebvre's Voy. en Abyss., p. 170) cannot
be credited. The occurrence, therefore, in Damergu and Asben is very interesting,
but Boyd Alexander had already collected two specimens at Yo, western shore
of Lake Chad.

(I do not think that the supposed genera Dendropicos and Mesopicos can be
separated at all ! In tliat case they would have to Ise called Dendropicos, which
appears to be the older name !)

104 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

C4. Coracias abyssinus minor Neiun.

Coracias abyaainm minor Xcumann, Juiirn. f. Orn. Ixv. ii. p. 201 (1917 — Lower Senegal Colony).

$, Farniso, near Kano, 8.i. 1920. Wing 167 mm. !

2 ?, Zinder, 26. i., 7.ii.l920. Wings 163, 166 mm.

9, Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 feet, 27 . vii. 1920. Wing about 153 mm. (worn).

The above measm^ements show already how variable these birds are in the
length of their wings. It is, therefore, not quite correct if Neumann says that
the Senegal form is "standig" smaller, but Senegal birds, and those from Gam-
baga, Gambia, Portuguese Guinea, and Nigeria, are generally smaller, the wmgs
of Abyssinian birds ranging from 167 to 177 mm., while most West African ones
have wings under or not above 160, but some few range to 164, 165, and 167 mm.
The bills are not usually smaller. Neumann's nomenclature is, of course, per-
fectly correct (cf. also Orn. Monatsber., 1915, p. 156). It seems to me doubtful
if birds from Nubia are not also small and belong to C. a. minor ! ? The Tuareg
(Targi) name is Tchgurgat. In the stomachs were found mostly grasshoppers,
and some beetles.

65. Upupa epops somalensis Salvin.
Upupa somaUnsis Salvia, Cat. B. Brit. Mii-s. xvi. p. 13. pi. 1 (1892 — Somaliland).

cJ, Zinder, 13. ii. 1920.

$, Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, ll.iii.l920.

2 ^, 1 $, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 17, 21, 26. v. 1920. " Iris dark,
bUl dull black, paling slightly to reddish at base. Feet whitish grey."

Hausa name " Kahoohoo," meaning " crest."

Hoopoes, undoubtedly of this race, which alone occurs in summer, were
observed also at Aouderas and near Timia in June and July. They were very
common on Mt. Baguezan. In May caterpillars were found in .stomachs, which
at that time, after light rain, were very plentifid. In February small crickets
filled stomachs.

Neither Claude Grant (Ibis, 1915, p. 278) nor Sclater & Praed {Ibis, 1919,
p. 665) have read my explanations in Vog. d. pal. Fauna, i)art vii. p. 870(1912).
I have again exammed the type of U. senegalensis Swainson, and I repeat that
it is a small U. epops epops. Therefore the tropical African Hoopoe must be
called U. e. somalensis, and not senegalensis. The latter name refers to a small
$ of U. e. epops, which is common in Senegambia in winter ; U. intermedia is a
synonym of somalensis ; U. butleri Mad. is U. e. epops, like the tj'pe of senegalensis.
Riggenbach sent some U. e. epops from the Senegal, but not somalensis, of which
no specimen seems yet to be kno^vn from Senegambia. The white subterminal
spots to the crest-feathers vary ; they are sometimes obscure in U. c. epops, some-
times present in somalensis, though rarely. The markings on the quUls are
variable.

66. Upupa epops epops L.

Upupa Epops Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 117 (1758 — " habitat in Europac sylvia," Restricted
terra tyiiica Sweden).

c?, Kano, ll.xii.l919.

cJ, Zinder, 5.ii.l920.

Winter visitors from Europe or Africa Minor.

NoviTATEs ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 105

67. Merops (Aerops) albicollis albicollis Vieill.
Merops albicollis Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. (nou¥. ed.) xiv.'p, 15 (1817 — Senegal).

5 ,^, 1 9, Azzal, just north of Agades, 13.vii. 1920, 1,825 feet. " Iris clear
crimson, bill dull black, feet .slightly yellowish brown." These birds at first
glance look very pale and very blue on the scapulars, secondaries, and rump.
They are, however, in worn and faded plumage, and can be perfectly matched by
specimens from other countries.

If the large first primary in connection with the long middle rectrices is
considered a sufficient generic character, the genus Aerops must be used ; it is
certainly a recognisable genus and much better than many genera now generally
used, for example, among the Fringillidae, Muscicapidae (sensu latiore), Anatidae,
etc.

It is my opinion that the N.E. African form, M. a. major, is quite distinguish-
able. Wings of West African specimens measure about 95-100, those of N.E.
African ones 100-108 mm., and as a rule the bills of the latter are much larger.

Buchanan observed also many in Aderbissinat in August,

68. Merops orientalis viridissimus Swains.
Merops viridissimus Swainson, B. W. Africa, ii. p. 82 (1837 — Senegal).

4 (J, 1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, 8, 12, 19, 22.iii. 1920. " Iris clear
rich red. Bill black. Feet whitish with dark greenish grey midcrlying."

(J ? juv., Timia, Asben, 23. vi. 1920.

9, Azzal, near Agades, 12. vii. 1920.

Also observed north of Zinder.

At first glance these birds look rather pale, the blue edging to the black
jugular bar is rather distinct, and there is a bluish tinge on the abdomen. These
peculiarities are, however, due to the somewhat worn and faded plumage in the
summer season. (Messrs. Sclater & Praed, Ihis, 1919, j)p. 660, 661, use the
specific name " lamark " for this bird, and say that I, in 1910, pointed out that
this is its oldest name. If they had looked, however, into my Vog. pal. Fauna, ii.
p. 863, 1912, they would have found that the correct name is M. orientalis Lath.
1801, which antedates " lamark " by just 20 years.)

09. Colius macrourus syntactus (Oberh.).

Urocoliu^ tiuicrourus synliictus OberhoLser, Pror. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxviii. p. 86.3 (Abyssinia. Ex
Neumann, who, however, did not state fully the diilerences between the Abyssinian and Senegal
race, therefore wisely not bestowing a name on the former).

6 (3*, 2 ?, 1 doubtful, Zinder, February 1920.

1 cJ, south of Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, 2. v. 1920. "Iris dark reddish
umber-brown to deep crimson ; bare space around eye didl red, deep purplish
crimson, deep crimson. Bill dull deep red to crimson, lower mandible and tip
of upper black. Feet dull reddish piu-ple."

A bad specimen of this race was taken by Poggiolini at Niamei on the Upper
Niger.

Hausa name Kileoandamma, Targi Asharato.

106 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921,

Also observed in the Timia Vcalley and at Igouloulos on June 1 1 ; also at
Iferouan and Tabernit. It was common at Agades, and in the ravines south of
Baguezan. Buchanan does not think they occur near Kano, as his Kano natives
did not know them. In the stomach of one he found green leaves.

It is with some hesitation that I imite the form of Colius from Asben and
Zinder with the Abyssinian one, but there is no difference whatever between
them. On the other hand, they differ from C'olkis macrourusmacrourus in being
generally paler, the forehead and crown lighter, rump paler, tliroat and breast
lighter and less vinous. The wings measure, ^ 88-92, $ 87, 87 mm. The wings
of Senegal birds are often, though not always, much longer.

70. Halcyon chelicuti eremogiton subsp. nov.

Halcyon specie! U. chelicuti dictae simillimus, sed pallidior, rostio graciliorc.

1 c?, 2 ?, Zinder, 23. i., 10. ii. 1920.

9, Farniso, near Kano, 2.i. 1920.

Type $, Zinder, 10. ii. 1920, No. 3.56.

" Iris dark brown. Bill soiled dull sienna reddish with blackish tip."
9 No. 157, Farniso, is juvenile, the wing-coverts are buff, with blackish centres,
the underside (except the entirely white throat and foreneck) buff and more
striated than m adult birds. The upper mandible is quite blackish, with only
a reddish tinge, merely the basal half of lower mandible bemg dark reddish.

These birds are nearest to H. chelicuti chelicuti, but are distinctly paler on
the upperside, especially the scapulars and wing-coverts, and the bill is somewhat
slenderer. Wings, S 75, ? 81, 76 mm. Bill 36, 37, 37 mm. The blue of the
lower back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts is paler.

Hitherto all modern authors have united all the chelicuti from Abyssinia
and Senegal to South Africa. C. H. B. Grant said, " I can see no racial differences
between eastern and western, or northern and southern specimens," and Sclater
& Praed tacitly endorsed this view. Even Neumann hesitated to divide them,
as in his list of the birds of the Lower Senegal he called the bird simply binomial
" Halcyon chelicuti."

Though I cannot follow all the modern splitting of African subspecies, in
this case I must admit at least two races. The " typical " form extends from
Abyssinia to the western Senegal Colony, where Riggenbach collected over 26
specimens. In the drier districts bordering the desert the paler eremogiton lives ;
besides Buchanan's I have examined one collected by Boyd Alexander at Zogo,
near Lake Chad, which agrees absolutely with the Zuider ones, while others
from the Shari River, Kopchi, Serikin Kudu, and Gongolo hardly differ, but are
a shade darker, and one from Fashoda also closely approaches oiu- specimens,
of which, in fact, the Farniso (Kano) one is a little darker than the Zinder ones,
on the scapulars and upper back, but this may be due to its being juvenile.

Rather different from H. chelicuti chelicuti are the specimens from southern
Africa, being larger, having longer wings and heavier, stumpier bills, and generally
a much darker coloration. Their wings measure 85-79, sometimes only 84,
exceptionally 81 mm. Southern specimens (South Africa, Transvaal, Angola)
have wings of 82-88, sometimes only 81 mm.

East African birds, and those from the Lake districts (Kivu, Tanganyika,,
etc.) are very dark, but sornetimes larger, sometimes smaller. They may thus

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 107

be called intermediate. This has already been pointed out by Reichenow, and
others.

Cheliculi Staul. was described from Chelicut in Abyssinia, variegnki Vieill.
and striolata Licht. from the Senegal, pygmaca from Kordofan and E. Abyssinia.
All these names must therefore be synonyms of chelicuti. The southern bird
must be called

Halcyon chelicuti damarensis Strickl.

This bird was also observed on the edge of the water at Aderbissinat in
August. Buchanan found Halcyon chelicuti eremogilon frequenting shady groups
of tall trees and date-palms. In the stomach of one he found grasshoj^pers.

71. Lybius vieilloti frater Neum.

[Pui/oKtw-s vieilloti Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. pi. 97 (1815 — Africa ! Almost surely to have been a Senegal
skin, or from Gambia; it is therefore a violation of probability to say that it came from
Abyssinia, whence birds did not, at that time, come to Europe, except the few from Salt's and
Bruce's expeditions. Description and figure are not convincing, as such closely allied forms
cannot be separated except by comparing series. Moreover the type of Pogonius (not Pogonias
as quoted !), vieilloti appears to have disappeared from the British Museum. I therefore agree
with Neumann to accept Senegambia 8is the typical locality of P. lieilhti).]

Lytjius vieilloti frater Neumann, Journ. f. Orn. 1917. ii. p. 201 (Abyssinia, terra typica Barentu, Upper
Baria).

cj ad., Farniso, near Kano, 1 . i. 1920.

2$, Zinder, 30. i., 13. ii. 1920.

(J ?, Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, 13.iii. 1920.

? ?, Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 21. vi. 1920 (yomig bird !).

2 cJ, 2 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, May 1920.

" Iris rich sienna-brown. Bill glossless deep black. Feet greyish black."
If one could judge from a single specimen I would say that the specimen from
Farniso (Kano) had larger red spots, and was therefore the Senegal bird, while
those from Damergu have smaller ones and must be referred to L. v. frater Neum.
Probably, however, the Kano bird would also belong to the latter, as the late
Boyd Alexander collected it also at Yo on Lake Chad ; his specimens also vary
somewhat, some havuig larger spots (like Senegal birds), others very small ones,
and the same must also be said of Abyssinian birds. Although the ditference of
a heavier- sjiotted Senegal (West African) form and a finer -spotted N.E. African
form is admitted by all modern splitters (Ogilvie- Grant, Neumann, Sclater &
Praed), I must confess that I can hardly seiJarate the two forms, and wish to
emphasise that' many single specimens cannot be distinguished, though in a
scries the difference is visible. (The specimen from Zaria belongs already to the
Senegal form.)

72. Trachyphonus margaritatus margaritatus (Cretzschm.).

Bucco margaritatus Cretzschmar, Atlas Itcise Aljes/i. p. 30. pi. 20 (1S26 — Sennaar and cast slopes of
Abyssinia, terra typica Seimaar).

3 (?, 3 ?, Zmder, January and February 1920.
<J 9, Timia, Asben, 24. vi. 1920.

" Iris dark brown, umber- brown. BUI dull dark madder-brown, soiled dull
reddish brown, medium pale chestnut- brown, tip dark brown or blackish. Feet
dull leaden grey."

108 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Tuareg names Agaslia and Agliisit-Agur.

Observed in numbers at Agades and near Baguezan in bushes along river-
beds, and in neighbourhood of vv'ater. " Has a clear piping prolonged call, also
a less shrill ' thuc-thuc-thuc-thuc.' "

1 am unable to distinguish these speeimcns from others from Abyssinia
(Eritrea), the Blue Nile (Brehm, Flower), and Nubia (Shendi, Suakim, Port
Sudan, Erkowit, etc.).

The wmgs of the males all reach 97 mm., like some of the nortii-eastern
specimens, while others from there are smaller, sometimes only 88. $ wmg 92-
96 mm.

73. Pogoniulus chrysoconus schubotzi (Rchw.).

Barbalula chrysocoma schubotzi Reiclienow, Orn. Monalsher. 1912. p. 28 (Fort Archambault ou the
Shaii River).

2 ^,\<2, Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 22, 23, 25. v. 1920.
cj, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 31. v. 1920.

" Iris dark umber-brown. BUI black. Feet blackish grey to black."

These specimens agree perfectly with those collected by Boyd Alexander
near Lake Chad, and on the Shari River. They have very wide white spots on
the upper back, the lower back and rump have much yellow, more lemon- yellow
on the latter and upper taU-coverts. The difference from P. chrysocoims chryso-
conus from the western Senegal (Tiali, Riggenbach leg.) is very slight, but the
latter are apparently darker on the back, the white patches being more extended.

P. chrysoconus zcdlitzi (Neumann) 1909, Sennaar, Blue NUe, only differs
in having the back tinged with orange, and the underside perhaps a little paler.

" Barhutula chrysocoma pallida " Wettstein, Ahad. Aitz. math. nal. Kl.
Akademie, Wien, p. 131 (1916 — Talodi in South Kordofan) is, according to the
description and distribution — as schiibolzi is supposed to range to the Balir-el-
Ghazal — the same as schnholzi, if the latter is really different from zcdlitzi from
Sennaar. " B. c. pallida " has been compared only with centralis, which is much
darker, but it should have been compared with P. c. chrysoconus, zcdlitzi, and
schvbotzi ! Wettstein says the white spots of the upper back are " reinweiss,"
which refers to schubotzi, but not to zcdlitzi. So far we must admit schnholzi and
zcdlitzi as different, but further material and mvestigation about the relationship
of chrysoconus, schubotzi, and zcdlitzi is desirable.

The wings of Buchanan's specimens measm-e : ^J^, Timia, 58, 58 ; $ 58-5 ;
S, Mt. Baguezan, 58-6 mm. , the latter is the palest of the four.

No other specimens were observed by Buchanan.

(This genus must be called Pogoniulus, as Barbalula is preoccupied by
Barbatulu Linck., 1790, and Pogoniulus has priority over Xylobucco. Cf. Rich-
mond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxxv. p. 034, 1908.)

74. Scoptelus aterrimus cryptostictus subsp. nov.

Scoiilrtu.'i subspufici S. a. aterrimus dictac persimilis, sed maris luaculis pallidis subterminalibus
rcmigum piimariarum minus evolutis, intcrdum obscuris vel abscntibus.

c? ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, S.vi. 1920.
cJ ?, Aouderas, Asben, 24.vii. 1920.
cj, Azzal, Asben, 14.vii. 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 109

" Iris dark brown. Bill dull black, corners of mouth yellow. Feet bright
black, with white scale-joints."

The males have less-developed pale subterminal spots on the primaries than
the Senegal form (»S'. a. aterriinus). In two specimens collected by Boyd Alexander
near Yo (on the northern Lake Chad) these pale brown patches are entirely
absent, in another exactly as in ours from Asben. The white markings in the
middle of the primaries are somewhat variable. The rcctrices of oiu- Senegal
specimens are, as a ride, without any white spots, but the (^ from Aouderas has
a small white spot at the tip of the outermost taU-feathcr, as is also found in
a male from the Senegal Colony. Adult females have smaller bills and brown
throats, and the brown spots near the tips of the primaries are as well developed
as in Senegal males, but in a Senegal female they are stUl larger. The females
also have always, or nearly always, white spots near the tips of the outermost
primaries. Wmgs of the Asben birds, ^ 102, 105, 107, $ 98, 98 mm.

Type of Scoptelus aterrimiis cryptoslictus : ^ ad., Mt. Baguezan, Asben,
5.vi.l920. A. Buchanan leg. No. 678.

This form is evidently spread from Asben to Lake Chad, and the Shari River
(Alexander leg.). Buchanan saw it also a little south of Baguezan, at Tebernit
on June 27, and at Timia.

75. Caprimulgus eximius simplicior subsp. nov.

Caprimulgus eximius speciminibua orientalibus simillimus sed supra minus auraiitio-auratus, palli-
diore isabellinus ; caudae fasciis albicantibus frequentioribus.

cJad., Zinder, 26.1.1920.

(J ad., Takukut, Damergu, 25.iii.1920.

" Iris dark. BUI blackish, slightly more brownish at nostrils. Feet medium
pale dull blackish grey, edges of scales whitish."

Only these two specimens were found, among dwarf bushes on desert .sand.
Nightjars were seen in early morning at Aguellal and in Asben, but whether of
this or other species could not be ascertained.

These specimens differ from C. eximius eximius (sjiecimens from Sheiidi,
White Nile, and Darfur [Lynes leg.] compared) in being less golden orange,
slightly duller, paler all over the uf)i)erside azid wing-coverts, also on the chest ;
the whitish bars on the rectrices, speckled with black, are more numerous, being
10 or 11 on the middle pair, and only 8 or 9 distinct ones in C. e. eximius, therefore
being a little closer together.

Type of C. e. simplicior ^, Zinder, 26. i. 1920. A. Buchanan leg. No. 244.

The discovery of this beautiful goatsucker so far west extends its distribution
very considerably. It has, however, also recently been obtained by Ca^jt. Lynes
somewhere in Darfur, and the Darfur specimens agree entirely with those from
the Nile. What appears not to have been described before is the very great
length of the middle upper tail-coverts, which extend over two-thirds of the tail,
to within 3 cm. of its end, and the width of the middle rectrices, the edges of which
are strikingly disintegrated. Someone wUl, I fear, make a new generic name for
this species, for this reason. The female has the tips to the outer rectrices less
wide and buflf, not white. The young bird is paler, but not like the Zinder-
Damergu birds.

In the volumes of the Ibis is now, since the rediscovery of the species on the

110 NuVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVlll. I'Jlil.

Wliite Nile bj' Witherby {Ibis, 1901, p. 259), which was the fifth specimen known,
quite a literature on it.

N. C. RothschOd and Wollaston, Ibis, 1902, p. 20, found it numerous at
Shendi, between Khartum and the Atbara, and collected 15 skins. They gave
an excellent account of its habits and the sort of country which it frequents, and
also discovered the eggs and pullus !

A. L. Butler gave more particulars about the localities where it has been
found, in Ibis, 1905, p. 344, and Ibis, 1908, p. 239.

C. eximiiis eximius breeds near Khartum and at Shendi, and has been found
at Meroe, on the White and Blue Nile, and in Kordofan and Darfur. According
to Butler it also occurs on the Atbara.

70. Caprimulgus inornatus Heugl.

CaprimuUjus itiornaln-s Heuglin, Orn. Noriosl-AJr. i. p. 129 (1869 — Bogosland).

cJ ad., Tarrouaji, Asben Mountains, 2.viii. 1920.

This specimen is neither of the extreme rufous nor of the quite greyish
variety, but rather intermediate. A very reddish example was sliot by A. L.
Butler near Khartum in May.

(A nightjar different from C. inornatus and eximius was shot at Aouderas
in July, but so much shot to pieces that it was not skinned.)

77. Tachornis parvus parvus (Liclit.).

Cypseliis parvus LicUtcnstcin, Vers. Douhl. Berlin Mits. p. 58 (1823 — N.E. Nubia).

2 ?, Zinder, 17, 19. ii. 1920. " Iris dark brown. Bill and feet black."
These specimens agree perfectly with a series from Nubia, and another from

the western Senegal Colon}'. In one the throat is perfectly uniform and very
little jialer than the abdomen, in the other wliitish and distinctly striated. Wings
of both 129 mm.

I cannot at present discuss all the forms of this species, but it seems to me that
T. p. griseus must be a synonym, because the wing is the average measure of
T. p. parvus, and the coloration varies, some Nubian examples being much
paler and greyer than others. The longest wings, i.e. 139 and 140 mm., I find in
Benguellan examples, wliich Reiohenow unites with his brachypterus, the terra
typica of which is clouded in darkness. Reichenow first mentions " Gambia "
but casts doubt upon the Gambia birds belonging to his " brachijpterus " with
wings of 120-128, or to T. p. parvus with wings of " 125-132." In any case, the
sliort-winged form is separable, having a darker underside and shorter wings !
It inhabits the Gold Coast, Lower Niger, and Fernando Po, Kanierun, but the
Mossamedes and Benguellan birds have longer wings again, and lighter underside.
The Hausa name is Soysaywa.

78. Apus murinus brehmorum Hart. (?).

Apus apus brehmorum Hartoit, " Naumami, Nalurg. Vog. MiUeleuropas " (sic !) (new edition of
Naumann's work), iv. p. 233 (1901 — " Siidspanien, Madeira, Canaren," type Madeira !).

3 tJ, 5 9, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 24, 25. v. 1920.

Large flocks were feeding over acacias. In July such birds were observed
at Aouderas, June 27 at Tebernit, June 11 Igouloulouf, June 12 Faodet, June 18

NOVITATKS ^OOLOGICAE JvXVIII. 10^1, 111

Assodc, all in Asben (Air). At none of these places, however, were specimens
collected.

The identification of these specimens has been a sore troulile. A number of
brchmorum are not distinguisliable from tliese birds in coloration, but the majority
are distinctly darker ; on tlie other hand, darker examples of A. tnurinus murinus,
notably one from Jericho, collected by Meinertzhagen — which I think must be
A. m. murinns — are indistinguishable : it is still evident to me that hrehmorum
and A. vi. murinus must be distinguished, but their distribution is not yet quite
known.

Another question is the size. One of the Baguezan swifts has a wing of 172
mm., while the others have wings of about 162-165, but this can only be said
confidently of three, because the otlicrs are all moulting ! Swifts do not moult in
Europe or North Africa by the end of May ! Wings of A. in. hrehmorum measure
168-178, exceptionally under 168 (164) and above (180). There is thus no
evidence that the Asben swifts are really smaller. The dates suggest their
nesting on Mt. Baguezan.

A similar difficulty confronted me with the Pallid Swifts which I collected in
the Algerian Sahara near Guerrara and El- Alia, and two or three shot near Biskra.
Tliey were obviously paler than others from North Algeria (Alger, Bone), and
North Tunisia. Could it be that Apus murinus hrehmorum is restricted to the
Atlas region and Canary Islands and Madeira, while A. m. murinus extends from
the Nile through the Sahara to the Mzab country ? Unfortunately I have not
seen a swift from Tripoli !

79. Apus affinis galilejensis (Antin.).
Cypsel-us Galilejensis Antinori, Nanmannia, 1855, p. 307 (Lake of Galilee).

^, Farniso, near Kano, 25.xu.19I9.

1 cJ, 2 9, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 25. v., l.vi. 1920.

At Mt. Baguezan seen among large flocks of Apus murinus. On February 24
many were seen over the town of Zinder, but not obtained.

Hausa name BiUo bulo, which name is also applied to bats !

I cannot separate these birds from A. a. galilejensis from Persia, Palestine,
Marocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. On tlie other hand, specimens formerly received
from Zaria are not separable from tropical African (Niger, Gold Coast, Sierra
Leone) A. a. affinis !

80. Hirundo daurica domicella Finsch & Hartl.
Birnndo domicella Finsch & Hartlaub, Vog. Ostafr. p. 140 (1870 — Casamanze).

9 ad., Farniso, near Kano, 7. i. 1920. "Iris dark. Bill and feet black."
Wing 116 mm.

It is not without hesitation that I treat this swallow as a subspecies of H.
daurica, but after all I see no other choice. It most certainly cannot be treated
as a species, as it is merely a smaller form of H. melanocrissus from Abyssinia ;
the latter, however, shows faint striolations on the throat, and thus only differs
from some specimens of H. daurica rufula in having the rump and shorter
ui^per taU-coverts of the same colour, while they are altogether paler and merging
into whitish isabelline on the tail.

112 NonTATES ZooLnaioAE XXVIII. 1921.

Tlic Haiisa name givpn to Buchanan is Saj-saywa. T!iis is; a rare form in
collections. The late \V. A. Forbes obtained it at Shonga on the Niger, Giffard
and Alexander near Gambaga.

81. Riparia obsoleta buchananl subsp. nov.

liipiria forinae 7?. ohanleta ohsolela dictao noii ilissiinili.s, sed inidor, roatro minorc, alia brevioribvis.
colore supra et infra saturatiore, obscuriorc, corporis lateribus grisco-brunncis. Subspecici
R. rupestrls spaizi dictae similia, sed minor, alis brevioribus. abdoniino bruiiiiescentiore.

cJc???, Mt. Baguczan, 5,200 feet, 8, 9, 22, 27. v. 1920.

cJcJ, south of Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, 2, 3. v. 1920.

" Iris very dark. Bill black. Feet blackish, slightly tinged with flesh
colour."

Not observed before approaching Baguezan, but afterwards seen, though not
obtained, at Iberkom June 13, Aguellal June 16, Assode June 18 (1), Tiniia
June 9, at Aouderas in July, and July 8 at Agades, where they nest in the fort.
At Baguezan frequenting steep cliffs.

These rock-swallows are in colour between the tropical rufigula and allies,
and R. obs. obsoleki. The upperside is almost sooty brown, but fresh feathers
are more cinereous. Chin and throat unspotted, more isabelline than in obsoleta,
abdomen darker greyish isalicUine, flanks brownish grey. Under taU-coverts
brownish grey with buff fringes, not very much darker than in obsoleta. Wings,
J 112-115, $ 110-113 mm., in o&«oieta 116-12-1 ( 113 given by me as rarely occurring,
but no skin at Tring measures less than 116).

Type of R. o. buchanani, (J, Mt. Baguezan, 27. v. 1920. A. Buchanan leg.
No. 643.

1 found it — like Geyr with his spatzi from the foot of the Hoggar Mountains
— very difficult to decide where to place this new form, I think, however, that
it is a near ally of R. spntzi, de.scribed as R. rupesiris spaizi by Geyr, and which
I look upon as a dark obsoleta form. As rupestris and obsoleta breed together in
western Asia (notably Palestine and evidently Persia), I consider them, like recent
observers in Palestme, as two species, and we may look upon R. fuligula and
anderssoni as forms of rupesiris, rufigula (which is also found in Angola !)
as a subspecies of obsoleta. This, however, is only hypothetical. Another
^s yet undescribed form has been discovered by Lynes in Darf lu-.

The specimens of R. o. buchanani are not in the best of plumage ; they were
evidently obtained just after the nesting season, and are beginning to moult :
now and then an inner primary or a secondary, some tail-feathers and a few body
plumes, on back and breast.

83. Phoenicvmis phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

Molacilla Phoenicurus Linnaeus, Sijst. Xut. cd. x. p. 187 (1758—" habitat in Europa." Restricted
terra typica Sweden).

(J, Farniso, near Kano, 2.1. 1920.

2 (J, Zinder, 23. i., 10. ii. 1920.

3 $, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 11, 29. v. 1920.

The males from Kano and Zinder— undoubtedly in their winter quarters —
are in beautiful plumage. In one from Zinder the white edges to tlie tliroat
feathers have mostly disappeared, so that the throat is almost quite black, the

NoviTATEs ZooLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1021. lis

white forehead is .also already conspicuous. As redstarts have not very often
been recorded from western Africa, the fact that they winter south of tlie Sahara
is of interest.

The occurrence on Mt. Baguezan, in shady glades with tall acacias but no
undergrowth, in the middle and end of May is unexpected. The three females
are in much-worn plumage, like birds shot in Europe at the same dates, the one
from May 29 being worst. I think these birds would have remained in Asben
and would not have returned to Em'ope. Geyr found also redstarts in the
desert, near Temassinin, May 12, near Ain Taiba, May 24, 25, and 26, the latter
in feeble condition !

S3. Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

Motar.illa Oenanthe Linnaeus, Syst. Xal. ed. x. p. ISO (1758— " Euiopa." Restricted terra tj'pica
Sweden).

(J, Agades, 15.iv.l920,

(J<J ?, Zinder, 23 . i . , 1 9 . ii . 1 920.

(J, Kano, 3.xii.l919.

One of the males from Zinder is a beautif id old bh'd. The other is a first
year's bird with an unusually rufous upperside and moulting body plumage on
breast and back on January 23. The collector could not determine its sex, but
the entirely black lores and car-coverts (though some of the latter have small
rufous tips) show it to be a male. The fresh growing feathers on the back are
not grey, but brownish. The fine adult male, shot February 19, is just finishing
its moult on the breast. The ? from Zinder also moults a few feathers on the
breast and head. In the Kano and Agades specimens I find no moult, but the
latter looks rather worn for the time of the year.

Buchanan says wheatears were common at Baban Tubki, near Zinder, and
at Kano, but rare at Agades.

84. Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca (Giild.).

Mttscicapa mehnoleiwa Giildenstadt, Nov, Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 408, pi. 15 (1775 — Georgia in the
Caucasus).

(J ad., Zinder, 5.ii.l920.

This specimen has the upperside white with only a rusty buff tinge on the
back, its feathers are much worn, especially the upper tail-coverts ; the remiges,
including the inner edges, are entirely black. The bird is purer black and white
than old males shot in March and April, and thus much whiter than usual winter
specimens. There is no moult.

The locality is very interesting. Though extending m winter to the eastern
Sudan, it is not known from the western Sudan. Only one other specimen (pre-
sumably of this form) was noticed at Zinder, none elsewhere.

85. Oenanthe leucopyga aegra Hart.

Oenanthe leucopyga aegra Hartert, Nov. Zool. xx. p. 55 (1913— Algerian Sahara, type Gara Klima,
near Ouargla).

3 cJ, 3 ?, Agades, 12, 13, 22. iv. 1920.

(J juv., Aouderas, 24.vii.1920.

1 (J, 2$, 1 (Jjuv.,Mt. Baguezan, 5,200feet, 10, 27.V., 2.vii.l920.

114 NOVITATES Zooi.noicAE XXVIII. 1021.

" Iris very dark brown, bill and feet black." The joung q, July 24 (No.
756), with wings and tail only two-thirds grown, has the bill " pale whitish yellow,
exeept over ba.sal half of upper mandible, which is brown. Feet medium pale
leaden brown." Plentiful at Agades, observed on the cliffs of Tegguidi.

These specimens belong to the western form : wings, ^J 100-103, $ 94-97 mm.

The young birds have, of course, black heads. Of the adult ones 4 have the
whole crown pure wliite ; 1 (No. 644) has some white feathers on the nape and
sides of crown, one of them just growing — the wings of this bird, a <?, are browner
than those of the white-crowned birds ! Another cj (No. 505) has one growing
white feather at the nape — its wings are also a little brownish ! Three have
entirely black heads and distinctly brownish wings, especially wing-coverts.
Conclusion (already arrived at from series collected in northern Sahara) : the
white crown is only found in fully adult birds, young birds have alwaj's black
heads, but specimens with black crowns breed sometimes. Probably aged
birds always get white crowns in 0. I. aegra, but of 0. I. Iciicopyga I have
examined fully aged black-headed birds with quite black wings.

Targi name Sin-c 8in-e.

At Aguellal a clutch of eggs was foimd on June 16, 1920. The nest was in
a hole in a stone wall of a deserted hut in Aguellal vUlage ; it was composed of
dry grasses and lined with camel's hair. The eggs agree quite with others collected
by me in the Oued Mya, Central Sahara. They are white with a hardlj' i^erceptililo
bluish tinge, almost glossless, and are spotted, chiefly near the larger end, with
rusty red spots and dots, without underlying blue-grey markings. They measure
20-4 X 15-3, 20-2 X 14-S, and 20-5 X 19-7 mm.

86. Cercomela melanura airensis subsp. nov.

Cercomcla subspeciei C. m. hjpnra dictae affinii?, sed notaeo pallidiorc, fere arenieolore, noenon
gastraeo brunnescente luteolo distinguenda,

4 cJ, 3 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8, 10, 14, 20, 22. v. 1920.

2 cJ, south of Baguezan, Asben, 3,300 feet, 1. v. 1920. "Iris vcrj' dark
brown. Bill dull black or brown-black. Feet bright black."

jJ2 ad. : Upperside uniform light cinnamon- brown, almost sand-colour, very
different from the darker, more fawn-colour, or drab of C. meluJiura hjpura, upper
•tail-coverts and taU brownish black. Ear-coverts brighter, more glossy rufescent
brown. Chin and throat dirty white, rest of understirface brownish buff, middle
of abdomen more whitish, under tail-coverts clearer and brighter, the longest
sometimes with longitudinal black patches. Under wing-coverts and axUIaries
buffy white. Wing-feathers dark brown, outer webs margined with colour of
back, inner with bufiish brown. Wing, ^ 79-82-5, $ 74-5-76-5 mm. Type,
cj ad., Mt. Baguezan, 14. v. 1920. No. 594, A. Buchanan leg.

This is a very distinct form, but possibly the form from the Nile in Nubia —
one specimen collected by N. C. Rothschild & Wollaston between Merowc and
Obu Hamed, at Dakfala — is different again, being intermediate between airensis
and lypura ; this questjon must remain unsolved until a series is available.

Cercomela is so closely allied to Oenanthe as to be hardly sej)arable 1

Buchanan observed this bird also at Tebernit, June 27, at the base of the
Tamgak Mountains, June 13, and at Timia in June, but never farther south.
He found it frequenting the sides of ravines, among rocks, often perching on bushes.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 115

They often uttered a pleasant broken warble, at times chirped like an English
house sparrow.

87. Myrmecocichia aethiops buchanani Rothsch.

MyrmecocichU bmliamm Rothschild, Bull. B.C. Club, xli. p. 33 (1920—" Damergou and Zifider,
south to Kano in northern Nigeria '').

2 cJ, 2 ?, Takukut, Damergu, IS.iii. 1920.

S,^', 1?, Zinder, 27. i. 1920.

2 (?, 1 c? juv., Farniiso, near Kano, 19, 20.xii. 1919, 2.i. 1920. '" Iris dark
brown. Bill and feet black."

This new form is closely allied to 31. aefhiops aethiops, but in fresh plumage
not so blackish, and the edges to the feathers of the throat and breast are wider
and lighter. The sexes do not differ appreciably. Wings, (J 110-114, one from
Kano 117, $ 102-107 mm. ; tail 76-79 ; bill from base 22-24 mm. The young bird
has the edges to the feathers of the underside rufous, not whitish brown as in
adults, and not confined to throat and breast, but also on the abdomen.

Another very much smaller and browner subsjiecies, Myrmecocichia aethiops
sudanensis has been discovered by Lynes in Darfux and western Kordofan. Its
bill is very much smaller, about 15-17 mm. (cf. Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 18, 1920).

One might be tempted to look upon both these forms (huchanani and
sudanensis) as subspecies of M. jonnicivora from South Africa, but in that species
the males have the inner series of uj)per wing-coverts white — the females, how-
ever, not.

Nests, according to Buchanan, in holes in sand banks during rains
(September, August). No eggs obtamed.

88. Crateropus fulvus buchanani subsp. nov.

Crateropus formae Cmleropu.^ f ulcus fulvus dictae simillimus, sod colore pallidiore, minus rufescente,
rostroque minore distinguendus.

6 (J, 2$, Mt. Baguezan, 12. v. -4. vi. 1920.

?, Agades, 21.iv.l920.

(J, Tessalatin, south of Agades, 5.iv. 1920.

" Iris uraber-brown to clear blackish brown with water- white outer ring.

BUI brown-black or black with corners of mouth yellow. Feet pale dull whitish

grey-green or pale sage-green." On two labels the iris is described as " glassy

white, grey tinted" and " whitish, tinted with stone-grey." " Flight and call

■ exactly like that of a Colius " (Buchanan).

These birds were only seen in the places where obtained. They very closely
resemble C. fulvus fulvus from the Algerian and Tunisian Sahara, but the bill is
smaller, slenderer, the back more pale isabelline, less reddish, occijjut and crown
paler, only the forehead rufous- brown, while in C. fulvus fulvus the whole top of the
head is rufous-brown, ear-coverts paler. Evidently the iris is also, as a rule,
differently coloured, being usually umber to blackish brown. In C. f. fulvus the
iris, according to books, is brown or rufous-brown, Riggenbach described it as
red, and I found it bright red-brown or brown with a whitish outer ring, never
blackish brown. However, the iris seems to be variable : Koenig described it
as white, and Buchanan marked it in two specimens as whitish and glassy white,
tinged grey !

8

116 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XSVIII. 1921.

Wings, (5 94-97, ? 94 mm., in C. f. fulvus 95-102 !

Type of C. f. buchanani, 3, Mt. Bagiiezan, 5,200 feet, 4. vi. 1920. No. 075.
A. Buchanan leg.

Several Maj' and June specimens moulting rectrices and some body plumage.

89. Crateropus plebejus anomalus subsp. nov.

Craleropus, a subspecie typica occipite striato, colore saturatiorc, grisescentiore ; a subiipeeicbus
reliquis plumis gularibus jugularibiisque magis rotundatis, minus apicatis dillert ; colore supra
brunneigriseo, subtus pallidiore, abdomine isabellino.

(J ad., Farniso, near Kano, 27.xii.1919. No. 100, type of C. p. nnomnlus.
" Iris clear orange- yellow. Bill black. Feet dark brownish black."

This bird agrees perfectly with several males and females in the British
Museum collected by the late Boyd Alexander at various places on the River Yo,
in eastern and western Bautchi, and at " Danahaga, N. Nigeria." These bird.s
differ much from all other African Crateropi, and it was Alexander's intention to
describe them as a new species, as shown by a manuscript name on the label.-^.
If all the other forms which are now treated as subspecies of C. pkbejus are forms
of it, then this new form must also be one of them. It is perhaps nearest to C. p.
plcbcjus, but differs from the latter at a glance by the dark centres to the feathers
being continued over the occiput and hind- neck, while in C. p. plebejus they only
reach to 6 mm. beyond the eyes. The uppcrside is darker, more greyish, not so
isabelline, the sides of the head are darker, not isabelline, but greyish brown.
The dark centres to the feathers become more or less indistinct in the middle of
the back. QuUls brown, rectrices brown, darkening towards the end. Feathers
of throat dark brown, an almost blackish spot near the tip and a buffy white
fringe all romid, these fringes becoming less whitish on the chest, where, however,
the tips of the feathers have a more distinct whitish guttate tip, which is merely
indicated on the throat feathers ; chin white ; abdomen isabelline, flanks and
under tail-coverts slightly browner. Under wing-coverts and inner lining of
quills from below brownish isabelline. Wing, ^ 106-116 (type 115), $ 109-113,
tail type 110, tarsus 33, bill from forehead 12 mm.

Apparently the only specimen Buchanan met with.

90. Cercotrichas podobe (P. L. S. Miiller).
Turdns Podobe P. L. S. MiiUer, Linnfe's Naiursyst. Suppl. p. U5 (1776— Senegal. Ex Buffon.)

$ juv., Aouderas, Asben, 23. vii. 1920.

(J?ad.,Zinder, 24. i., 13. ii. 1920.

2 tj, 2 ? ad., Takukut, near Damergu, 12, 13, 19.iii. 1920.

(J$ ad. : " Iris dark brown. Bill black. Feet deep brown- black." Juv.:
" Corners of mouth whitish, feet medium blackish leaden grey."

The female has been said to be greyer than the male, but this is not the case :
it agrees in colour, but is considerably smaller; wings, ^ 91, $ 84-87 mm. The
young agrees in 001010: of plumage also entirely with the adults.

Found commonly at Azzal and Aouderas, also at Takukut, rare at Zinder.
" Frequenting thickets, mouse-like movements." Broken up insects in stomach.

A widely spread species, from N.E. Africa to Senegal, no subspecies dis-
tinguishable, unless one considers ('. melanoptira a subspecies of podobe. The

MOVITATES ZOOLOQICAF. XXVIII. 1921. lit

locality " Dongola "' for C. melnnopiera, where it is said to have been found by
Hemprieh & Ehrenberg, is probably erroneous — it seems to be restricted to
southern Arabia.

91. Agrobates galactotes minor (Cab.).

Aedon minor Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 39 (1850 — " Abyssinien ").
Sylina olwiae Alexander, Bull. B.O. Chih, xxiii. p. 15 (1908 — Lake Chad).

2 cJ, 2?, Zinder, 24.i.-12.ii. 1920.

(J, Takukut, Damergu, 26.iii.1920.

(J9, Agades, 11, 14. iv. 1920.

tJ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 19. v., 2.vi. 1920.

(J ?, Timia, Asben, 23 . vi . 1920.

" Iris dark brown. BUI dark Iirownish, lower mandible whitish flesh-
colour, tip darker. Feet brown of various shades to pale blackish brown."

There are considerable variations in size ; wings, ^J 70-82, $ 75-80, if correctly
sexed. The coloration varies also, some specimens being redder, darker, others
more sandy, paler. This form, formerly only known from N.E. Africa, was
discovered by Alexander on Lake Chad, and now its range extends to Air (Asben).

Buchanan found it " frequenting low shrub, flitting from one bush bottom
to another." It has " a sweet somewhat thrush-like broken morning song."
Besides the localities where specimens were obtained, observed at Iferouan,
Ebazouera, and Tebernit. A nest was found in a thick tangle of vines, six feet
from the ground, containing young, at Tokede, S.vii. 1920.

92. Hypolais pallida reiseri Hilgert.
Hypolais pallida reiseri Hilgert, Falco, 1908 p. 3 (Biskra).

(J 9 ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 12, 22. v. 1920.

5 juv. ! Aouderas, 24.vii. 1920.

2 (J, Agades, 11, 14. iv. 1920.

1 (J, 3$, Zinder, 26.i.-16.ii. 1920.

(J, Takukut, Damergu, 27.iii.1920.

" Iris dark brown. Upper mandible dark brown, lower light yellowish.
Feet leaden grey to blackish leaden grej^ The young bird has the iris umber-
brown, upper mandible dull grey- brown, lower greyish white, feet medium pale
whitish leaden grey."

Most of these birds are smaller than topot3q)ical reiseri from Biskra, Tuggurt,
Mraier, El-Golea, and In-Salah. They doubtless nest in Asben, as suggested by
the late dates of the Baguezan birds and shown by the young bird from Aouderas !
The Zinder ones might be and most likely are only winter visitors. Oberholser
and other American authors and probably Stresemann would separate these
birds from reiseri, because their wings are mostly shorter, but this is also the case
with the Zinder ones.

The {J from Asben and Zinder have wings of :

cJ, 61-5, 61-5, 63, 63-5, 64-8 mm. ; ? 60, 62, 62, 62-5.

On the other hand, specimens from the Algerian Sahara (Biskra, Tuggurt,
Mraier, El-Golea, In-Salah) have wings of :

(J, 63-5, 64-5, 65, 65, 66, 66, 66, 66-5, 66-5, 67, 67, 68 ram. ; ? 62-5, 64-5.

118 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII, 1921.

1 do not venture to name the tropical form, because with such a small
series I think it is quite possible that larger specimens might also occur, and I
have a strong suspicion that the Zinder birds are winter visitors, and, if so, prob-
ably from the Algerian desert, where they are migratory, arriving in April and
leaving apparently in August or early in September.

The first unconscious discoverer of H. p. reiseri was H. J. Elwes, who shot a
specimen in Biskra, 5. v. 1882. But at that time birds were not very seriously
compared, and so it was labelled as " pallkla," which is rather different, and
recorded by Dixon in the Ibis, 1882, as opnca, which is still more strikingly
different !

93. Hypolais icterina (Vieill.).
Sylvia icterina Vioillot, Koiiv. Did. d'Hisi. Nat. (nouv. kCi.), xi. p. 194 (1817—).

2 (J ad., south of Mt. Baguezan, 3,300 feet, 1, 3. v. 1920.

Not observed elsewhere. Must be migrant, of coiu-se, notwithstanding the
late date.

94. Sylvia cantillans cantillans (Pall).

(Sylvia suhalpina auct.).

Molacilla cantillans Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. rais. Coll. Ois., Adumhratiuncitla, p. 4 (1764 — Italy !).

1 ^, 2$, Farniso, near Kano, 23, 27.xii.1919, l.i.l920.

2 ?, Zinder, 24. i., 10. ii. 1920.
(J?, Damergu, 22.iii.1920.

?, south of Mt. Baguezan, 3,300 feet, 2. v. 1920.

Though the date of the Asben specimen is very late, we may suppose that
these birds are only winter visitors in all these places.

In a $ from Zinder, No. 350, 10. ii. 1920, tail-feathers, primaries, and a few
feathers on the back are moulting ! ^ No. 57 from Farniso, 23.xii. 1920, evi-
dently in its first year, as shown by its pale rusty edges to the wings, looks more
like a female, there being only an indication of the pinkish colour of the ^ on the
underside. The tail is in moult, there being three just-grown new feathers among
the rest of much-worn ones.

95. Sylvia cantillans albistriata (Brehm.).

Curruca albistriata Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 229 (1855 — Egj^pt).

$, Farniso, near Kano, 5.i. 1920.

<J"$," Zinder, 23. i., 17. ii. 1920.

The (J moults body plumage on back, throat, and breast ! The supposed $
from Zinder must be a (J, it moults into brick-red on the throat, and into grey
on the back ! The ? from Farniso moults body plumage !

96. Sylvia communis communis Lath.

Sylvia communis Latham, Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 287 (1787 — England).

2 (J, Farniso, near Kano, 23, 31.xii. 1919.

1 (J, 3$, Zinder, 24.i.-5.ii. 1920.

1, Takukut, Damergu, 27.iii.1920.

1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9. v. 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAI; XXVIII. 1921. 119

The c? (No. 485) shot March 27 is moulting rectrices and body plumage, the
others from December to February are before their moult ; the $ from May 5 is
probably a sick bird that omitted to wander homewards with its kind, though
these birds linger behind very late. Gejr observed it May 10-12, in the gardens
of Temassinin !

97. Sylvia hortensis hortensis (Gm.).

{Sylvia orphea auct.).

Molacilla Jiorlensis Grnelin, Sysl. Nat. i. ii. p. 955 (1789 — France and Italy).

1$, Zinder, 26.1.1920.

2 (J, Agades, 14, 15. iv. 1920. " Iris creamy white. Feet greyish black.*^

Though known to occur in winter in north-eastern Africa (Kordofan, Hota,

Zeila, Shendi), this is the first reliable proof of its wintering in western Africa.

Geyr observed it as far south as Temassinin.

98. Acrocephalus scirpaceus scirpaceus (Herm.).
{A. strepcrus sireperus auct.).
Tvrdus scirpaceus Hermann, Obscrv. Zool, p. 202 (1804 — Alsace).
?, Zinder, 1 9.11.1920.

99. Phylloscopus bonelli bonelli (Vieill.).

Sylvia Bonelli Vicillot, Nouv. Did. cVUisl. Nal. (nouv. eJ.) xxviii. p. 91 (1819— Piemont).

^, Kano, 3.xii.l919, moulting back.

cj, Farniso, near Kano, 2.i. 1920.

9, Zinder, 10. ii. 1920. Moulting-on throat.

100. Spiloptila damans (Temm.).
Malurus clamans Temminok, PI. Col. 466 (1828 — Nubia, collected by Riippell).

5 cJ, 4 9, Zinder, January and February, 1920.

<J$, Takukut, Damergu, 11, 24.iii.1920.

2 (J, 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 21, 24. v. 1920.

" Iris clear yellowish sienna-browii. Upper and extreme tip of lower man-
dible black, remainder flesh-colour. Feet pale whitish sienna-brown."

Wings of males 47-49, females 44-5-46 mm. Five of the females differ from
all the males in having the black spots on the forehead much narrower, but the
$ from Mt. Baguezan, though having short wing and tail, has them like the males.
Among Nubian birds the same variation in the head is observed, both in large
and small specimens !

The occurrence so far west of this species, hitherto known only as a north-
eastern form, is very interesting. Buchanan observed it also on June 14 at
Iferouan, and June 15 at Aguellal. It frequented the lower parts of " under-
brush " and tall grass in half sandy desert, singly or in pairs. Moult seems to be
irregular, several specimens moulting tail-feathers and body plumage in January
and February, others in March and May.

I cannot unite Spiloptila damans with Apalis ! The rich rump plumage
and the sparse thin feathering of S. clamans separate it widely.

120 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 192i.

101. Prinia mistacea mistacea Rupp.

Prinia mistacea Riippell, Netie Wirbell. Abess. p. 110 (1835 — Gondar in Abyssinia).

2 (J, 1 sex ?, Farniso, near Kano, December 1919, January 1920.

3 (J, 2 $, Zinder, January, February 1920.

" Iris clear sienna or pale clear umber-brown. Bill blackish, basal portion
of lower mandible straw-j'ellow, but quite black in a quite adult (J from Kana, and
in the February specimens from Zinder. Feet pale brown to pale clear j'cUowish
brown."

I agree with Sclater & Praed that the specimens from north-western tropical
Africa (Nigeria, Portuguese West Africa, and Senegal !), and also ours from Kano
and Zinder, agree with Abyssinian examples, also that the East African P. m.
tenella and South African P. m. affinis are well distinguishable subspecies, but
I believe that even more races can be separated.

102. Eremomela flaviventris alexanderi Scl. & Praed.

Ere.mo)iieU ftavivmlns alaanderi Sclater & Praed, /iw, 1918, p. 673 (Upper White Nile to Kurdofan
and Lake Chad. Type Bara in Kordofan, A. L. Butler leg., British Museum).

3 (J, 1 ?, Zinder, 4, 10, 12. ii. 1920.

?, Takukut, Damergu, 13.iii.l920.

$, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, 2.vi. 1920.

" Iris brown. Bill dark umber-brown, lower paler. Feet very dark greyish
brown."

These birds agree with those from Kordofan. An adult female of E. /.
grisco/Java was obtained by Charles Rothschild & WoUaston at Nakhaila on the
Lower At bara in February 1904. •

103. Eremomela pusilla Hartl.

Eremomela pusilla Hartlaub, Syst. Oni. M'eslafr. p. 59 (1857 — Senegal, C'asamanzc).

1 cJ (wing 53 mm.), 1 sex ? (wing 51-5), Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet,
22.xii.1919. "Iris dark umber-brown. Bill brownish, lower mandible pale
dull yellow. Feet medium dull greenish dark."

Distributed from the Lower Senegal districts (Thies, Riggenbach leg.) to
the Niger and Lower Benue, Kamerun and Congo (Leopoldville).

104. Camaroptera brevicaudata chrysocnemis Zedl.

Camaroplera griseoviridis chrysocnemis Zedlitz, Journ. f. Oni. 1911, p. 339 (ex Lichtenstein uomen
nudum, 1854 — " vom Senegal bis Adamana." Terra typica Senegal).

^, (??, $, Farniso, near Kano, 22, 29.xii. 1919.

" (J " o, Takukut, Damergu, 12.iii. 1920.

" Iris light or dark brown. Upper mandible dark brown, lower pale. Feet
medium or pale brownish straw colour."

Though mentioned as a " nomen nudum" by Lichtenstem in 1854, this
form was not described until 1911. The dilTercnccs, however, were not
very clearly stated, and in part contradictory, They arc, in fact, very slight,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 121

but the adult C. b. brevicaudata lias the underside, from the light-grey throat
downwards, almost pure white, while in C. b. ckrijsocnemis the underside is less
pure white, more or less tinged with buff Ceven in adults), the sides more greyish
or brownish, the throat, as a ride, less grey. In C. b. brevicaudata the back is
purer ash-grey, whUe in chrysocnemis it remains more tinged with brownish or
greenish, even in adults. As already mentioned by Zedlitz (I.e.) a male from
Gambaga (Gold Coast hinterland) agrees, in fact, better with C. b. brevicaudata,
but the sides are less white.

In Nov. Zool., 1920, p. 459, I have explained the nomenclatorial error in
Zedlitz's article^ i.e. that there is no reason for the somewhat hazardous theory
that the type of brevicaudata is lost, and that this bird has not yet been re-
discovered. In fact, there are Kordofan sjiecimens now in the British Museum,
and they are what Zedlitz called griseoviridis, i.e. the real brevicaudata.

105. Sylvietta micrura brachyura Lafr.

Si/lcietla brachyura Lafresnaye, Bev. Zool., 1839, p. 258 (Senegambia).

cJ, Farniso, near Kano, 1,700 feet, 5.i. 1920.

?, Zinder, 26.i.l920.

cJ$, Takukut, Damergu, 24.iii.1920.

" Iris medium rich brown. Dull grey-black or blackish brown. Feet pale
reddish brown."

The specimen from Zinder is in quite fresh plumage and slightly lighter ;
the feathers become darker when worn.

The reviews of these birds by Zedlitz (Joiirn. f. Orn., 1916, p. 25) and Sclater
& Praed (Ibis, 1918, p. 669) are excellent, but their nomenclature requires an
alteration : as S. micrura (Riipp.) was described in 1835, the specific name of the
group must, of course, be micrxira, and not brachyura ( 1839).

106. Cisticola cisticola ai'idula With.

Cislicola aridula VVitUcrby, BuU.B.O. Cla't.xi. p. 13 (1900 — 60 miles Bouth of Khartum on the White
Nile).

(J?, Zinder, 3, 4.ii.l920.

<S, Takukut, Damergu, 21.iii. 1920.

" Iris umber-brown. Bill dark brown, lower pale. Feet pale brown-tinged
skin colour."

I am sorry to say that I cannot agree with Sclater & Praed's conclusions.
Ibis, 1918, p. 650. I still consider Witherby's aridula a subspecies, the darker
specimens of which are very near uropygialis from West Africa (Gold Coast to
Niger, Angola, and eastern Africa), but lighter, while the light specimens are
typical aridula. This subspecies thus occurs in two variations, a darker and a
lighter one. Not only wOl it be seen that both varieties are found in the same
places (Nubia, White NOe), but some are intermediate. Of the three specimens
collected by Buchanan, one has much wider black markings, thus looking
much darker, the other two are practically as light as a specimen collected
at Shendi by N. C. Rothschild and A. F. R. Wollaston, which agrees with the
type of aridula.

122 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

107. Hedydipna platura platura (Vicill.).

Cinnyris phlurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. cCHisl. Xiil. {nour. id.) xxsi. p. 501 (1819— Senegal !).

3 b'acl., near Kano, 22.xii.1919, l.i. 1920.
2(Jad.,Zinder, 12. ii. 1920.

1 (J ad., Damergu, 26.iii. 1920.

2 cJ ad., 1 " <S juv.," 2 ?, Agades, 12, 14, 15. iv. 1920.

3 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 5,200 feet, May 1920.
Found fairly plentiful at Agades.

In fresh plumage adult females and young males are bright yellow, in old
plumage very pale. Females from April 26, May 12 and 14 are moulting from
the pale into the bright-yellow underside. One male from Zinder and another
from Damergu have a very distinct, though narrow, violet line separating the
green jugulum from the dark-yellow breast. As far as I can see H. platura and
mekillica do not actually occur together, and in that case the latter would be a
subspecies of platura. Both, however, are said to be found in Kordofan. Zcdlitz
discovered a race of platura in the Adiabo stej)pe in N.W. Abyssmia, while
melallica was found at Tocolai, Ghinda, Scetel, and in Barca.

(The genus Hedydipna might as well be suppressed !)

108. Nectarinia pulchella aegra subsp. no v.

Nectarinia subspeoiei N. pulchetta pulchella persimilis, sed rostro debilioie, maris mauula pectorali
plerumque minus splendidiore distinguenda.

c??ad., Agades, Asben, 1,710 feet, O.vii., 12. iv. 1920.

2 c?, 2 ?, Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 21. vi. 1920.

2 (J, 1 $, Azzal, Asben, 1,825 feet, 12, 14.vii. 1920.

2 c?, 1?, Zinder, 23. i., 13. ii. 1920.

(J 9, near Kano, 7.i. 1920.

Targi name Tagachit-Nakowit.

These birds are very similar to N. pulchella pulchella from the Senegal, of
which we have 22 adult males in full plumage, a few females, and some males
in winter plumage, mostly from Thies, collected by Riggenbach, by having a
slightly thinner and as a rule shorter bill, and the red patch on the breast
being, as a rule, duller, less bright. Type: (J ad., Timia, 21 .vi. 1920. No. 688,
A. Buchanan leg.

Also noticed at Aouderas.

The males from Zinder are in the female-like dull winter plumage, but two
have the long tail feathers, which they do not lose until the next moult ; they
have always (or nearly so) retained some metaUio green feathers on shoulders
and upper tail-coverts. The females in off-plumage seem to have a greyish-black
throat — I do not think that such birds are young males, at least not always !

Nectarinia pulchella aegra is very closely allied to and requires careful com-
parison with N. p. pulchella from the Senegal. The North- East African form,
however, is much more strikmgly different, and it is strange that its distinctness
has not been noticed before. It has the larger bill of N. p. pulchella, the red
breast patch is of a still brighter scarlet and generally more extended, the yeUow
patch on the sides of the chest not dull greenish yellow, but Ijrightcr, almost pure
yellow, J iiamc this subspecies —

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'III. 1921. 123

Nectarinia pulchella lucidipectus suIjsj^. uov.

Neclarinia pulchella pcctore clariore scarlatino praepectorisque lateribus purius luteia a forma
topotypica distinguenda.

Type of subspecies : cJ ad. Wad Medani, Blue Nile, 25.vii. 1909. Stanley
S. Flower leg., No. 856, in the Tring Museum.

Other specimens in the Tring JIuseum are from Barankwa, Blue Nile, and
Roseires, both collected by Major S. S. Flower, from the Kobua River, Lake
Rudolf, collected by H. J. A. Turner for Col. Meinertzhagen, near the Gelo River,
by Oscar Neumann, from Nimule and Gondokora, collected by L. M. Seth-Smith,
and Lado, Emin Pasha leg. Also sj)eeimens from Lake Stephanie and Lake
Abaya, A. Donaldson Smith leg., Kibero on Lake Albert, W. J. Ansorge leg., and
a dozen males from Harar, the Kassam River, and another locality in south-eastern
Ethiopia, collected by Zaphiro, belong to N. p. lucidipectus, though some of
Zaphiro's skins are somewhat intermediate and not quite so typical as those from
the Blue Nile.

A nest of N. pulchella aegra, hanging suspended in an acacia tree, was found
at Timia, Asben, June 21. It has the u.sual longitudinal purse-shape, and is
composed of all sorts of dry material, such as fibres, bark, little twigs, spider-
webs, and leaves, lined with white and light-grey feathers, evidently of doves.
The eggs are very long, with very faint gloss, greyish white with brown and
greyish longitudinal blotches and spots, measuring 17-3 X 10-8 and 17-3 x 11mm.

109. Cinnyris senegalensis senegalensis (L.).

Cailiia senegalensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. ed. xii. i. p. 186 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brisson).

2 ^ ad. in full plumage, 4 ^ juv. or in off-plumage, or in moult, 2 ?, near
Kano, 22.xii. 1919-9.1.1920.

Hausa name Makading-Gowdi.

110. Remiz punctiJrons (Sund.).
Aegithalus puncHfrons Simdevall, Oefv. Vet. Ak. Fork, vii, 1850 p. 129 (Serniaar).

2 cJ, 1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 11, 12, IS.iii. 1920.

3 (J, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 26. v., l.vi. 1920.

" Iris dark. Bill dark bluish grey-black, edges at mouth pale blue-grey.
Feet blue- grey."

The March specimens are in very much worn plumage, the Asben ones
beautiful, though one still moulting remiges and body plumage.

Frequenting thorn bushes in bush country, waterless except for artificial
wells.

The specimens agree perfectly with others from the Nile (Shendi), Atbara,
and White Nile.

I do not consider it advisable to separate the African Penduline Tits gcneri-
cally. There is no structural difference except the longer first primary. If this
alone is admitted as a generic character, then Lanius minor must at once be
separated from the other shrikes, the sprosser from the nightingale — to quote
only two out of numerous other instances.

124 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVllI. 1921.

111. Batis senegalensis (L.).

Muacicapa senegalensis Linnaeus, Si/st. Nal. cJ. xii. i. p. 327 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brissou).

1 c?, 3 9, Zinder, 26.1.1920.
1 (J, 1 ?, Agades, 14. iv. 1920.
1 t? juv., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 13. v. 1920.
1 (J juv., Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 22. vi. 1920.
(J ?, " Iris clear bright yellow. Bill and feet black."

Not uncommon at Agades in April, generally iii parties of four or five in
bush-country far from habitations.
Hausa name Youngkingalla.
(The distinctness of B. senegalensis togoensis Neum. requires confirmation.)

112. Muscicapa striata striata (Pali.).

Motacilla striata Pallas, Vroey's Cat. Verzam. Vogelen, Adumbratiuncula, p. 3 (1761 — HoUanil).

cJ ad., Mt. Baguezan, 18. v. 1920.

This bird belongs to M. s. striata, being dark-coloured, though its wing
measures 90 mm.

The date is a very late one ! Would probably not have returned to Europe.
Not seen anywhere else.

113. Muscicapa albicollis Temm.

Muscicapa albicollis Temminck, Man, d'Orn. p. 100 (1815 — new name for collaris, which had been
anticipated).

?, Tegguidi, Asben, 12.viii. 1920.

The occurrence in Asben is most interesting ; we know that the species
passes tlirough Algeria on migration, but there has, so far, been no evidence
where it went. The date is a very early one ! The specimen was " very thin
.and weak."

114. Lanius excubitor leucopygos Hempr. & Ehrb.

Lanius leucopygos Hemprich & Ehrenbcrg, Sijtnholae PIvjsicae fol, e and fol. dd, description fol. d
(1828— Dongola).

1 9, Zinder, 2.ii.l920 (lateral rectriccs badly worn, moult on breast and
throat).

4 (J, 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 8. v. -3. vi. 1920 (plumage more or less worn,
two rectrices moulting, 2.vi.l920).

2 J, Agades, 17, 20. iv. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. BUI black. Feet greyish or brownish black."

Rare at Agades and Zinder, not seen farther south. Wings, cJ 100-105,

$ 95-97 mm.

Formerly orJy known from Nubia, to Kordofan, Blue and White Nile, but

collected by Alexander near Lake Chad, and by Poggiolini at Timbuktu,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 125

115. Lanius senator senator L.

Lnnius Senator Linnaeus, Si/st. Nat. ed. x. p. 94 (1758 — "habitat in Indiis," errore ! Typical
locality fixed " Rhine," ex Albin — cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, i. p. 434).

1 cJ, 3$, nearKano, 8.xii.l919 to 7. i. 1920.

2 (J, Zinder, 28. i., 12. ii. 1920.

1 3 ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 24. v. 1920.

(J juv. Tegguidi, Asben, 12.viii. 1920.

Hausa name Suda.

Notwithstanding the late date of the Baguezan male, and that of the young
bird from Tegguidi, I do not for a moment believe that these birds nest in Asben.
They evidently migrate southwards rather early — at least some of them. On
the other hand, some remain up to a rather late date, mostly never to return to
the north in the same year, and they are frequently in bad condition (cf. Geyr,
Joiirn. f. Orn., 1918, p. 142 !). The specimens from Kano are in beautiful fresh
plumage, with rump, scapulars, and edges to feathers of wings brownish buff, and
some are still moulting a few of the feathers on back and breast, as well as outer
primaries ; also one of the Zinder birds still moults a few body feathers. The
young bird has nearly the whole of the outer webs of the second to fourth
primaries buff.

116. Harpolestes senegalus senegalus ( L. ).

Lanius senegalus Linnaeus, Sijsl. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 137 (1766 — Senegal).

" c?$," Kano, 13. xii. 1919.

" Iris medium dark purplish grey. BUI black. Feet pale bluish grey."

Hausa name Suda.

1 must stUl state that I cannot separate the supposed " pallida " of Neumann.
On the other hand, I do not quite understand Messrs. Sclater & Praed's remark,
Ihis, 1918, p. 637, where they say " that it is impossible to recognise any satis-
factory races of this shrike from South, West, or East Africa," and then not only
recognise H. s. habessinica, erlangeri, remigialis, and even name a new form — a
good one no doubt — H. s. sudanesis Scl. & Praed. Certainly these are good
subspecies, but rujofuscus and others are in my opinion equally distinct.

117. Laniarius barbarus barbarus (L.).

Lanitis barbarus Limiaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 137 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Bris.son).

(J, not quite adult, Farniso, near Kano, 27. xii. 1919. "Iris dark. Bill
black. Feet light leaden grey."

This bird has an unusually dark, somewhat brownish yellow crown, and some
of the wing-coverts have rust-brown fringes. It is apparently a younger bird,
but not, of course, in its first plumage, which is quite difierent.

118. Nilaus aler afer (Lath.).

Lanius Afer Latham, Ind. Orn. Snppl. ii. p. xix (1801 — Senegal. Ex Gen. Si/nops. Suppl. ii. p. 76 !).

2 (J, 2?, 1 juv., Timia, Asben, 3,800 feet, 22, 23, 25. vi. 1920.

3 (J, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 11, 13, 31. v. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill black, inner half of lower mandible blue-grey. Feet
medium leaden-grey,"

126 KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

In all these specimens the wing.s are faded and worn, but in the ^J of June 25
the new, more blackish remigcs are growing, and several specimens show moult
of body plumage.

119. Prionops plumatus haussarum subsp. nov.

Prinops formae P. p. plumatus dictao persimilis, seel fascia nuchali latenunque capitis lutca vcl fere
absenti, nee schistacea coiispicua distinguendu.s.

3 (J, 2 9, 1 ?, near Kane, December 1919, January 1920. "Iris and bare
orbital ring lemon-yellow. Bill blue-black. Feet medium dull orange-chrome."

Hausa name Kara-dangi.

These birds are clearly different from P. p. phimatiis, of which we have a
good series from the western Senegal Colony, as the more or less incomplete band
on the nape and behind the ear-coverts is not dark greyish slate or almost black,
but brownish buff and sometimes indistinct or nearly absent. The wings
measure 113-126 mm., the largest bird being marked as a female, but possibly
by error. The 26 Senegalese specimens do not surpass 123, the majority being
under 120 or just 120 mm,, it is therefore possible that a larger series from Kano
would show a larger maximum or average wing- measure. The little series from
Kano all belong, of course, to my new subspecies, but some other birds are also very
interestmg. Thi-ee specimens from the province of Zaria, either near the town of
Zaria or northwards, agree entirely with our Kano ones, but another, from the
collection of the late Schiitt in Freibiu-g, labelled by the late Schneider from whom
we bought it as coming from the " Sudan," agrees with the second whitest of our
haussarum. Its locality is doubtful, but it can hardly have come from the eastern
Sudan. There is also a skin from Ilorin, Nigeria, which approaches our new
form, though not the whitest specimens. On the other hand, two specimens from
the Kaduna River, south of Zaria, have the dark bands on the head darker and
might belong to P. p. plumatus, and this is possible, as the Kadima valley is much
richer in vegetation and more fertile than the more open, drier country near
Kano.

Tjrpeof P. p. haussarum, (JFaruiso, near Kano, 15.xii. 1919. No. 44, Angus
Buchanan leg.

(Neumann wrote about the specimen labelled " Sudan" in Journ. f. Orn.,
1905, p. 219, and I discussed the Hausaland ones in Nov. Zool., 1915, p. 259. I
shot a Prionops near Loko on the Benue and observed it not far from Zaria, in
1886.)

120. Pycnonotus harbatus arsinoe (Licht.).

Turdus Arsinoe Liohtenstein, Verz. DoM. Zool. Mns. Berlin, p. 39 (1823 — " Fayum in Acgypto ").

1$, Agades, 1 2. i v. 1920.

2 ?, Timia, Asben, 22, 23. vi. 1920.

1 (J, Azzal, Asben, 1,825 feet, 16.vii.l920.

2 $, Aouderas, Asben, 2,700 feet, 23.vii.1920. "Iris dark umber-brown.
BUI black. Feet grey- black." Targi name, Taynut.

Found always in groves of date-palms, rarely among other trees.

It is interesting to find this Nile bird so far west. The heads are browner
than in our Nile specimens, but, all Asben examples being in worn plumage, this
is probably due to the state of plumage.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 127

121. Motacilla flava flava L.

Molacilla flava Linnaeus, Si/sl. Nat. ed. s. i. p. 185 (1758—" habitat in Europa." Restricted typical
locality South Sweden !).

(J, near Kano, 7.i. 1920. Juv., body plumage in moult.
3 (J, 2 doubtful, apparently 1 (^ juv., 1 ?, Zinder, January, February. The
males moulting body plumage, one also inner secondaries and outer rectrices.
1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 19. v. 1920 ; late date, no moult.

122. Motacilla flava thunbergi Billberg.

Motacilla Thunbergi Billberg, Synops. Faunae Scandin. i. 2, Aves, p. 50 (1828 — Lapland).

tJ, near Kano, 7.i. 1920. Slight moult of body plumage.
(J ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8. v. 1920. No moult.

123. Motacilla alba alba L.

Motacilla alha Linnaeus, Sysl. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 185 (1758 — " habitat in Europa." Restricted typical
locality Sweden).

$ ad., Takukut, Damergu, 1,550 feet, S.iii. 1920.

124. Anthus sordidus asbenaicus Rothsch.

Anthus sordidus as^ienaicus Rothschild, Bull. B.O. Club, xli. p. 33 (November 1920 — Mt. Baguezan).

6 cJ, 4 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9. v. -5. vi. 1920. "Iris dark umber-
brown. Bill brown-black, cutting-edges of upper and basal two-thirds of lower
pale brown or pale dull straw-colom-."

This very distinct local form of Anthus sordidus is described as nearest to
A. sordidus hararensis Neumann from Harar (and northern Somaliland), but more
rufescent, especially on the rump and upper taO-coverts, and the chest less
.spotted and flanks paler ; there is also, as a rule, less brown on the inner webs
of the taU-feathers, but this last character is somewhat variable. The size is
very variable, wings of males measuring 93-100, of females 87-91-5 mm. This
form is also somewhat similar to A. sordidus jebehnarrae Lynes {Bull. B.O. Club,
xli. p. 16, from Jebel Marra, Darfur, 0,000 feet), but the latter is of a darker brown
on the upperside and darker, more rufous- brown on the underside. A pair before
me measure ^ wing 96, $ 89-5 mm.

These pipits were not observed anywhere else than on the Baguezan
Momitains. They frequented valleys, often where sandy flats joined stony
ground. The $ shot on June 5 had " eggs in the ovary."

125. Anthus campestris campestris (L.).

Alauda campestris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 166 (1758 — " habitat in Europa." Restricted
typical locality South Sweden).

1 cJ, 3$, near Kano, 22. xii. 1919-5. i. 1920.
3 cJ, 2 ?, Zinder, 23.i.-13.ii. 1920.
Winter visitors. Hausa name " Myshagaeomje."

Most specimens .still show traces of moult on body plumage, two also moult
wing-feathers.

12S N0VTTATE3 ZoOlOQIOAE XXVTII. 1921.

126. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.).

Alauda trivialis Linnaeus, Sysl. Nal. ed. x. i. p. 1C() (1758 — " habitat in Suocia "),

(J?, Zinder, 27.i., 19.ii.l920.
AVinter visitors.

127. Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes (Desf.).

Upupa alaudipes Desfontaines, 3Uin. de VAcad. 1787, p. ."504 (Gafsa & Tozer in Tunisia).

(J ? ad., Agades, 21 . iv. 1920.

3, north of Aguellal, 15. vi. 1920.

These specimens have the uppersidc rather lirownish. darker than in most
specimens from the northern Sahara of Algeria and Tunisia. A specimen which I
shot in the Oued-el-Abiodh north of In-Salah, 14. iv. 1912, one from Gizeh in
Egj^t, one from Meroe in Nubia (E. & R. Gurney coll.) are, however, absolutely
like the Asben ones, and one from near Sidi Okba (near Biskra) comes very close
to them in coloration. The question requires attention, for it almost seems as
if the southernmost specimens were as a rule darker. Of two May birds from
Cape Blanco South {west coast of Sahara), however, one, though terribly
worn, is evidently quite pale, and in the Natron Valley in Lower Egypt
and Nubia these birds are very variable, sometimes quite greyish, sometimes
isabelline.

The only specimen seen north of Agades is the one from Aguellal, in northern
Asben. In southern Asben it inhabits the desert between Agades and Tigueddi.

128. Galerida cristata alexanderi Neum.

Oalerida crislaia alexanderi Neumann, Bull. B.O. Cluh, xxiii. p. 45 (1908 — Baiitchi in Hausaland).

3<^, 3?, nearKano, 13, 26.xii. 1919, 2, 7. i. 1920.

2 cJ, Zinder, 30. i., 10. ii. 1920.
?, Agades, 16.iv.l920.

3 (J, 1 $, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8, 27, 29. v. 1920.
cj, Aouderas, Asben, 30.vii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill jjale brown, upper mandible darker. Feet pale
whitish brown, pale straw-colour, pale yellowish brown."

It is with much hesitation that I unite all these Crested Larks under the name
of G. c. alexanderi. Those from the neighbourhood of Kano, Zinder, and Agades
agree very well with each other, and with the typical specimens from Bautchi
and other places in Hausaland — they are all in more or less worn plumage. The
three males from Mt. Baguezan are much more cimiamon or rufous, but they are
in heavy moult, most of the feathers of the upperside being fresh and even still
growing ; the female, however, though also heavily in moult, has stUl many of its
old feathers and looks very much like one of the Kano skins. The Aouderas
specimen, on tlie other hand, has quite finished its moult, and looks much paler,
not so rufous, as the Baguezan ones, and paler, less brownish, than the worn
winter birds. Its feathers have still all the pale sandy, almost greyish edges.
Although in some countries, Algeria for example, the forms of Galerida cristata

lioVITATES ZOOLOalCAE XXVIII. 1921. 129

are very constant, while those of Galerida theklae are very variable, in other
countries, Nile valley and Palestine for example, the cristata forms vary much ;
this is especially demonstrated by the wonderf id series collected by Meinertzhagen
in Palestine and Syria, and there a similar phenomenon is evident, i.e. that the
quite freshly moulted birds are mo.st reddish or cinnamon, those shortly after the
moult, with feathers a couisle of months or so old, palest, while later on, when the
edges to the feather.s are worn off, the central dark-brown spots are more exposed,
the upperside therefore becoming much darker. The spots on the chest in al
Crested Larks are less circumscribed in freshly moulted ones, sharper defined and
apparently — not really — smaller in worn birds.

Buchanan gives the Hausa name as " Dela." Except perhaps on Mt.
Baguezan he found Crested Larks nowhere common, but only saw isolated pairs
or single birds. The female shot near Kano, IS.xii. 1919, had "a fully formed
egg in ovary." Small insects and seeds were found in the stomachs.

129. Ammomanes deserti mya Hart. (?).

Ammomancs ileserii myn Hartert, Ann. d- Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. viii. vol. x. p. 230 (1912 — Oued-Mya
north of In-Salah, western Sahara).

2 (J, 5 9, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 8. v.-2.vii. 1920.

1 3, south of Baguezan, 3,300 feet, 3. v. 1920.

" Iris umber-brown. Bill dull medium lemon- yellow, upper mandible
tinged with brown. Feet pale yeUowish brown, tinged with white, in the freshly
moidted bird medium umber-brown, soiled with white."

cj No. 723, shot 2.vii. 1920, is in beautifid fresh plumage, just through the
moult. All the others are much worn, but not yet moulting, except No. 547,
shot 3. V. 1920, which moults some secondaries and primaries. I cannot con-
fidently separate these birds from A. d. tmja, which GejT found throughout the
Tuareg Mountains from Kelmet to Ideles. It is true that our birds are generally
darker on the upperside, but some Oued-Mya examples can hardly be called
different. The one freshly moulted bird agrees so well with examples of A.
deserti algeriensis, collected by Lord Rothschild and myself on the hills near
Biskra by the end of September and early in October, that I cannot separate it,
though it cannot be denied that it is darker than most of the latter. A series of
unsoiled, freshly moulted birds would be necessary for a separation of the Asben
form ; without that it would be a risky experiment to name it.

Similar birds were observed (but not collected) near Aouderas in July, and
at AgueUal, Aouderas, Faodet, Iberkom, Iferouan, and Tebernit in June. They
frequented level stretches of lava stones and pebbles, and were seen among the
huge boulders of the mountains.

A nest was fomid on Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet high, on June 30. It was
placed on the sand among a small group of stones, lying on level ground under a
projecting rock. The three eggs were in an advanced stage of incubation, and
only one could be saved. It agrees with many varieties of the eggs of
Ammomanes deserti algeriensis, being dirty pinkish white with a ring of brown
and underlying greyish spots and a few spots and dots over the rest of the surface.
It measures 21 x 16-8 mm. The nest is like those of A. d. algeriensis, and pieces
of thread and linen are also present.

180 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXVIII. 1921.

130. Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor (Sundev.)

Alauda arenicolor Sundcvall, Oefr. K. Vel. Akail. Fork., Stockliolm, 1850, p. 128 (Lower Egypt and
Arabia Petraea).

3 (J, 1 ?, Agades, 1,700 feet, 16. iv. 1920.

On an average the bills of these birds are rather large, but Algerian specimens
match them not rarely. Coloration and size absolutely as in Algerian and other
specimens. Plumage worn.

131. " Calendula " dunni pallidior subsp. nov.
Formae Calendula dunni dvnni dictae persimilis, sed pallidior.

1 (?, 1 ?, 1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 8, 21.iii.l920. " Iris dark brown. Bill
almost white, upper mandible tinged with brown. Feet creamy white or " very
pale whitish skin-colour."

These three specimens are so much like the two adult sjieciniens of Calendula
dunni in the British Museum (the third is a nestling) that it is not without hesita-
tion that I propose to distinguish them as above. But two of our specimens are
much, the female a little paler, less reddish, and the bills certainly less powerful.
The wings of the types, marked cj and $, measure (J 85, $ 80, our specimens (J 80,
(J ( ?) 84, $ 77 mm. It is, therefore, possible that the form has shorter wings, l)ut
more material must be exammcd. Let us hope that Lynes will come across this
species in northern Darfur, and that his specimens will either confirm the differ-
ence of the more eastern and more western specimens or show that they vary
so much individually that they must be united. C. dunni was discovered at the
Ogageh Wells in Kordofan.

T3rpe, (J ad., Takukut, 21.iii. 1920. No. 459, A. Buchanan leg.

1 am by no means sure that these birds should be in the genus Calerulula. It
is true that they agree in structure, i.e. the very thick, high bill, shape of wings,
and feet with Calendula crassirostris, but the colour is more that of a Crested Lark
or Ammomanes, and in fact a perfect coimterpart of Mirajra cordojanica, so that
I am in doubt if the Calendulae should not be lumped into Mirafra, which contains
many very different forms.

Buchanan found these birds only in an isolated barren desert stretch, where
they were generally seen in pairs.

132. Calandrella brachydactyla hermonensis Tristr.
Calandrella hermonensis Tristram, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1864, p. 434 (Mt. Hernion and Lebanon).

2 (J, Agades, 13. iv. 1920.

Probably still on migration, though sometimes eggs are already found in
mid- April in the northern Sahara. GejT observed Short-toed Larks as late as
May 13, north of the Ahaggar Mountains, which he considered to be still on
migration.

I am sorry to say that we must accept Tristram's name hermonensis for the
desert form of this species, which has been named ruhiginosa by Fromholz and
ranges from Marocco throughout the northern parts of the Sahara to Egypt and
Palestine. It is true that Tristram's specimens were iia badly worn breeding
plumage, and some juvenUe, but a re-examination of his series shows that the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 131

name hermonensis must be applied to the more rufescent rufous-headed desert
form. On the other hand, some of Tristram's specimens from Lake Huleh in
the plains are more like typical hrachydactyla — possibly the two forms may meet
in northern Palestine. Moreover on migration the greyish C. h. longipennis occurs
in Palestine !

133. Calandrella hrachydactyla longipennis (Eversm.).

Alauda longipennis Eversmann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nal. Moscou, xxi. p. 219 (1848 — Songaria).

$ad., Zinder, 2.ii.l920.

Though we have found this form in small numbers in the Algerian northern
Sahara, i.e. even farther west than Zinder, this seems to be the southernmost
locality for it in Africa.

134. Eremopterix leucotis melanocephala (Licht.).

Alauda melanocepluila Lichtenstein, Yerz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 28 (1823 — " E. Nubia et Sene-
gambia ! " Restricted terra typica Nubia !).

1 (J ad., 1 (J in moult, 1 ?, Zinder, 2. ii. 1920.

1 cj juv., 1 9, Tegguidi, Asben, ll.viii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill white, slightly tinged with greyish. Feet pale
greyish white, more brownish in female and juv."

In small flocks, mostly on open wind-swept flats.

I have called these birds E. I. melanocephala, though this is perhaps not quite
correct. As has been noticed by Reichenow, myself, Sclater & Praed, and others,
there is much variation in the coloration of the upper wing-coverts, males from
the eastern Sudan very often having a black patch on the lesser ujsper wing-
coverts, while this is, as far as I have been able to make out, invariably absent in
Senegal specimens. There are, however, specimens from Khartum and Nubia,
in which the black patch is entirely absent, and though in the Tring collection
they are very much in the minority, they are apparently more frequent in other
museums. As I cannot find any other difference between eastern and western
birds, I, like others before me, hesitate to give a name to the Senegal form.
The old male from Zinder has a black patch, but not so large as in many eastern
males, the younger males have no trace of it.

[If we do not separate the Nubian and Senegal birds, there still remain four
good races :

1. E. leucotis leucotis Stanley {Loxia leucotis Stanley, SaWs Travels in Abys-
sinia, Append, p. Ix., 1814, "Coasts of Abyssinia"). This is a bird with dark-
brown back, black and brown (not white !) lesser wing-coverts, and a moderately
strong bUi. Hab. Abyssinia (Eritrea to Gedaref — at least our Gedaref specimen
is clearly typical leucotis).

