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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.
Vol. XXX., 1923.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

t^

H Jounial of Zooloo^

IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.

r.

%.

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Db. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN.

Vol. XXX., 1923.

(WITH FOUR PLATES.)

Issued at the Zoological Museum, Thing.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k VINEY, Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1923.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXX. (1923).

A VES. pAOEa

1. On the Bii-ds of Cyrenaica. Ernst Hartekt ..... 1 — 32

2. On a second collection sent by Mr. George Forrest from N.W. Yunnan.

Lord Rothschild . . . . . . . . . 33—58

3. An Ornithological Autumn Journey to Algeria. Lord Rothschild and

Ernst Hartert . . . . . . . . . . 79 — 88

4. The hitherto known Birds of Marocco. Ernst Hartert and F. C. R. Jour-

DAIN 91-152

5. Review of the Bii-ds collected by Alcide d'Orbigny in South America. (Con-

tinuation.) C. E. Hellmayr 222—242

6. On a third collection of Birds made by Mr. George Forrest in N.W. Yunnan.

Lord Rothsohlld . 247—267

MAMMALIA
1. Short Notes on the Mammals of Cyrenaica. Ernst Haktert . . . 89 — 9U

LEPIDOPTERA

1. On the Comb-bearing Flap present on the Fourth Abdominal Segment in

the Males of certain Notodontidae. (PI. II, part.) Karl Jordan . 153 — 154

2. On a Sensory Organ found on the head of many Lepidoptera. (PI. II, jmrt.)

Karl Jordan .......... 155 — 158

3. On the Scent-organs in the Males of certain American Castniidae. Karl

Jordan 159—162

4. A Note on the Families of Moths in which R- =vein 5 of the forewing

arises from near the centre or from above the centre of the cell. Karl

Jordan 163—166

5. Four new Sphingidae discovered by T. R. Bell in North Kanara. Karl

Jordan 186—190

. 191—215
plagiata L.

. 243-246

. 268—269

6. New Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Louis B. Prout

7. On Anaitis effftrmata Guen. (1858), a species distinct from A

(1758). Karl Jordan ......

8. A new species of Hawkmoth from Borneo. K.abl Jordan

9. List of Butterflies figured in Plate IV. (PI. IV.) Karl Jordan . . 270

ORTHOPTERA
1. Records and Descriptions of Orthoptera from North-West Africa. (PI. I.)

B. P. UvAROv 59—78

COLEOPTERA

1. New Eastern Anthribidae. Karl Jordan 167 — 185

2. New Anthribidae from the Eastern Hemisphere. Karl Jordan . . 216—221

INDEX 271—284

V

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUSIE XXX.

I. Structure of Orthoptera.

II. — III. Structure of Lepidoptera.

IV. New Lepidoptera.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H 3ournal of Zoolotj^.

KDrrKD Bv

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.8., Ph.D.,
Dk. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K, MORDAN.

Vol. XXX.

No. L

Pages 1 — 190.

fssiED March 21st, 1923, at the; Zoological .Museum, Tiii.\<:.

PRINTED BV HAZRt.I,. WATSOS k VINEV. r,D., 'LONDON AND AVr.BSBDRY.

1923.

Vot,. XXX.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD. ERNST HARTERT, and KARL JORDAN

CONTENTS OF NO. I.

1. ON THE BIRDS OF t'YRENAK'A

EriiKt Hurtert

■2. ON A SECOND COLLECTION SENT BY MR.

GEORGE FORREST FROM N.W. YUNNAN Lord Rolhschild

3. RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ORTHOP-

TERA PROM NORTH-WEST AFRICA. (PI. I.) B. P. Umnr .

4. AN ORNITHOLOGICAL AUTUMN .JOURNEY
TO ALGERIA

Lord Rothschild and
Ernst Hartert

r>. SHORT NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF

CYRENAICA Ernst Hartert .

(i. THE HITHERTO KNOWN BIRDS OF MA RO( CO Ernst Hartert, assisted

by F. C. R. Jourdain

7. ON THE COMB-BEARING FLAP PRESENT ON
THE FOURTH ABDOMINAL SEGMENT IN
THE MALES OF CERTAIN NOTODONTIDAE.
(PI. II. part.) Karl Jordan .

y. ON A SENSORY ORGAN FOUND ON THE

HEAD OF MANY LEPIDOPTERA. (PI. II, i>ait.) Karl-Jordan

9. ON THE SCENT-ORGANS IN THE MALES OF

CERTAIN AMERICAN CASTNIIDAE . . Karl Jordan

1(1. A NOTE ON THE FAMILIES OK .MOTHS IN
WHICH R^ (= VEIN 5) OF THE FOHEWING
ARISES FROM NEAR THE CENTRE OP. FROM
ABOVE THE CENTRE OF THE CELL . Karl Jordan

11. NEW EASTERN ANTHRIBIDAE

Karl Jordan

12. FOUR NEW SPH!N(!IDAE DISCOVERED BY

T. H. REI.L IN XoltTlI KANARA . . Karl Jordan

1—32

33—58

59—78

79—88

89—90

91—152

153—154

1.50— 15cS

159—162

lIKi— 16H
1(17—185

1m; 1 91 1

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XXX. MARCH 1923. No. 1.

ON THE BIRDS OF CYRENAICA.
By ERNST HARTERT.

WHILE for many years the ornis of Egypt in the east of North Africa,
and of " Africa Minor," i.e. the Atlas region from Tunisia to Marocco,
in the west, has been more or less explored, and is — though still more or less
superficially — known, and while we also have a certain amount of knowledge
of the birds of Tripoli, until quite recently nothing had been known of the bird-
life of Cyrenaica or Barka and the Libyan Plateau, i.e. about roughly the vast
region between long. 20° and 29° E. Only in 1901 Dodson, Mr. Whitaker's
able collector, touched the utmost east of Cyrenaica, travelling from Bisher
along the coast to Benghasi, where he discovered one of the forms peculiar to
the country, the Galerida theklae cyrenaicae. In January 1920, Col. Meiiiertz-
hagen made a flying tri^J to Solium or Sellum, close to the political boundary
of Egypt and Cyrenaica, and to the Siwa oasis, by motor, and collected a few
birds. Quite recently Dr. Festa has made two exi>editions to Cyrenaica, from
April to May 1921, and again from November 1921 to June 1922. He also ac-
quired a little collection brought together near Benghasi by an army official in
1916, and Salvador! and Festa have published lists of the first and last collections,
which added another very distinct jjeouliar form : " Alectoris harbara callolaema "
— already named barbata by Reichenow from a cage-bird of unknown origin.

The results of his last collections made in 1921-22 are not yet known, but
from samples seen by me, it is evident that they wlU be very interesting and
add many species to the list. The Zoological Gardens at Giza near Cairo
have also received live specimens of the same Alectoris from Mersa Matruh,
between Solium and Alexandria !

Neither Gerhard Rohlfs (1868-69) nor Rosita Forbes (1920), who made the
difficult journey to Kufra (Kufara), or other older writers, have given us any
information about birds.

Considering this state of affairs and that neither in Tring nor in any other
collection outside Turin material from Cyrenaica existed. Lord Rothschild asked
me to visit this country and to make a collection of birds and lepidoptera, as
far as this could be done in the short space of about two months. I readily
agreed, after Lord Rothschild had obtained iiermission for me and Carl HUgert
to go to Cyrenaica and to collect, from the Italian Ambassador in London,

1

2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

whose brother was Governor of Cyrenaica, but unfortunately died of influenza
there.

In order to pick up Hilgert I travelled via Germany and rested a day at
Ingelheim, where, on March 1 5th, I saw the first White Stork circling over the
Rhine. In Bonn I stopped a few hours, seeing my friends Koenig, Jordans,
and Geyr von Schweppenburg ; in Munich, Carl Hellmayr, who has now emigrated
to Chicago, saw me at the station. The journey through beautiful Tirol excited
keen longing to roam over those magnificent mountains, but our goal was farther
away ! In Bozen (" Bolsano ") Streseniann greeted me at the station for,
alas ! about 15 or 20 minutes. The long journey through Italy was beautiful,
but we were content to reach Naples, which we left on March 21st, arriving at
Benghasi on the 24th. We saw Capri in the glow of the setting sun, Catania
in pouring rain, Messina — still partially in ruins from the last earthquake — in
sunshine, Syracuse by night. In the harbour of Messina we saw a Gull which
was strange to us, and we are convinced it must have been Larus genei (gelastes
auct.). Otherwise no birds were observed except Larus argentatns cachinnans,
and on the 23rd Sylvia cantillans and Phylloscopus sibilatriz visited the ship.

Benghasi (the Berenice of the ancient Greeks) looks pleasant enough from the
roadway where large ships stop, about 2 km. from the little harbour : a breakwater,
a great extent of European houses, an old Turkish fort, palm-trees right and left
of the town on the flat shore. In rough weather landing is difficult and sometimes
impossible. There is a good and comfortable hotel, the " Albergo Italia," with
only one great drawback, viz. the uuiumerable mosquitoes of actually three species,
for which nets are not provided.

Benghasi is a comfortable and in the spring evidently healthy place, with
numerous cafes and large bazaars in which one can buy almost everything ;
the town is said to have now 40,000 inhabitants, including numerous Jews,
some of ancient origin, maybe partially descendants of those who came under
Ptolemy Soter and, during the reign of Trajan, massacred, it is said, 200,000 (?)
Romans and natives, others recent immigrants since the Italians conquered this
colony from the Turks in 1911 and 1912 ; needless to say, they form the majority
of the shop-owners. For an ornithologist it is disappointing. There is only one
place which one can easily reach by walking, i.e. the little peninsula of the " Giu-
liana," where one finds some bushes and shore- vegetation, as well as a few palm-
trees, and where the Italians first landed and have erected a large and striking
monument in memory of the faUen soldiers. There one can collect and observe
numerous small migrants and sparrows, and find some insects. Every other
excursion is more or less long and tedious : first, one has to pass through the town
with extended, straggling suburbs, then follow in every direction, except along
the iminteresting sandy shore without birdlife, wide, flat, salt-water lagoons,
where one sees in March and April swarms of Waders, chiefly Dunlins and small
Plovers. Beyond the tedious lagoons one comes across a belt of barbed-wire
entanglements, and after these, at last, one is in the open ! But the open country
during my visit was a disappointment : not like a garden full of flowers and bushes,
as described by Rohlfs in 1869, but a bare, Karst-like, stony, calcareous plain, with
patches of red soil and poor, thin fields of low barley, and generally very little wild
vegetation. No doubt in former times there must have been more of the latter ;
in the present state the ancients would hardly have described this place as the
gardens of the Hesperides ; for miles round the town every bit of green stuff

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 3

is gathered to feed goats, sheep and cattle, donkeys, mules and horses, and every
tree and bush is cut down for firewood. This plain, with a few oases of palm-
trees and gardens, is, however, inhabited by numerous Calandrella minor and
Galerida cristata, a few Stone Curlews, and now and then, but apparently not
regularly, some Cursors. The gardens and oases are uninteresting, only very
few birds nesting there, but migrants are numerous everywhere in the spring,
many resorting to the barbed-wire entanglements, where they find resting-places
and some vegetation and food.

To explore other parts of Cyrenaica is inconvenient, as the colony is very
young and no development took place during the war. Communication between
Benghasi and the other ports, Derna and Tobruk, is irregular, and mostly bad ;
there are so far not many good roads, accommodation can only be found in a few
places, the safety is often imcertain, and the authorities, though very kind gener-
ally, and especially in granting us readily permission to shoot everjrthing during
the close season, refused to grant us an excursion into the real desert south of the
plateau of Barka. Even to Msus they did not allow us to go, and at Sheleidima
we were not permitted to sleep, but were given an armed escort and had to go
back many miles to the fort of Soluk for the night, where we got a smaU room-
with one bedstead, one table, and one chair, inside the wu-e entanglements.
There is in Soluk a small garrison and some kind officers.

Soluk and Sheleidima are south of the plateau of Barka. The steppe plain
between the two places is mostly well covered with small plants, chiefly Salsola,
a stiff kind of grass, and pretty-flowering Statice pruinosa. From Sheleidmia
a dry river-bed extends into the semi-desert, with thick bushes of Zizyphus,
in which Grey Shrikes abound and Alectoris are not rare. Northwards are very
bare, stony hills, on which Galerida theklae cyrenaicae represents the Galerida
cristata festae of the plains. The more or less green steppe is frequented by
Bustards, Chlamydotis imdulata undulata, thirteen of which were once seen on
the wing together, Alaemon alaudipes, Cursorins, Stone Curlews, Oenanthe moesta,
and others. The steppe near Soluk is covered with small plants of Salsola,
Suaedea fruticosa, Beaumuria mucronata, Echmiopsilon and others.

Near Soluk birds are scarcer, but Crested Larks, Alaemon alaudipes, Calan-
drella minor, C'ursoriiis, are common enough. Stone heajjs are inhabited by Little
Owls, and here and there we found a pair of the beautiful Chersophilus duponti
margaritae. On the way back from Soluk a terrible southerly gale, " gebli,"
arose, covering us with red dust, which was often so thick that we had to
stop the automobile in order to see the road.

A trip by the short raUway from Benghasi to Er-Regima on the plateau
was not very fruitful, as the heights are only covered with grass and fields ;
but the plain near Benina and the source of the Lethe are better, there being
some low wUd vegetation and barley-fields ; Melanocorypha calandra and blue
butterflies abounded.

In a north-easterly direction from Benghasi, beginnmg about 25 km. from
the town, the plain of Driana Ls covered with numerous thick bushes of Rhus
oxyacantha, Pistacia lentiscus, Periploea laevigata, and a few Zizyphus, and there
the coveted peculiar form of the " Barbary partridge," Alectoris harhara barbata,
is not rare, thougli difficult to get in the spring ; hares are sometimes seen ; Sylvia
melanocephala nests ; Grey Shrikes, Little Owls, Ravens, and a few other birds
are met with. Further pursuing the road, which is under construction and often

4 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

very bad or non-existing — we travelled mostly in a big motor-lorry — one enters
a low plain, separated from the sea by a salt-lagoon ; this plain, some miles
before Tokra, was of great beauty in May, the large bushes of Limoniastrum
monopetalum, which abounds, being in the glory of their purple flowers, and
there were many butterflies, though very few species, beetles, hymenoptera,
flies, also neuroptera.

A few miles after Tokra the road — here already completed and quite good —
mounts the Djebel Achdar in serpentines, and affords beautiful views over the
coastal plain and the sea. The mountains here are somewhat sparsely covered
with trees of Juniperus phoenicea, some Arbutus, and quite a lot of small vege-
tation. We had hardly entered these woods when its principal inhabitant, the
Fringilla coelebs spodiogenys, was seen, and the orange-yeUow Gonepteryx cleopatra
palmala, a very distinct subspecies. After a long drive through these interesting
woods one gets down into the large plain of Merg, the Barce or Barka of the
Greeks and Romans, about 30 km. long and at least 10 to 12 wide. This is on
the plateau, a treeless plain with only small vegetation and extensive barley-fields,
in the middle of which lies the town of Merg, with a strong garrison of Abys-
*inians, from the Eritrea, protected by waU and ditches and by barbed-wire
entanglements. This vaUey is surrounded by hills on most sides, aU more or
less wooded with Juniperus and a few other trees. Parts of the plain near the
hUls are also wooded, and these woods had formerly a much greater extension,
as one can see by old trunks and other remains. In the winter a great portion
of this plain is under water and looks like a lake from the hills, whence Rohlfs
appears to have viewed it in 1868. This water is of course visited by numerous
shore- and water-birds, but it disappears entirely in the summer, and during
our visit there were barley-fields in place of the water, which were being cut
during the second half of May. There are, however, at Merg numerous wells,
mostly outside the town, one m the middle of the street near the main entrance.
In Merg we found shelter and food in the only so-caUed hotel, a rather dirty,
uncomfortable place, but there is also a restaurant where one can eat. The
wooded hills were of course our principal coUecting-grounds. They were very
beautiful, they afforded magnificent views, the air was fragrant and fresh, even
when it was rather hot in the plain, and there was an interesting fauna and flora.
Accordmg to all information I could get (among others from the chauffeurs of
the Government and Army, who know the country from one end to the other),
there are some few towering cyisress-trees farther east on the plateau of Barka,
but nothing that one could call a cypress forest. I have not seen any oaks or
pines. Dr. Festa, however, tells me, in litt , that he saw many large evergreen
oaks in the mountains near the Wadi Kuf and Wadi Gergeromma, about 80 km.
north-east of Merg ; he has thoroughly explored these oak-woods, but found no
Titmice, nor apparently any special forest birds ; doubtless his forthcoming
list of the birds he collected will give us full information. He has never seen
any Pinus, but Colonel Spatocco told him that he saw some thickets of pines,
probably Pinus halepensis, not far from the Wadi Latrun between Marsa-Susa
and Derna. In 1869 Gerhard Rohlfs also mentions having seen oaks in
great numbers, but the tall " thuyas " forming an " almost impenetrable
forest " west of the ancient town of Cyrene were doubtless large Juniperus
phoenicea, as explained long ago by Ascherson and Haimann. Earth's " Fichten "
and Beechey's " fir-trees " were doubtless all Pinus halepensis. Possibly the

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 5

drier climate of recent times and the continual destruction of trees by the Arabs
and Europeans may be instrumental for the almost total disappearance of
these trees, for they must have been much more numerous and extended in
olden times.'

From all information received, and after having seen Dr. Festa and his
last collections, I decided not to go to Derna and Cyrene. The gardens' of Derna,
where bananas and other fruits grow abundantly, m^t doubtless be very pretty,
but not interesting for an ornithologist, if compared with the juniper woods of
the Djebel Achdar, the steppe and desert south of the plateau of Barka, and
collecting in gardens is difficult and inconvenient, as one cannot enter them as a
rule and is always stopped by walls and fences.

As C3Tenaica lacks the high mountains of Algeria and Marocco, the Saharan
climate, flora, and fauna range right up to the coast in the west and east, and
only the plateau of Barka with its red soil, the " Barka-el-homra " of the Arabs,
is principally Mediterranean, though even that is to a small extent mingled with
Saharan elements.

Altogether the fauna, and especially the avifavma, is poor in comparison
with that of the western parts of North Africa, and the whole country may be
looked upon as a relic of former ages. Everywhere one is confronted with ruins
and graves ; in the rocks are excavated great sepulchres, often with fine piUars.
The once-famous town of Cyrene has dwindled down to an insignificant place,
chiefly visited for its ruins and antiquities. The old Greek and Roman roads
became mere bridle-paths ; only quite recently fine new roads are being built
by the Italians, and automobiles fly along where once the Roman legions marched
and where for many centuries camels, mules, and donkeys alone were seen. Thus
death and decay for centuries is evident everywhere, and it Ls to be hoped that
the Italians will succeed in making Cyrenaica again a flourishing colony, rich in
agriculture and produce. This is clearly their intention, but whether they wUl
succeed or not cannot be predicted. They are building fine roads and houses
in the towns, they have a bureau of agriculture in Benghasi with branches in
other towns, and strong garrisons of Italian and Abyssinian soldiers — the latter a
lot of stalwart, good-looking negroes who evidently like being soldiers — and
Arab irregulars or country police ; and the scientific exploration of the colony is not
neglected. There wiU, however, be great difficulties, the foremost one being
the question if the primitive and not over-successful culture of the soU can be

' Though one cannot take the writings of ancient writers too literally, there is no doubt that the
plateau of Barka, standing out like an island from the vast expanse of desert and semi-desert, and
separated entirely from all other wooded lands, must have been very different in olden times, showing
a chiefly Mediterranean or mixed flora, not a true Saharan one like Tripoli and the Libyan desert.
Cupresms eempervirens over 20 m. high (Rohlf's " 50 m." was probably an error) must have been
much more numerous, probably Pinus has existed and Quercus has been widely spread ; but in ancient
times Cyrene possessed a powerful fleet and invented a special type of ships, and the forests must
have given them the wood. More recently, about 1869, the attempts of Ali Rizan Pasha to colonise
and rebuild the half-sanded harbours demanded masses of wood. Ancient Romans and Greeks,
Turks and Arabs, only vinderstood cutting down, not replanting woods. Tlie Italians, the present
masters of Cyrenaica, must begin to stop the destruction of forests, but so far it seems to go on
unchecked, and masses of fine wood, apparently all juniper, is being heaped up at Benghasi, but
no new plantations are made. If the Italians hope to create once more the fertility and high culture
of old Cyrene, Teucheira, etc., which under Arab rule has fallen back into solitude and barbarity,
they must preserve the woods and build water-barrages, which have been frequent in the coimtry,
ruins being visible in numerous places, even in the plain of Merg, which is fairly fertile and has much
deep red soil.

6 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

improved so as to yield more regular and richer crops. To do this it will be
necessary to regulate the water-supply, to buUd dams and aquaeducts, etc. ;
but all this cannot succeed if the rainfall has really considerably duninished,
and if the layer of red soil on the rocky slopes has really to a great extent been
washed away by the torrential rains, in consequence of the destruction of the
woods and bushes. The climate is actually very good in the spring, being,
during my vLsit, nice and warm in the daytime, cool and even cold at night.
The gebli or south wuids are dreaded and very impleasant, as they bring sand
and dust, especially the red dust from the red soil, which pervades and tinges
everything. It is naturally hot in the summer, but can be cold in the winter,
when the desert has cooled down. Rain falls frequently and in great quantities
in the winter months, but apparently somewhat irregularly. In March the
rains diminish, but in March 1868 Rohlfs suffered greatly from rain and cold,
while in 1922 I did not see a drop of rain in Benghasi, nor felt one drop in AprU,
when it is always diminished, but not often quite absent. In May rain is not
observed, but in 1892 some did fall, and in 1922 we had terrific thunderstorms
and nearly two days of rain in Merg, preceded and followed by beautiful dry
weather.

The ornis and in fact the whole fauna is, as I said already, poorer than
that of Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco. The desert of the south is apparently
as rich and as poor in birdlife as that south of Algeria and Timisia, but all we
know of it is the result of Dodson's journey along the coast from Bisher to Ben-
ghasi, and of Dr. Festa's hurried trip to Mechili, about 100 km. south of Derna,
almost m the real desert. Both these collectors have found the same desert
birds which occur in the northern parts of the western Sahara, though with a
few exceptions : no Ammomanes deserti appears to be known, no Crateropus
(Argya), no Merops persicus, neither Oenanthe Ivgens nor leucopyga and others,
though they may have been overlooked so far. The steppe and semi-desert
which I visited near Soluk and Sheleidima has also the same avifauna as that of
similar districts south of Algeria and Tunisia, some species, like the Houbara
Bustard, being far more numerous, probably because not yet so much persecuted,
on account of the absence of Euroi:)eans, who readily pay for the birds (in Algeria
mostly trapped at the nest !) and eggs. Strange is the absence of any form of
Ammomanes deserti, Calandrella brachydactyla (except on migration), Crateropus,
though one or the other of these might still be found somewhere, being, like all
desert birds, peculiar to special kinds of formation and vegetation of the desert
and steppe.

The chief interest attaches naturally to the wooded and agricultural districts
of the plateau of Barka, the altopiano of the Italians. This region is separated
from all other forests by wide desert belts in the west and east, and even Egypt
has no forests. One therefore would at once expect the inhabitants of these
woods to be different from those of all other forest regions. This is indeed the
fact to some extent, but as the number of forest birds in Cyrenaica is small,
there are not many peculiar forms restricted to it. Possibly the avifauna of
the juniper woods of Cyrenaica is also a relic of what it once has been. Only
a single species of Titmice (a form of Blue Tit), has been found, while three Tits
occur in Tunisia and westwards ; we found no Certhia, no Woodpeckers, no Jay (!),
no Regulus, no Pica, neither Coccothratisles nor Loxia, neither Chloris nor Serinus,
no Emberiza, neither Skylark nor Woodlark, no Phylloscopm nor Hippolais,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 7

no Cisticola, no Blackbirds nor Tardus viscivorus, and other birds which frequent
the woods of the Atlas regions.

We observed a good deal of bird migration, the prettiest instance being
the number of Red-footed Falcons in the plain of Merg.

The following is the literature on the birds of Cyrenaica :

1902. Whitakeb. — " On a Small Collection of Birds from Tripoli." In
Ibis, 1902, pp. 644-56.

The results of Edward Dodson's plucky journey from Tripoli to Murzuk
and thence in a north-easterly direction to the GuK of SyrtLs and skirting along
the coast of south-western Cyrenaica to Benghasi.

1916. Salvadgei and Festa. — " Alcune uccelli della Cirenaica, colla des-
crizione di una nuova specie del genere Caccabis." In Bolletino del Mus. Zool.
ed Anat. comp. R. Universitd Torino, xxxi. No. 714.

Enumeration of twelve species collected by an army official in Cyrenaica.
This collection was bought by Dr. Festa and presented to the Turin Museum.
The species are mostly common migrants. As new is described the finest and
most distinct of all Cyrenaican birds, the Barbary Partridge.

1921. Salvadoei and Festa. — " Missione zoologico del Dott. E. Festa in
Cirenaica. Uccelli." In Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. comp. Torino, xxxvi. No. 738.

The weU-known traveller and zoological collector Festa visited Cyrenaica
in April and May 1921, staymg at and near Benghasi, Coefia, about 20 km.
north-east of Benghasi, at Ghemmez and Sidi-Chelani, near Gheminez, and
collected 41 species, including some specimens and remains of birds received
from a Mr. Bosio.

Dr. Festa visited Cyrenaica agam from November 1921 to June 1922, and
the results of this prolonged stay will, we hope, soon be made known. I had
the pleasure of meeting hun in Merg, and saw some of his collection, a great part
of which had previously been sent to Italy. I only made mental notes on the
bu-ds I saw in his collection, which will soon be fuUy listed and described.

Hilgert and I stayed in the colony from March 25th to May 19th.

The species which have been proved to nest or of which we must suppose
that they are nesting in Cyrenaica are marked with an asterisk.

* 1. Corvus corax tingitanus Irby.

Hitherto no writer had mentioned Ravens as occurring in Cyrenaica. We
saw the first specimens about 25 km. north-east of Benghasi, and it is not rare
in all the mountainous districts. The form is C. c. tingitanus, as we knew it
must be, because Meinertzhagen shot it at Solium, while the Desert-Raven,
C. c. ruficollis {umhrinus auct.), is found at Siwa and doubtless in rocky ranges
in the desert south of Cyrenaica. We observed C. c. tingitamis from Tobruk
to Soluk and shot it.

2. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris L.

[Starlings do not nest in Cyrenaica, but S. vulgaris vulgaris visits it occasion-
ally in winter, as evidenced by a specimen mentioned by Salvadori & Festa
in 1916.]

8 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

3. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L).
Occurs in spring in CjTenaica. Festa had seen it early in May near Benghasi,
and we have seen a male and obtained a female near Merg during the first half
of May.

* 4. Carduelis carduelis africana (Hart.).

We saw once some Goldfinches in the town of Merg, and came across several
old birds and a number of young ones in the juniper woods on the hiUs near
Merg. Early in May the young were flying about with full-grown wings. We
were unlucky with these birds, and got only one adult male, on May 6th. I
am, however, convinced that it is C. c. africana, the size of the biU and the colour
agreeing with our Algerian and other specimens, the wings measuring about
(rather worn !) 77 mm. When motoring back from Merg a flock passed over
the lorry. — Festa told me that he fomid Goldfinches near Derna, which was to
be expected, as it is chiefly a bird of garden land.

* 5. Carduelis cannabina mediterranea (Tschusi).

We only saw Linnets in the town of Merg and in the wire entanglements
around the place, and once heard their call on the hUls, where they were flying
overhead. We were only able to shoot one male and two females on May 15th
and 16th, another adult inale being lost in the barbed wire. As far as I can see
from this meagre material of very much worn specimens, they belong to the Medi-
terranean form, which I believe to range over South Europe from Spain to Dal-
matia {t3rpicat locality of mediterranea), and Greece, and over Africa Minor. This
form is very closely allied to C. cannabina cannabina of North and Middle Europe,
but is in corresponding plumage sliglitly paler, and the wing averages shorter.
Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2052. The bill is often larger than in C. c. cannabina,
but all this can only be seen in series. Doubtless these birds at Merg were " at
home " and nesting in the country. Dr. Festa shot Linnets in the groves of
date-palms near Benghasi, where we saw none in AprU. These birds may possibly
have been visitors from Europe.

* 6. Erythrospiza githaginea zedlitzi Neum.
[We did not come across Erythrospiza githaginea, but Festa submitted to
me a male which he had shot in the desert far south of Derna, which belongs to
the slightly difierent western form E. githaginea zedlitzi Neum.]

* 7. Fringilla coelebs spodiogenys Bp.
We found this Finch only in the juniper woods of the western plateau
of Barka, from the western slopes of the Djebel Achdar to the woods at the foot
of and on the hills east and south of Merg. Young with full-grown primaries
were shot on May Uth. A nest with two fresh eggs, evidently a second brood,
was found near Merg on a juniper tree. They are typical, like Chaffinch eggs
from Algeria, Marocco, and elsewhere, even in Europe perfectly similar eggs
might be found of Fringilla coelebs colebs. They measure 21 x 15 and 20-5 X
15-5 mm. As far as one can see from these much-worn skins they are typical
spodiogenys. It must be remembered that F. c. spodiogenys inhabits only

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 9

eastern Tunisia, while in the mountain forests of north-western Tunisia (Ain
Draham), F. c. africana is found. The wings of the Cyrenaica males measure
(worn !) about 90-95 mm.

* 8. Passer domesticus tingitanus Loche.

Sjiarrows are found wherever towns or vUlages exist. They are numerous
in the town and gardens of Benghasi, Merg, Gheminez, and at Soluk. In many
specimens, especiaUy when seen alive in the African'sun, the sides of the head
appear strikingly white, but in others they are more or less strongly suffused
with grey, thus not diEEering from a long series from Algeria and Marocco. The
wings of males measure 75 (two only) to 81 mm. Some specimens have extended
black spots on the crou n, others show hardly any or none, exactly as in Algeria.
The amount of chestnut in the nape varies much, and the pale patches on the
back also. In a male from Benghasi and stiU more in one from Merg chestnut
patches extend over a great part of the crown. The latter suggests hybridisation
with Passer hispaniolensis, which also nests at Merg, but it may be individual
variation.

* 9. Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis (Temm.).

The Spanish Sparrow was only met with at Merg. On May 3rd Hilgert
and I spotted its note, which is higher and somewhat more musical than that
of P. domesticus, in the enormous fig-tree in the garden before our window,
and shot a male. Afterwards it was only noticed several times in the town and
its immediate surroundings, on the barbed-wire entanglement. The specimens
are very worn and agree with those from other countries. The wings measure
78, 79, 81, the last much worn.

* 10. Emberiza calandra calandra L.

In the little native gardens near the Giuliana (Benghasi), two specimens seen
27.iii, another shot 17. iv. These birds were apparently not nesting there,
but two were seen and the female shot in the fields near Merg, 2 . v. These latter
were evidently " at home " and nesting somewhere near. The specimens do not
seem to differ from others of Europe, Algeria, Marocco. The supposed differences
of E. c. algeriensis Gornitz (Falco, xvii. No. 2, p. 1, 1921) are not confirmed by
our scries.

[It is very strange that no other species of Emberiza has been observed by
us in Cyrenaica, neither nesting nor on passage. On the north-west slope of
the Djebel Achdar we once saw a brown bird which might have been some
Emberiza, but a search at once and again on our return journey in the place
was without avail.]

* 11. Melanocorypha calandra calandra (L.)

Avoids the arid stony stretches, but abounds in the more fertile plains,
as for example along the little 32 km. long railway from Benghasi to Er-Regima,
especially near El-Benia, and on the plateau near Er-Regima, and is most abun-
dant in the plam of Merg, in the fields and thistles and other low plants. It
nests also near Soluk and Gheminez. On May 3rd Dr. Festa found young bu-ds

10 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

not yet half-size. They agree with my description, and the spots on lower throat
and jugulum are round and in rows. Nearly all our specimens are more or less
rufescent, but this is clearly due to the reddish soil and dust on which they live.
Wings, cJ 130-136, $ 116 to over 120 (much worn). The ? is much smaller,
not " etwas kletner," as said in Vog. pal Fauna, p. 209. The song of the Calandra
is sometimes overrated. It is a wonderful singer, its song is louder and more
flute-like than that of the Skylark, but it is constantly iiiterrupted by grating
notes, lacking somewhat the jubilant quality of that of the Skylark. It is
known to imitate other bird-songs beautifully, but evidently only some indi-
viduals do this, and in this it cannot compare with the Grey Shrikes, especially
in Africa.

* 12. Galerida cristata festae Hart.

Galerida cristata festae Hartert, Bull. B. 0. Club, xliii. p. 12 (1922 — Plateau and plains of Barka).

This long-bUled Crested Lark is more or less common in the plains at the
foot of the hUls to the seashore and on the slopes and plateau of Djebel Achdar,
at least as far as Ghemincz, TUimun, Soluk, and Sheleidima in the south. On
the plateau it is more found at the foot of the hUls or m open spaces in the woods,
not in the middle of cornfields , but where there is uncultivated land. In habits
it agrees with other forms of G. cristata, and it is often found together with
Calandrella minor. Salvadori and Festa called this form Gal. cristata arenicola,
but it is very different from the latter, being much shorter in the wing and darker,
more rufescent brown on the upperside and wings. It is nearest to G. c. brachyura
and G. c. zion, two very closely allied subspecies from Palestine, but it is browner
on upperside and wings, more rufescent, and its bUl is longer and often thicker.
WhUe the bill of the two Palestine races measures generally 19 to 21, and only
exceptionally reaches 22 mm., that of G. c. festae is 20 to 22-5, mostly 21 to 22 mm.
long. The wings of 15 males measure 105-109 (the latter not often), those of
11 females 98 (rarely)-102, once 103 mm.

Meinertzhagen (Ibis, 1921, p. 639) united vfithG.c. brachyura not only the birds
from lower Jordan Valley, Dead Sea, Sinai, Suez Canal, southern Palestine, BoroUos
beach in the northern Egyptian delta (where otherwise G. c. nigricans occurs),
and Alexandria, but also those from Solium, just east of the Cyrenaican boundary.
With this I agree, as there is no difference in colour and size, but it must be
noticed that the SoUum birds (Meinertzhagen collected a good series there)
have often thicker bUls, thus, one might say, showing an approach to G. c. festae.

A full clutch of four eggs was found on April 11th on the plateau near
Er-Regima on grassland and cultivated stretches by the side of a thistle-bush.
The eggs are rather jjale, white with pale olivaceous-brown spots, and a few grey
deeper-lying spots and patches. They measure 21-9 x 17, 22-9 X 17, 23 x 17,
and 23 x 17-2 mm. A nearly full-grown young was shot in the same place on
the same day. The real colour of this Lark is difficult to understand, as nearly
all specimens — and in fact all ground birds in Cyrenaica — are strongly tainted
by the red soil and fine dust of the country, but specimens shot on the whitish
sand dunes near the coast north of Benghasi and a young bird reveal the actual
coloration. No doubt the colour of Crested Larks and many other ground birds
is due to the prevailing coloration of the soil and has nothing to do with the
amount of rainfall, as pointed out by Meinertzhagen in Ibis, 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. J.1

* 13. Galerida theklae cyrenaicae Whit.

Oalerida theklae cyrenaicae Whitaker, Ibis, 1902, p. 654 {Cyrenaica, viz. Bir-Tabilleh, Bisher, Sidi
Sweya). *

Hitherto only known from the coast of south-western Cyrenaica, and from
specimens collected by Meinertzhagen near Solium, just east of the boundary
of Eg3rpt and Cyrenaica. It must therefore occur in many other suitable places
in Cyrenaica, but neither has Festa found it, nor did we come across it anywhere
in the coastal plains or plateau, but on April 21st we found it common on the
bare hills near Sheleidima. When seeing these stony, sand-coloured hills
(not red as in th-' north !), their similarity to the hills near Biskra where a form
of O. theklae (hilgerti) is common, struck me at once. I therefore asked Hilgert
to explore the plains and river-bed south of the hills and went myself into the
hills, bare and uninviting though they looked. After a dreary walk of half
an hour I heard the note of a crested lark, which was evidently not that of
G. cristata festae, which was common in the plains, it being higher and somewhat
less loud. Ascending the hill from which it came, I soon saw a pair and shot it.
All specimens were of course in worn plumage, and there were young ones about,
as I handled one shot by a chauffeur, unfortunately with big shot and impossible
to skin.

These Larks kept entirely to the hills, on the foot of which, near the deserted
fortress, it met O. c. feae, and could there be seen in the same places, exactly
as G. c. hilgerti and G. c. arenicola near Biskra, which inhabit different places,
but meet at the foot of the hUls. Doubtless G. t. cyrenaicae will occur along the
southern slopes of the Cyrenaican plateau in many places.

The wings of our specimens measure : seven ^, 98-102-5 ; two $, 92, 95 ;
Meinertzhagen's specimens from Solium ^ 97-102, $ 91-96 mm. (a " male "
with a wing of 94 is doubtless wrongly sexed).

The winter plumage differs somewhat from the spring birds ; the upper-
side looks lighter, as the greyish edges to the feathers are more or less hiding
the dark centres ; on the chest the dark brown centres are more or less covered
by the white edges, therefore the blackish spots look as if they were less sharply
defined, more washed out. Similar differences are seen in all Larks.

The nearest subspecies is G. t. deichleri from the Tuneso-AIgerian Sahara,
but the latter is, as a rule, much lighter on the upperside, the dark centres
to the feathers being more sandy, not so dark, the wing is longer, the bill larger ;
the coloration of G. i. deichleri, however, varies very much, and a few specimens
which we collected south of Biskra differ very little from G. t. cyrenaicae in colour ;
our G. t. cyrenaicae hardly differ individually, which is unusual in G. theklae.

14. Calandrella brachydactyla brachydactyla (Leisl.).

We were rather astonished not to find any Calandrella brachydactyla breeding,
but several times during the last week of March and again on April 15th flocks
of Calandrella brachydactyla, as a rule rather shy, and obviously on migration
were observed. Specimens shot are very reddish, but they do not belong to
the paler C. br. herrnonensis ( = rubiginosa), which nests in N.W. Africa
(Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia).

12 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 15. Calandrella minor minor (Cab.).

This species, of which so far one skin without tail from Sidi Chelani, east
of Gheminez, was known (Festa leg.), is the commonest bird on the plains near
Benghasi, and is found all along the flat country south to Gheminez and thence
to Soluk, and north to Tokra. It is an inhabitant of the open stony districts
and fields, but is rare in or absent from the bush country. We found it rare on
the plateau near Er-Regima, and never came across it in the plain of Merg nor,
of course, in the junijier woods. On jMay 17th I caught a young bird which
could only fly a little in the coastal plain between Tokra and Benghasi. A young
just hatched from the egg was taken on AprU 28th. It had the inside of the mouth
flesh-colour, edges yellow, a striking black tip to both upper and under mandibles.
The down is long and plentiful, pale yellowish brown or sand-colour ; tarsi light.
A smgle fresh egg was taken at Soluk, 23. iv. 1922. The nest stood by the side
of a little Salsola bush, and was surrounded on the outside by pieces of caked
mud, recalling the stone-walls, or runs of OenantJie leucura, Rhamphoc^rrys , and
other birds. The egg is white and is covered with small pale brown spots and
very few pale greyish ones.

* 16. Chersophilus duponti margaritae (Koenig).

A female was shot by Dr. Festa at Mechili, about 100 km. south-west of Derna
in March 1922, and the nest with 3 eggs found. About a month later, April
22nd, we discovered it near Soluk, where a few pairs lived, and not far from
Tilimun, on April 24th. It inhabits plains rich in low scrub-vegetation and tus-
socks of grass, and the edges of fields. It is, as everywhere, mostly difficult
to detect, running on the ground in silence or with a soft, by no means loud
" tsiii," and soon disappearing in cover. Thus it may easily be overlooked during
hurried visits to certain places. On the other hand, it cannot pass unnoticed
in the spring, when singing, as its song is unlike any other ; it soars skywards
singing, singing, until it is almost and sometimes quite lost sight of, its song
still continuing, until it suddenly " falls " down to the ground. We have watched
it sometimes half an hour and nearly an hour before it descended ; it alights
on an open space, but if one wants to shoot it one must be quick, as it soon
runs into cover or ascends again into the air after a very short rest. With
regard to the song, we made the most unexpected observation. While both
Chersophilus duponti duponti on the plateau of Algeria and C. d. margaritae in
South Tunisia sing " tsii didla didla diii," the " tsii " being a high-pitched fine
introductory note only, not heard at a great distance, the specimens we heard
near Soluk and Tilimun sang entirely different, very clearly " dii-drii " or " dii-
dii-drii," or " diir-drii," often followed by a trilling " drrrrrrr." The two songs
are quite different, but there is no mistake about this fact, nor is the song of
the two subspecies different. Hilgert described the song of C. d. margaritae in
South Tunisia to me as " didla didla diii " year after year, and when at last,
in 1914, we came across C. d. duponti (see Novitates Zoologicae, 1915, pp. 72,
73), I found its song absolutely as he had described it (see above). On the other
hand, we heard three males singing in South Cyrenaica, and each sang exactly
like the other. We were very much astonished at this difference of song, which
I put down in my notebook on the spot. We had the song from Algeria well
in our memory, but when we first heard C. d. margaritae sing we thought it was

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 13

the song of another bird unknown to us, until looking through the glass we
found it was the bird we were particularly lookuig out for, because it had been
shot by Meinertzhagen fifteen miles west of Solium — therefore it was bound to
occur in southern Cyrenaica. It is thus the bird of the northern Sahara
from Tunisia to the northern Libyan desert ; in Tripolitania it Ls sure to occur,
but has not yet been found. About the distribution of Chersophilus in Algeria, cf .
NoviTATES ZooLOGiCAE, 1914, p. 73. Though difficult to collect on accomit
of its habits, Chersophilus is not really shy.

It is somewhat unfortunate that Koenig discovered C. d. margaritae as far
north as Gabes, as specimens from there and Gafsa and Feriana to Djebel Souenia
are not so red as others from farther south, i.e. from Medenme, Oued Nakhla,
and Tatahouine in S. Tunisia, from C3Tenaica and Solium. One is tempted
to recognise three forms, the darkest one from the plateaux of Algeria and Tunisia,
the intermediate typical margaritae from Gafsa to Gabes and Djebel Souenia,
and the reddest from Tatahouine, Oued NakUa, and Medinine to South Cyren-
aica (SoUuk, Tilimun, Mechili) and Solium. This Ls, however, not to be done,
because there is a good deal of variation, both in the northern form and in
margaritae. One of our Soluk specimens in fact agrees perfectly with one from
Gabes ; others bemg as beautifully reddish as those from Tatahouine, etc., and
as the very fine reddish one obbtained by Meinertzhagen west of Solium. (Cf.
also Whitaker, B. Tunisia, i , p. 245-50.)

It must also be repeated that the bill in males is longer than in C. d. duponti,
and this refers to specmiens from Gabes and Tatahouine, Soluk, and SoUum.
The wings of the Cyrenaica males measure 99 to 104, that of the one female
92 mm.

One thing must be added : these birds must have had young and were evi-
dently going to nest a second time ; the sexual organs were already reduced,
but they were singing incessantly, though only in the early morning, not a note
being heard after eight in the morning, nor did they sing near Soluk m the late
afternoon and evening.

* 17. Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes (Desf.).

The " Muka " of the Arabs was seen here and there between Sheleidima and
Soluk, and near Soluk. Specimens agree with Tunisian and Algerian ones.
The diSerence in size and spotting of the chest is very striking, but it is difficult
to understand that Tristram, who described the female as a different species,
did not notice that the large and small birds were sexes, as he must have been
able to observe the Muka frequently on his journey to El-Oued, Tuggurt, and
Biskra. Dr. Festa received a specimen shot near Benghasi m winter, but it is
doubtless not there in the spring, and must have been a stray bird.

18. Rhamphocorys clot-bey (Bp.).

[Dr. Festa shot a specimen near Mechili, about 100 km. south of Derna 1
As it ranges east to Egypt this is not very surprising, but it Ls of miportance to
have obtained the proof of the occurrence in South Cyrenaica, where it will be
found nesting.]

14 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 19. Eremophila alpestris bilopha (Temm.).

[Eremophila alpestris bilopha was obtained by Fcsta near Mechili, about
100 km. south-south-west from Derna. We were astonished not to find it
near Soluk and Sheleidima, where it seemed quite suitable for the species.]

* 20. Ammomanes phoenicura arenicolor (Sundev).

[A specimen of Ammomanes plioen. arenicolor was shot by Festa near
Mechili. It is strange that no form of Ammomanes deserti has so far been found
in Cyrenaica !]

21. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.).
Was common in bushes near the shore at Benghasi from end of March
to April 17th, also several seen as late as AprU 21st.

22. Anthus pratensis (L.).
Several times observed near Benghasi end of March and early April.

23. Anthus campestris campestris (L.).
Observed on migration 1 . iv. near Benghasi, 8 . iv. in the plain of Driana,
11. iv. Er-Regima, on the plateau.

24. Motacilla fiava dombrowskii (Tschusi).

This was the commonest form of the Yellow WagtaU from March 27th
to AprU 3rd near Benghasi, when they were observed in flocks of 30 to 50 and
sometimes to about 200, mostly near the shore. Small flocks of either this or
M. flava flava were seen April 8th, 13th, and 25th, but the big ones had left their
familiar haunts before the middle of the month.

(M. /. dombrowskii has darker crown of the head, blacker ear-coverts, slightly
darker back ; it is strikmg when one compares a series from Rumania and Herze-
govina with breeding birds from Central Europe and South Sweden, i.e. true
flava, but sometimes specimens of the latter can hardly be distinguished and it
is*sometimes difficult to say to which form a single bird shot on migration or in
winter quarters in Africa may belong, though as a rule they can be easily separ-
ated. )

25. Motacilla flava flava L.
A male shot at Benghasi out of a small flock on April 26th is, in my opinion,
this form. A small flock seen the day before on the beach in the town of Ben-
ghasi appeared also to be 31. f. flava, very likely indeed it was the same flock,
out of which one was killed the next day.

26. Motacilla flava Jeldegg Michah.

From March 28th to April 2nd in small numbers near Benghasi, in flocks
of M. f. dombrowskii. On April 2nd two males easily recognisable among many
dombrowskii. On March 30th a small flock apparently all jeldegg. Dr. Festa
told me that near Derna in eastern Cyrenaica he had only seen M. j. fcldegg.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 15

One of our males has an indication of a yellow superciliary line — duU though
distinct above the lores, indicated by two yellow feathers behmd the eye. One
male has white chiia and line under sides of head like M. f. melanogrisea (rectius
kaleniczenkii, of. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2098). The females of M. f. feldegg have
no supercOiary line — it occurs only quite exceptionally !

27. Motacilla alba alba L.

Observed at close quarters March 27th and AprU 2nd. (Said to be common
earlier in the year.)

* 28. Parus caeruleus cyrenaieae Hart.

Parus caeruleus cyrenaicaeHaTteit, Bull. B. 0. Club, xlii. p. 1-tO (1922 — " Woods of the mountains
and plateau of north-western Cj'renaica, or Barka").

This form Ls nearest to the Parus caeruleus ultramarinus from Tunisia,
Algeria, and Marocco, but differs in the smaller white frontal patch, deeper blue
upperside, and shorter wings. Wings : three ^ ad. 57, 58, 60, four$ ad. 56-58 mm.
Our specunens being very worn, I cannot be certam, but it seems to me that in
fresh plumage the white tips to the longer ujjper wing-coverts must be larger,
and perhaps the breast brighter yellow. In P. c. ultramarimis the wings measure
(J 63-67, $ 61-64 mm. The young birds which we collected have the back
darker, more olivaceous, than an Algerian youngster, and the pale yellow semi-
circular band round the back of the crown is absent or very faintly indicated ;
perhaps this is also narrower in adults in fresh autumn plumage. We found this
Tit only in. the juniper woods on the hiUs and at the foot of the latter, both south
and west of Merg, and it was by no means common. On May 11th an adult
male began already moulting its quiUs. Parties of full-grown young were met
with on May 0th and 8th. In habits and notes exactly like P. c. ultramarinus,
a true " Blue Tit," but perhaps less tame.

No other Titmouse was found m Cyrenaica. This is perhaps showing that
the country has never been very thickly wooded, as every wooded country in
the palaearctic region has more than one species of Paridae. It may be that
with the partial disappearance of forests certain wood-birds disappeared, but
Titmice are often content with bushwood and gardens and woidd hardly have
become extinct. Should there be or have been other Tits, they would almost
certainly have been of a peculiar subspecies, as the Cyrenaica forests are widely
separated in every direction from other forest countries.

* 29. Lanius excubitoi dodsoni Whit.

Grey Shrikes were met with wherever zizyphus bushes were found, more
or less numerous. They were not rare m the Driana plain, but more frequent
in a zizyphus zone north-west of Soluk, and abounded in the river-vaUey near
Sheleidtma. Twice a pair was observed in the hUl woods near Merg. They
must be called L. e. dodsoni, being darker than L. e. elegans, and as a rule paler
on upperside and underneath than L. e. algeriensis. They are, however, much
nearer the latter, and m fact the two forms can only be distinguished it series
are compared. One male, Driana plain, 6.iv., is underneath as grey and above
as dark as L. e. algeriensis, the others from the same locality do not differ from
Soluk and Sheleidima specimens. Wings, eight cj 106-112, $ 105, 107 mm.

16 NOVITATES ZOOLOOIC.IE XXX. 1923.

Young birds had already left nests April 8th in the Driana plain, and 20tli
near Soluk. A clutch of 6 eggs, Driana, 8 . iv. Nest in large Rhus oxyacantha bush,
typical, laid out with sheeps wool and vegetable wool ; like many nests of L. e.
elegans, troublesome to reach, bemg deep inside the thornbush. The same day
clutches with young fully developed in eggs were found. Clutches of 4 and 5
eggs, hard set, but stUl good enough to be preserved, were found 2 1 . iv. near
Sheleidima ; same day a clutch of 7 too hard .set. Eggs measure : 24-7 x 20-5,
25 X 20, 25 X 20, 25 X 20-4, 24-5 X 20 ; 28 x 19-5, 27-5 X 20-2, 27-2 X 24-5,
27-2 X 19-5 ; 24-5 X 20-2, 26 X 19-7, 24 X 19, 25 X 19-6, 24 X 19-6 mm.

Stomachs contained beetles and fruit of Bhus.

(Whitaker, Ibis, 1902, p. 652, mentions L. excubitor elegans as having been
obtained in south-western Cyrenaica ; this may be quite correct, as it represents
L. e. algeriensis of North Algeria, North Tunisia, and Tangier in Marocco, and
N. e. dodsoni in the real Sahara.)

* 30. Lanius senator senator L.
The Red-headed Shrike is a very common breeder in Cyrenaica, wherever
it finds sufficient trees ; it nests in"gardens^and^oases near Benghasi, but more

V

L. s. niloticits. L. s. niloticus. L. s. senator. L. a. senator.
Egypt. Palestine. Italy. Ceete.

/

L, 8, senator.
Cykenaica.

numerous m the woods on the hills. Evidently some arc also passing through
on migration. Pne male has barely an indication of the white loral patches ;
this is rare, -but I have one quite without them from Macedonia, another
like the Benghasi one from Air. One of the males has a little white at the base
of the middle rectrices, but this is not rarely found m L. s. senator, not, however,
covermg the base for about 2 to4cm. entirely.as h\L. s. niloticus (Meincrtzhagen —
Ibis, 1921, p. 131 — erroneously referred the breeding bu'ds from Crete to L.
8. niloticus.) The accompanymg figures will .^liow the difference between true

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 17

niloticus from Egjrpt and true senator with a little white at base of central rectrices.
These latter varieties are, according to Stresemann, commoner in Macedonia
than in Central Europe. A pair from the Leontes valley in Coelesyxia has the
base of the middle rectrices 22 mm. white. L. s. senator also occurs on migration
in Palestine.

A number of nests were found in the juniper woods near Merg during the
second week of May, but they were all too hard set for preparation. On May
9th and 12th, however, fresh clutches of 3 and 5 were found, probably of pairs
whose first clutches had been destroyed. Some nests contained already young.
The nests were placed nearly all in Juniperus, generally from 6 to 10 ft. high,
sometimes higher, one in a Ceratonia siliqua, and contained more or less aromatic
smelling herbs. The song of these Slirikes was often very disturbing, as they
seemed to imitate Pycno?iotus (not found in Cyrenaica), sang like a Thrush, nearly
like Turdus viscivoriis, and hardly two males seemed to sing alike. The food
of the Red-headed Shrike consists mainly of beetles, OrtJwptera, Bombus, small
lizards, and we saw one eating the breast of a Sylvia cantillans which it had
pinned on a thorn of an Acacia.

31. Muscicapa striata striata (Pall.).
We observed the species, 21. iv., 22. iv., 27. iv., 28. iv., 15. v., 17. v., near
Soluk, Benghasi, and Merg. From April 27th to 29th they were very numerous
in Benghasi ! Festa mentions neighbourhood of Benghasi, Gheminez.

32. Muscicapa hypoleuoa hypoleuca (Pall.).

(M. atricapilla auct., but hypoleuca two years' priority.)
A number were observed near Benghasi, 14. iv. and 15. iv., but I saw, it I
remember right, only one quite black-backed male.

33. Muscicapa albicollis Temm.

A more frequent migrant than M. hypoleuca. Sjiecimens shot near Benghasi,
9.iv., 13. iv. (several observed), 14. iv., 17. iv. In 1921 Festa had also shot one,
but not 31. hypoleuca.

34. Phylloscopus bonelli orientalis (Brehm).

This was the commonest Phylloscopus in and near Benghasi. The first
was shot AprU 2nd, on the 3rd and 4th they were common. On the 15th one
was seen, 17th several, 27th one, on May 18th stiU one in the garden in Benghasi
in front of the Hotel Italia. In 1921 Festa had shot one at Gheminez, 29. iv.
Our specimens belong all to the eastern form, being slightly more greyish on the
upperside and larger : wings, (J 67, $ 65, 66, 67 mm. (Cf. Vog. jyal. Fauna, p.
2138.)

35. Fbylloscopus trochilus trochilus (L.).

We only shot one male, Benghasi, 26. iv., but Phylloscopi, which were this
species or co%6ita were observed at Merg 13. v., and two keeping in the barley (!)
14. V. These latter were, I think, collybita, another 15. v. They were, however,
by no means common.

2

18 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

36. Phylloscopus sibilatrix erlangeri Hart.

Cf. VdiJ. pal. Fauna, pp. 516, 2139.

Wood-warblers visited the steamer on March 23rd, between Sicily and
Benghasi. The next we saw (and shot) was April 13th, near Benghasi ; 3 were
seen May 1st near Benghasi. In 1921 Festa had shot one as late as May 24th
near Benghasi.

My specimen is brightly coloured, and would belong to the Mediterranean
subspecies, if that can be separated. It seems to me that all those obtained on
migration in spring are brightly coloured, and that they become duller in colour
during breeding-season — in North and Central Europe at least ! Salvadori
and Festa, however, also distinguish this subspecies !

37. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (L.).
We shot one Great Reed-warbler, which kept in some fig-trees near
Benghasi (Giuliana), on AprU 14th. Another was shot in the barbed wire
at Merg, May 15th, but lost.

38. Hippolais icterina (Vieill.).

[We never observed any kind of Hippolais, but Festa got one near Gheminez,
May 5th, 1921.]

* 39. Sylvia hortensis crassirostris Cretzschm.

The eastern form of the Orphean Warbler nests in small numbers on the
hUls and on the plain at the foot of the mountains near Merg. These birds were
very shy and we had to use the 12-bore guns to get a few specimens ; while in
Northern Algeria we found the western form more or less tame, in the gardens
of Algiers for example, so that one could shoot them with a stick. The song is,
in my opinion, less beautiful than that of the Blackcap, and resembles more
that of the Garden Warbler, but sometimes resembled that of Pycnonotus barbatus.
On May 9th young had already left a nest, though wings and tail were not yet
full grown. The iris of adults is ivory-white, that of the young brown !

We shot an adult male with testicles 11x5 mm., in fine fresh plumage, and
a slaty-grey — not black — crown, whOe other males and a female had brownish
black crowns and very worn plumage.

The species is new for Cyrenaica, and it is interesting to see that it is the
eastern form, the " Curruca jerdoni " of Blyth.

40. Sylvia borin (Bodd.).

[We did not come across this species, but Festa shot one near Benghasi
(Fuehat) on May 18th. No doubt on passage, notwithstanding the late date.
In North Algeria met with as late as May 19th quite common, but not nesting !
At El-Golea in the Sahara shot on May 13th.]

41. Sylvia communis communis Lath.
Only a few times observed and collected : Benghasi April 5th and 2Gth,
Merg May 15th, either in small bushes and fig-trees, or in barbed wire. Evi-
dently on migration.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923. 19

42. Sylvia ruppeli Temm.

Passed through Cyrenaica in April. Specimens were observed and collected
in the low fig-trees and Retama bushes at the Giuliana near Benghasi, April 4th
and 9th, single adult males, and several April 17th. I did not hear them sing.
This is the westernmost locality for the species. Loche's statement that a pair
nested near MUana in Algeria is probably an error ; a specimen was evidently
not preserved, and the description of the eggs does not agree with those I
have seen.

* 43. Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gm.).

A common breeder — though it does not figure in the list of birds collected
in 1921 by Festa ! — ia the plains covered with bush, in the Driana north of Ben-
ghasi, and in the woods near Merg, in the plain as well as on the mountains.
Young birds with full-grown wings May 4th near Merg. Quite a nmnber of
nests were found on the 9th, 10th, and 11th of May, some with small yoimg,
mostly with 3 or 4 eggs, all too hard set for preparation. They were mostly
in juniper trees, some on branches far from the trunk, one in Pistacia lentisciis.
They consisted entirely of dry fine grass and tiny stems of other small plants,
with seeds resembling those of dandelions, lined with finer material, but without
hair or feathers.

44. Sylvia cantillans albistriata (Brehm).

iSiibalpine Warblers were very common during last week in March in the
scrub near the shore near Benghasi and in the Driana district ; they even visited
the new garden in front of the Hotel Italia, and visited us on the steamer between
Syracuse and Benghasi, March 23rd. They were, however, evidently only on
passage, and do not nest in Cyrenaica, in our opinion. A male was one of the
first birds we obtained. Towards the middle of AprU they became rarer, and
none were seen AprU 17th, but they reappeared April 26th in numbers ; after
that we have not seen any. Belated specimens may, however, have passed, but
then we left Benghasi and worked in other places. The specimens we collected
belong all to albistriata ; though one or two of the females cannot easUy be
classified, the males are all quite distinctly of the eastern form.

* 45. Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.).

The Rufous Warbler — typical western form — nests in small numbers in
the woods of juniper, lentiscus, etc., near Merg. We found them much more
shy than in Algeria and Tunisia. I was rather astonished not to see them in
the hedges of " prickly pear " {Opuntia) near Benghasi, surrounding some of the
gardens and little oases. Festa, however, told me that he had obtained speci-
mens of Agrobates, apparently on migration, near Benghasi and Derna.

46. Monticola saxatilis (L.).

One seen in the wire entanglements near Benghasi 14. iv, two in the plain
between Soluk and Benghasi, 20. iv., obviously on migration.

20 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923.

47. Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

The Wheatear was the commonest migrant near Benghasi from March 24th
to end of April, but specimens were getting scarce then, though a few were
observed as late as May 15th at Merg.

48. Oenanthe hispanica melanoleuca (Giild.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2162 !)

Single specimens observed in the neighbourhood of Benghasi, 29.iii., Sl.iii.,
several l.iv., 2.iv. Both black-throated and white- throated males collected.
Only a bird of passage in Western Cyrenaica ; none seen on the plateau near
Merg.

(In birds in the first spring, i.e. not quite a year old, the inner webs of pri-
maries and secondaries are usually pale dull brownish, in older birds nearly
quite black ; such first-year birds, recognisable by their more brownish quills,
are hardly distinguishable from Oe. h. hispanica if the throat is white.)

* 49. Oenanthe moesta (Lie lit.).

Five or six pairs were observed between Soluk and Sheleidima, evidently
having young. Already collected by Dodson in south-western Cyrenaica.

* 50. Oenanthe deserti homochroa (Tristr.).

[Collected by Dodson in south-westernmost Cyrenaica, and one damaged
$ was obtained by Festa near Gheminez, 1 .v. 1921.]

51. Saxicola rubetra spatzi (Erl.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, pp. 703, 2164.)

First seen Sl.iii., in small numbers here and there throughout April near
Benghasi, at Er-Regima on the plateau near Soluk, and near Gheminez 24. iv.,
also a few as late as May 12th, 13th, 15th near Merg. On April 26th quite
common near Benghasi. All these are pale, agreeing perfectly with S. r. spatzi.
On p. 2164 of my book I have thrown doubt on this pale race, but certainly all
western birds from Spain, Great Britain, to Germany, Sweden, Baltic Republics,
etc., are darker, more reddish than spatzi, which, however, appears to have a wide
distribution in the east.

52. Saxicola torquata rubicola (L).

A single male, probably of this form, observed at length 16. iv. on small
bushes at the edge of barley-fields ; we had only walking-stick guns and could
not get near enough to shoot it.

53. Fhoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

From March 29th to April 26th frequently in small numbers in gardens
and bush near Benghasi, also on AprU 21st at Soluk.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 21

* 54. Luscinia megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm.
The Nightingale nests in Cyrenaica, at least in the gardens of Benghasi
(Berka). We saw it already on 28.iii., and heard it singing for the first time
2.iv. No Nightingales were seen on the plateau near Merg or in the juniper
woods. I was told that it is common at Derna, so it seems to be entirely a
garden bird in Cyrenaica. One of our specimens has unusually rich buS under
tail-coverts, the other not. Similarly rich ones occur m England, Marocco,
Germany. No nest was seen, but from behaviour and statements by several
inhabitants there can be no doubt that these bu-ds breed in the country.

* 55. Troglodytes troglodytes juniperi Hart.

Troglodytes troglodytes juniperi Hartert, Bull. B. O. Club, xlii. p. 140 (1922 — "juniper woods on
mountains and plateau of north-wcBtern Cyrenaica, or Barka").

This Wren is nearest to T. t. kahylorum from Algeria and neighbouring coun-
tries, but differs in its longer bill and darker brown feet. When I described
it in June 1922, I had only one pair before me, the bulk of my collection arriving
later, and the series bears out my original diagnosis. On one label I had marked :
" Iris brown. Bill black horn-brown, base of lower flesh. Feet brown." In
Algerian skins I have marked on the labels : " Feet fleshy-brown, very light yel-
lowish brown, dirty brownish flesh." Riggenbach described the feet in Marocco
as " hellbraun." The series of nine Cyrenaican skins compared with fifteen
from Algeria and Marocco shows the darker, deep brown, sometimes almost
black feet at a glance. The bills of T. t. juniperi are in every specimen longer
than in every one of T. t. kabylorum. It may be added that the lower bill of
T. t. juniperi has nearly always a greater portion of the distal part blackish,
often about half of the bill, while m T. t. kabylorum, as a rule, only the tip, seldom
half of it, is dark, and sometimes the whole under-mandible is flesh-colour, as
marked on the labels. The bills of T. t. juniperi measure 15-5 to 16-3, in T. t.
kabylorum 13-5 to 15 mm. Moreover, the bill of juniperi is slenderer. Wings
of T. t. juniperi : 46-48, mostly 47 mm. All our .specimens are males.

We found the Wren not very rare, though by no means numerous in the
woods of Juniperus, Arbutus, and Lentiscus on the Djebel Achdar, especially
on the mountains south of Merg. One empty nest, built of dry leaves of Lentiscus,
was found ; eggs and young were not obtained. Festa also collected some speci-
mens which I saw. The song is rather varied, sometimes a beautiful whistling
tirrrr-titwi, more often like bi-bi (very fine), pitsiwi-pitsiwi (stronger), bit-bit,
and bitbitsiwi, bitsiwibit. They were mostly singmg in the juniper-trees, their
real home. It was never seen in gardens or bush woods without junipers. It
is a more strikingly distinct subspecies than T. t. kabylorum and koenigi.

* 56. Hirundo rustics rustica L.

From the tune of our arrival we found Swallows at home on thek breeding-
places in and near Benghasi, and they were evidently also breeding in houses
in Soluk, Gheminez, and Merg. Judging from the varying number we used to
see end March and early AprU, I must think that some were also passmg through
at that time. We only shot one, undoubtedly one that would have been nestmg,
at Benghasi. It is slightly reddish underneath, but not more so than many

22 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXIX. 1923.

British specimens, and among the many we saw we did not notice one that was
more reddish than usual in spring in England and Germany, and some appeared
to he quite white. The wing of the male we collected measures only 122 mm.

57. Delichon urbica urbica (L.).

Rather to my surprise the House-martin is not nesting in western Cyrenaica.
Wherever we saw them they soon disappeared again, and no nests were seen,
though we looked out for them on all likely-lookmg buildings. The first we saw
were three specimens flying over the town of Benghasi, 13. iv. A single one in
the steppe east of Benghasi, 15. iv. Two Soluk, 23. iv. Near Merg, 3. v.,
small flock; 7. v., one single; 12. v. and 13. v., Merg, a few. Specimens shot
near Merg show that they belong to D. u. urbica.

58. Riparia riparia riparia (L.).

As far as we know, there is no breeding-place of Sand-martins in Cyrenaica,
but it is a frequent bird of passage. The first I saw were a couple near Benghasi,
5 . iv. None were observed after that imtil May 3rd, when I saw a single one at
Merg, and several 7. v., and more stUl 12. v. On May 13th there was at Merg
a larger flock, and again on the 14th a number were seen over the town of Merg.
They had disappeared the following day and only a single one was noticed on
the 16th.

The specimens agree perfectly with European specimens from England,
Germany, Sweden. The length of wing is variable, one male having a wing
of 100, the other of 109 mm. I do not think that juscocollaris (cf. Vog. pal.
Fauna, p. 2175) is a separable form. Festa obtained the Sand-martin at Gheminez
April 24th, 1921.

59. Apus pallidus brehmorum Hart.

" Pallid " Swifts were seen in smaller or greater numbers around the town
of Merg and in the hUls of Djebel Achdar from May 6th to May 12th, but they
disappeared on May 8th and after the 12th. Taking all facts into consideration,
I am of opinion that they do not nest in Western Cyrenaica, though Festa told
me he had seen them entering caves, where he was inclined to think they nested.

The specimens we collected are indistinguishable from the dark form hreh-
morum from the Canary Islands, Marocco, Madeira, etc., not in the least paler,
not in the least approaching A. p. pallidus (cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p, 2180). Speci-
mens from Biskra and Algerian Sahara, as well as those nesting in Air, are mostly
paler than typical brehmorum, but seldom as pale as darker specimens from Egypt
and Palestine, i.e. pallidus (Novitates Zoologicae, 1921, p. 111).

60. Apus apus apus (L.).

Among the paler birds, undoubtedly recognisable by its black colour, I saw
a single specimen at Merg on May 7th.

61. Apus melba (L.).
One seen at Benghasi, April 5th, another single one at Merg on May 7th,
flying with Apus pallidus. Two more seen May 11th. Festa obtained one at

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 23

Coefia near Benghasi, May 25th. Which subspecies I do not know, but presum-
ably A. m. melba.

62. Caprimulgus europaeus (L.).
A Nightjar of the europaeus type was seen at dusk in the evening of May
15th m the town of Merg.

63. Merops apiaster L.

Festa recorded a specimen from near Benghasi. April 8th I saw a small
flock high up over the bush of Driana, April 30th a few over Benghasi, May 8th
several were heard high over Merg. Nothing known of breeding colonies.

* 64. Upupa epops epops L.

A few seen near Benghasi during last days of March, at Soluk April 30th,
and two or three times near Merg in May. Probably nesting, but no absolute
proof. Festa had one at Gheminez, 6. v. 1921.

* 65. Alcedo atthis atthis (L.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2182.)

A Kingfisher was seen March 27th, flying close by along the salt-water lagoon
at Benghasi.

* 66. Athene noctua saharae (Kleinschm.).

Little Owls were found near El-Benia and Er-Regima, in the Driana plam,
near Soluk, Gheminez, and Sheleidima, as well as Merg and Djebel Achdar,
wherever stone-heaps, old walls, or sometunes rocks gave them shelter to nest,
and they are fond of bushes, being apparently rare in quite open country without
bushes or trees. On April 22nd we found a clutch of 4 hard-set eggs in a stone-
heap near Soluk. The eggs measure 33 X 26-5, 33 X 27-5, 32-5 x 27-2, 31-7 x
26-7 mm.

All the specimens we collected are most decidedly of the paler, very good
race, A. n. saharae (Kleinschm.), not the darker A. n. glaux, quoted by Salvador!
& Festa, 1921, and which I would have expected ; there is of course some varia-
tion, but not as much as in places in southern Algeria, and some specimens
are much more worn than others, some strongly soUed with red, others not.
In the stomachs I found beetles, locusts, and once a small lizard.

(We have not seen a sign of any other Owl.)

67. Asio flammeus flammeus (Pontopp.).
[One shot in Cyrenaica was acquired by Festa.]

* 68. Falco subbuteo jugurtha Hart. & Neum.

A beautiful adult ? was shot in the juniper woods at the foot of the hills

near Merg on May 5th, sitting on a low tree eating a Crested Lark. In the stomach

were found the remains of another Crested Lark. Iris brown. Bill horn-black,

bluish at base ; cere pale yellow. Feet lemon-yellow. Wing, 270 mm. This

24 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

is a very typical " jiigurtha" forehead and lores pale, back pale, belly and under
taU-coverts pale (the latter with some blackish shaft-lines and two spots), wing
long. Another Hobby, probably the ^J of the pair, was seen twice afterwards
in the woods near by where the $ was shot, and an empty nest on a juniper tree
might have been the nest that would have contained the eggs, if the § had not
been killed.

(Falco subbiiteo jugnrtha is, like all the named forms of the Hobby, not a
very distinct subspecies, but comparing our series with a large series of F. subbiiteo
subbuteo, the longer wings and paler upperside of the former are obvious. We
have now, besides the § from CjTenaicS, : two juv. in first year, N. Tunisia (no
dates), bought from Blanc ; $ second year, Lambese, Algeria, 8.vi.l903, Ernst
Fliickiger leg.; (J ad. Tilrhempt between Laghouat and Ghardaia, 13. iv. 1911,
Rothschild, Hartert & Hilgert leg.; ^ ad. between Laghouat and Tilrhempt,
11. iv. 1911, Rothschild, Hilgert & Hartert leg.; ^ ad. near Tanger, Marocco,
May 1899, H. Vaucher leg.; ad. Lagouat, S. Algeria, 21. iv. 1911, fresh skin
received from Madame Deport; 2 ad. near Lagouhat, June and July 1911,
bought from Madame Deport.)

69. Falco vespertinus vespertinus L.

Red-legged Falcons migrate through CjTenaica in great numbers. A male
was shot by Festa at Ghemuiez, April 30th, 1921. We saw a single old male
sitting on a telegraph wire about thirty miles south-east of Benghasi on April
20th. May 4th in the open plain near Merg, about 50 ; May 6th probably even
more ; May 9th about a dozen ; May 10th to 15th always some seen. A single
male near Tokra, May 17th. They were generally hunting over the plain for
locusts and beetles, often in lines, and not quite easy to approach. It was a
beautiful sight, so many of these graceful falcons day by day, and especially
the old blue-grey males with black underwings looked very fine. In the stomachs
I found nothing but orthoptera and coleoptera. About one-haK of all the
birds seemed to be in the second year, having partially juvenUe and partially
adult body plumage, but stOl juvenUe wings with wing-coverts and tails, though
sometimes (in two out of three males) middle rectrices already like adult ; in
one male the body plumage is almost entirely blue-grey, with only a few juvenile
feathers on breast and abdomen, but lower back and wing-coverts juvenile ;
in two others there are more juvenile than adult feathers on the imderside,
the blue-grey feathers mostly show black shaft-lines, and there are some pale
chestnut-reddish feathers ; this plumage is well described in Pract. Handb.
Brit. B., ii. p. 129, by Witherby. No feather is actually growing, it is thus evident
that the moult is arrested in May, i.e. during migration, but it commences again,
and tail and wings are completed in Jime to about October. While adult males
are very constant, females vary in the intensity of the colour of the underside,
especially on throat and breast, as weU as in the width and length of the dark
moustachial stripe.

(I take this opportunity to mention a specimen shot near Sarepta, S. Russia,
April 30th. It is in adult female's plumage, but has a large blue-grey patch on
the right side of the jugulum, blue-grey feathers on the right half of the crown
and on the right side of the nape and neck. It is marked $ by the collector
(the late RiickbeU), but it would have been interesting to examine the sexual

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 25

organs. The blue-grey feathers are uniform as in adult males, not striped or
in any way brownish as in young birds.)

70. Faico eleonorae Gene.

April 15th Hilgert and I distinctly recognised a specimen in striped plumage
near Benghasi in open stepjje, coming from an oasis. Though unable to shoot
it, we distinctly saw the long, pointed wings, whitish throat, and brown, striped
underside.

* 71. FaIco tinnunculus tinnunculus L.

Though by no means rare, it is, like other common birds, a " specie nuova
per la Cirenaica," as Salvadori and Festa would say. We saw a few specimens
now and then near Benghasi from March 27th to end of April; on April 1st more
than a dozen on the shore, battling with the southerly gale, apparently on migra-
tion. One seen at Soluk. Near Merg, during the first half of May, I saw one
or two almost every day, either on the plain or on the hill woods. They were
evidently " at home " there.

(We never saw any of the larger Falcons, but Festa has seen some form
of Peregrine, which was shot near Derna.)

72. FaIco naumanni naumanni Fleisch.
Observed on passage near Benghasi, 25 . iii.

* 73. Aquila chrysaetos occidentalis Olphe-Galliard.
Golden Eagles were seen over the river-bed near Sheleiduna 21.iv., and
a pair observed for some tiaie soaring over the plain of Merg, May 11th and 12th.
As Salvadori received A. c. occidentalis from Kussabat near Homs in Tripoli,
and these birds were evidently at home, I have no doubt that they also belonged
to this subspecies.

74. Hieraaetus fasciatus fasciatus (Vieill.).
Festa mentions a preserved specimen he saw in Benghasi, which had been
killed on the plateau of Barka.

* 75. Buteo ferox cirtensis (Lev.).
Distinctly seen over the Driana plain, 6.iv.

76. Circus macrourus (Gm.).
A by no means rare bird of passage, observed several times near Benghasi,
end of March and early in April. A female was caught alive in a trap by a
Maltese gardener, 26 . iii.

77. Circus pygargus (L.).

A wing was found near Benghasi, March 25th, of a specimen evidently
killed there not long ago. Harriers were often seen from March to about mid-
AprU, and among them seemed to be one or two pygargus, most specimens being
either macrourus or cijaneus.

26 • NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

78. Circus aeruginosus aeruginosas (L.).
The dead body of a Marsh-Harrier was found close to Benghasi, April 28th.
It had been Ij'ing there probably a week or longer. One was observed near
Merg, May 11th.

79. Milvus migrans (Bodd.).
May 12th, Hilgert and I observed on the hills near Merg a dark Kite of this
species, presumably 31. migrans migrans.

* 80. Circaetus gallicus (Gni.).

Not at all rare in Cyrenaica. We first saw a specimen flj'ing near Shelei-
dima, and in the neighbourhood of Merg we observed one or two nearly every day.
Festa had received several, and also an egg found near Merg. What was new
to me was to see Circaetus hovering over the ground like Kestrels. A pair was
displaying over the wood their wonderful flight, descending and ascending
for quite a time. When attacked by a pair of Ravens they made themselves
scarce. In the stomach of a male shot I found a frog.

* 81. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L,).
The Egyptian Vulture is common near Merg, where one can see it almost
every day coming to the outskirts of the town to feed. Single ones were also
seen in the plain of Driana. Is said to be common near Derna.

82, Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.).

Storks pass through Cyrenaica in spring. Festa received specimens, one
caught at Fuehat, near Benghasi, in a famished condition. One was caught
near Merg early in May. I saw one near Benghasi, 31 . iii.

83. Ardea purpurea purpurea L.

On April 18th one was captured and shown to me alive by a doctor. He
said a number were flying over in the night and this one had struck a wire, so
that he could take it with his hands.

84, Ardeola ralloides (Scop.).
A specimen shot at Berka, a suburb of Benghasi, 19. iv. 1922, was presented
to me fresh in the flesh. I found the iris yellow with a narrow red outer ring.
The bird, an adult male, is still in winter plumage, but moult for the nuptial
garb is beginning on back and neck.

85. Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax (L,).
Festa saw two specimens shot near Benghasi, second half of April. We
saw eight standing in the shallow sea-water lagoon at Benghasi, 16. iv. 1922.

86. Ixobrychus minutus minutus (L.).
I put up an adult male in the juniper woods near Merg, May 12th. The
specimen flew some distance and could not be found again.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 27

87. Botaurus stellaris stellaris (L.).
[Festa has seen a wing of a Bittern shot near Benghasi.]

88. Phoenicopterus ruber antiauorum Temm.
[Festa has seen the head and wing of one shot near Benghasi. (Regarding
nomenclature, see Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2221.)]

89. Pelecanus onocrotalus onocrotalus L.
[Festa has examined the head of a sjiecimen killed at Benghasi.]

90. Phalacrocorax graculus desmarestii (Payr.).
[A young bird shot in Cyrenaica was bought by Festa, 1916.]

* 91. Columba livia gaddi Sar. & Loudon.

We only shot two females at Sheleidima, on the rocks bordering the river-
valley, but Festa, who stayed in Cyrenaica from November to June, collected,
with the help of some officers, quite a series, which he kindly sent me for compari-
son. At first sight it was apparent to me that these birds were not true livia,
which I knew well from Algeria, being lighter and smaller. We saw a flock
near Merg, but through the stupidity of the man driving the dogcart failed to
procure any. We also saw two near Tokra, while we were catchmg butterflies.
Festa has specimens from Benghasi, Er-Reguna, Merg, Mechili, and Derna.
Comparing all these, together with skins from Rodos, Shiraz, Mesopotamia,
Damascus, Birejik on Upper Euphrates, Sea of Galilee, Crete, SoUum, Jericho,
Dead Sea, Sinai, Muscat, Menacha (Arabia Felix, Yemen), and near Aden, I
come to the conclusion that they all belong to one and the same race, i.e. the
nearest eastern form of our livia. I consider it impossible to separate palaestinae,
which are not constantly paler nor smaller than gaddi. The colour of the rump
varies so much, that the fact that nine specimens from southern Arabia have aU
grey backs is insignificant ; we find in Fayoum (Egypt) white-rumped and grey-
rumped schiniperi, grey-rumped and white-rumped palaestinae in the same locali-
ties, and among Festa's Cyrenaica specimens are two with grey rumps, though
by far the majority (also the two we shot at Sheleidima and the flock we saw
near Merg) had pure white rumps. In Ibis, 1922, p. 64, Meinertzhagen says that
he " hopes to show that it is incorrect " that I consider birds from S.W. Arabia
to be identical with palaestinae ; as, however, he does the contrary, at least he
calls south-west-Arabian birds palaestinae, this must be a misprint or slip, and
should read " correct " instead of " mcorrect." In fact, I must go further and
unite palaestinae with gaddi, while schiniperi is smaller and usually lighter, and
must be kept separate. Cf. Meinertzhagen, Ibis, 1922, pp. 65-8. I add to
Meinertzhagen's measurements :

Rodos, ? 221, 220.

Cyrenaica ' : Mechili, 221, $ 216, ? 218 ; Sheleiduna, ?$ (very vi'orn) 210,
210 ; Derna, 227, 230 ; Merg, ? 217 ; Benghasi, 215, 215 ; Er-Regima, 216 ;
Shiraz, $ 215 ; Akberabad, J 228 ; Shushter, ^ 221 ; Ardakan, ^ 240 mm.

I found the iris of these birds light red-brown ; bill dull black, cere white
but black at distal end ; feet dull raspberry-red.

' Many of Festa's specimens are unsexed.

28 NO\aTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 92. Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hart).

The birds breeding in great numbers in tlie juniper woods of the plateau
and mountains near Merg must be united with the paler race, S. t. arenicola.
Wings, (J 172, $ 170, 164 mm. Durmg the last week of April flocks of Turtle-
doves passed through the neighbourhood of Benghasi ; they were much perse-
cuted, and would probably nearly all have been shot, if any intended to remain.
They were slightly darker and a little larger, the heads more blue-grey ; wings :
cJ 181, 179, 176, $ 176, 176 mm. These specimens were probably —

93. Streptopelia turtur turtur (L.)

on migration. It is easy to separate a series of <S. turtur from breeding-areas
in North Africa from a similar series from England, Germany, and Russia (cf.
Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1486). It is, however, sometimes quite difficult to name
properly single migrants from Africa, where both may occur, as S. t. arenicola
is also migratory. While in the woods near Merg, nest with eggs and even young
were found ; flocks of similar birds occurred also around the town ; while they
were common one day, they had disappeared next day, when I wanted to shoot
some.

During the first half of May nests were found about 6 to 8 ft. or more high
in juniper-trees near Merg, some fresh, others hard incubated, and small young
were found as early as May 11th. Eggs always two, measuring 33 X 22-5,
32-5 X 22-3 ; 32 x 24, 31-5 X 24 ; 30 x 23-2, 30 X 24 ; 30-5 X 22-5, 29-5 X
23-5 mm.

(* ? ) 94. Pterocles alchata caudacutus (Gm.).
On April 12th and 13th a large flock flew over Benghasi. The flock seemed
to come from the sea and to fly in an easterly direction.

(* ? ) 95. Pterocles senegallus (L.).
Probably common in the desert south of Barka. April 14th, 15th, and 16th
observed flying high over the steppe near Benghasi. Festa had a specimen
from the steppe east of Gehmtnez.

* 96. Burhinus oedicnemus saharae (Rchw.).

Breeds in smaD numbers on the stony plain near Benghasi, in the Driana
plain between Benghasi and Tokra, near Soluk and Sheleidima. Festa collected
it near Gheminez end of AprU. One female shot at Benghasi had evidently
already been laying, another had an egg inside, which is bluish-white with dark
brown and mauve spots and lines.

* 97. Cursorius gallicus gallicus (Gm.).
On the bare stony plain with some barley-fields close to Benghasi we heard
Cursors and saw them flying overhead on April 5th. In the same place we
found three, of which we shot two. The female had evidently laid one egg,
another, half-size, inside. Near Soluk and Sheleidima, and east of Gheminez,
where Festa discovered it in 1921, they were seen here and there in pairs or three

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 29

and four together. Specimens as in Algeria. Iris dark brown. Bill dull black.
Legs and feet milky white. A male shot near Soluk 23. iv. moulted its body
plumage, both on the back and underneath.

(* ?) 98. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gm.

Common on the salt lagoons. Possibly some remain to breed, but the species
became much less numerous towards May.

* 99. Charadrius alexandiinus alexandrinus L.
Common on the salt lagoons and seashore, but seemed to get much less
numerous towards May ; some doubtless remained to breed and were several
times seen on dry ground far from the sea, and even a pair near Soluk, probably
going to nest there.

100. Calidris alpina (L.).

{Tringa alpina and Erolia alpina auct. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2212.)

Large flocks of Dunlins were seen on the salt lagoons round Benghasi,
end of March and April, but about mid-April the flocks became smaller, and the
species became rare towards May. As we did not shoot specimens, I cannot
say which subspecies.

101. Calidris minuta (Leisl.).

[Many other Waders visit Cyrenaica in winter, and Dr. Festa received
several not mentioned here, among them Calidris minuta {Erolia or Tringa minuta
auct.) shot at Merg in May.]

102. Philomachus pugnax (L).
Probably a common bird of passage. Two adult females visited Merg
and came for food to the neighbourhood of one of the numerous wells, where
cattle and camels were given water. The colour of the legs is evidently variable ;
one had them greenish lead-blue, the other yellowish-brown.

103. Crocethia alba (PaU,).

Several flocks were seen near Benghasi early in AprU, and an adult female
was shot at Merg May 16th.

104. Tringa tetanus totanus (L.)
Observed near Benghasi March 25th and April 9th.

105. Tringa nebularia (Gunn.).
Observed near Benghasi, March 25th.

106. Tringa ochropus L.

Near Merg early in May.

30 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

107. Tringa hypoieucos L.

Seen several times near Benghasi first half of April. Festa shot it as late
as May 11th.

(Of course many more Limicolae occur on passage, and I believe several more
have been collected by Dr. Festa during his long stay in Cyrenaica.)

108. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

May 17th a pair flying up and down a lagoon not far from Tokra and to
the bushes of tamarisks and Limoniastrum, evidently catching insects, probably
Neuroftera.

109. Larus argentatus cachinnans Pall.
Sometimes a few seen at and near Benghasi, but never many.

* 110. Chlamydotis undulata undulata (Jacq.).

Common in the plain near Sheleidima April 21st. Sometimes in pairs,
sometimes five or six, once thirteen got up together ! Two eggs of a clutch of
three were brought from " five hours south of Benghasi " to a gardener, Mr.
VeUa, who presented them to me. Festa saw one in May 1921 that was brought
to Gheminez by an Arab.

HI. Fulica atra L.

[Festa saw some that were captured by an Arab for sale at Benghasi in
April 1921. (Said to be common at times in winter.)]

112. Gallinula chloropus (L.).
Seen remains of specimens.

* 113. Alectoris barbara barbata (Rchw.).

Caccahis harhaia Reichenow, Orn. ilorialsher. 1896, p. 76 (specimen which had lived in the Cologne
Zoological Garden some time, where it had been brought together with some chukar from India) ;
id. Die Vogel, i. p. 287 (1913).

Caccabis callolaema Salvadori & Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, xxxi. No. 714, p. 2 (1916 — Cyrenaica) ;
Hartcrt, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1912 (1921).

Alectoris barlara barbata Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2215 (1922).

The Hadjel, as this " Barbary Partridge " is called by the Arabs in Cyrenaica,
like Alectoris barbara barbara and spatzi in Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco, inhabits
Cyrenaica from the west to Merg, Sheleidima, MechUi, and Mersa Matruh, which
is politically Egjrpt, but obviously, like SoUum, zoogeographicaUy Cyrenaican.
The types were supposed to have been brought to Benghasi from south of that
town, but more likely had come from the north, the plain of Driana between
Tokra and Benghasi. Looking in vain for it near Benghasi, we came across
it for the first time m the Driana, in the plain covered with thick bushes of
Bhiis oxyacantha, Lentiscus, Periploea laevigata, and a few Zizyphus, where it
was not rare. We then found it in the bush country all along to Tokra, in the

NoviTATES Zooi.oaicAE XXX. 1923. 31

woods of the plateau towards Merg and higher up on the mountains, also in
the Zizyphus bushes near Sheleidinia, and Dr. Festa also saw a covey near Mechili,
where the fauna is that of the desert, Bhamphocorys, Eremophila, etc., being found
there. Festa did not shoot a specimen near MechUi, but we collected four
near Sheleidima, in a very open country, except for the Zizyphus bushes in the
river-beds ; at first sight they look paler than the series from Driana and the
Djebel Achdar, near Merg, but that is because they are more worn and more
faded, some fresh-growing feathers being as dark as in the more northern birds ;
the colour of the breast varies much, and one from Driana is quite as light there
as the lightest Sheleidima specimen.

This is the most strikingly different of the birds peculiar to Cjrrenaica. It
is better compared with A. b. spatzi than with the darker, more northern A. b.
barbara, and differs most obviously in the feathers of the sides and flanks having
much wider black bars, white the chestnut ends are quite narrow and paler,
often barely noticeable. The feathers of the throat and sides of the head are
dark bluish grey instead of pale grey or whitish, and these feathers are less rounded,
a little longer, more pointed, a little stiffer, with small buff tips. The collar
and sides of neck are pale chestnut, more bright cinnamon, but not dark chestnut,
and the light spots at their tips are pale grey instead of white. Top of head
much lighter. 'Bieaat a,s m A. b. spatzi. Bill and feet red. Bare skin round eye
orange-red to bright brick-red. Iris light brown. Wings, (J 168-175, $ 155-
165 mm. The specimens from the woods of junipers, lentiscus, and arbutus
near Merg, where the soil is reddest, are very much reddened, like Larks and
other ground birds.

Eggs like those oi A. b. barbara and spatzi were found m Ajjril, but aU I
saw were eaten by some animals, probably rodents. About May 15th Festa
caught some young, just from eggs. They are pale cream-colour, almost white,
top of head and neck pale brownish chestnut, back with rows of black and rufous
spots, wings with similar cross-bars ; underside uniform whitish cream.

Though by no means rare, they are not easy to collect in the spring, as it is
difficult to flush them without dogs. Generally, one must strike the bush with stick
or stone, or kick it, and then the birds get out on the other side of the often high
and large clumps of bushes, though in the early morning one sees them running
on the roads, picking up food. In the stomachs and croj^s I found plenty of the
hard little sweet berries of Rhus oxyacantha, little seeds, grass-seeds, and others,
bulbs like small onions, locusts, and beetles (mostly Curculionidae), near Merg
also a few juniper fruits. The alarm cry is the same as that of A. b. barbara
and spatzi, that of the male louder than that of the female. Though protected
in the spring by game-laws, they are even then often shot and their eggs taken,
they will therefore soon become scarcer along the newly-built main roads ; but
in the juniper woods farther away and down south they will not be persecuted
any more than of old by the Arabs, and will long remain common enough. Their
flesh has the same peculiar flavour of the Barbary Partridges in Algeria, and is
not to be compared with that of Perdix perdix. (It will be interesting to compare
a series of fresh birds from Mersa Matruh, but the specimens at hand, which died
in the Giza Zoological Gardens, do not show any reliable differences.) This
Partridge was already mentioned by Haimami in 1882 as a Red-legged Partridge,
larger than the Italian one, which is correct.

32 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

11-1. Coturnix coturnix coturnix (L.).

A few were seen 29.iii., but quite a number on 2G and 27. iv. They were
obviously on migration. Fe.sta saw one near Benghasi (Fuchat) on May 20th,
1921, but there is no proof of the nesting in Cyrenaica. If I understand right,
the Quail is the only bird mentioned in addition to the Partridge by the Italian
traveller Haimann.

115. Alauda arvensis intermedia Swinh.

One day I picked up on a field not far from Berka, a suburb of Benghasi,
the wing of a female of the Siberian Lark, generally called now A. arvensis ciner-
ascens Ehmcke, 1904. In the list of Alaudidae of the Chinese collection made by
Weigold, in " Zool. Ergebn. Stotzner Exped." in Ahhandl. u. Ber. Mus., Dresden,
XV. 1922, p. 19, I have explained that I consider Alauda intermedia Swinh. from
China (winter bird), dvlcivoz Brooks, N.W. India, and cinerea 1903, cinerascens
1904, to be one and the same form, which migrates in winter in the east to China,
in the west as far as Algeria, and which nests in Siberia from west to east.

This list shows that the ornis of Cyrenaica is mainly of the nature of Africa
Minor, i.e. Tunisia, Algeria, and Marocco, with a few peculiar forms, and a very
slight eastern element, viz. Columba livia gaddi, and of migrants Sylvia ruppeli
and the frequency of Falco vespertinus. The forms j)eculiar to the country are :

Galerida cristata festae, Galerida theklae cyrenaicae, Pants caerulevs cyrenaicae,
Troglodytes troglodytes juniperi, and Alecloris harbara harhata, all with their
nearest allies in Algeria-Tunisia, except G. cristata festae, which is somewhat
nearer to G. c. brachyura (Palestine to Egypt) than to the Algero-Tunisian G. c.
arenicola.

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 33

ON A SECOND COLLECTION SENT BY MR. GEORGE FORREST

FROM N.W. YUNNAN

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.

rp^HIS collection, though not quite so numerous in species as the first, is very
-L interesting, and the make of the majority of the skms is excellent. The
most striking feature of the collection is the fine series of " Pheasants " and also
the large woodpeckers.

* 1. Tetraophasis szechenyii Mad.

Tetraophasis szechenyii Madarasz, Zeitschr. f. ges. Orn. ii. p. 50. pi. ii. (1885) {" East Thibet ").

Forrest sent 2 (J (J, 1 $ of this very rare species. " Bill black- brown ; feet,
legs, and claws dark black-brown ; u?is pale yellow, naked space round eye
pink." 2 <JtJ Lichiang Range, November 1921, 12,000-14,000 ft., conifer forest
and alpme meadows ; 1 $ Mekong — Yangtze Divide, east of Atuntze, lat.
28° 28' N., long. 99° 6' E., 12,000 ft., September 11, 1921.

New to the Yunnan avifauna.

2. Ithaginis clarkei Rothsch.

Itkuginis clarkei Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xl. p. 67 (1920) (Lichiang Range, Yunnan).

George Forrest succeeded in getting 4 ^J^ and 1 ? on this journey in full
iinworn plumage at 11,000-13,000 ft. in conifer forests in November and December
1921. I thmk it will be of interest to give a fresh description of the unworn
plumage.

cj Above : Forehead black, crown of head and prolonged crest bluish-ash-
grey, somewhat washed with buff on crown, feathers much disintegrated ; cheeks
bare, broad band above eye black, feathers below bare portion of face black and
red ; ear-coverts prolonged, narrow, and pointed, liglit grey edged with fuscous
and more or less washed with pale carmme, neck hackles long and pointed
whitish-grey edged with bluish-grey. Back and rump bluish-ash-grey with
whitish shaft-stripe edged with sooty black, these shaft-stripes widen towards
the rump and get very wide on upper tail-coverts. Tail-feathers ash-grey edged
with crimson, gettmg paler towards tips. Primaries outer webs edged with
whitish-grey, rest of outer and inner webs dark grey, secondaries dark brownish-
grey edged all round with whitish-grey, the outer ones also washed towards the
tips with pale grey clouding shaft-stripes pale whitish-grey. Outer and lower
wing-coverts somewhat disintegrated apple-green.

Below : Throat and chin whitish to ash grey more or less strongly saturated
with orange, buff, and crimson ; breast ash-grey washed with dark buff shaft-
stripes very narrow whitish ; lower breast and abdomen grey, more or less strongly
saturated with apple-green and with in most ca.ses crimson breast spots. Under-
tail-coverts deep crimson with narrow whitish shaft-lines and whitish tips. Bill
black, cere scarlet, feet and legs scarlet. L-is orange-yellow, naked skin of
cheeks scarlet.

Wing 202-212 mm.

3

34 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX 1923.

$ Forehead cinnamon- brown ; crown, crest, and hind-neck bluish-ash-grey ;
rest of upper side brownish-grey vermiculated finely with fuscous. Tail dark
brown vermiculated with grey. Primaries fuscous brown tinged with grey.
Chin and throat cinnamon merguig into grey on neck ; rest of underside brown-
grey washed with cinnamon and finely vermiculated with dark fuscous. Under-
tail-coverts more tinged with ash-grey.

Bill black ; cere dull red.

4 cJ<?, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., November— December 1921,
conifer forest.

3. Tragopan temminckii (Gray).

Satyra temminckii Gray, in Hardwicke, 111. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 1. (1830-1832) (no locality given ; type
marked China in British M\iaeum).

There appears to be no appreciable difference between Central Chinese
examples and those from Yunnan and Biu-ma.

Bill black, upper mandible tipped horn-brown, lower flesh-pink ; legs and
feet greyish-flesh-colour, claws grey-brown ; iris orange- yellow ; wattles, horns,
and skin round eye bright blue.

2 ^^, 2 9 ? Lichiang Range, 13,000-14,000 ft., conifer forest and open
Alps, November 1921 ■,2^3 Mekong— Salwin Divide, lat. 28° 20' N., 12,000-
14,000 ft., September 23, 1921, conifer and cane forest.

4. Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgs.).

Phaaianus crossoptilon Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Beyigal, vii. p. 864 (1838) (no exact locality).

Forrest only got one yoimg $ (marked (J), but this is interesting, as con-
firming my former conclusion that the dark tinge was abnormal. This example
is interesting as it exhibits feathers of three diflerent plumages, the grey and
brown freckled wing-feathers and brown-grey neck-feathers of the first plumage,
the greyish-white or pale lavender-grey of the second plumage, and the pure
white of the adult plumage.

1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 12,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., September 3,
1921, pine forests.

5. Pucrasia meyeri Mad.

Pucrasia meyeri Madarasz, Ibis, 1886, p. 145 (Central Thibet !).

The fine series of this exceedingly rare species sent by Forrest is a most
welcome addition to our knowledge of a rather obscure form. Mr. Beebe puts
vieyeri down as a subspecies of xanthospila, but in view of the chestnut colouring
as opposed to blue-grey on the outside 14 tail-feathers I keep them as species ;
though Beebe considers some birds enumerated by Oustalet from Sechuen as
being almost intermediate, Mr. Stuart Baker considers it a good species.

