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NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

Vol. XL, 1936-37.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

H Jouvnal of Zooloo^

[JS CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, F.R.S., Ph.D.,
Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Dr. K. JORDAN, F.R.S.

Vol. XL, 1936-37.

rir/r// fourteen plates.)

Issued at riiE Zuologicai. Museum, Trino.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATSON .(: VINF.Y, I,TI)„ LONDON AND AYI.ESBUHV

1936-1937

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XL (1936-3T).

GENERAL SUBJECT.

PAGES

1. Dr. Karl .Jordan's Expedition to South-West Africa and Angola. Narrative.

K.4J4L Jordan .......... 17 — 62

MAMMALIA.

1. Mammals from South-West Africa and Angola. J.\ne St. Leger . . 75 — 81

REPTILIA AND AMPHIBIA.

1. Herpetological collections from South-West .Africa and Angola. H. ^\'.

Parker 115—146

PISCES.

1. Fresh-water Fishes from South-West Africa and Angola (Plates I and II).

E. Trewavas 63—74

COLEOPTERA.

1. Some Old-world Anl/iribidac. Karl .Iordan ..... 199 — 207

2. Anlhribiduc from South and Central America. Karl Jordan . . 208 — 261

3. New Anthribidae from India and Java. K.irl Jordan .... 333 — 335

4. Report on a second collection of Mauritian Antliribidae sent by Mr. J.

Vinson. Karl Jordan ........ 336 — 343

LEPIDOPTERA.

1. Now species and sub.species of Caprimima (Lithosiinae, Lepidoptera).

Lord Rothschild ......... 1 — 2

2. Lasiocampidae from South-\A'est Africa and Angola (Plates III-XI).

W. H. T. Tams 95—114

3. Lytnantriidac from South-West Africa and Angola (Plate XII). C. L.

Collenette .......... 147 — 152

4. New Lymantriidae from Madagascar (Plate XII). C. L. Collenette . 153 — 169

5. New and little-known Bali C.Vomfiri'rfac in the Tring Museum. L. B. Prout 177 — 189

6. A revision of the decisaria group of Cleora (Plate XIII). L. B. Prout . 190—198

7. Spoiia Mentaieiennia : Papilionidue (Plate XIV). Karl Jord.\n 316 — 322

8. On some Old-world Lepidoptera (Plate XFV'). Karl Jordan . 323 — 325

vi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XL (1936-37).

SIPHONAPTERA.

PAGES

1. Siphonaptera from Western Australia. Miriam Rothschild . . 3 — 16

2. Siphonaptera from South- West Africa and Angola. Karl Jordan . . 82 — 94

3. A further collection of Siphonaptera obtained by Mr. F. Shaw Mayer in

Eastern New Guinea. Karl Jordan ...... 272 — 282

4. Records and descriptions of Siphonaptera. Karl Jordan . . 283 — 291

5. Some Siphonaptera from Morocco. Karl Jordan .... 292 — 294

6. A new Flea from China. Karl Jordan ...... 295 — 296

7. A new Xenopsylla from Nyasaland. Karl Jordan .... 297 — 298

8. Three new Bird-fleas from Kashmir. Karl Jordan .... 299 — 306

9. Two new Fleas from South America. Karl Jordan .... 307 — 310

10. On some Australian Siphonaptera. Karl Jordan .... 311 — 315

11. Some new African Siphonaptera. Karl Jordan ..... 329 — 332

VERMES.
1. A note on the variation of certain Cercariae (Trematoda). Miriam Roths-

170—175

INDEX

345—360

PLATES IN VOLUME XL.

PLATES I and II. Fresh-water Fishes.
PLATES Ill-XrV'. Lepidoptera.

ERRATA.
P. 2, line 1 1 from above read Caprimima instead of Caprima.
P. 5, line 2 from below read Nosopsyllus instead of Nosopsylla.
P. 45, line 17 from above read Wclwitschia instead of Welwitc/iia.
P. 171, line 2 from above read Peringia for Peryngia.
P. 289, line 28 from above read Dasymys instead of Dasymus.

NOVITATES ZOOLflfilCAE.

.sl^^t^ H 3oucnal of Zoology.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
AND Dk. K. JORDAN, F.R.S.

Vol. XL.

No. 1.

Packs 1-175.
IneceD August 25th, 1936, at the Zoological Museum, Tring.

PHINTKD BY HAZELL, WATSON * VINEY, LTD., LONDON AND AYLBSBORY.

1936.

Vol. XL.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

BDITCD BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. I

1. NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CAPRI-
MIMA (LITHOSIINAE, LEPIDOPTERA)

Lord Rothschild
2. SIPHONAPTERA FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA Miriam Rothschild

3. DR. KARL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-
WEST AFRICA AND ANGOLA:

NARRATIVE

FRESH-WATER FISHES (Plates I and II)

MAMMALS

SIPHONAPTERA ....
LASIOCAMPIDAE (Plates III-XI) .
HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
LYMANTRIIDAE (Plate XII) .

4.

5.

Karl Jordan .
Ethelwynn Trewavag
Jane St. Leger
Karl Jordan .
W. H. T. Tarns
H. W. Parher
C. L. Collenetle

NEW LYMANTRIIDAE FROM MADAGASCAR

(Plate XII) C.L.ColleneUe

A NOTE ON THE VARIATION OF CERTAIN
CERCARIAB (TREMATODA)

Miriam Rothschild

1—2
3—16

17—62

63—74

75—81

82—94

95—114

115—146

147—152

153—169

170—175

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XL. AUGUST 1936. No. 1.

NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CAPRIMIMA [LITHO-
SIINAE, LEPIDOPTERA).

By lord ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., F.R.S.

1. Caprimima shawmayeri sp. nov.

cJ. Nearest to C. obliqna Rothsch. 1901, but the outer J of forewings deep
shining blue in.stead of rufous chocolate. Legs, tibiae white, tarsi black with
one white band ; pectus black ; head and thorax black, tegulae white, abdomen
black, anal tuft greyish white. Forewing base black, basal j white, obliquely
dentate distally, outer | deep shining blue. Hindwing apical J, abdominal
margin and tornal margin black, rest of wing white.

Length of forewmg : 12 mm. Expanse : 27 mm.

Hah. Zageheme, Cromwell Mts., 4,000 ft., East Finisterre Range, 20 June,
20 July 1931 (F. Shaw Mayer coll.), 2 ^^.

2. Caprimima albicollis reducta subsp. nov.

cj?. Differs from C. albicollis iiiatda.v Rothsch. 1901 in the white patches on
both wings being much reduced and in the J having those on hindwings opaque,
not semivitreous.

Hab. New Ireland, December 1923 (A. F. Eichhorn coll.), 1 ^, 8 $?.

3. Caprimima coeruleomarginata insularis subsp. nov.

$. Differs from C. c. coeriileomanjinata Rotli.sch. 1912 in having the outer
black margin of the white band on the forewing much broader.

Hab. Goodenough Island, 2,500-4,000 ft., Aug. 1913 (A. S. Meek coll.),
4??.

4. Caprimima pmictata sp. nov.

cj$. Pectus black ; legs white, black bands on tarsi ; head and thorax black,
patagia partly golden yellow ; abdomen black, anal tuft whitish grey. Forewing
basal § black mth the greater part occupied by a large golden-yellow patch,
outer i brownish rufous, costa and ternien black. Hindwing black, a golden-
yeUow spot in cell.

Length of forewing: ^ 11 mm., ? 13-14 mm. Expanse: ^ 24 mm.,
$ 28-30 mm.

Hab. Upper Setekwa River, Snow Mts., Dutch New Guinea, 2,000-3,000
ft., Aug. 1910 (A. S. Meek coU.), 1 J, 3 $? (<? type) ; nr. Oetakwa R., Snow

1

2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

Mts., Dutch N. Guinea, 3,500 ft., Oct.-Dec. 1910 (A. S. Meek coll.), 2 ?? ; Mt.
Goliath, Centr. Dutch N. Guinea, 5,000 ft., March 1911 (A. S. Meek coU.), 2 ??.

5. Caprimima simillima sp. nov.

(J$. Differs from C. punctata sp. nov. in its much smaller size, in the whole
of the tegulae being golden yellow, and in the black outer area of hindwing
having a purplish rufous chocolate apical patch.

Length of forewing : ^ 9 mm., $ 10 mm. Expan.se : (J 20 mm., $ 22 mm.

Hab. Upper Setekwa R., Snow Mts., Dutch N. Guinea, 2,000-3,000 ft.,
Sept. 1910 (A. S. Meek coll.), 2 c?c?. 2 ?$ ; mts. inland from Huon Gulf,
N.E. New Guinea (Ch. Keysser coll.).

6. Caprima peculiaris sp. nov.

cJ. Pectus and underside of body black ; palpi chocolate brown ; legs
brown, underside of tibiae and coxae white, tarsi white ringed with brown-
Head black, tegulae golden-yellow, thorax and abdomen black, anal tuft grejdsh.
Forewing above, basal f black with very large golden-yeUow patch, outer J
black with large rusty rufous-brown apical patch. Hindwing above golden-
yellow, base and anal and tornal margins black, outer J of wing black from vein
2 to apex. Underside of forewing has between the large golden patch and the
apical brown patch a large area of paler yellow in which some of the scales are
turned up, showing dark underneath.

5 differs from J in the restriction of the black on the forewing to outer
margins and a black central band or line in the centre of the wing, and the
brown apical patch is extended to tornus and is paler, whUe the golden-yeUow is
paler and more extended. Hindwing entirely black, with yellow median wedged
patch from costa to vein 3.

Length of forewing : cJ 14 mm., § 15 mm. Expanse : (J 31 mm., $ 33 mm.

Hab. New Ireland, Jan. 1924 (A. F. Eichhorn coll.), 1 cj. 5 ?? (cj type).

7. Caprimima peculiaris flavidior subsp. nov.

$. Differs above from C. peculiaris peculiaris in the whole forewing being
golden-yellow, the costal and terminal margins bordered with black, base and
apex also black, a small reddish chocolate spot in the latter. The hindwing
differs in the basal § being golden-yellow, the abdominal margin and outer i
black, tapering from apex to tornus.

Hab. Talesea, New Britain, March-April 1925 (A. F. Eichhorn coll.), 2 ??.

8. Caprimima pseudaffinis sp. nov.

(J$. Differs from C. peraffinis Rothsch. 1912 in the much broader post-
median black band and inner black margin of the forewing and the narrower
white patch of the hindwing ; and from C. postexpansa Rothsch. 1912 in the
much broader black postmedian band of the forewing and in outer half of the
inner margin of the forewing being margined with black.

Hab. Biagi, Mambare R., 5,000 ft., British New Guinea, March 1906 (A. S.
Meek coll.), 2 ??, type ; Hydrographer Mts., British New Guinea, 2,500 ft.,
March 1918 (Eichhorn Bros, coll.), 1 ?.

NoVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 193G.

SIPHONAPTERA FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

By MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD.