2. E. leucotis madaraszi Rchw. (Pyrrhulauda leucotis madaraszi Reichenow,
Orn. Monatsber., 1902, p. 78, " Ostafrika "). This form has a larger bUi than
both leucotis and melanocephala, otherwise agreeing with melanocephala. It
inhabits East Africa north to the Galla countries, from where we have a good
series.

3. E. leucotis melanocephala (Licht.). Upperside, as a rule, lighter than in
E. I. leucotis and madaraszi, lesser upper wing-coverts white. Senegal to Asben

9

132 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

and Hausaland and thence to Nubia, where leucotis leucotis is, of course, not
found, south to Kudurma (Emin Pasha).

4. E. leucotis smithi Bp. Bill still larger than that of madaraszi, wings a
little longer, otherwise no constant differences. Southern Africa.

All these birds vary to some extent. The variation in the upper wing-coverts
in melanocephala has already been discussed. Among the madaraszi collected
in the Galla country by Zapphiro is a male in which the white of the sides of the
head encircles the eye.]

135. Eremopterix frontalis frontalis (Bp.).

Pyrrhulauda frorUalis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. .512 (1850 — Nubia. Ex Lichtenstein MS., in
Berlin Mus.).

2 <J, 1 ?, Zinder, 2.ii.l920.

2 (J, 1 ?, Agades, 1,700 feet, 11, 16, 20. iv. 1920.

2 <J, 2 ?, Azzal, Asben, 12, 17.vii.l920.

cj$: "Iris dark brown. Bill greyish white or whitish grey. Feet cream-
white, sometimes tinged with brown."

There is much variation in the colour of the upperside in the males ; No. 749
from Azzal has the upperside grey with a slight brownish tinge, while No. 730
from the same locality is as brown as those from Agades.

Were foimd very plentiful at Agades and on the plains to the south of that
place, and many were seen flitting in large flocks with undulating flight over
the wind-swept flats near Zinder, a few seen near Aouderas and Tebernit. None
observed near Baguezan.

Hausa name Gulo gulo tabari ; Targi Kusouro.

136. Emberiza striolata sabari Lcvaill.

Emberiza Sakari Levaillant jun., Expl. Scient. Algirie, Atlas, Ois., p. ix. bis, fig. 2 (1850 — Algeria
accepted as terra typica).

4 (J, 1 ?, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 10-19. v. 1920.

3 9, Azzal, Asben, 16, 17. vii. 1920.
(J, Agades, 22. iv. 1920.

(J, Zinder, 2.ii.l920.

" Iris dark brown. Upper mandible dull blackish, lower whitish or yellowish.
Feet clear sienna brown, toes a shade darker."

Geyr von Schweppenburg was justly surprised to find the " house-bunting "
in the Tuareg Mountains, as he had not come across it south of Ouargla, nor had
Hilgert and I foimd it in El-Golea or in the Tidikelt oases. It is still more sur-
prising to find it in Asben, and even in Zinder ! Moreover, the specimens agree
weU with a large series from Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco. It is true that all
these specimens have a more or less distinctly striolated back, while ui Marocco
and Algeria some specimens do not show these stripes, but the majority are
perfectly similar to the Asben specimens in this and in every other respect.
The wings measure 77-81 mm., those of Geyr 78-82 ; the latter ornithologist
remarks that I only gave 75-80, and that was quite correct, but 75 is a rare
measurement, and recently collected specimens measiu'e ujj to 82 mm.

In April and May these birds are already moulting, in Algeria (Bislu-a) thej'

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 133

appear to moult much later, as those collected end of September and in October
were only just through their moult, and some were still moulting on October 4
and 8. Maroccan specimens from May 15 and 18 had not yet any sign of moult.

Buchanan found these birds rather locally, both in the town of Zinder, on
the granite rocks near that town, and in the hills north of Agades and Baguezan.
They were also seen in great numbers at Igouloulouf and Tebernit.

Hausa name Zeegeegee ; Targi Tarayak.

{Emberiza striolata djebelmarrae Lynes is a very distinct, much darker sub-
species from the Djebel Marra in Darfur.)

137. Emberiza septemstriata goslingi ?

2 cJ, Zinder, 2, 16. ii. 1920.

These two birds are still paler than E, septeinstr. goslingi (Bull. B.O. Club,
xvi. p. 124, Ubima on the Uelle), but being very much worn it is impossible to be
certain about their coloration. A specimen from Gambaga is brighter rufous,
but ai3pear.s to be rather goslingi than E. s. septemstriata, which has a more
blackish tliroat. As E. s. goslingi occurs also in the Balir-el-Ghazal it is quite
possible that both our Zinder specimens and the one from Gambaga belong to it.

138. Passer simplex saharae Erl.

Passer simplex saJiarae Erlanger, Journ.f. Orn. 1899, p. 472, pi. 14 (Tunisian Sahara).

2 ?, Tegguidi, south of Agades, 12.viii. 1920.

2 (J, 1 $, Tilaraderas between Agades and Tegguidi, 10. viii. 1920.
(J$, south of Agades, 21. iv. 1920.

Bill in (J, April 21, which is moulting wings and body plumage, "light
brownish," that of the August males " deep blue-black."

These birds agree perfectly with specimens of both sexes from the Algerian
and Timisian deserts. It is most peculiar that modern collectors and observers
have not come across P. simplex simplex in southern Nubia, Ambukol, northern
Kordofan, Sennaar, and Berber, where it was observed by Hemprich & Ehrenberg
and Heuglm. The few old specimens examined are certainly darker than any
P. s. saharae, but the light colour of the bill, which Erlanger supposed to be one
of its differences, is — as in other sparrows — due to age and season. Several
specimens from August are in moult, but also the two April birds ! No Passer
simplex moults in April in the Algerian Sahara.

Buchanan only found the Desert Sparrow in the deserts between Agadea and
Tegguidi. Geyr found the species only as far south as Tazzait, but remarks that
the country to the south was not suitable for it. It inhabits sandy desert and
breeds in trees, bushes, holes in rocks, buildings, tree- trunks, and in wells.

139. Passer luteus (Licht,).

Fringilla lulea Lichtenstein, Verz. Doitbl. AIiis. Berlin, p. 24 (1823 — " Prope Dongolam Nubiae "),

3 c? ad., 2 " (J " juv., 1 ?, Zinder, February 1920.
1 (J ad., Takukut, Damergu, 24.iii. 1920.

3 <?, Agades, 12, 22. iv. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. (^ ad. bill dull blackish to dark umber- brown, lower
paler ; $ whitish grey with brown tinge."

131 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

These specimens agree with others from Nubia (Shendi to Khartum). The
species has hitherto only been known from N.E. Africa, except for one specimen
got by PoggiolLni at Dosso in Djerma, between Say on the Niger and Sokoto.

Buchanan observed, but did not collect, the species also at Timia, Iferouan
(" plentiful "), Aguellal ; at Agades and Zlnder (" fairlj' plentiful "), Tebernit ;
he saw them in flocks and found them rather wary, and less easy to approach
than most other birds.

[Passer euchlorus is apparently entirely restricted to southern Arabia.
Heuglin never said — as far as I can find — that it occurred at Massaua, but errone-
ously believed that Hemprich & Ehrenberg's specimens came from the Abyssinian
coast. The quotation of Heuglin's second volume given by Reichenow is also
wTong.]

140. Passer griseus griseus (Vieill.).

Fringilla grisea Vioillot, Xouv. Diet. d'Hisl. Xat. (iiouv. ed.) xii. p. 198 (1817 — " Etats-Unis ! "
EiTore : Senegal, of. Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 95).

3 cj, near Kano, 3. xii. 1919, C.i.l920.

7 (J, 1 2, Zinder, 27.i.-19.ii. 1920.

1 $ ad., Agades, 22. iv. 1920.

1 (J ad., Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 13. v. 1920.

" Iris dark bro^vn. Bill in April and May quite black, in the winter nearly
always lower mandible paler, brown. Feet pale umber-brown."

Hausa name Dola.

Common bird near Zinder, in great flocks in February near the Baban-
Tubki wells near Zinder. At Timia met with in June, young found in hole of
acacia tree, 21.vi. 1920.

(Cf. systematic notes on subspecies, Nov. Zool. 1900, p. 44, 1915, p. 264,
Journ. /. Orn. 1905, p. 352, 1911, p. 36, 264, Ibis, 1918, pp. 471-474.)

141. Petronia dentata buchanani subsp. no v.

Pelronia formae P. dentata denlata dictae similis sed notaea paUidiore, magis isabellino baud difficile
distinguenda.

(J ad., Zinder, 19. ii. 1920, No. 414, A. Buchanan leg., type of buchanani.
" Iris dark umber-brown. Bill brown-black. Feet dark umber-brown. Length
5 in."

The entire upperside is very much paler, almost isabelline. Wing 82 mm.

There are in the British Museum two females collected at Yo and Kuka, near
Lake Chad, which mu.st belong to this new subspecies. They are also very much
paler than females of P. d. dentata, the eyebrow is nearly white, wings 77, 77 mm.

142. Gymnoris pyrgita pallida Neum.

Gy'mnoris pyrgita pallida Neumann, Bull. B.O. Cluh, xxi. p. 70 {1908 — Khartum to Senegal).

2 " (J," but I think must be <? and ?, Takukut, Damergu, 21, 22.iii. 1920.
Wings 83 and 87-5 mm. " Iris dark umber-brown. Bill medium dull blackish
grey. Feet medium leaden grey."

Agree with type from Shendi.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 135

143. Serinus leucopygius riggenbachi Neum.

Serinus leucopygius riggenbachi Neumann, Bull. B.O. Clu)i, .txi. p. 44 (1908 — " Senegambia and
western Sudan '').

2 3 juv., near Kano, 3, 23.xii. 1919.

3 c?$. in moult, Zinder, 30. i. 1920.

3 (J, Takukiit, Damergu, 22, 24.iu.1920.

2 $ ad., Azzal, Asben, 14.vii. 1920 (fresh plumage, bat wings stOl moulting).

" Iris dark brown. Bill brown, darker in adults, basal two-thirds of lower
mandible paler. Feet pale brownish."

This subspecies, of which we have received a series from Riggenbach, mostly
from Thies, is very distinct, differing from S. I. leucopygius chiefly in the tlu-oat
and chest being white with dark greyish-brown spots, which leave a patch in the
middle of the throat unspotted. The jugulum and sides of body are heavily
spotted, but vary a good deal. Possibly the two Azzal specimens belong to
another still paler subspecies, but more material would be required to separate
them. The Kano, Zmder, and Damergu specimens certainly agree with the true
riggenbachi from Senegal. A number were observed at Azzal, but unfortunately
only two obtained.

144. Serinus mozambicus hartlaubii (BoUe).

Crithagra Harllaubii BoUe, Jour/i. f. Oni. 18.58, p. 355 (West Africa. Restricted terra typica
Senegal).

2 cJ, near Kano, 22, 29.xii.1919.

Buchanan says that quantities of this bird are sold at the ships' side at Lagos.
(About the name mozambicus see Ibis, 1918, p. 242. Unfortunately this
name must be adopted.)

145. Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neum.

Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neumann, Orn. Monatsber. 1907, p. 145 (Eastern Algeria and Tunisia,
type Biskra).

3 cJ, 1 ?, Agades, 12, 14. iv. 1920. " Iris very dark. Bill $ full dull orange-
chrome, $ duU yellowish chrome. Feet cj$ pale whitish brown."

Fairly numerous at Agades, also observed Mt. Baguezan, 2.vii.l920, and
at Tebernit (common), and Iberkom m northern Air.

Hilgert and I found this species very .sparingly among the rocks of the
southern Oued-Mya, but Geyr observed it as far south as the Hoggar Mountains,
where it did damage to the corn.

146. Tester albirostris albirostris (Vieill.).

Coccolhraustes albirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 535 (" Afrique." Restricted typical
locality Senegal ! Of. Nov. Zool. 1907, p. 485.

3 cJ, 2 ?, Farniso, near Kano. 5, 6. i. 1920. "Iris dark. Bill grey-black.
Feet brown- black."

Neither of these birds has the base of the culmen much swollen, nor is it
reddish white, but black tinged with white, distal end entirely black. I expect
that the colour of the bill changes in the various seasons. (About the anatomy
of. Bull. Amer. Mus. New York, xxxvii. p. 243.)

136 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

147. Sporopipes frontalis pallidior subsp. nov.

Sporopipes formae typicae senegalensi .sirailis, scd pallidior,

c??ad., cJ?juv., Zinder, 10. ii., 28. i. 1920.

2 (J, 2 ? ad., Takukut, Damergu, 13, 22. iii. 1920.

" Iris dark brown. Bill pale whitish flesh-colour. Feet whitish umber or
fleshy brown. Young birds biU darker, more greyish."

Sporoprpcs jrontalis frontalis (Loxia frontalis Daudin, Traited'Orn. ii. p. 445,
1800 — Senegal !) comes from Senegambia ; it extends apparently across Africa
to Abyssinia, at least I cannot distinguish Abyssinian specimens. The Damergu
and Zinder bu-ds differ from Senegambian ones in having the hind-neck paler
rufous, the back slightly paler, sides of head lighter. Wings of males 67-70,
$ 67-68 mm. It is smaU wonder that the desert-like regions of Zinder and
Damergu should contain a paler race, and only remarkable that not more of these
birds are paler than their brethren in more moist and fertUe districts. The pale
aspect of two specimens from Zaria, in central Hausaland, has already been noted
in Nov. Zool. 1915, p. 261 ; in fact these two birds are somewhat intermediate
between S. f. pallidior and S. f. frontalis. S. f. loitanus van Someren from East
Africa is darker. Neumann's S. f. emini is not luiown to me, but it would be
very strange if the latter — described as being paler ! — were the same as typical
frontalis, when the East African form (Loita, Taveta, Tsavo, etc.) is darker !

T\T)e of T. /. pallidior, ^, Zinder, 9.ii. 1920. No. 345, A. Buchanan leg.

Specimens from March and February are in moult. The young birds are
duller and lack the white tips to the frontal feathers.

Hausa name Cheesakee. Seen in middle of bush in company with other
birds. Feeding on minute grass-seeds on ground.

148. Ploceus cucullatus cucullatus (P. L. S. Miill.).

Oriolus cucvUatns P. L. S. Miiller, Nahirsystem, Suppl. p. 87 (1776 — Senegal. Ex Buffon).

2 cJ in non-breeding plumage, 1 $, near Kano, December 1919.
Hausa name, Gado.

149. Ploceus luteolus luteolus (Licht.).

FringiUa luleola Lichtenstein, Verz. Douhl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 23, note (1823 — Senegambia !).

(J ? near Kano, 2.i. 1920, juv.

2 (J, nearly m breeding plumage, 2 in non-breeding plumage, 2 $, Zinder,
January and February 1920.

(J, in full plumage, Agades, 12. iv. 1920.

(J$, in full plumage, Mt. Baguezan, 31. v., I.vi.l920.

(J juv. (first plumage), Timia, 22. vi. 1920.

Also observed at Igouloulof, Iferouan, Tebernit, and Aouderas.

150. Ploceus vitellinus viteUinus (Licht.).

Fringilla viteUina Lichtenstein, Verz. Douhl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, p. 23 (1823 — Senegambia !).

?, Agades, ll.iv.l920.

1 (in non- breeding dress), $, Mt. Baguezan, 5,200 feet, 9. v., l.vi. 1920,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 137

151. Pyromelana franciscana franciscana (Isert).

Loxia franciscana Isert, Schriften Ges. luilurf. Freunde Berlin, 1789, p. 332, Taf. 9 (near Accra on the
Gold Coast).

2 cj, in brown plumage, 1 ?, near Kano, 29.xii. 1919, 7.i. 1920.
152. Amadina fasciata Jasciata (Gm.).

Loxia fasciafa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 859 (1789— ex Brown, III. p. 64, pi. 27— no locality ! I
substitute Senegal, as these birds were mostly introduced from there).

4 (J, 1 9, Zinder, January and February 1920. " Iris dark brown. Bill dull
whitish grey. Feet whitish brown."

These specimens agree well with Senegal ones. The araoimt of barruig on
the back is very variable.

Hausa name Youngka- Allah or Beywahallah.

Plentiful on the wells of Baban Tubki near Zinder. Seeds of Pennisetiim and
Sorghum in stomachs.

153. Aidemosyne cantans cantans (Gm.).

Loxia cantans Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 859 (1789— ex Brown, III. p. 66, pi. 27— no locality ! Dakar,
Senegal, is the designated locality, cf. Sclater & Praed, His, 1918, p. 440 !).

2 cJ, 3$, near Kano, 30.xii.l919, 6. i. 1920.

?, Zmder, 30. i. 1920.

(J?? Agades, 22. iv., 9.vii.l920.

These birds agree quite with Senegal specimens, of which we have a good
series. They do not show any bars on the upperside except one male from Kano
(No. 123). See the review of the subspecies in This, 1918, pp. 439, 440.

Were also observed at Aderbissinat in August and Aouderas in July. Very
few noticed at Agades.

154. Pytelia melba citerior Strickl.

Pytelia citerior Strickland, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 151 (Kasamanze River, Senegambia).

1 (J ad., l?juv.,nearKano, 27.xii.1919, 5.i.l920.

2 (J, 3?, Zinder, 4, 6. ii. 1920.

The cJ from Kano is richer in colour, darker than the Zinder ones, but as the
latter are worn, the difference is probably due to the state of their plumage.

Buchanan found these birds frequenting under-brush in imdisturbed bush
country and very shy. Tiny grass seeds found in crop.

155. Estrilda ' senegala brannelceps (Sharpe).

Lagono.sticla hnmneiceps Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Miis. xiii. p. 277 (1890 — " north-eastern Africa
throughout eastern Africa and the south-east and south-west portions of the continent."
Partim ! Restricted typical locality Erithrea ; type Maragaz, Eritrea, in Brit. Mu3.).

3 c?, Zinder, 16. ii. 1920.

1 t?, 2 ?, Aouderas, Asben, 26, 30. vii. 1920.
t? juv. Timia, Asben, 23. vi. 1920.

' I propose to suppress the genus Lagonosticla. CeTt&inly Estrildn cinerea and senegala cannot
be separated generically.

138 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'IU. 1921.

(J ad. ; " Iris dark brown, narrow bare ring around eye clear yellow. Bill
medium dull crimson, palest at base, blackish along top of culmen and along lower
mandible as well as on cutting-edges. Feet umber-brown."

Also observed in May at Baguezan and at Agades. " It is essentially a bird
of cultivated districts. Very plentifid in Hausaland, but not so in Asben."

Specimens from the Galla countries have much browner females, but I
cannot satisfactorily separate the males !

A nest was found in the recess of celling logs in one of the buildings in the
fort at Agades on April 14. It contained two glossless white eggs, measuring
15-4 X 11-5 and 14 x 11-2 mm.

156. Estrilda cinerea (VieilL).

FringiUa cinerea Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. (THist. Nat. (nouv. ed.) xii. p. 176 (1817 — " Afrique." As
terra typica I designate Senegal, whence these birds have been introduced for a hundred years).

2 9 ad., Farniso, near Kano, 27. xii. 1919. " Iris dark. Bill reddish purple.
Feet blackish brown."

157. Uraeginthus bengaJus bengalus (L.).

FringiUa bengalus Linnaeus, Si/st. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 323 (1766 — ex Brisson, Bengal errore ! I sub-
stitute the correct locality Senegal !).

1 cJ, 1 ? ?, near Kano, 26, 29. xii. 1919.

1 cj, 1 juv., Zinder, 13. ii. 1920.
(J?, Damergu, 22.iii. 1920.

" Iris medium brick-red. BOl medium reddish purple, tip and cuttmg-
edges black. Feet pale umber-brown."

Hausa name Asseseta.

These birds are mostly in such worn plumage that it is difficult to compare
them satisfactorily, but I do not think they belong to any other race. They are
not perpallidiis. U. b. togoensis appears to me to be indistinguishable from U. h.
bengalus.

158. Steganura paradisea verreauxii (Cass.) ?

Vidua verreauxii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1850, p. 56 (Abyssinia).

2 (J ad., 2 (^ in fu'st plumage, Zinder, 30. i., 17. ii. 1920.

I cannot be sure from this limited material (the fully plumaged males worn)
to which race these birds belong. The nape-band is brown in the middle, faded
yellow (in one merely cream-colour) on the edges. I do not think, however, that
they ever had the deep brown baud of the quite distinct 8. p. aiiciipum from
Senegambia.

Hausa name Zelidu.

159. Hypochera chalybeata neumanni Alex.

Hypochera neumanni Alexander, Bull. B.O. Club,s.s.m. p. 33 (19U8 — " Yo, near Lake Chad, 19. XJ.
1904").

2 cj ad., 1 ^, moultuig from juv. to ad., 2 ^J juv.. near Kano, 5, 23. xii. 1919
2. i. 1920.

I ?, Zinder, 16. ii.' 1920.

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 139

These specimens agree absolutely with the form neumanni of Alexander,
which he also collected near Bautchi and which we have from Zaria, central
Hausaland. They are quite different from Alexander's nigeriae, which was badly
described and is still unique. Cf. Nov. Zool. 1915, p. 263, Ibis, 1918, p. 450.
Though the brown wings of the Hypocherae may possibly not be a specific
character, they are a constant one, and not always " due to the faded condition
of the plumage," as Alexander suggested. Bull. B.O. Club, xxiii. p. 15. Of course,
quite fresh feathers are darker than old faded ones, but dark-quilled forms like
ultramarina, clialybeata and others, have not the brown quills which funerca,
wilsoni, and amanropteryx have in freshly moulted plumage. In the excellent
review of these birds in Ibis, 1918, pp. 449, 450, the colour of the wings has not
been mentioned, but it would have enhanced the utility of the authors' review.

Mr. Buchanan says he also saw this species at Agades !

160. Lamprotornis caudatus (P. L. S. Miill.).

Turdus caudatus P. L. S. Miiller, Natursystem, Suppl. p. 144 (1776 — Senegal ! Ex Daubenton and
Buffon).

7 (^ ad., 1 $ (much worn and faded to earthy brown, probably young, com-
mencing to moult taU), near Kano, December 1919, January 1920. " Iris clear
creamy white. Bill and feet black."

Hausa name KOach-illa.

The variation in colour in these birds is very striking. Of the seven adult
males, six are purplish blue, one green. Among the masses sent by Riggenbach
from the western Senegal Colony, mostly from Diourbel, Ouomine, Gassam, and
Thies, green ones are nearly as numerous as purplish-blue ones, and a few are
of a wonderful purple nearly all over. (Cf. Neumann, Journ. /. Orn. Ixv. ii.
p. 204, note 13, 1917.)

161. Spreo pulcher pulcher (P. L. S. Miill.).

Twrdm pukher P. L. S. MuUer, Natursystem, Suppl. p. 139 (1776— Senegal).

2 cJ, 1 9, near Kano, 5.i. 1920.

1 ?, Takukut, Damergu, 24.iii.1920.

" Iris creamy white. Bill and feet black."

These specimens agree with the typical Senegal birds, though the wings are
sometimes somewhat long, c? 118 and 122 mm., the first being the same as
several Senegal males, the latter apparently an exceptional outside measurement ;
$ 111 and 113 mm., which is about the same as the bigger Senegal females.

In August Buchanan saw many at Aderbissinat. Small numbers were seen
south of Baguezan, but unfortunately not collected. They were seen in acacia
bush, but none farther north. Near Takukut (Damergu) fairly common.

1G2. Lamprocolius chalybeus hartlaubi Neum.

Lamprocolius clmtybms hartlaubi Xeumami, Orn. ilonatsher. 1908, p. 64 (Senegal).

3 (J, Zinder, 27. i., 6.ii.l920.
?, Agades, 9.vii.l920.

(J, Azzal, Asben, 13.vii.l920.

" Iris yellow-chrome or orange-yellow. Bill and feet black."

140 NovrrATES Zooi.ooicae XXVIII. 1921.

Hausa name Shya ; Tuareg Tagadoquot ; at Zinder called Eyrindoula.

Nesting numerously in trees in the flooded area at Aderbissinat in August.
Very few at Agades and Azzal, but never seen farther northwards. Seen near
villages and in low bush, generally in small flocks. )Small insects found in
stomachs.

The specimens agree perfectly with typical L. c. hartlauhi from Senegal;
the subspecies is a very distinct one, differing as described by its author.

163. Buphagus africanus (L).

BupJiaga afrkana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 154 (1766 — Senegal. Ex Brisson !).

$ ad., Faruiso, near Kano, 2.1.1920. "Iris rich reddish orange. Bill:
outer half rich reddish orange-chrome ; inner half full yellow-chrome. Feet
brown-black."

164. Cryptorhina afra (L.).
CorvM afer Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. i. p. 157 (1766 — " Senegalia." Ex Brisson ii. p. 40, pi. iii.).

2 (J, 1? ad., Kano, 3. xii. 1919.

1 <J, 1?, Zinder, 19. ii. 1920.

" Iris : narrow imier ring clear sienna, outer broader ring beautiful clear
pittple. Bill and feet black in cj. In $ basal two-thirds whitish, as if stained
with blood-red."

The Kano specimens are in beautiful fresh plumage, with steel-blue gloss,
wings and taU still moulting, the Zinder ones worn> tail and wings browner,
upperside less glossy, duller.

Except at Kano only seen near Zinder, chiefly near the wells of Baban
Tubki, in flocks.

165. Corvus albus P. L. S. Miill.
(Corvus scapulatus auct.).

Corvus aVius P. L. S. Muller, Natursyatem, Suppl. p. 85 (1776 — Senegal. Ex BufEon).

2 (J, 1 ? ad., Kano, 11, 13. xii. 1920.

These are the only specimens collected, but the species was also seen at
Aderbissinat, many at Aouderas in July, at Baguezan in May, Timia in June,
Iferouan and Igouloulof in northern Air, Tebernit, and Assode. They were
fairly common at Zinder, very common at Agades.

An egg was taken near Mt. Baguezan, 29. vi. 1920. It measures 41-5 X 19-2
mm., and resembles eggs of other crows and ravens. The nest was in the top
of an acacia tree in a secluded valley. The parent bird was on the nest, which
contained only this single egg.

Hausa name Hankaka.

166. Corvus corax nificollis Less.

{Corvus umhrinus auct.).

Corvus ruficoUia Lesson, Traili cPOm. p. 329 (1831— no locality ! Type probably Cape Verde
Islands. Cf. Nov. Zool. 1913, p. 37).

(J, Mt. Baguezan, Asben, 10. v. 1920.
?, Agades, 16. iv. 1920.

NoviTATES Zoological, Vol. X.WIII. 1921.

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The male is in fairly fresh plumage and shows very little brown on the hind-
neck. The $ is a young bird ; it has some very faded chocolate- brown feathers
on back and breast, while the fresh feathers are very dark.

Was foiuid in desolate places and very difficult to aj)prcach.

Poggiolini got a specimen from Sokoto, otherwise it had not been known
from south of the Sahara. It is a pronounced desert bird, inhabiting the Sahara
from immediately south of the Atlas Mountains to Asben, and from east to west.

The two Asben specimens are very large, wing 408 mm. Cf. Nov. Zool.,
1913, p. 38.

167. Corvus rhipidurus Hart.

{Corvus afjiiiis auct., nee Shaw, 1809 !)

Corvus rhipidurus Hartert, Bull. B.O. Club, xxxix. p. 21 (1918 — new name for C. affinis, which was
preoccupied, as were hrachyurus and brachyrhynchua !).

S, Mt. Baguezan, 10. v. 1920.

?, Timia, Asben, 24. vi. 1920.

" Iris deep umber-brown. BUI and feet black."

Tuareg name Taralgie.

Also observed at Aouderas in July, Iferouan and Tebernit in June. It was
never seen at Agades or any-where farther south. The remarkably short tail
made it very conspicuous in flight.

The occurrence so far west is very interesting. Hitherto it has not been
recorded farther westwards than Kordofan ! Southwards it ranges to Karamoyo
in Uganda, but not to Kavirondo, as erroneously stated.

142 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

CAPTAIN ANGUS BUCHANAN'S AIR EXPEDITION.

V.

ON THE LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED BY CAPTAIN A. BUCHANAN
IN NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE SOUTHERN SAHARA IN
1919—1920.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

THE itinerary and an account of the collecting expedition will be found
in Dr. E. Hartert's article on the birds ; so I will only repeat here that
the specimens recorded were all collected at Kano and northwards to the Moun-
tains of Baguezan, in the large territory of Asben or Air, and the route taken
went via Zinder (Damagarim), Damergou, and Agades. The character of the
fauna is distinctly " desert " ; many of the species being widespread, reaching
to Karachi in India and farther.

RHOFALOCEKA.

PAPIUONIDAE.
1. Papilio pylades pylades Fabr.

PapUio pylades Fabricius, Entom. Syst. iii. 1. p. 34 (1793) (Africa).

The 9 specimens taken are quite typical, though rather small.

1 ? Farniso, near Kano, December 30, 1919 ; 7 (J(J Zinder, February 1-26,
1920 ; 1 (J Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

2. Papilio demodocus demodocus Esp.

Papilio demodocus Esper, Ausl. Schmett. pt. i. p. 205. pi. li. f. 1 (1798) (China, Bengal).

2 cj<^ Kano, December 3-11, 1919.

PIERIDAE.

3. Herpaenia eriphia lacteipennis Butl.

This subspecies appears in two very distinct seasonal forms, as follows :

(A) Form. pluv. lacteipennis Butl.

Herpaenia lacteipennis Butler, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (4) xviii. p. 489 (1876) (Abyssinia).

8 (5(S, 3 ?? Abourak, Damergou, August 30, 1920 ; 1 9 Aderbissinat, Damer-
gou, August 24, 1920; 2 c?c? Tchingaraguen, Damergou, August 31, 1920;
8 (JcJ, 1 ? N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920 ; 2 (J(J Marzia, Damergou,
September 6, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 143

(B) Form. arid, straminea Auriv.

Herpaenia straminea Aurivillius, Jdgersk. Exped., Lepid. p. 4.

8 c?c?. 6 $ ? Zinder, Damagarim, January 31, 1920 ; 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou,
March 14, 1920.

4. Pieris meseutina (Cram.).

Papilio mesentina Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iii. pt. xxiii. p. 140. pi. cclxx. ff. A, B (1780) (Cote de
Coromandcl).

There appear to be two forms among Captain Buchanan's series, and I
should have treated them as seasonal forms without question if he had not
collected both forms in several individuals each on the same day on Mt. Baguezan.

Form A, in the cJ, is much larger, and above generally has the dark markings
purer black ; below, the dark pattern is dark brown and clear cut.

Form B, in the ^, is smaller, and the dark pattern above is more smoky
black and less clear-cut below, and much paler cinnamon-brown. Iii the $ the
differences are not so marked, as these show enormous variation individually
inter se.

1 c? A, Kano, December 6, 1919; 3 cj(3* B, 5 $$ Farniso, near Kano,
December 22-26, 1919 ; 2 (JcJ A, Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920 ;
5 cJcJ B, 5 $ $ Zinder, January 31-February 2, 1920 ; 1 c? A, Bande, S. Damagarim,
September 16, 1920 ; 4 (JcJ A, Aderbissinat, N. Damergou, August 27, 1920 ;
2 (JcJ A, Abourak, Damergou, August 30, 1920 ; 1 (J A, Tchingaraguen, Damergou,
August 31, 1920; 1 c? A, 2 ?$ N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920
( 1 $ has very wide black borders to both pairs of wings above with no pale markings
in border) ; 4 (J A, 3 (^<^ B, 3 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, September 1-3, 1920 ;
15 (^^ B, 5 $? Aouderas, Asben, July 23-31, 1920 ; 2 (J^ B, 1 $ Tebernit ; 1 cJ,
1 ? Ajiron, Asben, June 27, 1920.

5. Pieris gidica westwoodi Wallengr.

Pieris westwoodi Wallengrcn. Rhopul. Caffr. p. 9 (1857) (Caffraiia).

The present single specimen is of the dry-season form.

(B) Form. arid, abyssinica Luc.

Pieris ahyssinica Lucas, Ilev. Zool. (2) iv. p. 328 (1852) (Abyssinia).
1 $ Zinder, Damagarim, February 2, 1920.

0. Pieris creona (Cram.).

Papilio creona Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. viii. p. 148. pi. xcv. ff. C, D, E, F (1776) (East Indies).

1 (J Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920 ; 1 $ Makochia,
September 15 ; 1 (J Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

7. Pieris daplidice albidice 0 berth.

Pieris daplidice var. albidice Oberthiir, Etud. d'Entom. vi. p. 47 (1881) (Algeria).

The two specimens sent are two extreme examples, as extreme as any of
the most typical examples collected by Hartert and Hilgert in the Central Sahara.

1 cJ Tebernit, Asben, June 27, 1920 ; 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 2,
1920.

144 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAR XXVIIl. 1921.

S. Teracolns amatus Calais Cram.

Of this insect there are two seasonal forms. Aurivillius states that the
dry-season form = carnijer Butl., is distinguished bj' the red of the underside,
but this character is not constant, the examples from the western side of Africa
being more often below as yellow as the wet-season form Calais. A better char-
acter is the less black above and smaller size of the dry-season form.

(A) Form. pluv. Calais Cram.
Papilio Calais Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. pt. v. p. 84. pi. liii. ff, C, D (1775) (Cape of Good Hope).
2 <J<J Mazia, Damergou, September 5, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, carnifer Butl.

Teracolns carnifer Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 138. pi. vii. ff. 8, 9 (Mynpuri, X.W. Punjab).

6 (JcJ, 2 ?? Aouderas, Asben, July 23-29, 1920.

9. Teracolus phisadia phisadia (God.).

Pieris phisadia Godart, Encycl. Meth. Hist. Nat. Entom. vol. ix. p. 132. no. 40 (1819-1824) (?).

The large series sent by Captain Buchanan are all from May — July and
apparently dry-season phisadia, but again here we find the red of the imderside
of dry-season arm Klug absent in these western examples.

1 (J Mazia, Damergou, September 6, 1920; 40 (J(J, 21 $$ Aouderas, Asbenj
July 22-29, 1920 ; 5 <^cj, 3 $$ Azal, N. of Agades, July 13-15, 1920 ; 2 ^^ Arra
district, Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1, 1920 ; 2 <J(J, 2 $? south of Mts. of
Baguezan, Asben, May 2, 1920 ; 3 (J(J, 3 ?? Timia, Asben, June 26 ; 1 $ Tebernit,
Asben, June 27, 1920.

The $ $ vary from almost cJ coloration to pure yellow and cream- white.

10. Teracolus chrysonome (Klug).
The species has two seasonal forms as follows :

(A) Form. pluv. cbiysonome Klug.

Pontia chrysonome Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vii. ff. 9-11 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

11 (J<J, 5 ?$ Baguezan Mts., Asben, May 8— July 3, 1920; 2 (J<^, 2 $? S. of
Mts. Baguezan, May 1, 1920 ; 1 d*, 1 ? Tebernit, Asben, June 27, 1920 ; 2 ^^,
2 ?? Timia, Asben, June 21-26, 1920; 4 ^^ Aouderas, Asben, July 23, 1920;
1 (J, 1 $ Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 24-27, 1920 ; 1 $ N. of Tanout, Damer-
gou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, helvolus Butl.

Teracolus helvulus Butler, P.Z.S. Loml. 1888. p. 94 (.Somalilaml).

2 (J(^, 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou, March 13-14, 1920; 8 (5'^J, 3 $$ Zinder,
Damagarim, January 24 — February 14, 1920.

NOVn-ATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 145

11. Teracolus amelia Lucas.

This species has also two well-characterised seasonal forms, of which the
dry-season form is a discovery of Captain Buchanan's.

(A) Form. pluv. amelia Lucas.

Idinais amelia Lucas, Rev. Zool. (2) iv. p. 427 (1852) (Senegal).

(B) Form. arid, insignis form. nov.

Differs from amelia form, amelia in being much smaller, and in havmg the
black stigma at discocellulars reduced to a thin line. Below the differences of
colour are very striking ; on the forewing the apical portion of outer third of
forewing is dull mauve-strawberry, and the tornal half is black with the nervures
strawberry, whereas in form, amelia the whole is black-brown ; the cellular area
is reddish orange, not golden yellow ; on the hindwuig the whole outer two-fifths
are mauve- strawberry, not black-brown, and the golden lines in the basal one-
third in form, amelia are replaced by bright scarlet ones.

Expanse : form, amelia 60 mm. ; form, insignis 52 mm.

1 (J Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1919.

12. Teracolus celimene angusi subsp. nov.
(A) Form. arid, angusi.

Differs from the dry-season forms of the other races of celimene above in
the almost obsolete white marginal spots, and below in the absence of dark
colouring of the veins in the basal two-thirds of hindwing.

1 (J Zinder, Damagarim, February 14, 1920.

13. Teracolus halimede halimede (Klug).

A great confusion has arisen in this species, owing to most authors having
misinterpreted King's halimede and acaste. Klug figures and describes from
Am^Dukol, on plate vii. £f. 12-15, ?$ of an undoubted wet-season form, to which
he gives the name halimede. On the same plate (ff. 16, 17) he figures a $ of a
not quite extreme dry-season form also from Ambukol, which he calls acaste.
Now, most authors have applied this name acaste to the East African and
Abyssinian race of this species, which is distinguished from true halimede by its
large size and in the yellow patch on the inner area never reaching vein 3, whereas
in the typical form it extends beyond vein 3, reaching in the wet-season genera-
tion veins 4 and 5, and even 6. Professor Aurivillius, in Seitz, and also in his
Rhopalocera Aethiopica, gives Arabia as the country inhabited by halimede, imiting
with it as a synonym coelestis of Swinhoe ; whereas for acaste he gives a huge
range in continental Africa, from the Senegal to Somaliland and East Africa,
quite ignoring the fact that both the types of halimede and acaste came from
Ambukol on the White Nile. The true position at present is as follows : there
are 3 races or subspecies of Teracolus halimede : 1st, halimede halimede Klug,

146 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVllI. 19 21.

White Nile to Senegal ; 2nd, halimede coelestis Swinh., Arabia ; and 3rd, the
large form from Abyssinia and East Africa, which is without a name.

T. halimede. halimede has two well-marked seasonal forms, and apparently
some among the dry-season forms are occasionally slightly intermediate.

(A) Form. pluv. halimede Klug.

Pontia halimede Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vii. ff. 12-15 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

7 cJcJ, 3 ?? N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, acaste Klug.

Ponlia acaste Klug, Symh. Phys. pi. vii. ff. 16. 17 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

1 (J, 3 9? Aouderas, July 23 ; 4 ^^ Timia, Asben, June 2C, 1920.
Of these 2 ,^^ and 1 $ are not quite extreme dry-season forms.

[I here describe the East African forms :

Teracolus hahmede aurivillii subsp. nov.

Differs from halimede halimede in its larger size and in the yellow on the
inner area of forewing never reaching vein 3. There are two seasonal forms :

(A) Form. pluv. aurivillii Rothsch.

(B) Form. arid, restrieta form. nov.

This differs from form. arid, acaste in the most extreme development in the
$ being exactly like the cJ, only with a band of somewhat obliterated discal spots
on the forewing ; less extreme examples do not differ much beyond the differences
detailed above for the subspecies.

At Tring are 59 specimens from Suakin, Abyssinia, and British East Africa.
TjT)e of h. aurivillii S Jubilando, British East Africa : type of form, arid reslricta
9 Kiboko River, B.E. Africa.

The three forms of halimede, therefore, are as follows :

1. Teracolus halimede halimede (Klug).

(A) Form. pluv. hahmede Klug.

(B) Form. arid, acaste Klug.

2. Teracolus hahmede coelestis Swinh.
(A) Form. pluv. coelestis Swinh.

(B) Form. arid, swinhoei Rothsch.
Differs from /. a. acaste by being larger, and less yellow.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 147

3. Teracolus haiimede aurivillii Rothsch.

(A) Form. pluv. aurivillii Rothsch.

(B) Form. arid, restricta Rothsch.]

14. Teracolus ens eris (Klug).
Here, again, the seasonal forms are easily distinguished.

(A) Form. pluv. eris Kiug.
Ponlia eris Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vi. ff. 15, 16 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

1 (J Aderbissinat, August 27 ; 1 ^J N. of Tanout, September 2; \ ^ llazia
Damergou, September 6, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, fatma Feld.

Idmais Jatma Felder, Rcise Novam, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 189. no. 185. pi. sxv. f. 3 (1865) (Kordofan).

2 <3'(5', 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou, March 10-13, 1920.

14. Teracolus eupompe eupompe (Klug).

This species is most comj)licated, because in very wet areas a very extreme
wet-season form, pseiidacaste Butl., is found together with normal wet-season
specimens, and intermediates between wet- and dry-season forms, but no extreme
dry-season forms ; whUe at the opposite end of the series— i.e. in very dry areas —
only intermediate and extreme dry-season forms are obtained. The series of
forms appear to be as follows :

Form. pluv. extr. pseudacaste Butl.
„ „ norm, eupompe Klug.

„ arid. extr. dedecora Feld.
„ interm. theopompe Fold.

The series sent by Captam Buchanan consists of 9 q^, 5 2 $ of cufompe ;
11 (?<?) 3 $? thcopomps ; and 1 o, 1 $ dedecora.

(A) Form. pluv. extr. pseudacaste Butl.

Teracolus pseudacaste Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 156. pi. vi. f. U (White Nile).

(B) Form. pluv. norm, eupompe Klug.

Ponlia eupompe Klug, Symb. Phys. pi. vi. ff. U-13 (1829-1845) (Arabia).

3 (Jc?, 3 ? ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1-2, 1920 ; 5 ^^, 2 ?$ Aderbissinat,
Damergou, August 24-27, 1920 ; 1 cj N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.
10

148 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV'III. 1921..

(C) Form, intermed. theopompe Fcld.

Anikopsyche Iheoponipc Folder, Beist Novara, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 183. no. 175 (1865) (Nubia).

1 (J Takoukout, Damergou, March 14, 1920 ; 1 cJ. 1 ? Mts. S. of Baguezan,
May 3, 1920; 6 cJcJ, 2 ?$ Mts. of Baguezan, May 22— July 2, 1920; 3 c?c?
Aouderas, Asben, July 23, 1920.

(D) Form. arid. extr. dedecora Feld.

Anthopsycht dedecora Felder, Reise Novara, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 184. no. 177 (1865) (KhartoumJ.

1 cJ, 1 ? Takoukout, Damergou, March 11-14, 1920.

15. Teracolus achine (Cram.).

Here, again, we find great complications owing to the climatic influences-
There appear to be four different seasonal forms, but they are not always confined
to definite geographical areas, and intergrade completely in some districts.

T. gavisa WaUengr. is the extreme wet-season, and simplex Butl. is the extreme
dry-season, form, whUe achine Cram, appears to be the normal wet-season form.
Aurivillius puts anievippe Boisd. down as the intermediate form between the
wet- and dry-season forms, and this appears to be the fact in very wet areas.
In the Southern Sahara, however. Captain Buchanan's series shows that antevippe
is the normal wet-season form and simplex the dry-season form. This would
be to be expected, for in very dry areas either only the dry-season forms of
seasonably dimorphic species occur, or else a form only slightly different is
found as the second generation. T.ilhonus Butl. is the normal dry-season form.

(A) Form. pluv. extr. gavisa WaUengr.
Anthopayche gavisa Wallengren, L&pid. Rhoji. Gaffr. p. 13 (1857) (Ca£fraria).

(B) Form. pluv. norm, achine Cram.

' Papilio achine Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxix. p. 94. pi. cccxxxviii. ff. E, F (1781) (Cape of
Good Hope).

(C) Form, interni. antevippe Boisd.

Anihocharis antevippe Boisduval, //i.s/. lYa?. f»is. Spec. Gen. i. p. 572. no. 18. pi. 18. f. 3 (183G)
(Senegal). '

1 (3 Farniso, near Kano, December 31, 1919 ; 1 o Makochia, Damagarim,
September 15, 1920.

(D) Form. arid. extr. simples Butl.

Teracolua simplex Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 148. no. 71 (Natal).

3 cJt^' Farniso, near Kano, December 16, 1919— January 3, 1920. (The
explanation of the apparent anomal3' in the dates is explained by the fact that
the <J antevippe of December 31 is a much worn and broken specimen, evidently
a survivor from several months earlier.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXVIII. 1921. 149

(E) Form. arid, norm, ithonus But].
Teracolus ithonus Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. U6. no. 66. pi. vi. f. 7 (Natal).

16. Teracolus liagore (Klug).

Professor Aiirivillius suggests, in Seitz, that this may be only the extreme
dry-season form of ephyia Klug. I do not agree with him, as in the large series
of this insect sent by Captain Buchanan the wet-season form is totally unlike
ephyia, which has a wet-season form more like the typical dry-season form.
Seeing that I treat aU the various insects grouped by Professor AurivUlius under
eupompe and achine as seasonal forms only, it is more than likely that I shall be
accused of inconsistency for treating liagore and ephyia as two .species ; but I
maintain the cases are very different. WhUe eupompe and achine have an
enormous range, bemg spread all over Africa almost, liagore and ephyia are
apparently confined absolutely to the desert region from the Nile to Senegambia,
and up to 1910 were only known with certainty from the Egj'ptian Soudan.
In Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, 1908, M. de Joarmis records a few lepidoptera
collected by a Monsieur R. Chudeau in the Sahara between the Ahaggar Mts.
and Asben or Aiir, and among them he records liagore as having been got in
September 1905, at the Oucd Kadamellet north of Air. This record had
apparently escaped the notice both of the author and editor in Seitz.

(A) Form. arid, liagore Klug.
<J Pontia liagore Klug, Syiiib. Phys. pi. vi. £E. 5, 6 (1S29-1S15) (Ambutol).

? Resembles <J, but the black arrow-marks on margin of hindwings larger,
and in some specimens traces of, or occasionally a full though faint darker band
in orange apex.

10 (^(J Zinder, Damagarim, January 31 — February 2, 1920 ; 1 (^, Takoukout,
Damergou, March 13, 1920 ; 2 (J^, 1 $ Azzal, N. of Agadcs, July 13-15, 1920 ;
1 cJ AgueUal, Asbcn, June IG, 1920 ; 1 ? Timia, Asben, Juno 21, 1920 ; 5 cJcJ.
2?? Aouderas, Asben, July 23-29, 1920; 23 <J(J, 3 $?Mts. of Baguezan, Asben,
May 8— July 1, 1920 ; 1 cJ S. of Mts. Baguezan, Asbon, May 1, 1920.

(B) Form. pluv. liagoroides form. nov.

c?. Differs from form. arid, liagore in the whole costa of forewing being tlack,
in the termen of forewing being much more broadly edged with black, and by
the black arrow marks on hindwings being much larger and joined to form a
complete marginal band. $. Differs in complete heavy band to the hindwing,
heavy black termen, black costa, and either heavy black band in orange apex
or else basal portion of forewing to discoceJlulars grey, apparently the more
extended the more obsolete the apical dark band becomes.

16 cJc?, 3 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1-3, 1920; 1 cj Tchiugaraguen,
August 31 ; 3 <JcJ, 2 $$ Aderbissmat, August 27 ; 1 $ N. of Tanout, Damergou,
September 2, 1920.

150 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

17. Teracolus daira daira (Klug).

Professor Aurivillius, in 8eitz, has united heuglini Feld., Ihriippi Butl.,
evagore King, daira Klug, yerhurii Swinh., and nouna Luc. as various gradations
of the seasonal form of one species, because he says that the dry-season forms
are indistinguishable. This is not quite correct, and although I agree with him
that we have here onlj' one single species, yet I think by these very dry-season
forms we can separate daira Klug into three local races, or even four if we get
larger material. As we are dealing with already-named forms, and only the one
race comes into question in connection with Captain Buchanan's collection,
I wLU not go into the Arabian and East African forms, but only notice the
typical race and the N.W. African one.

(A) Form. pluv. daira Ivlug.

Ponlia daira Klug, Symh. Phys. pi. viii. ff. 1, 2 (1829-1845) (Ainbukol).

(B) Form. arid, evagore Klug.

Ponlia ciwjore Klug, 1-iymb. Phys. pi. viii. ff. 3, 4 (1829-184o) (Auibukol).

cJ. Differs from the N.W. African nouna Lue. in the orange apex being much
more red, and in the black margin to termen and apex being much narrower.
$. Differs in the apex of forewing being duller, more ferruginous, in the dark
band in apex being larger and more distinct, and in the black on margin of
hindwLngs being less.

1 (J Farniso, near Kano, December 25, 1919 ; 1 cj, 1 ? Zmder, Damagarim,
January 31, 1920 ; 3 ?$ Mts. of Baguezan, May 22, June 3, July 2, 1920.

18. Teracolus evarne evame Klug.

There appear to be two local forms of this insect, and although these
specimens from Captain Buchanan are very small they cannot belong to the
SomalUand race philippsi-shnr pci , as there are no black dots on margin
whatever.

(A) Form. pluv. evarne Klug.

Ponlia evarne Klug, ,Sym6. Phys. pi. vi. ff. 1-4 (1829-1845) (Ambukol).

1 $ N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, citreus Butl.

Teracolus citreus Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1876. p. 152. no. 120 (White Nile).

4 (J{J Takoukout, Damergou, March 11-14, 1920 ; 1 $ S. of Mts. Baguezan,
May 3 ; 3 (^^ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 20-23, 1020.

19. Eronia cleodora Hiibn.
There are three seasonal forms of this insect.

(A) Form. pluv. erxia Hew.

Eronia rrria Hcwiteon, lllusl. Exol, Butt. vol. iv. Pier, i, text (1867) (Natal).

NOVITATES ZoOLOalCAE XXVIII. 1921. 151

(B) Form. jjIuv. extr. dilatata Butl.

Eronia dilatata Butler, P.S.Z. Lowl. 188S. p. 96 (Taveta).

(C) Form. arid, cleodora Hiibn.

Eronia deodora Hubner, Samnd. Exot. Schmett. ii. pi. 130 (1822-1836).

The single specimen obtained is somewhat intermediate between erxia and
cleodora.

1 cj Farniso, near Kano, December 22, 1919.

20. Eronia buqueti buchanani subsp. nov.

cj. Differs from h. hiiqiieti in the distinct green tinge of the wings and the
olive-grey apical area.

$. Differs in the almost complete absence of the dark apex and termen,
which are only indicated by a rusty suffusion.

3 c?c?, 2 ?? Timia, Asben, June 24-26 ; 2 cJJ Aonderas, Asben, July 29,
1920. Type : c? Timia.

22. Catopsilia fiorella (Fabr.).

Papilio florella Fabriciiw, Sysl. Entom. p. 470. no. 1.59 (1775) (Sierra Leone).

1 c? Baguezan Mts., Asben, May 8, 1920; 1 ,J Aouderas, Asben, July 20,
1920 ; 3 (J(J Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 27, 1920 ; 1 ^ Abouzak, Damcrgou,
August 30, 1920; 2 ^^ Baban Tubki, N. of Zinder, September 13, 1920; 1 <?
Zinder, Damagarim, February 1, 1920; 2 (Jc? Makachia, Damagarim,
September 15, 1920 ; 1 (J Barbara, N. Nigeria, September 18, 1920 ; 2 cjc?, 1 ?
Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11-13, 1919 ; 1 $ Zigawa, N. Nigeria, September 19,
1920.

23. Terias brenda Doubld. & Hew.
The two seasonal forms are as under ;

(A) Form. pluv. brenda Doubld. & Hew.

Terias hrenrla Doubleday & Hewitson, GVn. Ditirn. Lepid. p. 79. no. 30. pi. ix. f. 6 (1847) (Sierra
Leone, Ashanti).

2 cJ<J, 1 ? N. of Tanout, Damergou, September 2, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, maculata Auriv.

Terias hrenda maculata Aurivilliu.s, in Heiiz,OrosschmeU. Erde, vol. xiii. p. 64. pi. 22C (1910) (range
of species).

24. Terias floricola (Boisd.).

Captain Buchanan only obtained the dry-season form. Three of his six
specimens are very extreme.

(A) Form. pluv. floricola Boisd.

Xanlhidia floricola Boisdnval, Faun. Entom. Madag. Lipid, p. 21. no. 2 (1833) (Bourbon, Mauritius,
and Madagascar).

152 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVTII. 1921;

(B) Form. arid. norm, ceres Butl.

Terias ceres Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvii. p. 218. pi. v. f. 33 (1886) (Mauritius).

1 c? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919; 2 ^^ Farniso, near Kano,
December 18, 22, 1919.

(C) Form. arid. extr. parva form. nov.

Differs from ceres in its much smaller size and the much more obliterated
markings on the underside.

2 c^'cJ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 9-11, 1919; 1 $ Farniso, near Kano,
December 19, 1919.

25. Terias brigitta (Cram.).

Papilio brigitta Oatner, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxviii. p. 82. pi. cccxxxi. ff. B, C (1780) (coast of
Guinea).

This insect varies much in size and depth of colour.

(A) Form. arid, brigitta Cram.

The smallest (^ expands 32 mm. and the largest 52 mm. ; the smallest $
34 mm. and the largest 52 mm.

2 (JjJ, 2 ?? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 3-12, 1919 ; 9 3^, 13?? Farniso,
near Kano, December 1 1-3 1,1919; 7 (J(J, 2 ? ? Zinder, Damagarim, January 23 —
February 4, 1920 ; 1 ^ Aouderas, Asben, July 29, 1920.

(B) Form. pluv. zoe Hopff.

Terias zoe Hopffer, Monatsber. Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855. p. 640 (Querimba).

The smallest (J expands 36 mm., the largest 48 mm. ; the smallest ? expands
38 mm., the largest 50 mm.

1 (5* Baguezan Mts., Asben, June 6, 1920; 7 <J^ Aderbissinat, Damergou,
August 27, 1920; 11 cJd", 6 ?? Tchingaraguen, Damergou, August 31, 1920;
2 cJd" Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

DANAIDAE.

26. Danaida chrysippus alcippus (Cram.).

Papilio alcippm Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. ii. pt. xi. p. 45. pi. cxxvii. ff. E, F (1777) (coast of Guinea
and Sierra Leone).

D. chrysippus chrysippus was described from Egjqit, while D. chr. orientis
Auriv. was described from East Africa and has also a white hindwinged form,
alcippoides Moore, corresponding to alcippus. The subspecies orientis in both
forms is at once recognisable by the broader and more conspicuous white sub-
apical band of the forewings. True chrysippus occurs in the Sahara south to
the northern slopes of the Ahaggar Mts., south of these alcippus takes its place
in the wliole of the region of West Africa proper. Alcippus also occurs sporadically
among tj'pical chrysippus in Egypt and Arabia.

1 ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1, 1920; 2 $2 Aouderas, Asben, July 22,

NOVITATES ZooLoaicAE XXVIII. 1921. 153

26, 1920; 1 ^ Makochia, Damergou, September 15, 1920; 0 t?(? Zinder,
Damagarim, September 23, 1920 (one has very dark-brown basal two-thirds
of forewings) ; 16 (JcJ Kano, December 7-13, 1919; 8 ^(^ Farniso, near Kano,
December 16-30, 1920.

SATYRIDAE.

27. Ypthima asterope (King).

This species has two seasonal forms like most of the tropical Old World
Satyridae. Unfortunately, Professor Aurivillius has paid no attention to this,
and lumps all the names given to forms of this insect as trivial aberrational
names, as in truth they were so given by Strand. In order not to create too many
new names I here use Strand's name of inocellata for the dry-season form, it
having been given to such a specimen, though Strand at the time did not realise
this and considered it only as an aberration.

(A) Form. pluv. asterope Klug.

Hipparrhia aslrrope Klug, Symh. Phya. pi. xxix. ff. 11-14 (1829-1845) (Syria and Arabia).

1 cj, 1 9 Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 2, 1920 ; 1 ? Abourak, Damergou,
August 30, 1920.

(B) Form. arid, inocellata Strand.

Yplhiim asleropp ab. inorellnla Strand, Inleni. Enlom. Zeitschr. Stiittg. vol. 23. p. 112 (1909) (XJluna-
Langenburg).

5 (JcJ, 1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 20-31, 1920.

NYMPHALIDAB.

28. Byblia ilithyia (Drury).
The two seasonal forms are as follows :

(A) Form. arid, ilithyia Drury.

Papilio ilithyia Drury Illust. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. p. 29. pi. xvii. ff. 1, 2 (1773) (Senegal).

(B) Form. pluv. polinice Cram.

Papilio polinice Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. iv. pt. xxxii. p. 169. pi. ceclxxv. ff. G, H (1781) (Cote de
Coromondel).

1 cJ, 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 27, 1920.

29. Precis oenone crebrene (Trimen).

Junonia crehrene Trimen, Trans. Enlom. Soe. Lond. 1870. p. 353 (South Africa).

1 ? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 7, 1919 ; 9 (J^J, 8 ?? Farniso, near Kano,
December II, 1919— January 3, 1920.

154 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

30. Precis orythia madagascariensis (Guen.).

Junonia madagaseariensis Guenie, in Vinson, Voij. Madag. Lepid. p. 37 (1864) (Madagascar).

5 (JcJ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 3-13, 1920 ; 5 ^J^?, 1 ? Farniso, near Kano,
December 17-27, 1920.

31. Pyrameis cardui (Linn.).

Papilio cardui Linnaeus, l^yst. Xat. edit. x. p. 475 (1758) (Sweden).

46 (Jc??? Mta. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1-2, 1920; I ? Ajieou, Asben,
June 27, 1920.

32. Acraea terpsichore (Linn.).

Papilio terpsichore Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. p. 466. no. 45 (1758) (Asia).

7 (?(J Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919; 1 ^ Farniso, near Kano,
December 24, 1920 ; 7 (J(J, 1 $ Zigawa, N. Nigeria, September 19, 1920 (? = ab.
janisca God., Encycl. Method, vol. ix. p. 233 [1819]).

33. Acraea encedon (Linn.).

Papilio encedon Linnaeus, Syai. Nat. edit. x. p. 488 (1758) (India).

The aberrations encoedon, alcippina, and lycia only are represented.
26 c?(??? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 7-13, 1919.

LYCAENIDAE.
34. Virachola livia pallescens subsp. nov.

c?. Differs from I. livia Klug in the much paler colour and less sharply defined
markings.

1 cJ Zinder, Damagarim, January 31, 1920; 1 ^ Timia, Asben, June 26;
1 c? Agirou, Asben, June 27, 1920 ; 5 S<S, 15 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, May 8-12, 1920.'

35. Virachola dinochares (Gr. Sm.).

De-iidoryx dinochares Grose Smith, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) six. p. 64 (1887) (Delagoa Bay).

Professor AuriviUius places dinochares as a synonym under licinia Mab., but
I do not agree with his determination.

1 ? Kano, N. Nigeria, December 13, 1919 ; Farniso, near Kano, December 20,
1919.

36. Virachola antalus (Hopff.).

Sitlum antalus Hopffer, Monatsb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855. p. 641 (Mozambique).

1 9 Farniso, near Kano, December 16, 1919.

37. lolaus nursei Butl.

lolaus nursei Butler, P.Z.S. London, 1896. p. 251. pi. 10. f. 16. <J (Sheikh Othman).
1 ? Aouderas, Asher, July 26, 1920.

NOYtTATES ZooLoaiCAE XX\T^II. 1921. 155

38. Spindasis buchanani sp. nov.

$. This is quite unlike any known species. Thorax black-grey ; abdomen
black-grey, banded on sides with white. Forewing above blackish grey or
blackish slate-grey ; the basal two-fifths obliquely clothed with long ashy scales
giving a cloudy appearance, a whitish mark in base of cell, an oblique whitish
transverse antemedian band, a median and postmedian white band of coalescent
patches converging to form a V with its base on vein 2, an indistinct pale-grey
submarginal band. Hindwings with same ground colour as forewings, but with
the ashy scales occupying at least the basal three-fifths of wing. An irregular
whitish V with its base on vein 1 in outer two-fifths of wing, and a pale-grey
indistinct submarginal band. Fringes of both wings white. Forewing below
white ; a curved brown line on basal one-third of costal area, a subbasal brown
dash and a quadrate brown patch with centi-al silver spot in cell, a grey quadrate
baso-subbasal patch ringed in brown below median vein, an oblique median
and a curved postmedian band converging almost on vein 1, grey edged with
dark brown, with a row of sUver spots in each, terminal area grey with submarginal
row of dots and marginal hair line dark brown. Hindwing below cream-buff
with three discal bands of kidney-shaped rusty-grey patches ringed with brown
and with silver central spots, the subbasal band has these patches separate, the
outer two bands coalescent ; the two inner bands consist of four patches, the
outer one of three and reaching vein 3. Basal and terminal areas rusty grey,
a submarginal row of brown dots and a post-discal band edged with brown and
centred with silver.

Length of forewing : 15-16 mm. Expanse : 32-34 mm.

1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1920 ; 1 $ Zinder, Damagarim,
January 31, 1920.

39. Lycaenesthes princeps Butler.

Lycaenesihes princeps Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xviii. p. 484 (1876) (Abyssinia).

1 (J Dambiri, Damergou, September 7, 1920.

40. Castalius cretosus lactinatus Butl.

Castaliua lactinatus Butler, P.Z.S. Land. 1885. p. 764. pi. xlvii. f. 3 (Somaliland).
3 (J(J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 17— June 3, 1920.

41. Tarucus theophrastus (Fabr.).

Hesperia theophraatm Fabricius, Entom. System, vol. iii. pt. 1. p. 281. no. 82 (1793) (Morocco).

2 ^^ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 5, 1919 ; 5 ^^ Farniso, near Kano,
December 17-31, 1919 ; 6 ^J^, 1 $ Zinder, January 24— February 1, 1920 ; 5 c?c?
Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920; 1 (J Mazia, Damergou,
September 6, 1920.

42. Tarucus mediterraneae B. Baker.

Tarucus mediterraneae Bethune Baker, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1917. p. 281. pla. xiv. ff. 7, Vk
xvi. f. 7, xix. f. 26 (Alexandria).

1 (J Dambu-i, Damergou, September 7, 1920 ; 1 $ Takoukout, Damergou,
March 13, 1920 ; 1 cj Zinder, Damagarim, January 31, 1920 ; 3 c?<?, 2 $ $ Aouderas,

166 NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Ashen, July 23-29, 1920 ; 1 9 Azzal, N. of Agades, July 15, 1920 ; 1 (J Arra,
S. of Baguczan Mts., May 1, 1920 (aberration central black spots coalescent into
large patch) ; 41 $^, 42 $? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May IC^July 3, 1920.

43. Syntarucus plinius telicanus (Hiibn.).

Papilio telicanus Hubner, Europ. Schmetl. i. ff. 371, 372, 553, 554 (1798-1803).

It is doubtful if the single specimen belongs to the typical form (in which
case the ground coloiu- below would be very pale), or to the form S. telicanus
or ■plinius Fabr. (Entom. Syst. iii. 1, p. 284, no. 92 [1793] [India]), (in which case
it would be very dark.)

1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

44. Syntaruchus pulchra (Murray).

Lycaena pulchra Murray, Trans. Enlom. Soc. Land. 1874. p. 524. pt. x. ff. 7. 8 (W. Africa).

3 cJ(J Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919.

45. Azanus ubaldus (Cram.).

Papilio ubaldus Cramer, Pap. Bxot. vol. iv. pt. xxxiii. p. 209. pi. 390. ff. L, M (1782) (Cote de
Coromandel).

1 (J Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1919 ; 9 (Jj, 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan,
Asben, May 10-12 and July 1, 1920 ; 1 ^ Iferouan, June 14 ; 1 ? Tebernit,
June 27 ; 2 (^^ Ajiron, Asben, Jiuie 27, 1920 ; 1 ^ Mazia, Damergou, September 6,
1920.

46. Azauns moriqua (Wallengr.).

Lycaena moriqua Wallengren, Lepid. Ithop. Caffr, p. .39. no. 9 (1857) (Caffraria).

Mr. RUey, who kindly identified most of the Lycaenidae for me, considered
the single (J enumerated below as moriqua and not A. niirza (Ploetz.), {Lycaena
mirza, Stett. Entom. Zeit. vol. xli. p. 203, no. 179 [1880] [Victoria Camaroons]).

1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

47. Lampides boeticus (Linn.).

Papilio boeticus Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. edit. xii. vol. i. pt. ii. p. 789. no. 226 (1767) (Barbary).

2 3^ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 8 and July 1, 1920 ; 1 ^ Takoukout,
Daraergou, September 3, 1920 ; 1 cj Farniso, near Kano, December 27, 1919.

48. Catachrysops eleusis (Demais.).

Lycaena eleusis Demaison, Bull. Soc. Enlom. France, 1888. p. Ixvi. (Nubia).

17 cJ(J, 5 9? Farniso, near Kano, December 12-31, 1920 ; 20 ^3, 10?? Zinder,
Damagarim, January 24 — February 6, 1920; 7 ^^, 3 ?$ Mts. of Baguezan,
May 9— June 3, 1920 ; 1 3 Aguellal, Asben, June 16, 1920.

N6VtTATES ZooLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 157

49. Catachrysops osiris (Hopff.).

Lymena osiris Hopffer, Monatsb. Konigl. Akad. Kiss. Berl. 1855. p. 642 (Querimba).

2 (J(J, 1 $ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 6-13, 1919 ; 1 ? Farniso, near Kano,
December 27, 1919.

50. Zizera antanossa (Mab.).

Lycaena anianossa Mabille, Bvll. Entom. Soc. France, 1877. p. Ixxii. No. 6 (Madagascar).

2 t^cS, 1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 17-2S, 1919 ; 1 c? Zinder, Dama-
garim, February 1, 1920; 3 cJc? Makochia, Damagarim, September 15 ; 1 (J
Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

61. Zizera lysimon (Hiibn.).

Papilio lysimon Hubner, Emop. Schmett. i. ff. 534, 535 (1798-1803).

26 (JcJ, 4 ?? Farniso, near Kano, December 16-29, 1919 ; 4 cj^, 7 ?? Kano,
N. Nigeria, December 3-13, 1919 ; 1 $ Zigawa, N. Nigeria, September 19, 1920 ;
2 (?c?, 4 ?? Aderbissinat, N. Damergou, August 27-28, 1920; 1 ^ Darabii-i,
Damergou, September 7, 1920 ; 2 ^^ Aouderas, Asben, July 22, 1920.

GRYPOCERA.
HESPERIIDAE.

52. Sarangesa eliminata Holl.
This insect has two seasonal forms.

(A) Form. pluv. eliminata Holl.

Sarangem eliminata Holland, P.Z.S. Land. 1896. p. 9. no. 18. pi. v. f. 9 (Abyssinia; Somaliland).

Mabille, in his catalogue of the Ilesperiidae in Wytsman's Genera Inseclorum,
gives a perfectly imaginary quotation, viz. " Butt. Afr." instead of " P.Z.S.Lond."

The solitary specimen sent is evidently a very belated individual of the
wet-season brood.

1 S Farniso, near Kano, December 31, 1919.

(B) Form. arid, deserticola Rebel.
17 <?(?. 8 ?? Zinder, Damagarim, January 24, 1920.

53. Hesperia machacoana Butler.
1 $ Farniso, near Kano, December 19, 1919.

54. Gegenes nostrodamus (Fabr.).

Hesperia nostrodamus Fabricius, Entom. Syst. iii. (1). p. 328. no. 246 (1793) (Barbary).
1 (J Aderbissinat, S. Damergou, August 27, 1920.

158 NOVITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

55. Gegenes hottentota (Latr.).

Hesperia hottentota Latreille, Encyct. Melh. Hisl. Nat. Enlom. vol. ix. p. 777. no. 133 (Cape of
Good Hope).

299 Farniso, near Kano, December 19, 31, 1019.

56. Parnara mathias (Fabr.).

Hesperia mathias Fabricius, Entom. Syst. Suppl. p. 433. nos. 289-290 (179S) (India).

1 cj Famiso, near Kano, December 27, 1919 ; 5 ^^ Aderbissinat, N. Damer-
gou, August 27, 1920 ; 3 c?o Aboiu-ak, Damergou, August 30, 1920.

57. Parnaia fatuellus (Hopff.).

Pamphila Jatuellus Hopffer, Monatsh. Berl. Akad. Wiss. 1855. p. 643. no. 25 (Queiimba).
1 9 Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11, 1919.

58. Platylesches chameleon (Mab.).

Pamphila chamdeon Mabille, BiiU. on Compt.-Rend. Soe. Entom. Belg. 1891. p. cl.'cxix. (Sierra Leone).

1 cj Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

HETEBOCEBA.

ARCTIIDAE.

Lithosiinae.

59. Siccia conJormis Hmp.sn.

Siccia conJormis Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. ilus. Suppl. vol. i. p. 706. no. 843a. pi. xxivii.
f. 13 (1914) (Minna, N. Nigeria).

2 c?(?, 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 23, 1920.

Arctiinae.

60. Utetheisa pulchella (Linn.).

Phalaena pulchella Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. i. p. 534 (1758) (S. Europe, Mauritania).

3 ^(J, 599 Kano, N. Nigeria, December 11-12, 1920.

AGARISTIDAE.

61. Aegocera brevivitta rectilineoides subsp. nov.

(J. Differs from b. brevivitta Hmpsn. in liaving the hindwing yellow, with a
red outer area and central red spot as in rectilineii Boisd., not entirely red as
in b. brevivitta, with only base and cilia j'ellovv.

1 (J Tanout, Damergou, September 6, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 159

62. Aegocera rectilinea Boisd.

Aegoccra redilinca Boisduval, Hist. Xal. Ins. .Spec. Ght. Lcpid. vol. i. pi. 14. f. 5 (1836).

1 9 Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920; 1 ? Agades, S. of Asben,
July 10, 1920; 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 21, 1920. (The Zinder example has
the forewings much suffused with black, while the one from Aouderas is very
pale in colour.)

NOCTUIDAE.

Agiotinae.
63. Chloridea peltigera (SchifE. & Den.).

Phalaena Noclua peltigera Schiffcmiullcr & Denis, Ank. Sijst. Werk. Schmett. Wienergeg. p. 89 (1775)
(Vienna).

1 cJ, 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 24-June 1, 1920 ; 1 ^J, 3 ?? Ader-
bissinat, Damergou, August 28, 1920.

64. Chloridea nubigera (Herr.-Sch.).
Heliothis nabigera Herrich-SchaSfer, Syst. Bearb. tichintU. Eur. p. 366 (1845) (Asia Minor).

2 (JtJ, 2 ?$ Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 28, 1920.

65. Chloridea obsoleta (Fabr.).

Bo7nhyx obsoleta Fabricius, Enlom. Syst. iii. 1. p. 456. no. 155 (1793) (S. America).

9 (^c?. 12 ?? Aderbissinat, Damergou, August 26— September 18, 1920.

The 9 (^(J have the ground colour olivaceous, but only 5 $ $ have it olivaceous
and the others rufous-brown. All 21 specimens have the row of white postmedian
points on the veins very prominent, unlike any specimens I have examined.

66. Chloridea flavigera Hmpsn.

Chloridea flavigera Hampson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xix. p. 242. no. 58a (1907) (Buluwayo).
3 $^ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 26-28, 1920.

67. Chloridea hyalosticta (Hmpsn.).

Heliotliis hyalosticta Hampson, Trans. Enlom. Soc. Land. 1895. p. 298 (Karachi).

14 c?c?, 13 ?? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 12-16, 1920 ; 1 (J, 1 ? Aouderas,
Asben, July 21, 23, 1920 ; 2 ?? Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 26, 1920.

68. Timora chrysita de Joan.

Timora chrysita de Joannis, Bull. Soc. Entotn. France, 1910. p. 225 (Dioudougou).

4 (So Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 26, 29, 1920 ; 7 ^tS, 2$$Tanout,
Damergou, September 6, 1920 ; 1 (J Kaleloua, Damagarim, September 6, 1920.

160 NOVITATES ZoOLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

69. Timora metaihoda Druce.
Tiimra inelarhoda Druce, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xi. p. 201 (1903) (Gambia).
1 ? Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

70. Timora buchanani sp. nov.

cJ$. Differs from metarhoda by the cream-white hindwings, and in the two
longitudinal mauve bands of the narrower forewings.

4 J(^, 2 $$ Azzal, Asben, July 13-15, 1920. (Type ^, July 14.)

71. Timora decorata (Moore).

Pradalla decorata Moore, P.Z.S. Land. 1881. p. 365 (Saidabad, Kashmir).

6 cJ(J, 8 $? Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920; 1 ^ Tanout,
Damergou, September 6, 1920 ; 2 ^^, 3 $$ Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 8,
1920; 1 ? Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920; C $^, 5 $$ Bande, S.
Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

72. Timora terracottoides sp. nov.

(J $. Differs from terracotta Hmpsn.in the very strongly developed longitudinal
silvery line above vein 1 of forewing, in the row of marginal silvery dots on
forewing, and in the suffused, duskj', not pure creamy-white hindwing. This
insect is very variable in the ground colour of the forewings ; some arc deep
grey-brown, others umber-brown, some are olive-stramineous, others maroon-red.

4 <J(J, 1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920 ; 1 $ Songo, Damagarim,
September 17, 1920; 8 $^, 2 ?$ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920;
6 ^^, 11 ?? Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 8, 1920; 2 ^Jo. 1 ? Baban
Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 18, 1920. {^ Kaleloua, type.)

73. Adisura callima B. Baker.
Adisura callima Bctliuno Baker, Ann. May. Xat. Uisl. (8) viii. p. 508 (1911) (Malange, W. Africa).

1 cJ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 20, 1920.

74. Adisura affinis si), nov.

Differs from atMnsonl Moore in deeper maroon suffusion, iu the heavy,
complete blackish outer one-third of hindwings, and especially iu the postmcdian
line of spots being confluent and forming au oblique hue running from centre of
inner margin to vein 0, near termen, not a curved line of separate dots.

2 c?tJ, 1 ? Barbara, N. Nigeria, September 13, 1920 ; 1 (J Kaleloua, N.
Damagarim, September 8, 1920 ; 3 S3, 2 9? Songo, S. Damagarim, September 17,
1920; 15 cJcJ, 19 $$ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920; C cJd', 4$$
Bande, S. Damagarim, September IG, 1920.

75. Euxoa segetum (Schiff. & Den.).

PhaJaena Noctua segeitim SchiSermuUer & Denis, AnI:. Si/st, Werk, Schmett, Wienerg. p, 81, 252,
£f. 3a, h (1775) (Vienna).
1 (J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, June 1, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 161

ZENOBIINAE.

76. Spodoptera mauritia (Boisd.).

Hadena mauritia Boisduval, Faun. Entom. Madag. Lepid. p. 92, no, 3, pi. 13, f. 9 (1833) (Mauritius,
Bourbon).

1 (^ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920.

77. Spodoptera abyssinia Guen.

Spodnptera abyssinia Guence, Hisl. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, vol. v. Noct. i. p. 154. no. 244 (1852)
(Abyssinia) .

3 cJ(J Agades, S. of Asben, July 9-10, 1920.

78. Laphygma exigua (Hiibn.).

Noclua exigua Hiibner, Sammt. Europ. Schmett, Noct. f. 362 (1808).

1 cj, 1 ? Azzal, Asben, July 12, 15, 1920 ; 1 c?, 1 ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben,
June 1, 1920 ; 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 21, 1920 ; 1 cj, 1 ? Agades, S. of Asben,
August 7, 8, 1920 ; I ^ Zinder, Damagarim, February 18, 1920 ; 1 ? Baban
Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

Erastriinae.
79. Eublenima dissoluta sp. nov.

Nearest to syrtensis Hmpsu. and suava Hiibn.

(J. Antennae yellowish brown, shaft whitish ; head, thorax, and abdomen
cream-white. Forewing creamy isabelline ; a broad median band somewhat
darker, with brown edges, two postmedian bands of this darker isabelline, three
dark-brown patches between apex and vein 6, and some smaller similar markings
between veins 2 and 4 ; marginal hair-line dark brown. Hindwing cream colour
with two indistinct buff bauds, termen smeared with dark brown.

$. Antennae brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen creamy grey. Forewing
basal half dirty pinkish wood-brown, with dark band in centre and margin ;
outer half paler, more isabelline, an indistinct waved postmedian greyish line,
and a clouded brown subterminal broad band. Hindwing dirty cream colour,
termen broadly brown, and two indistinct transverse bands dark grey-brown.

Length of forewing : ^J 13 mm. ; $ 15 mm. Eximnse : cJ 30 mm. ; $ 35 mm.

1 (J, 1 $ Zinder, Damagarim, February 17, 1920.

80. Eublemma parva (Hiibn.).
Noctua parva Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Noct. f. 356 (1808).
1 cJ, 1 ? Zinder, Damagarim, February 20, 1920.

81. Eublemma deserti (Rothsch.).

Thalpochares deserti Rothschild, Int. Entom. Ze.itsch. Stutlg. xxiii. p. 142 (1909) (Mraier, S. Algeria).
J (J, 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 9, 1920,

162 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXVIII. 1921.

82. Eublemma bipaitita sp. nov.

9. Antennae honey-j-ellow ; hccad and thorax snow-white ; abdomen pale
huffish grey. Forewing basal half pure white, outer lialf yellowish rusty brown,
a small wedge running in from costa and fringe white. Hindwing creamy white,
washed with rusty buff on outer half.

Expanse : 18 mm. ; length of forewing : 8 mm.

29$ Takoukout, Damergou, March 12, 1920.

83. Eublemma perkeo sp. nov.

This msect much resembles a minute arcuinna.

(J. Head, thorax, and abdomen dull pale wood-grey-brown. Forewing,
basal half sooty brown clouded with paler colour, outer half whitish grey with
brown-grey cloudings. Hindwing black, basal and terminal areas whitish grey,
a curved median white band.

Expanse: 11-25 mm. ; length of forewing: 5 mm.

1 ^ Zinder, Damagarim, February 19, 1920.

84. Eublemma bulla (Swinh.).

Micra bulla Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. 18S4. p. 51S. pi. 47. f. 9 (Karachi).

1 cj Bande, S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920.

85. Eublemma griseola (Ersch.).
Thalpocharcs (jriseola Erschoff, iii Failsch. Eci^: p. 51. lil. 4. i. 55 (IS74).
1 cJ Azzal, N. of Agadcs, July 13, 1920.

86. Ozarba punctigera Walk.

Ozarha punclirjera Wallcer, List. Lcpid. Ins. Brit. Mus. sxsii. p. 685 (1865) (Cliina, Moreton Bay).

1 ^, 5 ?$ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920; 1 $ Zinder,
September 11 ; 1 o, 1 2'Babau Tubki, S. of Zinder, Damagarim, Scjjtcmbcr 13,
1920.

87. Ozarba rafula Hmpsn.

Ozarha rujnU Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Plial. Brit. Mus. vol. x. p. 445. no. 5676. pi. cisii. f. IS (1910)
(Bombay).

1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920 ; 1 $ Azzal, N. of Agadcs,
July 1920 ; 1 cJ Agades, S. of Asben, July 10, 1920.

88. Ozarba venata Bull.

Ozarba vcmla Butler, III. Ud. Bril. Mm. vii. p. 69. pi. 130. f. 12 (1889) (Dharmsala).

1 S Songo, S. Damagarim, September 17, 1920 ; 2 ?? Makochia, Damagarim,
September 15, 1920 ; 1 ? Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

NOVITATBS ZOOIOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 163

89. Ozarba damagarima sid. nov.

(J. Nearest to sancta Stdgr., but darker and at once distinguishable by the
broad, indistinct, and broken dark submarginal band of the hindwings. Antennae
black-brown ; head and thorax mixed wood-grey and whitish ; abdomen
cinnamon brown-grey, a white band above anal tuft. Forewings, ground colour
mauve-brown with whitish smears, two antemedian, irregular, much twisted black
bands, a similar median band with an hourglass-shaped white patch enclosing two
grey spots at end of cell, a postmedian similar band ; terminal hair-line black.
Hindwing deep orange-yellow, a dusky area at base and a broken wide sooty
subterminal band ; fringe checkered sooty and white.

?. Similar, but forewiiig much darker ; hindwing rufous-orange, outer
one-third sooty black.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewing : 6 mm.

1 9 Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920 (type) ; 1 (J Makochia,
Damagarim, September 15, 1920 ; 1 $ Tanout, Damergou, September 4, 1920 ;
1 c? Agades, S. of Asben, July 10, 1920.

90. Pseudozarba opella (Swinh.).
Acontia opella Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. 1885. p. 456. pi. 27. f. 16 (Poona).

1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 10, 1920 ; 2 $? Aouderas, Asben, July 23,
1920.

91. Pseudozarba abbreviata sp. nov.

9- Antennae dark brown ; head greyish cinnamon ; thorax and abdomen
darker greyish cinnamon-brown. Forewing short and truncated, termen convex ;
basal one-third cinnamon, costal area densely stippled with black ; median
one-third slaty grey-black, edged with a bright cinnamon line basad and distad ;
outer one-third cinnamon somewhat clouded with grey, four minute white marks
on costa, terminal hair-line black. Hindwing silky yellowish grey, darker and
more smoky on outer half.

Expanse : 13 mm. ; length of forcv/ing : 5 mm.

1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 15, 1920 (type) ; 1 ? Aderbissinat, N. of
Damergou, August 29, 1920 ; 1 cJ Agades, S. of Asben, July 1920.

92. Pseudozarba bella sp. nov.

?. Antennae black ; head and thorax pale maroon ; abdomen brownish
wood-grey. Forewing, basal tvto-fifths maroon with black distad edge and
slightly clouded with black distad, outer three-fifths creamy white, the central
part strongly irrorated with black scales, terminal line and a patch about veins
6 and 7 blackish maroon. Hindwing wood-grey.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewing : 6 mm.

1 ? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1, 1920.

93. Euloca'stra acthiops (Dist.).
Tamche aethiops Distant, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (7) 1. p. 223 (1898) (Pretoria).

1 (J Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 8, 1920; 2 99 Makochia, Dama-
garim, September 15, 1920 ; 1 9-
11

16A' NovrrATES Zoologicae XXVIII. 1921.

94. Eulocastra sahariensis sp. nov.

(J. Antennae deep black with yellowish cilia on sides and undersurface ;
liead and frons black, a small brownish inter-antennal patch ; thorax and patagia
black-brown, rest of thorax dark cinnamon-brown ; abdomen sooty brown-grey.

Forewing : basal one-fourth brownish cinnamon with paler shading, costa
black with two pale spots ; rest of wing deep black, a creamy dot in cell and two
creamy spots at discocellulars, a curved irregular brownish cinnamon postmedian
band, beyond which are some whitish marks in costal half of wing, a subterminal
row of cream dots. Hindwing dark grey.