Bill dull black ; feet dull dark grey, legs slightly paler ; iris pale yellow.

6 cJcJ, 3 $ $ Lichiang Range, 14,000-14,500 ft., open Alps, October— December
1921, lat. 27° 40' N.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXX. 1923. 35

6. Phasianus colchicus elegans Elliot.

Phasiamis elegans Elliot, Abnn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. p. 312 (1870) (Sechuen).

The 2 (J J, 1$ sent by Forrest are in beautifully fresh plumage and therefore
the hindneck and interscapulium of the (J are deep chestnut, whereas in more
worn birds these parts are more golden chestnut.

The single Sechuen cJ (type of the species) in the British Museum differs
from Burmese and Yunnan examples in the lavender-blue edges of the rump-
feathers being wider and the black basal area of the neck-feathers is more extended,
but it is impossible to separate the latter as a race on the evidence of one Chinese
example only.

2 cJcJ, 1 $ Lichiang Range, December 1921, 8,000-11,000 ft., forests and
open meadows.

7. Syrmaticus humias burmanicus (Gates).

Galophasis hurtnanicus Oatos, Ibis, pp. 124-125 (1898) (Ruby Mines and S. Shan States).

The single ^ Forrest sent is undoubtedly h. burmanicus.
Bill greyish-black, tip yellow ; legs and feet greyish- black- brown ; iris
orange- brown.

1 S Yungping— Yangpi Divide, lat. 25° 35' N., 7,000-8,000 ft., dense mixed
forest, April 1921.

8. Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadb.).

Phasianus amherstiae Leadbeater, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. xvi. p. 129. pi. xv. (1828) (said to
be from mountains of Coohinohina).

Forrest has sent a magnificent series of this beautiful bird, of which wild
shot examples are very scarce in museums. The series consists of i adult males,
5 young males of the year, 4 adult females, 2 young females, and 2 chicks in
down.

(;J Bill " dark blue-grey, tip paler ; legs and feet dark steel-grey ; iris milky-
grey ; naked skin round eye pale greenish-blue."

$ Bill " dark blue-grey, tip paler ; feet pale brownish-grey; iris pale milky
yellow."

2 (J (J ad., 5 cJd" j«v., 4 ? $ ad. Lichiang Range, November 1921, 8,000-
11,000 ft., thickets and forests ; 1 ^J ad., 1 $ juv., 2 chicks in down, Mekong —
Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° N., September 1921. 1 ^ ad., 1 ? juv.
Mekong Valley, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° N. (thickets and forest).

9. Scolopax lusticola rusticola Linn.
1 sex 1 Lichiang Range.

10. Tringa ocrophus Linn.
1 $ Mekong River.

11. Charadrius dubius dubius Scop.
1 cJ Teng Ghuan Valley.

36 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

12. Sphenuius sphenurus yunnanensis (La Touche).

Sphenocercus sphenurus yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xlii. p. 13 (1921) (Lotukow).

In my former paper [Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 18 (1921)] I did not venture
to separate the single $ sent by Forrest, though I stated that it appeared to be
darker green above and less yellow below. Mr. La Touche has, however, since
procured a cj and described it as above. Forrest has now sent 1 ^J and 3 $ $,
and I am able to describe the Green Pigeon of N.W. Yunnan in completion of
Mr. La Touche's diagnosis.

cJ ad. Above differs from S. sph. sphenurus in having the yellow edges to
the secondaries wider and more numerous. The abdomen is decidedly more
apple-green, less yellowish, and the throat is more green, less yellowish.

" Bill bright blue ; feet crimson ; iris pale blue."

$ Much more distinct. Above darker, more blackish-green. Below apple-
green, not saturated with yellow.

1<J, 1 ? Mekong Valley, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° N., June 1921, pme forest ;
2 9 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000-11,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., July 1921.

13. Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Temm.).
2 cJ cJ, 2 ? ? Tah Valley ; 2 ^^ Teng Chuan Valley.

14. Columba hodgsoni Vig.
1 (J Lichiang Range ; 1 $ juv. Mekong — Yangtze Divide.

15. Butorides striatus javanicus (Horsf.).
1 cJ Lichiang Range ; 1 ? Tali Valley.

16. Ardeola bacchus (Bp.).
1 (J Hsia Kuon Valley.

* 17. Buteo buteo japonicus (Temm. & Schleg.).

Falco hnleo japonicus Temminck & Schlcgel, in Siebald's Fauna Japonica, Aves, p. 16. pis. vi. and
vi6 (1844-1845) (Japan).

1 ? Lichiang Range, 8,000-10,000 ft., open country, December 1921.

" Bill dark blue-grey ; cere dull yellow ; feet and legs orange-yellow, claws
black- brown ; u'is yellow."

This specimen is an example of the dark phase. New to Yunnan.

18. Falco tinnunculus interstinctus (McClell.).

Tintiunculus intersiinctus McClelland, P.Z.S. London, part vii. p. 154 (1840 — Assam).

Forrest sent a series in this collection and the younger examples show
instructive plumages.

2 (JcJ, 3 ?? ad., 1 (S juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat,
28° 21' N., September 1921, pine and mixed forest ; 1 (J jun. Lichiang Range.
9,000-12,000 ft., December 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 37

* 19. Accipiter affinis Gurney.

Accipiter virgatus subsp. affinis Gurney, List Diurn. Birds Prey,^^. 39 and 168-173 (1884) (Himalayas
[and Formosa]).

This is the first record for Yunnan.

1 (J Mekong Valley, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat 28° N., pine forests, September
1921.

" Bill blackish-grey, slate-grey below ; feet orange-yellow, claws greyish-
black ; iris orange-yellow."

20. Accipiter trivirgatus rufotinctus (McClell.).

Astur rufotinctus McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land, part vii. p. 153 (1840 — Aaaam).

The single (J sent by Forrest is very dark above and very large (wing 233 mm. ).

" Bill blue-grey ; cere yellow ; feet light orange ; iris orange."

1 (S' Mekong— Salwin Divide, 8,000 ft., lat. 28° 10' N., September 1921.

» 21. Strix aluco harterti (La Touche).

Syrnium harterti La Touche, Bull B.O.C. xl. p. 50 (1919) (S.W. Hupeh).

In my article on the first collection [Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 20. No. 38
(1921)] I called the adult $ and juvenile examples S. aluco nivicola Blyth with
a ?. The adult (J now sent agrees absolutely with Mr. La Touche's type of
harterti, also a ^, and only has a wing 4 mm. longer. Whether harterti, when
we can examine a series, will prove distinct from nivicola must be left for future
workers to determine, but undoubtedly for the present we must identify the
N.W. Yunnan birds as aluco harterti.

1 (J Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., December 1921.

* 22. Glaucidium cuculoides whitelyi (Blyth) ?.

Athene whitelyi Blyth, Ibis, (2) iii. p. 313 (1867) (Japan).

The single $ sent by Forrest is so much worn that it is difficult to identify ;
but it appears to have been much darker than any of the Tring series of whitelyi.
1 ? Yangtze Valley, 6,000-7,000 ft., lat. 27° 20' N., June 1921.
" Bill greenish- yellow, base blue-green ; feet and iris yellow."
New to Yunnan.

23. Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine.
1 <J juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

24. Cuculus sparverioides Vig.
1 cJ juv. Mekong Valley.

25. Cacomantis merulinus querulus Heine.
IcJ Mekong Valley.

38 NOVITATES ZoOLOOICAJt XXX. 1923.

26. Eudynamis honorata malayana Cab. & Heine.

Eudynamia malayana Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein. iv. p. 52 (1852) (Sumatra).

Forrest sent 2 (JcJ, both of which have a wing measurement of 203 mm. = 8

in., whereas honorata honorata the wing is given as 194 mm. = 76 in. Therefore

I think the race malayana is worthy of being kept separate.

" Bill dull greenish- yellow, base dull green ; legs blackish-grey ; iris crimson."
1 (J Tali Valley, lat. 25° 40' N., 6,500 ft., thickets and forests. May 1921 ;

1 (J Mekong^Salwm Divide, September 1921, 8,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N.

27. Rhopodytes tristis (Less.).

Mdias tristis Lesson, TraiU d'Orn. p. 132 (1831) (? Sumatra).

Forrest sent 2 $ $ of this species, one being sexed c? Sal win VaUey, 3,000-
4,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., forests, April 1921. New for Yunnan.

" Bill dull green, base darker , naked skin of face crimson ; legs dull
blackish-grey ; iris dark crimson."

2S. Yynx torquilla japonica Bp.

1 ? Yangtze Valley.

* 29. Dryocopus martins khamensis (But.).

Picus khamensis Buturlin, Ann. Mas. Zool. Acad. Imp. St. Petersburg, xiii. p. 229 (1908) (eastern
slopes Thibet Plateau).

The character given by Buturlin of the much reduced feathering of the
tarsi is very clear in the 2 (J^J and 3 $ $ sent by Forrest. The culmen measure-
ment is not so clear though the dimensions are certainly less. This is undoubtedly
the most southerly record for any form of Dryocopus vuirtius.

2 (JcJ, 3 ?$ Mekong-^Salwin Divide, 10,000-12,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N.,
September 1921, mixed forest.

" BUI light blue-grey, becoming darker towards tip, which is black ; legs,
feet, and claws black ; iris cream- grey."
New for Yunnan.

* 30. Dryocopus forresti Rothsch.

Dryocopus Jorresti Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 9 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

This is a wonderful discovery.

There are a number of smaller forms from Burma, the Philippines, and
other localities somewhat allied to this bird, but they are all much smaller. In
size it equals D. richardsi Tristr. from the island of Tsuschima, but the ? has
the red occiput of the Biu-mese D. feddeni, whereas in richardsi the ? has the
whole head black. I am keeping it as a separate species as I am not yet clear
as to the relationsliip of the feddeni group, and the latter has occurred in Yunnan.

(J ad. Differs from richardsi in the darker scarlet, less orange-scarlet of the
crown and nape, in the less white on the concealed portions of the inner secondaries,
and in the almost complete absence of the narrow white edges of these secondaries.
It also differs from richardsi in the less extent of the black portion of the lower
upper tail-coverts. On the undersurface it apparently is more strongly tinged

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 39

■with cream-coloiir on the white portions. From jeddeni it differs in its much
larger size, longer white tips to the primaries, and much blacker chin and throat.

? ad. Differs from richardsi in the scarlet nape-band, in much less amount
of white on the concealed portions of the inner secondaries, in the complete
absence of the white edges to secondaries, and in the more creamy underside.
From feddeni it differs in its much larger size, larger white tips to the secondaries,
and much blacker chin and throat.

Culmen ^J 62 mm. ; wmg 253 mm. ; tarsus 40 mm.
? 50 mm. ; ,, 247 mm. ; ,, 35 mm.

" Bill black ; feet greyish- black ; iris pale green."

1 (J, 1 ? Mekong VaUey, lat. 28° N., 6,000 ft., August 1921, open forest
[Outram Bangs records Dryocopus feddeni from Yunnan (Malipa, Burmese Border)].

* 31. Dryobates obscurior Rothsch.

Dryo'jates ohscurior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

The smgle $ sent by Forrest has an entirely black head ; a much heavier
banded breast, and a more triangular and pointed bill than D. p. scintilliceps.
1 $ Lichiang Range. New for Yunnan.

31 A. Dryobates pygmaeus omissus Rothsch.

Dryoiatea pygmaeua otnissus Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

This is the bird I formerly called D. p. .scintilliceps (Nov. Zool. 1921, p. 22).

32. Dryobates darjellensis (Blyth).

1 juv. ? Mekong Valley.

* 33. Picoides tridactylus funebris Verr.

Picoides fune'iris Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 33 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese Thibet).

Of this exceedingly rare species Forrest sent two fine <Jc?, the first to reach
England.

*' Bill blackish-grey above, steel-grey below ; feet and claws black ; iris dark
brown."

2 (J<J Mekong— Salwm Divide, 10,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., mixed forest,
September 1921. New to the avifauna of Yunnan.

34. Pious canus sordidior (Rippon).

1 cJ, 1 ? ad., 1 (J, 1 ? juv.

Lichiang Range; 2 $$ juv. Mekong Valley; l^ juv. Mekong — Salwin

Divide.

35. Cyanops asiatica (Lath.).
1 cj Tali Valley (no red on sides of foreneck).

40 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 36. Ceryle lugubris guttulata Stejn.

Ceryle guttulata Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. pp. 294, 295 (1893) (India and China).

I believe this is a quite fresh record.

1 cj jim. Tung Chuan Valley, 7,000 ft., lat. 25° 56' N., May 1921, water-
courses.

" BiU black, base below and tip pale brown ; legs and feet blackish-grey ;
iris dark brown."

37. Coracias affinis McClell.

1 cj Tengyueh Valley.

38. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Temm. & Schleg.
1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

* 39. Chaetura caudacuta nudipes Hodgs.

Chaetura nudipes Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, v. p. 779 (1836) (Nepal).

1 (J Mekong— Salwin Divide, 10,000-11,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., August 1921,
clifis.

" Bill and feet bLick ; iris dark brown." New for Yunnan.

* 40. CoUocalia fueiphaga brevirostris (McClell.).

Hirundo brevirostris McClelland, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. part vii. p. 155 (1840 — Assam).

1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., July 1921, cliffs
New for Yunnan.

41. Hirundo daurica nipalensis Hodgs.

Hirundo nipalensis Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, v. p. 780 (1837 — central region of Nepal).

1(J, 1? Tali Valley, 6,500 ft., lat. 25° 40' N., May 1921, human habitations ;
1(J Mekong— Yangtze Divide, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat. 27° N., June 1921. New for
Yunnan.

" Bill black ; legs and iris dark brown."

41a, Tesia cyaniventer Hodgs.

1 $ Salwm Valley.

42. Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis (Sharpe).

2 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 cJ, 2 $ ? Mekong— Salwin Divide.

43. Prunella collaris ripponi Hart.
1 $ Lichiang Range ; 1 $ Jlekong— Salwin Divide.

44. Prunella strophiatus multistriatus (David).
^66, 1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 41

45. Prunella immaculata (Hodgs.).
2 (J (J Lichiang Range ; 1 (^ ad., 1 cJ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

46. Enicurus sinensis Gould.
1 cJ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 (J, 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

47. Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray).

6 (J (J ad., 6 ? $ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 ?, 2 ? Yangtze Valley ; 1 ? Mekong—
Salwin Divide.

48. Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore).
4 ? Yangtze Valley.

49. Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus Blyth.
1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

50. Phoenicurus frontalis sinae Hart.

9(JcJad., 1 cjjuv., 2 $$ad., 1 ? Lichiang Valley ; 1 ^ad., 1 $juv. Mekong—
Salwin Divide ; 2 $ $ Yangtze Valley ; 1 $ Salwin Valley. (This further material
seems to show that Yunnan examples are somewhat intermediate between
/. frontalis and /. sinae.)

51. Chaimarrornis Juliginosa fuhginosa (Vig.).

1 J ad. Salwin Valley; 3 (J (J ad., 4? juv. Mekong — Salwm Divide, 1 (J ad.,
3 ? juv. Mekong Valley.

52. Chaimarrornis leucocephala (Vig.).
1 (J Salwin Valley.

* 53. Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothsch.

Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 10 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

c? Differs from T. i. indicus in having a less uniform underside, the throat
being much paler, and the rest of the underside much suffused with yellow, less
rust-coloured.

The white edging to lower edge of sides of face more distinct, and the under-
wing-coverts and axillaries more sulphur- yellow ; undertail-coverts greenish, less
rusty.

$ Differs in paler throat and more yellow, less brownish colour of rest of
underside.

1 6 (Type) Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft,, November 13, 1921, thickets ;
1 ? Mekong— Salwm Divide, 11,000 ft,, lat, 28° 20' N., September 1921.

" Bill and feet black ; uris dark brown."

42 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923,

54. Tarsiger cyanurus (Pall.).

Moiacilla cyanurus Pallas, iJei.se Prov. Russ. lieich^. ii. p. 709 (1773) (Yciiissei).

The aduft (JjJ are easily distinguished from the forms of rufilatus, but the
$ $ are very much closer in appearance.

1 cjad., 3 cJcJjuv., 4 ? Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., October— December
1921.

55. Tarsiger rufilatus practicus (Bangs & Phill.).

1 (?, 2 ? $ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 c? ad., 1 S i^^-, 1 (5. 2 ? ? juv. Mekong —
Salwin Divide ; 2 $ $ Mekong Valley.

56. Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgs.
5 (^(^ ad., 1 (J juv., 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 ? Lichiang Range.

57. Copsychus saularis sanlaris (Linn.).
1 c? Tengyueh Valley.

58. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hart.
1 c? ad. Mekong Valley ; 1 (J, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ;
2 <?(? ad. Salwin VaUey ; 4 ?$ ad. Tali Valley.

59. Saxicola torquata indica Blj^h.

Pratincola indica Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bewjal, xvi. p. 129 (1847) India).

In my paper on Forrest's first collection I recorded P. torquata przeivalakii
(Pleske), and correctly so. Ingram also recorded that form from Mengtz, but
on re-examining the specimen I find it is t. indica. We thus have both forms
in the breeding season from Yunnan, przeivalskii from the high mountains and
indica from the plains, but the pair now sent are winter birds and probably on
migration. I think therefore we have too little evidence to say whether either,
or both, or neither breed in Yunnan.

1 (J Mekong Valley, 8,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., September 1921 ; 1 $ ? Lichiang ^
Range, 10,000 ft., November 1921.

60. Myiophoneus eugeniae Hume.

2 (J (J ad., 1 tS juv. Mekong Valley ; 1 ? Salwiia Valley.

61. Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).
1 cj ad., 4 ? juv. Mekong Valley ; 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

62. Monticola solitarius pandoo X Monticola pbilippensis.
1 (J Lichiang Range ; 1 (J Mekong Valley.

63. Tardus castaneus gouldi (Verr.).
13 c? (J, 5 $ 9 ad., 2 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 fledgeling Mekong — Salwin Divide.
(It appears more than likely that the breeding race in Yunnan is much

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 43

darker than Chinese examples and will require a new name, but till we can com-
pare breeding Kansu examples I do not dare to separate them.)

64. Turdus fuscatus Pall.
1 cJ ad., 2 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 $ ad. Salwin Valley.
(All Yunnan bii'ds have very little red on the wings.)

65. Turdus fuscatus X Turdus naumanni.

1 $, 1 ? Lichiang Range. These birds show mixture of red all over back
and tail, and black spots on breast.

fi'l Turdus auritus conquisitus Bangs.

Turdus auritus conquisitus Oulram Baag.s, Bull. Amer. 3Ius. Nat. Hist. xliv. art. xx. p. 591 (1921)
(Lichiang Range).

Bangs has separated this solely on the heavier spotted underside, and I
quote these two birds under his name, but they are not so heavily spotted as
the former specimens sent by Forrest.

2 (5' (J ad. Lichiang Range.

67. Turdus mollissimus Blyth.
1 (J ad., 2 (J (J, 1 9 juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 ? ad. Lichiang Range.

* 68. Turdus dauma dauma Lath.

Turdus dauma Latham, Iiid. Orn. i. p. 302 (1790) (India).

1 cj, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., December 1921. New for
Yunnan.

" Bill dark horn-brown, lower base yellowish ; legs and feet light brown ;
iris dark brown."

69. Pomatorhinus ruficollis stridulus Swinh.

4 <S<S ad., 1 ? ad., 2 ? Lichiang Range; 1 c? Tali Valley; 1 ? Mekong
Valley.

70. Pomatorhinus macclellandi odicus Bangs & Phill.

5 c?t?, 6 $ ?, 2 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 2 cJ(J, 1 ? ad. Mekong Valley.

71, lanthooincla afltois oustaleti Hart.
11 cJcJ, 1 ?, 3 ? ad. Lichiang Range; 2 jj^, 1 $ ad., 1 juv. Mekong—
Salwin Divide. (The nestling differs only in having head and back uniform rich
brown.)

72. lanthooincla ellioti ellioti (Verr.).
13 c?(J, 7 9 ?, 7 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 6 ^J J, 2 ? ? ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong—
Salwin Divide.

73. lanthooincla lanoeolata bonvaloti (Oust.).

2 (J (J, 2 $ $ Lichiang Range.

44 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

73a. lanthocincla lanceolata lanceolata (Verr.).

Pterorhinus lanceolalus Verreaux, N. Arch. Mux. vi. Bull. p. 36 (1871) (Mountains of Chinese
Thibet).

The low-coimtry birds belong to the smaller typical race.
1 (J Salwin Valley, 3,000-4,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N.

74. lanthocincla maxima (Verr.).
5 jjjj, 2 $ $, 2 ? Lichiang Range ; 2 (Jc?, 3 ? ? Mekong— Salwin Divide.

75. lanthocincla cineracea styani (Oust.).

Trochaiopteron styani Oustalet, Bull. 3Ius. Paris, p. 226 (1898) (Ta-Tsien-Lu).

1 J, 1 ? Mekong Valley, 6,000-7,000 ft., lat. 28° N., September 1921.
76. lanthocincla bieti Oust.

lanthocincla bieti Oustalet, Bull. Mus. Paris, p. 163 (1897) (Upper Mekong River).

This species has only hitherto been known from the type examples in the
Paris Museum, and the description differs somewhat from Forrest's birds, but I
believe I have correctly identified them.

1 c? Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., December 1921, forests and thickets.
(Bill horn-brown, lower mandible yellowish ; feet pale brown ; iris pale greyish-
yellow.) 1 (J, 1 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., September
1921.

77. lanthocincla sannio (Swmh.).

2 (JcJ ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 c?, 1 ? ad. Tali Valley ; 2 ? ? ad. Mekong—
Salwin Divide.

Outram Bangs maintains that alhosuperciliaris Godw. Aust. is distinct
from sannio, but the very large series at Tring both from China and the Burmese
regions are absolutely identical.

78. Moupinia poecilotis sordidior Rothsch.
5 (J (J ad., 5 ? Lichiang Range.

78a. Schoeniparus genestieri (Oust.).
5 ? Lichiang Valley. (All these are considerably whiter below than any
from the typical localities.)

* 79. Schoeniparus intermedius (Rippon).

Schoeniparus intermedius Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xi. p. 11 (1900) (Bhamo).

The six birds Forrest sent from the Mekong — Salwin Divide which I have
placed here are apparently younger birds, but they may be only a stage of genestieri,
though they have the chin spotting of intermedius and do not agree with any of
our yotmg genestieri. In my former article I united genestieri and intermedius,
but I am now somewhat doubtful in view of the new material.

2 (J<^, 3 ? $, 1 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, 8,000-10,000 ft., lat. 28° N., July-
August 1921. New to Yunnan.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 45

80. Froparus ruficapillus sordidior Ripp.

6 (J (J, 4 ? ?, 7 ? Lichiang Valley ; 5 ^^, 6 ? $ Mekong Valley and Mekong
— Salwin Divide.

81. Proparus striaticollis yunnanensis Rothsch.

Proparus striaticollis yunnanensis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

Nearest to P, str. manipurensis Grant, and like that form has the lores
the same colour as the crown, not black as in P. str. striaticollis and P. str.
guttaticollis,

Differs in being larger and the flanks and rump more yellow, less tawny.

Wing 55 mm. ; in inanipurensis 49-51 mm.

1 ? Mekong Valley, 5,000-6,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921 ; 1 J Mekong—
Salwin Divide, 10,000 ft., lat. 28° 5' N., September 1921. (This is recorded by
Ingram as S. striaticollis.)

82. Proparus vinipectus bieti Oust.

5 cJcJ, 4 ??, 6 1 ad. Lichiang Range; 3 ^i^, 1 ? ad. Mekong — Salwin
Divide.

83. Proparus swinhoei Verr.

1 (J Lichiang Range.

84. Lioptila desgodinsi (Da v. & Oust.).

6 c?(?, 3 ? ?, 10 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 $ Mekong— Salwm Divide ; 1 $
Tali Valley.

85. Lioptila pulchella coeruleotincta Rothsch.

2 cJcJ Tali Valley.

86. Stachyridopsis ruficeps bhamoensis Har.

1 ? Lichiang Range ; 2 cj,^, 3 $ $, 2 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide.

87. Minla ignotincta Hodgs.

3 <Jc?, 1 ? ad. Salwin Valley.

87a. Siva strigula yunnanensis Rothsch.

12 i^(J, 9 ? ?, 10 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 <J, 1 ? N.W. flank of Lichiang Range.
(All this fine series collected in November and December have very yellow
backs, as they are in fresh plumage, and the postocular band is yellow.)

88. Pteruthius xanthochloris pallidus (David).
1 ? Mekong Valley ; 2 (J (J, 3 $ $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

46 N0T1TATE3 ZooLoaicAE XXX. 1923.

89. Suya crinigera yunnanensis Har.
4 (J ad. Yangpi Valley, April 1921 ; 2 ? $ juv. Mekong Valley, September
192f. (This series, though most useful, does not yet clear up the seasonal changes.)

89a. Suya parvirostris La Touche.

Sui/a crinigera parnrostris La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xlii. p. 53 (1'.121) (Shuitang S.E. Yunnan).

1 ? Mekong Valley, iat. 27° 30' N., September 1921, 7,000 ft., scrub grass.
The two striped birds sent by Forrest in the first collection belong to this
species also.*

90. Suya superciliaris Anderson.
3 cJcJ Tali VaUey.

91. Yuhina gularis griseotincta Rothsch.
12 S3, 10 ? ?, 5 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 ^ Salwin Valley. (The whole
of the Lichiang series are much greyer on the head and have much less vinous
tint below than the five former examples, only the single Salwin (J agrees with
the type. However, the Lichiang series date from November — December,
whereas the Salwin examples date from April — May, so I dare not separate
them.)

92. Yuhina diademata ampelina Ripp.
1 (J, II ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 (J Salwin Valley ; 1 cJ, 2 $ $ Mekong —
Salwin Divide.

93. Yuhina nigrimentum intermedia Rothsch.

Yuhina nigrimenlum intermedia Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922) (Mekong VaUey).

Intermediate between Y. n. nigrimentum and Y. n. pallida, differing from
the former by the greyer back and from the latter by the intermediate shade of
bufi on the abdomen and flanks. (Recorded by Ingram as Y. n. nigrimentum
fide Oustalet.)

1 (J ad. Mekong Valley, 9,000 ft., Iat. 28° N., August 1921 ; 2 <5'(?, 2 ? 2 ad.,
1 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000-10,000 ft., Iat. 28° N., September 1921.

" Bill brown-black above, brownish-orange-red below ; feet pale brown ;
iris brown."

94. Yuhina occipitalis obscurior Rothsch.
6 (J cj, 5 ? ?, 11 ? ad. Lichiang Range j 2 cJJ, 1 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

95. Myzornis pyrrhoura Hodgs.

Myzornis pyrrhoura Hodgson, J. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 984 (1843) (Nepal).

This is the second record of this beautiful little bird for Yunnan, and the
farthest south-east it has been foimd.

2 c?(?, 2 ?? ad. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 11,000-12,000 ft., July 1921,
Iat, S8° 5' N., cliffs and alpine meadows.

" Bill black ; legs and feet olive-yellow ; ii'is brown."

* This bird will probably prove to bo Prlnia catharia Roichen.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 47

96. Alcippe nipalensis yuimanensis Har.
1 ^ ad. Salwin Valley.

97. Prinia inornata exter Thay. & Bangs.
1 ? ad. Teng Chuan Valley.

98. Pyctorhis sinensis (Gm.).

Parua sinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 1012 (1788) (China).

This is the first time it has been sent by Forrest, but we have at Tring a
series from Mengtz.

1 (J Salwin Valley, 3,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921.

99. Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth).

1 (J Lichiang Range ; 1 ^ Yangtze Valley ; 1 cj ju^- Mekong— Salwin
Divide.

100. Horeites flavoLivaceus intricatus Hart.
1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

101. Horeites brunneiJrons (Hodgs.).
1 ? ad. Teng Chuan Valley ; ? 1 (J juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide.

102. Phylloscopus affinis (Tick.).

Motacilla ojjinis (error for afpnis) Tickell, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, ii. p. 576 (1833) (Jungles of Borab-
hiim and Dolbhum).

1 ? 1 Mekong— Salwin Divide, 9,000 ft., lat. 28° N. ; 1 ? Mekong Valley,
7,000-8,000 ft. ; 1 ? Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., lat. 27° 40' N.

103. Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth).
1 (?, 1 ? Mekong Valley and Mekong— Salwin Divide.

104. Phylloscopus lugubris Blyth.
Phylloscopus lugubris Blyth, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 98 (1843) (Calcutta).

1 ? Mekong Valley, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., September 1921.

* 105. Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth.
Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, p. 966 (1843) (Calcutta).

2 ? ? Mekong Valley, 9,000-10,000 ft., lat. 28° and 27° 30' N., July— August
1921. New to Yunnan.

106. Phylloscopus maculipennis debilis (Thay. & Bangs).
1 tJ Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

48 NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923.

107. Phylloscopus proregulus forresti Bothsch.
2 (J<J ad. Salwin Valley.

108. Phylloscopus pulcher Blyth.
Phylloscopus jmlcher Blyth, Jotirn. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 592 (1845) (Nepal).
1 ? Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., November 1921.

109. Phylloscopus humei praeniium Math. & Tredale.

Phylloscopus humei praemium Mathews and Tredale, Austral. Av. Jiec. iii. 2, p. 45 (1915) (nom nov.).
Motacilla superciliosa Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 975 (1788) (Russia).

The name M. superciliosa Gm. is preoccupied by M. superciliosa Bodd.
1 ? Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., November 1921.

110. Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephala (Anders.).

1 cj ad. Mekong Valley ; 1 (J ad. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

111. Cryptolopha ripponi (Sharpe).

Abrornis ripponi Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. xiii. p. 11 (1902) (Gyi-dzin-shan).

2 cJcJ Mekong— Salwin Divide, 7,000-9,000 ft., lat. 27° 40' N., August
1921.

112. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).

1 (J, 2 ?? Sahvm Valley ; 1 (J, 4 ? $, 1 ? Mekong!— Salwin Divide ; 4 ? ?
Mekong Valley.

113. Chelidorynx hypoxantha (Blyth).

2 (JtJ ad. Salwin Valley; 2 <J^, 1 ? ad., 1 cJ, 1 ¥ juv. Mekong— Salwin
Divide.

114. Muscicapa melanops melanops Vig.
2 cJ cJ ad. Chutong Valley.

115, Muscicapa leucomelanura cerviniventris (Sharpe).

1 (J, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong — Salwm Divide ; 1 (J ad. Salwin Valley.

lie. Muscicapa parva albicilla (Pall).

2 cJcJ Salwin Valley.

117. Muscicapa stropbiata (Hodgs.).
1 cJ ad. Mekong Valley ; 1 S j"^-, 2 $ $ ad. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

118. Muscicapa blythi Rothsch.
1 (J ad. Salwin Valley.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGIOAE XXX. 1923. 49

* 119. Muscicapa vivida oatesi (Salvad.).

Nillana oatesi Salvador!, Ann. Mils. Civ. Gen. (2). v. p. 514 (1887-188S) (Mooleyit, Burma).

This species is new to the avifauna of Yunnan. The plumages of the young
(J, $ adult, $ fere adult have not been described. (J juv. Above each feather
with large diamond-shaped rufous buff patch, tail blue, remiges black. Below
rufous buflE, feathers edged with black. $ ad. Head and nape ash-grey ; rest of
upperside grey, suffused with olive, rectrices rufous brown ; remiges black-brown
edged with olive ; chin buff, throat ohve-grey mixed with buff, with a whitish
patch at juncture with breast ; rest of undersm-face ash grey, whiter towards
crissum, washed with olive more strongly on breast ; crissum and under-tail-
coverts buff patched with olive, thighs brown. The younger $ is darker above
and has the whole underside miiform greyish-olive with a few pale buff dots
on chin.

1 iS ad., 1 <J juv., 1 $ fere ad. Mekong— Salwm Divide, lat. 28° 10' N.,
9,000 ft., August 1921 ; 1 ? ad. Mekong Valley, 0,000-7.000 ft., June 1921,
lat. 28° N. ; 2 ^^ ad. Mekong— Yangtze Divide, 10,000-11,000 ft., lat. 27° 12',
June 1921.

" Bill and feet black ; iris black-brown."

* 121. Muscicapa cinereiceps (Sharpe).

Muscicapa cinereiceps Sharpe, Ibis, p. 441 (1887).

Hemichelidon ferruginea Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 32 (184.5) (Nepal).

This is the first record for Yunnan.

1 c? ad. Salwm Valley, 3,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921 ; 2 c?c? juv.
Mekong Valley, 6,000-9,000 ft., lat. 28° 20'N., August^September 1921 ; 1 (J ad.
Mekong— Salwm Divide, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat. 28° N., August 1921.

" Bill dark brown, base lower mandible paler ; legs light brown ; iris dark
brown."

122. Muscicapa sapphira (Blyth).

Muscicapula sapphira Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii. p. 939 (1843) (Sikkim).

Anderson records one specimen of this beautiful species from Yunnan.

2 cJ(J Salwin Valley, 3,000-4,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921, thickets
by streams.

123. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).

2 (JcJ, 3 ? ? ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide ; 1 cj juv. Mekong
Valley.

124. Pericrocotus roseus (Vieill).
1 (J ad., 1 cj juv., 1 $ ad. Salwm Valley.

124. Campephaga melanoptera (Rupp.).
1 c? Salwin Valley.
4

50 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

125. Microscelis leucocephalus (Gm.).
1 cJ, 2 ? $ ad. Mekong Valley ; 2 (J(J, 2 ? ? ad., 1 ? juv. Yangtze Valley.

12C. Microscelis concolor (Blyth).
1 $ Salwin Valley ; 1 $ Mekong — Sahviii Divide.

127. Microscelis perniger sinensis (La Touche).

Haringtonia perniger sitiensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C. xlii. p. 53 (1921) (Hakow).

(J$ Differs from M. p. perniger in its larger size, longer and more slender
bill, and more distinct glossy edges to the head-feathers.
Wing (J 126-129 mm. ; $ 116-123 mm. p. continentalis .
„ ^ 118-121 mm. ; $ 111-115 mm. p. perniger.

1 c?, 1 ? Yangtze Valley, 5,000-7,000 ft., 27° N., June 1921 ; 3 (?(J, 2 ?$
(sexed c?c?) Mekong^Salwin Divide, 6,000-8,000 ft,, lat. 28° N., August 1921 ;
2 (J (J Mekong— Yangtze Divide, 6,000-8,000 ft,, June 1921, lat. 27° N,, mixed
forest.

" Bill orange, scarlet, light crimson ; feet crimson ; iris dark brown."

128, Spizixos canifrons Blyth,

2 $$ ad, 1 cJ juv, Yangtze Valley; 1 S ji'v, Salwin Valley; 1 <J ad,
Lichiang Range,

129. lole maclellandi similis Rothsch.
2 (J<J, 1 $ Salwin Valley.

130. Pycnonotus xanthorhous And.
1 cJ, 1 ? Tali Valley.

* 131. Molpastes nigripileus (Blyth).

Pycnonotus nigripileus Blyth, Jonrn. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi. p. 472 (1847-1848) (Tenasserim Provinces).

This species is new for Yunnan.

1 cJ Tali Valley, lat. 25° 40' N., 6,500 ft., May 1921.

132. Lanius schach teplironotus (Vig.).
1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

133. Conostoma aemodium Hodgs.

ConostorrM aemodium Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, x. p. 857. pi, (1841) (Nepal).

The single cJ sent by Forrest differs from Sikkim examples by being much
greyer, less brownish in the same way as my Paradoxorius unicolor obscurior
differs from ohscurior obscurior, but it would be too risky to separate the Yunnan
race on a single specimen,

1 (J Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft,, December 13, 1021.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 51

134. Faradoxornis unicolor saturatior Rothsch.
1 cJ, 2 $ ?, 1 ? ad. Lichiang Range.

135. Paradoxornis webbiana brunnea (And.).
1 (J, 2 ? ? Tali Valley.

* 136. Paradoxornis webbiana ricketti Rothsch.

Paradoxornis wehhiana ricketti llothscliild. Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922).

{J ad. Nearest to tv. styani, but head and nape much darker chestnut and
the rest of tlie uppersurface much greyer, not so strongly washed with yellowish-
brown. Below throat and chest white, not suSused with vinaceous feathers
with longitudinal chestnut stripes reachmg on to two-thirds of the breast,
not stopping short at lower neck and much sharjser defined ; abdomen
much paler than m styani.

c? ? Yangtze Valley, 6,000-7,000 ft., lat. 27° 10' N., October 1921. (Type
9, No. 466, Forrest.) New to Yunnan.

137. Paradoxornis tulvifrons cyanophrys (Dav.).
1 (J Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 $ Lichiang Range.

138. Regulus regulus yunnanensis Ripp.
7 (JcJ, 1 $ Lichiang Range.

139. Aegithaliscus bonvaloti (Oust.).
9 cJ (J, 13 ? ad. Lichiang Range ; 1 ?, 1 ? N.W. flank of Lichiang Range ;
1 c?, 1 ¥ ad,, 1 $ juv. Mekong — Salwm Divide ; 1 c? Mekong Valley.

140. Aegithaliscus concinnus talifuensis Ripp.

Aegithaliscus talifuensis Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xiv. p. 18 (1903) (Gyi-dzin-Shan).

Stuart Baker has shown that erythrocephalus Vig. is not erythrocepJialus
Linn., and so the oldest name for the species becomes concinnus, and erythro-
cepftalus Vig. must be known as concinnus iredalei Baker. The new material
sent by Forrest, contrary to what I stated in my former article, seems to confirm
the status of taliiuensis as opposed to c. concinnus.

1 cJ, 1 ? Tali Range, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat 25° 40' N., May 1921 ; 1 ? Mekong
Valley; 2 (J (J, 1 $ Mekong— Salwin Divide.

141. Parus dichrous wellsi Baker.

2 (J<J, 2 9 $ ad., 1 cJ juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 (J, 1 1 ad. Yangtze —
Mekong Divide ; 1 cj, 2 ? $, 3 ? Lichiang Range.

142. Parus rufonuchalis beavani (Jerd.).

1 cj ad., 1 9 juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 1 (J, 1 $, 1? Lichiang Range ;
1 (J Mekong Valley. .

52 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

143. Parus ater aemodius Hodgs.

Pariis aemodius Hodgson, Joiirn. As. Soc. Bengal, 13. ii. p. 943 (1844) (Nepal).

In my former article I recorded a very worn pair of a Parus ater form as
Parus ater subspecies ?, and suggested that it might prove to be distinct from
aemodius. Forrest unfortunately only sent a single cj this time, but it is in
beautifully fresh plumage and proves to be indistinguishable from a. aemodius.

1 (J Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., December 1921.

144. Parus major longipennis Rothsch.

Parus nuijor longipennis Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xhii. p. U (1922) (Lichiang Range).

Differs from P. major commixtus Swinh. in bcmg larger.

Wing (J 70 mm. (Bangs gives one 74 mm.), 5 67 mm. longipennis.

Wing (J 66 mm., $ 62 mm. commixtus.

3 (JcJ, 1 ?, 7 ? Lichiang Range.

145. Parus monticolus monticolus Vig.

1 (J Lichiang Range (named »?i. insperatus in error in former Ust).

146. Parus hypermelaena dejeani Oust.
1 cJ, 2 ? Lichiang Range.

* 147. Parus modestus saturatior (Rippon).

Sijlviparus saturatior Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. xvi. p. 87 (1906) (Mount Victoria, Chin Hilia).

The specimen sent by Forrest is certainly this form, but I consider it not
very distinct.

1 $ Mekang— Salwin Divide, 7,000-12,000 ft., lat. 28° N., September 1921.
New to the Yunnan list.

148. Sitta europaea moutium La Touche.

2 <?c?, 1 ?> 6 1 Lichiang Range ; 1 ? Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Mekong— Salwin
Divide.

149. Sitta yunnanensis 0. -Grant.
1 (J Tali Range ; 1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 3 ? Lichiang Range.

150. Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe.
1 (J Lichiang Range.

151. Certhia {amiliaris khamensis Bianchi.

1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 <?, 1 $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

152. Zosterops palpebrosa simplex Swinh.

2 cJcJ, 2 ? ? Salwin VaUey ; 1 cJ, 3 $ ?, 1 ? Mekong VaUey ; 4 ^^,1^ ad.,
2 ? juv. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 53

153. Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus (Blyth).
1 (J, 2 ? $ ad., 1 ? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide.

154. Dicaeum minuUum olivaceum AV^aid.
1 1 Mekong — Salwin Divide.

155. Pachyglossa melanozantha Blyth.

1 ? Mekong — Salwin Divide ; 2 ,^^ ad. Yangtze — ^Mekong Divide.

156. Aethopyga ignicauda Hodgs.

2 cJ(J, 1 9 Mekong— Salwin Divide.

157. Aethopyga dabryii (Verr.).
4 (J (;J Salwin Valley ; 4 (J cj, 1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

158. Arachnothera magna magna (Hodgs.).

Cinnyris magna Hodgson, Ind. Rev. p. 272 (1837) (Nepal).

Messrs. Phillips and Bangs record foiu- specimens from the plains {Loukouchai),
but so far no record appears to exist for the mountainous regions of Yunnan.
1 cJ Salwin Valley, 6,000 ft., lat. 25° 20' N., April 1921.

159. Anthus berezowskii yunnanensis Uch. & Kur.
1 (J Salwin Valley.

160. Anthus roseatus Blyth.
1 (J Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Salwin Valley.

161. Anthus spinoletta blakistoni Swinh.

Anthus blakistoni Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 90 (1863) (Banks of Yangtze River).
1 ? Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., December 8, 1921.

162. Oreocorys sylvanus (Hodgs.).

Heterura sylvana Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv. p. 556 (1845) (Nepal).
1 (J Mekong Valley, 7,000 ft., lat. 28° N., June 1921.

163. Alauda arvensis japonica Temm. & Schleg.

^/«Mrfajnpo7M'caTeniminck& Sehlcgel, in Siebold, FaicnaJapon., Aves. p. 87. pi. Ivii. (1848) (Japan).
In my former article I quoted this species as Alauda gulgula coelivox Swinh.
Since then Dr. Hartert has worked out a series of larks collected by Dr. Weigold
in various parts of Chma. After comparing this very considerable material
with the collections of Mr. La Touche and the Tring and British Museums, he has
come to the conclusion that it is impossible to maintain Alauda gidgula as a
separate species from Alauda arvensis, and that the five or six subspecies hitherto
ascribed by himself and others to Alauda gulgula must be added to the eight or

g^ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

ten forms now grouped as subspecies under Alaiida arvensis. Whether further
material will reduce or increase the fifteen or sixteen recognised forms cannot
be judged now, but one thing appears certain, that the present form is arvensis
japonica, and from the dates of the examples of Forrest's two collections, viz.
March, June, October, and December, we may conclude that it is a non-migratory

resident.

1 cJ, 1 ? Lichiang Valley, 8,000-9,000 ft., December 1921 ; 1 <? Upper
Lichiang' Valley, 9,000-10,000 ft., lat. 27° 10' N., October 28, 1921.

164. Melophus melanicterus (Gm.).
1 (J juv., 1 ? Salwin Valley ; 1 (J ad. Tengyueh Valley.

165. Emberiza pusilla Pall.
1 cJ Tali Valley ; 1 cJ, 1 ? Tengyueh Valley.

160. Emberiza cia yunnanensis Sharpc.

3 (JcJ, 1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 ? juv. ilekong— Salwin Divide ; 1 (J Mekong
VaUey.

167. Emberiza spodocephala melanops Blyth.
1 cJ Tali Range ; 3 (J(J Lichiang Range.

168. Passer rutilans intensior Rothsch.

Passer rutilans intensior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 11 (1922) (Mekong Valley).

cj 5 Differs from rutilans cinnamomeiis in its smaller size, and from rutilans
dd)ilis Hart, m the much darker upperside. Unfortunately I identified this
bird in my former article (Nov. Zool. xxviii. p. 61) as assimilis Wald.,
which is identical with rutilans rutilans and due to wrong data of type specimen.
Ingram quoted this as cinnarnomeus.

1 (J Mekong Valley ; 1 $ Mekong — Salwin Divide.

* 169. Montifringilla nemoricola nemoricola (Hodgs.).

Fringalauda nemoricola Hodgson, Asiat. Res. xix. p. 158 (1836) (Central and Northern Nepaul).

All the birds sent by Forrest have the wing from 2-5 mm. longer than
Sikkim birds, but I have not enough material to safely separate them.

6 sexed ? ? ! Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., November— December 1921.
This is new to the Yunnan list.

* 170. Fringilla montifringilla Linn.

Fringilla montifringilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. x. p. 179 (1758) (Europe).

This is an addition to the Yunnan avifauna.

8 (J (J ad., 4 $$, 2 jj juv. Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., November-
December 1921.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXX. 1923. 55

171. Loxia curvirostra himalayensis Blyth.

Loxia himalayensis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiii. p. 952 (1844) (Nepal).

1 cJ, 1 ?ad., 1 ? juv. Liohiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., August— December
1921.

172. Propyrrhula subhimachala intensior Rothsch.

Propyrrhula suhhimachala intensior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 12 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

Forrest sent this time 1 adult (^, 3 yoimger ^JcJ, 2 $ $, which enables me
to describe this as a new race. In my former article I already hinted at this.

cJ ad. Above more intensely and completely saturated with dark crimson.
Below more intensely crimson, especially on the chin and throat, and this colour
extends farther over the chest ; abdomen deeper and purer grey.

? Above less suffused with olive-green ; below the yellow is deeper.

1 (J ad., 3 (Jc? jun. and juv. Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., November
1921; 2 9 ? Mekong— Salwin Divide, lat. 28° 20' N., September 1921. Type
from Lichiang Range in Tring Museum.

173. Procarduelis rubescens saturatior Rothsch.

Procarduelis ruhescens saturatior Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xliii. p. 12 (1922) (Lichiang Range).

In my former article I did not venture to separate the Yunnan race on the
evidence only of the single (J sent by Forrest, but he has now sent a young (J
and $ which confirm the deeper coloration.

(J $ Differ from P. r. ruhescens in the much darker and deeper coloration
all over.

cJ Shweli — Salwin Divide, 1918; 1 (J juv., 1 $ ad. Lichiang Range, 11,000-
12,000 ft., November— December 1921. Type c? ad. Shweli— Salwin Divide,
May 1918, in Tring Museum.

174. Procarduelis nipalensis (Hodgs.).

2 cJ(J, 2 ? $ ad. Mekong — Salwin Divide.

175. Carpodacus vinaceus Verr.
1 $ (marked ,^) Mekong — Salwin Divide.

176. Carpodacus ripponi (Sharpe).

3 (?(?, 2 $ $ ad., 1 ? juv. Lichiang Range.

177. Carpodacus pulcherrimus pulcherrinius (Moore).

Propasser pulcherrimus Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. p. 85 (1855) (Nepal).

4 c?c?, 7 ??, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., November— December
1921, alpine meadows.

" Bill grey- brown ; feet and iris brown."

56 NoyiTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

178. Carpodaeus thura femininus Ripp.
6 c?c?> l-t ? ? fid-. 5 (S(S juv. Lichiang Range.

* 179. Carpodaeus trifasciahis Verr.

Carpodaeus trifasciatus Vcrreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese
Thibet).

This is quite new to the Yunnan avifauna.

2 cJcJ, 1 $ (marked 1) ad., 2 ^^ juv. Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft.,
December 1921.

* 180. Carpodaeus rubicilla rubicilloides Przev.

Carpodaeus rubicilloides Przevalsky, Mongoli Slrana Tangul, ii. p. 90. pi. xii. (1876) (Kansu).

This is also new for Yunnan.

2 $ ? (1 marked cj ?) Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., November 1921.

181. Carpodaeus erythrinus roseatus (Hodgs.).
1 (J juv. Lichiang Range.

182 and 183. Carpodaeus edwardsi edwardsi Verr.

Carpodaeus edwardsi Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull. p. 39 (1870) (Mountains of Chinese Thibet).

Both the birds sent by Forrest are somewhat abnormal ; the c? in $ plumage
is very large, having a wing 5 mm. longer than all but 1 (J measured, both Chinese
and Himalayan birds. The almost full-plumaged ^J is excessively dark and
almost warranted the resuscitation of saturatus Blanf. as a distinct subspecies,
but unfortunately the two only specimens equalling this bird in depth of colomr
come one from Nepal and one from Ta-Tsien-Lu, thus proving the difference to
be individual and not racial.

1 cj (in ? plumage) Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., November 1921 ;
1 cj Mekong— Salwui Divide, 13,000 ft., September 1921.

This species is new to the Yunnan avifauna.

184. Pyrrhula erythaca altera Ripp.
3 JcJ, 3 $? Lichiang Range ; 1 cJ, 1 ? Mekong— .Salwin Divide.

* 185. Uragus sibirieus lepidus Da v. & Oust.

Uragus lepidus David and Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 359. pi. xoviii. (1877) (Tsinling, Shensi).

This is quite new for Yimnan.

1 $ Mekong Valley, 7,000-8,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., September 26, 1921.

186. Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.),
1 (J Lichiang Range.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 57

187. Perissospiza icteroides affinis (Blyth).

10 cJ(^, 3 9 $ Lichiang Range.

(This fine series of adult (Jc? appears to be darker yellow than typical affinis^
but my single Sikkim <J is insufficient for comparison.)

188. Mycerobas camipes (Hodgs.).

Coccolhrausles camipes Hudg.son, .4s. Res. xix. p. 151 (1836) (Nepal).

Ingram records this species on Colonel Rippon's authority.

4 (J(J, 2 $? juv. Mekong— Salwin Divide, 12,000 ft., lat. 28° 20' N., Sep-
tember 1921 ; 1 $ad. east flank Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., lat. 27° 40' N.,
November 1921.

('■ Bill blackish-grey ; legs dull greyish- brown ; iris pale greyish- yeUow.")

189. Dicrurus leucophaeus nigrescens Gates.

Dicrurua nigrescens Oates, Birds Ind. i. p. 315. No. 329 (1SS9) (Rangoon, Tenasserim, etc.).

1 c? Lichiang Valley, 8,000-9,000 ft., December 1921 ; 1 ^ Tali Valley
6,500 ft., lat. 25° 40' N., May 1921.

(" BiU and feet black ; iris crimson.")

190. Spodiopsai nemoricola Jerd.

1 ? Tali Valley, May 1921.

190. Gracupica nigricoUis (Payk.).

2 Tengyueh Valley.

191. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linn.).

2 $ $ Lichiang Range.

192. Garrulus bispecularis sinensis Swinh.

1 9, 1 ? Lichiang Range ; 1 <S Mekong — Yangtze Divide ; 1 $ Mekong
Valley.

193. Nucifraga caryocatactes yumianensis Ingr.

2 (J(J, 1 ?, 2 ? Lichiang Range ^ 2 (JcJ, 4 ? $, 1 cJ juv. Mekong— Salwm
Divide.

Bangs declares c. yumianensis to be the same as c. tnacella Thay. & Bangs,
but until I can compare a series from Hupeh with Yminan birds I shall keep
them distinct.

194. Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha (Gm.).

1 ?, 1 ? Lichiang Range; 2 (J^J ad. Mekong Valley; 1 <J juv. Mekong —
Salwm Divide.

58 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

195. Coloeus dauricus (Pall.).

Corvus dauricus Pallas, Reise Russ. R. iii. append, p. 694 (1776) (Baikal Region).

2 ^<J, 1 ? Lichiang Range, 8,000-11,000 ft., December 1921 ; 1 cJ, 1 $ east
flank of Lichiang Range, 8,000-9,000 ft., lat. 27° 30' N., November 1921.

The collection consists of 1,029 specimens of 198 species and subspecies
and 2 unidentifiable young birds. There are of these 60 not contained in Forrest's
former collection, of which 25 are new to the avifaima of Yunnan. This brings
the total number of species and subspecies, not including Mr. La Touchc's recent
descriptions, up to 526 recorded for Yunnan. Those marked with a * are new
to the Yimnanese list. The types of the new forms discovered by JVIr. Forrest
are nearly all Ln the British Museum, the rest at Tring.

NOTITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1023. 59

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ORTHOPTERA FROM NORTH-
WEST AFRICA.

By B. p. UVAROV.

(Plate I.)

THE present paper is based mainly on a collection of Orthoptera made
by Lord Rothschild and Dr. E. Hartert on their several expeditions to
different parts of Sahara, but I thought it convenient to include also a few records
from some other sources, particularly from a collection of Dr. Auguste Cros,
Mascara, Algeria, and from the British Museum collection. A considerable part
of the first-mentioned collection has been already worked out by I. Bohvar and
the results have been published in this magazine, ' but I cannot agree with all his
identifications after a study of the specimens named by him, because of the reasons
stated under corresponding species ; the species recorded by Bolivar under the
names, in my opinion, correct, are not mentioned by me. As regards the part of
the collection which came to me unnamed, I do not think it necessary to record
some more common, widely distributed, and well-known species, but I include all
those which are of interest on account of synonymy or distribution, besides those
which are new to science or insufficiently known. As may be seen from the paper,
there exists a good deal of confusion in systematics and synonymy even of some
very common species, and the collections studied presented good opportunities
for revising some cases of that kind. Several very interesting novelties described
in the paper give us a new proof that the fauna of Orthoptera of N.W. Africa is
still very inadequately known.

My most sincere thanks are due to Lord Rothschild and Dr. Hartert for giving
me the opportunity to study their interesting collection, and to Dr. A. Cros for
the collection from Mascara.

The types of new species described in the paper are in the British Museum.

The reiJort on the collection would not be half as complete without illustra-
tions, and I am most grateful to Lord Rothschild who provided for the same.

Fam. JfflAITTIDAE.

1. Iris oratoria (L.).

(Text- fig. 1 B.)

Batna, Algeria, 27 . viii . 1910 (British Museum) ; Azazga, Kabylie, 17 . ix . 1920
(Rothschild and Hartert).

The tj^ical locality for this species is Algiers, because Linne described it
from the specimens received by him from Brander, Swedish Consul at Algiers
from 1753 to 1765 (see Catal. of the Linnean Specimens, etc., by B. D. Jackson,
Suppl. to the Proc. Lin. Soc. of London for 125th Session, 1912-13, p. 10) ; this
fact should be kept in mind in case it would be found necessary to separate

' NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE, XX. 1913, pp. 603-15.

60

NoviTATEs ZooLoorrAE XXX. 1923.

the western Mediterranean form from the eastern one, whicli seems to he some-
what larger and more heavily marked on the wings ; for that latter the subspecific
name feiiestrata Brnlle may be used. I do not propose, however, this division
just now, as the material at my disposal is too scanty.

/. oratoria has been recorded by previous authors from many localities in
N.W. Africa, but mostly from the coastal regions, while records from Sahara are
likely to apply to the next species, which has not been recognised hitherto.

2. Iris deserti sp. n.

(Text-fig. 1 A ; Plate I, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.)

1913. Iris oratoria var. poli/stictica Bolivar I.e., p. 604, no. 3 {nee Fisch. Waldheim !).

$. Distinctly smaller than /. oratoria (L.). Head strongly transverse ; its
■width, including the eyes, subequal to the length of the metazona of pronotum.
Facial scutellum more than twice as broad as its maximal height ; its margins all

Fio. 1. — Male cerci of two species of Iris. A, /. deserti, sp. n., paratype.
B, /. oratoria (L.), from Batna, Algeria. X 40.

distinct, the upper one more raised than the lateral ones ; the angles scarcely
tuberculate ; the surface with two submedian tubercles just above the middle,
a low median carinula in the upper half and two subobUterate, closely approxi-
mate tubercles near the middle of the lower margin. Tubercles between the base
of antennae and the eyes very low, almost obliterate. Ocelli distinctly eUiptical ;
the middle one transverse ; the two lateral ones longer than broad. Vertex
distinctly concave, with deep sutvures, which are very distinct in the occiput, as
well. Pronohim about two and haH times as long as its maximal T\idth ; prozona
half of the length of metazona, distinctly narrowed anteriorly ; the coxal dUatation
very distinct and the metazona behind it is narrowed rather more suddenly than
in /. oratoria ; the median keel very feeble ; margins not at all denticulate.
Elytra somewhat less than half agam as long as the pronotum, subcoriaceous ;
their apex elliptical. Wings distinctly shorter than the eljiira, slightly longer
than broad. Supra-anal plate elliptical, distinctly longer than broad, with a feeble
median carinula. The armure and granulation of the front legs very much the
same as in /. oratoria.

General coloration very pale ochraceous ; the inner side of the first joint of

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 61

front tarsi, and the apices of spines of the front legs are brown. Wings pale
sulphurous, not transparent ; the anterior part somewhat brownish with hyaline
spots ; the hind part with but a small bluish-black spot surrounded externally
by the concentrically disposed small spots which are not coloured, but simply
hyalinous.

o (jjaratj^jc). The head still more distinctly transverse than in the female ;
the facial scutellum about three times as broad as its maximal height ; ocelli
strongly elliptical, their longer diameter about twice of the shorter one ; vertex
strongly concave. C'ercilong, 11-jointed, composed of elongate joints. Supra-anal
plate longer than broad. Elytra of the same texture as in /. oratoria, extending to
the apex of the abdomen. Coloration very pale ochraceous ; wings faintly
sulphurous ; their front margin faintly brownish, with small hyalinous spots ; the
typical bluish-black spot quite small ; the concentrical spots very small and
indistinct, mostly hji^alinous, or very faintly brownish.

? (type) (J<J (paratypes)

mm. mm.

Length of body 37 35-38

Width of the head with eyes ...... 6 5-6

Length of prozona ........ 3-5 3-3-5

,, ., metazona ........ 7 6-5-7

Width of the coxal dilatation of pronotum ... 4 3-3-5

,, ,, metazona in its middle . . . . .3 2-25-2-75

Length of elytra 14 24 5-30

„ wings 10-5 22-5-?

Width ,. „ 8-5 12-?

Maximal diameter of the spot on the wings . . . 3-5 3- ?

One female type and two male paratypes are from Ain Guettara, north of In
Salah, 12-14. iv. 1912 (Hartert and Hilg.) ; one male paratype from Ain Sefra,
South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert).

The specimens of Iris from Am Guettara (together with others from S. Oued
Mya, Algerian Sahara, which I have not seen) attracted the attention of Bolivar
by their very pale coloration with the typical pattern on the wings very imjjer-
fectly developed, and he referred them to the insect described by Fischer
Waldheim as Mantis polystictica, from "Dauria," which he regards as a mere
colour variety of the common /. oratoria. A closer exammation of those specimens
revealed, however, a fair number of piu'ely morphological differences between them
and the typical /. oratoria, which I believe to be quite sufficient for separating them
specifically. In describing this species I did not accept for it the name polystictica
F.W., as Bolivar does, because Fischer Waldheim does not mention in his
description nor figures the characters which are of real specific value, and his
species should remain as a doubtful s5monjTn of /. oratoria until the type, or at
least topotjqjes, may be studied ; in any case, there is not much probabihty in
the new Saharan sjsecies being the same as the Eastern Siberian one.

As regards the differences between /. deserti and /. oratoria, they are as
follows : the head in the new species is much more transverse, which is especially
noticeable in the shape of the facial scutellum (compare figs. 10 and 11 of the
plate) ; the ocelli are perfectly round in I. oratoria and distinctly elliptical in
I. deserti, which is especially well marked in the male ; vertex in /. oratoria is
almost flat, with indistinct sutures, while in /. deserti it is decidedly concave, with

62 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

the sutures deep ; tubercles between the bases of antennae and the eyes are well
developed in /. oratoria and obsolescent in /. deserti ; margins of the pronotum
in both sexes of /. deserti are unarmed, while they are very distinctly denticulate
in the female of I. oratoria ; supra-anal plate in both sexes of /. deserti is somewhat
more elongated than in /. oratoria ; male cerci in I. oratoria are 9-jointed, with
the joints transverse (compare figs. 1 a and b). The difference in the coloration
of the hind wings is obvious from the description and must not be ignored,
although the development of the typical pattern may be, to a certain extent,
hable to variations.*

One male of the new species from Ain Sefra differs from the rest by some-
what larger dimensions, which are given in the last column of the table of measure-
ments (the wings in it are not spread and therefore their measurements are not
given), and by distinctly greenish general coloration ; in its morphological
characters, however, it shows no difference from the specimens from tyisical
locality.

It is not impossible that some of the previous records of /. oratoria from
Sahara really belong to /. deserti, which seems to replace the Mediterranean
species in the desert.

3. Sphodromantis viridis (Forsk.).
Biskra, 30.x. 1920, 1 J.

4. Empusa egena (Charp.).
Hammam R'urha, 30. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert).

5. Blepharopsis mendica (F.).

Ain Sefra, S. Oran, 1-18. v. 1913; Biskra (Rothschild and Hartert).

Kjauss (Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Ixxi. 1902, p. 12 of sep. reprint)
suggested that this species should be called B. monstrosa (Forskal), but, apart from
the indication of Giglio-Tos {Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital, xlviii. 1916, p. 69) that the
priority of Forskal's name is doubtful, both his book and that by Fabricius
bearing the same date (1775), this name cannot be employed because Gryllus
tnonstrosus of Drury (III. E.vot. Entom., 1773) makes Gryllus vwnslrosvs of Forskal
not acceptable.

Fam. tettigoitiidas.

6. Tettigonia savignyi (Lucas).
Hammam R'uha, June 1913, 1 c? (Rothschild and Hartert).

7. Uromenus innocentii lobata (Sauss.).
Ain Sefra, S. Oran, l-lS.v.1913, 1 (J, 1 ?, and some larvae (Rothschild and

Hartert).

All the specimens show distinctly lobate lower margins of the pronotal lobes,
which is characteristic for the Oran subspecies (see Vosseler, Beitr. Faun. Biol.
Orlh. Alger. Tunes., p. 400).

• I am inclined to tliink that the variability of tlio wing-pattern in I. oratoria is rather
geographical than individual.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 63

8. Odontura algerica Br. Watt. (?).

Hammam R'irha, 30. v. 1913, 1 $ (Rothschild and Hartert).

I cannot be quite sure in my identification of the single female specimen.

Fam. acbididae.

9. Platypterna geniculata Bol.

1913. Platypterna geniculata I. Bolivar, I.e., p. 608, no. 9.

N. El-Golea, Alger. Sahara, 2 SS, 2 ?? (paratypes).

Not less than six species of this difficult genus have been described from
the Sahara, four of them in Bolivar's paper, and practically all founded on single
specimens. Out of the four species of Bolivar, I was able to examine the
paratypes of P. geniculata only, as all other types have been retained by that
author and are in the Madrid Museiun now. My study of P. geniculata makes me
to observe that the key to species given by BoHvar (I.e., p. 610) is very mis-
leading, as this species is included in the division of key with the fastigium
" medio baud carLnatum," while in the description of the species (p. 608) it is
said " caput supra subcarinulatum " (as it really is) ; foveolae of the vertex
are also described in the diagnosis as " elongatae, marginatae " while according
to the key they should " subrepletae " in this species and P. rothschildi, and
" elongatae, marginatae, laeves " in P. tibialis and P. intermedia. On the whole,
it seems to me that the key is far from being satisfactory, and the more so that
very little is known about the individual variability of the characters used in it.

The unnamed part of the Lord Rothschild collection contains another
species of Platypterna, from Ain Sefra, S. Oran, which does not quite agree with
all existing descriptions, but I abstain from describing one more new species
on a single specimen.

10. Chorthippus albolineatus (Lucas).

1849. Oedipoda alholineaia Lucas, Explur. Alger., iii. p. 38, no. 66 ; iv. pi. 4, fig. 6. Stenohothnis
pulvinatus auctor., nee Fisch. Waldh. 1846.

Mascara, v-vi.l922 (A. Cros).

I cannot agree with the authors who regarded the Algerian Chorthippus
as conspecific with the European Ch. pulvinatus F.W. The first to start this
confusion has been Brunner v. Wattenwyl (Prodromus Em-op. Orth., p. 124),
who obviously has not seen the Algerian s^secies, as he does not mention Algeria
amongst the localities whence he has seen Ch. pulvinatus, and he has sunk the
species of Lucas on the strength of its figure and not very lucid description.
It is quite inconceivable, on the other hand, that Finot {Ann. Soc. Enl. Fr., Ixiv.
1895, pp. 433-4) accepted this synonymy in spite of the differences of the Algerian
species from Ch. pulvinatus stated by himself quite correctly and clearly in a note
after the description (which latter, by the way, is evidently based not on the
Algerian insect, but simply taken, with some slight alterations, from his Faune
de la France, Insectes Orthopteres, pp. 125-6). All subsequent authors relied
upon Brunner's authority and never entered into criticism of the synonymy
established by him.

In fact, Ch. albolineatus is closely allied to Ch. pulvinatus, and I failed to
find any substantial difference between them in the venation, but the male

64 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

subgenital plate in the Algerian insect is of the .same type as in Ch. albomarginaius.
and not horizontally produced as it is in Ch. qmlvinatus ; this character is, of
course, of specific value. In its general habitus, Ch. alboUneatus is also more like
Ch. albomarginatus than Ch. pulvinatus. Dimensions of Ch. alboUneatus are as
follows :

(?<?

$9

mm.

mm.

16-18

21-23

3-5^

4-4-5

2-5-14

15-16

11-12

13-5-14

Length of body ......

,, ,, pronotum .....

„ ,, elytra ......

,, ,, hind femora .....

The occurence of Ch. pulvinatus in Algeria and other parts of N.W. Africa
should be regarded as not yet proved, as all existing records are based on the
presumption that it is identical with Ch. alboUneatus and must apply to the
latter.

11. Eremogryllus hammadae Krauss.

Ain Sefra, South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913, 2 ?? (Rothschild and Hartert).

One of the specimens is reddish ochraceous, with irregular reddish-brown
spots and dots ; another is very pale ochraceous from above, with the sides
reddish ochraceous, and the lateral lobes of the pronotum with chocolate-brown
spots at the upper margin which reminds somewhat of the colour-form common
in some species oi Dociostaurus, described as var. castaneopicta Ivr. oiD. anatoUcus.

Previous records of this interesting insect are : Gafsa, Tunis ; El-Mreir ;
Ouargla to Ghardaia ; Oued Mzab to Oued Nsa (all in Algerian Sahara).

12. Notopleura rothschildi sp. n.

(Plate I, figs. 3, 4.)

cj (type). Antennae strongly flattened throughout, not longer than the
head and pronotum together. Head distinctly prominent above the pronotum ;
face strongly reclinate ; frontal ridge between the antennae strongly prominent
and in profile convex, below them perfectly straight ; near the ocellum feebly
impressed, below it flat, widened and disappearing towards the clypeus ; fastigium
of the vertex deeply impressed, almost twice as long as it is broad, elongato-
pentagonal, with the apex acute and lateral margins slightly convergent behind ;
fovcolae of the vertex elongato-trapezoidal, somewhat narrowed anteriorly, not
deeply impressed, punctured, with the margins obtuse. Pronotum as in N.
saharica Krauss. Elytra extending a little beyond the hind Imees ; mediastinal
area distinctly dilated near the base, reaching to the apical third ; scapular area
reaching almost to the apex of the elytron, strongly dilated in its apical third,
with sparse, oblique veinlets ; the first radial vein almost straight, in more than
the basal half thick, then suddenly attenuate, but thickened again near the apex
which is somewhat bent backwards ; the second radial vein thick throughout,
though distinctly irregular in the apical half, somewhat bent backwards ; inter-
radial area broad, regularly transversely reticulate, except in the apical part
which is divided by a false vein ; discoidal area distinctly broader than the
scapular area in its broadest part, with irregular, sparse, transverse reticulation ;
the false vein between the apical halves of the hind radial and the uhiar veins

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 65

distinctly and irregularly incrassate basally ; inter-ulnar area very narrow,
sparsely reticulated ; axillar vein free. Wvwjs slightly shorter than the elytra,
broad, with the principal veins incrassate. External genitalia as in N. saharica,
but the cerci shorter and thicker, and the subgenital plate more obtuse apically.

General coloration reddish brown. Face and lower halves of the lateral lobes
of pronotum ochraceous. Elytra with some brownish spots in the discoidal
area and in the apical half. Wings with the principal veins brownish. Hind
femora from above ochraceous with a triangular chocolate-brown spot in the
middle, and somewhat marmorated with white in the apical half ; the outer area
whitish, hind tibiae bluish.

$ (paratype). Antennae distinctly flattened throughout, sUghtly widened
basally. Frontal ridge sulcate throughout, reaching the clypeus. Elytra
reaching to the hind knees ; scapular area less dilated than in the male ; discoidal
area also moderately dilated, closed apically ; interulnar area almost as broad as
the discoidal, with an irregular false vein. Coloration of the same type as in the
male, but the lateral lobes of pronotum are blacldsh- brown in their upper parts.

6 (type). ? (paratype).
mm. mm.

Length of body . . . . . . . .11-5 18-5

,, „ pronotum ....... 2-5 3-75

„ „ elythra 9-5 13-5

„ „ hind femora ....... 7 11

Ain Sefra, South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913, 1 cJ, 1 ? (Rothschild and Hartert).

This is the third species of the curious genus Notopleura, two others being
known also from Sahara only. The new species is nearer to N . saharica Ki-auss
than to N ^ pygmaea Voss., which is the smallest of the three and strongly differs
from its relatives by the imperfectly developed lateral keels of the pronotum.
From N. saharica our species differs by the venation of the male elytra, and
especially by the strongly dilated scapular and discoidal fields ; the venation of
the female elytra is difficult to compare without .studying the specimens of
N. saharica, as ELrauss does not figure the female of his species.

It is obvious that further careful collecting of small grasshoppers of this
group in the Sahara should bring many more interesting discoveries.

13. Thalpomena coerulescens sp. n.

(Plate I, figs. 5, 6).

$. Somewhat smaller and distinctly more slender than Th. algeriana (Luc).
Antennae distinctly longer than the head and pronotum together ; the joints
of their apical half three times as long as broad. Face shghtly recUnate, with few
scattered punctures ; frontal ridge distinctly constricted at the fastigium,
gradually widened towards the ocellum, feebly constricted below it and slightly
widened towards the clypeus, which it does not reach by about one-third of the
distance between ocellum and clypeus ; its sm-face convex and coarsely punctured
near the fastigium, impressed with the margins callous and strongly raised below
the ocellum and down to the lower third where the margins disappear and the
surface of the ridge is scarcely more raised than that of the face ; lateral facial
keels regularly and not strongly arched, callous. Fastigium of the vertex scarcely
broader than the frontal ridge at its widest, strongly impressed, oval-shaped,

5

66 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923

open in front ; its margins distinctly raised, callous ; foveolae of the vertex
irregular, not impressed, rugosely punctured ; vertex just behind the fastigium
with a transverse impression ; occiput with an indistinct median carinula in its
fore part ; eyes comparatively larger and more projecting sideways than in
Th. algeriana, oval-shaped, quite as high as the subocular distance. Pronotum
more compressed laterally than in Th. algeriana ; the prozona almost half of
the metazona, feebly, but distinctly, convex, transversely gibbulose between
the sulci, which are all well developed ; metazona practically flat, indistinctly
subrugulose ; median keel distinctly raised between the front margin and
the first sulcus, obliterate between the sulci and sharp, linear in the metazona ;
lateral keels luideveloped, but the surface of the metazona forming distinct
rounded angles with the sides ; hind angle somewhat less than 90° ; lateral
lobes much higher than they are long, very indistinctly rugulose, with the
lower margin ascending, not sinuate. Mesopleurae and metapleurae scarcely
rugulose. Pectus and legs pilose. Elytra extending well beyond the hind
knees, hyalinous throughout ; discoidal vein well developed, sinuate, approxi-
mated apically to the radial vein but not touching it ; reticulation not very
dense even in the basal half, and regular in the apical third. Wings large
and broad ; principal veins distinctly incrassate. Hiiid femora moderately
widened, strongly pilose.

Coloration ochraceous-brown. Face greyish, with darker marmoration.
Head with dull blackish dots on the occiput, and with postocular bands of the same
colour. Pronotum marmorated indistinctly with dull blac*kish colour. Elytra
with the basal quarter darker than the rest, and with a faint suggestion of a
darker submedian fascia. Wings verj' faintly coerulescent, almost hyaUne, with
the veins dark. Hind femora with two oblique blackish fasciae externally more
pronounced on the upper area than on the median one ; the inner side black with
a narrow pale fascia just behind the middle, and another broader one before the
knee ; the lower inner sulcus black except a broad pale preapical fascia. Hind
tibiae pale (discoloured ?), with the very base black, and with two indistinct
darker fasciae. o

mm.
Length of body 21-5

„ „ pronotum

,, „ elytra .

„ ,, hind femora

Width „ „

4-5

22 (? the tips broken off).
9-5
3-5

Ain Sefra, South Oran, 1-18. v. 1913, 1 ? (Rothschild and Hartert).

This new species differs from the only other Algerian known in so many
important characters that it may be necessary to separate it generically. In
fact, some of its characters do not agree with the original diagnosis of the genus
(lack of lateral keels on the pronotum, not coriaceous elytra, wings without a
band, etc.), but the whole complex of genera related to Thalpometia (Thalpomena,
Fortuiiata, Wernerella) is as yet very insufficiently studied and their interrelations
being very poorly understood, it would be inadvisable to describe one more genus
of uncertain relationship.

Th. coerulescens has, of course, nothing to do with Th. algeriana var. coerulei-
pennis Fin., as that latter form differs from the typical one only in the coloration
of wings, but not in the morphological characters.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAK XXX. 1923. 67

14. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walk.).
{Plate I, figs. 1, 2).

1870. Oedipoda rubescens Walker, Zoologist, (2) v. p. 2301, no. 38.

1884. Sphingonotus coerulans var. aegyptiaca Saussure, Prodromus Oedipod., p. 200, no. 3a.
1910. Sphingonotus rubescens Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orlh., iii. p. 274, no. 12 {syn. excl. ! ^).
1913. II Sphingonotus coerulans Bolivar, I.e., p. 612, no. 17.

Ain-Sefra, S. Oran, 1-18. v. 13.

Saussure, who did not get an opportunity of studying sufficiently long series
of specimens of what he called Sphingonotus coerulans, came to the conclusion
that this is a very widely distributed and highly variable species, and he has
given names to some most striking " varieties " without considering the taxonomic
value of their characters. All other authors followed him in calling any Sphingo-
notus with the hind wings coerulescent or hyaline as S. coerulans, but H. Krauss
and especially I. Vosseler in their studies of North African representatives of
the genus have definitely found that there exist quite a number of species in this
group, easily separated from each other by a number of sufficiently constant
morphological characters ; Vosseler has shown even that some colour characters,
particularly the pattern of the elytra, are also very constant, if sometimes rather
minute. Nevertheless, most authors still do not pay any attention to mor-
phological characters and go in the identification of species of Sphingonotus
exclusively by the coloration of the hind wings and particularly by the shape and
grade of development of the dark band on the latter, which is, in fact, the most
unreliable and individually variable character. As a result, almost all existing
records of S. coerulans outside of Europe require a most careful revision which
will undoubtedly result in great and badly wanted improvements in the
systematics of species confused under that name, as well as in a much better
understanding of their distribution.

As regards S. rubescens, it has been alv/ays misidentified as S. coerulans L.,
but it differs from that European species in a number of important and quite
constant characters. Thus the median carina on the vertex is in rubescens
usually much more developed, prozona of the pronotum comparatively shorter,
its metazona more rounded behind, elytra and wings comparatively much longer
than in coerulans ; still more important and absolutely reliable character may be
found in the reticulation of the discoidal field : in coerulans the discoidal vein is
straight and almost parallel to the radial vein, the hind discoidal area
being irregularly reticulated, while in rubescens that vein is distinctly curved,
strongly approaching apically to the radial vein, leaving a broad hind discoidal
area reticulated by subparallel transverse veinlets forming fairly regular trans-
versely elongate cells ; this type of reticulation is very like that in S. savignyi
Sauss., though considerably less regular. The coloration of rubescens is character-
ised by the tendency of dark bands of the el3rtra to split up into small
quadrangular spots which often are very irregularly scattered ; wings are
mostly perfectly hyaUnous with the principal veins distinctly incrassate and
blackish, as are also the veinlets in the marginal zone occupying almost half of
the wings.

1 I do not seo any reason to include var. candidus Costa from Sardinia amongst the sjTionyras
of rubescens as Kirby does.

68 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

The dimensions of S. rubescens are as follows :

Type?' <?cJ $?

mm. mm. mm.

Length of body 31 19-23 27-32

„ „ pronotum ....... 5 3'5-4-5 5-6

„ „ elytra 32-5 21-5-28 29-33

„ winga 30 19-5-26 28-32

Width „ „ 16-5 10-14-5 17-18-5

Length of hind femora 13 8-5-11 11-5-13

The range of distribution of S. rubescens, of course, cannot yet be defined in
all its details ; I have seen it (in the British Museum collection) from the following
localities : Wady Gehnah (tjqje) ; Sandy Plains, Mt. Sinai ; Athens, Greece ;
Amman, Transjordania ; Enseli, N. Persia ; Abadeh, Persia ; Muscat, Arabia ;
Himza and Doyen, N. Kashmir ; Libyan Desert ; Tenerifle ; Canaries ; Gr.
Piton, Salvage Islands.

There is no doubt that many of the records of S. coerulans from the desert
parts of N. Africa must be referred to S. rubescens ; thus Vosseler {Zool. Jahrb.,
xvi. p. 372) describes his specimens of " S. coerulans " from a number of localities
in Algeria and Tunis so that he obviously had rubescens before him ; on the
other hand, the specimen figiu-ed by him, which is from Sousse, Tunis, is a t}rpical
coerulans. Krauss (Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wie7>, 1902, p. 242) also records
undoubtedly rubescens under the name coerulans from Biskra, Salahin, Ouargla,
and Oued Nsa in Sahara. All specimens from the Tring Museum identified
by Bolivar {I.e.) as coerulans are also typical rubescens.

It seems, from all these records, that S. rubescens replaces coerulans in the
whole Eremian subregion, and the areas of both species partly overlap each other ;
thus they occur together in Greece and in EnzeU, N. Persia ; in the latter locality,
however, coerulans is much more common than rubescens. I do not know any
specimens of typical coerulans from the Eremian subregion, and believe that all
previous records apply either to rubescens or to some other species with hyalinous
wings. This may lead to the suggestion that rubescens is but a desert subspecies
of coerulans, and not a distinct species, but I leave this question open until more
is known about the group.

15. Sphingonotus octofasciatus (Serv.).

1839. Oedifola octofasciata Serville, Ins. OrtJi., p. 278, no. 10.

1870 ? Oedipoda oljscurata Walker, Zoologist, (2) v. p. 2300, no. 37.

1884. Sphingonotus kittaryi Saussure, Prodr. Oedip.. pp. 197, 207, no. 17.

1888. Sphingonotus octofasciatus Saussure, Addit. ad Prodr. Oedip., pp. 76, 79, no. 1 (sijnon. excl. !)

1910. Sphingonotus octofasciatus Kirby Syn. Cat. Orlh., iii. p. 272, no. 3.

1913. Sphingonotus octofasciatus Bolivar, I.e., p. 612, no. 18.

Oued Nsa (Ghardaia to Guerrara), 3-5. vi. 1912; Hammam-cs-Salahin,
Algeria (B.M.) ; Gafsa, Tunis (B.M.).

Saussure in 1884 quite correctly separated two species of Sphingonotus witli
red wings, one with the prozona of pronotum cristate which he rightly referred
to S. zinini Kitt., and another, without a raised carina in the prozona, described

' Walker says in his description (I.e.) that the type is a male, but mistakes of tliis kind are
unfortunately quite usual in his writings.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 69

by him under the name of S. kitiaryi. Four years later, however, in " Addita-
menta " he made a simply astonishing muddle in the group, while he sank zinini
as a synonym of octofasciatus Serv. (of which he then studied the type), including
the latter in his revised key in the section with the prozona cristate. In reality,
however, Serville's species has the prozona not cristate ' ; and, therefore, it is
identical not with zinini Kitt., but with kittaryi Sauss. S'ph. suschkini Adelung
described in 1906 {Mater, ad cognit. faunae et florae Boss., vii.), is identical with
zinini Kitt., and both names are mere synonyms of Sph. salinus Pall, (see below,
under Oedipoda miniata Pall.).

S. octofasciatus seems to be more widely distributed all over Eremian sub-
region, while S. salinus is known from the Kirghiz Steppes only, where the former
does not occur.

16. Hyalorhipis calcarata (Voss.).

1902. Leptopternis calcarata Vosseler, Zoolog. Jahrh., xvi. p. 382, no. 50, pi. 18, figs. 9a, 9b, 10.
1913. II //yatorAipis can&scens Bolivar, i.e., p. 611, no. 14.

N. of EI-Golea, 18. v. 1913.

I cannot agree with Bolivar's identification of this species, as the specimens
named by him as H. canescens Sauss. agree much better with the detailed
description and excellent figures by Vosseler than with the rather incomplete
diagnosis by Saussure (Prodr. Oedip., p. 89 ; Mitt. Schweiz. Entom. Ges., viii.
p. 94). The only difference of the specimens before me from Vosseler's
description is in the dimensions, which are as follows :

According to Vosseler. In our specimens.

Length of body ....

„ ,, pronotum

,, „ elytra ....

,, ,, hind femora .

It is easy to see that the difference is in the general size only, our specimens
being somewhat larger than Vosseler's types, and not in proportion ; this
difference may be either due to geographical variation (Vosseler's types were from
Bou-Saada, i.e. much more to the north than our specimens), or simply to
individual variability, which is as yet very insufficiently known, as Vosseler had
only three specimens before him and I have seen five.

It is not impossible, of course, that calcarata is only a western subspecies of
canescens, originally described from Egypt and known also from Sinai, but it
cannot be stated until both species are better known.

17. Oedaleus decorus (Germ.).

1826. Acrydium decorum Germar, Fauna Insect. Europ., fasc. xii. pi. 17.
\\Oedaleus nigrofasciatus auctorum, nee De Geer, 1773 (!).

Although this species is not represented in the collection studied, it has
been recorded from many locaHties in Algeria, Tunis, and Morocco, and I included
it in the paper in order to establish its correct name. In fact, De Geer, in his

' According to Mr. N. Ikonnikon, who studied the type in Paris Museum and kindly permitted
me to publish the above considerations, forming an abstract from his manuscript on Oedipodidae
in Faune de la Russie.

s

?

<?

?

mm.

mm.

mm.

mm.

15

21-5

17-5-20

28 (distended!)

2-5

4

3

5

16-2

23

18-21

28-5

8

11

9-9-5

13

70 NOVTTATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923.

description of Acrydium nigrofasciaium (Mem. Ins., iii. p. 493, no. 9), says that
it is from the Cape of Good Hope, and he mentions even Gryllus doctista flavus
of Linne as a synonym,' All subsequent authors could not separate the South-
African species from the very closely related Mediterranean one, and called them
them either flavus or, most often, nigrojasciatus. Quite recently, however, I have
shown (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. ix. 1922, p. 102, no. 2) that the South-
African species is distinct from the Mediterranean one, but unfortunately I,
like most other Orthopterists, did not take the trouble to look up the original
description by De Geer, and therefore called the South African species 0. gracilis
Sauss. It is quite obvious that in separating those two species we must apply
the name nigrojasciatus De Geer to the Cape species and not to the Palearctic
one, for which the next available name, viz. Oedaleus decorus Germ., should be
used. In case it will be found necessary to split up 0. decorus into subspecies
(and there is no doubt that it varies considerably according to locality), it must
be borne in mind that Germar described it from " Podolia australis."

IS. Oedipoda coeiulescens coerulescens (L.).

Mascara, vi.l922 (Dr. A. Cros).

The tjrpical European blue-winged race of this common species seems to
be almost entirely replaced in N.W. Africa by the subsp. svlfurescens (see below) ;
doubtless records of subsp. coeridescens are from Ceuta (Bolivar, 3Iem,. Sac. Esp.
Hist. Nat., viii. 1914, p. 189) and from several localities in Tripoli and Barka
(Werner, Zoolog. Jahrh., Syst., xxvii. 1909, p. 112). From Mascara I have seen
four specimens only and three of them have got the wings pale greenish blue,
i.e. of a shade somewliat intermediate between both subspecies, which is only
what one would expect in the transitory zone ; one male is blue-winged, though
the blue colour is distinctly paler than in European specimens. Further detailed'
study of long series of specimens from different localities in N.W. Africa should
give very interesting results with regard to the distribution of both subspecies.

19. Oedipoda coerulescens sulfurescens (Sauss.).

Azazga, Kabylie, 17. ix. 1920 (Rothschild and Hartert) ; Bone, 6.ix.l896
(British Museum).

20. Oedipoda miniata (Pall., 7iec auctor. !).

1771. Gryllus rainfo(i« Pallas, Rel^e durch versch. Prov., etc., p. 467, no. 49.
1790. II Gryllus salinus Gmelin, Linne, Sysl. Natur., i. (4), p. 2083, no. 182.
1820. II Acrydium salinum Fischer Waldh., Enlom. Imp. Ross., i. p. 39, no. 3, Orth. pi. 1, fig. 3.
1833. II Acrydium germanicum Costa, Monogr. Acrid. Podism. Regni Napoli, p. 32.
1836. II Acriditim germanicum Costa, Fauna Regni Napoli, Orth., p. 17.
1839. Oedipoda graliosa Scrville. Ins. Orth., p. 727, no. 9.

1846. II Oedipoda germanica Fischer Waldh., Noiw. Mini. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, viii. (Orth. Imp.
Ross.), p. 278 (parlim !), pi. xxii. fig. 7.

1848. II Oedipoda salina Eversmann, Addit. ad Fisch. Waldh. Orth. Ross., p. 9, no. 4.

1849. Oedipoda mauritanica Lucas, Explor. Alger., Zool, iii. p. 32, no. 55, Orth. pi. 4, figs. 2, 2a.

1852. II Oedipoda salina Siebold, Stett. Ent. Ztg., xiii. p. 27.

1853. Oedipoda gratio.sa Fieber, Lotos, iii. p. 124, no. 9.
1853. Oedipoda fasciata var. C. Fischer, Orth. Europ., p. 413.

' This is not correct according to Stal, who examined the Linnean types {Rec. Orth., p. 126).

KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 71

1882. Oedipoda gratiosa Brunner Watt., Prodr. Eur. Orth., pp. 159, 164.
1884. Oedipoda gratiosa Saussure, Prodr. Oedip., pp. 148, 152, no. 6.
1895. Oedipoda gratiosa Finot, Ann. Soc. Ent. France. Ixiv. pp. 442, 444.
1898. Oedipoda gratiosa Bolivar, Ann. Sci. Porto, v. pp. 73, 74 (sep. copy).
1902. II Oedipoda salina Jacobson, Priam, i Lozhnoset. Ross. Imp., pp. 189, 261.
1922. II Oedipoda salina Chopard, Faune de France, Orth., pp. 134, 164.

Merg, Cyrenaica, v. 1922 (E. Hartert).

The history of the synonymy of this species is extremely instructive, showing,
as it does, how utterly misunderstood and misapplied some specific names given
by old writers are.

Pallas lias described two red-winged Acridids from the steppes along the river
" Yaikum " (which is now called Ural) — Gryllus miniatus (for the quotation see
above) and Gryllus saliniis (I.e., ii. p. 727, no. 78).

As the fauna of Orthoptera of the steppes along the river Ural is known at
present better than that of many other parts of Russia and even of the Western
Europe,' there can be no difficulty in identifying both Pallasian species. In
fact, there are only three red-winged species known from that region (apart from
Celes variabilis described from Pallas himself, and from Calliptamus italicus
which he undoubtedly knew and which has not got a fascia on the wings),
Oedipoda gratiosa Serv., Sphingonotus zinini Kitt., and Pyrgodera armata F.W.
The latter, being a rather rare insect, remained unknown to Pallas ; if he knew it,
he would not fail to describe its quite unusually high crest of the pronotum.
Thus, only two species remain to be compared with the Pallasian insects, and
there is not the slightest doubt as to which is which. In fact, Oryllus miniatus
of Pallas is described by that author as being of the same size, shape, and colour
as Gryllus coerulescens, but differing in more distinctly maculated elytra and in
the coloration of the hind wings, which he described very unfortunately (and
not quite correctly) as " miniaceae " instead of " roseae " ; anyhow, this insect
cannot be anything else than Oedipoda gratiosa Serv., since 0. gennanicxi Latr.,
which has been regarded by the most authors as a synonjon of miniata, is a
Western Eiu'opean species which does not and cannot occur at Ural, being
wholly unknown from Russia in Europe. As regards Gryllus salinus of
Pallas, which has been also grossly misunderstood by some later wTiters who
identified it either with Bryodema tuberculata F. (Fischer Waldheim) or with
Oedipoda gratiosa Serv. (Eversmann, Siebold, Jacobson, ^ Chopard), its description
agrees in all its details with Sphingonotus zinini Kitt. (for synonymies of this
species see under Sph. octojasciatus Serv.), and even its habitat (" locis aridissimis
salisque ") is exactly the same as I have observed myself for the latter species
(I.e., p. 16). Both Pallasian names ought to be, therefore, restored in their
original sense, although it involves some very substantial changes in the present
incorrect nomenclature.^

The area of distribution of O. ininiata comprises the whole Eremian subregion,

' Owing to the investigations by Pallas, Eversmann, Kittary, and niyself (see my list of the
fauna in Horae Soc. Entom. Boss., xxxix. 1910, pp. 359-90).

' This author made the mistake only in the main part of his book {p. 261), but in the appendix
(p. 929) he corrected it in saying that salina Pall, is identical either with Sphingonotus octojasciatus or
with 5. zinini ; this correction has been overlooked by all other ^Titers.

* I take this opportunity to restore another Pallasian species, Gryllus tibialis (I.e., 2, p. 728,
no. 78c), which is undoubtedly identical with Acridium gibbosum F.W. 1839 = Cyphoporus maculatus
F.W. 1846 = Derocorys fumeipennis Adelung, 1906 (Uvarov, I.e., p. 377), and should be called
Derocorys tibialis Pall, {nee Fieb. 1853 !).

72 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

extending even somewhat beyond it — in Spain, S. France, Italy, Greece, Mace-
donia, S.E. Russia ; in the extreme north-west of its area O. miniaia comes into
contact with 0. germanica, but always maintains its distinctive characters, which
shows that they are quite independent species. Inhabiting such a vast area,
O. miniata varies considerably according to locality and may be split up into
several geographical races, differing principally in the shade of the coloration of
hindwings and in the shape and width of their fascia, but it is not advisable
to do so without a comparative study of long series of specimens from different
locahties.

21. Oedipoda fuscocincta Lucas.

Bone, 31.viii.lS96, 1 ? (Brit. Museum).

Pronotum and head in this specimen are somewhat more rugose than they
should be in the typical form ; there is also a very short and irregular radial
branch of the black band of wings ; the disc of wings is of a bright sulphur- yellow
coloration.

Var. coelestina n.

One female in the British Museum collection, from Cyrene in Cyrenaica,
1,700, ft. 22.x. 1910 (Dr. A. F. S. Sladden), is provisionally referred to this species,
but it differs from the typical form in so many important characters that I
consider it necessary to describe it imder the indifferent name of a variety
until its true relationship to the typical form may be established after a study
of additional materials.

Size and general appearance of the typical form, but the head and pronotum
much more rugose. Face strongly rugose ; frontal ridge with the margins dis-
tinctly raised and reaching the clypeus, strongly constricted below the ocellum ;
its sm-face strongly punctured, bifoveolate just below the fastigium. Fastigium
distinctly rugulose and punctured, scarcely marginated, as long as broad ;
temporal foveolae rotundato-triangulare, their bottom rugulose. Vertex and
occiput rugulose. Pronotum shorter and broader than in the typical form ; its
surface strongly and densely rugulose ; median keel feebly raised, though more
so in the prozona ; metazona less than twice as long as the prozona, with the
hind angle 90° ; lateral lobes rugose. Elytra with the dark fasciae strongly
marked but irregularly defined, with nvunerous and dense small dark spots,
especially in the apical third. Wings with the disc of intense blue ; black fascia
as in the tj^ical form, but not reaching the inner margin and with a quite short
radial branch divided in two ; apex hyaline with the veinlets brownish. In

other respects quite similar to the typical form.

?

mm.
Length of body ....... 32

„ ,, pronotum ...... 7

„ ,, elytra ....... 30

,, ,, hind femora . . . . .16

It is not impossible that this beautiful insect has something to do with
Oedipoda miniata (= germanica) var. coerulea described by Saussure (Prodr.
Oedip., p. 150) from an unknown locality, but it differs from that in the coarsely
rugose head and pronotum, which are described by Saussure as being sculptured
in coerulea exactly as in germanica.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 73

22. Tmethis cisti harterti subsji. n.

$. Not large, but robustly built. Fastigium of the vertex broader than u.sual,
feebly impressed. Pronotum very thick, distinctly depressed ; its prozona but
feebly compressed and scarcely constricted, with the median keel thick, tectif orm,
distinctly, but not deeply, interrupted by the sulci ; the typical sulcus not deep ,
metazona distinctly broader than it is long, broadly roimded. Elytra only one-
half again as long as the pronotum, extending to the apex of the fifth tergite and
not reaching the hind knees by one-third of the length of femora. Hind femora
with the upper carina strongly dilated, irregularly denticulate, excised in the
apical third (as in Oedipoda) ; the lower carina also strongly dilated, broadly
undulated.

Sculpturation of the exposed parts mostly granulose ; metazona with some
sharp lamellar, but low, carinulae ; one transverse lameUiform rounded carinula
at the end of the basal third of the superno-median area of hind femora, and two
more just beyond the preapical incision of the latter.

General coloration uniformly reddish-ochraceous ; antennae pale ; metazona
narrowly marginated ^-ith pale yellow ; elytra with a scarcely perceptible dark
pattern ; wings with the base and anal part faintly bluish ; their fascia in the
shape of two small brown spots in the two first sectors ; the two apical lobes
hyalme with the veins and veinlets brown ; hind femora with the inside
violaceous in the basal haK, red in the rest, with a pale yellow preapical ring ;
hind tibiae inwardly sanguineous, outwardly reddish ochraceous with brownish
dots ; their spines red, brown-tipped,

(J (paratype) differs from the female by somewhat more compressed pro-
notum, with the metazona more triangular ; by the presence of pale yellow
callous ridges on its prozona, along the upper margins of the lateral lobes ; by the
elytra extending a little beyond the hind knees ; and by the wings faintly rosescent
in the hind third, with the fascia fully developed, but not sharply defined.

? (type) S (paratype)
mm. mm.

Length of body 42 28

,, ,, pronotum ...... 13 9

„ elytra 19 21

„ „ hind femora ...... 20 15

Type and paratype taken at Merg (Merdj in some atlases), Cyrenaica, May
1922, by Dr. E. Hartert, after whom the subspecies is named.

Vosseler (Zool. Jahrb., xvi. 1902, pp. 384-7) has shown that T. cisti gives
a great number of different forms in various parts of its vast area of distribution,
some of them obviously geographical. Of course, only a study of very long
series of specimens may help to distinguish more constant geographical races
from individual aberrations or topographical adaptive forms {morphae), but I
feel justified in regarding the strikingly aberrant form described above as a sub-
species, peculiar to the coastal region of C3Tenaica ; the form from Bir bou
Rekbah, at the eastern Tunisian coast described by Vosseler (I.e., p. 386; pi. 3,
fig. 1) seems to represent a transition from the long-winged, heavily marked
forms of Algeria to the new Cyrenaican subspecies.

74 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

23. Pyrgomorpha conica (01.).

1902. II Pyrgomorpha cognata Vosseler, Zoolog. Jahrh., xvi. p. 388 [ad parlim ? nee Krausa !).

Biskra, iv.1908 (Rothschild); Ghardaia, 16. iv. 1911'; Ain Sefra, South
Oran, 1-18. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert).

Since Acrydium conicum of Olivier has been described from the south of
France, it is obvious that the species of Pyrgomorpha from S.W. Europe should
be regarded as that to which the name may only be apphed ; this species has
been redescribed and figured so many times that it is simply astonishing that a
careful systematist like Vosseler should make such a mistake in identification
of his material as he did. In fact, the South- European Pyrgomorpha conica
has got a very distinctly sinuated lower margin of pronotal lobes — exactly as
Vosseler figured in what he called P. cognata (I.e., p. 388), while his figure on
the preceding page which is supposed by him to represent P. grylloides Latr.
(= conica 01.) belongs to a species quite distinct from the real conica and which
is described below.

As regards P. cognata of Krauss, originally described from Senegal, its descrip-
tion is far too insufficient to make its separation from conica easy and beyond any
doubt. Some of the specimens from Sahara are more slender than those from
Southern Europe and their antennae are also somewhat longer, but I hesitate
to identify them as cognata, until the type of the latter species is redescribed in
more details. I am inclined to think that the meagre descriptions of cognata
caused a good many mi.stakes to be made by different authors, and I regard all
records of this species (except, of course, the original one) as doubtful.