(With 19 text-figures.)

rpHIS interesting collection of Siphonaptera was sent to us by L. Glauert, in
■'- whose honour the new genus is named and to whom we tender our
very best thanks. In addition to the new fleas described below, the collection
contained some other species which we record here.

1. Echidnophaga perUis Jordan 1925.
5 (JcJ, 7 $9, off Thalacomys lagotis Reid 1836, from Perth.

2. Echidnophaga aranka nov. .spec (text-figs, l, 4, 5).

A pair was obtained off Bettongia lesueuri Quoi & Gaim. 1824, from Beverly,
South-West Australia. This species is closely related to E. macronychia J. & R.
1906, with which it is compared in the following description.

(J$. Head. — Angle of frons situated lower down, the proportional distance
of the angle from the base of the antennal groove and the oral angle is 18:11,
and in E. macronychia 14 : 17. Frontal marginal incrassation longer. Outline
of frons from tubercle downwards straight or faintly concave. Genal process
smaller, rounded off, and less curved backwards. Occiput, along dorsal line,
about equal in length to the frons above the tubercle in ^ and | shorter in $.
Longest bristle of second antennal segment reaches a fraction beyond posterior
margin of head. Maxillary palp reaches to apex of forecoxa ; proportional
lengths of segments : ^ 14-11-10-18 ; $ 15-13-12-18.

Thorax. — Lobe of pleura of prosternite shorter, not prolonged into a point.
Metepimerum with 3 to 5 bristles in a row.

Abdomen. — As in E. macronychia. Stemite VII in (J with about seven
slender hairs (each side).'

Legs. — Forecoxa broader, with hindmargin more strongly rounded. Pro-
portional length and width (at widest) 39 : 20 (in E. macronychia 40 : 17). Hind-
coxa with patch of 16 to 22 spines on inner surface. Lateral row of bristles on
hindfemur with only 3 or 4 very weak bristles on inner surface. Foretibia with
largest apical dorsal bristle only reaching apex of third tarsal segment. Two
stout bristles at dorsal apical angle of the midtibia, the longest of which reaches
to the middle of third tarsal segment ; in E. macronychia it only reaches to apex
of second. Hindtibia with fifth dorsal incision greatly reduced or absent :
8 or 9 strong bristles only, along the dorsal margin. Tarsi broader than in
E. macronychia. Fifth segment of all tarsi with four pairs of lateral bristles,
instead of five. First, second, and third segments of foretarsus of approximately
equal lengths, the fourth a shade shorter. Second midtarsal segment only J
longer than first, instead of half as long again. Longest dorsal apical bristle
of second hindtarsal segment docs not quite reach to middle of 5th segment,

* Unless otherwise stated, nil figures refer to both sides together.

4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

while in E. macronychia it extends at least to apex of 5th segment. Basal
projection of claw as large as in E. macronychia.

Modified Segments. — ^ (text-fig. 4) : Stigma cavity f length of antepygidial
bristle. Sternite VIII bears three bristles in a row at right angles to ventral
margin, situated some distance from distal margin ; two upwardly curved
bristles along ventral margin and 3 or 4 fine hairs situated irregularly on outer
surface. Apical margin incm-ved above ventral apical angle. Manubrium of

Fig. 1. — Echidnophaqa aranka. midtarsal segment V, ^.

Fig. 2. — Echidnophaga ambidans ambulans, hindtarsal segment V, (J.

Fig. 3. — Echidnophaga ariihulans inepla, hindtarsal segment V, $.

clasper slender, somewhat resembling that of E. liopus J. & R. 1906, except
that terminal portion not tmned upwards. Process P straighter than in
E. macronychia with one thin longish bristle at ventral apical angle, and two
more slender ones, equidistant from each other, on ventral surface, besides
a number of apical and dorsal bristles. Process P" much shorter than
in E. macronychia ; its dorsal margin shghtly convex, somewhat as in
E. liopus. Finger F with ventral margin rather more strongly curved than in
E. macronychia.

$ : Tergite VIII with fairly regularly rounded outUne as in E. macronychia.
Several bristles on outer surface near margin at apex, and one short, stout, very
conspicuous spine-Uke bristle above these on inner surface. Stylet broader in

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 5

comparison with its length (ratio 7 : 5 compared with 7 : 4). In addition to the
long terminal bristle, two bristles placed on ventral margin of stylet, of which
the proximal one is considerably the longest. Receptaculum seminis very much
larger (text-fig. 5) than in E. niarconychia (text-fig. 6).
Length : ^ 1-4 mm. ; $ 2 mm.

3. Echidnophaga ambulans inepta nov. subspec. (text-fig. 3).
2 $$, off Tachyglossus acukatus ineptus Thomas 1906, from Nolba near
Geraldton. This is probably the West Australian subspecies of E. ambulans

Fig. 4. — Echidnophatja aranlia, eiul-scgnients of ilbtloincii of (J.

OlUfF 1886. The main character for purposes of identification is the arrangement
of the bristles of the fifth tarsal segments. The two pairs of stout lateral bristles
are placed considerably farther apart (text-fig. 3), the second pair being situated
slightly proximal to the middle of the fifth segment of the tarsus. In E. ambulans
(text-fig. 2) the second pair is situated one-third from the base.

4. Nosopsylla londiniensis Rothschild 1903.
2 cJcJ, off Tnrsipes spenserae Gray 1842, from King River, near Albany.

6 NoriTATn ZoovoaicAM XL. ItM.

5. Acantbops^'lla woodwardi KothKrhiUl IWU (test-figH. 7. 8).

CtraloplifUm* wooAifrft KultMcbUd, .Vor. 2a(W.. xi, p. 823, do. IS. Ub. 10 fig. 41 . Ub. II fig. 43 (1904)

(IVrth).
.4oaaMo|wyai woorfmnli JonUn and KothM-hild. grtopanmUs. i, p. 342 (1033).

1 Q, off Ikityurtif groffroyi Could 1870, from Cnnninptoii. near I'crlli.
Htad. — Anterior n)w of frorw with two Mpinifnnn l)ri.'*tlc» of which tlic lower

Flo, A. — Kchidnoptuma aranka, mMi-t^ipnmiim iif nlHlomnfi of ^.
Flo. 6. — Kehidnophaga mafronyrMia, rrr«>ptaruluin Mtminia.

in the longiT, hIhivc thcin I Htout briHtIf and Ix-low 3 medium -Kiz4Ml hriHtlofl.
In addition nunuTotiH fine liri«tlr« ftratt^-n-d over fronn. and 7 »toiit one«, of wliich
3 are notably Mtroiiffi-r than the n'«t and j<ilual<'d in following |MiHitii>nN : (I) above
eye cicwic to antennal ((r<Mive. (2) a nliorl dilttarice l»elow fimt briMtIc in anterior

J

NOVITATEB ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1930. IT

row, and (3) in front of the eye at the base of maxilla. Occiput with two oblique
rows of bristle-s, each containing 10 ; submarginal row of 10 strong bristles ;
single large bristle above middle of antennal groove ; 13-15 small bristles along
antennal groove. Mouth parts as in the female. Antenna with 8 small bristles
along margin of second segment, the longest of which does not reach beyond
first segment of club.

Thorax. — Pronotal comb with 18 spines, 3 less than in female.

Abdomen. — All tergites bear 2 rows of bristles, with abbreviated third row
in front. Tergites I to IV with vestigial combs of 1 spine each side. Tergite VII

Fig. 7. — Acanthopsylla woodwardi, abdominal tergite VIII of (J.

has complete row of posterior bristles, one of them placed below the stigma.
Two antepygidial bristles, inner bristle shorter ; ratio 5 : 7.

Legs as in ?j?.

Modified Segments. — Upper portion of sternite VIII bears a submarginal row
of 9 long whip-like bristles (text-fig. 7), close to it 3 more similar bristles and on
lateral surface about 20 additional bristles scattered over the surface ; lower
portion somewhat resembles that of A. rothschiUi Rainbow 1905, except that
ventral niargin is incurved from apex to half-way along its length. Margin in
this region set with 9 very stout closely set bristles and several additional smaller
submarginal bristles ; apex of this ventral portion forms rounded lobe which is
set witli marginal row of 8 to 10 bristles which decrease in size from above down-
wards ; just l)cli>w this is an internal incrassation which murks flic end of a

8

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICiE XL. 1936.

submarginal row of small bristles on the inner surface of the sternite. Clasper
(text-fig. 8) large ; upper distal angle produced into strongly chitinised process P
about twice as long as broad (at the base) ; ridge on inner surface studded with
hairs, and a few fine bristles at the apex. Extreme posterior margin of clasper
strongly convex. Finger F very large ; in general build it resembles that of
A. saphes J. & R. 1922 ; apex broadly triangular in shape, projecting well beyond
lower portion of clasper ; upper margin set with a submarginal row of small
pale spines, while posterior margin bears a submarginal row of 14 stout bristles ;
a few fine bristles sparsely scattered over outer surface. The general shape of
vertical arm of sternite IX recalls that of A. saphis ; posterior margin forms

Fia. 8. — Acanthopsylla woodwardi, end -segments of abdomen of (J.

nearly straight line, only slightly concave, reaching from posterior apical corner
to elbow ; anterior ajiical angle prolonged into a long curved nose ; anterior
margin deeply concave below nose and then slightly dilated before elbow, which
is narrowest portion of sternite. Upper margin of horizontal arm membranous.
Ventral margin almost straight, convex, a short distance beyond elbow, from
which points extends a marginal row of short fine bristles. Terminal portion
divided into 3 lobes (each side) ; most ventral lobe poorly chitinised and curved
downwards, bearing 4 downwardly curved bristles at posterior extremity ;
second lobe bears a rake of 4 spiniform bristles which decrease in size from below
upwards ; a deep sinus separates this from third (uppermost) lobe, which is
spatulate and covered with bristles, the heaviest of which arc marginal in position.
From the base of this lobe an irregular band of backwardly curved small bristles
passes diagonally across outer surface of horizontal arm on to membranous portion
of upper margin. Stylet-like lateral process of anal tergite bears 2 stout bristles

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

9

at apex. Paramere and lamina of penis generally resemble those oi A.rothschildi ;
hood of paramere more rounded and lacks backwardly projecting hook-like
process on upper margin ; apex of ejaculatory duct exceptionally long, being
seven times as long as it is broad at the base ; in A. rothschildi it is approximately
three times as long as broad.

Length ; 3 mm.

Dr. Jordan suggests that this is the true male of ^-1. woodwardi. The species
described as such (1923, Ectoparasites, vol. i, p. 304) off Conilurus albipes Lichten-
stein 1834, from Franklin Isle, I propose to rename Acanthopsylla franklinensis
nom. nov.