$. Differs from cJ in tlie non-ciliated brown antennae and the obsolescence
of much of the paler markings of the forewings, owing to black suffusion.

Expanse : ^ 20 mm. ; $ 17-5 mm. Length of forewing : ^ 8-5 mm. ;
? 7 mm.

1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920 (type) ; 1 $ Bande,
S. Damagarim, September 10, 1920.

95. Exilocastra pseudozarboides sp. nov.

$. In appearance much like a very pale Psetidozarha opella. Antennae
brown ; head and thorax greyish buff ; abdomen cream-grey. Forewing greyish
buff with darker yellowish cloudings ; a median broad band black with a projec-
tion distad along median vein ; an interrupted postdiscal line black, broadening
at costa into a spot ; terminal area broadly grey, interrupted between veins 2
and 4, a line of four black dots subterminally between costa and median vein.
Hindwing pale cream-grey.

Expanse : 20 mm. ; length of forewing : 8-5 mm.

1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 12, 1920.

96. Tarache zelleri (Wallengr.).
Aconlia zelleri WaUengren, Anteckn. I. Zool. i. p. 59 (1856).

2 iS<S, 1 ? Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920 ; 1 ^, 2 9$ Tanout,
Damergou, September 3-6, 1920 ; 1 J, 1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13, 15, 1920 ;

1 ^ Agades, July 9, 1920 ; 1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

97. Tarache gratiosa (Wallengr.).

Acontia gratiosa WaUengren, Anteckn. I. Zool. i. p. 59 (1856).

1 $ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920.

98. Tarache buchanani sp. nov.

(J. Antennae black-brown ; head and thorax snow-white ; abdomen, first
two segments pure white, rest cream colour above, dirty white at sides, anal tuft
greyish buff. Forewing : basal two-thirds snow-white, strongly angled in below
median vein, costa with five olive-grey spots, rest of white area with scattered,
similarly tinted dots ; outer one-third black-brown with some whitish scribbling,
strongly angled out above median vein and with a white patch between veins

2 and 4 in terminal area. Hindwing silky white with broad, blackish-grey

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. ' _ 165

marginal band. The Asben (J differs in the great reduction in strength of the
outer dark area of forewings and the absence of the band of hindwings below
vein 3 and its great evanescence above that vein.

Expanse : 28 mm. ; length of forewing : 12 mm.

1 (J Tanout, Damergou, September 6, 1920 (type) ; 1 (J Aouderas, Asben,
July 21, 1920.

99. Tarache asbenensis sp. nov.

(J. Antennae dark brown ; head and thorax cream-white ; abdomen huffish
grey, anal tuft yellower. Forewing : basal two-fifths cream- white with indistinct
oUve-grey costal spots ; outer three-fifths sooty black-brown, a blacker quadrate
patch basad between median vein and inner margin, a large, creamy, wedge-like
spot running in from costa, fringe intermittently white. Hindwing rusty
yellowish grey with darker marginal band.

Expanse : 22 mm. ; length of forewing : 9-5 mm.

1 cj Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 16, 1920.

100. Hoplotarache karachiensis (Swinh.).

Aconlia karachiensis Swinhoe, P.Z.S. Land. 1889. p. 410 (Karachi).

2 cJ, 1 ? Agades, S. of Asben, August 9, 1920 ; 1 (J, 2 $$ Azzal, N. of Agades,
July 15-16, 1920 ; 3 (JcJ, 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 21^23, 1920.

Catocalinae.

101. Crypsotidia conilera Hmpsn.

Crypsolidia amijera Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Plial. Brit. 3Ius. vol. xii. p. 249. no. 7371. pi. cciii. f. 4
(1913) (N. Rukum VaUey).

5 (JcJ, 4 99 Zinder, Damagarim, February 15-20, 1920; 1 ^ Mts, of
Baguezan, May 1920.

102. Crypsotidia griseola sp. nov.

(J 2. Antennae brown-black ; head and thorax mouse-grey, minutely freckled
with black scales ; abdomen yellowish wood-grey, sparsely and minutely freckled
with black.

Forewing mouse-grey, a subbasal and a very broad median band with irregular
edges darker grey ; beyond the median band is a strongly waved, blackish
line from costa to median vein ; a postdiscal darker cloud band with almost
black patch towards costa ; frmge whitish and grey. Hindwing dirty white
with broad, dark, wood-grey marginal band ; fringe white. One 9 is decidedly
mclanistic.

Expanse : 23-75 mm. ; length of forewing ; 10 mm.

5 cJJ, 9 99 Zinder, Damagarim, February 14-20, 1920 (type cj).

103. Crypsotidia parva sp. nov.

9. This is the smallest species, hitherto obtained, of the genus. Antennae
brown ; head and thorax wood-brown ; abdomen pale wood-grey. Forewing :
basal two-thirds bright wood-brown, an antemedian and a postmedian zigzag

J^g NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

greyish-whitp line enclosing distad the distinctly dark-grey reniform ; outer
third much paler wood-brown-grey, a large brown patch from costa before apex,
a terminal white line dotted with black. Hindwing semivitreous pearl-grey,
darker towards margin.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewlng : 6 mm.

1 $ Farniso, nr. Kano, December 22, 1919.

104. Cyligramma latona (f'rani.).

Phalaena laloiia Cramer, Pap. Exot. vol. i. part ii. p. 20. pi. xiii. f. B (1775) (coast of Guinea).

1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, June 6, 1920.

105. Achaea catella Guen.

Achaea calclla Guenee, Hisl. Nal. Ins. Spec. Gen. vii. Noct. iii. p. 247. no. 1667 (1852) (Senegal).
1 ? Baban Tubki. S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

106. Grammodes stolida (Fabr.).
Noctua stolida Fabricius, Syst. Enlom. p. 599. no. 38 (1775) (East India).

1 ? Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920 ; 1 ? Tanout, Damergou,
September 6, 1920; 7 3^, 8 $? Aderblssinat, N. of Damergou, August 18-24,
1920 ; 1 (J Agades, S. of Asben, August 8, 1920 ; 6 J (j', 4 ?? Mts. of Baguezan,
Asben, May 13— July 2, 1920.

107. Grammodes buchanani sp. nov.

Although the hindtibiae are hardly, if at all, spincd, this is a true Grammodes.

$. Antennae brown, each segment banded narrowly with white ; head and
thorax mauve, microscopically freckled with white ; abdomen wood-brown.

Forewiiig : basal one-fifth mauve-grey, an antemedian band deep chocolate-
brown, edged distad with -white, and being nearly three times as broad below
median vein than above it ; a broad median band dark chocolate-brown, edged
distad with white between the antemedian and median bands ; the wing is mauve-
grey above median vein and olive-j'ellow below ; a postmedian zigzag brown line
running out into points and widening into a large blackish apical patch ; between
this and median vein the wing is mauve-grey from costa to vein 6, olive-yellow
from vein 6 to inner margins ; rest of wing mauve-grey, shaded with sooty grey
towards termen and with white spot below apex. Hindwing wood-grey, saturated
with dull buff and clouded with darker grey, a median line and a submarginal
and marginal band sooty blackish grey.

Expanse : 23-75 mm. ; length of forewing : 10 mm.

1 $ Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920.

108. Parachalciope mixta sp. nov.

$. Size, shape, and general pattern similar to P. deltifrm (Feld), but with
the postmedian band on the hindwings as in Chalciopc hijppasia (Cram.). The
oblique white band on the forewing between median vein and tornus is not of
uniform width as in ddlijera, but gradually expands in width towards tornus.

Expanse ; 48 mm. ; length of forewing : 22 mm.

1 $, no data,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 167

109. Mocis frugalis (Fabr.).

Noclua Jrngalis Fabricius, Sijsl. Entom. p. 601. no. 45 (1775) (India).
1 (^ AderbLssinat, N. of Damergou, August 26, 1920.

110. Plecopterodes moderata (Wallengr.).

Orammodes modemln Wallengren, Wien. Entom. Moruils. vol. iv. p. 174. no. 69 (1860) (Cafiraria).
1 $ Kaleloua, S. Damagarim, September 8, 1920.

111. Gnamptonyx innexa (Walk.).

Alamis innexa Walker, LiH Lepid. Ins. Bril. Mns. pt. xv. p. 1797 (1858) (St. Vincent, Cape Verd
Islands).

This is almost as variable a species as Cortyta leucoptera (Hmpsn.).

4 cJ^, 2 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 16— June 16, 1920 ; 3 cjcj, 4 ? ?
Aguellal, Asben, June 10, 1920; 1 $ Aouderas, Asben, July 21, 1920; 5 ,^6,
4$$Azzal, Asben, July 12-16, 1920; 12 ^J^J, 4$?Agade.s, 8. of Asben, August 7-9,
1920.

112. Cortyta acrosticta (Piingl.).
Pericyma acrosHela Piinglcr, Iri.i, vol. xvi. p. 290. pi. vi. f. 6 (1903) (Engeddi, Dead Sea).

This has nothing to do with vetimta Wlk,, where Hampson put it as an
aberration ; it is much nearer rosacea Rebel.
1 ? Agades, S. of Asben, July 9, 1920.

Phytomstrinae.
113. Phytometra ni (Hiibn.).

Noctiia ni Hiibner, Samml. Eiirop. Schmell. noct. f. 284 (1802).

1 cJ, 2 ?? Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 28, 1920.

114. Phytometra chalcytes (Esp.).

Phalaena Noctm spirilingua crislata chaUijIes Esper, Srhmell. vol. iv. pt. ii. p. 447. no. 167. pi. cxli.
noot. 62. f. 3 (1789) (Central Italy).

1 cj Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 23, 1920.

Noctuinae.
11.5. Polydesmi coUutrix (Geyer).

Coenipeta collutrix: Geyer, Zulr. IliVm. Samml. Exot. Schmell. p. 22. no. 443. pi. 152. ff. 885, 886
(1837) (S. Africa).

4 (JcJ, 1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16 1920.

116. Melanephia tristis (Snell.).
Aconlia Iristia Snellen, Tijds. v. Entom. vol. xv. p. 52. pi. 4. ff. 12, 13 (1872) (mouth of Congo River).
1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

169 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921.

117. Asplenia melanodonta (Hmpsn.).

Melijmtis melanodonta Hampson, P.Z.S. Lond. 1896. p. 203 (Aden).

A.iplenia rvbrescens Hampson, P.Z.8. Land. 1916. p. 133. pi. 2. f. 1 (Somaliland).

The fine series of 65 examples of this insect sent by Captain Buchanan
proves that melanodonta and ruhresccns are one and the same species ; the
rubrescens examples are much the most numerous, but unfortunately melanodonta,
being the older name, must stand for tlie species. Like Cortytn leucoptera, it is
a most variable insect, ranging from clear huffish cinnamon with no markings,
to rusty brown banded and shaded w-ith sooty black-brown.

1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July 25, 1920 ; 8 ^(J, 4 ?? Azzal, N. of Agades, July
July 12-16, 1920 ; 25 <JJ, 10 ? ? Agades, S. of Asben, July 10— August 8, 1920 ;
6 (J(J, 7 $ $ Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, August 18-28, 1920 ; 1 ^, 3 ?? Tanout,
Damergou, September 3-6, 1920.

118. Pandesma anysa sennaarensis Feld. & Rog.

Pandesma sennaarensis Felder & Rogenhofer, Reise der Novara, Zoology, vol. ii. sect. 2. pi. exi. and
Tajel-Erkl. p. 26 (1872) (Cape Colony and Sennaar).

The series from Asben varies very much in size, the smallest ^ having an
expanse of 32 mm. and tlie largest 48 mm. ; the smallest $ has an expanse of
36 mm. and the largest 50 mm.

12 $$, 14 9? Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 7— June 1, 1920 ; 1 ? Azzal,
N. of Agades, July 12, 1920.

119. Tathorhychus exsiccata (Led.).

Spintherops exsiccata Lederer, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wica, vol. v. p. 204. pi. 2. f. 12 (1855) (Beirut).
29$ Zinder, Damagarim, February 18, 1920.

120. Raphia buchanani .sp. nov.

cJ$. Antennae dark grey, basal three-fifths in (J strongly pectinated,
diminishing rapidly on distal two-fifths to almost a cylindrical last five joints,
in $ the pectinations on basal half are shorter and diminish gradually to the
last five or six almost cylindrical joints ; head and thorax sooty grey ;
abdomen paler. Forewing sooty grey with a cinnamon suffusion ; a subbasal
black sinuate line below median, an anteraedian and a postmedian strongly
sinuate black line, from which latter a black line joins termen along vein 5.
Hindwings white, a sooty marginal hair-line and a sooty smear at tornus.

Expanse : (^ 32 mm. ; $ 45 mm.

3 (J^ Barbara, N. Nigeria, September 18, 1920 ; 1 ? Aouderas, Asben,
July 23, 1920.

121. Acantholipes circumdata (Walk.).

Hydrelia citcumdala Walker, List Lepid. In.i. Brit. Miis. xv. p. 1763 (18.')8) (Congo).

1 cJ Azzal, N. of Agades, July 12, 1920 ; 5 $$ Zinder, Damagarim, February
17-20, 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921. 169

Hypeninae.
122. Rhjrnchina sahaiiensis sp. nov.

$. Antennae brown-grey ; head and thorax rufous-buff ; abdomen pale
buffi.sli grey. Forewing, basal half cinnamon-rufous, a pinkish cinnamon spot
on costa ; a broad oblique median postmedian band pinkish cinnamon from
costa to median vein, sooty black from median to inner margin ; rest of wing
cinnamon-rufous, fringe sooty grey. Hindwing greyish wood-brown.

Expanse : 15 mm. ; length of forewing ■ G mm.

1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13, 1920 ; 1 $ (type) Agades, S. of Asben,
July 9, 1920; 1 d*, 1 ? Tanout, Damergou, September 3, 1920; 1 $ Kaleloua, N.
Damagarim, September 8, 1920 ; 1 $ Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

123. Rhynchina buchanani sp. nov.

$. Antennae brown-grey ; head and thorax whitish grey, freckled with
darker grey ; abdomen brownish buff.

Forewing : basal two-thirds obliquely whitish grey, freckled and clouded
with blue-grey, most strongly below median vein, and with indistinct and broken
sinuate subbasal median and postmedian sooty-grey lines ; outer one-third
blue-grey clouded with whitish grey, mostly near apex ; marginal hair-line
sooty grey ; fringe chequered grey and white. Hindwing pale cinnamon brown,
somewhat clouded towards termen.

Expanse : 20 mm. ; length of forewing : 8 mm.

1 $ Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13, 1920.

124. Hypena sordida sp. nov.

$. Uniform sooty brown-grey ; forewing an angled dull orange antemedian
line, within which is a black dot on subcostal vein ; an oblique median band
also dull orange, a postdiscal oblique darker grey shadow band. Hindwing
uniform sooty brown-grey.

Expanse : 20 mm. ; length of forewing : 8 mm.

1 $ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

LYMANTRIIDAE.

125. Nygmia Jasciata (Walk.).
DuUchia Jasciala Walker, List Lepid. Ins. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 809 (1855).

1 ? Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

120. Casama griseola sp. nov.

tJ. Antennae yellowish grey ; head and thorax mouse-grey ; abdomen
yellowish mouse-grey. Forewing ash-grey, a black lunate discocellular stigma,
a faint indication of a postmedian line, and some blackish marginal dots. Hind-
wing opalescent white.

$. Similar but larger ; thorax darker grey. Forewing darker grey, stigma
ringed with white, marginal dots running into wing as streaks.

170 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Expanse : ^ 22-5 mm. ; 9 28 mm. Length of forewing : (J 9-5 mm. ;
? 12 mm.

1 (J (type) Takoukout, Damergou, March 10, 1920 ; 1 $ Zinder, Damagarim,
February 20, 1920.

127. Casama miifoimis (Rothsch.).

Ocneria vniformis Rothschild, Noi-it. Zoo}, vol. xx. p. 118. no. 22 (1913) (S. Oued Mya).

2 cJ(J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 7 and 26, 1920.

SPHINGIDAE.

128. Acherontia atropos (Linn.).
Sphinx atropos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit. x. vol. i. p. 490. no. 8 (1758) (Europe).
1 $ Kano, N. Nigeria, September 23, 1920.

The following species was omitted accidentally from its correct place :

85a. Eublemma pseudonoctua sp. nov.

(J. This insect resembles a small species of tlie subfamily Noctuinae.
Antennae pale cinnamon ; head, thorax, and abdomen cinnamon.

Forewing whitish cinnamon ; the basal two-thirds suffused with rufous, a
post-median band leaden grey-brown edged with orange-rufous.

Hindwing pale greyish cinnamon.

Expanse : 12 mm.

2 (J(J Zinder, Damagarim, February 1920.

[To he continued.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XX VIII. 1921. 171

REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY ALCIDE D'ORBIGNY

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

By C. E. HELLMAYR.

PART I.

DURING the yeare 1826-33 M. Alcide d'Orbigny, on behalf of the French
Government, travelled in the south-western portion of the South American
continent, and transmitted large collections of various objects of natural history
to the Paris Museum. The ornithological results of his exertions were very
important and rich in novelties, owing to the fact that he was the first European
naturalist to visit Bolivia and the inner districts of Argentine. It is hardly worth
while commenting upon his merits as an explorer and collector, which are '
familiar to every working ornithologist through the sumptuous volumes dealing
with the scientific results of his travels.

The account of the ornithological collections of the enterprise forms the
troisieme partie of the fourth volume of the Voyage dans VAmerique meridionale,
published at Paris from 1835 to 1847.' As so often happens with works planned
on a large scale, the volume was never completed, and ended suddenly with the
matter relating to the Toucans.

Soon after commencing this great work, d'Orbigny secured the assistance of
his countryman A. de Lafresnaye, and under their joint authorship appeared
in the Magasin de Zoologie a preliminary list of the species collected during his
travels, together with Latin descriptions of the new ones and critical notes upon
others.

This "Synopsis Avium, ab Alcide d'Orbigny, in ejus per Americam mcridio-
nalem itinere, collectarum et ab ipso viatore nconon A. do Lafresnaye in ordine
redactarum," was issued in two parts : the first, pp. 1 to 88, in the seventh volume
for 1837 ; the second, pp. 1 to 34, in the eighth volume for 1838, of the Magasin
de Zoologie, edited by Guerin-Meneville. This list, too, was never finished, and,
ending with the genus Prioriites, is even less complete than the " Oiseaux " of
the Voyage.

In the winter of 1904, while staying at his house, the late Count Berlepsch

1 Much uncertainty exists about tlis dates of issue and contents of the numerous Hvraisons of the
work. According to Messrs. Sherborn & Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vii. 1901, pp. 388-390)
the several parts of the ornithological portion were published as follows :

pp. 1-48 : 1835. pp. 233-352 [date unknown].

pp. 49-158 : 1837. pp. 353 to end : 1847.

pp. 159-232 : October 1838.
It appears, however, that the plates were issued in advance of the corresponding letterpress.
This was certainly the case with pi. 2, contained in livr. 1, published 1834, while the text of Phnlco-
baenns inontanits was edited in 1837. The same applies evidently to pi. 3 to G his^ all of which are
quoted by the compilers of the Synopsis Avium in 1837. Furthermore, Tschudi (.4rcA. /. Naturg.
10, i. Heft 3, pp. 302-303), as early as 1844, quotes plates 02 to 66, with the remark "sine
descriptione," although, according to Sherborn and Woodward, the text relating to the Woodpeckers
and Toucans did not appear until 1$47.

17? NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921.

suggested to me the desirability of a thorough revision of d'Orbigny's material,
in view of the uncertainty attached to the proper identification of many of the
species described or mentioned in the Voyage and in the ,Sy)topsis Aviit7n. I
readily agreed to undertake that work, in which I have been materially assisted
by a series of manuscript notes, chiefly on Bolivian birds, generously placed at
my disposal by the Count.

I set to work in Februarj' 1904, during a short sojourn at Paris, and, as far
as time and other duties jjermitted, I have ever since been accumulating material
for the present study. In the winter 1905-6, when residing in the French capital,
I devoted much time and labour to d'Orbigny's birds, and in subsequent j'ears
ten other visits to the Paris ]Museum were chiefly emjjloyed in collecting data
on this subject. Various types belonging to certain difficult groups were most
obligingly forwarded to me by my friend, Mons. A. Mencgaux, while others I
was allowed to take over with me to England for comparison with the series
at Loudon and Tring. Thus I have successively worked over the whole of
d'Orbigny's series as still rejiresented in the French National Collection. In
some cases I have not succeeded in tracing particular examples,' which, however,
* does not imply that they no longer exist in the Paris Museum, since researches
of that kind are seriously hampered by the fact that a number of specimens,
particularly among the larger birds, have been mounted, and have to be looked
for in the show gallery, housed in a separate building.

By far the greater portion of the birds, however, are kept in the skin collec-
tion, and, with very few exceptions, still bear the original labels, on which, besides
number, locality, and year of entry at tlie Museum, the scientific name used in
d'Orbigny's writings is to be found. In the case of the specimens having been
mounted, these data were transcribed on the new Museum labels, while d'Orbigny's
old ones are often attached to the bottom of the stand. In nearly every instance
I give an exact copy of the original label (or its substitute), so that ornithologists
may be able to control any particular statement of mine.

While the bulk of d'Orbigny's collection remained in the Paris Museum,
a considerable number of alleged " duplicates " went into other lands. M. de
Lafresnaye, the joint author of the Synopsis Avium, appears to have obtained
examples of the new species whenever there was more than one specimen, and
, these, if properly identifiable as being of d'Orbigny's collecting, have cer-
tainly the claim to be regarded as cotypes. In a joint communication with
Mons. Menegaux - I have explained, however, why the labelling of certain
specimens as " types " in the Lafresnaye Collection should generally be mistrusted.
We are glad to learn that Messrs. Bangs and Penard arc at present engaged in a
thorough revision of that important collection, now in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.

Besides those given to Lafresnaj'c, .specimens of d'Orbigny's passed into the
Massena Collection, and thus found their \\a,y to the Museum of the Academy
of Natural Science at Philadelphia.' Others again, by exchange, went to the
Vienna, Leydcn, and British Museums ; but all of these were mere duplicates

* The types of the following species described n.s new b,v d'Orbigny and Lafresnaye could not
be found ; Myothera analis, Thamnophilus a£inis, Synallaxis bitorquata. Troglodytes guarayanQf
Muscipela slnunineo-votlris, Pyrrhula cineria, Anuhules squamiycr.

■' Auk, 23, 1906, pp. 480-483.

3 See Stone, Proc. Ac. N. i^ci. Phila. 51, 1899, p. 52.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 173

of species well represented in the original series at Paris, and, consequently, of
no importance for our own purpose.

In compiling the present memoir I have paid special attention to geographical
distribution and local variation, and, as I have had the advantage of consulting
very large series of most of the species treated in the succeeding pages, it is
hoped that the results of my studies may not be entirely devoid of interest to
the student of neotropical ornithology. During the past few years, I am sorry
to say, certain authors have been remarkably industrious in contributing to the
synonymy of American birds. Many of the supposed new " species " and
" subspecies " are based upon characters which the experienced specialist at
once recognises as useless in the respective groui:is. The ornithologist begiiming
work in a new field, however clever he may be, should keep in mind that not
everything new to him must necessarily be new to science. On reading such
diagnoses as those given by Cherrie or Chubb, one is forced to the conclusion
that the authors are not conversant either with the existing literature or with
the subject about which they are writing. It is to be hoped that authors
generally wiU soon realise that similar contributions are a hindrance rather than
an advantage to science.

In concluding these introductory remarks I have to tender my warmest
thanks to the late Count Berlepsch for constant help and advice during the
preparation of this paper, either by the loan of specimens or by offering criticism
on disputed points. To Lord Rothschild and Dr. Ernst Hartert I am under
great obligations for giving me free access to the wonderful bird-collection in the
Tring Museum. Nor must I forget to acknowledge the assistance I received
from the late Prof. Emile Oustalet and my friend, Mons. A. Menegaux, while
working in the ornithological laboratory of the Paris Museum.

For the sake of brevity, the articles in the Magasin de Zoologie are quoted
as " L. & O., Syn. Av. i." or " ii.," the ornithological portion of d'Orbigny's
work as " 0., Voyage " or " d'Orb., Voyage."

I wish once more to emphasise that the dates on d'Orbigny's labels refer
to the time when the specimen was received at the Museum. E.g. the entry
" de Patagonie, fevrier 1831 " docs not mean that the specimen in question
was collected in Patagonia in February 1831, but indicates that it reached the
Museum at that date.

Sarcoramphus gryphus = Vultur ' gryphus Linn.

Sarcoramphus gryphus (L.) - ; d'Orbigny, p. 17 (general distribution) ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 1 (oris
Patagonicis, republica Chiliana, Boliviana, Peruviana et Columbiana).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " de la Patagonie, par M. d'Orbigny, 1831."
No. 2, " cj " ad. (mounted) : " de la Patagonie. Male, par d'Orbigny, 1831."
Ridgway's observations ' leave hardly any doubt as to the brown, dark-billed

8. aequatorialis Sharpe being merely the immature stage of the ordinary Condor.

In fact, a fine adult from the Andes of Quito in the Munich Museum, which ought

» Vullur Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10, i. 1758, p. 86. Genotype by subs, desig. (Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mue. 24, 1907, p. 11): Vultur gryphus L.

' Vullur gryphus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 10, i. p. 86 (1758— ex Klein : Chili).
3 Auk, ii. 1885, pp. 109-171.

174 NOVITATE3 ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

to belong to the Hpecies described by Orton & Sharpe, ia an extreme example
of the large, black V. gryphus, with mostly ivory-white bill.

Sarcoramphus ' papa (Linn.).

Sarcoramphus papa (L.)=; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 28 (general distribution); L. & O., Si/n. Av. i.
p. 1 (prov. Paraguayensi, imperio Brasiliano, republica Peruviana et Boliviana).

No d'Orbignyan specimen of the King Vulture in the Paris Museum.
Cathartes urubu = Coragyps atratus brasiliensis (Bonap.).'

Catharles urubu (nee V'ieillot) " ; d'Orbigny, p. 31 (general distribution) ; L. & O., Syn. Ai: i. p. 1
(Brazil, Argentine, Chili, Bolivia, Peru, etc.).

No d'Orbignyan specimen in the Paris Museum.

N.B. — Coragyps appears to be the earliest availalilc generic name for the
Black Vulture since Catharista VieiU. 1816 (type by designation of Gray, 1855 :
Viiltur aura L.) becomes a pure synonym of Cathartes 111. 1811 (tj-pe by designa-
tion of Vigors, 1825 : VuHiir aura L.). See Opinion, No. 02, of the Internat.
Comm. Zool. Nomenclature.

Cathartes aura = Cathartes sp.

Cathartes aura "111."; d'Orbigny, I'oyoyc, p. .18. pL i. fig. .3 (general distribution); h. & 0., Syn.
Ar. i. p. 2 (tota America nieridionali).

There is only an atlult bird from unknown locality, obtained by d'Orbigny
in 1829, in tlie Paris Museum. The colour of the bare part of the head being
bleached through exposure to light, it does not help us in elucidating the question
as to which species the Turkey Vulture of d'Orbigny should bo referred. Sharpe '
thinks it might be his Oenops pernigra ; but this conjecture is hardly well founded,
since both description and figure indicate a bird with a red head.

The neotropical Turkey Vultures are involved in great confusion, and it is
only with the help of large series from various localities that their systematic
status can bo made out.

Ibycter gymnocephalus Lafr. & Orb.

Ibyctfr gymnocephalus Lafrcsnaye & d'Orbigny. %n. .4c. i. in Mag. Zool. el. ii. p. 2 (18,"!7 — Coeha-
bainba, rep. Boliviana ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois. p. 50 (" en descendant de la
Cordilldre orientale de Cochabamba, en Bolivie, aux plaines inondees de la province de Moxos,
pendant une navigation sur le Rio Securi et autres . . ." ).

Of this alleged new species no specimens were obtained, so it will ever remain
a raj'stery to ornithologists. It is, however, highly jjrobablo that the bird

' Snreoramphus Dumcril, Zool. .inalyt. 180G, p. S2. Genotype: Viiltur papa L. (sul)3. desig.
Vigors, Zoot. Journ. ii. 182."), p. 381).

» VuUur Papa Linnaeu.s, Hyst. Nat. 10, i. ji. 86 (1738 — ex Eihvnrds & Albin : "in India
occidentali ").

'^Cathartes fyrasiliensis Bonaparte, Con.<ip. .4'). i. p. 9 (1830 — "ex Amer. merid., Antill." —
hab. restr. South Brazil (ex Wied), auct. Berlepsch, 1908).

' Vtiltur urubu \ieillot, Hisl. Nal. Ois. Amer. Sept. i. p. 23, pi. 2 (September 1807 — Carolina
and Florida) ; belongs to the group of Cathartes aura (L.). Cf. Hellmoyr, .4bli<indl. Bayr. .4k. Wisaens.
ii. Kl. 22, no. 3, 1906, p. 0(i".

' Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. 1874, p. 27, note.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 175

observed by d'Orbigny pertained to the ordinary Ibyctcr ater Vieill., secured
by Rusby on the Beni River, N. Bolivia.'

Phalcoboenus montanus Orb. = P. niegalopterus (Mey.).'

PiMkobooius inoiilanus d'Orbigny, Voijaije, Ois., livr. 1, pi. ii. figs. 1, 2 (ad. et juv.) (1834) ; L. & 0.
.S'y«. Av. i. 1837. p. 2 (" in piano And&scenti, rep. Boliviana " ; descr. ad. et juv.) ; idem. Voyage,
Ois., 1837, p. 51 (western slope of Andes, on tlie way from Tacna [N.W. ChiliJ to La Paz;
Andean Plateau, 4,000 metr. ; Cochabaniba ; Cordillera of Potosi).

Two adults in black plumage and one young bird in the well-known rufous-
brown livery, mounted in the galleries. These are the types of Phalcoboenus
montanus d'Orb.

This species, which ranges over the mountainous parts of S. Peru, Chili,
W. Bolivia, and N.W. Argentine, has been fully dealt with by Ridgway, in
Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr, for February 1870, No. 6, second scries,
pp. 462-464.

Polyborus vulgaris = Polyborus tiiarus (Mol.).'

Poly'jorus vnhjaris " Vieill." *; L. & O., Si/it. .4t'. i. p. 3 {imperio Brasiliano, rep. Argentina, Chiliana,
Boliviana, et Peiiiviana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 55 (Banda Oriental, La Plata, pampas of
Buenos Ayres, marshes on the limits of Paraguay, arid coasts of Patagonia and Chili, deserts
of the Peruvian littoral, etc.).

No d'Orbignyan example in the Paris Museum.

Polyborus chimango = Milvago chimango (Vieill.)

Polyborus chimango Vieill. '; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 3 (rep. Argentina, oris Patagonicis, Chiliana et
Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 60 (" dans toute la rep. Argentine, sur la cote du Chili et sur
celle du Perou").

No. 1, 2, $ ad., adult (not scxcd) : " du Chili, 1829, par d'Orbigny," mounted
in the galleries.

Polyborus chimachiraa = Milvago chimachima (Vieill.)

Polyborus chiiiuichima Vieill. " ; L. & 0.,Syn. Av. i. p. 3 (prov. Paraguayensi, centrali rep. Boliviana) ;
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 63 (" sur les frontieres du Paraguay, . . . jamais vu au sud du 28" degre . . .,
maia . . . au centre de la republiquc dc Bolivie [Santa Cruz de la Sierra, C'hiquitos] ").

No. 1, c? ad. (mounted) : " dc Santa Cruz, Bolivio, par M. d'Orbigny, 1834."
There is no constant difference between .specimens from BolivLi and Paraguay
on one side and those from Brazil on the other.

■ See Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H. ii. 1889, p. 105.

' Aquila megaloptera Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. -Carol, 16, suppl., p. 64, pi. viii. (1834 —
Chile ; = juv.).

3 Falco Tharus Molina, Saggio Star. Nat. Chili, p. 26.5 (1782 — Chili).

* Polyborus vulgaris Spix, .4r. Bras. i. p. 3 (1824 — " in campia Minas Geraea ").

5 Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d.. 5 p. 260 (1816 — ex Azara, No. 5: " se voit rarement
au Paraguay ; mais il est si commun a la riviere de La Plata . . .").

" L, cit. 5, p. 259 (1816 — ex Azara, No. 6 : Paraguay).

176 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Rosthramus sociabilis = Rostihamus sociabilis (Vieill.)

Boathramus socia'Alis (Vieill.) ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 3 (prov. Corrienteaensi, rep. Argentina) ;
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 73 (" Corrientes, au 28 degre de lat. sud, a la fronti^re du Paraguay, et
ineme jusque pr63 de Buenos Ayres " ; descr. ad. and juv.).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " par M. d'Orbigny, de Corrientes, juillet 1829."

As I have shown in another connection/ the name R. sociabilis had been
erroneously applied by the late R. B. Sharpe ' to the short-tailed, slate-grey
species (without white on either upper- or under-tail coverts) found in Northern
Brazil (vicinity of Para).

R. sociabilis was founded ui:)on Azara's description of a bird in immature
plumage from the Argentine province of Corrientes. D'Orbigny's specimen is,
therefore, topotypical. On examination it proves to be the long-tailed species
(with white upper- and under-taU coverts and white base to the rectrices) which
was afterwards described as Cymindis leucopijgiis Spix.* Besides d'Orbigny's,
I have examined an adult male and a young female, secured by S. Venturi at
Barracas al Sud, near Buenos Ayres, both preserved in the Tring Museum. The
Munich Collection jjossesses several examples of the same bird from Surinam.

It is thus seen that R. sociabilis {R. leucopi/gus Spix) is widely diffused in
South America. The Everglade Kite is also known to breed as far north as
Cuba, tropical Florida, and Eastern Mexico. Roslrhatmts hamalus (Temm.) '
appears to have a much more limited range. In fact, the only specimen with
definite locality I have seen is an adult male talcen by 0. Martins on November 15,
1008, at Utinga, a village on the outskirts of the city of Belem, State of Para,'
which, save for its blacker tail, is precisely similar to the bird spoken of in my
review of Spix's types. Rostrhamus taeniurus Cab.,' with several irregular
whitish bars across the tail, was most probably based upon a slightly immature
individual of the same species. The juvenile plumage depicted by Temminck '
I have not yet met with.

Circaetiis coronatus = Harpyhaliaetus coronatus (Vieill.).

Circaetus coronatus (Vieill.) ' ; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 3 (Patagonia et impcrio Brasiliano) ; d'Orb.

p. 75 (Patagonie [sur les bords du Rio Negro], . . . et prea du Paraguay, dans la province do
Corrientes . . .").

No d'Orbignyan example in the collection.

The geographical range of this Eagle extends southwards to the mouth of
the Rio Negro in Patagonia. Its northern limits are not easy to define, at least

1 Herpelotherea sociabilis Vieillot, Kouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, nouv. ('■d., IS, p. 318 (1817 — ox
Azara, No. 15: " commun dans le district de Corrientes, ontre les parallOlos do 27 ot 30 degris " ;
dcscr. juv.).

2 Ahhandl. Bayr. Al-nd. Wiss. ii. Kl., 22, No. 3, lOOfi, pp. ,';69-570.

» Cm. Ii. Brit. Mils. 1.. July 1S74, p. 327 ; Jlnnctlist Bird.-:, i. 1S99, p. 209.

• .Av. Bras. i. p. 7, pi. 2 (1824 — "ad flumcn Amazonurr," N. Brazil).

Ii Falco hamntiis (Illiger MS.) Temminck, Rec. PI. col., livr. 11, pi. Gl (Juno 1821 — " Brcsil " ;
type in the Loyden Museum).

" It is recorded by Snetblnse (Bol. Mus. Gocldi, 8, 1914, p. 137), s. n. R. hamatus.

' Journ. f. Orn. ii. p. Ixxx. (1854 — Para).

« Bee. PI. col, livr. 39, October 1823, pi. 231.

» Harpyia coronata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. 6i\., 14, p. 237 (1817 — ex Azara,
No. 7 : Paraguay ct riviere de La Plata).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 177

in western South America, since Uruhilornis solitaria (Tsch.), with which it has
commonly been mLxcd uj), proved to be quite distinct. '

Haliaetus melanoleucus = Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Vieill.).

Haliadns mdanolevcus (Vieill.)"; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 3 (rep. Argentina, Chiliana, Boliviana,
Patagonia) ; d'Orbigny, p. 76 (Corrientos, Entrerios, Santa Fe, Buenos Ayres, Banda Oriental,
et eu Patagonie [jusqu' au 42° lat. sudj, dans tout le Chili . . .").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " de Patagonie, 1831, par d'Orbigny."
This species ranges over western South America from Colombia down
to Chili. In the eastern half of the continent its distributional area is more
southerly, and extends from S.E. Brazil, Paraguay, throughout Argentine to
Tierra del Fuego.

Harpyia destructor = Thrasaetus harpyja (Linn.).'

Harpijia deslrudor (Daud.) ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Ar. i. p. 4 (rep. Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny, p. 81 (au pied
des Andes [republique de Bolivie], vers Ic 17° degre lat. sud, Yuracares, Santa Cruz dc la Sierra).

No d'Orbignyan example in the Paris Museum.

Morplmus urubitinga (Gni.).

Morphnus urubilituja (CJni.)'; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 4 (Corrientes ct Buenos Ayres, Argentine;
Cbiquitos, Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, p. 84 (Corrientes, Banda Oriental ; prov. Cbiquitos, a Test
des Cordilleres).

No d'Orbignyan specimen in the Paris Museum.

Morphnus * urubitinga ranges over a great part of tropical America, from
Buenos Ayres and Uruguay northwards to Costa Rica. Farther north, in
Guatemala and Mexico, it is replaced by M. ridgwayi (Gurn.),' which may be
only siibspecifically distinct.

Nisus hemidactylus = Geranospiza caerulescens gracilis (Temm.).'

Nisus hemidaclylus (nee Teniminek) ' ; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 4 (Corrientes, Cbiquitos) ; d'Orbigny,
p. 86 (Corrientes, Cbiquitos).

No. 1, adult (mounted): "Corrientes, d'Orbigny, juillet 1829, No. 17."
(^ jeune. G. caerulescens, No. 666." — Wing, 325 ; tail, 230 mm.

From Eastern Bolivia I have examined an adult male taken by G. Garlepp
at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on September 19, 1889.

t See Kothe, Ornilh. Monrils'ier. 20, 1912, pp. 1-4.

2 Spizaiilus mclanohiwus Vieillot, Noiiv. Diet. d'Hist. Nut., nouv ed., 32, p. 57 (1819 — ex Azara
No. 8 : Paraguay).

3 Vultur Harpyja Linnaeus, Syst. Nal. 12, i. p. 121 (1706 — ex Hernandez et Marcgrave : Mexico).

* Falco destructor Daudin, Traite d^Orn. ii. p. 60 (1800 — ex Manduyt : " Guiane ").

^ Falco Urubitinga Gmelin, .Sj/3<. Nut. 1, i. p. 265 (1788 — ex Brisson ex Marcgrave: Eastern,
Brazil).

* iVf orpftniw Cuvier, 1817 (t^^je bj- subseq. design, of Gray, 1841 : Falco urithitinya Gm.) replaces
Urubitinga Lafr. 1843. See Opinion 62, Smitbson. Inst. Wash., publ. 2256, March 1914, p. 149.

' Urubitinga ridgwayi Gurney, ii'.«« Diurn. Birds of Prey,\<. 148 (1884 — Mexico and Guatemala;
type locality not specified).

« Falco gracilis Temrainck," i?cc. PL col., livr. 16, pi. 91 (1821 — " parties orientales du Br&il,"
coll. Prince Wied).

' Falco hemidactylus Temminck, Rcc. PI. col., livr. 1, pi. 3 (1820 — " Bresil").

178 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAX XXVIII. 1921.

Both are extreme examples of G. c. gracilis, with the lower parts, from chin
to anal region, regularly barred with white, and the under-taU coverts plain
buffy white.

G. caerulescens gracilis is the southern representative of the tjrpical form.
It ranges all over Brazil, from IMaranhao, Ceara, and Piauhy south to Espirito
Santo and S. Paulo in the south, and to Mattogrosso in the west, whence its area
extends to E. Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Caiza), N. Argentine (Salta, Tucuman, Chaco,
Corrientes), and Paraguay.

G. c. caerulescens (Vicill.) is found in the Guianas, Venezuela (Orinoco basin,
plain of Valencia), E. Colombia (Bogota), and Brazil, north of the Amazons
(Manaos, Rio Branco, Rio Negro).

A third nearly allied form, G. caerulescens niger (Dubus) inhabits Central
America.

Nisus concentricus = Micrastur gilvicollis (Vieill.).'

yisus conceniricus " lU., Cuv." - ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 4 (Yungas et Moxos, E. Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny
p. 88 (" Yungas, vcisant oriental des Andes, . . . au sein des immenses forets de Yuracares . . .".).

No d'Orbignj'an specimen in the Museum. I have, however, examined an
immature female, taken by G. Garlepp on July 27, 1891, at San Mateo, Yuracares,
N.E. Bolivia, which is precisely similar to Guianan skins in corresponding
plumage.

M. gilvicollis is peculiar to, and the only species of the genus found in, the
great Amazonian forest region.' Its range extends from the Guianas and the
mouth of the Amazons (Para), across the continent well to the eastern slopes
of the Andes in Ecuador and Peru, and south to the head-waters of the upper
Rio Madeira in Western Brazil, and to N.E. Bolivia (Yuracares).

AU records of M. gilvicollis from outside this area arc due to erroneous
identification of some allied species, or else the localities are unreliable.

In another paper ' I have given my reasons for uniting M. pelzchii Ridgw.
to M. gilvicollis. Two adult birds from Peru, the type locality of the former
" species," taken respectively by the late W. Hoffmanns at Chuchurras, prov.
Huanuco, and by the brothers Watkins at Yahuarmayo, Marcapata, which I have,
lately had an opportunity of inspecting, tend to corroborate this view, as they
are absolutely indistinguishable from C!uianan examples.

In view of the discussion that has taken place regarding the proper specific
name of this Hawlj, it may be well to give some details about the types in the
Paris Museum, which I have carefully compared with specimens of the various
species.

The tjqie of Sparvi^ts gilvicollis Vieill.," an adult bird in good plumage, is by

' Sparvma gilvicolHs Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hiat. Nat., nouv. (5d., 10, p. 323 (1817— no locality
given ; typo in Paris Museum examined).

2 Ni.nis concentricus (Illiger MS.) Lesson, Traite d'Onu, livr. 1, p. 60 (February 1830 — Cayenne,
coll. Poite.iu ; type in Pnria Museum examined).

3 Miss Snothlage {Bol. Miis. Ooddi 8, 1914, p. 120) records M. ruficollis from Pard ; but I am
not prepared to accept this identification without further evidence. All the specimens I have seen
from tliat district were undoubtedly referable to M. gilvicollis.

« Nov. Zool. 17, 1910, p. 410.

' Mounted specimen : " M. gilvicoUia Vieill. Type. Am6rique m^ridionale. No. 652." —
Wing, 185 (somewhat worn) ; tail, 155 ; bill, 15J mra.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. I 179

no means referable to the '"plumbeous phase" of M. ruficollis (Vieill.),' as
has been suspected by certain authors, but proves to be an example of
the species named M. concentricus by Ridgway and others. In coloration
it is practically identical with two adults from Cayenne and Para. Throat
greyish ; foreneck and chest closely barred with dark grey and white,
without the slightest trace of rufous ; belly and under-tail coverts white, with
narrower dusky bars, becoming evanescent on the longer crissal feathers ; the
upper parts plain dark slate-grey ; the tail with three white cross-bands, the
terminal one included ; axillaries and under-wing coverts white, only the exterior
carpal coverts finely vermiculated with dusky ; bill dark brown (bleached),
base of lower mandible duU yellow ; outer and inner toe equal in length.

The type oiNisus concentricus Less.* is beyond doubt an immature example '
of the same species. The upper-parts are dark slaty ; the upper-taU coverts
still retaining numerous white transverse spots (sign of immaturity) ; tail with
four white cross-bands ; checks and auricular region dark brown, on the posterior
border of the latter a few whitish spots, remains of the " crescent " characteristic
of the juvenile jjlumage ; undcr-surface buffy whitish, with exception of the
throat and crissum, crossed by numerous regular, dusky-brown transverse lines,
which are, however, much narrower than in the type of J/, gilvicollis ; bill dark
horn brown, lower mandible yellowish ; outer and inner toe equal in length.

M. gilvicollis appears to be pretty common in certain localities. I have
examined fourteen adults and several immature sjjecimens from British Guiana ;
one each from Sarayacu, Iquitos, E. Peru, and Yahuarmayo, S.E. Peru ; two
from Jluanuco, C. Peru ; two adults from Cayenne ; one young bird from
S. Mateo, N. Bolivia ; and eleven skins from Amazonia (Para, Rio Negro, Rio
Xingu, Rio Curua, and R. Madeira).

31. ruficollis (Vieill.)' evidently replaces the preceding species in Central
and Eastern Brazil. Its range extends from S. Piauhy (Lake of Paranagua) and
Bahia through the eastern provinces south to Sao Paulo, and in the west to
Mattogrosso (Chapada, Villa Bella do Mattogrosso),^ Paraguay, and N. Argen-
tine. Specimens recorded from '' Trinidad," Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia
were either wrongly labelled or erroneously identified as belonging to that species,
which has been frequently confused with 31. zonothorax (Cab.), of N. Venezuela
and N. Colombia. I am not any more inclined to accept, without further informa-
tion, the reported occurrence at Para as established beyond doubt.

With regard to M. jvgularis Gurney,' I can positively assert that whatever

' Sparvius nificolIisVie'Ulot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 10, p. 322 (1S17 — " rAmcriquc mifridionale,
I substitute Rio, S.E. Brazil.

2 Traite d'Ornith., livr. 1, p. 60 (February 1830 — Cayenne, coll. Poiteau).

3 The mounted type is labelled : " Cayenne, M. Poiteau, 1822. <J. Micr. gilvicollis V. — Niaua
concentricus Less. Type," and moasiu'es : wing, 165 ; tail, 160 ; bill (from anterior edge of cere)
lil mm.

* The movmted type is labelled : " Cabinet do Lisbonne, 180S. Amerique m(5ridionale, Bri5sil.
. — No. 548 6m. 2. Mierastur ruficollis (Vieill.) Type." It measures: wing, 175; tail, 170 mm.
It is nn example of the " rufous phase" ; having the sides of head, tliroat, foreneck, and chest
bright cinnamon-rufous ; the pileura dark greyish brown ; the back, including scapulars and upper-
tail coverts, plain light rufou^-brown ; the posterior under-parts closoly barred with blackish brown.

^ Although not seen by me, the male secured by Natterer at Villa Bella and regarded by Pelzeln
{Vogel Novara, 1865, p. 10; Zur. Ornith. Bras. i. 1867, p. 7) as the adult of liis M. concentricus
[ = M. gilvicollis (Vieill.)], no doubt represents the plumbeous phase of M. ruficollis. Cf. olso Sclater
& Salvin, P.Z.S. 1869, p. 367, s. n. M. leucauchen.

5 List Diurnal Birds oj Prey, 1884, p. 118.

12

18(y NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

the other examples mentioned by that naturalist may be — the two Bahia skins
in the Salvin-Godman Collection, Nos. 1 and 2 of his list, are certainly specifically
identical with M. ruficollis, representing merely the plumbeous phase of this
bird. A series of ten skins from Bahia, including the two typical examples of
Gurney's, wonderfully illustrates the intergradation between the two extremes
which Ridgway ' very ajipropriately termed the "rufous" and " plumbeous "
phase. I am fully in agreement with this distinguished ornithologist in con-
sidering these differences to be stages of a single form, a conclusion also supported
by geographic reasons.

Falco lextcatichen Temminck - was unquestionably based ujion the juvenile
plumage of M. ruficollis. I have examined, in the Paris Museum, Auguste de
Saint-Hilaire's Brazilian example mentioned by Temminck. A young male
from Campos do Jordao, Minas, in the Museu Paulista, most distinctly exhibits
the pale superciliary stripe and the whitish " half-crescent " on sides of neck
as shown in Temminck's plate ; otherwise it corresponds to Ridgway's description
of " young ; rufous phase." ' Its biU is wholly yellow.

Another young bird from Piracicaba, S. Paulo, likewise in the Museu
Paulista,' has a blackish biU and is much more deeply coloured. It generally
agrees with the characters of Ridgway's " young : plumbeous phase," except in
having the crown deep chocolate-brown like the back, and in possessing whitish
superciliaries and a conspicuous half-crescent behind the car coverts.

Altogether I have examined of M. ruficollis twenty specimens from Bahia,
Rio, Minas, and S. Paulo.

Nisus striatus = Accipiter ventralis fcicl. [>.).'■

Nisus slrialue (nee Vieillot) ' ; L. cS: 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 4 (Yuracares, Bolivia); d'Orbigny, Voyage,
Ois., p. 88 (Yuracares).

Unfortunately, this specimen is no longer to be found in the Paris Museum.
From the insufficient descriiJtion : " Nisus supra fuscus, alls caudaque trans-
versim striatis ; gula ventreque sordidc albis, jugulo pectoreque dilute rufis,
rostro nigro," it is hardly possible to tell whether it should be referred to A.
ventralis or A. erythrononius (Kaup), both of which occur in Bolivia, the former
in the north-western, the latter in the eastern districts.

A. ventralis ranges from the western Yungas of La Paz (Tilotilo, Sandillani,
Chulumani) through Peru and Ecuador north to Colombia, and possibly W.
Venezuela (Andes of Merida). Besides numerous examjsles from Ecuador and
Bogota, I have examined two from Bolivia, an adult male secured by Kalinowski
at Chulumani, near the sources of the Rio Bcni, belonging to the Branicki Museum,
and an adult female taken by G. Garle2)p at Sandillani, in the Berlepsch Collection.
I am unable to distinguish them from topotj'ijical Bogota skins. Chulmnani,
though higher up in the mountains, is not very far away from the dense forests
of the Yuracares plains where d'Orbigny met with his " Nisus striatus."

' Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. 1875, p. 491.

' Rec. PL col., livr. 52, pi. 306 (1824—" Br&il ").

' Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. 1875, p. 491.

♦ It is erroneously referred ioM. gilvicollis by Jhering i Jhering in Cat. Faun. lira:, i. 1907,
p. 86.

s Proc. Zool. Soe. Lnnd. 1866, p. 303 (1866— Bogotd).

• Accipiter striatus Vicillot, Hist, Nat. Ois. Amer, sept. i. p. 42, pi. 14 (1807 — S. Domingue).

NoviTATES ZoOLoaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 181

A. erylhronemius (Kaup) ' was originally described from an example obtained
by Bridges " in Bolivia," probably in the department of Sucre or Santa Cruz ;
and an immature female from the last-named locality, which I have compared
in the Berlepsch Collection, is, indeed, referable to this species. The Grey-backed
Sparrow Hawk has also been found in S.E. Bolivia (Caiza), N.W. Argentine (Salta,
Tucuman), and Entrerios (on the banks of the Rio Gato, seven leagues north-west
of Gualeguaychu),' and, besides, is sparingly distributed over S.E. Brazil, from
Bahia and Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul. I fail to discover any constant
difference between four adults from Brazil (Lamarao, Bahia ; Victoria, S. Paulo ;
Ro9a Nova, Serra do Mar, Parana), and three others from Tucuman.'

Nisus poliogaster = Accipiter guttifer Hellm. *

Nisus poliogaster (nee Temminck) ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 4 (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Ckiquitios :
Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 89 (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Chiquitoa).

Although I could not find any d'Orbignyan sjDecimen in the Paris Museum,
there can be hardly any doubt as to the proper identification of his N. jioliogaster.

The short Latin diagnosis of the adult stage has been clearly drawn up from
Temminck's plate 264, representing the type (and then only specimen) of Astur
•poliogaster ; for this species does not exist, even nowadays, in the French National
Collection. The two examples obtained by Auguste de Saint-Hilaire in S.E.
Brazil,* which d'Orbigny refers to N. poliogaster, prove on careful examination
to be immature individuals of Accipiter pileatus (Temm.), well known as an
inhabitant of that cotmtry.

We may, thus, safely conjectm'e that it was the taking of a similarly coloured
bird that induced d'Orbigny to record " N. poliogaster " from Eastern BoUvia.
The range of A. pileatus, however, does not extend so far west,' this species being
replaced, in Bolivia and N.W. Argentine, by the allied though perfectly distinct
A. guttifer Hellm., which, in juvenile plumage, is not easily recognisable. In
fact, two young birds from Bolivia (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Torochito, prov.

' Nis-us vel Acc{ipiter'\ enjthronemius (G. R. Gray MS.) Kaup, Contrib. to Ornith. iii. 1850, p. 64
(1850 — BoUvia, British Museum). — Kaup was the first to propose tho name in valid form. Accipiler
erythronemia Gray (List Spec. Brit. Mus. i. 1848, p. 70) is a pure noraen nudum. Tlie spelling
of tho specific name is as given above ; afterwards it was arbitrarily altered to erythrosnemis.

2 Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 135.

3 Baer's Ace. venlralis from Tapia [Ornis, 12, 1904, p. 229) is almost certainly referable to

A. erythronemius.

' Verhandl. On. Gcs. Bayern. 13, Heft 2, p. 200 (1917— Bolivia).

' Falco poliogaster Temminck, Rec. PI. col, livr. 45, pi. 204 (1821 — " Br^sil," coll. batterer ;
the type in tho Leyden Museum is from Ypanema, S. Paulo ; cf. Polzeln, Zur Ornith. Bras. i. 1867,
p. 8, note 1).

» One (No. 511) was secured in August 1820 in Rio Grande do Sul, the other (Ko. 572) at S.
Miguel, near S. Joao d'el Rei, W. Minas Geraes. Both wear the well-known juvenile plumage, having
the undor-parts buS, broadly spotted with blackish brown on throat, breast, and sides. The Minaa
specimen has the thighs pale rufous like the adults, but of a lighter tint ; while they are buS,
spotted with blackish brown, in the southern bird.

' The records of A. pileatus from N. W. Argentine (Tucumnn, Vipos) by Lillo [Anal. Mus. Nac.

B. Ayres, 8, 1902, p. 203 ; Revist. lelr. y cienc. soc. Tucuman, 3, 1905, p. 62) are most probably due
to some mistake. The numerous Hawks I have seen from Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy were all
referable to A. guttifer Hellm, (= A. gullfitus auct. nee Vieillot).

182

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. V821.

Mizque), and another from Tucuman (Los Vasquez), merely differ from the corre-
sponding stage of A. pileatus in having the pilcum less blackish and more
conspicuously suffused with rufous-buff or whitish. I am, however, not sure
whether this insignificant variation will hold good in a larger series.

A. guttijer Hellni. is confined to 8. Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Mizque, Tatarenda)
and the adjoinmg Argentine States of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman.'

Astur poliogaster (Temni.) is a very distinct species, not to be confounded
in any way with either of the preceding. In addition to the different proportions
of the toes its chief character consists of the total ab.sence of rufous on the thighs,
which are pale greyish like the remainder of the under-surfacc. For a long time
the type in the Leyden Museum, an adult male procured by Natterer at Ypanema,
near Sorocaba, in the Brazilian State of S. Paulo, remained the only known
specimen of this rare Hawk. ' Within the last ten years I have had the opportunity
of examining two more, both marked as males. One was taken by A. de W.
Bertoni on April 25, 1903, at Puerto Bertoni, Alto Parana, S. Paraguay,' and
belongs to the Museu Paulista ; while the other, preserved in the Museo Nacional
of Buenos Ayres, had been shot by F. M. Rodriguez on August 21, 1912, at Santa
Ana, Misiones, N.E. Argentine.' The three individuals show several differences,
which may be tabulated as follows :

No. I.

No. 2.

No. 3.

—

cj ad. Yranema, ?. Paulo.

(^ ad. .=aiita Ajia,

(^ at-l. Tuerto Bertoni, AJto Parana,

Type of F, polioyasur.

Misioaes.

Paraguay.

Axiilaries •\

_

light greyish

broadly barred with blacjc
and white

Under-wing coverts 1

plain white

white, sparingly

\

spotted with black

Elongated feathers 1

—

unspotted light

—

on sides of breast J

greyish

.

Under-parts

very palo (whiti.sh)

very pale (whitish)

pale grey

grey

grey

CSieeks, auricular "j
region, and ear
coverta J

sooty black, like

palo greyish

light grey, passing to blackish

pileum

slate on malar- and posterior

auricular region

Wing, 230; tail, 173

Wing, 235; tail, 191 mm.

xum.

With so few specimens in hand, it is, of course, impossible to explain the
significance of the above variation. It should be noted, however, that Nos. 2
and 3 still exhibit some remains of immaturity, whereas the type appears to bo
completely adult. The juvenile plumage of A. poliogaster is yet unknown.

• The female secured by A. Ros on the Rio de Oro, Chaco Austral, and referred by Hartert
{Nov. Zool. 16, 1909, p. 238) to A. gutlalus auct., should be carefully re-examined.

' Whether the specimen in the Salvin-Godman Collection, said to be from the " Amazons
Valley" (cf. Gurney, Ibis, 1881, p. 258), really belongs to A. poliogaster appears to me rather
questionable.

3 It is the specimen referred to as Accipiter mirandoUei by Bertoni {Aiial. Cicnt. Parag., ser.
1, No. 3, 1904, p. 6), and again as Astur poliogaster by the same author {Revista Instit. Parag. 1907,
p. 10).

* It is mentioned by Dabbene in Bol. Soc. Physis, i. 1914, p. 299,

NOVITATES 74OOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 18J

Nisus pileatus = Accipiter pileatus (Temm.).

Nisus pilealns (Teinni.) ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 4 (Corrientes) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 90 (Corrientes,
27" a 28° lat., "dans les bois qui bordent le Parana, pr^s du village i' Italy et a Iribucua ").

Although I have been unable to discover the specimen among the numerous
Hawks in the skin collection at Paris, d'Orbigny's unmistakable description is
certainly referable to the present species. It appears to have been based upon
an immature bird, still retaining some rufous colour on the lower abdomen.

A. pileatus is confined to Eastern and Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and the
adjacent Argentine State of Corrientes (Itaty, Iribucua). In Eastern Brazil it
ranges from Piauhy and Bahia south to Rio Grande do Sul, west to Mattogrosso
(C'hapada). A breeding adult female from Sapucay, Paraguay, in the British
Museum, is in every respect similar to Brazilian examples.' It is the only
individual I have seen from that country, though this Hawk had already been
recorded by Azara, s. No. 26, " Esparvero aziilejo."

Sparvius giUtatus Vieillot,' based on Azara's No. 24, is possibly referable to
the juvenile plumage of A. pileatus, as suggested by Bertoni. * But as there are
several discrepancies in Azara's account which cannot well be reconciled with
that bird, I do not advocate replacing Temminck's specific name, accompanied
by an unmistakable description and figure, by Vieillot's rather obscure term.
There is, however, not the slightest doubt that the latter had been quite errone-
ously employed for the Rufous-breasted Hawk of E. Bolivia and N.W. Argentine,
which does not occur anywhere in tlie countries visited by Don Felix de Azara.
I have, accordingly, provided for Accipiter guttatus auct. (nee Vicillot) the new
term Accipiter guttifer Hellm.'

. • t.- _ f Rupornis magnirostris superciliaris (Vieill.).'

~ I Rupornis magnirostris saturata (Scl. & Salv.).'

Astiir inagnirostris (nee Gmelin) ' ; L. & O., Syn. Ai\ i. p. 5 (Corrientes, Buenos Ayres, Yungas,
Chiquitos, Moxos [Bolivia]) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 91 (Buenos Ayres, Santa ¥t, Entrerios,
Corrientes et Misiones ; Bolivic (dans Ics montagnes et dans les plaines).

No. 1, 9 ad. (skin): "-d'Orbigny, juiUet 1829, No. 56. Male. Buenos
Ayres." — Wing, 280 ; tail, 190 ; bill, 23 mm. = Rupornis m. superciliaris (ViexW.).

No. 2, cJ ad. (skin) : "No. 79, Bolivia d'Orbigny, 183'1. D. 13."— Wing,
255 ; tail, 175 ; bill, 21i mm. = R. m. saturata (Scl. & Salv.).

» Falco pilealns (" P. Max" MS.) Temminek, Rec. PI. col, livr. 35, pi. 205 (January 1823—
" on doit la connaissanee de cette espece au prince de Neuwied qui Ta rapport^ de ses voyages
au Br&il" ; the type in the Wied Collection is from the Rio Belmonte, South Bahia; cf. Wied,
Beilr. Nalurg. Bras. 3, i. 1830, p. 107 ; and Allen, Bull. Amer. Miis. N.H. ii. 1889, p. 267).

2 Cf. also Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 71.

3 Nouv. Diet. d'Hisl. Nat., nouv. id., 10, p. 327 (1817 — ex Azara, No. 24 : Paraguay ; = juv.).
* Anal. Sac. Cienl. Arg. 75, 1913, p. 79, note 1 ; idem, Fauna Parag. 1914, p. 42, footnote.

' Verhandl. Orn. Qesells. Bayern. 13, Heft 2, 1917, p. 200.

' Sparvius superciliaris Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. €d., 10, p. 328 (1817 — ex Azara.
No. 25 : Paraguay ; descr. r^ juv.). — There can be no question as to the applicability of this nam©
for the bird usually called R. pucherani (J. & E. Verr.) 1855. Azara mo.st accurately describes the
juvenile plumage, with buff suporciliaries, striped throat, etc. The dimensions, together with what
he says about the coloration of the upper-tail coverts and wings, render the identification absolutely
certain.

' Asturina saturata Sclnter & Salvin, P.Z.S. Land. 1876, p. 357 (1876— .\pollo & Tilotilo,
Bolivia).

" Falco magnirostris Graelin, Syst. Nat. 1, i. p. 282 (1788— ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 464 : Cayenne).

184 NOVITATES ZoOLOalCAE XXVIII. 1921.

No. 3, 9 juv- (mounted) : " Bolivie, Chiquitos, d'Orbigny, 1834, No. 8.
Ast. pucherani. No. des galeries, 588." — Wing, 270 ; tail, l83 ; bill, 23 mm. =

B. m. saturata (Scl. & Salv.).

The adult bird from Buenos Aj^res is typical of the race we were accustomed
to call i?. m. pucherani. The under-parts, posterior to the blackish-brown throat,
are light buff, with narrow, but fairly regular cross-bands of pale rufescent brown,
becoming nearly evanescent on the tail coverts ; the basal jjortion of the wings
is clear ochreous on primaries, more cinnamon-rufous on secondaries ; the
tail light rufous, broadly banded with blackish.

The adult BoMvian example (No 2) differs from the preceding in distinctly
rufous chest, much darker rufous-brown, as well as broader barring on lower
breast and abdomen, and by the much brighter cinnamon-rufous colour of tail
and basal portion of quills. This bird answers exactly to the description of
if. saturata. An adult male from Torochito, prov. Mizque, in the Berlepsch
Collection, is perfectly similar.

The male from the Chiquitos plains {No. 3) and another (unsexed) bird from
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, E. Bolivia, are in the well-known juvenile plumage,
viz. pileum and nape largely mixed with white, throat and chest whitish, longi-
tudinally striped with blackish brown, etc. Both differ from R. m. siiperciliaris
of Paraguay and Argentine, and R. m. naitereri of Southern Brazil, in correspond-
ing plumage, by having the tail much more strongly suffused with rufous. I
have little hesitation in assigning them to R. m. saturata, though, of course, adult
birds from Eastern Bolivia should be examined.

The various races of this Hawk will be dealt with at length in another place.

Astur unicinctus = Parabuteo unicinctus unicinctus (Temm.).

Asiiir nnicindns (Temm.) ^ ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 5 (Corrientes, rep. Argentina) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage,
Ois., p. 93 (Corrientes ; Valle Grande, Bolivie).

No. 1, cJ ad. (mounted) : " De Valle Grande, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834.
Male."

This specimen agrees well with the type in the Paris Museum.

P. u. unicinctus is widely diffused throughout South America, ranging as
far south as Chili and Buenos Ayres (Lomas de Zamora).

Astur nitidus = Asturina nitida pallida Todd.-

Aatur nitidus (nee Latham) » ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 5 (Chiquitos, Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage,
Oia., p. 95 (Chiquitos).

No. 1, 9 ad. (mounted) : " do la Bolivie (Chiquitos), 1834, par d'Orbigny.
Femelle."

A second example, adult male, secured by G. Garlepp at Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, on June 8, 1889, I have examined in the Berlepsch Collection. Both
differ from Guianan, Venezuelan, and Brazilian specimens in having the upper
parts a shade lighter, purer bluish grey, and the dark barring very slightly
narrower. Todd has established a new subspecies upon an example from the

' Falco unicinctus Temminek, Rer. PI. col, livr. 5,3, pi. 313 (1S24— Boa- Vista, south of the
Rio Paranahyba, west Minas Geraes ; A. de Saint-Hilaire coll., Paris MiLseum).
' Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28, p. 170 (1915— Rio Surutu, E. Bolivia).
5 Fako nitidua Latham, Ind. Orn. i. p. 4] (1790— Cayenne).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. l85

same district ; yet the small divergencies, which are very trifling indeed, should
be confirmed by a good series until the claims of A. n. pnllida to recognition
can be regarded as satisfactory.

Macagua cachimians — HerpetoUieres cachimians cachinnans (L.).

Macapia cachinnans (L.) ■ ; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 5 (rep. Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois.,
p. 96 (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Moxos, Chiquitos).

No d'Orbignyan skin in the Paris Museum, nor any other from Bolivia
seen by me. As, however, birds from Western Mattogrosso agree well with
others from Cayenne, it is hardly doubtful that those found in E. Bolivia also
belong to H. c. cachinnans, and not to the small form with more richly coloured
under-parts, which has lately been separated as H. cachinnans fnlvescens Chapm.*

Milvus leucurus = Elanus leucurus ( Vieill. ).

Mih'iis leuevrus Vieill. ' ; L. & O., Syn. Ai\ i. p. 5 (Buenos Ayres, rep. Chiliana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage,
p. 98 (Buenos Ayres et au Chili).

No d'Orbignyan specimen of the White-tailed Kite in the Paris Museum.
Milvus furcatus ^ Elanoides forficatus (Linn.).*

Milmis fiircatus (Linn.)'; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 5 (Chiquitos, Moxos, E. Bolivia); d'Orbigny,
p. 100 (Moxos et Chiquitos).

I could not discover any example of d'Orbigny's in the Museum.

Ictinia plumbea (Gm.).
IcHnia phimhea (" Vieill.") " ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 6 (Moxos, Chiquitos) ; d'Orbigny, p. 101 (same
localities).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " de Chiquitos, Bolivie, 1834, par d'Orbigny."
Buteo busarellus = Busarellus nigricollis (Lath.).'

Bnteo liisarellus (" Shaw ") ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 6 (Corrientes, rep. Argentina ; Moxos, Chiquitos,
Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, p. 103 (same localities).

No specimen of d'Orbigny's firescrved in the Paris Museum.
Buteo rutilans = Heterospizias meridionalis (Lath.).°

Biiteo rulilans " Licht." '" ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 6 (Corrientes, Buenos Ayres, Chiquitos, Moxos) ;
d'Orbigny, p. 104 (distribution in general).

I have not succeeded in tracing any of d'Orbigny's examples in the Parisian
Collection.

* Falco cachinnans'Lmneieus, Syst. Nat. 10, i. p. 90 (1758 — exRolander: "America meridionalis,"
hab. subst. Surinam, auct. Berlepsch, Nov. Zool. 15, 1908, p. 290).

2 Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. 34, p. 638 (1915 — Alto Bonito, Antioquia, Colombia).

s Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 20, p. 563 [errore 556] (1818 — ex Azara, No. 36 ; near
San Ignazio, Santa Rosa, and Bobi, also on the banks of the Paraguay between Neembucu and
Remolinos, etc.).

* Falco forflcatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat, 10, i. p. 89 (1758 — ex Catesby ; Carolina).

^ Falco fitrcatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 129 (1766 — ex Catesby : Carolina).
" Falco plumbeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, i. p. 283 (1788 — ex Latham: Cayenne).
' Falco nigricollis Latham, Iiid. Orn. i. p. 35 (1790 — "Cayana").

* Falco busarellus Daudin, Traite d'Orn. 2, p. 108 (1800 — ex Levaillant, Oia. d'A/r. i. p. 84,
pi. 20 : Cayenne).

' Falco meridionalis Latham, Itul. Orn. i. p. 3G (1790 — " Cayana").

»• Buteo rutilana Temminck, Bee. PI. col, livr. 5, pi. 25 (1820—" Br(5sil et Guyane ").

186 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Buteo tricolor Lafr. & Orb. = Buteo erythronotus (King). '

Buteo tricolor Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny,- Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. G (1837 — Patagonia [rep.
Chiliana] ; prov. Pazenci [rep. Boliviana] ; descr. orig. (J$ ad., juv.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois.,
p. 106. pi. 3 (o9) (Patagonie, pres du Pvio Xegro), au dela du 40' degre lat. sud ; Santiago du
Cliili; prte de La Paz, a 4,000 m.).

No. 1, " (5 " ad. (mounted) : " 3 ad. d'Orbigny, fevrier 1831, No. 35
Patagonie. Buteo tricolor d'Orb. Tijpe."

No. 2, "$" ad. (mounted): "Patagonie. d'Orbigny, 1831. B. tricolor
d'Orb. Type."

Nos. 3, 4, juv. (mounted) : " Patagonie, fevrier 1831. d'Orbigny."

The first-named specimen is an adult male, exactly like figure 1 of plate 3
in d'Orbigny's work. No. 2 is the original to figure 2, with rufous nape and
upper back. The two remaining examples are in the well-known varied juvenile
plumage as correctly described by Ridgway.' As type locality of B. tricolor
we have, accordingly, to consider the Rio Negro, Patagonia, where the adults
of the species were obtained.

Besides the above, the Paris Museum possesses a fifth mounted specimen,
labelled " BoHvie, La Paz, d'Orbigny, 1834, (76), No. 192," with the back and
under-parts strongly rufescent. It is apparently the bird described by d'Orbigny
(p. 107) in the passage " dans les jiremieres annees . . ." Compared with
No. 1 to 4, it has a much shorter taU and relatively longer wings, which extend
considerably beyond the tips of the rectrices. Notwithstanding its very rufous
coloration, I am inclined to refer it to B. albicaudatus albicaudalus Vieill., ' although
the occurrence of this Buzzard at the altitude of La Paz seems rather strange.
At all events the examination of adult examples from this locality is extremely
desirable.

Buteo unicolor Lafr. & Orb. = Buteo erythronotus (King).

Buteo unicolor Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 7 (1837 — prov. Ayupayacensi,
rep. Boliviana ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 109 (une seule fois prds de Palca,
prov. Ayupaya, dept. Cochabaiuba).

No. 1, juv. (mounted) : " Bolivia, Chiquitos, d'Orbigny, 1834, No. 78.
Buteo unicolor d'Orb. Type. No. 200."

This bird is of a uniform blackish-brown colour ; the rectrices show indistinct
cross-bands of a paler brown, and the inner web of the reniiges is barred with
whitish. In spite of Gurney's contrary opinion, '' I am convinced that it is merely
a melanistie young bird of B. erythronotus, with which it precisely agrees in
structure and proportions.' A similar melanistie phase is not unfrequently met
with in the allied B. swainsoni Bonap. of North America. The locality
" Chiquitos " on the label is evidently a j^en-slip.

' Haliacetua erythronotus King, Zool. Journ. 3, No. 11, p. 424 (1827 — Straits of Magellan;
descr. 2 ad.).

' The authors quote " d'Orb,, Voyage, Oiseaux, pi. 3," which, thus, was probably published
earlier.

3 Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad. for 1875, p. 97.

« Nouv. Diet. d'Hiat. Nat., nouv. id., 4, p. 477 (1816 — " I'.^mi'Tique ra^ridionale ").

» Ibis, 1876, p. 69, 242.

• What Salvin's B. unicolor from British Guiana (Ibis, 1886, p. 72) may be I cannot imagine.

KOVITATES ZoOLOalCAlS XXVIII. 1021. 187

Circus cinereus Vieill.

Circus cinereus Vieill. • ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 7 (prov. Corrientes, Buenos Ayres et Patagonia [rep.
Argentina ; " rep. Boliviana " — errore !]) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 110 (Corrientes, Buenos
Ayres, " en Patagonie jusqu' au 52' degr^ lat. sud " ; Chili).

No. 1, c? H'Cl. (mounted) : " de Buenos Ayres, par d'Orbigny, 1829."
This Harrier ranges over the south-western portion of the South American
continent, from the central and southern districts of Peru, and from Eastern
Bolivia to the Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands. I do not find any
reliable records of its having ever been obtained on Brazilian territory.

Circus macropterus = Circus buifoni (C4m.).-

Circus macropterus Vieill.' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 7 (Buenos Ayres, prov. Chiquitos, rep. Boliviana).
Buleo macropterus d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 112 {" a la fronti^re du Paraguay," Buenos Ayres, et
Chiquitos).

No longer in the Parisian collections.

Falco femoralis = Falco fusco-coerulescens fusco-coerulescens Vieill.*

Falco femoralis Temm. ^ ; L. & O., Syn. Ai\ i. p. 7 (Paraguay, Corrientes, Buenos Ayres, Patagonia
[rep. Argentina] ; Chuquisaca, Chiquitos, Moxos, rep. Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 116
(Buenos Ayres, Corrientes, Moxos, Chiquitos, Chuquisaca).

No. 1, (cJ) ad. (skin): "d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 64. Buenos-Ayres.
femelle. No. 15."— Wing, 246 ; tail, 160 ; bill — mm.

No. 2, juv. (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 62. Corrientes, No. 240.
Jeune."— Wing, 228 ; tail, 150 ; bill, 16 mm.

Besides, there are two mounted specimens labelled " d'Orbigny, 1834,
de Bolivie."

The first-named is an adult bird agreeing in every particular with a male
from Paraguay (Villa Concepcion), in the collection of the Munich Museum.
This plumage is well depicted on plate 343 of Temniinck's Planches coloriees.

The second is a young individual and, except for its much smaller size,
corresponds exactly to a female from Western Minas Geraes (Pocos de Caldas).
This difference is no doubt sexual, d'Orbigny's bird being evidently a young
male. The juvenile plumage of this Hawk has been well described and figured
by Temminck.

F. f. fusco-coerulescens is widely diffused in tropical America, ranging south-
wards as far as Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

• Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 4, p. 454 (1816 — ex Azara, No. 32 : Paraguay and Rio
de La Plata).

2 Falco Buffoni Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, i. p. 277 (1788 — ex Latham : Cayenne). — Vieillot's gener-
ally accepted term C. mnculosus i.'? long antedated by GmeUn's F. buffoni, as pointed out by the
late Count Berlepach {Nov. Zool. 15, 1908, p. 290).

3 Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. id., 4, p. 458 (1816 — ex Azara, No. 31 : Paraguay et La
Plata).

* Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. id., 11, p. 90 (1817 — ex Azara, No. 40 : Paraguay).

5 Rec. PI. col., livr. 21, pi. 121 (1822—" le Bresil," coll. Natterer, sc. prov. Sao Paulo ; = juv.)

Igg NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Falco sparverius = Falco sparverius subsp.

Falco sparveriits (nee Linnaeus)'; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 8 (Corrientes, Patagonia, rep. Argentina;
La Paz, Chuquisaca, Chiquitos, rep. Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 119 (Corrientes, En-
trerios, Sta Ti, Buenos Ayres, Patagonia (jusqu" au 42 degre lat. sud) ; Chiquitos, Chuquisaca
[12,000 ft.]. Chili . . . et une partie du Perou").

No Sparrow Hawks from d'Orbigny's travels in the Paris Museum.

The birds occurring in the north-eastern provinces of Argentine (from the
Rio Negro up to the frontiers of Paraguay) I am unable to separate from
F. sparverius anstralis (Ridgw.),= of Brazil.

Those found in Chili pertain to F. sparverius cinnamominus Swains.,' a
fairly well-marked race.

Bolivian skins I have not seen ; but according to a note supplied by the
late Count Berlepsch they would appear to be very close to the Chilian form ;
while Cory ' refers a single male from Yungas, N.W. Bolivia, to his C. sparveria
feruviana, a form not recognised, however, by Chapman.' The geographic
races of the American Sparrow Hawk are much in need of careful revision,
although Chapman's recent study " has enlightened us on various points. On
the other hand, I feel somewhat doubtful whether Cory ' has improved matters
by creating an additional number of more or less unstable local forms.

Diodon bidentatus = Harpagus bidentatus (Lath.).

Dioion bidentatus (Lath.) ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 8 (prov. Chiquitos, rep. Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny
p. 122 (" non loin de la mission de Santo-Corazdn," prov. Chiquitos, E. Bolivia).

No. 1, (J ad. (mounted) : " de Chiquitos, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834.
Male."

This Guianan species ranges as far south as Western Mattogrosso (Dourado,
not far from the Rio Guapore) and E. Bolivia (Santo Corazon de Chiquitos).
Besides d'Orbigny's there is no other Bolivian record as far as I am aware.

Noctua torquata = Pulsatrix p. perspicillata (I^ath.).'

Noettia torquata (Daud.) " ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 8 (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, rep. Boliviana);
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 126 (" Santa Cruz . . . ; nous I'avons vue dans la province de Moxos ").

No longer in the Parisian collections. An adult from Santa Cruz in the British
Museum and others from the upper stretches of the Rio Madeira agree perfectly
with Guianan skins.

' Sysl. Nat. 10, i. p. 90 (1758— ox Catesby : Carolina).

2 Tinnuncutus sparverius var. austratis Ridgway, Proc. .4c. N. Sci. Pliilad. December 1870,
p. 149(1871 — new name for ii". jraci7is Swainson (nee Lesson), 4nim. in Menag. 1838. p. 281 : [prov.
Bahia, E. Brazil]).

^ Falco cinnamominus Swainson, Anim. Menag. p. 281 (1?38 — Cliili).

* Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 183, 1915, p. 320.

'■ Bull. Amer. Mus. A'.H. 34, 1915, p. 380.

' L. cit. 34, 1915, pp. 372-382.

' Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 183, 1915, pp. 311-335.

' Falco bidentatus Latham, Ind. Orn. i. p. 38 (1790 — " Cayana").

" Slrix perspicillata Latham, Ind. Orn. i. p. 58 (1790 — ex Latham, Qen. Syn. Birrfi, Suppl.
p. 50, pi. cvii. ; Cayenne ; = juv.).

" Strix torquata Daudin, Traite Hem. d'Orn. ii. p. 193 (1800— ex Levaillant, Oia. d'Afr. i p. 1G9,
pi. 42 : Surinam).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921. 189

The typical race of the Spectacled Owl ranges from the Isthmus of Panama
to the Amazons and its tributaries, as far south as the head-waters of the Rio
Madeira and the eastern slopes of the Bolivian Andes, in the vicinity of Santa
Cruz de la Sierra.

In Eastern Brazil (from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul) it is represented by the
larger, paler P. perspicillata pulsalrix (Wied),' whose distinguishing characters
have been clearly set forth by the late Count Berlepsch.'

P. melanota melanota (Tsch.) and P. melanota sharpei Berl., treated by
Ridgway ' as subspecies of the Spectacled Owl, are, of course, specifically distinct,
being immediately recognisable by their bare toes and several other features.
The Brazilian form (P. m. sharpei) occurs in the same districts where P. p. pulsalrix
is met with.

f Glaucidiumbrasilianum brasilianum (Gm.).'
Noctua ferox = | ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ (King).'

Noctna ferox (" Vieill. ") • ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 8 (Patagonia ; prov. Chiquitoa, rep. Boliviana) ;
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 127 (" mission de San-Xavier, prov. Chiquitos ; prov. Moxos, en Patagonie,
jusqu' au 4P degr6 lat. sud '").

Although I have not succeeded in discovering any d'Orbignyan specimen
in the collection of the Paris Museum, there can be hardly any doubt as to the
proper identification of his Noctua ferox.

Birds from Eastern Bolivia (vicinity of Santa Cruz de la Sierra) which I
have examined do not differ in any respect from others taken in Eastern Brazil
and are unquestionably referable to G. b. brasilianum.

The little Owls met with in Patagonia most certainly belonged to G. nanum
(King),' which was obtained by Hudson in the very same district, viz. on the
banks of the Rio Negro. The Munich Museum, more recently, received an adult
male from Neuquen, through Emil Weiske. The identity of the Patagonian
birds with this species is also suggested by the following passage in d'Orbigny'a
work : " nous avons eu plusieurs individus qui paraissaient femelles, differant
de ceux figiu-es par Temminck, en ce qu'ils n'avaient pas quatre rangs de taohes
blanches esjiacees dessinant des bandes etroites sur la queue ; ils portaient au
contraire, huit ou neuf lignes rousses. . . ." The rufous-banded tail is just one
of the essential characteristics of G. nanum, whose range is confined to the southern
portion of South America, from Chili, W. Argentine (Cordova, Tucuman),' and
the Patagonian Rio Negro, down to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego.

1 Strix pulsalrix Wied, Reise Brasil. i., ed. in 4°, p. 360 (ed. in 8°, p. 362) (1820—" Ilha do Chavo
im Rio Belmonte," S. Bahia, E. Brazil).

2 Bull. B.O.C. 12, 1901, pp. 4-5.

3 Bull. U.S. Mus. No. 50, Part 6, 1914, p. 755.

' Strix brasiliana Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, i. p. 289 (1788 — ex Brisson : ex Maregravo : K. Brazil).

^ Strix nana King, Zool. Journ. iii. No. 11, p. 427 (1827 — Port Famine, Straits of Magellan).

0 Strix ferox Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 7, p. 22 (1817 — ex Azara, No. 49,
Paraguay). — Azara's " Caburfi " is hardly identifiable. The description might, with an equal
degree of certainty, be referred to either O. minutissimum (Wied), or 0. b. brasilianum (Gm.), though
the dimensions point rather to the latter species.

' According to Schlegel (Mus. Pays-Bas, Striges, p. 31), the Leyden Museum possesses an adult
from d'Orbigny 's voyage obtained in Chili, a locality not mentioned, however, by that traveller.

' According to Lillo (Revist. letr. y cienc, soc. Tuc. 3, 1905, p. 61). No Tucuman example seen
by me.

190 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

It may be merely a geographical race of G. b. brasilia}iu7n ; but our present
knowledge of the neotropical Pj'gmy Owls is not sufficiently advanced to allow
the solution of that intricate question.

„ , • , ■ [ Speotyto cunicularia cunicularia (Mol.).'