24. Pyrgomorpha vosseleri, sp. n.

(Text-fig. 2.)

1902. II Pyrgomorpha grylloides Vosseler, Zoolog. Jahrh., xvi. p. 387, fig. [nee Latr. !).

$. About the same size as P. conica 01., but less slender. Antennae not

reaching the hind margin of the pronotum, triangular in the basal half, rounded

in the rest. Face less reclinate as in P. conica, scarcely

rugulose. Fastigium of the vertex, seen in profile,

somewhat shorter than the length of an eye ; seen from

above it is shorter and more elliptical in front than in

P. conica, not strongly and irregularly transversely

rugulose, with a distinct median cannula running right

across the occiput. Eyes almost twice as long as they

are high. Lateral facial keels feebly sinuate, not much

raised. A broad granulated fascia runs obliquely from

the eye to the lower margin of tlie pronotum. Pronotum

thick, not strongly rugulose ; median keel linear, di.stinct

Fio. 2 -Pyrgomorpha vos- throughout ; lateral keels in the prozona practicaUy
selert, sp. n., ^ (type). o >

Stemiun. x 6. straight, slightly divergent backwards ; in the metazona

they are more distant from each other and almost

obliterate ; hind margin of the pronotum rounded ; lateral lobes with the lower

margin practically straight and the hind angle obliquely truncate (see figure by

Vosseler, I.e., p. 387). Mesosternal interspace about half again as broad as it is

long. Elytra extending a little beyond the hind knees.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 75

General coloration green with the granulosa post-ociilar fascia and the lower
margin of the pronotal lobes (which is also slightly granulose) pale. Antennae
brownish. Abdomen with black spots on each tergite. Wings rose.

? (type). <J (paratype).

mm. mm.

Length of body 28-5 17-5

„ ,, antennae ....... 6 6

,, „ pronotum ....... 6 3-75

„ „ elytra 22 13-5

„ „ hind femora ...... 13 9

The type is from Hammam R'Lrha, 30. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert) ;
the paratypes are from the same locality — 3 $ $ and 1 ^J — and as follows ; Saida,
Oran, 1 $, 22. v. 1913 (Rothschild and Hartert); Mascara, Algeria, 4 cjc? (A.
Cros) ; Medeah, Algeria, 1 cJ, 1 $ (British Museum).

The new species is easily separated from P. conica by the shape of lateral lobes
of the pronotum, as well as by its lateral keels being practically straight in the
prozona, while they are distinctly incurved in P. conica, as well as by the strongly
transverse mesosternal interspace which in P. conica is almost as broad as it is
long. The carinula on the vertex and occiput, as well as the lateral keels on
the metazona of pronotum, are not constant and may be either well developed or
almost obliterate ; it must be noticed that these characters are not constant in
P. conica as well. The coloration of the new species is liable to variations of the
same kind as in P. conica and in other species of the genus, and both green and
grey (or brown) forms are represented, though of the latter I know three males
only, the rest of the paratypes belonging to the green form.

As regards the distribution of this species, the following locaUties given
by Vosseler {I.e., p. 387) may be added to those recorded above : Perregaux,
Hammam bou Hadjar, Er Rachel, Rio Salado, Saida, Ain Sefra, Medeah. There
is no doubt that many of the other records of P. conica must be also referred to
P. vosseleri, but it is impossible to decide which ones.

I have much pleasure in naming this well-marked new species after Dr.
J. Vosseler, whose work on the Orthoptera of Algeria and Tunisia is a model of
systematical and ecological study.

25. Dericorys albidula (Serv.).

1839. Dericorys albidula Serville, Ins. Orth., p. 639, no. 1.

1889. Derocorysles curvipes Redtenbacher, Wien. Ent. Ztg., viii. p. 29.

1913. Dericorys albidula I. Bolivar, Novit. Zool., xx. p. 613.

Sands of El-Arich, S.W. of Touggourt, 8-9. vi. 1912, 1 ? (Hartert).

D. albidula is undoubtedly synonymous with D. ciirvi-pes, as the characters
indicated by Bolivar {I.e.) as separating them are obviously of no value. The
species is distributed from Transcaspia and Persian Gulf (Fao ; British Museum),
through Sinai (Krauss, in Verh. Natur. Ver. Karlsruhe, xxi. pp. 32-4, figs. 3, 4)
and Egypt (Serville's type) right across the Sahara.

26. Thisoecetrus littoralis charpentieri (Stal).

1873. Pezotettix {Buprepocnemis) charpentieri StSl, Rec. Orth., i. p. 75, no. 3.
1876. Euprepocnemis charpeniierii St&l, Bih. Sven. Akad., iv. 5, p. 15, no. 4.

Tunis (Stockholm Museum ; the types of Stal).

Owing to the kindness of Prof. Y. Sjostedt I have been able to study the actual

76 N0VITATE3 ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

types of Stal's species, with the result that I beHeve it to represent a well-
defined Tunisian subspecies of Th. littoralis Ramb. which occurs in its typical form
in the S.E. of Spain. At the same time it is obvious that Stal's insect is different
subspecifically from the Algerian representatives of the species which have been
incorrectly called by I. Bohvar (Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 1908, p. 328) Th.
charpeiitieri {nee Stal !). In fact, the true charpentieri St. from Tunis > has got
a much narrower vertex and still more irregular lateral keels of the pronotum
than the insect described under that name by Bolivar ; the disc of the prozona
in the true cJiarpentieri is distinctly punctured, while it is perfectly smooth both in
the tjrpical littoralis and in the insect described by Bolivar, which latter must
receive a new name.

27. Thisoecetrus littoralis bolivari, subsp. n.

1908. II TUsoiulrus charpenteri I. Bolivar, Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., p. 328 {nee Stal, 1873 !)■

Biskra, hills north of the town, 22. ii. 1895, 1 c?, 1 9 (A. E. Eaton: British
Museum).

To this subspecies must be. probably, referred most of the existing records
of Th. littoralis from Algeria. I. Bolivar {I.e.) has been inclined to include in it
also the representatives of the species from Egypt and Persia, but it seems
that a careful study of series of this species from the eastern Mediterranean
countries will make it necessary to separate several more subspecies.

I do not give a description of the new subspecies, because it has been very
fittingly characterised by Bohvar, and its principal distinctive features are also
quite obvious from tlie key to the subspecies of Th. littoralis given below.

Dimensions of the types are as follows :

o (type) ? (paratype)
ram. mm.

Length of body 28 35

„ „ pronotum ....... 5-5 7

„ „ elytra 23 28

„ „ hind femora ...... 15 18-5

28. Thisoecetrus littoralis harterti Bol.

1913. Thisoicetrus harterti I. Bolivar, Novit. Zoolog., xx. p. 614, no. 28.

Biskra, 4 ?? (Rothschild and Hartert).

The original tjrpe of Bolivar's description - is before me, and three more
females are exactly like it. It is very strange that Bolivar did not compare it with
what he called charpentieri, i.e. my bolivari, but with the Spanish littoralis ; still
more incomprehensible is that he should say that the latter has been many
times recorded from Algeria, while he himself stated positively in 1908 (I.e.) that
littoralis does not occur in Algeria and all records must be referred to his
" charpentieri."

' Prof. Sjostedt has sent rae one male and one female both from Tunis ; only the female bears
the original label by Stal, but it cannot be considered the holotype of the species, because Stal's
description is based on a male ; I have, therefore, selected the male specimen studied by me as the
holotype.

2 It is a female, as indicated in description, and not a male, as it is stated, obviously by a
misprint, in the table of measurements.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 77

I believe that the subspecies harterti is peculiar to the Sahara, which is evi-
denced by its very pale general coloration. The fact that this subspecies and
bolivari are both known from Biskra may be explained by the geographical position
of Biskra on the very dividing line between the mountainous and hilly Algeria
populated by bolivari and the desert where it is replaced by harterti. Indeed,
the types of bolivari have been taken by Blr. Eaton on the hills north of Biskra,
while those of harterti, though not bearing a detailed label, near the town and
southwards from it.

29. Thisoecetrus littoralis minuta Uvar.

1921. Thisoicetrus littoralis var. minuta Uvarov, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 123, no. la.

I am inclined now to regard this minute form as a distinct subspecies, known
so far only from Bone, Algeria.

The four subspecies of Th. littoralis known to me from N.W. Africa and
S. Spain may be separated by the following key :

1 (8). Distance between the eyes at least haK again as broad as the distance
between the first and the second pronotal sulci. Prozona of the pronotum
smooth ; the lateral keels straight, or practically so, gradually divergent
backwards.

2 (3). Distance between the eyes twice as broad as the distance between
the first and the second sulci. General form more slender ; elytra extending
distinctly beyond the hind knees. Hind femora elongated, slender. Hind tibiae
with 15-17 external and 12-14 internal spines. — S. Spain.

1. littoralis (Ramb.)

3 (2). Distance between the eyes about half again as broad as the distance
between first and the second sulci of pronotum. General form less slender ;
elytra just reaching the hind knees or scarcely longer. Hind femora thick
and short. Hind tibiae with 12-14 external and 11-13 internal spines.

4 (7). Hind tibiae in the apical half red or reddish all over. General
coloration not faded. Hind femora with the transverse fasciae more developed.
Small and middle-sized insects.

5 (6). Very small ((J 16 mm. ; $ 27 mm.). Coloration vivid. Elytra just
reaching the hind knees. — Bone, Algeria.

2. minuta Uv.

6 (5). Of middle size (cJ 28 mm. ; $ 35 mm.). Coloration somewhat less
vivid. Elytra extending a little beyond the hind knees. — Biskra, Algeria.

3. bolivari subsp. n.

7 (4). Hind tibiae pale, only the mner side near the apex somewhat reddish.
General coloration very pale. Hind femora with but narrow dark Hnear spots
along the upper carina of the externomedian area. Size large (? 50 mm.). —
Sahara.

4. harterti Bol.

8 (1). Distance between the eys not or scarcely broader than the distance
between the first and second sulci of the pronotum. Prozona of the pronotum
distinctly punctured ; the lateral keels very irregular, strongly punctured,
subparallel and distinctly convex before the first sulcus, distinctly displaced
nearer to the middle and parallel between the first and the second sulci, divergent
between the second and the thu'd sulci. — Tunis.

5. charpentieri (St.).

78 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

30. Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) ph. flaviventris (Burm.).

1838. Acridium flavit-entre Burmeister, Handb. Eniom., p. 631.

1922. Schistocerca gregaria ph. flaviventris Uvarov, Bull. Entom. Res., xir. (in print).

Ain Guettara, north of In Salah, 12-14. iv. 1912 (Hartert and Hilg.), 1 ?.

The only specimen of this common migratory locust of Algeria proved to
be of an extraordinary interest, as it belongs not to the ordinary swarming phase '
of the species, but to the single-living ph. flaviventris (Burm.). A full description
of this phase is given by me in a special paper (I.e.) dealing with some migratory
locusts.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE

1. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walk.), male from Ain Sefra. X 6.

2. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walk.), male from Ain Sefra. X 3.

3. Notopleura rothschildi sp. n., male. X 4.

4. Notopleura rothschildi sp. n., female. X 4.

5. 6. Thalpomena coerulescens sp. n., female. X 6.
7, 8, 9, Iris deserti sp. n., female. X 4.

10. Iris deserti sp. n., male. X 4.

11. Iris oratoria (L.), male from Batna, Algeria. X 4.

XOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.E, Vol. XXX , 1923.

PI. I.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. • 79

AN ORNITHOLOGICAL AUTUMN JOURNEY TO ALGERIA.

By lord ROTHSCHILD and ERNST HARTERT.

A S all skinsfrom Algeria in the Tring Museum, and infact nearly all in European
-^Tli- collections, are from the late winter and spring months, we decided in
1920 to make an autumn excursion to Algeria, so as to get at least all the com-
moner birds in autumn plumage. We arrived at Alger on September 3rd. It
was still very hot, but the Swifts had already left. In the neighbourhood of
Alger it was very dry and dusty, and we soon left for the hills of the Kabylie.
Our first stay was at Tizi-Ouzou, but as good collecting grounds were mostly
rather far we proceeded from there, after a short stay, to Azazga, 425 m. high
above the valley of the River Sebaou and a few minutes from the vast forest of
Bu-Hini, which stretches almost unbroken to and beyond the village of Yacouren.
These forests consist chiefly of Cork-oaks, other oaks, here and there Pi7ius hale-
pensis, and various other trees. There is at Azazga an important cork industry,
and at Yacouren the roots of the tree-heather are largely collected and the " pipes
de bruyere," in Enghsh called " brier-pipes," cut m the raw, to be completed in
factories and by house industry in the Jura Mountains. In Azazga our friend,
Paul Saby, whom Hartert had met in Djelfa in May 1914, and who discovered
Numida sahyi in Marocco, was stationed as inspecteur des Forets et des Eaux
and we had his company on most of our excursions from Azazga. The woods
near Azazga were at this time very dry, no butterflies were flying and very few
moths, but they were rich in birds. Telephonus senegallus cucullatus was not
rare in thick wood near Azazga and, to our astonishment, at this season, was often
pourmg forth its beautiful, rich, flute-like notes. The forests are the home of
Turdus viscivorus deichleri, Parus ater ledouci, Parus caeruhus ultramarinus,
Parus major excelsus, Robins, Creepers, and Wrens, of three Woodpeckers (Dryo-
bates major numidus, D. minor ledouci, and Picus vaillantii), Jays, Wood Owls,
Golden Eagles and other birds. To our disgust (as we wanted fuU-plumaged
birds in fresh autumn plumage for comparison) most of the birds were still in
moult.

From Azazga we returned to Alger, whence we proceeded to Biskra, and on
our return journey stayed some days at our beloved picturesque El-Kantara.
Migration was in full swing at Azazga, where Redstarts, Wheatears and others
were common, but the oasis of Biskra was still more full of migrants. In Biskra
it was hot but dry, and therefore pleasant to us. Durmg the last week of October
rain set in in many places ui Algeria, and the temperature cooled down. When we
arrived again at Alger a perfectly terrific downpour received us. We left Alger on
October 30th for Port Vendres, a very picturesque small town near the Spanish
frontier. While we started in fine weather from Alger, in the night a gale set in
and our not too large ship danced in a more than pleasant manner. A few hours
before Port Vendres we saw several large water-spouts running, as it seemed,
along the shore, where they did much damage, as we learnt afterwards, and one
of the largest sailing vessels afloat foundered in the early morning at the Cap de

80 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Creus. Port Vendres looked very dishevelled from the gale and torrential rains
that had swept it, fallen trees lying about on the square and iii gardens. The
snow-covered Pic de Canigou and other mountains of the PjTenees afforded
beautiful views just outside the town.

We were accompanied on this trip by Mr. Fred Young, the caretaker of the
Tring Museum, as taxidermist.

It did not seem necessary to mention every kind of birds collected or observed,
so we only refer to those that were of some interest to ornithologists generally,
either with regard to locality, moult, or habits.

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.).

Only seen near El-Kantara, where it is always common. A o shot 23.x.
in beautiful fresh plumage differs from birds shot March to May in being more
piu-plish, not in the least greenish or bronzy, as in all spring specimens.

(It wUl no doubt become necessary after all to divide the Chough into sub-
species, on account of the length of the wing. Irish and British specimens have
the shortest wings, but we have not enough topotypical Swiss birds to define
this well. Algerian, Maroccan, and Tunisian specimens have longer wings, but
do not seem to differ enough from Central Asiatic birds from Turkestan and
Sikkim, to Yunnan and Szetchwan.)

Garrulus glandarius cervicalis Bp.

Not rare in the forests between Yacouren and Azazga. Still moulting
September 19th.

Carduelis earduelis africanus (Hart.).

Generally common in Algeria from the north coast to Biskra, but seemed to
be especially numerous in September near Tizi-Ouzou, both young and adults
being in full moult.

Fringilla coelebs aJricana Levaill.

Common in the woods near Alger, Azazga and Yacouren, m fuU moult in
second half of September. A male shot at El-Kantara 23.x. had only just
completed moult. It differs like other Chaffinches from specimens in spring by
having brown tips to feathers of head and neck and back.

Emberiza cirlus L.

Several times in the Kabylie, near Azazga and Yacouren. Still moulting
16 . and 19. ix.

Emberiza striolata sahari Lev.

During October very common in gardens and date groves at and near Biskra,
many still in moult during first half of the month. An aberration (male) has
the head pure white with some blackish centred feathers, car-coverts white
throat and crop very whitish, and some white feathers on the rump and in the
wing. The iris was dark rufous brown, bill wax- yellow, upper mandible brownish,
feet light wax-yellow. When the wide white edges to the feathers of head and
neck wear off in the breeding season the black centres stand out more and appear
to be more numerous, which is of course not the case.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 81

Rhamphocorys clot-bey (Bp).

On October 5th a single cJ was shot m the sanddunes near Biskra and a
flock encountered on the fields between the dunes and the oasis. On October
20th and 21st they were common and in flocks near Biskra. The autumn speci-
mens have a bluish-grey " bloom " which disappears in spring, so that then the
upperside looks more vinaceous, and as the white edges to the feathers wear off,
the black spots on the underside become larger in appearance. The wings of
males measxu'e 124-131, generally 126-128, of females 118-123 mm. As a rule
the bills of females are also smaller, but they vary much. There is no difference
in the colour of the upperside, but the black patches on the underside are smaller.
The stomachs in October contained seeds and sand, m one case bones of a small
lizard, and in another some green stuff, evidently young green shoots. The
iris is brown (dark coffee-brown, greyish-brown, brown), bill very light brown,
lower with yellow tinge, m spring whitish-blue or bluish-white with horn-black
or dark grey tips. The feet are at all seasons milky (sometimes dirty) white.

Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes (Desf.).

As usual not rare among the dunes near Biskra and towards Sidi-Okba. No
appreciable difference from spring specimens, except that in the latter the black
spots on upper chest are more conspicuous, when the white edges of the feathers
wear off. Often pairs kept together and twice we heard a male singing and
displaying !

Galerida cristata arenicola Tristr.

Common about Biskra, especially in the plain of El-Outaya and in the
Movdema, etc., and at the foot of the mountains meeting (?. theklae hilgerti, which,
however, replaced it on the hills. Autumn specimens are slightly browner and
have a slightly more greyish tinge, but when the greyish edges to the feathers
of the upperside wear off, in the spring, the upperside becomes a little more
yellowish sandy and paler. Moult had finished in October.

Galerida theklae hilgerti R. & H.

Common on the bare hills near Biskra and EH-Kantara. Varies a good deal
individually, like most theklae forms. On October 10th we shot close to Biskra,
on the range of stony hills, a female which is darker than any other we had, and
closely approaches G. t. harierti, but is less brown. There is no appreciable differ-
ence between autumn and spring specimens, the wearing off the edges of the
feathers not altering their coloration. The moult had oxily just finished in some
specimens in October, but some had evidently moulted some time.

Galerida theklae harterti Erl.

A few were seen near Tizi Ouzou and on open gromid near the River Sebaou
near Azazga. About haK of the specimens were still moulting during second
half of September. The specimens do not differ much from spring examples,
but the unworn greyish edges to the feathers of the back make them appear
more grey, and they look cleaner, not tinged by the blackish or dark rufous-
brown soil as in spring.

6

82 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Of all the Crested Larks we obtained far more females than males, of the
latter m each case only a few. In the spring the opposite has been the case,
probably because very often one is attracted by the song of the males at that
season, while they did not sing in the autumn.

Galerida theklae deichleri Erl.

This pale sand-coloiu'ed form, which in the breeding season in Western Algeria
is restricted to the rolling low sand stretches, especially where there are some
flat stones, though never occurring among the high dunes without vegetation,
roams more about in the autumn, and we encountered it tliree times, twice on
the stony ground north of the Col de Sfa, in the area of G. theklae hilgerti, and
close by in that of G. cristata arenicola, once among the sanddimes, where other-
wise only G. c. arenicola is found. We knew already from Witherby, who had
shot a specimen in winter near Biskra, that it occurred there occasionally out
of the breeding season. Autumn specimens do not differ in appearance from
worn spring specimens.

Ammomanes deserti algeriensis Sharpe.

Common in October, as it is in spring, near Biskra and El-Kantara. Autumn
birds differ from worn spring specimens in being more vinaceous, of a somewhat
warmer tinge, and the upperside is generally considerably more greyish-vinaceous.
From the end of September (at least) they were right through their moult, though
a male shot 15.x. has the outer primaries still in moult.

Anthus trivialis trivialis (L.).

Quite common on passage near Azazga and Yacouren during second half
of September, a few seen Biskra end of September and early October.

Anthus campestris campestris (L.).

Several on fields between Alger and Rouiba, 13. ix. Outer primaries
moulting.

Motacilla alba alba L.

A few seen late October on the river near El-Kantara.

Motacilla cinerea cinerea Tunst.

One clearly seen by both of us in the river bed near El-Kantara 23.x. Rare
in Algeria, by us only once seen in West Algeria.

Motacilla flava.

Flocks of Yellow Wagtails were seen during second half of October on
inundated places close to Biskra.

Panis caeruleus ultramarinus Bp.

Common near Alger, Tizi-Ouzou, and Azazga. Also not rare in the gardens
of Biskra and El-Kantara, and sometimes seen far a^^ay from trees in the desert

NOVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 83

among small plants. In moult at Alger, Tizi-Ouzou and Azazga throughout
September, but in October through the moult at Biskra and El-Kantara, except
a bird of the year, which had not quite completed moult 23.x.

Parus ater ledouci Malh.

Not at all common in the mixed woods near Yacouren and Azazga and
moulting second half of September. The yellow of the underside, unlike the
rather constant yellow of P. caerul. uUramarinus, fades very noticeably in the skin,
bemg quite brilliant in the fresh shot bird. This fleeting character of the yellow
on the underside is still more obvious in P. ater hibernicus. The upperside in
autumn is pale olivaceous green and fades to grey witli a faint, sometimes hardly
perceptible, tinge of green, only the rump remaining greenish.

Parus major excelsus Buvry.
Common near Azazga, full moult second half of September.

Lanius excubitor elegans Swains.

A few were seen on Zizyphus and Tamarisk bushes near Biskra, also in date-
palm groves. A male of the year 17.x. is nearly through the moult, but the
lores are still whitish. The fresh autumn feathers on the upperside are very
light ; evidently the upperside gets darker grey in the spring, but there is a
certain amount of variation in this.

Lanius senator senator L.

Common in bush near Tizi-Ouzou and Azazga. In middle of September
plumage old and worn, but some fresh feathers aheady in wings (inner primaries,
secondaries, some coverts). Young bhd shot same time (IS.ix.) still in first
barred plumage.

Telophorus (Harpolestes or Tsehagra) senegalus cucuUatus (Temm.).
This bird is very local and mostly rare, only in the coastal range of mountains
and coastal plains of Algeria, Tunisia, Marocco. We found it in flocks in the
bush- wood and outskirts of forest near Azazga on and about September 18th.
They were quite noisy, often emitting their loud, full flute-like notes, and this
had attracted Mr. Saby's attention, who first told us of their occurrence. The
specimens moulted their body plumage, and mostly also the tails, the quills being
already fresh plumage. They should nest near Azazga, but IVIi-. Saby did not
notice them at all in spring, nor in fact after September.

Pycnonotus barbatus barbatus (Desf.).
A few near Azazga, but not common. In full moult, body-plumage, tail,
and wings, 18.ix.

Muscicapa striata striata (Pall.).
Common ui the gardens of Alger first week in September, not rare Azazga
middle September, and common at Biskra 30. ix. and to about 20.x. At Biskra
undoubtedly on passage, and jn'obably also at Alger and Azazga, though the
Spotted Flycatcher nests in Algeria in various places.

84 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Phylloscopus trochilus trochilns (L.).

Phylloscopi were not rarely seen at Azazga during second half of September
and at Biskra early in October. The few specimens procured were trochilus.

Sylvia melanocephala melanoccphala (Gm.).

In Alger 9.ix. almost entirely through the moult. Near Tizi-Ouzou, where it
was specially common in woods and scrub in low-lying districts, still in moult
on head, body, tail, in middle of September. Plumage as in spring.

Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata (Temm.).

Common near Biskra from 29. ix. to 17.x. (and probably still later and
throughout winter). Some had still old rectrices, some were moulting, also parts
of body-plumage. In fresh autumn plumage the ashy-grey crown is hidden by
the sandy-brown edges to the feathers.

Sylvia nana deserti (Loche).

A single specimen on the sanddunes between Biskra and Oumash 5 . x.
Moult on primaries and body-plumage. Fresh autumn plumage warmer, more
reddish than in breeding season !

[We never noticed any Hippolais in September and October. They must
probably have been departed already.]

Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.).

Alger 9 . ix. through the moult, only outer primaries not fully grovsTi. Upper-
side m fresh autumn plumage darker, browner than in spring.

Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.).

Must be an early migrant, as we did not see any specimens, except one near
Biskra early in October.

[Song-thrushes, which are so common in winter in northern Algeria, had
not yet arrived when we were in the Kabylie in September. They are supposed
to arrive late in October. Mistle-thrushes were seen in small numbers in the
forests near Azazga and Yacouren. Blackbirds were seen near Yacouren, Azazga,
and Biskra, but were shy, as usual in Algeria. A male from Yacouren 17. ix. is
in full moult from first juvenile to adult plumage, a male Biskra 14.x. has black
first body- plumage, still moulting, tail in full moult, wings still juvenile and
measuring only 122 mm., though it should be Turdus tnerula mauretanicus, from
the locaUty.]

Monticola solitarius solitarius (L.).

A $ in full fresh plumage Biskra 7.x. Common El-Kantara, 24 and 25.x.,
fresh plumage.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 85

Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).

Common in the plains from Alger to Tizi - Ouzou and near Azazga and
Yacouren during second haK of September and around Biskra throughout
October. A few were stdl moulting body-feathers in September.

October 19th we shot a female at Beni Mora near Biskra, which from its
distinctly lighter, more sandy upperside we consider to belong to 0. o. seebohmi.
So far we have no indication where this bird winters, but it cannot remain
through the winter in the liigh altitudes where it nests and must be migratory to
some extent. (It is astonishing how numerous 0. o. oenanthe is in autumn and
spring on passage, from Marocco to Egypt.)

Oenanthe hispanica hispanica (L.).

A few between Alger and Tizi- Ouzou middle September, not rare at Biskra
throughout October, but all males shot and clearly observed were first autumn's
birds, except one Biskra 21.x.

Oenanthe lugens halophila (Tristr.).

The western form of this Chat is evidently one of the most sedentary birds,
as we found it all aromid Biskra in exactly the same places, where we formerly
came across it in winter and in the breeding season. The fresh autumn males
(they had completed their moult) do not differ in appearance from spring speci-
mens, except that the white edges to the primaries and tips of the quills are very
conspicuous, whUe they wear off entirely, or almost so, in the breeding season.
The females of the western subspecies are quite ditierent from the males, while in
the eastern form they are almost exactly Uke the males. In the western form,
halophila, the throat is white with a more or less pronounced grey wash, but not
unfrequently, in fact almost as often, it is dull black with whitish patches or
whitish wash, and sometimes, though rarely, it is a black as in the males ; such
black-tliroated females we shot at Biskra, February 21st, 1908, and October 1st,
1920, and we have one from Fliickiger, shot 31.xii.l902. In the October speci-
men the back is also more blackish than usual, yet it is at once recognisable by
the chiefly grey-brown back and shorter wing, apart from the examination of
the sexual organs, which was made by Hartert and Young. The amomit of
black on the throat has evidently nothing to do with age. Birds in the first
autumn and second spring are at once recognisable by their brownish quills.

Oenanthe leucura syenitica (Heugl.).

This is equally sedentary as 0. lugens halophila and 0. moesta, for we foimd
both in exactly the same places where they nest. It was remarkable that
0. moesta was frequently pouring forth its most peculiar rolling song in the
middle of October, while the other Chats did not sing.

Saxicola rubetra rubetra (L.).

Not rare near Tizi- Ouzou and once near Yacom-en middle of September.
Beautiful fresh plumage. Two were shot, one typical S. r. rubetra, the other
lighter, apparently^*?, r. spatzi !

8g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Diplootocus moussieri (Olphe-Galliard).
Never noticed in the Kabylie. Only twice near Biskra, 8.x. and 21.x.
Evidently the majority of specimens were still in their breeding area in the Atlas
(chiefly the southern range). Autumn males have wide brownish-grey edges to
the feathers of the upperside, which in spring, when the edges are worn off, is
quite black ; also the feathers of the underside have white tips which disappear
in spring.

Erithacus rubecula witherbyi Hart.

In small numbers near Tizi-Ouzou and in the forest of Yacouren (Kabylie)
second half September, in full moult of body-plumage. Undoubtedly the resident
Algerian race.

Phoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

Very common in the Kabylie second half September and at Biskra in
October. A specimen (<^) from Biskra and another from Azazga resemble
P. p. algeriensis in the length of the sixth primary, but P. p. algerieiisis requires
confirmation by skins from breeding places !

Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis (Gm.).
A beautiful male in finest full autumn plumage Biskra 21.x.

Luscinia megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm.
Twice first half of October near Biskra.

Cisticola cisticola cisticola (Temm.).

A specimen BLskra 16.x. in full moult. (About nomenclature see Vog. pal.
Fauna, p. 2151.)

Delichon urbica meridionalis (Hart.).

A few seen Alger first week September. At Tizi-Ouzou, where gi'eat numbers
nested on the hotel, they came every night to sleep in the nests. They also sat
m long rows on the telegraph wires between Tizi-Ouzou and Azazga. The
moult seems to be very irregular. Young birds shot 16. ix. were not moulting,
but of old burds one had a new wing, another an old worn one, whUe two showed
some few fresh or moulting secondaries m the otherwise old wing. (Swallows
were seen in small numbers throughout October at Biskra.)

Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hart.

A $ shot by Monsieur Saby's son at Yacouren 19.ix.l920 is all we saw of
Goatsuckers on our autumn journey. It shows some moult of body-plumage.
The rectrices are old, except the lateral on the left side (only), which are new.

Merops apiaster L.

Flocks of Bee-eaters were several times seen early in September over the
gardens of Mustapha Superieur, the beautiful suburb of Alger, and Mr. Paul Saby
shot one near Azazga 16. ix.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 87

(We looked in vaiii for Merops persicus chrysocercus south of Biskra ; they
had evidently left for the south already in first week of October.)

Alcedo atthis atthis (L.).

Kingfishers are generally rare in Algeria. One was seen close to Mustapha
Superieur, September 3rd, flying along the waterless bed of a stream. Hartert
shot a male in the bed of the River Sebaou, near Azazga, at a pool of water, one
was frequently seen on the river near Biskra, another in the town of Biskra in
October. The male shot 21.ix. near Azazga moulted body- plumage above and
below and rectrices. In its stomach were small frogs, though small fishes were
seen in the water.

Dryobates major numidus (Malh.).

Common in the big forests near Azazga and Yacouren and in full moult
(body and wings) during second half of September.

Dryobates minor ledouci (Malh).

Inhabits the forests of Azazga and Yacoiu-en, but is not numerous. We
only once saw a pair near Yacouren, but could not shoot them. llr. Paul Saby
sent a pair of wings of a specimen he shot in the little town of Azazga 9.x., and
two males mjected with formaline, which were skinned in Tring by Fred. Young ;
they were shot in the woods 4. v. and 10. iv. These birds are very much like
Italian Lesser Woodpeckers (D. m. huturlini Hart.), but the back seems to be
less white and the bars on the wings are slightly smaller ; the feathers of the fore-
head are darker, more blackish at their bases. Bills 16-8, 17, wings 86-5, 87,
88 mm.

Picus vaillantii (Malh.).

Not very rare in the forests of Azazga and Yacouren. Badly in moult
17. ix., body-plumage, wings, and tail.

Yynx torguilla torquilla L.

A $ Biskra 14.x., no moult.

(We did not see Yynjc t. manretanica Rothsch., which seems to be a migrant.)

[No Rollers, Coracias garrulus, were observed. They had evidently already
left northern Algeria by the middle of September, as they are most likely not
imcommon near Azazga and Yacouren.]

Buho (P bubo) ascalaphus Sav.

When passing through the little town of Alma we inspected a small collection
of stuffed birds belonging to the Rev. Father Frohliger. In it we saw a Bubo
ascalaphus shot near Azazga about 1909, which the owner kindly let us have
later on. It is rather pale, but, allowing for about ten years' fadmg, it may still
pas? for the northern form, though not one of the darkest specimens. Cf. Vog.
pal. Fauna, p. 2194, second and third notes.

88 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Strix aluco mauritanica (With).

In the evenings early in September the hooting of this owl could be heard in
the bedrooms in the Hotel Alexandra in Alger, and a c?, its plumage wet from
the heavy dew, was shot in the morning of September 15th m a thick wood near
Tizi-Ouzou, Kabylie. It agrees entirely with other specimens from Algeria
(Djebel Taya, Batna) and North Marocco.

Tringa ochropus L.

Small flocks in River Sebaou near Azazga 21 .ix. An adult $ showed some
moult on body-plumage.

Alectoris barbara barbara (Bonn.).

Numerous in the ravines and bush near Azazga. Birds of the year still
moulting 21.ix. Autumn feathers are a little darker than in spring.

Alectoris barbara spatzi (Rchw.).

A $ shot 24.x. at El-Kantara still moults some body-feathers. Fresh
autumn feathers darker than ui spring.

Coturnis coturnix coturnix (L.).
Only seen a few end September near Tizi-Ouzou.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 89

SHORT NOTES ON THE MAMMALS OF CYEENAICA.
By ERNST HARTERT.

DURING the short time of my stay, less than two months, in Cyrenaica I
concentrated myself on birds and butterflies, and was unable to make
a useful collection of mammals ; nevertheless, the following short notes may be
of some interest.

I am not aware that there is any information about large mammals, at least
not in modern times. Lions and leopards, not long ago common in Algeria,
do not seem to have existed, nor do I know of the occurrence of wild pigs and
of the Arui or Barbary sheep, Ovis lervia, or any of the larger species of Oazella.
Wild pigs are, however, said by Haimann to exist in the mountains. The common
gazelle, Gazella dorcas, is not rare in the south, as, for example, near Sheleidima.
I saw several tame gazelles in Benghasi, and mutilated skins for sale. Hyaena
hyaena occurs in the mountains, as, for example, according to information,
within a day's march from Merg, and Festa has a young specimen. Of Cynaihirus
guttatus Festa saw a live specimen from Cyrenaica in Benghasi. Jackals (Canis
anthus teste Festa) are common, especially near Merg, where HUgert shot a fine
specimen. Festa mentions two foxes — one he identified as Vulpes aegyptiaca
(which is a subspecies of V . vulpes), from Cjrrene, another he described as Vulpes
cyrenaica, from Ghemtnez and the environs of Benghasi. Genetta afra and
Zorilla libyca are mentioned by Festa. There are several bats, and more wOl
doubtless be found, if not already in Festa's hands.

Hares are not rare m the bush-covered plain between Benghasi and Tokra,
as well as in the woods near Merg : they are Lepus barcaevs Ghigi ; while Festa
identified a specimen from Sidi GhUani east of Gheminez as Lepus whitakeri,
and discovered a third form, not yet described, near Mechili (in litt.).

A feature of many places on the plateau, especially near Er-Regima and
Merg, is the presence of innumerable mole-hiUs, sometimes almost touching each
other and covering the whole ground. These are the work of Spalax aegyptiacus
Nehring. This form was for the first time described from a specimen from
Ramleh, near Alexandria in Lower Egypt, in the Berlin Museum, while Letourneux
and Anderson had discovered it near Meryut, seven or eight mUes west of
Alexandria. Its stronghold is apparently Barka, from where it extends east to
the neighbourhood of Alexandria and Ramleh. As is well known, Spalax lacks the
external eye. This actual blindness of the little beast is well known to the
Arabs, who call it abu-ama, or bu-amian, i.e. the " father of the blind." They
have the stupid superstition that when they handle it they become blind them-
selves, and refuse to touch a specimen in any way. In the Maynmalia of Egypt,
by Anderson and de Winton, it is stated, from native information, that the
animal is said never to appear on the surface ; but this is not quite correct, at
least not without exception. The entomologist Geo. Kriiger saw and caught
one near Merg, and I saw one for a moment above ground in the early morning,

90 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

also near Merg, but it disappeared at once, and digging in tlie rather hard red
soO was impossible without a strong instrument.

In the mountain woods lives a fine wild cat, Felis Ubyca cyrenarum Ghigi,
of which we procured a specimen near Merg.

A dormouse, Eliomys cyrenaicus Festa, very similar to and evidently a
subspecies of E. lerotinus, has been described from Gheminez, but it lives also in
the gardens of Benghasi, where I found a damaged, dried-up specimen.

The house-mouse is common in houses and in the gardens of Benghasi
(Berka) ; Festa calls it 3Iiis 7nusculus gentilis. Other rodents of the genera
Dipodillus, Meriones, and Jaculns are not rare, and doubtless the recent collec-
tions made by Festa will considerably add to the number of Cyrenaica species.

The porcupine occurs, but is said to be very rare.

Domestic animals flourish in Cyrenaica. Horses and donkeys abound, but
mules are very seldom seen. Cattle are numerous but small, goats and sheep
are seen everywhere ; of the latter I saw only the fat-taQed kind, often with
enormous tails. Since the terrible famine in 1892 the number of domestic
animals has enormously diminished. Camels are of course the means of transport
in the Sahara, but in Cyrenaica proper one does not usually sec great numbers.
The camels I saw were, however, rather fine, strong animals, for load-camels,
but I saw no mehara or riding-camels.

It is obvious that the mammals of Cyrenaica have comparatively more
peculiar forms — as it ought to be, considering that mammals are much less
mobile than the birds — and that they are less pronounced of western affinities :
Spalax is not found in Africa Minor, and the affinities of most of the other
mammals are as much Egyptian as Algero-Tunisian ; but we hope that Dr. Festa
will teach us much more about these interesting questions when he has worked
out his new material, the result of about seven or eight months in Cyrenaica.
The following is the meagre literature of Cyrenaican Mammals :

E. Festa, "Mammiferi, Missione Zoologica in Cirenaica," in Bollettino Musei
di Zool. ed. Anatomi a conip. Torino, xxxvi.. No. 740. (20 species.)

Ghigi, Memorie R. Accademia Sc. Instit. Bologrut, ser. vii., vol. vii., 1919-20.

Zavattari, Atti Soc. Natural. Mathemath., Modena, ser. v., vol. vii., 1922.
Cornaha gave a list of animals collected by Haimann in Haimann's Cirenaica,
1882. I have not seen this book.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1323. 91

THE HITHERTO KNOWN BIRDS OF MAROCCO
By ERNST HARTERT, assisted by F. C. R. JOURDAIN

SO far large parts of Marocco remain unexplored ornithologically : the whole
eastern portion is unknown, except that Saby told us, that Comatibis
eremita nested in a colony not far from Mahiridja in north-eastern Marocco. The
RLf Mountains are unknown, except for some peeps into the hills near Tetuan
by several Englishmen and by Vaucher. In the Middle Atlas Lynes collected
most successfully aboul Azrou ; the country around Tanger is fairly well
known ; observations and collections have been made in various places on
and near the west coast, notably near Rabat and inland at Meknes, near
Mazagan and on the Oum-er-Rbia ; around Mogador ; in the districts of
Rehamna, Haha, Chiadma, inland to Marrakesh (chiefly Riggenbach), and in
the south-western High Atlas by Dodson (as far east as Glaoui), Meade-
Waldo and Riggenbach, but the greater parts of that great mountain range is
still unknown. Boudarel collected as far south as Agadir, but very super-
ficially, as far as birds are concerned. Not a feather is known from south of
the Great Atlas. The richest collections known are those in the Tring
Museum made by F. W. Riggenbach in western Marocco and in the south-
western Atlas.

A list of all the literature on Maroccan birds by Jourdain and Hartert will
follow after the end of this article, which we trust will be a useful basis for
futiu:e workers, as it shows what is hitherto known m Marocco. The species
which are known to breed, or of which we must suppose that they undoubtedly
nest in the country, are marked with an *.

* 1. Corvus corax tingitanus Irby.

Widely distributed and common from Tanger (typical locality) to Mazagan,
Larache and Mogador, on the Oum-er-Rbia, and found in the Atlas Mountains
(Fenzou, Tamarouth). Breeds in large numbers in the forest of Mamora. Nests
on trees and rocks, according to opportunity.

[Corvus corone is recorded by Drake, but probably in error.]

2. Coloeus monedula subsp. ?

Drake and Munn saw Jackdaws commonly near Tetuan, the latter in
May. We have two skins in the preparation of Olcese, and labelled " Marocco,"
dates and sexes, as usual with Olcese's skins, not marked. As Jackdaws have
not been seen near Tanger, they are probably from Tetuan, all Olcese's
skins being from the wider neighbourhood of Tanger, not necessarily close to
Tanger. The two birds are evidently summer specimens, being very worn ; it
is therefore impossible to say with certainty to which subspecies they belong,
but they are apparently not cirtensis, which inhabits the gorge of Constantino
in Algeria. A colony is said to exist in a natural rock arch 60 km. east of
Marrakesh (W. B. Harris).

92 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 3. Pica pica mauritanica Malh.
An extremely local species, but not rare in certain suitable places near
Mazagan and Mogador (Adamna, Achassin), Rabat, Forest of Mamora and
Marrakesh. Menegaux received it from Agadir. Breeds, according to Jourdain,
in colonies. Typical locality : Oran in north-west Algeria.

* 4. Garrulus glandarius oenops Whit.

LjTies found this form not uncommon and nesting in the woods near Azrou
in the Middle Atlas. His specimens agree with those collected by Riggenbach
and those taken by myself and HUgert near Djelfa in Algeria, unless their wings
are a little longer ! Riggenbach collected 16 skins in the forests of the western
High Atlas near Fenzou, Temerui, Tisi-Taletukiar (1,500 m.) and Tamarouth
(6,000-7,000 ft.).

This form of Jay was first described as Garrulus minor by Verreaux, from the
woods near Djelfa, but the name minor being preoccupied we must call it oenops,
a name given by Whitaker to examples from Tilula and Enzel in the Great Atlas
south of Marrakesh.

* 5. Garrulus glandarius whitakeri Hart.
So far only known in Marocco from the neighbourhood of Tanger, where
it nests, but it must occur in suitable places in the Rif, as we found it in
north-western Algeria, not far from Tlemcen. (Not recorded from Forest of
Mamora).

* 6. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.) (subsp. ?).
Probably in all suitable rock-districts of Marocco ; Tetuan, Djebel Mousa,
near Azrou in the Middle Atlas, and sent by Riggenbach from Tamarouth, south-
western Great Atlas, 6,000-7,000 ft.; wmgs from Tamarouth: ^ 300, 310,
$ 280 mm. Nesting.

7. Pyrrhocorax graculus (L.).
Irby saw a bird at Apes Hill, northern Marocco, m 1877, of which he " thought
he could distinguish the yellow bill." We have two skins in the unmistakable
preparation of Olcese, supposed to come from Tanger. It is not known that
Olcese ever had birds from anywhere else. As this species occurs in Spain, it
might easUy visit Marocco at times or it might live near Jetuan.

* 8. Sturnus unicolor Temm.
Riggenbach collected specimens at Mazagan, on Cape Blanco, and Chiadma,
hinterland of Mogador. It nests on the precipitous cliffs of Cape Blanco. Widely
spread, but somewhat local, from Tanger to Mogador and Agadir. Lynes found
it common near Azrou, Dodson collected it at Fez, Mequinez, Marrakesh. The
bill is blackish in autumn, yellow in the breeding season ; in Jlarocco they begin
to get yellow as early as January, and sometimes end of December, and after
the breeding season in July, or even end of June, they begin to become black again.
Whitaker's note in Bull. B.O. Club, vii. p. xvii. 1897, is somewhat misleading, but
the description in his " Birds of Tunisia " is quite correct. It breeds (Jourdain)
in buildings in towns and in trees. Also in Forest of Mamora.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 93

9. Stuinus vulgaris vulgaris L.
A winter visitor only, extending its migrations {at least) as far as Mogador,
where Escalera and Ratto collected specimens.

* 10. Oriolus oriolus oriolus (L.).
The Oriole nests in the woods of Marocco, as Meade-Waldo found it " swarm-
ing " in the Great Atlas, and saw " full-grown young " in mid-July. Not rare
in Forest of Mamora, but Lynes did not notice it in the Middle Atlas ; it is
therefore probably local, as in Algeria.

* 11. Coccothraustes coccothraustes buvryi Cab.

[Favier records two Hawfinches from Tanger, where, according to Meade-
Waldo, Olcese also received specimens — but it is possible that these Tanger
specimens were visitors from Europe, which occur, exceptionally at least, near
Alger and Tunis.]

Lynes found C. c. buvryi breeding and common in the Middle Atlas near
Azrou, Meade- Waldo saw it once Sould Jedid. Riggenbach did not come across
it in the southern Atlas.

* 12. Chloris chloris aurantiiventris (Cab.).

We have trade-skins collected by Olcese, from Tanger, Dodson collected a
few in "North and South Marocco." Jourdain found it breeding in gardens
at Rabat, Kenitrea, etc. It is common in the orange-woods of the Mehuila
on the Oum-er-Rbia, where it breeds, and Riggenbach sent also a few from
Mogador. Meade-Waldo does not mention Greenfinches, and Lynes found
them absent from Azrou in the Middle Atlas. A bkd of plantations and gardens,
less in forests.

[Carduelis linaria is recorded by Drake as seen once !]

* 13. Carduelis carduelis afrieana (Hart.).

Seems to be common everywhere in Marocco, nesting in the mountains up
to 6,000 ft.

14. CardueHs spinus (L).
Irregular visitor in winter and early spring, but sometimes numerous near
Tanger (H. Vaucher). Common ui early sprmg 1892 near Tanger (Meade- Waldo).

* 15. Carduelis cannabina mediterranea (Tschusi).
Nesting, mentioned in all lists from Tanger to Mogador.
\Carduelis cannabina cannabiiia may occur as winter visitor, as it does in
Algeria. ]

* 16. Serinus canaria serinus (L,).
Evidently nestmg almost everywhere in gardens and woods, ui the Great
Atlas as high as the limit of trees, near Azrou to 5,000-6,000 ft. and as far south
as Ida (Boudarel).

94 NOVITATES ZooLoaicAE XXX. 1923.

* 17. Erythrospiza githaginea subsp. ?

Riggenbach sent a very worn adult cJ from Tizi in the Great Atlas, shot
ll.vi.l904. Its bill is rather larger, about as in the Canary Islands form, wing
apparently not over 85 mm., thus smaller than zedlitzi usually is. It would be
interesting to have a series of measurable specimens, as it appears almost as if
it was amantium or a form between the latter and zedlitzi. That the .species has
so far remained unknown to Marocco is, because it is a desert bird and the country
south of the Atlas in Marocco is entirely miexplored.

* 18. Rhodopecbys sanguinea aliena Whitaker.

On May 28th Dodson met with this representative of the Asian Eh. s. saii-
guinea, 5,000 ft. high at Glaoui in the Great Atlas, south-east of Marrakesh,
and shot 1 <^ and 2 $ $. The discovery of this bird was the most interesting one
that could be made, but its presence in Africa Minor was recorded already in 1867,
when Loche, under the name Rhodopechys phoenicoptera, described it from a skin
which Buvry had brought from " the Tunisian frontier," and another " in very
bad condition " from the neighbourhood of Zaatcha. Loche was a trustworthy
naturalist, and these statements cannot be doubted. But Buvry's specimens
(with the exception of a few duplicates in the Brehm collection) are in the Berlin
Museum, and Stresemann and I have failed to find there a Rhodopechys from
Algeria. Zaatcha is an oasis at the foot of the southern or Saharan Atlas range,
about 36 km. west of Biskra. It is a small place now, and in 1849 was razed to
the gromid by the French for a rising against their rule, after it had held out
against an army for fifty-two days, and the fight for Zaatcha was one of the
bloodiest in the Algerian wars.

Here near Zaatcha are only low hills, which Rothschild, Hilgert and I searched
in vain in 1909, and we doubt whether Rhodopechys lives there, but it might well
exist on the higher mountains of the southern Atlas range, which are almost
imknown to ornithologists — practically only the Djebel IMahmel is explored,
where Dixon and Elwes, Koenig, Hilgert and myself, and Flijckiger collected,
and the latter visited also the Djebel Chelia and Ahmar-Khaddou. I also made
two trips to the Dj. Mekter i>ear Ain-Sefra — but all these were short excursions,
so that the highest regions of the southern Atlas may still be called almost im-
explored ! As Rhodopechys is a mountam bird, it may still mhabit certain places
in Algeria !

19. Loxia curvirostra (subsp. ?).

We have no knowledge of the occurrence of Crossbills in Marocco, except
that Favier mentions havmg picked up a specimen in a dying state in 1855 near
Tanger. (Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, sec. ed., p. 106, 1895.)

* 20. Fringilla coelebs africana Lev.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 127. This Chaffinch is common from the Middle
Atlas to Mogador and the Great Atlas (Imintanout, Tamarouth, Imizen, Fenzou).
It is probably also this form which nests near Rabat.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXX. 1923. 95

* 21. Fringilla coelebs koenigi Rothsch. & Hart.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 128. Only known from the neighbourhood of Tanger,
but probably found in the Rif , which is unexplored.

22. Fringilla coelebs coelebs L.

Said by Vaucher to nest in Tanger, but thLs requires confirmation, though
the European Chaffinch is a winter visitor to North Marocco (S. Reid, Meade-
Waldo), generally scarce, sometimes numerous.

23. Fringilla montifringilla L.

Has occurred near Tanger m 1845, accordmg to Favier.

* 24. Petronia petronia barbara ErI.

Irby says common in sierras and rocky ground, nesting in May in holes of
rocks. Jourdain fomid it fakly common on rocky ground south of Tanger.
Lynes did not find it common near Azrou and obtained only 1 ^J, Dodson sent
5 (J $ from Glaoui, Great Atlas. Riggenbach never came across it, so it must
be local. I have examined no specimens, but suppose the Maroccan form will be
barbara.

* 25. Passer domesiicus tingitanus Loche.

The Maiu'etanian House Sparrow is common in towais and villages from
Tanger to Mogador. Hybridisation with P. hispaniolensis is apparently rare
(unlike Algeria), but there can hardly be any doubt that Klemschmidt's Passer
ahasver from Marrakesh is a hybrid, and so is a male shot at Mogador 12. iv. 1904
by Riggenbach. The crown is chestnut with a few grey edges (not the brownish
ones of the autumn plumage), the sides are unstriped, and the rump is grey
without black, as in domesticus.

It is remarkable that hybrids are so rare elsewhere and so common in Algeria
(and Tunisia), but Meinertzhagen shot an obvious hybrid (between P. domesticus
hiblicus and P. hispaniolensis transcaspicus) at Beisan in the Upper Jordan
Valley (see Ibis, 1921, p. 630 !).

* 26. Passer hispaniolensis hispaniolensis (Temm.).
Also very locally distributed over Marocco, from Tanger to Mogador, but
absent from many places. Common in the MehuiJa and elsewhere near Mazagan.

* 27. Emberiza calandra calandra L.

A common bird in the plauis and rolling corn lands, but evidently local
and not ascendmg momitains to any great height : dependent on agriculture i
Numerous near Tanger, Rabat, near Mazagan (Sidi Bouarfi, Rahamna, south-east
of Mazagan, nesting in the Mehuila), but breedmg as far as Shtida in Mtonga,
south-east of Mogador, where Riggenbach shot a quite young bh-d 21. v. 1904.

* 28. Emberiza cirlus L.
Common near Tanger ; Lynes found it rare m the plains and lower forests of
the Middle Atlas ; Whitaker ; Marrakesh and Ras-el-Am m summer ; Meade-

96 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Waldo : common throughout the Atlas region as high as about 5,000 ft. Riggen-
bach sent it from the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, several places about
Mazagan and Mogador, and from Seksawa in the Great Atlas.

* 29. Emberiza cia africana le Roi.

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2073. Lynes saw it twice at the base of the Middle
Atlas. Whitaker received it from Zarakten and Tilula. Riggenbach found it
breeding at Dacharat, Tizi Orcus, Fenzou and Tamarouth in the south-western
Great Atlas. Irby saw it near Tanger, but Favier did not know it.

* 30. Emberiza hortulana L.

According to Favier common near Tanger on passage, and also nesting ;

Messrs. Vaucher say it is a winter bird there. Riggenbach shot it 20. iv. 1903

at Rehamna, south-east of Mazagan, 28.x. 1900 at Mazagan, and collected 3 ?$

at Seksawa and Emsassen in the south-western Great Atlas in May and June.

* 31. Emberiza striolata sahari Levaill.

This species is found as far north as Marrakesh, where it nests. It does not,
apparently, breed in Mazagan, but is of rare appearance there — Riggenbach shot
a $ 30. xi. 1902. It breeds commonly in Mogador, Shtida (Mtorga), and Imint-
anout in the westernmost Atlas. Meade-Waldo found it locally common in the
Atlas. Menegaux mentions it from Agadir.

Maroccan specimens are rather richly colom-ed, but can be matched by Al-
gerian and Tunisian ones, and this bird varies a good deal in depth of coloration.

32. Emberiza sehoeniclus schoeniclus (L.).
Favier said he had met with it in December near Tanger, and Reid records
it as common at Lake Masharalhadden. I have not seen his specimens, but
there is a female in the British Museum shot by Olcese near Tanger which
belongs to this form.

33. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (L.).
" One was picked up dead at Cape Spartel," Drake, His, 1867, p. 427, no
year, no date. Irby (B. Gibraltar, p. Ill) saw the skin in Olcese's possession and
says it was a female in fine plumage.

* 34. Melanocorypha calandra calandra (L.).
Abundant near Tanger. Whitaker mentions it from the Sebu river, Hawara,
Ouled Aloo, and DukaUer. Meade- Waldo did not notice it nesting south of the
Oum-er-Rbia, though abundantly locally north of the latter. Riggenbach only
sent it from the plams near and south-east of Mazagan : Zauia Sidi-Abbes-ben-
Omar, Ouled Farsh, Aounat, Rehamna. It is a bird of agricultural districts.

* 35. Calandrella brachydactyla hermonensis Tristr.
Riggenbach sent specimens from Ouled Farsh (doubtless breeding), Aounat
and Djebel Cheddar near Mazagan, and a worn male from Shtida (Mtonga),
south-east of Mogador. Whitaker received it from Uled Aloo, Mequinez, Oued
Enger and Dukalier, but not farther south. (See Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2078 !)

NoviT.Vi'ES ZooLOGiC'AE XXX. 192:!. 9'?

* 36. Calandi'ella brachydactyla brachydactyla (Leisler).
Short-toed Larks are common passing through on migration and also nest-
ing in the Tanger Peninsula. Specimens sold by Olcese were C. b. brachydactyla,
not herinonensis (= rubiginosa Fromholz). Like all Olcese's birds they were not
dated, and we cannot say whether they were breeding birds or migrants, but it is
probable that hermonensis does not range so far north, and that migrants and
residents from Tanger and Tetuan are G. b. brachydactyla.

* 37. Calandrella minor minor (Cab.).

Riggenbach has never sent a specimen of this species. Meade- Waldo found
it common on the semi-deserts north of the Atlas, and came across it locally
throughout the country south of the Oum-er-Rbia. Whitaker received it from
Mazagan and fom' other localities farther south. Messrs. Vaucher (Rev. Frang.
d'Orn., iv. p. 109. no. 01) say that it nests near Tanger, but is this not an error for
brachydactyla, which they do not mention ?

[Aninionianes deserti algeriensis is bound to occur south of the Atlas, but
those regions are unknowii. Ammomanes phoenicurus arenicolor also doubtless
occm-s, since we have specimens of this or an allied subspecies from the Rio de Oro !]

* 38. Galerida cristata kleinschmidti Erl.

Only known from the northern Penmsula, i.e. near Tanger, but some of
Whitaker's birds from northern parts of Marocco may belong to it. Cf. Ibis,
1898, p. G02.

* 39. Galerida cristata riggenbachi Hart.

This is the long-billed Crested Lark of the middle parts of Marocco. Casa-
blanca, base and lower altitudes of Middle Atlas, Mazagan to interior, south to
Mogador. Also a very worn skin from Shtida (Mtouga) appears to belong to
this race. According to Whitaker (B. of Tunisia, i. p. 255) there would be another
race, near G. c. macrorhyncha, in the more southern districts, but our Mogador
one is typical riggenbachi, and the Mtouga one, though rather pale for the latter,
is much too rufescent for macrorhyncha and arenicola.

* -10. Galerida theklae erlangeri Hart.

Fomid near Tanger and at Schaf-el-Akab and El Horush not far from Tanger.

* 41. Galerida theklae ruficolor Whit.

Middle and southern Marocco, from Mazagan, the Oum-er-Rbia and Cape
Blanco north to ]\Iogador, Ida, and Seksawa at the foot of the Great Atlas. Must
extend over great parts of Marocco, as it was fomid by Lord Rothschild and me
on the plain of Lalla Marnia, near the Maroccan boundary, in north-west Algeria.

* 42. Lullula arborea (? harterli Hilgert).
Woodlarks occur near Tanger on passage in March (Favier), Capt. Savile
Reid obtained some near Larache in winter. Jourdain and Congreve found them

7

98 KOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 192S.

fairly common in the Foret de Mamora and breeding. Lynes found them
abundant in the mountains above Azrou, but his specimens are too much worn
to make siu-e about the subspecies. Meade-Waldo observe:! Woodlarks fairly
common in the Great Atlas, breeding in July. Riggenbach never sent a specimen.

* 43. Alauda arvensis L.
Winter visitor near Tanger and Schaf-el-Akab. Lynes found Skylarks
breeding abundantly near Azrou, but specimens so much worn that subspecies
imcertain. Meade- Waldo and Riggenbach did not come across any. Jourdain
says he heard its song between Casablanca and Rabat and near the Bou-
reg-reg, but no specimens were taken. Menegaux mentions " Alauda arvensis
harlerii " (1 $ ad. !) from Fcdhala, l.iii. 1912.

[Alaemon alaudipes alaudipes was taken by Riggenbach at the Rio de Oro
and is certain to occui' south of the Atlas, in the southernmost quite imexplored
regions of Marocco.]

* 44. Eremophila alpsstris atlas Whit.

Discovered by Dodson at Glaoui, about 5,000 ft., found by Meade-Waldo
on Tizi Gourza, up to about 10,500 ft., in the Great Atlas, and common above
Azrou by Lynes. (Probably local above forest on most grass-covered plateaux.)

[Eremophila alpestris bilopha is bound to occur in the deserts south of
the Atlas, as it — or a closely allied form — is found at Rio de Oro. Drake's note
that it occurs near Rabat and Casablanca is not credible.]

* 45. Anthus campestris campestris (L,).

Recorded as a migrant at Tanger, but not very common, in the plains, but
Lynes found it nesting in the plateau of the Middle Atlas ; Whitaker quotes it
from Central Marocco and Zarakten. Riggenbach sent only one single young
male from Mazagan, shot 4 . x . 1 90 1 .

46. Anthus trivialis trivialis (L ).

Passes through on migration in spring and autumn, from Tanger to Mogador
and Seksawa in the south-western Atlas.

47. Anthus pratensis (L.).

Migrant and winter visitor throughout winter months, but so far only
specimens as far south as Mazagan.

48. Anthus cervinus (Pall.).

Two adult males collected by Riggenbach at Mazagan, 26. i. 1903, and Moga-
dor, 11 .iv. 1904, both red-throated, are the only records for Marocco. Not very
rare during winter and on spring passage in Algeria and Tunisia.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 99

49. Antlius spinoletta petrosus (Mont.).

{Anthus spinoletta ohscurus auct.)

A skin of ^. s. petrosus from Olcese, shot near Tanger (no date, but m winter
plumage), is in the Dresser collection in JIanchester. It has been mentioned
by Dresser and Irby, and through the kindness of Drs. Tattersall and Coward,
I have been able to compare it. Favicr stated that this subspecies could always
be seen in winter on the shore near Tanger, where, however, A. s. spinoletta might
also 0CCIU-.

50. Motacilla flava rayi (Bp.).
Two adult males were collected by Riggenbach at Sidi-Bousid, an hour
south-west of Mazagaii, 1 8 . iii . 1 900. Whitaker received both sexes from Mazagan,
April, Irby mentions it from Tanger.

51. Motacilla flava iberiae Hart.
Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2097, 1921. We have the followmg specimens of this
race : 2 fine cJ(J ad. Tanger, Olcese coU., like nearly all Olcese's birds, no dates !
(J ad. Mazagan (Sidi-Bousid), 18. iii. 1900, Riggenbach coll. 2 ^J^ ad. Mazagan,
17. iv. 1901, Riggenbach coll. 2 c?c? ad. Rehamna, between Mazagan and Marra-
kesh, 20. V. 1903, 23. v. 1903, Riggenbach coll. Probably common during both
migration periods, as all Yellow Wagtails nesting in the Iberian Peninsula are
likely to pass through Marocco or Algeria. The white superciliary line which
distinguislies this subspecies is obvious in all in front and behind the eye, except
in the two from the Rehamna, in which it is only distuict behind the eye ; such
variations from the rule, however, occm- ; in Italy and north-east to the Herze-
govina and Bosnia nearly all specimens lack the white superciliary line entirely,
while in a few it is indicated or obvious behind the ej^e, and in one, shot near
Florence in April 1917, it is continuous as in iberiae ! Another question is whether
this form nests in Marocco, as it does near Lac Fetzara m Algeria, and whether
specimens nesting in north-west Africa differ from M. f. cinereocapilla and
iberiae ! (Cf. Vog. pal. Fautia, p. 2098.) Lozano mentions specimens from Moga-
dor shot in August and September.

[Motacilla flava Ihiuibergi Billb. recorded by Irby as passmg through Gibraltar,
therefore doubtless occurrmg in Marocco as a migrant, but no definite record.]

52. Motacilla flava flava L.

2 (? cJ Tanger, 20 . iv . 1 888. Olcese coO.

4 (^9 neighbourhood of Mazagan, 30. ix. 1902, 30.x. 1902, 12. xi. 1902,
18. iii. 1900. F. W. Riggenbach coll.

Whitaker received males from Casa Blanca, Mazagan, Karia-el-Habessi, and
Isseremont " between March and May." Common from February 20th till
April 20th, according to Irby.

* 53. Motacilla cinerea cinerea Tunst.

A winter visitor at least to North Marocco, but also nesting in the Middle
and Great Atlas, and probably in all suitable localities, on mountain streams,
waterfalls, etc. Riggenbach collected it only near Mogador, in November, and
Ain-Moussa in the Atlas, 22. iv. 1905.

100 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

54. Motacilla alba yarrellii Gould.

According to Favier rare near Tangur, but probably common enough during
migration. Irby obtained one, Dodson foui- during a stay of barely fom- weeks
near Tanger, and we liave a beautiful adult .spring ^J from there, bought from
Olcese. Riggenbach sent two specimens from Mazagan, 2.ii.l903, 30.x. 1900.

55. Motacilla alba alba L.

Passes through and winters in Marocco, from Tanger to Mazagan — received
from Riggenbach from 29tli September to 10th February — and we have an adult
male from Seksawa, on the slopes of the Great Atlas, 19.iii.l905, with the tail-
feathers in moult. Favier records it from Tanger from September to March.

* 56. Motacilla alba subpersonata Meade- Waldo.

Discovered by Meade- Waldo at Zrarna on the Oum-er-Rbia. Riggenbach
collected it on the same river from the Mehuila to Rehamna "32 hours south-east
of Mazagan." Lozano (Mem. R. Soc. esp. Hist, luit., viii. p. 81, 1911) mentions
a pair collected by Escalera not far from Mogador. It must be very rare and local
there, as Riggenbach during about two years never came across it, and not even
observed it anywhere except on the Oum-er-Rbia, and sent all specimens which
he collected to Tring, nor, he assures me, is it found on the Oued Kseb.

* 57. Certhia brachydactyla mauritanica With.

Specimens from Marocco do not seem to differ from Algerian ones, but it
must be admitted that only worn spring and summer bu'ds have been examined.

Irby mentions only a single specimen shot near Tanger. Lynes found it
common near Azrou, and Riggenbach sent skins from Temeroui, Tamarouth,
and Azur Melloul in the south-western Great Atlas.

Apparently absent from the Foret de Mamora (Jourdain). They are, in
Algeria and Marocco, chiefly inhabitants of oak-woods, cork-oaka, Quercus ilex,
and others, but in the oases of El-Kantara they live in the gardens of fruit-trees
and date-palms !

(?*) 58. Tichodroma muraria (L,).

In Rev. FranQ. iVOrn., Alfred Vaucher says that his brother Henri observed
the Wall-creeper during his expedition of 1892, and that it nests there and is
resident ! Alfred Vaucher kindly wrote to me that his late brother, in 1892,
made an expedition, unless he is mistaken in May, to the mountains near Tetuan
forming the westernmost part of the RLf. As Henri Vaucher was a reliable
observer and knew this species well from his native mountains of Switzerland,
the observation — though not proved by specimens — cannot be doubted, but that
it is resident can, of course, only be a suggestion, and probably that it nested was
only a conclusion from the date when observed. From these almost miknown
mountams Alfred Vaucher writes that he received Pynhocorax pyrrhocoraz,
Accentor coUaris (!), Cinclus, Monticola saxatilis, and Turdus torquatus ! ! Unfor-
tunately specimens are not available.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. lOl

* 59. Sitta europaea atlas Lyiios.

Cf. Ibis, 1920, p. 292. This Nuthatch is nearest to S. e. hispaniansis, but
different again, having a slenderer bill. It was discovered by Lynes near Azrou,
where it is not rare. According to Reid {Ibis, 1885, p. 243), Olcese obtained
5 or 6 Nuthatches from the " montanas " or low hills near Tanger ; probably
they belonged also to S. e. atlas. Neither Drake nor Irby observed the species
there.

* 60. Parus major excelsus Buvi-y.

" Extremely scarce " near Tanger, according to Favier, but Meade- Waldo
saw " plenty " there in February, presumably of this subspecies, which nests
and extends from Marocco to Tunisia. Fairly common in the Foret de Mamora
(Joiu'dain). Common in the orange-woods of the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia
near Mazagan, not rare near Mogador, in the Rehamna, and at Seksawa and
Tamarouth in the western Great Atlas. Lynes found it common in the lower
and middle forest of the Middle Atlas, rare in the upper, and Meade- Waldo did
not see many above the limit of the olive.

(The note in Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2108, is misleading, as the outer aspect of
the wing is blue in European and other Great Tits as well. It is true, however,
that the wing looks as a rule darker blue in excelsus, the edges of the secondaries
lack the green tinge, and the light bar is not greenish-white or yellow, but white !
I cannot admit that mountain specimens run larger than Maroccan plain birds
as Lynes suggested.)

In Seksawa young (J shot as early as 22.iii. 1905.

* 61. Parus caeruleus ultramarinus Bp.

Appears to be common all over Marocco as far as trees grow in sufficient
numbers ; Tanger, Mazagan, Middle Atlas near Azrou, forest of Mamora, Oum-er-
Rbia, Marrakesh, Great Atlas (Fenzou, Seksawa, Tamarouth), Rehamna— but
not mentioned or received from Mogador.

Maroccan specimens agree with Tunisian and Algerian ones and vary in-
dividually, but not according to localities.

* 62. Parus ater atlas Meade- Waldo.

Discovered by Mr. Meade- Waldo in the Great Atlas, where it abounds in the
moister woods, chiefly between 6,000 and 7,000 ft , " ascending as high as the
limit of trees or scrub." Riggcnbach collected a fine series near Tamarouth,
6,000-7,000 ft., and Temeroui in the western Greaf Atlas, and Lynes found it
abundant from about 5,100-6,000 ft., and also below these elevations. The
nests were all found in the gromid. Riggenbach found the iris deej) brown, feet
mouse-grey, bill black. Wings : (J 67-69, $ 64-66 mm.

* 63. Regulus ignieapillus ignicapillus (Temm.).

L3mes {Ibis, 1920, p. 293) found the Firecrest common in the lower, middle,
and upper forests of the Middle Atlas, near Azrou, where they breed and are
doubtless resident. There seems to be no other information of the occurrence in
Marocco.

102 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

* 64. Lanius excubitor algeriensis Less.

The dark grey Slirike Ls only known, in JIarocco, from the neighbouihood of
Larache, Tanger, Tetuan, where it is evidently not rare. The distribution is
peculiar. It is evidentlj' a form of the coastal region, being known from Tanger,
Oran, Blidah, Alger, Lake Fezzara, and northernmost Tunisia (near Tunis town).

* 65. Lanius excubitor dodsoni AVhitaker.

This is the common Shrike of the neighbom'hood of Mazagan, Rehamna,
JIarrakesh, Mtouga and Blogador. The grey Shrikes from the low hills of Bataille
and Dar-bel-Hamri in the environs of Rabat, observed by Joiu-dain, may belong
to this form. Blost likelj' this form is widely spread all over middle Marocco, for
we have collected it at Lalla BLirnia in Algeria, near the Maroccan boundary, and
even 28 km. north-east of Tlemcen, where it was common. It occurs also in the
middle parts of Algeria and Tmiisia, between the coimtries inhabited by L. e.
algeriensis (north) and L. e. eleyans (south of the Atlas). L. e. dodsoni is inter-
mediate between the two latter forms in coloiu' as well, but nearer algeriensis,
m fact some single specimens are somewhat difficult to distmguish. Wings of
dodsoni 106-112, exceptionally 105 and 113 mm., therefore the same as algerien-
sis, but as a rule smaller than clegans.

This form does not ascend the mountams to any great elevation, but Meade-
Waldo says he saw it up to 3,500 ft.

* 66. Lanius senator senator L.

The red-headed Shrike appears to be common in all suitable localities in the
places explored, but it is scarce in extensive forests and does not range high up
in the mountams. It nests near Tanger, is common in the gardens of Rabat,
and not rare near Mazagan, Mogador, m the Rehamna, south-east of Mogador
and as far south as Ida, Lynes found it common in the '" brushwood " near
Ito, but only saw it twice at Azrou. Riggenbach came across it only twice in
the Atlas, once at Ichserrtalet, on April 1st, 1906, probably on the lower slopes,
where he shot an adult male, and once at Seksawa, 27. iv. 1906. Meade-
Waldo noticed it "migrating south over the momitains in July," a very early
date for the southward migration.

* 67. Harpolestes (Telophonus) senegalus cucullatus (Temm.).

(About the generic name see Nov. Zool., 1920, p. 449.)

This bu:d is not rare in the neighbourhood of Tanger, especially, according
to Irby, about a day's journey south. Near Rabat, Joiu-dain (Rev. FratiQ. d'Orn.
1921, p. 130) suggests that it might occur with Lanius excubitor (dodsoni). Ho
and Congreve think they saw it, and certam jDlaces are suitable. As this species
is such a striking bird, especially in the spring, when it must be singing its very
loud whistling song, and as it has no connection in life with Lanius, this must
rcmam doubtful, and rcmams a mere suggestion. On the other hand, it probably
occiurs in many places along the coast of Marocco, since it inhabits again the
neighbourhood of Mogador. Riggenbach shot a male at Adamna near Mogador,
another at Tagouidert, south of the Oued Kseb, and Dodson at Ras-el-Ai'n in
the Haha country, south of the same river. Dodson shot it also at Marrakesh

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 103

city ill May. This latter place is the most inland locality known. Otherwise it
is only known from the coastal region of northern Tunisia and northern Algeria.
Being a closely allied subspecies of H. s. senegalus, it doubtless originally spread
north along the coast and never crossed the Sahara mland, thus following the
" high-road " of bird migration, as Lynes calls that coast, to which I have
several times called attention.

* 68. Pycnonotus barbatus barbatus (Desf.).

The " Bulbul " occiu-s locally in suitable spots (gardens, etc.) from Tanger
to Mequmez (" Meknes "), Rabat, Marrakesh, Fez, the orange-woods of the
Mchuila near Mazagan, Ouled Farsh, south-east of Mazagan, Mogador, Seksawa
in the Atlas. Meade-Waldo says it " abormds everywhere throughout the Atlas
region, and ascends to at least 7,000'ft. in the moist woods." Generally it is
not abundant " everywhere " in the momitams, but is rather local ; it is fond of
hills, but chiefly an inhabitant of gardens, scrub and trees, not of extensive
forests, except on the outskirts. Dodson obtained it at Ras-el-Ain, in the Haha
country south of Mogador.

* 69. Museicapa striata striata (Pall.).

The Spotted Flycatcher passes through on migration and breeds from
Tanger to Mogador, and in the western Atlas Mountains at Imintanout and
Seksawa, also at Azrou. It is intcrestmg that the Spotted Flycatcher of the Atlas
regions does not differ from the Eiu-opean race, while distmguishable forms
are found on Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearic Isles.

* 70. Museicapa hypoleuca speculigera Bp.

Lynes fomid this distinct form commonly nesting in the lower and middle
forests in the " Moyen Atlas," in the neighbourhood of Azrou. Whitaker sug-
gested that it also nests in the southern or Great Atlas, but this remains so far
uncertain, as he did not distinguish the two subspecies. Doubtless all Pied Fly-
catchers breeding in Marocco must belong to speculigera, but specimens shot m
May need not be nestmg, but may be belated migrants, like those shot by Riggen-
bach at Aiii-Moussa by the end of April. The latter collector did not come across
this species later in the southern Atlas, nor does Meade- Waldo mention it.

71. Museicapa hypoleuca hypoleuca Pall.

(Museicapa atricapilla)

Numerous passage migrant. Specimens e'xamined from Tanger, the neigh-
bourhood of Mazagan, Rehamna south-east of Mazagan, and Ain-Moussa in the
south-western Atlas.

72. Phylloscopus collybita coUybita (Vieill.).
Common migrant and winter visitor, not breeding. Specimens from Tanger,
neighbourhood of Mazagan, Seksawa in south-western Great Atlas. Lozano
mentions two specimens shot in October near Mogador.

104 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

73. Phylloscopus trocbilus trochilus (L.).

Also a common migrant, passing through in August and September, and
no doubt later. If Favier says " November," and quotes no other month,
this is misleading, as surely September is the pruieipal month of the autumn
passage. Irby said : '• There is no doubt, although I did not find a nest, that
this species breeds near Tangier." As there is no proof of this species breeding
in Africa, I do not accept this statement ; late l)irds, however, are sometimes
observed. Lynes shot an adult ? " in beautiful fresli plumage " (speaking against
its breeding !) near Azrou in the Middle Atlas. Riggenbach shot two females at
Immtanout in the south-western Great Atlas, on ]\Iay 12th, and a male at Dellai'n
Diruchan in south-west Marocco. Near Mazagan it is chiefly common in
September.

* 74. Phylloscopus bonelli bonelli (Vieill.).
This is the only Phylloscopus of which the nesting in Marocco has been
proved. It is found on migration near Tanger and doubtless nests m north
Marocco. Not noticed in the Foret de Mamora, but Lynes foimd it abmidant in
the forests of the Middle Atlas, where it nests late, the young being seen abroad
not till near July. Meade-Waldo says it is the most common wood-inhal)iting
Warbler in the high moister woods of the northern slopes of the Great Atlas-
Riggenbach collected skins near Ibrehan, 1,500 m. high, in the southern Great
Atlas, and on the Djebel Schorr in Rehamna, south-east of Mazagan, on May
11th, 1903. Everywhere more a hill-bii'd than hi the plains, where it does not
seem to nest.

75. Phylloscopus sibilatrix (erlangeri) (Bechst.).

The Wood- Wren evidently does not nest in Marocco, nor anywhere else in
Africa. Loche talks as if it nested in Algeria and describes its nest and eggs,
but this does not prove that he actually had found it nesting in the country,
because, to make his book more couijjlete, he often described nests and eggs of
birds which he supposed to nest in Algeria. Neither Koenig, Whitaker or
Erlanger found the nest in Tunisia, though Erlanger believed that it nested in
the " oasis of Gafsa," which it most certainly does not. AVhen I saw, heard, and
shot this bird in the orange- woods of the Mehuila, near Mazagan, on the Oum-er-
Rbia, I noticed that it did not utter its " shivering " or " whu-ring song," but
only a short note of piping sounds ; a similar observation was made by Meade-
Waldo, who, at the meeting of the Brit. Orn. Club in May 1902, told us that he
met the \\'ood-Wren " frequently " in the ulterior of Slarocco, and that they
never had the familiar whirring song as m Europe, but in the notes on Marocco
in Ibis, 1903, he omitted to make mention of this species. Witherby made
the same observation in Algeria, Ogilvie-Grant in Madeira. Erlanger named
Tunisian birds (the type, unfortunately, an obvious albinistic, or rather yellowish,
aberration !) flavescens, and this name being preoccupied, I called the supposed
southern subspecies erlangeri {Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 516), type Marocco. Now,
however, I doubt the distinctness of this form, because the brighter, more
yellowish throat and upperside seem to be due to season, these colours be-
coming duller when the birds breed, and it is certain that the different notes are
— as in Phyll. bonelli — merely a "seasonal modification," as Whitaker calls it

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XXX. 1923. 105

If erlangeri should be different, it could only be the south European race, not an
African one. *

Generally Phyll. sihilalrix is not numerous in Marocco. We have only vague
statements tliat it has been observed at Tanger l)y Irby (while Favier did not see
it), and by Meade- Waldo that he saw and heard it in Marocco, and the two
beautiful males which I shot in the Mehuila, where a few others were seen, are
the only Maroccan specimens I know of. Riggenbach never obtained a sjicci-
mcn, though he was on the look-out for it in the Mehuila. That specimens have
been seen rather late in Africa, as for example a $ I shot at Ain-Oussera in
middle Algeria, is no proof of their nesting, such late birds occurring among
many species.

* 70 Cettia cetti cetti (Temm.).

Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2141. Probably found in most suitable places,
i.e. in thick undergrowth, especially among brambles near water, and often among
reeds on dry ground. Favier mentions it from Tanger, but his idea, that it is
there a passage migrant, is perhaps erroneous as it is rather a sedentary bird.
This is also explained by Irby, who found it not rare in spring near Tanger.
JoiU'dain observed it in the neighbourhood of Rabat, Mamora and Mequincz.
I found it not rare in the Mehuila near Mazagan, and took eggs early in April.
This is the only place where Riggenbach collected specimens for us. Lozano,
however, found it near iMogador, and Dodson sent specimens to Whitaker from
Fez, Marrakesh and Ras-el-Ain, in latitude 31° N., in the Haha country south of
Mogador. Neither Lynes nor Meade-Waldo makes mention of Cettia.

11. Liocustella naevia naevia (Bodd.).

Occurs in northern Marocco in winter, and Vaucher [Revue FranQ. d'Orn.
iv. p. Ill) records it as nesting and not rare m the marshes of C'harf-la-Kab and
Boucharem. The vast marshes of the Lower Sebou region requu-c further in-
vestigation, and it is there where L. luscinioides might be expected. Riggenbach
never obtained any kind of Locustella.

78. Locustella luscinioides (Savi).

Drake (Ibis, 1867, p. 427) makes the vague statement that Savi's Warbler is
" rare " in Marocco. That it should occiu- is probable, as it nests in Spain and
was found in Algeria more than half a centm-y ago (though not since, because
nobody visited the place where Salvin found it) by Salvin and Loche, and is
probably nestmg there now. Nevertheless that vague statement of Drake can
hardly be accepted as evidence !

* 79. Acrocephalus arundinaceus arundinaceus (L.).

According to Alfred Vaucher very numerous in the great swamps of the
" Charf-la-Kab " and Boucharem. It occm's, accordmg to Irby, near Tanger.
Riggenbach, not having collected in the great swamps, never came across it, nor
most of the other reed- birds.

1{)6 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

(? *) 80. Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Herm.).
(.1. streperus)
Hardly aiij' information from Marocco. Favier and Irby have not observed
it near Tanger, but Whitaker received two shot at Marakesh, in May. (The species
probably nests in suitable places and passes through on migration.)

* 81. Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (L.).

Accordmg to Favier occurs on passage near Tanger. We have three speci-
mens shot at Diabet near Mogador, on August 4th and 5th, by Riggenbach, and
Lozano mentions others from August 17th and 21st from Mogador. (It i.s quite
possible that it also breeds, as it seems to do in Tunisia and Algeria.)

82. Acrocephalus aquaticus (Gm.).

Drake says he shot it in March, and Lozano mentions a § shot near Mogador
on September 1st.

* 83. Hippolais polyglotta (Vieill.).

While there appears to be no record of H. icterina, this species is recorded by
most writers. It nests near Tanger, m the IMiddle Atlas (Lynes), in the Great
Atlas (Djebel Tatifirt, 4,000 ft., Imintanut, Della'in-Diruihan near Mogador, in
the Rehamna, and doubtless in many other places. Dodson obtained it at
Ras-el-Ain in Haha, south of Mogador. Like other species of the genus it is
migratory.

* 84. Hippolais pallida opaca Cab.

Apparently a common breeder from Tanger, Rabat, Mequinez (Meknes), the
neighbourhood of Mazagan, and the Rehamna south-east of Mazagan, to Marra-
kesh, Mogador, and Ras-el-Ain in the Haha country south of Mogador. In the
higher portions of the Atlas it has not been observed, neither by Lynes in the
Middle Atlas near Azrou, nor in the Great Atlas, except a male shot by Riggen-
bach at Seksawa, on April 7th. jMigratory, collected by Riggenbach in whiter
at Thies, western Senegal Colony.

{i *) 85, Sylvia hortensis hortensis (Gm.).
{S. orphea orphea auct. antiqu.)
Like a number of other species, only recorded as a migrant m spring and
autumn by Favier, but probably nesting from Tanger to the Rehamna south-east
of Mazagan, and perhaps even to Ras-el-Ain in the Haha country, where Dodson
shot it in June. A number doubtless also pass through on migration from
Spain, but the winter-quarters were not really known, until Buchanan collected
specimens in Zinder and southern Air, from which we may conclude that some
winter in Hausaland.

86, Sylvia borin (Bodd.).
(S. hortensis auct. antiqu.)
Passes through, but apparently not in great numbers. Lozano mentions a
smgle male shot in September near Mogador, Riggenbach sent a pau- he collected

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 192.'!. 107

at Seksawa, south-west Great Atlas, April 20th and 26th, 1906. Favier men-
tions it as a migrant near Tanger, where it also nests, according to Irby. I con-
cluded— as I am now convinced, erroneously — from specimens shot about middle
May in Algeria, that it nested there, and apparently the statements of its nesting
in Tunisia are also merely due to late birds having been collected m May. Irby's
observation requires confirmation. Vaucher does not mention the species,
Whitaker had specimens from Marrakesh shot in May. (Irby made also very
defuiite statements as to the breeding near Gibraltar, but his observations are
not confirmed by Jourdam, Congrcve, Stenhouse, and others.)

* 87. Sylvia atricapilla atricapilla (L.).

Both resident and migratory in Marocco, though very few definite observa-
tions as to nesting have been made known, in fact only from Tanger, Meknes,
Azrou, and the Mehuila near Mazagan.

* 88. Sylvia communis communis Latli.

Both migrant and summer visitor. Favier, as m other cases, talks as of a
migrant only near Tanger, but doubtless in error, and it nests according to
Vaucher. Lynes fomid it common and breeding in various altitudes in the
IMiddle Atlas near Azrou. Meade- Waldo, who must have often observed it,
apiiarently forgot to mention it. Lozano enumerates sjsecimens shot near Moga-
dor from August 10th to September 0th. Riggenbach foimd it common on migra-
tion near Mazagan in September, and shot it in April, also at Fenzou in the
south-western Great Atlas, in April, but did not prove its nestmg anywhere.
Also near Rabat and in Marrakesh only migrants observed.

* 89. Sylvia melanocephala melanocephala (Gm.).

A common bird m scrub comitry and at the edge of forests, and nestmg from
Tanger and Rabat to Mazagan, the Rehamna, and Mogador. It does not,
apparently, range high in the mountains, for Lynes says it is absent at Azrou, and
Riggenbach only shot one male at Ichserrtalet in the Atlas on April 1st, which is
too early for breeding. Boudard shot it at Agadir.

* 90. Sylvia cantillans inornata Tschusi.
The north-west African form of tlie Subalpine Warbler nests near Tanger
(Vaucher), near Azrou in the Middle Atlas (Lynes), and in the Great Atlas up to
considerable elevations, 3,000-7,000 ft. according to Meade- Waldo. Riggenbach
collected males at Fenzou and Temeroui in the Great Atlas m the middle of April,
and two females, apparently of this form, at Sidi Moussanear Mazagan, 15. ix. 1901.
{S. cantillans cantillans might occiu' on migration.)

* 91. Sylvia conspicillata conspicillata Temm.

Evidently resident in suitable places from Tanger to Ras-el-Ain south of
Mogador, but not in high elevations. Lynes observed only a single male near
Azrou, Meade- Waldo does not mention it as observed in the Atlas, Riggenbach
sent one adult cJ from Tiza, south-western Atlas, 10. iv. 1906. Dodson shot it
at Ras-el-Ain in June.

108 No^^TATES Zoologicae XXX. 1923'

* 02. Sylvia deserticola maroccana Hart.

Like Sylvia deserticola deserticola in Algeria apparently onl}- found in the
southern Atlas and on the High Plateau, but not in the northern moimtain
Ranges. Bleade- Waldo said that it " abounded in the cistus and broom scrub,
above the fore.st, up to 9,000 ft.," in the Great Atlas, but he collected only one
female at Tsaiuitz Entsagautz, 4.vii.l901. Riggenbach shot one male at Sek-
sawa, 27 . iii . 190C. No other specimens arc so far available.

* 93. Sylvia undata toni Hart.
Nests near Tanger and is perhaps restricted to the northernmost hills, as
already at Azrou it seems to be absent, Lynes not observing a specimen there.

* 94. Agrobates galactotes galactotes (Temm.).
Nesting from Tanger to Mogador, the Great Atlas, and evidently Ras-el-Ain,
where shot in June. These bkds are migratory, and had akeady left Algeria
dm-ing the second half of September 1920.

* 95. Cisticola juncidis cisticola (Temm.).

(The nomenclatiu-e of the North African and Em-opean forms of Cisticola
has had to suffer several changes. In Vog. pal. Fauna, p. Oil, I called the form
from Africa Minor Cisticola cisticola arquata, having been led, by the scarcity of
South Em-opean .skins examined, to believe that one and the same form inhabited
Spain and Italy, and recognismg that the North African one differed from that
of Italy. Witherby, however, first recognised that Spanish birds agreed with
those from North Africa and differed from Italian ones ; he therefore named
the latter C. cisticola harterti. Stresemann (Journ. f. Orn., 1922, p. 129) now
discovered an older name, "Sylvia juncidis" Rafinesque 1810, for the Italian
subspecies, so that the following forms must be recognised : Cisticola juncidis
juncidis (Rafin.) : southern France and Italy to Asia Minor, synonym C. c.
harterti. Cisticola juncidis cisticola (Temm.) : Spain, Portugal, Balearic Isles,
north-west Africa, synonyms C. c. arquata (Miill.), C. c. vi'iuritanica Whith., C. c.
jordansi Tratz.).

Resident in north and south Marocco : Tanger, Casablanca, Kenitrea,
forest of Mamora, Mazagan, Mogador. Favier's notes about migration of Cisticola
require confirmation.

* 90. Crateropus Julvus fulvus (Dcsfont.).
A rare bird in the plains between IMarrakesh and Mogador, near Marrakesh,
and in the Rehamna. These open plams appear to have a very desert-like
aspect, and the numerous bushes of Zizyphus seem to have attracted the Crateropus
which in Algeria is a bird of the desert, south of the Atlas.

97. Tardus pilaris L.
Like other northern birds (Siskins for example) the Fieldfare usually winters
in Central and South Europe, but occasionally crosses the Mediterranean and
has been observed in " moderate numbers " in Tunisia, Algeria, and was ob-
served in " abundance " by Meade- Waldo near Tanger in the spring of 1892.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 192^. 109

* 98. Turdus viscivorus deichleri Eil.
Occasionally nests near Tanger (Irby), and was noted in the forest of Mamora
(Jourdain), common in the Middle Atlas near Azrou, and in the High Atlas
(Fenzou, Tamarouth, Metloss — Riggenbach). (Favier's note that they pass
through Tanger on passage with the Song-thrushes requires confirmation !)

99. Turdus philomelos philomelos Brehm.
Unlike T. pilaris and musicus L. a regular winter visitor to Marocco, having
been collected from Tanger to the neighbom'hood of Mogador and Seksawa in the
south-western Great Atlas from end October to end of March, the latest date
recorded being April 2nd. All specimens sent by Riggenbach agree well with
T. p. philomelos, not with T. p. clarkei.

100. Turdus musicus L.
{Turdus iliacus auct.)
Also, like the Fieldfare, an exceptional visitor, observed by Favier, Olcese
and Meade- Waldo near Tanger.

101. Turdus torquatus.
Our knowledge of Ring Ouzels in Marocco is very imsatisfactory. Favier
says that he met with them in small flights on passage near Tanger, in spring and
autumn. Alfred Vaucher of Geneve mforms me that his late brother Henri shot
three or four Ring Ouzels on the high mountains near Tetuan. Unfortunately
these were sold (before 1900) to a dealer, and cannot now be traced. As they were
apparently obtained m May, they may have belonged to the race nesting in small
numbers in northern Algeria ; this is a form of T. t. alpestris, but perhaps not
typical. No material at hand to clear up this form !

* 102. Turdus merula algirus (Mad.).
I have only examined two Tanger specimens, both being algirus. Perhaps
restricted to the Rif and neighbourhood of Tanger.

* 103. Turdus merula mauritanicus Hart.
Common m the southern Atlas range, Rehamna, Mogador and Mazagan,
foimd by Dodson as far south as Ras-el-Ain. According to Lynes the Blackbirds
of the neighbourhood of Azrou also belong to this race, and m that case Jourdain
would probably be right in calling those from the neighbourhood of Rabat
inauritanicus.

* 104. Monticola saxatilis (L.).

Observed near Tanger, accordmg to Favier on passage, but probably nesting
on mountains of Rif. Nest.s, according to H. Vaucher, in middle Marocco, but
not observed by Lynes. Meade- Waldo says: " Not numerous, but breeding in
all suitable places up to a great elevation, in Atlas. I saw it at an altitude of
10,500 feet." Riggenbach did not observe it.

110 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 105. Monticola solitarius solitarius (L.)

Evidently nesting from north to south : Tanger, Timoudint, Azrou, Re-
hamna. Great Atlas. There will doubtless be some migration, as there is in Algeria,
where these birds are commonly seen in villages in the northern Sahara in winter.

106. Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe (L.).
A bird of passage in autumn and spring : Tanger, Mazagan, Djebel Chedar
Rehamna, Seksawa (Atlas), Mogador.

107. Oenanthe oenanthe leucorhoa (Gm.).
The large Greenland (and Iceland) form of the Wheatear, which was first
named from a Senegal specimen, seems to pass along the west coast of Marocco
in fair numbers as it winters in Senegambia, and Riggenbach shot half a dozen
near Mazagan in October 1900 and 1901.

* 108. Oenanthe oenanthe seebohmi (Dixon).

Tliis blaclv-throated form, until 1898 only known from the Djebel Mahmel in
Algeria (later found by Fliickiger also on C'helia and Montagne nue), was collected
by Dodson on the Great Maroccan Atlas near Tilula and Zarakten, bj' Riggenbach
on the Azur Meloul near Seksawa ; Lynes found it abundant on the plateau
above Azrou.

[In the unexplored desert-land south of the Atlas Oenanthe deserti homochroa
must occur, as it is common everywhere south of the Atlas, and Dalmas shot it
at the Bale de Levrier, Cape Blanco south.]

* 109. Oenanthe hispanica liispanica (L).

A common breeder in suitable locahties from Tanger to the Rehamna and
the Great Atlas, also south to Ras-el-Ain, where it was collected by Dodson in
June. A migi-ant, not remainmg in winter ; doubtless Spanish specimens also
pass through Marocco on passage.

(There are still ornithologists who express their opinion that the " Black-
eared " and " Black-tlu-oated " Wheatears are different species. It seems to
me that they have not read what has been written on the subject and that it is
hopeless to try to convince them of the truth.)

* 110. Oenanthe leucurus syenitica (Heugl.).

Lynes found it not rare below the forest m the Middle Atlas near Azrou.
Riggenbach collected a small series in the Rehamna in May, and on Djebel Tiza
and near Emsassen in the Atlas. It must be local there, as Meade- Waldo only
mentions having seen it on migration, on Djebel Bourzegan, which cannot be
correct as these bhds are not migratory. Favier says it occurs near Tanger ; if
this is the case, it remains to be seen whether specimens from Tanger belong to the
North African form or are stray ones from South Spain, where Oe. leucurus leucurus
is faiily common,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1933. Ill

* 111. Saxicola torquata rubicola (L.).
(Pratincola rubicola auct.)

Resident and in places common : Tanger, Rabat, Mazagan, Oum-er-Rbia,
Shtida, Aounat .south-south-east of Mazagan, Rehamna, Mogador, Atlas. Rig-
genbach sent it from Seksawa and Imintanout in spring ; it appears, however,
not to ascend high in the mountains. It was not found in the Great Atlas by
Dodson ; Meade- Waldo found it absent in the hills ; Lynes did not come across it
in the Middle Atlas.

112. Saxicola rubetra rubetra (L.).

Migrant from Tanger to Mogador. Riggenbach collected specimens at
Mazagan in September, one cJ in the Rehamna, 7. v. 1903. All specimens
examined are typical iS. r. rubetra. (Joiu-dain saw a pair in the forest of Mamora
end April.)

* 113. Phoenicurus phoenicurus algeriensis (Klemschm.).
Lynes found this form abundantl3' breeding in the lower, middle, and upper
-forest of the Middle Atlas near Azrou. His specimens showed the racial characters
in the shape of the wing quite clear ; this seems to be the only difference, the
colour differences not being constant. An adult male, Mazagan, 15. ix, and a
female, Mazagan, 17. ix, have also clearly the wing formula of this subspecies ;
on the same days typical phoenicurus were also collected, but this is not too
strange, as the Atlas Mountain race is also migratory. In the Great Atlas it has
not been found, so far, but will certainly occur. It is very local m Algeria.

114. Phoenicurus phoenicurus phoenicurus (L.).

Common bird of passage : Tanger, Rabat, El Horush, Mazagan (very numer-
ous second half September and first half October), Mogador, from where recorded
by Lozano as early as 3. vii (!), unless it is a specimen of Ph. ph. algeriensis, which,
however, is surely restricted to the mountains.

115. Phoenicurus ochraros gibraltariensis (Gm.).

Whiter-bu:d. Common at Tanger, but very little information elsewhere.
Meade- Waldo says he saw it " at the highest elevations in the Atlas " ; Menegaux
reports a specimen from Fedhala. Riggenbach sent ^ $ from Mazagan (Novem-
ber), and a (J from the Mehuila inland of Mazagan (February). It has been
queried whether it nests in Marocco, but there is no reason to suppose that this is
the case.

* 116. Diplootocus moussieri (Olphe-Galliard).

Generally only nesting on mountains, and more in the south. Apparently
only of irregular appearance in the immediate neighboitthood of Tanger ; though
by no means a migrant, descends in winter from its mountain-homes and is
seen in places where it does not breed. Lynes found it common near Azrou,
Middle Atlas, in spring and summer ; Meade- Waldo records it from the Great
Atlas from 3,500-9,000 ft. ; Whitaker received it (May and June) from Amsmiz,
Enzel, Zarakten, Tilula, Glaoui, Ras-el-Ain, and Ecru ; it evidently nests also

112 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXX. 1923.

on the hills near Mogador, from where Lozano received young in July. Riggen-
bacli collected it in the Atlas at Fenzou and Temeroui, also at Ibrehan (S.v),
DeUain Diruihan (31. v), Emsassen (10. iv), and on Djebel Chedar, 16 hours
south-south-east of Mazagan (27. ii). It is common near Mogador in whiter and
at Agadir in April.

* 117. Luscinia megarhyncha megarhyncha Brehm.

(North-west African Nightingales are like Central European ones. In colour
there is no difference, the size is the same ! The wings of 14 males measure 80-
86-5, of 8 females 80-82 mm. From this we cannot conclude that they are
smaller than European ones. It is true that in Europe (iu the Tring Museum
chiefly specimens from Italy and Cyprus) the wings are sometimes, but not often,
longer, ranging up to 8'J mm., but we cannot possibly know that in oiu: small
series from JMarocco and Algeria we have reached the maximum measiu-e ; more-
over in Europe females have sometimes wmgs of 78 mm. only, which is perhaps
the mmimum, which is also not reached in our African specimens.)

Common and nesting m suitable localities from Tanger to the Mehuila in
the Oum-er-Rbia, Jleknes, ilarrakesh, and probably the Great Atlas, though
the dates on Riggenbach's labels are not conclusive, and there is no proof yet of
nests found in the Great Atlas ; common in the Middle Atlas.