Glauertia gen. nov.
This very interesting genus at first sight recalls Leptopsylla Rothschild 1911
on account of the shape of the head, but in all other respect agrees closely with the
Australian genus Acanthopsylla J. & R. 1922. It is easily distinguished from
Leptopsylla by the convex pygidium and the absence of the comb on the outer
dorsal edge of the tibiae. It chiefly differs from Acanthopsylla in the shape of
the head, the frons being angulated at | from the ventral angle. The antennal
groove extends to the vertex, nearly as in Leptopsylla , whereas in Acanthopsylla
there is only a trace of the suture.

6. Glauertia scintilla spec. nov. (text-figs. 9-12).

A series of 1 (J and 5 $$ off Dromicia concinna Gould 1845, from Tambellup.

cJ$. Head. — Frons angulated at § from the ventral angle, lower portion
inclining backwards. Frontal angle most forward portion of head ; 4 bristles of
anterior row, 2 above and 2 below angle, are spiniform ; anterior row of bristles
contains 5 strong bristles,
1 above and 4 below 9
spiniforms ; in addition
numerous small fine
bristles scattered over the
frons, and there are long
stout bristles in the fol-
lowing position: (1) on
level with 4th spiniform
about midway between
anterior edge of antennal
groove and edge of frons,
(2) close to antennal
groove a little distance
above eye, (3) in front of
eye, above maxilla, (4)
immediately above max-
illary palps. Eye well
developed, but slightly reduced in size, placed low down in front of base of
forecoxa. Occiput with 2 complete, almost horizontal, rows of bristles con-
taining together about Id bristles (each side of head) ; submarginal row of 12
strong and a few weak bristles ; row along antennal groove containing 8 small
and 2 long bristles. Antenna of cJ i as long again as that of ?. which is

Fig. 0. — Glauertia scintiUa, hrttd of rj.

10

NOVITATES ZOOI^QICAE XL. 1936.

subglobose ; segment I bears 2 or 3 minute bristles ; segment II bears 5 bristles
along apical margin, reaching to second segment of club in q and third in $.
Maxillary palps reach to J length of forecoxa in jj, and f in $, segment IV
being longest ; ratio of segments : 7, 7, 5, 9. Maxilla rather small, reaching
to end of segment III of palp. Labial palps have 5 segments resembling
those oS Acanthopsylla, reaching to J length of forecoxa.

Thorax. — Pronotum short, being only J length of comb, and with comb
about J as long as mesonotum ; comb with 20 teeth ; two rows of bristles in

Fig. 10. — Olauertia scintilla, end-segments of abdomen of cj.

front of comb, anterior row containing about 6, posterior row 10 bristles. Meso-
notum with two rows of 10 bristles and 1 or 2 bristles in front of these representing
an anterior row. Mesopleura with 6 strong and 1 fine bristle. Metanotum
about J shorter than mesonotum ; two rows of bristles with vestigial third
row of 1 or 2 bristles, first row with 10, second row with 11 bristles. Metepi-
stemum with one long and one short bristle. Metasternum with one bristle.
Metepimerum with 7 or 8 strong bristles and a few slender hairs.

Ah(Io7nen. — Tergites I to VII with two rows of bristles, anterior row con-
taining 9, except segments VI and VII with respectively 6 and 12 ; a few bristles
anteriorly represent a third row on anterior segments. One of the long bristles
of posterior row placed below stigma. In $ stigma placed considerably farther
anterior on tergites II to VI. Row of bristles on tergite VII incomplete, having
only 4 strong bristles (each side) instead of 6. Thus there is no bristle below the
stigma of this segment. Antepygidial bristles 2 each side, the inner being twice
as long as the outer, 'icrgites II and 111 witli vestigial i(iiiil>. Basal stemite

NOVITATKS ZOOLOOK'AE XL. 1936. H

with ventral pair of bristles and minute bristle in iront in (J and 0 to 5 in $.
Sternites III to VII with row of 6 to 8 strong bristles and in front 4 to 8 small
bristles.

Legs. — Generally resemble those of Acanthopgylla. Foreeoxa carries about
21 strong bristles on outer surface in addition to those of posterior margin.
Midcoxa with 5 bristles forming a submarginal row on outer surface (apart from
apical and marginal bristles). Hindcoxa with 6 or 7 bristles arranged in two
rows on outer surface (apart from apical and marginal bristles). On inner side,
close to apex, about 7 rather fine bristles. Forefemur with 6 to 8 fine bristles
on outer surface and 2 on inner surface. No lateral bristles on mid- and hind-
femora. Foretibia with bristles along hindmargin arranged in six incisions, 2
bristles each. Inner bristles of incision three and five, weak ; additional fine
bristles beside these incisions ; a lateral row of 5 bristles ; longest bristle of
seventh incision in all tibiae about as long as first segment of tarsus. Midtibia
with seven incisions ; lateral row of 8 bristles. Hindtibia resembles midtibia ;
10 lateral bristles. First three segments of foretarsus nearly equal in size, fourth
smallest, fifth longest ; two bristles longer than rest present on posterior margin
of first segment ; fifth segment bears 6 pairs of lateral bristles, first and third
pairs being shifted slightly inwards, and fourth being subdorsal, sixth pair
relatively weak. Four small apical spines in ^ and two in $. Ratio of segments :

Foretarsus Midtarsus Hindtarsus

(J 10:11:10:7:18 24:19:13: 9:18 51:35:20:11:20

? 12:13:11:8:18 26:21:14:10:18 59:38:21:12:22

Mollified Segments. — ^ (text-fig. U)). Tergite VIII large. Cavity of stigma
very long, reaching to dorsal edge of segment. Posterior margin marked by row
of 4 strong bristles. Fourteen other strong bristles scattered somewhat irregu-
larly over outer surface. Over 30 sensory pits on pygidium, which is strongly
convex. Sternite VIII large, bearing about 16 bristles apart from the ventral
marginal ones, 3 or 4 forming a submarginal row ; ventral margin with two deep
incurvings or shallow sinuses ; a long strong bristle situated immediately before
first sinus, which is the shallower of the two ; 5 short bristles present between
this and second sinus, in a row, the most anterior being the longest ; apex is
produced into rounded lobe set with 3 strong marginal bristles and a small one ;
a few fine bristles present along margin of second sinus. Manubrium broad and
as in Stivulius resembles lamina of penis in shape. Clasper large ; its dorsal
angle produced into a strongly chitinised process P, with a few minute bristles
on outer surface ; lower angle round ; a fairly stout bristle placed half-way
along posterior margin and 2 slender bristles near dorsal angle, which is also
rounded. Exopodite F rather slender ; base narrow, the F siiddenly broadens
above P on dorsal side, being in this region a little more than J as broad as long ;
dorsal apical margin set with row of small pale spiniforms ; ventral ( = posterior)
margin at the apex bears 3 long stout bristles and several finer ones. Vertical
arm of sternite IX resembles that of Acaiilhopsylla rothschildi Rainbow 1905,
frontal angle of upper end being produced into a long pointed nose ; portion
adjoining horizontal arm is narrowest part of .sternite. Horizontal arm slightly
shorter than vertical arm ; protrusion present on upper margin immediately
before it broadens out to form apical portion, which is roughly trianguliir in

12

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

shape ; ventral apical angle more heavily chitinised and in addition to several
slender hairs bears 3 spiniform bristles ; upper angle projects rather distad, is
feebly chitinised and bears a number of minute bristles ; a few finer bristles are
scattered sparsely over anterior portion of ventral arm, chiefly along ventral
margin. Tergite X with fan-Uke arrangement of rather widely separated bristles
on dorsal siu-face, with a lateral process as in Stivalius somewhat resembling

Fig. 11. — Olauertia scintilla, end -segments of abdomen of $.

stylet of female. Sternite X bears 2 strong bristles each side. Tendons of penis
reach frontad beyond lamina of penis. Terminal portion of ejaculatory duct
conical and strongly chitinised, with dorsal and ventral tooth. Lamina narrow
posteriorly, but broadens out into paddle-shaped sclerite, the anterior end of
which terminates in a pointed hook turned upwards, strongly recaUing that
of the alhed genera Stivalius and Pygiopsylla. Paramere also resembles that of
latter genus ; claw-like hook present at posterior extremity pointing downwards,
and a tooth-like projection immediately below it, these forming together a pincer-

NoviTATEs ZooLoaiOAE XL. 1936.

13

like structure. Membranal hood of paramere large and ventraUy produced
into an extensive flap.

9. Sternite VII (text-figs. 11, 12) with 6 strong bristles in apical row. Before
this between 14 to 23 bristles. Upper portion of apical margin slanting and about
middle, somewhat convex. Sinus of medium depth somewhat variable in shape.
Deepest above, strongly rounded, gradually becoming shallower ventraUy. Lobe
above sinus broadly rounded, projecting about as much as ventral lobe which is
almost triangular in lateral aspect. A faint indefinite internal incrassation present
on inner surface of segment situated at the sinus. Tergite VIII with ventral apical

Fio. 12. — aiauertia scintilla, abdominal sternite VII of 4 5$.

angle strongly rounded off. Apical margin shghtly incurved below upper angle.
Comparatively few bristles present. Outer surface bears 8 strong bristles and
4 to 6 smaller ones. Three strong bristles on inner surface near upper apical
angle one behind the other, and a pale marginal bristle above ventral apical angle.
Cavity of stigma only a little more than half as long as in ^. Three minute
bristles immediately in front of it. Ujjper margin of tergite X bears row of
bristles and 2 bristles on the ventral surface below base of stylet. Anal segments
greatly resemble those of AcanthopsyUa. Sternite X bears a brush of 4 to 5 long
bristles on proximal projection. Two curved bristles subapically each side.
Stylet very slender, 4 times as long as broad at base. Stout bristle at extremity
not quite double the length of stylet. Receptaculum seminis resembles that of
Acanthopsylln . TaO deeply inserted in head and being J shorter than the latter.
Tail J as wide as long, bearing small projection at anterior extremity. Head
constricted and strongly ventricose near tail. Bursa copulatrix pear-shaped.
Length : (J 2-2 mm. ; $ 2-5 mm. to 3-2 mm.

7. Leptopsylla segnis Schonh. 1811.
1 $, oflf Nyctinomun ulbidus Leche 1884, from Dangin. A record of the
mouse flea on the bat is interesting ; but its occurrence on this host is certainly
accidental.

8. Ischnopsyllus caminae Rothschild 1903 (text-figs. 15, 18).
1 $, off Chalinolobus morio Gray 1841, from Irwin River, near Geraldton.

14

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936.

9. Ischnopsyllus bathyllus nov. spec, (text-figs. 13, U, 17).
This species, of wliich 2 $$ were obtained off Xyclinomiis aiistralis Gray
1838, is closely related to Ischnopsyllus camiime Rotlischild 1903, with wliich it

Fia. 13. — IschnopayUus bathyllus^ liead of 9.

is compared throughout the following description. On the \\hole it is a more
heavily chitinised species, with rather more numerous bri.stles.