Noctua ctuuculana =

I Speotyto cunicularia grallaria (Temm.).=

Noctva cunicularia (Mol.) ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 8 (prov. Bucno3 Ayies, Patagonia, rep. Argentina;
rep. Chiliana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 128 (Banda Oriental ; prov. Corrientes, Entrerios, Santa
F^, Buenos Ajtcs, Patagonia ; Chili ; Cliiquitos).

No. 1, "9" ad. (mounted) : " de Chiquitos, par d'Orbigny, 1834."

No. 2, adult (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. Misiones. No. 67."—
Wing, 175 ; tail, 82 mm.

Under the name A', cmiiciilaria, several geographic races were included
by the authors of the Synopsis, as well as by d'Orbigny himself in the ornithological
portion of his work.

The Chihan bird, characterised by its very dark coloration and lilackish-
brown barring of under-parts, is tyi^ical S. c. cunicularia (Mol.).

The skin from Misiones, as well as sj^ecimens from Bahia Blanca, Buenos
Ayres, Neuquen, and the Argentine C'haco (Rio de Oro), in the Munich Museum,
I am unable to separate from the S. Brazilian form of the Burrowing Owl which
I have shown ' to be entitled to the name S. c. grallaria (Temm.). I admit that
single examples are not readily distinguishable from the typical race ; but as a
rule the Brazilian form may be recognised by the lighter, more brownish colour
above and much paler, rufous-brown (instead of blackish-brown) markings
underneath. S. c. grallaria has recently been redescribed by Cory ' as Speotyto
cunicularia beckeri. Although not expressly stated so in the original description,
there can be little doubt that S. grallaria Temm. was based upon one of Natterer's
specimens from S.W. S. Paulo or E. Parana. Birds from Joazeiro, Bahia,
are precisely similar to two Nattererian skins from Faz. do Rio Verde (near
Faxina, S. Paulo), and Curytiba in the Munich Museum. Consequently Cory'.s
name becomes a pure sjmonym of S. c. grallaria. In the forest-covered Para
district, which Cory suggests as type locality of S. grallaria,'^ the Burrowing Owl —
peculiar to the open campos — is not found at all. .Specimens from the Rio
Branco, as well as others from British Guiana and Venezuela, appear to mo
indistinguishable from S. cunicularia hrac/iyptera Richm., from Margarita Island.

D'Orbigny's remark that " les individus, que nous avons tues en Patagonie,
sont beaucoup plus blancs que ceux de Buenos Ayres," evidently refers to young
birds which have, indeed, much less dusky spotting below than the adults.

Having seen but a single adult from Valle Grande, I am rather dubious as
to which form the Bolivian Burrowing Owl should be referred. In coloration
it seems nearest to S. c. grallaria, but is much larger than any other specimen

> Sirix Cunicularm Molina, Saggio Slor. Nat. Chili, pp. 203, 34,3 (1782— Cliili).

2 Sirix grallaria Temminck, Bcc. PI. co^, livr. 25, pi. 146 (1822 — " Bresil ; Musses Hes Pays-
Bas, de Vienne, et de Londrea " ; the type was no doubt one of tlie specimens obtained by Natterer
in south-west Sao Paulo or eastern Parana, while travelling from Faxina to Curytiba).

' Abhandl. Bayer. Ak. Wiss. ii. cl., vol. 22, No. 3, 1906, p. 574.

« Field Mu3. Nat. Hist., Publ. No. 182, p. 299 (1915— Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, Bahia).

' Spix (Av. Bras. i. 1824, p. 21) mentions as localities of .?. grallaria the campos of Minas
Gera€a and Pari ; but the latter is doubtless a pen-slip tor Bahia,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIll. 1921. 191

examined by me, the wing measuring 193, the tail 9H mm. Unfortunately I
am not acquainted with any of tlie several Peruvian races recognised by authors.
A monographic study of the local variation of this species would bo a very
useful piece of work.

Scops choliba = Otus choliba choliba (Vieill).

Scops choliba (Vieill.)'; L. & O. Syn. Av. i. p. 8 (Corrientes, rep. Argentina; Chiquitos, rep.
Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 132 (Corrientes, jusqu' au 30 degre lat. sud ; Chiquitos).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " Chiquitos, No. 828. D'Orbigny, 1834. S. choliba:'
A very worn specimen in the greyish i^haso.

About the nomenclature and geographic variation of this Owl see Berlepsch,
Bull. B.O.G. 12, 1901, pp. 8-10.

Otus brachyotos = Asio flammeus flammeus (Pont.).^

Olvis brachyotos " Linn." ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 9 (Patagonia, rep. Chiliana et Boliviana) ;
d'Orbigny, p. 134 (" sur lea cotes maritimes de la Patagonie ; vera le 42" dcgr6 de lat. sud,
au-dela du Rio Negro ; . . . Chili, sur les montagnes ; au sommet des Andes, pres do Tacora,
dans la republique du Perou, et sur tout le plateau elev^ de la Bolivie ").

No d'Orbignyan examples in Paris Museum. In agreement with American
ornithologists, I am unable to separate the Short-eared Owl of the new world
from the European bird.

Strix perlata = Tyto alba perlata (Liclit. ).

Slrix perlata Licht.'' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 9 (tota America meridionali) ; d'Orbigny, p. 135 (" Rio
de Janeiro au Bresil ; Montevideo, Maldonado, sur les rives de La Plata, a Buenos Ayres, sur
lea bords du Rio Ndgro, en Patagonie, dans les provinces riveraincs du Parana, celles de Santa
Fe, d'Eutrerios, de Corrientes, au Paraguay, . . . dans toute la republique de Bolivie, sur les
versants des Andes, . . . au scin des provinces Santa Cruz de la Sierra, de Chiquitos, et
de Moxos . . .'").

I have not found any specimen of d'Orbigny 's in the Parisian Collections.

Bubo magellanicus = Bubo virginianus nacurutu (Vieill.).'

Bvho trtagellanicus Gm. ' ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 9 (Corrientes, rep. Chiliana, Boliviana et Peruviana ;
Patagonia) ; d'Orbigny, p. 137 ("a la frontiere du Paraguay, sur les rives du Parana, jusqu' a
Buenos Ayres, et encore bien plus au sud, en Patagonie, sur les rives du Rio Negro, au 41® degre
de latitude sud ; puis . . . dans la republique de Bolivie, dans les provinces de Chiquitos et de
Moxos, jusqu' au 12" degre sud").

No d'Orbignyan example in the Paris Museum. The locaUties " ChUi and
Peru," neither of which is mentioned in the ornithological portion of the Voyage,

' Strix choliba Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 7, p. 39 (1817 — ex Azara, No. 48 :
Paraguay),

2 Strix flammea Pontoppidan, Danslce Atlas, i. p. 617, pi. 25 (1763 — Sweden).

' Strix brachyotus J. R. Forster, Philos. Trans. 62, p. 384 (1772 — Severn River, Hudson's Bay).

* Strix perlata Lichtenstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus. p. 59 (1823 — Brazil).

' Strix nacurutu Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 7, p. 44 (1817 — ex Azara No. 42 :
Paraguay). ^If we reject the term Bubo magellanieus Gmelin on the ground of its having been
merely proposed as a varietal name under Bubo bubo (see Oberholser, Sci. Bull. Mus. Brooklyn Inst.
i. No. 14, 1908, p. 373), it cannot be quoted from Daudin (Traite elem. d'Ornith. ii. 1800, p. 210)
either, for this author also includes it as " Variote F. " of the " Grand Due," under his Strix bubo.

' Syst. Nat. 1, i. p. 280 (1788 — ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 385 : " Terres Magellaniques "). — See
footnote 1,

102 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

were no douht due to a lapsus calami. Our knowledge of the South American
races of the Horned Owl is far from satisfactory ; but the scanty material existing
in museums does not admit an attempt towards the solution of that intricate
problem.

I" Cyclarhis ' ochrocephala Tsch.'
Laniagra guyanensis= - C. gujanensis cearensis Baird.'
[ C. gujanensis viridis (Vieill.).'

Lanimjra rjui/aiicnsis (errorc !) ; L. & 0., Si/ii. i. p. 9 (Corricntos, rep. Argentina, ct rep. Boliviana) ;
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 160 (Corrientes ; Chiquitos, Yungas, Ayupaya, Rio Grande ; Bolivia),

No. 1, adult (momited) : " No. 9540, Corrientes (Argentme). D'Orbigny.
1829. No. 88. Crjchloris viridis V."— al. 77 ; c. 69 ; r. 17 mm. = Cyclarhis
ochrocephala Tsch.

No, 2, adult (skin) : " D. 234, de Chiquitos (Bolivie). No. 98, D'Orbigny.
1834. Laniagra guyanensis d'O." — al. 7oJ ; c. C2 ; r. 16f m. = C. gujanensis
cearensis Baird.

No. 3, adult (skin) : " D. 234, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 98."— al. 75,
c. 61 + X ; r. 17 mm. = C. gujanensis cearensis Baird.

No. 4, adult (mounted) : " No. 9544. Bolivie, Yungas. D'Orbigny, 1834.
No. 234. C. viridis." — al. 86 ; c. 77 ; r. 18 mm. = C. gujanensis viridis (Vieill.).

No. 5, adult (mounted) : " No. 9545. Bolivie, Yungas. D'Orbigny,
1834. No. 98. C. viridis." — al. 81 ; c. 73 ; r. 17J mm. = C. gujanensis viridis
(Vieill.)

No. 1 is a typical ochrocephala, having the bill uniform pale brown (without
blackish spot at base of lower mandible), the whole pileum strongly washed with
ochreous brown, and the deep ferruginous superciliary stripe terminating above
the posterior border of the eye. It agrees perfectly with specimens from Southern
Brazil(Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul) and others obtained in the Eastern Argentine
provinces (Entrerios, Buenos Ayres).

The specimen from Chiquitos (plains of Eastern Bolivia) and No. 3, which,
according to the registers of the Paris Museum, is from the same district, are
referable to the small-billed, short-tailed race which inliabits the dry, elevated
plateau of Brazil (from Bahia to Mattogrosso), and the correct name of which
we have shown to be C. gujanensis cearensis. The two Bolivian skins do not
differ in the least from the Brazilian ones.

The two examples, Nos. 4, 5, secured in the highlands of Central BoUvia.
(Yungas), represent the larger, stout-billed form C. gujanensis viridis which
ranges through the western Andean provinces of Argentine as far south as Para-
guay, Santa Fe, and Cordoba. There are no specimens from Ayupaya and Rio
Grande in the Paris Museums, but others obtained in the same general region

' Cyrtnrhin it the spelling of the name, when first introduced into litoraturo by Swainson
(Zool. .Journ. i. No. 3, October lS2t, p. 294). In subsccpient piiblications Swainson voriou.'ily spelt
it Cydorhis (Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, p. 1C2), Cyclaris (ClassiJ. Birds, ii. 1837, p. 14), and Cyclarhis
(Ornith. Draw. Part 5, 1840, pi. 58).

2 Cyclarhis ochrocephala Tschudi, Arch. f. Nafvrg. 11, i. p. 302 (1845 — descr. and hab. part:
" Brasilia merid. et Bonae Aeres ").

3 Cydorhis cearensis Baird, Review Amer, Birds, i. p. 391 (1866 — Ceard, N.E, Brazil).

• Saltator viridis Vieillot, Tabl. enc. mfth. ii. p. 793 (1822 — ex Azara, No. 89 : Paraguay),

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 193

(Samaipata, Santa Cruz de la Sierra) by G. Garlepp, whicli I have examined in
the Bcrlepsch Collection, agree well with those from Argentine localities.

The ranges and characters of C. g. cearensis and C. g. viridis I have
discussed at length in another connection,' and need not dwell further on this
subject.

C. ochrocephala, which, on account of its uniform brownish bUI, short super-
ciliaries, and other characters, I regard — at least provisionally — as specifically
distinct, inhabits S.E. Brazil and the adjoining Argentine provinces Misiones,
Entrerios, Corrientes, and Buenos Ayres. The most northerly localities from
which I have seen specimens are Victoria, State Esj)irito Santo, Vargem Alegre
(near Marianna), and S. Francisco, in the Serra d'Espinha90, State Minas Geraes.
From there it ranges through Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Parana, to Misiones,
Uruguay, and the vicinity of Buenos Ayres. It has also been met with in
Entrerios (La Soledad ; C. B. Brittain coll., Tring Museum), and Corrientes
(d'Orbigny ; Santo Tome, E. White coll., Tring Museum), on the left bank of the
Parana ; but does not appear to cross to the right side of that stream, where its
place is evidently taken by G. gujanensis viridis, which we have from Ocampo
and Mocovi, prov. Santa Fe, coll. Venturi.

It is seen from the preceding that D'Orbigny's examples are referable to
three different forms. The true C. gujanensis gujanensis (Gm.),^ however, is very
distinct, with its restricted, greenish-yellow chest, greyish belly, etc. It occurs
in the Guianas and in Amazonia, from Para to Northern Peru.

Vireo virescens = Vireo chivi chivi (Vieill.).'

V ireo virescens (errore !) ; L. & 0. Syn. Av. i. p. 9 (Corrientes, rep. Argentina ; rep. Boliviana).
Vireo olivaceus (errore !) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 162 (Corrientes; Moxos, Cliiquitos, Yungas, Yura-
cares : Bolivia).

No. 1, 9 ad. (skin) : " D. 437, Mojos (Bolivie). D'Orbigny, 1834. No. 206."
— al. 69 ; e. 51 ; r. 13^ mm.

No. 2, ad. (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 90. Corrientes.
Vireo virescens VieiU." — al. 70J ; c. 55 ; r. 14 mm.

The dimensions of these specimens fall well within the average of a series
from Paraguay, Argentine (Buenos Ayres), and Southern Brazil. In coloration,
too, they are entirely typical. The Corrientes bird has a rather large bill, but is
matched in that respect by some Brazilian skins. The geographic variation of
this species will be fully dealt with by HeUmayr and Seilern in their paper on the
" Ornithology of Trinidad and Tobago."

Both of d'Orbigny's examples have, of course, no relation to the North
American V. virescens Vieill.,' which is a piu'e synonym of V. olivaceus auct.

• Nov. Zool. XV. 1908, pp. 22-24.

' Tanagra gujanensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 893 (1789 — ex BuHon's " Verderoux " : Guyane,
sc. Cayenne).

» Vireo chivi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. id., 11, p. 174 (1817 — ex Azara, No. 152 :
Paraguay).

« Vireo virescens Vieillot, Hist. Nat. Ois. Amir. sept. i. p. 84, pi. 53 (" 1807 " — Pennsylvanift (?) ;
= Vireo olivaceus auct.

194 . NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

ThamnophUus major = | ^^^^ "^^l"' '°*^°' f^^^^"^,)'

i Taraba major virgultorum Cnerne.*

Tamnophilus (sic) major Vieill. ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 10 (Corrientes, rep. Boliviana).
ThamnophUus majoi d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 166 (Corrientes, meme jusques au 32» degr6 but les

rivea du Kiacho de C'oronda, pres Santa Fi, sur le Paran4 ; Yungas, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz,

Chiquitos).

No. 1, (J ad. (skin) : " Chiquitos, Bolivie, d'Orbigny, 1834." = T. m.
major Vieill.

No. 2, (J ad. (mounted) : " Santa Fe, Argentine, d'Orbigny, 1829."
= T. m. major Vieill.

No. 3, ? ad. (mounted) : " Yimgas, Bolivie, d'Orbigny, 1834." = T. m.
virgultorum Cherrie.

The adult male from 8anta Fe agrees in every respect with a large series
from Paraguay, Mattogros.so (Cuyaba), and Goyaz. Four males from E. Bolivia
(Sara, Chiquitos, Santa Cruz), and foiur others from N.W. Argentine (Tueuman,
San Lorenzo, Jujuy) are not distinguislial)le either ; but four females ' have the
pileum, rectriccs, and upper-tail coverts of a lighter rufous, the ear coverts
much paler, varying from greyish olive to light russet-brown (instead of deep
rufous-brown), the back much less rufous and more olivaceous, and the forcneck
tinged with buff. The birds of E. Bolivia and N.W. Argentine very likely con-
stitute a distinct race, but in the absence of topotypical females from Paraguay
it is impossible to decide to which of the two forms the name T. m. major is
properly referable.

The female from the Bolivian Yungas should belong to T, m. virgiiUorum,
based upon a couple from the Rio Chapare. A single female obtained by
G. Garlepp at San Mateo, in the same general district, while quite distinct from
T. m. major $, of E. Bolivia, hardly differs from T. m. melamtra (Scl.), whieli
we received from the northern parts of the adjoining Peruvian Dept. Puno.
Additional material is required to establish the claims of this rather obscure race.

ThamnophUus doliatus = Thamnophilus doliatus ladiatus Vieill.

Tamnophilus (sic) dolialus { errorc !), L. & O., Syn., i. p. 10 (rep. Boliviana).

ThamnophUus doliatus, d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 108 (C'hulumani ct Inipana, Yungas ; Santa Cruz
do la Sierra, Chiquitos, Mosos ; descr. ^ ad., ^ juv., $).

No. 1, cj ad. (mounted) : " T. doliatus Vieill., de Yungas, Bolivie, par
d'Orbigny, 1834. Nos. 92-246."— al. 76 ; c. 67 ; r. 17 mm.

No. 2, ? ad. (mounted) : " T. radiatus Vieill., Chiquitos, d'Orbigny, 1834."—
al. 74 ; c. 68 ; r. 18 mm.

The adult male, a bird in perfect plumage, is by no means T. d. variegaticeps,
but an extreme example of T. d. radiatus, having the whole middle of the abdomen,
together with the anal region, unbarred plain white. The under-tail coverts
show but a few, faint transverse spots of blackish, while the black bars on forc-
neck, breast, and flanks arc very narrow, being onlj' about half as wide as in

' ThamnophUus major Vieillot, Nouv. Diet, d'llisl. Nat., nouv. ed., 3, p. 313 (1816 — Azara
No. 211 : Paraguay).

' Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. 35, p. 391 (June 1916 — Todos Santos, Rip Chapar^, Bolivia).
' One Tueuman, two Sara, one Santa Cruz.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXV'III. 11)21. 195

T. d. suhradialus, of Eastern Peru. In all these resiJects, the Yungas bird is
exactly similar to Paraguayan and Mattogrosso skins. The elongated occifjita!
feathers are distinctly white at their base, though to a much lesser degree than
in T. d. doliattis, of the Guianas.

The female is practically identical with others from Mattogrosso.

[The Barred Antshrikes of South America are divisible into a number of
more or less defined geographical races. The earliest specific name applying to
some member of this group is Lanius doliatus Linn.,' to which all others are
no doubt subspecifically related. South of the Equator, I can recognise the
following :

(1) Thamno'philus doliatus radiatiis VieiU.=

Paraguay (Lambare, Colonia Risso, Paraguari, Villa Concej)cion, Asimcion,
Sapucay, etc.) ; Bolivia (Yungas, Santa Cruz, Chiquitos, Moxos) ; Mattogrosso
(Cuyaba, Arica, Estiva, C'hapada, Corumba, Urucum), and northern districts
of Sao Paulo (Jaboticabal,' Avanhandava).*

Examined : 5 ^,^, 1 $ Paraguay ; 14 ^^, 3 ? $ Mattogrosso ; 2 ^^ Sao Paulo ;
^9 Bolivia.

(2) Thamnophilus doliatus varicyaticeps Berl. & Stolzm. '

Central Peru ; Chanchamayo district (Chauchamayo, La Merced, Amable
Maria).

Examined : i ^^, 1 $ Chanchamayo.

(3) Tlmmnophilus doliatus suhradialus Berl."

Eastern Peru (Pebas, Nauta, Iquitos, Samiria, Ucayali) ; Central East Peru
(Santa Ana) ; South-East Peru (Maranura, Huiro) ; Western Brazil (Rio Puriis,
Jurua, east to the R. Madeira,' north to Tefie, R. Solinioens).

Examined : 1 (J Iquitos (type), 1 ^ Samiria, 2 J^ Pebas, ^ $ Santa Ana,
1 c? Maranura, 1 ^ Rio Jurua, 3 c? cJ, 2 ? ? Rio Madeira, (J$ Tefie.

(4) Thamnophilus doliatus difjicilis Hellm.'

Central Brazil, State Goyaz : Rio Araguaya and Rio Claro.
Examined : 10 $^, 7 $? Rio Araguaya ; c?? P"- t'laro (types).

' Lanius doliatus Liimaeus, Mus. Ad. Frid. ii. Proiliomiiii, p. 12 (1704 — hab. ign. ; subst. tj-p.
loo. Surinam, auct. Berlepsch & Harlert, Nov. Zool. 9, 1902, p. 70, footnote).

2 Tlmmnophilus radialus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet., nouv. ed. iii. p. 315 (1816 — ex Azara, No. 212 :
Paraguay ; descr. i^).

3 The two cjjj, one yoimg, from Avanhandava and Jaboticabal, recorded by Jhering, s. n. Th .
doliatus (Faun. Brazil, i. 1907, p. 199), and Th. nigricrislaius (ibidem, p. 200 ; Jiev. Mus. Paul. v.
1902, p. 274), on re-examination prove to belong to T. d. radialus, as was to bo expected from zoo-
geographical reasons.

« The specimens from the Parnahyba, Piauhy, determined by Reiser (Denkschr. Akad. ^¥iss.
Wien, 76, 1910, p. 65) as T. radialus should be re-examined.

' Thamnophilus variegaticeps Berlepsch & Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 189G, p. 379
(1896 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, C. Peru).

• Thamnophilus suhradialus Berlepsch, Journ. f. Ornith. 35, p. 17 (1887 — Upper Amazonia;
the type in Mus. Berlepsch is from Iquitos, N.E. Peru).

' The birds occurring on the Tapajoz (Santarem), which I have not seen, may likewise belong
here.

° Thamnophilus nigricrislaius difficilis Hellmayr, V^rtuindl. Zool. Bot. Qes. Wicn, 53, p. 216
(1903— Rio Claro, Goyaz, C. Brazil).

13

196 NOVITATES ZOOLOUICAE XXVIII. 1921.

(5) Thamnophilus doliatvs capislrains Less."
Eastern Brazil : State Bahia (San Salvador, Lamarao), and Southern Piauhy

(Lake of Parnagua).

Examined : 74 cJ(J Bahia (native skins) ; 2 (J (J, 2 $$ Lamarao, Bahia.'
In the near future I hope to give more details about the characters of the

various races. With tlie present synojssis of their geographical range I merely

intended to show that our knowledge of these difficult birds is rather more

advanced than certain authors imagine.]

Thamnophilus schistaceus = Dysithamnus schistaceus scbistaceus (d'Orb.).

Tamnophiliis JuJiginosns Lafrcsnayc & d'Orbigny, Syn. Ar. i. p. lU (1S37 — no locality ; noni. nud.).'
Thamnophilus schistaceus d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 170, pi. v. fig. 1'' (1838 — Yuiacaies ; dcscr.

orig. (J ad.).
Dysithamnus schistaceus Menegaux & Hellmayr, Bull. Soc. Phil. Paris (9) viii. 1906. p. 28 (crit.).

No. 1, cj ad. (mounted) : " d'Yuracares (Bolivie), par M. d'Orbigny.
Th. schistaceus d'Orb. (type). Th. luliginostis d'Orb. 1834." — al. 03 ; c. 55 ;
grad. of tail, 10 ; r. 18 mm.

This bird and two other males from Northern Bolivia (San Mateo) in Count
Bcrlepsch's Collection agree j^erfectly with a large series from the Rio Madeira.
The outermost rcctrix shows a distinct, though narrow, white apical margin,
which is also present in several of the Brazilian cxami)les.

D. s. schistaceus ranges from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Bolivia
(San Mateo, Yuracares) and S.E. Peru (Marcapata '), through Western Brazil
(Rivers Purus and Madeira), to the Tapajoz (left bank). Whether Thamnophilui>
inornatus Ridgw.,' from the right bank of the Tapajoz, and Dysithamnus capitalis{\)
squanwsus Snethl.,' from the Tocantius, are really separable as races, I do not
venture to decide from the few specimens I have seen. (Cf. my remarks in
Novifates Zoolotjicae, xvii. 1910, pp. 342-3.)

A review of the distinguishable forms I have given in Novilalcs Zoologicae,
xiv. 1907, pp. 62-3. The status of D. schistaceus subsj)., from North Peru,' and
D. duhius Berl. & Stolzm. is still unsettled, as no new material of either of these
races has come to hand since.

Thamnophilus naevius = Thamnophilus heterocercus Berl."

Tamnophiliis tmeviiis (eirore !) ; L. & O., Syn. i. p. 10 (Cbiquitos, Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 170
(Chiquitos : " aux environs dea missions de San-Miguel, de Conception, et do Santa Ana";
(J $ descr.).
No. 1, (J ad. (skin) : " D. 340. Chiquitos, Bolivie. D'Orbigny " (without

original label). — al. 70 ; c. 53 ; r. 16i mm.

* Thamnophilus capisiratus Lesson, Rev. Zool. iii. p. 226 (1840 — Brazil).

2 Collected by Alphonse Robert in January and May 1903, Tring Museum.

3 The authors quote, however, " d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., pi. v. fig. 1 " {T, fiiUginosus), where
a recognisaV)le figure of the male is to be found. If this plate wa.s really issued in 1837 or earlier,
the species would have to stand as Dysithrimnus fuliginosus (d'Orb.), since Thamnophilus JuUginosua
Gould {P.Z.S. 5, " 1837," p. 80 : Demerara) was not published until February 1838.

* Inscribed T. fuliginosus.

' The Munich Museum received a series from Yahuarmayo, north of Macuzani, secured by the
brothers Watkins.

« Proc. U.S. Mas. 10, " 1887," p. 522 (1888 — Diamantina, near Santarem, R. Tapajoz).

' Ornith. Monatsber. 15, p. 162 (October 1907 — Alcoba^a, Rio Tocantins).

s Since writing the above lines it has been named Z>. «. Ac7/mayri Cory (Fi'eZd A/ U5. N.H., Publ.
No. 190, August 1916, p. 338).

' Omis, 14, p. 367 (February 1907— Santa Cruz [do la Sierra], E. Bolivia).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 197

No. 2, 9 ad. (skin) : " T. naevius. D'Orbigny, 1834, p. 96.— I). 340, de
Chiquitos." — al. 68; c. — ; r. 16 mm.

The sijecimens I have compared and found identical with the types of the
species kindly lent by the late Count Berlepsch. As correctly pointed out by
its describer, T. heterocercus belongs to the group comprising T. pnnctatus (Shaw) '
( = T. naevius auct.),- and T. amhiguus, being most nearly related to the western
form of the last-named, T. amhiguus slicturus Pelz., of the interior provinces
of Brazil, whose characters I have discussed at length in the account of the
birds collected by Mons. G. A; Baer in the State of Goyaz.' The Bolivian bird
shares with T. a. slicturus the clear grey back and the whitish grey lower parts,
but differs at a glance by the pattern of the rectrices. In T. heterocercus the
three outer tail-feathers (of each side) only have a white marginal spot in the
middle of the outer web, while the three inner ones, excejit for the white tip, are
uniform black. In T. amhiguus slicturus, on the other hand, all the rectrices
show a distinct white spot on the outer, and in most cases a corresponding one
on the inner, web. T. heterocercus is thus seen to form the passage to the northern
T. p. punctatus, of Guiana and Venezuela, in which the white marginal stripe
is present only on the outer web of the outermost rectrix. The female of T.
heterocercus niay be distinguished from that of 7'. a. slicturus by somewhat paler,
less rufous-brown back, lighter fulvous chest and sides, more extensive white
abdominal area, and by the possession of a white marginal spot on the outer
web of the penultimate as well as the outermost rectrix.

T. heterocercus is apparently confined to the lower districts of Eastern Bolivia.
San Miguel, Concepcion, and Santa Ana are all situated in the hilly country
south of the Cerro Mercedes, not far from the Brazilian frontier, while Gustav
Garlepp's specimens were obtained at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, somewhat farther
to the soutli-wcst. Besides, I have examined an adult male, secured by Jose
Steinbach on January 7, 1009, near Puerto Suarez, in the coUectiou of the Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh.

Thamnophilus aspersiventer Lafr. & Orb.

Tamiiophilus aspersiveiiler Lafresuaye & d'Oibigny,' Sijn. Av. i. in Hug. Zool. cl. ii. p. 10 (1837 —

Yimgas, Bolivia ; descr. (J9)-
Thamnophilus aspersiventer, d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 171. pi. iv. fig. 1 (jj), 2 ($)^ (provinces of

Yungas, Sicasica, Ayupaya).

No. 1, (J ad. (skin) : " Bolivie, d'Orbigny." — al. 72 ; c. 66 ; r. 15| mm.

No. 2, (J ad. (mounted) : " Bolivie, d'Orbigny. cj." — al. 71 ; c. 67 ; r.
16 1 mm.

No. 3, cJ ad. (mounted) : " Yungas, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny. cJ." — al. 71 ;
c. 65 ; r. 16 mm.

No. 4, $ ad. (mounted) : " $ Sicasica, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny." — al. 72 ;
c. 64 ; r. 16i mm.

' Lanius punctatus Shaw, Gen. Zool. 7, ii. p. 327 (1809 — ex " Le Tachet," Levaillant, Ois. d'Afr.
ii. p. 113, pi. 77, fig. 1 (^) : Cayenne).

2 Lanius naevius Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, i. p. 308 (1788 — ex "Spotted Shrike," Latham, Gen.
Syn. Birds, I, i. p. 190 : Cayenne), is preoccupied by Lanius naevius Gmelin, l.c. p. 304 !

3 Nov. Zool. xv; 1908, pp. 66-68.

' The species should probably be credited to d'Orbigny alone, since plate iv., quoted by Lafres-
naye & d'Orbigny, appears to have been issued previously.
' Erroneously inscribed T. schistaceus !

198 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

There is very little diSeience observable among the males. The throat
and chest are jjlaiii black, wliile the remainder of the under-surface is broadly
barred with black and greyish white. The outermost rectri.x only has a distinct
marginal stripe of white on the outer web.

This fine species inhabits the Western Yungas of Bolivia (Sicasica, Ayupaya,
La Paz) . In the eastern Yungas (of Cochabamba) it is apparently replaced by
the very distinct T. connecictis Berl.,' which forms a connecting link to the
T. caerulescens group with plain (i.e. unbarred) under-parts.

Thamnophilus atropileus Lafr. & Orb. = Thanmophilus torquatus Sw.=

TamnophilKS alropUeus Lafrcsnaye & d'Orbigny, ^ijn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 11 (1837 —

Guarayos, Bolivia ; descr. orig. o).

Tliamnophihis atrojn'.eus d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 173 (" au nord-oucst de la province de

Chiquitos").'

No. 1, " <J " ad. (mounted) : " de Guarayos, j)rovince de C'hiquitos, par
M. d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 92.— D. 434. 3. T\i5e de T. atropileus Lafr. & Orb."
— al. 67 ; c. Co ; r. 17 mm.

Thi? bird agrees with others from Bahia, West Minas Geraes (Bagagem),
and Northern S. Paulo (S. Jeronymo, Avanhandava, Rio Tiete). Like some
Brazihan examples, it has a pale rufescent band across the upper back. Bahia
skins are, as a rule, somewhat smaller (al. 60-63, e. 57-62 mm.), while those
from Sao Paulo are fully as large (al. 65i-66, c. 65-67 mm.) as the type of
T. alropileiis.

This black-capped Thamnophilus inhabits the campos districts of Eastern
and Central Brazil, extending westwards just into the north-eastern corner of
Bolivia (Guarayos). I have examined specimens from Pernambuco, Bahia,
Goyaz (Rio Thesouras), Mattogrosso (Cuyaba), Western Minas (Agua Suja, near
Bagagem), and Northern Sao Paulo (Avanhandava, Rio Tiete).

Thamnophilus maculatus Lafr. & Orb. = Thamnophilus caerulescens
gilvigaster Pelz.'

Thamnophilus maculalus Lafresnaj'e & d'Orbigny (ncc Such),^ Syn. Av. i. in 3Iarj. Zool. ol. ii. p. 11

(1837 — Corrientes ; descr. orig. cJ$).
Thamnophilus maculalus d'Orbigny, Voi/aye, Ois., p. 172 (October 1838 — Corrientes, pres du village

dCItaty).
Thamnophilus gihigasler (Temminck MS.) Pelzeln, Zur Orn. Bias. ii. p. 76, in text (1868 — Curytiba,

Parana, S.E. Brazil).

No. 1, " cJ " ad. (mounted) : " T. caerulescens V., T. maculatus Lafr. ct
d'Orb. Type, par M. d'Orbigny. Corrientes, juillet 1829. No. 94. cJ."—
al. 76 ; e. 72 ; r. (damaged) mm.

No. 2, " 9 " ad. (mounted) : " T. caerulescens V., T. maculatus Lafr. ct d'Orb.
Type, par d'Orbigny, Corrientes, 1829. ?."— al. 71 ; c. 67 ; r. 16 mm.

> Ornis, 14, p. 369 (February 1907 — Samaipata, E. Bolivia).

- Thnmnophilus torqualus Swainson, Zool. Journ. ii. No. 5, p. 89 (.ipril 1825 — Urupc^, Bahia,
E. Brazil ; descr. orig. o)-

3 See alfo Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (9) viii. 1906, p. 28.

* [Thamnophilus'] gilvigasler Pelzeln, Zur. Orn. Bras. ii. p. 76, note 4 (1808 — Curyliba, prov.
Parana, S.E. Brazil).

» Thamnophilus maculatus Such, Zool. Journ. i. No. 4, p. 557, tab. vi. Suppl. (January 1825 —
JIdinas Geraes) ; = Th. gutlaius VieiU.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 199

These specimens belong to the ochreous-bellicd southern form of tlie
T. caerulescens group, so well characterised by Count Berlej}sch in his account of
the birds of Rio Grande do Sul.' The ty^jes of T. maculatus Lafr. & Orb. agree
perfectly with examples obtained by E. White' at Concepcion,' San Javier,'
S. Tome (= Santo Tomas),* and others fi-om Santa Ana (Misiones), and the
left (Entrerio.s) side of the Parana in the Museo Nacional of Buenos Ayres. In
all the adult males from Corrientes, Entrerios, and Misiones the throat and
breast are light cinereous, passing into greyish white on middle of abdomen,
while the flanks, anal region, and crissum are clear ochreous or pale fulvous.
Birds from South-Eastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa C'atharina, Parana,
and Itarare, South-West Sao Paulo), as a rule, have the ochreous of the belly
rather deeper in tint and extended farther up the breast, but a good many examples
are not distinguishable from the Argentine ones. A single adult J from Santo
Tonids, Rio ITruguay, Corrientes, taken on the same day (May 15, 1881) as
an extremely typical female of T. c. gihngnMcr, lacks the fulvous abdomen and
can hardly be told from T. s. caerulescens of Paraguay, thus proving the near
relations of the two forms.

A third ally is T. caerulescens dinellii Berl., = which differs from T. c. gilvigaster
by iialer, nearly whitish throat, bright buff (instead of cinereous) breast, and
creamy (not whitish) middle of abdomen. Moreover, the lores and supercUiaries
are decidedly lighter, whitish instead of ashy grey.

The distribution of the three races is highly interesting, as it furnishes
another instance of rivers separatmg the ranges of species endowed with limited
jjower of flight.

T. caerulescens caerulescens VieUl. " is known to inhabit the central parts
of Paraguay (Sapucay, Villa Rica, etc.), whence it ranges (apj)arently througli
the yet unexplored western division of the Brazilian State of Parana) to the
northern and eastern districts of Sao Paulo,' and the western portion of Minas
Geraes (S. Francisco, Bagagem). This form does not occur anywhere on
Argentine territory, and in Paraguay the southern limit of its range is formed
by the Parana. As far as we can see, there is no difference between Paraguayan
and Brazilian cxamjiles. We have examined the following : 5 ^.^, 2 $$ Sapucay,
Paraguay ; 2 ^S, 2 ? ? Botocatu (Victoria) ; 6 ^^, 2 ? ? Ypanema ; 2 ^^ Itatiba ;
1 cj Cachoeira, all places in Sao Paulo ; 1 ^ S. Francisco ; 4 ^,^, 3 9? Agua Suja,
near Bagagem, Minas Geraes.

T. caerulescens gilvigaster Pelz. has a more southern distribution, which

1 Zeitschr. gcs. Ornith. ii. 188.5, p. 148.

2 White's specimens were at first erroneoiisly determined as T. caerulescens, both by White
himself (P.Z.S. Land. 1882, p. 614) and Sclater (Cat. B. Brit. Mus. 15, p. 200), but Count Berlepsch
{Zeits. f. ges. Ornith. ii. p. 148) recognised them as belonging to T. c. gilvigaster.

^ A couple from June 21, 1881, in tlio British Museum examined.

* Two adult males secured June 2, resp. 6, 1881, in tlie Tring Museum.

^ An adult female, May 15, 1881, in the Tring Museum.

' Tlmmnophilus dinellii Berlepsch, Bull. B.O.C. 16, p. 99 (May 190G — Sierra de Santiago,
Tucunian, N.W, Argentine).

' Thamnophilus caerulescens \iei\\ot,Nouv. Diet. 3, p. 311 (1816 — ex Azara, No. 213 : Paraguay ;
= (J ad.) ;— r. auratus Vieillot, I.e. p. 312 (1816— ex Azara, No. 214 : Paraguay ; = $) ;—T. ventralis
Sclater, New Philos. Journ. Edinburgh (n. ser.), i. p. 244 (1855 — "South Brazil" ; = cJ "d., type
examined) ; — T. ochrus Oberliolaer, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 14, p. 188 (1901 — Sapucav, C. Paraguay ;
= ?)•

8 The species has been taken at Itatiba, Ypiranga, Ypanema, Tiet^, Botocatu, Bauru, Rio Feio,
Sao Carlos, Cachoeira, etc.

200 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXVIII. 1921.

extends from S. Pedro de Itarare (in the south-^^•estern portion of tlie State
8ao Paulo, close to the frontier of Parana), through the eastern parts of Parana
(Curytiba, Ro^a Nova in the Serra do Mar), Santa Catharina (Laguna), and
Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara do Mundo Novo, Arroio Grande) to Uruguay, and
through Misiones to Corrientes and Entrerios, this latter area being, in the north
and west, bounded by the Rio Parana.

In addition to twenty Brazilian e.xamples ( 1 ^ Itarare ; 2 (^ (5*, 2 $ $ Curytiba ;

2 (JcJ, 2 $9 Rofa Nova, Parana ; 1 J Laguna, Sta Catharina ; 6 <J(J, 3 ?? Rio
Grande do Sul), and an adult male from Uruguay (Soriano, Sta Elena, Aplin
coll., Brit. Mu.s.), we have examined the following skins from Argentine : 1 cj,
1 9 Itati, south bank of the Rio Parana, prov. Corrientes ; 1 ^ ad. vicinity of
eity of Parana, left bank of the river, prov. Entrerios ; ' 1 (J, 1 $ Santo Tomas
(Corrientes) ; 1 ^J ad. Concepcion (Misiones), 2 cJ(J S. Javier (Misiones), settle-
ments situated on the Rio Uruguay ; 1 $ Santa Ana, south bank of the Rio
Parana, Misiones.^

For further information about the characters of caerulescens and gilvigaster
cf. Ahhandl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., ii. kl. 22, iii. 1906, pp. 660-661.

T. caerulescens dinellii is the western representative of the group, ranging
from the right bank of the Rio Parana (prov. Santa Fe) to Cordoba, Tucmudn,
Salta, Jujuy, and the southern border of Bolivia (Aguairenda, near Caiza), where
it was taken by Borelli.'

We have examined a series of both sexes from Ocampo and Mocovi, prov.
Santa Fe, right bank of the Rio Parana, Rodriguez and Venturi coll. ; 4 ^^,

3 $$ Tucuman (Sieri;^a de Santiago, Tapia, Santa Ana), Baer and Dinelli coll. ;
(JO Salta, Durnford coll.,' Brit. Museum.

As is to be seen from what precedes, the ranges of T. c. dinellii and T. c.
gilvigaster are divided by the Parana River, the former being found on the right,
the latter on the left side of that stream.

For the sake of completeness it may be added that another member of this
group dwells in the extreme northern districts of Paraguay (San Salvador,
Colonia Risso, Rio Apa). This is T. caerulescens paraguatjensis Hellm.,' which
differs from the tj'pical race by having the lower parts white instead of cinereous.
In the mountain chains on the confines of the Brazilian States S. Paulo, Rio
' de Janeiro, and Jlinas Geraes (Serra da Mantiqueira, Itatiaya, Cantagallo, Novo
Friburgo, etc.) another near ally, T. caerulescens alhonotatus Spix, is met with,
whose characters I have discussed at some length in Ahhandl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss.,
ii. kl. 22, iii. 1906, pp. 058-659.

I cannot see any advantage in the recognition of the genus Erionotus, unless
it be restricted to the Th. caerulescens gi-oup. This, however, would necessitate
the creation of a number of additional, more or less ill-defined, sections.

1 Thia specimen, obtained by Burraeister, was kindly submitted to my inspection by
Dr. Dabbene, of tlie Museo Nacional, Buenos Ayres.

' It sliould be mentioned that, according to Bertoni {Seg. Contrib. omit. Parag. in Revisia
Instiluto Parag., Asuncion, 1907, p. 6), T. c. gilvigaster is also to be mot «ith in the eastern parts
of Paraguay. This statement requires corroboration.

= T. maculatus (nee Lafr. & Orb.) Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zooh Torino, xii. No. 292, 1897, p. 22.

* T. caerulescens (nee VieiUot) Salvin, Ihis. 1880. p. 300.

» T. paragua!/en.iis HeWmayv, Bull. B.O.C. 14, p. r,Z (February 1904— Colonia Risso, Rio Apa,
N. Paraguay) ; Mi-n^gaux & Hellma.\T, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (9) viii. 1900, p. 20 (S. Salvador)—
T. caerulescens (nee Vieillot) Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, x. No. 208, 1895, p. 13 (Colonia
Risso).

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921. 201

Thamnophilus palliatus (Licht.).

Lanins paUialns Lichtenstcin, Verz, Duhl. Berliner 31 us. p. 46 (1823 — Bahia).
Tamnophilvs jmllinhis, L. & 0., Sijn. Av. i. p. II {Chiquitos).

Thainnophilus pallinliis, d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 174 (Cuarayos, au nord de la province dc Chiquitos ;
(J?).

No. 1, (J ad. (mounted) : " T. palliatus Wied. (J. Mojos, jiar d'Orbigny,
1833. D. 370."— al. 72 ; c. 04 ; r. 19J mm.

No. 2, $ ad. (mounted) : " T. paUintiis Wied. $. Guarayos, par d'Orbigny,
IR34. No. 93.— D. 370."— al. 70 ; c. G2 ; r. 19 mm.

On comparing the two examples with numerous skins from Eastern Brazil
(Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro), I am unable to find any character
by whioli they miglit be distingui.shed. Tlie male is in every respect a tyjiical
pitUiatus, having the pileum very .sparingly sjjotted with wliite here and there,
and no rufescent tinge on the flanks. Tlie white cross-bars on the lower parts
are, if anything, slightly broader tlian in the majority of Bahia skins. Therefore
T must regard the inhabitants of the Nortli Bolivian plains as true T. palliatus.

The i>ossibility of discriminating a western form which was to be limited
to the mountainous parts of N.W. Bolivia (Consati, Tilotilo) and Peru (Chan-
chamayo district) appears higlily improbable. Berlepsch and Stolzmann '
have already shown that none of the characters claimed by Sclater for his
T. ptincticeps '- hold good in specimens from Garita del Sol, Peru. A toiiotypical
male from Tilotilo, coll. Paris Museum, and an adult male procured by C. 0.
Schunke at Chanchamayo, coll. Munich Museum, which I have before me, are
rather different i7iter se. The Bolivian bird, indeed, has the cap more spotted
with white than any other example, but the male from Chanchamayo does not
diverge in that respect from the Brazilian average. Contrary to Sclater's state-
ment, the white bars below are neither wider nor more distinct, while the rufescent
wash on the flanks is liardly more developed than in several Bahia skins. Under
tliese circumstances, I am not disposed to admit T. paUiatns puncticeps as a
valid form.

Thamnophilus domicella — 9.^-.., , , ,tt' -a \ ,

, ., , . W Pyriglena leuconota maura Menetr.).'

Thamnophilus aterrmms = ^J >

Tamnophilns domicella (nee Liehtenstein),* L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 11 (Chiquitos).

Formicivora domicella d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 178 (Mission de Santa Ana, Chiquitos; part, descr. 9)'

Tamnophilus alerrimvs Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Ai'. i. in 3Iag. Zool. el. ii. p. 11 (1837 — ■

[Yungas], Chiquitos, Bolivie ; descr. orig. ^J).
Formicivora atra (nee Swainson)," d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 179, pi. v. fig. 2 ([Rio du Chajro, prov.

Yungas, 5,000 k 6,000 pieds — " rare "], Chiquitos et Guarayos — " commune ").

No. 1, (J ad. (skin) : " Tamnophilus {Formicivora) atra Swains. No. 99.
D'Orbigny, 1834. — D. 240, Chiquitos. Type de T. aterrimus d'Orb."— al. 78 ;
c. 73 J ; r. 17 mm.

■ Proc. Zool. Soc. Loml. 189C, p. 380.

2 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 15, p. 212 (1890— Tilotilo, Consati, Bolivia ; Sarayayu, East Ecuadorl.

' Formicivora maura M(:netries, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pelersb. (G), Sci. math., phys. et nat. iii. 2,
p. 500, pi. 7, fig. a (1835 — " Minas Geraes," errore !, coll. Langsdorff ; the type more probably came
from Mattogrosso).

' Lanius domicella Lichtenstcin, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Mus. p. 47 (1823 — Bahia).

' Drymophila atra Swainson, Zool. Journ. ii. No. 6, p. 153 (July 1825 — Pitangua, Bahia).

202 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIT. 1921.

No. 2. $ ad. (skin) : " Tamnophilus (Formicivora) domicella, foeni.
No. Ill his, pard'Orbignj', 1834.— D. 433, Chiquitos."— al. 75 ; c. 71 ; r. 17i mm.

D'Orbigny, in the Voyage, describes both sexes of what he believes to be
T. domkeUa = Pyriglena leiicoplcra (VioiO,),' giving as locality the " mission de
Santa Ana," in the hills of Eastern Bolivia, not far from the Brazilian frontier.
The species, however, only inhabits the eastern provinces of Brazil, from Bahia
to Santa Catharina, the most westerly locality whence I have seen it being Rio
Jordao, near Aragnary, in South-West llinas Geraes.' The Paris ]Museum does
not possess Bolivian skins of P. leucoplera, nor could I find any mention of such
in the registers relating to d'0rbign3'"s collections. Although his description
of the male refers without doubt to the bird in question, I feel sure it was not
based upon a Bolivian, but rather on a Brazilian example in the Museum, or
might have been copied from Menetries' Monographie des Myiotherinae, of which
d'Orbigny freely made use in other cases of deficiency of his proper materials.
In this assumption I am strengthened by the fact that the alleged female of
" F. domiceUa " from Chiquitos turns out to belong to the allied, though perfectly
distinct, P. leuconota mama (Menetr.), well known as a denizen of Mattogrosso.
The tj'pe of T. alerrimus Lafr. & d'Orb., afterwards synonymised with F. atra
by d'Orbigny, is likewise from Chiquitos, and represents the male sex of P. I.
7)iniira.

After a cursory examination about twelve years ago I somewhat hastily
concluded that the two examples of d'Orbigny's were referable to the same form
as found in the mountain forests of Western Bolivia and Peru, and in my revision
of the genus Pyriglena,' I have accordingly replaced the subspecific term picea
Cab.' by the earlier aterrima Lafr. & d'Orb.

A renewed comparison with more ample material, however, shows this
identification to have been erroneous. The Chiquitos skins agree, in dimensions,
shape of bill, and coloration of female, so excellently with a series of undoubted
P. I. maura, from Western Mattogrosso (Rio Guapore), that there can be no
question whatever as to their subspecific identity, which is also supported by
geographical reasons, as a glance at the map will show.

Birds from N.W. Bolivia (Songo, Yungas)= and S.E. Peru (Rio San Gaban,
Marcapata) " are on average larger, and the females — which are of first-rate
.importance in the discrimination of the various Pyriglena races — may be dis-
tinguished from those taken in Chiquitos and Mattogrosso by darker, less rufous
upper-parts, more strongly pronounced, deeper black loral spot, rufous-l)rown
(instead of buff or fulvous) ear coverts, and somewhat darker abdomen. Tiiese
differences arc quite obvious when series are compared.

' Turdus leucoptcrti.i Vieillot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. oil., 20, p. 272 (1818—" Br(59il,"
coll. Delalande fils, so. Rio de Janeiro ; types in Paris Museum examined ; = (J ad.).

2 Tliere is an adult male, obtained by A. Robert on May 21, 1901, in the Tring Museum. It is
practically identical with specimens from Bahia, S. Paulo, etc. More recently this species has also
been discovered in Paraguay and Misiones (Iguazii).

3 Abhandl. Bayer Alcad. Wiss., ii. kl. 22, iii. 1906, p. 023.

* Pyriglena picea Cabanis, Archiv f. Nalurg. 13, i. p. 212 (1847 — based on Formicivora atra
Tschudi (nee Swainson), Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 175 : Central Peru).

^ Pyriglena leuconota hellmayri Stolzmann & Domaniewski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Sci. Varaovie
II, fasc. 2, p. 184 (1918— Chulumani, Yungas, N. Bolivia).

' Pyriglena leuconota marcapatemis Stolzmann & Domaniewski, I.e. p. 185 (1918 — HuajTiapata,
Marcapata, S.E. Peru).

NOVITATES ZOOT.OGICAE XXVIII. 1921. ' 203

It is true tlie describers mention, among the localities of their T. aterrimns,
the Rio du C'hajro, prov. Yuiigas, where only P. I. hellmayri can occur, but since
no sjiccimens from this place are extant I think we are justified in restricting
the term aterrimus to the East Bolivian form, to which the two skins of the
Paris Museum unquestionably belong.

T. alerrimusljair. & d'Orl). thus becomes a synoijm of P. leuconota maura
(Menetr.), 1835.

The range of P. leuconota maura covers Western Mattogrosso (Rio das
Fleclias ; Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore ; Urucum) and the adjoining parts
of Eastern Bolivia (C'hiquitos).

P. leuconota hellmayri Stolzm. & Doman. replaces it in the forest districts
(Yungas) of N.W. Bolivia.

P. leucoptera (= domicdla Licht.) is altogetlier to lie eliminated from the
Bolivian Ornis.

Thamnophilus axillaris = S \ -^^ l, , •„ • •„ • ,tt- h > ,

„, ... ,. ,,„ , "i Myrmotherula axillaris axillaris (vieill.).'

Thamnophilus lafresnayanus d Orb. = ? J

Tamnophilus axillaris, L. & 0., Sijn. Av. i. p. 12 (Yuracarfes, Bolivia).

Myrmotkcra axilturis d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 183 {YuracarSa ; descr. S\).

Tamnophilus Lafresnayamis " d'Orb.," Lafresnaj'e & d'Orbigny, Sytt. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii.

p. 13 (1837— Yuracaies ; descr. ?).
Formicivora Lafresnayana d'Orbigny, Voyage, Oia., p. 182, pi. vi. fig. 1 {October 1838 ' — Yuracar&s).

No. 1, (J ad. (skin): " llGbis, Myrmothera axillaris Vieill. Male. D'Or-
bigny, 1834.— No. 415."— al. 51 ; c. 37 ; r. 14| mm.

No. 2,? ad. (mounted): " ?. Yuracares, d'Orbigny, 1834. 112 6i's.—
D. No. 420. M. axillaris Bp. Type de T. lafresnayamts d'Orb."— al. 51 ; c. 36 ;
r. 14} mm.

The type of T. lajresnayanus proves to be a female of the well-known M. a.
axillaris, as I have already stated in other communications,' and agrees perfectly
with a female from San Mateo, N. Bolivia, August 7, 1891, coll. G. Garlepp, in
the Berlepsch Collection. It shows all the characteristics of the species, viz.
rufescent edges to the upper-wing coverts and remiges, brownish-olive back,
ochreous under-parts with silky white flanks, etc. It is thus seen to be widely
different from M. menetriesii (d'Orb.), to the female of which I for some time
thought ' T. lafresnayanns might possibly be referable.

No. 1 is also a typical axillaris, with the flanks extensively white. So far
as I can see, there appears to be no difference between specimens from N.E.
Bolivia and S.E. Peru," and others from Guiana, Para, Trinidad, and E. Venezuela
(C'aura district).

It is curious to note that d'Orbigny did not recognise the identity of his
T. lajresnayanvs with M. axillaris $, whose diagnosis, as given in the Voyage,

• Myrmothera axillaris Vieillot, Noiw. Diet, d'Hisi. Nat., nouv. ^d., xii. p. 113 (1817 — "La
Guyane," sc. Cayenne).

2 The plate was probably issned earlier than 1837.

3 Abhandl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, ii. kl. 22, iii. 190G, p. GGu ; Bull. Soc. Philom. Parin (fl),
viii. lOOfi, pp. 49-50.

' Vcrhaitdl. Zool. Bot. Qesells. Wien, 53, 1903, p. 210.

= ^^'e have a series from Marcapata (Yahuarmayo), collected by H. & C. Watkins, in the Munich
Mnseiiin.

204 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

is evidently copied from Menetries' account,' since the Paris Museum lias no
Bolivian female of axillaris besides tlie tj^pe of T. lajresnayaniis.

Thamnophilus rufater Lafr. & d'Orb. = Microrhopias ru!a (Wied).'

Tamnophilus rvfaler Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in }[ag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 12 (1837 — prov.

Chiquitos, Moxos ; descr. (J $).
Formicivora rufalra d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 180 (Chiquitos, Moxos, Bolivia).

No. 1, (J ad. (skin) : " Taimiophilus rufater d'O. Tyjie. Male. 107,
d'Orbigny, 1834. — D. 335, de Chiquitos." — al. 54 ; c. 58 ; r. 15 mm.

No. 2, ($) ad. (skin), no original label, but labelled by Pucheran as follows :
" Formicivora rufa Menetr., Chiquitos. D. 335-107, d'Orbignjr, 1834." — al. 52 ;
c. 56 ; r. 14 mm.

Menegaux and Hellmayr ' declared T. rufater to be identical with Micro-
rhopias rufa (Wied), of Eastern Brazil, while Berlepsch and Stolzmann ' employed
that name for the larger western form found in N.W. Bolivia and C.E. Peru
(Santa Ana valley). With a view to settling the point, I have once more borrowed
the types from the Paris Museum, and compared with sojno thirty specimens
from various localities. As result of my studies I can positively state that the
birds of the Bolivian plains, in size and coloration, are absolutely indistinguisliable
from Brazilian skins, and consequently T. rufater Lafr. & d'Orb. must be sunlc
as a synonym of M. rufa. On the other hand, examples from N.W. Bolivia
(Rio San Mateo, district Yuracares) and Central Eastern Peru (Santa Ana), in
tlie Berlepsch Collection, are decidedly larger in the wings, and may be separated
subspecifically if additional material should confirm the constancy of that
character. These facts will be more clearly demonstrated by the subjoined
figures :

Bahia . . . . T 3S Wing, 50-53J Tail, 53-57^ mm.

1?

50 J

))

55

Goyaz . . . .

2c?c?

52

))

58, 60

4??

60-52

))

57-62

Rio Madeira (Humaytha) .

3c?c?

51-54

„

53-57

2??

51

,,

53, 54

Sao Paulo (Itapura, Rio

Tiete)

1?

52

)»

62

Chiquitos (E. Bolivia)

Ic?

54

,,

58

1?

52

,y

56

Paraguay (Asuncion)

1?

53

71

60

N.W. Bolivia (S. Mateo) .■

1 (Jjun.

56i

J)

62

C.E. Peru (Sta Ana) .

2c?c?

57-58

)>

60-61

1?

56 i

J)

64

M. rufa is widely distributed in Brazil, ranging from the Lower Amazons
(Rio Acara, Santarem, Monte Alegre, Serra de Erere) south to Western Minas

' Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbg. (6), Scl. math., phys. et nat. iii. 2, 1835, p. 478.
= Myiothera rufa Wied, Beitr. Nalurg. Bras. 3, ii. p. 1095 (1831 — interior of Bahia, E. Brazil;
descr. ?) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. ii. 1889. p. 233 (crit.).
' Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (9), viii. 1906, p. 37.
* Ornis, 13, Part 2, September 1900, p. 94.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 205

(Lagoa Santo) and northern Sao Paulo (Rio Tiete, Rio Grande, Jaboticabal),
west to the Rio Madeira (Humaytha) and the Chiquitos hills of East Bolivia.
I have also examined a couple obtained at Bernalcue, east of Asuncion, Paraguay,
by Prof. Ternetz. This bird is strictly confined to the dry " campos " districts,
and never occurs in the " Vargem " or tropical forests. The Santa Ana valley
in C.E. Peru, where the supposed larger form is met with, is also described as
possessing considerable stretches of campos.

Thamnophilus pileatus = ^\ Herpsilochmus pileatus atricapillus

Thamnophilus affinis Lafr. & d'Orb. = $1 Pelz.'

Tamnophilus pileala (sic) (nee Lichtenstein),- L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 12 (Chiquitos).
Thamnophilus pileatus d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 175 (Mission de San Jose, Chiquitos ; = ^ ad.).
Thamnophilus affinis Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny (nee Spix),' Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 12

(Chiquitos, Bolivia ; descr. orig. $).
Thamnophilus affinis d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 175 (Santa Ana de Chiquitos : " un seul specimen ").

No. 1, jj ad. (skin): "No. 156. D'Orbigny, 1834. Tamnophilus pileatus
d'O.— D. 436, de Chiquitos."— al. 52 ; c. 53 (worn) ; r. 15 mm.

This specimen is, as I have stated elsewhere,* absolutely identical with the
type of H. atricapillus and other skins procured by Mons. G. A. Baer in the State
of Goyaz.

Althoughthe type of T. affinis does not any longer exist in the Paris Museum,
I think there can be no doubt that it is also referable to H. atricapillus, since the
description agrees exactly with the female of that species. Moreover, it was
obtained in the same district, viz. the hill country of Chiquitos, where d'Orbigny
also procured a typical male of H. atricapillus. Fortunately we need not trouble
about the name T. affinis, which is preoccupied by Spix.

The distinguishing characters of H. pileatus and its allies have been discussed
in the account of the birds collected by Mons. G. A. Baer in the State of Goyaz, =
so I need not further enter into that subject. It may be convenient, however,
to correct a few errors, and to record some new facts regarding distribution that
have come to hght since.

The careful re-examination of the adult male, said to be from Novo Friburgo,
prov. Rio de Janeiro, in the Hallo Museum," and once determined by me as
H. pileatus, shows it to belong to //. p. atricapillus, with which it agrees in all
essential points. ' Two adult males and a female, received by the Munich Museum
from Western Minas (Agua Suja, near Bagagem), render it certain that Reinhardt's
record of Formicivora pileata,' from Lagoa Santa, is likewise referable to H. p.
atricapillus. The same form has also been taken in various new localities : at
Cafetal and Rio San Francisco, prov. Jujuy, N.W. Argentine ° by Dinelli ; at

1 Herpsilochmus atricapillus VeXzcXn, Zur.Ornith. Bras. ii. p. 150(1868 — Porto do Rio Parana,
N. Sao Paulo ; Goyaz).

2 Myiothera pileata Lichtenstein, Verz. Duhl. Berliner Mus. p. 44 (1823 — Bahia).
= Av. Bras. ii. p. 26, pi. xxxiv. fig. 2 (1825 — " in sylvis Parae").

* Nov. Zool. XV. 1908, p. 70.

= Nov. Zool. XV. 1908, pp. 69-71.

" Formicivora pilealn, Burmeister, Syst. Uebcrs. Th. Bras. ii. 1856, p. 78.

' My former misidentifieation is due to the circumstance that, when examining the bird in the
Halle Museum in January 1905, I had neither pileatus nor atricapillus for comparison, and judged
merely from memory.

" Videnskab. Meddel. naturhi.it. Foren. KjOb. 1870, p. 305.

• Two cJ<J ad. in the Munich, 1 (J ad., 1 ^ imni. in the Tring Museum,

206 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Porto de Pedra, Rio Prcto, in tlie north-western corner of tiie State of Bahia,
and in the southern part of Piauhy (Lake of Jlissao, near Parnagua, Lagoa do
Pa.ssao, S. Gon9alinho on the Rio Parnahyba) by Reiser.'

The range of the two Brazilian races is, thus, as follows :

(a) H. pileatus pileatus (Licht.).

Coast district of the State of Bahia. The only ascertained locality is Lamarao,
near San Salvador, whence there is an adult male, secured by A. Robert, in the
Tring Museum.

(6) H. pileatii.i atricapillus Pelz.

N.E. Brazil : Pernambuco (IMacuca ; W. A. Forbes coll.) • Piauhy (Lake
of Missao, Lagoa do Passao. Rio Parnahyba ; N.W. Bahia : Porto de Pedra,
Rio Preto.

C. Brazil : Goyaz (city of Goj^az, Faz. Esperan9a, Rio Thesouras, R. Ara-
guaya). Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Agua Suja, near Bagagem) ; northern
Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana ; Itapura, Bebedouro).' Eastern Bolivia :
San Jose, Santa Ana, Chiquitos ; Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

N.B. — The locality " Novo Friburgo " I consider as questionable. Bur-
meister's example is more likely to have come from Minas (Lagoa Santa).

Thamnophilus minutus Lafr. & d'Orb. = Myrmotlierula brachyura (Ilerm.).'

Tamnophilus minulus Lafresnaye & d'Oibigny, Syn. Av. i. in Jtag. Zool. el. ii. p. 12 (1837 — ex

Daubenton, PI. enl. 8.31, fig. 2 : Cayenne ; as hab. mentioned Yuracaics, Bolivia).
Myrmothera minnta, d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 184 (Yuracarfes; descr. $).

TIlis example is no longer in the Paris Museum, but I have examined a
female procured at San Blateo, Yuracares, N. Bolivia, by G. Garlcpp, in Count
Eerlepsch's Collection. This, as well as other Copper Amazonian skins, do not
differ from topotj'pical Cayenne birds.

Myrmotherula menetriesii menetriesii (d'Orb.).

Myrmothera Menetriesii d'Orbigny, Voyage dans VAmh. merid., Oiseaux, p. 184 (October 1838^

Yuracares, Bolivia ; descr. (J).
Myrmotherula boliviana Berlepsch, Journ. f. Ornilh. xlix. p. 90 (1901 — San Mateo, Yuracarfe,

N. Bolivia ; descr. (J$).

No. 1, ^ ad. (skin) : " Yuracares, d'Orbigny, 1S34. Myrmothera 7iiene-
triesii d'Orb. Type. No. D. 415."— al. 51 ; c. 28 ; r. 14 mm.

The identity of M. boliviana and 31. menetriesii first suggested by me ' from
perusal of the descriptions has been afterwards confirmed, through actual
comparison of the respective type specimens, by Menegaux and Hellmayr.'
In the same paper ' I have demonstrated the M. menetriesii of authors to be
totally different from d'Orbigny's species, a near ally of 31. cinereiventris, while
the former, entitled to the name 31. schisiicolor (Lawr.), is much more closely
related to 31. axillaris. In fact, according to Ridgway's ' arrangement 31.

> Dcnkschr. math.-naturuj. Kl. Akad. Wisa. Wien, 76, 1910, p. 66 (specimens examined by me),

2 Jliering & Jhering, Cat. Faun. Braz. i. 1907, p. 209.

' Muscicapa brachyura Hermann, Tab!. Aff. Anim. p. 229, note (1783 — ex " Le petit Gobe-
mouche tachet^, de Cayenne" of Buflon, Hist. Nal. Ois. iv. p. 554, and Daubenton, PL enl. 831,
fig. 2). — This name antedates Muscicapa pygmaea Gmelin, 1789.

» Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Oesells. Wien, 63, 1903, p. 210.

= Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (9), viii. 1906, p. 51.

« Bull. U.S. Mu3. No. 50, Part 5, 1911, pp. 60, 65.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 207

menetriesii falls into the genus Myrmotherula, whereas M. schisticolor has to
be placed in his new group Mi/rmopagis ! '

The characters of M. menetriesii are discussed at length in Novitates
Zoologicae, xiv. 1907, pp. 69-70. Its synonymy and range I have given in
Novitates Zoologicae, xvii. 1910, p. 351. Since that time the Munich Museum
has received specimens from Yahuarmayo, Marcajiata, S.E. Peru, obtained by
H. and C. Watkins.

In the Synopsis Avium, published in Magasin de Zoologie for 1837, the
authors did not distinguish M. menetriesii from M. a. axillaris, which was found
in the same country.

Thamnophilus mentalis = Dysithamnus mentalis olivaceus (Tsch.).^

TamnopMlus mentalis (not of Temminck)'; L. & d"0., Stjn. Av. i. p. 12 (Yungas, Bolivia);
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 177 (Yungas ; descr. ^J ad.).

The specimen is no longer preserved in the Paris Museum. In Count Ber-
lepsch's Collection I have, however, examined a number of adult males from
the same district (San Mateo, Yuntas, Eastern Yungas of Cochabamba) which
agree in every particular with Peruvian examples. Therefore there can be
hardly any doubt that d'Orbigny's bird was also referable to D. mentalis olivaceus
(Tsch.), a name which antedates by many years Sclater's term semicinereus, as
has been shown by Berlepsch and Hellmayr.

Thamnophilus striato-thorax = Hypocnemis cantator peruvianus Tacz. '

Tamnophilus siriato-thorax (nee Mijoiliera siriclolhomx Temni.)''; L. & 0., Sijn. Av. i. p. 12 (Bolivia).
Thamnophilus siriaio-ihorax d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 176 (Yuracares ; dcscr. (J ad.).°

No. 1, (<^) ad. (skin): " D. 418. Yuracares, Tamnophilus strinlo-lhorax
d'Orb. 164. D'Orbigny, 1S34."— al. 55 ; c. 40i ; r. 15 mm.

This is an adult male, having the pUeum deep black sx^otted with pure white,
and agrees particularly well with specimens from Mattogrosso (Villa Maria, Rio
Paraguay ; Engenho do Gama, Rio GuajJore), which as a rule have the flanks
of a paler ochraceous colour than birds from N. Peru, Rio Madeira (Calama,
Maroins), Teffe, and Tapajoz (Itaituba). See also my remarks in Novitates
Zoologicae, xvii. 1910, iij}. 353-354, where a sketch of the geographic range of
H. c. peruvianus will be found.

1 Mr. Ridgway does not appear to be acquainted with the true M. menetriesii. The bird from
the Rio Napo, East Ecuador, described under this name (Bull. U.S. Mus. SO, Part v. pp. 67, 70
[footnote a], 72 [footnote a]) is most certainly not that species, but pcrliaps M. loiiglpennis Pelz. !
The "Ecuadorian and Peruvian references " (pp. 72-73) are a mixture of references relating partly
to M. loiigipennis, partly to M. schisticolor (Ecuadorian and Peruvian localities), partly to the recently
separated M. schisticolor interior Chapm. [Bull. Atner. Mus. N.H. 33, 1914, p. 614).

2 Thamnophilus olivaceus Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturg. 10, i. p. 275 (1844 — Peru; descr. orig. (J
juv.) ; cf. Berlepsch & Hellmayr, Journ. f. Ornith. S3, 1905, p. 14.

3 Myothera mentalis Temminck, Rec. PL col., livr. 30, pi. 179, fig. 3 (1823 — " Brfail" ; the
type is from Curytiba, Parana, S.E. Brazil, coll. Vienna Museum).

* Hypocnemis cantator, peruvianus Taczanowski, Ornith. Peroit, ii. p. 61 (18S4 — Yurimaguas,
N. Peru).

» Bee. PI. col, livr. 30, pi. 179, figs. 1, 2 (1823—" Bresil," sc. Bahia ; ct. Hellmayr, Verhandl.
Orn. Ges. Bay. 12, Heft 2, February 1915, p. 147).

• D'Orbigny quotes Teniminck's PI. col. 179, f. 1, 2, which, however, bears the inscription
Myothera strictothorax, corrected to stictothorox in the Tableau methodiquc, p. 18. The discrepancy
is clearly due to carelessness, and d'Orbigny had no intention to bestow a new name ou his Bolivian
bird,

208 " N0VITATE3 ZOOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

Although the last word has not yet been .said about the local ra<;cs of this
Formicarian, the existence of three recognisable forms at least is ascertained.

The typical H. c. canlator is common in French Guiana and Surinam, ranging
southward to the north side of the Amazons (Obidos ; Rio Jamunda, Faro ;
Barra do Rio Negro = Manaos). In the male of this form the upper back is
cinereous, with a few indistinct dusky dots, and a very small, concealed white
dorsal spot ; in the female uniform pale olive-brownish.

H. c. pcritvianus replaces the preceding south of the Amazons ; in the
western part of its range, however, it crosses the river-belt and extends as far
up as the sources of the Rio Napo, E. Ecuador. The eastern limit of its breeding
area is apparently formed by the Toeantins. The male may be recognised by
having a large white dorsal patch, and the interscapular feathers coarsely spotted
with black and edged with white ; while the female shows faint blackish spots
and a few buff longitudinal streaks on the anterior part of the back, not to be
seen in the typical race.

A third form, H. c. notaea Hellm., inhabits British Guiana (Bartica Grove,
Merume Mts.). See Anzeiger Orn. Gesells. Bay., No. 3, Oct. 1920, p. 19.

Thamnophilus afflnis Lafr. & d'Orb. See p. 205.
Thaninophilus lafresnayanus d'Orb. See p. 203.

Thamnophilus guttata = Myrmeciza hemimelaena hemimelaena Scl.'

Tamnophilus giillala [sic] (nee Vieillot)^ ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 13 (no locality).
Thamnophilus gutlatus d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 177 (Yuracarte ; descr. cJ).

No. 1, (J ad. (skin) :" No. 109. Tamnophilus guttatus. D. 417. Yuracares
d'Orbigny, 1834."— al. 57 ; c. 38^ ; r. 15i mm.

This is a perfectly adult male, with deep slaty pileum, black throat and
chest, etc., fully agreeing with other specimens from N. Bolivia (Yungas) and
S.E. Peru (Marcapata).

Needless to say, it has nothmg whatever in common with 31 ynnotherula
guttata (Vieill.), to which it had been referred by Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny.

The races of this species are reviewed in Novitates Zoologicae, xvii. 1910,
pp. 364-365. Its exact systematic position remains to be investigated ; it is
certainly not a typical Myrmeciza (sens, strict.).

Conopophaga naevia =Hypocnemis naevia thercsae (Des Murs).'

Conopopliaga naevia (not of Gmelin) * ; L. & d'O., Syn, Av. i. p. 13 (Yuracares, Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny,
Voyage, p. 186 (Yuracares ; part, descr. $ ad.).

No. 1, c? nearly ad. (skin) : " (J. No. D. 414. Yuracares, d'Orbigny,
1834."— al. 64 ; e. 42 ; r. 15 mm.

This example, a nearly adult male (spots on greater upper-wing coverts

> Myrmeciza hemimelaena Sclater, Proc. Zool. Sac. Land. 25, 1857, p. 48 (1857— Bolivia).

' Myrmothera guttata Vieillot, Oalerie des Ois. I, ii. p. 251, pi. 155 (1824 — Cayenne).

» Conopopharja Theresae Des Murs in Castelnau's Voyage dans I'Amer. equin., Oiseaux, p. 51,
pi. xvi. fig. 2 (1856 — Rio Javarri, E. Peru; descr. orig. $).

' Pipra naevia Gmelin, Syn. Nat. 1, ii. p. 1003 (1789— «x Daubenton, PI. en!. 823, fig. 2:
Cayenne ; = ^ ad.).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 209

and tertials slightly shaded with buff, pileum somewhat mixed with brown),
agrees in every respect with Peruvian specimens of corresponding age. An adult
female from N. Bolivia (San Mateo) in the Berlepsch Collection is also similar
to tyijical birds.

Variation, characters, and range of the two (then known) geographic races
of H. naevia have been fully dealt with by me in Novitates Zoologicac, xvii.
1910, pp. 354-357.

An additional, very interesting form, discovered by Miss Snethlage, has
lately been described by Count Berlej)sch as H. naevia ochracea.' The male
resembles H. n. theresae in having the top of the head slate grey, the edges to
the outer primaries and the rectrices olive-greyish, the latter with a broad black
subterminal and white apical band, but may be distinguished by the black,
white-spotted area above being confined to a limited space of the interscapular
region, and by the bright ochraceous colour of the flanks and under-tail coverts,
exactly as in H. n. naevia. The female of H. n. ochracea differs from both of its
allies in the deeiJer ochraceous ground colour of the under-parts, and by lacking
the black spots on the foreneck. This race ranges from the right bank of the
Tapajoz (Jamauchim) to the left side of the Tocantins (Cameta, Arumatheua).'

The above-mentioned ^J is the only specimen of this species in the Paris
Museum from d'Orbigny's expedition. The alleged female described by d'Orbigny
(p. 186) is no longer to be found in the collection. As far as I can make out
from the description, it must have belonged to some totally different species.
In fact, the description suggests the female of Hypocnemis myotherina mdaiiolaema
Scl.,' which occurs in Northern Bolivia.

Conopophaga ardesiaca ardesiaca Lafr. & Orb.

Conopophaga ardesiaca Lafiesnaye k d'Orbigiiy, Si/n. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 13 (1837 —
Yungas, Bolivia ; descr. ^) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 188 (Yungas, dep. La Paz, principale-
ment aux environs du Rio Meguilla et du village de Carcuata " ; = c? ).

No. 1, (S) ad. (momited) : " No. 109 his. — D. 267. Conopophaga ardesiaca
Lafr. et d'Orb. Type. Yungas, par d'Orbigny, 1834."— al. 77| ; c. 50 ; r. 14
mm.

Agreeing with two adult males obtained by G. Garlepp in the Yungas of
Cochabamba (Quebrada onda), in Count Berlepsch's collection. The same
collector secured additional examples at SandOlaiii and Songo, N.W. Bolivia.

Typical C. ardesiaca is evidently confined to the forests of the Bolivian
Andes. * In South-Eastern Peru (Marcapata) it is replaced by C. ardesiaca saturala
Berl. & Stolzm.,^ which differs in the male sex (the female being unknown) by
much darker, deep rufous-brown upper-parts, more sooty sides of head, throat,
and breast, as also by more rufescent under-tail coverts.

' Oniith. Monalaber. 20, p. 20 (1912 — Tucunard, Rio Jamauchim, eastern afHuent of the Tapajoz,
Lower Amazonia).

2 Miss Snethlage {Bol. Uus. Ooeldi, viii. 1914, p. 302) refers two males from Villa Braga (left
bank of Tapajoz) to H. n. ochracea, but on careful examination I have found them to belong
unquestionably to H. n. theresae.

3 Cf. Nov. Zool. xiv, 1907, p. 21.

• The female from the Rio Napo, mentioned by Sclater {Cal. Birds Brit. Mus. xv. p. 332), most
certainly belongs to some other species.

' Ornis, 13, Part 2, p. 119 (September 1906 — Huaynapata, Marcapata, S.E, Peru).

210 NoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXV^III. 1921.

Conopophaga nigro-ciiicta Lafr. & Orb. = Corythopis calcarata (Wicd).'

Conopophaga nigro-cincia Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Ma{j. Zool. cl. ii. p. 13 (1837 —
Chiquitos) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 187, pi. vi. fig. 2 (Santa Ana de Chiquitos).

No. 1, adult (skm) : " No. 357, de Chiquitos, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834.
Conopophaga nigrocincta — No. 6. Type." — al. 64 ; c. 50 ; r. 15 mm.

As already stated in another connection,- this species is synonymous with
C. calcarata (Wied).' The type agrees with BraziHan examples (Rio, Bahia,
Mattogrosso), having the upper-parts light greenish olive-brown and the bill
pale horn brown; it is very diEEerent from C. torquata torquata Tsch.,' which
occurs in the forest-region of N.W. Bolivia (San Mateo, Yungas of Cochabamba).
This latter form is much larger (wing, 7U-76 ; tail, 57-64 mm.), has the upper
mandible blackish, the back dusky brown, the sides of the head dark slate grey,
etc.

The range of the three recognised members of the genus Corythopis may
be briefly summarised :

(a) C. calcarata (Wied). — Eastern Brazil, from Bahia through Rio de Janeiro
and Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Paracatii ; Agua Suja, near Bagagem) to
Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itapura, Rio Feio) and Paraguay (Tebicuari, Sapucay),
west to Mattogrosso (Chapada ; Villa jMaria ( = San Luis de Caceres), Rio Para-
guay) and the adjoinhig jjortion of Eastern Bolivia (Santa Ana de Chiquitos).

(6) C. torquata torquata Tsch.— N.W. Bolivia (Rio San Mateo, Yungas of
Cochabamba) and Peru (La Gloria, Monterico, Chanchamayo district ; Chuchurras,
prov. Huanuco ; Guayabamba, N. Peru).

(c) C. torquata axthoides (Puch.). — Cayenne ; Surinam ; Brit. Guiana ;
North Brazil (Para district; Rio Negro; Bio Madeira up to Humaytha and
Calama, on the jimction of the Rio Machados) ; Venezuela (Caura and Orinoco
district) ; East Ecuador (Rio Napo) ; S.E. Colombia (Rio Putumayo).

N.B. — It is probable that (c) may be divisible into two races : one with
slaty pileum inhabiting tlie Guianas and the Para district ; and another with
nearly uniform dark -brown upper-parts, ranging from the eastern slopes of the
Colombian Andes and Venezuela south to the Rio Madeira.' My material is
not large enough for defuiite conclusion.

Merularis ater = Merulaxis rhynolopha (Wied). •

Merularis ater L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 14 (no locality).

Not mentioned in the Voyage. Although no locality is given, the bird was
doubtless obtained near Rio de Janeiro, where d'Orbigny made a short stay
before proceedmg on to Maldonado and Argentine.

' Myiothera calcarata Wied, Beilr. Naturg. Bras. 3, ii. p. 1101 (1831 — S.E. Brazil).

a Men(5gaux et Hellmayr, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nal. Paris, xi. 1906, pp. 377-378.

' An earlier name is probably Muscicapa Ddalandi Less. {Traile d'Orn., livr. 5, p. 392 ; no
locality given, the typos in the Paris Museum are from Rio de Janeiro, coll. Dolalantle fils), which
was pubHshed citlier late in 1830 or in January 1831. Until its exact date of publication has been
ascertained, it would be unwise, however, to use it in place of the generally accepted term calcarata.

* Corythopis torquata Tschudi, Arch. J. Naturg. 10, i. p. 279 (1844— Peru) ; Berlepsch & HeU-
mayr, Journ.J. Ornith. 53, 1905, p. 16 (crit.).

5 Since distinguished as C. t. sarayacuensis Chubb (Bull. B.O.C. 38, March 1918, p. 48 : Sarayacu,
E. Ecuador).

« Myiothera rhynolopha Wied, BeUr. Naturg. Bras. 3, ii. p. 1051 (1831— Rio Belmonte [= B.
Jaquetinhonha], South Bahia, S.E. Brazil^.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 211

Formicarius analis analis (Lafr, & d'Orb.).

Myolhera analis Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 14 (1837 — Yuracar^a et
Chiquitos, Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 191, pi. vi. his, fig, 1 (Cliiquitos et Yuracarfes ;
descr. (J5).

1 have not been able to discover the types of this species in the Paris Museum. '
Specimens from Northern Bolivia in Count Berlepsch's Collection, however,
agree perfectly with others from Western Brazil (Rio Madeira, Teffe) and Eastern
Peru (R. Ucayali). The ranges of F. a. analis and its nearest ally, F. a. crissalis
(Cab.), are summarised in Novitates Zoologicae, xiv. 1907, pp. 391-392.

D'Orbigny's description of the supposed female, " sans noir sous la gorge,"
must have been based upon a young individual, since there is no sexual difference
in the adults of this species, both males and female having the throat black.

Phlegopsis nigromaculata nigromaculata (Lafr. & d'Orb.).

Myoihera nigromaculata Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 14 {1837 — ■

Guarayos, Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 190, pi. vi. his, fig. 2 (Yuracarfea).
Phlogopsis noiata AUen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist. ii. p. 97 (1889 — Lower Beni River, N.W. Bolivia).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " Myothera nigromaculata d'Orb. & Lafr. (type),
de Guarayos, par M. d'Orbigny, 1834." — al. 90 i ; c. 68 ; r. 20 mm.

This bird corresponds exactly to the original description, and is, no doubt,
the real tjrpe of the species. The ground colour of the upper parts is a pale
almost greyish olive, the back being marked with large, oval-shaped black spots,
surrounded at the tip by an extremely narrow olive margin ; on the upper-
wing coverts these markings have the form of broad longitudinal .stripes, running
nearly to the base of the feathers ; there is no trace of white or black spotting
on the nape ; upper-tail coverts chestnut, the longer ones with a broad black
shaft-streak on the ajiical portion ; rectrices also chestnut, the lateral with a
narrow, irregular, blackish cross-band, the median pair with a small sagittate
spot near the tip.- Specimens from San Mateo (north of Cochabamba, Bolivia)
and Eastern Peru (Ucayali) agree with the type in all essential characters, while
others from Western Brazil (Teffe ; Humaytha, left bank of Rio Madeira) are
slightly more brownish above.

It will be seen that the preceding description coincides exactly with the
characters of Phlogopsis noiata Allen, based upon a specimen from the same
district, viz. N. BoUvia, where the type of P. nigromaculata had been secured,
and I have not the slightest doubt as to their absolute identity. On the other
hand, the peculiarities attributed by Allen to the latter species clearly prove
that the alleged " types " in the Lafresnaye Collection, Nos. 5045-6 (now in
the Boston Society of Natural History), on which he based his conclusions, do
not even belong to P. nigromaculata ! In fact, the passage ^elating to the black
markings of the back, which are described as " being small, drop-shaped spots
at the ivps of the feathers," suggests P. paraensis Hellm.,' and we must assume

^ In the Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Collection du Baron de Lafresnaye d Falaise, p. 153, two
Bpeclmens, Nos. 5052, 5053, are mentioned as " types " of Formicarius analis. However, much
reliance cannot be attached to this statement of Verreaux', for reasons explained in the preface of
the present paper.

2 The development of the black markings in the tail, being subject to individual variation,
cannot be used as a reliable character for systematic purposes.