118. Luscinia svecica cyanecula (WoK).
The White-spotted Bluethroat is known as a somewhat scarce migrant near
Tanger and evidently passes the winter in Marocco, not bemg known from the
Senegal or other parts of West Africa. Riggenbach shot it on Djebel Chedar
in April, at Mazagan in October and November, and once January 28th.

* 119. Erithacus rubecula atlas Lynes.

Erithacus rubecula atlas Lynes, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 32 (Azrou) ; Ibis,
1920. p. 296.

Lj'nes found the Robin breeding commonly near Azrou, Middle Atlas. This
form appears to differ in liaving the upper surface more olivaceous, almost with
a greenish tmge (" olive-green " is too strong !), but as only very worn summer
specimens were collected, this form requires confirmation by fresh examples !
The bill is somewhat long. (Probably nesting in other suitable places in the
northern Atlas ranges — Rif ! — and Meade- Waldo says : " Common in the moister
woods on the north slopes," viz. of the Atlas.) Birds supposed to nest near
Tanger may belong to this form.

120. Erithacus rubecula rubecula (L.).
What are api^arently all — or at least mostly — E. r. rubecula pass tlirough
northern Marocco on migration and winter in the country. Riggenbach sent it
from Mazagan (September, October), Mehuila uiland of Mazagan (March),
Djebel Chedar (February), and Seksawa m the Great Atlas (20.iii. 1905).

121. Prunella coUaris (? subsp.).
Alfred Vaucher says, in litt., that his late brother Henri shot several speci-
mens of the Alpine Accentor m the Rif Mountains close to Tetuan, and that these

NoviTATEs ZooLOGicAs XXX. 192:3. 113

were sold to Schliiter in Halle, not long before 1900. The present manager of
the firm of Schliiter and Massen has not been able to find out what happened to
these skins.

122. Prunella modularis (? subsp.).
Irby (p. 49) says that he has seen specimens of the Hedge Sparrow from the
African side of the Straits of Gibraltar. That is all that is known about the
occurrence in Marocco.

* 123. Troglodytes troglodytes kabylorum Hart.
Wrens — apparently all of this race — nest commonly near Tanger. Joiu'daiii
found it breeding in Meknes. Whitaker received a male from Fez. Lynes
found it common and, of course, nesting in the woods of the Middle Atlas near
Azrou. Meade-Waldo found it " common enough in one tract of moist forest "
in the Great Atlas, and " obtained only a single specimen after much persever-
ance " — perhaps not having small firearms or small charges for such small birds.
Riggenbach sent two adult females, one from Fenzou in the Great Atlas, 12. iv,
one from Tamarouth, 5.vi. Both are rather heavily barred on the sides, and
Lynes says that " specimens from high altitudes appear to be more barred below."

* 124. Cinclus cinclus minor Tristr.

Evidently very local in the higher mountains, as it is in Algeria. Henii
Vaucher found it not rare " in the mountains " diuring his trip of 1902, when
he visited the mountains near Tetuan — so it was presumably there where he saw
it, and we may look out for Dijjpers in the Rif, when it is accessible.

Meade- Waldo saw a number of Dippers on a branch of the upper waters of the
Oued Amsmiz runnmg down from the east of Tizi Gourza. He saw them up to
an altitude of about 9,000 ft., and caught a nearly full-fledged young bird. To
tell us to which subspecies Maroccan Dippers (or at least those of the Great Atlas)
belong we have two males and one female collected by Riggenbach near Tamarouth
in the Atlas, early in June. The slightly longer bill and brighter rufous chest
seem to separate them from C. c. aqualicus, to which they are nearest, and I
consider them to be the same as the Algerian C. c. minor. Ljaies found it absent
from the part of the Middle Atlas which he explored.

The distribution of the Dippers in south-west Em-ope is most peculiar. While
a quite distinct form inhabits the Pyrenees, Witherby collected Dippers in the
Cantabrian mountains which appear to be inseparable from C. c. cinclv..s of
Scandinavia (!), and the few specimens I have examined from South Spain are
neither the latter, nor pyrenaicus, but seem to be exactly like C. c. aquaticus !
More material may prove them to belong to minor, which is very close to aquaticus.
C. c. minor was originally described quite wrongly : Tristram said it differed only
in size, probably comparing his smgle (!) small female with a male (or several
males) of the Central Eiu-opean form, while he overlooked the rather slight dis-
tinguishing features.

* 125. Hirundo rustica
(The Swallows nesting in Marocco and Algeria average, as far as measured,
smaller than Europeaii, and especially eastern ones, where the largest measure-
8

114 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 192".

ment-s are commoner than in Europe ; the long wings of Turkestan specimens —
males mostly over 127 — are, however, also found in Em'ope, where even 130 mm.,
but only as an exceptional outside length, occurs ; in Algeria and Marocco wings
of 127 mm. are apparently rare, and even in males they are generally only 121-124
mm. long. As, however, these measures vary very much, and only four
undoubted breeding adults from Marocco and seven from Algeria have been
measured by me, I do not feel justified in naming the form from Africa Minor.
Such cases, where birds differ only in average longer wings, are always disputable ;
it is most desirable to call attention to them and to fully investigate them, but
they shoidd not be named, unless a large series has been compared. The gist of
science is not merely to give names to forms, and this should be avoided if doubts
exist.)

Swallows pass through Marocco in autumn and spring, but they also nest m
(apparently all) towns and many villages from Tanger to jNIogador and Ras-el-
Ain. Lynes found it common near Azrou, but neither Meade-A\'aldo nor Riggen-
bach mentions it from the Great Atlas ; this may be an oversight, as it will
most likely prove not to be absent from the townis of the Great Atlas, and probably
ranges even south of the Great Atlas to Tarudant and the Sus country.
Swallows are migratory in Africa Minor, as they are in Em'ope and western
Asia.

* 126. Hirundo daurica rulula Temm.

Meade- Waldo observed several pairs nestmg at Rabat, and it nests in Jlarra-
kesh, in the Great Atlas region, and at Ras-el-Ain. Riggenbach sent a male
from Djebel Tiza, 25.iii, and a pair from " Rhiat de Shishawa," 16. vi. 1904.

* 127. Delichon urbica.

House Martins (probably D. urbica meridionalis) arc said to nest frequently
near Tanger by Favier, while according to Vaucher they are only birds of passage
during the two seasons. Jourdain saw specimens near Rabat on April 21st.
Whitaker received one shot at Tilula, 24. v. Drake has only a casual note that
it occm's near Tanger, but gives no details. It is peculiar that we have no more
information about the Martin in Marocco, as it nests in very great numbers in
Algeria and Tunisia. Riggenbach has not sent a single specimen.

128. Riparia riparia riparia (L).

Definite observations of nesting in Marocco are wanting, though Irby says
that he " had no doubt " that they were nesting near Ras-el-Doiu'a in northern
Marocco.

Riggenbach shot an adult male on the Oum-er-Rbia, " 32 hours south-east
of Mazagan," on May I'Jtli, 1903, which he saw in company with Riparia paludicola
inauritanica, which nests there.

*129. Riparia paludicola mam-itanica (Meade-Waldo).
(This is a most interesting member of the IMaroccan avifauna, as it is really
a tropical element in the country. In fact it is very closely allied to B. p. minor
from Nubia and the Egyptian Sudan, while the other forms of R. pahulicola
inhabit tropical Africa.)

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 115

Meade- Waldo discovered this little Sand Martin on the Oum-er-Rbia, where
it is common. Riggenbach also found it in the Mehuila, five hours from Mazagan,
on the Oum-er-Rbia, in February and May, though during my brief stay there in
April 1901 I did not see any. He found it nesting as early as February, and by
the end of May it was common farther up the river, about thu'ty-two hours' riding
from Mazagan. On June ICth old birds in full moult — including wmgs and tail
— were not rare near Shishawa, uiland of Mogador. That is all the mformation
we have about this Martin.

130. Riparia rupestris rupestris (Scop.).
There does not seem to be any definite statement that Crag Martins breed in
Marocco, but tliey possibly do, tliough Lynes did not fuid them m the Middle
Atlas ! According to Favier and Vaucher it is numerous at Tanger on migra-
tion, and it doubtless winters in Marocco. Riggenbach shot specimens eight
hours' journey south-east of Mazagan on February 11th, near Mogador November
14th, and one at Emsassen in the Great Atlas on April 10th.

'•' 131. Apus melba tuneti Tschusi.

Information about the Alpme Swift in Marocco is not very plentiful. It
migrates tlu-ough Tanger (March-May and August-October) and nests there,
as well as in great numbers at Meknez, in buildings, also evidently on the plateau
near Azrou, in the Middle Atlas. Riggenbach only sent one adult $ shot on
May 27th in the Mtouga, south-east of Mogador, judging from the date probably
breeding there.

(P. 834 of Vog. d. pal. Fauna I united " Apus melba tuneti " with A. m. melba,
but I agree now that a paler, less brownish, race, breeding from eastern Algeria
and Tunisia to Palestine and Persia (but not in Somaliland !), must be separated.
Not all Alpine Swifts shot in Africa Minor, however, belong to A. m. tuneti; in
fact, specimens shot by us and Hilgert near Biskra and in the Sahara south of
Bislira in March are all true dark A. in. melba, and so is one shot in May at Gafsa
in Tunisia by Hilgert. Tlie specimen from the Mtouga is pale enough to belong
to A. in. tuneti, though not quite so gre}'ish as some other N. African breeding
specimens ; it is, however, probable that all Alpine Swifts nesting in Marocco
belong to tuneti, while those passing through may be A. m. melba. It mu.st be
repeated that the winter quarters of the specimens passing through Africa Minor
are not yet known !)

* 132. Apus apus apus (L.).
Black Swifts pass through on migration at Tanger, and according to Favier
many breed there. Lynes also states that they nest in the plains near the Middle
Atlas and stray to the mountains in summer, and Joiwdain observed them at
Rabat and forest of Mamora. I saw dark Swifts on migration south of Mazagan,
in April. It is remarkable that Riggenbach never sent us a specimen.

* 133. Apus pallidas brehmorum (Hart.).

Evidently nesting throughout Marocco from Tanger to the Haha country
south of Mogador (young, wings half grown, from nest, Mogador, 4.vii.l905),

Il6 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

but Meade-Waldo's sweeping statement " breeding everywlicre " is too optimistic,
at least Lynes did not find it in the Middle Atlas. Riggenbach sent skins from
Azemour, Mazagan and neighbourhood, Cape Blanco, and Mogador. Specimens
from Marocco exactly like those from Canary Islands.

* 134. Apus affinis galilejeiisis (Antin.)
The only definite localities I know of in Marocco are Mazagan and Marrakesh,
where they nest in quantities under archways of houses and walls. They have
been observed neither at Tanger nor at Mogador, nor in the High Atlas. Riggen-
bach sent a series from Mazagan, where they appear early in April and leave
in the autumn. Tliese buds agree entii-ely with specimens from Algeria, Tunisia,
and Palestine, and are paler than A. a. affinis. Wiiitaker must accidentally
have had very pale summer birds from Tunisia, when he found them paler than
Maroccan (cf. Ibis, 1898, p. 607) ones, and he was in error when he believed the
latter to be typical A. a. affinis, which is a tropical form.

135. Caprimulgus europaeus europaeus L.
Nightjars pass through Tanger on migration, and of these no doubt a certain
number are typical C. e. europaeus. A male shot near Tanger by Olcese, wing
198 mm., is C. e. europaeus.

* 130. Caprimulgus europaeus meridionalis Hart.

Lynes found the southern form of our Nightjar breeding at moderate eleva-
tions near Azrou in the Middle Atlas, where they arrived about May 9th. Meade-
Waldo says " breeding throughout the Atlas up to a great elevation." Riggen-
bach sent an adult male from Tamarouth in the south-western Great Atlas, shot
7.vi.l904, a dark specimen, but typical meridionalis, wing 181 mm.

(C. e. meridionalis can always be recognised by its smaller size. Far more
than half the specimens (Memertzhagen says 60 per cent.) of this form are much
paler than C. e. europaeus ; such pale specimens occur also among C. e. europaeus,
but are much rarer ; Meinertzhagen says about 30 per cent, are as pale as
meridionalis, in any case the preponderance of pale specimens in meridionalis is
striking when the series in the Tring Museum is laid out.)

* 137. Caprimulgus ruficoUis ruficoUis Temm.
This form of the red-necked Nightjar, the same as the one found in Spain,
is common near Tanger both on passage and nesting. Jourdain observed it in
the gardens of Chellia and in the forest not far from Kenitrea. Riggenbach sent
a dark typical C r. ruficoUis from Cape Blanco and another from Imintanout in the
south-western Great Atlas, shot 13. v. He also sent a male from the Rehamna,
south-east of Mazagan, and a female from Djebcl Chedar between Mazagan and
Rehamna, both shot in April. These two specimens are paler than true rufcollis,
but too dark, especially on wings and underside, for deserlorum, which inliabits
Algeria and Tunisia ; both are, however, birds of the-year before, still having some
juvenile rectrices, and are moulting (tail, body) ! Whitaker received a specimen
from Marrakesh, and the Tring Museum has a specimen from the H. H. Slater
collection, labelled " Wazan, Marocco, 12. vi. 1887."

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 117

* 138. Merops apiaster L.

Passes through the district of Tanger in great numbers and nests as well.
Evidently nests in suitable places in all parts of Marocco, though Lynes says it
is absent from the neighbourhood of Azrou, Middle Atlas. Escalera collected it
July 10th near Mogador, Riggenbach May 19th and 2Cth in Mtouga with eggs in
nest, Dodson as far south as Ras-el-Ain in Haha south of Mogador, at Fez, and
Marrakesh. Meade- Waldo says he saw it in July " frequenting the highest
mountains " and " migrating south " at night. At Tanger the migration begins
again by the end of July ; the latest date when noticed at Gibraltar was August
18th. We have, however, seen flocks at Alger during first week of September
and September 16th near Azazga.

* 139. Upupa epops epops L.

A common bird in Marocco from Tanger to Ras-el-Ain in Haha, south of
Mogador, both on passage and breeding.

* 140. Coracias garrulus garrulus L.

Occurs both on passage and breeding from Tanger, Rabat (very common).
Forest of Mamora, Middle Atlas, Meknez, Marrakesh, to Mogador and the southern
High Atlas, nesting in holes of trees as well, but chiefly in old walls, ruined build-
ings, city walls, and other holes. Particularly numerous at Meknez and Marra-
kesh. Meade- Waldo says he found it breeding up to 6,000 ft.

[Ceryle rudis rudis (L.), sub nomine Alcedo rudis, is said by Carstensen,
Naumannia, ii, 1. Heft, p. 77, 1852, to have occurred on the Tetuan River ! There
is also a statement of its occurrence in Algeria ! Unless the specimen is found
in some museum, this must remain doubtful, but it is not possible to leave such
a definite statement unmentioned.]

* 141. Alcedo atthis atthis (L.).

Probably occurring sparingly on waters all over Marocco, where there is
opportunity to nest, though Lynes quotes it as " absent " near Azrou in the
Middle Atlas. Favier says it is found near Tanger from August to March, but
not numerous, though more abundant near Rabat. We have specimens from
Tanger from Olcese,- Riggenbach sent a series from Mazagan,Mehuila,and Mogador
(Oued Mogador, Oued Kseb). Whitaker mentions only a specimen from " Wed
Enger." Meade-Waldo says : " Very common and breeding on the Wad
Nyfys."

The wings of Maroccan specimens measure 74-77, once 78, once (Tanger)
79-5 mm. This form differs from A. a. ispida only in the slightly shorter wing,
slenderer, usually more pointed and sometimes longer bill, and on an average
paler underside, though this is not a constant character.

Favier's statement that Kingfishers are only found near Tanger from August
to March must be erroneous. Kingfishers nest in Marocco, and are not migra-
tory.

118 NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXX. 1923.

* 142. Picus vaillantu (Malh.).

Evidently resident in most, if not all, wooded mountain di.'^tricts of Marocco.
Rare near Tanger, " but common near Tetuan and in the province of Angera,
especially among the short stunted trees which grow in the valleys about Jebel
Mu.sa " (Trby). Abundant in the lower, middle and upper forest about Azrou
in Middle Atlas (Lynes). " Very common in the mountains. I used to see it
far up on the mountain-sides above the limit of trees " (Meade- Waldo). Riggcn-
bach found it at Fenzou and Ibrehan (1,500 m.) in the High Atlas ; in the latter
place fresh eggs 3 . v.

* 143. Dryobates major mauritanus (Brehm).

Favier said : " Resident and common in the vicinity of Tanger, being found
only in large woods." To this Irby adds that he did not find it " common "
near Tanger, and that there are no " large woods " near that town, but that it
is plentiful about Tetuan. Evidently Favier, as in other cases, meant by
" vicinity of Tanger " a rather ^\ide area. This woodpecker, however, cannot
be rare somewhere not very far from Tanger, as there are a good many specimens
in collections from Favier and Olcese. Vaucher mentions it from Larache. It
is common in the forest of Mamora (Meade-Waldo, Ljmes, Jourdain). Lynes
found it " abundant " in the lower, middle, and upper forest near Azrou, Middle
Atlas. Meade- Waldo says it is " very common throughout the Atlas." It is
strange, in the face of this statement, that neither Dodson nor Riggenbach have
sent specimens from the Great Atlas, nor is it known from the neighbourhood
of Mogador and in the Haha country.

[The Lesser Woodpecker is not yet known to occur in Marocco.]

144. Jjmx toiquilla torquilla L.
A bird of passage near Tanger, its return passage beginning in August, and
occasionally seen in winter. Probably found in many places, tliough Riggenbach
sent only one shot near Mazagan 28. ix. 1901. Whitaker received it only from
North Marocco, but Escalera collected specimens near Mogador in August and
September, and one l.vii. !

[No Jynx is known to nest in Marocco ; Lynes did not observe it in the
Middle Atlas. Should it be found somewhere breeding, it would probably be
J. t. manretanica Rothsch.]

* 145. Cuculus canorus bangsi Obcrh.

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2191.)

This Cuckoo evidently propagates — probably in many places — in Marocco.
It occurs near Tanger and Jourdain heard it (probably this form) a few times in
the forest of Mamora. Lynes only once heard a Cuckoo (May 9th) near Azrou.
Neither Wliitaker nor Meade-Waldo mentions the species. Riggenbach sent five
skins from Mtouga (16. v.), and Seksawa, Azur Meloull, and Fenzou in the Great
Atlas (May, one 22.iii.). Escalera collected a " very young " ^ near Mogador,
9 . viii. , which was apparently hatched there. That is all the information we have

NOVITATES ZOOLOGK-AE XXX. 1923. 119

about C. c. bangsi. Payton heard Cuckoos at Mogador, but there is no informa-
tion about the subspecie.s.

[C'ucidus canorus canorus probably occurs on passage, but we have no proof
of it yet.]

* 146. Clamator glandarius (L.).

Occurs near Tanger, though apparently not very common. Henri Vaucher
says it " nests," and he shot one as late as January. What Favier says about
its migrations, i.e. that they pass over to Europe in January, February, and
March, and retm-n in June, July, August and September, is obscure, and cannot
be correct. The species is evidently migratory in southern Europe, arriving
early in March or end of February, and departing again early in autumn. It is
said to have been seen (in a flock !) in January near the Lake of Masharalhaddar in
N. Marocco {Ibis, 1885, p. 247). It is found commonly in the forest of Mamora
(Meade-Waldo), but Joiu'dain saw only one or two there at the end of April.
Lynes and Whitaker do not mention it in then- ILsts, nor does Meade-Waldo
mention its occurrence in the High Atlas. Riggenbach shot it December I2th
" eight hours S.S.E. from Mazagan," on Djebel-Chedar (Aounat) February 26th,
near Mogador 25. vi. and 6.xii. Probably in the nesting season it is found only
where Magpies nest, on the nests of which it depends obviously in Marocco,
though there is not yet any proof of its laying in the country !

* 147. Bubo (bubo) ascalaphus Sav.

(The question whether ascalaphus is rightly considered to be a subspecies of
B. bubo is not yet satisfactorily settled.)

Probably this owl or an allied race occurs in the unexjjlored parts of Marocco
south of the Atlas. The only proof of its occurrence in the north is a specimen of
the dark form killed at Cape Tres Forcas (Ras-Ouark) just north of Melilla, in the
Spanish Territory, which we bought from Schl liter about 15 years ago. Riggen-
bach sent two females which he shot at " Cherarda " and " Kanafa," south-east
of Mogador, 4.iii. and 16.xi. 1906. Both these are very dark .specimens, like the
one from the Rif country. The stomach of one contained parts of birds and
dung-beetles.

* 148. Otus scops scops (L.).

Evidently in all wooded districts from Tanger to the Great Atlas. Lynes
only observed and shot it once near Kenitrea. Riggenbach sent specimens
from Boulaban and Seksawa in the Great Atlas. Neither Riggenbach nor
Escalera found it near Mogador. It is migratory, though occasionally a few
remain in winter, even in Spain.

* 149. Asio otus otus (L.).

Olcese obtained one in the hills near Tanger in the summer of 1884, where it
also occurs according to Meade-Waldo. Dodson shot a female at Ain-Embark,
two days north of Fez, and Bondarel a female at Mogador. Lynes found a nest
near Kenitrea !

120 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

(?*) loO. Asio flainmeus flammeus (Pontopp.).

{Asia accipitrinus et hrachyotus auct.)

Evidently on passage through Marocco, but the only real evidence before
us is the observation at Tanger and two sldns sent by Riggenbach from Mogador
7.xi and 28. xi. According to Favier and Vaucher (Rev. FratiQ. cVOrn., iv, p. 107)
nesting near Tanger, but these observations should be confirmed, as the species
apparently does not breed in Spain south of the Pyrenees.

(There is — Irb}', B. Gibraltar, 2nd ed., p. 139 — a wild story of Favier of the
interbreeding of this species with Asio capensis tingitanus. This story is, as
Irby puts it, " difficult to believe," and I do not accept it, though it is strange what
Favier could have meant by these birds with a " half yellow " iris.)

* 151. Asio capensis tingitanus (Loehe).
Evidently quite a common bird locally : near Tanger, Fedliala, and Rabat,
where it seems to be resident. Riggenbach sent an adult male from Ouled
Far.sh, " eight and a half hours S.E. of Mazagan," 16. ii. 1902. First mentioned
as nesting near Tanger — as well as A. flammeus — by Carstensen in Naumannia,
1852!

* 152. Athene nochia glaux (Sav.).
Common in suitable parts of Marocco from Tanger to Mogador. Localities :
Tanger, near Fez, Forest of Mamora, Rabat, Azrou, Mazagan and neighbourhood,
Azemur, Mtouga, Rehamna, jMogador, Marrakesh, Tameshlot, Asendo in the
Atlas. Meade-Waldo says " not common above 3,500 ft.," nor did Lynes find it
at higher elevations, but only in the lower regions of the Middle Atlas. (Irby's
statement that the Little Owl of Tanger was " undoubtedly C. noctua " and not
glaux is erroneous.)

* 153. Tyto alba alba (Scop.).
Barn-Owls are common in the neighbourhood of Tanger. Meade-Waldo
said : " As elsewhere in Morocco, tliis species abounded tliroughout the foot-hills
of the Atlas." Besides from Tanger (Favier, Olcese, H. Vaucher), we have
specimens from the neighbourhood of Mazagan and the orange-woods of the
Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, and from Sliiadma, east of Mogador, where
Escalera also collected specimens. They breed, of cour.'se, in Marocco and must
be more or less resident, and not migratory, though Alfred Vaucher (who, strange
to say, queries its nesting in Marocco) talks of its being commonest diu-ing the
period of their migrations. About the coloration of Maroccan specimens see
Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1035, to which may be added that a sldn from Favier, from
the neighbourhood of Tanger, is so dark, that it might pass for one from Germany,
i.e. T. a. guttata, while others from there are as snowy white underneath as British
specimens.

* 154. Strix aluco mauritanica (With.).
Evidently only recorded proofs from northern Marocco. Near Tanger,
Favier, Olcese, and Henri Vaucher collected specimens. Meade-Waldo quite
correctly stated (cf. Irby, Gibraltar, p. 141) that the specimens were very grey and

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1023. 121

large — the reason being that they were not S. aluco aliico L. but S. a. mauritanica.
The statement of their migrations to and from Europe by Favier is very doubt-
ful. Lynes twice saw owls near Azrou, which he took to be S. aluco, and they
must have been of this subspecies. Jourdain and Congreve found tlii.s owl
breeding in the Forest of Mamora and obtained eggs on April 23rd.

155. Falco peregrinus calidus Lath.

Riggenbach shot an adult male in moult in the Haha Province south of
Mogador on November 20th, 1905, which I consider to belong to this subspecies,
which inhabits Siberia and extends its migrations south to the Sunda Islands
and even (rarely) to New Guinea, but also westwards to Central and South Europe,
Egypt, and Tunisia. The white on the sides of the head is spotted with blackish
and extends up to about 1 cm. from the eye, the moustacliial stripe is in the
middle nearly 1 cm. wide ; the lower back and rump is much lighter than usual
in adult (^ F. -p. peregrinus, though the bars of the underside are rather close and
not very narrow, the underside thus being darker than usual in F. p. calidus.
The wing measures about 315 mm., but this measurement is not quite exact, as
the tip is slightly worn and the tliree outer feathers are old, the other remiges
freshly moulted.

(F. p. calidus, the eastern form of the Peregrine, differs distinctly from F. p.
peregrinus if a series is compared. It differs as follows : The white on the sides
of the head extends up close to the eyes, though often about 1 cm. remains black
under the eye, and often the white is spotted with black ; consequently there
appears a longer, and often narrower, moustachial stripe, though the latter does
not extend further down on the sides of the throat. The underside has a whiter
ground-colour and is usually less barred, the crop mostly unspotted, the middle
of the abdomen as a rule not barred across, but with semi-cordate spots ; under
wing-coverts usually whiter. Lower back, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts
lighter grey in freshly moulted birds, though even this is not always constant !
Though all these characters vary, the sum of them enables us to distinguish the
two forms in nearly every case. I admit that the Maroccan bird is not an over-
typical calidus, but the amount of white on the sides of the head, the fairly white
ground-colour of the luiderside, and light lower back and abdomen induce me
to consider it to belong to F . p. calidus. It mu.st also be considered that the
latter is a mighty wanderer (the real " Peregrine ") which migrates from its
boreal regions in winter south to India and the Malayan Islands, and westwards
to Europe and the Mediterranean, while the European Peregrines are not migrants,
though in winter they stray about for food. I do not see that the name calidus
must be rejected. The description of the male agrees fairly well, though the upper
side of an adult bird is not " blackish brown," but we learn from Jerdon that the
description was made from an Indian drawing, and in very worn plumage, before
the moult, which takes place in winter (in the European race in summer and
autumn), the colour gets rather brown — the Maroccan bird is in full moult and
has among the fresh grey and black feathers of the back and wing-coverts some
old ones (not juvenile ones !) which are brown ! Latham described the " bhyri "
(spelt " behree ") of Indian falconers a name used in Latham's time and now !)

Riggenbach informed us that the Arab Chiefs knew and distinguished this
Falcon from the others, i.e. Falco hiarmicus erlangeri and Falco peregrimis pele-

122 NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. lt)23.

grinoides found in Marocco. This is quite natural, as it is larger than the latter
and probablj' more powerful and dashing than the former — but if that is the case,
viz. that the Arabs knew it, it must occur oftener in Marocco ! In fact Peregrines
different from F. p. jielegrinoides and brool-ei are said to occur in winter near
Tanger — -and in southern Spain. Thej' may be large specimens of hrookei, calidus,
or even peregrinns, which seems to nest in the PjTenees and might in winter
straggle over Spain, though not being real migrants.

* 156. Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Tenim.

Nests in Middle and South Marocco, on the Oum-cr-Rbia, Rehamna, near
Mogador, on Djebcl Tizn, and in the Haha country south of Mogador. Not rare,
but obviously less numerous than F. biarm. erlaiigcri. Specimens have also been
shot in North IMarocco, somewhere in the neighbourhood of Tanger, but the form
which nests there is evidently F. pcregrimis hrookei.

* 157. Falco peregrinus brookei Sharpe.

Nests in the Northern Peninsula of Marocco, about Tanger and Cape Spartel.
Beautifully figured in Irby's Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 2nd ed.

* 158. Falco biarmicus erlangeri Kleinschm.

This Falcon nests near Tanger and is resident in suitable districts all over
Marocco. Jleade-Waldo says he " saw it on many occasions in the plains," and
Lynes did not shoot specimens near Azrou, but Riggenbach sent it also, with
eggs (SO.iii.) and young about two-thirds grown (28. iv.) from the Djebel Tiza
in the south-western Great Atlas. It also nests in Shiadma, Rehamna, near
Mogador, and in the Haha country south of Mogador, where it is particularly
numerous, for example on the Oued Titsi. The moult of adults begins after the
breeding season and lasts until Scjjtember or October (ef. Nov. Zool., 1915, p. 179).

(It is strange that the Falcons of this group were so little understood ; apart
from their being mixed up by some authors with the totally different F. p. pele-
grinoides, they were generally called feldeggi by British authors, who did not
take the trouble to obtain skins of the real feldeggi, so that this remained unknown
to them. Sharpe, Handlist, i, p. 274, 1899, mixed up feldeggi and erlangeri,
which are so obviously different. In the Cat. of Eggs, Brit. Ahis., ii, pp. 299,
378, are enumerated 13 clutches of eggs as those of feldeggi, of which not a single
one can possibly be of that form, as already stated by Reiser — fancy Volga,
Tanger, Egypt, Fashoda ! Dresser, Eggs B. Europe, 1910, figured true eggs from
Bulgaria, and gave the distribution almost correctly.)

* 159. Falco eleonorae Gene.

Nests in great numbers on the island near Mogador and on the cliffs of the
Haha province south of Mogador. (There are no proofs of its occurrence in North-
ern Marocco, nor on Cape Blanco, but as the species breeds in the Mediterranean
it is not unlikely to occur north of Mogador, at least as a straggler.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 123

* 160. Falco subbuteo jugurtha Hart. & Neinn.
Nests near Tanger and in the Middle Atlas, in the Middle and Lower Forests
near Azrou. Meade-Waldo says " found breeding in the Atlas in July," without
further details. Jourdain and Congreve observed it in the Forest of Maniora.

[If Favier's statement that Hobbies are crossing from Tanger to Europe and
return in autumn is correct, these birds would probably be F. s. subbuteo, but
there is so far no proof that I know of.]

161. Falco columbarius aesalon Tunst.

Raid and Favier quote the Merlin as a winter visitor to North Marocco.

162. Falco vespertinus vespertinus L.

Evidently only an irregular bird of passage near Tanger (and doubtless in
other parts of Marocco, but there is no evidence), observed by Irby, Favier, and
Olcese. Their appearance is connected with that of swarms of locusts, but these
birds find enough Orthoptera even when locusts are not swarming.

* 163. Falco naumanni naumanni Fleisch.

Nests in Northern and Middle Marocco, being abundant in suitable localities,
where old buildings, walls, ruins, towers give them opportunity for hatching their
eggs, but seem to be absent from mountains and are not known nesting south of
Mazagan, though they probably occur. Migrant even in North Africa, and doubt-
less passing through the whole of Marocco, even if not nesting in its southern
parts. Nest always more or less socially.

* 164. Falco tinnunculus tinnunculus L.

The Kestrel is common and nests all over Marocco in suitable places. Ac-
cording to Favier (who, however, declares of every bird that it migrates to and
from Spain ! ) and Vaucher there is also a strong migration observed in North
Marocco. Vaucher also says that the resident birds are " tres foncees d'un roux
vif," which appears to be erroneous ; nor are they paler as has been suggested : .
the brighter, darker, and paler coloration being due to the individual variation
and age of plumage.

[Falco cherrug cherrug Gray.
The London Zoological dealer Castang, who used to import birds from
Mogador, had a specimen which he said he had received from there, and which
was sold to Lord Lilford. As Arrigoni had received a specimen from Tunisia,
as it has occurred several times in Italy, and, according to Loche, once in
Algeria, it is not an impossibility that it strays to Blogador, but considering how
live birds are mixed up by dealers the occurrence in Marocco requires further
confirmation.]

* 165. Aquila chrysaetos occidentalis Olphe-Gall.
Nests in the mountains, from the northern Peninsula, in the Forest of
Mamora, near Azrou, in the south-western Great Atlas, and in the Haha country.

124 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Riggenbach sent a fine adult male from Tizi Orcus, 1,200 m., shot on April 3rd,
and one from Djebel Hadid, shot August 31st. The former had in stomach and
gizzard remains of 2 Alectoris and 1 Rock-Dove. As the Arab name Riggenbach
quotes " Emta." This name may be a local or Berber name ; in Algeria, Tunisia,
and Egypt, Eagles are called Ogab or Ne.ssr (Nissr), the latter name in Algeria
being generally applied to Gyi>s fulvus.

* IG6. Aciuila heliaca adalberti Brchm.

Nests near Tanger, or at least in the northern peninsula of Marocco, accord-
ing to Irby, Favier, and Vaucher, who caught a parent bird on two eggs, which
are in his collection. Meade-Waldo {Ibis, 1903, p. 197) saw it in the great plain-
swamps of the " Wad-li-kous," the Ouad Lekkous of the French maps, south of
Larache.

* 167. Aquila rapax belisarius (Lev.).

Favier says it occurs near Tanger, and this statement has often been re-
peated, and recently Vaucher made more definite statements, saying it nests
there. There seems to be no other information except that Lilford got three live
specimens from the dealer Castang in Leadenhall Market, " said to be from
Mogador." Recently, however, Riggenbach sent tlu-ee adult specimens from
Rehamna and the Haha country south of Mogador. About the value of the
subspecies belisarius I cannot add anything to what I said in Vog. d. pal. Fauna,
p. 1096. It is interesting, however (though cage-birds do not afford proof of
plumages !), that the Tunisian specimen obtained by the late Carlo von Erlanger
in 1897 is still in excellent health in Ingelheim, where I saw it as late as August
1922, and has not changed its pale plumage.

* 168. Hieraaetus fasciatus (Vieill.).
Breeds from North Marocco to the Haha country south of Mogador and the
Kigh Atlas, where Riggenbach shot adults and took downy young on Jlarch 26th
at Assmert Agadk. Meade-Waldo records two pairs as noted in the Forest of
JMamora (1902). Vaucher took eggs at Larache and Boudarel obtained young
from nest near Mogador in 1912.

* 169. Hieraaetus pennatus (Gm.).

Also nesting from North Marocco (Tanger district) to south-west High Atlas,
where Riggenbach shot a female and took its clutch of 2 eggs on Djebel Tiza,
30. iv. 1906.

* 170. Buteo ferox cirtensis (Lev.).

Breeding and resident from Tanger to the south-west High Atlas (Djebel
Tiza, young in down taken 27. iv.), Mogador and the Haha province. Jourdain
and Congreve took eggs in the Forest of Mamora, April 23rd.

171. Buteo buteo.
Irby (and Favier) observed Buzzards which they called " Buteo vulgaris "
crossing the Straits of Gibraltar, and the former savs that they are abundant

NOVITATES ZOOI.OGICAE XXX. 1923. 125

on the Spanish side from November to the end of February. I have never
examined a common Buzzard from North Africa ; they are evidently rare there ;
the statement of Mr. Blanc that he had received 2 or 3 from Tunisia must remain
doubtful as it is not probable that Blanc can tell a dark-coloured juvenile cirtensis
from biiteo. The birds that visit Marocco in winter are probably B. buteo hiiteo,
but the Buzzards nesting in Spain require study !

* 172. Circus aeruginosus harterti Zedl.

This southern subspecies of C. aeruginosus nests in Marocco from the north
(Tanger, Rabat) to the Rehamna, south-east of Mazagan, and it also winters in
Marocco. Naturally it is confined, in the spring, to swamps and borders of
lakes or rivers, and therefore local. A young bird shot by Riggenbach near
Mogador 15.x. We have 13 adult and one young bird sent by Riggenbach,
also 1 $ from Tanger (Olcese) ; all belong to G. ae. harterti.

[According to Favier, Marsh Harriers occur on passage to and from Spain.
These birds might be C. ae. aeruginosus, but the status of the Spanish race is not
yet settled ; my suggestion that it belongs to C. ae. harterti requii-es confirmation.]

173. Circus cyaneus cyaneus (L.).

We have never received a specimen from Marocco, but according to Favier
it occurs rarely — doubtless in winter — near Tanger.

174. Circus macrourus (Gm.).

One specimen from the neighbourhood of Tanger is in the Norwich Museum,
and Favier states that it occurs there on passage. It is probably of regular
occurrence in Marocco, as it is not rare in Algeria in whiter and on migration.

* 175. Circus pygargus (L.).
Nests in North Marocco according to Irby, Favier, and Vaucher. Irby says,
" near Lixus in Marocco we found, at the end of April, a regular colony. There
must have been 15 or 20 pair on a marsh acro.ss the river." Doubtless, as stated
by Favier, also on passage. Jourdain and Congreve found half a dozen pairs
breeding near Rabat, also nesting near Kenitrea. Riggenbach sent a young
bird shot in September in Haha, South Marocco.

* 176. Accipiter gentilis.
Nests in North Marocco (Favier, Irby, Drake, Jourdain). Unfortunately
no skins available, so it remains an open question whether this is A. g. gentilis
or a different subspecies ! Eggs in Jourdain's collection are very small !

* 177. Accipiter nisus punicus Erl.
This closely allied subspecies is slightly paler on the upperside and slightly
larger than A. n. nisus. Resident near Tanger and elsewhere in North Marocco,
to Azrou (Middle Atlas). Observed in Forest of Mamora, 27th April. Probably
also nesting in the orange woods of the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, inland of
Mazagan, from where Riggenbach sent us adult males and females in February

12G NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

and March. Riggeubacli also sent a fine adult male from Seksawa in South-
West Marocco, shot 2.iv. 1905.

* 17S. Melierax canorus metabates Heugl.

Ibis, 1869, p. 153, Drake mentioned a specimen which he had shot near
Mogador. It is not a stray bird in South Marocco, but apparently a not very rare
breeder in South- West Marocco : Riggenbach sent adult and young specimens
from the Haha province and Shiadma north-west of Mogador. Specimens agree
with others from Abyssinia, Senegambia, Nigeria. This is one of the few interest-
ing tropical birds which have extended their range into the palaearctic zone
north of the Sahara.

* 179. Milvus milvus.
Red Kites occur in winter in North Marocco and nest, according to Favier,
Vaucher, and Lynes, who found a nest near Azrou, the two young sitting outside
the nest, 20. vi. Meade-Waldo records them also from the Great Atlas. Un-
fortunately I have not been able to examine a specimen from North-West Africa,
but Loche said that Algerian specimens were smaller than European ones, which
may be true or only an impression from memory. Jourdain saw Red Kites
daily near Kenitrea. I saw some on the cliffs of Cape Blanco in April, which
may have been still on passage. Riggenbach never sent us a specimen.

* ISO. Milvus migrans migrans (Bodd.).

Nest in the whole of Marocco from Tanger to the Haha province south of
Jlogador. Great numbers also pass through the country on migration, chiefly
in March and in September and October. This species is migratory even in
North Africa. Boudarel shot it at Agadir.

* 181. Elanus eaeruleus caeruleus (Desf.).

Said to be rare in the early spring and in autumn near Tanger, but common
near Larache, where it breeds. Vaucher says that it is rather common in " the
whole of Marocco," meaning of course where he has been. He took a clutch of
5 eggs. Olcese sold a lot of specimens from the neighbourhood of Tanger, appar-
ently all spring birds. Riggenbach never came across it in the district of Mazagan
or in the interior, but sent two adults, shot in March, from the neighbourhood of
Mogador. Fu-st stated to breed in Naumannia, ii, 1, p. 76, 1852, and already
mentioned by Bcauclerk in 1828.

[Carstensen, Naumannia, ii, 1, p. 76, 1852, says that " Nauclerus jurcatus "
occurred near Tanger once in 14 years ! The statement is so definite, that one
miist mention it, but possibly the Senegalese Nauclerus riocoiiri was meant, not
the American Elanoides forficatus or furcatus ? ?]

182. Pernis apivorus apivorus (L.).
Passes through North Marocco on migration, both in spring and autumn.
(Meade-Waldo records this species seen in pine forest in the Great Atlas in June !)

NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 127

* 183. Circaetus gallicus (Gm.).

Generally distributed. Nesting near Tanger, Larache, Foret de Mamora,
Middle Atlas, near Mazagan, Shiadma and Adanuia near Mogador. July 25tli
Riggenbach still found young with wings only 27 and 34 cm. long in a nest at
Adamna. Migratory, generally supposed to be absent or very rare in winter,
but Vaucher says it is " sedentaire et aussi bote d'liiver," which may be a generali-
sation of a few facts. As a rule not high mountain birds, but Meade- Waldo says
" nests up to 7,000 ft."

* 184: Pandiou haliaetus haliaetus (L.).

Recorded from North Marocco, where it nests in small numbers, while it is
very common in the winter. " Sarcelle " observed it near Mogador.

* 185. Gypaetus barbatus barbatus (L.).

Nests on the mountain ranges : Middle Atlas (Lynes), Djebel Tiza {Riggen-
bach, March, a young in the second year). No doubt many more localities could
be added, if more of the Atlas ranges were explored.

* 186. Neophron percnopterus percnopterus (L.).

Observed in suitable places, where they can nest on rocks, from Tanger to
the southern Atlas. (After vi.siting Andalusia in Spain the scarcity of Vultures
over a great part of Marocco struck Mr. Jourdain.)

* 187. Gyps Julvus fulvus (Habl.).

Nesting in North Marocco, and apparently widely spread, but little in-
formation. Apj)ears to be scarce except near mountains.

* 188. Aegypius monachus (L.).

Evidently not at all common, and only observed in North Marocco by
Favier. " Quite a number of eggs were sent from a place roughly about 70 km.
from Tanger, to dealers in Germany, taken from nests on trees. I have examined
several of these eggs " (Jourdain, in litt.).

* 189. Ciconia ciconia ciconia (L.).

Nests in nearly all towns in great numbers on buildings and on trees, and
being protected are very tame. How far south they breed could not be ascer-
tained. Many pass also through on migration. Over 50 jiairs were observed
in one part of the town of Meknes (Mequinez) alone by Jourdain. Mentioned
by Beauclerk in 1828.

190. Ciconia nigra (L.).

Regular migrant near Tanger, teste Favier. Also observed there in October
by Irby, and five seen in January near Tetuan by Verner.

(?*) 191. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia L.

Reported by Favier from North Marocco, quantities seen near Larache in
April by Irby. Whether nesting in Marocco not yet ascertained, but the

*-'*' NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

swamps of that country are not thoroughly explored. Payton observed it near
Mogador.

* 192. Plegadis ialcinellus falcinellus (L.).

Nests in North Marocco and probably other suitable localities in Middle and
South Marocco, and passes through on migration. Specimens collected from
Tanger south to Mogador, where it must nest somewhere near b_y, as Riggenbach
sent a very young bird from the Sultan's garden, obtained 12. ix.

(Mr. Jourdain calls my attention to Irby's statement that the eggs he saw
from Marocco were " pale bluish-green," which they are not, and which sugo-esta
that the eggs he got were not Ibis' eggs, but some Heron's.)

* 193. Comatibis eremita (L.).
The Bald-headed, Ibis is said to have been obtained once near Tanger by
Favier. Mr. Paul Saby sent us a specimen from North-East Marocco, not far
from Mehiridja, and he found a breeding colony east of Taza. It nests, or anyhow
■iised to nest, near Dar-ben-Arousi, north of Rabat and on the Sale cliffs, where it
is not seen now ; it nests on the Cape Blanco north, in the Middle Atlas, where
Lynes found it common at base and plateau, breeding on cliffs. It also nests
on the Oum-er-Rbia, near Mogador, and on Cape Tafetneh in the Haha country
south of Mogador. Meade-Waldo says he did not see it in the mountains, " but
it does occur there," and he saw flocks in several places in the plains. (Alfred
Vaucher says that his specimens from Rabat had the naked sijace on the neck
more extended than in specimens from Syria. This is, however, not the case,
and he {probably compared badly prepared specimens or young from Syria.)

* 194. Ardea cinerea cinerea L.
Known to occur from Tanger to Mogador (Riggenbach, 14. ii. 1904). Nests
in the north and probably in other parts of the country, but not known how far
south.

* 195. Ardea purpurea purpurea L.
Common and resident in swampy districts from the north to Mogador, but
no definite statements about nesting-places. (Jourdain and Congreve saw nests
of some large Heron in the reeds of the Laguna de Melidia near Kenitrea, which
probably were Purple Heron's.)

196. Egretta alba alba (L.).
J. J. Walker, Trans. Entom. Soc, London, 1890, p. 367, mentions that
just north of Cape Negro, north of Tetuan, he saw " once or twice the majestic
white heron, Ardea alba L., a very rare bird in these parts." Though Walker
was an entomologist, his few notes on birds are most correct, and the expression
" majestic " could only have been referring to E. a. alba, not to any other white
heron of Marocco. " Once or twice " is, however, an abominable figure of speech
in a scientific article, and surely an observer should remember if he saw the
" majestic " bird once or twice. Irby saw one on the lakes of Ras-el-Doura in
North Marocco in April 26th. There seems to be no other record for Marocco,
and we have no specimens.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. l29

* 197. Egretta garzetta garzetta (L.).
Nests in North Marocco, not far from Tanger, and occurs all over the country
in suitable swamps, south to the neighbourhood of Mazagan (September, Decem-
ber) and Mogador (November).

* 198. Bubulcus ibis ibis (L.).

The Buff -backed Heron nests from North Marocco to the Mogador district.
Meade-Waldo found on a low rocky island in the sea, between Fedahla and Rabat,
an " enormous colony," " absolutely covering the whole island," amounting
to thousands ; many were still building their nests on May 28th ; on April 1st
of the following year, 1902, the breeding-place was still quite deserted.

Many nest in the city of Marrakesh. First mentioned by Beauclerk in 1828.

* 199. Ardeola ralloides (Scop.).

In North Marocco nesting and common, but no information from other parts
of Marocco.

* 200. Nycticorax nycticoras nycticoras (L.).
Common in North Marocco, where Vaucher found it a common breeder.
Riggenbaeh sent it from the Mehuila on the Oum-er-Rbia, IS.iii. No doiibt
found (and probably nesting) farther south, but no records.

(?*) 201. Ixobrychus minutus minutus (L.).
No information except that of Favier, who says that it is a rare bird near
Tanger, arriving and passing on north in April, and returning during August to
winter farther south. (No doubt nests in ]Marocco, but there appears to be no
proof.)

* 202. Botaurus stellaris stellaris (L.).
A common bird in North Marocco in winter, according to Favier, but also
nests there, at least as far south as Rabat (Irby).

203. Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.
Flamingoes are numerous in suitable salt-lagoons from Tanger to Mogador,
but apparently they do not nest in Marocco.

204. ? Cygnus eygnus (L.).
Swans are sometimes seen in numbers passing over Tanger, but rarely remain
in the vicinity (Favier). As no specimens are available it is impossible to say
whether these are C. cygnxts or olor.

205. Anser anser (L.).
Greylags are numerous near Tanger, arriving during November and Decem-
ber, but evidently none remain to breed.

206. Anser Jabalis Sabalis (Lath.).
As common as Greylag near Tanger, on passage, according to Favier.
9

130 NuVlTATi:S ZOOLOCKAE XXX. 1923.

207. Branta leucopsis (Bechst.).

"Sarcelle" (Payton), Field, 1891, i, p. 289, records two seen 3.xi.l887,
near Mogador.

208. Branta bernicla bernicla (L.).

" Sarcelle " (Payton) states, Field, 1891, i, p. 289? that he obtained it near
Mogador 2.ii.l891.

209. Tadorna tadorna (L.).
Irregular in appearance near Tanger, between November and February
(Favier).

* 210. Casarca ferruginea (Pall.).

Resident and migratory from Tanger to Mogador (Payton, Riggenbach),
but few dates and localities on record. Evidently breeding in Bliddle Atlas
(Lynes).

* 211. Anas platyrhyncha platyrhyncha L.
Common in winter and also nesting in the Tanger district, according to Favier,
though Vaucher quotes it only as numerous winter visitor. Payton shot it near
Mogador. Jourdain observed it on the lagoon of Mehdia (Mahediya) near Kenitrea
(Kenitra), 25th April.

212. Anas crecca crecca L.

Common winter visitor in North Marocco. Payton shot it near Mogador.

213. Anas querquedula L.

Common winter visitor in North Marocco and near Mazagan. Seen on the
lagoon of Mehdia as late as 25th April (Jourdain).

214. Anas strepera L.

According to Favier a scarce and irregular winter visitor near Tanger.

215. Anas penelope L.

According to Favier the most abundant duck near Tanger in the winter
months. Riggenbach shot it near Mogador in November, where Payton ob-
served it in great flocks in 1881.

216. Anas acuta acuta L.
Plenty in the vicinity of Tanger in \^inter. Dodson shot it at Hawara ;
Payton, Escalera, and Riggenbach, near Mogador.

* 217. Anas angustirostris Menetr.

Common and breeding on larger waters in North Marocco. No information
from the south.

218. Spatula clypeata (L.).

Sometimes in winter common near Tanger, according to Favier, but Vaucher
considers it to be a rare visitor. Payton recorded it from Mogador, where
Riggenbach collected specimens in November.

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. l3l

219. Netta rufina (Pall.).
Favier says he obtained one in 1835, and another in 1849, near Tanger.

220. Nyroca Jerina Jerina (L.).
Common in winter on lakes near Tetuan and near Tanger. (No records of
nesting.) Payton shot it near Mogador.

* 231. Nyroca nyroca nyroca (Giild.).
Said to be most abundant in North Marocco, and nesting. Irby saw many
hundreds at the lakes of Ras-el-Doura, being even then in flocks. According to
Favier they disappear " for a time in winter," and breed in June and July —
probably, however, also in May. Riggenbach shot a female near Mogador on
November 1st. Whitaker records specimens shot by Dodson near Casablanca and
Azimur.

222. Nyroca fuligula (L.).
Very common some years in North Marocco (Tanger, Esmir) in winter.
Riggenbach shot a male at Mogador 9 . xi.

223. Nyroca marila marila (L.).
Though not actually obtained in Marocco, Irby says that it is of rare occurrence
in the Straits of Gibraltar. " Sarcelle " (Payton) quotes it as occurring near
Mogador, but there is, of coiurse, no proof of tliis statement.

224. Bucephala clangula clangula (L.).

No proof of occurrence in Marocco, but Irby states that " they rarely occur
about the Straits of Gibraltar in winter," and Payton records it from Mogador !
As it has been found (exceptionally) on the Azores, there is no reason to doubt
this statement.

[Oidemia fusca fusca (L.).

Quoted by Payton as occurring near Mogador, but there appears to be no
proof, and Payton was not an ornithologist.]

225. Oidemia nigra nigra (L.).
In some seasons very common at sea and according to Vaucher on swamps
near Tanger. Sometimes common at sea near Mazagan (Meade- Waldo beginning
of August ! Riggenbach). Mogador in winter and a $ shot 11 .vi. 1905 ! (Boudarel,
Riggenbach).

* 226. Oxyura leucocephala (Scop.).
Common and nesting in North JIarocco, also in winter (Tanger : Favier,
Olcese, Vaucher ; Kenitrea : Jom'dain).

227. Mergus merganser merganser L.

Near Tanger October 1862 (Favier), another found dead on the shore in
winter 1869-70 by Irby.

In2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

228. MergTis serrator L.

Not actually obtained in Marocco, but according to Irby in some winters in
considerable numbers in the Straits of Gibraltar, therefore bound to occur some-
times on the Maroccan shore.

229. Mergus albellus L.

According to Irbj- occurring in the Straits of Gibraltar in some winters, but
no specimen known from Marocco.

* 230. Phalacrocorax carbo maroccanus Hart.
This form, which is somewhat intermediate between lucidus and carbo, but
much nearer to the former, nests on the west coast of Marocco, on Cape Blanco
(north) south of Mazagan, near Mogador — and probabl}' other suitable localities.

[Probably the Cormorants which, according to Favier, visit North Marocco
in winter, belong to another subspecies, possibly P. carbo carbo ! I have, however,
not examined any specimens.]

* 231. Phalacrocorax graculus riggenbachi subsp. nov.

PhalcLcrocorax graculus subsp., Hartert, Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1395.

BOl as short as in P. g. graculus, but feet with more or less yellow, as in
desmarestii — other differences see I.e.

Type of P. g. riggenbachi: $ ad. Cape Blanco north, 5. v. 1902. F. W.
Riggenbach leg.

I have hitherto hesitated to separate this form, because I have not seen an
adult male in full plumage ; as it seems that I shall never get one, unless I fetch
it myself, I venture to separate this form, as it is undoubtedly neither P. g.
graculus nor des7narestii. All specimens collected by Riggenbach, and one kindly
sent me for comparison by Mr. Vaucher, agree.

This form inhabits the west coast of Marocco, where it nests on Cape Blanco
north, and on the rocks and islets near Mogador, and doubtless other places.
Probably the Shags which occur near Tanger partly aLso belong to this form, but

232. Phalacrocorax graculus desmarestii (PajT.)

occurs sometimes near Tanger. As there are breeding-places on the Balearic
Isles, and possibly nearer, this is not astonishing ; how far north and south P. g.
riggenbachi extends cannot at present be ascertained.

233. Sula bassana bassana (L.).
Great numbers of Ganncts winter on the coasts of Marocco from Tanger to
Mogador. They seem to be rather common about Mazagan, where I saw them
still in numbers first week of April.

234. Hydrobates pelagicus (L.).
According to Irby frequently seen skimming about the Straits of Gibraltar.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 133

235. Oceanodrouia leucorrhoa leucorrhoa (Vieill.).

Nine recorded from the Straits of Gibraltar near Tanger, and an adult
male shot by Riggenbach at Mazagan 5.xi. 1902.

236. PufBnus puffinus mauretanicus Lowe.

The western form of the " yelkouan " is common in the Straits of Gibraltar
in autumn ; according to Favier often picked up dead on the sea-shore.

237. PuflSmius kuhlii kuhlii (Boie).

Abundant in the Straits of Gibraltar and often picked up dead on the
shore (Irby).

[Monsiem- H. Vaucher states that an Albatross, which he calls Diomedea
exulans, was captured on the west coast of Marocco in 1885. He "kindly sent
me for inspection and presented to the Ti'ing Museum the skull of this specimen,
but I find that its beak agrees with that of D. epomorpha Less., the D. regia of
authors, only luiown from the East Australian and New Zealand seas. Alba-
trosses have occurred in many out-of-the-way places, so that nothing is impossible,
but the occurrence on the Maroccan coast is most unexpected.]

* 238. Podiceps cristatas cristatus (L.).
Common and breeding on lakes in North Marocco. At the lakes of Ras-el-
Dom'a, at the end of April, Irby says the number of these Grebes was perfectly
marvellous. They were iia pairs, but had not yet commenced laying. It is
doubtless found on other waters in Marocco, but there is no information. Riggen-
bach shot a female near Mazagan 26. i. 1902.

* 239. Podiceps griseigena griseigena (Bodd.).
Favier said it was not rare in North Marocco, and bred there. Irby saw many
on the lakes of Ral-el-Doura, and saw birds so young " that they must have
been bred in the country."

240. Podiceps auritus (L.).
Irby saw a specimen obtained in the Straits of Gibraltar in October 1867.

* 241. Podiceps nigricoUis nigricollis Brehm.
Evidently common at all seasons in North Marocco and nesting there. No
records from the south, except a $ shot by Riggenbach near Mogador 6 . xii . 1904.

* 242. Podiceps ruficoUis ruficollis (Pall.).
Resident and on passage in North Marocco, very common on the lakes at
Ras-el-Doura. Lynes found it in June on a lake on the plateau of the Middle
Atlas. Riggenbach collected specimens near Mogador in November.

243. Colymbus stellatus Pontopp.

Common in the Straits of Gibraltar in winter (Irby). Lozano mentions a
specimen obtained by Escalera near Mogador !

134 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923,

244. Colynibus arcticus arcticus L.
Occasionally seen in winter in the Strait.s of Gibraltar (Irby).

245. Colymbus immer Briinn.
Occasionally seen in winter in the Straits of Gibraltar (Irby).

* 246. Columba livia livia Gm.

As elsewhere in North Africa, common in suitable localities from Tanger to
Mogador. " Countless numbers," according to Payton. The " Columba oenas "
mentioned as collected at Mogador by Lozano is most probablj' C. livia.
Dodson also collected C. I. livia at Amsmiz and Isseremont in the south-
western Atlas. Boudarel shot it as far south as Nknafa and Ida-on-Guelloul in
the Haha province.

* 247. Columba oenas oenas L.

Evidently occurs in winter and nests in North Marocco, ISIiddle Atlas near
Azrou, and in the forests of the Great Atlas, where Meade- Waldo says it is " locally
common."

* 248. Columba palumbus excelsa (Bp.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1478.)

Evidently all specimens nesting in Marocco belong to this deeply coloured
subspecies, which is, however, not a very distinct one. It is numerous between
Tanger and Tetuan, in the IMiddle Atlas, near Kenitrea, etc., and in the woods
of the south-weistern Great Atlas (Meade-Waldo, Jourdain, Riggenbach).

* 249. Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hart.).

Migrant, but nesting in suitable localities all over Marocco, as far as explored.
Boudarel shot it as far south as Ida-on-Guelloul in the Haha country.

The specimens which have been seen to cross the Straits of Gibraltar are
probably S. t. turtur, but all examples which I examined are paler than European
breeding birds.

[Irby, Orn. Straits Gibraltar, 2nd ed., p. 235, says that according to Mr.
Drake " Turtur senegalensis, the Egyptian Turtle-Dove " is common in the
southern part of Marocco. This appears to be an error, at least we cannot find
where Drake said this. In Ibis, 1869, pp. 151, 153, he said that he saw
two " Turtur risorius, Barbary Dove," in a cage, and was told that they were
taken from a nest in the palm -groves of Marrakesh, but that he never saw any
wild. Probably they were domestic Doves, and there is certainly no indication
that they were S. senegalensis phoenicophila ; probably this occurs in the palm-
groves south of the Great Atlas, but not in the parts of Marocco which have
hitherto been explored.]

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 135

* 250. Pterocles orientalis (L.).

(Pterocles arenarius auct.)

Common and nesting in plains of central and southern Marocco : Casablanca,
Rehamna, Mtouga, south-east of Mogador, Mogador, even on the lower slopes
of the Atla's. First mentioned by Beauclerk in 1828.

* 251. Pterocles alchata caudacutus (Gm.).

Said to be common near Casablanca (Favier), and known to breed there, on
several places in the plains (Meade-Waldo), and near Mogador (Vaucher).

[There is no record of Pterocles senegallus nor of coronatus in Marocco, but
both will most probably occur .south of the Atlas.]

* 252. Burhinus oedicnemus saharae (Rchw.).

Evidently common in s\iitable plains from Tanger to Mtouga, south-east of
Mogador, and of coiu"se nesting. I have not examined a series from Tanger, but
all specimens I have examined from Mazagan to Mtouga are B. oe. saharae, but the
flocks that, according to Favier and Irby, cross the Straits of Gibraltar, would
probably be

Burhinus oedicnemus oedicnemus.

(South European Thick-knees (Stone Curlews) require further study. I should
like to examine a series from Spain. A specimen from Corsica looks like saharae.)

* 253. Cursorius gallicus gallicus (Gm.).

Appears usually in the summer (after the breeding season) near Tanger ;
Meade-Waldo says, " seen in small numbers throughout the plains," meaning
probablj' in sandy stretches only. Vaucher and Riggenbach shot specimens near
Mogador, and the latter found it common in spring on the plateau of Mtouga,
south-east of Mogador. Dodson found it near Ras-el-Ain in Haha, south of
Mogador, and at Nzela-Swinia.

* 254. Glareola pratincola pratincola (L.).

Common in suitable places and breeding from North Marocco to Mogador
(Escalera, Riggenbach). According to Favier and Vaucher many pass to and
from Spain in the respective seasons.

255. Charadrius biaticula hiaticula L.

Common on the shores and inland by rivers from August to April, from
Tanger to Mogador. Breeding not ascertained. A specimen shot by Riggenbach
in Mtouga 20. v. 1904 is in winter plumage !

* 256. Charadrius dubius curonicus Gm.

Common on inland waters and breeding. Specimens examined from Tanger
and Mogador. According to Meade-Waldo, " nesting in suitable places through-
out the country and up to a considerable elevation in the Atlas,"

136 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

* 2.57. Charadrius alexandiinus alexandrinus L.
Common on migration and nesting. Recorded from North Marocco and
Mogador, " El Mousourier " and " Skera Dukomphil " (Dod.son).

258. Charadrius morinelltis L.
According to Favier found near Tanger sparingly on its annual passage.
(Favier's idea that they travel in company with Cursorius gallicus is absurd.
Evidently he incidentally met them in the same places and together, from which
he concluded that they " travel together ").

259. Charadrius apricarius L.
According to Favier " abundant around Tanger in large flocks," from October
to March. Jourdain saw it on the Bou-Reg-Reg in April and on May 5th. This
is confirmed by Reid, Drake, and Vaucher, and Payton mentions Golden Plover
from Mogador. (No specimens examined, therefore not possible to say if C. a.
apricarius or oreophilus.)

260. Squatarola squatarola squatarola (L.).
Near Tanger in winter, and evidently all along the west coast in suitable
places. Riggenbach shot it near Mazagan i!i December, Payton mentions it
from Mogador, Jourdain saw it on the Bou-Reg-Reg May 5th.

(?*) 261. VaneUus vaneUus (L.).

Common in winter in North Marocco. Payton mentions it from Mogador.
Said to breed by Irby near the Ras-el-Doura, about 80 miles south of Tanger ;
this requires confirmation, but is pcssible, as the Peewit nests in southern Spain.

262. Arenaria interpres interpres (L.).

Evidently common on the west coast, being found near Tanger, Mazagan
(as late as 2. v., and a young biid as early as 29.viii.), and Mogador.

263. Calidris ferruginea (Briinn.).

(Ciurlew Sandpiper.)

Doubtless more or less common on migration on the coasts of Marocco, but
records only from Tanger (Favier, Olcese, Vaucher), Azemur (Whitaker), and
Mogador (Menegaux, Lozano).

264. Calidris alpina alpina (L.)
and

265. Calidris alpina schinzii (Brehm).

Dunlins are common on passage and in winter in the neighbourhood of
Tanger and near Mazagan and Mogador. Among the specimens from Tanger
(without dates (!) ex Olcese) are both C. a. alpina and schinzii. In Vog. pal.
Fauna, p. 1574, 1 did not separate these two European forms, after due considera-
tion, but since then Mr. Schioler has studied them and brought together beautiful
series from their breeding places, shot in breeding season ; of these he sent me

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 137

fine series for comparison, and I agreg that the two forms must be separated :
C. a. alpina larger and in nuptial plumage brighter (Sweden, etc.), and C. a.
schinzii smaller and in nuptial plumage darker (coa.sts of Germany, Denmark,
Holland, and apparently Scotland). Other forms require no discussion here, but
I hope to discuss them elsewhere.

266. Calidris minuta (Leisl.).

Irby says it is found near Tanger from autumn to sjjring, and on tlie 26th
of April he " fell in with vast flocks at Meshree-el-Haddar, in company with Dun-
lins and Ringed Plovers." Whitaker received it from Rabat, and Lozano from
Mogador.

267. Calidiis temminckii (Leisl.).

Common in winter near Tanger (Irby). No other records, but doubtless
occurring elsewhere.

268. Calidris canutus canutus (L.).

The only notice we have of the occurrence in North Marocco is that of Favier,
who said that it passes near Tanger in June. Payton mentions its occurrence
near Mogador. (Riggenbach shot it on the " Rio de Oro.")

269. Calidris maritima maritima (Briinn.).
Uncommon in autumn and spring near Tanger (Irby).

270. Philomachus pugnax (L.).

No record except from Tanger : " Near Tanger on migration, crossing to
Europe during March, returning in July, August, and September " (Favier).

271. Crocethia alba (Pall.).

(Calidris arenaria auct., Sanderling.)

Abundant near Tanger on migration, large flocks, observed by Irby early
in April between Tetuan and Ceuta. Mentioned from Mogador by Payton,
Lozano (Escalera coll.), and Menegaux (Boudarel coll.).

272. Tringa erythropus (Pall.).

According to Favier near Tanger in September and October. Riggenbach
sent it from Mogador, shot in November.

(?*) 273. Tringa totanus totanus (L.)
and

274. Tringa totanus robusta (Schioler).
Redshanks are numerous near Tanger on passage, and some remain to breed
there, according to Favier ! Though this requires confirmation, there is no reason
why it should not be correct, as they nest in quantities in South Spain. Jourdain
and Congreve saw some near Kenitrea as late as April, 25tli. Irby found them
at the lakes of Ras-el-Doura towards the end of April, when they " were evidently
beginning to nest," but he did not prove this either. Riggenbach sent it from

13S NOVITATEB ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Mazagan, Paj-ton and Lozano quote it |rom Mogador. Our specimen.s from
Tanger and Mazagan are T. t. totanus, while one from Tanger (Olcese coll., no
date as usual) is T. I. robusta, the Iceland form, which probably occurs oftener
in Marocco.

275. Tringa nebularia (Gunn.).

(Totaling glottis auct., Greenshank.)

On passage northwards in IMarch, April, and May, and returning about
October, near Tanger (Favier, Irby). Drake mentions it from Rabat. Paj-ton
observed and shot it near Mogador.

276. Tringa ochropus L.

Not rare in winter and on migration near Tanger. Meade- Waldo saw one
at Marrakesh on June 13th.

277. Tringa glareola L.

Though not mentioned by Favier, appears to be commoner in winter and
on pas.sage than T. ochropus. Irby saw " plenty " towards the end of April
at the lakes of Ras-el-Doura and other swamps in North Marocco. Drake men-
tions it from Larache, Whitaker from Meskra Eroomla (April), Lozano from
Mogador (August 23rd).

278. Tringa hypoleucos L.

Very common in winter and on passage in autumn and spring : Tanger,
Kenitrea, Rabat, Skera-Dukomphil, Larache, on lakes and rivers, Mazagan,
Mogador.

279. Phalaropus fulicarius (L.).
Drake, Favier, and Irby mention specimens shot near Tanger.

280. Phalaropus lobatus (L.).
Vaucher received a specimen shot on the " petite plage " at Tanger. (Cor-
respondence with Mr. Vaucher has proved beyond doubt that he obtained this
species, not the larger one.)

* 281. Himantopus himantopus himantopus (L.).
A very common bird, and nesting in suitable places. Localities : south of
Tanger, Tanger, Meshree-el-Haddar, Larache, Rabat, Mazagan, Mogador.

(?*) 282. Recurvirostra avosetta avosetta L.
Recorded from Tanger (Favier, Vaucher) and Mogador (Lozano). Nesting
suspected, but no proof.

283. Limosa limosa limosa (L.).
The Black-tailed Godwit occurs on pas.sage near Tanger " in abundant
flocks " (Favier). Escalera collected 4 near Mogador in August. (Favier's idea
that this species breeds near Tanger cannot be credited !)

NOVITATES ZOOI.OOICAE XXX. 1923. 139

284. Limosa lapponica lapponica (L.).

The Bar-tailed Godwit is also common at times in North Marocco. Rig-
genbach collected specimens near Mazagan in November. Payton recorded it
several times from Mogador.

285. Numenius arquata arquata (L.).

A winter visitor in North Jlarocco, September to end of April : Tanger,
Larache, Bou-Reg-Reg May 5th ! Mogador (Paj'ton, Lozano). (The idea of
" a Spaniard who resided in Larache " that the Curlew nests there cannot be
credited !)

286. Numenius phaeopus phaeopus (L.).

Regular migrant near Tanger, but according to Favier not staying through-
out the winter. Riggenbach collected specimens near Mazagan, Escalera near
Mogador, where Payton also recorded it.

287. Numenius tenuirostris Vieill.

Savile Reid found this species abundant in the Larache valley and at Meshree-
el-Haddar, in December 1884 or January 1885. They were in flocks from twenty
to a hundred. Several sjjecimens were obtained.

288. Scolopax rusticola rusticola Ij.
Occurs from November to March near Tanger, in small numbers, and is
mentioned from Mogador by Payton.

289. Capella gallinago gallinago (L.).

Very numerous in North Marocco in suitable places from October to
February and March, known to occur as far south as Mogador.

290. Capella media (Lath.).
Three records from Tanger (2 Drake, 1 Favier), 1 Mogador (Payton).

291. Lymnocryptes minimus (Briinn).

{Lymnocryptes gallinula auct.).

Arriving near Tanger about November and being fahly common till
February. Probably occurring on all swampy ground. Quoted from Mogador
by Payton.

292. Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus L.

Not very rare near Tanger on passage, and observed near Mogador bj'
Payton. Whitaker mentions one from Skera-Dukomphil. (Favier says it nests
near Tanger, but this cannot be credited ; the eggs which he sold as Oyster-
catcher's were Oedicnemus eggs — Irby.) D'Aubusson observed a flock at the
mouth of the Oued Mellah, north of Casablanca, where waders were frequent.

140 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

293. Hydrochelidon nigra nigra (L.).

Common enough on migration near Tanger on passage, retm-ning rather
late in spring, i.e. April and May. No observation of nesting, though nesting
commonly in South Spain. Sarcelle (Payton) says he saw hundreds near
Mogador early in May !

294. Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Temm.).

One shot at Sharf-el-Akab near Tanger in Jlay 1869 (Irby). Several seen
and one shot at Mogador in May (Payton).

* 295. Hydrochehdon leucopareia leucopareia (Temm.).

Said by Favier to be rare near Tanger, but Olcese sold a number being shot
there, in winter plumage. Nest in " immense numbers " at the lakes of Ras-el-
Doura between Larache and Rabat, in " vast colonies." Riggenbach and Es-
calera collected specimens near Mogador in August.

* 296. Gelochelidon nilotica nilotica (Gm.').

By the end of April Irby found this species " in great numbers about the
lakes of Ras-el-Doura." He was told by the natives that they nested there
" a little later on in the season," which would be quite correct. No information
from southern Marocco.

297. Hydroprogne tschegrava tschegrava (Lep.).
Favier obtained one near Tanger in February 1844, Irby observed one in
the winter of L869.

298. Sterna bengalensis arabica (Math.).
Occurs in the Straits of Gibraltar and is sometimes very common in spring
and autumn, near Tanger and Larache.

(?*) 299. Sterna maxima albididorsalis Hart.

Irby mentions one obtamed in the Straits of Gibraltar by Favier, and two
from Tanger, December 1SS2, in J. J. Dalglcish's collection. Olcese collected
a number of specimens near Tanger in September 1888. They will doubtless
occur in other places along the west coast of Marocco, as they must breed on the
coasts of West Africa (and possibly in Marocco), having been collected at the Rio
de Oro in June and Cape Blanco south (21° lat.) in May.

300. Sterna sandvicensis sandvicensis Lath.

" Near Tanger abundant in flocks from November to February " (Favier).
" Very numerous at the mouth of the river, Larache, during April " (Irby). We
have specimens in winter and summer plumage from Tanger, collected by Olcese.
Riggenbach shot a specimen near Mazagan in November. Vaucher says it occurs
along the coast, and he received specimens in June.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 141

301. Sterna hirundo hirundo L.

According to Favier occurring in " large flights " near Tanger on migration.
Riggenbach shot a young bird near Mazagan in November. Lozano quotes it
from Mogador.

302. Sterna paradisaea Briinn.

Irby obtained this Tern in winter j^Iumage in the Straits of Gibraltar. The
Tring Museum has a specimen of the year from Olcese, labelled Tanger 21.viii.
1888 ; it was of course labelled " Sterna hirundo."

* 303. Sterna albifrons albifrons Pall.

Passing through on pa.ssage and nesting not far from Tanger (Favier). Nest-
ing in great numbers on the lake of Boucharem near Larache (Vaucher). In
August and September common near JIazagan ; also middle of May in the Mehuila
on the Oum-er-Rbia east of Mazagan, therefore probably nesting not far off.

304. Larus marinus L.

Found in small numbers, mostly young bu'ds, in the Straits of Gibraltar from
January to March.

305. Laius argentatus argentatus Pontojjp.
Said by Favier to be common dm-ing winter near Tanger ; but did he know
these Gulls perfectly ?

* 306. Larus argentatus atlantis D wight.
This is the form of " Herring-Gull " which replaces L. a. argentatus, except
in winter, on the coasts of Marocco, at all season.s. Riggenbach found it breeding
on an island at Mogador.

(?*) 307. Larus fuscus affinis Reinh.
Said to be common, especially in winter, on the coast and, according to
Irby, " some few pairs remain to nest on the rocks of the African shore, laying
about the end of AiJril." These statements, however, require confirmation.
Specimens examined from Tanger, Mazagan, Cape Blanco.

308. Larus canus canus h.

According to Irby common in some winters in the Straits of Gibraltar. No
Maroccan specimen examined.

309. Larus hyperboreus Gunn.

The Glaucous Gull was once obtained near Tanger in immature plumage by
Favier (Irby, p. 301).

{Larus audoninii Payr. was found by Lilford on the island of Alboran and
occurs on the Spanish coast opposite Marocco ; it will therefore probably some-
times visit the Maroccan shore.]

142 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

310. Larus genei Breme.

(Lams gelastes Keys. & Bias.)

Favier recorded a specimen obtained by him near Tanger in 1852. It
must necessarily occur more often, as it breeds in southern Spain and has been
found at Cape Blanco south (Baie de Levi-ier), and is said to occur on the Senegal.

"" 311. Larus minutus Pall.

Favier obtained one near Tanger in February 1854, and Irby saw some there,
though irregularly, and in small numbers, in winter. According to Payton, at -
Mogador.

312. Larus ridibundus ridibundus L.

Said to be the commonest Gull near Tanger from November to March. Rig-
genbach and Boudarel found it common near Mazagan and Mogador from
November to March. Lozano (p. 105) mentions two females shot at Mogador
6.viii.

313. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (L).

Common in winter on the north coast of Marocco, but there are no dates
from South Marocco.

314. Stercorarius skua skua (Briinn.).

Favier recorded a specimen obtained near Tanger in December 1852. (Ac-
cording to Irby it occurs regularly, though not commonly, during winter in the
Straits of Gibraltar.)

315. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.).

Favier recorded a specimen obtained near Tanger as far back as November
1845.

310. Stercorarius parasiticus (L.).

P>ichardson's Skua {S. crepidatus auct.) is mentioned by Favier as having
been shot near Tanger in 1844. According to Irby it is not rare in winter.

317. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill.
Recorded by Favier as twice obtained near Tanger, in 1846 and in October
1858.

318. Alca torda L.
Occurs near Tanger in winter, and has been obtained as far south as
Mazagan (Boudarel).

319. Uria troille troille (L.).
Occasionally seen in the Straits of Gibraltar in small numbers in winter
(Irby).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 923. 143

320. Fratercula arctica grabas (Brehm) (1).
Puffins occur near Tanger from November to March, and even, according
to Favier, to April and May. I am not sure to which subspecies they belong,
but apparently they are grabae or the still doubtful meridionalis (cf. Vog. pal.
Fauna, pp. 1794-6).

* 321. Otis tarda tarda L,

Visits, from southern Spain, where it nests, the neighbourhood of Tanger
and Tetuan, where it also nests, according to Vaucher, who obtained the eggs.
Jourdain was assured that it breeds in the cornfields as far as Mequinez. How
far southwards this species occurs, cannot yet be ascertained.

* 322. Otis tetrax tetrax L.

According to Favier there is migration from and to Spain in autumn and
spring, near Tanger, but " great numbers are resident during the nesting-season."
Irby found the Little Bu.stard common in North Marocco on all open low culti-
vated land. According to Meade-Waldo it " abounded in all the open spaces
on the outskii-ts of the forest of Mamora." Riggenbach sent specimens from near
Mazagan and from Ouled-Farsh (Ouled Fahs), not far from Mazagan. Lj'nes
found it breeding in the plains at the foot of the Middle Atlas. Jourdain met
with it near Mequinez (Meknes).

* 323. Choriotis arabs (L.).

(Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, pp. 1806, 1807, 2222.)

Forest of Mamora (Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1905, pj). 162, 163), near Rabat
(Thery in litt., and eggs sent by Thery), Casablanca (Drake), south to Mogador,
Ouled Bouziri, Meclira Chair, on the Oum-er-Rbia, at Beni-Aser, KebUa-Amar
(Vaucher). Also in East Marocco, between Taourirt and Taza (Saby, in litt.).

324. Chlamydotis undulata undulata (Jacq.).

Irby (p. 260) saw one specimen which had been obtained near Tanger in
August — and he adds " further south it is stated to be frequently met with."
If Irby said he saw the bnd killed near Tanger, there can be no doubt about the
fact, but near Tanger it was about as much out of its range as the .specimens
met with at Malaga, Sevilla, or Italy. The hearsay that it was frequently met
with further south is probably erroneous, as nobody has 3'et met with it in
Marocco, though south of the Atlas it is sure to occur.

325. Megalornis grus grus (L.).

Not uncommonly observed near Tanger in winter. Meade-Waldo saw
flocks on the plain south of the Oum-er-Rbia on June 9th ; this date is so late
that one cannot help suspecting they might have been A. virgo.

(?*) 326. Anthropoides virgo (L.).
Of rare occurrence near Tanger ; according to Favier, " passing northwards
without making any stay, during March, April, and May." These statements

144 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX 1923.

require confirmation, as the species nests in April and May, and it is quite possible
that it dooi? so in Maroceo, as it does (or did) in Spain and Algeria.

327. Rallus aquaticus aquaticus L.

According to Favier on passage near Tanger. (There is no record, but it is
quite possible that the Water Rail nests in Maroceo.) Payton recorded it from
Mogador.

328. Porzana porzana (L.).

Common near Tanger during passage. (No record of nesting, but quite
possibly may nest.) Riggenbach obtained it near Mogador in November.

* 329. Porzana pusilla intermedia (Herm.).

Favier only met with " Baillon's Crake " once, in 1857. Irby obtained two
near Tanger in the spring of 1877, and suggests it may be common. Vaucher
says it is nesting and resident, in the great swamps of Boucharem.

[Porzana parva (Scop.) is not yet recorded from Maroceo, but very likely
will be found if the swamps are fully explored ; the sportsman and travelling
collector with little time does not get much chance to come across these quiet,
more or less nocturnal birds.]

330. Crex crex (L.).
According to Favier on passage and occasionally in winter near Tanger.

* 331. Gallinula chloropus chloropus (L.).

Both on passage and nesting in North Maroceo. Whitaker received a young
bird from Marrakesh in May. Payton records it from Mogador. Riggenbach
collected specimens in Adamna south of Mogador.

* 332. Porphyrio caeruleus (Vandelli).

Commonly nesting in North Maroceo, in larger swamps, and according to
Favier also on passage, but Favier was evidently very easily convinced tliat
birds were on migration. Vaucher says these bii'ds are resident. Olcese obtained
it near Tetuan on May 22nd.

333. Porphyrio alleni Thomps.

On December 26th, 1902, Riggenbach shot an adult female at Ouled-Aissa
61 hours south-west of Mazagan. That is the only record for Maroceo, but there
may be swamps in southern Maroceo where this bird is more or less resident ;
it is, however, remarkable that in December 1902 a specimen was also obtained
near Bizerta, in Tunisia, and yet another near Catania, Sicilj', on December
4th, where it is said one was also seen in January 1903 I (cf. Vdg. pal. Fauna,
p. 1850).

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 145

* 334. Fulica atra atra L.

Commonly breeding and on passage : Tanger, Tetuan, Azemur, Oum-ei-
Rbia, Mogador.

* 335. Fulica cristata Gm.

Also common in North Marocco, about Tanger {though not mentioned by
Vauchcr), and esijecially nesting in great numbers on the lakes of Ras-el-Doura
between Larache and Rabat (Irby).

* 336. Turnix sylvatica sylvatica (Desf.).

Quite common near Tanger, and nesting. Also nesting near Mazagan and
Cape Blanco north, as well as Mogador. Specially found among palmetto
(Chamaerops humilis).

* 337. Alectoris barbara barbara (Bonn.).

Appears to be more or less common and resident in all suitable districts :
Tanger, Larache, foot-hills of Middle Atlas, Mazagan, Oum-er-Rbia, Rehamna,
Oued Djedida, Mogador, Ouled Farsh, southern or Great Atlas ( Seksawa), Haha
country south of Mogador as far as Ras-el-Ain at least, also North-East Marocco.
First mentioned by Beauclerk, 1828. (South of the Atlas A. barbara spatzi or
maybe another allied form is to be expected.)

* 338. Francolinus bicalcaratus ayesha Hart.

First mentioned by Car.stensen, Naimiannia, ii, 1852, as occurring in Marocco
as " Perdix francolinus (im Innern !)." The next mention is by Drake, Ibis, 1869,
p. 150, who " saw two birds alive in the possession of Mr. Smith, the English
Vice-Consul, which were evidently some kind of Francolin," etc. Under its
correct specific name it appears to have been recorded first by Reid, Ibis, 1885,
p. 251, who mentioned specimens sent alive from Mogador and Casablanca ! It is
also said to occur near Rabat, from where Meade-Waldo received live specimens.
Extraordinary as it seems to be, no collector has ever come across this Francolin
in Marocco, all specimens known being birds that died in captivity in Marocco
or England. When I was camping on the Lower Oum-er-Rbia, two Spaniards,
who were camping near by, told me they had shot two Francolins, and promised
to send them to me — instead of which came the sad news that they had already
been plucked by the cook ! In spite of all entreaties Riggenbach never succeeded
in obtainhig a Francolin in Marocco, and in fact he told me there was no such
bird, the name being applied to the Lesser Bustard, Otis tetrax. In this he was
evidently wrongly informed, as quite a number of specimens were sent some
thu'ty years ago and before and afterwards from Mogador to Castang in Leaden-
hall JIarket and probably other dealers ; nevertheless the bird must be very local
and rare, or some of the collectors, especially Riggenbach, should have come
across it. Cf. Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 1926.

* 339. Coturnix coturnix coturnix (L.).

Quails are common on migration, in winter, and nesting in northern Marocco,
southwards to the Plateau of the Middle Atlas near Azrou and the Valley of
Tigriga, near Mazagan and Marrakesh, and probably further south.

10

146 Xo\lTATES ZoOLOGirAE XXX. 1923.

* 340. Numida sabyi Hart.

Meade-Waldo was presented with living examples of a Guinea-fowl said
to be from Zair (Zaer), and he heard their cries repeatedly in or near the forest
of Mamora, but he did not compare the specimen.s. The first actually to send a
specimen was Paul Saby, wlio had shot it near Oulme.s, and who informed me that
it was only found between the rivers Bou-Reg-Reg and Sebou ; Zaer is just west
of the Bou-Reg-Reg. This is evidently the Guinea-fowl which the Romans
nearly 2,000 years ago used to get from Numidia from traders of Carthage, and
it must formerly have been widelj' spread in Africa Minor. Cf. Bull. B.O. Club,
xxix. p. 86 ; Vog. pal. Fauna, p. 2006.

[Struthio camelus camelus

There is no trustworthy information about the occurrence of Ostriches in
Marocco, but the probability is great that there used to be some south of the
Atlas, and that they are no longer found there. In Proc. Zool. Soc. London, i.
p. 145, is a letter from Mr. Drummond Hay, then British consul at Tanger, stating
that the Sultan of Marocco presented to the King of England four Ostriches,
" which have since been graciou.sly presented by His Majesty to the Zoological
Society." It is said that " they were obtained in a region of the Desert called
Hamadah, situated about eight or ten da3's journey from Tafileht in the direction
to which the Moussehnin address their prayers." Hammada (Hamadah) is, of
course, the name of the stony desert anywhere from Marocco to Arabia, and
8 or 10 days' journey eastwards from Tafileht would bring a native party probably
to the Hammada-el-Hadj-Rahmoun, which in 1831 might have been looked upon
as Maroccan territory, but has long since been annexed by France. It is quite
possible that Ostriches lived there at that time.]

(The statements of occurrences of birds near Tanger may be to some extent
facts of the past, and no longer hold good. Alfred Vauchcr informs me that the
best localities in the neighbourhood of Tanger, Charf-la-Kab (also spelt Schaf-el-
Akab or Shaf-el-Karb) and Boucharen (Boucharem), are only memoirs of the
past, the fine oak forests which covered them no longer existing ! They have
been destroyed by the charcoal-burners and the carelessness and improvidence
of the Maroccan government. Therefore a number of species which formerly
nested there commonly will not be found in the vicinity of Tanger ; also the
immediate surroundings of the- town have changed a good deal, as the population
has increased and the town spread out considerably, but the numerous tine gar-
dens are still inhabited by many passerine bu'ds which are partial to garden land.
Visitors of Tanger must bear this in mind, and must not expect all the species
which have been observed there, according to the above list, which, however,
will all be found in Marocco, if one goes farther afield.)

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XXX. 192S. 147

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE BIRDS OF MAROCCO.

By F. C. R. Jottrdain and E. Haetest.

{A Book not seen by either of us is marked with an asterisk.)

1828. G. Beauclerk, a Journey to Morocco in 1826. London, 8vo, p. 356,
with 8 plates. (German translation Jena 1829.)
Although no ornithologist, the writer makes a few references to bu'ds on
pp. 66, 210, 211, 292, and a few others. The Black Curlews seen south of
Larache are evidently Comatihis ; while a large-horned Owl, standing 2 J ft. high,
is mentioned in some brief notes on the Birds of Marocco. No birds are
represented on the plates.

1831. G. W. H. Drummond Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. i. p. 145 ; letter
stating that four young Ostriches were presented who had come from
eight or ten days' journey east of Tafileht (see under Striithio camelus).

1840. G. W. H. Drummond Hay, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pt. viii, pp. 133-5 ;

list of 53 species collected and observed near Tanger. Many misprints

or slips in the names.
The collection was presented to the Zoological Society, but seems to have
disappeared. They were the first skins from Marocco that reached Europe of
which there is any record.

1852. Carstensen, stud, medic, Verzeichniss der in der Umgegend von Tanger
und im nordlichen Fez vorkommenden Vogel. Naumannia, u. Heft 1,
pp. 76-9, 1852.
A list of 242 species, the breeding ones, 140, being printed in wider type.
In this list are many species never before recorded from Marocco, and generally
with correct statements about their nesting in the country or not. No collection
is known in any museum containing birds collected by Carstensen, and there
can be no doubt that his list is made from Favier's MS. notes. On p. 76 Carsten-
sen says that the " Nauclerus jurcatus " was obtained only once in 14 years I
Now Favier died in 1867 " after a residence of about 31 years at Tanger." Thus
in 1851 he would have been there about 14 years, and a student of medicine, as
Carstensen called himself, could not have been all that time in Tanger ! The wrong
identifications, such as " Vultur Kolbii " for Gyps fulvus, Accipiter gabar, Thalassi-
droma buhreri, and others, were doubtless later on corrected or eliminated by
Favier, or by Irby, who published Favier's notes in his book on the Birds of the
Straits of Gibraltar — see 1875 and 1895 !

■'■1859. Fernando Amor, Recuerdos de un viaje a Marruccos. Sevilla. 214
pages.
Said to contain some ornithological notes.

1859. In Ibis, i, 1859, p. 474, ScLATER states that the Zoological Society in
London had received from Mogador two live " Buteo tachardus or
African Buzzard." This was of course our B. ferox cirtensis.

14S KOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

1864. In Newton's Ootheca Wolleyana, pt. i, pp. 1-3, are given some notes on
eggs by Wolley, who visited Favier in 1845, " wlio dealt in monkeys,
and who also skinned boars' heads, jackals, ichneumons, and other
trophies of the Consul's shooting parties. He showed me a quantity
of birds' skins, well preserved. . . ." Follow descriptions of eggs of
Neophron percnoptents, which at that time — 1845 — were almost un-
known and believed to be wliite, unspotted.

1867. C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake, Notes on the Birds of Tangier and Ea.stern
Marocco. Ibis, 1867, pp. 421-30.
142 species enumerated with short notes about localities, nesting, and time
when met with. Why Tanger and Tetuan — the only places where Drake col-
lected, as he specially says that it was impossible to penetrate east of Tetuan —
was called " Eastern Marocco," is a mystery.

1867. P. L. ScLATEB, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 315, mentions a specimen

of Larus argenMiis atlantis (sub nomine " Lariis fuscescens ") living
in the Zool. Gardens, " out of a vessel coming from Mogador."

1868. Thomas Waite, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 567, describes the island

of Mogador, on which Falco eleonorae lives, two of which he presented
to the Zool. iSoc. collection.

1869. C. F. Tyrwhitt Drake, Further Notes on the Bh-ds of Morocco. In

Ibis, 1869, pp. 147-54.
Twenty-seven species added to the list in /few, 1867, mostly from the west
coast down to Mazagan, Marrakesh, and Mogador.

1872. L. H. Irby, letter adding to Saunders' list of the Birds of Southern
Spain. Mentioned " Cypselus pallidus " and stated that he once saw
Par us crislatus near Larache, a statement which must be erroneous and
which is not repeated in Irby's book.

1874. H. Irby, notice of an apparently undescribed species of Corvus from
Tanger.
Description and drawing of head of Corvus tingitanus.

1874. P. L. ScLATER, note on the " Yellow-legged Herring Gull " from Mogador

and elsewhere, correcting his former nomenclature of 1867, and saying
it should be called Larus leucophaeus.

1875. L. H. Irby, The Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar.

This, and still more the second edition (see 1895 !), is the most important
and absolutely reliable source of knowledge on the birds of Marocco, as it treats
not only of Gibraltar but also of the opposite coast. The notes on Maroccan
birds are " in a great measure culled from the MS. of the late M. F. Favier."
Favier was a dealer who lived about 31 years in Tanger, and was succeeded by
Olcese. Both men would have collected much better and labelled their speci-
mens better if anyone had instructed them ! (see 1864).

1878. " Saecelle " (C. A. Payton), Natural History Notes from Mogador,
Field, 1878, February 23rd, p. 215.
These and all the other notes by " Sarcelle " are pleasantly written descrip-
tions of shooting and fishing excursions near Mogador. Many birds are mentioned,
mostly only under their English names ; the author was evidently well acquainted

NOVITATES ZOOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 149

with Game Birds and Waterfowl, but did not know Bii-ds of Prey and small
birds. His notes are here only quoted if they contain anything of ornithological
interest.

1879. C. A. Payton (" Sarcblle "), 3Ioss from a Rolling Slone, or Moorish

Wanderings and Rambling Reminiscences. London, 1879. 506 pages,
containing the above notes from the Field, etc.

1880. " Saecelle " (Payton), Sporting Notes from Mogador, Field, 1880, ii.

pp. 406, 945.

1881. " Sarcelle " (Payton), A Wild Goose Chase in Chiadma, Field, 1881,

i, p. 830, June.

1881. " Saecelle " (Payton), The Shooting Season at Mogador, Field, 1881,

ii, p. 80, July.

1882. " Sarcelle " (Payton), Wild-Fowling in Morocco, Field, 1882, i, p.

464, April ; ii, p. 470, September.

1884. " Saecelle " (Payton), Shooting near Mogador, Field, 1884, i, p. 838.

1884. J. J. Dalgleish, Occurrence of the Royal Tern (Sterna regia Gambel)

at Tangiers in Marocco.
Two specimens of Sterna maxima shot out of a flock of 30 at Tanger.

1885. "Saecelle" (Payton), A Spring Ramble in Morocco, Field, 1885, i,

p. 658, May.

1885. S. G. Reid, Winter Notes from Marocco, Ihis, 1885, pp. 241-55.
118 species mentioned from N. Marocco, mostly Tanger.

1887. R. Jannasch, Die Deutsche Handelsexpedition, 1886.

The mouth of the Oued Chebika, Oued Draa, Oued Noun, and Mogador were
visited. Contains a few unimportant notes on birds seen on pp. 31, 32. Sifi
said to be northernmost place where Emheriza striolata sahari nests.

1889. H. ScHALOW, Journ. f. Orn., 1889, pp. 331-3. Corrects some errors in

Diederich's article on the distribution of the genus C'orvus.
(It is now well known that tingitanus represents corax in N. Africa, and,
according to modern views, we must treat it as a subspecies of the corax group.)

1890. J. J. Walker, Notes on Lepidoptera from the region of the Straits of

Gibraltar, Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1890. On p. 367 some notes
on birds, Egretta alba, both sj). of Fulica, and others.

1891. C. A. Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 296. Records having shot a Branta bernicla

and observed B. lencopsis.

1892. " Saecelle " (Payton), Notes from Mogador, Field, 1892, p. 810, May.
(Partially quoted Ibis, 1892, p. 471.)

1893. W. Rothschild & E. Haeteet, Die Formen von Fringilla spodiogenys

in Nordafrika, Orn. Monatsber. i. p. 97.
Description of " Fringilla spodiogenys koenigi " from N. Marocco. (Corrected
diagnosis, Orn. Monatsber. 1894, p. 75.)

1895. L. H. Irby, The Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar, second edition.
The most important source of information about Maroccan birds (see 1875).

150 XOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

1895. E. Harteet, Ueber die nordafrikanischen Garrulus-Aiten, Orn. Monalsher.
iii. pp. 169-72.
Cliiefly discussing the North Maroccan Jay, which is erroneously believed
to be " Garrulus minor." The ideas about species and subspecies are viewed
differently now — after 28 years !

1S96. R. Blasius, Oriiitholog. Leuchtthurm-Beobachtungen aus der Strasse
von Gibraltar, Ornis, viii. pp. 339-40.
A few notes by Ph. Gumpert from the lighthouse at Cape Spartel.

1S',)6. A. Kricheldoeff, Ueber neu eingetroffene oologische Sendungen,
Zeitschr. /. Oologie, vi. p. 6.
Description of some eggs from North Marocco.

1897. P. W. MuNN, Ornithological Notes from Marocco, Ibis, 1897, pp. 51-8.
Describes a trip from Tanger to Tetuan and Ceuta. List of 43 observed
species.

1897. J. I. S. Whitakee, Bull. B.O. Club, vii. pp. xvii, xviii.

Notes on colour of bills of Sturnus unicolor. The conclusions, however, are
not quite correct. The fact is that the bill begins to get yellow about February
(sometimes end of January), and remains yellow during the breeding season,
becoming blackish again soon after the latter, in July or June. Description of
" Garrulus oenops " and " Rhodopechys aliena " from Marocco.

1898. Id., tom. cit., p. xlvii.

Description of " Otocorys atlas " from Glaoui (not Glani) in the Great Atlas.

1898. Id., On a Collection of Birds from Marocco, Ibis, 1898, pp. 592-610,
pi, xiii.
One of the mo.st important articles on the birds of Marocco, being the results
of Edward Dodson's expedition from Tanger to Fez, Marrakesh, Ajusmiz, Enzel,
Zarakten, Tilula, and Glaoui in the Great Atlas, as well as to the Haha country,
south to Ras-el-Ain. List of 134 species and subspecies.

1901. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, Descriptions of three New Birds from Marocco.
" Parus atlas, Moiacilla subpersonata, Cotile mauritanica."

1902. E. Hartert, Reise nach Marokko, und einige kurze Notizen iiber die

Vogel der Gegend um Mazagan im mittleren IMarokko. In : Aus den
Wanderjahren eines Naturforschers, pp. 293-303, 305-22.
(Also published in Novitates Zoologicae, ix. 1902, July.)
Journey to Mazagan, to the Oum-er-Rbia, and Cape Blanco north. Notes
on 83 species collected and observed. Turdus tnerula mauritanicus and Galerida
cristata riggenbachi described.

1903. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, Bird-Notes from Morocco and the Great Atlas,

Ibis, 1903, pp. 196-214, pi. vi.
Notes on a journey through Marocco to the Great Atlas. Eighty-five birds
mentioned as observed and partially collected. An important addition to the
knowledge of the avifauna of Marocco. ■*

1904. 0. Kleinschmidt, Einiges iiber Spatzen, Orn. Monatsber. 1904, p. 7.
Description of " Passer almsver " from Marrakesh, collected by Floericke,

who collected near Tanger and Casablanca and Mazagan, and from there to

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 151

Marrakesh. His collections were not extensive and no list of the species collected
has been published.

190.5. E. G. B. Meade-Waldo, A Trip to the Forest of Marmora, Morocco,
Ibis, 1905, pp. 161-4.
Notes on the forest of Marmora (Mamora), north-east of Rabat and Sale,
and its birds.

1905. VV. R0TH.SCHILD, Exhibition of Eggs of Coinatihis eremita from near

Mogador, Brll. B.O. Club, xvi. p. 15.

1906. Herm. Schalow, Beitrage zu einer ornithologischen Bibliographie des

Atlas Gebietos, Journ. f. Orn., 1906, pp. 100-43.
An almost entirely complete list of ornithological literature of Marocco,
Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripolitania.