Head. — Frons more rounded ; anteoral incrassation following contours of

Flo. H. — I srhnopsyllxia bathyllus, motnnotum.
Flo. 16. — Ijfchnupjtyllus caminai, metanotum.
Flo. 16. — lachtiopayllua earinus, metanotum and raetepimerum.

frons broader. Small bristles on frons rather more numerous and stronger.
Genal spines of stronger, blunter build, with ends more rounded ; anterior spine
larger in comparison with posterior spine. Preoral tuber broader. Eye more
distinct. Occiput with 12 bristles along posterior margin of antennal groove ;

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1930.

15

in Ischnopsyllus caminae only 5 to 7. Shallow incrassation present on dorsal
margin of occiput as well as pronotum half-way along its length.

Thorax. — Hindmargin of pronotum straight, whereas in /. camitme it is
curved. Pronotal comb with 22 to 24 spines, the spines set in a straight row
following tlie margin of the pronotum. Mesosternite bears more bristles, 12 to
16 (each side). Metanotal comb has only 18 to 20 spines, the comb stopping
at ventral angle of tergite. Metepisternum slightly narrower (dorso-ventrally),
bearing one strong bristle and one small fine one. Metepimerum with 12 bristles.

Abdomen. — Vestigial comb of first tergite missing. Number of teeth in
other five combs are in the two specimens 14(17), 13 (14), 11 (10), 11 (10), 11 (12) ;
which is considerably less than in /. caminae. Sternites III-VI with 6 to 8
bristles, at least some of the sternites with
8, whereas in the examples of /. caminae.
in the N. C. Rothschild collection there
are only six bristles on the sternites.

Legs. — Chaetotaxy of legs resembles
that of /. caminae, but proportion of
tarsal segments different. Long bristle on
hindmargin of forecoxa placed higher up.
Proportion of foretarsal segments: 13, 15,
13, 10, 19 ; in /. camimie 10, 10, 8, 5, 11.
First segment of mid- and hindtarsus less
than twice the length of fifth segment ;
in /. caminae more than twice the length.

Modified Segments. — Number of bristles
on sternite VII (text-fig. 17) very variable.
Apical sinus deeper and broader. Outline
of tergite VIII not very distinct. Apical
margin marked by a row of six bristles. Fourteen bristles scattered irregularly
over whole outer surface and six smaller bristles on inner surface near margin.
Tergite X bears numerous short fine bristles scattered all over the surface,
of which none are as long as terminal bristle of stylet. Sternite X bears several
long stout marginal bristles and five lateral bristles (each side), of which one or
two are longer than terminal bristle of stylet. Stylet approximately twice as
long as wide at base. Receptaculum seminis with head and tail longer than in
/. caminae (text-fig. 18) ; head being twice as long as broad.

Length : 2-2 mm. Locahty : Carnamah, 150 miles N. of Perth.

V7/.sf.

Fig. 17. — Ischnopsyllus bathyllus. abdominal
sternite VII and receptaculum seminis.

10. Ischnopsyllus earinus nov. spec, (text-figs. 16, 19).

This species closely resembles the $ of /. caminae, but there are probably
much more distinctive characters in the unknown male. The single specimen
was obtained off Eptesicus pumilus Gray 1841 at Tambellup.

Head. — Tuber behind genal spines broader than /. caminae.

Thorax. — Pronotal comb with only 26 spines. Mesopleura with 12 to 14
bristles (each side). Metanotal comb curved as in /. camitme, with 27 spines.
Metepisternum with two small bristles in addition to single large one. Mete-
pimerum with 8 bristles.

Abdomen. — Vestigial comb of tergite I represented by one spine each side.

16

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

Number of teeth in following combs 23, 22, 21, 20, 20 (in the two sides together).
Chaetotaxy of sternites resembles that of/, bathyllus.

Legs. — Chaetotaxy as in /. caminae, but proportion of segments of tarsi
intermediate between I. caminae and /. hatliylbis. Segment II of foretarsus
longer than I, but midtarsal segment V half the length of I. Fifth hindtarsal
segment V less than half length of I.

Modified Segments. — Sternite VII with two, somewhat irregularly arranged,

Fig. 18. — Ischnopsyllua caminae, abdominal sternite VII and receptaculum seminis.
Flo. 19. — Ischnopsyllus eartnus, abdominal sternite VII and receptaculum seminis.

rows of bristles, anterior row containing 10, posterior row 7 bristles (each side).
Lobe above sinus projects farther than in /. caminae, and its apex is pointed.
Tergite VIII resembles that of /. caminae in outline, but the number of bristles
is much larger, approximately 25 bristles being scattered irregularly over outer
surface, 3 or 4 of these situated close together immediately below pygidium and
placed in a vertical row (not horizontal, as in /. caminae) ; row of 12 closely set
bristles near posterior margin.

Length : 2-3 mm.

Acknowledgments. — My very best thanks are due to Dr. K. Jordan, F.R.S.,
for help and advice, and to Miss B. Hopkins for executing the majority of
the figures.

NoVITATltS ZOOLOOIOAB XL. 1936. 17

DR. KARL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-WEST AFRICA

AND ANGOLA.

NARRATIVE.

By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.

(With 14 maps and photographs.)

COME years ago certain continental biologists experimenting with insects cut

off the heads of some species and replaced them by the heads of other
species in order to ascertain whether this grafting would be as successful with
insects as it is with plants. The experiments were a failure. I was remLnded
of this queer optimism when I gazed early in October 193.3 for the first time on
Walfish Bay and its hinterland. Here an experiment of a similar kind had been
made about half a century ago by two statesmen who, in their wisdom, had
decided to separate the head from the body, the one walking away with Walfish
Bay in the sack, and the other, thankful to have managed to keep the rump,
hoping that by the application of powerful stimuli another efficient head could be
grown. The war has brought much unhappiness to the world, but here and there
existing anomalies have been cleared away ; South-West Africa has much
benefited by the restoration of Walfish Bay to its hinterland. The connexion
with the rump is stiU precariously loose, only a narrow-gauge railway connecting
Walfish with the terminus of the main railway at Swakopmund, and this only
when the Swakop R. is dry, the bridge built after the war having been swept
away by the river in flood, as if Old Man river were dissatisfied with the manda-
tory system. Improvements are slow in a poor country on which nobody but
the Union will spend money a fond perdu under present circumstances ; but
progress is certain, the excellent harbour being the natural outlet for the country.

I did not expect to find so many buildings behind the harbour, a township
in infancy, most of them built in the sands of the Kuisep R., and backed by
dunes as far as the eye can reach, with a good water-supply from inland and a busy
life when a boat has come in, a fleet of whalers lying in the offing. A fellow-
passenger, an engineer, had told me that he had planted an avenue of trees at
Walfish (= Walvis) ; and as trees suggest caterpillars, I had my first disappoint-
ment on African soil : I could not find the trees until I reahzed that they were
right in front of me, but had failed to catch my eye. When our boat was gone
and the luggage been passed through the customs and handed over to the for-
warding agent, all was quiet, and the embryo town fell asleep to dream of its
future.

The object of my visit to South-West Africa was a double one : to see the
country about which I had heard and read so much, and to make zoological
collections. Neither the British Museum nor Lord Rothschild's Museum at
Tring had much material from South-West, and I hoped to supply at least to
some extent what was wanted. Moreover, a country with a hot, dry climate to
the rigours of which animals and plants are adapted in many queer ways is of
great interest to the biologist. A further inducement to choose South-West
Africa for a visit was a more personal one : a near relation and her family lived

2

Ig NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

on a farm in the highlands near Windhoek, where I could leave the bulk of my
equipment, taldng only what was required on each of the excursions planned.
My young and energetic cousin, Else Liitgens, met me at Walfish Bay the day
after my arrival and took charge of myself and my belongings. She had come
down to Swakopmund with a lorry, and we arranged with the forwarding agents,
Messrs. Brasch & Winderstein, that the lorry be loaded up at Walfish and then
return to Swakopmund to pick me up and to take us to our destination some
400 km. inland.

During the railway journey to Swakopmund, 33 km. from Walfish, I saw
crowds of sea-birds, most of them cormorants, perched on platforms erected in
the water close to the shore by enterprising merchants in fertilizers. There was
hardly any vegetation until we crossed the bed of the Swakop R., where tamarisks
and herbage covered the ground. My cousin had arranged for me to stay the
night at the comfortable hostel attached to the German Hospital, whereas she
returned to Walfish to supervise the transport of the luggage, which she hoped
would be at Swakopmund next morning. In the garden of the hostel a pair of
weaverbirds were busy building nests, for play rather than for the serious business
of raising a new generation, the season being still too early. The lorry arrived
when it was almost dark. The load being heavy and the sand not having set
hard enough (there is no road from Walfish), the transport had been a very
arduous task.

It was 7 p.m. when we were ready to start, my cousin, myself and a black
driver. Windhoek has an altitude of 1,650 m., and the farm Hofi'nimg about
1,850 m., so it was uphill all the way. For the first 100 km. hardly anything but
sand and stones was visible in the landscape so far as it was fit up by our head-
hghts, then scattered vegetation appeared, a small hare (Lepus capohsis), startled
by the lights of the lorry, ran for a short distance along the road, bushes became
more numerous, with stunted trees among them, and we had the driest part of
the coastal desert belt, the Namib, behind us. The road was better than I
expected, with few places in disrepair ; but for long stretches the surface was
transversely rilled Uke corrugated iron, shaking the lorry considerably and
keeping us awake. Towards midnight we were in the neighbourhood of Usakos ;
my cousin produced sandwiches and thermos flask, and we stretched our legs for
a little while. At 7 a.m. we saw in the distance the tall trees of Okahandja.
After the twelve-hours' run (about 300 km.) from Swakopmund the Hotel Miiller
was a most inviting sight ; we were ready for a good breakfast. The distance
from Okahandja to Windhoek is less than 100 km. by road (69 by raU), and we
expected to reach Windhoek before luncheon. On our way from the coast we
had had a little trouble with the engine and tyres, but that was nothing as com-
pared with what unkind fate had in store for us ; one accident after another
delayed progress, as if fate wished to impress upon my mind the picture of a
dead landscape under a fierce sun. The ground under bush and tree was bare
sand or stones, most trees looked dwarfed and crippled, only in flat places and
depressions large Acacias gave a hint of what the country would be like in the
rainy season. Notwithstanding the general barrenness there were some bushes
in flower, recalling a white -flowering Cistus of the Mediterranean countries and
thriving when everything else seemed deeply asleep. Half the afternoon had
passed away when at last some houses of Windhoek appeared in view, and we
could now hope to get there before the punctured front tyre gave way altogether.

NoVITATKa ZOOLOOICAK XL. 1938. 19

First impressions are stored in one's memory. The town on a wide slope with a
background of hills was a most pleasing sight after the long drive. We left the
lorry to follow when it had been put in order and went on in my cousin's car to
her home, Hoflfnung, less than 20 km. farther east, where Hans Liitgens, the
husband of my cousin, acted as bailiff.