= Ornith. Monatsber. 12, p. 53 (1904— Pard, N.E. Brazil).
14

212 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII.

that the specimens in the Lafresnaye Collection, as in so many other cases, have
been quite incorrectly labelled as " types " by Vcrreaux, whose objectionable
practice thus misled Dr. AOen to redescribe the true P. nigromaculata as a
new species.

Since my writing about the geographical races of P. nigromaculata,^ our
knowledge of their distribution has been considerably augmented, chiefly through
the exertions of the indefatigable Miss Emilia Snethlage.

P. n. nigromaculata ranges from N. BoUvia (head-waters of the Rio Madeira :
Lower Beni, San Mateo, Guarayos) and Eastern Peru (UcayaU), through Western
Brazil north to Teffe, Rio SoUmoens, and east to the lejt bank of the Rio Madeira
(Humaytha).

P. nigromaculata hmomani Ridgw. ranges from the right bank of the Rio
Madeira (Borba, Manicore, Alhanca, Calama (Sao Franciscq) ; Maroins (Rio
Machados) to the lejt bank of the Xingu (Rio Curua, a tributary of the Iriri).

P. nigromaculata paracusis HeUm., the last representative of the group,
ranges from the Tocantins (Cameta) eastwards, the most easterly locality yet
known being Ourem on the Rio Guama, Para district.

Myothera alapi = Myrmeciza atrothorax melanura (Menetr.).'

Myothera alapi (not of Gmelin) ' ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 14 {no locality).
Formicivora alapi d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 181 (Yuracarfe et Guarayos, Bolivie ; descr. (J).

No. 1, (cJ) ad. (skin): "No. 108. Tamnophilus alapi, d'Orbigny, 1834,
de Guara5'0s, No. 381." — al. 60 ; c. — ; r. 17 mm.

This bird agrees well with specimens from Mattogrosso, which I have shown '
to be somewhat different from typical M. atrothorax atrothorax (Bodd.), of Guiana,
Venezuela, Rio Negro, and Eastern Colombia (Bogota). Additional material
examined since that time tends to lessen the characters claimed for the southern
form, although it may be generally distinguished by the lighter, more rufes-
cent upper-parts and shorter bill.

Rhinocrypta lanceolata (I. GeofiEr.-St. Hil.).

Rhinomya lanceolata (" Is. Geoffr. et d'Orb. ") ; I. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Mag. Zool. ii. cl. ii. pi. 3 ;
(1832 — " en Patagonie, sur les bords du Rio-Nfegro ") ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 15 (Patagonia),
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 194, pi. 7, fig. 1 (Patagonie).

No. 1, (cj) ad. (mounted) : " de Patagonie, fevrier 1831, par d'Orbigny.
Rhinomya lanceolata Is. Geoffr. et d'Orb. Type."
.No. 2, juv. (mounted) : same date and locaUty.

In the Voyage d'Orbigny has the following note about this singular bird :
" On ne la trouve point a I'embouchure du Rio Negro ; elle est rare pres du
Carmen et devient commune en remontant ce fleuve, pres de la Salina d' Andrea
Paz."

1 Nov. Zool. xiv. 1907, pp. 38S-389.

' Formicivora melanura M6n6tries, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. (6), Set. math. phys. et nai., iii.
2, p. 508, pi. viii. fig. 1,2 ((J?) (1835 — " non loin de la ville de Queluz," prov. Minaa Geraes ; Cuyab4,
Mattogrosso).

3 Turdus Alapi Gmelin, Syat. Nat. 1, ii. p. 826 (1789 — based on Daubenton, PI. enl. 701, fig. 2 ;
• ' L' Alapi, de Cayenne*') ; = Formicarius attothorax (err. typogr.) Boddaert, Tabl. PI. enl. p. 44
(1783 — based on the same).

• Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Geaells. Wien, 53, 1903, pp. 213-214.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 21 3

The species is widely distributed in Argentine, its range extending from the
Rio Negro (Patagonia) west to Neuquen, Mendoza, Cordoba, Catamarca, and
Tucuman.

Megalonyx rufus = Hylactes megapodius (Kittl.).'

Megalonyx rufus Less. ^ ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 15 (Chili).

LepUmyx macropus Swains. ' ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 197 (Valparaiso, Chili).

No longer in the collection of the Paris Museum.

Megalonyx ruficeps Lafr. & Orb. = Hylactes tamii King.'

Megalonyx ruficeps Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av, i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 15 (1837 — Valdivia,

S. Chili).
Leptonyx Tamii, d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 198, pi. 8, fig. 1 (Valdivia, sud du Chili).

I have not been able to discover the type of M. ruficeps in the collection ;
but both description and locality leave no doubt as to its being a mere synonym
of H. tamii King.

The brown-throated Hylactes is a citizen of Southern Chili, ranging from
Concepcion and Arauco (Corral, Rio Bueno) as far south as Messier Channel,
where a specimen was obtained by Cunningham at Halt Bay, and is particularly
common on the Island of Chiloe. It has also been found by G. F. Gerling on the
Lago del General Paz, Western Chubut, near the Chilian frontier.

Megalonyx albicollis = Pteroptochos albicollis Kittl."

Megalonyx albicollis Kittl. ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 15 (Chili).

Leptonyx albicollis d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 196, pi. 8, fig. 2 (Concepcion, Valdivia, Chili).

No d'Orbignyan specimens in the Paris Museum. There may be some
mistake regarding the localities, as d'Orbigny did not himself obtain the species,
but got his specimens from a M. Fontaine, of Valdivia.

Megalonyx rubecula = Pteroptochos rubecula Kittl.'

Lepalonyx rubecula Kittl. ; L. & d'O. Syn. Av. i. p. 16 (Chili).

Leptonyx rubecula, d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 196, pi. 7, fig. 3 ["Megalonyx rujogularis" d'Orb.]
(" Valdivia, au sud du Chili ").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " par d'Orbigny, du Chili. Type de M. rujogu'aris
d'Orb."

' Pteroptochos megapodius Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pitersbg. (sav. (At.), i. p. 182, pL iv.
(1831— Valparaiso, Chili).

2 Genturie Zool. p. 200, pi. 66 (May 1832 — " le sud du Chili, dans Is pays des Araucans et dea
Puelches ").

3 Zoolog. lllustr. (2nd ser.), iii. pi. 117 (1832-1833— Chili).

* Proc. Comm. Sci. & Correap. Zool. Soc. Land. i. p. 15 (January 1831 — IsL of Chilof^, and
Port Otway, Gulf of Penas, S. Chili).

' Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbg. (sav. 6tr.), i. p. 180, pi. iii. (1831 — Valparaiso, Chili).

• Loo. cit. p. 179, pi. ii. (1831 — La Concepcion, ChiU).

{To be continued.)

^

■■* Vt-j,

f?AL rl

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithoiogrists' Union and Woliaston Expeditions in
the Snow iVIountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hoi^. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE: £1 5s. (less 20 to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPI DOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHINGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

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J^C^.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H journal of Zoolotj^.

KDITED BY

LORD EOTHSCHILD, P.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXVIII.

No. 2.

Pages 215—294.
Issued Sept. 20th, 1921, at the Zoological Museum, Trin'g.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY. Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1921.

Vol. XXVIII.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. II.

1. ON THE LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED BY

CAPTAIN A. BUCHANAN IN NORTHERN
NIGERIA AND THE SOUTHERN SAHARA
IN 1919-1920 Lord Rothschild

2. REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY

ALCIDE D'ORBIGNY. PART II . . . C. E. Hcllvwyr

3. TWO NEW AFRICAN SPHINGIDAE

. Dr. Karl Jordan

4. ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE WBYLAND MOUN-
TAINS, DUTCH NEW GUINEA . . . Lord Rothschild

. 215—229

. 230—276

. 277—279

. 280-294

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

VoLXXVni. SEPTEMBER 1921. No. H.

ON THE LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED BY CAPT. A. BUCHANAN
IN NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE SOUTHERN SAHARA
IN 1919—1920.

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.

[Continued from p. 170.)

GEOMETRIDAE.

HEMITHEINAE.

129. Metacineta aggravaria (Guen.).

Eacheospila aggravaria Guen^e, Hist. Xal. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lepid. ix. Uran. and Phal. vol. i. p. 373.
no. 597. (1857) (Cayenne ?).

1 (J Bande, S. Damagarira, September 16, 1920 ; 1 $ Makoohia, Damagarim,
September 15, 1920 ; 1 cj Soiigo, Damagarim, September 17, 1920.
The Songo ^J has female coloration and pattern.

130. Rhodesia alboviridata (Saalm.).

Phorodesma alboviridata Saalmiiller, Lepid. Madag. part ii. p. 495. no. 843. pi. xi. 4. f. 271. (1891)

(Nossi-Be).

1 ^ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1921.

131. Microloxia ruficornis Warr.

Microloxia ruficornis Warren, Novit. Zool. vol. iv. p. 42. no. 87. (1897) (Weenen, Natal).
1 cj Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 13, 1920.

132. Hemidromodes robusta (Prout).

Heirochlhonia robusia Prout, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 435. no. 99. (1913) (Port Sudan).

1 (J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, June 1, 1920 ; 4 (J^ Azzal, N. of Agades, July
13-15, 1920.

133. Mixocera albistrigata (Pagenst.).

Encroslis albistrigata Pagenstecher, Milt. Naturh. Mus. p. 46, aus Jahrb. Hamh. Wias. Anst. vol. x.
(1). p. 252 (1893) (Angola).

1 cj Zinder, Damagarim, September 11, 1920.
15 215

21g NOVITATES ZoOLOOICiE XXVIIl. 1921.

134. Acidaliastis micra dissimilis (Warr).

Euchloris dissimilis Warren, Norit. Zool. vol. xii. p. 26. no. 36. pi. iv. f. 27. (1905) (Nakheila,
R. Atbara).

2 (J(J Azzal, N. of Agades, July 14-16, 1920 ; 1 ^ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben,
May 12, 1920.

The Baguezan J has the whole of the forewings greyish chocolate-brown
with a median subterminal band and the fringe white; this I propose to call
ab. saturaia ab. nov.

STERJRINAE.
135. Traminda rufistrigata marcida (Warr.).

Cosymhia marcida Warren, Novit. Zool. vol. xii. p. 27. no. 39 (1905) (Nakheila, K. Atbara).
1 (J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 12, 1920.

136. Scopula nepheloperas (Prout).

Acidalia nephdoperas Prout, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1916. p. 150 (Mandera, Somaliland).
1 (J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 17, 1920.

137. Scopula sp. ?

Tliese two specimens are too bad to describe, but the species is nearest to
Sc. fimbrilineata Warr.

2 cJ<J Farniso near Kano, December 22-25, 1919.

138. Scopula sp. ?

This specimen is rather poor and I do not venture to describe it. It is near
internataria Walk.

1 (J Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

139. Sterrha fylloidaria (Swinh.).

Ptychopoda fylloidaria Swinhoe, Trans. Entom. Soc. Land. 1904. p. 559 (Nairowa).
1 5 Makochia, Damagarim, September 15, 1920.

LARENTHNAE.

140. Rhodometra sacraria (Linn.).

Phalaena sacraria Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Edit. xii. vol. i. part ii. p. 863. no. 220 (1767) (Barbaria).
1 $ Kano, N. Nigeria, December 8, 1919.

GEOMETRINAE.
141. Peridela sudanata Warr.

Peridda sudanata Warren, Novit. Zool. vol. xii. p. 28. no. 46. pi. iv. f. 26 (1905) (Nakheila, R. Atbara).

1 (J, 1 o Zinder, Damagarim, February 14, 18, 1920 ; 1 $ Makochia, Damag-
arim, September 15, 1920 ; 1 (J Takoukout, Damagarim, March 26, 1920.

The Zinder cj and the Takoukout ^ have $ coloration.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 217

142. Tephrina cineraseens (Butl.).

Acidalia cineraseens Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xvi. p. 418. no. 130 (1875) (Natal).

1 9 Zinder, Damagariin, September 11, 1920; 2 $$ Tanout, Damergou,
September 6, 1920.

143. Tephrina disputaiia (Guen.).

Emholia ? dispidaria Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lipid, x. Uran. and Phal. ii. p. 489,
no. 1,710 (1857) (Egypt).

3 cJcJO Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, Maj^ 12, July, 1920 ; 1 ? Azzal N. of Agadcs,
July, 1920 ; 7 ^^ Takoukout, Damergou, March 1 1-26, 1920 ; 2 <^(J, 2 $ ? Zinder,
Damagarim, February 15-20, 1920 ; 1 ^ FarnLso near Kano, December 25, 1919.

The Farniso (J and 1 Takoukout ^ have $ coloration and pattern.

144. Tephrina quadriplaga sp. no v.

(^ Antennae sooty black ; head and thorax cream-white ; abdomen pale
greyish buff, Forewing dirty cream-white irrorated and clouded with olive-
brown densest in outer three-fifths of wing ; an olive-brown spot under costa and
one on inner margin before centre, and the clouding near tornus almost condensed
to a patch. Hindwing dirty cream-white with a central band of outer one-third
of wing covered with olive-brown clouding.

Expanse : 17-5-20 mm. Length of forewing : 7-5-8-5 mm.

2 ^<S Takoukout, Damergou, March 13-26, 1920. (Type, March 26.)

Mr. Prout suggests this insect may be an extreme modification of a well-known
species, but I prefer to keep it separate at present.

145. Osteodes latimarginaria Rebel.

Osteodes latimarginaria Rebel, Lepid. Siidarah. u. Sokotra, p. 70. aus Denks. Math. Kl. d. K. Akad.
iVissensch. vol. Ixsi (2) 100 (1907) (Red Sea).

24 cJcJ, 8 $ $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 7— June 5, 1920.
146. Zamarada secutaria (Guen.).

Stegania secutaria Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lepid. x. Uran. and Phal. ii. p. 45. no. 969 ( 1857)
(Abyssinia).

1 (J, 1 ? Takoukout, Damergou, March 12-26, 1920.
147. Zamarada nasuta Warr.

Zamarada nasuta Warren, Novit. Zool. vol. iv. p. 122. no. 292 (1897) (Lokoja, R. Niger).
1 cj Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920.

148. Heterostegania indularia (Guen,).

Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lepid. x.
1 (J Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 24, 1920.

Stegania indularia Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gen. Lepiid. x. Uran. and Phal. ii. p. 40. no. 970 (1857)
(Abyssinia).

218 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

BOMBTCIDAE.

149. Trilocha ficicola Westw. and Orru.

rwioc/ia /icicoZo Westwood and Ormerod, Injur. Ins. S. Africa, p. 40. f. 20 (1889) (Port Elizabeth).
1 $ Kano, N. Nigeria, September 24, 1920.

SATUBiriDAE (ATTACIDAE).

150. Epiphora schultzei Auriv.

Epiphora schultzei Aurivillius, Ark.f. Zool. vol. ii. no. 12. p. 30. no. 257 (1905) (Central Bomu ; Lake
Chad).

5 $$ Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 13, 1920.

COSSIDAE.

151. Hypopta reibelli Oberth.

Hypopia reibelli Oberthur, Etud. Entom. livr. i. p. 40. t. 4. f. 1 (1876) (Biskra).

The $ sent is very large and fine. Expanse : 28 mm.

1 $ Zinder, Damagarim, Februaiy 20, 1920.

152. Paropta buchanani sp. nov.

This insect is aUied to henleyi, niloticus, and I. nigrum, but abundantly distinct ;
there is a specimen in the British Bluseum labelled henleyi.

(J. At once distinguished from its three nearest allies by the yellow head and
patagia and its very short truncated forewings. Antennae shaft greyish white,
pectinations dark sooty grey ; head frons dark grey, vertex huffish orange ;
thorax patagia huffish orange, rest dark brownish grey ; abdomen pale mouse-grey.

Forewing ash-grey, basal two-thirds above median slate-grey, below median
saturated with buff, a large sooty patch above vein 1 inside median Ime, whole
wing with a number of strigUlate streaks ; postmedian line evenly convexly
cxurved, not angled as In henleyi ; postdiscal line curved in towards postmedian
and ending on vein 3. Hindwing greyish white with very faint streaks.

Expanse : 25 mm. Length of forewing : 9-5 mm.

2 (JcJ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 12-13, 1920. (Type, May 12.)

LASIOCAMFIDAE.

153. Anadiasa sahariensis sp. nov.

(J. Antennae golden amber-brown ; head and thorax wood-brown ; abdomen
yellowish cLnnamon-grey. Forewing pale greyish cinnamon ; basal half strongly
suffused with brown hiding colour except an antemedian band, from which runs a
broad streak below vein and leaving below it a dark-brown spot ; a submarginal
sinuate dark-grey toothed band ; terminal hairlme brown. Hindwings greyish
cinnamon. §. Larger. Antennae golden amber-brown ; rest of insect pale
cinnamon-grey ; in basal half of forewings an antemedian and median line
and some less distinct intermediate lines darker cinnamon ; in outer half a sub-
marginal and other lines indistinct and somewhat darker than ground colour.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 219

Expanse : cJ 22-5 mm,, $ 30 ;um. Length of forewing : ,^ 9-5 mm., ?
13 mm.

9 (JcJ, 3 0$Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 12-13, 1920 ; 9 cjc?. 2 9? Agades,
S. of Asben, July 8-10, 1920.

154. Chilena senegalensis Oberth.

Chilena senegalensisOherthuT, Elud. Lepid. Comp. Fasc. xii. p. 341. no. 4 (1916) (Kaolack, Senegal).

Several of the tropical African Chilenas are dimorphic, i.e. have either the
ground colour snow-white or dirty mouse-grey. In this species the hithertc*
undescribed ^ has the ground colour pure white. The lines on the forewing are
the same as in the $.

1 c? AzzaJ, N. of Agades, July 13, 1920.

155. Chilena virgo Oberth.

Chilena virgo Oberthur, Ehid. Lepid. Comp. Fasc. xii. p. 340. no. 2. (1916) ( EI Outaya).

The hitherto undescribed ^ is much purer, more snow-white than the ^>
which latter agrees exactly with Mr. Oberthur's figure, Fasc. xiii. pi. cdxxvii. f.
3626.

1 ^ Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920 ; 1 $ Aderbissinat, N. of
Damergou, August 18, 1920.

156. Pachypasa concolor sp. no v.

$ Antennae greyish yellow ; head and patagia yellowish grey ; rest of thorax
dark sooty grey ; abdomen sooty greyish brown. Forewing sooty blackish
grey, a little yellowish on basal half of costa and in cell ; a few blackish streaks
on ncrvures in outer half of wing ; fringe and submarginal row of dots on ends of
nervures blackish interspersed with yellowish hairs. Hindwings pale yellowish
grey, nervures and fringe suffused with yellow. A second $ has the head and
patagia greyish buff and a little more admixture of yellow on wings.

Expanse : 68-80 mm. Length of forewing : 60-70 mm.

2 $9 Aderbissinat, N. of Damergou, September 20-26, 1920. (Type, Sept-
ember 26.)

HEXEBOGEITEIDAE (LIISACODIDAE anct.).

157. Miresa coccinea intensior subsp. nov.

(^ Differs from c. coccinea Hmpsn. in being larger ; the forewing is purer
crimson lake, not yellowish crimson, and the antemedian leaden-coloured band
extends only from inner margin to median vein, not, as in c. coccinea to the costa,
and it is much narrower. Hindwing pure pinkish crimson. Thorax and abdomen
pure crimson lake with no yellowish tinge.

1 cj Bande, September 16, 2 ^^ Songo, S. Damagarun, September 17, 1920.
(Type, Songo.)

220 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

FYBAI.IDAE.
GALLERIINAE.
158. Pempelia jordanis (Hamps.)

Lainonia jordanis Hampson, in Ragonof s 3Ion. Phyc. and Gall. vol. ii. in Mem. Lipid, vol. viii.
p. 435. no. 16. pi. xlvi. f. 5 (1901) (Jordan Valley).

2 $$ Zinder, Damagariin, February 18 and September 11, 1920.
These two specimens are of medium size, but agree with many other specimens
both from Palaearctic and Tropical Africa. The species is very variable.

CBAMBINAE.

159. Ommatopteryx ocellea (Haw.)

Palparia {AmpUssima) ocellea Haworth, Lepid. Brit. p. 486. no. 21 (1803-1828 [1812]) (nr. London).

5 (JtJ- 10 2? Zinder, Damagarmi, February 14-20, 1920.
This is at once distinguishable from all the other Old- World species by the
silver line dividing the yellow transverse postmedian band down the centre.

160. Ommatopteryx hampsoni sp. nov.

This is the insect Sir George Hampson has identified in his Revision of the
Crambinae, P.Z.S. London, 1895, with the Eromene piilverosa Chr. (Rom. recte)
described in Mem. Lepid. iii. p. 47. pi. ii. f. 14. Sir George quite overlooked three
points in the very exact description : first, that in the Latin diagnosis it is
distinctly stated, " Long alae ant 9-11 mm.," i.e. length of forewings 9-11 mm.,
and not Expanse ; then secondly, the ground colour is given as dark grey,
not rufous grey; and thirdly, the species is quoted as follows : " Elle egale en
grandeur les j)lus grandes E. ocellea, mais .ses ailes sont bien plus larges," i.e. " It
equals in expanse the largest E. ocellea, but its wings are much broader." This
is not the case with the present insect, which is less than half the size of large
E. ocellea and has proportionately narrower hindwings.

(5$. Antennae pale greyish brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen pale whitish
■ grey washed with brown-grey. Forewmg rusty grey, being a greyish-white
ground densely freckled with dark-brown scales, a dull-yeUow median band
edged witli closely packed strigUated dark-grey hairlines and jomed basad to a
crenulated white band, the yellow band also basad crenulate ; in the apex is an
oblique narrow grey line followed by a narrow white and a broader yellow band
after which foUow a grey and a white wedge-shaped spot ; marginal band brown
on which are six metallic spots, the lower four broadly surrounded with irregular
black markings. Hindwings opalescent whitish grey.

Length of forewing : 5 mm. Expanse : 12 mm.

1 (J Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13, 1920 (Type) ; 1 $ Aouderas, Asben, July
23, 1920.

161. Ommatopteryx asbenicola s^). nov.

$. Differs from hamjisoni Rothsch. in the more uniform brown-grey of head,
thorax, and abdomen ; in the much darker brown-grey of the ground colour of
the forewings ; in the non-strigUate concrete dark-grey lines edging the yellow

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 221

median band ; in there being only two metallic and black marginal spots situated
between veins 2 and 4 ; and in the apical oblique yellow band being continued
penthouse-shaped to inner margin at tornus, the above-mentioned two metallic
and black spots being on this yellow line. The hlndwings are greyer and not
opalescent and with a distinct yellowish marginal line.

Length of forewing : 5 mm. Expanse : 12 mm.

1 9 Aouderas, Asben, July 26, 1921.

162. Diatraea castifusalis Hmpsn.

Dialram castijusalis Hampson, Ann. Mag. N.H. (9) iv. p. 55 (1919) (IVIlanje, Nyasaland).

Most of the series have the forewings deeper rufous than the type, but not all.

7 9 $ Tanout, Damergou, September 3-6, 1920 ; 3 ^cj, 4 $ $ Makochia, Damag-
arim, September 15, 1920 ; 2 ^^, 3 $$ Songo, S. Damagarim, September 17, 1920 ;
1 (J Bande, S. Damagarim, September 16, 1920 ; 4 $$ Barbara, N. Nigeria,
September, 18, 1920 ; 4 $? Jigawa, N. Nigeria, September 19, 1920.

163. Surattha albostigmata sp. nov.

(J. Antennae dark grey, shaft whiter, very heavUy pectinated ; palpi and head
buS ; thorax pale cinnamon-grey, tegulae whitish. Abdomen cinnamon-grey,
first segment whitish. Forewing basal three-quarters with ground colour cinnamon-
buff, an antemedian mdistinct cinnamon-brown band, a large irregular medio-
postmediaii wedge-shaped f>atch of greyish cinnamon-brown edged with rusty
orange-brown and suffused with blackish reaches from costa to inner margin, and
inside which beyond cell is a clear white stigma ; outer quarter of wing dirty
white slightly freckled with dark scales, a marginal band from apex to vein 1
olivaceous rusty-brown with black dots ; fringe olive and white.

Hmdwing white. $ larger and medio-postmedian patch greyer and more
band-like. Very variable in tone of colour and intensity of markings, some ^^
and $ 9 niuch more sandy.

Length of forewmg : ^ 8-10 mm., 9 7-12 mm. Expanse : cj 18-22 mm.,
9 16-27 mm.

3 (J(J, 6 99 Azzal, N. of Agades, July 13-16, 1920; 3 cJcJ, 9 ?? Aouderas,
Asben, July 23, 1920.

164. Adelpherupa flavescens Hmpsn.

Adelpherupa flavescens Hampson, A}in. Mag. X.H. (9) iii. p. 541 (1919) (Shambc, E. Africa).
1 (^, 1 9 Zinder, Damagarim, September 1920.

ANERASTHNAE.

165. Heterographis medioalba sp. nov.

9. Differs from all the allied species by the conspicuous white scaling between
the two transverse bands.

Antennae white above, brown below ; head and thorax white closely blotched
with cinnamon -rufous ; abdomen dirty grey, second segment tinged witli rufous.
Forewings cinnamon-rufous, an oblique antemedian and a less oblique postmedian
band white, the space in between with irregular white scaling. Hindwings silky
greyish buff, margin brownish.

Expanse : 13 mm.

1 9 Takoukout, Damergou, March 1920.

222 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

106. Heteiographis ai'rensis sp. nov.

?. Antennae pale amber-brown : liead and thorax dirty white blotched and
shaded with pale yellowish cinnamon. Forewing yellowish cmnamon ; basal
four-fifths streaked longitudinally with broad smears of crimson, outer one-fifth
with broad crimson transverse line, an oblique broad antemcdian band and a
vertical postdiscal one white. Hindwings silky whitish grej', margin brownish.

Expanse : 13 mm.

1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1920.

167. Heterographis eximia sp. nov.

$. Antennae whitish brown ; palpi long rose-colour ; frons white with orange-
yellow central band ; thorax dull rosy carmine ; abdomen dirty whitish mouse-
grey. Forewing rosy carmine, a subbasal oblique V mark dark amber-brov.n, a
broad upright V with base on vein 1 dark amber-brown edged outwardly on each
arm with white, the basad arm forming the median band, a double marginal hair-
line deep carmine and white, fringe rosy carmine. Hindwings silky creamy
opalescent white, marginal area more or less rosy carmine, apical area stained
brownish.

Expanse : 18 mm.

1 ? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 1920.

168. Heterographis sahariensis sp. nov.

$. Antennae deep brown ; frons and vertex white, latter almost covered by
a triangular brown patch ; thorax wood-grey brown with a few black freckles
and slightly tinged with mauve ; abdomen yellowish wood-grey. Forewing
olivaceous amber-brown ; some scattered white and black freckling in basal
one-third, an oblique curved antemedian white band from which is emitted a
long horizontal white streak freckled with black along median vein at the end of
which is an oblique pure white wedge. The disk is freckled freely with white and
black and the nervures are picked out in black ; a thin postdiscal and a broad
marginal band white, a thin margmal sooty-black hairline ; fringe white densely
freckled with black. Hmdwing silky cream-colour tinged with brownish grey,
stronger tow^ards the margins. Type $, Makochia.

Expanse : 17-20 mm.

1 ? Makochia, Damagarim, September 1920 (Type) ; 3 $ $ Agades S. of
Asben, July- August 1920.

169. Heterographis pyrethrella (Herr.-Sch.).

Acrohasis pyrethrella Herrich-Schaffer, Neue Schmett. p. 12, no. 56. f. 80 (1857-1860) (Sarepta).

The marking of the single 2 is less sharp and the pale costal area more in
evidence than in the original figiu-e.

1 $ Agades, S. of Asben, August 1920.

170. Heterographis carnea (VVarr.).

Mydois carnea Warren, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888. p. 336 (Campbellpur).

2 c?c?. 2 ?$ Agades, S. of Asben, July-August 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 223

171. Heterographis samaritanella (Zell. ) .

Euzophora samaritanella Zeller, Entom. Zeit. Stettin, vol. 2S. p. 379. no. 18 (1807) (Jordan Valley).
1 $ Zinder. Damagarim, February 1920.

172. Heterographis cretaceogrisea sp. nov.

(J$. Antennae amber-brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen buffish cretaceous
grey. Forewing creamy greyish bufi freckled with minute black scales, denser in
the $ especially along the nervures. Hindwings semivitreous greyish cream,
white shaded greyer along the margm.

Expanse : ^ 19-20 mm. ; $ 17-21 mm. (Tj-pe S, Zinder.)

1 cJ Zinder, Damagarim, February 1920 ; 1 $ Tanout, Damergou, September,
1920 ; 1 cj, 2 ? $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1920 ; 1 ? Aouderas, Asben, July
1920.

173. Syria limoniella Chretien.

Syria limoniella Chretien, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 34 (1911) (Biskra).

2 ?$ Agades, S. of Asben, July 1920 ; IS Azzal, N. of Agades, July 1920.

174. Homaeosoma botydella Rag.

Homaeosoma hotyddla Ragonot, Nouv. Gen. et Esp. Phyc. ct Gall. p. 35 (1888) (Natal).
2 SS Zmder, Damagarim, February 1920.

175. Homaeosoma straminea sp. nov.

$. Antennae brown ; head and thorax stramineous yellow slightly tinged
with olive and washed with rufous on hind half of thorax ; abdomen yellowish
grey. Forewing basal one-sixth obliquely rufous mauve, rest of wing except
marginal area stramineous yellow slightly washed with olive ; marginal area
brownish, a double marginal line w^hite and mauve, fringe pale mauve. HLndwing
silky cream-colour strongly opalescent, margin brownish.

Expanse : 21 mm.

1 5 Zinder, Damagarim, February 1920.

176. Homaeosoma basalts sp. nov.

cJ. Antennae black, head and patagia dull mauve freckled with black, rest
of tiiorax dull mauve ; abdomen yellowish grey. Forewing basal one-third
obliquely cinnamon-rufous tinged with mauve, freckled with black and edged with
white ; rest of wing pale rufous-mauve freckled with black on costal area, a
postdiscal sinuate black and mauve band, marginal hairline black, fringe pale
mauve and black. Hindwing sUky cream-colour opalescent, margin brownish.

Expanse : 16 mm.

2 cJcJ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1920.

177. Homaeosoma asbenicola sp. nov.

1^. Antennae brown with black sensory organ ; head and thorax yellowish
grey freckled with black ; abdomen pale yellowish brown. Forewing yellowish

224 XO^TATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

grey freckled with black. Hindwing silky cream-white, margin brownish.
$ purer gre^-.

Expanse : (J 19 mm. § 17-23 mm.

1 cJ, 3 $9 Baguezan Mts., Asben, May-June 1920.

178. Biephia inconspicua sp. nov.

(^9. Antennae whitish brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen whitish cream-
colour. Forewing whitish cream-grey densely freckled with black scales, an
angled sooty postdiscal line, a sooty marginal hairline. Hindwings semi-
vitreous opalescent white with brownish margin. The Azzal ^ and Aouderas $
are more creamy less grey than the type, but this is due to sparser black freckling
probably owing to abrasion.

Expanse : ^J 21 mm. ; $ 19 mm. Type $, Mts. of Baguezan.

1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1920 ; 1 $ Aouderas, Asben, July 1920 ;
1 (J Azzal, N. of Agades, July 1920.

179. Brephia gracilis sp. nov. (Hmpsn. in litt.).

(J. Antennae amber-brown, sensory organ white shell-like ; head and thorax
milk-white, tegulae with slight sooty-grey freckling ; abdomen buff above, white
freckled with black scales below, a patch of thick modified black scales on each
side of anal segment. Forewing grey-white frecldcd T\ith black ; median three-
fifths of costal area rusty buff, a median sinuate black line broadly bordered
basad with buff, a sinuate postdiscal band black bordered distad with buff, a
black postcellular stigma with pure white patch distad ; marginal hairline black.
Hindwings semivitreous opalescent white, marginal hairlme brown.

Expanse : 19 mm.

1 ^ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, Jime 1920.

180. Crocidomera intensifasciata sp. nov.

^. Antennae brown ; palpi black ; frons brownish cinnamon ; thorax pale
wood-brown ; abdomen 3-ellowish wood-grey. Forewing cinnamon mauve-grey,
. basal one-half on and below vein 1 rusty brown ; a very broad median band
occupyuig almost the median one-third of wing black-tinged edged and clouded
in places with dark rufous-brown ; nervures tipped with black. Hindwing
sericeous milk-white, margin pale brown.

Expanse : 23 mm.

1 ^ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1920.

181. lUithyia iiiterniplagella (Rag.).

Salebria intemiplagella Eagonot, Monogr. PJiysit. and Gall, in Romanoff, J/em. Lipid, vol. vii. p. 370.
no. 397. pi. XV. f. 10 (1893) (Gambia).

1 ? Baban Tubki, S. of Zinder, September 1920 ; 1 $ Zinder, Damagarim,
September 1920.

182. Pogononeura buchanani sp. nov.

This fine species is much larger than the sole representative of the genus
hitherto known, hirsiiticostdla Rag. Sir George Hampson places Pogononeura as

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 225

a section of the genus Illithyia ; but, although the hairy costa is confined to the ^
and I do not think secondary sexual characters should be considered of generic
importance, I consider there are so many other differences that Pogononeiira
should be accorded generic rank.

(^$. Antennae basal one-half black with black shell-like sensory organ, apical
half brown ; head and thorax huffish clay-colour ; abdomen grey-buS. Fore-
wing greyish cinnamon-buflf closely freckled with black scales ; on costal area,
median vein, and veins 1, 2, 3, 4 these scales are so dense as to form longitudinal
streaks and patches. Hindwmg sericeous cream-white, margin brown.

Expanse : c? 19-22 mm. ; $19-21 mm.

Two of the $ $ show a much greater extent and density of black freckling than
the others.

5 cJcJ, 6 ?? Mts. of Baguezan, May 1920.

183. Anerastia aurantiaca sp. nov.

$. Antennae white above, brown below ; head and thorax pale whitish
cinnamon ; abdomen cinnamon-buS. Forewing rusty orange, a rufous-brown
spot below median vein about one-third from base, a postdiscal zigzag band
black edged distad with white ; margin black-brown, fringe sooty brown-grey.
Hindwing semivitreous cream-colour opalescent, margin brown.

Expanse : 14 mm.

2 $9 Agades, S. of Asben, July-August 1920.

184. Pterothrix damergouensis sp. nov.

cj. Anteimae amber-brown ; head and thorax j^urplLsh grey ; abdomen
silvery mauve-grey, anal segment and tuft dull buff. Forewing orange cinnamon-
brown ; costal area densely freckled white and black ; a large postmedian
wedge-shaped patch, enclosmg a black stigma, grey freckled with darker grey ;
margin and frmge dark grey. Hindwing sericeous cream-white, margin slightly
brownish.

Expanse : 17 mm.

1 (J Takoukout, Damergou, March 1920.

PYRALINAE.

185. Croealia africana sp. nov.

(^. Antennae cinnamon-brown ; head and thorax cinnamon minutely freckled
with cinnamon-brown ; abdomen pale cinnamon f redded with dark reddish
cinnamon, much more densely in the central half so as to form an irregular somewhat
ill-defined band outlined by antemedian and postdLscal sinuate lines of denser
scaling ; a blackish discal stigma. Hindwings sUky greyish buff.
Expanse : 10-14 mm. T3fpe $, Takoukout.

2 cJcJ, 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1920 ; 4 $ $ Takoukout, Damergou,
March 1920 (Type).

186. Aglossa pinguinalis (Liini.)

Phalaena Pyralis pinguinalis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. edit x. p. 533. no, 232 (1758) (Sweden).
1 9 Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, July 1920.

226 NOVITATKS ZoOLOGIfAE XXVIII. 1921.

187. Pyralis soudanensis sp. nov.

(J$. Antennae dark brown ringed with dirty white ; head, thorax, and abdo-
men whitish grey freckled with sooty grey, last segment of abdomen more or less
buff. Forewing whitisli grey freckled with sooty grey, costal area densely so ;
outer one-third and basal one-third below median washed with reddish cinnamon,
deepest near apex of wing and above tornus ; an antemedian line and a much-
angled and zigzag postmedian line blackLsli, the antemedian followed by a white
space. Hindwing semivitreous dirty white, a marginal hairline brown, marginal
area clouded with grey.

1 (J, 2 $$ from Kaleloua and 1 $ Tanout are so densely freckled with sooty
grey that they look entirely different ; I propose to call this ab. sordida ab. nov-

Expanse; 16-19 mm. Type ^, Kaleloua.

2 cJcJ, 4 $? Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 1920; (Type) 1 ? Tanout,
Damergou, September 1920; 2 ?$ Azzal, N. of Agades, July 1920; 2 (J^
Aouderas, Asben, July 1920.

188. Tyndis umbrosus sp. nov.

cj. Antennae dark rusty brown, finely jJecttnated with fine hair-like pectina-
tions ; head, thorax, and abdomen cinnamon wood-grey freckled with sooty
brown, closest on first 6 abdominal segments, last 2 segments dirty white sparsely
speckled with sooty grey. Forewing basal one-third and terminal one-fifth
cinnamon grey-brown freckled with sooty-grey, rest of wing deeper, greyer, and
much more densely freckled with black so as to appear like a dark sooty-grey
central band, distad edged with buffish line and basad by a sharply angled black
line. Hindwing yellowish grey, an indistinct dentate postmedian dark-grey
postmedian band ; a brown marginal hairline and fringe blotched with brown.

Expanse : 22 mm.

1 d" Aouderas, Asben, July 1920.

189. Bostra asbenicola sp. nov.

^. Antennae cinnamon-brown ; head pale cinnamon ; thorax and abdomen
•pale cmnamon finely and somewhat closely freckled with brownish cinnamon.
Forewing pale cinnamon densely and closely freckled with cinnamon-brown ;
a postmedian sinuate buff line ; basal two-thirds of costa cinnamon-buff with five
dark-brown spots. Hindwing cinnamon-brown, fringe paler.

$. Antennae black-brown ; head pale cinnamon ; thorax and abdomen pale
greyish wood-brown freckled with dark brown. Forewings sooty chocolate-
brown, a very indistinct antemedian and a distinct postmedian sinuate line buff.
Hindwing dusky brown-grey somewhat paler basad.

Expanse : ^ 12-5 mm. ; $ 15-18-5 mm. Type ^.

1 cJ. 29$ Aouderas, Asben, July 1920 (Tjrpe (J) ; 2 ?? Azzal. N. of Agades,
July 1920.

190. Dattinia buchanani sp. nov.

This Ls a most interesting species and quite the smallest of the genus. It
varies much in size, however, the smallest $ having an expanse of 1 1 mm. and the
largest 16 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 227

(J. Antennae dark amber-brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen cream-buff
freckled very sparsely with black scales. Forewing cream-white suffused with
buff freckled with black ; this freckling forms three transverse bands, a subbasal,
median, and postmedian, by being condensed closely. Hindwing greyish white,
more greyish along margin. $ similar. The Aouderas $ is the largest and has
much more creamy buff forewings and the black freckling much reduced ; the
next largest 9 and the largest ,^ from Azzal are much more silvery grey owing to
the absence of buff.

Expanse : cJ 11-13 mm. ; $11-16 mm. Type ^.

3 cJcJ, 3 ?? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 1920 ; 1 $ Aouderas, Asben, July 1920.

191. Dattinia dubiosa sj). nov.

$. Nearest to leonalis Oberth. and syrticolalis Rag. (which Sir George Hamp-
son treats as synonyms, but which I am inclined to consider different).

Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish cream-colour very faintly sprmkled with
rusty cinnamon. Forewing wliitish cream-colour sprinkled with cinnamon-
rufous. Hindwings milk-white, margin tinged with cinnamon-rufous.

Expanse : 18-5 mm.

1 $ Aouderas, Asben, July 1920.

AGROTEEINAE.

192. Hymenia Jascialis (Cram.).

Phdlaena Pyralis fascialis Cramer, Paii. Exot, vol. iv. part, xxxiv. p. 236. pi. cccxcviii. f. 0 (1782)
(Japan).

1 (J, 1 9 Aderbissinat, N. Damergou, August 1920.

193. Marasmia hampsoni sp. nov.

This insect and other forms have all been included by Sir George Hampson
under Marasmia renilialis Walk.

(J. Differs from venilialis in the much narrower border to both pairs of
wings, in the much more pointed hindwings, and in the longer and narrower
androconial pouch in the costal area of the forewings.

Expanse : 13 mm.

1 (J Jigawa, N. Nigeria, September 1920.

194. Lamprosema indicata (Fabr.).

Phalaena indicata Fabricius, Entom. Syst. vol. iii. part 2. p. 218. no. 330 (1794) (S. America).
1 cJ Jigawa, N. Nigeria, September 1920.

195. Sylepta balteata (Fabr. )

Phalaena halteaia Fabricius, Suppl. Entom. Syst. p. 457. no. 300-1 (1798) (East India).

1 (J Bande, S. Damagartm, September 1920 ; 1 $ Jigawa, N. Nigeria,
September 1920.

228 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

196. Nomophila noctuella (SchifE. and Den.).

Phalaena Tinea Direclipalpus noctuella Schiffermiillcr and Denis, Ank. Si/ilem. Verz. Schmetl. Wien.
p. 130. no. 35. (1775) (Vienna).

1 (J Aderbissinat, N. Damergou, August 1920 ; 1 (J Agades, S. of Asben.
July 1920 ; 1 $ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben, May 1920.

197. Psara bipunctalis (Fabr.).

Phalaena 2 punctalis Fabricius, Entom. Sysi. vol. iii. part 2. p. 232. no. 386 (1794) (American Islands).
1 $ Makochia, Damagarim, September 1920.

198. Loxostege nudalis (Hiibn.).

Pyralis mtdalis Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett. Lepid. vi. Pyral. iii. no. 90 (Europe).

1 (J, 2 $? Takoukout, Damergou, March 1920 ; 1 ? Aderbissinat, N. Dam-
ergou, August 1920 ; 1 $ Kaleloua, N. Damagarim, September 1920.

199. Loxostege damergouensis sp. no v.

5. Very similar to 7iridalis but ground colour more cinnamon, less yellow;
on forewing an antemedian darker line, a darker discoidal stigma from which
proceeds a median line to inner margin, a postmedian darker line reaches to
vein 3, where it bends backwards at a sharp angle and reaches the discoidal stigma.

Expanse : 17 mm.

1 $ Takoukout, Damergou, March 1920.

200. Cybolomia azzalana sp. nov.

Sir George Hampson has lumped the present insect as well as the following
with C. poitadalis (Led.).

cj$. Antennae white above, sooty below ; head, thorax, and abdomen greyish
buff, more grey. Forewing pale greyish straw-colour, veins strongly protruding ;
ihternervular spaces marked with black, most stronglj' in cell, below median, and
below vem 1. Hindwing sericeous milk-white slightly opalescent, marginal area
grey.

Expanse : 16-18 mm. Type $.

1 (J, 3 ?? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 1920. (Type $.)

201. Cybolomia ledereri sp. nov.

^$. Antennae dark grey ; head, thorax, and abdomen mouse-grey. Fore-
wings grey ; on outer three-fifths of costal area five white and four black alternate
oblong patches, a black streak followed by a white spot in cell, a black streak
each side of vein 2, a black streak on vein 3, and five black streaks in white broader
ones following internervular spaces. Hindwing sericeous dirty white, marginal
area brownish grey ; $ has the wing more extensively suffused with grey.

Expanse : ^ 20 mm. ; $ 22 mm.

1 J, 4 ?$ Takoukout, Damergou, March 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 229

202. Cybolomia fenestrata sp. nov.

There is considerable difference in size between the sexes.

cj. Antennae amber-brown ; head and thorax purplish cmnamon ; abdomen
pale cinnamon-brown. Forewing brown, tinged with mauve on outer one-quarter,
a postdiscal ovate vitreous spot beyond cell followed by an indistinct dusky streak.
Hindwings cinnamon-buff. $ Much larger and darker, more cinnamon umber-
brown with no vitreous spot.

Expanse : (^ 11-5 mm. ; $ 18 mm. Type ^J, Azzal.

1 c? Azzal, N. of Agades, July 1920 ; 1 jj, 3 ?$ Mts. of Baguezan, Asben,
May 1920.

203. Metasia angustipennis sp. nov.

$. Antennae brown ; head and thorax cinnamon-brown ; abdomen dark
mouse-grey above, buff on sides, anal tuft, and underside. Forewing sericeous
brownish orange-buff with antemedian, median, and postmedian sinuate indistinct
greyish bands ; the median one proceeding from a black cellular stigma. Hind-
wings sericeous opalescent cream-buff greyer towards margin.

Expanse : 18 mm.

1 $ Kaleloua, N. Damagartm, September 1920.

204. Metasia parallelalis sp. nov.

$. Uniform greyish buff with a postdiscal and a submarginal grey band.
Expanse : 20 mm.

1 $ Zmder, Damagarim, February 1920.

205. Tegostoma comparalis sahariensis subsp. nov.

Differs from c. comparalis Hiibn. in the colour being much more sandy rufous
and in many specimens having the pattern obsolete or almost absent.

2 $$ Tanout, Damergou, September 1920; 1 ^ Aderbissinat, N. Damergou,
August 1920 ; 9 <J (J, 20 ?$ Agades, S. of Asben, July 1920 ; 8 cJ c?- 21 $ ? Azzal,
N. of Agades, July 1920.

230 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY ALCIDE DORBIGNY.

By C. E. HELLMAYR.
PART II.
Turdus fuscater = Pianesticus fuscater Juscater (Lafr. & Orb.).

Tvrdiis fuscater Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 16 (1837 — "in Andibus
[Bolivia]") ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 200. pi. 9. fig. 1 (La Paz, Enquisivi [prov. Sicasica],
Cochabamba, Mizque, Valle Grande, Chuquisaca).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " No. 8,537. Adulte. La Paz, Bolivie, d'Orbigny,
1834. No. 195. Type. Turdus fuscater L. & 0."— Wing, U6 ; tail, 134 ;
bill, 27 mm.'

No. 2, adult (mounted) : " No. 8,739. La Paz, Bolivie, d'Orbigny, 1837.
No 198. Turdus fuscater L. & 0. Type."— Wing, 145 ; tail, 132 ; biU, 27 mm.

No. 3, adult (very worn) : " No. 8,549. Bolivie, 1834, d'Orbigny, no. 198.
T. fuscater L. & 0."— Wing, 140 ; taU, 128 ; bUl, 26 mm.

No. 4, adult (mounted) : " No. 8,538. Sicasica (Bolivie), 1834, d'Orbigny,
no. 198."— Wing, 140 ; tail, 132 ; tars., 40 mm.

Although the specific name fuscater had universally been applied to an
Ouzel found in Eastern Bolivia (VaUe Grande, Chuquisaca) and N.W. Argentine,
certain discrepancies m the original description pointed to some other bird,"
while the various localities mentioned in the Voyage suggested the probability
of several species having been united by the describers under that term. As
already briefly stated in another place,' the type specimens, which I have carefully
studied in the Paris Museum, proved to belong to the Bolivian race of the Giant
Ouzel, long known as Turdus (Semimerula or Merula) gigas. Having had the
advantage of comparing very large series, I tliink it appropriate to give a sumniarj'
of the various forms which it is hoped wUl facilitate their future discrimination.

(a) Pianesticus fuscater fuscater (Lafr. & Orb.).

Turdus fuscater Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 16 (1837 — " in Andibus
[Bolivia] ") ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 200. pi. 9. fig. 1 (part. : " aux environs de la ville
de La Paz ... a Enquisivi " [prov. Sicasica]).

Turdus gigas (nee Eraser) Sclater & Salvin, P.Z.S. 1879. p. 591 (Sorata, Tilotilo) ; Allen, Bull. Amer.
Mus. N. Hist. ii. 1889. p. 78 (Yungas, Bolivia).

Hah. Western Yungas of Bolivia : La Paz (d'Orbigny, Garlepp), Chaco,
Cocapata, Sandillani, Cillutlncara (Garlepp), Sorata, Tilotilo (Buckley), Sicasica
(d'Orbigny).

Characters. — (J ad. Upper part and sides of the head together with the throat
sooty blackish, forming a kind of hood ; back much lighter, sooty grey, the
mantle strongly washed with brownish olive ; the black of the throat passes into

' Designated as type of T. fusoiter Lafr. & Orb.
2 Cf. my note in Jottrn. f. Ornilh. 50, 1902, p. 69.
' Bull. B.O.C. 16, lOOii, p. 92.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 231

sooty grey on the chest, becoming even paler, nearly smoke-grey on lower breast
and abdomen ; axillaries and under-wing coverts sooty grey. In worn plumage,
the blackish colour of the head and the brownish tinge of the back very nearly
disappear through abrasion, so that the plumage looks almost uniform sooty grey.
$ ad. (in fresh livery). Differs from the male'in having the upper parts, including
top and sides of the head, rufescent brown ; the throat pale brown striped with
dusky ; the breast and belly light brownish olive ; the axillaries and under-wing
coverts dusky brown, apically edged with dull orange. — In both sexes there is
a more or less distinct whitish chin-spot.

Remarks. — The two specimens from La Paz (Nos. 1, 2) and an adult male
from the same locality in the Berlepsch Collection, perfectly adult birds (with
yellow bills and sooty grey under-wing coverts) in worn breeding plumage, agree
very well together, except for the slightly paler under-surface of the tyjies, which
can be easUy accounted for by their long exposure to light in the show gallery
of the Museum. In these three examples the head is but little darker than the
back, and the blackish colouring of the throat hardly apparent. No. 3, without
exact locality, is, judging from its general coloration and small size, an adult
female ; in consequence of its very worn condition, all colours are duller than
in the freshly moulted female described above. The Sicasica bird resembles
those from La Paz, but being in better plumage has the head more blackish,
while the under-parts are more brownish and the under-wing coverts narrowly
edged with pale orange, both these divergencies being perhaps signs of immaturity.
There can be no question, however, that the four specimens of d'Orbigny's
belong to one and the same species, which can only be looked upon as the
southern representative of " P. gigas," from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
We, therefore, designate No. 1 as type of Turdus fnscater Lafr. & Orb., with
La Paz as terra typical

P. f. fnscater, as restricted by the writer, differs from P. /. gigantodes by
smaller size, much weaker legs and feet, blackish head, and more distinct whitish
chin-spot. The female is altogether different by its brownish coloration, being
much more like P. f. cacozelus (Bangs), of the Sierra de Santa Marta, from which
it may be distinguished by reason of its darker upper-parts and more blackish
tail.

Measurements of the specimens examined by the writer :

Wing. Tail. Tars. Middle toe. Bill,
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm.

Mus. H. von B. : Adult male from La Paz

(October 14, 1893) .... 149 139 39 25 25i

Mus. H. von B. : Adult male from Cocapata

(April 9, 1892) .... 150 145 42 20 25

Mus. H. von B. : Immature male from

Chaco (June 25, 1894) ... 151 133 41i 29 27

Mus. Brit. : Adult male from Sorata (C.

Buckley) 154 143 — — 25

' The other localities — Coehabamba, Mizque, Valle Grande, and Chuquisaca — are not repre-
sented by specimens in the Paris Museum. The three last-named unquestionably refer to P. an-
thracinns (= T. fuscater auct. nee Lafr. & Orb.), while at Coehabamba the Bolivian Giant Ouzel
might be expected to occur. Very likely d'Orbigny — as he did in other cases — identified the thrushes
met with in those localities from observations in the field, without actually taking specimens.
16

Wing.

Tail.

Tars.

Middle toe.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

145

138

42

28

27

t5, 146

132, 134

40

_

27

232 NOVITATES ZOOLOGKAE XXVIII. 1021.

Mus. H. von B. : Adult female from

SandUlani (June 25, 1896)
Mus. Paris : two unsexed adults from La

Paz ]

Mus. Paris : one unsexed female (?)

from Sicasica .... 140 132 40 — —

Besides, there are three specimens in the spotted juvenile plumage, from
Cocapata and Cillutincara in the Berlepsch Collection, obtained like the others
by the late Gustav Garlepp.

The species hitherto called Turdus juscater differs from true P. f. fiiscater
(Lafr. & Orb.) by its much smaller size, especially shorter tail, and much weaker,
slenderer feet. The adult males are of a uniform dark, sooty-grey colour, not
unlike the Bolivian Giant Ouzel in worn plumage, while immature birds and
females are much paler brownish or olive-grey. This bird is no doubt specifically
distinct from the Giant Ouzels, and appears to be most nearlyallied to P. chiguanco
(Lafr. & Orb.). Its earliest name is P. anihracinus (Burm.).' More wUl be said
about its status and distribution under the heading of Turdus chiguanco
Lafr. & Orb.

(b) Planesticus juscater oclcendeni (Hellm.).

Turdus juscater ocliendeni Hellmayr, B%ill. B.O.C. xvi. p. 91 (May 1906 — Limbani, Andes of Carabaya,

S.E. Peni).
Turdus gigantodes (ncc Cabanis) Sclater & Salvin, P.Z.S, 1874. p. 677 (Chacliupata, Andes of Cuzco ;

spec, examined).
Merula giganlodes Taczanowski, Orn. Pcrou, i. 1884. p. 495 (part. : Chachupata) ; Secbohm-Sharpe,

Monogr, Thrushes, ii. 1900. p. 59, pi. 93 (part. : Chachupata & Cuzco ; figure of spec, ex

Chachupata).

Hab. Andes of South-eastern Peru : Cuzco, Chachupata, Limbani, Carabaya
(9,000 to 11,000 feet).

Characters. — S ad. At once recognizable from both P. f. juscater and P. j.
gigantodes by its much darker, imLformly blackish coloration, only a few feathers
on the breast and upper-back showing narrow brownish edges ; axillarics, under-
■wing coverts, quUls, and tail also blackish, not smoky gre}' or sooty, as in the
allied forms. No trace of a white chin-spot. $ ad. Like the male, but under-
parts strongly washed with olive-brown.

Remarks. — Eight specimens from the Andes of South-eastern Peru are
readily distinguishable by the above characters from a large series of P. juscater
gigantodes, as represented by skins from W. Colombia, Ecuador, Northern and
Central Peru. Adult males are nearly uniform brownish black, and very much
deeper coloured than the darkest gigantodes in fresh plumage which I have seen.
Even immature birds (which are not quite so dark) may be separated bj' their
chocolate-brown ground-colour of both the upper- and under-parts, and by lacking
the orange suffusion under the wings. The two skins secured by F. Whitely at
Chachupata, in the Andes of Cuzco, one of which was figured in the Ponograph
oj Thrushes under the name of Merula gigantodes, are immature birds of the
present form and agree well with a young female from Marcapata in the Tring
Museum.

> Turdus anlhrachms Burmeisler, Jotirn. f. Ornith. 6, p. l.W (1858 — Mendoza).

Tail.

Tars.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

139

44, 45

28,29

144

44J

28

144

44J

28

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 233

Measurements of the specimens examined by the writer :

Wing,
mm.

Tring Museum : two adult males ' from

Limbani, Carabaya, March 21, 1904

(G. Ockenden) .... 149, 15(

Tring Museum : one adult female from

Marcapata ..... 146
Tring Museum : two immature birds from

Marcapata ..... 146
Tring Museum : two immature birds from

Marcapata 142, 153 135, 142 43, 44 27, 28

Brit. Museum : one immature female from

Chachupata 149 145 — 27J

Brit. Museum : one immature bird from

" Andes of Cuzco " . ... 148 138 — 27

(c) Planesiicus fuscater gigantodes (Cab.).

Tunhis gigantodes Cabania, Journ. f. Orniih. 21, p. 315 (1873 — Maraynioc, Chanchamayo district.
Central Peru ; type [an adult female] in the Berlin Museum examined).

Hah. Western and Central Andes of Colombia (ParamUlo, Popayan, Cerro
Munchique, Cocal, Valle de las Pappas, S. Pablo ; Laguneta, Santa Isabel, Rio
Toche, El Eden, Retiro, Santa Elena, Barro Blanco, etc.) ; Ecuador (Cayambe,
Matos, Titiacun, Pichincha, Cuenca, ChLUanes, PaUatanga, Nanegal, Chaupi,
Riobamba, PapaUacta, Corazon, etc.) ; Northern Peru (Cutervo, Chachapoyas,
Molinopampa, Balsas) ; and Central Peru (Marajmioc, Ninabamba, Palaquemado,
etc.).

Characters. — Sexes alike. General colour a rather dark sooty grey, becoming
lighter, more smoke-grey or greyish brown in worn plumage ; the axiUaries and
under-wing coverts sooty or smoke-grey, very rarely edged with buff apicaUy.
The plumules in the anterior portion of the gonydeal angle are, as a rule, whitish,
forming a small indistinct chm-spot which, however, is often absent.

Remarks. — I am unable to detect any constant difierences between specimens
from the Western and Central CordUleras of Colombia (S. Pablo, Retiro, Santa
Elena), and others from Ecuador, N. and Central Peru. Birds in fresli plumage
are darker, more sooty, both above and below. Such examples I have from
" Bogota," - Cayambe (N. Ecuador), and Banos. Birds in worn condition are
considerably paler, and closely resemble the form P. f. gigas of the Eastern
Andes of Colombia. In fact, several examples in abraded livery from tlie type
region of gigantodes (Ninabamba, Maraynioc) are hardly distinguishable from
specimens of gigas taken at Guasca and Calera, vicinity of Bogota, and it
is not surprising that Sharpe, in Seebohm's posthumous Monograph of the Thrushes,
should have identified a skin from Ninabamba (topo-tj'pical gigantodes) as gigas.
Altliough the differences separating gigantodes and gigas are slight, they are
coimectcd witli different breeding areas,' and should be recognized in nomen-
clature.

' One, no. 615a, is the type of Turdus fuscater ockendeni Hellm.

2 This bird was no doubt obtained somewhere in the Central Andes.

3 See Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. 36, 1917, pp. 536, 537.

234 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Measurements of the specimens examined by the writer :

Wing. Tail. Tars. Bill.

One adiUt female from S. Pablo, S.W. Colombia

One adult male from Quito.

One adult female from Banos, Ecuador

One adult female from Cachi Llacta. Ecuador

One adult male from Cayambe, N.W. Ecuador

One adult female from Cayambe .

One adult male from Cutervo, N. Peru

One adult female from Cutervo .

One adult male from Maraynioc, C. Peru

One adult female from Maraynioc

One adult female from Ninabamba

mm. mm, mm. ram.

152 140 42 26

159 152 42 26

153 144 44 26
145 135 43 28

160 150 43 28
150 135 40 271
158 152 43i 27J

154 146 41 27i
158 147 42 28i
154 145 42 29
157 150 — 27. V

(d) Planeslicus fnscater gigas (Eraser).
Turdus gigas Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 8, " 1840," p. 59 {March 1841 — Santa Fe de Bogota).

Hub. Eastern Andes of Colombia (Bogota, Guasca, Calera, El Roble, Chi-
paque, Quetame ; Bucaramanga, Paramo de Pamplona).

Characters. — Much like P. j. gigantodes, but lighter, especially below, the
abdomen being decidedly paler greyish brown than the breast ; the under-wing
coverts lighter smoke-grey with more distinct ochraceous edges.

Remarks. — Although smgle specimens are not always distinguishable, birds
from Bogota and Bucaramanga, by the paler colouring of the abdomen, form
the passage to the stUI lighter race found in the Andes of Merida.

IMeasurements :

Wing. Tail. Tars. Bill.

mm. mm. • ram. mm.

Ten unsexed specimens from Bogota and

Bucaramanga .... 155-165 152-160 40-46 26J-29

(e) Planeslicus juscater pallid iveiitris (Berl.).

Tardus gigas pallidiveniris Berlepsch, Omith. Monatsberichle, 10, p. 71 (1902 — Andes of Merida
W. Venezuela).

Hab. Western Venezuela : Andes of Merida (El Valle, 2,000 metr.).

Characters. — Differs from P. f. gigas, of E. Colombia, by much paler brownish
grey under-parts, nearly greyish white in the middle of the belly ; lighter greyish
brown upper-surface ; and by having the under-wing coverts always edged with
orange-buff. Freshly moulted examples are readUj' distinguishable from gigas
in corresponding stage, though worn specunens of the latter sometimes look
exceedingly similar. Sexes alike. Three adult males from JMerida. Wing,
150-152 ; tail, 142-145 ; tars., 40 ; bill, 25i-26J mm.

(/) Planeslicus fuscater cacozelus (Bangs).

Mtrula gigas cacozela Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 12, p. 181 (1898 — Macotama, Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta).

Hab. Northern Colombia : Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta (San Sebastian,
El Mamon, San Miguel, Paramo de Macotama, P. de Chiruqua).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921. 235

Characters. — This excellent race may be distinguished from its geographical
neighbours, P. f. gigas and P. f. jmllidiventris, by its shorter wings and tail, much
stouter bill, and its coloration. The upper-parts, instead of being sooty or
brownish grey, are light hair-brown, with the rectrices decidedly brown, not
blackish ; the throat is more distinctly strijsed with dusky on a pale-brown
ground ; the remainder of the under-parts pale buffy brown, but slightly under-
laid with greyish brown on chest and sides ; the axiUaries and under-wing coverts
olive-brown, broadly edged with deep orange-buS. Sexes nearly alike.

Measurements :

Wing. Tail. Tars. Bill,

mm. mm. mm. ram.

One adult male from San Miguel . . 149 146 42 30J

Three adult females from San Miguel and

P. de Chiruqua .... 140-145 133-140 40-43 28|-31

Turdus chiguanco = Planesticus chiguanco chiguanco (Lafr. & Orb.).

Turdus chiguanco Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 16 (1837 — " Tacna,
rep. Peruviana"; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 201, pi. 9, fig. 2 ("sur le versant
occidental des Andes Peruviennes, du niveau de la mer a 2,000 metres au dessus, c'est-a-dire
aux environs de la ville de Tacna ; et de la, en remontant la Cordillere, jusqu' au village de
Palca").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " 8,546. Perou, Tacna. d'Orbigny, 1831, No. 2—6.
T. chiguanco 0. & L. Type." . . . Wmg, 120 ; tail, 110 ; tars., 35i ; bill, 23 mm.

No. 2, adult (mounted) : " 8,545. Perou, Tacna. M. d'Orbigny, 1831.
No. 6—3. T. chiguanco 0. & L. Tyise." . . . Wing, 124 ; tail, 102* ; tars., 37 ;
bill, 24 mm.

No. 3, adult (mounted) : " 8,544. Perou. M. d'Orbigny, 1831. No. 6.
T. chiguanco 0. & L. Type." . . . Wing, 125 ; tail, 103 ; tars , 36 ; bill, 24i mm.

The three types are perfectly adult birds with unspotted ujsper-wing coverts
and entirely yellow bDls. The axUlaries and under-wing coverts are light greyish
brown, the latter but narrowly edged with buSy yellow ; the chin and middle
of the throat decidedly whitish with strongly defined light-brown shaft-streaks ;
the remamder of the under-surface -paXe brownish grey, passing into whitish on
the middle of the belly ; the under-tall coverts marked with distinct white edges
and shaft-stripes. The types v/ere obtained at Palca, above the town of Tacna,
in the coast range of the Andes, provmce of Tacna, at d'Orbigny's time forming
part of the Peruvian Republic, but nowadays belonging to ChUe. Unfortunately,
no other examples from the coast district are available for examination.' Birds
from the Andes of Cuzco and Carabaya, S.E. Peru, and from N.W. Bolivia
(Cusilluni, Tanampaya, Chaco) are larger and darker ; the under-parts being
more deeply as well as more uniformly brownish grey ; the axillaries and under-
wmg coverts much sufEused with orange-buff. The under-tall coverts either
wholly uniform or with mere traces of light shaft-lines and edges ; the whitish

1 Sclater (P.Z.S. Land. 1886, p. 396) records a single female from Sibaya, Cordillera of Tarapaci,
which I unhappily omitted to examine when in London some years ago. Count Borlepsch {Ornis,
13, ii., September 1906, p. 106) mentions specimens from Palca obtained by the brothers Garlepp,
but in spite of repeated researches they cannot be found in his collection, now the property of the
Seuckenbergian Natural History Society of Frankfort.

236 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

chin-spot is smaller or even obliterated, the throat brownish grey, hardly paler
than the breast, with the dasky streaks obsolete. There are a few Eastern
examples that may not be distinguishable from the tyi^es in the one or other
character, but as a whole the series from S.E. Peru and N.W. Bolivia seems fairly
constant. Still, before proposing their formal separation, I should like to see
additional examples from N.W. Chile (topical chiguanco) and the adjoming
coastal districts of S.W. Peru (Arequipa, Islay).

A single specimen each from Central Peru (Maraynioc) and Western Peru
(lea, near Lima) I am unable to separate from the Cuzco series either in size
or colour.

Four skins from Chicani, northern slope of the Bolivian Andes on the head-
waters of the Rio Beni, m the Berlepsch Collection, are perhaps again different.
Compared with the series from S.E. Peru and N.W. Bolivia (vicinity of La Paz)
they are still larger, with longer tail and stronger feet, and on the upper-
parts of a darker, more brownish tinge, though smgle specimens cannot lie
told apart.

Specimens from various localities measure as follows :

Three unsexed adults from Tacna,

N.W. Chile ....
Seven adult males from Cuzco, S.E.

Peru .....
Six adult females from Cuzco .
One adult male from Tanampaya,

N.W. Bolivia .... 141 127 39 26

Two adult males from Chicani, N.E.

Bolivia .....
Two adult females from Chicani
One unsexed adult (? female) from

Maraynioc, C. Peru .
One adult female from Lima, W. Peru
pne adult male from Cuenca (Sig-sig),

C. Ecuador (P. chiguanco conradi

(Salvad. & Festa).' Type . 14-t 138 37 26

P. chiguanco chiguanco (sens, lat.) is thus seen to inhabit the mountains of
Peru (from Cajamarca southwards), N.W. ChUi and Northern Bolivia (Cordillera
of La Paz, both slopes).

Its nearest ally (and perhaps geographical representative) is the Thrush
universally called T. fuscaler by authors, but, as we have shown above, entitled
to the name P. anihracinus (Biurm.).' Of this bird we have a very instructive

' Turdus conradi Salvador! & Festa, Bolt. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 4 (1899 — Cuenca,
Sig-sig, Central Ecuador). — This form, of which, in addition to the type, I have examined an adult
from Riobamba, is fairly separable on account of its ligliter, purer grey coloration and much longer
tail. Its range is restricted to the highlands of Soutliern Ecuador.

2 TurJus nnthracimiH Burmeister, Joum. f. Ornilh. C, p. 1.59 (1858 — Mendoza). — Turdus J uscater
amoenus Hellmayr, Joum. J. Ornith. 50, p. 68 (19U2 — Jlendoza).

Wing.

Tail.

Tars.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

120-125

102J-110

35J-37

23-24J

138-143

120-127

37-40

24i-29

130-136

114-120

36-39

24-25

39, 144

126, 133

4U, 42

25, 28

36, 138

125, 127

40", 42

25i, 26

130

112

40

25

131

113i

38i

27

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 237

series from Central Bolivia (VaUe Grande, Chuquisaca) before us. The adult
males are easily recognizable by their dark, sooty-grey coloration, which involves
even the axillaries and under-vring coverts. Females and immature males,
however, are much paler, olivaceous or smoke-grey, and differ from P. chiguanco
ex C'uzco, only by the slightly darker hue of the upper parts. Besides the large
series from VaUe Grande, there are a nearly adult male (in dark sooty plumage)
and an immature male from Sandillani, W. Bolivia, procured by Gustav Garlepp,
in the Berlepsch Collection. The last-named bird, which resembles P. chiguanco
also in the under-wing coverts being for the greater part bright orange, con-
clusively proves the close affinity of the two species.

Four adult males from Tucuman (Lagunita, Santa Ana) agree well with
those from Valle Grande, though some have rather larger bills. At one time I
was inclined to separate subspecifically the inhabitants of Mendoza on account
of their longer bill ; but the specimens from Western Argentine in the British
Museum are rather variable in that respect, and without a much larger series
of properly sexed examples it would be hazardous to attempt any sub-division.
Therefore I prefer to Lnclude, at least provisionally, the inhabitants of Bolivia
and Western Argentine, down to Mendoza, under the term P. anthracitms
(Burm.), which, in its turn, may eventually prove to be only a subspecies of
P. chiguanco.

Measurements of the specimens examined by the writer :

Wing.

Tail.

Tars.

Bill.

Six adult males from Valle

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

Grande, Bolivia

135-Ul

126-132

36-38

24-26

Five immature males from

Valle Grande

133-137

118-123

35i-37

25-26

Two adult females from Valle

Grande
One male from Sandillani, W.

127, 128

120, 124

36

25

Bolivia.
One immature male from San-

131

125

36J

25

diUani, W. Bolivia .
Foiu- adult males from Tucu-

132

114

36

24

man ....

One adidt male from Cordoba

133-141

118-130

36-37

25i-27

(Cosquin)
One adult female from Cordoba

134

119

36

27

(Cosqum)
Two adult females from Cata-

127

117

35

24£

marca ....
Three adult males from

129, 133

118, 122

36

26, 26|

Mendoza
Three adult females from

132-135

123-125

35-36

30, 30, 32

Mendoza

127-132

118-124

35-36

27, 31, 31

Three unsexed adults from

Mendoza . . . 1

31. 132, 142

117, 123, 132

36

27. V, 29. 31

238 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Turdus magellanicus = Planesticus falcklandii magellanicus (King).'

Turdus i)togel!anirus\j. & dO., Syn. Av. i. p. 16 (Patagonia).

Turdus Jallclandiae (not of Quoy & Gaimard -) dO., Voyage, p. 202 (river du Rio N^gro, Patagonie,
en hivcr).

Nos. 1, 2, " $ " ad. (mounted) : " de Patagonie, fuvrier 1831, par M. d'Orbigny,
T. magellanicus King, femelle."

The JIunich ]\Iiiseuni possesses a large series from Western Patagonia
(Neuquen), which I am unable to separate from Chilian (Valdivia) examples.
D'Orbigny's skins are also in every respect similar.

The Magellanic Thrush inhabits ChDe (about .southwards from Coquimbo),
Mas-a-tierra, Terra del Fuego, Staten Island, and southern Argentine, north to
the Rio Colorado. On the Falkland Islands it is replaced by P. /. falcklandii
(Quoy & Gaim.), of which I have examined the typical examples in the Paris
Museum, and which is certainly but subspecifically distinct.'

, 1, 1 • I cJ = Planesticus rufiventris niflventris (Vieill.).*
\$ = Planesticus amaurochalinus Cab.'

Turdus chochi VieiUot * ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av, i. p. 17 (Paraguay ; prov. Santa Cruz, Bolivia).
Turdus rufivenlris d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 203 (" des environs de Buenos Ayres [en biver] aux plaines
brulantes de Santa Cruz de la Sierra en Bolivia " ; descr. of)-

No. 1, adult (skin) : " No. 72, par d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. Corrientes." —
al. 117 ; c. 102 ; r. 22 mm. = Planesticus r. rufivenlris VieiU.

No. 2, adult (skin) : " D. No. 51. Chiquitos, Bolivie, Turdus rufivenlris
Mas. No. 196, par d'Orbigny, 1834."— al. 112; c. 95; r. 23 mm. = P. )-.
rufivenlris VieiU.

No. 3, adult (skin) : " No. 73. Corrientes, juiUet 1829. Turdus rufivenlris
foem., par d'Orbigny." — al. Ill ; c. 92 ; r. 20i mm. = P. amaurochalinus Cab.

No. 4, adult (mounted) : " No. 73, de Buenos Ayres. Turdus rufivenlris
foem., par d'Orbigny." — = P. amaurochalinus Cab.

As we gather from referring to the descriptions in the Voyage, the authors
of the Synopsis Avium regarded the Rufous-bellied (P. rufivenlris) and the White-
vented Thrush (P. amaurochalinus) as male and female of the same species ;
needless to say, quite erroneously.

Nos. 1 and 2 agree very well together. After carefully comparing a good
series from Eastern Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Holgoin, Samaipata, Valle Grande)
with numerous Brazilian specimens and others from Paraguay (Asun9ion,
Concepcion) and N.E. Argentine (Buenos Ayres), I am unable to recognize any
local races of this species.

P. r. rufivenlris ranges from the vicinity of Buenos Ayres and Cordova as

■ Turdus magellanicus King, Proc. Comm. Sci. cfc Corresp. Zool. Soc. i. p. 14 (January 1831 —
'* in fretu Magellanico ").

2 Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gairaard, in Freycinet, Voyage atdour du monde " C7ra»ie '*
et " Physicienne," Zoologie, livr. 3, p. 104 (1824 — " axn iles Malouines").

' Cf. Ou.stalet, Mission Scient. Cap Horn, Zool. vi. p. B.80, 278.

* Turdus rufivenlris VieiUot, Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat, nouv. ed., 20, p. 226 (1818 — "au Bresil ").

' Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, Mus. Heinean. i. p. 5 (1850 — " Brasilien").

' youv. Did. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ^dit., 20, pp. 226-227 (1818 — e.x Azara ; no. 79 : Paraguay).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 239

far uorth as the province Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, and the Brazilian states
Mattogrosso, Goyaz, and S. Bahia.

Nos. 3 and 4 are normal examples of the well-known P. amaurochaliniis .
In size the Corrientes bird corresponds with females from Paraguay (Sapucay,
Asun9ion) and S.E. BrazU (Sao Paulo), while males are decidedly larger.

P. amaurochaliniis, like its rufous-bellied ally, occurs throughout the northern
parts of Argentine, north of a line drawn from Buenos Ayres across to Mendoza ;
but extends its range considerably farther towards the Equator, having been
obtained on the Peruvian Amazon, at S. Isabel, Rio Madeira ; in the north-east
Brazilian state Piauhy (Lake of Paranagua), etc. In spite of this vast dis-
tribution I cannot find any constant characters, either in size or colour, con-
nected with geographic areas in the large series of specimens examined.

Turdus olivaceus Lafr. & d'Orb. = Planesticus amaurochalinus (Cab.).

Turdus olivaceus Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny (neo Linnaeus'), Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 17
(1837 — prov. Yungas, Bolivia).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " d'Orbigny, 1834, de Yungas. D. 229. Turdus
rufiveniris foem., T. olivaceus d'Orb. Type." — al. 122 ; c. 105J ; r. 2U mm.

No. 2, adult (skin) : " D. 229. Yungas, Turdns rufiveniris foem. No. 131.
d'Orbigny, 1834. T. olivaceus d'Orb. Type."— al. 122; c. 110; r. 21 mm.=

In the Synopsis Avium Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny distinguished the Bolivian
specimens of ths White-vented Thrush mider the name of T. olivaceus, by reason
of their larger size, from the alleged female of T. chochi (= P. amaurochalinus
ex Corrientes et Buenos Ayres). T. olivaceus (which, if not preoccupied by
Linnaeus, would have priority over T. amaurochalinus Cab. 1850) has hitherto
escaped proper identification, owing to a serious lapsus in the description, which
should read " abdomine (instead of occipite) albescente."

The tvf o skins from the Bolivian Yungas, when compared with the Corrientes
bird, are indeed conspicuously larger in all dimensions ; they agree, however, in
size as well as in other respects perfectly with adult males of P. amaurocJmlinus
from S.E. Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo) and Argentine. The solution
of the problem which caused d'Orbigny so much thought ' is very trivial : in
Argentine he met with females only, whOe all the specimens secured in the
Bolivian Yungas happened to be males, hence the difference in size. In the
Voyage ' d'Orbigny already expresses his belief that the birds of Argentine
and Bolivia (T. chochi 5 and T. olivaceus Lafr. & Orb.) are specifically identical,
but still sticks to the erroneous idea of the white-vented examples being the
females of T. rufiveniris.

As stated above, I can find no racial characters in individuals from different
localities, and refer the types of T. olivaceus, from Bolivia,' together with the
Argentme specimens, to P. amaurochalinus (Cab.).

• Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 292 (1766 — ex Brisson : Cape of Good Hope).

2 A third specimen (Yungas 1834, par d'Orbigny) is mounted in the galleries ; I accidentally
omitted to take its measurements.

3 See Voyage, Oiseaux, p. 205.

* I have examined a large number of additional skins from various Bolivian localities in Count
Berlepsch's Collection.

240 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Orpheus calandria Lafr. & Orb. = Mimus saturninus calandria (Lafr, & Orb.).

Orpheus calandria Lafrcsnaye & d'Orbigny, Syti. Av. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 17 {1837 — Corrientes ;
descr. ad. et jur.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 206, pi. 10, fig. 2 (part. : Corrientes).

No. 1, '• cJ " ad. (skin): "d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 74. Corrientes.
Orpheus calaijclria. No. 6. Male." — al. Ill ; c. 114; r. 18| mm.

No. 2. A young bird in spotted plumage, same locality and date.

This species has been dealt with in another paper of mine,' to which the
reader is referred. The above are the only d'Orbignyan specimens of the species
in the Paris Museum, and must be regarded as the tj^pes, inasmuch as Corrientes
is the sole locality given in the original description. Examples from the other
places mentioned in the Voyage, viz. Maldonado, Blontevideo (Uruguay), and
Buenos Ayres, which, of course, would belong to M. saturninus modulator (Gould),'
are not any longer in the collection.

M. modulator and allies are evidently conspecific with Mimus saturninus
(Liclit.),' of Lower Amazonia.

Orpheus thenca = Mimus thenca (Molina).'

Orpheus thenca Mol. ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 17 (Chile) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 209, pi. 10, fig. 3
(Valparaiso, Chile).

Nos. 1-4, adults (skins) : " No. 155, par d'Orbigny, Valparaiso, 1830, No. 9.
Orpheus thenca, l^oby—aX. 113, 114, 117, 118; c. 118, 121-123; r. 17J, 18, 18,
ISJ mm.

No. 5, juv. (skin) : " No. 155, par d'Orbigny, Valparaiso, 1830, No. 9.
Orpheus thenca Nob."

This large Mockmg-bird is a well-known inhabitant of Chile.

Orpheus dorsalis Lafr. & Orb. = Mimus dorsalis (Lafr. & Orb.).

Orpheus dorsalis Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 18 (1837 — " in Andiis,
rep. Boliviana") ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 211, pi. 11, fig. 1 (" versant oriental, entre La
Paz, Cochabamba, et Chuquisaca, 2,000 a 3,700 m.").

No. 1 ((?), ad. (skin) : " D. 204, de Cochabamba, 1834. Orpheus dorsalis
Nob., par d'Orbigny, No. 194." — al. 119 ; c. 114 ; r. (deformed) mm.

No. 2, adult (skin) : " D. 204, de Cochabamba, 1834. Orpheus dorsalis Nob.,
par d'Orbigny, No. 197."— al. 109 ; c. 103 ; r. 23 mm."

The types agree well with an adult male from Potosi (Bolivia), Castelnau
coU,, and a couple of adults obtained by E. Budin in Jujuy, N.W. Argentine,
in the Munich ]\Iuseum. The three outer taU feathers are wholly white ; the
fourth white, but edged v.ith blackish on each side ; primary coverts and basal
third of both webs of remiges (except inner secondaries and tertials) also white ;

1 Xov. Zool. xxi. 19U, pp. 159-160.

2 Orpheus modulator Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. iv. p. 6 (April 1836 — " in fretu Magellan,"
errore ! — Rio de la Plata (Montevideo, Maldonado), substituted as type locality, auct. Hellmayr,
1914).

' Turdus satumitms Licht«nstein, Verz. Dubl. Berliner Miis. p. 39 (1823 — "Para," errore! —
The species occurs only in the campos of Lower Amazonia [Santarem, Rio Tapajoz ; Monte Alegre]).
* Turdus thenca Molina, Saggio Star. Nat. Chili, p. 250 (1782 — Chile).
^ A third specimen of d'Orbigny's, obtained at La Paz, I have examined in the Vienna Museum.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. I92I. 2-11

the v/hole upper-parts light rufescent brown, brightest on rump and upper-tail
coverts, dullest on pileum.

The White- tailed Mocking-bird inhabits the highlands of Bolivia and N.W.

Argentine (Jujuy).

Orpheus tricaudatus Lafr. & Orb. = Mimas triurus (VieUl.).'

Orpheus tricaudatus Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in 2Iag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 18 (1837 — Chiquitoa

E. Bolivia).
Orpheus triurus, d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 208 (Mission de San Jose, Chiquitos).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " No. 195, de Chiquitos, 1834, par d'Orbigny. D. 304.
Orpheus tricaudatus Nob. Type." — al. 103 ; c. 105 ; r. 19} mm.

This specimen as well as another taken by Natterer at Caite, six miles from
the Rio Jauru, Western Mattogrosso, do not ajipreciably differ from a series of
Paraguayan and Argentine skins. The upper part of the head and mantle are
pale greyish brown, the mterscapulium, rump, and tail coverts washed with
bright rufous ; primary coverts white, their apical half black ; the exterior and
median secondaries white, forming a broad longitudinal stripe on the wing ;
three outer tail feathers white, the next black with a white shaft-streak.

31. triurus ranges from the Patagonian Rio Negro through Argentine and
Paraguay to the lowlands of Eastern Bolivia (Caiza, Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco
Boliviano ; San Jose, Chiquitos) and the adjoining districts of Western Matto-
grosso. The only example obtained on Brazilian territory appears to be
Natterer's bird from Caite.

Orpheus patagonicus Lafr. & Orb. = Mimus patagonicus (Lafr. & Orb.).

Orpheus patagonicus Lafresnaye & Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 19 (1837 — "in Pata-
gonia") ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 210, pi. 11, fig. 2 (" bords du Rio Negro, Patagonie" ;
descr. ad. et juv.).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " No. 35, de Patagonie, fevrier 1831, par d'Orbigny.
Orpheus patagonicus Noh. Type. No. 8." — al. 110; c. 112; r. 18 mm.

The type agrees perfectly with a series from Western Patagonia (Neuquen,
Rio Limay) in the Munich Museum. Specimens from Tucuman, Jujuy (Maimara),
and Catamarca (Fuerte de Andalgula ; E. White coll.) have the chest very
slightly paler, less brownish. Unfortunately the material at hand is not
satisfactory for comparative purposes, since aU the Rio Negro examples are in
abraded condition, while the birds from Western Argentine wear the new, freslily
moulted plumage.

31. patagonicus is perhaps most nearly related to 31imus lividua (Licht.),^
ranging over the coast districts of Eastern Brazil from Para to Rio de Janeiro
(Ilha do Marambaya).' The distribution of the Patagonian Mocking-bird
extends from the Bay of Santa Cruz (Rio Cliico) throughout the western states
of Argentine, north to Tucuman and Jujuy. In the eastern provinces it is

' Turdus triurus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 20, p. 275 (1818 — ex Azara, no. 224 : Paraguay).