1911. L. LozANO, Contribucion al cstudio de las aves de Mogador, Memorias
de la Real Soc. Espamla de Hist. Nat., viii. No. 2, pp. 63~10S.
List of 96 species collected by Martinez de la Escalera in 1905 near Mogador.

1913. A. Menegaux, Oiseaux recueillis dans le sud-ouest du Maroc, par M. A.

Boudarel, de la mission de Mme. C. du Gast., Rev. FranQ. d'Orn., vol iii.,

pp. 33-8.
The results of a trip as far south as Ida and Agadir. Unfortunately the
shortness of the time and probably collecting many other things besides birds
prevented the collector making more extensive bii-d collections, Agadir being
the southerumo.st place where attempts to collect have been made. Only 47
species were collected.

1915. Henri et Alfred Vaucheb, Liste des Oiseaux observes au Maroc de
1884 a 1914, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., vol. iv. pp. 94-6, 107-11, 134-77.
This list is compiled by Alfred Vaucher, from the notes and collections of his
late brother Henri, and from his own observations and collection of birds and
eggs from Marocco. The notes refer mostly to the birds from N. Marocco, where
both brothers resided, in Tanger. 177 species are mentioned, but several quite
common ones have accidentally been omitted. Mr. Vaucher kindly supplied,
in litt., some valuable explanations and information for which we are much
obliged.

1915. M. D'AtTBTJSSON, Au Maroc : Les Oiseaux du Bled, Bull. Soc. Nat.

d'Acclimatation, 1915, pp. 263-73, 289-309.
A popular description of journeys near Casablanca and via the Chaouia
country and Settat to Marrakesh. Only common birds were observed, and their
names are generally old-fashioned and sometimes wrong. The " Martinet a
croupion blanc " was of course not " Cypselus cafer " but affinis ! " Laiiius
meridionalis " is of course either algeriensis or dodsoni, etc.

1916. A. Vaucher, Note sur la faune ornithologique du Maroc, Rev. FrariQ.

d'Orn., iv. p. 225.
On eggs of four species.

1919. Lynes, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 32.

Description of Sitta europcea atlas and Erithacus rubecvla atlas.

152 NOVITATES ZOOLOGKAE XXX. 1923.

1919. E. Habtert, BitU. B.O. Club, xxxix. pp. OS, 69, 85-7.

Description of Saby's wonderful discovery of a different Guinea-fowl in-
habiting Marocco— not feral ! The fact that wild Guinea-fowls were found in
parts of Marocco was known to Meade-Waldo, but he supposed they were
Numida galeata Pall, {meleagris auct. !).

1920. Lynes, Ornithology of the Maroccan " Middle-Atlas," Ibis, 1920, pp.

260-301, pis. iii-xii.
Important contribution to the ornithology of the Middle Atlas, of which
nothing was known. A Nuthatch was discovered, a new Robin described,
Oenanthe oenanthe seebohmi, Parus ater atlas, Eremophila alpestris atlas, and other
rare birds common. Plates, maps, and views.

1920. F. C. R. JoiJRDAiN, Bull. B.O. Club, xl. p. 154, 1920. De.scription of

eggs and nesting-place of Strix aluco niauritanica from Marocco.

1921. F. C. R. JOTJRDAIN, Les Oiseaux de la foret de Mamara et des environs

de Rabat, Rev. Franq. (VOrn., xiii. pp. 128-33, 149-53.
The author, accompamed by W. M. Congreve, visited C'asablanca, Rabat,
Kenitrea, and the forest of Mamara (Marmora, Mamora). Birds were observed
only and eggs collected. 101 species mentioned.

[Whitakek, The Birds oj Tunisia. 1905, andHARTERT, Die Vogel der paldarkt.
Fauna, 1903-22, contain many statements on the occurrence and descriptions of
birds of Marocco. P. 1 698 of the latter work is described Sterna maxima albidi-
dorsalis from Marocco. Cf. also, among others, p. 1395, p. 1222 (Comnlibis),
p. 991 [Asio), p. 2005 (Numida sabyi).]

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. I53

ON THE COMB-BEARING FLAP PRESENT ON THE FOURTH
ABDOMINAL SEGMENT IN THE MALES OF CERTAIN
NOTODONTIDAE.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

(PI. II, figs. 9-13.) > ^^^^ ^Jo^^J-

TN the majority of Noiodontidae the fourth abdominal segment is normal in
-L build like the adjacent segments. A large number of species, however,
have that segment modified in the ,^ (not in the $). The modification consists
in an enlargement of the dorsal margin of the sternite, a flap being formed which
projects upwards. The Notodontids being very hairy, this peculiar organ,
though conspicuous in many species, evidently has escaped notice ; at least I
do not find it mentioned by any of the authors who have dealt with the
family extensively.

In most cases the organ becomes at once visible when the scaling is moistened
with benzine, and in the larger species, such as Hapigia, is easily discovered on
account of the upward direction of the hairs which cover the flap. Our diagrams
(PI. II, figs. 9-13) illustrate to some degree the variation in the size and position
of the flap, but are by no means exhaustive. The armature of the flap consists
of bristles and black or brown spines, which are arranged in a bunch at the apex
in the case of short flaps, or in a row or in rows at the hind margin in the case
of long flaps. Sometimes the spines stand ten deep along the margin (fig. 13).
The tips of the spines are usually sharp and either curved towards the body, or
upwards, or upwards and frontad. As a rule the spines lie so close together as
to present a smooth outward surface. They are modified hairs (as are the
abdominal spines found in the Sphingidae and some Castniidae), there being a
gradation from hairs to bristles to spines.

The flap, or cteniophore as we may call it, is movable. Where the cteniojDhore
is very short, as in figs. 9 and 12, it can only slightly be moved in conjunction
with the whole sternite. But in tlie species where it has become very narrow at
the base, being shifted close to the anterior margin of the segment (figs. 10, 11, 13),
the narrowness of the connection with the main body of the sternite and the
flexibility of the chitin at the narrowest point admit of a considerable independent
movement away from the bod}', the cteniophore being able to assume a more or
less horizontal position nearly at right angles to the body.

The cteniophore partly covers a cavity situated in the pleurum of the
fourth segment and often extending into the third segment. An examination
of this cavity from outside and from inside the abdomen (of the dry specimens
at our disposal) leaves hardly any doubt in our minds that a large gland opens
in the cavity.

If the classification of the Notodontids as it stands at present is correct, the
organ in question is distributed quite irregularly in the family, occurring in
species of Salluca, Trichomoplata, Heterocampa, Psorocampa, Hapigia, some

154 NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XXX. 1023.

Oriental Phalera (not in European Phaleia), and a host of others, but is most
frequent in American forms.

What is the function of this cteniophore ? In tiie absence of observations
on live specimens we must be content with drawing our opinion from the build
of the organ. A comparison of species with and without cteniophore gives us
some evidence of the meaning of the structure. The following points arc of
importance :

1. The majority of the Notodontids with cteniophore liave (in the JjJ)
some modification in the scaling of the- underside of the hindwing or in the scaling
and neuration. Where in a Notodontid J there is a deviation from the normal
distad direction of the scaUng, i.e. where the hairs and upper layer of scaling is
partly (or almost totally) directed transversely or where tufts and patches of
erect scaling occur on the underside of the hindwing, there we are certain to find
also the abdominal cteniophore.

2. There are species whicli liave a cteniophore, but, no modified scaling on
the underside of the hindwing.

3. The tibiae of the Notodontids with and without cteniophore are very
hairy, the hindtibia in particular bearing a dense clothing of long hairs, many
of which are fairly stiff, recalling the radiating hairs of scent-organs.

4. It is almost certain that a gland is present beneath the cteniophore.

5. In many cases the costal vein of the hindwing, on the underside, bears,
at or near the point where it touches the subcostal, a blunt spur projecting well
above the surface of the wing ; in some other species there is a wart or tubercle
at the costal margin.

Considering these points in connection with the movability of the abdomen,
legs, and cteniophore, we come to the conclusion that the hindtibia and hindwing
are rubbed across the cteniophore in order to receive the scent produced by the
gland, the spines penetrating in between the hairs (combing them) and thus
communicating the essence more effectively to the covering of these organs than
would be the case if the tibia and wing were moved across the unarmed opening
of the gland. Whatever the proceeding may be in detail, so much seems to be
certain that the cteniophore is a special jj-apparatus developed in connection
with a scent-organ.

3> £A Ji^U^ -2^ /•" /-^^'

NOVITATES ZoOLOCilCAE XXX. 1923. 155

ON A SENSORY ORGAN FOUND ON THE HEAD OF MANY

LEPIDOPTERA.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With PL II, figs. 1-8.)

IN certain fainUies of Lepidoptera there is behind the antenna near the eye
an area of very varying extent which more or less contrasts with the scaUng
surrounding it or adjacent to it, and is studded with thin bristles. The organ
appears in two chief types, exemplified by figs. 1 (Sematura) and 2 (Micronia).
In fig. 1 the organ consists of a rounded, non-scaled, swelling beariif^ numerous
bristles radiating in all directions. Fig. 2 represents a type in which the bristle-
bearing area is extended transversely and covered with small scales, the scales
standing upright and being so arranged as to form cylinders or funnels from
which protrude the bristles. Though the extremes of the two types look very
different, there does not seem to be any fundamental difference, for both types
.are found in the same families, and intergradations occur. The non-scaled
patch is often (always ? ) covered with minute cilia in between the bristles. The
organ is the same in the sexes. It is absent from a large number of families of
Heterocera and always present in many other families, while in a few families
certain genera or subfamilies possess the organ and others are without it. On
account of this somewhat sporadic distribution — sporadic at least in Heterocera
— and the great diversity in its development in some of the families, the organ
is of importance for diagnostic purposes (especially in the case of aberrant forms).
It is found in all Rhopalocera and Grypocera and in the following Heterocera :

Sematuridae Zygaenidae (but not in Charideidae)

Uraniidae Heterogynidae

Epiplemidae (and Epicopeia) Megalopygidae (and Somabrachys)

Geometridae Tortricidae

Callidulidae (and Pterothysanns) Pyralidae (absent in many).

Among Butterflies the organ is most prominent in the Lycaenids and Ery-
cinids. In both these families the occiput bears a transverse crest or screen which
is highest mesally, leaning forward and forming a sort of tunnel. The sensory
organ extends through this tunnel from side to side, usually being more or less
interrupted in the middle (PI. II, fig. 5, Amhlypodia). The crest is much lower
in some forms than in others. Laterally the setiferous organ lies immediately
behind the antenna. The scaling along the centre of the frons in Lycaenids is
rougher or more depressed than at the sides.

In Pieridae (PL II, fig. 4) the organ is often inconspicuous, if similarly scaled
as the surroundings. It is longitudinal, extending close to the antennal groove
and being anteriorly rather broader than posteriorly, as a rule. Behind it, or
medianly, there is often a tuft or crest of hairs leaning forward, recalling the
transverse crest of the Lycaenids and Erycinids.

Most Nymphalidae (s.l.) have the organ likewise elongate (PL II, fig. 3),

J56 NOVITATHS ZOOLOQICAE XXX, 1923.

but more distant from the aiitemia and eye than in Pieridae. In many instances
it is reduced to a small roundish patch (f.i. in Biassolis. some Satyrinac). The
bristles are frequently short and weak. In species with a very hairy head the
organ is often difficult to trace.

As in Pierids the setiferous spot (or chaotosema) of the Papilionidac is densely
covered with small erect scales, which often form collars around the bristles.
The spot is elongate, being broadest in front.

In the Hesperiidae or Grypoccm the sensory organ is of [)articular interest.
The family falls into two sections according to this organ, in one section the
head bearing a setiferous patch on the occiput, rounded or transverse {Istnene
and allies), and the other section having in addition a similar patch in front of
the antenna, i.e. four patches in all (PL II, fig. 6, view obliquely from the side).
The head of Hesperids has a transverse crest at the hind edge and another behind
and betwecii the antennae ; the scaling in between these crests is more or less
.smooth, as in Lycaenids and Erycinids. In the majority of the Skippers the
frons bears anteriorly a third crest, and in between this crest and the antennae
there is the additional pair of patches of radiating bristles. I have not found
this pair anywhere else but in the Skippers.

In the Geometridac, Tortricidae, and Megalopi/gidae the patch is always small,
but while it is as a rule plainly visible in a dorsal view in the former two families,
it is concealed from above in Megalopygidae (and Somahrachys). In these moths
the long haii-s of the head form immediately behind the antenna a pocket which
opens laterally. The sensory patch lies in this pocket. In Somahrachys the patch
is much reduced, also in som3 wingbss female? of Geomelridae.

The chaetophorous organ or chaetosema is most prominently developed in
the Semaliiridae (PI. II, fig. 1), being definite in shape and bearing particularly
long and strong bristles.

The Uraniidae and Epiplemidae (inclusive of Epicopeia) exhibit a great
variety in the size of the patch, many species having quite a small patch without
scaling, while in others there is a scaled belt from eye to eye (PI. II, fig. 2), more
or less interrupted in the centre, many intergradations occurring between the
lateral patch and the transverse belt.

In the Callidulidae (inclusive of Pterothysanus) the patch is very distinct,
usually scaled and transverse, often bounded posteriorly by a crest of scaling ;
the bristles frequently arc long.

The greatest diversity in the development of the organ in any one family
obtains in the Zygaenidae. The African group of genera which I separated in
1907 as Pompustoiinae chiefly on account of the absence of the upper submedian
vein SM' ( = lo), and wliich Hamp=ion in 1918 lias raised to the rank of a family
under the name of Charideidae — Pomposlola being synonymous with Charidea —
is entirely devoid of the organ in question. In all the other Zygaenidae the
chaetophorous area or spot is present and generally large or at least conspicuous,
the hairy genus Paeiidopsyche with the organ concealed in the hair being an
exception. We find a series of stages from a small round spot with radiating
bristles to a complete scaled belt with short bristles protruding from cylinders
formed by the scaling. The belt is usually divided in tlic centre by a longitudinal
groove, and as a rule is sharply defined, extending halfway down the sides behind
the eyes in many Chnlcosiinae. Behind the belt the scaling forms a crest or screen
leaning forward (PI. II, fig. 7). It is most interesting to note that such a crest

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 157

has to a more or less extent developed in all the Lepidoptera in which the
setiferous organ has a transverse direction.

The Toriricidae, as far as I have compared them, possess a distinct, though
small, chaetosema ; there may be exceptions, albeit I have not come across any.

The Pyralidae, on the other hand, are divided into two groups as regards the
chaetosema, many genera being characterised by the possession of the organ,
and many others being devoid of it. Looking at this portion of the head onlj',
the Pyrals fall into four sections : (1) with chaetosema and ocellus, (2) with
chaetosema and without ocellus, (3) without chaetosema and with ocellus, and
(4) without both chaetosema and ocellus. I mention this merely in order to
draw attention to the existence of such a combination of characters, positive and

negative (H — (-, H , 1-, ), which may be of some help in defining genera

or higher categories.

The Heterogijnidae, which stand between the Zygaenids and Psychids, have
a chaetosema distant from the eye as well as antenna, and quite distinct in spite
of the head bearing a vestiture of long scattered hairs. The head is like that of
a Psychid, except for the presence of the chaetosema, which is absent from the
Psychidae.

As the organ varies in some families from being very large to being quite
small, and as it is absent in one portion of Pyralidae and present in the other
portion, we must expect to find families in which the chaetosema has been lost
more or less completely, remnants having persisted, and families in which only
rudiments of the organ have as yet appeared. The chaetosema having been
known to me for a number of years I have frequently taken the opportunity
offered at the Tring Museum of testing large numbers of species, with an entirely
negative result in the case of Hypsidae, Lymaniriidae, Syntomidae, Arctiidae,
Noctuidae (and Agaristidae), Notodontidae and Dioplidae, Sphingidae, Brah-
maeidae, Bomhycidae, Perophoridae, Eupterotidae, Saturniidae, Lasiocampidae^
Limacodidae and Chrysopolomidae, Psychidae, Thyrididae, Castniidae, Cossidae
and allies, Pterophoridae, Charideidae, Aegeriidae, and Tineidae, as well as the
Jugatae.

We find, however, in the Drepanidae and Cymatophoridae traces of the organ,
at any rate in some of the species, there being at some distance behind the antenna
bristles among the hair-scaling which may be homologous with the organ de-
scribed above. In some Lenwniidae we observe similar indications of a chaeto-
sema, all very indefinite.

In the genus Hepialus occur very minute j)apillae on each side of tlie
occiput, sometimes one papilla being larger than all the others. Wliether these
papillae are in a remote way homologous with the chaetosema is doubtful to us.

We have called the chaetosema a sensory organ for two reasons.* First,
its position on the head, its difference from the ordinary vestiture of the head,
the minute cilia between the bristles, and the connection of the chaetosema with
the brain, render it highly probable that it is an organ for some kind of percep-
tion. Second, it is similar to an organ obtaining in Lasincninpidne on the labial
palpus. In this family the palpus bears on the ventral or on the lateral surface
a spot of varying size which contrasts with the rest of the palpus in being bare
except for a largish number of dispersed bristles and hair-scales more or less
radiating. Sometimes the patch occupies the larger proportion of the outer

* Dr. H. Eltringliani is going to study the liistology of tlie organ.

158 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAX XXX. 1923.

surface of the first segment. This organ being in that place can hardly be looked
upon as anything else but a sensory organ. Its persistence throughout the
family is very remarkable. It is absent from the Endromidae, nor has it been
met with anywhere else outside the Lasiocampids.

What special sensation these palpal and caputal organs are adapted to per-
ceive we do not know. Insects possibly have less sense than the higher mammals,
but probably more senses.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.E, Vol. XXX., 1923.

PI. II.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 159

ON THE SCENT-ORGANS IN THE MALES OF CERTAIN
AMERICAN CASTNIIDAE.

By De. KARL JORDAN.

(With 7 text-figures.)

AMONG the American Castniidae there is a group of species which closely
resemble Danaine and Heliconiine butterflies of the same districts.
The mimetic species I have in mind are typified by Castnia limis Cram. (1779),
C. zagraea Feld. (1874), C. cycna Westw. (1877), C. melessus Druce (1890), and
C. pellonia Druce (1890). In these species and their near allies the hindwing
bears hairs on the upperside at and near the base, the subcostal SC= (= vein 7) and
the radial R' (= vein 6) of the hindv/ing are on a long stalk, from which projects
the short spur representing the cross vein D-, the tibiae are without spines and
the anal tergite of the (J is bipartite, as is also the manubrium (= saccus) of the
ninth sternite. The mimetic species which have these somatics in common fall
into two sections chiefly characterised by some remarkable secondary sexual
characters of the males.

Section 1

In this section the portion of the scaling of the pronotum which is light-
coloured is buff or pale yellowish, being about as pale as the subterminal mark-
ings of the wings ; the four spots in the centre of the mesonotum and the two
at its apex are more or less distinctly separate, the abdomen has no pale yellowish
dorsal median line, and the black stripe which extends on the underside of the
hindwing from the base distad does not bear a pale central streak. The (J (J
have no external abdominal scent-organ, the hindtibia and first hindtarsal seg-
ment are not covered with long soft scaling on the inside, and the paronychium
of the midtarsus is much enlarged.

We give a somewhat diagrammatical figure of the paronychium of C. liuuti
(text-fig. 1). The lobes of the paronychium are covered on the underside, and
fringed along the margin, with long hair's which, in the cabinet specimens, are
caked together iti bunches. After having been cleaned with benzine, these hairs
are more or less separated, the paronychium appearing almost wooll}\ This
enlarged paronychium is found only in the midtarsus of the cJ. It occurs, in a
slightly different form, outside the mimetic species under consideration in C.
cronida H. S. (1854), not in C. cronis Cram. (1777), botli of which have spinose
tibiae and are also otherwise differently built from C. linus ; it is likewise found
in the (J (J of C. huebner Godt. (1830) and C. gramivora Schaus (1896), which are
very similar to one another, closely agreeing in structure and pattern, and in a
few other species. The function of the enlarged paronychium is obscure. It
is a problem which probably will be solved together with the meaning of another
peculiarity of the midleg of many Castniids, namely the great width of the first
midtarsal segment which obtains in the males of all the species we have mentioned
and some others, this segment being often as wide or wider than the tibia. As

160

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 192S.

t!ie Castniids are supposed to copulate in the air, it is possible that the midleg
is used for clasping the abdomen of the female, presumably at the base, and
requires special strength for that purpose.

As species belonging to this section of mimics I mention C. linoides Strand
(1913), C. carilla Schaus (1911), C. salvina Westw. (1877), C. daguana Preiss
(1899), C. juanita Preiss (1899), C. personata Walk. (186-1), in which the fourth
and fifth subcostals of the forewing are long-stalked, the areole is alwaj's open,
the spurs of the mid- and hindtibiae are very short, the abdomen above is black
irrorated with tawny or creamj' scales and beneath cream-coloured with a black
streak, and C. zagraea (Feld. 1874) and C. Hints Cram. (1779), in which the
subcostals SC and SC arise from the areole or are short-stalked, the areole is

Fig. 1.

usually closed, the spurs of the mid- and hindtibiae are longer than in the previous
species, the abdomen has above and beneath a broad median stripe which narrows
at the base, and the forewing bears a large black patch proximally to tornus.

Section 2.

The light-coloured scales of the pronotum are tawny or reddish orange, the
median spots of the mesonotum are merged together into a transverse band, there
is no distinct spot at the apex of the mesonotum, but the metanotum is light-
coloured in the middle, and the black longitudinal stripe on the underside of the
hindwing bears a light-coloiu-ed, more or less central, streak or spot ; in most
species the abdomen has a distinct pale dorsal median line. The (j"o ''•re dis-
tinguished by a very large abdominal scent-organ, and by the hindtibia and first
hindtarsal segment being covered on the inner surface by long, soft, pale scaling ;
the paronychium of the midtarsus is not enlarged.

NOVITATE'3 ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

161

This section comprises the majority of the tawny and black mimics, for
instance C. cyctia Westw. (1877), C. melessus Druce (1890), C. michaeli Preiss
(1899), C. cratina Westw. (1877), and C. garlejipi Preiss (1899), in which the sub-
margmal series of spots of the forewing is complete, C. truxilla Westw. (1877),
C. pellonia Druce (1890), C. ecuadoria Westw. (1877), and C. huckleyi Druce
(1882), in which the upper three submarginal spots are absent on the forewing
and there is a rounded black spot at the upper cell-angle of the forewing, and
C. mars Druce (1882), C. tarapotensis Preiss (1899), C. simulans Boisd. (1875),
and C. cononia Westw. (1877), in which the upper three submarginal spots of the
forewing are likewise absent and the same wing bears a black band at the upper
cell-angle. Many other forms have been described, but I have no specimens
before me.

In spite of its large size the scent-organ of these Castniids does not seem to

Figs. 2-7.

liave been noticed by the authors who described the species. The two proximal
abdominal sternites are covered on the sides by a dense mass of erect hairs which
are widened at the apex and end with a large number of very thin, but rather
stiff, filaments (text-figs. 2-7). The areas covered by these hairs are well defined.
The hairs are hollow and evidently serve as outlets for the liquid produced by
glands presumably lying in the abdomen. The ventral surface of these two
sternites and the whole of the next four sternites — more rarely three, as in
C. cycna, also in C. hahneli Preiss (1899), which is probably a form of C. simulans
Boisd. (1875) — look bare of scaling. They are plastered over with a thick layer
of a mud-lilie substance, huffish or blackish in colour, which is undoubtedly the
product of scent-glands. The exudation is also present on the proximal
sternites in the patches of trumpet-hairs, which sometimes stand in this mud up
to their necks. If the exfluvia are examined under the microscope, the mud
apjjears to be composed of densely packed, angular columns, like a liquid matter
would look when hardened (text-fig. 5). After treatment with a solvent, the
remains consist of a large mass of small hollow warts each crowned with
11

162 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

innumerable excessively thin hairs, which are very long under the microscope, but
in reality are minute, forming on the sternitcs in question a downy covering on
which the exudations of the gland-s settle (text-fig. C). The down is also present
among the trumpet-hairs. Some species, f.i. C. mars Druce (1882), have in
addition fairly numerous long fluffy hairs on the first two sternites ventrally to
the patches of trumpet-hairs and on the sides of the third sternite ( = st. of foiu'th
segment). The apparatus by which the products of the glands are distributed
over the sternites is furnished bj' the hindleg. The scaling on the inner surface
of the hindtibia and first hindtarsal segment is long and soft, most of the scales
resembling slender blades of grass with the tips cut off, the scaling being trans-
formed into a brush (text-fig. 7). As this brush, when the leg is fully stretched
backward, does not reach farther than the fifth abdominal segment, whereas the
product of the glands settles also on the sixth abdominal segment or even the
seventh, we must regard the fluffy covering of the sternites to be an absorbent
which sucks up the liquid like blotting-paper, the hard glossy scaling of the last
one, or two, sternites remaining free of the coating of the previous segments.

There is no trace of this scent-organ in the preceding section of mimetic
Castniidac, but we find outside the mimics a similar organ in the males of
C. cochrus Fabr. (1787) and its near allies C. garbei Foett. (1903) and C. comhinata
Strand (1913). In C. cochrus and C. comhinata the first two abdominal sternites,
the merum of the hindcoxa and a lateral patch on the third sternite — distinct
in C. comhinata and less developed in C. cochrus — and in C. garbei the same
sclerites and the entire third sternite are covered with hair. On closer examina-
tion the covering is found to consist of very long scales which are deeply slit,
being divided into stiff hair-like processes. In between this long and rather hard
scaling there is the same down as in Section 2 of the mimics, usually covered
with a white mass, the product of the scent-glands. The fourth and following
sternites are scaled in the normal way and not plastered over as in the above
mimics. In C. cochrus and allies again the hindtibia and first hindtarsal segment
are converted into a brush, their inner surface being covered with short erect,
rather stiff, hair-like scaling, which is pale as in the mimetic CastniicLs with
scent-organ.

A brush of a different kind obtains in C. cacica H. S. (1854) and C. angusta
Druce (1907), but not in C. papilionaris Walk. (1864). In both sexes of these
species, not only in the males as in the preceding cases, it is again the hindleg
which has developed a brush. This brush, however, is neither situated on the
inner surface nor is it the hindtibia which forms its main portion. Here the dorsal
and ventral bristles of the first hindtarsal segment are very much prolonged and
end with a long thin filament, the bristles standing several deep and being
slightly inclined towards the abdomen. The brush is continued to the last
segment of the tarsus, but is not well developed on the distal segments ; there
are also some bristles between the two pairs of spurs on the hindtibia, and the
midtibia likewise has an indication of a brush. The object of this brush is
unknown to me. There is evidently no scent-organ, and if there were one, its
presence in the male would not explain why the brush is so strongly developed
in the female as well. The scaling on the inner surface of the hindtarsus is short
and smooth in the two species.

('. papilionaris, which is devoid of the brush, has larger paronychia with
much longer fringes, possibly as a compensation.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 1C3

A NOTE ON THE FAMILIES OF MOTHS IN WHICH R^ (= VEIN 5)
OF THE FOREWING ARISES FROM NEAR THE CENTRE OR
FROM ABOVE THE CENTRE OF THE CELL.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With Plate III.)

ry^HE pursuit of our researches on Saturnioideae renders it necessary for tis
-L to assign a definite place to the genera Oxytenis, Asthenidia, and allies,
which have variously been classified as Saturnians, Uraniids, Bombycids, and
even Geometrids.

According to the neuration and gcncrcd build their affinity is with the
families in- which R' (= vein 5) of the forewing (usually also on the hindwing)
arises from near the centre of the cell-apex or from well above the centre. How-
ever, the central position of R- is an ancestral character and must not be regarded
as proving, by itself, a close relationsliiij between any of the various families in
which the vein is found in this position. And as a recognition character it is also
not so reliable throughout as to warrant the large divisions based on it in Hamp-
son's key, published in Nov. ZooL. XXV. p. 389 (1918). In some families (f.i.
Dioptidae and Drepanidae) the central position of R- is no more than a difference
between genera or species. But it is nevertheless a convenient family distinction
if not insisted on too rigidly.

The upper submedian vein SM' (= Ic) is a vein the presence and absence of
which must also be interpreted v/ith caution, and the same applies to SM' ( = la),
in both the fore- and the hindwing. In the families in question SM' is usually
absent or represented by a more or less distinct fold, but there are species among
the Perophoridae and Bombycidae in which it is almost fully developed, and others
in which it is a distinct tubular veift only distally, while the majority of the
species have a thin fold in its place, which in most cases flattens out and dis-
appears_ when the wing is moistened with benzine, with intergradations.

As the key we have drawn up for our own guidance may be of some use to
other Lepidopterists, we publish it here as a preliminary contribution towards a
fuller characterisation of the " Macro " families with vein R' more or less central
in the forewing.

In the modern classification of Lepidoptera the development of the frenulum
plays an important part, the presence or absence of this organ being extensively
seized upon in the drawing up of keys to the families. We also employ this organ
in the characterisation of some families, but in a rather different sense, which
requires explanation.

Tlie frenulum consists of two parts : (1) the incrassate base of the costal
margin of the hindwing, from which emanate (2) the bristles (in the ^ usually
fused together into one bristle). The bristles are often reduced and frequently
altogether absent. But even in extreme cases tlie incrassation of the costal
margin remains distinct (PI. Ill, fig. 10), and the organ cannot be regarded as
entirely absent. All such moths are considered by us as possessing a frenulum.

164 NoviTATEs ZooLOGic.ij: XXX. 1923.

In most families in which the frenulum normally is reduced, there occur also
species with fully developed frenulum, and vice versa. On the other hand, in
those families under consideration which are trul3' without a frenulum the base
of the costal margin of the hindwing is thin, not incrassate, and somewhat ex-
panded (PI. Ill, fig. 11), as already explamed by Comstock {The Wings of Insects,
1918, p. 331).

We distinguish the families mainly by structures in the metathorax and
proximal abdominal segments. These distinctions * nearly always hold good
when the differences (often numerous) by which the normal types of the families
are generally easy to recognise break down. We will deal with the families in
question in six sections :

I. Head with a sensory organ (chaetosema, cf. p. 155) behind the antenna
consisting (externally) of thin radiating bristles, which are either arranged in a
patch placed on a more or less elevated hump, or protrude from the short scaling.
Sometimes this organ is quite small (in some Geonietridae), sometimes it is very
strongly developed (in Sematuridae, for instance).

1. Geonietridae. — Basal abdominal sternite (PI. Ill, fig. 1) with a large, well-
defined, tympanal cavity on the ventral side of the first stigma. SC* of forewing
always stalked with SC. Frenulum present. C of hindwing curved down at
extreme base, costally at the bent with a hump or spur directed towards the
frenulum ; M of hindwing free from base, soon after base contiguous with or
approximated to C for some distance. Tympanum absent in some apterous $$.

2. Sematuridae. — Postantennal sense-organ strongly developed. No tym-
panal organ at base of abdomen, no lateral cavity beneath second segment. SC
stalked with SC. Frenulum present. In hindwing C strongly curved down to
base, elbowed, the area between C and frenulum more or less swollen ; M at first
remote from C, soon approximated to it at one point and here touching it or
connected with it by a bar (= SC'). — I place here Apoprogones Hamps. (1903),
from South Africa, as representing a separate subfamily differing from the
American genera in the eye being naked, the tibiae non-spinose, and other minor
detaUs. •

3. Uraniidae. — Postantennal sensory organ usually strongly developed.
Males (PI. Ill, fig. 6) with a large lateral cavity under the second abdominal
segment opening behind ; females (PI. Ill, fig. 7) with a tympanal organ in the
basal sternite ventrally to the first stigma, recalling the corresponding organ of
the Geonietridae ; it consists of a glossy drum, shaped somewliat like a Dutch
cheese, with the concave surface, which is directed towards the thorax, bearing
a tympanum ; the metejjimerum opposite this organ more or less hollowed out,
sometimes much inflated. Frenulum absent except its vestigial base. SC of
forewing always remote from the other subcostals, stalked with R' or originating
with it from the upper cell-angle ; a short spur (= SM') projects from M near
base, in the small and delicate species often scarcely traceable. In hindwing
C curved down at extreme base, C and M contiguous from base for a short
distance, then diverging strongly. Eye naked, but sometimes with short hairs
[Chrysiridia).

4. Epiplemidae. — Like the Uraniidae, but with frenulum, bristles of frenu-
lum often reduced or absent, but basal incrassation of costal margin of hindwing

* Forbes, " On the Tympanum of certain Lepidoptera," in Psyche, xxiii. p. M'i (l'J16).

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 165

alway.s present. No subbasal spur from M of forewing. No precostal vein on
hindwing. Abdominal organ in (^ and $ as in Uraniidae, in some forms absent
(f.i. Chatamla, Amana ; in Psychostrophia the ^ has below the first abdominal
stigma a large scent-tuft, which, if not spread out, lies concealed under a longi-
tudinal fold). — ^Includes Epicopeia.

II. Postantennal sensory organ absent or vestigial. Both sexes with large
cavity (PL III, figs. 8 and 9) under the fie.st abdominal pleurum opening behind
(as in cJ of Uraniidae, in which the cavity is under the second segment) the
first stigma on the lateral surface of the convex pleurum (in both sexes of
Uraniidae it is placed in the constriction between abdomen and thorax). Below
first plem-um and towards thorax a fairly large glossy vesicle externally without
opening and without tympanum, the vesicle divided into two unequal compart-
ments, and projecting forward ; the posterior portion (= merum) of the hind-
coxa being correspondingly caved in, very narrow in a lateral aspect, mem-
braneous at the epimerum. Frenulum present. In hindwing C bent down
towards SO- beyond upper cell-angle. Tarsal claw with tooth.

5. CymatopJwridae and 6. Drepanidae. — There does not appear to be any
difference between these two families which holds good throughout the series of
species. In most Drepanids R^ of the forewing (== vein 5) arises from near the
lower cell-angle, but there are also species in which it arises as in Cymatophoridae
from the centre or from above the centre, f.i. in some species of Euchera : E. javana
Auriv. (1894), E. ociferaria Walk. (1860), .E. pitmani Moore (1886). — Cimelia and
Epicimelia have neither cavity nor vesicle at base of abdomen, but agree otherwise
well with the Cymatophoridae.

III. No postantennal sensory organ. No abdominal tympanal cavity, but
the metathorax (PI. Ill, figs. 2-5) bears in front of the rather strongly chitinised
longitudinal groove bounding the first abdominal tergite laterally, a tympanum
which covers a cavity lyuig withm the metathorax ; externally (in dorsal aspect)
the metascutum has a transverse depression from the metascutellum towards the
wing-base, and behind this depression, and posteriorly bounded by the chord
which connects the posterior margin of the wing-base with the metascutellum,
there is a vesicular sclerite (third pteralium), separated from the metascutum by
a suture, this vesicle sometimes strongly prominent, sometimes less conspicuous,
but always present. On the metasternite, below the before-mentioned chord,
and either on the posterior surface of the metepimerum or on its lateral surface,
there is either a cavity, usually deep, or a depression or tympanum-lilce membrane,
more or less on a level with the first abdominal stigma. Frenulum present.
C of hindwing remote from SC=, not bent down beyond upper cell-angle ; tarsal
claw usually with tooth, often minutely serrate.

7. Dioptidae (PI. Ill, figs. 2 and 3).— Palpus upturned over the face. First
abdominal stigma not in a definite hollow. — ^Jlimetic species, in appearance very
unlilie the Notodontids.

8. Notodontidae (PL III, figs. 4 and 5). — End-segment of palpus more or less
porrect. First abdominal stigma in a definite hollow or pocket, which is often
deep (and in many cases recalls the tympanal cavity of the Noctuoidean
families). — Includes Thaumetopoea.

166 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

V. No sensory organ of radiating bristles behind the antenna. No tym-
panal cavity at base of abdomen. G of hindwing not bent down towards SC*
beyond upper cell-angle. Frenulum present, but its bristles often lost. Tarsal
claw, as in V and VI, always without tooth, but frequently serrated.

9. Perophoridae. — Branches of antenna scaled in both sexes. C and SC of
hindwing anastomosing close to the base, basal portion of C excised and sharply
edged opposite the condylus of M.

10. Bombycidae. — Branches of antenna not scaled. Last subcostal of
forewing (PI. Ill, figs. 12 and 13) more or less down-curved, or at least the distance
between it and R' larger at the base of SC' than at termen. — Here belong also
Apatehdes and allies, which used to be considered Notodontids.

11. Eupterotidae. — Branches of anterma not scaled. Last subcostal not
curved down, the distance between it and R' smaller at the base of SC° than
at termen. — Evidently restricted to the Old World. There is an almost complete
connection between the Eupterotids and Lemoniids.

V. Like IV, but frenulum truly absent, the basal costal margin of the hind-
wing not being thickened. Superfamily SaUmiioideae.

As we have begun to monograph this superfamily, we abstain from entering
here upon a division into families.

VI. Like IV, frenulum present, but its bristles often missing. C of hind-
wing approximated to SC- bej^ond upper cell-angle.

12. Lemoniidae. — Cross-vein D' of forewing longer than D- and angulate, R'
from well above this angle, at the most one subcostal free from cell of forewing.
Foretibia with a heavy apical claw. — This family is very close to the Eupterotidae ;
in some of the African Eupterotids the foretibia is short and armed with a claw,
and C of hindwing runs close above the cell to near its apex before curving forward.

13. Brahmaeidae. — As before, but foretibia at the most with short spines. — •
Includes Spiramiopsis.

14. Sphingidae. — D' of forewing sliSrter than D-, not angulate, R= from
below centre, two subcostals free from cell of forewing.

The genera Oxytenis, Asthenidia, and some others agree with the Saturnioideae,
and must be classified with them.

The distinction given above between the Bombi/cidae and Eupterotidae is
very slight in some species, but as it is corroborated by differences obtaining in
the wing-bases and the thorax, we consider the two families distinct. As we
shall have an occasion to describe and illustrate the differences in another place,
we only mention here that in the Eupterotids there is along the distal side of the
base of the frenulum a transverse tubular swelling, which is replaced in the
Bombycids by a dorsally convex and ventral concave fold (not tubular), and that
the posterior dorsal angle of the merum of the midcoxa extends further dorsad
than the anterior angle in Bombycidae (as also in Sphingidae, Brahmaeidae,
Lemoniidae), while in Eupterotidae, Saturnioideae, and Perophoridae) the posterior
angle remains below, or at the level of, the anterior angle if the body is in a hori-
zontal position.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

no,
L Ourapteryx sambucaria L. (1758), lateral aspect.

mss = mesoscutellum ; mts = metascutum ; mtsl = metascutellum ;

ch = chord ; est = episternum and epm = epimerum of metasternite ;

cox = coxum and mer = merum of hindcoxa ; at' and at' = first and

second abdominal terga ; ap' = first pleurum ; cav = tympanal cavity ;

ast'- = basal sternum = sternum of second segment.

2. Josia aurijiua Walk. (1864), dorsal aspect.

As before ; ves = vesicle of metatergite ; cav = cavity in metepi-
merum.

3. Josia auriflua Walk. (186-4), lateral aspect.

4. Stauropus fagi L. (1758), dorsal aspect.

5. Stauropus fagi L. (1758), lateral aspect.

6. Cyphura destrigata Kirsch (1877), ^, lateral aspect.

cav = cavity of second abdominal segment.

7. Cyphura destrigata Kirsch (1877), ?, lateral aspect.

dr = drum in basal abdominal sternum.

8. Thyatira hatis L. (1758), lateral aspect.

cav = cavity in first abdmoinal segment ; dr = drum in basal
abdominal sternum.

9. Thyatira hatis L. (1758), frontal surface of abdomen.

at' = first abdominal tergum ; ap' = first pleurum with tympanum ;
dr = drum.

10. Perophora melsheimeri Harris (1841), base of hindwing, underside.

Fr = incrassate base of costal margin (remnant of frenulum) ; C =
costal ; st« = subcostal ; M = median ; SM', SM-, SM' = first, second, and
third submedian veins.

11. Asthenidia podaliriaria Westw. (1841), base of hindwing, underside.

PC = precostal vein.

12. Andraca bipunctata Walk. (1865), subcostals and upper radials of forewing.

13. Bombyx mori L. (1758) ; subcostals and upper radials of forewing.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.E. Vol. XXX., 1923.

PI. III.

rr,.«:.tr^ c^f <^tj-

Jcj u,e.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX 1923. 167

NEW EASTERN ANTHRIBIDAE.
By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

1 . Phloeopemoa acuticornis continentalis subsp. nov.

cJ9. Proboscis thicker than in the Malayan form, its dorsal siu-face more
curved in a lateral aspect ; thorax a little wider posteriorly ; elytra less coarsely
seriate-punctate ; black markings of upperside rather larger.

Hah. Assam (type from the Khasia Hills), Burma, Tonkin, Annam.

2. Sintor rhabdotus sjiec. nov.

(J$. Rufescenti-brunneus, supra ochraceo-luteo tomentosus, brunneo vit-
tatus, subtus pube grisea obtectus, rostro supra fossa mediana postice angustata
instructo, pygidio apice acuminato, submucronato ; antennis pedibusque ex
maxima parte rufis.

Long. (cap. excl.*) 6-7 mm., lat. 2-7 mm.

Hah. Perak (W. Doherty), ex coll. van de Poll, 2^^, 1? ; a $, likewise
in Mus. Tring, labelled " Malacca."

Mouth-parts with the exception of the mandibles rufous ; shaft of antenna
and the legs dull rufous ; body rufescent brown, deasely pubescent clayish
ochraceous above and grey beneath. The sides of the rostrum, a double stripe
on the head, four stripes on the pronotum, and two on each elytrum blackish
brown, the two dorsal pronotal stripes being broader than the median clayish
stripe and narrower than the dorsal lateral clayish ones. The stripes of the
elytra are continuations of the pronotal ones, the dorsal stripe being somewhat
irregular and bearing some clay Lrrorations, the lateral one being limbal, occupying
the margin and one intersjiace and being interrupted behind the shoulder, where
it is widened into a spot ; suture brown posteriorly. Scutellum clayish grey.
The median groove of the rostrum deep, posteriorly narrowed, extending a little
on to the frons, and continued almost to the apex of the rostrum, the ridge
bordering the groove on each side distant from the eye ; the apical lateral edge
of the rostrum not merged together with the dorsal edge of the antennal groove.
The frons convex centrally.

Prothorax slightly broader than long. Pygidium rounded, a little shorter
than broad, ending with a short projection.

3. Blabirhinus obliquus spec. nov.

cj. Niger, supra tomento fulvo-ocliraceo, subtus griseo obtectus, antenrus
pedibusque rufescentibus, elytris duabus fasciis valde obliquis angustis obsole-
scentibus dorsalibus nigro-brunneis notatis ; rostro late impresso carina mediana
instructo, pronoti carina dorsali in medio angulata, carinula dorsali completa.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-8 mm., lat. 2-4 mm.

* In all cases the length is measured in a straight line from the anterior margin of the pronotum
to the apex of the pygidium,

168 No\nTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Bdh. Bangucy I., north of Borneo (J. Water.«tradt), ex coll. van de Poll. 1 ^.

The rostrum thick and apically very slightly widened, broadly impressed
abdve, the impression being bounded on each side by a subcariniform ridge, the
two ridges converge towards the middle posteriorly, the impression narrowing
perceptibly towards the frons ; a strong central carina extends from the apex
to the base, just entering on to the frons. Antennae rufescent, probably rufous
in live specimens, segment 9 a little longer than 8, 10 proximally very strongly
rounded, apically truncate-emarginate, broader than long, 11 a little longer
than broad.

Prothorax almost twice as wide before the base than at the apex, sides
beneath black, on upperside at the base two indistinct brownish streaks, one at
the angle, slightly outlined in grey, the other half-way to the centre ; both the
dorsal transverse carina and carinula angulate in the middle and both complete,
the carinula (between transverse carina and basal margin) not being obsolete
centrally as is usually the case in this genus.

Elytra convex basally, depressed above the shoulders, rounded-declivous in
lateral aspect, flattened together posteriorly, almost gradually narrowed from
base, tawny-ochraceous, a faint, interruiated, oblique, brown line dorsally to the
basi-humeral depression, followed by faint brown dots in the alternate interspaces,
a more distinct brown line from about the middle of the third interspace obliquely
backwards to near outer margin, ninth and tenth interspaces indistinctly dotted
with brown ; basal and lateral margins, above and behind the brownish shoulder-
angle, slightly grey. Legs rufous and like the underside of the body pubescent
grey, tibiae with three brownish rings or spots.

Near Sintor vethi Jord. (1912), from Java, but in the latter the rostrum is
distinctly dilated at the apex, the pronotum is less \fidened posteriorly, the
dorsal carina of the pronotum is not distinctly angulated in the centre, the
carinula is incomplete, the elytra are parallel from the base to the middle, and
bear a broad subbasal transverse brown fascia.

4. Blabirhinus plumbeus spec. nov.

?. Niger, omnino pube grisea tectus, subcoerulescens, setis brevibus nigris
in punctis nigris sitis adspersus abdomine excepto ; rostro late depresso bicarinato.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5 mm., lat. 2-5 mm.

Hab. Perak, Malay Peninsula (W. Doherty), 1 9 ex coll. van de Poll.

Black, uniformly clothed with a grey pubescence, the insect appearing bluish
grey on account of the black background ; with the exception of the abdomen
the body is densely irrorated with numerous black punctures, each bearing a
short black bristle. The rostrum, its apex excepted, is broadly impressed, the
impression being bounded by a sharply marked carina, which terminates at the
frontal edge of the eye, the two carinae being slightly divergent posteriorly ;
the non-impressed apical portion is subcarinate in the centre and carinate above
the antennal groove. Club of antenna black, broad, the segments broader than
long, 10 being about twice as broad as long.

Prothorax shorter than broad, convex ; carina extending to the middle of the
sides, dorsally its central half slightly concave, while towards the sides the carina
is somewhat convex ; dorsal carinula complete, lateral carinula distinct, but
anteriorly abbreviated. Scutellum twice as broad as long. Elytra evenly

NoviTATES ZooLoaiciE XXX. 1923. 169

convex, widest at the base, finely striate, basal margin curved forward near
scutellum.

The derm of the underside faintly rufescent in places, femora likewise
ruf ascent.

Eupanteos gen. nov.

(^. Rostrum supra 3-carinatuin, margine antennarum acetabulorum etiam
in forma carinae oculos versus continuato. Antennae breves, crassae, articulo
3'° secundo paululo longiore, S'^-S" hirsutis. clava crassa, leviter complanata,
inter segmenta constricta, 11° ovato ; acetabula sulciformia, oblique in longi-
tudinem posita. Elytra basi truncata. Tarsorum articulus i"* brevis, secundo
paulo longior.

Genotypus : E. ornatus.

Near Eusinior Jord. (1904) ; rostrum shorter, dorso-lateral carina joining the
raised frontal margin of the eye ; shaft of antenna shorter, segments 3 to 8
-hirsute, club densely ciliated, not more hairy below than above. Last abdominal
segment of ^ with a half-circular apical impression.

We know two species only, both ferruginous scarlet.

5. Eupanteos ornatus spec. nov.

(J. Ferrugineo-coccinus, infra parum griseo pubescens. Antenna nigra,
articulis 1° et 2° et 3'° basi rufis, 10" et 11° pallidissimis pube griseo-alba
dense obtectis. Rostrum cum capite fiavo-luteo bivittatvim, capite fortiter
rugato-carinulato, vitta media eodem colore. Pronotum nigro-quadi'imaculatum
maculis parvis luteo-griseis notatum. Elytra ante medium fortiter dcpres.sa,
in depressione macula nigra suturali signata, macula dorsali postmediana et
duabus limbalibus etiam nigris. Infra latus prosterni et genua et femorum
bases nigrescentes.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5-7 mm., lat. 2-7 mm.

Hah. Richmond R., N.S. Wales, 1 cj ex coll. French.

Pronotum about ^-^ broader than long, not quite twice as broad at the
carina as at the apex, with a widely interrupted thin median stripe and at each
side of it in middle a small spot luteous grey, further sidewards before and behind
this spot a larger, distinct, rounded black spot, further laterad a curved spot
near apex and a smaller one at carina luteous grey, inconspicuous ; carina black,
distant from base, slightly interrupted in middle, quite gradually rounded later-
ally, extending but little forward at the sides ; dorsum finely punctate, sides with
dispersed large punctures and before middle a little swollen.

Scutellum ovate. Elytra widest at base, strongly impressed transversely
behind the subbasal swelling, the impression curving forward laterally, extending
to base above shoulder, but here less deep than further back, apical third strongly
convex-declivous ; punctate-striate, the punctures large and deep, each with a
short erect bristle (most of them broken in our specimen) ; a sutural spot in ante-
median depression, a median dorsal spot from 2nd stripe sidewards, another
oljliquely behind it at side, and a more rounded lateral one before middle in a
depression all black ; from the dorsal spot backwards a pale low crest of erect
pubescence, at sides tliree greyish spots and a fourth before the apex. Pygidium
rounded.

170 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Abdomen with greyish lateral spots, sides of prosternum, knees, and base of
femora blackish. Tooth of claw in anterior and middle tarsi subapical.

Third segment of antenna (cJ) half as long again as broad at apex, 7 and 8
slightly broader than long, 9 as long as broad, broadest at apex, which is truncate,
10 shorter than 9, slightly transverse, 11a little longer than broad, widest near
base, half as long again as 9, both 10 and 1 1 cream colour.

6. Eupanteos doddi spec. nov.

Praecedenti similis, maculis nigris fere nullis, pronoto multo fortius inae-
quali, elytris ante medium levins depressis, pilis erectis adspersis.

Hah. Queensland : Kuranda, i. 1904 (F. P. Dodd), 1 ?, type ; in D. Ent. Mus.
1 cj. 2 ?$ from the same place.

A little smaller than the previous species. Entirely red, the black spots
faintly indicated on the elytra, absent from the pronotum, the most distinct
spot being the antemedian limbal one of the elytra ; pronotum with a faint
trace of a grey median streak and of two lateral spots. The chief differences
are structural : the sides of the disc of the pronotum are more strongly
elevate and the oblique impression in front of these swellings is deeper than
in E. ornatus ; the antemedian depression of the elytra, on the contrary, is
less deep, the subbasal swelling less elevate, and the posterior portion of the
elytra is more gradually slanting. Antenna a little slenderer, 3rd segment over
twice as long as broad.

7. Litocerus didymus spec. nov.

cJ. Statura et colore L. khasiano simillimus. Niger, supra albo-maculatus,
subtus albo-griseo-pubescens ; pronoto inter apicem et carinam decem-maculato,
post carinam maculis tribus notato, carina lateral! obliqua recta, angulo valde
rotundato ; elytris maculis ut in L. khasiano fere dispositis, macula scutellari
transversa majore.

Hab. Toli-Toli, North Celebes, Nov.-Dec. 1895 (H. Fruhstorfer) ; 1 ^.

Black, the derm rufescent under the spots of white pubescence. The spots of
the pronotum and elytra occupy less space than the black ground. The prothorax
is more strongly rounded at the sides than in L. khasianus, agreeing in the shape
of the outline better with L. sticticus Jord. (1904), from Tonkin and Formosa.
The pronotum has a slightly uneven surface, the transverse antemedian sulcus
is indistinct, the punctures are a little less distinct than in L. khasianus and
sticticus, the dorsal carina is angulate in the centre, the lateral angle of the carina
less rounded than in L. sticticus, but more so than in L. khasianus, the lateral
carina being almost straight in a lateral aspect ; two median markings, one being
subapical, the other short, triangular, placed in front of the carina and forming
one spot with the antescutellar dot, four spots on each side, of which one is
elliptical, slightly transverse, placed at the end of the discal sulcus, the second and
third ones behind the other, subapical and subbasal respectively, and the fourth
placed at the lateral carina and somewhat resembling a swimming bird. The
basal sutural spot of the elytra is the largest of all, it is transverse, occupying the
scutellar and first interspaces and part of the second, being moreover continued
laterad at the basal margin half-way to shoulder ; on suture an elongate-elliptical
spot before middle and a smaller spot behind middle, a round one on subbasal

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX, 1923. 171

callosity, an irregular ovate spot above shoulder, a rather large and very
conspicuous median spot, subquadrangular, from second row of punctures to
fifth interspace, and about 13 additional, smaller spots on each elytrum, of which
five are placed on the apical declivity (1, 2, 2).

The white ring of the tibia conspicuous on the upperside, its width about
equallmg the distance from the base ; tarsi with sparse white pubescence at
the apex of the first segment and along the centre of the second.

8. Litocerus effatus spec. nov.

c?. L. philippineiisi Jord. (1895) similis, antennis pedibusque minus rufes-
centibus, maculis centralibus pronoti in formam crucis dispositis separatis, elytris
nigris maculis luteis dispersis notatis.

Hab. Balabac (type) and South Palawan ; 2 cJcJ.

Antenna dark brown, the first two segments and the base of the third paler,
but not so pale as in L. philippinensis. The six spots on the disc of the pronotum
are all separated, in the Palawan e.xample also the lateral luteus pubescence is
broken up into spots.

Elytra with the luteous spots isolated, excepting the humeral spot, which is
connected with a basal sutural spot by means c^ short basal longitudinal lines ;
behind the basal callosity a transverse, subluniform, spot, on the suture an ellipti-
cal spot before the middle, a small subrectangular one behind the middle, between
these two spots, but more laterally, the largest spot of all, subrotundate, expanding
between the second and fifth lines of punctures, slightly encroaching upon the
second and sixth interspaces ; on apical declivity two spots at suture and two
at lateral margin, with a longitudinal dash between (but a little forward) the
first lateral and the first sutural spots, at or near the lateral margin ; moreover,
a spot behind shoulder, a double one before and a single one behind middle, on
disc a few dashes.

Legs rufescent brown, .segments 2 to 4 of tarsi as dark brown as first segment.

9. Litocerus plagiatus doximus subsp. nov.

Q. Pronoto vitta mediana grisea quam vitta fusca multo angustiore,
lateribus late griseo-pubescontibus ; elytris area luteo-grisea post medium ad
limbum extensa, macula subapicali fusca magna.

Hab. Toh-Toli, North Celebes, Nov.-Dec. 1895 (H. Fruhstorfer) ; 1 ^.

The light-coloured pubescence grey, with hardly a trace of yellow ; antennae
and legs darker rufous than in L. plagiatus plagiatus Jord. (1895), from the
Philippines ; the grey median stripe of the pronotum about as wide as tlie
antcscutellar spot, constricted at the carina, about half as wide as the dark brown
stripes, which are straight ; the sides grey, a brown median spot joined to the
brown dorsal stripe. The grey sutural area of the elytra, as in L. p. plagiatus,
extended from base to apex, invaded from the sides by a large brown-black area,
which is irregularly triangular, almost reaches to the sutural line of punctures
and encloses a rather large grey limbal spot and a minute dot situated behind
this spot ; before apex a large, somewhat reniform, brown-black spot, reaching
the sutural stripe and enclosing a small grey sublimbal spot and two minute
dashes ; between the two brown-black limbal patches the grey sutural area

172 NOVIT.VTES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

extends to the lateral margin as a narrow uninterrupted oblique band. On
nniler.side two brown spot^^ on the metasternum and a row of spots on the
abdomen, all lateral.

10. Litocerus plagiatus semnus subsp. nov.

$. Pronoto vitta mediana grisea recta quam macula antescutellaris parum
angustiore, maculis lateralibus parvis ; elytris areae suturalis lobo postmediano
angusto brevi ; pedibus fere nigris, tarsorum segmento 2° haud rufo.

Hub. Palawan (W. Doherty) ; 1 ^.

The sides of the pronotum and elytra arc black and show only traces of
markings, being somewhat soiled and abraded. The median stripe of the pro-
notum is slightly broader than in L. plagiatus do.vimus. The postmedian projec-
tion of the sutural area is narrow and reaches only to the sixth interspace.

11. Litocerus zosterius spec. nov.

cj. Speciei L. histrio Gylh. (1833) dictae valde affinis, antennarum articulo
primo breviore, quarto et sequentibus minus clavatis, fronte latiorc, elytris fascia
lata sinuata transversa nigra diversus.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty) ; 1 <J.

Frons as broad at the narrowest point as the apex of the third antennal
segment. Antenna slenderer than in L. histrio, segment 1 shorter, 3 somewhat
longer, 3 to 7 apically less widened, and more compressed, also more extended
rufous.

Pronotum less distincth- punctate, greyish luteous, with a brown stripe
half-way between centre and sides, this stripe broadened at apex, between it and
centre an elongate brown spot reaching neither carina nor transverse sulcus,
another brown spot between lateral carina and apex ; angle of carina a little less
rounded than in L. histrio.

Elytra the same colour as the pronotum, with some black-brown small
spots and very short lines behind the base and on the apical declivity, in middle
a broad black transverse band from side to side, sharply defined dorsally as far
as the sixth stripe, anteriorly sinuate once, in third interspace, posteriorly twice,
broadest laterally, but here bearing some greyish luteous spots. In L. histrio
the black band is broader, antemedian, and much more iiTegular.

12. Phaulimia dissensa spec. nov.

o?. Ph. schaumi simillina ; elytris sine macula subapicali nigro-velutina,
margine lato apicali cum toto pygidio luteo-griseo tomcntoso.

Hah. Sladura district, South India ; a small series.

The apical border of the elytra is sharply defined and ends laterally about
on a level with the middle of the lateral margin of the second abdominal segment.
The large velvety black basal sutural patch of the elytra varies slightly in size
and, as in Ph. schaumi, has a narrow luteous grey border.

13. Xylinades vicinus spec. nov.
cJ?. X. nodicorni Web. (1801) simillimus ; pronoto fortius granulato-
rugoso, abdomine maculis rotundatis nigris lateralibus. tibiis absque macula
mediana nigra, maris segmento anali ventrali intorno diver.so distinguendus.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 173

Hah. Borneo (type from Brunei), Sumatra, Perak.

Wc have no specimen from Java, all our Javan examples of this type of
Xylinadcs belonging to X. nodicornis (= ivestermanni Fahrs. 1839), which occurs
also in Borneo, Sumatra, and Malacca.

The abdominal spots of X. vicintts are more or less rounded and completely
brownish black ; in X. nodicornis they are either rings with a grey centre, or
sickle-shaped, or are reduced to longitudinal dashes. The tibiae of X. nodicornis
always have a black median sjiot or half-ring, which is absent from X. vicinus.
The (nearly) smooth apical area of the pronotum is larger in X. nodicornis than
in X. vicimis, and on the whole the third segment of the antenna is slightly
longer. The most important evidence that X. vicinus is independent of X.
nodicornis is furnished by the internal anal sternite. The two lobes of this sternite
are broad, narrowing from the middle to the apex, while in X. vicinus they are
strongly narrowed from base to apex, curved, and pointed, resembling a tarsal
claw to some extent, but are flattened.

14. Phloeobius stenus spec, no v.

(J. P. alternantis structura, sed multo angustior, oculis crassioribus magis
remotis, pronoti carina laterali magis promineute, elytris ad suturam depressis,
processu mesosternali angustiore distinctus. Pronotum lateribus atque elytra
area suturali ante plagam apicalem griseam optime definitam ad latera usque
dilatata nigrescentibus.

Long. 8-5-11 mm.

Hah. Shanghai, 3 (^^J.

As in P. alternans Wied. (1819), the frons with 2 distinct carinae, the under-
side of the head without a groove-like transverse depression from eye to eye,
the labiophore not being sharply separated from the throat. The lateral carina of
the prothorax much more prominent anteriorly (i.e. in middle of side) than in
P. alternans, the sides of the prothorax from this angle forward gradually rounded-
narrowed, without an apical projecting angle. Rostrum and head yellowish
grey, this colour continued as a sort of median band to base of pronotum, sides
of pronotum brownish, slightly relieved with luteous spots. ScnteUum white.
Eljrtra nearly twice as long as broad, much narrower than in P. alternans, sub-
basal swelling less distinct, sutiual interspace more distinctly depressed from
base to apex, sutural area much spotted mtli blackish, rather strongly contrast-
ing with the lateral area, which is not spotted with blackish, but with greyish
white in the alternate interspace*, the dark area continued laterad in front of the
grey apical patch.

Prosternum not quite so long in front of the coxae as in P. alternans, with
transverse groove. Mesosternal process narrower than the coxa. Tarsi as much
dilated as in P. alternans. Pygidium barely one-third broader than long.

15. Fioenia poecila .spec. nov.

cJ$. Brunneo-nigra, supra luteo-pubescens, brunneo-maculata, albo-griseo-
subtessellata, scutello albo-griseo, subtus omnino albo-gri,sea. Pronoti carina
dorsalis basalis, carina lateralis fere ad apicem extensa. Pygidium tarn longum
quam latum, apice truncato (cJ) vel rotundato ($). Tibia postica {^) curvata,
apice producto penicillo instructo, tarso postico longo.

174 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Long. 5-8 mm.

Hah. Borneo : Doesonlanden (Wahnes), 1 ^, type ; " Borneo," 1 (J, 1 $.

Head longitudinally plicate, with a slightly more prominent median carina
on frons, anteriorly a tran-sverse non-plicate space separating frons from rostrum.
Laterally the dorsal surface of rostrum rugate, medianly punctate. Pubescence
of head and ro.strum shaded with grey, not very dense, the brown ground shining
tlirough in middle of head, where there is an indication of a whitish spot. An-
tennal segment 3 half as long again as 4, also longer than 2, 8 somewhat broader
than 7. Pronotum rugate-granulate, smooth at apex imder the pubescence, across
disc a transverse row of three large spots, a smaller spot further towards side, two
dorsally at apex and four dorsally before carina, and indications of spots laterally,
all variable and sometimes more or less connected with one another, in middle of
apex an indication of a grej-ish white line, vestigial greyish white spots on disc
and sides, all very indefinite ; dorsal carina basal, lateral carina extending for-
ward to near apex, but not reaching apical margin. Scutellum transverse.
Elytra rather strongly punctate-striate ; a round shoulder-spot, another on
subbasal callosity, an antemedian spot between third and fifth or sixth stripe
and joined to the corresponding spot of the other elytrum by some smaller, more
or less confluent, spots, a largish spot on apical declivity half-way between suture
and outer margin, a lateral spot before middle and a number of smaller spots
brown, behind tlie larger brown spots indications of greyish white ones. Pygi-
dium as long as broad, in ^ truncate and slightly cmarginate, in $ more strongly
narrowed and the rounded apex somewhat turned up.

Underside without spots, excepting a lateral one on last sternite. In J the
metasternum and abdomen strongly depressed, with silky hairs in the depression,
last sternite impressed, the impression somewhat rounded anteriorly, deepest
apically, the margin of the segment excised, with a distinct angle on each side
of the sinus. Hindtibia of (J also modified, slightly curved, convex ventrally,
the apex ventrally produced and acuminate, with a minute brush close to the tip,
the tarsus inserted on dorsal (hollow) side of the process. First hindtarsal seg-
ment in cj one-half and in $ one-fifth longer than claw-segment ; hindtarsal
claw without tooth in (J.

10. Pioenia pulchrina spec. nov.

$. P. poecilae simillima, maculis multo melius circumscriptis, magis
numerosis, pygidio semicirculari.

Long. 6-7 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Sarawak, Matang Road, July 1914, type, and December
1920, from the Sarawak Museum.

Broader than P. poccila. Pronotum with fifteen dark brown spots in tlrree
transverse rows : 4 behind apical margin, 7 in middle, of which the second from
the side is shifted backwards, and 4 before carina, behind or between the spots
indications of white markings, white median line more distinct, interrupted by
the brown middle spot. Elytra more finely striated than in P. poecila, the alter-
nate interspaces spotted with dark brown and white, two dorsal subbasal spots
and a shoulder spot on each elytrum, a sutural spot in middle and a subsutural
one at some distance from apex larger, the last spot connected across suture with
the spot of the other elytrum. Pygidium half as broad again at base as long,

No\aTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 175

semicircular, i.e. much shorter than in the $ of P. poccila, at each side of
centre a brownish spot.

Second tarsal segment, tips of tibiae, and a lateral spot on anal stornite
dark brown. Dorsal carina of pronotum laterally subbasal. Sutural and limbal
impressed lines of elytrum connected with one another across apex, this apical
sulcus incurved.

17. Fioenia irrorata spec. nov.

(J$. Nigra, supra schistaceo-pubescens, guttulatim griseo-notata, subtus
grisea, tar.sis plus minus nigris. Caput cum rostro longitudinaliter rugosum.
Antenna pronoti basim superans (cJ) vel vix attingens (9), segmento 2° tortio
aequali (^J) vel parum longiore ($). Carina lateralis versus apicem pronoti ex-
tensa, carina dorsalis versus latus subbasalis. Elytra leviter striato-pTinctata,
sat dense guttulata. Pygidium tam longum quam latum, subtriangulare, granu-
losum, apice acuminate {,^) vel rotundato ($).

Long. 5-5-0 mm.

Hah. Philippines : Samar, vi. vii. 1896 (J. Whitehead), 2 (JcJ, type ;
Borneo : Doesonlanden (Wahnes), ex coll. van de Poll, 1 $, and Sarawak,

1 ?.

No smooth space between rostrum and frons. Pronotum rather coarsely
rugate longitudinally, reticulate in front of the carina, apex almost smooth under
the pubescence ; ni^merous small grey specks, condensed at the sides of the pro-
notum ; dorsal carina laterally subbasal, the basal carina visible behind it (not
placed below it). Scutellum semicircular, not transverse, whitish grey. Elytra
with the rows of punctures feebly impressed, these rows (not the interstices) dotted
with grey, the" dots slightly more concentrated near the suture in basal fourth
and in the $$ again dorsally in middle and at apex. The basal median groove
of the propygidium extending for some distance on to the pygidium, gradually
fading away beyond centre ; apex of pygidium acuminate and turned up in <J,
two rows of granules extending from this projection on to the pygidium, forming
two indistinct ridges ; in $ the apex much less acuminate, rounded, with tlie
margin slightly turned up. Metasternum and base of abdomen flattened in <J,
anal sternite shorter than in $, the apex rounded in both sexes. Second and third
foretarsal segment broad in (J and segment 4 as long as 1 to 3 together.

The cariniform dorsal margin of the antennal groove remains distant from
the eye and is more ventral than in the previous species, the direction of the
margin being below the sinus of the eye.

18. Pioenia pannosa spec. nov.

(J. Nigro-brunnea, supra pube lutea et alba varicgata, pronoto medio
nigro-brunneo, luteo-triguttato, elytris undulatim subfasciatis, pygidio truncato,
albo et luteo pubescente ; subtus griseo-flava, tarsis apice plus minus nigris.
Metasternum cum abdomine medio deplanatum, segmento anali late impresso,
emarginato. Tibia postica apice minus quam in P. pulchrina producta, intus
nota apicali e granulis acutis composita instructa.

Long. 5-6 mm.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 ^ ex coll. van de Poll.

Head and rostrum covered with luteous and whitish pubescence, the white

176 XOVITATES ZoOLOCICAr XXX. 1923.

colouring more prominent at the sides of the rostrum and in the centre of the
frons. Antenna brownish black, club slightly paler, segment 3 one-third longer
than 4, club rather slender, two and one-half times as long as broad, 11a little
longer than 9. Antennal groove large, its cariniform dorsal margin extending
close to eye ; upper lobe of eye projecting farther orad than lower lobe.

Pronotum granulate-rugate, almost smooth anteriorly ; a broad central
band, widened in middle, blackish brown, with tlu-ee small luteous spots placed
in a triangle, sides clay-colom-, with several brown spots and two or three white
ones ; dorsal carina basal, laterally nearer basal carina than in P. pulchrina, the
lateral angle of the carina less broadly rounded than in that species, lateral
carina not quite extendmg to apex. El3'tra as in P. pulchrina with the stripes
hardly at all impressed, apart from the sutural and limbal ones, which are con-
nected with one another along apical margin, the connecting ridge very distinct
incurved, not interrupted ; colouring different from that of P. pulchrina : basal
third of suture occupied bj' a broadish streak pointed behind and connected
with a basal spot along basal margin ; behind subbasal swelling a transverse band
from sutural streak to lateral margin, zigzagging and sending in fifth interspace
a branch towards shoulder, behind middle a similar band, from this band to apex
the suture rather broadly clayish, apex coloured like the transverse band clayish
and white, the rows of punctm-es here and there with some clayish pubescence,
particularly towards the sides in between the bands, the incrassate lateral margin
of the elytrum with hardly any spots. Scutellum clayish white, transverse,
slightly smaller than in P. pulchrina. Pygidium longer than broad, finely
punctate, apex truncate and .slightly emarginate, the angles rounded.

Hindfemur more strongly incrassate than in P. poecila ^, with brown apical
patch ; apex of hindtibia slightly produced on underside, the tarsus being in-
serted on the upperside ; on the inner surface of the apical projection there is
a patch of sharp tubercles (the patch also present in P. poecila <J, but smaller),
but no pencil of hairs ; hindtarsus half as long again as hindtibia, claw with
tooth near base.

19. Pioenia spilosa s-pec. nov.

(J$. Nigra, dorso nigro-brunneo-pubescens, omnino albo-guttulata, scutello
albo, subtus albo-pubescens, lateribus nigro-brunneo-maciUata, tibiis nigro-
brunneo-bimaculatis.

Rostrum et caput et pronotum rugosa. Labrum pallidum. Antenna basi
rufescens, clava triarticulata.

Long. 4-6 mm.

Hah. Borneo : Doesonlanden (Wahnes), a series ex coll. van de Poll.

The dark brown upper surface is almost evenly dotted with white, the spots
being variable in size and shape, but always small. Antenna longer in (J than
in $, shaft almost naked, with the exception of segments 7 and 8, which are
pubescent white, 3 longer {^) or shorter ($) than 2, club thrice (^) or less than
thrice ($) as long as broad, 9 longer (rj) or a little shorter (9) than apically broad ;
sometimes the «hole shaft rufescent, as a rule only the basal segments.
Pygidium as long as broad, slightly narrowing apically, apex broadly rounded ;
propygidium with white middle keel. Abdomen of ^J somewhat flattened.
Femora usually with blackish brown patch at apex. Tarsi white, segment 4
and tip of 5 blackish brown.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX, 1923. 177

20. Pioenia divisa spec. nov.

(J$. Nigra, dense luteo-cinereo-pubescens, capite pronotoque medio atque
elytrorum fascia latissiina postmediana communi nigris cinereo-irroratis ;
antenna et pedibus plus minus rufis, clava atque tarsorum apice nigris. An-
tennarum segmentum 3'"'" longius quam 2'"", 3'"-8" maris apice penicillo instructis.

Long. 6-5-9 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Kuching, April, type, 1 ^ ; Sumatra : Palembang, 1 $.

Less convex above than P. spilosa. Frons plicate. Antenna much longer
in (J than in $ ; shaft pubescent greyish white, pubescence densest on distal
.segments, apices slightly dilated, in (^ with tuft on imier side on segments 3 to 8,
the tuft indicated in $ by the pubescence being rather longer at the apices of the
segment.s ; club black, in ^ twice as long as broad, in $ a little more than half
as long again as broad, segment 8 broader than 7, 10 transverse, shorter in $
than in ^, in ? width 19, length 7, in ^ width 22, length 12.

Pronotum punctate-rugate, anteriorly miniit -ly and den.sely punctate.
Scutellum a little broader than long, narrowing anteriorly. Black, or brownish
black (type), band of the elytra about twice as broad as the grey apical area.
Pygidium slightly broader than long, rounded. Abdomen of ^J flattened, anal
sternite short, subtruncate, with the lateral angle distinctly projecting ; in $
anal segment much longer, its apical margin laterally very slightly incurved.

21. Pioenia canuta spec. nov.

$. Nigra, rufescens, albo-griseo-pubescens, supra maculis griseo-albis et
nigris ornata, antennis pedibusque rufis, illarum clava 4-articulata nigra, segmento
8° basi rufa.

Long. 9 mm.

Hah. Batjan (Wallace), 1 $.

Differs from the preceding species considerablj^ in the eighth segment of the
antenna being gradually widened and forming part of the club, 9 correspondingly
modified, being transverse, about half as broad again as long, base of 8 rufous
like the shaft, proportional length of segments two to four 3:5:4.

Proboscis almost smooth in middle. Head plicate. Pronotum transversely
rugate, finely rugulose, and punctate at apex. Pubescence condensed around eye.
On pronotum two brown apical spots close together separated by a greyish white
line which is indistinctly continued to base, behind apical margin two more whitish
lines, of which the lateral one reappears posteriorly, on each side of disc a whitish
spot, on the outer side of this spot a brownish one. Scutellum a little broader than
long, narrowed anteriorly. Elytra cylindrical, posteriorly slightly flattened
along suture ; interspaces 3, 5, 7, and 9 with inconspicuous, short, whitish linear
markings ; about 8 black spots on each elytrum : one on shoulder rounded,
another at base half-way to scutellum irregular, a larger one in centre between
stripes 2 and 6 very irregular, two on apical declivity, and tliree at the sides,
besides these spots (which probably are variable in shape and size) a small
number of minute blackish specks. Pygidium and anal sternite with a blackish
spot each side. Second tarsal segment measured along centre a little less than
one-third the length of the first.

12

178 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Tropidobasis gen. nov.

(J$. "KesiT Peiiestica Vase. (1S59) Siiid Paraphloeobiiis Jord. (1912). Rostrum
very short, sublaterally only half as long as the eye, apically very shallowly and
very broadly emarginate, without median carina. Eye coarsely granulated, its
dorsal lobe much further extending orad than the ventral lobe. Antennal groove
large, its cariniform dorsal margin running into the sinus of the eye, extending
backward much farther than the anterior point of the eye. Antenna short, club
not compact, constricted at the joints, 11 ovate or elongate. Pronotum longer
dorsally than at the side, the apex projecting over the occiput, dorsal carina basal,
lateral carina reaching to apex, but often the anterior portion not so much raised
as the posterior portion. Basal margin of elytrum curved forward. Pygidium
semicircular in both sexes. Prosternum flattened medianl.y, short, intercoxal
process much lower than coxae. Legs short, foretarsal segment 1 only one-fifth
longer than the tibia is broad. Genotype : T. plasta spec. nov.

22. Tropidobasis plasta spec. nov.

(J. Rufo-brunnea, supra griseo-pubescens, maculatim et guttulatim
brunneo-variegata, elytro inter striam 1"" et 5"" macula brunnea rotundata
majore notato, tibiis basi apiceque brunneo-maculatis. Caput cum rostro
punctato-rugatum. Segmentum tertium antennae quarto dimidio longius ;
clava altero et dimidio tanto longior quam latior, segmento 9" decimo paulo
longiore, 11° nono triente longiore. Pronotum sat grosse et confertim punctatum.
Elytra striato-punctata, transversim et longitudinaliter convexa. Pygidium
{(^) leviter convexum. Tarsus posticus tibia parum brevior. Metasternum
leviter deplanatum. Segmentum anale abdominale nee impressum nee sinuatum,
sed ejus margo fere rectus.

Long. 4-3 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Kina Balu (J. Waterstradt), 1 (J.

In colouring similar to Dendrotrogus hypocrita Jek. (1855). Much shorter,
almost evenly convex from side to side and from head to pygidium. Underside
rufous, without spots on sterna and abdomen. The brown antemedian spot on
each elytrum is rather conspicuous ; there is another brown spot on a level with
it at the lateral margin ; in front of and behind these spots, and again at a short
distance from the apex, the grey pubescence is slightly more concentrated than
elsewhere.

23. Tropidobasis vicina spec. nov.

$. Speciei praecedenti persimilis, latior, pronoto minutius punctato, albo
signato, carinae lateralis dimidio apicali minus elevato, macula el}i;rorum
brunnea minore.

Long. 5-6 mm.

Hab. Philippines : North Luzon (J. Whitehead), 3 $?.

More robust than the previous species, less elongate. The brown pubescence
on pronotum forms anteriorly on disc an indistinct semicircle open behind, in
centre of disc a brown spot, at anterior angle a wliite suffusion, and in front of
carina, nearer middle than side, a distinct white spot more or less bounded by
brown. Scutellum almost circular, greyish white like the base of the suture.
Sutural and seventh interspaces almost regularly dotted with brown, the other

NOVITATES ZOOI-OGICAE XXX. 1923. 179

interspaces also with a few brown dots, between brown patch and apex a slight
concentration of brown, at lateral margin before middle a brown spot, which ex-
tends on to the underside in two specimens. Pygidium flat, semicircular. Tibiae
with basal and subapical brown spots, which are conspicuous on account of the
light colour of the pubescence of the tibiae. Abdomen with indication of a lateral
row of brown spots, spot on last sternite distinct.
Pubescence of upperside clayish or more grey.

24. Tropidobasis parilis spec. nov.

(J. Speciebus praecedentibus similis, elytro absque macula majore brunnea,
antennae clava laxa, segmento 9" et 10" triangularibus atque 11° elongato-ovato
bene distincta.

Long. 4-5 mm.

Hab. Singapore, one $.

In shape similar to T. plasta, being narrower than T. vidua. Upperside
densely variegated with greyish white, the elytra appearing almost tessellated.
Pronotum without definite markings, dotted and irrorated with greyish white,
behind centre a diffuse brown patch ; puncturation coarse ; lateral carina con-
tinued to apex, but quite low at apex. Scutellum nearly circular, greyish white
like the base of the suture. Pygidium slightly convex, nearly semicircular,
greyish white, with a faint brown median patch at base. Tibia with two faint
brown spots.

Club of antenna slenderer than in the previous species, loose, all three seg-
ments quite narrow at base, 9 and 10 triangular, 11 twice as long as broad, pro-
portional lengths 8 : 7 ; 12.

25. Tropidobasis gemella spec. nov.

(J$. T. plastae simillima, el3rtro ante et post medium macula irregulari sat
magna griseo-alba notato, maculis anticis trans suturam conjunctis ; carina
pronotali laterali antice abbreviata.

Long. 3-2-4-6 mm.

Hab. Ceylon, one $ (type), and one ^J without antennae.

Chitin as pale as in T. parilis. Club of antenna brown ($, antennae of (J
missing), segments 9 and 10 nearly equal, 11 pale at apex, half as long again as
10 and not quite half as long again as broad. Pronotum coarsely punctate, irro-
rated with grey, derm deep brown except at sides and apex, which are paler
rufous with a slightly denser grey pubescence and indications of some brown
spots ; lateral carina reaching beyond middle, obsolete further forward. Ely-
trum dotted with brown in the alternate interspaces, a basal patch above shoulder,
a large one behind subbasal swelling, connected with the patch of the other elj-trum
by means of a spot placed in the sutural interspace, and another patch behind
the middle greyish white, conspicuous. Tibiae with a brown spot near base and
another at apex, both prominent. Abdomen with brown lateral spots at the
bases of the segments.

26. Tropidobasis discophora spec. nov.
cJ$. Brevis, lata, valde convexa, nigro-brunnea, antenna pedibusque
rufis, pronoto macula magna nigro-velutina rotunda griseo-cincta ornato.

180 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Long. 5-5-7 mm. ; lat. 3-3-3 mm.

Hah. Borneo : Matang Road, Sarawak, July 1909, 1 (J, type. East
Sumatra : Sibolangit, 550 m., October 1921, Tanah Besik, May 1919, Boscher
Bander, September 1919 (J. B. C'orporaal), 2 cJ(^, 1 $.

Less than twice as long as broad, strongly convex, resembling in shape
Pioenia pulchrina. Rostrum rugosely punctate. Head rugulate. Pronotum
finely rugate-punctate, apex minutely punctate, lateral carina extending to apex,
high tliroughout, ending abruptly close to apical margin, forming here a kind of
tubercle ; from carina to near apex a round velvety black spot, a little longer
than broad, edged with grey, rest of pronotum brown slightly intermingled
with grey. Scutellum transverse. Elj-tra regularly punctate-striate, brown,
with some grey dots, especially around scutellum, behind middle and at apex,
suture convex behind scutellum ; sutural and limbal impressed lines connected
across apex as in Pioenia. Pygidium semicircular, minutely coriaceous, in ^
somewhat convex.

Underside grey ; tibiae brown at base and apex, with large white median
spot. In (J meta.sternum and abdomen flattened, hairy, as are also the under-
sides of the femora, tibiae, and first and second tarsal segments ; anal sternite
emarginate.

Antennae rufous, club loose, segments 9 and 10 triangular, more dilated
towards one side than the other, 11 elUptical, as long as 9, 10 much shorter.

27. Paraphloeobius sodalis spec. nov.

(J9- Statura et color Penesticae ineptae Paso. (1859), sed rostrum ut in
specie Paraphloeobius tricolor Jord. (1912) dicta levissime emarginatum atque
carina basali mediana instructum ; oculus levius emarginatus.

Brunneus, rufescens, supra pube lutea et alba et brunnea variegatus, elytris
macula magna basali atque fascia lata communi mediana brunneis mantfeste
notatis, tibiis ante medium brunneo-maculatis.

Long. 8 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Matang Road, Sarawak, 3,200 ft., August 1909, 1 (J, type ;
Kuching, May 1900, 1 $. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 ?.

Pubescence of upperside pale clay-colour, much variegated with white.
On head and rostrum the middle and sides white. On pronotum a brown basal
spot half-way between middle and side, continued forward across the carina and
joining the outside of a brownish discal patch, in centre of disc a largish patch
and half-way between it and side a small one, and an apical patch each side of
middle brown and ill-defined ; a median stripe interrupted by the central brown
patch, a somewhat triangular patch, posteriorly emarginate, in front of the sub-
median discal brown patch, and some indefinite spots in the lateral area white ;
dorsal carina subbasal. Scutellum white, slightly clayish. Elytra with a broad
brown median band across suture, obsolescent at sides, a patch on subbasal
swelling, a small one at base and a few dots here and there brown, lateral margin
dotted with brown, between band and apex a largish brown shadowy patch,
alternate interspaces 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 more or less luteous, as is the base around the
brown subbasal patch, rest of elytra greyish white. Pygidium white variegated
with pale luteous, in (J truncate with the angles rounded, very little shorter than
basally broad, in $ rounded, one-fifth broader than long.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923. 181

Underside greyish wliite, with sparse luteous shading. Tibiae with con-
spicuous brown antemedian spot. Tarsal segment 4 and apex of 2 brown.
Metasternum of cJ depressed, with silky median patch invaded by the median
groove. Abdomen broadly depressed medianly, the impression of the last segment
narrowing frontad, trapezoidal, anal sternite medianly longer tlmn the two
previous segments together, ajjex truncate, not sinuate, the angles rounded.

28. Nerthomma dorsalis spec, no v.

N. siictico similis, sed rostro breviore apice distincte sinuato, cum capite et
pronoto densLssime reticulato, elytris postice parum dilatatis, pygidio truncato-
rotundato, fere semicirculari, tibiarum dimidio apicali et tarsorum articulis
2»_4o nigrescenti-brunneis.

Long. 6-1 mm., lat. 3 mm.

Hab. Borneo : Pontianak.

Much less cylindi-ical than the other known species of this genus, the elytra
distinctly widened behind. Rostrum shorter, with a small median sinus, no
carina. Frons about one-fourth the width of the rostrum. Pronotum with
three grejdsh-white stripes connect in middle by a transverse band, a window of
four panes being formed, the median stripe widened into a patch before the
scutellum, these markings very prominent. Carina a little nearer the base than
in N. stictica. Elytra in a lateral aspect convex from base to apex, more strongly
so near base, gradually slanting posteriorly, brown like head and thorax, the
sutural area from basal sixth and laterally as far as the third line of punctures
greyish white, suture dotted with brown, third interspace with a larger, oblong,
firown spot in middle and two smaller ones further back, in front of apical margin
across the suture a brown spot, lateral area shaded with grey, and spotted with
grey and brown, but these markings not so prominent as the dorsal ones. Pygi-
dium grey at the sides.

Underside grey. Apical tliree-fifths of foretibia, half of midtibia, and two-
fifths of hindtibia, tip of first tarsal segment, and the entire second to fourth
segments blackish brown.

29. Protaedus pallidas spec. nov.

cj. Pronotum ante medium transversim depressum, lateribus fortius quam
in specie P. moerens dicta explanatis.

Long. 4 mm.

Hob. New Guinea : Humboldt Bay (W. Doherty), 2 $^.

Rostrum, frons, pronotum, base of elytra, nearly the whole of the sterna,
and the antenna and legs pale buff, the rest more or less brownish black, club of
antenna also brown, on pronotum an elongate, curved, spot on each side of middle,
and another spot (divided in second specimen) towards the sides blackish. Grey
markings of elytra essentially as in P. 'inoerens Pasc. (1860), suture grey from
basal fifth to near apex as in that species.

Pronotum much more uneven than in P. moerens, the posterior depression
deeper, and the disc transversely depressed before middle. The derm of the
elytra is paler in the second specimen.

^°" KOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

30. Protaedus suturalis spec, no v.

$. P. moerenti simOLs, rostro parum angustiore, pronoto ante medium sub-
biimpresso, tota sutura alba.

Long. 3»6 mm.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 $.

Antenna entirely pale rufous buff. Pronotum as uneven as in P. pallidiis,
the lateral margin less explanate than in that species, and the angle of the carina
a little less obtuse. Subbasal callosity of el3'trum brown, this patch widest
at white sutural stripe, continued backwards in interspace 2 and joined to a large
brown median area which extends sidewards to interspace 5 and also is broadest
near suture, on apical declivity a third, smaller brown area, irregular and ill-
defined, rest of elj'trum with somewhat dispersed narrow luteous scales inter-
mingled with white ones, behind brown median area a white band-like area
running obliquely forward to the side, conspicuous on account of the whiteness of
the scales, but rather indefinite, ninth interspace dotted with white and tenth
almost entirely white from middle forward, some white scaling dorsally in ante-
median depression. Pygidium white, as long in middle as broad at base, gradually
narrowing apicad, apex rounded. Underside with a somewhat dispersed white
pubescence, densest on side of metasternite. Legs pale rufous buff.

31. Protaedus schistaceus spec, no v.

$. Niger, pube alba sparsim vestitus, elytris pone basim et in medio et ante
apicem transversim nigris, antennis pallide rufo-luteis, articulo 2° tertio fere
.aequali, hoc quarto paululo longiore ; pedibus paulo rufescentibus, ajiice tar-
sorum pallidiore. Rostrum ante antennas dorso parum concavum, haud sul-
catum, margine antennarum fossae elevato triangulari. Caput cum pronoto
sat fortiter granulato-rugosum. Pronotum convexum, ante carinam sat fortiter
depressum, carina antebasali, eoncava, ad latera rotundatim antrorsum flexa,
apicem haud attingente. Elytra fortissime striata, iiiterspatiis subcariniformibus.
Pygidium granulatum, gradatim angustatum, longitudine parum latius, apice
rotundato. Prosternum grosse rugoso-foveolatum.

Long. 2-4 mm.

Hab. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 $.

Carina further away from the base than in the previous species, the lateral
angle of the previous species replaced by a gradual curve, the side-carina is much
less elevate anteriorly than posteriorly and does not quite extend so close to the
apical margin as in the previous species. The derm, especially of the head and
prothorax, is much more coarsely sculptured than in P. moerens and allies,
agreeing in this respect better with the following species.

32. Protaedus lugens spec. nov.

$. Niger, pube alba sat dispersim vestitus, elytris duabus fasciis nigris, una
basali coramuni humeros non attingente, altera mediana completa lateribus
parum antrorsum flexa, antennis rufis, pedibus "paulo rufescentibus, tarsis apice
pallidioribus.

Ro.strum inter antennas concavum, haud sulcatum, apice medio parum
emarginatum. Caput cum pronoto modice granulato-rugulosum. Antenna

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 133

articulo 2« tertio multo breviore, S'" et 4o aequilongis. Pronotum ante carinam
deplanatum, carina antebasali, lateribus gradatim antrorsuin flexa, baud angulata.
Eljrtra fortiter striata, intervallLs minus quam in P. schistaceo elevatis. Pygidium
granulatum, triangulare, apice rotundato, longitudine parum latius. Presternum
fere laeve.

Caput inter oculos elevatum, oculis distincte emarginatis.

Long. 3-7 mm.

Hah. Perak (W. Doherty), 1 $.

Differs from all the previous species in the eye being distinctly sinuate and
the frons elevate above the level of the eyes, a broadish depression or groove sur-
rounding the eye dorsally.

The basal transverse black band of the elytra is inovu-ved behind in middle,
whereas the median band is incurved in front ; this second band is narrowest at
the fourth interspace.

33. Protaedus humeralis spec. nov.

(J. Rufo-brunneus, hie et inde nigro-brunneus, pube grisea sat sparsim vesti-
tus, macula humcrali alba, antemiis pedibusque luteo-rufis. Oculi sinuati. An-
gulus carinae prothoracicalis obtusus apice rotundatus.

Long. 3-2-3-4 mm.

Hab. Entrecasteaux Is. : Fergusson, ix-xii. 1894 (A. S. Meek), 2 ^^.

Elongate, cylindrical. Rostrum strongly impressed behind apical margin,
and medianly sulcate between the antennae. Frons convex, but not so much
raised as in P. lugens. Eye sinuate, sinus a little larger than in P. lugens. An-
tennal segments 2 to 5 measure 10, 15, 22, 26 respectively. Pronotum like the
head rather finely coriaceous, somewhat longer than in P. moerens (proportions
28 : 38), depressed along the carina, and slightly also longitudinally at each side
of the middle, a transverse dark brown median shadowy mark curved backwards
at the sides and here reaching the carina ; angle of carina more rounded than in
P. mo&rens, but much less than in P. lugens, dorsal carina as in P. moerens near
base and slightly concave, lateral carina reaching apical fifth, low anteriorly.
Elytra strongly striated ; subbasal swelling distinct, brown, in middle a brown
band extending from side to side, narrowest at suture, and extending forward
laterally, with a branch running from the lateral portion upwards on to the
antemedian depression, before apex a broad brown band, all these markings
rather indefinite, behind shoulder a prominent white spot between stripes 5 and 8,
the greyish white pubescence in between the brown areas here and there con-
densed. Pronotum minutely coriaceous.

34. Protaedus bryanti spec. nov.

(J. Rufo-brunneus vel rufus, pube alba sparsim vestitus ac maculatus,
antennis pedibusque pallide rufis, clava brunnescente. Rostrum antice fortiter
depresso-impressum, inter antennas convexum sulco mediano instructum, margine
acetabulorum fortissime elevato, album ut latera capitis. Frons convexa ad oculos
subito declivis. Oculi sat magni sinuati. Antenna longa, articulo 1° crasso,
20 et 3» aequilatis et aequilongis et caeteris latitudine similibus, 4<> dimidio
longiore quam 3'°, 5° quarto paululo longiore. Pronotum cum capite rugulosum,
subreticulatum, longitudine triente latius, ad carinam late depressum, carina

184 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

dorso leviter concava, lateribus arcuatim antrorsum flexa, pube alba ad margines
parum densiore.

Scutellum album. Elj'tra cylindrica fortiter punctato-striata, interspatiis
convexis, ab limbi medio ad .sutiirae apicem atque dor.so ante apicem declivem
nonnullis maculis variabilibus albis notata, sutiira inter scutellum et depressione
antemediana nigricante, deinde ad apicem declivem usque alba, plaga a limbo
subhumerali oblique dorsum ac posticum versus coiitinuata, et altera minore
tran.sversa communi ante apicem ipsum brunncis indefinitis variabilibus. Pj'gi-
dium sparsim albo-pubescens, gradatim rotundato-angustatum, apice rotundatum,
longitudine parum latius. Subtus presternum subtilissime coriaceum, meta-
sternum lateribus dense albo-pubescens ac nonnullis punctis grossis baud prof undis
instructum.

Long, 3 mm.

Hah. Queensland : Kuranda (F. P. Dodd) ex coll. G. E. Bryant, 2 ^^.

Pronotum slightly depressed before middle on each side of disc. Carina
almost basal in middle, curving away from base laterally.

Differs from the other species with sinuate eyes especially in the 2nd and
3rd antennal segments being alike.

35. Piotaedus insignis spec. nov.

$. Brunneus, tomento albo vestitus, elytris brunneo tomentosis, quatuor
maculis magnis albis, una antemediana rotundata suturali, altera postmediana
transversa, ad suturam latiore, ad latus antrorsum continuata, atque una
utrimque supra humerum.

Long. 2-9 mm.

Hob. Banguey I. (J. Water.stradt), 1 ?.

Antenna pale rufous buff, segments 2 to 4 measuring 9, 12, 11. Rostrum
concave near apex, subsulcate between the antennae. Frons feebly convex.
Eye sinuate. Pronotum rugate-coriaceous, more coarsely so at the sides than
in middle, one-fifth shorter than broad, transversely convex in middle, white
tomentum slightly more concentrated in centre, carina with the angle more
oblique and more rounded than in P. humeralis, lateral carina extending close
to apical margin. Elj-tra strongly striated, interspaces convex ; the white
postmedian band produced forward and backward on the suture. Pygidium
as long as broad, gradually narrowed, with the apex rounded. Presternum
minutely coriaceous.

36. Protaedus leucomelas spec. nov.

$. Brevis, latus, brunneo-niger, pedibus rufescentibus, antennis rufis basi
pallidioribus, rostro cum capitis lateribus albo, pronoto linea tenui indistincta
mediana, macula in utroque angulo carinae sita, elytrorum maculis sat bene ex-
pressis, pygidii basi atque mesosterni latere albis. Rostrum antice planatum,
inter antennas parum elevatum atque subsulcatum, margine acetabuli valde
elevato. Caput vix convexum. Oculi valde elevati, sinuati. Antenna articulis
310 gt 40 aequilongis. Pronotum minutissime coriaceum, longitudine dimidio
latius, transversim leviter convexum, ante carinam late deplanatum, angulo
carinae valde rotundato, carina laterali apicem fere attingente. Elji;ra latitudine
triente longiora, a latere visa valde eonvexa, basi depressa, fortiter striata, inter-

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 185

vallis granulatis. Pygidium longitudine paululo latius, granulatum, gradatim
rotundato-angustatum. Prosternum impunctatum. Processus mesosternalis
coxae fere aequilatus.

Long. 3-5 mm., lat. 2-5 mm.

Hah. New Guinea : Humboldt Bay (W. Doherty), 1 ?.

Very much broader and more rounded than any of tlie previous species of
this genus. Proportional lengths of segments 2 to 4 of antenna 9, 12, 11. The
elytra are strongly depressed around the scutellum and above the shoulder, the
subbasal swelling is distinct, but the depression behind it feeble, the sutural
interspace not depressed from behind base to near apical declivity, but rather
higher than the second interspace. The white spots nearly all well defined : a
sutural basal one triangular, transverse, another basal spot above shoulder, two
somewhat elongate spots in third interspace, one before and one behind middle,
traces of spots between the first of these two and the side-margin, and a triangular
spot on each elytrum at apex. On metasternite and laterally at apices of fourth
and fifth abdominal segments the white pubescence denser.

37. Mauia squalens spec. nov.

$. Rostrum late concavum. Oculi valde prominuli subsinuati. Antenna
multo brevior quam in ProUtedo, articulis 1" et 2° crassis, 2° tertio parum lon-
giore, 3'° et 4° aequilongis, 5°-8° gradatim brevioribus, clava distincta, 9° et 10°
aequilongis apice truncatis pyriformibus, 1 1° eadem longitudine elongato-elliptico.
Caput antice valde convexum.

Rufo-brunnea, supra sparsim albo-griseo squamosa, macula transversa
communi indefinita ante elytrorum apicem sita brunnea, infra sparsim albo-
griseo pubescens ; antennis pedibusque pallide rufis.

Long. 3 mm., lat. 1-3 mm.

Hab. New Guinea : Andai (W. Doherty), 1 $.

No markings except the brown transverse space on the apical declivity of
the elytra. Cylindrical, slightly flattened above. Eye small, very strongly
elevate. Frons vertical at eyes, strongly convex anteriorly in a lateral aspect,
this convex portion very prominent on account of the rostrum being concave.
Apex of rostrum truncate. Margin of antennal groove triangularly raised. An-
tenna reaching beyond basal margin of elytra, segment 2 slightly longer than 3,
9 one-third longer than 3, as long as 7 and 8 together, and twice aS broad near
apex as long, the distal segments 9 to 11 gradually narrowed to a basal stalk,
3 to 8 somewhat clavate.

Pronotum transverse, strongly narrowed from middle to apex, minutely
coriaceous; feebly convex, depressed along the carina, which is basal and slightly
conca.ve ; angle of carina completely rounded, lateral carina extending to four-
fifths ; anterior and posterior margins paler rufous than disc. Elytra coarsely
punctate-striate, interspaces moderately convex, basal margin incurved from
shoulder to shoulder, subbasal swelling feeble. Pygidium faintly coriaceous,
gradually rounded-narrowed, somewhat broader than long. Metasternum convex
in middle between mid- and hindcoxae. Last abdominal sternite granulated.