HofFimng i.s a fine property of 18,000 hectares, lying on the north side of the
railway to Gobabis, comprising a plateau with the main buildings, gardens and
large dam, and stretching away into the mountains and beyond ; the view from
the plateau southwards across a deep valley, with the Auas Mountains in front and
Khomas Highlands to the right, is beautiful and very extensive. Trees, bushes,
rocks, sand and loam, and herbage below the dam promised to provide fair
hunting-grounds for my purpose. Thanks to the courte.sy of Herr Piepmeyer,
the representative of the owners of the farm, and the loving solicitude of my
relatives, I was comfortably installed and could organize my expeditions into
the country.

The question of transport and assistants was soon settled. I bought at
Windhoek a Chevrolet lorry to carry a load of a ton and a half, and engaged two
German gentlemen, agriculturists who had been in the country for some years
and were disengaged at the time. Herr Walter Hoesch had been recommended
to me by Professor E. Stresemann, Berlin, as an ornithologist who knew the
birds of the South-West ; and Herr Werner Bartsch, a friend of my relations,
would drive the lorry and take care of the commissariat. Two servants of Herr
Bartsch, a Hottentot and his stepson, a Herero, were likewise to accompany us.
Neither Herr Bartsch nor Herr Hoesch had ever made a skin for museum's pur-
poses, but they soon learnt to skin small mammals and assist in collecting insects,
lizards, frogs and all else I required for the British Museum. We had a pleasant
time together and amicably shared the troubles and pleasures which one meets
with on expeditions into the wilds.

These preparations required several visits to Windhoek, where I also had to
pay my respects to the Administrator of South-West, present my credentials to
the Secretary and see other officials. The Foreign Office, through the High
Commissioner of South Africa in London, had recommended that all facilities be
given me which were in the power of the Administration to grant to a biological
expedition. Everyone was most helpful, and I got permission to collect any
mammal or bird I wanted, with certain restrictions as to big game, particularly
in the game reserves. As I had no intention of molesting giraflfe and elephant
if I should come across them and had no desire for trophies of the usual kind, I
could easily keep to the letter and spirit of the general permit. Our plans were
made, but several weeks elapsed before all was ready for a start. The time of
waiting I employed in making a miscellaneous collection on Hoffnung, where some
rodents, carnivores and reptiles were obtained and moths caught at my acetylene
lamp. The only butterflies on the wing at this time of the year were Pyrameis
cardui, Hypolivinas misippiis and a few common Pierulae. Under stones there
were beetles; scorpions and spiders, occasionally a gecko. Some Tenebrionid
beetles and weevils were crawling on the ground, keeping quiet when approached,
and a large Carabid, Anthia, was not rare even at this season, being often seen
close to the house ; man and beast avoided it on account of the strong-smelling
liquid it ejects from the tail-end and which has given it the name of vinegar-beetle.
The water in the dam was reduced to a muddy pool ; there was no insect life on

20

NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

the mud except a few Hymenoptera which came to drink. The most conspicuous
among them was a large blue-black fossorial wasp {n(mip(psi,<i vindcx) which
sailed through the air with the noise of a miniature aeroplane, a common insect met

Fig. 20. — South-West Africa : northward ruuto of cxpeUitioii.

with again in many other localities in South-West. At an outpost of the farm,
at Bellerode, natives brought nie an aardwolf, Proleles crisUttiis, rare in these
mountains. There were manj' burrows of the aardvark in the hill valleys, most
of them old ; baboons were frequently seen, and I was told that they sometimes
came into the gardens. A colony of Pedetes coffer was observed near Bellerode,

I

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 21

these spring-hares coming out of the burrows at night, their eyes reflecting the
light of the car ; the colony was later on wiped out by the flood. We tried in
vain to trap a leopard which came to a water-hole in the hills ; he was too wary
to be attracted by the bleating of a baby goat. A pair of ostriches sought safety
in flight, the parents right and left and the two youngsters in between, the
parents with a tumbling run as if pretending to be hit or trying to avoid a straight
bullet ; we only looked at them. Hans Liitgens told me that the pair had had a
large family, gradually reduced to the two we saw, probably due to decimation
by leopards. Dassies (Procavia) were plentiful in the outcrops of rocks in the
hill-sides ; they are easy to shoot, but difficult to obtain, as they slip down into
the burrows and crevices if not killed instantaneously. The gizzard of a guinea-
fowl I shot in the hills was crammed full of the spiky seeds of Trihulus. On a
visit to Herr Blaschke's beautiful gardens at Klein Windhoek I inspected the
tunnels driven into the hill-side for collecting the hot water for which this district
is famous and found large colonies of four species of bats in them. One of the
turmels was occupied by Rhinoloyhus aethiops and Rh. augur, and the other by
Miniopterus smithianiis and Nycteris damarensis. I caught and examined many
of these bats, but obtained only one specimen of a flea and a remnant of a dead
Cncodmus, of the bed-bug tribe. The flea was a (J of a species described by
Waterston from a single $ collected on a bat in a cave in the Transvaal. Although
the water was Uttle more than a trickle, the evaporation was strong and therefore
the walls very damp and unfavourable for fleas to breed in.

South-West has sometimes a short rainy season in October-November, but
this year no rain came. Though clouds formed occasionally when the wind was
from the east, the much-needed rain remained an unfulfilled hope. For several
years there had been too little rain ; the cattle suffered from lack of food and
water, and in some districts a large percentage of them perished. Wild animal
life cannot be expected to be abundant in such conditions, the struggle for life
being too severe. I was aware of these circumstances when jjlanning the expedi-
tion to South-West and deUberately chose to arrive during the dry season for a
very definite object. The reports on the country mentioned the existence of
permanent water in a number of places, deep small lakes like Lake Otjikoto,
pools in river-beds, caves and fissures, and smaU brooks, in which fishes, frogs
and crabs had been observed, but evidently never collected. For a visit of such
places with the purpose of obtaining the fishes, etc., which were said to occur, the
dry season, when the water was restricted, would be much more favourable than
the wet season, when there might be too much water. I had \vritten from
England to Herr W. Hoesch, asking him to make a list of the places where we
might expect to find fishes or where fishes were known to occur, and to ask the
owners of the farms for permission to collect on their property for museum's
purposes. Our excursions, therefore, were planned primarily in accordance
with that object.

We started the last week in October, travelling via Okahandja northward
across a flat sandy country, an open woodland with dry valleys and dry river-
beds,' both little more than slight depressions, along which the trees were less
stunted and the bush a little denser. Though on the whole rather monotonous,
the landscape not showing much variety, the drive was not without its interest.

• .\ riverbed \s called rivier in South-West. A road or b track is a pad. The natives address
the white man as Mister ; not Baas, Herr or Master. " M'illst Du diese Maus haben, Mister 7 "

22 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

We were, of course, always on the look out for anything that flies, runs or crawls.
Not far from Okahandja we found a female koodoo hanging in wire-fencing and
vainly struggling to free itself. We managed to disentangle it by bending the
wires, and the animal ambled away evidently uninjured. Later in the day we
saw a male dead and decayed in the wires, having been similarly entrapped when
jumping the fence. A few eland, hartebeest and jackal were seen, and now
and again a bustard {Cotis afroidex) shot noisily into the air as if catapulted
straight up to 30 ft. or more and slowly planed down, alighting not far from the
place where it had been flushed by the noise of the lorry. Engine trouble pre-
vented us from reaching our destination. Long after dark the lorry refused to
go any farther. As we learned later on, the Chevrolet engine has the trick of
stopping when on a dead point ; by pushing the lorry forward and backward
the engine can be started again. It was fortunate that we were close under the
Little Waterberg and only a few minutes' walk from Okosongomuingo, where we
were most hospitably received by Frau Elisabeth Schneider and put up for the
night. The place fascinated me when I saw it next morning in bright sunshine.
I knew it from Dinter's description, who, years before the war and before the
present house was built, coUected on the mountain-side along the swampy banks
of a rill of water several dozen plants then new to science. The water is now
harnessed for household purposes, and most of the plants have probably disap-
peared. Our hostess is a keen botanist, and has constructed in front of the
house a large rock-garden containing many interesting succulents. A new species
discovered by her on the Waterberg is named after Frau Schneider Lilliops
elisahethae Dinter. The house is built on the side of the mountain well above
the plain and affords a fine view of the wide gap between the Little and Great
Waterberg. It is the most attractive of all places I have seen since in South-West,
and I left it with regret. We were bound for Otjosongombe on the other side of
the Great Waterberg. The distance not being great, we started some time after
luncheon, trusting to arrive well before nightfall. All went well until wo were
going up the valley leading to Otjosongombe, when the Chevrolet again struck
and would not budge another inch. However, we were not far from the farm and
soon had help. Herr and Frau von Flotho and their sons bade us a cordial
welcome, and here we stayed as paying guests for over a week.

The valley of Otjosongombe gradually rises and narrows and at about
1,600 m. ends abruptly, the sides being nearly perpendicular, and on the more
shady side dcn.sely covered with forest. The Waterberg is a table-mountain of
sandstfme, with flat top and '" Kranz," the surface of tiie toj) being broken by
fis.sures and ravines. At the head of the valley there is a clear spring, which
originally formed first a peaty swamp and then a small brook, but the water is
now led in pipes to the house and garden. The gutter carrying the water over-
head from the mountain-side to the buildings leaked and splashed over, the flat
piece of ground behind the house being well watered, and here various species of
butterflies disported themselves, the place being gay with several species of plants
in flower. On a sticky lioerhavin I found the green and blackish forms of cater-
pillar of UipiHilio}! exon, a species widely distributed in Africa .south of the
Sahara. The butterflies were mostly Taucoluf. I consider Otjosongombe to
be a very good collecting ground in and after the wet season. T'hough there were
no fish and crabs, we made a good general collection, including a rare bat caught
with a butterfly-net over the pool in the garden where a number of common bats

NOVTTATES ZoOLOaiOAB XL. 1936. 23

(Rhinolophus) were flying round and round. In the valley we found some
burrows of a mole-rat (Cryptomys damarensis, formerly included in Georychiis)
and trapped a series of specimens showing great variability in the number and
size of the white markings. The flea on them was the common Xenopsylla
brasiliensis. One evening I noticed one of the dogs, a puppy, in the lucerne
behind the house busy chewing something, and on inspection found that he had
stolen four or five of the skins which I had left on a shelf pinned down to dry ;
after that experience I kept the door shut. A hyaena (H. hrunnea) caught in a
trap provided a small series of a species of flea (Echidnophaga larinu), the fleas
being still fastened to the skin by the proboscis when the dead hyaena was
brought down to the farm. It was too early in the season for moths, the numbers
attracted being but small. One night, when out in the wood with the lamp, we
saw on the ground an ant hanging on to a beetle, and on further search found two
more ; it was a species of Paussus, the ant having the flat antenna of the beetle
firmly in its jaws. It looked much like a small boy leading a cow on a halter.
We had accidentally placed the lamp on a clear piece of ground where there was
an underground ants' nest, many ants coming up through small holes. It was
not a fierce species, but we shifted the lamp. Another night Herr Hoesch nearly
trod on a spitting cobra ; the snake was lying across the path before the garden
gate and Hoesch saw just in time that it was not a stick. The species is known
to be attracted by human dwellings. To my regret the specimen, 5 ft. long,
was summarily dealt with by a neighbouring farmer, who cut it in two with a
hoe. Though we had as yet had no rain, the approaching wet season was
heralded by toads (Bufo regularis), which lived in the pond and the hrigation
ditches, concealed in dajrtime under stones and herbage, their deep, hoarse,
guttural croak sounding Uke " poap-poap-poap," each croak separated from the
next by an interval a little longer than the croak. Our host laughingly explained
that these were the papists, the first in the field, and that the Lutherans, with
their uninterrupted high-pitched " lutter-lutter-lutter," would appear after the
first rain. In the fairly deep pond which I tried for water-insects I obtained some
specimens of a glossy black toad with webbed feet (Xenopus laevis), which
appears to be mute ; at least, I never heard it make a sound wherever I found
the species. It is a queer, slimy-looking creature, which Herr von Flotho told
us was accidentally introduced from Outjo with the spawn of carp. A few
lizards were obtained lower down the valley where the soil was more sandy.
After a stay of nine days we had to leave according to our programme. I should
like to visit the friendly place again at a season more favourable for insects.