- Turdus lividus Lichtenstein, Vcrz. Duhl. Berliner Mus. p. 39 (1823 — Bahia, E. Brazil).

" Although secured by Natterer as long ago as 1S35 at Cajiituba, on the sea-coast east of Para,
this species is omitted in Snethlage's Catalogo das Aves Amuzonicas ( = Boletim Museu Goeldi, Para,
vol. viii.), 1914.

242 NOVITATES ZOOLOOKAE XXVIII. 1921.

apparently of exceptional occurrence. I have, however, examined an undoubted
specimen of 31 patagoniciis (? ad. !), taken by Holland at Santa Elena, north
Entrerios,' in the British Museum.

Donacobius vociferans = Donacobius atricapillus (Liiin.).=

DonacoUus vociferans Swains.' ; L. & O., Syn, Av. i. p. 19 (no locality given).

Donacobius Irasiliensis (" L.") « ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 213 (Corrientes ;— " un scul couple ").

The specimens are no longer to be found in the Paris Museum. D'Orbigny
states having met with a single couple in a swamp in the province of Corrientes.
Skins from Paraguay in the Munich and Tring Collections agree well with those
from Eastern Brazil (Bahia).

Donacobius albovittatus Lafr. & Orb. = D. atricapillus (Linn.) juv.

Donacohius alboviltatus Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 19 (1837 — Chiquitos,
Guarayos, Eastern Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 213, pi. 12, fig. 1 (" dans les marais
des environs de San 3os6, mission dans la province de Chiquitos " ; descr. (J ad. [!], ^ juv.) ;
Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xxi. 1914, p. 158 (crit. = D. atricapillus [h.] juv.).

No. 1, " cj " juv. (mounted) : " Bolivie, Chiquitos, par d'Orbigny. (^. 1834
— 193 — No. 10. Donac. albovittatus d'Orb. & Lafr. Ty2)e." — al. 86; c. 110;
r. 23J mm.

No. 2, " $ " juv. (skm) : "193. d'Orbigny, 1834. Donacobius albovittatus
Nob. Femelle. 359, de Guarayos." — al. 83 ; c. 94 ; r. 23 mm.'

Since writing on this species I have discovered, in the mounted collection of
the Paris IMuseum, the tjrpe of d'Orbigny's description of the alleged " adult
male," which calls forth a few supplementary remarks.

No. 1, corresponding to d'Orbigny " male adulte," is in more advanced
plumage than the Guarayos bird spoken of in Nointates Zoologicae, xxi. p. 158.
The wings and tail feathers are full-grown ; top and sides of the head covered
with the deep-black feathers of the adult plumage ; the back is deep chocolate-
brown, the under-surface bright ochraceous. As the only remains of the juvenile
dress there may be observed, above the ear coverts and on the sides of neck, a
few isolated whitish plumes which indicate a kind of supercilium, although this
featiure is immeasurably exaggerated in plate 12, fig. 1, of d'Orbigny's work.
Quite similar specimens are in the Tring Museum from the Rio Caura, Venezuela,
and Pebas, N.E. Peru.

No. 2, partly In juvenile plumage, answers to d'Orbigny's " femellc et
jeune age." With the exception of the frontal feathers and a few others above
the ear coverts and on the nape showing the deep black colour of the adults,
the whole upper part of the head is still clad in the fluffy, dull chocolate-brown
juvenile garb. From above the eye to the sides of the neck runs a broad, con-
tinuous white superciliary stripe. The quUls and taU feathers are stiU in the

* Mimus patachonictis Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 214.

2 Turdus atricapillus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 295 (17G6 — ex Brisson : " Gap boni spei " —
errore ! subst. type locality : East Brazil, auct. Berl. & Hartert, 1902).

3 Zoolog. niustr. (2nd series), ii. pi. 72 (1831-32. — Pernarabuco, N.E. Brazil).

* Turdiis brasiliensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 831 (1789 — ex Latham : " Brasil " ; Brit. Mus.).
^ Tlie dimensions given in Nov. Zool. 21, p. 158, are not quite exact and should be corrected as

above.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 243

sheaths. There is, in the Paris Museum, a nearly identical example procured
by Laglaize at San Fernando de Apure, Venezuela ; and another from San Esteban,
N. Venezuela, I have seen in Count Berlepsch's collection.

Sylvia venustula = Compsothlypis pitiayumi pitiayumi (Vieill.).'

" Sylvia vemistnla Tpm." = ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 20 (rep. Argentina, rep. Boliviana).
Sylvia venusta d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 218 {Corrientes ; Chiquitos, Yungas, Sicasica, Valle Grande,
Bolivia).

No. 1, (cJ) ad. (skm) : " de Yungas, par M. d'Orbigny, 1834. D. 56.
jS. vemista." — al. .57 ; c. 42 ; r. 10 mm.

No. 2, adult (skin) : " de Chiquitos, par d'Orbigny, 1834. D. 56. No. 211."
— al. 53 ; c. 38 mm.

Birds from Bolivia, of which I have seen a considerable number, do not differ
in any way from topotypical Paraguay skins.

Sylvia velata = Geothlypis aequinoctialis velata (Vieill.).

Sylvia velata Vieill. ^ ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 20 (in imp. Brasiliensi ; rep. Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny,
Voyage, p. 217 (Rio de Janeiro ; Corrientes ; Chiquitos ; descr. ad. and juv.).

No. 1, ((5) ad. (skin) : "Rio de Janeiro, %""" 1826. No. 6, Passer. Male.
No. 14. Envoi de M. d'Orbigny, Sylvia velata Vieill."— al. 59 ; c. 56 (much
worn) ; r. 12 mm.

No. 2, (9) ad. (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 156. Corrientes,
Sylvia velata Vieill." — al. 60; c. — ; r. (damaged) mm.

The adult male is identical with another from Victoria, Espirito Santo, S.E.
Brazil, in the Munich Museum. What d'Orbigny took for the " jeune age " Is
in reality the adult female. No. 2 agrees with specimens of the same sex from
S.O. BrazU (Minas) and Buenos Ayres. I could not find any Bolivian skins in
the Paris Museum.

G. a. velata ranges from Buenos Ayres and Cordoba northwards to N.W.
Argentine (Salta, Tucuman), the plains of Eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos), Mattogrosso
(Chapada, etc.), and the eastern states of Brazil. In Eastern Peru it is represented
by the nearly related O. aequinoctialis assiinilis Berl. & Stolzm.'

N.B. — Sylvia velata Vieill. appears to be the earliest avaOable name for the
southern form with cinereous temjioral region. Vieillot's description, though
not very accurate, corresponds tolerably well with the birds found in S. BrazU
and Argentine, and has been so identified by the earlier French authors, some
of whom might have had an opportunity of inspecting the tjqie. Sylvia cucullata
Lath ,' which has been referred to the present species by Sharjje and Richmond,
was most certainly intended for some other bird. The diagnosis " S. virens
subtus flava, fronte, genisque nigris, cauda cuneiformi. Magnitude mitratae,

1 Sylvia pitiayumi VieiUot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hisi. Nat., nouv. ^d., 11, p. 276 (1817 — ex Azara
no. 109 : Paraguay).

2 Sylvia venusta Temrainck, PI. col., livr. 49, pi. 293, fig. 1 (1824 — " au Bresil ").

2 Hist. Nat. Ois. Atncr. sept. ii. p. 22, pi. 74 (" 1807 " — no locality given ; " de la collection de
M. Dufresne").

* Geothlypis canieapilla assimilis Berlepsch & Stolzraann, Ornis 13, part 2, September 1906,
p. 75 (Chirimoto [type], .Santa Ana, Maranura, E. Peru).

' Ind. Ornith. ii. p. 528 (1790 — no locality. Miis. D. Parkinson).

244 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

cujus forte varietas " cannot by any means be applied to our GeotMypis with
clear cinereous pileum and hind-crown ! Tanagra canicapilla Swainson,' some-
times employed for the Brazilian bird, is no doubt a synonym of G. a. aequinoctialis
(Gm.),- the figure showing distinctly enough the olive-greenish temporal region
and occiput, so characteristic of the Guianan race. Swainson's type is verj'
likely to have come from Trinidad, which politically— even nowadays — belongs
to the '■ West Indies."

Sylvia leucoblephara = Basileuterus leucoblepharus leucoblepharus (Vieill.).'

Sylvia leucoblephara Vieill. ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 20 (prov. Corrientescenti, rep. Argentina) ;
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 216, pi. 12, fig. 2 (Corrientes).

No. 1, (cJ) ad. (skin): "d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 112-15, du Chaco.
Sylvia leucoblephara Vieillot." — al. 70 ; c. 64 ; r. 13 mm.

No. 2, adult (mounted) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829, du Chaco, " Bolivia."
Basileuterus leucoblepharus (Vieill.)."

The skin from Chaco (No. 1) agrees in every particular with topotypical
specimens collected by W. Foster at Sapucay, Paraguay, in the British JIuseum.
Birds from Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara). obtained by H. von Jhering, in the
Berlepsch Collection, merely differ by having the under-tail coverts juorc
yellowish.

Twelve skins from the states Rio de Janeiro (Novo Friburgo), Sao Paulo
(Ypanema ; Victoria [= Botocatu] ; Fazenda Cayoa, Salto Grande, Rio Para-
napanema), and Parana (Ro9a Nova, Serra do Mar), are slightly smaller, have
the upper-parts paler, more yellowish green, the breast and sides much less
shaded with slate-grey, the axillaries and under-tail coverts deep olive-yellow
instead of pale yellowish or whitish. This well-recognizable race is obviously
entitled to the name Basileuterus leucoblepharus superciliosus (Swains.).* It was
probably an example of this form erroneously identified as B. leucoblepharus
which misled Oberholser to redescribe the typical Paraguayan race as Basileuterus
leucoblepharus calus.^

Adult males of the two forms measure as follows :

(a) B. leucoblepharus leucoblepharus (Vieill.) (6). Wing, 67-70 ; tail, 63-66
mm.

(6) B. leucoblepharus superciliosus (Swains.) (8). Wing, 63-67 ; tail, 58-63
mm.

B. leucophrys Pelz.,° of which I have examined the typical examples in the
Vienna Museum, is another member of this group, and may be only subspecifically
distinct from B. leucoblepharus. It differs, however, very markedly by its

' Zool. Illustr. (1st ser.) iii. pi. 174 (1822-23. — " West Indies").

' Motacilla aequinoctialis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 972 (1789 — ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 683, fig. 1
(=?): Cayenne).

' Sylvia leucoblephara Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.,nouv. ed., 11, p. 20(3 (1817 — no locality;
according to Vieillot, Tabl. enc. vieth. ii. 1820, p. 459, the description is based upon Azara, no. 153 :
Paraguay).

* Trichas superciliosus Swainson, Anim. in Menag. p. 295 (1838 — " Brazil ").

' Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 14, p. 188 (December 1901 — Sapucay, Paraguay; W. T. Foster).

« Zur Ornith. BrasU, ii. p. 137 (18G8 — Porto do Rio I'arana, north Sao Paulo; Rio Manso,
east of Cuyabii, Mattogrosso).

No^^TATEs Zoologicae XXVIII. 1921. 245

much larger size (in two adult males the wing measures 75, 75J, the tail 73
75 mm.) and by several important colour-characters. The upper-parts are
brownish olive tinged with rufescent (instead of olive-green), the flanks olive-
brown (not slaty or green), the under-taU coverts buffy yellow (instead of whitish
to olive-yellow). Moreover, from the nasal plumes to above the posterior margin
of the auriculars runs a very distinct, pure white superciliary stripe (about 3 mm.
wide), whereas in B. leucoblepharus there is but a narrow whitish streak to be seen
above the lores. In addition to the three types in the Vienna Museum, only
two other specimens are on record, ^ and 5 taken by H. H. Smith at Chapada,
Mattogrosso, October 20, 1883.'

Sylvia ruficeps Lafr. & Orb. = Thlypopsis ruflceps (Lafr. & Orb.).

Sylvia ruficeps Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in JIag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 20 (1837 — Ajnipaya, Bolivia ;

descr. orig. (J).
Hylophilus nificeps^ d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 219, pi. 13, fig. 1 (Palca, prov. Ayupaya).

No. 1, ((^) ad. (mounted) : " Bolivie, Ayupaya, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 17
— 204. Type de Hylophilus ruficeps. No. 9,518." — al. 64; c. 56 ; r. 11 mm.

The tyiJC is .slightly larger, and has the head a little bit deeper orange-rufous
than two adult males from S.E. Peru (Marcapata) in the Munich Museum, but
the differences are trifling.

This Tanager inliabits the mountain forests of the Andes from S.E. Peru
(Marcapata) to N.W. Argentine (Tucuman).

Sylvia concolor Lafr. & Orb. = Xenospingus concolor (Lafr. & Orb.)

Sylvia concolor Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Jl/ay. Zool. cl. ii. p. 20 (1837 — Arica, rep.
Peruviana) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 216, pi. 18, fig. 1 (" dans la vallee d' Arica, Perou, . . .
im scul individu " ; descr. ,J ad.).

No. 1, ((^) ad. (mounted): " d' Arica, par M. d'Orbigny, Janvier 1831.
No. 169 du Catalogue de d'Orbigny. Sylvia concolor Lafr. et Orb. Type de
re.spece." ' — al. 72 ; c. 80 ; caud. grad. 16 ; r. (damaged) mm.

The type is an adult male in ashy-grey plumage, as described by Sharpe
in the Cat. Birds Brit. Miis. xii. p. 799. The upper parts are light ashy grey,
the quills and rectrices dusky, edged with pale grey ; a narrow rim of whitish
plumes round the eye ; lores sooty grey, darker than the sides of the head ;
under-surface paler ashy grey. The bill is whoUy yelloiu. Cabanis * has drawn
attention to several inaccuracies in d'Orbigny's plate. This rare Finch is
restricted to the arid coast-belt of Southern Peru and Northern Chile (Pica,
prov. Tarapaca ' ; Arica, prov. Tacna.°). H. Whitely obtained it on the Rio

1 Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist. iii. p. 345.

- Hylophilus titficeps Wied (Bciir. Nalurg. Bras. 3, ii. 1831, p. 725 — Eastern Brazil) is, of course,
quite a different bird. See Verhandl. Orn. Gcs. Bayern, 12, Heft 2, February 1915, pp. 131-133.
^ The label, besides, bears a manuscript name of Bonaparte which need not be published.
* Journ.f. Ornith. 15, 1867, p. 319.

s Sclater, P.Z.S. Land. 1891, p. 133 ; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. IC.
" At d'Orbigny's time this province formed part of the Peruvian Kepublic.

240 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Tambo, dept. Arequipa, while Kalinowski met witli it even farther north, in
the province of lea.'

Hylophilus poecilotes = Pachysylvia poicilotis poicilotis (Temm ).'

Bylophilus poeciloles Tern. ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 20 (no locality).

Not mentioned in the Voyage, nor could I find d'Orbignyan specimens in
the Paris Museum. The bird was probably met with in the vicinity of Rio
de Janeiro.

Dacnis cayanus = Dacnis angelica arcangelica Bonap.

Dacnis caijanns (errore, nee Molacilla cayana Linn.') L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 20 (Yuracares, Bolivia) ;
d'Orl)igny, Voyage, Ois., p. 221 (Yuracares ; descr. o ad.).

Although the specimen is no more in the Paris Museum, d'Orbigny's descrip-
tion leaves no doubt about his Dacnis cayanus being referable to the white-beUied
species.

Birds from N. Bolivia and various Peruvian localities in the late Count
Berlepsch's collection and hi the Munich Museum are practically identical with
Bogota skins, and must, consequently, be referred to D. a. arcangelica. The
differences which separate the Upper Amazonian form are very slight, consisting
in the brighter blue tinge of the males and duller coloration, especially underneatli,
of the females. As the synonymy is somewhat confused, the following notes
about the subject might be acceptable to ornithologists.

(a) Dacnis angelica angelica Bonap.'

Dacnis angelica (de Filippi MS.) Bonaparte, Atli della sesta Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani tenuta
in Milano nel setlembre 1844, p. 404, note (1845 — " Brasile," coll. Milan Museum ; descr. (J ad.).

Dacnis melanolis Strickland in Jardine, Contrih. to Omilh. 1851, part i. p. 16 (.January 1851 — descr.
et synon. [excl. cit. PI. enl. 669, fig. 1] ; Cayenne, Demerara ; descr. S aJ.)-

Hab. Cayenne, British Guiana, and N.E. Brazil (Para district).

1 Berlepsch & Stolzraann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1892, p. 376.

2 Hylophilus poicilotis Temminck, Rec. PI. Col, livr. 29, pi. 173, Hg. 2 (1822— " Br&il," coll.
Natterer, so. Ypanema, Sao Paulo).

' Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 33B (17BG — ex Brisson : " Lo Pipit bleu, de Cayenne" [excl. cit. Her-
nandez]).

* An earlier name is probably Motacilla lineaia Graelin (Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 990 [1789 — ex " Le
Pipit a coiffe bleue," Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 1787, p. 342 : Cayenne]). Gmelin's description is
faulty, besides there is an obvious misprint in Buffon's account. If we read " jiarce qu'il a une
espece de coifie ou de cape d'un beau noir [instead of " bleu "] brillant et foneo, c^ui prend au front,
passe sur les yeu.x et s'l^tend jusqu' au milieu du dos, il y a seulement sur le somraet de la tete une
tache bleue longitudinale," we get an excellent description of D. angelica, which is supplemented
by what refers to the under-parts : " remarquablo par une raie blanche qui commence au milieu
de la poitrine et va en s'elargissant jusque dessous la queue." Nevertheless, it seems desirable to
re-examine the type (if still extant) before upsetting the nomenclature of this well-known bird.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 247

(b) Dacnis angelica arcangelica Bonap.

Dacnis arcangelica (sic) Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Nornmndie, ii. p. 31 (1857— = " angelica ex

Bogota, auct., sane diversa").'
Dacnis modesla Cabanis, Jonrn. f. Ornith. 21, p. 64 (1873 — Monterico, Clianchamayo, C. Peru ;

desor. orig. $) ; Berlepsch, Journ. f. Ornith. 37, 1889, p. 295 (crit. = D. angelica $).-

Hah. Upper Amazonia : Colombia (Bogota coll. ; Rio Putumayo) ; Eastern
Ecuador (Najjo, Quijos, etc.), North, Central, and Eastern Peru ; N.W. Bolivia
(Ym'acares) ; W. Brazil (Rio Madeira, R. Acre).

Dacnis cyanater = Dacnis cayona glaucogularis Berl. & Stolzm.'

Dacnis cyanater (nee Lesson ■*) ; L. & 0., Sijn. Av. i. p. 21 (Yuracares, Chiquitos, Bolivia).
Dacnis cyanocephalus d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 221 (Rio Taraampaya, prov. Yungas ; Santa Cruz de la
Sierra, Yuracares ; desor. (J$).

No. 1, " cJ " ad. (skin) : " No. 323. d'Orbigny, 1834. D. 253, Bolivie.
Dacnis cyanocephala. Male."

No. 2, "$" ad. (skin): " D. cyanocephala fem. 323. d'Orbigny, 1834.
Yuracares, D. 253. FemeUe."

A dozen additional specimens from various Bolivian localities (Simacu ;
Yungas ; prov. Sara) have been examined in the collections of Count Berlepsch,
Tring and Munich. They agree with topotypical Peruvian examples (Cliancha-
mayo) in having the mantle and throat-patch dull greenish black, but are generally
(though not constantly), both above and below, somewhat lighter, more greenish
blue. The wings, too, are as a rule slightly shorter. In view of the individual
variation exhibited by the series I do not, however, advocate the separation
of the Bolivian birds. Skins from Mattogrosso (Chapada), on the upper-jjarts,
resemble D. c. glaucogularis ; but the throat-patch is more blackish (though not
deep black as in the eastern forms), and the wing much longer (68-71 mm. in
adult males), thus forming the transition to D. c. paragtiayensis Chubb."

This last-named race, which I consider as weU-founded, although not differing
in colour from D. cayana cayana (Linn.), may readily be distmguished by its
larger size. It ranges from Paraguay and Rio Grande do Sul northwards to
S. Paulo, Western Minas (Rio Jordao, Bagagem), and Goyaz, as I have shown
in the report on Mr. Miiller's Lower Amazonian Collections. "

* Bonaparte's term just escapes being a nomen nudum, for alone his note "'angelica ex Bogota
auct. '* allows us to identify it, since at least one of the earlier authors, viz. Sclater {Contrib. to Ornith,,
1851, part 3, July, pp. 108-14 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 23, December 1855, p. 137), in speaking of
D. angelica, mentions the distinctive character of the Bogota bird.

2 Dacnis modesta Cab., as pointed out by Berlepsch, is no doubt the female of the Amazonian
form of D. angelica, and has no relation whatever to D. analis auct., with which Sclater {Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus. 11, 1886, p. 25) synonymized it.

3 Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 189C, p. 336 (1896— La Gloria & La Merced, Chanchamayo, C. Peru).

^ Traite d^Orn., p. 458 (1831 — " du Br..^sil " ; — " le type provient du voyage de H. GeoSroy
en Portugal," Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool. (2), vi. 1854, p. 70) — the type of D. cyanater which I have
examined in the Paris Museum is an adult male of the small form, with deep black throat-patch,
which ranges from Venezuela and Trinidad as far south as Rio de Janeiro (coast district). It
measures : wing, 64 ; tail, 44 ; bill, 12| mm. D. cyanater thus becomes a synonym of D. cayana
cayana (Linn.),

' Ibis (9), iv. p. 619 (1910 — "Paraguay, Mattogrosso, and S.E. Brazil," no type locality specified ;
we designate Sapueay, Paraguay).

' Abhandl. Bayer. Akad. Wissenseh., Math.-phys. Kl., 26, no. 2, 1912, pp. 6-7.
17

248 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Dacnis flaviventer Lafr. & Orb.

Dacnis flaviventer Lafrcsnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 21 (1837 — Yuracarea
Bolivia ; descr. orig. 0$) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 220, pi. 13, fig. 2 (Yuracares).

No. 1, ((J) ad. (skin), without original label : " Bolivie, par d'Orbigny.
D. flaviventer Lafr. & Orb. Type de Tespece."

No. 2, (" $ ") ad. (skin) : " Dacnis flaviventer fern. d'Orb. Yuracares
Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. D. 402-323."

No. 3, "?" ad. (skin): " D. flaviventer, fern. Nob. 323. d'Orbigny, 1834.''

The types are in rather indifferent condition ; but a fine adult male taken
by G. Garlepp at San Mateo, Yuracares, in the Berlepsch Collection, is absolutely
identical with individuals from other Amazonian localities.

This splendid species ranges from the eastern slopes of the Andes of Bolivia,
Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to the Caura River, Venezuela, and the Tapajoz,
N. Brazil.

Dacnis analis Lafr. & Orb. = Ateleodacnis speciosa speciosa (Temm.).'

Dacnis analis Lafrcsnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in 2Iag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 21 (1837— Cliiquitos, Eastern
Bolivia ; descr. orig. (J ad.).

No. 1, (cJ) ad. (skui) : " D 344. De Chiquitos, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 209.
Dacnis analis Nob. Type."— al. 60 ; c. 40J ; r. 10 mm.

The type agrees exactly with adult males from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro
(topotj'pical A. speciosa). The under-parts are even paler, more whitish than
in several of the Brazilian examples, the sides only being light bluish grey, and
the foreneck tinged with dull greyish. Additional specimens from Eastern
Bolivia (Quebrada onda) substantially corroborate the identity of the Bolivian
and Brazilian birds. D. analis Lafr. & Orb. becomes, therefore, a synonym of
A. speciosa, whose range is seen to extend from Piauhy, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro
across the continent to Eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos), N.W. Argentme (Jujuy),
and Paraguay (Sapucay). In Upper Amazonia (Bogota coU. ; E. Ecuador,
Peru) it is replaced by a nearly allied form, which differs by having the under-
• parts much darker, nearly uniform indigo-blue, without, or with very little,
whitish admixture in the anal region. For this dark race the name D. analis
has generally been applied, erroneously however, as shown in the preceding
lines.

I therefore designated it under the new term Ateleodacnis speciosa amazonum
Hellm.,* taking No. 99, ^ ad. Tarapoto, N. Peru, February 13, 1885, Gustav
Garlepp coll., in the collection of Count Berlepsch, as type.

' Sylvia speciosa (" P. Max " MS.) Tomminck, Rec. PL Col., livr. 49, pi. 293, fig. 2 (1S24— Rio
de Janeiro, S.E. Brazil ; descr. orig. (J ad.).

2 Verhandl. Orn. Ges. Bay. 13, Heft I, p. 106 (February 1917 — Tarapoto (E. Peru). — Sclator
(Cat. B. Brit. Mus. 11, 18SG, p. 25), under his Dacnis analis (ox Upper Amazonia), quotes Heli)iai(a)
brevipennis Giraud (.4»;i. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. v. no. 2, p. 40, pi. iii. fig. 1 [April 1851— "Mexico
and Texas"]), while Ridgnay {Bull. U.S. Mus. 50, part 3, 1904, p. 218) relegates this name to
the sj-nonj-my of Pachysylvia decurtata (Bonap.). After careful consideration of the case, I am
inclined to follow Cassin's suggestion {Proc. Acad. N. Sci. Philad. 1804, p. 271) in identifying it with
the female of Ateleodacnis s. speciosa. In no case, however, can Giraud's name be referred to the
Amazonian race, since the couixtries inhabited by the latter were at tliat time literally unexplored.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

249

Birds from Eastern Peru (Tarapoto, Piiitobamba, Ucayali) and those found
in Bogota collections agree very well together. The inhabitants of Lower
Amazonia (Rio Branco, Tapajoz, Tooantins) are described by authors to be
somewhat different, and may constitute yet another recognizable race.

Adult males from various localities present the following dimensions :

A. 3. speciosa

Six from Eastern Brazil (Rio, Bahia)
Three from Eastern Bolivia .

A.

speciosa amazonum

Three from Eastern Peru
One from Bogota.

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

55-58i

38i-42

QJ-IOJ

58-60

40-42

10-lOi

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

ram.

mm.

54-57

40-41

lOi-11

59

40 .i

u

Synallaxis dorsomaoulata Lafr. & Orb. = Phleocryptes melanops (Vieill.).'

Synallaxis dorsomacnlata Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in 3Iag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 21 {1837 —

Buenos Ayres [rep. Argentina] ; descr. orig.).
S. dorsomaculatus d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 237, pi. 14, fig. 1 (Barracas, near Buenos Ayres).

Nos. 1-3, adults (one mounted, two in skin) : " de Buenos Ayres, juillet
1829, par d'Orbigny. Syn. dorsomaculata Nob. Type de Fespece."

I am unable to discover any constant differences between specimens from
Paraguay, Barracas al Sud (type locality of S. dorsomaculata), Neuquen, and
Chile. Cfr. also Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, 1906, p. 66.

Jhering ' found this species at Sao Louren90, Rio Grande do Sul, the only
recorded locality on Brazilian territory.

Siptornis ' maluroides (Lafr. & Orb.).

Synallaxis maluroides Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn, Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 22 (1837 — Buenos
Ayres, rep. Argentina ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 238, pi. 14, fig. 3 (" aux environs
de Buenos Ayres, du c6t6 de la Boca, en biver ").

Nos. 1, 2, adults (mounted) : " do Buenos Ayres, juLllet 1829, par d'Orbigny,
No. 165. Syn. maluroides Nob. Type de I'espece." — al. 50i, 51 ; c. 57, 59 ;
r. 12, 12^ mm.

This aberrant species ranges from the Rio Negro (Patagonia) to the vicinity
of Buenos Ayres, thence following the lagunes along the sea-coast through
Uruguay to the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Louren9o).'

1 Sylvia melanosis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 11, p. 232 {1817 — ex Azara :
no. 232 : Paraguay).

3 Annuario do Esiado do Rio Grande do Sul para 1900, Porto Alegre, p. 128.

3 Tlie genus " Siptornis " auct. certainly requires subdivision, as has been pointed out by
Ridg^vay {Bull. U.S. Mus. 50, part 5, 1911, pp. 100, llil) ; but this question does not fall within
the scope of the present paper, so for the sake of convenience I have accepted it in the customary

36.

* Cfr. Jhering, Annuario Estad. Rio Grande do Sul, 1900, p. 129.

250 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Synallaxis troglodytoides Lafr. & Orb. = Cistothoras platensis platensis (Lath.)

S!/nc.lUi.tis Iroijlouyloiiics Lafiesnaye & d'Orbigny, Syit. Ai'. i. in May. Zool. cl. ii. p. 22 (1837 — Pata-
gonia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 238 (" Babia de San Bias, au 40' dcgre lat. sud, en Janvier,
. . . un seul tue ").

No. 1, adult (skin), with a large paper label, on v.liich is written from
d'Orbigny's hand : " Synallaxis troglodytoides Nob." Type of species. — al. 45J ;
c. 45 i ; tars. 16; r. llf mm.

The type of S. troglodytoides proved on examination to be a worn example
of the ordinary Marsh Wren of La Plata. Its determination involved a complete
revision of the South American races of this widespread bird .as far as the limited
material permitted, and it is hoped that the results of my laborious studies,
given in the succeeding pages, may help ornithologists towards a better under-
standing of this intricate group. In defining the various forms, I have omitted
such characters as are common to several of them, or which by reason of their
variability are useless for diagnostic purposes. In comparing specimens from
different localities, due attention should be paid to seasonal change. Birds in
freshly moulted plimiage are invariably much more brightly coloured, while in
the breeding season all tints become paler and duller. I am able to distinguish
ten geographic races, of which eight are found south of the Panamanic Isthmus.

(«) Cistothorus platensis platensis (Lath.).

Sylvia platensis Latham, Ind. Ornith. ii. p. 548 (1790 — ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 730, fig. 2 ; Buenos

Ayres ').
Synallaxis troglodytoides Lafr. & d'Orb., Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 22 (1837 — Patagonia, yiz.

Bahia de San Bias, in the south of prov. Buenoa Ayres ; type in Paris Museum examined).
Cistothorus fasciolatus Burmeister, Journ. f. Ornith. 8, p. 252 (1860 — Mendoza, W. Argentine-;

types in Halle Museum examined).

Type locality : Buenos Ayres.

Hah. N.E. Patagonia (Rio Negro) ; Prov. Buenos Ayres (Bahia de San
Bias, Rio Colorado, Bahia Blanca, Carhue, Lavalle, Estancia EspartUla, Barracas
al Sud, Lujan Bridge) ; Entrerios : Santa Elena, east of La Paz ; in the west
'to Cordoba and Mendoza.

Descr. — Upper part of the head black, with very distinct, though narro-n-,
buff streaks (more whitish in abraded plumage) ; interscapulium broadly striped
longitudinally with buffy white and black ; lower back and rump fulvous-brown,
here and there with a few isolated buffy streaks and small blackish spots ; upper-
tail coverts darker rufescent-brown, strongly vermiculated with blackish. Broad
superciliary stripe creamy white ; under-parts white, only flanks, anal region,
and under-taU coverts light fulvous, foreneck hardly shaded with buff. Tail
bright russet-brown, all rectrices regularly barred on both webs with blackish.

Memarks. — Specimens from San Bias (type of S. troglodytoides), Bahia Blanca,
and Mendoza (types of Cist, fasciolatus) are absolutely identical. D'Orbigny's
type and one of the Mendoza birds (No. 1,7426 of the Halle Museum), both in

* According to Buffon, the bird was procured by Commerson.

2 The description is incomplete, but a more detailed one is given by the same author in his
Keise La Plata Staaten, ii. 1801, p. 476.

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

45J

45i

Hi

45J, 4G

47, 48

Hi 12J

43

44

10^

45, 46

45, 45 i

11, lU

N0V1T.\TES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 251

very worn, bleached breeding dress, are rather pale ; but the other example
from Mendoza and two adult ^^ from Bahia Blanca,' all of which are in good,
fresh plumage, agree with a topotype from Buenos Ayres (Barracas al Sud).
The latter merely diSers by showing a slight tinge of russet on the forehead. =
An adult male from Santa Elena, east of La Paz (Entrerios), September 20,
1892, Holland coll., British Museum, resembles C. p. platensis, but by its shorter
bill and by having the three outer tail feathers uniform blackish it forms the
transition to C p. polyglottus, of Paraguay and S.E. Brazil.

C. p. platensis, of Central Argentine, stands somewhat between C. p. hornensis
and C. p. polyglottus. From the latter it may be distinguished by the regular
blackish barring of the rectrices on both webs, the conspicuous buff stripes
of the pileum, larger size, and the slightly variegated rump ; from C. p. hornensis
by the white (only on sides and crissum fulvous) under-parts, much narrower,
lighter streaks on pileum, and much less variegated rump.

Examined : seven specimens.

One adult San Bias (type of S. troglodytoides)
Two ^^ ad. Bahia Blanca (4.i.37, Darwin;

10.x. 99, Venturi)

One o ad. Barracas al Sud (14.vii.03, Venturi)
Two adults Mendoza (types of C. fasciolatus)
One (J ad. Santa Elena, Entrerios (20.ix.92,

Holland) 43 — 11

(6) Cistothorus platensis tucumanus Hart. & Vent.

Cistothorus platensis tucumanus Hartert & Venturi, Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 163 (Dec. 1909. — Tucuman,
N.W. Argentine).

Type locality : Tucuman.

Hob. N.W. Argentine (prov. Tucuman : Tucuman, Villa Lenge, S. Pablo
(1,200 m.) ; Cuesta de Malamala (1,300 m.).

Descr. — Agrees with C. p. platensis in coloration of tail, markings of pileum,
and paleness of under-parts, but differs by its longer bill, and by having the
lower back and rump plain fulvous-brown (not variegated with black and white
streaks or spots), while the dusky cross-lines on the upper-tail coverts are less
pronounced.

Remarks. — This race, by the uniform rump and less barred upper-tail coverts,
approaches C. p. graminicola, while in other respects it is an exact counterpart
of C. p. platensis.

Examined : two specimens (including the type) in the Tring Museum.

Two females from Tucuman.— Wing, 47, 47i ; tail, 48, 49 ; bill, \2\, 13 mm.

' One of them was obtained by C. Darwin on January 4, 1837, during the voyage of the Beagle
(No. 1,443 D, labelled " Troglodytes platetisis "). In the Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vi. p. 245, it is errone-
ously referred to C. polyglottus.

2 The Mendoza specimens (types of C. fasciolatus) may be termed ultra-typical of C. p. platensis,
and show not the slightest approach to C. p. hornensis, which lives on the Chilian side of the Andes
as well as in the western portion of the Gobernacion del Chubut.

252 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

(c) Cistolhorus plaiensis hornensis (Less.).'

Troglodytes hornensis Lesson, L'Institut, 18.34, no. 72, p. 316 (1834 — "pris en mer, le 7 Janvier 1831.

a vingt lieues dans le sud-est du Cap Horn ").
Thryotkorus eidouxi Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 221 (1850 — based on "Troglodyte des Marais?

[Wils.]. Fem.," Voyage au Pole Sud " Astrolabe " et " Zelee," Atlas, Zool., Ois., pi. 19. fig. 6 —

" Bras."- — errore ! the typo was secured at Talcahuano, Chile ; efr. Hombron et Jacquinot,

Voy. Pole Slid, Zool. iii. 1853, p. 94).
Troglodytes platensis GovM, in Darwin, Zool. " Beagle," part 11. 1839, p. 75 (part. : Falkland Islands) ;

idem., P.Z.S. 1859, p. 95 (Falklands).
Cistothorns plaiensis Sclater, P.Z.S. 1860, p. 394 (Falkland Islands) ; Abbott, Ibis, iii. 1861, p. 153

(Falkland Islands) ; Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Mus. xii. 1889, p. 131 (Gregory Bay, Magellan Straits) ;

Sclater, A New List of Chilian Birds, 1892, p. 1 (Chile) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrh., Suppl. iv., 1898,

p. 729 (Cabo Espiritu Santo, Tierra del Fuego ; Ushuwaia, Beagle Channel) ; Crawshay, Birds

of Tierra del Fuego, 1907, p. 43, plate (Useless Bay Settlement).^
Cistothorns plaiensis eidouxi Hellmayr, Bull. B.O.C. 19, 1907, p. 76 (distrib.).

Type locality : near Cape Horn.

Hab. Chile (Santiago, Talcahuano, Concepcion, Gregory Bay, Magellan Straits,
etc.), S. Argentine, Gob. del Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) ; Tierra del Fuego
(Useless Bay, Cabo Espiritu Santo, Ushuwaia, Beagle Channel) ; Falkland Islands.

Descr. — Differs from C. p. platensis and C. p. tucumanus by having the
stripes on the head wider and darker, decidedly fulv^ous-brown ; the black and
bufi markings on upper-back much more strongly developed and extended all
over the lower back and rump ; the deeper fulvous-brown of the flanks invades
also the breast ; the upper-tail coverts have distinct blackish cross-bars.

Eemark-s. — The coarsely striped upper-surface (from the mantle down to
the rump) renders this form easily recognisable among its affines. As in C. p.
platensis, there is a broad, creamy-white superciliary stripe, and all the rectrices
are, on both webs, barred with blackish. Birds from Southern Chile and Western
Chubut (Valle del Lago Blanco) agree very well together. Several skins from
the Falkland Islands are slightly larger, and more brownish both above and below.

Exammed : twelve specimens.

Wing. Tail. Bill,

rum. mm. mm.

Three adult males : Concepcion, Chile
'One adult female : Concepcion, Chile .
One adult female : Talcahuano, Chile '
Three adult males : Chubut (Valle del Lago
Blanco ; Koslowsky coll., Tring Mus.) .
Two adults : Falkland Islands * .

' Although generally referred to the Patagonian race of the House Wren {Troglodytes muscidus
rtiagellanicus Gould), Lesson's T. hornensis was clearly based upon an example of the southern form
of Cistothorus plaiensis, as has been pointed out long ago by the late P. L. Sclater (P.Z.S. 1867,
p. 319). In fact, the description " La tete est d'un roux n,9«: vif, guillochee de traits noirs ; hs parties
superietires du corps sont couvertes de flammiches noir luisant, blanches et rousses," furnishes such
an excellent characteristic of the latter bird as to leave no possible doubt respecting its identification.

2 No attempt has been made to draw up a complete sjTionymic list, tliough I deemed it con-
venient to quote some of the more important references relating to the above form.

' "No. 105. Talcahuano, par MM. Hombron et Jacquinot, 1841. ?. Troglodytes Eydouxi
Ch. Bonap. figuri?, Voy. au Pole Sud., pi. 19, fig. 1, sous le nom de Troglodyte des Marais. Typo
de I'espece." — Coll. of the Paris Museum.

* A specimen with the erroneous locality " Uruguay," from the voj-age of L'Uranie, is in the
Paris Musemu. It was, no doubt, secured on the Falklands where the naturalists of the expedition,
Quoy & Gaimard, have made important collections.

47, 47, 47

40, 43, 43 i

12J-13

44

42

13

45J

42

I2i

49, 49, 48

40, 43, 46

12

49,50

38,44

lU, 12

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 253

(d) Cistoihorus -plalensis graminicola Tacz.

Cistothorus graminicola Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1874, p. 130 (1874 — Marayiiioc, Chaneha-
mayo, Central Peru ; descr. orig.).

Type locality : Marajmioc, Chanchamayo, Central Peru.

Hab. Central Peru (Maraynioc, Ingapirca) ; C. East Peru : Puna de Idma ;
N.W. Bolivia (Khapaguaia [?]).

Descr. — Like C. p. iucmnanus with the lower back wholly uniform ; but
general coloration more rufescent ; the stripes on pileum deep fulvous-brown,
obsolete on forehead ; sides of head and supercUiaries deep buff (as in C. p.
aequatorialis) ; flanks and lower tail-coverts deeper fulvous-brown ; upper-tail
coverts marked with a few wavy cross-lines of dusky. All the rectrices are
regularly barred with blackish across both webs ; the interscapulium is broadly
striped with bufi and black as m the allied forms.

Remarks. — This form combines the fulvous general coloration of C. p.
aequatorialis with the striped head of the southern races ; being thus, to a certain
extent, intermediate in its characters. From aequatorialis it may be recognized —
in addition to the distinctly streaked pileum — by the slightly paler tone of the
plumage, from its southern allies by the more fidvous general colour, the uniform
lower back (without whitish streaks or dusky spots), etc.

An immature bird, the only one I have seen from N. Bolivia, seems to belong
to the present form, although the upper-tail coverts are conspicuously barred
with dusky.

Examined : two specimens.

Wing. Tail. Bill,

mm. mm. mm.

One adult male: Ingapirca, C. Peru . . . 52J 53 12}

One adult male : Puna de Idma, E. Peru . .49 43 12i

(e) Cistothorus platensis aequatorialis Lawr.'

Cistothorus aequatorialis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 10, p. 3 (1871 — Pichincha, Ecuador).
Cistothorus brunneiceps Salvin, Ibis (4) v. p. 129, pi. iii. fig. 1 (1881 — Sical, W. Ecuador).

Type locality : Pichincha, Ecuador.

Hab. Western Ecuador (Sical, Cechce, Chimborazo, Corazon, Milligalli,
Pichincha, etc.), and, accordmg to Chapman,'- Southern Colombia.

Descr. — Very nearly related to C. p. graminicola, but even more decidedly
rusty ; the upper-taU coverts perfectly uniform, without the slightest trace of
dusky markings ; the fulvous-brown of the flanks more extended and darker
in tone ; the throat washed with buff (not pure white), and especially by having
the top of the head, plain rufescent-brown, or with the merest suggestion of light
streaks on crown and nape. Tail as in C. p. graminicola.

Remarks. — There is no possible doubt as to the identity of C. brunneiceps
and aequatorialis. The supposed discrepancies in Lawrence's description which
induced Salvin to create a new species have no real existence. One of my
specimens (^ ad. west side of Pichincha) has indeed " the feathers of the crown

' I am not acquainted with tlie recently described Cistothorus apolinari C'liapm. (Bull. Amer.
Mus. N.H. 33, 1914, p. 635 : Suba Marshes, tour miles from Bogota, Colombia, 8,600 feet).
2 Bull. Amcr. Mus. N.H. 33, 1914, pp. 626-627.

254 NO%'ITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVXII. 1921.

and hind-neck m their centres marked with paler, nearly obsolete stripes," while
in otliers from the same place the pileum is entirely devoid of liglit markings,
just like the type of C. brunneiceps. The superciliary stripe, in this form, is
particularly broad and bright buff, the upper-tail coverts are always wholly
unbarred.

Examined : five specimens from W. Ecuador.

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

ram.

48-50

42-46

121-13

46

40 i

12J

Three adult males .

One adult female ....

(/) Cistothorus platensis meridae Hellm.'
Cistoihorus platensis meridae Hellmayr, Bull. B.O.C. 19, p. 74 (1907 — El Loro, Merida, W. Venezuela).

Hah. Western Venezuela : Merida.

Remarks. — I have nothing to add to what I have said regarding this in-
teresting local race, which is easily recognizable by the numerous dusky cross-
lines on the flanks. A second specimen recently examined in the Senckenbergian
Museum at Frankfort agrees in every detail with the type.

{g) Cistoihorus platensis polyglottus (Vieill.).

Thryothonis polyglottus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. (VUist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 59 {1819 — tx Azara,
no. 151 : Paraguay).

Troglodytes omnisomis Naumann, VSgel Deutschl. iii. tab. to p. 724 (1S23 — ex Azara, no. 151 : Para-
guay).

Troglodytes interscapularis Nordmann, in Erman's Beise, Naturhist. Atlas, p. 13, no. 90 (1835 —
" Brasilien," presumably Sao Paulo).

Type locality : Paraguay.

Hah. Paraguay (Azara, Bertoni) ; S.E. Brazil : Rio Grande do Sul (Pedras
Brancas), Parana (Villa de Castro, Curytiba), Sao Paulo (Ytarare, Ypanema,
Borda do Matto, Vendinha (both places near Mogymirim), Itatinga, Paciencia,
Batataes) ; Western Minas Geraes (Curvelo, Lagoa Santa). -

Descr. — Upper part of the head and nape earthy brown, either uniform or
with hair-like pale shaft-lines on forehead and crown ; interscapulium broadly
striped with black and buffy white ; lower back and rump plain, light russet-
brown ; upper-tail coverts with dusky cross-bars ; lores whitish, ear coverts
greyish brown, finely streaked with buff ; a narrow but distinct superciliary
streak whitish ; under-parts white, inner flanks and tail coverts buffy brown.
Median pair of rectrices regularly barred across with russet and black ; the
other tail feathers with the inner web plain dushj (except the tip, which is buff),
and the outer wel) russet with blackish cross-bars.

Remarks. — This form is nearly related to C. p. platensis, from which, however,
it differs in smaller size ; shorter, weaker bill ; much narrower superciliary
streak ; plain brown lower back (not variegated with black and whitish) ; by
lacking the distinct shaft-stripes on the crown ; finally by having the inner web

' I do not know C. platensis tamae Cory {Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 190, Orn. Ser. i., no. 10,
August 19le, p. 344 ) from the Paramo de Tama. Tacliira. W. Venezuela.

' What the birds recorded as C. polyglottus by Lillo (.Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, 8, 1902,
p. 173 : Tucum&n) and Dabbene t^Anal. Mus. Nac. B. Ayrcs, 18, 1910, p. 335 : Chaco ; coll. Venturi)
may be I am unable to decide. In any case, they can hardly belong to true C. p. polyglottus.

NOTIT.iTES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 255

of tlie rectrices (except the middle pair) uniform dusky, not barred v/ith russet
or fulvous. Occasionally a few isolated tiny streaks may be observed on forehead
or crown, though these are always much less developed than in C. p. platensis.
The type of T. interscapidaris in the Berlin Museum I have found to be identical
with the skms obtained by Natterer in Southern Brazil. Paraguayan specimens
I have not yet had an opportunity of examining, but from Azara's detailed
description (I am using Sonnini's French translation) it Is clearly seen that
T. -polygloltus can only refer to the present species.' As stated above, a specimen
from Entrerios in the British Museum is decidedly intermediate between C. p.
platensis and C. p. polyglottus, which, therefore, must be treated as subspecies.
Examined : nine specimens from Southern Brazil (Parana, Sao Paulo).

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

41-44

39-44

10-lOi

41, 41

38,41

10 J, 11

Six adult males ....
Two adult females ...

(h) Cistothorus platensis alticola Salv. & Godm.
Cistothoms alticola Salvin & Godman, Ibis (5) i. p. 204 (1883 — Eoraima, British Guiana).

Type locality : Roraima, British Guiana.

Hab. Roraima Mountains, British Guiana.

Descr. — Exceedingly close to C. p. polyglottus, and only distinguishable
by having the flanks more extensively, as well as darker, rufescent-brown, and
by the superciliary streak being obsolete or even wholly absent.

Remarks. — Twelve specimens from Roraima differ from nine C. p. polyglottus
in the way indicated above. The pUeum and the lower back are always jjlain
earthy brown, without any streaks or spots, the upper-tail coverts barred with
blackish as in the South Brazilian form. The superciliary streak Ls but slightly
indicated, sometimes even wanting. The darker brown of the flanks extends
on to the sides of the breast. The ground colour of the tail is rather variable,
being either earthy brown as in C. p. polyglottus, or fulvous as in C. p. graminicola ;
the outermost rectrix is occasionally barred on both webs, but the inner web
of the second to the fifth rectrix Ls plain dusky or greyish brown, at the utmost
with a few pale wavy cross-lines.

Examined : twelve specimens from Roraima.

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

44-46

41-42

10-11

42 J

40 i

11

Nine adult males
One adult female.

C. p. polyglottus and C. p. alticola resemble, in markings of tail, the Central
American representatives of this group, which, for the sake of completeness, are
mentioned hereafter. Their characters need not be insisted upon, as they have
been fully dealt with in Ridgway's work.'

' Sonnini (edition of Azara, iii. p. 327 (no. 151) describes " Le tout-voix " as follows: " le
derriere du cou est noir, agreablement ray^ en long de blanc ; d'autres lignes noiratres traversent
le fond brun roussatre du dos et du croupion ; mais cos lignes deviennent plus nombreuses et
plus apparentes sur les couvertures superieures de la queue. Le cote exterieur des pennes des
ailes, et Vextcrieur de celles de la queue, aussi bien que tear extremite, sent rayes en trovers de brun
clair et de noirdtre ; . . . le reste des ailes est brun, et celui de la queue noirdtre."

2 Bull. U.S. Mus., no. 50, part iii. 1904, pp. 484-486.

256 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

(!) Cistothorus platensis liicidus Ridgw.
Cistotkorus polyglottua lucidna Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 16, p. 169 (1903 — Boquete. Chiriquil.
Hab. Panama (Chiriqui, Veragua) ; Costa Rica.

(/) Cistothorus platensis elegans Scl. & Salv.
Cislothorus elegans Sclater & Salvin, His, i. p. 8 (1859 — Lake of Duenas, Guatemala).
Hab. Eastern Mexico to British Honduras.

Synallaxis phryganophila = Schoeniophylax phryganophila (Vicill.).'

SymUhxis phryganophila Vieill. ; L. & d'O., Syn. Av. i. p. 22 (Conientes, rep. Argentina).
Synallaxis phryganophilus d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 239 (Corrientes).

Nos. 1, 2, adults (mounted) : " de Corrientes, juillet 1S29, par d'Orbigny.
Synallaxis phryganophila, Vieill."

These specimens are in every way identical with others from Paraguay and
the neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres.

Synallaxis ruficauda = Synallaxis cinnamomea russeola (Vieill. ).'

Synallaxis ruficaida Vieill. a ; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 22 (Corrientes, rep. Argentina) ; d'Orbigny
Voyage, p. 240 (Rincon de Luna, prov. Corrientes).

Nos. 1, 2, adults (mounted) : " de Corrientes, juillet 1829, par d'Orbigny.
Synallaxis ruficauda, Vieill."

Identical with specimens from Southern Brazil. As pointed out by Menegaux
& Hellmayr,' S. cinnamomea russeola is the earliest name for the southern race
of this widespread bird, ranging from the banks of the Rio Parana to north-
eastern Brazil (Piauhy, Pernambuco).

Synallaxis striaticeps Lafr. & Orb. •

"adult" = (Sipiorwis pyrrhophius striaticeps
(Lafr. & Orb.).
juv." = Siptornis pyrrhophius pyrrho-
phius (Vieill.).'

Synallaxis striaticeps Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 22 (1837 — Corrientes
[rep. Argentina], at Cochabamba [rep. Boliviana]) ; d'Orbigny, Votjage, Ois., p. 241, pi. 16, fig. I
(" au sud de Corrientes, en hiver, ... a Cochabamba et Valle Grande, Bolivia, a 2,000 m. alt. " ;
descr. ad. et juv.).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " haut Perou, un des types. S. striaticeps d'Orb.
& Lafr. 295-3G5. Vallee Grande, par d'Orbigny, 1834."— al. 63 ; c. 64 ;

> Sylvia phryganophila Vieillot, iVowt). Diet. cCHist. Nat., nouv. I'd., 11, p. 207 (1817 — ex Azara,
no. 229 : Paraguay).

2 Sylvia russeola Vieillot, I.e., 11, p. 217 (1817— ox Azara, no. 233 : Paraguay).

3 Nouv. Diet. iVHist. Nat. 32, p. 310 (1819— " apport^e du Br6sil," the type which I have
examined in the Paris Museum was obtained by Delalande flis in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro,
S.E. Brazil).

• Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Autun, 19, 1906, p. 72.

5 Dendrocolaptes pyrrhophius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nal., nouv. ed., 20, p. 118 (1818 —
ex Azara, no. 245 : " Paraguay," sc. Corrientes, n.e. Argentine). — As suggested by Bertoni {El
Hornero, i. 1919, p. 257), the " Trepadore acanelado y pardo " of Azara (No. 245), upon which
D. pyrrhophius Vieillot as well as Dendrocolaptes superciliosus LichtcnRtein(.46/rand/. Berliner .ikad.
Wiss. a.d.J. 1818-19, publ. 1820, p. 204) are based, is doubtless referable to the bird described by
Berlepsch & Leverkiihn {Ornis, 6, 1890, p. 22) as Synallaxis helerocerca, from specimens obtained
by E. W. White at Cosquin, prov. Cordoba. Vieillot's name, having many years' priority, must be
adopted as specific designation of the group.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 257

r. 14 J mm. = S. p. striaticeps (Lafr. & Orb.). — We designate No. 1 a,s type of
the species.

No. 2, ($) ad. (mounted) : " Un des types. 8yn. striaticeps d'Orb. & Lafr.
Corrientes, juillet 1829, par d'Orbigny. 166— D. 86."— al. 58 ; c. 65 ; r. (damaged)
mm. = S. p. pyrrJiopJiius (VieilL).

There has been considerable uncertainty about the correct application of
the specific name striaticeps. While it was generally recognized that two distinct
forms had been confused in the original description, authors differed in restricting
the name to one or the other of its components. Sclater and Salvin used the
term striaticeps for the Argentine form, and separated two specimens obtained
by Buckley in the Ymigas of La Paz, N. Bolivia, as a new species which was
called Symdlaxis rufipennis.^ Berlepsch and Leverkiihn,' on the other hand,
expressed the opinion that the northern birds were entitled to the name striaticeps,
and accordmgly designated the Argentine form under the new term <S. heterocerca.
Menegaux and Hellmayr,^ overlooking this action, adopted the former course,
calling the Argentine race S. striaticeps striaticeps, the Bolivian one S. striaticeps
ryfipennis.

In May 1914 I took all the available material of this group, consisting of
28 specimens in the collections of Count Berlepsch, Munich and Tring, to the
Paris Museum, with a view to deciding that vexed question of nomenclature.

The rather cursory description in the Magasin de Zoologie could be equally
referred to either the Argentme or the Bolivian form, although certain passages
(" remigibus fuscis margine exteriore rufescentibus," " rectricibus . . . totis
cinnamomeis," " hypochondriis abdomineque rufescente grisescentibus ") point
rather in favour of the latter. The matter is further complicated by the fact
that the locality " Corrientes " stands in the first place. In the more detailed
account in the ornithological portion of the Voyage, d'Orbigny describes what
he takes for the " adulte " as having " les plumes de la tete jaunatres, chacune
pourvue d'une tache nou-e, sur sa longueur," while the " jeune" is characterized
in the terms : " dessus de la tete brun, les taches longitudinales a peine marquees
et les plumes de cette partie moins aUongees."

Let us now consider the two Parisian specimens, and see how they answer
to the above statement.

No. 1 (Valle Grande, Bolivia) Is a bird in very worn plumage, from which
little can be gained regarding the colour of the edges to the secondaries — -one of
the principal characters between the two races, as wiU be shown presently. The
right half of the tail (rectrix 1 to 6) is fortunately complete : all the rectrices
are uniform cinnamon-rujous, without trace of dusky tips. The flanks and
lower-taU coverts are decidedly buffy brownish (like an adult from Trigal, Bolivia,
in the Berlepsch Collection) ; the upper- tail coverts cinnamon-rufous, slightly
tipped with ashy ; the blackish and buff stripes, on the head, extend over the
whole pileum doum to the nape.

No. 2 (Corrientes) is an aberrant example of the Argentine form, with the
middle rectrices nearly uniform rufous. It differs from No. 1 by greyish rather
than buff flanks, and by having the striping of the head much less pronounced, as

> Proc. Zool. Soc. Lotul. 1879, p. 620 (1S79— Tilotilo, Bolivia).

2 Ornis, 6, 1890, p. 22.

3 Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. d'Aulun, 19, 190fi, p. 78.

258 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXV'III. 1921.

well as restricted to forehead and occiput. Besides, the feathers of the pileum
are conspicuously shorter.

From the preceding it is evident that d'Orbigny (one of the describers)
regarded and described the Bolivian bird as the adult, and that from Corrientes
as the j'oung of his <S. striaticeps. Therefore I think we are justified in restricting
that name to the norlhcrn race.

Turning now our attention to the Argentine form, it is well to say at the
outset that its distinctive features are much less strongly marked than was
supposed by Bcrlepsch and Leverkiihn. Neither the size nor certain colour-
characters, e.g. the tinge of the light crown-stripes, lower back, and upper-tail
coverts, can be relied upon for discriminating the southern birds. Even the
coloration of the median taU feathers is subject to some individual variation.
By carefully comparuig nearly thirty specimens from various localities I am led
to the following conclusions :

(1) Birds from Northern and Central Bolivia (Tilotilo ; Samaipata, Valle
Grande, Trigal ; Chuquisaca) have the black and bufE (or whitish) striping
extended over the whole pileum down to the nape ; the secondaries and tertials
conspicuously edged with cinnamon- or russet-brown ; the flanks buffy brown ;
the rectrices (even the median ones) plain cinnamon-rufous. They are entitled
to the name S. pyrrhophius striaticeps (Lafr. & Orb.), of which S. rufipennis (Scl. &
Salv.) becomes a synonjTn.

(2) Birds from the Central and Eastern Argentine states (Cordoba ; Santa
Fe [Mocovi, Ocampo, Ceres] ; Corrientes, Entrerios [La Soledad] ; Buenos Ayres
[Barracas al Sud]) ' have the edges to the secondaries and tertials always
earthy or greyish brown, without rufescent tinge ; the striping of the head
confined to forehead and occiput ; the flanks greyish brown or ashy ; the central
pair of rectrices with the entire inner web and the wliole or part of the outer
web greyish brown to dusky brown. Out of fifteen skins from the above-
mentioned localities, only two (d'Orbigny's female from Corrientes and one
of the males from Ocampo, Santa Fe) have the median rectrix cinnamon-rufous,
with an obsolete dusky margin along tip of inner web, thus pointing towards
S. p. striaticeps. I am unable to detect any constant differences between the
tjrpcs of S. heterocerca from Cordoba and a series from the Parana River. This
form is thus the true S. p. pyrrhophius (Vieill.).

(3) Birds from N.W. Argentine (states Tucuman, Salta, Jujuy) closely
resemble S. p. pyrrhophius, and merely differ by having the dusky colour on the
median rectrix restricted to the apical portion of the inner web, this patch
varying in length from 20 to 25 mm. In the series of nine examples, however,
there are again two (one eacli from Norco. Tucuman, and Salta) with the whole
of the inner web of the median rectrix dark brown, thereby approaching iS'. p.
pyrrhophius, found in the more southern districts of the Argentine Republic.
For the present I am not inclined, with the comparatively limited material, to
separate these birds, even subspecifically, from <.'?. p. pyrrhophius.

These remarks may be closed by giving the measurements of the adult
specimens examined in the present connection.

' The birds recorded from the Eio Negro, ratogcnia (Hudson) and Uruguay (Tala, prov. Durazno
[Dalgleish], Paj'sandu (Teel), Santa Elena, Dept. Soriano [Aplin]), e.n. S. striaticeps, are no
doubt also referable to S. p. pyrrhophius. However, I have not seen specimens from either of
those places.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

259

(a) Siptornis pyrrhopJiitis striaticeps (Lafr. & Orb.).

One adult from Valle Grande, Bolivia (Type)
One adult from Samaipata, Bolivia .
One adult from Trigal, Bolivia .

Ving.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

63

64 (worn)

14*

04

72J-

13i

64

70

14

(6) Siptornis pyrrJwphius — ?

One male from Tucuman (Norco)
Two males from Salta (Metan, Arenal)
One male from Jujuy (S. Francisco) .
One female from Tucuman (Norco) .
One female from Salta (Bletan).
One female from Jujuy (San Francisco)

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

64

73

14

. 65, 66

71, 74

13J, 14

66

74

15

62

72

14

62

70

13

62*

68

15

(c) Siptornis pyrrhophius pyrrhophius (VieiU.).

One male (?) from Cordoba'

One male from Entrerios (La Soledad)

Three males from Santa Fe (Ocampo, Ceres)

Two females from Cordoba

One female from Entrerios (La Soledad)

One female from Corrientes

Three females from Santa Fe (Mocovi, Ceres)

One female from Buenos Ayres (Barracas al Sud) 60

Wing.

Tail.

BiU.

mm.

mm.

mm.

60

67

14

65

73

13

. 62-65

71-73

13-14

. 58, 61

63, 65

13*, 14

61

74

13

58

65

—

). 57-59

63-65

12-13*

Sud) 60

68

14

Syuallaxis albiceps Lafr. & Orb. = Siptornis albiceps (Lafr. & Orb.).

Synallaxis albiceps Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 23 (1837 — Sicasica,
Bolivia ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 241, pi. 16, fig. 2 (" aux environs du village
Capiiiata, prov. Sicasica, versant oriental, 2,000 m.").

Nos. 1, 2, adults (mounted) : " de Sicasica, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834.
No. D. 287. Types de I'espece."— al. 65, 68 ; c. 69 ; r. 14* mm.

Birds from Unduavi and other places in High Bolivia procured by G. Garlepp
agree very well with the types. This very distinct species, which Ls perhaps
worthj' of ranking as a separate genus {Cranioleuca Reichb.), appears to be confined
to the highlands of Bolivia.

In Central and Southern Peru (dept. Cuzco) it is replaced by Siptornis (or
Cranioleuca) albicapilla (Cab.),^ which is widely different both in structure and
coloration.

' Type of S. heterocerea Berl. & Leverk.

2 Synallaxis albicapilla Cabanig, J&urn. /. Ornith. 21, p. 319 {1873 — Maraynioc, Chanchamayo,
C. Peru).

260

NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXVIII. 1921.

Synallaxis fuliginiceps Lafr. & Orb. = Leptasthenura foliginiceps fuliginiceps

(Lafr. & Orb.).

SynaUaxis fuliginiceps Lafresnayo & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 23 (1837 — Sicaaica,
Bolivia ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 242, pi. 17, fig. 1 (Enquisivi, prov. Sicasica ;
Valle Grande).

Leptasthenura fuliginiceps boliviana Allen, Bull. Amer, Mus. ii. p. 91 (1889 — North Bolivia).

No. 1, adiilt (mounted) : " de Sicasica, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No.
D. 286. Synallaxis fuliginiceps Lafr. & Orb. Tj-pe de I'espece." — al. 65 ; c. 96 ;
r. 10 mm.

No. 2, adult (skin) : " de Sicasica, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834. Syn.
ftdigiiiiceps Nob. D. 28C."— al. 65 ; c. 95 ; r. lOi mm.

No. 3, adult (skin) : " de Valle Grande, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834. Si/n.
fvligitiiceps Nob. D. 286."

In addition, I have examined an adult and a young bird from Tilotilo, Yungas
of La Paz, coll. Buckley, in the British Museum. The five Bolivian skins
are quite similar inter se, having the under-parts fulvescent or Isabella
colour, the uropygium decidedly washed with buS. and the back light
fulvescent-brown.

Birds from " Parana " (Entrerios ; type of L. paranensis Scl.'), Catamarca
(Sierra de Totoral ; E. W. White), Mendoza (Weisshaupt), and Tucuman (Norco ;
Dinelli) difier by their much paler, buffy-grey under-parts (only the flanks and
crissum passing into a light brownish bufi), and nearly uniform mouse-grey
back and rump. The wings are, as a rule, slightly shorter in the Argentine
birds. There is, however, no appreciable difference in the colour of the cap,
wings, or tail between the two series. The southern form has, therefore, to
stand as L. fuliginiceps paranensis Scl.

The dimensions of the two races compare as follows :

L. fuliginiceps fuliginiceps (Lafr. & Orb.).

Four adults (not sexed) from Bolivia

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

64-65

95-100

10-10.',

L. fuliginiceps paranensis Scl.

Two adults (not sexed) from " Parana (Entrerios) "
Two females from Catamarca (Sierra de Totoral)
One male from Mendoza .....
Two males from Norco, Tucimian

Wing.

• Tail.

BiU.

mm.

mm.

mm.

57, 59

86, 90

10, 11

57, 60

90, 95

9|, lOi

61

—

lOi

63, 63

94,98

10, lOJ

1 Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., p. 377 (November 1861 — '* in rep, Argentina" ; the type in
the British Museum is labelled as having been obtained by Burmeister at " Parana, Entrerios." —
This locality appears to me extremely doubtful, as the species, otherwise, is known only as on
inhabitant of tlio mountainous western provinces).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIIl. 1921. 2C1

„ „ . ,, , ., rLeptasthenura aegithaloides aegithaloides

Synallazis aegytnaloides = u , ,, ... , ., , , , - tt

ILeptasthenura aegithaloides berlepscni Ha

Kittl.).'
Hart.=

Synallaxis aegytliuloides Kittl. ; L. & 0., <S'j/n. Av. i. p. 23 ("Chili, Patagonia, et Andium vertice [rep.
Boliviana] ") ; O., Voyage, p. 243 (Rio Negro en Patagonia, au 41° lat. sucl ; Valparaiso, Cobija,
Chile ; La Paz, Bolivie, alt. 4,000 m.).

Nos. 1, 2, adults (mounted, skin) : " de Cobija, Chili, par dOrbigny, 1831." =
L. a. aegithaloides (Kittl.).

Nos. 3, 4, adults (skins) : from Chile (without exact locality), collected by
d'Orbigny, presumably at Valparaiso. = L. aegithaloides aegithaloides (Kittl.).

Nos. 5, 6, adult and young (skms) : " de Patagonie, fevrier 1831, par
d"Orbigny. Synallaxis aegylhaloidcs Kittl. No. D. 147." = L. aegithaloides
yallida Dabb.'

No. 7, adult (skm) : " d'Orbigny, de La Paz, Bolivie, 1834. D. 147. L.
aegithaloides. No. 364." — al. 64 ; c. 95 ; r. 9 mm. = L. aegithaloides berlepschi
Hart.

No. 8, adult (skm) : " 60. L. aegithaloides." No doubt also from La Paz,
coll. d'Orbigny. — al. 69 ; c. 82 (much worn) ; r. 9 mm. = L. aegithaloides ber-
lepschi Hart.

On carefully comparing fifteen specimens from various parts of Chile (Cobija^
Coqutmbo, Valparaiso, QuUlota, Concepcion, Valdivia) in the Paris and Munich
collections, I faU to discover constant differences connected with any particular
geographic areas. An adult female taken by Lataste at San Alfonso (dept.
QuiUota) is especially convincing as to the non-existence of a southern race which
at some time I was inclined to recognize. This bhd, secured a few miles from
the type locality of L. aegithaloides (Valparaiso), is fully as dark as the two
Valdivia skins discussed in the third part of my pajjer on the Types of Neotropical
Birds,' whereas the Cobija skins, which are distmctly paler, cannot be distinguished
from a series obtained in the vicinity of Concepcion. Accordingly I must refer
to a single, somewhat variable form all the birds found on the Chilian coast from
Cobija down to Valdivia. It is, no doubt, the same race that was met with by
Whitely at Islay, dept. Arequipa, coast of S.W. Peru.' Accordmg to Lynch
Arribalzaga,' the true L. a. aegithaloides has been collected also on the Lago
General Paz, western Chubut, close by the Chilian frontier.'

The Patagonian specimens* are remarkably pale above, the back being
light brownish grey, very nearly as in L. platensis Reichb., and the abdomen is
more strongly washed with buff than in any of the numerous Chilian examples
I have seen. Unfortunately all the skms yet examined are in worn breeding
plumage, so I must leave the question in abeyance whether they constitute

1 Synnalaxis (sic) Aegithaloides Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. (sav. i^tr.), i. p. 187, pi. vii
(1831 — " auf den Hohen um Valparaiso," Chile).

- Leptasthenura aegithaloides berlepschi Hartert, Nov. Zool. xvi. p. 210 (1909 — Ang. Pericheli.
Jujuy, N.W. Argentine).

3 Dabbene, El Hornero, ii. No. 2, p. 135 (Dec. 1920— W. Chubut, Patagonia).

• Nov. Zool. xxi. 1914, p. 175.

' Synallaxis aegithaloides Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lo)\d. 1867, p. 985.

' Anal. Miis. Nac. Buenos Ayres, 8, 1902, p. 1G4.

' Dabbene {El Hornero, ii. 1920, p. 136) has lately shown it to pertain to L. a. pallida Dabb.

• In addition to d'Orbigny's I have examined a third example, $ ad., obtained by H. W. Hudson
in March 1871 on the Rio Negro, in the collection of the Tring Museum.

262 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

a recognizable geographical race or not.' It should be mentioned, however, that
they are very distinct from L. platensis, having the outer rectrices tipped with
pale grey, etc., etc.

Bolivian specimens of L. aegithaloldes — besides Nos. 7 & 8, 1 have examined
twelve more from Sajama and La Paz — whose divergencies in size and colour
were already noticed by d'Orbigny,= agree in every respect with two topotypes
of L. a. berlepschi Hart, from Jujuy, in the JIunich lluseum. They differ from
twenty aegithaloldes (Chile and Patagonia) by their conspicuously paler, light
cinnamon-brown crown-stripes ; much paler sandy-brownish (instead of grey-
brown to dark earthy brown) back and rump ; buff (instead of dull greyish
\ihite) ground colour of breast and abdomen ; somewhat slenderer, longer bill ;
longer wings and tail, etc. L. a. berlepschi inhabits the mountains of N.W.
Argentine (Salta, Jujuy) and Bolivia (La Paz), at high altitudes ; and I have
little doubt the birds found by Lane (Ibis, 1897, p. 39) in the Cordillera of
Tarapaca, N.W. Chile, belong likewise to this well-marked race.

Leptasthenura platensis Reichb.,' with its long, pointed crest and pale rufous
tips to the lateral rectrices, is totally different from L. aegithaloldes and its races,
as has been shown by Menegaux and Hellmayr.' Its range extends from Western
L'ruguay (Paysandu [Gibson], Santa Elena, dept. Soriano [Aplin]), and Entrerios
(Concepcion del Uruguay [Barrows], La Soledad [Brittain], Parana [Burmeister]),
south to the eastern section of the province Buenos Ayres (Belgrano [Durnford],
Ajo [C. B. Grant], Cape San Antonio [Gibson], Pacheco [S. Venturi], Conchitas
[Hudson]), and west to Cordoba, Catamarca, and Tucuman (Rio Sali). I have
examined specimens from Soriano (Uruguay), Eutrerios (La Soledad), Buenos
Ayres, Cordoba, Catamarca, and Rio Sali.

[Dabbene's record = from the Rio Negro is apparently based upon Hudson's
L. aegithaloldes,' which belongs, however, to L. a. pallida and not to L.
platensis, as I have convinced myself by actual comparison of one of the examples.
To the same form are most certainly referable the birds obtained by Durnford '
in Eastern Chubut, and by Darwin at Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Doering ' tells us
that the most northerly locality at which L. aegithaloides was met with was about
four miles south-west of Nueva Roma (in the south-western corner of the
provmce Buenos Ayres), farther to the south it was found particularly common
between the Rio Colorado and Rio Negro. The range of this form thus appears
to extend all over Eastern Patagonia, between the 39° and 50' S. lat.]

Synallaxis leucocephala Lafr. & Orb.

Synallaxis leucocephala Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in 3Iag. Zool. ii. p. 24 (1837 — Patagonia)
d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 244.

The species described as " Subtus rufo, infra brunneo rufescens ; capite
supra albido ; cauda elongata," was only seen, but not obtained ! As no bird

' They have since been separated by Dabbene as L. a pallida.

2 Voyage, Ois., pp. 243-244.

3 Handb. Scans., Sittinae, p. 160 (August 1853— Rio de la Plata). — The lately described
L. punctigula Chapm. (Bull. A. Mus. N.H. 41, 1919, p. 327 : Sarmiento, Tucuman) is obviously
the same.

< Mem. Soc. d'Hisl. Nat. Autun, 19, 1900, p. 67.
» Anal. Mus. Nac. B. Ayres, 18, 1910, p. 292.
' Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, pp. 544, 548.
' L. aegithaloldes Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 396.
' Inform, ofic. Exped. Rio Negro, 1881, p. 43.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 263

answering to this somewhat general description has since been met with in
Patagonia, S. leucocephala, in all probability, will for ever remain a mystery to
ornithologists.

/■Siptornis humicola (Kittl.).'
Synallaxis humicola = Siptornis d'orbignyi (Reichb.).-

l Siptornis arequipae (Scl. & Sal v.) or subsp.

Synallaxis humicola (nee Kittlitz^); Lafr. & d'Orb., Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 24 (I8S7 —
La Paz, rep. Boliviana ; descr.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 245, pi. 17, fig. 2 (" aux environs
de Corrientes, en liiver, Valparaiso, Chili " ; La Paz, Cochabamba, Palca [prov. Ayiipaya]).

No. 1, adult (skm) : " de Valparaiso, Chili, par d'Orbigny. 1830. Syn.
humicola Kittl. No. 159." = Siptornis humicola (Kittl.).

No. 2, adult (mounted) : " d'Ayupaya, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834.
No. 369— D. 197. Type de B. dVrbignyi Reichb."— al. 68 ; c. 77 ; r. 13J mm.

No. 3, juv. (skin) : " de Cochabamba, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 369
— D. 197."— Wing, 65 ; tail, 66 ; bill (damaged) mm.

In the Synopsis Avium Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny based their description of
S. humicola exclusively upon Bolivian examples. Reichenbach, on recognizing
that the bird characterized and figured under that designation in the ornithological
portion of the Voyage was totally different from the Chilian species, gave it
the new specific name Bathmidura d'Orbigyiyi. As we have explained in another
place,' the adult bird from Palca, No. 2, the only specimen corresponding to
the characters of B. d'Orhignyi in the Paris Museum, is to be taken as the type
of the latter species, whose type locality becomes, therefore, Palca, prov. Ay^paya,
C. Bolivia. The range and disttnguLshing features of this strongly marked form
having been discussed by me in the paper just referred to,' I need not dwell any
more on the subject.

The young bird from Cochabamba appears to be identical with some female
and immature examples secured by the late Gustav Garlepp at La Paz, W.
Bolivia. They differ from S. d''orbignyi in lackmg the rufous-brown patch
on the wings, in having less rufous in the taU, etc. ; they closely resemble
S. arequipae (Scl. & Salv.),' as represented by several adult males from Sajama,
W. Bolivia, but are smaller and exhibit certain slight colour-differences which,
however, may be due to age. Until adult males in good plumage are available
these skins from La Paz and Cochabamba may well be referred to S. arequipae,
at least provisionally.

From " Corrientes," where d'Orbigny states having met with " S. humivola "
in winter, the Paris Museum does not possess any specimen, either mounted or
in skin. Needless to say, the birds observed on the Parana cannot have pertained
to S. d'orbignyi, which, in Argentine, is confined to the mountainous western

■ Synnalaxis (sic) humicola Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. (sav. itr.), i. p. 185, pi. vi.
(1831 — Valparaiso, Chile).

2 Bathmidura (VOrbignyi Reichenbach, Scansoriae, Sittinae, p. 163 (1853 — based on S. humicola
Lafr. et d'Orb. [nee Kittl.], Syn. Av. i. p. 24 : Bolivia).

3 Verhandl. Orn. Oes. Bay. 13, Heft 1, February 1917, p. 114, footnote 1.
♦ i.e. pp. 115-116.

» Synallaxis arequipae Sclater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1869, p. 417 (1869 — " in viein.
urbis Arequipae, Peruv. oecid.").
18

264 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

districts. D'Orbigny no doubt mistook some allied species, perhaps S. baeri
Berl., for the Siptornis afterwards secured in Bolivia.

No. 1 of the above list, from Valparaiso, is a tyisical examjile of S. humicola
(Kittl.), which I have as yet seen only from ChUe.

„ ,, . „ .„ /Synallaxis azarae azarae d'Orb.
Synallaxis ruficapilla = {„ „ • <=. ^ ,• t> i ,

ISynallaxis azarae frontalis Pelz.'

Synallaxis ruficapilla (nee Vieillot^) ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 24 (proT. Corrientes [rep. Argentina] ;

rep. Boliviana); d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 246 (Corrientes, Arg. ; Carcuata [Yungas], En-

quisivi [prov. Sicasica], Chaluani [prov. Mizqu^], Moxos, Bolivia).
Synallaxis Azarae d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 246, intext(betw. 1839 and 1847. — " un indiridu . . .

tue . . . dans la republique de Bolivia ").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " de Corrientes, par M. d'Orbigny, juillet 1829.
No. 163 — D. 72." — al. 60 ; c. 78 ; r. Hi mm. = Synallaxis azarae frontalis Pelz.

No. 2, adult (mounted) : " de Corrientes, par M. d'Orbigny, juillet 1829.
No. 163." — al. 59 ; c. 79 ; r. 10^ mm. = Synallaxis azarae frontalis Pelz.

No. 3, juv. (skin) : " par d'Orbigny, Yungas 1834. No. 367— D. 275."—
al. 57 ; o. 80 ; r. lOJ mm. = Synallaxis azarae azarae d'Orb.

No. 4, adult (skin) : "20. S. azarae d'Orb., probablement le type,
par d'Orbigny, " Valle Grande," 1834. No. 267— D. 276."— al. 57 ; c. 93 ;
r. (damaged) mm.

As in the case of the preceding species, S. ruficapilla also covers several
distinct forms. In the Voyage, d'Orbigny describes under that headmg a
Synallaxis with rufous cap and tail, for which rather an extensive area (the
Argentme province Corrientes, the plains of Moxos, the Yungas of La Paz (Car-
cuata), the Central Bolivian provinces Sicasica and Mizque) is given as habitat.
Furthermore, in the text a single specimen obtained in Bolivia (exact locality
not stated) is discussed at length, and in case of its proving to represent a dLstinct
species the name S. azarae proposed for it.

Nos. 1 and 2, which correspond to d'Orbigny's general description of S.
ruficapilla, are referable to the bird we are accustomed to call S. frontalis Pelz.,
widely distributed in the interior of Brazil, Paraguay, and N. Argentine. It
may, however, be that the inhabitants of the latter country are subspecifically
separable. Argentine birds ' dLEEer from a large series of Brazilian skins (Bahia ;
Agwa Suja near Bagagem, Minas Geraes ; Goyaz ; Cuyaba, Mattogrosso) by
havmg the forehead as far back as the anterior angle of the eye conspicuously
brownish grey, very nearly as in S. a. azarae (= griseiventris Allen). In typical
frontalis, of Brazil, to which also a number of Paraguayan specimens (Sapucay ;
vicinity of Asuncion) must be referred, there is merely a narrow frontal edge
duU grey, obscured by rufous tips to the feathers. As a rule, the difference is
weU marked, but a few of my examples from Minas Geraes approach the Argentine
form very closely.

' Synallaxis frontalis Pelzeln, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wisxens. Wien, math.-naturw. Kl., 34, p. 117
(1859 — based on Parulus ruficeps $, Spix, Av. Bras. i. 1824, p. 85, pi. 86, fig. 2 : Sic Sao Francisco
Bahia, E. Brazil).

2 Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. edit., 32, p. 310 (1819 — " au Br^sil " ; the type was secured
near Rio de Janeiro by Delalande fils, in 1816 ; see Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, 1906, p. 69).

3 In addition to d'Orbigny's two Corrientes exain})Ies I have examined an adult q from La
Soledad (Entrerios ; C. B. Brittain), (J$ from Santa Ana, Tucum&n (G. A. Baer) ; two (JcJ, one S,!
from Ocampo, prov. Santa F6 (Venturi), in the Munich and Tring Collections.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 265

No. 4, the type of S. azarae d'Orb.,' when compared with the Corrientes
birds, lias, in fact, a longer tail, the rufous cap much lighter'and more extended
towards the nape, and the upper-wing coverts of a clearer rufous colour, as
claimed by d'Orbigny.

In a joint communication with M. Menegaux,' I have already alluded to its
close similarity to S. griseiventris Allen,' but refrained from uniting the two
" species," partly because we could not exactly match the type, partly on account
of the locality " Valle Grande," where another member of this group, S. fuscipennis
Berl.,' at that time undescribed, is met with. Thanks to the kindness of
M. Menegaux and my much-lamented master, the late Count Berlepsch, I have
been enabled to compare the type of (S'. azarae once more v/ith four specunens
of 8. fuscipennis,^ ten topotypical examples of 8. griseiventris, from the Western
Yungas of Bolivia, and twelve skins of the same form from Marcapata,
S.E. Peru.

The careful study of this very satisfactory material leaves not the slightest
doubt that the type of 8. azarae is merely a freshly moulted example of 8. grisei-
veritris. From the many specimens from Bolivia and S.E. Peru it hardly differs
by the slightly broader rectrices with their under-surface just a shade lighter
rufous. The under-side of the body shows exactly the same grey tinge with
whitish admixture along middle of breast and abdomen as an adult male from
Chaco, Yungas, Bolivia (June 12, 1897, Garlepp coll.. No. 600, Tring Museum),
whUe another male from the same locality (May 7, 1894, collector's no. 484, Mus.
Berlepsch) very nearly matches the tjrpe in the " nuance " of the lower surface
of the tail feathers. The cinnamon-rufous of the pUeum and upper-wing coverts
is generally rather darker in the Bolivian series of griseiventris. A " semiad."
male from SandUlani, Yungas (August 14, 1896, collector's no. 1,630, Mus. Ber-
lepsch), however, agrees in the clear colour of those jjarts with the type of azarae,
and a bird from Cocapata, Yungas (April 19, 1892, collector's no. 1,575, Mus.
Berlepsch), has the rufous cap even so far extended backwards as d'Orbigny's
typical example.

It should be mentioned here that in 8. griseiventris, as a rule, the tail is of
a darker rufous than in 8. frontalis of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentine, though
sometimes examples (e.g. the type of azarae, a male from Chaco, Yungas, and
the (J semiad. from SandUlani) may be found that do not differ in this respect
from their Brazilian ally.

8. fuscipennis Berl, of Eastern Bolivia (Valle Grande, etc.), can be easily
distinguished from 8. a. azarae (^griseiventris) by the much darker rufous
(= frontalis) cap and wing coverts, much shorter tail with the inner web of the
central rectrLx dusky brown, and by having only the basal half of the remiges
narrowly edged with dull rufous-brown.

We must, therefore, assume that the indication " Valle Grande," on the
label of the type of iS. azarae (which, by the way, is not from d'Orbigny's hand,
in whose work the locality is not mentioned either) is erroneous, and that the

' Mi^n^gaux & Hellmayr have given their full reasons for this identification in Mem. Soc. d'Hist.
Nat. Autun, 19, 1906, pp. 70-71 ; and in The Auk, 23, 1906, pp. 480-481.

2 Man. Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Autun, 19, 1906, p. 71.

3 Bull. Amer. Mus. N. Hist. ii. p. 91 (1889 — Yungas, Bolivia).

' Ornis, 14, p. 362 (February 1907 — Samaipata [type], Olgin, Valle Grande, E. Bolivia).
^ One ^ ad. Valle Grande, two unsexed adults from Samaipata (including the type), and an
adult from Olgin, all collected by the late Gustav Garlepp.