186 NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

FOUR NEW SPHINGIDAE DISCOVERED BY T. R. BELL IN

NORTH KANARA.

By Dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With 10 text-figures.)

1. Ozyambulys belli spec, no v.

(J$. A rather small species. General colour deeper ochraceous tawny than
in the other Indian species of Oxyambulyx, with the exception of 0. siihocellata.
In markings somewhat resembling O. macidijera. Abdomen with an indistinct
dorsal line, which is not widened into a patch on tergite VIII of the J, the line
sometimes scarcely traceable. ForewLng flushed with purple, especially in the
$, which is darker tawny than the ^ ; two dark olive subbasal spots, the costal
one the smaller of the two in the ^, the larger in the $, in two ^^ the costal
spot vestigial, in one $ both spots ; the costal bar of the outer antemedian line
reaches hindmargin of cell at some distance from lower cell-angle, being less
oblique than in O. viacidijera and more oblique than in 0. ochracea ; discocellular
dot inconspicuous ; in (^ the veins in outer two-fifths of wing slightly darker
than the ground, especially R' and R', this outer area from R' backwards a
deeper colour than the rest of the wing ; olive black submarginal line posteriorly
close to termen, accompanied by a pale line as in other species, but this pale line
bounded on the proximal side bj' more or less distinct traces of a dark line.
Hindwing with the usual markings, its ground colour paler than on forewing,
the abdominal area sliglitly shaded with pinkish grey, base not darkened ; fringe
white in the last two marginal recesses (the long scales only), dentition stronger
than in 0. substrigitis.

Underside tawny, slightly paler proximally, feebly irrorated with small
darker speckles, no blotches ; forewing with a grey terminal band, which is very
narrow posteriorly and does not reach tornus ; the blackish line bounding this
band diffuse, feebly marked, often vestigial. On underside of hindwing the
bands of upperside present, or at least the median band indicated, shadowy.

Body similar to the wings ; palpus and breast tawny, sides of breast with
a vinous red tint.

cJ. Eighth stcrnitc with a distinct median lobe (text-fig. 1), which is trun-
cate, with the angles more or less rounded and sometimes tiu'ned inward ( =
upward). Tenth sternite, broad with a very small rounded median sinus. Arma-
ture of clasper recalling 0. sitbstrigdis and O. placida, with two processes (text-
figs. 2, 3), the upper process pointed and somewhat curved mesad (i.e. away from
the inner surface of the clasper), the apical process much broader, a little longer,
gradually narrowed but remaining obtuse, with the apex also curved mesad ;
both processes slightly variable in length and width ; above the ventral margin
of this harpe a row of teeth variable in number. Penis-sheath (text-figs. 4-6)
of the same type as in 0. siibstrigilis, ending with a rod-like process, which is

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

187

much broader and shorter than in that species ; at each side of this dorsal rod,
which is slightly curved ventrad apically, there is a longitudinal dentate ridge

connected with the sheath by a membrane and capable of being moved a short
distance away from the sheath, as represented in text-fig. 6.

188 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

$. Postvaginal sclerite smooth, transversely concave nearly in centre ;
in front of the orifice a definite ridge of chitin, sharp, slightly uneven, highest in
middle (text-fig. 7).

Length of forewing cJ, 39-42 mm. ; $, 43-50 mm.
Breadth ,, ,, 16-17 mm. ; „ 17-19 mm.

Hub. North Kanara (T. R. Bell), a series. Larva on Xylia xylocarpa.

2. Oxyambulyx substrigilis aglaia subsp. nov.

(J. Similar to 0. s. substrigilis from North India, the underside of the body,
palpi and wings, and the upperside of the hind wing much deeper orange fulvous.
The costal subbasal spot on the forewing above usually absent, but sometimes
nearly as large as the one placed below the cell.

$. On forewing, above, the antemedian pair of lines less distinct than in
North Lidian specimens, sometimes absent, closer together before hindmargin
and here more oblique. On underside the wings more sparsely irrorated with
brown. In two colour forms : a pale form nearly as bright tawny ocliraceous
as O. belli, beneath brighter orange than North Indian $? ; and a dark di-ab
specimen darker than any of our North Indian substrigilis $$, with the markings
of hindwing above smaller.

Ventral process of harpe shorter than in 0. s. substrigilis ; penis-sheath slen-
derer, with the right side ridge shorter.

Hab. North Kanara (T. R. Bell), several specimens of both sexes.

Bright tawny specimens, especially $$, might easily be mistaken for 0. belli.
In aglaia, however, the dorsal line of the abdomen is more prominent, the underside
of the wings is more j'ellowish orange, the tornus of the forewing is almost rect-
angular, less obtuse than in 0. belli, the hindwing broader, with the apex more
rounded, the base deeper in colour, and the discal band posteriorly more deeply
incurved. On underside the brown submarginal line of forewing complete.

3. Oxyambulyx matti spec. nov.
<^. Intermediate between 0. belli and 0. substrigilis aglaia. Upperside of
body and of forewing with a pink tint, less cold grey than in 0. substrig. aglaia ^
and much less warm tawny than in 0. belli. Abdomen with a very faint median
line. Forewing nith two blackish olive subbasal spots, the posterior one larger
than the costal spot, its diameter rather longer than the distance of the spot
from the fringe of the hindmargin ; costal portion of outer antemedian line as
oblique as in 0. substrig. aglaia, running to lower cell-angle and appearing as a
continuation of the dark vem R' ; proximal discal line just outside upper cell-
angle, the second discal line (which is very faint) crossing the stalk of the subcostal
fork about 1 mm. from SC^ both these lines being more proximal than in 0. sub-
strig. aglaia, the two outer bars before hindmargin near tornus distant from each
other, slightly curved, not forming a horse-shoe mark as in 0. substrig. aglaia ;
before this group of bars no rounded spot, as is usually the case in the ^J^ of 0.
substrigilis from India. — Hindwing narrower than in 0. substrigilis; ground paler
yellow, the dark brown basal patch smaller ; abdominal area less shaded with
grey ; dark brown median band very distinct, touching lower cell-angle, second
band less distinct than in 0. substrig. aglaia, less crenulated, extending forward
to R' ; submarginal band vestigial inclusive of its anterior portion, which is
present in O. substrig. aglaia as a subapical spot or short band ; long scales of

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

189

fringe more or less extended white or whitish between the veins as in 0. suhstrig.
aglaia.

Underside of body and wings sliglitly paler yellow than in South Indian
O. suhstrigilis. On forewing a pinkish brown subcostal spot close to upper cell-
angle between SC ,° and R', only a minute yellow dot separating it from that
angle ; outer fourth of forewing rather densely and coarsely irrorated ; grey
terminal band continued to tornus as a thin line. Median band of hindwing
touching lower cell-angle.

Genitalia : Eighth sternite as in 0. suhstrigilis without distinct median lobe.
Ninth tergite somewhat broader in dorsal aspect, its frontal margin less deeply
sinuate. Compressed apical portion of tenth tergite slightly wider in a lateral
view and its tip without the right and left ridge present in South Indian 0. suh-
strigilis. Tenth sternite intermediate in shape between these sclerites of O.
suhstrigilis and O. helli, the lobes being broader than in the former species and
narrower than in the latter. Clasper and its armature as in O. belli, but with
fewer and smaller subventral teeth. Penis-sheath similar to that of O. suhstrig.
suhstrigilis, i.e. slightly stouter than in South Indian 0. suhstrigilis aglaia, and
the right side dentate ridge longer (= left side in a dorsal view with the tip of
the sheath du-ected upwards).

Hab. North Kanara (T. R. Bell), one ^J. Larva on Terminalia tomentosa.

The occurrence of these three closely allied O.vyamh uly.v in North Kanara is
a surprising fact. We are most grateful to Mr. Bell for having submitted these
interesting species to us for study and for having so generously presented the
specimens to this Museum. Mr. Bell has bred the species, and we are looking
forward to his account of their life-history.

4. Macroglossum vicinum spec. nov.
(J$. In size, colour, and markings similar to 31. insipida insipida. Palpus
less grey, being rather strongly shaded with walnut-brown. Grey margin of

mesothoracic tegula less contrasting. Forewing, above, as in M. i. insipida, the
markings the same, but softer, the wing appearing less variegated. Hindwing :
median band slightly deeper yellow, the black marginal band less angulate below
centre than is usually the case in 31. i. insipida.

190

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

On underside the forewing uniformly dark cinnamon rufous from base to
terminal band, the basal area hardly at all shaded with darker brown, without
yellow. Hindwiiig less extended yellow than in M. insipida.

Genitalia of ^ : Harpe (text-figs. 8, 9) very different from that of M. i.
insipida, short, with a broadish subspathulate process, which is curved upwards
and slightly away from the inner surface of the clasper and bears numerous
teeth at the roundate apex, at the margin as well as on the outer and inner
surfaces. Penis-sheath (text-fig. 10) with a transverse apical process which is
dentate around its obtuse apex and along its proximal margin, the teeth near
the base of the process rather long, conical, the dentition extending on to the
sheath, the large triangular tooth found on the sheath of 31. insipida absent ;
inside the sheath two daggers, one acuminate and dentate, the other spathulate
and non-dentate.

Hab. North Kanara (T. R. Bell), two pairs.

EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGS. 1-10.

1. Oxyambulyx belli (J, lobe of eighth abdominal sternite.

2. ' ,, ,, ,, clasper, inner side, lateral aspect.

3. ,, ,, „ ,, ,, ,, view vertical on surface of harpe.

4. ,, ,, ,, penis-sheath, dorsal aspect.

5. „ „ „ „ „ lateral ,,

6. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, dorsal ,, , another specimen.

7. ,, ,, (J> ante vaginal sclerite.

8. Macroglossum vicinum $, harpe, lateral aspect.

9. ,, ,, ,, ,, from above.
10. ,, ,, ,, penis-sheath.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithologists' Union and Wollaston Expeditions in
the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

LORD ROTHSCHILD!

PRICE: £1 5s. (less 20" to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPI DOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHiNGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

PRICE: £5 (less 20% to Booksellers).

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE,

H Journal of Zooloo^-

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K. JOC^DAN.

Vol. XXX.

No. 2.

Pages 191—270.
(Plate IV.)
Issued Octodeu 30th, 1923, at the Zooi.ogicai, Museum, Tiii.\<

' —

rniNTEn BV HAZKLU WAT.SOX m VINEV. I,d., I.ONDON and AYI.ESIiLIRV.

1923.
1 ■

Vol. XXX.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

EOITBD BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, ERUST HARTERT. and KARL JORDAN

CONTENTS OF NO. II.

P&GE3

1. NEW GEOMETRIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM Louis B. Prout . 191—215

2. NEW ANTHRIBIDAE PROM THE EASTERN

HEMISPHERE Karl Jordan . 216—221

3. REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY

ALCIDE D'ORBIGNY IN SOUTH AMERICA

(Continuation) C. E. Hellmayr . 222—242

4. ON ANAITIS EFFORMATA GUEN. (1858), A

SPECIES DISTINCT FROM A. PLAGIATA L.

(1758) Karl Jordan . 243—246

5. ON A THIRD COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE

BY MR. GEORGE FORREST IN NORTH-WEST

YUNNAN Lord Rothschild . 247—267

6. A NEW SPECIES OF HAWKMOTH FROM

BORNEO Karl Jordan . 268—269

7. LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FIGURED ON PLATE IV.

(Plate IV.) KarlJordan . 270

p

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XXX. OCTOBER 1923. No. 2.

NEW GEOMETRIDAE IN THE TRING MUSEUM

By LOUIS B. PROUT, F.E.S.

SuBFAM. HEMITHEINAE.
1. Prasinocyma Candida sp. nov.

(J, 30 mm. Face black. Palpus about 1|, black, beneath and at base white.
Antenna pectinate to about two-thirds, the branches short (scarcely 2), slightly
thickening distally ; white, tinged with buff. Vertex, thorax, and abdomen
white, the thorax above tmged with buff. Foretibia and tarsus blackish, the
legs otherwise white ; hindtibia not appreciably dilated.

Forewing with apex not sharp, termen gently rounded ; SC free, R' very

shortly stalked, M' just separate ; white, absolutely without markings.

Hindwing moderately broad, apes rounded, termen rounded, only iuconspicu-
ously bent at R' ; M' connate ; white.

Underside white.

Madagascar: Diego Suarez, January 3rd, March 4th, and April 24th, 1917,
4 (?cJ (G. Melon).

The specimens are quite fresh, with no suspicion of having faded from green ;
in any case the rounded wmgs and black face point to an outlier from the bulk
of the genus.

2. Omphacodes pulchritacta sp. nov.

$, 28 mm. Face reddish brown. Palpus 1 J or 1| ; dhty whitish, third joint
browner, not so long as second. Fillet white. Crown green. Anteima ai^jmrently
not pectinate (only a short proximal part remaming). Thorax and abdomen
green above, white beneath. Fore and middle legs (especially forecoxa) tinged
with rose.

Forewing with costa arched, apes acute, termen strongly oblique, nearly
as straight as in ])idckrifimhria Warr., which it closely resembles in shape ;
SC anastomosing shortly with C, DC" short, DC deeply inciu-ved anteriorly,
M^ almost connate ; bright green, the costal edge narrowly whitish buff ; a

short, inwardly oblique rosy streak from M' to near fold ; fringe white.

Hindwing with costa elongate, apex moderately rounded, termen not very
strongly convex, slightly irregular, with an extremely weak but perceptible

13 191

192 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

bend at R' ; SC- long-stalked, M' moderately stalked, DC moderately incurved ;
costal margin white proximally ; rest of wing concolorous with forewing ; a
rosy dot or short dash on M' ; fringe white.

Underside slightlj' paler, the rosy markings faintly showing tlirough.

Central Abyssinia : Moraqui, January 9th, 1916 (O. Kovacs).

Differs from pitlchrifimbria in the less long terminal joint of palpus, lack
of rosy tips of fringe and presence of the rosy marks ; a strong lens reveals
single rosy scales on some of the anterior veins of both wings, indicating that the
marks are part of an obsolete postmedian.

SuBFAM. STERRHINAE.
3. Epicosymbia spectrum sp. nov.

(J, 30 mm. Face black. Palpus black, first and second joints pale beneath.
Vertex whitish. Occiput narrowly dark fuscous. Antenna whitish proximally ;
pectinations about 3. Thorax and abdomen light brown, the latter with a blackish
dorsal stripe, leaving free a white spot at baSe. Hindtibia without spurs ; tarsus
rather less than 1.

Forewing light brown ; costal margin blackish fuscous to near apex;
lines black ; antemedian obliquely excurved between SC and SM=, oblique inward
to hindmargin ; postmedian oblique inward from costa, forming a gentle and very
shallow inward curve between costa and M', a shorter and deeper one between
M' (or M'-) and SM-, the angles outward at M^ and SM' not acute ; area between
these lines blackish fuscous, but containing a large circular patch of the ground
colour between C and M, with the black cell-dot in its centre ; subterminal as
deeply sinuous as in nitidata Warr., but with the subsidiary denticulation almost

wanting. Hindwing with cell-dot minute ; antemedian far proximal to it,

gently incurved and weak in cell, bluntly angled outward at M, thicker and
oblique outward to abdominal margin ; subterminal much as on forewing but
more proximal, angled on R'.

Underside paler, the markings, except cell-dots and subterminal, shadowy,
the subterminal on hindwing more distal than above.

East Africa: Nabagulo Forest, 15 miles from Kampala, October 25th-
November 6th, 1921 (W. Feather).

4. Scopula mesophaena sp. nov.

(J$, 17-19 mm. Face black. Palpus black, benea,th whitish proximally.
Vertex and antenna white ; antennal joints in cS slightly projecting, the cilia
fairly long (well over 1). Collar tinged with ochreous. Thorax and abdomen
white, with fine and sparse black irroration. Foreleg slightly infuscated ;
hindtibia in (J slender, the tarsus longer than the tibia.

Forewing not very broad (slightly narrower in $), apex not acute, termen
smooth, oblique, very gently ciurved ; white, with sparse and very fine black
irroration ; a tinge of brown along costa and subcostally ; cell-dot rather small,
but sharply black ; lines brown ; antemedian extremely fine, very oblique from
hindmargin near base to cell near its end, obsolete anteriorly ; median thick and
strong, very oblique and straight from middle of hindmargin to SC about 1 -5 mm.
from termen, here recurved and weakened ; postmedian fine, curved, very near

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAE XXX. 1923. 193

termen, parallel with it anteriorly, slightly more oblique posteriorly, sub-
terminals both present but weak, parallel with and close to postmedian ;

terminal dots black, strong, connected by a faint line ; fringe concolorous.

Hindwing (at least in the $) rather narrow, termen smooth, rounded, except
near tornus ; cell-dot as on forewing ; median shade just proximal thereto,
strong ; postmedian and subtermiaal curved, especially anteriorly ; termen
and fringe as on forewing.

Forewing beneath suffused with brown except at hindmargin, hindwing
white ; markings of upperside reproduced, excepting the antemedian of fore-
wing ; median weaker than above.

Kenya Colony : Kibwezi, May 6th, 1920, type c?, December 1920, 1 S,
2 ?? (W. Feather).

Smaller and less slenderly built than fragilis Warr. (1903), whiter, with
stronger median shade and more strongly marked hindwing. Occurs also at
Taveta.

SuBFAM. LARENTIINAE.
5. Eois ingrataria tambora subsp. nov.

Differs from i. ingrataria Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, v. 23, Assam)
in having the lines much feebler but apparently more numerous, and in having
on the discocellulars of the forewing a conspicuous, more or less elongate, pale
yellow, partially reddish-edged spot, which in i. ingrataria is only represented
by a small and inconspicuous dot.

Sambawa : Tambora, April-June 1896 (W. Doherty), 13 (J(?.

6. Eois (Fseudasthena) suaiezensis sp. nov.

(J$, 20-24 mm. Superficially similar to lunulosa Moore. Smaller on an

average. Forewing relatively rather shorter, termen less oblique anteriorly,

more bent in middle ; generally more reddish in tone, the red lines thicker, more
evenly spaced ; cell-dot generally rather smaller ; antemedian line often and post-
median nearly always mixed with dark grey, the latter line more proximal,
especially anteriorly, where it bends baseward ; terminal dark dots sub-
obsolete. Hindwing similarly marked, the base rarely clear yellow.

Madagascar : Diego Suarez, March 26th-28th, 1 <J, May 26th-June 27th,
5 <J<J and 6 ??, includmg the type c?, July 24th-29th, 1 ? (G. Melou, 1917).

Perhaps a race of the widely distributed grataria Walk., which in continental
Africa sometimes produces rather similar aberrations. One Madagascar $ is
a yellowish ab., with the median area more solidly clouded with violet-grey.

7. Xanthorhoe transjugata sp. nov.

(J, 29-32 mm. ; ?, 32-35 mm. Smaller than iranscissa Warr. (Novitates
Zoologicae, ix. 514, British East Africa), especially in the <?• Antenna of cj
as in that species, with short, well-ciliated pectinations and secondary processes
(cf. fluctuata Linn.). Abdomen dorsally with rather conspicuous paired

(generally subconfluent) black spots. Forewing with basal patch generally

almost concolorous with the succeeding area, on which also the dark suffusions
of transcissa are generally quite undeveloped ; antemedian line strongly excurved

194 NoriTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

but not (as in transcissa) angulated, never bisecting the median band ; median
band in $ broad, in o moderate, its anterior half partly suffused with black,
especially in a longitudinal streak at R', in front of this streak and distally to the
cell-spot generally pale ; posterior half of median band variable, as in fluctuata
Linn., being sometimes solid, but in the (^ more usually dissolved into undulate
lines, the central ones of which commonly meet (at least at fold and SM") and
enclose pale circles ; postmedian line deeply indented at SC ; terminal dark
shade narrower and weaker than in transcissa, especially in the (J, the subter-
minal line less deeply lunulate, and with the sharp white tooth behind R'
replaced by a much less conspicuous white lunule or mere spot.

Kenya Colony : Escarpment, 6,500-9,000 ft., January-March 1901 (W.
Doherty), a long series, misidentified by Mr. Warren as his ansorgei (Novitates
ZooLOGiCAE, vi. 299), which has merely fasciculate <J antenna and various other
differences.

8. Xanthorhoe curcumoides sp. nov.

(J, 28-30 mm. Closely similar to curcumata Moore (vide Prout, Ent. Mitt.
Dejttsch. Ent. Miis., iii. 246, Euphyia). Antenna! ciliation longer (nearly 2,

against scarcely 1), forming more definite, paired fascicles. Foreicing with

median band slightly more tinged with red-brown, on an average slightly nar-
rower, its proximal edge generally less sharply defined, the proximal area being
darker suffused ; the proximal indentation of the band on fold wanting ; the
double lobe of band between R' and M= shorter ; distal area much paler, the only
conspicuous dark markings being the small, interrupted costal patch, the twin
wedges between the radials (here well differentiated, whereas in cvrcvtnata they
are more or less connected into a smgle blotch) and a small terminal patch

behind SC. Hindwing, on the contrary, darker and more unicolorous than in

curcumata, even the costal edge only very slightly lightened. — ^Underside as in
curciitnata, or with the cell-spot of hindwing on an average smaller or weaker.

Assam : Cherrapunji, August 1893, type ; " Khasis " (native collector,
without exact localities), March, April, May, and October, 6 <J(J ; also 3 cJcJin
coll. Joicey. Sikkim : Kurseong, 5,000 ft., 1 S in coll. T. B. Fletcher.

A $ in coll. L. B. Prout, also from the Khasis, shows that there is no marked
sexual dimorphism ; median band, as usual in $$ of the genus, fau-ly broad.

9. Xanthorhoe hyphagna sp. nov.

cJ, 28 mm. ; $, 30 mm. Face pale green, coarsely irrorated with black.
Palpus just over li ; predominantly black. Antenna blackish ; pectinations
slender, rather long. Vertex and thorax pale greenish ; patagia variegated,
crossed by two black bands ; metathoracic tuft black. Abdomen dorsally
irrorated with red-brown and heavily blotched with black.

Forewing pale greeni.sh, irrorated (especially on postmedian line) with
white ; markings brown-red, so densely irrorated with black as to appear to
the naked eye uniform brown-black ; subbasal band moderate, straightish ;
succeeding band broader than the pale areas which bound it ; the pale area
beyond it with dark bisecting line ; median band contaming black cell-mark
and traversing Imes ; its width moderate in J, broad in $, proximal edge gently
curved and minutely crenulate, distal crenulate, weakly incurved between the

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 195

radials, moderately bilobed in middle ; band beyond with bisecting line weak,
limiting line stronger ; distal area with costal patch fairly large proximally,
tapering outside subterminal, twin radial spots wedge-shaped, subconfluent, a
terminal cloud as far as R', leaving a broad oblique apical streak of ground-colour
between it and costal patch ; subterminal line fine, white, in the <J(^ only defined

on the dark areas ; fruige dark-clouded opposite the veins. Hindiving whitish,

in the $ rather less clear ; cell-dot small, terminal dots in ^ very small, in ?
confluent into dashes.

Forewing beneath more glossy, more suffusedly marked, nearly uniform
from base to postmedian. Hindwing with dark irroration, strong cell-dot,
moderately distinct crenulate and curved postmedian Ime, and vague subter-
minal markings.

W. Java : Bandong (type cJ), Dradjad, Preanger R. {^), Pengalengan,
Preanger ($).

Recalls some Indian species (griseiviridis Hmpsn., curcumata Moore, and
curcumoides Prout) in coloration and markings of forewing, but has the antennal
pectmation only a little less long than in ludifica Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae,
V. 30).

10. Ortholitha vacuimargo sp. nov.

(J, 47 mm. Near pitlchrata Alph. and adornata Stgr., in some respects
intermediate. Structure similar. Head and body coloured as in pidchrata.

Forewing very slightly broader than in pitlchrata ; tone slightly mtermediate
towards adornata, the extreme weakness of irroration givmg it somewhat the
smooth, glossy aspect of that species ; cell-mark wanting ; subbasal Ime rather
sharp, dark-brown, straighter than in the allies, accompanied proximally by a
weaker line ; antemedian band strong, nearly as thin as in adornata but slightly
more oblique inward, gently mcurved in anterior half, bluntly angled outward
on base of M^ ; postmedian much as in the c? of pulchrata, but with the blunt
lobe between R' and M* double, being rather sharply indented on M' ; two
faint lines proximally to the postmedian ; distal area almost unmarked, the

oblique black apical dash wanting ; termmal line brownish, very weak.

Hindwing similar to that of adornata, but even whiter ; cell-dot wanting.

Underside more whitish than m the allies ; cell-dot wanting.

Tibet : Sinin (received as " n.sp. Stgr. 1894," but not dealt with by Mr.
Warren).

11. Sarracena euides sp. nov.

cJ, 36 mm. Smaller than cMamydaria H.-Sch. Antennal pectinations
longer, especially those of the mner series, which m cMamydaria are quite
rudimentary.

Foreioing with the hindmarginal lobe slighter than in cMamydaria ; the
specialised scaling beneath much less developed ; coloration and markings
closely similar, lines slightly yellower, the middle one more strongly oblique
where it crosses the pale costal area, the postmedian more deeply incurved

between R' and SM% not bisected by a red line. Hindwing with the apex not

falcate, merely somewhat produced (about as in Phyllia Blanch.) ; anteriorly
much more ochreous than in cMamydaria ^ and to a rather larger extent, the

196 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

posterior green patch scarcely separated from the ochreous by any grey shading ;
the line slightly yellower, not bisected.

Forewing beneath with less extended red anteriorly, outer line as above :
hindwing with the black line sharply bent about R', oblique inward to costa.

S.E. Peru : Agualani, Carabaya, 9,000 ft., December 1909, wet season
(G. R. Ockenden).

12. Larentia irma sp. nov.

(J, 36 mm. Head and body white, closely irrorated with dark fuscous,
mostly paler beneath than above. Abdomen above with indications of paired
dark spots. Palpus rather long (about 2), roughly scaled. Antennal pectination
rather longer and less stiff than in the genotype [clavaria Haw.). Metathoracic
crest well developed.

Forewing with termen slightly less oblique than in clavaria, more markedly
crenulate ; white, very closely irrorated with fuscous and blackish, so that
to the naked eye the whole wing appears dark with faint ripplmgs and with the
four principal lines remaining white ; subbasal almost straight, from costa at
4 mm. to hindmargin at 2 mm. ; antemedian from costa at 6-5 mm. to hindmargin
at 3-5 mm., rather acutely angled inward at M, deeply excurved between this and
SM' ; postmedian bluntly angled outward behind R' and slightly bent inward at
M', with slight teeth inward at all the veins, a deep one at SC ; subterminal
lunulate-dentate, slightly interrupted at SC (whence an oblique and sinuous, faintly
darker line is traceable to apex), slightly more proximal before the interruption
than behind it ; cell-dot blackish, rather thin ; a dark terminal line, interrupted

by white dots at ends of veins ; fringe with a slight pale line at base.

Hindwing with apex even more produced than in clavaria, termen rather less
convex, with stronger teeth ; paler than forewing, darkening a little at border, in
which the subterminal line is traceable nearly to apex ; distal half of abdominal
margin, broadening to tornus, concolorous with forewing and showing the
beginnings of Imes, especially a double whitish postmedian ; cell-dot small and
very weak.

Underside feebly marked, but with distinct cell-spots, especially on hind-
wing ; forewing with a slight dark costal spot proximally to the subterminal.

Patagonia ; Nahuel Huapi, June 1912.

A worn pair from Valley del Lago Blanco, Chubut (cj 39 mm., $ 36 mm.),
suggest that the species is variable, the shape of the median band being apparently
more regular in them, the white lines obsolescent, etc.

13. Larentia oculisigna sp. nov.

(J9, 38-39 mm. Related to the preceding, but very anomalous in appear-
ance, the wings being narrowed, with termen of forewing highly oblique
posteriorly, tornus rounded. Palpus slightly longer ; terminal joint partly,
but not wholly, concealed. Pectinations short, subclavate (somewhat as in
Kuldscha Alph.).

Forewing whitish, mostly clouded with brown, leaving patches of the ground-
colour with only dark waved lines, namely, an ill-defined, obliquely bounded
patch at base of hindmargin, traversed by dark oblique subbasal band ; an
ill-defined, rather irregular, oblique band (circ. 4 mm. wide) from rather before

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 197

middle of hindmargin directed towards apical part of costa, on the proximal
edge of which band is placed the small black cell-mark, conspicuously surrounded
with white (on the middle of this band, between M- or M» and hindmargin the
lines are confluent into oval ocelli) ; a narrow, elongate tornal patch to M',
bounded proximally by the subterminal, which in the rest of its course is scarcely
indicated except by vein-dots ; terminal line black, slightly interrupted at the

veins ; fringe traversed by a basal and a central pale line. Hindwing and

underside corresponding to those of irma, the underside, however, brown
instead of whitish fuscous.

Patagonia : Valley del Lago Blanco, Chubut (Thursby), 2 (J^, 2 ??.

Two larger males (43 mm.), more strongly marked, from Nahuel Huapi,
show this also to be a variable species ; in both, the central band reaches costa
very clearly ; in one it is yellowish white, the cloudmgs nearly typical, in the
other it is whiter and all the cloudings blackish fuscous.

14. Gonanticlea meridionata nesaea subsp. nov.

cj$, 28-31 mm. Smaller and darker than m. meridionata Walk. (1862),
from the Cape, hindwmg beneath more strongly marked.

Comoro Islands : Grande Comoro, September 1921 ((J type), August 23rd
and October 1921 (2 ??) ; Anjouan Island, July 17th, 1911 (1 ?). All collected
by G. F. Leigh.

Electrophaes gen. nov.

Elecira Curt., Brit. Eyil., ziii. 603 (1836), nee Steph. (nom. praeocc).

Face rather flat, slightly or scarcely sloping, scarcely rough-scaled, without
cone below. Palpus longish, first joint rough-scaled beneath, second rough-
scaled, the scaling more erect above than beneath, third moderate, partly exposed.
Tongue developed. Antenna in $ pubescent or minutely ciliated. Pectus
slightly hairy. Femora glabrous. Hindtibia with all spurs. Metathorax
crested. Abdomen not crested, in ^ with anal part rather long, typically with
lateral-ventral tufts posteriorly.

Forewing moderate or slightly elongate, apex moderate or rather blunt,
termen smooth ; cell almost one-half, DC normal ; areole double, SC^ from before

its end, R' generally stalked, R- rather before middle, M' separate. Hindwing

moderate or very slightly elongate, angles not sharp, termen smooth, rounded ;
cell about two-fifths, DC oblique, especially posteriorly, sometimes weakly
bent ; C anastomosing to near end of cell, SC- stalked, R' from slightly before
middle of discocellulars or about central. Larva {E. corylata) with head bifid,
supra-anal flap ending in a single point.

Type of the genus : Electrophaes corylata (Thnbg.) = Geometra corylata
Thnbg.

Pierce (Genit. Brit. Geom., p. 66) merges this in Plemyria, but the morpho-
logical differences are too considerable, apart from those of the larva, and even the
genitalia are only approximately homogeneous. The genus, though evidently
referable to the natural group which is nearly covered by the C'idariinae -f-
Therinae of Pierce ("anellus lobe " group), is somewhat anomalous and seldom
shows much tendency towards the biangulate form of the discocellulars of the
hindwing which generally characterises it. The coremata are rudimentary.

19S NOVITATES ZOOLOGICVE XXX. 1923.

The following species (perhaps hi part subspecies — no very far-reaching
mvestigations have yet been possible) should be referred here : corylaia Tluibg.
(1792), fabrefactaria Oberth. (1880), granitalis Butl. (1881), alhida Herz (1903),
tsermosaria Oberth. (1893), aliena Butl. (1880), niveonotala Warr. (1901), perpulchra
Butl. (1886), chrijsophaes Prout (sp. nov.), fulgidaria Leech (1897) ( = anrata
Moore (1867), nee Pack. 1866), nigrifiilvaria Hmpsn. (1902), albipunctaria Leech
(1897), 7iiveopicta Warr. (1893), chimakaleparia Oberth. (1893). All are
Palaearctic or North Indian, and therefore traceable tlirough the works of Seitz
and Hampson.

13. Electrophaes chrysophaes sp. nov.

cJ, 24-26 mm. Smaller than fulgidaria. Leech, slightly narrower-winged.
Antennal cUiation slightly less vestigial.

Forewing with boundary-line of dark basal patch blunt in cell, but with
a marked angle behind M, which is wanting in jidgidaria ; subterminal line with
an elongate proximal tooth on R% the golden-brown shade which precedes it

consequently here bent. Hindwing yellower than m fulgidaria. Forewing

beneath with apex not, or scarcely, dark-mixed, the dark subterminal shade
between SC' (or SC) and R' more sharjily differentiated. Hindwing beneath
with the postmedian less zigzag than in fulgidaria, finer, more fuscous (less
yellow-mixedl.

North India : Khasia Hills, February 1894 (type c?), November 1893 (2 3^,
Cherrapunji) and 3 undated (2 Shillong) ; Silddm, April 6th, 1888 (Mollcr),
Sikkim Interior (Moller), Darjilmg. Fiu-ther paratypes from Shillong (coll.
L. B. Prout), Khasia Hills (Brit. Mus. ; Hill Mus.).

Unless this be a tiny golden race of perpulchra Butl. vera (N.W. Himalayas),
of which I know only $$, and which has been wrongly sunk, it is hitherto
undescribed.

16. Thera comitabilis sp. nov.

Larentia comis part. Hmpsn., Faun. Ind. Moths, iii. 379 (1895), nee Butl.

Near comis Butl. (Japan), the antennal structure similar but with the
branches slightly shorter. Wing markings apparently equally variable.
Coloration darker, recalling dark forms of Electrophaes corylnta.

Forewing with the white edgmgs of bands more sharply expressed, in
general broader ; antemedian less oblique outward anteriorly and without the
marked projection mward in front of SM% sometimes with, sometimes without,
the acute tooth outward (uito the median band) at fold ; postmedian with a tooth
outward on R' ; teeth of subterminal dark-filled proximally ; no promment
black mark on hmdmargin between subbasal and antemedian, the greater part
of this area, on the other hand, noticeably dark-clouded ; a slight apical dash.

Sikkim (ex coll. Elwes) : Jongri, 13,000 ft., 1887, type 3 ; Tonglo, 10,000 ft.,
July 1886, allotype ? ; " Sikkim " (I^iyvett), ?.

17. Cirrhorheuma androconiata sp. nov.
(J, 25-27 mm. Similar to pallidimargo Warr. Head and body browner
(less greyish-fuscous).

Forewing with termen a little bent ha middle ; beneath, in addition to the

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 199

tufts of erect blackish hair, with an extended patch of bright ochreous-brown
androconial scaling, anteriorly crossing R\ posteriorly nearly reaching hind-
margin and distally reaching about to the middle of R' and M' ; whitish, clouded
with brown, brighter and much more variegated than pallidirnargo ; lines distinct ;
antemedian much less oblique inward at costa ; median often in part duplicated,
forming it-regular rings or spots ; jjostmedian denticulate, gently excurvcd in its
anterior part ; the white subterminal not angulated about R- ; distal area pale,

but less sharply contrasted than in 'pallidimarcjo . Hindwing rather paler than

in pallidimargo, abdominal margin folded, browner than the rest.

Underside brighter than in pallidimargo.

Peru : Oconeque, Carabaya, 7,000 ft., July 1904, dry season (G. Ockenden),
6 c?c?, includmg type ; Cushi, Huanuco, 1,900 m. (W. Hoffmarms), 4 cJ<J- Also
in other collections.

This species has been passing as pallidimargo, of which Warren's type, so
far as I know, remained unique until last year, when I obtained 2 (J (J, which were
collected at Oxapampa.

18. Triphosa oenozona sp. nov.

(J, 51 mm. ; ?, 52 mm. Face fuscous ; frontal tuft developed. Palpus
moderate, blackish. Head and body drab, the vertex, tegulae, and patagia
largely rufescent ; a blackish band indicated across front of thorax ; abdominal
tergites posteriorly spotted or belted with pale rufous and with (generally weak)
pau'ed blackish spots as in the sericata group.

Forewing variegated, the drab or brown ground-colour only showing here
and there ; a slender, waved, vinaceous-rufous subbasal band, becoming blackish
at costa and fuiely dark-edged almost throughout ; a whitish line succeeding,
except at costa ; a less definite rufescent band between this and the median
area, bounded on each side by a dentate (on the veins black-dotted) line, nearly
twice as far from the base anteriorly as posteriorly and with its distal boundary-
line angled outward m cell ; median fascia light cinnamon-rufous with a tinge of
vinaceous, 8 or 9 mm. wide at costa, a little less at hindmargin, a little less still
between the radial and submedian folds, its edges in-egularly lunulate-dentate,
the proximal with a rather deep bay in cell (not quite reaching cell-spot), the
distal similar to that of rubrodotata Walk., but with the lobes at M' more rounded
off ; the wavy lines on this fascia feeble, excepting a sharply black one near its
proximal edge, which expands into a costal triangle lilie that of sericata Butl. ;
cell-spot and postmedian and subterminal costal marks also as in sericata ;
ill-defined whitish belts proximally and distally to the median fascia, each divided
by a brownish line ; subterminal line whitish, dentate, somewhat interrupted,
enlarged subtornally as m rubrodotata ; the rest of the distal area mostly with
rufescent shading, whitish only in front of R' between postmedian and
subterminal ; terminal line black ; veins, except in median area, dotted with
black and whitish ; frmge with a pale vinaceous line at base, a dark band in

middle. Hindwing pale drab with a tinge of brown ; markings much as in

sericata, with the characteristic subbasal band of that species well developed,
the postmedian rather less bent, the subterminal finer, shades accompanying
it more complete (extending to termen and almost to costa), more vinaceous.

Underside as in rubrodotata or sericata.

Assam : Khasia Hills, 3 cJc^, 1 $. Also 1 (^ m coll. L. B. Prout.

200 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

19. Calocaipe intersita sp. nov.

^, 40-41 mm. Face with small pointed cone below. Palpus rather short
(less than lA). Head and body fuscous. Palpus with first and second joints
beneath pale proximally. Abdomen, at least at base, with faint indications of
paired dark dorsal spots.

Forewing slightly less broad than in affirmata Guen., the termen behind
middle curving somewhat more obliquely ; fuscous, the markmgs consisting
of waved darker and lighter lines, about as numerous as in vndulata Linn.,
though coarser and slightly less regular ; veins more distinctly spotted ; median
area scarcely differentiated, except by a costal thickening and straightening of
its lines and slight widening of the pale pairs that bound it ; cell-mark rather
large, black ; subterminal line very fine, its proximal dark bordering rather
broad, in places (at least between the radials) somewhat intensified, a pale expan-
sion between M= and SM- about as in affirmata ; termen and fringe as in affirmata.

Hindiving slightly narrower than in affirmata, the sexual tuft at abdominal

margin strong and blackish ; markings beyond cell-spot strong, corresponding
to those of forewing.

Underside more strongly marked than m affirmata.

French Guiana ; St. Jean de Maroni, 2 ^(^.

A $ from Potaro River, British Guiana, April 1908 (S. M. KJages), is slightly
larger (44 mm.), but otherwise agrees exactly.

Although the description of this species agrees pretty closely with that of
the variable affirmata, the actual effect is very different on account of the smaller
size, appreciable difference of shape, less warm colour, and especially the more
even strength of the markings, which, with the strong variegation of the veins,
etc., produce a nearly uniformly dotted appearance not comparable to any
Calocaipe known to me.

20. Eutrepsia neonympha sp. nov.

(J, 33 mm. Similar to metagrapharia Walk. (List Lep. Ins., xxv . 147L =
coenonympha Feld., Reise Novara, Lep. Het., t. cxxx. f. 4, 4«), conceivably a very
remarkable aberration thereof. Face with the same white stripe down each side.
Thorax and abdomen above darker.

Foreiving with basal area broadly vandyke-brown (to 5 mm. at costa, to 7
or 8 mm. at SM', the hindmargin continumg very narrowly of that colour to
tornus) ; apical black area somewhat extended at costa, the orange central area
consequently tapering anteriorly to only 1-5 mm. ; subapical orange dash
rather short and oblique. Hindwing above uniform vandyke-brown.

Forewing beneath with basal area similar, the orange median band white
from costal margin to C ; subapical mark white (as also in metagrapharia) ;
submarginal line less piure white. Hindwing with the white markings, except
the submarginal, greatly narrowed, the longitudinal band beyond cell replaced
by two widely separated lines, the anterior between R= and R', the posterior
behind R' ; all the veins (except for the narrow white mark on DC) and both
folds bright brown.

Mexico : Guerrero (0. T. Baron).

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 201

21. Eutrepsia gadowi sp. nov.

cJ, 32 mm. Near cydonia Druce [Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii. t. 58, f. 10,
17). — — Forewing perhaps slightly squarer, with a superficial suggestion of the
Scordylia quadruplicaria group ; the orange area rather more prolonged in the
direction of tornus (its distal edge from costa to between M' and M' being more
oblique), on the other hand restricted by irregular dark liindmarginal cloudmg,
which proximally reaches the cell, medially scarcely crosses SM*, and distally

broadens again slightly and blackens, joining the distal border. Hindwing

marked almost as in haemataria H.-Sch. {Samml. Aussereur. Schmett. i. fig. 320,
321 = substriata Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvui. 260, syn. nov.).

Forewing beneath with curved whitish subapical streak as in cydonia, but
with the red shade continuing thence to apex ; costal margin also reddened,
with a whitish spot beyond middle. Hindwing with the red markmgs much
broader than in cydonia, more as in haemataria, but with the red border not
black-mixed ; distmct from both in the maculation of distal half of costal region,
which consists of a short red band opposite the furcation of SC" with R', running
into the streak beliind R^, and a narrow pale band of the ground-colour between
this band and the terminal border.

Mexico : Omiltene, 1,700-2,000 m., wooded mountains, July 9th-12th,
1904 (Dr. Gadow).

22. Stamnodes gaudialis sp. nov.

$, 34 mm. Head brown, face narrowly edged with creamy white. Palpus
l\, fuscous, at base whitish. Antenna with minute ciliation (scarcely \).
Thorax and abdomen brown, beneath mixed with whitish. Tarsi and middle
and posterior tibiae mostly pale.

Forewing with costa rather markedly arched near apex, termen little
rounded, rather strongly oblique ; glossy ochre-yellow ; markings grey-brown ;
a small basal patch, about 3 mm. at costa, 2 at hindmargin, very gently concave-
edged ; a triangular costal patch beyond middle, nearly 4 mm. broad at costa,
its apex on R', blunt ; a somewhat paler-rippled distal border, 4-5 mm. broad
at costa, where it is only narrowly separated from the triangular patch, narrowing
rather rapidly behind R-, tapered to a point about submedian fold, continued as

a slight terminal line to tornus. Hindwing relatively rather small, termen

less produced about R' than in margarita Warr. (1905), dukinfieldi Warr. (1900),
etc. ; ochre-yellow, with brown basal and termmal shading, the postmedian
line of underside indicated in paler yellow ; fringe red, slightly mixed with
white, especially at tips and about the radials.

Forewing beneath nearly as above, the brown rather deeper, a costal line
connecting basal patch with outer triangle, a red sufEusion behind this line
(as far as SC and R'), the streak between triangle and border white, the border
pale except proximo-costally. Hindwing with whitish markings, almost
exactly as in dukinfieldi but rather narrower, the postmedian obsolete tornally.

E. Peru : Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco (E. Boettger).

23. Lithostege interstincta sp. nov.

9, 19-21 mm. Face and palpus irrorated, brown, blackish, and white ;
vertex similar, with rather more white. Tongue short. Thorax white, strongly

202 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1D23.

irrorated with black and slightly with brown. Abdomen robust ; pale brown.
Foretibia with a strong claw above and a smaller (about half its length) beneath.

Forewing rather elongate ; white, strongly irrorated with olive-brown,
black-tipped scales, leaving free some ill-defined streaks in and behind cell,
parts of the median area (especially between bases of median vems), and a broad
subterminal line ; the irroration heaviest at the edges of the bands, especially
beyond the postmedian, where it forms a supplementary band, originating in
an oblique apical streak, widening in the middle and cut by some white vein-
streaks which run in from the subterminal ; markings russet, with a tinge of
ferruginous, consistuig of a subcostal streak (from base to first band) and two
bands formed much as m la psicolumna Prout, Ann. Transv. Mns., v. 165, t. 25,
f. 20 (i.e. the first the more oblique and not reaching costa, the second
more parallel with termen), but with the second mbent in middle and deeply
indented distally by white on the veins ; terminal line fine, scarcely interrupted ;

fringe whitish, with a grey dividing-line and feeble grey spots. Hindwing

narrow, costally elongate ; pale drab-grey ; terminal line and fringe nearly as
on forewing.

Both wmgs beneath grey, the forewing with faint traces of the upperside
markings in anterior part and especially of pale spots proximally and distally
to the outer brown band.

Kenya Colony : Uaso Nyiro (Guaso Njiro), 3,000 ft., December 1920 (W. N.
van Someren), type and another.

The (J will probably prove to belong to the pectinate section Conchylia
Guen., though the species is not glossy.

24. ScordyUa primulimacula sp. nov.

^, 25-27 mm. Group of condnplknria Hb. Head and body coloured as
in that species.

Forewing with the costal margm slightly more shouldered at base than in
conduplicaria ; black, with the markings primrose yellow ; costal markings
minute, the subbasal fine, antemedian and postmedian slightly more triangular,
median wanting ; the patch on middle of hmdmargin large, measuring 4-4-5
mm. on the margin, anteriorly rather broadly rounded, almost reaching base of

M» ; fringe chequered with whitish. Hindwing with slight dark base and broad

black horde:-, as in conduplicaria, the central band primrose yellow.

Underside as in conduplicaria, the postmedian costal spot on an average
shorter, though much larger than above.

Panama : Boquete, Chiriqui, 3,500 ft. (Watson), type and others. Also
in other collections from Costa Rica and Panama.

Druce {Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Het., ii. 152), with fine disregard of
geographical considerations, identified this as basilata Guen. and consequently
opined that that was not a synonym of condnplicaria Hb. Both Hiibner's and
Guenee's types, however, were from the district of Rio, and their figures well
exhibit the species which occurs there and in Paraguay, and of which Warren's
reslricta (Novitates Zoologicae, xiv. 258) is a slight ab. — almost synonym
(cf. Berg, A7i. Soc. Cient. Arg., xvi. 271). In the^e forms the colour is more maize-
yellow, the costal spots large, etc. ; primnlimacnla may possibly be a subspecies,
but looks very distmct, and I do not know representatives from any intervenmg
localitie,s.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 203

25. Erateina prodiga sp. nor.

tJ, 25-26 mm. Head dull red, mixed with black ; a whitish ring round eye ;
palpus mixed with whitish beneath. Antenna black, minutely ciliated. Body
above black, with a slight admixture of pale scales, beneath mixed with red and
white, sides of abdomen mainly red, front of pectus white. Legs spotted.

Foreiving short and broad, apex rounded (more so than in arocha Druce) ;
brownLsh black ; two large, slightly hyalme creamy-white spots a little beyond
the cell ; the first between SO and R\ about 2 mm. long, in its middle with a
smaller extension behind R' ; the second between R' and M^, nearly 3 mm.
long, its ends rounded ; a minute spot (in one example almost obsolete) in front
of R^ at proxunal end of second spot ; fringe chequered with white (uiter-

neural) and tipped with dark red. Hindiciiig narrow and elongate, termen

weakly (behind R' deeply) crenulate, forming a slight tail at R' ; a moderately
arge folded flap beneath (just over f length of abdominal margin) ; brownish
black, with a large ochiaceous-rufous area from behind R' almost to tornus,
its length from tornus basewards 5 or 6 mm., but encroached upon by the
ground-colour at base of R' and M' and separated from termen by about 1-5 mm.
between the radials ; fringe more narrowly pale-spotted than on forewing.

Underside of forewing predominantly ferruginous, except behind M and
M-, of hindwing more orange-rufous ; forewing with the spots of upperside and
small additional ones on midcosta (rather yellower) and behind end of posterior
large spot (rather grej'er, transversely elongate) ; hindwing proximally mottled
with whitish, ochreoua, and brick-red, edge of flap brick-red ; an irregular post-
median line of confluent white-grey spots, acutely angulated inward in front
of R-, excurved anteriorly and posteriorly.

S.E. Peru : Oconeque to Agualani, Carabaya, 6,000-9,000 ft., March
1905 (G. Ockenden), 3 ^S-

Labelled by Warren as bosora Druce, but quite different in the more tailed
hmdwing (though rather broader than in arocha and mediithina Druce), the
large white spots, etc. etc. Li one aberration the rufous area of hindwing is more
restricted.

26. Anemplocia melambathes sp. nov.

$, 38 mm. Head and body black, shot with blue ; cheek bluish white.
Palpus with third joint longer than in the type species {flammifera Warr.).

Forewing slightly less broad than in flammifera ; orange, the extreme costal
edge interruptedly marked with black ; apex, distal and hind margins black,
the boundary starting at five-ninths costa, very slightly oblique to behind R',
then making a wide outward sweep (curve) so as to approach termen (little over
1 mm. distant) between the medians, widening again to 2 mm. at tornus and
scarcely less along hmdmargin. Hindwing black.

Underside similar, the Mndwing with the basal cell and almost the whole
costal area (to C) whitish buff, more or less irrorated with orange.

Peru : Cushi, Prov. Huanuco, 1,900 m. (W. Hoffmamis).

A good mimic of the Dioptid genus Scea, especially S. erasa, which occurs
with it at Cushi.

27. Pardodes fiavimacula Warr.
This species, which occurs without noteworthy variation from Dutch New
Guinea to Rosscl Island (though more extensive material may possibly establish

204 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAI: XXX. 1923.

a race for Dutch New Guinea), produces strikingly difierentiated forms on New
Hanover and Woodlark Island. The name-typical, banded form has been
intelligibly described by Warren (Novitates Zoologicae, iii. 295), although
the fourth (subterminal) " band " cannot accurately be called " double," as it
consists merely of a cxurved line, thickening into blotches at SC'-R" and R'-M',
and he overlooks the (generally very weak, costally obsolete) subbasal and post-
median. The other forms may be distinguished as :

P. f. absorpta, subsp. nov. Foreiving with basal and subbasal markings
broad and solid, almost confluent ; antemedian and postmedian bands, except
at costal margin, confluent into a solid median band of an average breadth of

about 4 mm. Hindwing with the markings on an average much stronger

than in /. flavimacula.

New Hanover, February-March 1897 (Webster), 10 cJ(J. A race from
Rook Island, of a more uniform orange tone, will probably prove diEferentiable,
but I only know tliree specimens in indifferent condition.

P. f. woodlarkensis, subsp. nov. Intermediate between the other two races,
though nearer /. absorpta, the yellow ground-colour a little more tinged with
orange than m either. Subbasal and median bands of forewing generally nearly
as solid as in /. absorpta, but traversed (especially in the middle of the median
band) by very noticeable paler shading, which occasionally even forms definite
bisecting bands of the ground-colour.

Woodlark, 1895 and March 1897 (A. S. Meek), 8 ^<^, 5 ??.

One of the males (the largest) is an aberration practically indistinguishable
from /. flavimacula ; one or two other males and one female are in some measure
transitional towards it, but these exceptions clearly do not invalidate the tena-
bUity of the race.

Desmoclystia gen. nov.

Face typically with small cone of scales. Palpus moderate or rather long,
2nd joint heavily scaled, 3rd distinct, though typically rather short. Tongue
developed. Antenna of ^ bii^ectinate (Nos. 1-3), fasciculate (4-5), or more
evenly ciliated (6-9). Pectus and femora not hairy. Hindtibia with spurs
fully^ developed. Abdomen slightly crested.

Forewing moderately broad, termen smooth, gently curved, not very
oblique ; areole double, both ample, SC- proximally forked, one branch running
to C, the other to proximal areole near its end, R' connate or separate, R- central.
Hindwing much as in Eupithecia, generally larger in proportion.

Genitalia of (J with 7th segment coremata ; two long slender arms arising
apparently frcm juxta (as also in Xenoclystia) ; remarkable for the long 8th
segment.

Type of the genus : Desmoclystia unipuncta (Warr.) = Xenoclystia unipuncta
Warr. (1906).

I unite provisionally a group of species sharing the very specialised sub-
costal venation noted, namely : 1. unipuncta Warr. (1906) ; 2. hnmerata Warr.
(1906) ; 3. hirticosta Warr. (1907) ; 4. rubecida Warr. (1906, as Ochyria) ;
5. prodiga Warr. (1907, Ochyria) ; 6. dilataria Warr. (1906, Ochyria) ; 7. fidvi-
striga Warr. (1906, Ochyria) ; 8. falsidica Warr. (1906, Eucymatoge) ; 9. nigribasis
Warr. (190G, Eucymnloge).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 205

28. Desmoclystia prodicia .sp. nov.

(J$, 23-25 mm. Extremely similar to falsidica Warr., scarcely distinguish-
able except as follows :

Antemia in (J with the joints projecting, the projections bearing pairs of
slender fascicles of cilia slightly longer than diameter of shaft (iii jalsidica the
joints do not project appreciably and the ciliation is shorter than diameter of

shaft). Hindwing above on an average paler, especially towards termen.

Both wings beneath with the distal area less consincuously darkened, bisected
by a whitish subterminal line of inter-neural dashes, which are not or scarcely
indicated in falsidica.

British New Guinea : Angabunga River, 6,000 ft. upwards, November
1904 to February 1905 ; Biagi, Mambare River, 5,000 ft., April 1906. A series
collected by A. S. Meek, the type from the first-named locality.

29. Collis basicristata sp. nov.

5, 35 mm. Face black-mixed. Palpus not quite so long as in hypospilata
Guen. (about 2^), strongly mixed with black on outer side ; 2nd joint with
strongly projectmg triangular scaling above. Antenna closely lamellate, as m
hypospilata. Abdomen dorsally with the confused mottling of that species.

Forewing slightly more shouldered near base than m hypospilata, otherwise
similar in shape ; slightly less dark and less rufescent ; recognisable at once
by having a small tuft of erect black scales at base and three others along M
in basal area, the third (and smallest) reaching the vague pale band which
separates this area from median band ; raised tuft at end of cell longer than m
hypospilata ; markings otherwise similar, but with the lines of median area
rather finer, weaker and more uniform, the dark dashes between subterminal

and termen less developed. Hindicing rather narrower than in hypospilata,

the termen being less convex ; the black cell-dot marked in its posterior part
with a mmute white dot ; median area corresponding to that of forewing ;
postmedian luie rather strongly excurved in middle.

Underside with cell-spots large, postmedian vein-spots not very thick,
inclinmg to confluence, subtermmal more or less strongly confluent, especially
on forewing, rather thick on anterior part of forewing, thinner behind R', with
rather large spots behind M' and behind M', on hindwing rather thin through-
out, moderately macular.

S. Flores, November 1896, dry season (Everett).

30. Horisme leucotmeta sp. nov.

$, 26 mm. ; $, 28 mm. Face white, mixed with blackish scaling, which
sometimes forms a transverse band above middle. Palpus 2 ; 2nd joint with long,
loose scaling beneath, 3rd rather elongate ; blackish, mixed (especially at ends
of joints) with white. Antennal ciliation minute (less than \). Occiput and
collar light brown. Thorax and abdomen brown, mottled with blackish fuscous
and (especially the thorax and end of abdomen) with white.

Wing-shape and general effect of hrunneata Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae,
xiii. 116).

Forewing with the brown median area darker (more black-mixed) and con-

206 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

taining in its middle a white patch reaching from costa about to AI, rather
variable in width, before R' with a tendency to longitudinal extension (faintly
suggesting that of notata Rothsch., Lep. Brit. Orn. Un. Exp., p. 94), the elongate
black cell-mark placed on its proximal edge ; basal patch at costa 2-5 mm., at
hindmargin not quite 2 mm., its margin scarcely more iiTegular than in
contaminata Warr. (Novitates Zooloqicae, xiii. 117) ; intermediate area with
some ferruginous spots, behind 8JI-' rather clear white ; antemedian excurved,
faii'ly regular ; postmedian bilobed, much as in brunrieata ; some ferruginous
shading beyond, especially between the radials, the proximal border of the
distal area here (as in several of the group) forming a rather conspicuous dark,
ferruginous-mixed streak ; subtermmal white line lunulate, much more distinct
than in brunnmta ; an oblique white dash from apex. Hindwing and under-
side much as in bruimeata, the subterminal rather more distinct.

Dutch New Gumea ; IMount Goliath, 5,000-7,000 ft., January-February
1911, 3 (Jc?, 2 $$.

31. Horisme symmetrozona sp. nov.

(J, 22-24 mm. Structure and general coloration of body-parts nearly as in
illuslris Prout (Novitates Zoologicae, xxiii. 31), the palpus with third jomt
scarcely so long, the abdomen with the dark parts somewhat accentuated.

Forewing with the same strong gloss and the same colours as in illustris,
their distribution quite different ; basal patch much as in illustris ; succeeding
area traversed to near hindmargin by an ochiaceous band ; median area black-
brown, comparatively solid and regular, at costa about 4 mm. wide, at hind-
margin about 3, its proximal edge gently curved and with a small bend or tooth
at fold, its distal with a small acute tooth uiward at SC and a small lobe at
R' ; the white postmedian only duplicated at costa ; a fahly broad, slightly

irregular ochraceous shade between postmedian and subtermmal. Hindwing

much as in illustris, the postmedian weaker and much less acutely angled, the
subtermmal at least as strong as in illustris.

Underside almost as in illustris, except for the less angulated postmedian of
hindwing.

Dutch New Gumea : Mount Goliath, 5,000-7,000 ft., January 1911, 3 cJcJ,
including type, February 1911, 2 ^^ (A. S. Meek).

32. Horisme genuflexa sp. nov.

cJ?, 30-32 mm. Similar at first glance to large brunneata Warr., such as
were taken with it on Mount Goliath. Structure much the same (i.e. as in
illustris Prout, etc.). Cbllai ferruginous. A longitudinal ferruginous dash on
prothorax.

Forewing with basal patch about as in contaminata Warr. (Novitates
Zoologicae, xiii. 117) ; median band broad, its edges more mixed with black
than in brunneata, especially at costa and hindmargin ; antemedian fairly direct
to fold, then suddenly bent inward strongly, recalling that of Euphyia baso-
chesiata Dup. ; postmedian with a conspicuous, inwardly curved black mark
between the radials, followed distally by a white and then a tawny one ; then
follows an interrupted, dark ferruginous line, boundmg proximally the blurred

NOVITATES ZoOLOQICiE XXX. 1923. 207

distal area ; cell-mark divided into a pair of minute dots, as is usually the case

also in brunneata. Hindwing and underside much as in hrunneata.

Dutch New Guinea: Mount Goliath, 5,000-7,000 ft., January 1911, a
pair (A. S. Meek).

33. Collix multifllata infecta subsp. nov.

cJ$. Darker than m. multifilata Warr. (1896), from North Queensland,
the ochreous ground-colour being more densely irrorated, the dark lines thick
and rather ill-defined ; the clear ochreous costal spots narrower and less
conspicuous.

Louisiades : Rossel Island (the type cj from Mount Rossel, 2,100 ft., Decem-
ber 1915-January 1916) ; Sudest Island ; St. Aignan. A good series collected
by A. S. Meek and W. F. Eichhorn.

34. Hoplosauris limnetes sp. nov.

(J$, 31-32 mm. Head and palpus white-grey, mottled with fuscous ; the
palpus over 1, with the 3rd joint deflexed. Anteima in cj slightly thickened
Ln the middle, tapering to a fine point at tip. Thorax whitish, mixed — more
heavily above — with fuscous and witli a darker metathoracic crest. Abdomen
long and thin, especially in (J ; mostly pale.

Foretving (especially in (J) elongate, with apex rather acute and termen
rather strongly oblique, gently curved ; cell not very broad distally, DC bent to
become oblique, both areoles ample, R' shortly stalked ; general tone greyish,
the whitish ground-colour being irrorated and rippled with fuscous and — especially
in the (J — some brighter brown ; basal area nearly 3 mm., somewhat suffused
proximally, marked with a vague brown band or double line distally, the first of
these lines blacker than the second, both somewhat angled outward before middle ;
the succeeding pale area traversed by some similar lines of variable intensity,
leaving the usual clear, bisected space proximal to the median band ; the latter
moderately broad (circ. 4-4-5 mm.), its proximal edge slightly angled outward
in cell and curving outward behind SM-, its distal with a slight tooth at SC,
small double lobe (anteriorly stronger than posteriorly) in middle and outward
bend behind SM', both its sides brown (especially in the cJcJ). its centre greyer,
with a minute cell-dot closely followed by a rather irregular dark line ; the
usual bisected pale space beyond median band ; subterminal line whitish,
irregularly lunulate-dentate, in places blurred ; some dark costal marks proxi-
mally to it ; a very small oblique blackish dash just behind apex, pointing to
(but not touching) a blackish spot in cellule 6 ; a terminal line of subconfluent

paired spots ; fringe with a darker central line. Hindwing in ^ small and

narrow, in $ less small ; cell in (J extremely short (scarcely over one-fourth),
C remote, connected by a bar, SC'-R' on a long, somewhat curved stalk, DC
slightly incurved, R- central, R'-M' stalked, running to torn us, a slight vein
(M' ?) placed very near base and oblique inward, abdominal margin cut away,
with a small, long-fringed lobe at base ; 9 venation normal (C anastomosing,
DC biangulate, M' approximated but not stalked) ; whitish, tinged — especially
distally — with fuscous.

Forewing beneath glossy, with the markings vague, fading out towards
hindmargin, which, together with the hindwing, is pale and devoid of markings.

14

208 No«TATE3 ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Patagonia : Valley del liago Blanco, Chubut (Thursb}-), type (J and another
pair ; Punta Arenas, February 17th, 1908 (Mutschke), a cJ in coll. Deutsch.
Ent. Mus.

Seems to be a true Hoplosauris, but as Butler's generic diagnoses are worth-
less and the Chilian genera of the group have not been revised, I have given the
chief structural characters.

SUBF.4M. GEOMETRINAE.
35. Arycanda bypanis tenuisignata subsp. nov.

Rather more bluish-grey than h. hypanis Cram. Upperside with the lines
much thinner, subterminal spots smaller. Underside more weakly marked and
with the postmedian line thinner.

New Guinea : Arfak Mountains, Snow Mountains, Owen Stanley Range,
Hydrographer Mountains. Type (J from Ninay Valley, Central Arfak Mountains,
3,500 ft., November 1908 -January 1909.

CYamer's type of hypanis (Uitl. Kapellen, ii. 72, t. cxlii D, inaccurately regis-
tered by Sherborn, Ind. Anim., i. 473, as hypanus, from a misprmt in the French
text), as is well known to workers at Indo-Australian Geometridae, was quite
obviously from Amboina, not from " Surinam " as given, and maciilifera Walk.,
List Lej). Ins., xxxi. 123, is an absolute synonym.

36. Cosmetbis woodfordii disparilis subsp. nov.

Differs from iv. icoodfordii Butl. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xix. 215 =
ampliplaga Warr., 1905, hougainvillicola Strand, 1915), from Bougainville and
Shortlands, in that the abdomen in the J is cadmium orange almost to the base
(as in w. siriella Druce, 1888, from Guadalcanar), while in the $ it remains, as
in the name-typical race, black nearly to the tip. In both sexes the white mark-
ings, though variable, are on an average considerably reduced in size. From
w. siriella (J it differs in the narrower longitudinal spot near base of forewing,
longer subapical patch (reaching M- instead of M^), and general retention —
though in greatly reduced size, often quite minute — of the additional spot of
iv. woodfordii (near base of R' and M'). The forms from Choiseul and Florida
Islands (iv. ftoridensis Warr., 1903) are somewhat transitional between the name-
type and the new form, the abdomen being as in the former, the maculation
nearer the latter, though with the subbasal patch larger.

Solomon Islands, western group : Rendova, 4 ^JcJ, 4 $$, including $ type ;
New Georgia, 2 c?c?, 3 ?? ; Guizo, 3 J<^, 2 ?$ ; Vella Lavella, 4 cJ^J, 4 ??.

This group has evidently no special connection with Bordeta, with which
Warren placed it ; R- of the forewing does not arise so far forward, the shape and
coloration are different, the (J possesses a fovea, etc. Provisionally I regard
it — by short cell of hindwing and other characters — as a section of Cosmethis
Hb. (type barbara Stoll) and as probably one collective species ; although the
slightly more extreme reduction of hindwing cell in siriella may indicate a
specific divergence, the new race seems almost to intergrade.

37. Bandobena apicalis pyrigona subsp. nov.
$, 42-46 mm. Smaller than a. apicalis Walk., from S. Celebes.
Forewing with the black streak at base of costa reduced to a thin, incon-

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923. 209

spicuous line ; the red area broadened, in the type reachijig to M, in both the

examples twice as broad tornally as in typical apicalis. Hindwing with

the termen perhaps slightly more bent than in a. apicalis, the red border
twice as broad, with its proximal edge less regular, the black ground-colour
projecting bluntly but noticeably at the veins, especially at R'.

N. Celebes : Tondano, September-October 1899, 2 $?.

The only example known to me from Central Celebes is intermediate, the
forewing resembling a. pyrigona, the hindwing n. apicalis.

38. Bordeta bursadoides dignitosa subsp. nov.

cj?. Tegula dark slaty grey, little paler than the head and thorax.

Forewing with the golden yellow band deeply coloured, broader than in
h. bursadoides Warr. (1909), at least as broad as in the larger, less deeply
coloured race superior Prout (1916) ; a conspicuous slate-grey spot between
fold and SM- at about three-fourths (sometimes indicated in abs. of the other

races). Hindwing with the yellow area very ample, at abdominal margin

4-5 mm.

Goodenough Island, 2,500-4,000 ft., March 1913 (A. S. Meek), 2 JcJ. 6 ?$.

39. Craspedosis flavimedia auriAua subsp. nov.

cj$. Differs from /. flavimedia Warr. (1899) in the development of addi-
tional orange markings ; the most constant is a longitudinal subcostal streak
on the upperside of the forewing near the base, sometimes extended more obliquely,
(parallel with proximal edge of central band) as far as fold, so as to form a bent
half-band. Proximal area of forewing nearly always more or less strongly
suffused or mottled with orange. Hindwing beneath nearly always with thin or
broad orange longitudinal suffusion about the fold (not reaching base or termen)
and always with some orange irroration on some of the veins. In one ab. the
yellow submedian suffusion of hindwing is indicated also above, is very extended
beneath and here joins an incomplete postmedian band, which reaches forward
nearly to R', while the forewing beneath has indications of a corresponding
postmedian band from R' to tornus.

Goodenough Island, 2,500^,000 ft., March 1913 (A. S. Meek), 7 J^J, 1 ?.

Except in one cj, which has the band of forewing almost typical m shape,
the distal edge of this band is more curved, thus more nearly approaching the
proximal edge at costa.

40. Craspedosis transtinens sp. nov.

(5$, 40-51 mm. Very similar to semiplaga Warr. (1896), of which laticlava
Warr. (1903) seems to be clearly a rather larger, broader-banded race. Easily
distinguished, however, as follows :

semiplaga. transtinens.

Terminal joint of palpus extremely Terminal joint of palpus much less

short, not distinct. short, distinct.

Fovea obsolescent. Fovea well developed.

White band of f.w. terminating at White band of f.w. continuing to

SM', not noticeably tapering. tornus, tapering posteriorly.

Anal tuft of cJ mixed with whitish. Anal tuft of J concolorous.

210 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

British New Guinea : Upper Aroa River, April 1903, type and others ;
Angabunga River : Biagi, Mambare River ; Hj'drographer Mountains. Dutch
New Guinea : Ninay Valley, Central Arfak Mountains ; Upper Setekwa River
and near Oetakwa River, Snow Mountains.

Mr. Warren seems to have correctly sorted the Upper Aroa specimens into
two series, but to have neglected to consult his Fergusson Island type ; for he has
labelled the new species as semiplaga, the form which I believe to be a race of
the true semiplaga as latidava. It is just possible that the true semiplaga and
uniplaga Warr. (1896) are dimorphs of a single species, without and with a
white patch on hindwing, as their structure seems to agree ; but this would
not affect the status of the new species.

41. Milionia xanthobathra sp. nov.

?, 56 mm. Eye minutely hairy. Anteimal ciliation long for a $, almost
as in weiskei Rothsch. (1901). Head, tegulae and a spot in front of patagia
predominantly metallic blue ; palpus at ends of joints spotted with the same.
Thorax and abdomen above orange, shading ofE to grey ; beneath blacker,
slightly mixed with blue.

Forewing rather broad, a little recalling dnlitana Rothsch. (1897), though
not quite so extreme ; deep orange (almost cadmium-orange) ; a black costal
border proximally, just entering the cell ; an oblique, subtriangular black band
across middle of wing, sharply defined distally but not proximally, tapering to
a point at hindmargin near tornus, widening to 5 or 6 mm. where it joins the
proximal streak ; a black distal border, 8 or 9 mm. wide at costa, tapering to a

point at tornus, its proximal edge very slightly concave. Hindtving orange,

with black borders at costal margin (just entering the cell) and termen, the
latter taperuig almost to a point at tornus, gradually widening to about 5 mm.
at apex ; a shadowy indication of the dark basal and inner-marginal black of
underside.

Forewing beneath black, with broad orange band corresponding to the discal
band of upperside ; some blue scalmg at base, extending in streaks about SO
and R and along M to just beyond the origin of M*. Hindwing black, with a
very large oval orange patch in middle, extending from near C to near SM',
its greatest longitudinal diameter 7 mm. ; proximal blue streaks br. ader than
on forewing.

Dutch New Guinea : near Oetakwa River, Snow Mountains, up to 3,500 ft.,
October-December 1910, 2 $$.

The general colour-scheme slightly recalls dulitana, but there are abundant
differences in shape, extent of the orange areas, increase of metallic blue scaling
(in some light Nile-blue or even green), etc. Really nearer, at least on the fore-
wing, to the unique flavostriga B.-Bak. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vi. 454, the type
a (J, not " $ " as printed), not inconceivably a $ form thereof.

42. Milionia isodoxa sp. nov.

(J, 45-48 mm. Similar to aroensis Rothsch. (1904) and euglennia Rothsch.
and Jord. (1907), agreeing structurally with the latter in the absence of the
apical area of modified scales on the hindwing beneath. Head and tegulae in
most lights less greenish, thus less contrasted with base of wings.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXX. 1923. 211

Wings coloured as in fulgida Voll., the proximal part having a considerable
extension of the bright greenish-blue scales as compared with its New Guinea
allies.

Forewitig with the bright blue basal area extenduig nearly 6 mm. anteri-
orly, 7 or 8 mm. behind SM', distallj' irregular, though less deeply indented than
in lamprima Rothsch. & Jord. (1907) — much more sharply defined than in
euglennia ; a narrow, ill-defined deep-blue area between this and the black
ground-colour, which shows blue reflections, as in the allies ; band red m 4
examples, red-orange in one, about 3 mm. wide, less curved than in evglennia,
thus less proximal at costa, which it quits perpendicularly ; its proximal edge
straightish, its distal placed outside DC (in euglennia often just within), very

slightly curved in its posterior half. Hindwing with the bright blue area

much more extended than in euglennia, nearly as in fulgida, though much less
indented, separated from the ground-colour (as in that species) by an ill-defined
deep-blue area.

Underside with the blue more broken into streaks than above, these longer
than in euglennia, additional ones developed in submedian area of hindwing,
where they are obsolete (or deep-blue only) in that species.

British New Guinea : Angabunga River, St. Joseph River, 6,000 ft. upwards,
November 1904 -February 1905 (A. S. Meek), 5 S$.

43. Lobocraspeda coeruleostriga stygnota subsp. nov.

cJ?. Foreiving in all the examples with the subbasal spot large and round

(as in rare aberrations of c. coeruleostriga Warr., 1897). Hindwing m the $

as in the broadest bordered aberrations of c. coeruleostriga or still more extreme,
in the ^ with the yellow area restricted and heavily suffused with olive-grey
(type and others), in the most extreme examples blackish throughout. Under-
side in all the cJcJ almost entirely blackish.

N.E. New Guinea : Rawlmson Mountains, inland of Huon Gulf (Ch. Keysser),
a good series.

44. Boarmia subdetraetaria nom. nov.

Boarmia detractaria Walk., Lijf. Lep. Inti., xxi. .385 (1800) (nee xxi. 357).
Dryocoetis suhdetractaria nom. nov. Warr. MS. (in coll. Tring Mus.).

Swinhoe (Cat. Lep. Het. Oif. Mus., ii. 293) notes that Walker used the name
Boarmia detractaria twice and that " therefore this name should fall," but does
not see any necessity for renaming the Indian species. Even if his assumjation
be granted that the genus to which the Brazilian species should be assigned
(? Iridopsis Warr.) is " perfectly distinct " — which has not yet been worked out
morphologically, though the latest reviser, McDunnough {Studies in North
American C'leorini, Ottawa, 1920), recognises a number of valid genera in the
group — the laws of homonymy demand a change, and I propose to adopt that
which was made by Warren in the Tring Museum some thirty years ago, but
never published.

45. Sysstema longiplaga sp. nov.

(^5, 28 mm. Near semicirculata Moore (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 654),
with which it has been mixed. On an average rather larger * ; forewing with

* Hampson'a measurements {Faun. Iml. Mollis, iii. 278) include not only this species, but also
coucinna- Warr., which he has still more inexcusably simk.

212 NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXX. 1923.

the dark median shade slightly more distal, absorbing the cell-spot ; the white
patch beyond much larger, reaching at least to M= and with some narrow and ill-
defined extensions behind (in semicirculata ending at R'), a small accessory white
spot across cellule and touching or connected with it distally ; the black spots
on the " orange " terminal band smaller ; hindwing less clouded, in particular
without the dark subtornal patch which is always characteristic of true semr-
circulata, the abdominal border less reduced than in that species.

Sikkim, in various collections, the type ^ and 2 $$ from Darjiling in coll.
Brit. Mus. ; Turzum Tea Estate, Nagrispur (O. Lmdgren), 3 $? sent by T. B.
Fletcher, Agric. Res. Inst. Pusa. Assam, a $ in coll. Joicey ; Naga Hills (W.
Doherty), a small (J (22 mm.) in coll. Tring Mus., ex coll. Elwes.

46. Nadagarodes duplicipuncta Warr.

Mr. Warren unfortunately selected no tj'pe for this species (described
NoviTATES ZooLOGiCAE, vi. 356), and his manuscripts leave the question in
some confusion. His note shows that he gradually reached the conviction that
there were two closely allied species mixed, and in the Ron Island collection
(made by Doherty in July 1897) he labelled the second one as ceramata Walk.
Subsequently discovering that that was a synonym of mysolata Walk., he named
the new species duplicipuncta ; but by an accident the note " The St. Aignan
specimens are all smaller than the average size," which — as his MSS. and the actual
specimens show — referred to mysolata, got attached to the description of duplici-
puncta. As it is highly undesirable to select as type locality the one on which
an erroneous statement was published, and as it is reasonable to suppose that the
Sudest and Rossel Island collections of 1898 fiu'nished the final incentive to the
publication of duplicipuncta, I have selected as its holotype and allotype a (J
and $ from Sudest Island, April 1898 (A. S. Meek), the latter bearing a label m
Warren's handwriting " Nadagarodes duplicipuncta Warr."

47. Nadagara synodoneura sp. no v.

cj, 34-36 mm. Very like a large, rather pale, broad-winged scitilineata
Walk. Hindtibia dilated, with hair-pencil.

Forewing with R- arising close to R' (apparently not to be regarded in this
instance as a generic character, the rest of the structure and the facies being so
absolutely typical for the genus) ; costal margin proximally with the black
irroration not very dense ; cell-dot above minute and shadowy, beneath well
developed ; postmedian line rather fii'm, not crenulate ; whitish line at base

of fringe not expanded between R' and apex. Hinduing with termen more

convex than in scitilineata, perhaps slightly more crenulate ; fringe (except a
slender proximal line) not pale.

Underside more mixed with white than in scitilineata, except on anterior
part of forewing ; forewing with an ill-defined black-grey subterminal blotch in
front of R', sometimes almost reaching apex ; hindwing with the line more
proximally placed than in scitilineata.

Dutch New Guinea : Upper Setekwa River, Snow Mountains, 2,000-3,000
ft., August-September 1910 (A. S. Meek), type and paratype. British New
Guinea : Hydrographer Mountains, 2,500 ft., January 1918 (Eichhorn Bros.),
2 63-

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiOAE XXX. 1923. 213

Hampson, iii defining this genus {Faun. Ind. Moths., iii. 193), gives " hind-
tibia not dilated," which is only correct for about half the species.

48. Nadagara synocha sp. no v.

<J$, 34-36 mm. Structure about as in inordinata Walk. HLndtibia of ^
as in that species, not dilated ; hindfemur of ^ fringed with hair. Head and body
coloured as in inordinata. Both wings more elongate costally, the termen of
forewing otherwise nearly agreeing (appreciably crenulate only near apex).

Foreu'ing in cJ more uniformly fawn-colour or brownish than in inordinata
(with less white in distal area), in 5 more coarsely dark-irrorated, in both sexes
variable ; antemedian line generally well developed, strongly curved, rather
strongly oblique posteriorly, white-edged proximally ; cell-dot moderately large,
black ; postmedian line nearly as in inordinata, or slightly more oblique, nearly
always accompanied proximally (at about 1 mm. distance) by an almost equally
distinct line (representing the postmedian of the underside), which converges with
it about SC ; proximal blackish maculation of subterminal always developed
in front of R' and in all the yet kno\^Ti (J(^ forming a conspicuous blotch in
cellules 3-4 (in some $$ this blotch is obsolete, or obscured by the heavy irrora-
tion) ; termen with mterneural black dots or dashes ; fringe with pale line at

base. Hindiving whitish costally, the rest concolorous with forewing ; a black

cell-dot ; a straightish postmedian, distally white-edged as on forewing, reaching
costa much beyond hinder edge of that of forewing (as in the irretracta group) ;
subterminal feeble in the (J(J, more conspicuous in the $?, where it is generally
finely dark-edged proximally.

Underside variable, generally similarly marked to upperside, the chief
difference on the forewing consisting in the reversal of the relative strength of
the two postmedian lines, the distal one being faint, but connected with the
strong proximal one by dark dashes on the veins. Hindwing with the post-
median weak, the subterminal usually strong, marked by blackish dots or teeth
on the veins.

Malay Peninsula : Gunong Ijau, 3 (J (J, 4 $$, in coll. Tring Museum (includ-
ing the (J type), misidentified by Warren as pulchrilineata Walk. Java :
Pengalengan, Preanger, 2 $$, in coll. Tring Museum ; Tosari, July 6th, 1910,
1 $ in coll. L. B. Prout, kindly presented by Dr. E. A. Cockayne. S.W. Sumatra :
North Korintji Valley, 5,000 ft., September-October 1921, a beautiful, heavily
marked <? aberration collected by the Pratt brothers for J. J. Joicey, Esq.

49. Nadagara odontias sp. no v.

cJ, 36-37 mm. Head red-brown, mixed (notably on vertex) with brighter
red. Thorax and abdomen reddish grey. Hindtibia dilated, with rather strong
grey hair-pencil.

Forewing elongate, about as m synocha Prout (supra), but with the termen
slightly more curved and noticeably more crenulate ; reddish grey, irrorated and
somewhat clouded with red-brown and with a few black scales ; costal edge with
dark longitudinal streaks alternated with pale spots or shorter streaks ; cell-dot
black ; antemedian line at nearly one-third, moderately curved, almost obsolete,
except for a black dot on base of M^ and a stronger one on SM' ; postmedian
marked by a series of black vein-dots, slightly more oblique than termen, edged

214 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923.

distally by a whitish line which is very shallowly lunulate inward between the
veins ; a thick, ill-defined black dash proximally to this line in front of R' ;
a series of marks distally to it, mostly brown irrorated with black, the hindmost
two black, the first rurming obliquely from cellule 7 to costa close to apex, the
rest interneural, culminating in a longer one in cellule 3 ; terminal line slight and
interrupted ; fringe with a pale line at base and blackish spots opposite veins.

Hindwing with termen strongly crenulate ; cell-dot rather larger than on

forewing, but weaker ; postmedian line continued, scarcely beyond middle of
wing, unaccompanied by dashes ; very faint indications of a pale, irregularly
lunulate-dentate subterminal ; fringe as on forewing.

Underside as far as postmedian more orange-ochreous, with coarse dark
irroration or minute strigulation ; beyond more inclining to violet-grey ; cell-
dots and postmedian dots strong ; forewing with vague dark postmedian clouding
about R'.

Malay Peninsula : Gunong Ijau, 2 (J;J.

50. Nadagara extracteta sp. no v.

t?$, 30-35 mm. Head and collar tawny, the face narrowly edged with white.
Palpus in the (J almost 2, in the $ slightly longer ; brown (rarely much mixed
with tawny), beneath narrowly white. Tegulae fuscous. Thorax and abdomen
concolorous with wings, the abdomen very finely whitish at ends of segments.
Legs with some black scales at base of spurs ; hindtibia of (J dilated, with hair-
pencil.

Wings shaped nearly as in intractata Walk., the distal margins being slightly
crenulate {especially that of hindwing), the forewing minutely produced at apex,
somewhat gibbous at midtermen.

Foreiring pale grey, tinged with fawn-colour in the (J, more violaceous in
the $ ; irroration fine ; costal edge narrowly fuscous, with pale dots ; ante-
median line excurved and somewhat irregular, never strong, often almost or
altogether obsolete ; cell-dot small, black ; postmedian strong, oblique, very
slightly curved, scarcely crenulate, blackish, accompanied proximally by brown
shading and distally by a fine whitish line, at costa about 2 mm. from apex,
at hindmargin about 4 mm. from tornus ; subterminal line indistinct, accom-
panied proximally by very faint dark shading and often by a more or less
conspicuous double spot at R' ; termmal line brown, rather variably marked
with interneural black dots or dashes (strongest anteriorly) ; fringe with a pale
line at base. Hindwing concolorous, at costal margin paler ; cell-dot and post-
median as on forewing, the latter not crenulate, arising distally to the hinder
end of that of forewing, though less far from it than in irretracta Warr., argyro-
sticha Turn., and reprensata Prout ; subterminal and its proximal shade nearly
always stronger than on forewing, but never with a blotch at R'.

Underside variable, a great part of the forewing generally rather more
ochraceous than above, its distal and posterior parts, with the entire hindwing,
paler ; all more or less heavily irrorated or strigulated, as in the allies ; cell-
dots strong ; postmedian line less oblique than above, marked by blackish teeth
or dots on the veins, sometimes obsolete between ; subterminal line and shade
often strong, though rather irregularly, the latter expanding to a blotch near apex
of forewing.

NOVITATES ZOOIOOICAE XXX. 1923. 215

Louisiades : Mount Rossel, Rosfsel Island, 2,100 ft., December 1915, 4 cJ(J,
5 ??, including the cJ type ; Mount Riu, Sudest Island, April 1916, 1 J, 5 $^ ;
all collected by Eichhorn Bros. Paratypes from the latter locality are in coll.
Joicey.

Very near irretracta Warr. (Novitates Zoologicae, vi. 356, type $ from
Tulagi Island, Solomons — not type cJ, Tugela Island, as printed), smaller, palpus
darker, wings less elongate, generally more strongly marked, postmedian line
less oblique ; underside rather recalling that of tractata Prout (Novitates
ZoOLOGiCAE, xxiii. 44).

51. Psilocladia diaereta sp. nov.

?, 33-37 mm. Face and palpus mixed with dark brown ; palpus shortish-
moderate. Antenna subserrate. Head, body, and legs whitish brown, with
some darker irroration.

Forewing with termen flexuous but not dentate ; tornal lobe well developed ;
the coincident vein (SC '^ ■) free (in the left forewing of the type anastomosing
very slightly with C) ; whitish brown, irrorated with wood-brown and more
sparingly with dark grey ; cell-spot dark grey, not very sharp, closely followed
by an indistinct brown median line ; distal area vandyke-brown (in proximal
half clouded with black), its proximal edge 4 or 5 mm. from apex, 1 mm. from
tornus, very gently incurved between R> and SM' ; a subapical wisp of the ground-
colour between SC° and R' ; fringe dark proximally, pale distally. Hindwmg

broader than in the type species, the excavation between SC^ and R' deeper ;
cell-dot almost or altogether obsolete ; median line very famt, just proximal
to DC ; dark border as on forewing, but without subapical mark ; fringe as on
forewing.

Underside similar, the cell-spot and median line of forewing stronger.

Nairobi (Dr. van Someren), May 30th, 1919 (type), and June 11th, 1919
(paratype).

Probably near loxostigma Prout (Novitates Zoologicab, xxii. 380), but
larger, rather narrower-winged, with deeper excision in termen of hindwing,
the dark borders much more contrasting, differently shaped, the pale subapical
mark of forewing elongate.

216 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

NEW ANTHRIBIDAE FROM THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE
By DR. KARL JORDAN.

1. Acorynus frontalis oceani no v. subsp.

cJ$. Pronotum macula lateral! subrotunda sat magna in area carinae sita
notatum.

Hah. Tanah Masa, Batoe Islands (Kannegieter), three ^^, one 9, in Mus.
Natiira Artis Magistra, Amsterdam.

The underside is spotted with luteous, as in A. f. frontalis Jord. (1895)
from Perak, Sumatra, and Borneo ; but the pronotum bears a very conspicuous,
yellowish lateral spot in the curve of the carina, and the cheek is al.=o yellowish
below the eye.

2. Mucronianus tenuicornis spec. nov.

(J. Rufus, pube grisea hie et inde aurea vestitus, antennis pedibusque
pallide rufis gracilibus ; rostro sine carina ; pronoto impunctato ; pygidio apice
rotundato ; femore antico subtus villoso.

Long. (cap. excl.) 6 mm.

Hab. Bmtang, Riouw Islands, one (J.

Proboscis depressed apically in centre, without carinae, densely covered
with a golden-grey pubescence. Head likewise densely pubescent, more golden
than the proboscis. Antenna slender, reaching to middle of elytra, segments
III to VIII very slender, IV to VIII almost equal in length, III slightly longer,
IX a very little shorter, X about three times as long as broad, the club being
slenderer than in the other known species of the genus.

Pronotum smooth, with very minute punctiires on the sides, without any
coarse puncturation, on disc the grey pubescence partly rubbed off, in an oblique
aspect traces of ferruginous brown spots visible ; dorsal carina slightly convex,
especially towards sides, lateral carina nearly horizontal, the angle completely
rounded off, the short basal longitudinal carina joining the lateral carina and
forming with it an acute (dorsal) angle ; length of pronotum 25, width 38.

Scutellum and elytra pubescent grey, with a golden sheen when viewed at
certain angles, an antemedian, elliptical, sutural macula blackish brown, pro-
duced to scutellum on suture, a smaller rounded limbal spot before middle and
a paler, rather diffuse, transverse band at the beginning of the apical declivity,
middle of disc clay-colour, alternate interspaces a little convex. Basal margin of
elytrum curved forward. Pygidium as long as broad, flat, completely rounded
(cj !), without trace of an apical projection.

Prosternum convex between anterior margin and coxae, on the side a large
patch of dense pubescence grey-white with a golden tint. Mesosternal process
broader than the midcoxa. Abdomen convex, not at all depressed, but fourth
segment with a small apical swelling halfway between middle and sides. Legs
uniformly pale rufous, forefemur with long pubescence on underside ; apices of
tibiae not incrassate.

KOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXX. 1923. 217

3. Mucronianus gerrhus nov. spec.

(J. Niger, pube cinerea parum lutescente obtectus, brunneo-olivaceo varie-
gatus, elytris macula suturali magna mediana nigra ornatis ; antennis crassis,
segmento octavo triangular! omnium maximo, nono et decimo brevibus ; pygidio
simplice, rotundato ; abdomine convexo.

Long. (cap. excl.) 5-5 mm.

Hah. Assam : Nengpoh, Khasia Hills, one (J.

Proboscis densely pubescent cinereous, uneven, but without carinae. Head
brown, luteous grey around the eyes, with an indication of median streak of the
same pubescence. Antenna reaching to middle of elytra, brownish black,
segment I rufous, III a little longer than IV, IV as long as VI, V slightly shorter,
VI = VII, both broader than III-V, VIII broadest and longest, triangular,
a little over twice as long as broad, one-sixth longer than II, slightly shorter
than IX, X, XI together, and a little broader, IX twice as broad as long, X
somewhat longer than IX, but still broader than long, XI about as long as broad.

Prothorax more than half as broad again as long (35 : 20), densely punctured ;
disc with four diffuse brownish patches ; dorsal carina slightly convex, lateral
carina horizontal, forming a right angle with the dorsal one, but the apex of the
angle rounded off.

Basal margin of elytrum strongly curved forward, subbasal callosity broad,
low, behind basal margin a diffuse, brownish, transverse band ; traces of the same
colour along the sides, very mdistinct ; the black saddle almost pointed laterally,
reaching to the fifth line of punctures ; width of elytra 38, length 52. Pygidium
brownish grey, whitish in centre, broader than long, more convex at base than
at apex.

Underside densely ashy grey with slight luteous shadows. Metasternum
and abdomen convex. Legs the same colour, but apices of tibiae and of tarsal
segment I, the entire segment II, and upperside of III and IV brownish black.

4. Mucronianus ellipticus spec. nov.

$. Like M. gerrhus, but pubescence purer ashy white, covering also the
tarsi ; apices of tibiae very slightly brown ; black macula of elytra much larger,
regularly elliptical, reaching from basal fourth of suture to apical fourth.
Antenna a little farther away from eye, the segments V to VIII not incrassate
($ !), VIII quite short, IX the largest, triangular, twice as long as broad,
one-tenth longer than III, also a little longer than X and XI together, X broader
than long, XI slightly longer than broad. Dorsal carina of pronotum somewhat
more convex than in M. gerrhus.

Length : 4'5 mm.

Hah. Borneo : Kucliing, i. 1907 (ex Mus. Sarawak), one ?.

5. Mucronianus axius spec. nov.

$. Brunneo-rufus, supra griseo signatus, subtus griseus. Caput magis
convexum quam in huius generis caeteris speciebus, oculis minoribus, rostro
longiore, clava antennae longa, segmentis inter se fere aequalibus, longitudine
tertii. Pronotum densissime granulosum, carina ad latera fortissime rotundata.

218 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Elytra griseo lineata et guttata, lineis ad marginem basalem coniunctis.
Pygidium rotundatum, granulatum. Tarsi brunnei griseo pubescentes.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4 mm.

Hah. Borneo : Kuching (J. Hewitt), one $.

Owing to the smaller size of the eye the distance of the eye from the anten-
na! groove is considerably larger than in the other species of the genus. There is
no sulcus between eye and antcnnal groove. The rostrum is narrower and rather
longer and has no carinae. Antenna long, reaching beyond middle of elj'tra
C^ !); segments I and II pale rufous, together about as long as III, this nearly
half as long agam as IV, IV to VII almost equal, VIII about one-fourth
shorter, III to VIII thin, club slender, IX as long as III, X = XI a little
shorter than IX, IX about three times as long as broad, linear, not triangular.

Pronotum grey at the sides, rufous brown on disc, with an ill-defined grey
median line ; carina slightly convex, concave at the sides, curved forward in a
very wide arc, the lateral carina being oblique.

Scutellum very short, transverse, almost linear. Elytrum with the basal
margin curved forward, stripes of punctures weak, in the first (=sutural), third,
fifth, and seventh interspaces a grey line, more or less complete from base to
beyond middle, the lines united at the base and again behind middle, where
they are enlarged into dots, second and third united also before middle, on apical
declivity a central dot on each elytrum, at margin grey pubescence at shoulder,
in middle, and from apex forward.

Pygidium with grey pubescence, which is sparse at apex ; fiat, granulose,
a little longer than broad, slightly narrowed towards ajiex, which is strongly
rounded.

Underside densely pubescent grey, the pubescence less dense on the legs ;
the tarsi somewhat darker than the tibiae, except the claws, which are rufous ;
first foretarsal segment not quite one-third shorter than foretibia (5 : 7).

6. Ecelonerus albopictus Pasc. {I860).

(J$. Niger, supra pube lutea et nigra vestitus, pronoti apice, elytrorum
macula maxima mediana alteraque minore apicali griseo-albis ; subtus cum
pedibus griseo-albus, tibiis nigro bimaculatis. Antenna longior quam in E.
subfasciato ; pronotum magis rotundatum, carina laterali ad apicem continuata ;
pygidium latius ; foveae abdominales laterales { (J) majores ochraceo pupillatae,
segmentum basale fovea mediana griseo pubescente instructum {(J).

Long. (cap. excl.) 8-13 mm.

Hob. Australia : Cairns, Queensland, and N.S. Wales ; two pairs.

The white apical border of the pronotum bears several spots of the dark
ground-colour at the apical margin, and is posteriorly on each side three times
invaded by the ground colour, i.e. six-sinuate ; a few minute white dots further
back. Scutellum white. The large white area of the elytra extends from side
to side, and from basal fourth to apical third, being more sharply defined in
front than behind ; from the suture a large patch of the dark ground extends
into the white area, separating the area dorsally into a larger, transverse, anterior
portion and a narrower, oblique, posterior portion ; apical white mark about
1 mm. broad at suture, not interrupted. Pygidium white.

Antenna rufescent, segment III very little longer than IV, club much
longer than in E. subfasciatus, IX and X rather strongly asymmetrical, trian-

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 219

gular. The lateral abdominal grooves of the (J bear a clayish ochraceous, some-
what golden, pubescence. Tarsi rufescent.

The pubescence of the underside is finer and denser than in E. suhfasciatus
Fahrs. (1839). On the elytra the ochraceous pubescence is a little denser in the
interspaces 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 than in the others.

We give the above description of E. albopictvs, as we have to refer to the
species in the descriptions of the following three closely allied Eceloneri.

7. Ecelonerus molitor spec. nov.

(J$. E. albopicto Pasc. (1860) similis, rostro cum capita albo-cinereo, area
albo-cinerea elytrorum postice diffusa, antice oblique truncata et ad suturam
divisa, in utroque elytro tribus guttis nigro-velutinis notata, pygidio cum
elytrorum apice fusco-ochraceo nee albo ; foveis abdominalibus ( jj) indistinctis,
segmento primo sine fovea mediana.

Long. (cap. excl.) 9-13 mm.

Hub. Woodlark (A. S. Meek), type ; Sude.st Isl. (A. S. Meek) ; Mailu,
British N. Guinea (Anthony) ; Aru (H. Kiihn).

Proboscis longer than in E. albopictvs, white like the head, with an admix-
ture of yellowish pubescence, a short median carina at base. Antenna rufous,
segments IX and X asymmetrical as in E. albopictus, triangular. Prothorax
less globose than in E. robustus, carina usually interrupted in centre, apical margin
white, but this border less sharply marked. Scutellum white. The white (or nearly
white) area of the elytra larger than in E. robustus, posteriorly diffuse, and here not
distinctly interrupted at the suture, its anterior margm laterally very oblique,
the fuscous basal area bemg wider at the sides than above ; this area extends
along suture to middle, dividing the white patch, with black velvety spot in third
interspace before middle and two similar spots (in third and fifth interspaces)
further back ; apex of elytra and pygidium fuscous lilie base, i.e. the black derm
not quite concealed by a mixture of clayish and greyish pubescence, alternate
interspaces (uneven numbers) slightly clay-colour.

Underside grey or nearly white. The abdomen of ^ flattened in middle,
the lateral foveae of segments II to IV very shallow, with but a slight concentra-
tion of the pubescence in the centre, not at all conspicuous, no median fovea on
first segment. Legs rufescent, tarsi palest, tibiae with prominent black spot a
little beyond middle and a trace of a basal spot.

8. Ecelonerus albinasus spec. nov.

<J$. Rostrum cum capite album ; antenna rufescens, segmento 3'° quarto
longiore, 10° transverso. Pronoti margo anterior tenuiter albus tridentatus,
discus albo variegatus linea tenui brevi mediana basali. Elytra post medium
albo pubescentes, macula mediana subsuturali e duabus guttis nigris composita
notata. Pygidium album. Subtus albus ; tibiae brunneo bimaculatae ; foveae
laterales abdominales ($) conspicuae, rotundae, albo-pubescentes.

Long. (cap. excl.) 7-5-12 mm.

Hah. Australia : Coomooboolaro, Dawson district, Queensland (ex coll.
Barnard), a pair ; " Australia."