It was a long run from Otjosongomhe via Otjivarongo northward to Otavi.
When we had the Waterberg district behind us, we traversed again an undulated
plain with hills in the distance. Small limestone ridges made the old road from
Otjivarongo northward tiresome for us and going was not too good. As was
often the case on this and the next excursion, our calculations as to the time of
arrival at our destination were upset by little mi.shaps which cau.sed delay, and
it was long after darkness had set in that we rea(^hed Otavi, dusty, hungry and
thirsty. The circle on the maj) of South -West representing Otavi is bound to
mislead the <riivellcr fresh from K\ir(i))e ; he expects to find at this j\nution of
the railways from Tsumeb and from (jrootfontein a larger settlement than met
my eye next morning. I made up my mind to regard in future tlie circle with a
dot in it as indicating an embryo township, so that 1 should be agreeably surprised

24 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

if I found a settlement which had risen above this early stage. It would not
take long to count the houses of Otavi, but, nevertheless, the place serves the
present needs ; the traveller and the farmer find what they require in the stores,
bakery, smithy and so on. The essentials of a township are there, and Otavi
will grow to a larger community when the country becomes more populated,
living on its own agricultural products rather than on imported goods paid for
by the exportation of cattle. It Ues at the foot of hills, with good arable land in
the neighbourhood and mines in the hills, and has the prospect of becoming in
time the busy centre of a prosperous district.

There had been some rain, but not suificient to interfere with traveUing by
road. We were bound for Sissekab, a property situated, as the crow flies, about
40 km. north of Otavi. The owner, Baron von Maltzahn, had very kindly
invited me to stay with him. The country between Otavi and Sissekab is mostly
covered with bush and low sturdy trees, open ground of any extent being the
exception. We were now north of the southern limit of distribution of the
Hyphaena palm, groups of which were seen at intervals. The road was firm, but
rough in places, the limestone cropping out now and again, and stones and
boulders frequently covering the ground between the bushes. It was rather bold
of me to inflict three Europeans on the hospitality of Sissekab, but our reception
by the Baron and his family was so hearty and gracious that my qualms disap-
peared and we fitted outselves into the life at Sissekab without much ado. The
property lies in bushland. On a large piece of open ground in front of the house
there are several permanent open water-holes, which are small and not very deep
and do not belong to any river system, but are fed by springs direct out of the
ground, the water in the main pond being pleasantly cool for an afternoon dip.
I did not find any animal population in the ponds except water-beetles and
dragonfly larvae. We met here Herr Hoch, the owner of a neighbouring farm,
Soavis, who at once took as great an interest in our pursuits as Herr von Maltzahn
and his family, and it was from him that I received several species of reptiles not
seen at Sissekab. Among them was a Varatws, apparently dead, which I put
into a petrol tin filled with a 4 per cent, solution of formalin, alcohol being too
precious for this large lizard. The hole of the tin, closed with a piece of wood
wrapped in cotton-wool, was open the next morning and the Varanvs gone.
Shamming death, and my disposition to reserve the alcohol for smaller reptiles,
had saved its life.

Some time before our arrival Sissekab had been honoured by royal visitors,
a couple of lions, which had taken toll of Herr von Maltzahn's cattle, and
probably were still in the neighbourhood. Our traps were put in likely places,
and three guns went out next morning on the alert for great happenings-
But it was not the hoped-for roar that greeted them, but a continued
squeal ; one of the Baron's pigs was caught in a trap. However, there were
other and more dangerous creatures in the woods around Sissekab. One morning
Herr Hoesch, when walking along a path to inspect some nooses, heard a rustling
noise, and in turning round saw that a snake was following him, a black mamba,
2J m. long, an unpleasant companion which he shot. I preserved head and neck
for the purpose of identification (Dendraspis angv.sticeps). The small viper,
widely distributed in South-West, also occurred at Sissekab. As a rule, this
snake is sluggish and does not move if placed in a bag ; the small specimen,
however, which Herr Hoesch had in a butterfly-net was very excited and went

NOVITATBS ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936.

25

for the stick with wliich Herr H. touched it. When I held a bit of cotton-wool
saturated with a weak solution of nicotine near its head, the snake quicldy
turned away and tried to escape. Injection of a drop of nicotine is the quickest
way of kilUng a reptile, amphibian or mammal, death being instantaneous.

In this hmestone region are a number of caves, of which some are well known
to the farmers, while others are a secret of the bushmen, who Uve a roaming hfe
in these e.xtensive woods. To visit some of these caves was the main object of
our stay at Sissekab. The iirst cave we explored was Aigamas, in the hills
south-east of Sissekab and about one-third the way to Otavi, where fishes had
been observed, but never caught. The cave is on an abandoned property in the
woods, its entrance being situated on a hill-side. The former owner, I was
informed, had built steps and ladders down to a platform above the water and
here instaUed a pump ; all this had more or less decayed or been removed, and
note of this was taken in our preparations. We were quite a party : our host and
his two daughters, Herr Hoch and we three, besides our two servants. Calling
at a farm not far from the cave, we asked for a guide, and at the recommendation
of the farmer also borrowed a ladder. There was no road to the foot of the hill
with the cave, but inider the direction of the guide the lorry found its way among
the trees and boulders. A stumble over a stony hill and we saw the large dark
mouth of Aigamas. The descent into the interior is steep ; in places the rocks
are perpendicular, in others wide crevices block the way ; it would have been
quite impossible to get anywhere near the water without a ladder and ropes.
Baboons and probably other animals frequent the cave at times, I was told,
sliding and jumping down to the water and polishing the rocks so much that they
offered no safe hold for hand or foot. The floor of the cave was covered with
rubble, dust and faeces of baboons full of insect remains ; all was so dry that
there were no beetles except some Dermestes and Ptinvs. It was quite dark low
down, and progress was only possible because we had an acetylene lamp and
electric torches to light up the cave, which is much higher than broad. AVhen
von Maltzahn and Hoch — who were the most enterprising members of the party,
and without whose help we should hardly have had success — arrived on the
ledge where the pump had been and played the light downward, they did not see
any water where it was known formerly to have been ; fishes had been seen in
it, so it could not have been much below the platform. However, a stone thrown
down bounded off the rocks into a crevice deep down below the ledge and a splash
was heard. So there was water. But how to get at it ? As the crevice was
too narrow for a round net, we fastened a strong butterfly-net on a wire bent the
right shape, tied the net with four strings to an alpine rope, put a stone in as
ballast, fastened a flashlight upside down on the rope and lowered the contraption
into the crevice. When the net was pulled up after a little while, it was soaking
wet, but with nothing in it but the stone. HeiT Hoch tried again, giving more
rope and waiting a little longer. When the net came up and was handed to me,
a joyous shout resounded in the cave ; there was in the net a rosy, transparent
cat-fish about as long as my hand, with a tiny black eye. Where there was one,
there were more, and when our efforts had been rewarded by a catch of a dozen
and a half of various sizes, we stopped. The net never contained anything else
alive. I had hoped that there might be some Crustaceans or water-insects along
with the fishes, but my examination of the contents of the net each time it came
up had only a negative result. Though Herr Hoch found a dead bat, there were

26 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAB XL. 1936.

evidently none asleep in the cave, else the light and our caUing to each other
would have disturbed them, and we should have seen them fly about. The
fislies subsist, I presume, mainly on the insect contents of the faeces of the
baboons. The water-level was exceptionally low at the time of our visit,
approximately 70 m. below the entrance to the cave and 10 m. below the ledge
on which von Maltzahn and Hoch were standing. In the rainy season, when the
water has risen to a high level, it wiU not be so difficult to get at the fishes ; but
even then, considering the distance from Otavi and the outfit required for getting
down to the ledge, an explorer must expect that each fish wUl cost him far more
than its weight in gold. That I did not obtain any Crustaceans is no proof that
there are none in Aigamas. A baited trap left for a day in the water during
the rainy season might have positive results.

Another cave with water, Aigab, was known to exist some 25 km. west of
Sissekab. Our friends had not yet been there and only had heard that it was
somewhere off the old oxen-wagon track fi'om the coast to Grootfontein, too
vague a description to attempt a drive through the bush in search of the cave.
Herr von Maltzahn, therefore, engaged a Bushman as guide, a tall and evidently
intelligent fellow, probably a cross with Herero. We went via Soavis, where Herr
and Frau Hoch joined the party, and then followed the old track, now so com-
pletely overgrown that we often went wTong, a halt being called until the Bush-
man found the track again and waved us on. It was an in and out between
trees, over bushes and stones, regardless of the tyres and the pain the bumping
might inflict on the merry party of three young ladies and five men, besides the two
black servants and the Bushman. We got to the cave all riglit ; it was a deep
hole on almost level ground, most probably a cave with the roof fallen in. After
some cUmbing and sliding down, the very blue water could be seen, the light
penetrating to the surface. We again used a butterfly-net on a rope, but to our
regret found the water completely covered with a thin crust of gypsum, or
another compound of lime, which excluded the air. There was no life at all in
the water. In spite of this disappointment we enjoyed our alfresco meal. We
had some discussion about another cave in the same region, but much farther
away. After a confabulation of our host with the Bushman, it appeared fairly
certain that there was no life in that cave either, and perhaps even no water
at this time of the year. So we decided not to make another attempt at fishing
in the woods.

Close to the house I found a few Teracolus, widely distributed species, and
saw no other butterflies worth mentioning. The moths, however, and the beetles
at the lamp were quite interesting and fairly numerous, particularly after some
good showers of rain ; Sphingidae and Saturniidae were entirely absent. Though
the collections made at Sis.sekab were not large, we had got what we chiefly
came for, the fish of Aigamas, and now we could take leave of our kind hosts and
wend our way farther northwards.