266 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

bird was really obtained in the Western Yiingas.' In any case, S. griseiventris
becomes a synonym of S. azarae, which is to be accepted as the earliest specific
name of the whole group. We have, thus, to distinguish in Southern South
America :

(a) Synallaxis azarae azarae d'Orb. (Syn. S. griseiventris Allen).
Bolivia : Western Yungas (Sandillani, Chaco, Cocapata, Songo, Carcuata,
Ramosani, etc.) ; South-eastern Peru ; Marcapata (S. Domingo, 4,500 feet,
Oekenden coll., Tring Museum ; Cuzco, 6,400 feet, O. Garlepp coll., Mus. Ber-
lepsch ; Ollachea near Macuzani, Watkins coll., Mus. Munich ; Inca Mine,
6,000 feet, Keays coO.) ; Central East Peru : Santa Ana (Kalinowski).
(h) Synallaxis azarae fuscipennis Berl.
Eastern Bolivia (Valle Grande, Samaipata, Olgin).
(e) Synallaxis azarae frontalis Pelz.

Eastern and Central Brazil (from Pernambuco and Bahia south to Western
Minas Geraes and northern Sao Paulo, west to Mattogrosso [Cuyaba, Chapada,
etc.]) ; Paraguay (Lambare, Bernalcue near Asuncion, Sapucay, Colonia Risso,
S. Rafael, Villa Oliva, Puerto Pinasco, Villa Franca, etc.) ; Northern Argentina
(from the neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres west to Cordoba, north to Tucuman,
Salta, etc.) ; probably also the plains of Eastern Bolivia (Moxos).

From d'Orbigny's other localities (Mizque, south of the Sierra de Cochabamba ;
Moxos, eastern plains) there are no specimens in the Paris Museum. The
Mizque birds might have belonged to 8. azarae fuscipennis, while those from
the Moxos plains were almost certainly referable to S. azarae frontalis, which
is foimd in the adjoining Brazilian province of Mattogrosso.

Synallaxis bitorquata Lafr. & d'Orb. = Melanopareia ' torquata bitorquata
(Lafr. & Orb.).

Synallaxis hitorquata Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 24 (1837 — Cliiquitos,

rep. Boliriana ; descr. orig. (J).
Synallaxis torquatus (nee Wied ') d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 248, pi. 15, fig. 2 (Mission de Concepoion

Chiquitos, E. Bolivia).

This species, at first described as new by Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny from
an example secured in the East Bolivian hill-country, was synonymized with

* As it is convenient to have a type locality specified, we designate as such for S. azarae
Carcuata, Yungas of La Paz, W. Bolivia, one of the original places mentioned by d'Orbigny.

2 Melanopareia Reichenbach, Handb. spez. Ornith. Scai\soriae, Sittinae, p. 164 {1853 — Species ;
M. maximiliani (d'Orb.), M. torquata (Wied)). — Rhoporchilua Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 22,
p. 69 (1909 — Tj-pe : Fortnicivora speciosa Salvin).

We fully agree with Ridg^'ay's contention that Formicivora speciosa and allies find their natural
place in the family Formicariidae and constitute a separate genus, most nearly related to Myiothera
strigilata Wied (type of Myrmorchilus Ridgw.). Ridgway has, however, entirely overlooked the
fact that this group of birds is congeneric with Synallaxis torquata Wied and S. maximiliani d'Orb.,
for which Reichenbach, in 1853, had already created the genus Melanopeira. It comprises the
following species and subspecies :

(1) Melanopareia elegans elegans (Less.). (See HellmajT, Nov. Zool. 13, 1906, pp. 334-33S.)

(2) Melanopareia elegans speciosa (Salv.).

(3) Melanopareia torquata torquata (Wied).

(4) Melanopareia torquata hitorquata (Lafr. & Orb.).

(5) Melanopareia maximiliani maximiliani (d'Orb.).

(6) Melanopareia maximiliani argentina (Hellm.).

' Synallaxis torquatus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. 3, ii. p. 697 (1831 — " Campo Geral," i.e. the
campo district on the confines of the provinces Bahia and Minas Geraes, Eastern Brazil ; types lost,
see Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. ii. 1889, p. 244).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 267

S. torquata in the ornithological portion of the Voyage. Unfortunately I have not
been able to discover the type in the collection of the Paris Museum, and it
appears to be lost.'

On comparing thirteen skins from various parts of Brazil I notice certain
differences, which are apparently of subspecLfic value.

Wied describes the upper part of the head and nape as greyish brown
(" graubraun "), and three examples obtained by Reiser ' in the Sierra do Piauhy
(which separates the East Brazilian states Piauhy and Bahia) correspond exactly
with the Prince's detailed account. In these skins the pileum and hind neck
are light brownish grey, with a hardly perceptible olive hue ; the bastard quills
and the edge of the wing are black, conspicuously margined with white.

Six adults from Sao Paulo (Irisanga, Ytarare), a couple from Goyaz (Faz.
Esperan^a), and one $ from Western Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa) differ from
the Piauhy birds in smaller size and by having the pileum and hind neck warm
rufescent-brown (between " mummy brown " and " mars brown " of Ridgway's
Nmnenclature of Colours), and the bastard wing as well as the edge of the wing
mainly cinnamon-brown.

Description (cf. " capite supra brunneo ") and plate of S. hitorquata evidently
refer to the brown-capped race, as might be expected from geographical reasons.

If my views be correct, the two races had to stand as follows :

(a) Melanopareia torquata torquata (Wied).

N.E. Brazil in states of Bahia (Wied) and Piauhy (Oro, on the way from
Sao Antonio to Santa PhUomena, Sierra do Piauhy ; Reiser coU.).

(6) Melanopareia torquata hitorquata (Lafr. & Orb.).

Interior of Brazil in states of Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa, Lages), Sao Paulo
(Ytarare, Cinieterio do Lambari, Paciencia, Irisanga, Rincao, Batataes), Goyaz
(Fazenda Esperanga), Mattogrosso (Chapada), and the adjoinmg parts of Bolivia
(Mission Concepcion, Chiquitos).

Measurements :

Wing. Tail. Bill,

mm. mm. mm.

One (J ad. Oro, Piauhy (M. t. torquata) . 54 68 13

Three ^^ ad. Sao Paulo (M. t. hitorquata) 62-54 60 11-11*
One ^ ad. Goyaz (M. t. hitorquata) . 51 i 66 11|

Two $? Piauhy (M. t. torquata) . . 53, 55 70, 73 12J-13

Two ?$ Sao Paulo (M. t. hitorquata) . 50, 51 55, 63 10-lOi
One $ Goyaz (M. t. hitorquata) . . 54 64 10

One $ Minas Geraes {M. t. hitorquata) .50 58 11

Synallaxis maximiliani d'Orb. = Melanopareia m. maximiliani (d'Orb.).

Synallaxis torquata (nee Wied, 1831 !) Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Hag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 25

(1837 — Carcuata, Bolivia; descr. orig. o ad.).
Synallaxis maximiliani d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 247, p!. 15, fig. 1 (betw. 1839 and 1847. — nom.

nov. ; — " mont Biscachal, aux environs de Carcuata, Yungas").'

No. 1, (cj) ad. (moimted) : " S. maximiliani d'Orb. TjTJe, de Yungas,
1834, par d'Orbigny." — al. 53 ; c. 68 (incompl.) ; r. 12 mm.

' In the Catalogue de la Coll. Lafresnaye, p. 75, two specimens, nos. 2,443, 2,444, are indicated
as types de S. hitorquata Lafr. !

2 Denkschr. malh.-naturw. Kl. Akad. Wissens. Wien, 76, 1910, p. 69.

= See Men^gaux et Hellmayr, ilfe'm. Soc. d'Hist. Nat Autun. 19, 1906, p. 74.

26g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

The t3rpe agrees with two other adult males from the Yungas of La Paz,
(Tanampaya, Chulumani, Tusiquaya) in the Tring and Berlepsch collections,
in having the belly posterior to the black gorget nearly uniform chestnut-rufous.
The throat is bright bufif ; the feathers of the upper-back are white at the base,
then follows a black zone, whUe the apical portion is dull olive. M. m. mnximiliani
is hitherto only known as an inliabitant of the Western Yungas of Bolivia.

In Argentine (Chaco, Pilcomayo, Cordoba, Tucuman) a nearly related form,
31. maximiliani argentina (Hellm.),' takes its place, which is immediately recog-
nizable by its paler olivaceous upper-parts and much lighter belly. The twelve
specimens which we have examined are fairly constant in their characters.

Synallaxis patagonica d'Orb. = Siptornis patagonica (dOrb.).

Synallaxis patagonica d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 249 (betw. 1839 and 1847.— Rio Ndgro, Patagonia ;
descr. orig.).

Nos. 1, 2, adults (skin) : " par d'Orbigny, Patagonie, fevrier 1831, Synallaxis
patagonica d'Orb. No. 71."— al. 58, 58 ; c. 69, 70 ; r. llj, 12 mm.

One of the specimens is rather paler throughout, with the under-siurface of
the wings somewhat lighter rusty.

This species is Immediately recognizable among its affines by the proportion-
ately short wings and the broad, rounded rectrices, with the shafts soft and not
at all protrudmg. Like several other species, it is hardly congeneric with the
majority of the so-called " Siptornis," although it possesses twelve tail feathers.

Its range Ls restricted to the northern parts of the arid Patagonian sub-
provinces. Hudson ' obtained it forty years after d'Orbigny on the banks of
the Rio Negro ; Durnf ord ' in Eastern Chubut, farther to the south ; while
Doering ' met with it a little more northwards, on the Rio Colorado. Finally,
the Munich Museum acquired an adult female, secured by Emil Weiske, on
December 2, 1910, on the Rio Limay, Terr, of Neuquen, which is the most westerly
locality yet on record. The bii'd agrees weU with the tj-pes in the Paris Museum.

Troglodytes coraya = Thryothorus genibarbis bolivianus (Todd.).=

Troglodytes coraya (nee Gmelin«), L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 25 (Yungas and Guarayos, Bolivia).
Thryothorus coraya d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 229 (Carcuata, prov. Yungas ; Concepeion, Guarayos).

No. 1, (cJ) ad. from Bolivia (without exact locality), collected by d'Orbigny.—
Wing, 63 ; tail, 54 ; bill, 16 mm.

This specimen — the only one I have been able to discover in the collections
of the Paris Museum— is no doubt from Carcuata, Yungas, N. Bolivia, since it
agrees m every detail with skms obtained by Otto Garlepp at Songo, in the
same district. Bu-ds from the province of Sara, C. Bolivia, whence came the

1 Synallaxis maximiliani argentina Hellmayr, Bull. B.O.C. 19, p. 74 (1907— Norco, Tucumta,
N.W. Argentine).

2 Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1872, p. 544.

3 Ibis, 1877, p. 36.

< Injorme ofic. Exped. Rio Negro, Zool, 1881, p. 44.

» Phctigopedius genibarbis bolimanus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 2G, p. 170 (1913— Province
Sara, C. Bolivia ; coll. J. Steinbach).

' Turdus Coraya Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 825 (1789 — ex "Le Coraya," Bufion et Daubenton
PI. enl. 701, fig. 1 : Cayenne) ; cfr. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. 20, 1913, pp. 228-234.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 269

type of p. g. bolivianus Todd, are perfectly similar to those from the Western
Yungas.

T. g. bolivianus is closely allied to T. genibarbis intercedens HeUm.,' of Central
Brazil (Goyaz, Mattogrosso), but may be distinguished by the conspicuously
cinereous sides of neck, the deep tawny ochraceous under-parts, and the greyish
fore-neck, separating the white throat from the colour of the beUy. In the
light coloration of the upper parts and smallness of the biU the two races are
precisely alike. Tjrpical examples of T. g. intercedens, from the state of Goyaz,
are whitish or very pale buffish underneath, with the flanks only light cinnamon
or rufescent-brown, and so is also an adult female from Cuyaba, E. Mattogrosso.
Two males from Western Mattogrosso (ViUa Bella, and Engenho do Gania, on
the Rio Guapore, not far from the Bolivian frontier), point towards T. f. bolivianus
by reason of their deeper, more ochraceous mider-parts. It is possible that the
birds met with by d'Orbigny at Concepcion, Guarayos, N.E. Bolivia, might have
belonged to this intermediate form rather than to T. g. bolivianus, but in absence
of specimens this question must be left in abeyance.

A list of the races of T. genibarbis, then known, I have given in the account
of Baer's collections from Goyaz.'

Thryothorus modulator d'Orb. = Leucolepis modulator modulator (d'Orb.).

Troglodytes arada (nee Latham'), L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 25 {Yungas, Bolifia).

Thryothorus modulator d'Orbigny, Voyage, Oiseaux, p. 230 (October 1838 — Yuraoares, Yungas.
N. Bolivia ; descr. orig.).

Nos. 1, 2, adult, imm. (skins): "No. 113 — D. 409, de Yucacares, par
d'Orbigny, 1834. Thryothorus modulator Nob."— al. 69, 68 ; c. 38, 35i ; r. 18,
17 J mm.

The two specimens agree very well together, except that No. 2, an immatm-e
bird, is slightly lighter ferruginous on throat and forehead. Two more examples
from Northern Bolivia (San Mateo) I have examined in the Berlepsch Collection.
An adult male procured by W. Hoffmanns on the left bank of the Rio Madeira *
is likewise referable to the typical form, whose range I should, for the present,
restrict to the left bank of the Upper Madeira and its head-waters, up to the
northern slopes of the Bolivian Andes (Yuracares, San Mateo).

The doubtfully separable L. modulator rufogularis (Des Murs) replaces it
to the west and north, ranging from the Rio Purus to the Rio Solimoens (Tefie)
and west to Northern Peru (Sarayagu, Ucayali ; Yurimaguas, Tarapoto). More
material than is at present available should be examined in order to satisfactorily
establish the status of this supposed geographical race. However, see my
remarks m Novitates Zoologicae, xiv. 1907, p. 41, I.e. xvii. 1910, pp. 261-2.

> Nov. Zool. XV. p. 17 (1908 — Rio Thesouras, state of Goyaz, C. Brazil).

2 Loe. cit. pp. 17-18.

3 Turdus arada Latham, Ind. Ornith. i. p. 358 (1790 — based on " Le Musicien, de Cayenne,"
Daubenton, PI, eiil, 709, fig. 2) ; = Formicarius musicus Boddaert, Tahl, PI, enl., p. 44 (December
1783 — based on the same) ; = Myrm[orms] Arada Hermann, Tabl. Affin. Ariiyji. p. 211, note r (1783
— based on " L' Arada," Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois,, 4, 1 778, p. 480 : Cayenne). — This name has undoubted
priority over Boddaert's, and the species will have to stand as Leucolepis arada (Herm.).

* Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. 14, 1907, p. 346: Lcucolcpia modulator rufogularis, errore; idem, I.e.
17, 1910, p. 261 : Leucolepis modulator modulator.

270 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXVIII. 1921.

Other nearly allied but well-characterized forms occur in Eastern Ecuador
and S.E. Colombia: L. modulator salvini (Sharpe), and Lower Amazonia (from
the right bank of the Rio Madeira to the right side of the Tapajoz) : L. modulator
griseolateralis (Ridgw.). Their characters I have discussed in my memoir The
Birds of the Rio Madeira.^

Troglodytes pallida Lafr. & Orb. = Troglodytes musculus magellanicus Gould. =

Troglodytes pallida Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Stjn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 25 (1837 — Patagonia ;

descr. orig.).
Troglodytes pallidm d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 234 (" Rio Nfegro, en Patagonie, au 41« degre lat.

sud ").

No. 1, adult (skin): "No. 44. Troglodytes pallidus d'O., par d'Orbigny,
fevrier 1831, de Patagonie." — al. 53 ; c. 45J ; r. 12 mm.

The type is a specimen in very worn, bleached, breeding plumage of the
Patagonian House-Wren. There is a series from various Patagonian localities
(city of Neuquen ; Laguna del Rio Limay ; Rio Traful, Lago Nahuel Huapi),
obtained by Adolf Lendl, E. Weiske, and Kriiger, in the Munich Museum. The
late Professor Oustalet,' regarded the type of T. pallidus as " une variete, a
plumage pale et decolore, du T. furvits ou musculus." After going over the
same material upon which the French ornithologist had based his conclusions,
I am unable to concur with this view. Neither the length of the biU nor any
other measurement affords reliable means to distinguish the type from other
Patagonian skins. A.s regards coloration, the type-speoiiuen is so exceedingly
worn as to be utterly useless for comparative purposes; our own Neuquen examples
— in much better condition — are absolutely indistinguishable from birds taken
in Tierra del Fuego.

T. m. magellanicus differs from its northern representative T. m. bonariae
Hellm.,' of Buenos AjTes, Corrientes, and S. BrazU, by smaller bill, much paler
earthy-brown upper-parts, with more rufescent rump, brighter rufous taU, and
by having the under-tail coverts either plain (unbarred) ochraceous or but
. minutely spotted with blackish. In the pale Lsabelline coloration of the lower
parts the two races are practically alike.

[On the Falkland Islands, a nearlj' related form, T. musculus cobbi Chubb,'
LS met with. It is described as being similar to T. " hornensis " (viz. T. m.
magellanicus), but larger, with stronger feet and bUl. This form I have
not seen.]

1 Nov. Zool. xvii. 1910, pp. 262-263.

2 Troglodytes magellanicus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 4, " 1836," p. 88 (February 1837 — " in
fretuMagellanico"). — This name is certainly earlier than T. pallida Lafr. & Orb., since the publication
of the Magasin de Zoologie for the year 1837 had been unduly delayed, as we learn from an editorial
notice in the preface to that volume. T. magellanicus thus appears to be the first available subspecific
name for the most southerly of the many races of the House-Wren on the South .American continent.
It has for many years been known as T. musculus hornensis. However, T. hornensis Lees, is im-
questionably referable to the Magellanic form of the Grass-Wren {Cistothorus platensis), as we have
shown above (see p. 252).

' Miss. Scient. du Cap Horn, Zool. vi. 1891, p. B. 75.
' Auz. Om. Oes. Bay. no. 1, Februarj- 1919, p. 2.
<■ Bull. B.O.C. 25 1909, p. 16.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 271

Wing. Tail. Bill

ram. mm. mm.

Three ^^ ad. Patagonia (Neuquen) 52, 53, 55 47, 47, 48 1 U-12
One c? ad. Tierra del Fuego . 531 48-i 12

Six (J(J ad. Buenos Ayres . . 52-54 45-48 12i-14

Troglodytes tecellata Lafr. & Orb. = Troglodytes musculus tecellatus Lafr. «& Orb.

Troglodytes tecdlata Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 25 (1837 — Tacna,
rep. Peruviana ; deacr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 232 (" dans la vallee de Tacna ").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " Troglodytes tecellatus (Lafr. & Orb.). Type, par
d'Orbigny, Janvier 1831, de Tacna, Perou, No. 21." — al. 54; c. 40| ; r. 13| mm.

Much uncertainty existed with regard to the name tecellata. Sharpe ' used
it for the large race of the Peruvian and W. Bolivian highlands afterwards
separated by Berlepsch and Stolzmann '• as T. musculus puna ; while Oberholser, '
under the heading of T. in. tecellatus, united three distinct forms : that from
the littoral of Western Peru, its southern representative in N.W. Chile (Tacna),
and the Andean race of Peru and W. Bolivia, his description being apparently
based upon an example from Mapiri, Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia.

The careful study of more than fifty House-Wrens from various parts of
Peru and Bolivia in the Berlepsch, Munich, and Paris collections, however,
renders it certain that T. m. tecellatus constitutes a very well-marked geographical
race of the T. musculus group. Although intermediate in range between T. m.
audax Tsch.,* of the Peruvian littoral (Callao, Lima) and T. m. chilensis Less,
(of which T. m. acosmus Oberholser * is a s3Tionym as wUl be shown, hereafter),
of Central Chile, it is readUy distmguishable from either.

Besides the type of T. tecellata at Paris, I have examined two more specimens
in the Berlepsch Collection, both adult males obtained by Otto Garlepp at Tacna,
October 13, 1902, and at Asapa near Arica, November 2, 1902. Their measure-
ments are : wing, 53, 54| ; taU, 40, 44 ; bill, 14 mm. The three examples differ
from a large series of T. m. puna (more than thirty skins), from the highlands
of Cajamarca, Junin, Cuzco, Peru, and W. Bolivia (La Paz, etc.), in smoky grey
or light brownish grey (instead of rufescent-brown) upper-parts, with wider
black barring on the back and much less rufescent suffusion on the rump ; greyish
(not dull rufous) wings and tail ; and nearly white lower surface, with only a slight
isabeUine tinge chiefly across chest and along sides. In T. m. puna the under-
surface is ochraceous or deep buff, passing to cinnamon on flanks and crissum.
The under-tail coverts m T. m. tecellatus are buff, broadly barred with black and
largely tipped with white. From T. m. audax, of Lima, W. Peru, the N. Chilian
form may be distinguished by its more greyish (less brownish) back with con-
spicuous blackish barring, much less rufous rump, strongly barred upper-tail

' Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. vi. 1881, p. 259 (Arequipa, S.W. Peru).

- Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1896, p. 329 (1896 — Ingapica [Lake Junin], Quota [near Tarma], dept.
Jvinin, Central Peru).

3 Proc. U.S. Mus. 27, 1904, p. 203.

' Troglodytes audax Tschudi, Arch. J. Naturg. 10, i. p. 282 (1S44 — Peru, sc. west coast, near
Lima; cfr. Berl. & Hellm., Journ. f. Orn. 53, 1905, p. 6). — Syn. Troglodytes murinus Less.,
December 1844 ; — T. musculus enochrus Oberholser, 1904 (Lima, W. Peru).

5 Proc. U.S. Mus. 27, p. 204 (1904 — Central Chile, coll. Reed, i.e. Concepcion).

272 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

coverts, greyish (instead of rufous) tail, nearly white (not bright buff) under-parts,
and by having the lower-tail coverts distinctly barred with black and white.

The type of T. tecellata has rather broader blackish bars above and more
whitish under-parts than the two specimens in the Berlepsch collection, both
divergencies being no doubt due to its abraded condition.

T. m. tecellatus is as yet only known from the arid (desert-like) coast-belt
of the province of Tacna in N.W. ChUe, but wiU most probably be also found
in neighbouring districts of a similar nature.'

Troglodytes guarayana = Thryophilus g. guarayanus (Lafr. & Orb.).

Troglodytes guarayana Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. vii. cl. ii. p. 26 (1837 —

Guarayos, rep. Boliviana).
Troglodytes guarayanus d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 233 ("Guarayos, au sein dc3 forets chaudes

et humides qui separent la province de Cliiquitos de celle de Moxos, r^p. de Bolivia ").

The type no longer exists in the collections of the Paris Museum. The
late R. B. Sharpe ' identified the species with Thryophilus fiilvits Scl.,' from the
highlands of N.W. Bolivia and S.E. Peru, but this is obviously a mistake. The
bird described by Sclater * is an inhabitant of the temperate zone of the Andes,
ranging from 8,000 to 10,000 feet elevation, while T. gtiarayamis was discovered
in the tropical humid forests of the Guarayos Territory, plains of E. Bolivia.
But apart from geographical reasons there are other discrepancies in d'Orbigny's
description which forbid to follow Sharpe's lead. In the Voyage, p. 233, the
wing (50 mm.) is stated to exceed the tail (40 mm.) by about 10 mm., while in
Cinnicerlhia fiilva (Scl.) wings and tail are of nearly equal length.'' Certain
detaUs of coloration in this bird do not correspond either to the original diagnosis
of T. guarayana.

There are, however, two specimens from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, E. Bolivia,
of a small Thryophilus at Tring and Frankfurt (Berlepsch collection) that agree
exceedingly well with the characters of T. guarayana, notably in having the
" oreLUes et joues varices de gris et de blanchatre," ' the "gorge et cou blanc
grisatre," the " dessus de la tete gris brun '-' and the " queue rousse, avec des
raies noires tres espacees, d'abord par bandes irregulieres transversales, a la base
.des rectrices ; mais ensuite elles sont disposees par zigzags, suivant a leur
extremite, la forme de la plume." ' The dimensions, although — as usual with
d'Orbigny — too small, may well be applied to the bird from Santa Cruz, which
has, indeed, the tail decidedly shorter than the wing (54-59 against 42-47 mm.

1 The two specimens in the collection of the Boston Society, which Ridgway {Proc. Boston Soc.
N.H. 23, 1888, p. 388) found to be referable to the Mexican Troglodytes brunneicollis Scl., were, of
course, erroneously labelled as "types" of T. tecellata Lafr. & Orb. ! See also Stone {Proc. Ac
N. Sci. Philad. 51, 1899, p. 311), who gives a good diagnose of T. m. tecellatus.

2 Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 6, 1881, p. 211.

3 P.Z.S. Land., December 1873, p. 781 (1874 — Hua.sampilla, dept. Cuzco, S.E. Peru).

* Thryophilus fulvus Scl. is out of place in the genus Thryophilus, and, in my opinion, strictly
belongs to Cinnicerthia, with the members of which it agrees in structure as well as in general style
of coloration.

' In six specimens from Huasampilla, dept. Cuzco (one, the type) and Sandillani, N. Bolivia,
the wing varies from 53 to 59, the tail from 61 to 60 mm.

° In Cinnicerthia fulva the upper portion of the ear coverts is occupied by a large deep sepia-
brown patch, while the lower one is but? like the throat.

' In C. fulva, on the contrary, the blackish bars, from 18 to 19 on the central pair, are very
closely set, crossing, from base to tip, in regular unbroken lines the whole width of the rectrices.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 273

of the tail). The two specimens from Santa Cruz are practically identical with
the typical series of Thryophilus minor Pelz.,' which, consequently, becomes
a sjmonjTn of the earlier T. guarayanus (Lafr. & Orb.).

T 1 il t fi I — /Troglodytes musculus puna Berl. & Stolzm.*
iTroglodytes musculus rex Berl. & Leverk.'

Troglodytes fulva {ncc Molacilla furva Gmelin*); L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 26 (prov. Sicasica, Yungas,

Bolivia).
Troglodytes plalensis (neo Sylvia platensis Lath. '), d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 231 (var. B : part. :

La Paz, provinces de Yungas, Sicasica ; Valle Grande).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " Troglodytes -platensis var., No. 213, par d'Orbigny,
1834. D. No. 8, de La Paz."— al. 56; c. 48 ; r. 14 mm. = T. m. puna Berl. &
Stolzm.

No. 2, adult (skin) : " 213, Chulumani, Yungas, par d'Orbigny, 1834. D.
No. 8. Troglodytes platensis var." — al. 54 ; c. 43 ; r. 13 mm. = T. m. puna
Berl. & Stolzm.

No. 3, adult (skin) : " 213. Trogl. platensis var., par d'Orbigny, 1834.
Sicasica, No. D. 8 — 20."— al. 58 ; c. 52 ; r. 14 mm. = T. m. puna Berl. & Stolzm.

[Specimens from Valle Grande which are no longer in the Parisian collection
belong to T. m. rex, as will be shown hereafter.]

Owing to scanty material the Bolivian races of the House -Wren were not
well understood hitherto. At the outset it must be stated that, in contradiction
to a verbal assertion of the late Coimt Berlepsch published by myself,' T. m. rex,
from the districts south of the Sierra de Coehabamba in Central Bolivia, is totally
difierent from T. tn. puna, of the high mountains of N.W. Bolivia (dept. La Paz).
In fact, the two forms are not even nearly related, the latter being but a large
edition of T. m. iviedi (if separable from T. m. musculus), while T. m. rex closely
resembles the Chilian T. r«.. chilensis. This is clearly demonstrated by the large
amount of material I have been able to examine in the present connection.

D'Orbigny's specimens from La Paz, Chulumani, and Sicasica as well as a
large series from La Paz and Chicani in the Berlepsch Collection, are racially
identical with a paratype of T. m. puna from IngapLrca, Junin, C. Peru. A
dozen skins from the highlands of Cuzco (Lucre, Anta, 3,500 metr.), and four
from OUachea near Macuzani, Carabaya, 11,500 feet, S.E. Peru, are also referable
to the same form, which, like other races of the group, varies somewhat in size
and coloration. From its geographical neighbour, T. m. audax, of Lima, CaUao,
etc., it may be distinguished by larger size, heavier feet, darker back, much
brighter cinnamon-rufous rump and tail, and much deeper ochraceous under-parts.
The back and upper-tail coverts are either plain or distinctly barred with dusky ;

' Ornith. Bras. ii. pp. 47, 66 (1867 — ^Villa Bella de Mattogrosso, Rio Guapore, W. Mattogrosso). —
See Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. xv. 190S, p. 16 (diagn. ; range).

2 Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1896, p. 329 (1896 — Ingapirca, Queta, dept. Junin, C. Peru).

3 Troglodytes furvus (Gm.), subsp. rex Berlepsch & Leverkiilin, Ornis, 6, p. 6 (1890 — Saraaipata,
C. Bolivia).

' Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 994 (1789 — based on Brown, Illustr., p. 67, pi. 18, fig. 2 : irrecognizable).
' Ind. Ornith. ii. p. 548 (1790 — based on ''Le Roitelet, de Buenos Ayres," Daubenton, PI. enl.
730, fig. 2).

• Nov. Zool. xii. 1905, p. 270, in text.

274

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

the under-parts, rather variable in shade, pass into cinnamon-brown on flanks
and tail coverts, the latter having but rarely a few dusky anteapical spots.

An adult male from Cajabamba, dept. Cajamarca, N. Peru, possesses all
characters of T. m. puna, but is very slightly darker, more of a sepia-brown
above. More specimens should be examined.

Birds from the high plateau of (!uzco (3,500 m. alt.), as stated above, are
typical T. in. puna. However, as we descend the Marcapata valley to an altitude
of 2,000 metr., we meet with Wrens which, by their darker rufous rump and tail,
form the passage to T. m. dams Berl. & Hart. ; and still lower down, at 1,000
metr. elev., specimens are Jound which I am compelled to actually refer to that
latter form. Similar examples I have seen from Rio San Gaban (700 m. alt.)
and La Oroya, Inambari Val (about 850 m.), Marcapata. Thus, it is seen that
T. m. puna gradually merges into T. m. claries, the Amazonian race of the House-
Wren.

Having disposed of the highland race, let us now turn to the House- Wrens
of the Central Bolivian districts south of the Sierra de Cochabamba, which has
been described as T. m. rex Berl. & Lev. I have before me the type of the sub-
species, an adult male obtained by Prof. Behn at Samaipata on April 24, 1847 ;
an adult female from the same locality taken by G. Garlepp on July 21, 1890 ;
and an adult male secured by the same collector at S. Jose (Mizque) on June 27,
1890, all three belonging to the Berlepsch collection. The first-named place
is a little to the north of Valle Grande, whence d'Orbigny recorded his " var. B."
of T. platensis. These birds are totally different from T. m. puna, being pale
isabeUine instead of deep ochraceous beneath. Indeed, they are exceedingly
similar to T. m. chilensis Less, (ten specimens from La Concepcion and Valparaiso
examined), but may be recognized by their much larger, longer bill and slightly
brighter under-parts. From T. m. tiiuscidus and T. m. wiedi, of Brazil, they
differ by much brighter cinnamon-rufous rump and much paler isabeUine lower
surface ; from T. m. clarus by brighter rump, plain crissum, and more brownish
back. There can be no longer any doubt as to T. m. rex being a distinct race,
most nearly allied to T. m. chilensis.

Measurements of adult males :

T. musculus puna Berl. & Stolzm.

One from Ingapirca, Junin, C. Peru

One from Cajabamba, N. Peru

Nine from Cuzco, S.E. Peru (3,500 m.)

Two from Macuzani, S.E. Peru

Four from La Paz and Chicani, N.W.Bolivia 57J-60 48-53 14-14^

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

mm.

mm.

mm.

59

48

14

59J

53

14

. 55-59

44^49

13-14

. 59J, 60

50,51

14J

t A 1 A ^

T. miisculus rex Berl. & Lev.

Two from Samaipata, C. Bolivia

Wing,
mm.

Tail,
mm.

Bill,
mm.

52, 55* 43, 49 131, 14

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 275

rTroglodytes musculus wiedi (Berl.).'
Troglodytes hiemalis = - Troglodytes musculus bonariae Hellm.=
[Troglodytes musculus chilensis Less.'

Troglodytes hiemalis (neo Vieillot*), L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 26 (Rio de Janeiro; Buenos Ayrei ;

Corrientes).
Troglodytes platensis d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 231 (var. A ; Buenos Ayres, Corrientes, Valparaiso,

Chile ; var. B, part, : Rio de Janeiro).

No. 1, " (J " ad. (skin) : " de Rio de Janeiro, No. 8. Male. Envoi de
M. d'Orbigny, 13. 9"" 1827. Trogl. platensis."— al. 50 ; c. 40 ; r. 13i mm. =
T. musculus wiedi (Berl.).

No. 2, adult (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829, No. 82. Buenos Ayres.
Trogl. platensit." — al. 51 ; c. 44 ; r. 13i mm. = T. musculus bonariae Hellm.

No. 3, ((J) ad. (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juOlet 1829. No. 82. Corrientes.
Trogl. platensis." — al. 53 ; c. 45 ; r. 12J mm. = T. musculus bonariae Hellm.

No. 4, adult (skin) : " d'Orbigny, Valparaiso, Chile, 1830. No. 10. Trogl.
platensis." — al. 51 ; c. 46 ; r. 12J mm. = T. miisculus chilensis Less.

The bird from Rio de Janeiro agrees with examples from other parts of
S.E. Brazil (Sao Paulo, Western Minas) and Paraguay (Villa Rica). T. m.
wiedi, which Ls perhaps barely separable from T. m. musculus, of Eastern Brazil
(Bahia to Pernambuco), is the common House-Wren of Southern BrazU. Its
breeding area extends from southern Espirito Santo (Victoria), Minas Geraes
(Bagagem ; Rio Jordao, prov. Araguary ; Lagoa Santa), and southern Goyaz,
west to Paraguay. Thence it appears to range right across the Gran Chaco to
the western provinces of Argentine. At least, four specimens from Jujuy and
Tucuman (Tafi Viejo, Manantial) in the collections of the Munich Museum and
the Museo Nacional of Buenos Ayres, I am unable to distinguish from average
examples of our Brazilian series.

' Thryothorus wiedi Berlepsch, Journ. J. Ornith. 21, p. 231 (1873 — new name for Thryothorus
platensis Wied (nee Sylvia platensis Latham, 1790), Beitr. Naturg. Bras. 3, ii. 1831, p. 742; we
regard Rio de Janeiro as type locality; the other localities mentioned by Wied, viz. Caravellas and
Belmonte, S. Bahia, might refer to typical T. m. m-usculus ; tlie two original examples in the Wied
collection have no definite locality ; see Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. ii. 1889, p. 214). — The name T.
guarixa wliich I used for this southern form of the Brazilian House- Wren is untenable. It was first
published by Lesson (Traite d'Orn. 1830-31, p. 400) ; and again by the same author (Rev. Zool. 3
1840, p. 264) in the spelling T. guerexa ; but both have, as pure nomina nuda, no nomenclatorial
standing. Pucheran (Arch. Mus. Paris, 7, 1855, p. 338) , at last, gave a proper description of T. guarixa,
basing his account upon two S. Brazilian examples, collected by Delalande junior and A. de Saint-
Hilaire respectively. In the meantime, however, Des Murs (in Gay, Hist. fis. y polil. Chile, Zool.,
1, 1847, p. 312) had applied the name T. guarixa to the bird described by Lesson ( Voyage " Coquille,"
Zool. 1, ii. April 1830, p. 665) from La Concepcion, Chile, as T. chilensis. T. guarixa Des Murs,
1847, thus becomes a sj-uonym of T. chilensis Less. 1830, and excludes the use of T. guarixa Puch .
1855 in any other sense. Therefore we have to revert to T. tviedi Berl. for the S. Brazilian House-
Wren.

- Anz. Orn. Qes. Bayern, No. 1, p. 2 (February 1919 — La Plata, Buenos AjTes).

3 Troglodytes chiletisis Lesson, Voyage "Coquille," Zool. 1, ii. p. 665 (.\pril 1830 — " aux environs
de La Concepcion," Chile) ; — Syn. T. musculus acosmus Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Mus. 27, p. 204
(1904 — Central Chile, Reed coll. ; = Concepcion). — There can be little doubt that T. chiletisis is
the earliest name for the Chilian House- Wren. Although quoted by Sharpe (Cat. B. 6, 1881, p. 404,
among the synonyms of Cistothorus platensis (\), Lesson's description clearly indicates a bird of
the musculus type ; this conclusion being furthermore strengthened by the fact that the author
subsequently (Rev. Zool. 3, 1840, p. 264) identified his T. chilensis with " T. guarexa" of the Paris
Museum, i.e. the common South Brazilian House-Wren, to which the Chilian bird bears indeed
very close resemblance.

* Nouv. Diet. d'Hisl. Nat., nouv. id., 34, p. 514 (1819 — based on Wilson, Amer. Ornith. pi. 8,
fig. 6 : U.S. of America).

276 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

No. 2, an adult from Buenos Ayres, is in very poor state of preservation.
Ten additional examples from the same locality in the Buenos Ayres, Tring,
and Munich Museums, are very different from T. m. iviedi, being much less
rufous above and much paler below.

In coloration of under-parts they closely resemble T. m. magellanicus, from
Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, but are much darker, sooty brown (instead of
light greyish or earthy brown) above, with less rufescent rump and duller rufous
taU, while the under-tail coverts are strongly banded with black and white
instead of being plain cinnamon-brown or merely dotted with dusky ; the bill,
too, is conspicuously stronger. Birds from Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara do
Mundo Novo) and Santa Catharina (Blumenau) are in all essential respects
similar. I have, consequently, separated this hitherto overlooked race as T.
rrmscvhts hovariae HeUm.

No. 3, an adult male in good condition, obtained at Corrientes in July 1829,
likewise belongs to T. m. bonariae. It is, in fact, an extreme example of that
form with very dark upper-parts and strongly barred under-tail coverts.

T. m. wiedi, of C. Brazil, Paraguay, and N.W. Argentine, may at once be
recognized from T. m. bonariae by its conspicuously reddish-brown upper-parts,
bright rufous-brown rump and taU, deep ochraceous (instead of light isabeUine)
lower surface, and plain (unbarred) under-tail coverts.

No. 4, Valparaiso, ChOe, is a typical example of T. m. chilensis, agreeing
with a series from La Concepcion, Valdivia, and other places in Southern Chile.
This race is exceedingly close to T. m. magellanicus, but may be distinguLshed
by its decidedly more brownish back, much more rufous rump, taU coverts, and
rectrices. The colour of the under-surface ofiEers no constant difference. Besides
T. m. tecellatus in the north-west, this is the only form of House-Wren occurring
in Chile proper. How far south it ranges I am unable to say. The most southerly
locality whence I have seen it is Puerto Montt, prov. LlanquUiue.

It may be convenient to close these remarks by giving a list of the recog-
nizable races of T. musculus in southern S. America.

(a) T. musculus musculus Naum. Eastern Brazil (Bahia to Pernambuco).

(6) T. musculus wiedi (Berl.). Southern and Central Brazil (from Espirito
Santo and Goyaz southwards to S. Paulo) ; Paraguay ; Northern Argentine
(Chaco, Jujuy, Tucuman).

(c) T. musculus bonariae HeUm. S. Brazil (Santa Catharina, Rio Grande
do Sul), Uruguay, N.E. Argentine (states of Corrientes, Entrerios, Buenos Ayres).
• — Exact western and southern limits of range not known.

(d) T. musculus magellanicus Gould. Patagonia south to Tierra del Fuego.

(e) T. musculus cobbi Chubb. Falkland Islands.

(/) T. musculus chilensis Less. Central and Southern Chile, from Coquimbo
south to at least Puerto Montt and ChUoe.

(g) T. musculus rex Berl. & Leverk. Central Bolivia (Samaipata, Valle
Grande, Mizque).

(h) T. musculus tecellatus Lafr. & Orb. N.W. Chile (prov. Tacna).

(i) T. musctdus audax Tschudi. Coast region of Western Peru (from Callao
to Ayacucho).

(k) T. musculus puna Berl. & Stolzm. High mountains of Peru, and W.
Bolivia, Western Yungas.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXVIII. 1921.

277

TWO NEW AFRICAN SPHINGIDAE.
By dr. KARL JORDAN.

1. Polyptyehus grayi niloticus subsp. nov. (text-figs. 1, 2).

$. On upperside of forewing the undulate double line which crosses apex
of cell vestigial ; no crenulate line between discal and postdiscal lines (also in
fresh specimens??). Fringe of hindwing not spotted brown and white, the

short scales being all brown and the long ones white. Underside almost

uniformly greyish fawn (Ridgway, Nomend. Colours, iii. 22), termmal area not
deeper brown than centre of wings ; on both wings the discal line rather thick,

.,^Afl-x

Fios. 1 AND 2. — P. grayi tiilotieus.

with barely a trace of a second line on its distal side ; postdiscal line sharp
and thin.

Genital sclerite sinuate centrally in front of the orifice ; this antevaginal
ridge much plicate, thicker than in P. g. grayi ; from sinus frontad extends an
obtuse carina flanked by a deep depression each side (text-fig. 1).

Length of forewing : 36 mm.

Hab. White Nile, lat. 12° 11' (Capt. Yardley) ; I ? in Trmg Museum.

A much-battered ^ in the Oxford Museum from the Sudan also belongs to
this subspecies. It is distinguished from P. g. grayi (J by the above-mentioned
slight differences in colour, and by the genitalia, especially the armature of the
claspers. In P. g. grayi the large hook of the harpe is curved towards the
sagittal plane of the body, standing more or less erect on the plane of the clasper ;
in the Sudanese ^ the hook lies flat on the clasper (text-fig. 2). Moreover,
proxmiaUy to this hook the harpe bears a tooth, which is absent from P. g. grayi.

One cJ in Oxford Museum from South End of Talodi Range, Nuba Hills,
Sudan, July 24, 1918 (R. S. WUson).

278

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

2. Polyptychus delicatus sp. nov. (text-figs. S-6).

(J. Luteo-griseus ; alis integris, antica lineis transversis e lunulis nigris
compositis ornata, postica flava.

Long. al. ant. 29 mm., lat. 14 mm.

Hah. Diego Suarez, Madagascar, March 1917 (G. Melou), 1 ^.

Proboscis large. Palpus with the joint open ; second segment longer than
it is broad in side-view, slightly narrowing apicad, apex not truncate. Head

Figs. 3-6. — P. delicatus.

with raised median tuft. Antenna rather slender, strongly compressed, ventral
outline even, each segment very slightly incurved in middle (lateral aspect),
median segments much higher than long, penultimate one longer than high.
Foretibia strongly spinose on dorsal side, at apex a long spine (broken off in
both tibiae in our specimen), epiphysis large, reaching apex of foretibia ; mid-
and hindtibiae grey above, spurs non-spinose, long apical one of hindtibia
reaching to middle of first tarsal segment.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 279

Body and wings creamy buff (Ridgway, Nomencl. Colours, v. 11). Wings
entire ; termen of forewing convex, apical angle a little less than 90° ; three
blackish lines on forewing : first antemedian, obsolescent, commencing at costal
margin 9 mm. from base, running obliquely across cell to above point of origin
of M', here broken at a right angle and running straight to huidmargin, this
second portion of the line twice or thrice interrupted ; proximaUy to this line
a faint trace of a blackish spot or line ; nearly 3 mm. from lower cell-angle a
slightly S-shaped line crosses the disc, composed of diffuse lunules, outside this
line and posteriorly joining it a row of small lunules, obsolete near costa ; a
postdiscal line of more sharply marked lunules almost straight, posteriorly

2 mm. distant from median line, and nearly 5 mm. from apex of SM% anteriorly

3 mm. from tip of wing ; fringe with a slight tawny tint. Hindwing uniformly

ochre-yeUow, with the fringe and abdominal margin creamy buff.

Underside creamy bulf ; forewing ochre- yellow to beyond middle, this
colour gradually shading off, beyond middle a continuous transverse line, curved
and blackish from costal margin to near R^ then yellowish and faint, crossing
M' about 9 mm. from termen ; 4 to 5 mm. outside this line a faint trace of a
second line, and more distal still an oblique thin blackish streak extending from

R' towards apex of wing, which it does not reach. On hindwing two blackish

parallel lines, continuous, about 3'5 mm. distant from each other, the proximal
one near lower cell-angle, more prominent than the outer line, both obsolescent
behind ; before anal angle the base of fringe brown.

Neuration : R' of hindwing above middle of cell-apex, upper cross-vein
curved or angulate, lower cell-angle acute.

Genitalia : Tenth tergite long, gradually narrower to near apex, then rather
abruptly acuminate, flattened above (text-figs. 4 and 5). Tenth sternite (text-
fig. 3) short, somewhat broader basaUy than long, strongly rounded off. Clasper
(text-fig. 6) without friction-scales, sole-shaped, without projecting armature ;
the oblique, smooth, rather more strongly chitinized, oblique margin of the
triangular basi-ventral portion of the clasper represents the liarpe. Penis-funnel
broad, short, triangular, with the tip truncate and slightly sinuate. Penis -
sheath broad, flattened, slightly ciurved, with the edges sharp, and with a longi-
tudinal median carina on apical portion.

In the shape of the wings not unlike P. miitata Walk. (1855), but quite
different in colouring and the large tongue.

19

280 NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

ON SOME BIRDS FROM THE WEYLAND MOUNTAINS, DUTCH

NEW GUINEA

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.

T^HE collection on which this article is based was made from October 1920
-L to January 1921, mostly on Mount Kunupi, Wej'land Mountains.

The Weyland Mountains are a range of mountains to the north of the main
range, inland from Geelvink Bay.

I am much indebted to Mr. J. J. Joicey for the opportunity of working out
this collection.

The three brothers Pratt, sons of A. E. Pratt, tlie wcll-luiown explorer, who
collected these birds, were sent out to make as complete a collection of the
lepidoptera of these regions as possible ; so that it is evident that little time
could be devoted to birds.

Notwithstanding the comparatively small number of species, however, the
collection is of great scientific interest, as it illustrates well the erratic distribution
of some forms, and elucidates many doubtful points. As might have been
expected, the largest number of specimens belong to the Paradisaeidae, but a
number of parrots, honey-eaters, and other birds prove to be of great interest.

PARADISAEIDAE.

There are 153 examples of 22 species and subspecies of this famOy in the
collection, of which 121 specimens of 12 species and subspecies were collected in
the Weyland Mountains and their neighbourhood, while the remaining 34 skins
of 16 subspecies, including 5 forms included above, are native skins without data.

1. Seleucides nigricans nigricans (Shaw).

Paradisea nigricans Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. vii. pt. 2. p. 489. pis. Ix, Ixi (1809).

The extremely bright orange- yellow side plumes of the oldest of these 2 (J^J
at first led me to tliink that they were either Scliliiter's nigricans (inripennis or
else a new form, but the size of the bill and wings agrees entirely with tjipical
nigrica ns, so that it is impossible to separate them until $ 5 from the same country
can be examined.

1 o vix ad., 1 o juv., Wanggar River, 15 niUes above its mouth, south of
Geelvink Bay, 600 ft., January 1921 and October 1920.

2. Falcinellus striatus atratus Rothsch. & Hart.

Fakinellus striatm atratus Rothschild & Hartert, Xovil. Zool. vol. xviii. p. 160 (1911) (Mt. Goliath).

The fact of this race occurring in the north, while its terra typica was on
the southern slopes of the main range, goes far to prove that typical striatus
striatus is confined to the Berau (Arfak) Peninsula.

1 0 c?c? ad. , 3 cJcJ j uv. , 6 $ 9, Mt. Kunupi, Weyland Mts. , November— December
1920,6,000 ft.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 281

3. Astrapia splendidissima Rothsch.

Aslrapm splendidissima Rothschild, Navit. Zool. vol. ii. p. 59. pi. v. (1895).

This magnificent bird is also found south of the main central range, but
how far east and west its range extends is at present unknown.

2 <JcJ ad., 12 3iS juv., 2 ??, Mt. Kunupi, Weyland Mts., 6,000 ft., November-
December 1920.

6 (^(J ad. trade skins are also in the collection.

4. Paradisea minor minor Shaw.

Paradisea minor Shaw, Gen. Zool. vol. vii. p. 486 (1809).

Quite typical minor minor. The extent of the range of this form eastwards,
and where it meets minor finschi, Is unknown.

2 (^cJ ad., Wanggar River, south of Geelvink Bay, January 1921.
1 (^ juv. ; no data.

5. Diphyllodes magniflca magnifica (Pemi.).

Paradisea magnifica Pennant, in Forster's Ind. Zool. p. 40 (Sp. Faun. Ind. p. 2) (1781).

Mr. OgUvie Grant calls this speciosa Bodd. (nom. emen. for speccosa), as he
says Pennant's name dates only from 1795, but he quite overlooks the fact that
the first edition of Forsters book appeared in 1781, whereas Boddaert's only
appeared m 1783.

1 (J ad., Wanggar District, south of Geelvink Bay, 20 miles inland, 2,000 ft.
January 1921.

6. Pteridophora alberti Meyer.

Pleridophora alberti Meyer, Bull. B.O.C. vol. iv. p. 11 (1894).

The fine series of 26 specimens of this rare and extraordinary bird forms one
of the gems of the collection.

In October 1918 Professor Reichenow exhibited and described at the Annual
General Meeting of the "Deutsche Ornithologische GeseUschaft " some skins
collected in the Sepik River district, which he considered were ? ? of Pteridophora
alberti. In the present collection there are 16 specimens of young (J (J in first
plumage and adidt $$, which differ conspicuously from a 8epik River bird
exchanged with the Berlin Museum and now at Tring. The 10 adult (J(^ (some
in various stages of moult) in the present collection are typical Pt. alberti.

? ad. and c? juv. Upper side sooty grey brown ; head and hindneck paler
more ashy grey, the darker edging to the feathers producing a scale-like appear-
ance ; chin, throat, and foreneck pale grey, somewhat whitish on lower part,
each feather with a dark subterminal bar, becommg more distinct towards
breast. Breast, flanks, and abdomen white with broad crescentic black sub-
terminal bands almost entirely encircling tlic feathers. Crissum orange-buff,
some of the feathers with crescentic sooty- black subterminal bands. The young
oc? appear to have the bands on the feathers of the underside more strongly
crescentic than the $ $. The Sepik River $ at Tring differs from the Weyland
examples by being much browner above, in having the chin, throat, and foreneck
strongly suffused with buff, in the white of the breast and abdomen being suffused

282 NOVITATES ZOOLOGirAE XXVIII. 1921.

with cream colour, and the suhterminal dark bands of the feathers of the underside
being broader and less erescentic.

As described by Professor Reichenow, it is a most mteresting fact that the
5 $ have an elongated narrow stiff feather behind the ear, where in the adult ^S
the long blue plume is situated.

10 S(S ad. (5 in full moult), 11 ^^ juv., 4 $? ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft.,
Weyland Mts., November — December 1920.

1 (J juv., without data, is also in the collection.

7. Paradigalla brevicauda Rothsch. & Hart.

Paradigalla brevicauda Rothschild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 523 (1913) (Mt. Goliath).
Paradigalla intermedia W. R. Ogilvie Grant, Btill. B.O.C. vol. xsxi. p. 105 (1913) (Utakwa River).

The line series of 26 examples from the Weyland Mts., of which 19 consist
of immature examples of all ages, enables me to confirm a suspicion already
conceived by Dr. Hartert and myself, that P. intermedia Grant is identical with
hrevicavda Rothscli. & Hart. The curious fact of the tail being longer in the
young birds than in the adult accounts for Mr. Grant's error ; the erratic moults
in the Birds of Paradise and their taking from 5 to 7 years before becoming fully
adult in plumage, explains the discrepancy in the tail of the Utakwa tj^pe-
specimen.

3 $S, 3 ?? ad., 11 cJcJ, 8 ?? imm. and juv., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland
Mts., November — December 1920.

8. Parotia carolae carolae Meyer.

Parotia carolae Meyer, Bull. B.O.C. vol. iv. p. 6 (1894).

In the collection are 3 $$from Mt. Kunupi and 1 without data, which agree
exactl}' with 2 skins of native make which came with t3'pical carolae carolae to
Renesse van Duivenbode. All these 6 examples agree in their differences from
P. carolae meeki $ and from the 2 $$ from Mt. Goliath. As 3 adult ^^, without
data, came with the 1 ?, I have no doubt that these are true$$ of carolae carolae.
Whether, therefore, as we know the $$ of c carolae and c. meeki, the 2 Mt. Goliath
specimens are the $$of c. berlepscfii, cannot be settled tUl full-plumaged (Jo from
that mountain can be compared.

$ ad. Differs from that of c. meeki in the somewhat darker, more umber- brown
colour above, and the much broader bands on the feathers below.

3 $9, Mt. Kunupi, Weyland Mts., 6,000 ft., November— December 1920.

3 ^'(J ad., 1 9; no data.

9. Lophorina superba latipennis Rothsch.

Lophorina minor latipennis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xix. p. 92 (1907) (Rawlinson Mts.).
Lophorina superba feminina Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, Jubilee Suppl., No. 2. p. 27 (1915) (Utakwa River).

Since describing this race I have received several more (^^ from the Rawlinson
Mts., but no $9. In 1915, in the Jubilee volume of the Ibis, Jlr. Ogilvie Grant
described a bird under the name of L. superba jeminirta from both (JcJ and $ $ ad.
He apparently, however, never compared it \\ith my lalipetmis ! The series

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 283

of 3 cJ(^ and 3 9 $ f rom Mt. Kunupi enable me to prove that Mr. Grant's /emi/M« a
is identical with my latipennis.

3 cJJ ad. (2 in moult) ; 3 ?? ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts.,
November — December 1920.

10. Loboparadisea sericea Rothsch.

Lohoparadisea sericea Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. vi. p. xvi. (1896).

This remarkable bird has been got on the south side of the main range, and
now much to the north of that range.

1 cJ ad., 1 c? juv., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Range, November —
December 1920.

11. Amblyornis inornatus inornatus (Schleg.).

PHlonorhynchus inornatus Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. vol. iv. p. 51 (1871) (Arfak).

The Weyland Mts. birds belong to the typical race. The differences between
in. inornatus and in. musgravii are very peculiar. In the qq the brown of the
upper side in in. inornatus is darker, more rufous, and less olive than in in. mus-
gravii ; whUe in the $$ it is the opposite, for the $$ of ^J. in. musgravii are very
strongly washed with rufous, whUe the $? of in. inornata are much browner.

2 (Jc?. 3?$, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.
1 (J ; no data.

12. Loria loriae Salvad.

Loria loriae Salvador!, Ann. Mits. Civ. Gen. vol. xxxiv. p. 151 (1894) (Moroka).

There is apparently no difference between the examples of Loria from all
parts of New Guinea.

7 SS ad., 2?$ juv., 4 ??, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November-
December 1920.

3 (JcJ ; no data.

Here follow the species not included above, being only reiDresented by native
skins without localities and data.

1. Ptilorhis magnifica (Vieill.).

2. Falcinellus meyeri albescens Van Oort.

This is the only skin known with the exception of the type material in the
Leyden Museum. Unfortunately, it has no legs and no locality.

3. Falcinellus striatus striatus (Bodd.).

4. Paradisea apoda novaeguineae Dalb. & Salvad.

5. Schlegelia wilsoni (Cass.)

284 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

C. Dipbyllodes magnifica rothschildi Grant.

7. Astrapia nigra (Gmel.).

8. Parotia sefllata (Penn.).

9. Lophorina superba superba (Perm.).

10. Xanthomelus aureus (Linn.).

II. Aeluroedus buccoides (Temni.).

STUBNIDAE.
13. Mino dumonti Less.

Uino dumonti LeB8on, Voy. Coq. Zool. vol. i. p. 652. pi. 25 (1826).

2 ad., Wanggar River, 15 miles above mouth, south of Geelvink Bay, 600 ft.,
October 1920.

14. Melanopyrrhus orientalis orientalis (Schleg.).

Gracnla anais orientalis Schlegel, Ned. Tijdechr. Dierk. vol. iv. p. 52 (1871) (Geelvink Bay).

The status of the 3 forms of the genus Mdayiojnjrrhus, viz. anais, orientalis,
and robertsoni, has always been a stumbling-block to ornithologists. That anais
is a good form, easily recognised, has never been in doubt ; but orientalis and
robertsoni are a very different proposition in two respects.

( 1) Are they, or are they not, subspecies of anais ?

( 2) Are they distinct from one another ?

As regards the finst, the localities published seem to point to anais not
being found in the same area as orientalis, but we have at Tring specimens of
both collected by W. Doherty at Kapaur, so that they must be kept as separate
■ species.

As regards the second, Mr. OgUvie Grant, who was the last person to in-
vestigate this subject in the Jubilee Supplement of the Ihis, No. 2, pp. 38-40,
says emphatically that fully adult orientalis always have a black occiput, while
fully adult robertsoni never have any black on the crown or nape. I have too
few examples to decide this question finally, although among the British New
Guinea robertsoni at Tring with entirely j'ellow heads, is a perfectly adult bird
with as black an occiput as any orientalis. According to Grant, orientalis extends
from west to east of New Guinea north of the main range, whUc robertsoiii extends
in the same way south of the main range.

Until it can be established that the proportion of black-naped and pure
yeUow-headed birds is the same north and south of the main range, and therefore
orientalis and robertsoni are one and the samp, they must be treated as two local
races. The solitary example sent by the Pratts is undoubtedly typical orientalis.

1 ad., Wanggar River, 15 mUes from mouth, 600 ft., south of Geelvink Bay,
January 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 285

DICBURIDAE.

15. Chaetorhynchus papuensis Meyer.

Chaetorhynchtts papuensis Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, vol. Ixix. p. 493 (1874) (AriakMts.),

The 2 tJ(J run rather large in the wing 122 mm.

The $ has a wing of 109 mm.

2 S<^, 1 9, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

OBIOLIDAE.

16. Oriolus striatus Quoy & Gaim.

Oriolus strialus Quoy & Gaimard, Voij. Astrol. vol. i. p. 191. pi. ix. f. 2 (1830) (Dorey).
1 ad., Wanggar, south of Geelvink Bay, January 1921.

MOTACIZ.I.IDAE.

17. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall.

MotacUla melanope Pallas, Reis. Etiss. Rdrhs, vol. iii. p. 696. No. 16 (1776) (Asiatic Russia).
1 $, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

MELIFHAGIBAB.

18. Myzomela rosenbergi Schleg.

Myzomela rosenbergi Schlegel, Ned. TijdscJir. Dierk. vol. iv. p. 38 (1871) (Berau Peninsula).

1 <J ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

19. Melipotes fumigatus goliathi Rothsch. & Hart.

Mdipotes gymnops goliathi Rothschild & Haitert, yovit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 515 (1913) (Mt. Goliath).

The 5 examples from Mt. Kunupi are very dark on the upper breast, and the
upper side is intense black. I feel sure that when we have this species from its
entire range, the Weyland form and several others will have to be separated.
At present, however, I prefer to retain this form as goliathi from lack of material
for comparison.

4 cJc?, 1 ? ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December
1920.

20. Melirrhophetes ochromelas ochromelas Meyer.

Melirrhophetes ochromelas Meyer, Sitr.. k. Ak. Vt'issenscli. Wien, vol. Ixx. p. HI (1874) (Arfak).

It is extremely doubtful if Sharpe's hatesi can be maintained even as a
subspecies, but this cannot be finally decided until we can compare a good series
from Arfak with S.E. New Guinea examples.

1 cj ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

21. Melirrhophetes bellordi joiceyi subsp. nov.

This new form differs from M. b. belfordi by the green edging to the feathers
of the back, by the more strongly curved bill, and by the much smaller size-

286 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

(^cj, wing 126-133 nun.; ?$, 108-115 mm.; as opposed to b. belfordi $^,
135-142 mm. ; $?, 120-133 mm.

5 SS, 2$?, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., WeylandMts., November— December 1920.

Tj-pe : No. 579. $.

22. Xanthotis salvadorii salvadorii Hartert.

Plilotis salvadorii Hartert, Novit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 531 (1896) (Owen Stanley Range).

I am listing this bird as tj^ical salvadorii, as it agrees exactlv ^\itli our
series, including Hartert's type.

1 ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

DICAEIDAE.

23. Urocharis longicauda (Salvad.).

Melanocharis longicauda Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vii. p. 942 (1875) (Ariak Mts.).

1 c? ad., Mt. Kimupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

IiAirilDAi:.

24. Pachycephala peetoralis klossi Grant.

Pachycephala klossi Ogilvie Grant, Ibis, Jubilee Suppl. ii. p. 88 (1915) (Utakwa Valley).

1 (J, 1 ? ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November — December
1920.

25. Pachycephala aurea Reichen.
Pachycephala aurea Relchenow, Ornith. Monatsh. vol. vii. p. 131 (1899) (Ramu River).
1 cJ ad., Menoo Valley, Wejdand Mts., 1,000 ft., November 1920.

26. Pachycephala schlegeli schlegeli Rosenb.

Pachycephala schlegeli Rosenberg, in Schlegel, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. vol. ir. p. 43 (1871) (Arfak
Peninsula).

1 cJ ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November — December 1920.

27. Pachycephala hattamensis Meyer.

Pachycephala hatlamensis Meyer, Sitz. k. Ak. Wissensch. Wien, vol. Ixix. p. 391 (1874) (Hatam).

2 ad. (1 sexed $ ?), Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November-
December 1920.

28. Pachycephala tenebrosa Rothsch.

Pachycephala teneWosa Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxix. p. 20 (1911) (Mt. Goliath).

One example of this rare species is in the collection, unfortunately minus its
tail. Known only from the 9 specimens collected by Meek. This example differs
in having the breast and underside deeper rufous-brown, but I dare not separate
it on the material extant.

1 cJ ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGKAE XXVIII. 1921. 287

29. Pitohui ferrugineus ferrugineus (Bonap.).

Rectes ferrugineus Bonaparte, Compl. Rend. Paris, vol. xxxi. p. 563 (1850) (Lobo).

1 (^ ad., Wanggar District, 20 miles from coast, 2,000 ft., south of Geelvink
Bay, January 1921.

30. Pitohui nigrescens meeki Rothsch. & Han.

Pitohui meeki Rothscliild & Hartert, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 507. No. 158 (1913) (Mt. Goliath).

It is very interesting to find this race of nigrescens north of the main range,
a further proof of the isolated character of the avifauna of the Berau (Arfak)
Peninsula, from where typical nigrescens came.

2 ?? ad., Mt. Kunupi, C,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

SYLVIIDAE.

31. Malurus alboscapulatus alboscapulatus Meyer.

Malunts alboscapulatus Meyer, Sitz. k. Akad, Wisseit^ch. Wien, vol. Ixix. p. 496 (1874) (Arfak),

This species of Wren- Warbler is very puzzling. It occurs in 3 local races,
at least, all over New Guinea. The points to be elucidated are whether the fully
adult ? 9 of all 3 races are like the ^(^, black above and below, though less glossy,
or whether in the case of the race found south of the Snow Mountains the $ $
always have a white breast. Should the former prove to be the case, then it
is the young $ and not the adult $ which is mimicked by the (J in eclipse plumage.

The 3 races so far described are :

(1) MaluTus alboscapulatus alboscapulatus Meyer (Arfak).

(2) M. alboscapulatus naimii D'Alb. & Salvad. (S.E. New Guinea).

(3) M. alboscapulatus lorentzii Van Oort. (Charles Louis and Snow Mts.).

The form from Takar (i.e. North Coast) has the $ $ entirely black like the (J<J,
but we do not know $ $ from Arfak, so it is only tentatively that I put them down
as alb. alboscapulatus, including the present specimen.

1 rj ad., Mt. Kunupi, Weyland Mts., 6,000 ft , November— December 1920.

TintEiiiiDAi:.

32. Pomatorhinus isidori Less.

Pomalorhinus isidori Lesson, Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 680. pi. 29. f. 2 (1826-1828) (Dorey).

1 ad., Wanggar, south of Geelvink Bay, January 1921.

33. Eupetes leucostictus leucostictus Sclat.

Eupetes leucosticttis Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1873, p. 690. pi. lii. (Hatam).

The subspecies E. I. loriae Salvad. from S.E. New Guinea will probably have
to be sunk when we know this species from more localities.

2 $$ ad., Mt. Kunupi, 0,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

288 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICIE XXVIII. 1921.

34. Heteromyias armiti (De Vis).

Poetilodryas armiti De Vis, Report Brit. Xew Guin., Birds, p. 3. No. 33 (1894) (Mt. Maneao).
1 ad. ; no data (Pratt skin).

PITTIDAE.

35. Pitta mackloti Temni.

Pitta mackloti Temminck, PI. Col. 547 (1834) (New Guinea).

1 $ ad., 1 juv., no data, Wanggar River, 15 miles above mouth, south of
Gcelvink Bay, January 1921.

CUCULIDAE.

36. Calliechthrus leucolophus (Jliill.).

Cuculits leucolophtts Miiller, Verh. Land, en Yolkenk. p. 22. note 1 (1839-1844) (Lobo).

1 o ad., Wanggar District, 20 miles inland, south of Geelvink Bay, 2,000 ft..
January 1921.

37. Cucolus optatus Gould.
f'uculus optatus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 184.5, p. 18 (Port Essington).

1 c? juv., Wanggar River, 15 miles above mouth, south of Geelvink Bay,
COO ft., October 1920.

3S. Cacomantis castaneiventris castaneiventris Gould

Cacomantis castaneiventris Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3). xx. p. 269 (1867) (Cape York).
1 ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

FOBABGIDAE.

39. Aegotheles pulcher Hart.

'Aegotheles pulcher Hartert, Bull B.O.C. vol. viii. p. vii. (1898) (Mts. British N. Guinea).

The single $ sent is of the dark phase and darker than any at Tring.

1 ? ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

AI.CEDIITIDAE.

40. Sauromarptis gaudichaud (Quoy & Gaim.).

Dacdo gaudichaud Quoy & Gaimard, Voij. Uranie Zool. p. 112. pi. 25 (1824) (Papuasia).
1 ad., Wanggar, south of Geelvink Bay, January 1921.

41. Tanysiptera nympha Gray.

Tanysiptera nympha Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1). vi. p. 238 (1841) (Philippine Islands ! ! !).

One immature specimen of this exceedingly rare bird was sent. The 2 or 3
specimens at Trmg from the Sattleberg, N.E. New Guinea, are slightly larger

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 289

than those from N.W. New Gumea, but too few examples from both habitats
are known as yet to enable it to be settled if there are two races or not.

1 imm., Wanggar District, 20 miles inland, 2,000 ft., south of Geelvink Bay,
January 1921.

42. Tanysiptera galatea Gray.

Tanysiplera galatea Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1859, p. 154 (Dorey, Waigin).

1 ad., 1 juv. , Wanggar River, 15 miles above mouth, 600 ft., southof Geelvuik
Bay, January 1921.

FSITTACIDAE.

LOBIIDAE.

43. Lorius lory rubiensis Meyer.
Lorius crythrolhorax riiliensis Meyer, Alh. 3Iiis. Dresd. 1892-1893, Abh. 3. j). 10 (1893) (Rubi).

This extremely rare subspecies of L. lory has hitherto only been known from
Dr. Meyer's Rubi examples in the Dresden Museum.

Rubi and Wanggar are probably synonymous. This form differs from L. I.
lory by its much brighter blue under-tail coverts and smaller size ; in fact, it
is the smallest of all the 7 subspecies of lory.

Wing of specimen here listed : 156 mm.

1 ad., Wanggar District, 20 miles inland, 2,000 ft., south of Geelvink Bay,
January 1921.

44. Charmosyna stellae goliathina Rothsch. & Hart.

Charmosyna stellae (7o;(o(Ai7?a. Rothschild & Hartert,A'oi)i(. Zool. vol. sviii. p. 160 (1911) (Mt. Goliath).

The fine series of this handsome species proves that it is st. goliathina and not
St. stellae, but a few of the specimens have less green and more red in the longer
upper-tail coverts than the type.

3 cJc?, 4 ?? ad., 1 $ juv. (a few with moulting tails), Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft.,
Weyland Mts., November — December 1920.

This is the first time Ch. stellae has been found to the west of the Fly River
on the north of the main range, only the red-tailed Ch. josephinae having been
recorded. However, the recent discovery of the latter species on the southern
slopes of the Snow Mountains made the idea of Ch. stellae north of the range
a possibility.

45. Charmosyna atrata Rothsch.

Charmosyna atrata Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. vol. vii. p. liv. (1898) (Mt. Scratchley).

This is a most extraordinary bird, and its status, now we have for comparison
examjiles from all the localities whence Ch. stellae is known, is more than doubtful.
The point at issue is whether Ch. atrata is a distinct species occurring alongside
of Ch. stellae, or whether it is merely a dimorphic melanistic form of the latter.
(I say advisedly " dimorphic," for melanistic examples of any bird are very

290 NOVITATES ZoOLOGICiE XXVIII. 1921.

rare in nature, whUe " Ch. atrata " appears fairly numerous. In the present
instance, 4 Ch. atrata to 8 Ch. stellae goliathina.)

In favour of its being a species and not a melanistic form are the following
points :

(1) In the $ there is no trace of any yellow on the rump, which is always
dark green with a blue band in the adults. The $ Mt. Goliath bird has a few
crimson spots on the rump, which are evidently a sign of immaturity.

(2) In the bird from Huon Gulf in the Tring Museum, there is absolutely
no trace of the yellow pectoral band characteristic of the subspecies Ch. stellae
tvahnesi which I described from there.

(3) The comparative abundance of individuals.

On the other hand, the following facts point to this bird being only a dimorphic
melanistic form :

(1) The occasional presence of single red feathers in the black plumage in
2 individuals.

(2) The large amoimt of red on the under-tail coverts and red on the flanks
in the 2 cJcJ of the present series.

(3) The fact that both Mt. Goliath and Wcyland Mts. examples show purer
green, not deep bronzy green, ujaper taU-coverts, pointing to the green, not red,
upper tail-coverts of Ch. st. goliathina.

It is, however, impossible at present to decide definitely ; this can only be
done when we get specimens with more red on them and this red unevenly
distributed.

2 <^cj, 2 $ $, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft. , Weyland Mts. , November— December 1920.

40. Oreopsittacus arfaki major Grant.

Oreopsiltaciis arfaki major Grant, Bull. B.O.C. vol. xxsv. p. II (1914) (Utakwa River).

The (J listed below is the only example known bej-ond the 5 specimens in
the British Museum ; also it is the only specimen obtained from north of the
main range.

1 S ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.
■(Wing-measurement, 83 mm.)

If, as our present knowledge of the different forms of this genus suggests,
it is proved that no 2 forms inhabit the same area, all the 4 described races of
Oreopsittacus must be treated as subspecies. Mr. Ogilvie Grant suggests that
Reichenow's Orcopsittacvs arfaki intermedins from the Sepik River is 0. a. frontalis
Reichen. This proves he either never read the description, or else could not
understand it, for Reichenow clearly states that it is like 0. a. grandis, but much
smaller.

Reichenow gives as wing-measurement of his intermedins 80 mm. Reichenow
evidently took Grant's published wing-measurement of the type, viz. 3o inches =
89 mm. . as his standard of conijiarison, in which case intermedius is much smaller ;
but tlie examination of our Tring material upsets this calculation altogether.
The wing-measurement of 10 tSS from British New Guinea is 78-88 mm., and
of 4 $$ 82-83 mm. The net result, therefore, is that Reichenow's 0. a. intermedius
(1915) = Grant's O. a. grandis (1895).

As regards O. a. frontalis Reichen., Ogilvie Grant (Ibis, Jubilee Supplement,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921. 291

pp. 234, 235) says that this is a very distinct form from O. a. grandis ; I differ
from him about this, for I believe that the type ((J) of frontalis is only a
younger (J of grandis, in which the red of the crown, instead of appearing in
irregular patches as in 2 at Tring, occurs only on the frons and thus seems to
be a very good character. Further material from the Upper Aroa River is
required, however, before we can definitely settle this point. For the present,
therefore, I shall maintain 0. a. frontalis as a local race, and the 4 races work out
as follows :

Key.

jWith red band on abdomen, 2.

[Without red band on abdomen, 3.

(^Smaller wing, cJ : 73-76 mm. O. arfaki arfaki.

[Larger wing, ^ : 83-87 mm. O. arfaki major.

fWhole crown red in (J. O. arfaki grandis.

I Frons only red in (J. O. arfaki frontalis.

The distribution of the 4 forms is as follows ;

Oreopsittaciis arfaki arfaki (Meyer). Arfak (or Berau) Peninsula.

O. arfaki major Grant. Western New Guinea.

O. arfaki frontalis Reichen. Upper Aroa River.

O. arfaki grandis Grant. Owen Stanley Mts. ; and Sepik River Distr.

47. Neopsittacus muschenbroeki muschenbroeki (Schleg.).

Nanodes muschenbroeki Schlegel, Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk, vol. iv. p. 34 (1871) (Arfak Mts.).

It is curious that although the Pratts worked at 6,000 ft. on Mt. Kunupi,
yet they got the typical m. muschenbroeki and not the mountain form m. pullicaitda
Hartert.

4 cJcJad., 1 cjjuv., 1 (sexed$),Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November
—December 1920.

Mr. Grant has described in the Jubilee Supplement, Ibis, p. 230, a form of
this species as N. muschcnhroeki alpiniis, and he distinguishes it from A', m.
pullicauda by the orange, not scarlet, upper breast. We have at Tring 2 such
orange-breasted birds collected by A. S. Anthony on Mt. Knutsford, together
with scarlet-breasted birds, which proves that N. m. alpinus Grant (1915) =
N. m. puUicauda Hartert (1896).

FSITTACIDAE.

48. GeofEroyus personatus pucherani Bp.

Geoffroyus pucherani Bonaparte, Naumannia, 1856 (Triton Bay).

1 (J, 1 9 ad., Wanggar District, 20 mOes iidand, south of Geelvink Bay,
2,000 ft., January 1921.

49. Aprosmictus amboinensis dorsalis (Quoy & Gaim.).

Psittacus {Platycercus) dorsalis Quoy & Gaimard, Voy.AsUol.Zool. i. p. 234. pi. xxi. f. 3 (1830) (Dorey).
1 (J ad., 1 $ juv., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December
1920.

292 NOVITATES ZOOLOOKAE XXVIII. 1921.

50. Nasiterna bniijni Salvad.

NasUerna bruijnii Salvador!, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vii. p. 715 (1875) (Arfak).

1 (J, 2 ??, Mt., Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.
This species ought to have preceded No. 49, Geoffroyus p. pucherani.

51. Psittacella brehmi pallida Meyer.

Psittacella pallida Meyer, Zeitschr. f. ges. Orniih. 1886, p. 3 (S.E. Now Guinea).

1 (J ad., 1 c? juv., 1 ? ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November-
December 1920.

There is one native skin of

Eos fuscata Blyth

FAIiCOiriDAE.

52. Accipiter melanoehlamys melanochlamys (Salvad.).

Urospizias melanochlamys Salvador!, Ann. 31ns. Civ. Gen. vol. vi!. p. 905. No. 4 (1875) (Arfak,
Hatam).

Although the adult $ sent has no label it is a Pratt skin.

1 $ ad., south of Geelvink Bay ?

In the Jubilee Supplement, Ibis, p. 259, Mr. Grant declares that ^4. m.
schistacinus Rothsch. & Hart, is not different from A. m. melanochlamys. Until
we get similar birds from Arfak and S.E. New Guinea, I shall uphold it as a
good subspecies.

53. Henicopernis loagicauda (Garn.).

Falco longicavda Garnet, Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 588. pi. x (1828) (Dorey).

1 ?, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

CHABABBIIDAE.

54. Charadrius dominicus fulvus Gmel.

Charadrius fulvits Gmelln, Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 687 (1789) (Tahiti).

1 ad., Wanggar, south of Geelvink Bay, February 1921.

RALLIDAE.

55. Rallicula rubra Schleg.

Rallicula rubra Schlegel, Xed. Tijdschr. Dierl: vol. !v. p. 55 (1871) (Arfak Mts.).

When Mr. Grant described his Rallicula klossi (Bull. B.O.C., vol. xxxi. p. 104
[1913] [Utakwa River]), he evidently did not compare it with rubra at all but
only with forbesi. The pair obtained on Mt. Kunupi prove conclusively that
klossi Grant is nothing else but rubra of Schlegel, for the ^J is absolutely like
Arfak rubra, while the ? is absolutely like the $ of klossi.

1 cJ, 1 ? ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December
1920.

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXV'III. 1921. 293

COI.USIBIDAE.

56. Ptilinopus pulchellus (Temm.).
Columha pulchellus Temmink, PL Col. livr. 95. No. 564 (1835) (Lobo).

This pretty little pigeon does not vary in any part of its range as far as we
know at present.

1 (^, 1 $, Wanggar, south of Geelvink Bay, February 1921.

.57. Ptilinopus coTonulatus geminus Salvad.

Ptilinopus geminus Salvador!, Ann. ihts. Civ. Gen. vol. vii. pj). 786-7 (1875) (Ansua Jobi).
1 (J ad., Wanggar, south of Geelvink Bay, February 1921.

58. Ptilinopus rivolii bellus (Sclat.).

Ptilopus helhts Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1873, p. 696. pi. Ivii (Arfak).

4 ^^, 1 9, Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

59. Carpophaga chalcanota Salvad.

Carpophaga chakonota Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vi. p. 87 (1874) (Hatam).

1 S ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

60. Rsinwardtoenas reinwardti griseotincta Hartert.

Reinu'ardtoenas reinwardti griseotincta Hartert, Novit. Zool. vol. iii. p. 18 (1896) (Papua).

1 cj ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.

61. Phlegoenas rufigula rufigula Bp.

Phlegoenas rufigula Bonaparte, Consp. Av. vol. ii. p. 89 (1854) (New Guinea).

1 cjad., Wanggar River, 15 miles above mouth, south of Geelvink Bay,
600 ft., January 1921.

62. Phlegoenas margarithae (D'Alb. & Salvad.).

Chalcophaps margarithae U'Albertis & Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vol. vii. p. 836. No. 80 (1875)
(Hall Bay).

1 9 ad., Mt. Kunupi, 6,000 ft., Weyland Mts., November— December 1920.
63. Eutrygon terrestris terrestris (Gray).

Trugon terrestris Gray, Gen. Birds App. p. 24 (1849) (New Guinea).

1 (^, 1 $, Wanggar District, 20 mUes inland, south of Geelvink Bay, 2,000 ft.,
January 1921.

64. Otidiphaps nobilis Gould.
Otidiphaps nohilis Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), v. p. 62 (1870) (New Guinea).

1 cJ ad., Wanggar District, 20 miles inland, 2,000 ft. 1 $ ad., Wanggar
River, 15 miles from mouth, 600 ft., south of Geelvink Bay, January 1921.

294 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXVIII. 1921.

65. Gooia coronata (Linn.).

Columha coronata Linnaeus, Sijst. Nat. edit. xii. vol. i. p. 282. No. 17 (1766).

1 (J ad., Wanggar River, 15 miles above mouth, south of Geelvink Bay,
January 1921.

This concludes the list of the collection, which consists of 66 species and
subspecies in 221 specimens, collected by the brothers Pratt on the Wej'land
Mountains ; and 17 species and subspecies in 35 examples consisting of native
trade skins.

The great interest of even this small number of species shows that there
must be many unknown forms still to be found in this mountain range.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithoiog^ists' Union and Woilaston Expeditions in
the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE : £1 5s. (less 20% to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHINGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

PRICE: £5 (less 20% to Booksellers).

cxxxv and 972 pages, with G7 Plates.

Annual Subscription to " JVovitates Zoologicae," £1 6s.

Price of completed Volumes, £1 10s. Volume XXV. and following issues, £1 16s.
(Commission for Booksellers on completed volumes only. )

Communicatione, etc., may be addressed to

THE EDITORS OF " NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,"

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM,

TRINC.

Subscribers should give notice of the non-arrival of any numbers immediately upon receipt
of the succeeding pari, otherwise the missing numbers cannot be replaced free.

rsIHTED BY atzELL, WAIBOS AND VIIIEY, LS., LONUOK AHO AVUSllUIl^.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

H 3ounial of ZooioQ^-

1* -^

V'

KDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dk. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXVIII.

No. 3.

Pages 295—318.
Issued December 30th, 1921, at the Zoological Museum, Tiuno.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AVLESBURY.

1921.

Vol. XXVIII.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. III.

PAOBS

INDEX TO VOLUME XXVIII 295-^18

TITLE PAGE, CONTENTS, LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME
XXVIII.

INDEX.

abbreviata (Pseudozarba), 163.
Abdimia, 93.
abdiinia (Ciconia), 93.
Abrornis, 44-46.
abyssinia (Spodoptera), 161.
abyssinica (Pieris), 143.
abyssinicus (Falco), 83.
abyssinus (Coraciaa), 83, 104.
acanthizoides (Abrornis), 44.

— (Horeites), 44.
Acantholipes, 168.
acaste (Pontia), 146.

— (Teracolus), 146.
Accentor, 25, 26.

Accipiter, 19, 96, 97, 180, 181, 292.
Achaea, 166.
Acherontia, 170.
achine (Papilio), 148.

— (Teracolus), 148.
Acidalia, 216, 217.
Acidaliastis, 216.
Acomys, 8.

Acontia, 163, 164-166.
acosmus (Troglodytes), 275.
Acraea, 154.

Acredula, 54.
Acridotheres, 65, 66.
Acrobasis, 222.
Acrocephalus, 119.
acrosticta (Cortyta), 1G7.

— (Pericyma). 167.
Actinodura, 38.
Adelpherupa, 221.
Adisura, 160.
Aedon, 117.

aedon (Muscicapa), 44.

• — (Phragamaticola), 44.

Aegithaliscus, 54, 55.

aegitbaloides (Leptasthenura), 261.

Aegithalus, 123.

Aegocera, 158, 159.

Aegotheles, 288.

aegra (Nectarinia), 83, 122.

— (Oenanthe), 83, 113.
aegyptiaca (Anas), 92.
aegyptiacus (Alopochen), 92.
aegythaloides (Synallaxis), 261.

20

Aeluroedus, 284.

aequatoriaUs (Cistotborua), 253.

— (Geothlypis), 243.

— (Motacilla), 244.
aeralatus (Pterutbius), 41.
Aerops, 105.
aethiopicus (Tantalus), 93.

— (Threskiomis), 93.
aethiops (Eulocastra), 163.

— (Myrmecocichla), 115.

— (Tarache), 163.
Aethopyga, 57, 58.
afer (Corvus), 140.

— (Lanius), 125.