The antenna agrees better with that of E. suhfasciatus, the club being shorter
than in molitor and albopictus, and segment III longer ; the colour is also darker.
The white marginal apical border of the pronotum is much narrower than in the

220 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

two previous species, sharply defined. From it project backwards three teetli
one in centre and one each on the level of the upper margin of the eye ; from
the scutellum across the interrupted carina a thin but distinct white median
line, numerous white clouds and small spots, more or less diffuse, all over the
pronotum. The lateral carina reaches apex by means of a ridge, but this ridge
not quite so distinct as in the previous species here described. The white (or
creamy) area of the elytra commencing before the middle of the lateral margin,
anteriorly diffuse, reaching up to fourth interspace, but wliite diffuse pubescence
present also further basad and dorsad, in middle a black velvety oblong spot in
interspaces III and V, the white at the side and behind these spots sharply
defined ; from behind middle of elytra the white area very diffuse, but continued
to apex by means of white dots and dispersed white pubescence, a subapical
small patch fuscous, bearing a white dot, at extreme apex the white pubescence
denser, but there is no apical spot contrasting with the ground before it as there is
in E. albopictus. Pygidium and underside white.

Derm of legs darker than in the two previous species. Abdominal (J-foveae
circular, smaller than in E. albopictus, with white pubescence ; median groove of
first segment small.

9. Ecelonerus virgatus spec. nov.

cJ. Rostrum in medio convexo glabrum, ut caput albo trivirgatum. Oculus
longior quam in caeteribus speciebus. Pronotum albo et fusco virgatum, duabus
maculis apicalibus dorsalibus nigris notatum, carina dorsali versus latera angu-
lata. Elytra albescentes, area basali communi, plaga obliqua mediana, atque
macula communi anteapicali rotunda fuscescentibus notata, interspatiis 3'°
et 5° duabus guttis nigris signatis, una mediana, altera anteapicali. Tibiae
indistincte brunneo bimaculatae.
Long. (cap. excl.) 10 mm.

Hab. Australia, no more precise locality given, one $.
Eye decidedly longer than broad. Rostrum convex along middle and
here almost without punctures, the sides and a median stripe as on head white,
pubescence between these ill-defined stripes luteous, with the dark derm shining
through. Antenna as in E. albopictus, but less pale rufous, club broader, segment
III rather longer.

Pronotum with five ill-defined white stripes, a black apical spot between
central stripe and the next, and a similar spot at base ; dorsal carina interrupted
in centre and biangulate towards side, the upper angle pointed forward and the
outer one (which is close to it) backward ; the forward continuation of the lateral
carina less well marked than in E. albojnctus.

Base of elytra fuscous, but scutellum, the first interspace, and a conspicuous
streak above shoulder white, on apical declivity a round sutural patch reacliing
to the fifth stripe of punctures fuscous, bearing anteriorly a black spot in the
third and fifth interspaces, the outer spots further back than the inner ones, in
middle of each elytrum an oblique fuscous patch from third interspace to near
outer margin, with a black dot in third and fifth interspaces ; pubescence of
rest of elytra white, but not very dense, and the suture clay-colour. Pygidium
white, mixed with luteous.

Pubescence of underside white, less dense than usual on abdomen, no
abdominal foveas (^ !). Legs as in E. albinasus, spots of tibiae quite small.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 221

10. Gulamentus signatus .spec. nov.

cj?. O. meliori Jord. (1922) structura similis ; sed toto rostro, pronoti
lateribus latissimis, elytrorum macula magna siibbasali utrimque ad marginem
basalem coiitiiiuata, macula miiiore transversa anteapicali conspicue griseis
parum lutescentibus, pygidio plus minusve griseo utrimque macula nigro-
brunnea notato.

Long. (cap. excl.) 4-6 mm.

Hab. Congo : Eli.sabethville, xi. 1911 (Miss. Agric), in the Congo Museum
at Tervueren, a series of both sexes.

Pygidium of (J almost twice as broad as long, with the apex rounded, hardly
at all truncate, in $ much longer, with the apex truncate-emarginate ; in most
specimens with a grey border and grey median Ime, sometimes entirely grey
with scarcely a trace of a brown spot. Anal ventral segment of (J with a rounded
impression as m G. melior, but without distinct hump at the side of the groove.
The grey, often slightly yellowish, pubescence occupies the proboscis and the
anterior portion of the frons, the pronotum except the median third (or less),
the whole undersurface, and the legs. The apices of the tibiae and of the tarsal
segments I and II, as well as a spot on the femora and all the claw-segments
black, the chitin of the grey portions rufescent ; on the abdomen, close to the
elytra, a row of small black dots. Scutellum black, with a grey apical spot ;
suture close to scutellum likewise black. On elytra a large grey sutural macula,
which extends to the base at each side of the black, more or less trilobate
scutellar spot ; the grey macula subquadrate, but irregular, sinuate laterally,
truncate or rotundate posteriorly, sometimes contmued backwards on the suture,
usually bearing a small blackish sutural spot ; at apical third of each elytrum
a subsutural spot, the two spots nearly always connected with each other across
the suture ; besides these conspicuous markings numerous grey specklets and
small spots, of which a basal one above the shoulder and two limbal ones
usually are the largest ; in middle of each elytrum a brown longitudinal shadow
quite mconspicuous. Usually small grey elongate spots anteriorly and posteri-
orly in middle of pronotum, and a similar spot on the frons. Eye bordered with
grey, except along frons.

222 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

REVIEW OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED BY ALCIDE D'ORBIGNY

IN SOUTH AMERICA

By C. E. HELLMAYR

PART III

(Parts I and II Nov. Zool., Vol. XXVIII, pp. 171-213, 230-276)

, ,, . , fLessonia rula rufa (Gm.).'

Anthus fulvus = i. , ,c. i b. o i \ .

[Lessoma ruia oreas (bcl. & balv.).'

Anthui fulvus " Vieill." ^ ; L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 26 (Patagonia, Corrientes, rep. Argentina) ;
d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 223 (Chili, " Andes boliviennes," 4,000 a 5,000 feet ; Rio Negro ;
Corrientes).

No. 1, " (J " adult (mounted) ; " Rep. Argentine, Corrientes, par d'Orbigny,
1829. C'entrites niger No. 76. Cat. des galeries No. 3916." — al. 75 ; c. 49 ;
r. 10^ min.=Lessonia rufa rufa (Gm.)

No. 2, ((J) juv. (skin) : " Buenos Aires, femelle. Anthus fulvus VieOl., par
d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. S5."=Lessonia rufa rufa (Gm.).

No. 3, (cJ) ad. (skin): "des Pampas d'Oruro, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny,
1834. No. 117. Anthus fulvus VieiW." =Lessonia rufa oreas (Scl. & Salv.).

The Corrientes bird is practically identical with adult males from Buenos
Ayres (topotypical) and Patagonia (Neuquen), the whole of the quills being
uniform sooty-blackish. Chilian skins are apparently not different either.

L. rufa rufa is a common bird in the southern parts of Chili and Argentine,
down to Tierra del Fuego, ranging northwards to Tucuman, eastwards through
Entrerios and Uruguay to southern Rio Grande do Sul.

No. 3, a perfectly adult male, is typical of L. rufa oreas. Like several speci-
mens from near the type locality (mountains of Cuzco), it has the basal half of
the inner web of the remiges pure white. This race appears to be strictly limited
to the elevated " plateaux " of Central Southern Peru and Western Bolivia.'

1 This species is commonly called Lessonia (or Centrites) nigra by authors. However, Atauda
nigri [sic I err. typogr.] Boddaert [TaU. PL enl., p. 46 (1783. — ox Daubenton, PI. enl. 738, fig. 2
[not fig. 1, as erroneously quoted by Boddaert], Bufion, etc. : Buenos Ayres, coll. Commerson)]
is invalidated by Alauda nigra Boddaert [Tabl. PI. enl,, p. 40 : ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 650, fig. 1 :
= Alaiula arvensis Linn. var. melanist.]. — The next available name is Alanda rufa Gmelin, Syst.
^at. 1, ii. p. 792 (1789. — likewise based upon Daubenton, PI. oil. 738, fig. 2, and Bufion's " Alou-
ette noire a dos fauve " : Buenos Ayres, coll. Commerson ; descr. (J ad.).

> Centrites oreas Solater & Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 154 (1869.— Tinta, Cuzco
S.E. Peru).

> Alauda fulva Latham, Jnd. Ornith. ii, p. 492 (1790.— ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 738, fig. 2 = cj ad.).
« The birds from the Puna de Jujuy, N.W. Argentine, which Lonnberg {Ibis, 1903, p. 450)

refers to L. rufa oreas, should be carefully re-examined.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 223

Anthus cMi = Anthus lutescens lutescens Puch.*

Anthtis chii (neo Vieillot ) ; ^ L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 26 (Corrientes) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 225
(Banda Oriental : Maldonado, Montevideo ; La Plata, Corrientes).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 83. Corrientes."—
al. 63i ; c. 48 mm.

No. 2, ^ ad. (.skin) : " Rio-de- Janeiro. No. 7 Pass. — Male. Envoi de
M. d'Orbigny, 13. 9"''' 1829."— al. 64 ; c. 48 ; r. 121 mm.

Both of these examples belong to the small neotropical Pipit, long known
under the inapplicable name A. rufus,' which ranges from the Guianas south to
Paraguay, northern Argentine, and neighbouring countries.* The bird from
Corrientes agrees, in size and coloration, with those from Eastern Brazil.

Anthus variegatus = Z""^' "" ^^^^^ correndera correndera Vieill.'
I^jun. = Anthus furcatus brevirostris Tacz."

Anthus variegatus (neo Vieill.) ; ' L. & 0., Syn. Av. i, p. 26 (Buenos Ayres ; — av. junior : La Plata,

Cochabamba (rep. Boliviana)).
Anthus correndera, d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 225 (" aux environs de Buenos Ayrea jusqu'en
Patagonie "),

No. 1, adult (skin) : " D. 28, Buenos Ayres, Anthus correndera Vieill. d'apres
Azara. d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 84."— al. 72 ; c. 55 (very worn) ; r. 13 ;
hind claw 16 mm. = Anthus c. correndera Vieill.

No. 2, adult (skin): "d'Orbigny, fevrier 1831. 'Patagonie,' No. 47.
Anthus furcatus Nob." — al. 81 ; c. 64 ; r. 11| ; hind-claw 9 mm. = Anthus f.
brevirostris Tacz.

No. 3, adult (skin) : " D. 292. Cochabamba, par d'Orbigny, 1834. Anthus
furcatus Nob. No. 218." — al. 81 ; c. 58| ; r. [broken] ; hind-claw 9Jmm. = A. f.
brevirostris Tacz.

No. 4, adult (skin) : " D. 292, d'Orbigny, 1834. Cochabamba, D. 292."
— al. 79 ; c. 58 J ; r. 11 ; hind-claw 8 mm. = A. f. brevirostris Tacz.

In the Synopsis Avium Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny united A. correndera
(No. 1, ex Buenos Ayres) and A. furcatus brevirostris in freshly moulted plumage
as adult and young of the same species under the name A. variegatus. In the
ornithological portion of the Voyage (p. 227) d'Orbigny, correcting his former
error, rightly refers the Cochabamba skins (Nos. 3, 4) to ^. furcatus Lafr. & Orb.,
to which No. 2, said to be from " Patagonia," unquestionably also belongs.

' Anthus lutescens (Cuvier MS.) Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vil. p. 343 (1855. — " Br^ail,"
coll. Delalande, so. Rio de Janeiro) ; of. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. 13, 1906, p. 307.

' Anthus chii Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. ^d., 26, p. 490 (1818. — ex Azara,
No. 146 : Paraguay). — ^Azara'a description being too incomplete to be referred with any degree
of certainty to either .4. lutescens or A. hellnwyri Hart. [= A. chii auct.], the name chii had better
be dropped altogether.

' Wliatever the " petite Alouette, de Buenos Ayres " of Daubenton's Fl. enl. 738, fig. 1, may be,
the name Alauda rufa Gmelin {Syst. Not. 1, ii. 1789, p. 798), founded thereon, is preoccupied by
Alauda rufa of the same author (I.e., p. 792).

* Cf. Helhnayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., math. phys. Kl., 26, No. 2, 1912, p. 99-100.

» Nouv. Diet. d'Hlit. Nat., nouv. id., 20, p. 491 (1818. — «x Azara, No. 145 : Paraguay).

^ Anthus brevirostris Taczanowski, P.Z.S. 1874, p. 507 : Junin, C. Peru.

' A. variegatus Vieillot {Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. id., 26, 1818, p. 499), as well as Alauda
Bonariensis Bonnaterre (Tabl. enc. meth., Ornith. i. 1792, p. 317) are both based upon Daubenton's
PI. enl. 738, fig. 1 (= Buffon's " La Variola "), from Buenos Ayres, which appears to be unidenti-
fiable. See El Hornero, ii, No. 3, 1921, p. 181, footnote 1.
15

224 No\nTATE9 ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923-

No. 1 (Buenos Ayres) is a typical example oi A. c. correndera, which I have
compared with a large series from Argentine (prov. Buenos Ayres) and Southern
Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo). The species is characterised by the
exceedingly long hind-claw and by having the scapulars marked with broad,
bufiy-whitish edges, forming a conspicuous longitudinal stripe on the back.
The foreneck, entire breast, and sides of body are coarsely spotted with blackish
brown, the ground colour of the under-parts being creamy white.'

Nos. 3 and 4 (Cochabamba) represent the northern race of A. fitrcatits,
widely diffused in the highlands of Southern Peru and Bolivia, which differs from
the type form of East. Argentine m slightly larger size, more buffy upper parts,
deeper ochreous chest, more purely white throat and abdomen, etc. This well-
characterized form is entitled to the name A. jurcatus hrevirostris Tacz. Besides
the two Cochabamba skins, I have examined twelve more from Bolivia (Valla
Grande, Vacas), eleven from Anta, Cuzco, S.E. Peru, and two topotypes from
Ingapirca, Junin, C. Peru. A. jurcatus may at once be recognised from A.
correndera by its much shorter as well as more strongly arched hind-claw, and
by lacking the buffish edges to the scapulars.

No. 2, from " Patagonia," is in every respect a typical representative of
A. f. brevirostris. Although on the label as date of its capture "February "
is given, at which time, as shown by a number of specimens in the Berlepsch and
Munich collections, these Pipits, in Argentine, are extremely worn, the bird wears
beautifully fresh plumage, and I cannot help thinking that some mistake has
been made in its labelling, and that it was really obtained in Bolivia along with
specimens Nos. 3 and 4, dealt with in the precedmg Imes.

Anthus furcatus furcatus Lafr. & d'Orb. 1837.

Anihtts Jurcatus Lafresnayo & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 27 (Patagonia);
d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 227 ("aux environs de Carmen, en Patagonie, . . . puis dans la
valine de Cochabamba, Bolivie").

No. 1, adult (skin) : " d'Orbigny, fevrier 1831. No. 47, Patagonie." Type
of species. — al. 76 (much worn) ; c. 54 (much worn) ; r. 11 J ; hind-claw 10 mm.

[No. 2, adult (skin) : " Patagonia " ; Nos. 3, 4 (skins), Cochabamba. See
under A. variegatus.]

In the Synopsis Avium A. furcatus is described as being similar to A.
variegatus [= A. correndera & A. furcatus brevirostris], but smaller, more
greyish above, with smaller dusky pectoral spots, etc. No. 1 is the only specimen
among d'Orbigny's Pipits in the Paris JIuseum agreeing with this diagnosis,
and may accordingly be regarded as the real type. It is an extremely worn
example of A. furcatus, with much abraded wings and tail. All colours are
exceedingly pale : the upper parts greyish, spotted with dusky ; the under
surface almost whitish, the dark spots on the chest small and inclining to brownish,
etc. As far as coloration is concerned, an adult female from Barracas al Sud
(Buenos Ayres) in the Munich Museum is exactly similar.

• In Central and Southern Chili, from Coquimbo southwards to Tierra del Fuego, a closely allied
race, A. correndera chilensis (Less.), is fouind, while in Peru and N. Bolivia the much more distinct
A. c. calcaratua Tacz. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Nov. 1874, p. 507 : Junin, C. Peru) takes its place.
The latter is easily recognisable from its allies by the much longer bill, much more fulvous general
coloration, and greater extension of the white area on the lateral rectrices. Cf. also Berlepsch &
Stolzmann, P.Z.S. Lond., 1896, p. 330 ; Helhnayr, El Hornero, ii. Xo. 3, 1921, pp. 185-8.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 225

As I have shown under the preceding species, the birds from Cochabamba,
at first attributed to A. variegatus junior, were afterwards correctly referred by
d'Orbigny to A. jurcatus. {Vide supra, p. 223.)

A. (. furcatiis has a somewhat limited range. It is common in the province
of Buenos Ayres, whence I have seen many specimens from nearly every month
of the year, and was found as far south as Carmen, lower Rio Negro. It has
been reported from Cordoba, and the Munich Museum possesses an adult male
in rather worn plumage secured on September 7, 1905, by S. Venturi at Col.
Ocampo, on the right bank of the Parana, prov. Santa Fe. This Pipit has not
been taken, as far as I know, either in the western states of the Argentine Republic
or south of the Rio Negro. In the Andes of Bolivia and Peru it is replaced by
A. f. breviroslris Tacz., as stated above.

Anthus rufescens Lafr. & Orb. =Anthus bogotensis bogotensis Scl.'

Anihus rufescens (nee Temminck)* Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 27
(1837. — Yungas, Bolivia ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 226 (" sur le sommet de
la montagne Biscachal, non loiu du village de Carcuata, Yungas, dept. La Paz").

No. 1, adult (skin) : " No. 219, d'Orbigny, 1834. Yungas (Bolivia), D. 274.
Anthus."- — al. 78 ; c. 59 ; r. 12| mm. — Type of A. rufescens Lafr. & Orb.

This bird agrees well with Bogota skins. A. bogotensis is recognisable
amongst its afiSnes by the ochraceous-bufi colour of the under-parts, axillaries,
and quUl-lining. It ranges all over the Andes from Western Venezuela (Merida)
to Bolivia. See El Hornero, ii. 1921, pp. 192-3.

Nemosia nigricollis = Hemithraupis guira guira (Linn.).'

Nemosia nigricollis " Vieill." ; * L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 27 (Quarayos, rep. Boliviana) ; d'Orbigny,
Voyage, p. 260 (Rio Tamampaya, prov. Yungas ; San-Xavier, Chiquitos ; Guarayos, Yuracar^a).

No. 1, " cJ" ad. (skin): "263, par d'Orbigny, 1834. de Chiquitos D.
255. Male. Nemosia nigricollis V." — Wing 61 (worn) ; tail 48 (worn) ; bill
10 i mm.

This bird, the only representative of the species in d'Orbigny's Bolivian
collection, is a perfectly typical example of H. g. guira. It agrees with
Brazilian skins in having the superciliary stripe, for its entire length, bright
golden yellow, confluent with the yellow patch on sides of neck ; across the fore-
head there is just a narrow, yellowish line. An adult male from San Mateo
(Yuracares) in the Berlepsch Collection is practically identical with the Chiquitos
specimen. Compared with H. guira fosteri (Sharpe), from Paraguay, the Bolivian
birds are smaller, with weaker bill, and have much less yellow about the forehead.

A review of the geographical races of this species is given in Ahhandl. Bayer.
Akad. Wissens., math. nat. Kl. 26, No. 2, 1912, pp. 101-3.

» Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 23, p. 109, pi. ci (Aug. 1855. — " Santa Fe de Bogota ").

' Man. d'Omith., 2nd id., i. p. 267 (1820. — new name for Anihus campestris (L.)).

' Motacilla Quira Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 335 (1766. — ex Brisson : ex Margrave : N.E.
Brazil).

• Tanagra nigricollis Gmelin (Sysl. Nat. 1, ii. 1789, p. 894 : ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 720, fig. 2,
Cayenne) is synonymous with Hemithraupis guira nigrigula (Bodd.) 1783.

226 NOVUTATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

Nemosia pileata = Nemosia pileata paraguayensis Chubb. ^

Nemosia pileata (not of Boddaert-) ; L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 28 (CUiquitos) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage,
p. 261 (San-Miguel and San-Josd, Chiquitos ; descr. (J ?).

No. 1, " <J " ad. (skin) : " D. 341. Chiquitos. Nem. pileata V. male, par
d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 239."— Wing 75 ; tail 50 ; bill 12 mm.

No. 2, " ?" ad. (skin) : " D. 341, Chiquitos, par d'Orbigny, 1834. A'.
pileata V. femelle. No. 239."— Wing 73 ; tail 48 ; bill 12 mm.

The Bolivian skins are fully as large as those from Paraguay, with which
they also agree in coloration.

N. pileata paraguayensis thus ranges from Paraguay (Sapucay) north to
the hill-country of Eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos, dept. Santa Cruz).'

Nemosia sordida Lafr. & Orb. = Thlypopsis sordida sordida (Lafr. & Orb.).

Nemosia sordida Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 28 (1837. — Yuraearfes,
Bolivia ; descr. orig. juv.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 261, pi. 18, fig. 2 (Yuracares).

No. 1, juv. (mounted) : " Yuracares, par d'Orbigny, 1834 (Nos. D. 404-245).
Nemosia sordida D'Orb. et Lafr. (T.)."— Wing 60| ; taU 51 J ; bill 11 mm.

No. 2, imm. (skin) ; " 245, d'Orbigny, 1834. Nemosia sordida, Nob., de
Yuracares, D. 404."— Wing 63 ; tail 60^ ; bill (damaged) mm.*

As I have pointed out elsewhere,' the original description of N. sordida
was based upon immature examples of the species afterwards named N. ful-
vescens by Strickland.'

No. 2 corresponds exactly to the diagnosis in the Synopsis Aviuyn, having the
throat and foreneck as well as the sides of the head and a distinct frontal band
light yellow ; the crown dull olive-green, with a few orange-rufous feathers of
the adult plumage just appearing ; the remainder of the upper parts dingy
greyish ; the flanks pale buffy-brown ; the middle of the belly whitish.

Quite similar examples from Bahia, E. Brazil, are in the Berlepsch Collec-
tion.

No. 1, in less advanced stage, has the throat white, only the chin and malar
region washed with pale yellow ; the flanks dingy brownish ; the back dull
greyish-green ; the superciliary region and forehead faintly tinged with dull
yellowish, etc. In less advanced birds the whole under-surface is pale olive-
yellowish, and the back yellowish-green. This stage evidently represents the
juvenile plumage. I have examined two specimens of it, a female from Cuyaba,
Mattogrosso, March 1825 (Natterer Coll., Vienna Museum), and an imsexed bird
secured by Cherrie at Altagracia, Orinoco R., Venezuela (Trmg Museum).

It may be added that adult birds (in perfect plumage) from Yuracares (San
Mateo) in the Berlepsch and Munich Museum do not differ in any way from a
considerable series of Brazilian (Mattogrosso, Minas, Bahia) and Venezuelan

» /5is (9) iv. p. 62!) (1910. — Sapucay, Paraguay).

" Tanagra pileata Boddaert, Tabl. PI. enl., p. 45 (1783. — ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 720, fig. 2 :
Cayenne).

» The birds found in the south-western provinces of Brazil (Mattogrosso, northern Sao Paulo)
very likely also belong to N. p. paraguayensis. I have not seen specimens from these localities.

* Figured on plate 18, fig. 2.

' Nov. Zool. 13, 1906, p. 310.

• Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 13, p. 420 (1844.— " Brazil").

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 227

(Altagracia, EI Fraile, Bolivar : Orinoco R.) skins. Several fine specimens from
Tucuman, N.W. Argentine, belong also to this race. In Peru it is replaced by
T. sordida amazonum Scl.,' while the ioliabitants of the upper Rio Madeira are
intermediate between the latter and the typical race.'

Tachyphonus versicolor = Laiiio versicolor versicolor (Lafr. & Orb.).

Taihyphonus versicolor Lafresnaye & d'Orbiguy, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 28 (1837. —

Yuracarea, Bolivia ; desor. orig. cj$).
Pyranga versicolor, d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 262, pi. 19, fig. 1 (Yuracards).

No. 1, ((J) ad. (skin) : without original label, from Bolivia, d'Orbigny Coll.
—Wing 84 ; tail 73 ; bill 14 mm.

No. 2, "?" ad. (skin): "241, d'Orbigny, 1834, de Yuracares, D. 401.
Pyranga versicolor d'Orb. femelle." — Wing 80 ; tail 70 ; bill 14 mm.

Besides, there are two mounted specimens, male and female, from Yura-
cares, in the galeries of the Paris Museum.

Bolivian skins agree, in size and coloration, with others from Central and
South-Eastern Peru (prov. Huanuco and Marcapata). The most easterly
localities yet recorded are Humaytha and Allianca, upper Rio Madeira.

In Lower Amazonia (Rio Jamauchim, Tocantins) the typical race is repre-
sented by the smaller Lanio versicolor parvus, Berl.'

Tachyphonus flavinucha = Compsocoma flavinucha (Lafr. & Orb.).

Tachyphonus flavinucha Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 29 (1837. —
Yungas, Bolivia; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 279, pi. 21, fig. 1 (" aupr^s des villages
Chup6, Inipana et Suri, prov. Yungas de La Paz").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " de Yungas, Bolivia, par d'Orbigny, 1834. Tacliy-
photius flavinucha, Lafr .-Orb. type."

The range of this fine species is restricted to the mountain forests (Yungas)
of N.W. Bolivia.

Tachyphonus nigerrima = Tachyphonus rufus (Bodd.).*

Tachyphonus nigerrima Gniel. ; ' L. &. O., Syn. Av, i. p. 29 (Corrientea).
Tachyphonus leticopterus "'^'ieil.";' d'Orbigny, p. 277 (Corrientes ; (J$).

No. 1, " <J " ad. (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 131. Corrientes.
Tachyphonus leucopterus. Male." — Wmg 91 ; tail 88 ; bill 19 mm.

No. 2, " ? " ad. (skin) : " d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 114. Corrientes.
Tachyphonus leucopterus. Femelle." — Wing 88 ; tail 88 ; bill 19 mm.

These birds certainly belong to that wide-spread species which, until recently,
was universally called T. melaleuciis (Sparrm.). No. 1 is a perfectly adult male,

' Thlypopsia amazonum Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 11, p. 229 (1886. — Lower Ueayali, East
Peru).

« Nov. Zool. 17, 1910, pp. 278-9.

» Verhandl. V. Intemat. Ornith. Kongr. Berlin 1910, pp. 1073, 1140 (1912. — Santa Elena, Eio
Jamauchim, eastern tributary of the Rio Tapaj6s).

• Tanagra rufa Boddaert, Tabl. PI. enl., p. 44 (1783. — ex Daubonton, PI. enl. 711 :
Cayenne ;= $).

» Tanagra nigerrima Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, ii. p. 899 (1789. — ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 179, fig. 2
(= (J), 711 (= ?) : Cayenne).

• Oriolus leucopterus Gmelin, l.o. 1, i. p. 392 (1788. — part. (excl. syn. Pennant) : ex "White-
winged Oriole " Latham, Oen. Syn. Birds, 1, ii. p. 440 : Cayenne ; = J ad.).

228 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

glossy black, with snow-white shoulder-patch, axillaries, and under wing-coverts ;
without the slightest trace of red in the middle of the crown, which is always
more or less developed in the allied T. coronatus (Vieill.).' The (J has rather
a thicker, stronger bill than most of the specimens from more northern locali-
ties ; but the female is hardly different in this respect from another secured by
Levraud near Caracas, Venezuela.

T. rufus appears to be rather localised in Argentine. Besides d'Orbigny's,
I have not seen any other example taken in the Republic, although Venturi '
reports the species as common " dans les forets du Chaco," and C. B. Grant ' also
records an adult male secured at Riacho Ancho, opposite the city of Corrientes,
Terr, del Chaco. In Northern Paraguay, on the confines of Mattogrosso, Borelli
obtained two adult males at Colonia Risso ' ; while Rohde procured two others
on the Lambare, near Asuncion, in the western part of that Republic.

In Misiones and Southern Paraguay (Tebicuari, Sapucay), however, the allied
T. coronatus, with crimson vertical spot, is met with.

In Brazil, too, the two species represent one another geographically.

T. rufus inhabits the arid campos districts of the northern and central
provinces : Piauhy, Pernambuco, Bahia, Western Minas Geraes, Goyaz, Matto-
grosso, southwards to northern Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana, Itapura).

T. coronatus lives in the forest region of S.E. Brazil, from Southern Espirito
Santo (Victoria) and Eastern Minas (Blarianna) through Rio de Janeiro and
Southern Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema, Cubatao, Ypiranga, Piiacicaba,
Piquete, Iguape, Alto da Serra, Itarare) to Rio Grande do Sul (Taquara do
Mundo Novo, etc.).

Tachyphonus luctuosns luctuosus Lafr. & Orb.

Tachyphomts lucluosus Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 29 (1837. — Guara-

yos, BoliTia ; dcecr. orig. (J$).
Pyranga luctuosa, d'Orbigny, p. 263, pi. 22, figs. 1, 2 ((J$) (Guarayos & Yuracares).

No. 1, " cj " ad. (skin): "Pyranga luctuosa D'Orb. Male. 231, par
d'Orbigny, 1834. de Yuracares, D. 369."— Wing 64 ; tail 55| ; bill 12 mm.

No. 2, " $ " ad. (skin) : " Pyranga luctuosa D'Orb. Femelle. 231, par
d'Orbigny, No. D. 369, de Yuracares."— Wing 61 ; tail 55 ; bill 12 mm.

This species ranges from Trinidad, Venezuela, and Eastern Colombia south
to Mattogrosso and Northern Bolivia.

Tachyphonus capitatus= Paroaria capitata (Lafr. & Orb.).

Tachyphonus capitatiis ha,{iesna,ye & d'Orbigny, Si/n. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 29 (1837. — Cor-
lientes ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 278, pi. 19, fig. 2 (prov. Santa F6, Entrerios,
Corrientes ; descr. (J ad., juv.).

Nos. 1-4, adults (mounted) : " par d'Orbigny, juillet 1829, de Corrientes.
No. 118. Tachyphonus capitatus Lafr. -Orb. type."

No. 5, imm. (skin): "d'Orbigny, juillet 1829. No. 118, Corrientes."—
Wing 78 ; tail 71 ; bill 13J mm.

' Agelaiiis coronatus Vieillot, Tabl. enc. meih., Ornith., ii. livr. 91, p. 711 (1822. — ex Azara,
No. 77 : Paraguay).

> Nov. Zool. 16, 1909, p. 173.

' Ibis, 1911, p. 94: T. melaleucus.

• T. melaleucus Sftlvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, x. No. 203 1895, p. i.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 229

p. capitata, which is readily distinguishable from the P. gidaris group by
the wax-yellow (instead of blackish) legs and upper mandible, is peculiar to the
system of the Rio Paraguay, being chiefly found on the banks of the main stream.
The farthest southern record is Rosario, prov. Santa Fe, the most northern
Cuyaba, on the Rio Cuyaba, one of the sources of the Paraguay, prov. Matto-
grosso, S.W. Brazil.

In Argentine the species has been met with in various localities on either
side of the Parana : at Parana by Burmeister ; on the mouth of the Rio Guay-
quiraro by F. Schulz ' ; near Esquina by C. B. Grant ' ; at Corrientes by
d'Orbigny ; in the province of Santa Fe, at Rosario, by Grant - ; at San Lorenzo,
Ocampo, and Mocovi by Venturi ' ; in the Territorio del Chaco, near Riacho
Ancho, by Grant ' ; on the lower PUcomayo, Fortin Donovan, by Graham
Kerr.'

In Paraguay, P. capitata was found at Lambare by R. Rohde ; at Puerto
Pinasco and Sapatero Cue by Grant - ; in Villa Concepcion by Weiske ° ; on
the plantation Bernalcue, south-east of Asuncion, by Wieninger " ; at Porto
Pagani, Rio Apa, by Borelli.' Farther to the north, the species was procured
on e Brazilian portion of the Rio Paraguay at Corumba and Uacuryzal by
Smitli ' ; at Villa Maria [= San Luis de Caceres] and Cai^ara by Natterer " ;
and nally near Cuyaba, on the Rio Cuyaba, by the last-named traveller.'

Tachyphonus gularis = Paroaria gularis cervicalis ScL"

Tachyphonus gularis (errore) d'Orbigny, Voyage, Oia., p. 279 (Chiquitos, Moxos, E. Bolivia).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " D. C. Mojos, No. 248. Tachyphonus gularis d'Orb.,
par d'Orbigny, 1834."— Whig 85 ; tail 75 ; bill 14 mm.

This bird and three others obtained by Natterer at Villa Bella de Matto-
Grosso,-Rio Guapore," differ from a large series of P. g. gularis, from Guiana
and Northern Amazonia, in lacking the black colour on the lores and round the
eye, these parts being uniform cherry-red, like the crown. In the blackish legs
and black upper mandible, however, they resemble the typical race. This
peculiarity alone suffices to tell P. g. cervicalis from P. capitata. Sclater's diag-
nosis of P. cervicalis and Sharpe's figure," which (in contradiction to the statement
in the key, p. 809) represents a bird with entirely yellow bill, are both faulty.
The yellow upper mandible in the type is no doubt due to its having lost the
corneous integument by accident.

P. gularis cervicalis evidently replaces P. capitata on the head-waters of the

' Specimen in the Berlepsch Collection examined.
" Ibis. 1911, p. 97.

> Nov. Zool. 16, 1909, p. 182.
« Ibis, 1892, p. 126.

' Specimens in Munich Museum.

• P. cervicalis (errore) Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, 1895, p. 6.— The adult
male secured by Borelli which I have examined in the Turin Museum is a typical example of the
yellow-legged species.

' Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. iii. 1891, p. 369.

' Pelzeln Zur Omilh. Bras. iii. 1869, p. 228.

> Paroaria cerviculi^ Sciater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Birds, p. 108 (1862. — Bolivia).
'» Paroaria gularis Pelzeln, Zur Ornith. Bras. iii. 1869, p. 228 (part.).

" Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 12, pi. 16, fig. 1.

230 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Madeii-a (Guapore, Mamore, Bcni Rivers) in Western Mattogrosso, Northern and
Eastern Bolivia.^

Tachyphonus ruficollis = Cypsnagra hirundinacea hirundinacea (Less.).'

Tachyphonus ruficollis [hichi.) ;' L. & 0., Syn. .4r.i.p. 29 (Chiquitos, Bolivia) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage,
p. 277 (" missions de Concepcion et Santiago," Chiqmtos ; descr. (J ad., $ ( = juv.)).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " D. 389, de Chiquitos, par d'Orbigny, 1834."

No. 2, adult (skin) : " Tachyphonus ruficollis, Nob. 294, d'Orbigny, 1834.
Chiquitos, D. 389."— Wing 82 ; tail C6J ; bill 14J mm.

No. 3, imm. (skin) : " D. 339, de Chiquitos. Tachyphonus ruficollis Nob.,
par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 194."— Wing 84 ; tail 70 ; bUl 14J mm.

The adult birds agree with specimens from northern vSao Paulo (Cimeterio
do Lambari, Ytarare), Mattogrosso (Porto Faj-a, Chapada), Goj'az (Fazenda
Esperan9a, Monte Alegre), and Western Minas Geraes (Bagagem), in having the
throat deep cmnamon-rufous and the flanks washed with ochraceous. No. 3,
which corresponds to d'Orbigny's description of the female, is an immature
bird with ochraceous-bufi throat and pale-brownish edges to the feathers of the
upper parts.

The dark-throated, typical race, C. h. hirundinacea, ranges from the
interior (?) of Bahia and Western Minas Geraes over the table-land of Centra
Brazil (Goyaz, Mattogrosso, northern districts of S. Paulo) to the East Bolivian
hill-country (Concepcion and Santiago de Chiquitos).

In Northern Bahia, Piauhy (San Antonio de GUboez),' Ceara, and on the
Rio Madeira (Humaytha) it is represented by C. hirundinacea pallidigula Hellm.,^
which differs at first sight by its much paler buff (instead of cmnamon-rufous)
throat, stouter, more curved bill, and several other characters. Reiser's birds
from Piauhy which I have exammed agree perfectly with the types from
Humaytha.

Euphonia laniirostris laniirostris Lafr. & Orb.

Euphonia laniirostris Lafrcsnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 30 (1837. —
Yuracar^s, Bolivia ; descr. orig. (J$) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 266, pi. 22, fig. 1 ( = cJ)
(prov. Yungas, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Yuracarte, Guarayos).

No. 1, " $ " ad. (skin) : "Euphonia laniirostris, D'O. 257. Male. d'Or-
bigny, 1834. D. 89. Yuracares (figure pi. 22, fig. 1)."— Wing 64J ; tail 40 ;
bill (broken) mm.

No. 2, " (J " juv. (skin) : " Eriph. laniirostris Nob. jeune male, 257, d'Orbigny,
1834. D. 85, de Guarayos."- Wing 61 ; tail 36 ; bill 10 mm.

No. 3, " ? " ad. (skin) : " Euph. laniirostris Nob. fem. 257, d'Orbigny, 1834.
D. 85, de Guarayos." — Wing 59 ; tail (damaged) ; bill 10 mm.

The adult birds (Nos. 1 and 3) are practically identical with others from

' Besides Natterer's and d'Orbigny's, I know only of one other record of this species in
literature : AUen {Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H. ii. 1889, p. 84), in his report on H. H. Rusby's Bolivian
collections, mentioning two examples from near Reyes and the Falls of the Madeira, N. Bolivia.

• Tanagra hirundinacea Lesson, Traite d'Oniilh., p. 460 (1831. — " du Br&il "),

• Tanagra ruficollis Lichtenstein [Vcrz. Dubl. Berliner Mus. 1823, p. 30: San Paulo, Brazil]
is preoccupied by Tanagra ruficollis Gmelin [fyst. Nat. 1, ii. 1789, p. 894 : ex Latham : Jamaica],

• C. ruficollis (errore) Reiser, Dcnkschr. math. ncUurw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, 1910, p. 84
(sp. examined).

' C. ruficollis pallidigula Hollmayr, Nov. Zool. 14, p. 350 (1907. — Humaytha, Rio Madeira).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 231

Western Mattogrosso (S. Vicente, Villa Maria [= San Luis de Cacercs], Villa
Bella), coll. Natterer, and the upper Rio Madeira (Calama, Humaytha, Rio
Machados), coll. Hoffmanns. The extension of the white patch on the inner
web of the outermost rectrix in the adult males is somewhat variable. No. 2
is a young male in transitional plumage.

E. I. laniirostris is peculiar to the lowlands of N. and E. Bolivia and Western
Brazil (upper Rio Madeira and its tributaries, upper Paraguay and R. Cuyaba).
Its characters have been explained at length by Allen ' and Hellmayr.' In
Central and Eastern Peru its place is taken by E. laniirostris peruviana Berl. &
Stolzm.'

Euphonia nigricoUis = Euphonia cyanocephala aureata (Vieill.).*

Euphonia nigricoUis (Vieill.);^ L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 30 (Corricntcs, Argentine; descr. <??).
Euphonia aureaia, d'Orbigny, Voyage, Oia., p. 267 (Rincon de Luna.pres du Rio Batel, Conientes;
deacr. (J).

Although these specimens are no longer in the Paris Museum, there is,
nevertheless, very little doubt that d'Orbigny's E. nigricoUis is referable to the
somewhat larger, southern form of the Blue-headed Organist. Mr. C. Chubb "
divides this species into three geographic races, which he calls : E. nigricoUis
nigricoUis, from Paraguay (and S.E. Brazil) ; E. nigricoUis intermedia, n.subsp.,
from Guiana ; and E. nigricoUis pehelni Scl.,' from Western Ecuador. This
nomenclature, however, is faulty, as has already been shown by Count Berlepsch.'
Pipra cyanocephala VieOl,' was based on a female obtained by Robin in the
island of Trinidad. The tj^pe which I have examined in the Paris Museum
agrees in size and coloration '" with females from Roraima, British Guiana, and
the Venezuelan north coast (Cumana, Bermudez ; Silla de Caracas). It follows,
therefore, that E. n. intermedia Chubb is an absolute synonym of E. c. cyano-
cephala.

Birds from S. Brazil and Paraguay (Sapucay) may be distinguished by
their larger size, though the colour-differences alluded to by Chubb do not hold
good in the series before me. Two adult males from Eastern Ecuador (Ambato),
while agreeing with the southern E. c. aureata in large size and deep orange
lower parts, have the black frontlet much more extended and may constitute
another recognisable form, which, however, I feel not justified in naming with
the limited material in hand. The West Ecuadorian E. c. pehelni Scl. is an

' BuU. Amer. Mus. N.H. iii. 1891, p. 351.

> Novit. Zool. 14, 1907, p. 347 ; I.e. 10, 1910, p. 272.

» Ornia 13, Part 2, p. 77 (1906.— La Merced, Chancharaayo, C. Peru).

• Tanagra ^ureato Vieillot, Tahl. enc. meth., Oruith., ii. livr. 91, p. 782 (1822. — ex Azara, No. 99 :
Paraguay).

' Tanagra nigricoUis Vieillot [Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. id., 32, 1819, p. 412 : " BrSsil "]
is preoccupied by T. nigricoUis Gmelin [Syst. Nat. 1, ii. 1789, p. 894 ; ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 720,
fig. 1 ; Cayenne].

• Ibis (9) iv. 1910, pp. 623-4.

' [Euphonia nigricoUis] subsp. pelzelni (Berlepsoh MS.) Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 11, p. 61,
in text (1886. — type locality designated by Berlepsoh as Govinda, W. Ecuador).
' Verh. V. Internat. Ornith. Kongr., 1912, pp. 1013, 1124.

• Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 19, p. 165 (1818.— Isl. Trinidad; descr. $).

^* The original description is incomplete, no mention being made of the rusty-orange frontal
band which, however, is present in the type-specimen.

232 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

excellent race, being immediately separable by the light-yellow (not orange)
colour of the under-surface.

The distribution of four races is as follows :

(a) E. cyanocephala cyanoce'phala (Vieill).
Trinidad ; British Guiana (Roraima) ; Northern Venezuela, from the Paria
Peninsula to IMerida ; Colombia (Bogota, Antioquia, etc.).

Ten adult males : wing 61-63^ once 64i ; tail 36^-39 ; bill CJ-7 mm.
Ten adult females : wing 61-64 ; tail 36-39 ; bill 6]-7 mm.

(6) E. cyanocephala subsp.
Eastern Ecuador (Ambato) ; possibly also Peru.
Two adult males (Ambato) . . . : wing 66 ; tail 39, 40 ; bill 7 mm.

(c) E. cyanocephala aureata (Vieill.).

S.E. Brazil from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul ; Paraguay ; Northern Argen-
tine (Rincon de Luna, South Corrientes ; Tucuman) ; Mattogrosso (Urucum).

Eight adult males (S. Paulo & Paraguay) : wing 66-9 ; tail 39-43 ; bill
6J-7 mm.

Four adult females (S. Paulo & Paraguay) : wing 65-6 ; tail 37J-39 ;
bill 7 mm.

{d) E. cyanocephala pelzelni Scl.

Western Ecuador (Govinda, Intac, Pichincha, Cayandeled, Pallatanga, etc.
etc.).

Euphonia serrirostris = Euphonia chlorotica ' serrirostris (Lafr. & Orb.).'

Evphonia serrirostris Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in May. Zool. c!. ii. p. 30 (1837. — Guarayos,
Santa Cruz, Bolivia; descr. orig. ^ juv., ?) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 267, pi. 21, Bg. 2
( = $) (Rio Grande, au hameau de Pacu, prov. Santa Cruz de la Sierra).

No. 1, ((J) juv. (skin): "Euphonia serrirostris D'Orb. 257. d'Orbigny,
1834. D. 85, de Guarayos."— Wing 59 ; tail 39 ; bill 9 mm.

No. 2, " 9 " ad. (skin) : " Euphonia serrirostris d'Orb., femelle D. 327.
Guarayos, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 258, Typ3 de la planche 21, fig. 2."—
Wing 58 ; tail 34 ; bill 7J mm.

No. 3, skin : " Euphonia serrirostris d'Orb. D. 327, de Santa Cruz, par
d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 258."— Wing 57 ; tail 34 ; bill 8 mm.

The first of these specimens, No. 1, corresponds to the description of the
male, which is characterised as " subtus aureo-flavus, collo olivaceo " (Syn. Av.)
and "partie inferieiu'e jaune, passant au vert sur les flancs " (Vorjage). Nos. 2
and 3 tally with the diagnosis of the female : " pectore abdomineque mediis,
crissoque albescentibus " (Sy7i. Av.) and " devant du cou et milieu du ventre
cendre blanchatre" {Voyage). The sentence "rectricibus tribus lateralibus
macula magna alba intus " — which, by the way, is not repeated in the Voyaxje
— can have been taken only from No. 3, since the two others have all the
rectrices uniform without white spots.

• The specific chloroiica has recently been replaced by aurca. Under the existing rules, however,
the name Parus aureus Vroeg cannot be accepted. (C£. Stone, Auk, 29, 1912, pp. 207-8.)

' Needless to say, I am quite unable to concur with the late O. Salvin {Cat. Strickl. Coll. 1882,
p. 181) in identifying E. serrirostris -wMi E. chrysopasta Scl. & Snlv. $, from which tlie type specimens
are widely difierent.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 2.33

The alleged male (No. 1) is in very poor state of preservation, the entire
chest having been cut away ; but from what remains of the under-parts it is
evident that the lower throat and foreneck were pale greyish, the anal region
whitish, and the sides of the body deep olive-yellow, shaded interiorly with
greenish, i.e. exactly as in ordinary females from Bolivia and N.W. Argentine.

No. 2, which we may regard as the type of E. serrirostris, is identical with an
adult female secured by L. Dinelli, June 4, 1905, at Metan, prov. Salta, N.W.
Argentine, except for the breast being slightly less greyish. Both have the
median portion of the under-surface extensively greyish or buffy whitish, while
the throat and sides are bright greenish-yellow. The upper parts are dull olive,
shading into greyish olive on the crown, and brightening to olive yellow on
rump and upper tail-coverts ; the forehead is olive yellow, somewhat abruptly
defined against the colour of the crown.

No. 3 agrees with the preceding specimen in general coloration, but has
a white spot near the tip of the inner web of the two lateral rectrices, and very
little yellow about the forehead. It is, no doubt, a young male in transitional
plumage.

The geographical variation of E. chlorotica, a much discussed problem,
presents unusual difiSculties, and authors differ as to the number and limits of
the recognisable forms. To cite only a few among the conflicting opinions,
we will mention that Hartert ' separates the birds of N.W/ Argentine (Salta,
Tucuman) and Bolivia, under the name E. chlorotica serrirostris, on account
of their larger size and lighter yellow under-parts, from those found in
more southern latitudes (prov. Santa Fe), which he regards as probably
identical with the Brazilian birds, viz. E. chlorotica violaceicollis (Cab.).'
Dabbene,' however, declares himself unable to make any distinctions between
specimens obtained at such remote localities as Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia),
Salta, La Rioja, Misiones, Paraguay, and Cordoba. The late Count Berlepsch,'
on the other hand, considers the inhabitants of Eastern and Southern Brazil
as a sub-species of the Guianan E. chlorotica, calling it E. " anrea " violaceicollis ;
at the same time this distinguished ornithologist separates specifically the birds
from Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentme as E. serrirostris, and the pale-bellied
N. Peruvian form as E. taczanowskii Scl.' The principal reason for this arrange-
ment was the assumption that the female of the Brazilian race, E. c. violacei-
collis, like that of the Cayenne form, E. c. chlorotica, has the whole under-surface
uniform olive yellow ; while in the females of E. serrirostris and E. taczanowskii
the median portion of the abdomen is greyish or buffy white. This contention,
however, is erroneous, at least as far as E. c. violaceicollis is concerned,' as I
shall show presently.

Examination of thirty adult males from various parts of Brazil, Paraguay,
and Southern Argentine fails to reveal any local variation, either in size or
colour, although specimens from Bahia appear to average rather smaller. Birds

1 Novit. Zool. 16, 1909, p. 170.

* AcTolepies violaceicollis Cabanis, Joum. f. Omith. 13, p. 409 (1865. — *' Brasilien " ; descr.
orig. (J).

' Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, 1912, pp. 351-4.

* Bericht V. Internal. Omith. Congr. Berlin, 1912, pp. 1014, 1124-5.

' [Euphonia chlorotica] Bnhs'p. taczanowskii Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 11, p. 65 (1886. —
Callacate, N.W. Peru).

" The female of E. c. chlorotica is unknown to me.

234 NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.VE XXX. 1923.

from the Argentine states Rioja, Cordoba, and Santa Fe are as deep orange
yellow underneath as those from Brazil and Paraguay, and must be referred to
the same form. As to the females, I can positively state that there is no
difference either between Brazilian and Argentme skins, all having the middle
of the breast and abdomen greyish or buffy white, in decided contrast to the
pale-yellowish throat and deep olive-yellow sides. Five Brazilian females
sexed by such experienced collectors as Reiser and Natterer agree in every
respect with others from Misiones, Cordoba, and Catamarca, secured by E. W.
White. Examples from Paraguay (Sapucay, Villa Rica, Lambare) are also
precisely similar. The birds with uniform yelloiv under-surface are obviously
young males. Such specimens I have seen from Bahia and Chapada, Matto-
grosso. There can be no further question that the inhabitants of Eastern and
Central Brazil (Piauhy, Bahia, Goyaz, Mattogrosso, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo),
Paraguay, and Central Argentine (Misiones, Santa Fe, Cordoba, Rioja, Cata-
marca) belong to one and the same form, which is entitled to the name E.
chlorotica violaceicollis (Cab.).

With regard to the birds occurring in N.W. Argentine and Bolivia, I must
confess I am still in doubt about their proper identification. Four adult males
from Tucuman (city of Tucuman and Los Vasquez), and one from the " interior
of Bolivia," collected by Bridges, in the Tring Museum, differ, indeed, from all
the preceding examples in the much paler (clear chrome-yellow instead of orange)
under-parts, and more steel-blue (less violaceous) back. In size, they coriespond
to the largest specimens of E. c. violaceicollis. Strangely enough, another male
from " Bolivia," Bridges coll., and two from Tilotilo, Yungas of N.W. Bolivia,
in the British Museum, agree, however, in the deep orange shade of the lower
surface, as well as in other respects, with the ordinary Brazilian form. Bolivian
females (d'Orbigny's type and two from Tilotilo) and one taken at Salta (Metan)
closely resemble E. c. violaceicollis on the under-parts, but above they are some-
what brighter, more yellowish olive. While admittmg that the distribution of
these pale- and dark-bellied birds in Bolivia is at present altogether unintelli-
gible, I hesitate, without further confirmatory evidence, to unite E. c. violacei-
collis with E . serrirostris, since, inthe vast areamlmhitedhy the first-named form,
adult males, with clear yellow abdomen, are not known to occur. Another
doubtful point is the relationship of the pale-bellied Tucuman and Bolivian
" phase " to E. taczanowskii ScL, originally described from N.W. Peru (Callacate),
with which I am not acquainted. I am sorry to leave the matter in this unsatis-
factory state, but until good series from different parts of Bolivia come to hand
it will be impossible to arrive at anything like definite conclusions regarding
the affinities of the western races of the E. cMorotica-group.

The subjoined table may serve to illustrate the dimensions of specimens
from various localities :
c?<? ad.

E. c. chlorotica (L.). wing.

Seven Cayenne 52-56 30J-33i 7-7 mm.

OneMarajo, N.Brazil . . . .56

One Tapajoz (Itaituba) . . . .55

E. c. pileata Berl.
Five Ormoco River .... 58-60 35-37J

Tail.

BUI.

30J-33i

7-7

33

7

32

7

Wing.

Tail.

Bill.

55-58 i

32^-351

6i-7

59

34J

6i

60

37

8

57-61

35-38

7-8

57-59

33-36

7i-8|

58,59

31,33

7

60

37

7

59

36

8

57-61

35-37

n

57

34

8

59,60

—

—

lied form.

60 i

37

6^

59-6U

37i-39

7-8

NOTITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923. 235

c?c? ad.
E. c. violaceicollis (Cab.).

Ten Bahia 55-58i 32^-35^ 6i-7 mm.

One Piauhy .....

One Sao Paulo (Ypanema)

Four Goyaz .....

Four Mattogrosso (Chapada) .

Two Rioja, Argentine

One Santa Fe, Argentine (Ocampo) .

One Misiones (Santa Ana)

Five Paraguay (Villa Rica, Lambare)

One " Bolivia " (Bridges ; Brit. Mus.)

Two Tilotilo, N.W. Bolivia

E. c. serrirostris Lafr.-Orb. (?), pale-bellied form.
One " Interior of Bolivia " (Bridges)
Four Tucuman ....

$9 ad.
E. c. violaceicollis (ab.).
Two Bahia (Boca da Ipueiro, Rio Grande ;

O. Reiser coll.) 58, 58J 34i, 35 7

One Piauhy (Parnagua ; Reiser coll.) .54 — 6|

One Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba ; Natterer

coll.) 59 35 8

One Sao Paulo (Rio Parana ; Natterer) . 59 J 34 J 7 J

One Misiones (Concepcion ; White) . . 60| 36 7J

Three Paraguay (Villa Rica, Lambare) . 56-59 34-38 7^

E. c. serrirostris Lafr. & Orb., pale-bellied form.
One Guarayos, E. Bolivia (type) . . 58 34 7J

One Salta (Metan), N.W. Argentine . 58J 35 7

Euphonia ruficeps = Euphonia xanthogaster ruficeps Lafr. & Orb.

Euphonia ruficeps Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. el. ii. p. 30 (1837. — Yuracar^s,
Bolivia ; descr. orig. (J$) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 268, pi. 22, fig. 2 ( = S) (Yuracar^s).

No. 1, $ ad. (skin) : " D. 399. Yuracares. Euphonia ruficeps Nob. 256,
d'Orbigny, 1834."— Wing 65 ; tail 36| ; bill (damaged) mm.

No. 2, $ ad. (skin) : " 256. Euphonia ruficeps, Nob. femelle, par d'Orbigny,
1 834. D. No. 399, de Yuracares."— Wing 63 ; tail 37 ; bill 8^ mm.

In addition, I have examined five males and six females procured, at various
localities in Northern Bolivia, by Gustav and Otto Garlepp. The rufous-capped
Euphonia is restricted to N. Bolivia. About its Venezuelan ally and its nomen-
clature vide Hellmayr & Seilern's remarks in Arch. f. Naturg. 78, Abt. A, Heft 5,
1912, pp. 53-4.

238

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923.

Aglaia Yeni Lafr. & Orb. = Tangara chilensis (Vig.).'

Aglaia Yeni Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 31 (1837. — Yuracarfes,

Bolivia ; descr. orig.).
Tanagra yeni d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 270, pi. 24, fig. 2 (Yungas, Yuracarfes).

Nos. 1, 2, adults (mounted) : " par d'Orbigny, 1834, de Yuracares, Bolivie.
Aglaia Yeni Nob. type."

This species ranges over the western parts of the Amazonian region from
S.E. Colombia down to Northern Bolivia.

Aglaia tatao = (?) Tangara seledon (P. L. S. Miill.).'

Aglaia talao "Gm.";' L. &. 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 31 ("imp. Brasiliensi " ) ; d'Orbigny, p. 270
(" Saint-Christophe, prea Rio-de-Janeiro ").

The Paris Museum possesses no specimen that could possibly be the
A. tatao of the Synopsis Avium. I think we may presume that d'Orbigny only
observed the bird, but did not obtain it. The erroneous diagnosis as given in
the Voyage has all the appearance of having been compiled from memory, or
might have been taken from Daubenton's PI. enl. 7, fig. 1, representing
Tangara paradisea (Swains.), with the tail of some small Parrot {Uro-
chroma) ! The description " tiropygio fulvo " can only apply to T. seledon, which
alone among the various species of this genus occurring in the vicinity of the
Brazilian capital has a yellow rump.

Aglaia schrankii = Tangara schrankii (Spix).'

Aglaia schranHi L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 31 (Yuracaris, Bolivia).

Tanagra schrankii d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 270, pi. 24, fig. 1 (Yuracares ; descr. (J$).

The specimens are no longer to be found in the Paris Museum. Birds from
Yuracares (San Mateo), in the Munich Museum, however, agree well with the
types and a series from Eastern Ecuador and Peru.

Aglaia montana = Buthraupis montana (Lafr. & Orb.).

Aglaia monlana Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 32 (1837. — Yunga3

(Bolivia) ; descr. orig.).
Tanagra monlana d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 275, pi. 23, fig. 1 (Mount Bisoachal, prds Oarcuata, prov.

Yungas).

No. 1, adult (mounted): "par d'Orbigny, 1834, de Carcuata, Yungas.
Buthraupis montana (d'Orb.) type."

This species is peculiar to the Western Yungas of Bolivia. The B. ciicul-
Zata-group, comprising four races in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, is probably
but subspecifically distinct.

1 Aglaia Chilenaia Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. & Corresp. Zool. Soc. Loud. ii. p. 3 {March 1832. —
" Cliili," errore ! hab. corr. Bolivia — ex coll. H. Cuming).

2 Tanagra Seledon P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 158 (1776. — ex Daubenton, PI. enl
33, fig. 1 : " Cayenne," errore ! hab. subst. Rio de Janeiro, auct. Berlepsch 1912) ; = Tangara
tricolor auct.

' About the specific title taUto Linn. See Berlepsch & Hartort, Nov. Zool. 9, 1902, p. 18
note t.

« Tanagra schranlii Spix, .'In. Bras. ii. p. 38, pi. 51, figs. 1, 2 (1825. — Amazonia).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. £37

Aglaia igniventris = Poecilothraupis igniventris (Lafr. & Orb.).

Aglaia igniventris Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 32 (1837. — Yungas,

Bolivia ; descr. orig.).
Tanagra igniventris d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 275, pi. 25, fig. 2 (Apolobamba, au nord de la Paz).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " d'Orbigny, 1834, d'Apolobamba, Bolivie. Aglaia
igniventris D'Orb. Type."

The range of this species is limited to the mountain forests of South-Eastern
Peru (Marcapata) and North-Western Bolivia (Western Yungas). The P-
lumdata-gToujy, of which several races have been described from Central Peru
to Colombia, is most probably subspeciiically related to P. igniventris.

Aglaia cyanocephala = Sporathraupis cyanocephala cyanocephala (Lafr. & Orb.).

Aglaia cyanocephala Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Av. i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 32 (1837. — Yungas,

Bolivia ; descr. orig.).
Tanagra Maximiliani d'Orbigny, Voyage. Ois., p. 276, pi. 23, fig. 2 (Enquisivi, prov. Sicasica ; " un

specimen ").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " T. maximiliani d'Orb. Type, par d'Orbigny,
1834, (5 Enquisivi, Bolivie."

The type and several additional specimens from N.W. Bolivia m Count
Berlepsch's collection agree perfectly with Peruvian skins. Birds from Western
Ecuador also belong to the typical race.'

Aglaia striata = /"^ = Thraupis bonariensis (Gm.).»

[$, juv. = Thraupis darwinii laeta (Berl. & Stolzm.).'

Aglaia striata (" Lin.") ;* L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 32 (Valle Grande, Cochabamba).

Tanagra striata d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 273 (Banda Oriental (Montevideo) ; Buenos Ayres, Cor-
rientes ; a I'ouest des Andes a Palca (Ayupaya), " Perou " ; La Paz, prov. Yungas, Sicasica,
Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Chuquisaca ; descr. " (J ad., $, juv.").

No. 1, "(J" ad. (skin): " D. 181, de Cochabamba, 237, par d'Orbigny,
1834." — Wing 96 ; tail 75 ; bill 12 mm. = Thraupis bonariensis (Gm.) ^J ad.

No. 2, (cJ) ad. (skin) : " 237, d'Orbigny, 1834. D. 181, Bolivia. T. striata
Gm." — ^Wing 90 ; tail 77 ; bill 13 mm. = Thraupis darwinii laeta (Berl. & Stolzm.)
c? ad.

No. 3, (cj) ad. (mounted) : " 237, de La Paz, par d'Orbigny, 1834. D. 181."
— Wing 89 ; tail 75 ; bill 12J mm. = Thraupis danvinii laeta (Berl. & Stolz.),
(J ad.

No. 4, 5 (??) (skins) ; " D. 181, de La Paz, par d'Orbigny, 1834. T. striata
Gm. 237."— Wing 88, 90 ; tail 74 ; bill 12J, 13 mm. = Thraupis darwinii laeta
(Berl. & Stolzm.) ?.

' There is no reason for supplanting the specific name cyanocephala by d'Orbigny's term
maximiliani, since Aglaia cyanocephala Lefr. & Orb. is not aSected by the earlier Tanagra cycno-
cephala P. L. S. Miill. 1776.

" Loxia bonariensis Gmelin, Sysl. Nat. 1, ii. p. 850 (1789. — ex " Le Noir-Souci," Buffon, Hist.
Nat. Ois., iv. p. 150 : Buenos Aj-res, coll. Commerson).

3 Tanagra darwini laeta Berlepsch & Stolzmann, Omis, 13, part 2, p. 81 (1906.— Cuzco
S.E. Peru).

* Tana/ira striata Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 899 (1789. — ex " L'Onglet," Bufion, Hist. Nat.
Ois., iv. p. 256 : loc. ign., coll. Commerson).

238 NoviTATES Zoological XXX. 1923.

No. 6, (?) (skin) : " D. 181, d'Yungas, No. 237, par d'Orbigny, 1834."—
Wing 88 ; tail 76 ; bill 13 mm. = Thraupis darwinii laeta (Berl. & Stolzm.) $.

No. 7, (?) (skin) : " D. 181, d'Ayupaya [Palca], No. 237, d'Orbigny, 1834."
— Wing 87 ; tail 78 ; bill 12J mm. = Thraupis darwinii laeta (Berl. & Stolzm.) ?.

Examination of d'Orbigny's material shows A. striata to embrace both
T. bonariensis and T. danvinii laeta.

No. 1 represents d'Orbigny's adult male : having the anterior portion of
the back, including scapulars, glossy black, the rump reddish orange ; the
breast bright orange, shading into a paler tint on the abdomen. It is an adult
male of T. bonariensis, and agrees well with topotypical examples from Buenos
Ayres. Birds from ISIontevideo and Corrientes, whence there are no specimens
at Paris, are likewise referable to that species.

Nos. 2 and 3 correspond to the description of the " foemina dorso viridi."
They are adult males of T. darwinii laeta, with the mantle olive green, the rump
and under-parts light saffron-yellow. In size and colour they exactly resemble
specimens from Huiro, valley of Urubamba, near Cuzco, S.E. Peru, which may
be taken as topotypes of that subspecies.

Nos. 4-7, which answer to the characters of d'Orbigny's " jeime age,"
having the upper parts greyish brown, washed with greenish on the mantle,
the rump pale wax-yellow, etc., are ordinary females of T. d. laeta.

The distribution in Bolivia of these two closely allied species is not yet
satisfactorily established. T. bonariensis appears to occur only in the Eastern
Yungas (Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Rio Mizque), whence it extends through-
out Argentine as far south as Mendoza, Cordova, and Buenos Ayres, ranging in
the east through Uruguay to Rio Grande do Sul, the most southerly BrazOian
province. T. darwinii laeta, on the other hand, has been found at various
localities in the Western Yungas (La Paz, Sorata, Chicani, Sicasica, etc.). One
of d'Orbigny's females, however, which I must refer to T. d. laeta, was taken
at Palca, north of Sucre, that is not very far from the Rio Mizque.

The typical T. darwinii darwinii (Bonap.) ' is evidently restricted to the
Peruvian coast districts (from Lima to Arequipa).

Aglaia cayana = Tangara preciosa (Cab.).'

Aglaia cayana (nee Linnaeus) L. & 0., Syn. Av. i. p. 32 (Corrientes, rep. Argentina).
Tanayra Cayana (errore), d'Orbigny, p. 272 (" ville de Corrientes " ; descr. mala).

No specimen in the Paris Museum ; probably only observed. In spite of
d'Orbigny's erroneous diagnosis (" genis . . . nigris "), there can be little doubt
that the bird found " au mois de juillet dans les jardins de la ville de Corrientes."
belonged to T. preciosa, as this species was procured by W. Foster at Sapucay,
Paraguay,' and by Holland at Santa Elena, in northern Entrerios.'

' Tanagm Darwinii Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. v. " 1837," p. 121 (June 1838. — " Cliili,"
coll. Fitzroy, Brit. Museum).

> Callispiza preciosa Cabanis, Mua. Hein. i. p. 27 (1850. — " Bio Grande [do Sul]" ; descr. J$).

' Chubb, /6m, 1910, p. 624.

• Hollanil, Ibis, 1896, p. 315 ; Sclatcr, Bull. B.O.C. viii. 1898, p. xxiv.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOOIOAE XXX. 1923. 239

Aglaia mexicana = Tangara mexicana boliviana (Bonap.).'

Aglaia mexicana (nee Linnaeus) ; - L. & 0., Sijn. Av. i. p. 32 (Yuracares, Bolivia).
Tanagra flaviventris (nee Vieillot)^ d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 271 (Yuraearts, Guarayos).

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " du pays des Guarayos, Bolivie, par M. d'Orbigny,
1834. No. 373 (226). Call. hoKviana Bp. (<»//)e)."— Wing 72^ ; tail 50J ; bill
lOJ mm.

The type is practically identical with specimens from the Rio Madeira,
Tapajoz (Itaituba), and neighbourhood of Para, while birds from Upper Ama-
zonia (Peru, E. Ecuador, Bogota), as a rule, have the shoulder-patch quite
uniform azure-blue (of. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. 14, 1907, p. 7).

Aglaia gyrola = Tangara gyroloides catharinae (Hellm.).'

Aglaia gyrola (nee Linnaeus) '^ L. & O., Syn. Av. i. p. 32 (Yiiracares, Bolivia).
Tanagra gyrola (orrore) d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 272 (Yuracar&).

No. 1, <J ad. (mounted) : " No. 224, par M. d'Orbigny, 1834. de Yuracares,
Bolivie."

Nos. 2, 3, skins (plumage of the female) : " 224, d'Orbigny, 1834. D. 398.
Yuracares. T. gyrola var."

The adult male and others from the same district (San Mateo) in Count
Berlepsch's collection are exactly similar to the typical series m the Munich
Museum.

Aglaia cyanicollis = Tangara cyanicoUis cyanicoUis (Lafr. & Orb.).

Aglaia cyanicollis Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, Syn. Ai\ i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 33 (1837. — YuracarAs,

Bolivia ; descr. orig.).
Tanagra cyanicollis, d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 271, pi. 25, fig. 1 (Yuracares).

No. 1, adult (mounted): "par M. d'Orbigny, de Bolivie, 1834. Tan.
cyanicollis (Lafr. & Orb.). Type."

This is an extreme example of the pale-throated race as represented in the
Munich Museum by birds from Chaquimayo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, agreeing
notably well with an adult male taken July 2, 1910, by H. & C. Watkins (col.
lector's No. 259), in having the throat and sides of the head uniform pale blue
like the crown. Other specimens from the same locality, e.g. (J ad., September
4, 1910, Munich Museum, No. 11,426, however, have a more or less distinct
purplish sheen along middle of throat. Similar examples, together with pale-
throated ones, we have also from Chanchamayo, Central Peru (Schunke Coll.).
These birds form the transition to T. cyanicollis caeruleocephala (Swains.) " of

' Callospiza boliviayia Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 32, p. 80 (1851. — Guarajos,
d'Orbigny coll., Mus. Paris).

2 Tanagra mexicana Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 315 (1766. — ex Brisson : Cayenne; excl.
syn. Hernandez — Mexico).

' Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., nouv. id., 32, p. 410 (1819. — ex Daubenton, PI. enl. 290, fig. 2:
Cayenne).

* Galospiza gyroloides catharinae Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., 1911, p. 1106 (Dec. 1911.
— Chaquimayo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru).

' Fringilla gyrola Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10, i. p. 181 (1758. — ex Edwards: Surinam).

• Aglaia caeruleocephala Swainson, Anim, in Menag., p. 356 (Jan. 1838. — Peru ; Coll. of
W. Hooker).

16

240 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923.

N. Peru and E. Ecuador, which, accordingly, can be regarded as only Bub-
specifically distinct.

Aglaia olivascens = Thraupis palmarum palmanim (Wied).'

AgUia olivascens Licht. ;= L. & 0., Hyn. Av. i. p. 33 (Santa-Crux, Bolivia).

Tanagra oUmsctns, d'Orbigny, Voyage, p. 274 (Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Guarayos, Yuracarte).

No. 1, adult (skin) : " D. 330. Sta. Cruz, Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834.
T. olivascens Licht., No. 227."— Wing 102 ; tail 79 ; bill (damaged) mm.

No. 2, juv. (skin) : " D. 330. Guarayos, par d'Orbigny, 1834. Tanagra
olivascens Licht., No. 227."

The specimen from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, E. Bolivia, a bird in perfect
plumage, is an ultra-typical T. p. palmarum, having the olive-green edges to
the remiges even broader and more distinct than a number of topotypes from
Bahia, E. BrazU. The young example from Guarayos is, no doubt, referable to
the same race.

T. p. palmarum ranges from the coast of Brazil across the central table-
land to the eastern slopes of the Bolivian Andes. Birds from Para, Maranhao,
and Piauhy belong likewise to this race.' The exact western limits of its area
in Lower Amazonia I am unable to determine, owing to lack of material from the
countries between the Tocantins and Madeira Rivers. On the upper Madeira
(Calama) and on the north bank of the Amazon (Manaos), however, the nearly
allied T. palmarum melanoptera (Scl.) is met with,' which is also the only form
occurring in Upper Amazonia, E. Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Guiana.
According to Count Berlepsch ' it goes as far south as N.W. Bolivia (San Antonio,
Suapi, Cangalli).

Aglaia episcopus = Thraupis sayaca (Linn.).'

Aglaia episcopus (nee Linnaeus' ) L. & O., 'Syn. Av. i. p. 33 (Yungas, Cochabamba).
Tanagra episcopiis, d'Orbigny, p. 274 (" depuJs la Plata jusqu'en Bolivie, sur le versaut oriental
dea Andes k Cochabamba, Valle Grande, Yungas ").

No. 1, (cj) ad. (skin): " Corrientes. T. episcopus Lin., par d'Orbigny,
juillet 1829. No. 113."— Wing 92 ; tail 67 ; bill 13 mm.

No. 2, ($) ad. (skin) : " D. 74. Cochabamba, par d'Orbigny, 1834.
No. 223."— Wing 94 ; taU 73 ; bill 13 mm.

No. 3, (?) (skin) : " D. 74. Bolivie, par d'Orbigny, 1834. No. 228."—
Wing 90 ; tail — ; bill 13 mm.

The Corrientes bird is perfectly similar to adult males from Bahia and
Rio de Janeiro. The Bolivian skins are somewhat duller, less bluish, on the
back and wings, agreeing with females and immature examples from Brazil.
T. sayaca is widely diffused in Eastern, Central, and Southern BrazU, N. Argen-
tine, and Bolivia.

1 Tanagra palmarum Wied, Reise Braail., ii. p. 76 (1821. — Canavieras, Bahie).

* Tanagra olivascens Lichtenstein, Verz. Duhl. Berl. Mus., p. 32 (1823. — Brasil).

' Cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.-phya. Kl., 26, No. 2, 1912, pp. 10-11.
« Cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool. 17, 1910, p. 274.

• Bericht V. Intern. Ornith. Kongr., 1912, p. 1053.

° Tanagra Sayaca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 316 (1766. — ex Briseon : ex Marcgrave : N.E.
Brazil).

' Tanagra Episcopus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12, i. p. 316 (1766. — ex Briseon. "Brasil").

NoVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923. 241

Pyranga mississipensis = Piranga flava (Vieill.).'

Pyranga mississipensis Licht. (uec Gmelin) ;^ L. & 0., Stjn. Av. i. p. :i3 (Ohiquitos, E. Bolivia ;
descr. (J?).

Pyranga Azarae d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 264 (between 1838 and 1847. — " environs de Buenos
Ayres ; dans les provinces Chiquitos, Yungaa et Valle Grande " ; nom. nov. for P. mississi-
pensis Licht. nee Gtmelin).

No. 1, " tj " vix ad. (mounted) : " de Buenos Ayres, par M. d'Orbigny,
Nov. 1829. No. 125. Pyranga Azarae. J"" cJ."— Wing 99 ; tail 83 ; bill
16 mm.

No. 2, " (J " ad. (mounted) : " de Chiquitos, par M. d'Orbigny, 1834. —
No. 235.— D. 311."— Wing 93 ; tail 75 ; bill 16 mm.

No. 3, " cJ " ad. (mounted) : " de Chiquitos, par M. d'Orbigny, 1834. —
No. 235.— D. 311. Male. Pyr. Azarae D'Orb. type"~Wmg 92; tail 76;
bill 17 mm.

No. 4, "?" ad. (mounted): "par M. d'Orbigny, 1834.— D. 311.-235.
Pyranga azarae Nob. fem. [Bolivie]." — -Wing (worn) ; tail (worn) ; bill 16 mm.

No. 5, " ?" ad. (skin) : " D. 311. Chiquitos, Pyr. azarae D'O. femelle.
D'Orbigny, 1834. No. 235."— Wing 92 ; tail 75 ; bill 17| mm.

With the limited material at my command, I am not in the position to say
whether all the birds generally attributed to P. flava, viz. the inhabitants of
Bolivia, Western Argentine (from Jujuy south to Mendoza and Cordoba), the
banks of the La Plata, and Paraguay, really belong to the same species.

No. 1, from Buenos Ayres, although retaining some of the yellowish feathers
of the juvenile plumage on sides of head, throat, and breast, is fully as large
as a perfectly adult (red) male procured by A. Ros on the Rio de Oro, Chaco
Austral, in the Munich Museum. For geographical reasons it is to be pre-
sumed that birds from Paraguay (typical P. flava) also belong to this large form,
although I have never seen examples from that country. The males from
Buenos Ayres and Chaco have wide ashy tips to the feathers of the back, nearly
wholly concealmg the rosy-red ground-colour.

The two males from Chiquitos (one of which is marked as type of P. azarae
by d'Orbigny himself) are considerably smaller and, besides, have less greyish
sufiusion on the interscapulium. Should additional material confirm these
differences, the Bolivian birds would have to stand as Piranga flava azarae
d'Orb.=

From P. saira (Spix), of which I have studied a large series from Western
Minas (Bagagen), Goyaz, Mattogrosso, Lower Amazons (Serra do Erere, Monte

1 Saltator flavus Vieillot, Tabl. enc. meth., Ornith., ii. livr. 91, p. 790 (1822. — ex Azara, No. 87 ;
Paraguay ; = $).

2 Tanagra mississipensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 889 (1789. — [part.]: ex Daubenton, PI.
enl. 741 : Mississippi ; = ^ ad.) ; = Piranga rubra (Linn.), 1768.

' Since writing the above, I have examined the series in the Berlepsch Collection. The
difierence in size proves to be not constant, as will be seen from the appended figures ; but the
males from Bolivia have the interscapulium more underlaid with red, with less greyish suffusion.
Males from various localities measure as follows :
One Buenos Ayres
One Rio de Oro, Chaco
Eight Tucuman, N.W. Argentine
Three Misque, Bolivia .
Two Chiquitos, E. Bolivia

. Wing, 99 ;

tail, 83 mm.

„ 98

,. 83 „

„ 94-96i

„ 76J-82 mm

„ 98-100

„ 82-83J „

„ 92,93

„ 75,76 „

242 No\aTATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

Alegre), and British Guiana (Quonja, Annai), Nos. 1 to 3 differ at a glance by
their much smaller bill, duller red upper parts, with more greyish inter-
i-capulium, etc. The females from Eastern Bolivia (Nos. 4, 5) may likewise be
distinguished from their Brazilian ally by shorter bills and duller, more greyish-
green upper surface.

A careful revision of the neotropical red Piranga, together with an investiga-
tion of their conspecific relations, would be a welcome contribution towards
ornithological literature.

Pyranga albicollis = Eucometis penicillata albicollis (Lafr. & Orb.).

Pyraiiga albicollis Lafresnaye & d'Oibigny, Si/n. Ai: i. in Mag. Zool. cl. ii. p. 33 (1837. — Cliiquitos,
E. Bolivia ; descr. orig.) ; d'Orbigny, Voyage, Ois., p. 265, pi. 26, fig. 2 (" Santa Ana, Cliiquitos ;
au pays de Guarayos ").

No. 1, adult (mounted) : " No. 242. — D. 346, de Guarayos, par M. d'Orbigny,
1834. Pyranga albicollis Nob."— Wing 87i ; tail 82 ; bill 14 mm.

No. 2, adult (mounted) : " de Bolivie (Chiquitos), par M. d'Orbigny, 1834.
—No. 232— D. 346. Pyranga albicollis Lafr. & Orb. Type."— Wing 90 ; tail
78 ; bill 15 mm.

These birds I have compared and found identical with a series of ten from
Mattogrosso and Goyaz. As in the Brazilian skins, the throat and foreneck
are rusty-white ; the sides of the head light-brownish ; the top of the head
olivaceous grey, without any white at the base of the crest-feathers ; the feet
and legs are pale fleshy -brown, etc.

E. p. albicollis differs from its Amazonian ally, E. p. penicillata (Spix), in
rusty-white throat (not tinged with greyish in the lower portion), light- brownish
(instead of olive-grey) sides of head, and much paler under-parts (about " chrome
yellow " of Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colours, plate vi, fig. 8, against " deep
chrome," plate vi, fig. 9). Moreover, the feathers of the pileum are much shorter
and lack the white colour on their basal portion, while the bill is much lighter,
the maxilla being light horn-brown (mstead of blackish), the mandible brownish-
white (instead of dark brown).

E. p. albicollis is peculiar to the tableland of Central Brazil and Eastern
Bolivia (Chiquitos, Guarayos). Natterer ' obtained it near the city of Goyaz,
and at Mamoneira, not far from the Rio Claro, province Goyaz ; at Sangra-
douro, Lavrinhas, and Cuyaba in Eastern, at Villa Maria (= San Luis de Caceres),
R. Paraguay, and Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore, in Western Mattogrosso.
Smith ' collected a large series on the plateau of Chapada, and Borelli ' took
three examples at Urucuni, south-west of Corumba, m the same province.
Southwards, this species ranges to the north-western part of the province of Sao
Paulo, where the collectors of the Museu Paulista secured specimens at Itapura,
near the junction of the Rivers Tiete and Parana.'

The birds of the Rio Jurua referred by Jhering ' to E. albicollis prove, on
examination, to belong to E. pi. penicillata.

(To be continyed.)

' Pelzeln, Ziir Ornith. Bras., p. 212.

• Allen, Bull. Amcr. Mas. N.H., iii. 1891, p. 358.

» Salvadori, Boll. JliM. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, 1900, p. 4.

* Jhering & Jliering, Cat. Faun. Brazil, i. 1907, p. 364.
' Bev. Mas. Paul, vi, 1905, p. 432.

NOVITATES ZooLoaiOAE XXX. 1923. 243

ON ANAITIS EFFORMATA GUEN. (1858), A SPECIES DISTINCT
FROM A. PLAGIATA L. (1758)

By dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With 9 text-figures.)

WHILE selecting from our collection specimens illustrating a certain type
of geographical variation, it struck me as very peculiar that all the
specimens of Anaitis plagiata incorporated in the collection from Portugal,
Spain, Morocco, and Algeria appeared to belong to that small form which is
generally known as the summer brood of this Geometer. There was nothing in
the external appearance which aroused suspicion, but it seemed to me most
interesting that Algerian spring specimens should agree with the British and
Central European summer specimens. That made me linger a little longer, and
then something else arrested my attention as my eyes wandered over the series of
specimens in the drawer : all the examples from the western and southern
Mediterranean countries had a shorter abdomen, as if they were all females,
none of them showing the long pomted abdomen of the plagiata male. That
we should have from these coimtries a large number of females of a species of
Geometer collected at random and no male was hardly credible, and I inspected
the species more closely, with the result that what appeared to the naked eye
to be females turned out to be mostly males quite different in the end of the
abdomen from true plagiata. It was evident that the name Anaitis plagiata L.
(1758) covered two species.

We subsequently exhibited the two species at a meeting of the Entomological
Society of London and gave a short description of the differences and the distribu-
tion, and now present a somewhat fuller account.

For reasons given below we identify the second species as A. efformata Guen.
(1858), a name generally sunk as a synonym of plagiata.

A. efformata from all localities agrees in externals with the small summer
specimens of A. plagiata, but some examples attain a considerable size, being
fully as large as medium-sized plagiata of the spring brood. Colour and pattern
do not offer any distinction on which we could rely for separating the two insects.
A. efformata may be described as being on the whole the paler of the two and as
having the subcostal angle of the discal band of the forewing a little more
obtuse. However, fresh specimens often have the markings as strongly pro-
nounced and the subcostal angle of the discal band as sharply acuminate as
vividly coloured A. plagiata. The absence of constant colour-distinctions
sufficiently explains why A. efformata has been overlooked as a species.

We have compared the various parts of the body and appendages in the
two species, and have found no other differences but those presented by the tail-
ends of both sexes.

(J. In the male of A. plagiata the apex of the abdomen is long and pointed
on account of the great length of the claspers (text-fig. 2, inner surface), which are
more than six times as long as they are broad at the widest point (at two-fifths).

244

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1023.

The claspers are forked at the end and converge, the teeth interlocking (text-
fig. 1, ventral aspect). There is a wide gap between the claspers dorsallj^ as
well as ventrally, the proximal portion of the dorsal interspace being filled up by
the ninth and tenth tergites (omitted in our figures). The ventral gap is almost
as broad as the body, and, when the scales have been brushed aside, permits
the inside to be examined without dissection. The manubrium (= saccus)
of the claspers is short, broad, and rounded (M). The clasper of A. efformata
is quite different in size and shape. In a ventral aspect (text-fig. 3) the claspers
are elbowed beyond the middle, diverging from the base to this point and then

converging ; theu' shortne-'^s and the lateral convexity gives the apex of the
abdomen that stumpy and somewhat clavate appearance by which a male of
A. efformata is at a glance differentiated from A. plagiata. Text-fig. 4 is a
representation of the inner surface, corresponding to fig. 2. In a dorsal aspect
(text-fig. 5) the clasper is found to be divided by a narrow sinus into two lobes :
the dorsal lobe is triangular, pointed, and lies with its tip on the ventral lobe,
which is the longer of the two. The ventral lobe is spathulate, somewhat asym-
metrically rounded at the apex, with the under surface concave. It is much more
strongly chitinised than the dorsal lobe, and corresponds to the harpe of other
Lepidoptera, a kind of suture separating also the proximal parts of the strongly
chitinised ventral sclerite from the feebly chitinised dorsal sclerite ( = valve

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 245

of other Lepidoptera). In A. plagiata there i.s no incision between these two
sclerites which compose the clasper, the apical prongs belongmg both to the
ventral sclerite.

In the middle line, a little more dorsal than the bases of the claspers, there
is a small ring of chitin, from which protrudes the long and strongly curved penis-
sheath. This ring, or penis-funnel, as we termed the homologous organ in
Charaxes twenty-five years ago, is slightly sinuate apically on the dorsal side
in A. plagiata, and much more strongly so ventrally (text-fig. 6, ventral aspect).
In A. e^ormata the funnel is smaller and less chitinised, with the dorsal sinus
deep and the ventral one small, so that the dorsal view of it (text-fig. 7) resembles
the ventral view of the funnel of A. plagiata. Above the funnel, but only in
A. efformata, there is a larger outer collar, which consists of two spathulate
processes projecting from the bases of the dorsal margins of the ventral sclerites
of the two claspers. The processes (text-fig. 7, P) touch each other or nearly,
and are covered on the dorsal side with numerous mmute ridges, which give them
a rough appearance.

The anal tergite forms in both species a single pointed process, slightly curved
down at the tip. The apex is compressed in A. plagiata, its vertical diameter
being rather longer than the transverse diameter. In A. efformata the inverse
proportions obtain, the transverse diameter being the longer. However, this
difference in the two species is inconspicuous.

$. The females of the two species are likewise readily distmguished it the
abdomina are not too much contracted. In this sex the last external segment
(the seventh) again is much longer in A. plagiata than in A. efformata, being
longer than broad in the one species, and broader than long in the other. If
the segments are too much telescoped, the difference in length is not easily
ascertained at dry specimens. In this case recourse can be taken to another
distinction, obtainmg in the genital sclerite. This plate is large in A. plagiata
(text-fig. 8), convex proximally at each side, and bears the aperture near the
apex. The cavity in which the orifice of the duct of the spermatheca is situated
is sharply defined on the frontal and lateral sides, but fades away on the anal
side. In A. efformata, on the other hand, the sclerite is smaller (text-fig. 9),
less convex proximally, with the frontal ( = basal) margin more deeply excised,
and the aperture placed near the base instead of the apex. The cavity is well
defined all round, and the rim enclosuig it projects on the anal side in the centre
as a sharply marked longitudinal ridge, which does not quite reach the apical
margin of the segment.

Length of forewing (spring and summer specimens) : A. plagiata j^, 15-24
mm. ; ?, 15-24 mm. A. efformata S, 13-19 mm. ; ?, 13-20 mm.

Distribution : A. plagiata is found from Great Britain to the South of France,
eastward to the Kuku-nor and North-West India. The summer specimens
from Central Asia and Kashmir are, on an average, slightly larger than Western
spring specimens, not smaller, as is the case in Western and Central Europe.

A. efformata is known from Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Croatia,
Hungary, Greece, Asia Minor, and all the West Mediterranean countries (Portugal,
Spain, Morocco, and Algeria, where A. plagiata does not seem to occur).

Nomenclature : The type of efformata came from Syria, and is no longer in
the collection of the Paris Museum. My colleague, Monsieur F. Le Cerf , informs
me that in the Poujade collection there is a specimen with two labels on the

246 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

pin, one bearing the name efformata Gn., and on the other being written " = v.
pallidata Stgr." Tliis specimen belongs to the species with the short abdomen.

Monsieur Charles Oberthiir has very kindly compared the specimens of
Anaitis in the Guenee collection, which forms part of his magnificent collection,
and tells me that efformata is not among them.

We may take it for certain, therefore, that the type of A. efformata is lost,
which, in this case, is of little importance. After consultation withL. B. Proiit,
I accept efformata as the name for the short-bodied species.

The species was redescribed by Staudinger in 1870 as plagiata var. pallidata
from Greece and Asia Minor. I am much indebted to Herr A. Bang-Haas for
re-examinmg the original specimens.

Our British specimens of A. efformata are from Tring, St. Albans, Ranmore
Common (Surrey), and Dorking.

L. B. Prout has specimens from Tilgate Forest (Sussex), and also from
Vigo, Alassio, Corsica, Malta, and Greece.

A. plagiata evidently was originally a Mediterranean species, which has
spread northward. Now we have drawn attention to its distinctness, it will
no doubt be found to occur in most European countries.

The Japanese specimens, which are similar in externals to A. plagiata and
A. efformata, are quite different in the genitalia ; they are A. perclegans Warr.
(1894), described as Carsia perelegans.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 247

ON A THIRD COLLECTION OF BIRDS MADE BY MR. GEORGE
FORREST IN NORTH-WEST YUNNAN

By lord ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S.

THIS collection is a remarkably fine one ; and, in fact, when it is considered
that the main object of the expedition was the collection of seeds, plants,
and botanical specimens, it is a wonderful achievement. The majority of the
skins are very good, and the series are very fine. The series of game birds is
magnificent, and the discovery of Palaeornis derhyanus somewhat extends the
known range of this species.

1. Bambusicola fytchii fytchii Anders.

1 <?, hills east of Tengyueh, April 1922, 8,000 ft. (The specimen at Tring out
of the first collection is not quite adult.)

2. Tetraophasis szechenyii Mad.

Tetraophasis szechenyii Madarasz, Zeitschr.f. ges. Orn. ii. p. 50. pi. ii (1885) (" East Thibet ").

Forrest sent a very fine series of 3 adult (JcJ, 6 adult $?, 6 adult sex ?, and
2 young just fledged. These, together with the 2 (J (J and 1 $ adult sent before,
make a series unrivalled in the world.

The young birds resemble strongly the young of various Tetraonidae.

Yotmg. — Downy feathers of head black-tipped and spotted with rufous.
Feathers of hindneck, back, and wing-coverts dark yellowish wood-grey on
concealed half, black-barred with rufous and with rusty buff or bufSsh-white
shaft stripes which expand into a bioad tip on some larger wing-coverts. Rump
and upper tail-coverts grey, barred with blackish. Outer three pairs of tail feathers
black-barred and edged with white and rufous ; rest of rectrices basal portion
black, more or less marbled with grey, outer portion white. Chin and
throat white ; breast sooty grey, with buffy flammulation m one specimen and
rufous in the second ; abdomen buff in one, rufous m the other, with black
spots ; lower abdomen with grey transverse lines. Quills black-brown, with
rusty- brown vermiculation at tips.

3 (J (J, 6 ??, 6 ? ad., 2 ? fledglings, N.W. flank of Lichiang Range, 14,000-
16,000 ft,, February-November 1922 (2 young July).

3. Ithaginis geoffroyi clarkei Rothsch.

Ithaginis clarkei Rothschild, Bull. B.O.C. xl. p. 67 (1920) (Lichiang Range, Yunnan).

The marvellous series sent by Forrest, consisting of 29 J (J and 9 $?, throws
complete light on the status of this form, and incidentally shows that both my
former conclusions are wrong. In my article on the first collection I put
forward the statement that the red-headed bird was the fully adult cj, while
the birds with black throat and face were younger (J (J. In the article on the

248 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

second collection I described the plumage I took to be the freshly moulted
plumage, and by so doing implied that the variable colour of the throat and head
in the former lot was due to wear.

It is now quite clear from 33 (J<J in fine unworn condition that Ithaginis
clarkei is a subspecies of /. geoffroyi, differing in the extreme form which lacks
completely all red colouring, only in the shorter and less disintegrated crest and
the shorter ear-coverts ; but the extraordinary thing is that out of the 37 (J ^J
Forrest has sent home in his tliree collections, only 5 lack all red, and the
remaming 32 show every gradation to bu-ds with red chins and throats and
whitish or buff chests, spotted with red instead of entirely ash-grey ones, and thus
strongly resembling certain Ithaginis cruentus. The females apparently show
little variation, and differ from geoffroyi chiefly in the browner tinge of the
underside and in the variable amount of rufous on the head.

29 <J(J, 9 ??, February-November 1922, 14,000 ft., N.W. flank of Lichiang
Range.

4. Tragopan temminckii (Gray).

Satyra temminckii Gray in Hardwicke, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. i (1830-2) (no locality given ; type
marked China in British Museum).

Forrest sent a series of 8 cJ^J, 4 $$ ad., 2 ^^ juv , December 1921, February
1922, and October and November 1922, 14,000 ft.

5. Crossoptilon ciossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgs.).

Phasinus crossoptilon Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vii. p. 864 (1838) (no exact locality).

The series this time is a remarkable one, consisting of 6 (Jc?> 6 ?? ad., 1 fledg-
ling, and 3 chicks in down, as well as 2 eggs.

The coloration of the adult cJcJ is certainly not pure white, but rather milk
to buffy white, with more or less of a pale-blue grey wash on the wing-coverts.
I, however, still do not venture to separate the Yunnan birds as a race, although
my four skins from Ta-tsien-lu and Szechuan are much whiter. All the series
oi 1 ^^ and 8 $$ ad. sent by Forrest show signs of staining on various parts
of the plumage, so that it is not certam if all Szechuan birds are always so wliite
when shot wild and the skins not remade at home. There are in some of
Forrest's specimens, moreover, some fresh-coming feathers pure white in colour.
The fledgling is very interesting, as it resembles in pattern what one would
expect a young Tetraogallus to be like.

Fledgling. — Head still in down, centre of crown and hindneck chestnut
brown, sides huffish grey-white, sides of head huffish cream-colour, a Ime behind
eye on to hmdneck black ; back and wmg-coverts grey, with rusty-buff shaft lines
and bands ; wings blackish brown-grey, vermiculated with brown ; rump grey,
mixed with chestnut ; tail grey ; chin and throat yellowish cream-colour ;
breast grey, flammulated with buff ; abdomen pale huffish grey.

Chick. — Top of head, hindneck, and rest of uppersidc deej) chestnut brown
mixed with rufous ; sides of head and neck creamy yellow, streak behuid eye and
patch on sides of neck black ; whole underside creamy yellow, deepest on throat
and chin.

Egg. — Oblong, both ends about equal, shell very rough ; colour cream buff ;

NOVIXATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 249

53 X 41 mm. and 58 X 41 mm. Two eggs hard-set, Lichiang Range. These
eggs are very small.

6 (?(?, 6 ?? ad.. 1 fledgling, 3 pulli, July and October 1922, 12,000-
14,000 ft., east flank of Lichiang Range.

6. Pucrasia meyeri Mad.

Pucrasia meyeri Madarasz, Ibis, 1886, p. 145 (Central Thibet !).

The very fine series consists of 7 $$< 1 ? ad., and 3 ^^ juv., of two ages.
The one $ is apparently 7 to 8 months old (February 1922), and is in fully mature
(J plumage, except the thighs and wings, which still retain the ? coloration.
The other two young $$ cannot be more than 4 months old (October 1922) ;
they are not much more than two-thirds the size of the adult (J, and exhibit,
almost everywhere, except on the flanks and sides of breast, the $ plumage.
On the flanks and sides of the breast the (J lanceolate feathers are present, but with
a less sharply marked colour pattern.

7 cJ(J, 1 $ad., 3 (?c? juv., N.W. flank of Lichiang Range, 14,000-15,000 ft.,
February and October 1922.

7. Phasianus colchicus elegans Elliot.

Phasianus elegans Elliot, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi. p. 312 (1870), Sechuen.

Forrest sent 1 c?, 2 ?$ adult.

I am convinced that Mr. La Touche's Phasianus colchicus roihschildi is nothing
but C elegans in worn plumage, when the feathers of the hindneck and inter-
scapulium get somewhat disintegrated and fade from deep chestnut to golden
brown, for all Mr. La Touche's series is from March and April, while all Forrest's
3 (J (J and 3 $$ are from December, July, and September.

1 (J, 2 ??, July-September 1922, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft. [Egg.
— Pointed at smaller end, grey-brownish olive, darker than most other forms
of colchicus and rather small : 45 X 36 mm. ; 44-5 X 35 mm. ; 46 X 34 mm. ;
44-5 X 34 mm. ; 46 X 34-5 mm. Five very small eggs.]

8. Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadb.).

Pliasianus amherstiae Leadbeater, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land., xvi. p. 129, pi. xv (1828) (said to have
been from mountains of Cochinchina).

Of this wonderful pheasant, Forrest has sent another fine series.

Ch. amherstiae produces absolutely fertile hybrids with Ch. pictus ; when
these hybrids are bred back with amherstiae they eventually revert to a plumage
almost absolutely similar to pure amherstiae, but can always be recognised by
the absence of the green forehead and the deeper, more crimson colour of apical
portions of the lateral tail feathers.

6 (Jc?ad., 3 ??ad., 2 c?c? juv., 1 ? juv.

9. Sphenurus sphenurus yunnanensis La Touche.
3 cJ(?, 2 ?? adult, July-October 1922, Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft.

10. Oenopopelia tranquebarica humilis (Temm.).
5 <J<^, 4 $$, Tali Valley, 6,000-7,000 ft., May 1922.

250 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

11. Columba hodgsoni Vig.
1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., June 1922.

*12. Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (Shaw & Nodder).

Pelecanua ginemsis Shaw & Nodder, A'a/. Misc., xiii. pi. 529 and text (1801) (China).

1 c? jun., volcanic crater pool east flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft.,
October 25, 1922.

13. Butorides striatus javanicus (Horsf.).
1 (J, Tali Valley, 5,000-6,000 ft.. May 1922.

*14. Pernis apivorus orientalis Tacz.

Pemis apivorus orientalis Taczanowski, Fmm. Orn. Sih. Or., i. p. 50 (1891) (East Siberia).

The cJ is uniform deep brown, with the tailbars indistinct and of a blacker
brown. The $ is much paler, above brown, with paler wood-brown or whitish
on wing secondaries and coverts, and most feathers of liindneck pale wood-brown
with dark centres ; below chin and throat huffish white, with ))lack horse-shoe
band on sides of tliroat and upper breast ; rest of underside grey buff washed with
wood-brown ; bill dark bhiish-black on upper mandible and tip of lower, rest of
lower and base of upper mandible pale greenish blue ; cere pale orange ; feet
pale orange ; iris brown.

1 <J, 1 $, cliffs and conifer forests, east flank of Lichiang Range, 12,000-
13,000 feet, October 16, 1922.

*15. Milvus lineatus (Gray).

HaliaHns lineatus Gray in Hardwicke's III. Ind. Zool., i. p. 1, pi. xviii (1832) (China).
1 ? Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., September 5, 1922.

16. Accipiter afiinis Gurney.

1 ? ad., hills east of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., April 1922 ; ^ jun., April 1922,
vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

17. Accipiter nisus melanochistus Hume.

1 ? ad., 1 (J ad. (labelled ?), east flank of Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft.,
October 1922.