Our track through woods of the same kind as those around Sissekab was of
no special interest, nor had we time for delay on the way, as we wislied to visit
tliiit day two lakes. (Uiinas and Otjikoto, both reported in the literature on South-
West as containing fishes in great numbers of individuals. Both are in the open
country.

Lake Guinas is a very deep, almost circular liole with a diameter of about
KK) ra., the walls being quite sheer except in one j)iace where the Bushmen we

NOTTTATES ZOOLOQIOAB XL. 1936. 27

met here managed to climb down to the water. On a platform high above the
water a pump was installed, supplying a tank on the hiU-side with water for
cattle. No harm had been done to the fishes by the pump ; for we saw them in
small shoals swimming close to the surface, probably hunting for insects that
may occasionally drop down. They were at once attracted by a few crumbs of
bread we threw to them, and it was therefore easy to catch a sufficient number by
letting down a butterfly-net baited above the rim with a crust of bread and puUing
it up when several fishes had assembled at the bait. Some specimens were nearly
white, others piebald, and others again blackish without white markings. A
species often seen by travellers, but unknown to science.

Lake Otjikoto lies east of Lake Guinas in the direction of Tsumeb. It is
larger than Guinas, its dimensions being about 250 m. x 200 m., and surrounded
with trees and bushes, Ficus, Euphorbia, etc., very interesting and beautiful.
The water is inaccessible except at one side, where we could climb down and use
a net with a long handle. A large pumping station which formerly supplied
water to the copper mines at Tsumeb, 17 km. distant, was stiU in existence, but
no longer in use, the mines being closed. According to descriptions we expected
to find the fishes as numerous as in L. Guinas, which was not the case. We
obtained only a few specimens, although we left a baited trap in the lake over-
night. It is possible that the interference with the water by the mines has de-
stroyed the fish or that the water got slightly poisoned from the cannons and
ammunition thrown into it before the German force surrendered. However that
may be, the fish was rare at the time of our visit. Dinter ' speculated on the
relationship of the Guinas and Otjikoto fishes and their origin. We now know
that they belong to difiierent genera, are normal in development of their eyes,
and are no doubt relics from a former river system that have become modified
during their long and absolute isolation. Both lakes give one the impression
that they were originally caves, of which the roofs have fallen in ; that is also
the explanation given by a tradition among the Bushmen. A species of lizard
was common at one side of the lake, but very difficult to catch. At the lamp
we got for the first time a Saturnian, Usta iraUengreni, and when bedding down
in the veranda of the caretaker's house some geckos I had not seen before found
immortahty (I hope) in an alcohol container.

The road to Tsumeb showed signs of the worst deterioration rain causes, the
ground being so much softened in places that the wheels sink in and spin round
and roimd without taking a grip. In such circumstances chains around the
tyres are a necessity. The driver avoids the dark patches in the road, and it is
generally wise to follow the ruts made by a previous vehicle which has found a
safe passage among the bushes. On entering Tsumeb one gets the impression of
a town, with gardens, trees, and houses like small Eiiropean villas, a refreshing
picture after a drive through bush and over bare ground. But the closing of the
mines was the death-knell for the place. The huts on the hill-side for the 2,000
natives employed in the mines were empty, and the engineers had left, only the
director and a skeleton crew reniaininf< to prevent the macliinery from dctciiorat-
ing. Tourists who come so far north will mi.ss tlie comfortable hotel where we
put up for a couple of nights and which, we were told, would close down in the
near future. The electric plant was still functioning, and crowds of the white
Saturnian, rata niiUmgreni. were attracted, the moths swarming about the lamps
' Hotanische Heiacn in Veutach Siidwest Afrika, p. 68 (1921).

28 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

and many tumbling to the ground. When I saw this spectacle, I understood that
Mr. Pemberton had not exaggerated when he told me in .sending 80 specimens
of this moth collected at the lights at Benguela that he "could have caught
hundreds more." Pemberton's catch contained only females, and all the other
specimens at Tring were also females. Therefore I examined every one I could
get hold of as to its sex, and thus obtained several males among the crowd of
females, in this case the heavier sex being more partial to the lamps than the
male. There is hardly any difference in the sexes of f. wallevgreni apart from
the antenna, forefoot and abdomen. I did not see anything else of special
interest at the lamps. In eating soup at dinner a smaU bone stuck in my throat ;
my companions were startled bj^ the colour of my face. I grabbed a forceps in my
pocket to pull the bone out, when it came away by itself. What a relief! I
wonder whether the moustache was originally developed as a filter, before it
became a doubtful ornament.

My plan to pay a short visit to the game reserve at the Etosha Pan could
not be carried out. The road was by now too bad for the lorry, and to wait for
the regular carrier to take us to Namutoni would have meant spending another
ten days in this district, which I could not well afford.

Our programme mentioned one more farm with permanent water in which
there were fishes, Otavifontein, which we could visit on our way back to Windhoek.
Instead of going along the railway to Otavi, we took the eastern route via Gaub,
which is longer, but more interesting, leading gradually up through woodland.
At the highest point we saw numerous specimens of that queer succulent Cissvs
which looks like a tree-stump and does not in the least resemble its near relatives,
the Virginia creepers and grape vines. After the divide we came into a wide
valley with flat bottom, flanked by wood-clad hUls ; teams of oxen before ploughs,
gra.ssy glens running up into the woods, a scene of European character. Beetles
were more numerous on the road than before ; the large Cicindelid ]\[antichora,
the first of its kind observed by us, was fairly abundant, hunting on the road in
the sunshine. But no butterflies played at the edge of the wood and the ditches.
Ear down the valley in a damp place, clusters of Crimnn were in flower, their
white blossom streaked with pink being very conspicuous on the still rather bare
ground. Of course, we arrived at Otavifontein after dark ; late arrival had almost
become a habit with our lorry.

The large farm, belonging to the Otavi Mining Company, was under the
management of Herr and Frau Bohme, two Holsteiner as fit, capable and in-
dustrious as they make them in that province of Germany. Herr Bohme and
his daughter proved to us each evening before sunset that the hot climate, which
is usually considered to have a deteriorating influence on body and mind, has the
contrary effect on their energies. The performance of father and daughter in
the garden at the horizontal bar took our breath away and made us feel slack
and clumsy. This picture is still very vivid in my memory. Our hosts were
great lovers of animals ; dogs and cats galore about the premises. The cats
bred freely, and evidently none were killed. It was all very friendly and homely,
and the cats soon treated me as one of the family. For, on coming home one
afternoon, I found a mother had made herself comfortable on my bed and pre-
sented me with five kittens ; I put them in a corner on a rug, but when I returned
that evening they were back on the bed with another cat as nursemaid. After
various futile attempts to keep the bed for myself only, some chloroform and

NoVITATEg ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1936. 29

naplithalene on the spot chosen for the nest offended the delicate senses of the
cat so much that she definitely accepted the corner behind a wardrobe as a better
place for the kittens.

A female eland and some other antelope.s, which had been picked up when
young and helple.ss, were in enclosures, the eland being free to walk away if it
were so inclined ; it had adopted a paddock as its home to which it always
returned from a stroll in the wilda. One such excursion had resulted in the birth
of a baby. According to Herr Bohme's experience, the eland is the most frugal
antelope ; it can subsist in barren places where other antelopes would perish,
and it might really be turned into a domesticated animal most useful in a country
like South- West.

On the evening of our arrival, before reaching the farm buildings, we had
crossed a small brook by a bridge, the first road-bridge we had seen since leaving
Windhoek. At this time of the year the brook was about a foot wide and ran
merrily in its narrow bed from the slightly higher ground to the garden of the
farm. It originated in a small swamp on flat ground near the Police Station, a
short walk up the wide valley or plain, and in the pools of the swamp as well as
in a pond in Bohme's garden a small fish abounded, a new subspecies of a species
widely distributed in Africa. It has, like its relatives, the habit of taking its
young into the mouth for protection ; on slightly pressing the head sideways a
dozen babies shot out of the mouth. Luxurious vegetation along part of the
brook, accumulations of palm fronds and the leaves of banana trees looked pro-
mising for trapping mice and slirews ; but when I saw the many cats, I became
doubtful. In a competition between them and myself, they would have the
adv-antage over me, as they knew where to go for their prey on their home
territory. There was also another competitor, which I saw rolled up on the
base of a banana leaf, a small Python, about the thickness of a child's arm and
over 3 m. long, a beautiful sight in the bright sunshine. It glided slowly away
when it felt our touch of the leaf. At night a species of gecko was plentiful on
the outside walls of the house. Above the water swarmed several species of
Odonata ; but in the water I found only the common Cyhister, ubiquitous in
South-West. We did not see any frogs except a specimen of the bullfrog which
had been thrown up by the plough, and which I rejected, because it would have
filled a whole jar and required the sacrifice of more alcohol than I could spare.

Life on the farm was very active ; agriculture was obviously much to the
fore. The loamy soil looked as deep and fertile as if anything could be grown,
contrasting greatly with the sandy or stony ground so usual in South-West.
Usta wallengreni came to the lamp in company of beetles and a small number of
other moths. Collecting with the lamp on flat ground is hardly ever very success-
ful. In the garden around the house a Mylothris and other Pierids flitted about,
and the roses were eaten bj' some large species of Mylabris (Meloidae), called the
rose-beetles by Frau Bohme : local adaptation of a name. South-West would
be a self-supporting country and could carry a much larger white population if
the majority of farms were like Otavifontein.

The return journey to Windhoek was uneventful and very much like the
outward journey. The new portion of the road from Otavi to Otjivarongo was
now open to traffic. Its surface looked good, but was as yet innocent of tracks,
a bad sign. We ventured on to it for a short distance and then turned across the
bush to the old road, preferring to be shaken up by the stone ridges to sinking

30 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

in the sand, perhaps for hours. When we struck the railway, we stopped to
collect what there was entrapped on the inside of the rails ; mostly Coleoptera,
such as Calosoma, Tenebrionids and Curculionids. The Waterberg appeared on
our left and in good time for luncheon we arrived at Otjivarongo, the centre for
the Waterberg and Outjo districts, a place witJi two good hotels and apparently a
considerable traffic. We slept at Sukses (1,500 m.), a small settlement at the east
side of the Omboroko Mts., which run up to nearly 1,900 m., being a little higher
than the Waterberg. The highest point in this region is the peak of the Etjo
Mts., which rises to 2,086 m. and looks inviting from the distance. None of the
river-beds we crossed had any water, and the sand of the pad was still firm,
permitting us to travel at a good speed (and in consequence to see everything
more or less in a haze). From Otavi to north of Bassermann we were on the
east side of the north-south divide, all the rivers belonging to the Omuramba
system, a tributary (if it has any tribute to convey so far) of the Cubango, which
flows into the Zambezi. The fish of Otavifontein, therefore, may be expected to
occur also farther east, if there is any suitable permanent water. From north
of Bassermann to Okahandja and Windhoek the rivers are part of the Swakop
river system flowing into the Atlantic. The cordial welcome at Hotel Miiller,
Okahandja (1,320 m.), was mutual. Herr Hoesch introduced me to Herr F.
Gaerdes, master at the German School, a man with a wide outlook on life and
much devoted to nature and its history, and also to Dr. Sigwart, the veterinary
surgeon, both of whom knew South-West well and could give me interesting
information.