— (Nilaus), 83, 125.
affinis (Adisura), 160.

— (Apus), 80, 83, HI.

— (Burhinus), 83.

— (Coracias), 24.

— (Corvus), 141.

— (Hesperiphona), 64.

— (lanthocincia), 34.

— (Oedicnemus), 88.

— (Perissospiza), 64.

— (Tbamnophilus), 205, 208.
afra (Cryptorbina), 140.
africana (Buphaga), 140.

— (Cbizaerhis), 101.

— (Croealia), 225.

— (Strix), 98.
africanus (Bubo), 98.

— (Buphagus), 140.

— (Pbasianus), 101.
agadius (Euxerus), 6.
aggravaria (Metacincta), 215.

— (Racheospila), 215.
Aglossa, 225.
Agrobates, 83, 117.
Aidemosyne, 83, 137.
airensis (Acomys), 8.

— (Cercoraela), 83, 114.

— (Heterographis), 222.

— (Jaculus), 10, 11.
Alaemon, 83, 128.
Alamie, 167.

alapi (Formicivora), 212.

— (Myothera), 212.

295

296

AJauda, 60, 127, 128, 130, 131.
alaudipes (Alaemon), 83, 128.

— (Upupa), 128.

alba (Motacilla), 58, 127.

— (Tyto), 191.

alberti (Pteridophora), 281.
albescens (Falcinellus), 283.
albicauda (Ichneumia), 4.
albieeps (Siptornis), 259.

— (Synallaxis), 259.
albicilla (Museicapa), 47.
albicollis (Aerops), 105.

— (Megalonyx), 213.

— (Merops), 105.

— (Museicapa), 124.
■^ (Platyrhynchus), 49.

— (Pteroptochos), 213.

— (Rhipidura), 49.
albidice (Pieris), 143.
albirostris (Coccothrauates), 135.

— (Textor), 135.
albistriata (C'urruca), 118.

— (Sylvia), 118.
albistrigata (Eucrostis), 215.

— (Mixocera), 215.
albocinctus (Aeridotheres), 66.
alboscapulatus (Malurus), 287.
albostigmata (Purattha), 221.
alboviridata (Phorodesma), 215.

— (Rhodesia), 215.
albovittatus (Donacobius), 242.
albus (Corvus), 79, 83, 140.
Alcedo, 23, 80.

Alcippe, 36, 37, 43.
alcippus (Danaida), 152.

— (Papilio), 152.
Alcurus, 51.

alexanderi (Eremomela), 83, 120.

— (Galerida), 83, 128.
algazel (Cemas), 77.

— (Oryx), 77.
Allotrius, 41.
Alopochen, 92.
altera (Pyrrhula), 63.
alticola (Cistothorus), 254.
aluco (Strix), 20.
Amadina, 137.

amatus (Teracolus), 144.
amaurochalinus (Planeaticus), 238-239.

— (Turdus), 238.
Amauromia, 16.
amazonum (Ateleodacnis), 249.
ambiguua (Caprimulgua), 24.

— (Carduelis), 64.

— (Chrysomitris), 64.
Amblyomia, 283.
amboinensis (Aprosmictus), 291.
amelia (Idmais), 145.

amelia (Teracolus), 145.
Ammonianes, 83, 129, 130.

Aniiiiotragus, 75.
amoenus (Turdus), 236.
ampelina (Yuhina), 42.
Anadiasa, 218.
anais (Gracula), 284.
analia (Dacnis), 248.

— (Formicariua), 211.

— (Myothera), 211.
Anas, 92, 93.
Ancarista, 73.
Anerastia, 225.

angelica (Dacnis), 246, 247.
angelus (Taterillus), 6.
angusi (."Vmmotragua), 75.

— (Teracolus), 145.
angustipennis (Metaaia), 229.
anomalus (Crateropua), 116.
.•Vnorthura, 25.

Anser, 92.

antalua (Sithon), 154.

— (Virachola), 154.
antanossa (Zizera), 157.
antevippe (.4nthocharis), 148.

— (Teracolus), 148.
Anthocharis, 148.
Anthopsyche, 148.
anthracinus (Planesticus), 236, 237.

— (Turdus), 232, 236.
Anthus, 59, 83, 127.
anthus (Canis), 4.
Antilope, 75, 76.
anurus (Epomopliorus), 2.
anysa (Pandesma), 168.
apoda (Paradesea), 283.
apolinari (Cistothorus), 253.
Aprosmictus, 291.

Apus, 80, 83, 110, 111.
apus (Apua), 110.
Aquila, 20, 175.
arabs (Eupodotis), 87.
arada (Leucolepis), 269.

— (Troglodytes), 269.
arcangelica (Dacnis), 246, 247.
Ardea, 19, 93.

Ardeola, 19.

ardeaiaca (Conopophaga), 209.

arenicolor (Alauda), 130.

— (Amniomanes), 83, 130.
arequipae (Siptornia), 263.
arfaki (Oreopaittacua), 290, 291.
argentina (Melanopareia), 266.

— (S}^lailaxis), 268.
aridula (Cisticola), 121.
armandii (.\brornis), 45.

— (Phylloacopus), 45.
armiti (Heteromyias), 288.

297

armiti (Poecilodryaa), 288.
aisinoe (Pj'ononotus), 83, 126.

— (Turdus), 126.
artemisiae (lanthocincla), 35.
arvensis (Alauda), 60.
Arvicanthis, 9.
asbenaicus (Anthu.s), 83, 127.
asbenensis (Tarache), 165.
asbenicola (Bostra), 226.

— (Homaeosoraa), 223.

— (Ommatopteryx), 220.
aaiatiea (Cyanops), 23.
asiaticus (Trogon), 23.
Asio, 80, 191.

aapersiventer (Thamnophilus), 197.
Asplenia, 168.
assimilis (Passer), 61.
asterope (Hipparchia), 153.

— (Ypthiraa), 153.
Astrapia, 281, 284.
Astur, 19, 183, 184.
Asturina, 184.
Ateleodacnis, 248, 249.
Atelerix, 2.

ater (Dicrurus), 65.

— (Merularis), 210.

— (Parus), 55.

aterrimus (Scoptelus), 83, 108.

— (Thamnophilus), 201.
Athene, 80.

atra (Formicivora), 201.
•atrata (Cbarmosyna), 289.
atratus (Coragyps), 174.

— (Falcinellus), 280.
atricapilla (Ardea), 93.

— (Loxia), 64.

— (Munia), 64.
atricapillus (Butorides), 93.

— (Donacobius), 242.

— (Herpsilochmus), 205.
atronuchalis (Lobivanellus), 17.

— (Sarcogramnuis), 17.
atropileus (Thamnophilus), 198.
atropos (Acherontia), 170.

— (Sphinx), 170.
atrothorax (Myrmeciza), 212.
atthis (Alcedo), 23, 80.
audax (Troglodytes), 271.
aura (Cathartes), 174.
aurantiaca (Anerastia), 225.
aurea (Pachyeephala), 286.

— (Xanthomelua), 284.
auritus (Turdus), 32.
aurivilhi (Teracolus), 146, 147.
auroreus (Phoenicurus), 28.
axillaris (Myrniotherula), 203.

— (Thamnophilus), 203.
Azanus, 156.

azarae (Synallaxis), 264.
azzalana (Cybolomia), 228.

Babax, 34.

bacchus (Ardeola), 19.

— (Buphus), 19.
badius (Aocipiter), 97.
bakeri (Pomatorhinus), 33.
bakkamoena (Otus), 20.
balteata (Phalaena), 227.

— (Sylepta), 227.
Bambusicola, 15.
barbarus (Laniarius), 125.
barbatus (Pycnonotus), 80, 83, 126.
basalis (Homaeosoma), 223.
Basileuterus, 244.

Batis, 80, 83, 124.
beavani (Lophophanes), 55.

— (Parus), 55.

belfordi (Melirrhophetes), 285.
bella (Pseudozarba), 163.
bellua (Ptilinopus), 293.
bengalensis (Alcedo), 23.

— (Centropus), 22.
bengalus (Fringilla), 138.

— (Uraeginthus), 138.
benghalensis (Rallus), 16.

— (Rostratula), 16.
berezowskii (Anthus), 59.
berlepschi (Leptasthenura), 261.
bhamoensis (Stachyridopsis), 39.
biarmicus (Faico), 83, 97.
bidentatus (Diodon), 188.

bieti (Alcippe), 37.

— (Proparus), 37.
binghami (lole), 51.
bipartita (Eublemma), 162.
bipunctalis (Psara), 228.
bispecularis (Garrulus), 66.
bitorquata (Melanopareia), 266-267.

— (Synallaxis), 266, 267.
blythi (Muscicapa), 48.
boeticus (Lampides), 156.

— (Papilio), 156.

boliviana (Leptasthenura),' 260.

— (Myrmotherula), 206.
bolivianus (Pheugopedius), 268.

— (Thryothorus), 268.
Bombyx, 159.

bonariae (Troglodytes), 275.
bonelli (Phylloscopus), 1 19.

— (Sylvia), 119.
bonvaloti (Acredula), 54.

— (Aegithaliscus), 54.

— (Babax), 34.

— (lanthocincla), 34.
borealia (Phyllopneuste), 46.

298

borealis (Phylloscopus), 46.

Bostra, 226.

botj'della (Homaeosoma). 223.

brachydactyla (Calandrella), 130, 131.

brachyotos (Otus), 191.

Brachypteryx, 37.

bracbyura (Myrmotherula). 206.

— (Sylvietta), 121.
Brady pterus, 27.
brasilianum (Glaucidium), 189.
brasiliensis (Coragyps), 174.

— (Donacobius), 242.
brehmi (Psittacella), 292.
brehmorum (Apus), 83, 110.
brenda (Terias), 151.
Brephia, 224.

brevicauda (Paradigalla), 282.
brevicaudata (Camaroptera), 120.
brevirostris (Muscipeta), 49.

— (Pericrocotus), 49.
brevivitta (Aegocera), 158.
brigitta (Papilio), 152.

— (Terias), 152.
bruijni (Xasitema), 292.
brunnea (Larvivora), 27.

— (Luscinia), 27.

— (Paradoxornis), 54.

— (Suthora), 54.
brunneiceps (Cistothorus), 253.

— (Estrilda), 83, 137.

— (Lagonosticta), 137.
bruimeicollis (Troglodytes), 272.
brunneifrons (Horeites), 44.

— (Orthotomus), 44.

— (Prinia), 44.
Bubo, 98, 191.
Bubulcus, 19, 93.
Bucco, 23, 107.
buccoides (Aeluroedus), 284.
Buceros, 101.

bucbanani (Crateropu3), 83, 115.

— (Cricetomys), 7.

— (Dattinia), 226.

— (Desmodilliscus), 7.

— (Eronia), 151.

— (Grammodes), 166.

— (Myrmecoeicbla), 115.

— (Paropta), 218.

— (Petronia), 134.

— (Pogononeura), 224.

— (Procavia), 13.

— (Raphia), 168.

— (Rhynchina), 169.

— (Riparia), 83, 112.

— (Spindasis), 155.

— (Tarache), 164.

— (Timora), 160.
buBoni (Circus), 187.

bulla (Eublemma), 162.
— (Micra). 162.
Buphaga, 140.
Buphagu.s, 140.
Buphus, 19.
buqueti (Eronia), 151.
Burhinus, 80, 83, 88.
burkii (Cryptolopha), 46.
burmanicus (Molpastes), 52.
Busarellus, 185.
busarellus (Buteo), 185.
Buteo, 80, 185, 186, 187.
Butorides, 19, 93.
Byblia, 153.

cabanisi (Dryobates), 23.

— (Picus), 23.
eachinnans (Macagua), 185.
Cacomantis, 21, 288.
cacozelus (Planesticus), 234.
caerulescens (Geranospiza), 177.

— (Thamnophilus), 198.
caesia (Vulpes), 5.
caffer (Hipposideros), 2.
Calais (Papilio), 144.

— (Teracolus), 144.
Calamantbella, 43.
Calandrella, 130, 131.
calandria (Mirnus), 240.

— (Orpheus), 240.
calcarata (Corythopis), 210.
Calendula, 80, 130.
Calliechtbrus, 288.
callima (Adisura), 160.
Calliope, 27.
Camaroptera, 120.
camelus (Struthio), 84.
Canipephaga, 50.
campestria (Alauda), 127.

— (Anthus), 127.

— (Dipodillus), 7.
Cancroma, 19.
canifrons (Spizixos), 50.
Canis, 4.

canopus (Lepus), 12.
canorus (Cuculus), 21.
cantans (Aidemosync), 83, 137.

— (Loxia), 137.

cantator (Hypocnerais), 207.
cantillans (Motacilla), 118.

— (Sylvia), 118.
canus (Picus), 23.
capensis (Asio), 80.

— (Burhinus), 80, 83, 88.

— (Columba), 91.

— (Oedicnemus), 88.

— (Oena), 83, 91.

299

oapistratus (Thamnophilus), 196.
oapitalia (Hemipus), 52.

— (Muscicapa), 52.
Capra, 77.

Caprimulgus, 24, 80, 83, 109, 110.
oaprius (Chrysococcyx), 83, 100.

— (Cuculus), 100.
Caracal, 3.
caracal (Caracal), 3.
Carduelis, 61,63,64.
cardui (Papilio), 154.

— (Pyrameis), 154.
carnea (Acrobasis), 222.

— (Myelois), 222.
carnifer (Teracolus), 144.
carolae (Parotia), 282.
Carpodacus, 62.
Carpophaga, 293.
earyocatactes (Nucifraga), 66.
Casama, 169, 170.
Caatalius, 155.
castaneceps (Minla), 37.

— (Peeudominla), 37.
castaneiceps (Cryptolopha), 46.
castaneiventris (Cacomantis), 288.
castaneoceps (Abrornis), 46.
castaneo-coronata (Tesia), 25.

— (Sylvia), 25.
castaneus (Turdua), 31.
castifusalis (Diatraea), 221.
Catachrysops, 156, 157.
catella (Achaea), 166.
Cathartes, 94, 174.
cathoecus (Dicrurus), 65.
Catopsilia, 151.

caudatus (Lamprotornis), 139.

— (Turdus), 139.
oayanua (Dacnia), 246.
cayona (Dacnis), 247.
cearensis (Cyclarhia), 192.
Ceblepyria, 50.
celimene (Teracolua), 145.
Cemaa, 77.

centralia (Jaculua), 11.
Centropua, 22, 99.
Cercomela, 83, 114.
Cercotrichaa, 83, 116.
cerea (Terias), 152.
Certhia, 56, 123.
cerviniceps (Lyncornia), 25.
cerviniventria (Digenea), 47.

— (Muacicapa), 47.
Ceryle, 23.

ceylonenaia (Culicicapa), 47.

— (Platyrhynchua), 47.
chadenaia (Euxerua), 5.
Chaetorhynchua, 285,
Chaimarromia, 28.

Chaitaris, 49.

cbalconota (Carpophaga), 293.
Chalcophapa, 293.
chalcytea (Noctua), 167.

— (Phalaena), 167.

— (Phytometra), 167.
chalybeata (Hypochera), 138.
chalybeua (Lamprocoliua), 83, 1.39.
chameleon (Platyleachea), 158.
Charadriua, 17, 87, 88, 292.
Charmoayna, 289.

chelicuti (Halcyon), 106, 107.

Chelidorynx, 47.

Chibia, 65.

chicquera (Falco), 97.

chigiianco (Planeaticua), 235, 236, 237.

— (Turdua), 235.
Chilena, 219.

chilenaia (Troglodytes), 275.
chima<;hima (Polyborus), 175.
chimango (Milvago), 175.

— (Polyborua), 175.
chinenaia (Amaurornis), 16.

— (Francolinua), 14.

— (Fulica), 16.

— (lanthocincla), 35.

— (Laniua), 35.

— (Picumnua), 22.

— (Streptopelia), 18.

— (Tetrao), 14.

— (Vivia), 22.
chivi (Vireo), 193.
Chizaerhis, 101.
Chloridea, 159.
Chloropsia, 52.
chochi (Turdus), 238.
choliba (Otua), 191.

— (Scops), 191.
Cholornis, 53.
chryaaeus (Taraiger), 29.
chrysippus (Danaida), 152.
chrysita (Timora), 159.
chrysochlorus (Chryeochlorus), 83.

— (Chrysococcyx), 100.
chrysocnemis (Camaroptera), 120.
Chrysococcyx, 79, 80, 83, 100.
chryaoconus (Pogoniulus), 83, 108.
chrysomitris, 63, 64.
chrysonome (Pontia), 144.

— (Teracolua), 144.
cia (Emberiza), 60.
Ciconia, 93.
cinerascens (Acidalia), 217.

— (Bubo), 98.

— (Tephrina), 217.
cinerea (Estrilda), 138.

— (FringiUa), 138.
cinereus (Circus), 187.

300

cinereus (Microsarcops). 17.

— (Pluvianus), 17.
cinnamomea (Ardea), 19.

— (SjTiallaxis), 256.
cinnamomcus (Ixobrychus), 19.
Ciimicerthia, 272.

Cinnyris, 57, 58, 122, 123.

Circaetus, 177.

circumdata (Acantholipes), 168.

— (Hydrelia), 168.
Circus, 20, 96, 187.
cirtensis (Buteo), 80.
Cisticola, 43, 121.
cisticola (Cisticola), 43, 121.
Cistothorus, 250-256, 275.
citerior (Pytelia), 137.
citreola (Motacilla), 59.
citreus (Teracolus), 150.
damans (Malurus), 119.

— (Spiloptila), 83, 119.
Clamator, 83, 99, 100.
clappertoni (Francolinus), 85.
clarkei (Ithaginus), 15.
cleodora (Eronia), 150, 151.
coccinea (Miresa), 219.
Coccothraustes, 135.
Cochoa, 32.

coelestis (Teracolus), 146.
coelivox (Alauda), 60.
Coenipeta, 167.
coeruleotincta (Lioptila), 38.
colchicus (Phasianus), 16.
Colius, 80, 83, 105.
coUaris (Prunella), 26.
Collurio, 52, 53.
coUurioides (Lanius), 52.
collutrix (Coenipeta), 167.

— (Polydesma), 167.

Columba, 18, 79, 83, 89-92, 293, 294.
' Colymbus, 18.
commixtus (Parus), 55.
communis (Sylvia), 118.
comparalis (Tegostoma), 229.
Compsothlypis, 243.
conccntricus (Nisus), 178.
concinna (Psaltria), 55.
concinnus (Aegithaliscus), 55.
concolor (Hysipctes), 50.

— (Microscelis), 50.

— (Pachypasa), 219.

— (Sylvia), 245.

— (Xenospingus), 245.
conformis (Siccia), 158.
conifer (Crypsotidia), 165.
Conopophaga, 208, 209, 210.
conradi (Planesticus), 236.

— (Turdus), 236.
Copsychus, 29.

Coracias, 24, 80, 83, 104.
Coragyps, 174.
corax (Corvus), 83, 140.
coraya (Thryothorus), 268.

— (Troglodytes), 268.

— (Turdus), 268.
coromanda (Cancronia), 19.
coromandus (Bubulcus), 19.
coronata (Columba), 294.

— (Ficedula), 46.

— (Goura), 294.

— (Harpyia), 176.
coronatus (Circaetus), 177.

— (Harpyhaliaetus), 176.

— (Orthotomus), 44.

— (Phyllergates), 44.

— (Phylloscopus), 46.
coronulatus (Ptilinopus), 293.
Cortyta, 167.

Corvus, 65, 67, 79, 83, 140, 141.

Corythopis, 210.

Corythus, 61.

Cosymbia, 216.

Coturnix, 15.

cotumix (Coturnix), 15.

Crateropus, 79, 83, 115, 116.

crebrene (Junonia), 153.

— (Precis), 153.
creona (Papilio), 143.

— (Pieris), 143.

cretaceogrisea (Heterographis), 223.
cretosus (Castalius), 155.
Cricetomys, 7.

crinigera (Suya), 41.
cristata (Galerida), 83, 128.

— (Noctua), 167.

— (Phalaena), 167.
cristatella (Gracula), 65.
cristatellus (Paradisea), 65.
cristatus (Lanius), 52.
Crithagra, 135.
Crocalia, 225.
Crocidomera, 224.
Crossoptilon, 15.
crossoptilon (Pharianus), 15.
cruralis (Brachypteryx), 37.
Crypsotidia, 165.
Cryptolopha, 46.
Cryptorhina, 140.
cryptostictus (Scoptelus), 83, 108.
cucullatu."" (Oriolus), 136.

— (Ploeeus), 136.
Cuculus, 21, 99, 100, 288.
culex (Pipistrellus), 2.
Culieicapa, 47.
Culicipeta, 46.
cunicularia (Noctua), 190.

— (Speotyto), 190.

301

cuppedius (Steatomys), 7.
oupreus (Chrysococcyx), 79.
Curruca, 118.
cyanater (Dacnis), 247.
cyaneus (Circus), 20.

— (Falco), 20.
cyaniventor (Tcsia), 25.
cyanocophalua (Dacnis), 247.
cyanophrys (Paradoxornis), 53.

— (Suthora), 53.
Cyanops, 23.
cyanuroptcra (Siva), 39.
cyanurua (Motacilla), 28.

— (Tarsiger), 28.
Cybolomia, 228, 229.
Cyclarhis, 192.
Cyligramma, 166.
Cyomis, 48.
Cypselus, 110, lU.

dabryii (Aethopyga), 58.

— (Nectarinia), 58.
Dacelo, 288.
Dacnis, 246-248.
daira (Pontia), 150.

— (Teracolus), 150.
daltoni (Myomys), 8.

— (Rattus), 8.
dama (Gazella), 76.
damagarima (Ozarba), 163.
Damaliscus, 75, 76.
damarensis (Halcyon), 107.
damergouensis (Gazella), 76.

— (Loxostege), 228.

— (Pterothrix), 225.
Danaida, 152.
daplidice (Pieris), 143.
darjellensis (Dendrocopus), 22.

— (Dryobates), 22.

— (Picus), 22.
darricarrerei (Dipus), 10.
Dattinia, 226, 227.
daurica (Hirundo), 111.
davidi (Calliope), 27.

— (Luscinia), 27.

davisoni (Acanthopneuste), 46.

— (Phylloscopus), 46.
debilis (Phylloscopus), 45.

— (Reguloides), 45.
decipiena (Streptopelia), 90.
decorata (Pradatta), 160.

— (Timora), 160.
dedecora (Anthopsyche), 148.

— (Teracolus), 147, 148.
dejeani (Parus), 56.
delioatus (Polyptychus), 277.
demodocus (Fapilio), 142.

Dendoryx, 154.
Dendrobiastes, 29.
Dendrocitta, 67.
Dendrocopus, 22.
Dendrocygna, 92.
Dendropicos, 83, 103.
dentata (Petronia), 134.
deserti (Ammomanes), 83, 129.

— (Eublemma), 161.

— (Jaculus), 10.

— (Sylvia), 80.

— (Thalpochares), 161.
deaerticola (Sarangeaa), 157.
desgodinsi (Lioptila), 38.

— (Sibia), 38.
Desmodilliacus, 7.
destructor (Falco), 177.

— (Harpyia), 177.
diademata (Yuhina), 42.
dialila«ma (Cyornia), 48.

— (Muscicapa), 48.
Diatraea, 221.
Dicaeum, 57.
dichrous (Parus), 55.
Dicrurus, 65,

ditScilia (Thamnophilus), 195.
Digenea, 47.
dilatata (Eronia), 151.
dinochares (Dendoryx), 154.

— (Virachola), 154.
Diodon, 188.
Diphyllodes, 281, 284.
Dipodillus, 7.
Dipus, 10.
Directijjalpus, 228.
discolor (Certhia), 56.
diaputaria (Embolia), 217.

— (Tephrina), 217.
dissimilis (Aoidaliastis), 216.

— (Euchloris), 216.

— (Tardus), 31.
dissoluta (Eublemma), 161.
doliatus (Thamnophilus), 194, 195.
domicella (Formicivora), 201.

— (Hirundo), 111.

— (Thamnophilus), 201.
dominicus (Charadrius), 17, 292.
Donacobius, 242.
d'orbignyi (Siptornia), 263.
dorcaa (Capra), 77.

— (Gazella), 77.

dorsalis (Aprosmictua), 291.

— (Mimus), 240.

— (Orpheus), 240.

— (Platycercus), 291.

— (Psittacus), 291.
dorsomaculata (Synallaxis), 249.
Dryobates, 22, 23.

302

dubiosa (Dattinia), 227.
dubius (Charadrius), 17.
Dulichia, 169.
Dumeticola, 44.
dumonti (Mino), 284.
dunni (Calendula), 80, 130.
Dysitbamnus, 196, 207.

edwardsi (Vulpea), i.
egertoni (Actinodura), 38.
eidouxi (Cistothorus), 252.
Elanoides, 185.
Elanus, 185.
elegans (Cistotborus), 256.

— (Emberiza), 61.

— (Melanopareia), 266.

— (Phasianus), 16.
eleusis (Catacbrysops), 156.

— (Lycaena), 156.
eliminata (Sarangesa), 157.
ellioti (lanthocincla), 34.

— (Tracbalopteron), 34.
Emberiza, 60, 61, 83, 132, 133.
Embolia, 217.

encedon (Acraea), 154.

— (Papilio), 154.
Enicurus, 26.

enocbrus (Troglodytes), 271.

Eophona, 64.

Eos, 292.

epauletta (Pyrrbopleotes), 62.

— (Pyrrhula), 62.
Epbialtes, 20.
Epiphora, 218.
Epomophorus, 2.

epops (Upupa), 24, 83, 104.
eremogiton (Halcyon), 106.
Eremomela, 83, 120.
'Eremopterix, 80, 83, 131, 132.
eriphia (Herpaenia), 142.
eris (Pontia), 147.

— (Teracolus), 147.
Eronia, 150, 151.
erxia (Eronia), 150.
erytbaca (Pyrrhula), 63.
erytbrinua (Carpodacus), 62.
erytbrocephalus (Aegitbalescus), 54.

— (Pyrotrogon), 22.
erytbrogaster (Monticola), 30.

— (Turdus), 30.

erythrogenys (Pomatorbinus), 33.
erytbronotua (Buteo), 186.
er3'tbropleurU8 (Zoaterops), 57.
erythropus (Euxerus), 5, 6.
erythrorhyncha (Urocissa), 67.
erytbrorbynchus (Buceroa), 101.

— (Corvua), 67.

erytbrorbynchus (Lopboceros), 83, 101.
Erytbrospiza, 83, 135.
Estrelda, 64.
Eatrilda, 83, 137, 138.
ethologua (Muscipeta), 49.

— (Pericrocotua), 49.
Eublemma, 161, 162, 170.
Eucbloria, 216.
Eucrostia, 215.

eugeniae (Myiophoneua), 30.
Eulocastra, 163, 164.
Eupetes, 287.
Eupodotia. 87.
eupompo (Pontia), 147.

— (Teracolus), 147.
europaea (Sitta), 56.
Eutrygon, 293.
Euxerus, 5, 6.
Euxoa, 160.
Euzopbora, 223.
evagore (Pontia), 150.

— (Teracolus), 150.
evame (Teracolus), 150.
excubitor (Laniua), 83, 124.
exigua (Laphygma), 161.

— (Noctua), 161.

eximia (Heterographis), 222.
eximius (Caprimulgua), 80, 109.
exaiccata (Spintberops), 168.

— (Tathorbycbus), 168.
exter (Prinia), 43.
exustus (Pterocles), 86.

FalcineUus, 280, 283.
falcinellus (Plegadis), 94.

— (Tantalus), 94.
falcklandiae (Turdus), 238.
falcklandii (Planesticus), 238.

Faleo, 20, 83, 95-98, 175, 177, 187, 188, 292.
familiaris (Certhia), 56.
fascialis (Hj'menia), 227.

— (Pbalaena), 227.

— (Pyralis), 227.
fasciata (Amadina), 137.

— (Dulichia), 169.

— (Loxia), 137.

— (Nygmia), 169.
fasciolatus (Cistothorus), 250.
fatma (Idmais), 147.

— (Teracolus), 147.
fatuellus (Pamphila), 158.

— (Parnara), 158.
Fella, 2.

feminina (Lophorina), 282.
femininus (Carpodacus), 62.
femoralia (Faico), 187.
fenestrata (Cybolomia), 229,

303

ferox (Buteo), 80.

— (Noctua), 189.
ferrea (Oreicola), 29.
ferrugineus (Pitohui), 287.

— (Rectes), 287.
Ficedula, 46.
ficicola (Trilocha), 218.
firabrilineata (Scopula), 216.
finschi (Palaeornis), 24.
flammeus (Asio), 191.
flava (Motacilla), 59, 127.
flavescens (Adelphei'upa), 221.
flavicollis (Yuhina), 42.
flavidlventi'is (Estrelda), 64.

— (Sporaeginthus), 64.
fiavigera (Chloridea), 159.
flaviventer (Dacnis), 248.

— (Eremomela), 83.
flaviventris (Eremomela), 120.
flavolivacea (Horeites), 44.
florella (Catopsilia), 151.

— (Papilio), 151.
forficatus (Elanoides), 185.
floricola (Terias), 151.
Formicarius, 211, 269.
Formicivora, 201, 203, 212.
forresti (lanthocincla), 35.

— (Phylloscopus), 45.
franciscana (Loxia), 137.

— (Pyromelana), 137.
Francolinus, 14, 85.
franklini (Bucco), 23.

— (Cyanops), 23.
Franklinia, 43.

frater (Lybiua), 83, 107.
fratercula (Alcippe), 43.
Fringilla, 60, 133, 134, 136, 138.
frontalis (Eremopterix), 83, 132.

— (Oreopsittacus), 291.

— (Phoenicurus), 28.

— (Pyrrhulauda), 132.

— (Sporopipea), 136.

— (Synallaxis), 264.
frugalis (Mocis), 167.

— (Noctua), 167.
fucata (Emberiza), 60.
Fulica, 16.

fuliginiceps (Lcptasthenura), 2G0.

— (Synallaxis), 260.
fuliginosa (Chaimarrornis), 28.

— (Hemichelidon), 48.

— (Muscicapa), 48.

— (Phocnicura), 28.
fuliginosus (Thamnophilus), 196.
fulva (Cinnicerthia), 272.

— (Troglodytes), 273.
fulvifrons (Paradoxornis), 53.
fulvus (Charadrius), 17, 292.

fulvus (Crateropus), 79, 83, 115.

— (Gyps), 79.

— (Thryophilus), 272.
fumigatus (Melipotes), 285.
furcatus (Milvus), 185.
furva (Motacilla), 273.
furvus (Troglodytes), 273.
fusca (Halcyon), 23.
fuscata (Eos), 292.

— (Phyllopneuste), 45.
fuscater (Phanesticus), 230-234.

— (Turdus), 230.
fusoatus (Oreopneuste), 45.

— (Turdus), 31.
fusco-coerulescens (Falco), 187.
fylloidaria (Ptychopoda), 216.

— (Sterrlia), 216.
fytchii (Bambusicola), 15.

gabar (Falco), 96.

— (Micronisus), 96.
galactotes (Agrobates), 83, 117.
galatea (Tanysiptera), 289.
galeata (Numida), 83, 85.
Galerida, 83, 128.
galilejensis (Apus), 80, 83, HI.
gambianus (Cricetomys), 7.
gararaantis (Dipodillus), 7.
Garrulax, 36.

Garrulus, 66.
garrulus (Coracias), 80.
gaudichaud (Dacelo), 288.

— (Sauroraarptis), 288.
gavisa (Anthopsyche), 148.

— (Teracolus), 148.
Gazella, 76, 77.
Gecinus, 23.
Gegenes, 157, 158.
geminus (Ptilinopus), 293.
genestieri (Alcippe), 36.

— (Schoeniparus), 36.
genibarbis (Ptieugopedius), 268.

— (Thryothorus), 268.
gentilis (Accipiter), 19.
Geoff royus, 291.
Geothlypis, 243.
Geranoaetus, 177.
Geranoapiza, 177.
Gerbillus, 6. 7.
gerbillus (Gerbillus), 6.
gidica (Pieris), 143.
gigantodes (Merula), 232.

— (Planesticus), 233.

— (Turdus), 232, 233.
gigas (Merula), 234.

— (Planesticus), 234.

— (Turdus), 230-234.

304

gilvicollis (Micrastur), 178.

— (Sparvius), 178.
gilvigastcr (Thamnophilus), 198.
gitbaginea (Erythrospiza), 83, 135.
glabripcs (Ephialtcs), 20.

— (Otus), 20.
glandarius (Clamatoi), 100.

— (Cuculus), 100.
glareola (Tringa), 17, 87.
Glaucidium, 99, 189.
glaucogularis (Dacnis), 247.
Gnamptonyx, 167.
goertae (Mesopicos), 83.

— (Picus), 102.
goliathi (Melipotes), 285.
goliathina (Charmosyna), 289.
goslingi (Emberiza), 133.
gouldi (Merula), 31.

— (Turdus), 31.
Goura, 294.

gracilis (Brephia), 224.

— (Falco), 177.

— (Franklinia), 43.

— (Geranospiza), 177.

— (Prinia), 43.

— (Taterillus), 6.
Gracula, 29, 65, 66, 284.
Gracupica, 66.
grallaria (Speotyto), 190.
graminicola (Cistothorus), 253.
Grammodes, 166, 167.
grandis (Chaitaris), 49.

— (Niltava), 49.

— (Oreopsittacus), 291.
gratiosa (Acontia), 164.

— (Tarache), 164.
Graucalus, 50.

grayi (Polyptychus), 277.
grisea (Fringilla), 134.
griaeata (lanthocincla), 33.
griseiventer (lole), 51.
griseola (Casama), 169.

— (Crypsotidia), 165.

— (Eublemma), 162.

— (Thalpochares), 162.
griseotincta (Reinwardtoenas), 293.

— (Yuhina), 42.

griseoviridis (Camaroiitera), 120.
griseus (Passer), 80, 83, 134.
gryphus (Sarcoraraphus), 173.

— (Vultur), 173.
guarayana (Troglodytes), 272.
guarayanus (Thryophilus), 272.

— (Troglodytes), 272.
guarixa (Thryothorus), 275.
guinea (Columba), 79, 92.
gujanensis (Cyolarhis), 192.
gularis (Yuhina), 42.

gulgula (Alauda). 60.
guttata (Thamnopliilus), 208.
guttaticollis (Paradoxomis), 54
guttatus (Eniturus), 26.
guttifer (Accipiter), 181.
gutturalis (Hirundo), 25.
guyanensis (Laniagra), 192.
gymnocephalus (Ibycter), 174.
Gyninogenys, U6.
Gyranoris, 134.
Gyps, 79, 83, 95.

Hadena, 161.
Haematospiza, 62.
Halcyon, 23, 106, 107.
Haliaetus, 177, 178.
halimede (Pontia), 146, 147.

— (Teracolus). 145, 146.
hampsoni (Marasmia), 227.

— (Oinmatopteryx), 220.
hardwickii (Chloropsis), 52.
haringtoni (Orcicola), 29.
Harpactos, 22.
Harpagus, 188.
Harpolestes, SO, 125.
Harpyhaliaetus, 176.
Harpyia, 176.

harpyja (ThraaaCtus), 177.

— (Vultur), 177.
harterti (Vulpe."!), 4.

liartlaubi (Laniprocolius), S3, 139.
hartlaubii (Crithagra), 135.

— (Serinus), 135.
hasleri (Gazella), 77.
hattamensis (Pachycepbala), 2S6.
hauBsa (Fclis), 2.

— (Leggada), 8.
haussarura (Prionops), 126.
Hedydipna, 83, 122.
Hcirocthonia, 215.
Heliothis, 159.

helvolus (Teracolus), 144.
Hemichelidon, 48.
hemidactylus (Falco), 177.

— (Nisus), 177.
Heniidromodes, 215.
hemiinelaena (Myruicoiza), 208.
Hemipus, 52.
Henicopernis, 292.
hermoncnsis (CaUmdrella), 130.
Herpaenia, 142.
Herpetotheres, 176, 185.
Herpsilochmus, 205.
Hesperia, 155, 157, 158.
Hesperiphona, 64.
heterocercus (Thaniiiophilus), 196.
Heterograpbis, 221, 222, 223.

305

Heteromyias, 288.
Heterospizias, 185.
Heterostegania, 217.
hiemalis (Troglodytes), 275.
himalayana (Certhia), 56.
himalayensia (Dendrocitta), 67.

— (Sitta), 56.
Himantopus, 87.

— (Charadrius), 87.

— (Himantopus), 87.
Hipparchia, 153.
Hippolais, 83.
Hipposideros, 2.
Hiiundo, 25, HI.
hispanica (Oenanthe), 113.
hodgsoni (Columba), 18.

— (Motacilla), 58.

— (Phoenicurus), 28.

— (Ruticilla), 28.
hodgsonii (Muscicapa), 47.

— (Siphia), 47.
Hodgsonius, 27.

hoggara (Streptopelia), 79, 83, 91.

hoggari (Turtur), 91.

holti (lole), 51.

Homaeo3oma, 223.

Hoplopterus, 88.

Hoplotarache, 165.

Horeites, 44.

homensis (Cistothorus), 252.

— (Troglodytes), 252.
hortensis (Motacilla), 119.

— (Sylvia), 119.
hottentota (Chibia), 65.

— (Gegenes), 158.

— (Hesperia), 158.
hottentotus (Corvus), 65.
humicola (Siptomis), 263.

— (Synallaxis), 263.
humilis (Columba), 18.

— (Oenopopelia), 18.
hyalosticta (Chloridea), 159.

— (Heliothis), 159.
Hydrelia, 168.
Hydrochelidon, 87.
Hylactes, 213.
Hylophilus, 245, 246.
Hymenia, 227.
Hypena, 169.

hypermelaenua (Parus), 56.
hyperythra (Dendrobiastes), 29.

— (Muscicapa), 29.
hyperythrus (Dryobates), 22.
Hypochera, 138.
Hypocnemis, 207, 208.
Hypolais, 117, 118.
hypoleucos (Triuga), 16, 88.
Hypopta, 218.

hjrpoxantha (Chelidorynx), 47.
— (Rhipidura), 47.
Hypsipetes, 50.

lanthia, 29.
lanthocincla, 33-36.
ibis (Ardea), 93.

— (Bubulcus), 19, 93.
Ibycter, 174.
Ichneumia, 4.
icterina (Hypolais), 118.

— (Sylvia), 118.
icteroides (Perissospiza), 64.
Ictinia, 185.

Idmais, 145, 147.
ignicauda (Aethopyga), 57.

— (Cimiyris), 57.
ignipectus (Dicaeum), 57.
igiiotinca (Minla), 39.
ilitbyia (Byblia), 153.

— (Papilio), 153.
Illithyia, 224.

imberbis (Pomatorhinus), 33.
immaculata (Prunella), 25.
immaculatus (Accentor), 25.
inconspicua (Brephia), 224.
indica (Haematospiza), 62.

— (Loxia), 62.

— (Upupa), 24.

indicata (Lamprosema), 227,

— (Phalaena), 227.
indicus (Caprimulgus), 24.

— (Oriolus), 65.

— (Sarcogrammus), 17.
indularia (Heterostegania), 217.

— (Stegania), 217.
innexa (Alamis), 167.

— (Gnamptonyx), 167.
innominatus (Picumnus), 22.
inocellata (Yptbima), 153.
inornata (Prinia), 43.
inornatus (Amblyornis), 283.

— (Caprimulgus), 83, 110.

— (Ptilonorhynchus), 283.
insignis (Teracolus), 145.
insperatus (Parus), 55.
intensifasciata (Crocidomera), 224.
intensior (Miresa), 219.
intermedia (Alauda), 60.

— (Paradigalla), 282.
intermedius (Cuculus), 21.
interniplagella (Illitbyia), 224.

— (Salebria), 224.
interscapularis (Troglodytes), 254.
intricatus (Horeites), 44.

isidori (Pomatorhinus), 287.
ispida (Alcedo), 80.

306

lolaus, 154.

lole, 51.

Ithaginis, 15.

itbonus (Teracolus), 149.

Ixobrychus, 19.

Ixops, 38.

Ixulus, 42.

jacobinus (Clamator), 83, 99.
Jaculus, 10, 11.
jaculus (Jaculus), 10.
japonica (Coturnix), 15.

— (Yynx), 22.
javanica (Ardea), 19.
javanicus (Butorides), 19.
joicej'i (Melirrhophetes), 285.
jordanis (Lamonia), 220.

— (Pempelia), 220.
jotaka (Caprimulgus), 24.
Junonia, 153.

karachiensis (Hoplotarche), 165.
kauriensis (Spelaeomis), 25.

— (Urocichla), 25.
khamensis (Certhia), 56.
klossi (Pachyeephala), 286.
korachiensis (Acontia), 165.
korrigum (Antilopc), 75.

— (Damaliscus), 75, 76.
krameri (Palaeornis), 102.

lacteipennis (Herpaenia), 142.

laeta (Musurgina), 69-73.

lafresnayana (Formicivora), 203.

lafresnayanus (Thamnophilus), 203, 208.

Lagonosticta, 137.

Lamonia, 220.

Lampides, 156.

Lamprocoliua, 83, 139.

Lamprosema, 227.

Lamprotomis, 139.

lanceolata (lanthocincla), 34.

— (Rhinocrypta), 212.

— (Rhinomya), 212.
lanceolatus (lanthocincla), 34.
Laniagra, 192.

Laniarius, 125.

Lanius, 35, 52, 53, 83, 124, 125, 201.

Laphygma, 161.

largia (Columba), 83.

Larvivora, 27.

latimarginaria (Osteodes), 217.

latipcnnis (Lophorina), 282.

latona (Cyligramma), 166.

— (Phalaena), 166.

ledereri (Cybolomia), 228.

Leggada, 8.

Leiothrix, 36.

Lemnisconiys, 9.

Lei^tasthpnura, 260, 201.

Leptonyx, 213.

Lepus, 12.

lervia (Ammotragus), 75.

leucoblephara (Sylvia), 244.

Icucoblepharus (Basileutcrus), 244.

leucocephala (Chaimarrornis), 28.

— (Phoenicura), 28.

— (Synallaxis), 262.
leucoceplialus (Microscelia), 50.

— (Turdus), 50.
Leucolepis, 269.
leucolophus (Calliochthrus), 288.

— (Cuculus), 288.
leueomelanura (Ccrylc), 23.

— (Muscicapa), 47.
leuconota (Pyriglena), 201.
eucophaeus (Dicrurus), 65.
leucopsis (Motacilla), 58.
leucoptera (Hydrochelidon), 87.

— (Phoenicura), 28.

— (Sterna), 87.
leucopterus (Phoonicurus), 28.

leucopyga (Oenanthe), 83, 113.
leucopygius (8erinus), S3, 135.
leueopygos (Lanius), 83, 124.
leucostictus (Eupetes), 287.
leucotis (Eremopterix), 83, 131.

— (Otus), 99.

— (Strix), 99.

leucura (Muscisylvia), 27.

— (Notodcla), 27.
leucurus (Elanus), 185.

— (Milvus), 185.
liagaroides (Teracolus), 149.
liagore (Pontia), 149.

— (Teracolus), 149.
lichtensteinii (Pterocles), 83, 86.
limoniella (Pyria), 223.
Limosa, 16.

limosa (Limosa), IG.
lineata (Motacilla), 246.
Lioptila, .38.
livia (Columba), 79, 83, 91.

— (Virachola), 154.
Lobivanellus, 17.
Loboparadisea, 283.
longicauda (Falco), 292.

— (Henicopeniis), 292.

— (Melanocharis), 286.

— (Urocharis), 286.
longipennis (Alauda), 131.

— (Calandrella), 131.
Lophoceros, 83, 101.

307

Lophogyps, 79.

Lophophanes, 55.

Lophoiina, 282. 284.

lorentzii (Malurus), 287.

Lorla, 283.

loriae (Loria), 283.

Lorius, 289.

lory (Lorius), 289.

Loxia, 62, 04, 137.

Loxostege, 228.

Iucidipectu3 (Nectarinia), 123.

lucidus (Cistothorus), 256.

Luscinia, 27.

Lusciniola, 44.

lutea (Fringilla), 133.

luteola (Fringilla), 136.

luteolus (Ploceus), 83, 136.

luteus (Leiothrix), 36.

— (Passer), 83, 133.
Lybius, 83, 107.
Lycaena, 156-157.
Lycaenesthes, 155.
Lyncomis, 25.

lypura (Cercomela), 114.
lysimon (Papilio), 157.

— (Zizera), 157.

Macagua, 185.

macclellandi (Pomatorhinus), 33.
macei (Graucalus), 50.
macliacoana (Hesperia), 157.
mackloti (Pitta), 288.
maclellandi (lole), 51.
macropterus (Buteo), 187.

— (Circus), 187.
macropus (Leptonyx), 213.
macrourus (Accipiter), 96.

— (Circus), 96.

— (Colius), 80, 83, 105.

— (Urocolius), 105.
macrurus (Caprimulgus), 24.
maculata (Terias), 151.
maculatus (Anthus), 59.

— (Enicurus), 26.

— (Thamnophilus), 198.
maculipemiis (Phylloscopus), 45.

— (Reguloides), 45.
maculosus (Burhinus), 88.

— (Oedicnemus), 88.
madagascariensis (Junonia), 154.

— (Precis), 154.
magellaiiicus (Bubo), 191,

— (Planesticus), 238.

— (Troglodytes), 270.

— (Turdus), 238.

magnifica (Diphyllodes), 281, 284.

— (Paradisea), 281.

magnifica (Ptilorhis), 283.
magnirostris (Astur), 183.

— (Rupornis), 183.
major (Horeites), 44.

— (Oreopsittacus), 290, 291.

— (Parus), 55.

— (Taraba), 194.

— (Tbamnophilus), 194.
maluroides (Siptornis), 249.
Malurus, 119, 287.
Marasmia, 227,
marcida (Cosymbia), 216.

— (Tramida), 126.
margaritatus (Bucco), 107.

— (Trachypbonus), 83, 107.
margarithae (Chalcophaps), 293.

— (Phlegoenas), 293.
Massoutiera, 11.
Mastomys, 8.
matbiaa (Hesperia), 158.

— (Pamara), 158.
maura (Pratincola), 30.

— (Pyriglena). 201.
maurita (Spodoptera), 161.
mauritia (Hadena), 161.
maxima (lantbocincla), 35.
maximiliani (Melanopareia), 266, 267

— (Synallaxis), 267, 268.
maximus (Pterorhinus), 35.
medioalba (Heterographis), 221.
mediterraneae (Tarucus), 155.
meeki (Pitohui), 287.
Megaloii3'x, 213.
megaloptera (Aquila), 175.
megalopterus (Pualcoboenus), 175.
Megalurus, 44.

megapodius (Xylactes), 213.
meiffreni (Ortyxelus), 80, 86.

— (Turnix), 86.
Melanephia, 167.
melanictera (Fringilla), 60.
melanicterus (Melopbus), 60.
melanocephala (Alauda), 131.

— (Ardea), 93.

— (Eremopterix), 83, 131.
Melanocharis, 286.
melanocbistus (Accipiter), 19.
melanocblamys (Accipiter), 292.

— (Urospizias), 292.
melanodonta (Asplenia), 168.
melanoleuca (Muscicapa), 113.

— (Muscicapula), 48.

— (Oenantbe), 113.
melanoleucus (Circus), 20.

— (Falco), 20.

— (Geranoaetus), 177.

— (Haliaetas), 177.

— (Spizaetus), 177.

308

Melanopareia, 266, 267.
mclanope (Motacilla), 59, 2S5.
melanops (Emberiza), Gl.

— (Muscicapa), 47.

— (Phleocryptes), 249.
mclanoptera (Campephaga), 50.

— (Ceblepyria), 50.
JIclanopjTrhus, 284.
melanotis (Dacnis), 246.

— (Pteruthius), 41.
melanotus (Anser), 92.

— (Sarkidiomis), 92.
melanozantha (Pachyglossa), 57.
melanura (Cercomela), 83, 114.

— (Eophona), 64.

— (Myrmeciza), 212.
melanuroidcs (Limosa), 16.
melba (Pytelia), 137.
Melierax, 80, 95.
Melipotes, 285.
Melipotis, 168.
Melirrhophetes, 285.
Melophus, 60. »•
menetriesii (Myrmotherula), 206.
mentalis (Dysithamnus), 207.

— (Thamnophilus), 207.
mcridae (Cistothorus), 254.
mcridionalis (Hetorospizias), 185.
Merops, 83, 105.

Merula. 31, 232, 234.
Merularis, 210.
Merulaxis, 210.
merulinus (Cacomantia), 21.
mesentina (Papilio), 143.

— (Pieris), 143.
Mesopico3, 83, 102.
Metacineta, 215.
metarhoda (Tiraora), 160.
Metasia, 229.

meyeri (Falcinellus),
Micra, 162.
micra (Acidaliastia),
Micrastur, 178.
Microloxia, 215.
Microni8U3, 96.
Microrhopias, 204.
Microsarcops, 17.
Microscelis, 50.
micrura (Sylviotta), 121.
migrans (Milvus), 95.
migratoria (Eophona), 64.
Milvago, 175.
Milvus, 95, 185.
Mimus, 240.
Minla, 37, 39.
Mino, 284.
minor (Aedon), 117.

— (Agrobates), 83, 117.

,283.

216.

minor (Coracias), 83, 104.

— (Lophorina), 282.

— (Paradisea), 281.
minulluni (Dicaeum), 57.
minuta (Myrmothera), 206.
rainutus (Dendropicos), 83, 103.

— (Picus), 103.

— (Thamnophilus), 206.
Miresa, 219.
mistacea (Prinia), 120.
Mixocera, 215.

mixta (Parachalciope), 166.

Mocis, 167.

moderata (Grammodes), 167.

— (Plecopterodes), 167.
modesta (Dacnis), 247.
modulator (Leucolepis), 269.

— (Thryothorus), 269.
moUissimus (Turdus), 32.
Molpastes, 52.
monachus (Cathartes), 94.

— (Necrosyrtes), 83, 94.
montanus (Phalcoboenus), 175.
Monticola, 30.

monticolus (Parus), 55.
raontium (Sitta), 56.
moriqua (Azanus), 156.

— (Lycaena), 156.
Morphnus, 177.

Motacilla, 28, 58, 59, 112, 113, 118, 119, 124,

127, 244, 246, 273, 285.
Moupinia, 36.

mozambicus (Serinus), 135.
multistriatus (Accentor), 26.

— (Prunella), 26.
Munia, 64.
muraria (Certhia), 56.

— (Tichodroraa), 56.
murinus (,Apus), 83, 110.

— (Troglodj'tes), 271.
muachenbroeki (Nanodes), 291.

— (Neopsittacu.s), 291.

Muscicapa, 29, 44, 47, 48, 50, 52, 113, 124.

Muscicapula, 48.

Muscipeta, 49.

Muscisylvia, 27.

musculus (Troglodytes), 270, 271-274.

musicus (Falco), 95.

— (Formicarius), 269.

— (Melierax), 80, 95.

— (Pomatorhinus), 33.
Musurgina, 69-73.

mya (Ammomancs), 83, 129.
Myelois, 222.
Myiophoneus, 30.
Myomys, 8.
Myothera, 211, 212.
Myrmeciza, 208, 212.

309

Myrmecocichla, 115.
Myrmotherula, 203, 206.
Myzomela, 285.

nacurutu (Bubo), 191.
naevia (Conopophaga), 208.

— (Hypocnemis), 208.
naevius (Thamnophilus), 196.
naimii (Malurua), 287.

nana (Sylvia), 80.

Nanodes, 291.

nanum (Glaucidium), 189.

Nasiteraa, 292.

nasuta (Zamarada), 217.

nasutus (Lophoceros), 101.

naumanni (Turdu3), 31.

nebularia (Scolopax), 17.

— (Tringa), 17.
Neorosyrtes, 80, 83, 91.
Nectarinia, 58, 83, 122, 123.
nemoricola (Sturnia), 65.
Neophron, 83, 95.
Neopsittacus, 291.
nepheloperas (Acidalia), 216.

— (Scopula), 216.
neumanni (Hypoohera), 138.

— (Melierax), 95.
ni (Noctua), 167.

— (Phytometra), 167.
nigeriae (Gerbillus), 6.
nigra (Astrapia), 281.
nigrescens (Dicrurua), 65.

— (Pitohui), 287.
nigricans (Colymbus), 18.

— (Paradisea), 280.

— (Seleucides), 280.
nigriceps (Collurio), 53.

— (Lanius), 53.
nigricoUis (Buaarellus), 185.

— (Gracula), 66.

— (Gracupica), 66.
nigro-cincta (Conopophaga), 210.
nigromaculata (Myotliera), 211.

— (Phlegopsis), 211.
nigrostellatua (Poniatorhinus), 33.
Nilaus, 83, 125.

niloticus (Polyptychua), 277.

Niltava, 49.

nipalensis (Aethopyga), 58.

— (Alcippe), 43.

— (Aquila), 20.

— (Carduelis), 61.

— (Cinnyria), 58.

— (Procarduelia), 61.
Nisus, 97, 177-183.

— (Acoipiter), 19.
nitida (Asturina), 184.

nitidus (Astur), 184.
nivicola (Strix), 20.

— (Syrniuin), 20.
nobilis (Otidiphaps), 293.
Noctua, 160, 161, 188-190.

— (Athene), 80.

noctuella (Directipalpus), 228.

— (Nomophila), 228.

— (Phalaena), 228.

— (Tinea), 228.
Nomophila, 228.
noatrodamus (Gegenes), 157.
notata (Phlogopaia), 211.
Notodela, 27.

novaeguineao (Paradisea), 283.
nubigera (Chloridea), 159.

— (Heliothis), 159.
Nucifraga, 66.
nudalis (Loxoatege), 228.

— (Pyralis), 228.
Numida, 79, 83, 85.
nuraei (lolaua), 154.
Nycteria, 2.
Nycticorax, 19.
nycticorax (Ardoa), 19.

— (Nycticorax), 19.
Nygmia, 169.

nympha (Tanyaiptera), 288.

oateai (Siva), 40.
obacurior (Yuhina), 42.
obacurus (Turdua), 31.
obaoleta (Bombyx), 159.

— (Chloridea), 159.

— (Riparia), 83, 112.
occipitalia (Phylloscopua), 46.

— (Yuhina), 42.

ocellata (lanthocincia), 34, 35.
ochrocephala (Cyclarhia), 192.
ochromelaa (Melirrhophetea), 285.
ochropus (Tringa), 88.
ockendeni (Planeaticua), 232.

— (Tardus), 232.
Ocneria, 170.
ocrophus (Tringa), 17, 88.
odicus (Pomatorhinus), 33.
Oedicuemua, 88.
oedicnemus (Burhinus), 80.
Oena, 83, 91.
Oenanthe, 83, 113.
oenanthe (Oenantho), 113.

— (Motacilla), 113.
oenone (Precis), 153.
Oenopopelia, 18.

olga (Lemniscomys), 9.
ohvaceum (Dicaeuni), 57.
olivaceus (Uysithauinua), 207.

310

olivaceus (Turdus), 239.

— (Vireo), 193.
oliviae (Gricetomya), 7.

— (Sylvia), 117.
omissa (Emberiza), 60.

— (Siva), 40.
omissus (Enicurus), 26.
Ommatopteryx, 220.
omnisonus (Troglodytes), 254.
opella (Acontia), 163.

— (Pseudozarba), 163.
optatus (Cuculus), 21, 288.
Oreicola, 29.
Oreopneuste, 45.
Oreopsittacus, 290, 291.
orientalis (Columba), 18.

— (Gracula), 284.

— (Melanopyrrhus), 284.

— (Merops), 83, 105.

— (Siva), 40.

— (Streptopelia), 18.
Oriolus, 65, 136, 285.
Orpheus, 240.
Orthotomus, 44.
Ortyxelus, 80.
orythia (Precis) 154.
Oryx, 77.

osiris (Catacbrysops), 157.

— (Lycaena), 157.
Osteodes, 217.
Otidipbaps, 293.
Otus, 20, 87, 99, 191.
oustaleti (lanthocincia), 34.
Oxtyxelos, 86.

Ozarba, 162, 163.

Pacbycepbala, 286.
Pacbyglossa, 57.
Pacbypasa, 219.
Pacbysylvia, 246.
Palaeomis, 24, 102.
pallescens (Virachola), 154.
palliatus (Lanius), 201.

— (Thamnopbilus), 199.
pallida (Asturina), 184.

— (Gymnoris), 134.

— (Hippolais), 83.

— (Hypolais), 117.

— (Psittacella), 292.

— (Troglodytes), 270.

— (Vulpes), 4.
pallidior (Calendula), 130.

— (Sporopipes), 136.
pallidiventris (Planesticus), 234.

— (Turdus), 234.
pallidus (Allotrius), 41.

— (Pteruthius), 41.

palpebrosa (Zosterops), 57.
palurabarius (Astur), 19.
jjalustris (Megalurus), 44.
Paiupbila, 158.
Pandesma, 168.
pandoo (Monticola), 30.

— (Petrocincla), 30.
papa (Sarcorampbus), 174.
Papilio, 142, 143, 144, 157.
papuensis (Chaetorbyucbus), 285.
Parabuteo, 184.
Paracbalciope, 166.
Paradigalla, 282.

Paradisea, 65, 280, 281, 283.
paradisea (Steganura), 138.
Paradoxornis, 53, 54.
parallelalis (Metasia), 229.
paranensis (Leptastbenura), 260.
parasitus (Falco), 95.

— (Milvus), 95.
Pamara, 158.
Paropta, 218.
Parotia, 282, 284.
Parus, 55-56.

parva (Crypsotidia), 165.

— (Eubleraraa), 161.

— (Muscicapa), 47.

— (Noctua), 161.

— (Terias), 152.
parvus (Cypselus), 110.

— (Tacbornis), 110.
Passer, 61, 80, 83, 133, 134.
patagonica (Siptornis), 268.

— (Synallaxis), 268.
patagonicus (Mimus), 241.

— (Orpheus), 241.
pcctoralis (Pacbycepbala), 286.
pelegrinoides (Falco), 97.
peltigera (Cbloridea), 159.

— (Noctua), 159.

— (Pbalaena), 159.
Pempelia, 220.
peracensis (lole), 51.
percnopterus (Neophron), 83, 95.
peregrinus (Falco), 97.
percnopterus (Vultur), 95.
Pericrocotus, 49, 50.
Pericyma, 167.

Peridela, 216.
Perissospiza, 64.
perkeo (Eublemma), 162.
perlata (Strix), 99, 191.

— (Tyto), 191.
perlatum (Glaucidium), 99.
personatus (Geoffroyus), 291.
perspicillata (Pulsatrix), 18S.
peruvianus (Hypocnemis), 207.
Petrocincla, 30.

311

Petronia, 134.

Phalaena, 158-160, 216, 225, 227, 228.

Phalcoboenus, 175.

Phasianus, 15, 16, 101.

Pheugopedius, 268.

philippensis (Monticola), 30.

Philomachus, 88.

phisadia (Pieris), 144.

— (Teracolus), 144.
Phlegoenas, 293.
Phlegopsis, 211.
Plileocryptes, 249.
phoenicophila (Streptopelia), 80.
Phoenicura, 28.

phoenicura (Amaurornis), 16.
phoenicuroides (Bradypterus), 27.

— (Hodgsonius), 27.
Phoenicurus, 27, 28, 112.
phoenicurus (Ammomanes), 83, 130.

— (Motacilla), 112.

• — (Phoenicurus), 112.
Phorodesma, 215.
Phragamaticola, 44.
phryganophila (Schoeniophylax), 256.

— (Synallaxis), 256.
PhyUergates, 44.
Phyllopneuste, 45, 46.
Phylloscopus, 45, 46, 119.
Phytometra, 167.

pica (Clamator), 83, 99.

— (Cuculus), 99.
picatus (Heraipua), 52.
Picumnua, 22.

Picus, 22, 23, 102, 103.
Pieris, 143, 144.
pileatus (Accipiter) 183.

— (Herpsilochmus), 205.

— (Nisus), 183.

— (Thamnophilus), 205.
pinguinalis (Aglossa), 225.

— (Phalaena), 225.

— (Pyralis), 225.
Pipistrellua, 2.

pitiayumi (Compsothlypis), 243.

Pitohui, 287.

Pitta, 288.

placidus (Charadriua), 17.

Planesticus, 230-239.

platensis (Cistithorus), 250, 251-255, 275.

— (Sylvia), 250, 273, 275.

— (Thryothorus), 275.

— (Troglodytes), 252, 273, 275.
platura (Hedydipna), 83, 122.
platurus (Ciunyris), 122.
Platycercus, 291.
Platyleachea, 158.
Platyrhynchua, 47, 49.
plebejua (Crateiopus), 116.

21

Pleoopterodea, 167.

Plogadia, 94.

pliniua (Syntanicua), 156.

Ploceus, 83, 136.

plumatus (Prionops), 126.

plumbea (Ictinia), 185.

Pluvianus, 17.

Podiceps, 18.

podobe (Cerootrichas), 83, 116.

— (Turdus), 116.
Poecilictis, 5.
Poecilodryas, 288.
poeeilotis (Caracal), 3.

— (Hylophilus), 246.

— (Moupinia), 36.
poggei (Colymbus), 18.

— (Podiceps), 18.
Pogoniulua, 80, 83, 108.
Pogoniua, 107.
Pogononeura, 224.
Poicephalus, 101.
poicilotia (Pachysylvia), 246.
polinice (Papilio), 153.
poliogaster (Nisua), 181.
poliogenyg (Cryptolopha), 46.

— (Culicipeta), 46.
poliotia (Ixops), 38.
Polyboroides, 96.
Polyborua, 175. ■
Polydeama, 167.

polyglottua (Ciatothorua), 254, 255.

— (Thryothorua), 254.
Polyptychua, 277, 278.
Pomatorhinus, 32, 33, 287.
Pontia, 144, 145-150.
practica (lanthia), 29.
practicua (Tarsiger), 29.
Pradatta, 160.
Pratincola, 30.

Precia, 153, 154.

prineeps (Lycaonesthea), 155.

Prinia, 43, 44, 120.

Prionops, 126.

Procarduelis, 61.

Procavia, 13.

Proparua, 37.

Propasaer, 62.

Propyrrhula, 61.

proregulus (PhylloscopuB), 45.

Prunella, 25, 26.

przewalskii (Pratincola), 30.

— (Saxicola), 30.

Psaltria, 55.

Paara, 228.

paoudacaste (Teracolus), 147.

Pseudogyps, 79.

Psoudominia, 37.

pseudonoctua (Eublemma), 170.

312

Pseudozarba, 163.
Pseudozarboides (Eulocastra), 164.
Psittacella, 292.
Psittacus, 101, 291.
Pteridopbora, 281.
Pterocles, 79, 83, 86.
Pteroptocho8, 213.
Pterorbinus, 35.
Pterotbrix, 225.
Pterutbius, 41.
Ptilonopus, 293.
Ptilonorbynchus, 283.
Ptilorbis, 283.
Ptilotia, 286.
Ptycbopoda, 216.
puchcrani (Geoffroyus), 291.
pugnax (Pbilomacbus), 88.
pulcbra (Lycaena), 156.
pulcbella (Lioptila), 38.

— (Nectarinia), 83, 122, 123.

— (Pbalaena), 158.

— (Utetbeisa), 158.
pulcbellus (Columba), 293.

— (Ptihnopus), 293.
pulcher (Aegotheles), 288.

— (Spreo), 83, 139.

— (Turdus), 139.
pulchra (Syntaruchus), 156.
Pulsatrix, 188.

puna (Troglodytes), 273, 274.
punctalis (Pbalaena), 228.
punctifrons (Aegitbalua), 123.

— (Remiz), 83, 123.
punctigera (Ozarba), 162.
pimctulata (Munia), 64.
purpurea (Cocboa), 32.
pusilla (Emberiza), 60.

— (Eremomela), 120.
Pycnonotus, 52, 80, 83, 126.
pygmaeus (Dryobates), 22.
pylsides (Papilio), 142.
Pyralis, 225, 226, 227.
Pyrameis, 154.
pyramidum (Gerbillus), 7.
pyrotbrella (Acrobaais), 222.

— (Hetcrogi-apbis), 222.
pyrgita (Oymnoiia), 134.
Pyriglena, 201.
Pyromelana, 137.
Pyrotrogon, 22.
Pyrrbocorax, 66.
pyrrbocorax (Pyrrhooorax), 66.

— (Upupa), 66.

pyrrbophius (Siptornia), 256, 259.
Pyrrhoplectea, 62.

Pyrrbula, 62, 63.
Pyrrbulauda, 132.
PyrrbuHuota, 62.

Pytelia, 137.

quadriplaga (Tepbrina), 217.
querquedula (Anas), 93.
queniluB (Cacomantis), 21.

Racheospila, 215.

radiatua (Thamnopbilua), 194, 195.

Rallicula, 292.

Rallua, 16.

Rapbia, 168.

Rattua, 8.

Rectea, 287.

rectilinea (Aogoccra), 159.

rectilineoides (Aegocera), 158.

Reguloides, 45.

Regulua, 54.

regulua (Regulus), 54.

reibelli (Hypopta), 218.

Reinwardtoenaa, 293.

reinwardti (Reinwardtoenaa), 293.

reiseri (Hippolaia), 83.

— (Hypolais), 117.

Remiz, 83, 123.

restricta (Teracolua), 146, 147.

rex (Troglodytes), 273, 274.

Rhinocryjita, 212.

Rbinomya, 212.

Rhipidura, 47, 49.

rbipidurua (Corvua), 83, 141.

Rbodesia, 215.

Rbodometra, 216.

Rbyncbina, 169.

rbynolopba (Merulaxis), 210.

ricbardi (Antbua), 59.

ricketti (Pterutbius), 41.

ridgwayi (Urubitinga), 177.

riggenbachi (Serinus), 83, 135.

Riparia, 83, 112.

ripponi (Carpodacus), 62.

— (Propasaer), 62.

— (Prunella), 26.
rivolii (Ptilinopua), 293.
robinsoui (Lioptila), 38.
robuata (Heiroctbonia), 215.

— (Hemidromodes), 215.
rosea (Muacicapa), 50.
roseata (Pyrrbulinota), 62.
roseatus (Anthua), 59.

— (Carpodacua), 62.
rosenbergi (Myzomela), 285.
roseogrisea (Columba), 90.

— (Streptopelia), 83, 90.
roseua (Pericrocotua), 50.
Roathramua, 176.
Rostratula, 16.

313

rothscbildi (Diphyllodes), 284.

— (Massoutiera), 11.

— (Poecilictis), 5.
roiixi (Isculus), 42.

— (Yuhina), 42.
rubecula (Megalonyx), 213.

— (Pteroptocho3), 213.
rubeculoides (Muscicapa), 48.
rubescens (Procarduelis), 61.
rubiensia (Loriua), 289.
rubra (Rallicula), 292.
rubrescens (Asplenia), 168.
rudis (Ceryle), 23.

rufa (Microrhopias), 204.
nifater (Thamnophilus), 204.
rufatra (Formicivora), 204.
ruficapilla (Synallaxis), 204.
rufioapillus (Proparus), 37.
ruficauda (Synallaxis), 256.
ruficeps (Hylopbilus), 245.

— (Megalonyx), 213.

— (Stachyridopsis), 39.

— (Sylvia), 245.

— (Thlypopsis), 245.
ruficoUis (Corvus), 140.

— (Falco), 97.

— (Podiceps), 18.

— (Pomatorhinus), 32, 33.

— (Sparvius), 179.

— (Turdus), 31.
ruficomis (Microloxia), 215.
rufifrons (Gazella), 77.
rufigula (Phlegoenas), 293.
rufilatus (Tarsiger), 29.
rufistrigata (Tramida), 216.
rufiventer (Pteruthius), 41.
rufiventris (Planesticua), 238.

— (Turdus), 238.
rufonuchalis (Parus), 55.
rufula (Ozarba), 162.
rufulus (Antbus), 59.
rufus (Megalonyx), 213.
Bupomis, 183.
riippelli (Vulpea), 5.
riippellii (Gyps), 79, 83, 95.

— (Vultur), 95.
russeola (Synallaxis), 256.
rustica (Hirundo), 25.
rusticola (Scolopax), 16.
Ruticilla, 27, 28.
rutilans (Buteo), 185.

— (Passer), 61.

sacraria (Pbalaena), 216.

— (Rbodometra), 216.
saharae (Athene), 80.

— (Passer), 83, 133.

sahari (Emberiza), 83, 1.32.
sabariensis (Anadia.sa), 218.

— (Eulocastra), 164.

— (Heterographis), 222.

— (Rhyncbina), 169.

— (Tegostoma), 229.
Salebria, 224.
salvadorii (Ptilotis), 286.

— (Xanthotis), 286.
saniaritanella (Euzophora), 223.

— (Heterographis), 223.
aannio (Garrulax), 36.

— (lanthocincla), 36.
Sarangesa, 157.
Sarciophorus, 88.
Sareogrammus, 17.
Sarcoramphus, 173, 174.
Sarkidiornis, 92.
saturata (Aetbopyga), 58.

— (Rupornis), 183.
saturatior (Ixops), 38.

— (Paradoxornia), 54.
saturatus (Cinnyria), 58.

— (Falco), 20.

— (Tinnimculus), 20.
satuminus (Mimua), 240.
saularis (Copsychus), 29.

— (Graucalus), 29.
Sauromarptis, 288.
Saxicola, 30.
schach (Lanius), 52.
sohistaceus (Dyaithamnus), 196.

— (Enicurua), 26.

— (Thamnophilus), 196.
schisticeps (Palaeornis), 24.

— (Phoenicurus), 27.

— (Ruticilla), 27.
acblegeli (Pachycepbala), 286.
Schlegelia, 283.
schlieffeni (Scoteinus), 2.
Schoeniophylax, 256.
Sehoeniparua, 36.

schubotzi (Pogoniulus), 83, 108.
schultzei (Epiphora), 218.
schvedowi (Accipiter), 19.

— (Astur), 19.
scintiUiceps (Dryobates), 22.

— (Picus), 22.

scirpaceus (Acrocephalus), 119.

— (Turdus), 119.
Scolopax, 16, 17.
Scops, 191.

Scoptelus, 80, 83, 108.
Scopula, 216.
Scoteinus, 2.
secutaria (Stegania), 217.

— (Zamarada), 217.
sefilata (Parotia), 284.

314

8efriu8 (Jaculus), 10.
segetum (Euxoa), 160.

— (Noctua), 160.
seheriae (Aethopyga), 58.
Seleucides, 280.
senator (Laniiis), 125.
senegala (Estrilda), 83, 137.
senegalensis (Batis), 83, 124.

— (Centropus), 99.

— (Certhia), 123.

— (Chilena), 219.

— (Cinnyria), 123.

— (Columba), 89.

— (Cuculus), 99.

— (Muacicapa), 124.

— (Otis), 87.

— (Pterocles), 86.

— (Streptopelia), 80, 83, 89.
senegalus (Harpolestes), 125.

— (Poicephalus), 101.

— (Pterocles), 79.
sennaarensis (Pandesma), 168.
septemstriata (Emberiza), 133.
sericea (Loboparadiaea), 283.
Serinus, 83, 135.

shelleyi (Streptopelia), 90.

— (Turtur), 90.
Sibia, 38.

sibirica (Muscicapa), 48.

Siccia, 158.

similis (lanthocincla), 34, 35.

— (lole), 51.
simillima (Motacilla), 59.
aimplex (Paaser), 83, 133.

— (Teracolus), 148.

— (Zosterops), 57.
simplicior (Caprimulgus), 109.
sinae (Phoenicurus), 28.
sinensis (Enicurus), 26.

' — (Garrulus), 66.
Siphia, 47, 48.

Siptomia, 249, 256, 259, 263, 268.
Sithon, 154.
Sitta, 56.
Siva, 39, 40.

smymenaia (Halcyon), 23.
sociabilis (Herpetotherea), 176.

— (Roathramus), 176.
solitarius (Monticola), 30.
soraalenaia (Upupa), 83, 104.
sordida (Hypena), 169.

— (Siva), 39.
sordidior (Gecinus), 23.

— (Moupinia), 36.

— (Pious), 23.

— (Proparus), 37.

— (Siva), 40.

sordidus (Anthus), 83, 127.

soudanensis (Pyralis), 226.
souliei (Spelaeomis), 25.
spaiverioides (Cuculus), 21.
sparverius (Falco), 188.
sparvius, 178, 179.
epecioaa (Atelcodacnis), 248, 249.

— (Melanopareia), 266.

— (Sylvia), 248.
speciosus (Pericrocotus), 49.

— (Turdus), 49.
Spelaeomis, 25.
Speotyto, 190.
Sphenurua, 18.
sphenurus (Accipiter), 97.

— (Falco), 97.

— (Nisua), 97.

— (Sphenuius), 18.

— (Vinago), 18.
Sphinx, 170.
spiculus (Atelerix), 2.
spilonotus (Parus), 56.
epiloptila, 83, 119.
spindasis, 155.
spinosus (Charadrius), 88.

— (Hoplopterua), 88.
Spintherops, 168.
apirilingua (Noctua), 167.

— (Phalaena), 167.
Spizaetus, 177.
Spizixos, 50.

splendidissima (Astrapia), 281.
spodocephala (Emberiza), 61.
Spodoptera, 161.
Sporaeginthus, 64.
Sporopipea, 136.

Spreo, 83, 139.

Stachyridopais, 39.

Steatomys, 7.

Stegania, 217.

Steganura, 138.

stellae (Charmosyna), 289.

Sterna, 87.

Sterrha, 216.

stolida (Noctua), 166.

straminea (Herpaenia), 143.

— (Homaeoaoma), 223.
streichi (Falco), 20.
streptopelia, 18, 79, 80, 83, 89-91.
striata (Motacilla), 124.

— (Muacicapa), 124.
striato-tborax (ThamnophiluB), 207.
striaticeps (Siptornis), 256, 259.
striatus (Accipiter), 180.

— (Alcurus), 51.

— (Butorides), 19, 93.

— (FalcineUus), 280, 283.

— (Nisus), 180.

— (Oriolus), 285.

315

striatus (Triohophorus), 51.
stridulus (Pomatorhinua), 32, 33.
strigula (Siva), 40.
striolata (Emberiza), 83, 132.
Strix, 20, 98. 99, 191.
strophiata (Muscicapa), 48.

— (Siphia), 48.
strophiatus (Prunella), 26.
Struthio, 84.

Stumia, 65.

subaffinis (Oreopneuste), 45.

— (Phylloecopus), 45.
subbuteo (Faico), 20.
subhimachala (Propyrrhula), 61.
Bubhimachalus (Corythus), 61.
subradiatus (Thamnophilus), 195.
aubrufinus (Dryobates), 22.

— (Xylurgua), 22.
subunicolor (lanthocincla), 33.
sudanata (Peridela), 216.
sundara (Miltava), 49.
auperba (Lophorina), 282, 284.
superciliaris (Rupomia), 183.

— (Suya), 42.

superciliosus (Trichas), 244.
Surattha, 221.

Suthora, 53, 54.

Suya, 41, 42.

swinhoei (Proparus), 37.

— (Teracolus), 146.
Sylepta, 227.

Sylvia, 25, 80, 117-119, 243-245, 248, 273, 275.
Sylvietta, 121.
Synallaxis, 249-251, 268.
Syntaruchus, 156.
syntactus (Colius), 83, 105.

— (Urocoliua), 105.
Syntarucus, 156.
Syria, 223.
Symium, 20.

Tachomis, 110.

taipaishanensis (Pyrrhula), 63.
talifuensis (Anorthura), 25.
— (Troglodytes), 25.
Tantalus, 93, 94.
Tanysiptera, 288, 289.
Taraba, 194.
Tarache, 163, 164, 165.
targia (Columba), 79, 91.
targius (Pterocles), 83, 86.
tamii (Hylactes), 213.
Tarsiger, 28, 29.
Tarucus, 155.
Taterillus, 6.
Tathorhychus, 168.
tecellata (Troglodytes), 271, 272.

teoellatus (Troglodytes), 271.
tectus (Charadrius), 88.
— ■ (Sarciophorus), 88.
Tegostoma, 229.
Telephonus, 80.
telephonus (Cueulus), 21.
telicans (Papilio), 156.
tenebrosa (Paohycephala), 286.
tenuirostris (Oriolus), 65.
Tephrina, 217.

tephrocephala (Cryptolopha), 46.
tephrooephalus (Culicipeta), 46.
tephronotus (Collurio), 52.

— (Lanius), 52.
tephrus (Hipposideros), 2.
Teracolus, 144-150.
Terias, 151, 152.
terpsichore (Acraea), 154.

— (Papilio), 154.
terracottoides (Timora), 160.
terrestris (Eutrygon), 293.
terrestris (Trugon), 293.
Tesia, 25.

testicularis (Arvicanthis), 9.
Tetrao, 14.
Textor, 135.
Thalpochares, 161, 162.
Thamnophilus, 194, 195-208.
tharus (Falco), 175.

— (Polyborus), 175.
thebaica (Nycteris), 2.
thenca (Mimus), 240.

— (Orpheus), 240.
theophrastus (Hesperia), 155.

— (Tarucus), 155.
theopompe (Anthopsyche), 148.

— (Teracolus), 147, 148.
theresae (Hypocnemia), 208.
thibetana (Chrysomitris), 63.
thibetauus (Carduelis), 63.
Thiypopais, 245.
thoracica (Dumeticola), 44.

— (Lusciniola), 44.
Thrasaetus, 177.
Threakiomis, 93.
Thryophilua, 272, 275.
Thryothorus, 254, 268, 269.
thunbergi (Motacilla), 127.
thura (Carpodacus), 62.
Tichodroma, 56.

tickelli (lole), 51.
tickelliae (Muscicapa), 48.
Timora, 159, 160.
Tinea, 228.
tingitanus (Asio), 80.
Tinnunculus, 20.
tinnunculus (Falco), 20, 98.
tintinnabulana (Calamanthella), 43.

316

tintirmabulans (Cisticola), 43.

topela (Munia), 64.

torquata (Melanopareia), 266, 267.

— (Noctua), 188.

— (Saxicola), 30.
torquatus (Synallaxia), 266.

— (Thaninophilus), 198.
torquilla (Yynx), 22.
Trachalopteron, 34.
Trachyphonus, 83, 107.
Tramida, 216

tranquebarica (Oenopopelia), 18.
Treron, 92.

tricaudatua (Orpheus), 241.
Trichas, 244.
Trichophorus, 51.
tricolor (Buteo), 186.
Trilocha, 218.
Tringa, 16, 17, 87, 88.
tristis (Acontia), 167.

— (Acridotheres), 65.

— (Melanephia), 167.

— (Paradisea). 65.
triurus (Mimus), 241.

— (Orpheus), 241.
trivialis (AJauda), 128.
Troglodytes, 25, 252, 254, 268-276.
troglodytes (Troglodytes), 25.
troglodytoides (Synallaxis), 250.
Trogon, 23.

Trugon, 293.

tucumanus (Cestothorus), 251.

Turdus, 30, 31, 49, 50, 116, 119, 139, 230-239,

268, 269.
tumii (Leptonyx), 213.
Turnix, 86.
Turtur, 90, 91.
turtur (Streptopelia), 79, 83, 91

— (Turtur), 91.
Tyndis, 226.

typica (Gymnogenys), 96.
typicus (Polyboroidea), 96.
Tyto, 191.

ubaldus (Azanus), 156.

— (Papilio), 156.
umbrosus (Tyndis), 226.
unicinctus (Astur), 184.

— (Parabuteo), 184.
unicolor (Buteo), 186.

— (Paradoxornis), 54.
uniformia (Casama), 170.

— (Ocncria), 170.
Upupa, 24, 66, 83, 104, 128.
Uraeginthus, 138.
Urocharis, 286.
Urooichla, 25.

Urocissa, 67.
Urocolius, 105.
Urospizias, 292.
uruba (Cathartcs), 174.
Urubitinga, 177.
urubitinga (Faico), 177.
— (Morphnus), 177.
Utetheisa, 158.

vaoillans (Streptopelia), 18.
variegaticeps (TliamnuphiUis), 195.
velata (Sylvia). 243.
venata (Ozarba), 162.
ventralis (Accipiter), 180.
venusta (Sylvia), 243.
venustula (Sylvia), 243.
verreauxii (Steganura), 138.

— (Vidua), 138.
vcrsteri (Poiecphahis), 101.

— (Psittacus), 101.
Vidua, 138.
viduata (Anas), 92.

— (Dendrocygna), 92.
vieilloti (Lybius), 83, 107.

— (Pogonius), 107.
vinacea (Columba), 90.

— (Streptopelia), 90.
vinaceus (Carpodacus), 62.
Vinago, 18.

vinipectus (Proparus), 37.
Virachola, 154.
Vireo, 193.

virescens (Vireo), 193.
virginianus (Bubo), 191.
virgo (Chilena), 219.
virgultorum (Taraba), 194.
viridicauda (Aethop3'ga), 58.
viridis (Cyclarhis), 192.
viridissimus (Merops), 83, 105.
vitellina (Fringilla), 136.
viteUinus (Ploceus), 83, 136.
Vivia, 22.

vociferans (Donacobius), 242.
vulgaris (Coturnix), 15.

— (Polyborus), 175.
Vulpes, 4, 5.
Vultur, 95, 173, 177.

waalia (Treron), 92.
webbiana (Paradoxornis), 53.
welisi (Parus), 55.
westwoodi (Pieris), 143.
whitei (Cyomis), 48.

— (Muscicapa), 48.
wiedi (Thryothorus), 275.

— (Troglodytes), 275.

317

wilsoni (Schlegelia), 283.
wingatei (Siva), 39.

Xanthidia, 151.
xanthochloris (Allotrius), 41.
— (Pteruthius), 41.
Xanthomelus, 284.
xanthorhous (Pycnonotua), 52.
Xanthotis, 286.
Xenospingus, 245.
Xylurgus, 22.

yamakanensis (Harpactes), 22.

— (Pyrotrogon), 22.
Yuhina, 42.
yunnanensis (Alcippe), 43.

— (Anthus), 59.

yunnanensis (Certhia), 56.

— (Emberiza), 60.

— (Leiotlirix), 36.

— (Nucifraga), 66.

— (Regulus), 54.

— (Sitta), 56.

— (Siva), 40.

— (Suya), 41.
Yptliima, 153.
Yynx, 22.

Zamarada, 217.

zedlitzi (Erythrospiza), 83, 135.

zeUeri (Acontia), 164.

— (Tarache), 164.

Zizera, 157.

zoe (Terias), 152.

Zoaterops, 57.

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