18. Accipiter gentilis khamensis (Bianchi).

Astur palumharius khamensis Bianchi, Bull. B.O.f'., xvi. p. 70 (1906) (Kham, S.E. Thibet).

In my article on Forrest's first collection, Novitates Zoolooicae, xxviii.
p. 19, No. 32 (1921), I assigned a young $ Goshawk to the subspecies A.
gentilis schvedowi (Menzb.), but I expect that also belongs here, though it may
have been a bird on migration.

1 ? iid., Lichiang Range, 11,000-12,000 ft., September 30, 1922.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923. 251

19. Falco tinnunculus interstinctus (McClell.).

2 cJcJad., 5 $? ad., Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., September-October,
1922. (One ? is very black.)

20. Glaucidium cuculoides whitelyi (Blyth).

Athene whitelyi Blyth, Ibis (2), iii. p. 313 (1867) (Japan).

Forrest obtained a cJ in fresh plumage, which proves that the worn $ of his
second collection and the present (J are true whitelyi.

1 $, N.W. flank of Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., July 1922.

21. Otus bakkamoena glabripes (Swinh.).
1 (J ad., environment of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., March 1922.

22. Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine.

1 (J, 3 ?? ad., 1 cJ jun., 2 $^ juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., May-
June 1922.

23. Cuculus intermedius intermedius Vahl.

1 ^, 1 ?, N.W. flank, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., August-September
1922.

24. Cuculus sparverioides Vig.

3 (JcJ ad., N.W. flank, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July 1922.

25. Jynx torquilla japonica Bp.

1 ?, Lichiang Valley, 8,000—9,000 ft., September 9, 1922.

26. Dryocopus forresti Rothsch.

1 c? (labelled ?), N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., July 1922.

27. Picoides tridactylus funebris Verr.
1 c? ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922.

28. Dryobates pygmaeus omissus Rothsch.

1 (J, 2 ??, environment of Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 (J,
4 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., June-August 1922.

29. Dryobates hyperythrus subrufinus (Cab. & Heine).

2 (J (J, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 11,000-12,000 ft., September 1922.

30. Dryobates cabanisi cabanisi (Malh.).

1 9 ad., east flank Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., October 14, 1922 ;
1 ^ juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., September 1922; 1 $ ad., hills
round Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., March 1922.

252 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

31. Picus canus sordidior (Rippon).

3 (JcJ ad., 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., September 1922;
1 (J, hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922.

32. Cyanops asiatica (Lath.).
1 cJ ad., hills round Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., April 1922.

33. Halcyon smyrnensis fusca (Bodd.).
1 (J ad., hills north of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., March 1922.

34. Ceryle lugubris guttulata Stejn.
1 S ju"- Ma-Chang Valley, north of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., latitude 25° 30' N.,
February 10, 1922.

35. Palaeornis schisticeps finschi Hume.
3 cJ(J, 1 ? ad., 1 ?, 1 ? juv. (in full moult), N.W. flank Lichiang Range,
10,000-12,000 ft., September 1922 ; 1 ^ ad., N.W. flank Lichiang Range,
10,000-12,000 ft., October 1922 (fresh complete plumage).

*36. Palaeornis derbyanus Fraser.

Palaeornis derbyanus Fraser, P.Z.S., ISOO, p. 245, pi. xxv. (No locality. Cage Bird.)

Oustalet described the bird from the West of Chma (Upper Yangtze) as
P. salvadorii, giving as distinction the smaller size and different underwiiig
coverts. I find that a <J$ sent to me by Oustalet in exchange as cotypes of
salvadorii do not differ from typical derbyanus, and therefore Oustalet's name
sinks as a synonym. The c? differs from the ? in the breast, throat, and abdomen,
being of a purer, deeper, lavender purple, and in the absence of the pink band
above the green on the sides of the neck. The cJ also has the upper mandible
scarlet.

Bill (J scarlet crimson, tip yellow, lower mandible black. ? upper and under
mandibles black ; legs and feet ^ grey brown, ? dark grey ; iris pale greyish
yellow.

1 (J, 1 ? ad., 1 cJ juv., N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft.,
September 1922.

37. Coracias aflSnis McClell.
1 (J hills round Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ?, Lichiang Range,
9,000 ft., Juno 1922.

38. Caprimulgus macrurus ambiguus Hart.
1 (J, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., September 1922.

39. Tesia castaneo-coronata (Burton).
3 (JcJ, Lichiang Range, 11,000-12,000 ft., September 1922.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 253

40. Troglodytes troglodytes talifuensis (Sharpe).

1 (J, 1 ?, eastern flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., September-
October 1922.

41. Piunella strophiata multistriata (David).

8 £?(?, 2 9$ (1 marked cJ), eastern flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft.,
October 1922 ; 1 (?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., June 1922.

42. Prunella immaculata (Hodgs.).
1 ? fledgling, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July 1922.

43. Enicurus sinensis Gould.
1 (J, eastern flank, Lichiang Range, October 19, 1922.

44. Hodgsonius phoenicuroides (Gray).

6 (JcJ, 3 ?? ad., 1 <J juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., August-
September 1922.

45. Luscinia davidi (Oust.).

Calliope davidi Oustalet, Bull. 3his. Paris, p. 222 (1892) (Ta-tsien-lu).

Forrest sent in this collection 3 fine adult ^JcJ and 2 $$, which are most
welcome, for the only specimens of this beautiful bird in England before were
2 very defective c?c? at Tring and the 1 moulting and not fully adult cJ skin
sent by Forrest in his first collection.

3 S<S, 2 ?? ad., Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., August-September
1922 (1 ? minus label).

*46. Luscinia calliope (Pall.).

Molacilla calliope Pallas, Reise versch. Prov. Russ. Reich, iii. jj. G97 (1776) (Yenisei to Lena Rivers),

This is the first of this species obtained by Forrest.

1 ,S, eastern flank, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., October 11, 1922.

46a. Luscinia brunnea (Hodgs.).

2 cJcJ, 1 ? ad. (marked t? err.), Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., July-
September 1922.

46b. Notcdela leucura (Hodgs.).

1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., July 1922.

47. Phoenicurus frontalis sinae Hart.

2 cJ(J, 1 ?ad., Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., June 1922 ; 1 (J, 1 $ ad.,
eastern flank, Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., October 1922 ; 2 $$, liills round
Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922. (The rufous colour of the underside of cJ is
variable, but the ? is always much greyer and less suffused with orange.)

254 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

48. Phoenicurus schisticeps (Gray).

1 cj, 2 $? ad., 1 cj juv., 4 ? juv., Lichiaug Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., August-
October 1922.

49. Phoenicurus hodgsoni (Moore).

1 cJ, vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ^, Lichiang
Range, 9,000 ft., July 1922.

50. Phoenicurus auroreus leucopterus (Blyth).

2 <J<J, 1 ? ad., vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922 ; 2 <JcJ,
eastern flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922 ; 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range,
9,000 ft., July 1922.

51. Chaimarrornis fuliginosa fuliginosa (Vig.).

1 c? ad., vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922 ; 2 jJJ ad., Licliiang
Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., August-September 1922.

52. Tarsiger rufilatus practicus (Bangs & Phill.).

This form is very doubtfully distinct ; all the (J characters are of no value,
as both in Indian and N. Chmese examples the blue varies enormously m shade
and brilhancy, and the white bases of the superciliary line are purely individual,
as the (J (J in the second collection have dusky bases, while the present one has
more white than any of the 18 adult Indian and Tsin-Ling (J (J at Tring, and
those in the fu'st collection have very white bases. The $9, however, appear
to be darker and more olive above.

1 cJ ad., eastern flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922 ; 1 $ ad.,
vicinity of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, September
1922.

52a. Tarsiger indicus yunnanensis Rothsch.

1 (J juv., eastern flank Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., October 1922.

53. Tarsiger chrysaeus Hodgs.

2 c?<? juv., 1 ? ad., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., September-October 1922.

54. Copsychus saularis saularis (Linn.).
2 ^(J, 1 ? ad., vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922.

55. Oreicola ferrea haringtoni Hart.

6 cJcJ ad., 2 99 ad., 5 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., September-
October 1922 ; 2 cJcJ ad., vicmity of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., March 1922.

56. Sazicola torquata indica Blyth.

1 ^ ad., 1 9 ad., vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 cj ad., 1 9
juv., eastern flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., October 1922 ; 1 9 ad.,
Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., May 1922.

NOVITAIES ZOOLOGICAE XXX. 1923. 255

57. Myiophoneus eugeniae Hume.

1 (J, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July, 1922 ; 1 ^, vicinity of Tengyueh,
6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

58. Monticola solitarius pandoo (Sykes).

1 S ad., Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range,
11,000 ft., August 1922.

69. Monticola erythrogaster (Vig.).

I unfortunately identified the adult (J from Lichiang Range in Forrest's
fir.st collection as philippensis. Both the present specimen and the former one
appear more shining blue than my 4 Sikkim cjjj, but it requires fresh moulted
specimens to make certain if the Yunnan birds are a new race.

1 (J, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., August 1922.

60. Tardus castaneus gouldi (Verr.).

7 cJ<J, 3 ?? ad., N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., September 1922 ;
1 ?ad., 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., September 1922.

61. Tuidus eunomus Temm.

Turdus eunomus Temminck, pi. col. pi. 514 (1830) (Japan).

This is the bird hitherto either quoted as dtibius Bechst. or fuscatus Pall.
I myself quoted it as fvscatvs, as the description of duhhis does not agree entirely.
Now,however,it has come to light that fuscatus Pall, is antedated by juscatus'VieWX.,
an American species, so that henceforth this bird must be called eunomus.

2 c?(?. 1 ?. vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-8,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ^, eastern
flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922.

62. Turdus eunomus X Turdus naumanni.

1 (J, west flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July 1922. This bird on the
breast is nearer naumanni.

63. Turdus dissimilis Blyth.

2 (JcJ, 1 ? (labelled $), vicmity of Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

64. Tardus obscurus Gm.
1 (J, eastern flank Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., October 1922.

65. Tuidus auritus conquisitus Bangs.

1 $ ad., 2 (J (J, 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August-September
1922.

66. Turdus mollissimus Blyth.

1 ?, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., October 1922 ; 1 ?, east flank, Licliiang Range,
10,000-12,000 ft., October 1922.
17

256 N0\1TATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

67. Tuidus dauma dauma Lath.
1 (J, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., October 1922.

68. Pomatorhinus luflcollis bakeri Har.

Pomatorhinus ruficoUia bakeri Hariugton, Jouni. Bomb. Nat. Hisl. ■•:>oc. xxiii. p. 336 (1914) (Shillong).

The series sent by Forrest this time is very uniform in coloration, except as
regards the extent of white on the underside.

5 cJ(5', 1 ?, Tengyueh district, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ^, hills east
of Licliiang Plain, 11,000 ft., October 12, 1922 ; 4 (J (J, 2 ??, 1 ?, Lichiang Range.
9,000-10,000 ft., September 1922.

I erroneously referred this form to stridula in my two previous articles, owing
to some extra red examples.

69. Pomatorhinus macclellandi odious Bangs & Phill.
5 cJcJ, 6 $?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., September 1922.

70. lanthocincla afflnis oustaleti Hart.
1 ?, east flank Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., October 1922; 4 <JJ,
3 $$, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., September 1922.

71. lanthocincla ellioti ellioti (Verr.).
16 (J (J, 12 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., June-October 1922.

72. lanthocincla ellioti yunnanensis (Rippon).

Trocholopteron yxmnanense Rippon, Bull. B.O.C. six. p. 32 (1906) (Yangtze River, Yimnan).

This is the same bird as c. bonvaloti Oust. = e. fioronipeta Hart.

1 ?, east flank, Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., October 1922. (Most
of those recorded Novitates Zoologicae, xxx. p. 43, are this form.)

73. lanthocincla cineracea styani (Oust.).
4 c?<?, 1 ?, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., May-October
1922.

74. lanthocincla bieti Oust.
1 ?, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., August 1922.

75. lanthocincla lanceolata bonvaloti (Oust.).

1 9, east flank Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., October 1922; 1 cJ,
1 $, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., July 1922.

76. lanthocincla lanceolata lanceolata (Verr.).
1 cJ, 1 ?, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., August 1922.

NOVITATKS ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 257

77. lanthocincla maxima (Verr.).

3 cJc?, 2 ?$, east flank Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., October 1922 ;
2 (J(J, 2 9$, 5 ?, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 10,000-13,000 ft., September-
October, 1922; 6 c?(?, 7 ?$, 2 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., September
1922.

78. lanthocincla sannio (Swinh.).

3 cJcJ (1 very dark), vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft , March 1922 ; 5 ^^,
1 ?, 2 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., August-October 1922; 1 <J ?

79. Moupinia poecilotis sordidior Rothsch.

5 (J(J, 3 ??, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., July-October 1922;
1 <^, hills east of Lichiang Valley, 11,000 ft., October 1922.

80. Schoeniparus genestieri (Oust.).

I <^, 1 9, 1 ?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft , March 1922 ; 2 (J (J, 2 ?$,
9,000-10,000 ft., September-October 1922

81. Schoeniparus intermedins (Rippon).

Again I have only two young bu'd.s of tliis very closely allied form. 2 (^^,
Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., August-September 1922.

82. Froparus ruflcapillus sordidior Rippon.
3 66, 1 ?. 1 ?. Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., June-October 1922.

83. Proparus vinipectus bieti Oust.

6 66, 5 ??, 3 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., August-September
1922 ; 1 9, liills east of Lichiang Valley, 11,000 ft., October 1922.

84. Lioptila desgodinsi (Dav. & Oust.).

II 66, 5 ¥?. 1 ?. Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., June-October 1922.

85. Brachypteryx cruralis Blyth.
66, 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., July-August 1922.

86. Siva strigula yunnanensis Rothsch.

Eggs, four in clutch, turquoise blue, sparsely spotted with black spots,
mostly on upper half of egg ; hard-set, three unmeasurable, fourth egg 21 X
15 mm. Nest cup-shaped, 4 in. = 102 mm. across by 2i in. = 63 mm. deep.
Main body of nest composed of closely woven black fibrous roots, covered out-
side with moss and pieces of bamboo strippings.

20 66, 11 ??. 2 ?, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August 1922; 1 ^, N.W.
flank Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft. ; 2 ^^, 1 ?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 7,000-
8,000 ft., March 1922.

258 NoviTATEs ZooLOOiCAi: XXX. 1923.

87. Siva cyanuroptera wingatei Grant.

1 (J, 3 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., August 1922 ; 3 cjcj, 1 $, N.W. flank,
Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., August 1922 ; 3 (JJ, vicinity of Tengyueh,
7,000 ft., March 1922.

88. Pteruthius aerolatus ricketti (0. Grant).

Forrest has this time sent 2 $$ ; he sent 4 (J (J in his first collection.

2 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., July and September 1922.

89. Suya crinigera yunnanensis Har.
1 cJ. vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922.

90. Suya superciliaris Anders.

1 <?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ? north of Tali, 7,000 ft.,
May 1922.

91. Yuhina gularis griseotincta Rothsch.

2 ^^, 1 9, Lichiang Range, 10,000-13,000 ft., June-September 1922.

92. Yuhina diademata Verr.

Yuhina diademata Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mm. Paris, v. Bull., p. 35 (1869) (East Thibet).

Colonel Rippon, in Bull. B.O.C., xi. p. 12 (1900), described from east of
Bhamo examples of this species as a new species under the name of Yvhina
ampelina. He gave as the distinguishing characters that it was deeper in colour
and that it was grey-brown where diademata was vinaceous brown or yellowish
brown. In the present very fine series of 27 skins, every gradation from deep
grey brown to yellowish wood brown is found, and it is quite evident, as
Mr. Kinnear pointed out to me, that the so-called ampelina is only the fi-eshly
moulted diademata.

12 (J(J, 10 $?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., July-October
1922; 1 ?, east flank Lichiang Range, 11,000-13,000 ft., October 1922;
2 cJcJ, 1 ?, hills east of Lichiang Plain, 11,000 ft., October 1922.

93. Yuhina occipitalis obscurior Rothsch.

13 (?(?, 19 ??, 1 ?, Lichiang Range. 12,000 ft., August-October 1922.

94. Alcippe nipalensis yunnanensis Har.

3 (JcJ, 1 ?, 1 ?, hills east of Tengyueh, 6,000-8,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ^J,
1 $, Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., August 1922.

95. Cisticola cisticola tintinnabulans (Swinh.).
1 (J, Tali Valley, 7,000 ft.. May 1922.

96. Lusciniola thoracica (Blyth).
6 (J (J, 2 ?$, Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., August-September 1922.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XXX. 1923. 259

97. Horeites brunneilrons (Hodgs.).
2 (?(J, 1 9, Lichiang Range, 11,000-12,000 ft., August-September 1922.

98. Phylloscopus armandii (Milne-Edw.).
1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922.

99. Phylloscopus subaflSnis (Grant).
1 ?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., March 1922.

100. Phylloscopus magnirostris Blyth.

6 (J (J, 1 $, Lichiang Range, 9,000-14,000 ft., August-September 1922.

101. Phylloscopus proregulus forresti Rothsch.
1 ?, hills east of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., March 1922.

102. Phylloscopus davisoni (Gates).

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., October 1922.

103. Cryptolopha burkii tephrocephala (Ander.s.).

5 cJcJ, 2 $$ ad., Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., July-September 1922 ;
1 cJ juv., vicinity of Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 ft., March 1922.

104. Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swains.).

2 cJ(J, 5 $$, 2 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000—11,000 ft., August and October
1922 ; 2 9$, 1 ?, hills east of Tengyueh, 7,000—8,000 ft., March 1922.

105. CheUdorynx hypoxantha (Blyth).

3 (J (J, 3 ?$, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July-September 1922 ; 1 cj, vicinity
of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., March 1922.

108. Muscicapa melanops melanops Vig.
3 cJcJ ad., 3 $? ad., 1 <J juv., 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft.,
August-October 1922 ; 1 <J ad., 2 ^^ juv., east of Tengyueh, 6,0C0-7,000 ft.,
March 1922.

107. Muscicapa tricolor tricolor (Hodgs.).
The use of leucomelanuru is ruled out and the species must stand as tricolor,
but I find after all Yunnan examples must be considered to belong to the typical
race and not to cerviniventris .

7 (J(5>, 1 ? ad., 2 (J(J juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., August-
September 1922.

108. Muscicapa parva albicilla (Pall.).
1 ^, 2 ??, hills north and east of Tengyueh, 6,000-8^000 ft., March 1922 ;
1 cJ juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922.

260 NOVITATES ZOOLOCIICAE XXX. 1923.

109. Muscicapa hodgsoni (Verr.).
1 S, I 1. juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., September 1922.

109a. Muscicapa strophiata (Hodgs.).

The birds marked as ? by Forrest are probably young (J (J, as they are much
greyer than my Sikkim $, but the adult (Jc? from Yunnan appear whiter below
and smaller than Sikkim birds, but I do not venture to separate them on the
material available, as all the Yunnan examples are much worn.

6 cJcJ a'l-. 1 <S juv., 2 sexed ?? (but ?), Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft.,
August 1923.

110. Muscicapa sibirica fuliginosa Hodgs.
1 (J, 4 $?, 4 juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., August-September
1922.

*111. Muscicapa latirostris Raffl.

Muscicapa latirostris Baffles, Trails. Linn. Soc. Land. xiii. 2, p. 312 (1821) (Sumatra).

This has not been sent before by Forrest.

4 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., May-September 1922.

112. Muscicapa rubeculoides dialilaema (Salvad.).
4 cJ(J, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., June-October 1922.

*113. Hypothymis azurea styani (Hartl.).

Siphia styani Hartlaub, Abk. Nal. Ver. Bremen, vol. xvi. pt. ii. p. 248 (1898) (Hochow & Nodonha,
Hainan).

This is the first example sent by Forrest.

1 (J, vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922.

114. Niltava sundara Hodgs.
8 cJc? ad., 2 (J (J juv., Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., July-September
1922 ; 1 ?, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., September 1922.

115. Rhipidura albicollis albicollis (Vieill.).

3 (JcJ, 4 ?9 ad., 1 J, 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., June-
October 1922.

116. Pericrocotus roseus (Vieill.).
3 S<S ad., 1 ? ad., Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., May-June 1922;
3 cJc? ad., 1 cj juv., vicinity of Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 ft., March 1922.

117. Pericrocotus brevirostris ethologus Bangs & Phill.

2 cJcJ ad., 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., September 1922 ;
1 ? ad., vicinity of Tengyueh, 7,000 ft., March 1922.

118. Campephaga melanoptera (Riipp.).
1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., July 1922.

NOTITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XXX. 1923. 261

119. Microscelis leucocephalus (Gm.).

3 (J (J, Lichiang Range, 8,000-10,000 ft., July and October 1922 ; 2 ^^,
N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., May-June 1922.

120. Microscelis perniger sinensis (La Touche).

2 $9 ad., 1 ? juv., west flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., May-
July 1922.

121. SpizLsos canifrons Blyth.
12 (J<J, 9 $9, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., June-August 1922.

122. Fycnonotus xanthorhous And.

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 8,000-9,000 ft., September 1922.

123. Molpastes nigripileus (Blyth).
1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., August 1922.

124. Molpastes burmanicus (Sharpe).

1 <J, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., August 1922 ; 2 cJ<J, 2 ??, vicinity of Teng-
yueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922.

*125. Molpastes atricapillus (Vieill.).

Musicapa airiatpilla Vieillot, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 489 (ex Sonn.).

2 <JcJ, 1 ?, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., July-August 1922.
(First time sent by Forrest.)

126. Alcurus striatus (Blyth).

1 (J, vicmity of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., March 1922.

127. Lanius schach tephronotus (Vig.).

2 cJ<^, 1 ? ad., 1 ? juv., east flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922 ;
5 (Jt? ad., 1 c?, 1 ? juv., 5 cJ(?, 2 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft.,
August-September 1922 ; 1 ^, vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922.

128. Lanius nigriceps nigriceps (Frankl.). ^

1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., August 1922 ; 1 <J, vicinity of Tengyueh,
6,000 ft., March 1922.

129. Lanius cristatus cristatus Linn.

1 ? juv., east flank Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922.

130. Lanius collurioides Less.
1 (J ad., vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922.

131. Paradosornis uuicolor saturatior Rothsch.
8 cJcJ, 7 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., September-October 1922.

262 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1023.

132. Paradoxoinis brunnea (Anders.).

In my account of the two previous collections, I followed Hartert (Vog.
Pal. Faun., i. p. ■411, footnote) and treated this bird as a race of icebbiana.
I now find it occurs alongside my webbiana ricketti, and moreover differs con-
spicuously from the other forms, put by Hartert as races of webbiana, by its
deep chestnut cheeks. I therefore consider it is an undoubted species and
not a race of webbiana.

1 cJ, 1 ?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

133. Paradoxornis webbiana ricketti Rothsch.
1 cJ, 4 $$, Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., May-October 1922.

134. Paradoxornis fulvifrons cyanophrys (Dav.).
5 (J (J, 2 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., July-August 1922.

135. Paradoxornis guttaticollis A. David.

1 cJ, 2 $9, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., August 1922 ; 1 (J, hills east
of Lichiang Valley, 9,000-11,000 ft., June 1922.

136. Aegithaliscus bonvaloti (Oust.).
1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., August 1922.

137. Aegithaliscus concinnus talifuensis Ripp.
8 (J (J, 5 ??, Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., May-September 1922.

138. Parus modestus saturatior (Ripp.).
1 ?, hills east of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., March 1922.

139. Parus ater aemodius Hodgs.

1 cj, 1 juv. ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., August-September 1922.

140. Parus dichrous wellsi Baker.
5 (J (J, 2 $?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., July-September 1922 ;
1 cj, eastern flank, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., October 14, 1922.

141. Parus monticolus yunnanensis La Touche.

Parua monticolus yunnanensis La Touche, Bull. B.O.C., vol. xlii. p. 51 (1921) (S.E. Yunnan).

In my first article I listed this bird as monticolus insperatus in error, and
in the second article I quoted it as m. monticolus. As Mr. La Touche has
separated the Yunnan birds, I quote them under his name, but I consider them
very feebly distinct, if at all.

2 c?(?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., July-October 1922.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 192S. 263

142. Parus major tibetanus Hart.

Parus major tibetanus Hartert, Vog. Pal. Faun. i. p. 346. N. 544 (1905) (Chakaam).

I described this bird as a new form under the name of m. longipennis {Bull.
B.O.C., xliii. p. 11 (1922)) (Lichiang Range) ; but Dr. Hartert and I, in spite
of the bad condition of his type, have come to the conclusion that it cannot
be separated from m. tibetanus.

3 (J^, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., July-October 1922; 1 S,

1 ?, hills round Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

*143. Cephalopyrus flammiceps olivaceus subsp. nov.

(J differs from /. flammiceps in less extent of red on forehead, much deeper
green above, being dark olive, not olivaceous golden green. Below it differs
in the golden orange being confined to the throat ; the chest and upper abdomen
being golden olive green and the flanks and lower abdomen huffish grey, slightly
washed with yellowish green.

1 (J, vicinity of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., March 1922.

144. Sitta europaea nebulosa La Touche.

Silta europaea nebulosa La Touche, Bull. B.O.C., vol. xlii. p. 55 (1921) (S.E. Yunnan).

This is the bird I listed as e. montium. Mr. La Touche considers it very-
distinct, but I cannot see that it is very different from montium, if at all.

2 (JcJ, 1 9, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., July and September 1922.

145. Sitta yunnanensis O. -Grant.
1 cJ, 1 ?, 9,000-10,000 ft., Lichiang Range, July-August 1922.

146. Certhia himalayana yunnanensis Sharpe.

3 c?(? j"v., Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., August and October 1922.

147. Certhia familiaris khamensis Bianchi.

1 ?, 2 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., August-October 1922.

148. Zosterops palpebrosa simplex Swinh.

3 ^$, 2 9?, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 8,000-10,000 ft., September-October 1922 ;

2 ^^, hills east of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., March 1922.

149. Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus (Blyth).

1 (J, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August 1922 ; 1 (J, liills east of Tengyueh,
7,000 ft., April 1922.

150. Dicaeum minullum olivaceum Wald.

2 $?, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., September-October 1922.

151. Pachyglossa melanozantha Blyth.

4 (JcJ, 1 $, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., July-August 1922.

264 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923.

152. Aethopyga dabryii (Verr.).

12 (J (J ad., 1 (Jjuv., 2 ?$, Lichiang Range, 11,000-12,000 ft., June-September
1922 ; 1 $, hills east of Tengyueh, 7,000-8,000 ft., March 1922.

153. Motacilla alba hodgsoni Blyth.
3 ^3, 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., July-October 1922.

*154. Motacilla alba baicalensis Swinh.

Motacilla baicalensis Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1871, p. 363 (Eastern Asia).

1 c?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., October 1922.

155. Motacilla boarula melanope Pall.

2 9$, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., October 1922.

156. Anthus berezowskii yimnanensis Uch. & Kur.

3 (?cJ, 4 $9, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., August-October 1922 ; 2 ^(J,
3 ??, east flank Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., October 1922 ; 2 9?,
Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

157. Anthus roseatus Blyth.
1 9, east of Tengyueh, 6,000 ft., March 1922.

158. Anthus richardi richardi Vieill.
1 (J, 1 9, vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922.

159. Oreocorys sylvanus (Hodgs.)
1 cj, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., July 1922.

160. Alauda arvensis japonica Temm. & Schleg.
1 (J, 3 99, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., August 1922.

161. Melophus melanicterus (Gm.).

1 (?, N.W. flank, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., August 1912 ; 2 (J (J, hills north
of Tali, 7,000-8,000 ft.. May 1922 ; 1 ^, hills east of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft.,
April 1922.

162. Emberiza pusilla Pall.
1 ?, Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., September 1922 ; 3 99, hills east of
Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

163. Emberiza cia yunnanensis Sharpe.

8 (JcJ ad., 4 99 ad., 2 ^g, 1 9 juv. (2 ^^ ad. marked 9, 2 99 marked cJ).
Lichiang Range, 9,000-12,000 ft., August-September 1922 ; 19 sexed ^, east
flank, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 1922.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 265

164. Emberiza elegans Temm.
13 (JcJ, 1 ?, LicMang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., June-September 1922.

165. Fringilla montifringilla Linn.

1 c?. 1 ?, Lichiang Range, 10,000-11,000 ft., June-July 1922.

166. Loxla curvirostra himalayensis Blyth.

2 c?c?. juv., 2 99, Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., July-August, 1922 ;
5 <JtJ ad., 1 cJ juv., 2 99, N.W. fiank Lichiang Range, 14,000 ft., August 1922.

167. Propyrrhula subhimachala intensior Rothsch.
1 9, N.W. flank Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., July 1922.

168. Procarduelis rubescens saturatior Rothsch.
1 <S, 4 99, Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., August-September 1922 ;
1 (J, east flank, Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., October 1922.

169. Procarduelis nipalensis (Hodgs.).
All the Yunnan examples are very dark, but some Sikkim <JqJ run them
very close.

1 c?, Lichiang Range, 12,000 ft., July 1922.

170. Carpodacus erythrinus roseatus (Hodgs.).

1 cJ ad., 1 cJ in 9 plumage, 1 ^ juv., 13 99, Lichiang Range, 12,000-
14,000 ft., June-August 1922.

171. Carpodacus vinaceus Verr.

1 c? ad., 2 (^tJ in 9 plumage, 4 99, Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., July-
September 1922 ; 1 (J in 9 plumage, east flank Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000
ft., October 27, 1922.

172. Carpodacus ripponi (Sharpe).

2 3<S ad., 1 c? juv., 3 99, Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., August-
October 1922 ; 2 ?, east flank Lichiang Range, 12,000-14,000 ft., October 1922.

173. Carpodacus thura femininus Ripp.
7 <J(J ad., 3 <JcJ juv., 1 9, Lichiang Range, 12,000-14,000 ft., August-
September 1922 ; 1 9, east flank Lichiang Range, 13,000 ft., October 9, 1922.

174. Carpodacus trifasciatus Verr.
1 cj juv., Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., June 1922.

175. Pyrrhula erythaca altera Ripp.

6 S(S ad., 5 (JcJ juv., 10 99, Lichiang Range, 12,000-13,000 ft., July-
October 1922.

266 NOVITATES ZOOI^QIOAX XXX. 1923.

176. Carduelis ambiguus (Oust.).

6 (J (J ad., 3 ?? ad. (2 sexed (J err.), 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000
ft., May-September 1922 ; 1 (J ad., vicinity of Tengyueh, 80,00 ft., March 1922.

177. Mycerobas carnipes (Hodgs.).
1 (J ad., 2 (JcJ juv., 7 ?? (1 sexed c? err.), Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft.,
July-October 1922.

*178. Mycerobas melanozanthus (Hodgs.).

Coccothraustes melanozanthus Hodgson, As. Res. xix. p. 150 (1836) (Himalayas).

5 (JcJ, 2 ?? ad., 1 c? juv. (sexed ?), Lichiang Range, 11,000-14,000 ft.,
September 1922.

179. Eophona melanura migratoria Hart.
1 <S j"^-. vicinity of Tengyueh, 8,000 ft., March 1922.

180. Perissopiza icteroides afllnis (Blyth).

1 c? ad., 5 (J (J juv., 1 nestling, Lichiang Range, 10,000-12,000 ft., September-
October 1922.

181. Munia punctulata topela Swinh.

2 (?c? juv. (sexed $ err.), south of Tengyueh, 6,000-7,000 ft., March 1922.

182. Sporaeginthus flavidiventris (Wall.).
1 ?, north of Tali, 7,000 ft.. May 1922.

183. Dicrurus leucophaeus nigrescens Oates.

1 ?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922 ; 1 ? juv., Lichiang
Range, 10,000 ft., September 1922.

184. Oriolus indicus tenuirostris Blyth.

1 ^ ad., 2 cJcJ jun., 4 ^^ jun., 1 ? ad., Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft.,
September 1922.

*185. Oriolus trailli (Vig.).

Pastor traiUi Vigors. P.Z.S. Land., 1831, p. 175 (Himalayas).
This is new to Yunnan.
1 (J juv., 10,000-11,000 ft., Lichiang Range, July 1922.

186. Spodiopsar nemoricola (Yerd.).
1 cJ, Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., September 1922 ; 1 (J, 1 $, N.W. flank
Lichiang Range, 9,000-10,000 ft., August-September 1922.

187. Acridotheres tristis (Linn.).
1 ?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922.

NOTITATBS ZOOLOOIOAI XXX. 1923. 267

188. Acridotheres cristatellus (Gm.).
1 ?, vicinity of Tengyueh, 5,000-6,000 ft., March 1922.

189. Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (Linn.).

1 <J ad., 2 $? ad., 1 (J, 1 $ juv., Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., June-
September 1922.

190. Garrulus bispecularis sinensis Swinh.

2 <J(J, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., September-October 1922; 1 cj,
3 ?$, east flank Lichiang Range, 11,000 ft., October 1922.

191. Nucifraga caryocatactes yunnanensis Ingr.

7 iSS, 7 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., July-October 1922; 1 ?,
east flank Lichiang Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., October 22, 1922.

192. Urocissa erythrorhyncha erythrorhyncha (Gm.).
2 $?, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., July and October 1922 ; 1 <J, east flank
Lichiang Range, 10,000 ft., October 19, 1922.

193. Coloeus dauricus (Pall.).
1 (J, 2 ??, Lichiang Range, 9,000 ft., September 1922 ; 1 $, east flank Lichiang
Range, 9,000-11,000 ft., October 10, 1922.

*194. Corvus coronoides intermedius Adam.s.

Mr. La Touche evidently compared his specimens with Chinese examples
and not with Sikkim ones, or he would have seen that this Yunnan Crow belongs
to c. intermedius, and therefore his mengtszensis is a pure synonym.

1 $ ad., 1 ? juv., Lichiang Range, 11,000-12,000 ft., July and September 1922.

The collection consists of 1,172 specimens, of 198 species and subspecies.
Those marked with a * were not sent before by Mi. Forrest. They number 13.

268 NoTITiTES ZoOLOOIfiE XXX. 192S.

A NEW SPECIES OF HAWKMOTH FROM BORNEO
By dr. KARL JORDAN.

(With two text-figures.)

Panacra psaltria spec. nov. (Text-figs. 1 and 2.)

(J. Near P. malayana R. & J. (1903), which we have from Java, Nias (a
long series), and Borneo. Larger, more conspicuously coloured.

Frons at each side with a brown stripe edged with grey, similar stripes on
the tegula ; at base of abdomen there is a brown, dorso-lateral, elongate patch.
Scaling in middle of antenna partly blackish ; underside of abdomen with two
clayish ferruginous lines.

Forewing narrower than in P. malayana- $, the terminal margin half as
long again as the wing is broad ; brown apical spot continued basad by a
straight olivaceous streak, which disappears in the general olivaceous colouring
of the disc, from the angle of the termen a broader and darker, diffuse streak
runs horizontally costad-basad, the two streaks bounding a narrow pale tri-

angular space, which reaches from the margin about haK-way to the upper
cell-angle ; at hindmargin close to angle a brown spot, and proximally of this
spot five brownish black lines, which are much more prominent than the
correspondmg lines in P. malayana, the proximal line the thickest, the last
dilated anteriorly, the lines abruptly terminate at lower median vein, but
there are four dots of the same colour in front of this vein ; the discal lines,
of which these five lines are the posterior portions, indistinct and partly
broken up into spot on the paler posterior half of the disc, three lines more
distinct, but very thin in the before-mentioned dark cloud and the pale
triangle, converging in the triangle and here almost united, not extended to
costal margin. — Hindwing likewise narrower than in P. malayana, abdominal
margm much less extended pale, the submarginal band not widened pos-
teriorly, more sharply defined anteriorly than in P. malayana.

Underside much more brightly coloured, recalling P. splendens Roths.
( 1 894) ; outer half of forewing , except termen, and submarginal band of liindwing

NOVITATE3 ZOOLOOICAE XXX. 1923. 269

brick-red. Forewing mummy brown from base to beyond cell-apex, costal
edge and termen yellowish buS, a proximal discal line blackish, slightly separated
into spots ; beyond it two lines of spots, and at apex the two white angle-spots
as above ; in middle a subterminal greyish cloud. On the basal side of this
cloud there is a darkish shadow, which extends basad, joining the darkish
proximal area (nearly as in some species of Bhagastis) ; a minute pale discocel-

lular dot. On hindwing the centre shaded with blackish brown, base with a

slightly more greyish tone, costal margin clayish, with the usual small transverse
speckles, a pale discocellular spot, just beyond it three black lines, broadish
but rather diffuse, the third broken up into spots, at termen below apex a
greyish cloud ; abdominal margin pale at base, densely speckled with black
brown from middle ; fringe of termen pale buff yellow, with brown spots at
the ends of the veins as on forewing.

Clasper much broader than in P. malayana, with four large friction-scales
as in that species ; harpe much shorter, but of similar shape. Penis-sheath
acuminate dorsally, with a large dentate process on the left side (if drawn with
the apex pointing upwards) and a narrow process on the right side, the
relative size of the processes being the inverse from what they are in P. malayana.

Length of forewing : 28 mm. ; width, 10 mm.

Hob. Kina Balu, North Borneo (J. Waterstradt), one (J in Mus. Berol.
ex coll. Standinger.

370

NoVITATEa ZOOLOQICAE XXX. 1923.

LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES FIGURED ON PLATE IV
By dr. KARL JORDAN.

IN the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1913, p. 671 (issued March 1914), Messrs.
Rosenberg and Talbot described a number of interesting South American
butterflies new to science. The types of these new forms have been presented
to the Tring Museum by the senior author, Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg, to whom
we tender also in this place our best thanks.

At Mr. Rosenberg's request we now supplement the descriptions by figuring
twelve of the more important forms.

Fig. 1. Pierella albofasciata ^, I.e., p. 678.

2. Antirrhaea watkinsi cj. I.e., p. 679.

3. Callitaera mimica (J, I.e., p. 677.
Leucothyris polymacula $, I.e., p. 673.
Lymanopoda umhratilis (J, I.e., p. 680.

,, caudalis (J, I.e., p. 681.

„ f. leucotecta $, I.e., p. 681.

Napeogenes seminigra $, I.e., p. 672.
Melinaea orestes clara cJ, I.e., p. 672.

10. Boloria tessellata ^, i.e., p. 673.

11. Eresia letitia nigra <J, I.e., p. 676.

12. ,, neptoides (J, I.e., p. 675.

4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

^O

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIC.E, Vol. XXX., 1923

PI. IV.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithoiogrists' Union and Woliaston Expeditions in
the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE : £1 5s. (less 20% to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPI DOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHiNGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

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raurrKD BY HAZSr,!., WA-rSOr* and VINBV, LD:, LOKTirtK ANn AVLRSUUftV.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Journal of Zooloo^.

KDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT. and Dr. K, JORDAN.

Vol. XXX.

No. 3.

Paobb 271—284.
Issued December 29th, 1923, at the Zoological Musedm, Tring.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON k. VINEY. Ld., LONDON AND AYLESBDKY.

1923.

Vol. XXX.

NOVITATES ZOOLOUICAE.

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD. ERNST HARTERT. and KARL JORDAN

CONTENTS OF NO. III.

PAQBS

INDEX TO VOLUME XXX 271—284

TITLE PAGE, CONTENTS, LIST OF PLATES TO VOLUME XXX.

INDEX

Abromis, 48.
Accipiter, 37, 125, 250.
accipitrinus (Asio), 120.
Acorynus, 216.
Acridotheres, 266, 267.
Acrocephalus, 18, 106, 106.
Acrydium, 69, 70.
acuta (Anas), 130.
acuticomis (Phloeopemon), 167.
adalberti (Aejuila), 124.
Aegithaliscus, 51, 262.
Aegypius, 127.

aegyptiaca (Sphingonotus), 67.
aemodium (Conoatoma), 50.
aemodius (Parus), 52, 262.
aerolatus (Pteruthius), 258.
aerugiiioaus (Circus), 26, 125.
aeealon (Falco), 123.
Aethopyga, 53, 264.
affinia (Accipiter), 37, 250.

— (Apua), 116.

— (Coracias), 40, 252.

— (lanthocincia), 43, 256.

— (Larus), 141.

— (MotaciUa), 47.

— (Perissospiza), 57, 266.

— (Phylloscopua), 47.
africana (Carduelis), 8, B3.

— (Emberiza), 96.

— (FringiUa), 80, 94.
africanus (Oarduelia), 80.
Aglaia, 236-240.

aglaia (Oxyambulyx), 188,
Agrobatea, 19, 84, 108.
Alaemon, 13, 81, 98.
Alauda, 32, 53, 98, 264.
alaudipes (Alaemon), 13, 81, 98.
alba (Crocethia), 29, 137.

— (Egretta), 128.

— (Motacilla), 15, 82, 100, 264.

— (Tyto), 120.
albellua (Mergus), 132.
albioilla (Muacicapa), 48, 259.
albicoUis (Euoometie), 242.

— (Muacicapa), 17.

— (Pyranga), 242.
albieoUis (Rhipidura), 49, 260.

18

albididoraalia (Sterna), 140.
albidula (Dericorys), 75,
albifrons (Sterna), 141.
albinaaua (Ecelonerua), 219.
albistriata (Sylvia), 19.
aibolineata (Oedipoda), 63.
albolineatus (Chorthippua), 63.
albopictua (Ecelonerua), 218.
Alca, 142.
Alcedo, 23, 87, 117.
alchata (Pterocles), 28, 135.
Alcippe, 47, 258.
Alcurua, 261.
Alectoria, 30, 88, 145.
alexandrinua (Charadrius), 29, 136.
algerica (Odontura), 63.
algerienais (Ammomanea), 82, 97.

— (Laniua), 102.

— (Phoenicurua), 111.
algirus (Turdua), 109.
aliena (Rbodopechys), 94.
alleni (Porphyrio), 144.
alpeatria (Eremopbila), 14, 98.
alpina (Calidris), 29, 136.

— (Tringa), 29.
altera (Pyrrhula), 56.
altemana (Phloeobiua), 173.
aluco (Stris), 37, 88, 120.
ambiguua (Caprimulgua), 252.

— (Carduelia), 56, 266.
amheratiae (Cbryaolophus), 35, 249.

— (Phaaiauua), 35.
Ammomanea, 14, 82, 97.
ampelina (Yuhina), 46.
Anaitia, 243-246.
Anas, 130.

androconiata (Cirrhorheuma), 198.

Anemplocia, 203.

anguatiroatria (Anaa), 130.

Aiiser, 129.

anaer (Anaer), 129.

Anthropoidea, 143.

Anthua, 14, 53, 82, 98, 99, 222-225, 264.

antiquorum (Pboenicopterus), 27, 129.

apiaater (Meropa), 23, 86, 117.

apicalis (Bandobena), 208.

apivorus (Pemis). 126, 250.

2-i

272

apricariua (Charadrius), 138.
Apu8, 22, 115, 116.
apus (Apus), 22, 115.
aquaticu8 (Acrocephalus), 106.

— (RaUus), 144.
Aquila, 25, 123, 124.
arabica (Sterna), 140.
arabs (Cboriotie), 143.
Arachnothera, 53.
arborea (LuUula), 97.
arctica (Fratercula), 143.
arcticua (Colymbus), 134.
Ardea, 26, 128.
Ardeola, 26, 36, 129.
Arenaria, 136.
arenaria (Calidiis), 137.
arenarius (Pteiocles), 135.
arenicola (Streptopelia), 28, 134.
arenicolor (Ammomanes), 14.

— (Galerida), 81.
argentatus (Larus), 30, 141.
armandii (Phylloscopua), 259.
arquata (Numenius), 139.
arundinaceus (Acrocephalus), 18, 105.
arvensia (Alauda), 32, 53, 98, 264.
Arycanda, 208.

ascalaphua (Bubo), 87, 119.
aeiatica (Cyanops), 39, 252.
Aaio, 23, 119, 120.
Astur, 37, 250.

ater (Parus), 52, 83, 101, 262.
Athene, 23, 37, 120, 251.
atlantis (Larua), 141.
atlas (Ereraophila), 98.

— (Erithacus), 112.

— (Parus), 101.

— (Sitta), 101.

atra (Fulica), 30, 145.
atricapilla (Muscicapa), 103.

— (Sylvia), 84, 107.
atricapillus (Molpastes), 261.
atthis (Alcedo), 23, 87, 117.
aurantiiventria (Chloris), 93.
aureata (Euphonia), 231, 232.
auriflua (Craspedosia), 209.
auritus (Podicepa), 133.

— (Turdus), 43, 255.
auroreus (Phoenicurus), 41, 264.
avosetta (Recurvirostra), 138.
axius (Muoronianus), 217.
ayesha (Francolinus), 145.
Bzurea (Hypothymia), 260.

bacchus (Ardeola), 36.
baioalenaia (Motacilla), 264.
bakeri (Pomatorhinua), 256.
bakkamoena (Otus), 251,

Bambusicola, 247.
Bandobena, 208.
bangsi (Cuculus), 118.
barbara (Alectoris), 30, 88, 145.

— (Petronia), 95.
barbata (Alectoris), 30.

— (Caccabis), 30.
barbatua (Gypaetus), 127.

— (Pycnonotus), 83, 103.
basicriatata (C'ollix), 205.
bassana (Sula), 132.
beavani (Parus), 51.
belisarius (Aquila), 124.
belli (Oxyambulyx), 186, 190.
bengalensia (Sterna), 140."
berezowakii (Anthua), 53, 264.
bemicla (Branta), 130.
bhamoensis (Stachyridopsis), 45.
biarmicus (Falco), 122.
bicalcaratus (Francolinus), 145.
bieti (lantbocincia), 44, 256.

— (Proparus), 45, 257.
bilopha (Eremophila), 14, 98.
bispecularis (Garrulus), 57, 267.
Blabirhinua, 167, 168.
blakistoni (Anthua), 53.
Blepharopsis, 62.

blj'tbi (Muscicapa), 48.
Boarmia, 211.
boarula (Motacilla), 264.
bogoteuaia (Anthua), 225.
bolivari (Thisoecetrus), 76.
boliviana (Tangara), 239.
bonariensis (Thraupis), 237.
bonelli (Phylloscopus), 17, 104.
bonvaloti (Aegithaliacus), 51, 262.

— (lanthocincla), 43, 256.
Bordeta, 209.

borin (Sylvia), 18, 106.

Botaurus, 27, 129.

brachydactyla (Calandrella), 11, 96, 87.

— (Certhia), 100.
Brachypteryx, 257.
Branta, 130.

brehmorum (Apus), 22, 115.
brevirostris (Anthus), 223.

— (CoUocalia), 40.

— (Hirundo), 40.

— (Pcricrocotus), 260.
brookei (Falco), 122.
brunnea (Luscinia), 253.

— (Paradoxomia), 51, 262.
brunneifrona (Horeites), 47, 259.
bryanti (Protaedus), 183.
Bubo, 87, 119.

bubo (Bubo), 87, 119.
Bubulcua, 129.
Bucephala, 131,

273

Burhiuus, 28, 135.

burkii (Cryptolopha), 48, 259.

burmauicua (Calophaais), 35.

— (Molpastes), 261.

— (Syrmaticus), 35.
bursadoidea (Boideta), 209.
Buteo, 25, 36, 124.

buteo (Buteo), 36, 124.

— (Falco), 36.
Buthraupis, 236.
Butoridea, 36, 250.
buvryi (Coccothraustes), 93.

cabanisi (Dryobates), 251.
Cacoabis, 30.
cachinnans (Larus), 30.
Caoomantis, 37.
caeruleua (Elanus), 126.

— (Parus), 15, 82, 101.
calandra (Emberiza), 9, 95.

— (Melanocorypha), 9, 96.
Calandrella, 11, 12, 96, 97.
calcarata (Hyalorhipis), 69.

— (Leptopternis), 69.
Calidris, 29, 136, 137.
calidus (Falco), 121.
Calliope, 253.
calliope (Motacilla), 253.
callolaema (Oacoabis), 30.
Calocalpe, 200.
camelus (Struthio), 146.
Campephaga, 49, 260.
campestrie (Anthua), 14, 82, 98,
canaria (Serinua), 93.
Candida (Prasinocyma), 191.
caneacena (Hyalorhipis), 69.
canifrona (Spizixoa), 50, 261.
catmabina (Carduelis), 8, 93.
canorua (Cuculus), 37, 118, 251.

— (Melierax), 126.
cantillans (Sylvia), 19, 107.
canus (Larus), 141.

— (Picus), 39, 252.
canuta (Pioenia), 177.
canutua (Calidris), 137.
Capella, 139.
capenaia (Aaio), 120.
capitata (Paroaria), 228.
capitatua (Tachyphonus), 228.
Caprimulgua, 23, 40, 86, 116, 252.
carbo (Phalacrocorax), 132, 250,
Carduelia, 8, 56, 80, 93, 266.
carduelis (Carduelia), 8, 80, 93.
camipes (Coccothraustea), 57.

— (Mycerobas), 57, 266.
Carpodacus, 55, 56, 265.
caryocatactea (Nucifraga), 57, 267,
Casarca, 130,

castaneo-ooronata (Tesia), 252.
caataneus (Turdua), 42, 255
Caatniidae, 159.
catharinae (Tangara), 239.
caud acuta (Chaetura), 40.
caudacutua (Pteroclea), 28, 135.
cayana (Aglaia), 238.
Cephalopyrua, 263.
Certhia, 52, 100, 263.
cervicalia (Garrulua), 80.

— (Tachyphonua), 229.
cerviniventria (Muacicapa), 48.
cervinua (Anthua), 98.
Ceryle, 40, 117, 252.

Cettia, 105.

cettia (Cettia), 105.

ceylonenaia (Culicicapa), 48, 259.

Chaetura, 40.

Chaimarromia, 254.

Charadriua, 29, 35, 135, 136.

charpentieri (Euprepocnemis), 75.

— (Pezotettix), 75.

— (Thiaoecetrua), 75.
Chelidorynx, 48, 259.
cherrug (Falco), 123.
Cheraophilua, 12.
chii (Anthua), 223.
chilensia (Tangara), 236.
Chlamydotia, 30, 143.
Chloria, 93.

chloria (Chloria), 93,

chloropua (Gallinula), 30, 144.

ohlorotica (Euphonia), 232, 234.

Choriotis, 143.

Chorthippua, 63, 64.

ohrysaetoa (Aquila), 25, 123.

ohrysaeua (Taraiger), 42, 254.

Chryaolophua, 35, 249.

chrysophasa (Eleotrophaej), 198.

cia (Emberiza), 54, 96, 264.

Ciconia, 26, 127.

ciconia (Ciconia), 26, 127.

Cinclua, 113.

cinclua (Cinclua), 113.

cineracea (lanthooincla), 44, 256,

oinerea (Ardea), 128.

— (Motacilla), 82, 99.

cinereicepa (Muacicapa), 49.

Oinnyria, 53.

CirCEietua, 26, 127,

Oircua, 25, 26, 125.

cirlua (Emberiza), 80, 95.

Clrrhorheuma, 198.

cirtensia (Buteo), 25, 124,

ciati (Tmethia), 73.

Oiaticola, 86, 108, 258.

oiaticola (Ciaticola), 88, 108, 258.

damator, 119.

274

clangula (Bucejjhala), 131.
olarkpi (Ithaginis), 33, 217.
olot-bey (Rliamphocorys), 13, 81.
clypeata (Spatula), 130.
Coccothraustes, 57, 93.
ooccothraustes (Coccotlirauatea), 93.
coelebs (Fringilla), 8, 80, 94, 95.
ooerulans (Sphingonotus), 67.
ooeruleostriga (Lobooraspeda), 211.
coeruleotincta (Lioptila), 45.
coerulescens (Oedipoda), 70.
— (Thalpomena), 65.
oognata (Pyrgomorpha), 74.
colchicus (Phasianus), 35, 249.
coUaris (Prunella), 40, 112.
Collix, 205, 207.
Collocalia, 40.
ooUurioides (Lanius), 261.
oollybita (Piiyllosoopus), 103.
Coloeus, 58, 91, 267.
Columba, 27, 36, 134, 250.
columbaiius (Falco), 123.
Colymbus, 133, 134.
Comatibis, 128.
oomitabilis (Thera), 198.
communis (Sylvia), 18, 107.
Compsocoma, 227.
concinnus (Aegithaliscua), 51, 282.
concolor (Microacelis), 60.
conica (Pyrgomorpha), 74.
Conostoma, 50.
conquisitua (Turdua), 43, 255.
conapicillata (Sylvia), 84, 107.
continentalis (Phloeopemon), 167.
Copaychus, 42, 254.
Coracias, 40, 117, 252.
corax (Corvua), 7, 91.
coronatua (Pteroclea), 135.
coronoidea (Corvua), 267.
correndera (Anthua), 223.
Corvua, 7, 58, 91, 207.
Cosmethia, 208.
Cotumix, 32, 88, 145.
cotumix (Coturnix), 32, 88, 145.
Craapedoaia, 209.
craaairostrie (Sylvia), 18.
Crateropua, 108.
crecca (Anaa), 130.
crepidatua (Steroorarius), 142.
Crex, 144.
orex (Crex), 144.
crinigera (Suya), 46, 258.
oristata (Fulica), 145.

— (Galerida), 10, 81, 97.
oriatatellua (Acridotherea), 267.
cristatua (Laniua), 261,

— (Podicepa), 133.
Crocethia, 29, 137.

Croasoptilon, 34, 248.
croasoptilon (Croaaoptilon), 34, 248.

— (Phaaianua), 34, 248.
cruralia (Brachypteryx), 257.
Cryptoloplia, 48, 257.
cucuUatua (Harpolestea), 83, 102.

— (Telophonus). 102.
cucuUatua (Telophorua), 83.

— (Tsohagra), 83.
cuculoidea (Glaucidium), 37.
Cuculua, 37, 118, 119, 251.
Culicicapa, 48, 259.
curcumoides (Xanthorhoe), 194.
curonicus (Charadriua), 29, 135.
Cursoriua, 28, 135.

curvipes (Derocoryatea), 75.
curviroatra (Loxia), 55, 94, 265.
oyanecula (Luacinia), 112.
cyaneua (Circua), 125.
cyanicollia (Aglaia), 239.

— (Tanagia), 239.

— (Tangara), 239.
cyaniventer (Teaia), 40.
cyanocephala (Aglaia), 237.

— (Euphonia), 231, 232.

— (Sporathraupis), 237.
cyanophrya (Paradoxornia), 51, 262.
Cyanops, 39, 252.
cyanuroptera (Siva), 258.
cyanurus (Motacilla), 42.

— (Taraiger), 42.
Cygnue, 129.
cygnua (Cygnua), 129.
Cypanagra, 230.
cyrenaicae (Galerida), 11.

— (Parua), 15.

dabryii (Aethopyga), 53, 264.
darjelleuaia (Dryobatoa), 39.
darwinii (Thraupia), 237.
dauma (Turdua), 43, 256.
daurica (Hirundo), 40, 114.
dauricua (Coloeua), 58, 267.

— (Corvua), 58.
davidi (Calliope), 253.

— (Luacinia), 253.
da-iiaoni (Phylloacopua), 259.
debilia (Phylloacopua), 47.
decorum (Acrydium), 69.
decorua (Oedaleus), 69.
deichleri (Galerida), 82.
deiohleri (Turdua), 109.
dejeani (Parua), 52.
Delichon, 22, 86, 114.
derbyanua (Palaeornia), 247, 252.
Dericorya, 75.
Derocoryatea, 75.

deserti (Ammomanes), 82, 97.

275

deserti (Iris), 60, 61, 62.

— (Oenanthe), 20.

— (Sylvia), 84.
deserticola (Sylvia), 108.
desgodinsi (Lioptila), 45, 257.
desmarestii (Phalacrooorax), 27, 132.
Desmoclystia, 204, 205.
detractaria (Boarmia), 211.
diademata (Yuhina), 46, 258.
diaereta (Psilocladia), 215.
dialilaema (Muscicapa), 260.
Dicaeum, 53, 263.

diohrous (Parus), 51, 262.
Dicrurus, .57, 266.
didymus (Litocerua). 170.
dignitosa (Bordeta), 209.
Diplootocus, 86, 111.
discophora (Tropidobasis), 179.
disparilis (Cosmethis), 208.
dissensa (Phaulimia), 172.
dissimilis (Turdus), 255.
diviea (Pioenia), 177.
doddi (Eupanteos), 170.
dodeoni (Lanius), 15, 102.
dombrowskii (Motacilla), 14.
domesticus (Passer), 9, 95.
dorsalis (Nerthomma), 181.
doximus (Litocerus), 171.
Dryobates, 39, 87, 118, 251.
Dryocoetis, 211.
Dryocopus, 38, 39, 251.
dubius (Charadrius), 29, 35, 135.
duplicipuncta (Xadagarodes), 212.
duponti (Chersophilus), 12.

Ecelonerus, 218-220.
edwardsi (Caipodacus), 56.
eSatus (Litocerus), 171.
egena (Empusa), 62.
Egretta, 128, 129.
Elanus, 126.
Eleotrophaes, 197, 198.
elegana (Emberiza), 265.

— (Lanius), 83.

— (Phasianus), 35, 249.
eleonorae (Falco), 25, 122.
ellioti (lanthocincla), 43, 256.
ellipticus (Mucronianus), 217.
Emberiza, 9, 54, 80, 95, 96, 264, 265.
Empusa, 62.

Enicurus, 41, 253.
Eois, 193.
Eophona, 266.
Epioosymbia, 192.
episcopus (Aglaia), 240.

— (Tanagra), 240.
epops (Upupa), 23, 117.
Erateina, 203.

eremita (Comatibis), 128.
Eremogryllus, 64.
Eremophila, 14, 98.
Erithacus, 86, 112.
erlangeri (Falco), 122.

— (Galerida), 97.

— (Phylloscopus), 18.
erythaca (Pyrrhula), 56, 265.
erj^hi'inus (Carpodacus), 56, 265.
erythrogaster (Monticola), 255.
erythropus (Tringa), 137.
erj^hrorhyncha (Urocisaa), 57, 267.
Erythrospiza, 8, 94.

ethologus (Pericrocotus), 260.

Eucometis, 242.

Eudynamis, 38.

eugeniae (Myiophoneus), 42, 255.

euides (Sarracena), 195.

euuomus (Turdus), 255.

Eupanteos, 169, 170.

Euphonia, 230-235.

Euprepocnemis, 75.

europaea (Sitta), 52, 101, 263.

europaeus (Caprimulgus), 23, 86, 116.

Eutrepsia, 200, 201.

excelsa (Columba), 134.

excelsus (Parus), 83, 101.

excubitor (Lanius), 15, 83, 102.

exter (Prinia), 47.

extracta (Nadagara), 214.

fabalis (Anser), 129.
falcinellus (Plegadis), 128.
Falco, 23-25, 36, 121-123, 251.
familiaris (Certhia), 52, 263.
fasciata (Oedipoda), 70.
fasciatus (Hieraetus), 25, 124.
feldegg (Motacilla), 14.
femininus (Carpodacus), 56, 265.
ferina (Nyroca), 131.
ferox (Buteo), 25 124.
ferrea (Oreicola), 42, 254.
ferruginea (Calidris), 136.

— (Casarca), 130.

— (Hemichelidon), 49.
festae (Galerida), 10.
flnschi (Palaeornis). 252.
flammeus (Asio), 23, 120.
flamraiceps (Cephalopyrus), 263.
flava (Motacilla), 14, 82, 99.

— (Pyranga), 241.
flavidiventris (Sporaeginthus), 266.
flavimacula (Pardodes), 203.
flavimedia (Craspedosis), 209.
flavinucha (Compsocoma), 227.

— (Tachyphonus), 227.
flaviventris (Schistocerca), 78.

— (Tanagra), 230.

276

flavolivaceus (Horeitee), 47.
forresti (Dryocopue), 38, 251.

— (PhylloBcopus), 48, 259.
Francolinus, 145.
Fratercula, 143.
Fringilauda, 54.

FringUIa, 8, 54, 80, 94, 95, 265.
frontalis (Acorynus), 216.

— (Phoenicurus), 41, 253.
fuciphaga (CoUocalia), 40.
Fulica, 30, 145.
fulicarius (Phalaropus), 138.
fiiliginosa (Chaimarrorni.s), 41, 254.

— (Muscicapa), 260.
fuligula (Nyroca), 131.
fulvifrons (ParadoxorniB), 51, 262.
fulvus (Anthus), 222.

— (Crateropue), 108.

— (Gyps), 127.

funebris (Picoides), 39, 251.
furcatus (Anthus), 223, 224.

— (Nauclerus), 126.
fueca (Halcyon), 252.

— (Oidemia), 131.
fuscatus (Phylloscopus), 47.

— (Turdus), 43.
fuscocincta (Oedipoda), 72.
fuscus (Larus), 141.
fytchii (Bambusicola), 247.

gaddi (Columba), 27.
gadowi (Eutrepsia), 201.
galactotes (Agrobatea), 19, 84, 108.
Galerida, 10, 11, 81, 82, 97.
galilejensis (Apus), 116.
gallicus (CircaetM), 26, 127.

— (Cursorius), 28, 135.
gallinago (Capella), 139.
Gallinula, 30, 144.
gallinula (Lj'mnocryptes), 139.
Galophasis, 35.

Garrulus, 57, 80, 92, 267.

garrulus (Coracias), 117.

garzetta (Egretta), 129.

gaudialis (Stamnodes), 201.

gelastes (Larus), 142.

Gelochelidon, 140.

gemella (Tropidobasis), 179.

genei (Larus), 142.

genestieri (Schoeniparus), 44, 257.

geniculata (Platypterna), 63.

gentilis (Accipiter), 125, 250.

genuflexa (Horismo), 206.

geoffroyi (Ithaglnis), 247.

germanica (Oedipoda), 70.

germanicum (Acrydium), 70.

gerrhus (Mucronianus), 217.

gibraltariensis (Phoenicurus), 86, 111.

githaginea (Erythroepiza), 8, 94.
glabripes (Otus), 251.
glandarius (Clamator), 119.

— (Garrulus), 80, 92.
Glareola, 135.
glareola (Tringa), 138.
Glaucidium, 37, 251.
glaux (Athene), 120.
glottis (Totanus), 138.
Gonanticlea, 197.
gouldi (Turdus), 42, 255.
grabae (Fratercula), 143.
graculus (Phalacrocorax), 27, 132.

— (Pyrrhocorax), 92.
Gracupica, 57.
gratiosa (Oedipoda), 70.
gregaria (Schistocerca), 78.
griseigena (Podiceps), 133.
griseotincta (Yuhina), 46, 258.
grus (Megalornis), 143.
grylloides (Pyrgomorpha), 74.
Gryllus, 70.

guira (Hemithraupis), 225.

Gulamentus, 221.

gularis (Tachyphonus), 229.

— (Yuhina), 46. 258.
guttaticollis (Paradoxornis), 262.
guttulata (Ceryle), 40, 252.
Gypaetus, 127.

Gyps, 127.

gyrola (Aglaia), 239.

— (Tanagra), 239.
gyroloides (Tangara), 239.

haringtoni (Oreicola), 42, 254.
Haringtonia, 50.
Harpolestes, 83, 102.
harterti (Circus), 125.

— (Lullula), 97.

— (Strix), 37.

— (Syrnium), 37.

— (Thisoecetrus), 76.

— (Tmethia), 73.
Haematopus, 139
Halcyon, 252.
Haliaetus, 250.
haliaetus (Pandion), 127.
halophila (Oenanthe), 85.
hammadae (Ercmogryllus), 64.
heliaca (Aquila), 124.
Hemichelidon, 49.
Hemithraupis, 225.
hermonensis (Calandrella), 96.
Heterura, 53.

hiaticula (Charadrius), 135.
Hieraetus, 25, 124.
hilgerti (Galerida), 81.
himalayana (Certhia), 52, 263.

277

himalaycnsis (Loxia), 55, 265.
HimantopuB, 138.
himantopus (Himantopus), 138.
Hippolaia, 18, 106.
hirundinacea (Cypsnagra), 230.
Hirundo, 21,40, 113, Hi.
hirundo (Sterna), 141.
hispanica (Oenanthe), 20, 85, 110.
hispaniolensis (Passer), 9, 95.
hietrio (Litocerus), 172.
hodgsoni (Columba), 36, 250.

— (Phoenicurus), 41, 254.

— (Motacilla), 264.

— (Muscicapa), 260.
HodgsoniuB, 253.
homochroa (Oenanthe), 20.
honorata (Eudynamis), 38.
Hoplosauris, 207.
Horeites, 47, 259.
Horieme, 205, 206.
hortensis (Sylvia), 18, 106.
hortulana (Emberiza), 96.
humiae (Syrmaticus), 35.
humei (Phyllosoopus), 48.
humeralis (Protaedus), 183.
humilis (Oenopopelia), 36, 249.
Hyalorliipis, 69.
Hydrobates, 132.
Hydrochelidon, 30, 140.
Hydroprogne, 140.

hjrpanis (Arycanda), 208.
hyperboreus (Larus), 141.
hypermelaena (Parus), 52.
hyperythrus (Dryobates), 251.
hyphagna (Xanthorhoe), 194.
hypoleuca (Muscicapa), 17, 103.
hypoleucos (Tringa), 30, 138.
Hypothymis, 260.
hypoxantlia (Chelidorjoix), 48, 259.

lanthooincla, 43, 44, 256, 257.
iberiae (Motacilla), 99.
ibis (Bubulcus), 129.
icteriua (Hippolaia), IS.
icteroides (Perissospiza), 57, 266.
ignicapillus (Regulus), 101.
ignicauda (Aethopyga), 53.
iguipectua (Dioaeum), 53, 263.
igniventris (Aglaia), 237.

— (Poecilothraupis), 237.

— (Tanagra), 237.
ignotincta (MiiJa), 45.
iliaous (Turdua), 109.
immaculata (Prunella), 41, 253.
immer (Colynibus), 1.34.
indica (Pratincola), 42.

— (Saxioola), 42, 254.
indicus (Caprimulgus), 40,

indicus (Oriolua), 266.

— (Tarsiger), 41, 254.
infecta (Collix), 207.
ingrataria (Eois), 193.
innocentii (Uromenus), 62.
inornata (Priuia), 47.

— (Sylvia), 107.
insignia (Protaedus), 184.
intensior (Passer), 54.

— (Propyrrhula), 55, 265.
intermedia (Alauda), 32.

— (Porzana), 144.

— (Yuhina), 46.
ntermedius (Corvus), 267.

— (Cuculus), 251.

— (Schoeniparus), 44, 257.
interpres (Arenaria), 136.
intereita (Calocalpe), 200.
interstincta (Lithostege), 201.
interstinctus (Faico), 36, 251.

— (Tinnunculus), 36.
intricatus (Horeites), 47.
lole, 50.

Iris, 59-62.
irma (Larentia), 196.
irrorata (Pioenia), 175.
iaodoxa (Milionia), 210.
Ithaginia, 33, 247.
Ixobrychus, 26, 129.

japonica (Alauda), 53, 264.

— (Jynx), 38, 251.
japonicus (Buteo), 36.

— (Falco), 36.

javanicuB (Butorides), 36, 250.
jotaka (Caprimulgus), 40.
jugurtha (Falco), 23, 123.
juncidis (Cisticola), 108.
juniperi (Troglodytes), 21.
Jynx, 38, 87, 118, 251.

kabylorum (Troglodytes), 113.
khamensis (Aocipiter), 250.

— (Astur), 250.

— (Certhia), 52, 263.

— (Dryocopus), 38.

— (PicuB), 38.

kittaryi (Sphingonotus), 68.
kleiuschmidti (Galerida), 97.
koenigi (Fringilla), 95.
kuhlii (Puffinus), 133.

laeta (Thraupia), 237.
lanceolata (lanthocincla), 43, 44, 256.
lanceolatus (Pterorhinus), 44.
laniirostris (Euphonia), 230.
Lanio, 227.

278

Lanius, 15, 17, 50, 83, 102, 261.
lapponica (Limoea), 139.
Larentia, 196.
Larus, 30, 141, 142.
latifuenRJs (Troglodytes), 40.
latirostris (Muscicapa), 260.
ledouci (Drvobates), 87.

— (Parus), 83.
lepidus (Uragus), 56.
Leptopternis, 69.
Lessonia. 222.

Icucocephala (Chaimarrornis), 41.

— (Oxyura), 131.

leucocephaluB (Microscelis), 50, 261.
leucomelanura (Miiscicapa), 48.
leucomclas (Protacdue), 184.
leucopareia (Hydrochelidon). 140.
leucophacus (Dicrurus), 57, 266.
leucopsis (Branta), 130.
leucoptcra (Hydrochelidon), 30, 140.
leucopterus (Phoenicurus), 41, 254.

— (Tachyphonus), 227.
leucorhoa (Oenanthe), 110.
leucorodia (Platalea), 127.
leucorrhoa (Oceanodroma), 133.
leucotmeta (Horisme), 205.
leuoura (Notodela), 253.

— (Oenanthe), 85.
leucurus (Oenanthe), 110.
limnetes (Hoplosauris), 207.
Limosa, 138, 139.

limosa (Limosa), 1.38.
linaria (C'arduelis), 93.
lineatus (Haliaetus), 250.

— (Mih-us), 250.
Lioptila, 45, 257.
Lithostege, 201.
Litocerus, 170-172,
littoralis (Thisoecetrus), 75.
livia (Columba), 27.

— (Colymbus), 134.
lobata (Uromenus), 62.
lobatus (Pbalaropus), 138.
Lobocraspeda, 211.
Locustella, 105.
longicaudus (Stercorarius), 142.
longipennis (Parus), 52.
longiplaga (Sysstema), 211.
Loxia, 55, 94, 265.
luctuosus (Tachyphonus), 228.
lugens (Oenanthe), 85.

— (Protaedua), 182.
lugubris (Ceryle), 40, 252.

— (Phylloscopus), 47.
Lullula, 97.

Luscinia, 21, 86, 112, 253.
luscinioidcs (Locustella), 105.
Lusciniola, 47, 258.

lutescens (Anthus), 223.
Lymnocryptes, 139.

macclellandi (Pomatorhinus), 43, 256.
maclellandi (lole), 50.
Macroglossum, 189, 190.
macrourus (Circus), 25, 125.
macrurus (Caprimulgus), 252.
maculipennis (Phylloscopus), 47.
magna (Arachnothera), 53.

— (CinnjTis), 53.

magnirostris (Phylloscopus), 47, 259.
major (Dryobates), 87, 118.

— (Parus), 52, 83, 101, 263.
malayana (Eudynamis), 38.
margaritae (Chersophilus), 12.
marila (Nyroca), 131.
marinus (Larus), 141.
maritima (Calidris), 137.
maroccana (Sylvia), 108.
maroccanus (Phalacrocorax), 132,
martins (Dryocopus), 38.

matti (Oxyambulyx), 188.
Mauia, 183.

mauretanicus (Puffinus), 133,
mauritanica (Certhia), 100,

— (Oedipoda), 70,

— (Pica), 92.

— (Riparia), 114.

— (Strix), 88, 120.
mauritanicus (Turdus), 109.
mauritanus (Dryobates), 118.
maxima (lanthocincla), 44, 257.

— (Sterna), 140.
media (Capclla), 1.39.
mediterranea (Carduelis), 8, 93.
Megalornis, 143.

megarhyncha (Luscinia), 21, 86, 112.
melambathes (Anemplocia), 203.
melanicterus (Melophus), 54, 264.
melanocephala (Sylvia), 19, 84, 107.
melanochistus (Accipiter), 250.
Melanocorypha, 9, 96.
melanoleuca (Oenanthe), 20.
melanope (Motacilla), 264.
melanops (Emberiza), 54.

— (Muscicapa), 48, 259.
melanoptera (Campephaga), 49, 260.
melanozantha (Pachyglossa), 53, 263.
melanozanthus (Mycerobas), 266.
melanura (Eophona), 266.

melba (Apus), 22.
Melias, 38.
Melierax, 126.
Melophus, 54, 2G4.
mendica (Blepharopsia), 62.
merganser (Mergus), 131.
Mergus, 131, 132.

279

meridionalis (Caprimulgiis), 86, llf5.

— (Delichon), 86.

meridionata (Gonanticlea), 197.

Merops, 23, 86, 117.

merula (Turdus), 109.

merulinua (Cacomantis), 37.

mesophaena (Scopula), 192.

metabates (Milierax), 126.

raexicana (Aglaia), 239.

meyeri (Pucrasia), 34, 249.

Microscelis, 50, 261.

migrans (Milvus), 26, 126.

migratoiia (Eophona), 266.

Milionia, 210.

Milvus, 26, 126, 250.

milvus (Milvus), 126.

miniata (Oedipoda), 70.

miniatus (Gryllus), 70.

minimus (Lymnocryptes), 139.

Minla, 43.

minor (Calandrella), 12, 97.

— (Cinclus), 113.

— (Dryobates), 87.
minullum (Dicaeum), 53, 263.
minuta (Gadidris), 29, 137.

— (Thisoecetrus), 77.
minutus (Ixobrychus), 26, 129.

— (Larus), 142.
mississipensis (Pyranga), 241.
modestus (Parus), 52, 262.
modularis (Prunella), 113.
moesta (Oenanthe), 20.
molitor (Ecelonerus), 219.
mollissimus (Turdus), 43, 235.
Molpastes, 50, 261.
monachus (Aegypius), 127.
monedula (Coloeus), 91.
moutana (Aglaia), 236.

— (Buthraupis), 236.
Monticola, 19, 42, 84, 109, 110, 255.
monticolus (Parus), 52, 262.
Montifringilla, 54.

montifringilla (Fringilla), 54, 95, 265.
montium (Sitta), 52.

morinellus (Charadrius), 136.

MotaciUa, 14, 15, 42, 47-49, 82, 99, 100, 253, 264.

Moupinia, 44, 257.

moussieri (Diplootocus), 86, 111.

Mucronianus, 216, 217.

multiaiata (Collix), 207.

multistriata (Prunella), 40, 253.

multistriatus (Prunella), 40.

Munia, 266.

muraria (Tichodroma), 100.

Muacicapa, 17, 48, 83, 103, 259. 260.

Muscicapula, 49.

musicus (Turdus), 109.

Mycerobas, 57, 266.

Myiophoneus, 42, 255.
Myzornis, 46.

Nadagara, 212-214.
Nadagarodes, 212.
naevia (Locustella), 105.
nana (Sylvia), 84.
Nauclerus, 126.
naumanni (Falco), 25, 123.

— (Turdus), 43, 255.
nebularia (Tringa), 29, 138.
nebulosa (Sitta), 263.
nemoricola (Fringilauda), 54.

— (Montifringilla), 54.

— (Spodiopsar), 57, 266.
Nemosia, 225, 226.
neonympha (Eutrepsia), 200.
Neophron, 26, 127.
Nerthomma, 181.

nesaea (Gonanticlea), 197.
Netta, 131.

nigerriraa (Tachypbonus), 227.
nigra (Giconia), 127.

— (Hydrochelidon), 140,
— • (Oidemia), 131.
nigresoens (Dicrurus), 57, 266.
nigriceps (Lanius), 251.
nigricollis (Euphonia), 231.

— (Gracupica), 57.

— (Nemosia), 225.

— (Podiceps), 133.
nigrimentum (Yuhina), 46.
nigripileus (Molpastes), 50, 261.

— (Pycnonotus), 50.
nigrofasciatus (Oedalus), 69.
nilotica (Gelochelidon), 140.
niloticus (Lanius), 16.
Niltana, 49.

Niltava, 280.

nipalensis (Alcippe), 47, 258.

— (Hirundo), 40.

— (Procarduelis), 55, 263.
nisus (Accipiter), 125, 250.
nivalis (Plcctropheuax), 96.
nootua (Athene), 23, 120.
nodicornis (Xylinades), 172.
Notodela, 253.
Notodontidae, 153,
Notoploura, 64.
Nucifraga, 57, 267.
nudipes (Chaetura), 40.
Numenius, 139.
Numida, 146.

numidus (Dryobates), 87.
Nyoticorax, 26, 129.
nycticorax (Nycticorax), 26, 12£
Nyrooa, 131.
nyroca (Nyroca), 131.

280

oatcsi (Muacicapa), 49.

— (Niltava), 49.
obliquus (Blabirhinus), 167.
obscurata (Oedipoda), 68.
obscurior (Dryobates), 39.

— (Yuhina), 46, 258.
obecurus (Anthus), 99.

— (Turdus), 255.
occidentalis (Aquila), 25, 123.
occipitalis (Yuhina), 46, 258.
oceani (AcorjTius), 216.
Oceanodroma, 133.
oohropus (Tringa), 29, 88, 138.
ochruros (Phoenicurus), 86, 111.
ocrophus (Tringa), 35.
octofasciata (Oedipoda), 68.
octofa8ciatu9 (Sphingonotus), 68.
oculisigna (Larentia), 196.
odicus (Pomatorhinus), 43, 256.
odontias (Nadagara), 213.
Odontura, 63.

Oedaleus, 69.

oedicnemua (Burliinus), 28, 135.

Oedipoda, 63, 67-72.

Oenanthe, 20, 85, 110.

oenanthe (Oenanthe), 20, 85, 110.

oenas (Columba), 134.

Oenopopelia, 36, 249.

oenops (Ganulus), 92.

oenozona (Triphosa), 199.

Oidemia, 131.

oliTaceum (Dicaeum), 53, 263.

olivacpiis (Cephalopyrus), 263.

olivascens (Aglaia), 240.

— (Tanagra), 240.
omissus (Dryobates), 39, 251.
Omphacodes, 191.
onocrotalus (Pelecanus), 27.
opaca (Hippolais), 106.
oratoria (Iris), 59, 60-62.
oreas (Lessonia), 222.
Oreicola, 42, 254.
Oreocorys, 53, 264.
orientalis (Pernis), 250.

— (PhyUoscopus), 17.

— (Pterocles), 135.
Oriolus, 8, 93, 266.
oriolus (Oriolus), 8, 93.
ornatus (Eupanteos), 169.
orphea (Sylvia), 106.
Ortholitha, 195.
ostralegus (Hacmatopus), 139.
Otis, 143.

Otus, 119, 251.

otus (Asio), 119.

oustaleti (lanthocincla), 43, 256.

Oxyambulyx, 186-189, 190.

Oxyura, 131.

Pachyglossa, 53. 283.
Palaeornis, 247, 252.
paUidus (Apus), 22, 115.

— (Protaedus), 181.

— (Pteruthius), 45.
palmarum (Thraupis), 240.
palpebrosa (Zosterops), 52, 263.
paludicola (Riparia), 114.
palumbarius (Astur), 250.
palumbus (Columba), 134.
Panacra, 268.

Pandion, 127.

pandoo (Monticola), 42, 255.

pannosa (Pioenia), 175.

paradisaea (Sterna), 141.

Paradoxornis, 51, 261, 262.

paraguayensis (Ncmosia), 226.

Paraphloeobiua, 180.

parasiticus (Stercorarius), 142.

Pardodes, 203.

parilis (Tropidobasis), 179.

Paroaria, 228.

Parus, 15, 47, 51, 52, 82, 83, 101, 262, 264.

parva (Muscicapa), 48, 259.

parvirostris (Suya), 46.

Passer, 9, 54, 95.

pelagicus (Hydrobates), 132.

Pelecanus, 27.

pelegrinoides (Falco), 122.

pelzelni (Euphouia), 232.

penelope (Anas), 130.

penicillata (Eucometis), 242.

pennatus (Hieraaetus), 124.

percnopterus (Neophron), 26, 127

peregrinuB (Falco), 121, 122.

Pericrocotus, 49, 260.

Perissospiza, 57, 266.

perniger (Haringtonia), 50.

— (Microscelis), 50, 261.
Pernis, 126, 250.
Petronia, 95.
petronia (Petronia), 95.
petrosus (Anthus), 99.
Pezotettix, 75.
phaeopus (Numenius), 139.
Phalacrocorax, 27, 132, 250.
Phalaropus, 13S.
Phasianus, 34, 35, 249.
Phaulimia, 172.
philippensis (Monticola), 42.
phillippinensis (Litoccrus), 171.
Philomachus, 29, 137.
philomelos (Turdus), 109.
Phloeobius, 173.
Phloeopemon, 167.
Phoenicopterus, 27, 129.
phoenicura (Ammoniancs), 14.
phoenicuroides (Hodgaonius), 253.

281

Phoenicurus, 20, 41, 86, 111, 253, 254.

phoenicurue (Phoeniciirus), 20, 86, 111.

Phylloscopu5, 17, 18, 47, 48, 84, 103-105, 259.

Pica, 92.

pica (Pica), 92.

Picoides, 39, 251.

Picus, 38, 39, 87, 118, 252.

pilaris (TurduB), 108.

pileata (Euphonia), 234.

— (Nemosia), 226.

Pioenia, 173-177.

plagiata (Anaitis), 243-246.

plagiatus (Litocerus), 171, 172.

plasta (Tropidobaais), 178.

Platalea, 127.

Platypterna, 63.

platyrhyncha (Anas), 130.

Plectrophenax, 96.

Plegadis, 128.

plumbeua (Blabirliinus), 168.

Podiceps, 133.

poecila (Pioenia), 173.

Poecilothraupis, 237.

poecilotis (Moupinia), 44. 257.

polyglotta (HippolaiB), 100.

pomarinus (Stercorarius), 142.

Pomatorhinus, 43, 256.

Porphyrio, 144.

Porzana, 144.

porzana (Porzana), 144.

practicus (Tarsiger), 42, 254.

praemium (Phylloacopus), 48.

Prasinocj'ma, 191.

pratenis (Anthus), 14, 98.

Pratincola, 42, HI.

pratincola (Glareola), 135.

preciosa (Tangara), 238.

primulimacula (Scordylia), 202.

Prinia, 47.

Procarduelia, 55, 265.

prodicia (Desmoclystia), 205.

prodiga (Erateina), 203.

Proparus, 45, 257.

Propasser, 55.

Propyrrhula, 55, 265.

proregulus (Phylloscopua), 48, 259.

Protaedus, 181, 182-184.

Prunella, 40, 41, 112, 113, 253.

psaltria (Panacra), 268.

Pseudaathena, 193.

Psilocladia, 215.

Pterocles, 28, 135.

Pterorhinus, 44.

Pteruthiua, 45, 258.

Pucraaia, 34, 249.

Puffinua, 133.

pufBnus (Puffinus), 133.

pugnax (Philomachus), 29, 137.

pulcheUa (Lioptila), 45.
pulcher (Phylloscopus), 48.
pulcherrimus (Carpodacua), 55.

— (Propasaer), 55.
pulchrina (Pioenia), 174.
pulchritacta (Omphacodee), 191.
pulvinatua (Stenobothrna), 63.
punctulata (Munia), 266.
punicus (Accipiter), 125.
purpurea (Ardea), 26, 128.
pusilla (Emberiza), 54, 264.

— (Porzana), 144.
Pycnonotus, 50, 83, 103, 261.
Pyctorhia, 47.

pygargus (Circus), 25, 125.

pygmaeus (Dryobates), 39, 251.

Pyranga, 227, 241.

Pyrgomorpha, 74.

pyrigona (Bandobena), 208.

Pyrrhocorax, 57, 80, 92, 267.

pyrrhocorax (Pyrrhocorax), 57, 80, 92, 267.

pyrrhoura (Myzornia), 46.

Pyrrhula, 56, 265.

querquedula (Anaa), 130.
querulua (Cacomantis), 37,

ralloides (Ardeola), 26, 129.
Rallua, 144.
rapax (Aquila), 124.
rayi (Motacilla), 99.
Recurvirostra, 138.
Regulus, 51, 101.
regulua (Regulus), 51.
rhabdotus (Sintor), 167.
Rhamphocorys, 13, 81.
Rliipidura, 49, 260.
Rhodopechya, 94.
Rliopodytea, 38.
richardi (Anthus), 264.
ricketti (Paradoxornia), 51, 262.

— (Pteruthiua), 258.
ridibundua (Larus), 142.
riggenbachi (Galerida), 97.

— (Phalaorooorax), 1.32.
Riparia, 22, 114, 115.
riparia (Riparia), 22, 114.
ripponi (Abrornis), 48.

— (Carpodacua), 55, 265.

— (Cryptolopha), 43.

— (Prunella), 40.
Risaa, 142.

robusta (Tringa), 137.
roseatus (Anthua), 53, 264.

— (Carpodacua), 56, 265.
roaeus (Pericrocotus), 49, 260.
rothschildi (Notoplcura), 64.
rubccula (Erithacus), 86, 112.

282

rubeculoides (Muscicapa), 260.
ruber (Phoenicopterus), 27, 129.
rubescens (Oedipoda), 67.

— (Procarduelis), 55, 265.

— (Sphingonotus), 67.
rubetra (Saxicola), 20, 85, 111.
rubicilla (Carpodacus), 56.
nibiciUoides (Carpodacus), 56.
rubicola (Piatincola), 111.

— (Saxioola), 20, 111.
rudis (Cerj-Ic), 117.
rufa (Lessonia), 222.
rufescens (Anthus), 225.
ruficapillpa (Proparus), 45, 257.
ruficeps (Euphonia), 235.

— (Stachyridopsis), 45.
ruficoUis (CaprimulguB), 116.

— (Podiceps), 133.

— (Pomatorhinus), 43, 256.

— (Tachyphonus), 230.
ruficolor (Galerida), 97.
rufilatus (Tarsiger), 42, 254.
ruBna (Netta), 131.
rufonuchalis (Parus), 51.
rufotinctua (Accipiter), 37

— (Astur), 37.
rufula (Hirundo), 114.
rufus (Tachyphonus), 227.
rupestris (Riparia), 115.
ruppcli (Sylvia), 19.
rustica (Hirundo), 21, 113.
rusticola (Scolopax), 35, 139.
rutilans (Passer), 54.

eabyi (Numida), 146.
Baharae (Athene), 23.

— (Burhinus), 28.
Bahari (Emberiza), 80, 96.
salina (Oedipoda), 70.
salinum (Acrydium), 70.
salinus (Grj'llus), 70.
sandvicensis (Sterna), 140.
Banguinea (P>hodopechys), 94.
Bannio (lanthocincia), 44, 257.
sapphira (Muscicapa), 49.

— (Muscicapula), 49.
Sarracena, 195.

Baturatior (Paradoxornis), 51, 261.

— (Parus), 52, 262.

— (Procarduelis), 55, 265.

— (Sylviparus), 52.
Satyra, 34, 248.

eaularis (Copsychus), 42, 254.
savignyi (Tettigonia), 62.
Baxatilia (Monticola), 19, 109.
Saxicola, 20, 42, 85, 111. 254.
Bchach (Laniua), 50, 261,
Bchinzii (Calidris), 136.

schistaceus (Protaedus), 182.
schisticeps (Palaeornis), 252.

— (Phoenicurus), 41, 254.
Schistocerca. 78.
schoeniclus (Emberiza), 96.
Schoeniparus, 44, 257.
Bchoenobaenus (Acrocephalus), 106.
Bchrankii (.-Vglaia), 236.

— (Tanagara), 236.
Bcirpaceus (Acrocephalus), 106.
Scolopax, 35, 139.

scops (Otus), 119.
Scopula, 192.
Scordylia, 202.
seebohmi (Oeuanthe), 110.
seledon (Tanagra), 236.
semnus (Litocerus), 172.
senator (Lanius), 16, 83, 102.
senegalensis (Turtur), 134.
senegallus (Pterocles), 28, 135.
senegalus (Harpolcstcs), 83, 102.

— (Tclophonus), 102.

— (Telophorus), 83.

— (Tschagra), 83.
Serinus, 93.
serrator (Mrrgus), 132.
serrirostris (Euphonia), 232, 234.
sibilatrix (Phylloscopus), 18, 104.
sibirica (Muscicapa), 260.
sibiricus (Uragus), 56.
signatua (Gulamentus), 221.
similis (lole), 50.

simplex (Zosterops), 52, 263.
sinae (Phoenicurus), 41, 2.53.
sinensis (Enicurus). 41, 253.

— (Garrulus), 57, 267.

— (Haringtonia), 50.

— (Microscelis), 50, 261.

— (Parus), 47.

— (Phalacrocorax), 250.

— (Pyctorhis), 47.
Sintor, 167.
Sitta, 52, 101, 263.
Siva, 45, 257, 258.
skua (Stercorarius), 142.
smyrnensis (Halcyon), 252.
Bodalis (Paraphloeobius), 180.
solitarius (Monticola), 42, 84, 110, 255.
eordida (Nemosia), 226.

Bordidior (Moupinia), 44, 257.

— (Picus), 39, 252.

— (Proparus), 45, 257.
sparverioides (Cuculus), 37, 251.
Spatula, 130.

spatzi (Alcctoris), 88,

— (Saxicola), 20.
spectrum (Epicosymbia), 192.
epcculigcra (Jluscicapa), 103.

283

Sphenurua, 36, 249.
sphenuru3 (Spheuurus), 36, 249.
Sphingonotus, 67-69.
Sphodromantis, 62.
spilosa (Pioenia), 176.
spinoletta (Anthus), 53, 99.
spinus (Carduelia), 93.
Spizixoa, 50, 261.
spodiogenya (Fringilla), 8.
Spodiopsar, 57, 266.
spodocephala (Eraberiza), 54.
Sporaeginthus, 266.
Sporathraupis, 237.
squalena (Mauia), 185.
Squatarola, 136.
squatarola (Squatarola), 136.
Stachyridopaia, 45.
Stamnodes, 201.
stellaria (Botaurua), 27, 129.
Btellatus (Colymbua), 133.
Stenobothrus, 63.
atenua (Phloeobius), 173.
Stercorariua, 142.
Sterna, 140, 141.
atrepera (Anas), 130.
streperua (Acroceplialiis), 106.
Streptopelia, 28, 134.
striata (Aglaia), 237.

— (Muscicapa), 17, 83, 103,
striaticollis (Proparua), 45,
striatua (Alcurua), 261.

— (Butorides), 36, 250.
Btridulus (Pomatorliinus), 43.
Btrigula (Siva), 45, 257.
striolata (Emberiza), 80, 98.
Strix, 37, 38, 120.
strophiata (Muacicapa), 48, 260.
strophiatua (Prunella), 40, 253.
Struthio, 146.

Stumua, 7, 92, 93.
styani (Hypothymis), 260.

— (lanthocincia), 44, 256.

— (Trochalopteron), 44.
Btygnota (Lobocraspeda), 211.
suarezenais (Eois), 193,

— (Pseudasthenia), 193.
subaffinia (Phylloscopus), 259.
aubbuteo (Falco), 23, 123.
subdetractaria (Boarmia), 211.

— (Dryocoetis), 211.
subhiraachala (Propyrrhula), 55, 266.
aubpersonata (Motacilla), 100.
Bubrufinua (Dryobatea), 251.
subatrigilia (Oxyarabulyx), 188.
Sula, 132.

sulfureacens (Oedipoda), 70.
Bundara (Niltava), 260.
superciliaria (Suya), 46, 358.

superciliosa (Motacilia), 48.
sutiualia (Protaedus), 182.
Suya, 46, 258.
svecica (Luacinia), 112.
swinboei (Proparua), 45.
ayenitica (Oenantbe), 85, 110.
aylvana (Heterura), 53.
sylvanua (Oreocorya), 53, 264.
sylvatica (Turnix), 145.
Sylvia, 18, 19, 84, 108-108.
Sylviparua, 52.

symmetrozona (Horiame), 206.
aynocha (Xadagara), 213.
aynodoneura (Nadagara), 212.
Syrmaticua, 35.
Symium, 37.
Sysatema, 211.
szechenyii (Tetraophaais), 33, 247.

Tachyplionua, 227.

Tadoma, 130.

tadorna (Tadoma), 130.

talifuenais (Aegithaliacua), 51, 262.

— (Troglodytea), 253.
tambora (Eoia), 193.
Tanagra, 236-241.
tarda (Otis), 143.
Taraiger, 41, 42, '^54.
tatao (Aglaia), 236.
telephonus (Cuculua), 37, 251,
Telophonua, 102.
Telophorua, 83.
temminckii (Calidria), 137.

— (Satyra), 34, 248.

— (Tragopan), 34, 248.
tenuicomia (Mucronianua), 216.
tenuirostria (Nuraeniua), 139.

— (Oriolua), 266.
tenuiaignata (Arycanda), 20S.
tephrocephala (Cryptolopha), 48, 259.
tephronotua (Laniua), 50, 261.
Tesia, 40, 252.

Tetraophaaia, 33, 247.
tetrax (Otia), 143.
Tettigonia, 62,
Thalpomena, 65.
theklae (Galerida), 11, 81, 97,
Thera, 198.
Thiaoecetrua, 75-77.
Thiypopaia, 226.
thoracica (Luaciniola), 47, 258,
Thraupia, 237, 240.
thunbergi (Motacilla), 99.
thura (Carpodacua), 55, 265.
tibetanua (Parua), 263.
Tichodroma, 100,
tingitanus (Asio), 120.
— (Corvua), 7, 91.

284

tingitanus (Passer), 9, 95.

Tiununculua, 36.

tinnuuculu3 (Falco), 25, 36, 123, 251.

tintinnabulans (Cisticola), 258.

Tmethis, 73.

toni (Sylvia), 108.

topela (Munia), 266.

torda (.'Uca), 142.

torquata (Saiicola), 20, 42, 111, 254.

torquatus (Turdua), 109.

torquilla (Jyux), 38, 87, 118, 251.

Totanus, 138.

totanua (Tringa). 29, 137.

Tragopan, 34, 248.

trailli (Oriolus), 266.

tranquebarica (Oenopopelia), 36, 249.

tranajugata (Xanthorhoe), 193.

transtinens (Craspedosis), 209.

tricolor (Muscicapa), 259.

tridactyla (Rissa), 142.

tridactylu3 (Picoides), 39, 251.

trifasciatus (Carpodacus), 58, 265.

Tringa, 29, 30, 35, 88, 137, 138.

Triphosa, 199.

triatis (Acridotlieres), 268.

— (Melias), 38.

— (Rhopodytes), 38.
tririalis (Anthus), U, 82, 98.
trivirgatus (Accipiter), 37.
Trochalopteron, 44.

trochilua (Phylloscopua), 17, 84, 104.

Troglodytes, 21, 40, 113, 253.

troglodytes (Troglodytes), 21, 40, 113.

troille (Uria), 142.

Tropidobasis, 178.

Tschagra, 83.

tschegrava (Hydroprogne), 140.

tuneti (Apus), 115.

Turdus, 42, 43, lOS, 109, 255, 258.

Tumix, 145.

Turtur, 134.

Tyto, 120.

ultramarinus (Parus), 82, 101.
undata (Sylvia), 108.
undulata (Ohlamydotis), 30, 143.
unioolor (Paradoxomis), 51, 261.

— (Stumus), 92.
Upupa, 23, 117,
Uragua, 56.

urbica (Deliohon), 22, 86, 114.
Uria, 142.
Urociasa, 57, 267.
Uromenua, 62.

Tanellus (Vanellus), 138.,
variegatua (.A.nthu3), 223.
versicolor (Lanio), 227.

— (Pyranga), 227.

— (Tachyphonus), 227.
vespertinua (Falco), 24, 123.
vicina (Tropidobasis), 178.
vicinuiu (Macrogloasum), 189, 190.
vicinus (Xylinades), 172.
vinaceus (Carpodacua), 55, 265.
vinipectua (Proparua), 45, 257.
violaceicoUis (Euphonia), 234.
virgatus (Accipiter), 37.

— (Ecelonerus), 220.
Virgo (Anthropoides), 143.
viridia (Sphodromantis), 62.
viacivorua (Turdua), 109.
vivida (Muscicapa), 49.
voaaeleri (Pyrgomorpha). 74.
vulgaris (Sturnua), 7, 93.

webbiana (Paradoxornis), 51, 282.
wellai (Parus), 51, 262.
whitakeri (Garrulua), 92.
whitelyi (Athene), 37, 251.

— (Glauoidium), 37, 251.
wingatei (Siva), 258.
witherbyi (Erithacus), 86.
woodfordii (Cosmethis), 208.

xanthobathra (Milionia), 210.
xanthochloris (Pterutbius), 45.
xanthogaster (Euphonia), 235,
Xanthorhoe, 193, 194.
xanthorhoua (Pycnonotus), 50, 261.
Xylinades, 172.

yarrellii (Motacilla), 100.
yeni (Aglaia), 236.
Yuhina, 46, 258.
yunnanenaia (Alcippe), 47, 258.

— (Anthus), 53, 264.

— (Certhia), 52, 263.

— (Emberiza), 54, 264.

— (lanthocincla), 256.

— (Nucifraga), 57, 267.

— (Parus), 262.

— (Proparua), 45.

— (Regulua), 51.

— (Sitta), 52, 263.

— (Siva), 45, 257.

— (Sphenurua), 36, 249.

— (Suya), 46, 258.

— (Tarsiger), 41, 254.

vaoumimargo (Ortholitha), 195.
vaillantii (Picus), 87, 118.
Vanellus, 136.

zedlitzi (Erythroapiza), 8.
zosteriua (Litocerus), 172,
zosterops, 52, 263.

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