On our way up to Windhoek I noticed in the neighbourhood of Teufelsbach
that Pierids had meanwhile become plentiful among the bushes between the
large Acacias ; but we were in a hurry. Two months later I regretted that we
had not stopped a couple of hours and taken what we could get. For when I
went to the same place in the middle of January there was no abundance of
specimens and most of them were in a battered condition. It is certainly
wisest on such excursions to take what you see and not to leave anything to
a future occasion.

At the end of November nature was much the same at Hoffhung as I had
left it a month before. Rain had remained in the offing. Despatching the collec-
tions, repacking at HofFnung and revictualling at Windhoek did not take long,
and the first days of December saw us on our way southward. It is a stiff cUmb
for car and railway over the Auas Mts., an imposing chain reaching above 2,400 m.
at its highest point. The mountain-sides are covered with forest of the usual
open type, denser in the ravines, with some tall Acacias in favourable places.
It looked a good district for a bug-hunter's camp, but at this time of the year
water and insects were equally scarce. In going down to Rehoboth we made a
detour via Rehoboth station (100 km. south of Windhoek) which has the better
pad. The hotel looked spacious and cool, and a drink did not come amiss this
hot afternoon. From tlie station to Rehoboth itself (11 km.) the pad runs on
and sometimes in deep sand, and is not everywhere easy to negotiate for a heavily
laden lorry. I had read and heard much about Rehoboth, the centre of the
Bastard's country, and had conceived a rather different idea from what I found.
The house of the District Commissioner, the church with its tall steeple, the
hotel where we stayed for the night and some other buildings came up to my
preconception of a centre of a large region which has the reputation of having

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1936:

31

the best grazing grounds in all South-West ; but the rest of the dwellings were
very modest, the population preferring, perhaps very wisely, the comforts of
the simple life to the arduous toil and frequent disappointments of the white
settlers. Rehoboth, built on flat ground which is covered with sand and loam

/

I SMu'^a^wVfVu.u.4

l»o K-»^

i^^

iVl

IMIIIIIIII1II.IIIIIIIII I^OliCi jf ir;i[*<iil-.o,v

Fig. 21. — South-\Vf.sf .\fricu: Walfish Bay to Windhoek, and southward route of the expedition.

and rises towards west, may appear to be a mean town judged by European
standards, but viewed as a landscape it has great charm. The large and healthy
Acacias which abound make you forget tiie human dwellings. Gold had been
discovered in the j)lateau west of Rehoboth ; many people had taken up claims,

32 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

some we saw washing for gold and others examining the outcropping stones, and
there were diggmgs here and there, all the work being preliminary, and hope
drawing a cheque on the future. The small man can hardly tackle the ground
with success, there being no water available for his purpose, and the capital
required for mining on a large scale wiU not easily be forthcoming for a risky
undertaking. One would gladly wish the goldfields to brmg in additional
revenue to the exchequer of the Administration, the finances of the country being
sadly reduced since the partial closing of the mines. The farms do not pay
income-tax ; indeed, few of them would be able to bear the biu-den, the climate
being so exacting and the rains so unreUable that the farmer has to accumulate
reserves to keep himself out of the bankruptcy court when prolonged drought
kills his cattle or excessive rain destroys his dam.

Our pad to the Naukluft Mts. led across the goldfields, an undulating plateau
covered with stones. In the rainy season there will be many flowering plants^
succulent, bulbous or creeping. Some of the dry rivers contained bushes and
trees, but the hUls we crossed or along which our pad ran were practically bare.
The road frequently forked, and as fingerposts were mostly conspicuous by their
absence, it was not always easy to find out from the map which was the right pad
to the Naukluft, and once we got wrong, following a track which ended in a
wooded ravine at the shack of a couple of Boers. After crossing a ridge, moun-
tains loomed up in the distance with a dark belt at the base mdicating a wooded
rivier. Here we found Biillsport (= Buellesport), a farm belonging to Herr
Rudolf Strey, who invited us to stay with him for a while. Herr Strey had first
lived farther down the rivier in between the hills, but had found the present place
on the border of the Biillsport plateau close to the Naukluft Mts. more suitable
for farm buildings, there being good water in the ground, loam for a vegetable
garden and wood in the rivier close by, the only drawback being occasional
sand storms. The rivier runs west in between the Naukluft Mts. and the Rand
Mts. and loses itself in the sands of the Namib. The Biillsport plateau is well
known in Botany for the number of plants there discovered ; however, the
Naukluft Mts., which consist of porphyry, do not seem to have been explored
botanically. We spent several days at Biillsport, as grateful to our host for his
assistance as for his hospitaUty. He conducted us to the only permanent open
natural water -hole on the Biillsport side of the mountains. Under Herr Strey's
guidance we went up the hUl-side to a valley with flat bottom and shut in on three
sides by steep mountains, and left the lorry in the shade of a tree close to the
ruins of the German PoUce Station ; a peaceful spot and much to be recom-
mended as a camping ground from which to observe and explore the fauna and
flora. At the far side of the valley, a steep gorge requiring some climbmg up the
rocks was a watercoiu'se in the wet season, but showed now only a Uttle moisture
here and there until we came to a corner shut in by high walls where there was
a deep pool, for the greater part overgrown by reeds. There were neither fishes
nor crabs in the cool water, but a species of frog, not quite the size of Rana
iemporaria, was quite abundant, some greener than others {Rana fuscigula).
A leech was also plentiful, and we likewise netted water-beetles, Rhjmchota
and larvae of dragon-flies. The leeches were hungry and at once attacked Herr
Hoesch, who ventured to walk into the pond with bare legs, and demonstrated ad
oculos that our friend belonged to that branch of the Hoesch family which is
not blue-blooded. In these mountains occur baboon, zebra, khppspringer, the

IfOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 33

only antelope we saw. Near the Police Station among boulders, the Rock Rat
(Petrmnys) occurred in some numbers, one of the most difficult rodents to skin
on account of the softness of the tissues.

When eating our luncheon under the tree of the Police Station, fossorial
Hymenoptera were attracted by our drinks. When I sprinkled some water on
stones, these insects were so intent on imbibing the moisture that one could catch
them with a forceps. More came along, evidently having noticed the presence
of water from some distance.

At the farm we did some moth-collecting in the rivier, and then placed the
lamp near the house, where two species of Noctuids came to the cage in very large
numbers, to the astonishment of my companions, who had never seen such a sight.
I myself was not surprised, as I had had the same experience at BeUerode ; the
species are evidently partial to the kraals of cattle and to trampled-down herbage
growing in farmyards. Polydesma quenavadi was the commonest species, but
at Biillsport also a species of Clytie was abundant.

The pad from Biillsport to the true Naukluft valley runs in a southerly
direction and, passing the farm of Herr Schwarz, turns south-west. It is no
great distance from Biillsport. We made camp near the entrance to the narrow
part of the valley under some trees where a placard informed the visitor that this
was the best place for a camp. We walked up the valley to explore the he of the
land and were much pleased to find pools of clear water right up to the top of
the valley, where it widens into a plateau surrounded by mountains. Here was
the second German Police Station of the Naukluft Mts., now completely in ruins.
There being plenty of water close by even in the driest season and therefore
fodder for cattle, I wondered that nobody had settled in this place so ideal for a
man who loved nature and his own company. The road leading up to the
police station had become impossible for vehicles ; a new pad would have to be
made, preferably along the mountain-side where it would be safe from the rush
of water in a really wet season. All the water -pools had their inhabitants :
frogs, tadpoles and crabs ; the tadpoles moved so fast on our approach that at
first glance I mistook them for small fishes, of which there were none. The
valley is narrow, a ravine, and, judging from the accumulation of sand and stones
where it widens, there must at times be a brook running with considerable force.
It joins a wider rivier that turns westward, ending in the Namib, being separated
from the Fish river system (tributary of the Orange River) by the Biillsport
plateau and the Tsaris Mts. According to information received there is, in the
lower reaches of this rivier, a deep valley with permanent open water, which it
might be worth while to visit. Crevices in the vertical rocky valley sides were the
home of Procavia capetms windhuki, from which we obtained some specimens of
Procaviopsylltt , a genus of fleas confined to these rock dwellers. These fleas are
closely related to rodent fleas, and we assume that a change in tlieir morphology
has taken place in consequence of the change of host. We know of several cases
of this kind among fleas.

A few hundred metres from camp there were, at the bottom of the
valley in damp or wet places, clumps of Mentha longiflora in flower, 4 ft.
high, the inflorescences of which were visited by several Lepidoptera. Since
Otjosongombe I had seen but few butterflies and here were several quite new
to me. Of the three Acraea the commoner one was vivid red on the upperside and
white beneath, a most attractive sight. It was A.hypoletica, of which onh' two

3

34 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

specimens were known, one being in the Hope Department at Oxford and the
other in the Zoological Museum of the University of Berlin. I took a series
of both sexes, most specimens being quite fresh. Along with this species was
A. stenobea, described from Bechuanaland and still rare in collections. Several
Pierids and Lycaenids also visited the Mentha, some of the Pierids being strongly
modified local forms, differing particularly in the reduction of the black markings.
There was a single species oi Syntomis on the mint, closely related to, or identical
with, a species known only from South Africa, S. Johanna. Under stones and
herbage Carabids and StaphyUnids were concealed ; a bombardier beetle occur-
ing here behaved much like the European Brachinus. The frogs appeared to me
the same species as those collected above BiiUsport ; they were quiet, probably
because the spawning season had been over for several weeks, the development
of the tadpoles being well advanced. But it is also possible that this species does
not give concerts, only grunting like the British Grass Frog. The wind coming
from the east caught the wide entrance of the valley and blew upward ; collecting
at the lamp, therefore, was less successful than it might have been in still weather.
After our frugal meal the last evening in camp we had an unexpected visitor.
Herr Bartsch suddenly jumped up and called out " A scorpion — no, a gecko !
It was a slowly moving black-and-white geeko-hke reptile, several inches long,
which held the tail obliquely upward, rapidly moving its tip up and down as in
imitation of a disturbed scorpion. The piebald colouring representing Ught and
shade would render the specimen at rest almost invisible among the debris,
whereas in the light of our lantern the crawling reptile was quite conspicuous.
The tail is probably always raised as we saw it, a frightening attitude against
any would-be aggressor. We searched the surroundings of the camp for more
specimens, but found none.

On our way from the Naukluft eastwards we called at the house of Herr
Schwarz for information about the best pad to Maltahohe, drank coffee and
exchanged news as is usual on such occasions. PoHteness requires to refresh any
caller with coffee or tea and to feed him at meal times, rain and cattle being the
subject of conversation. A young Englishman who had dropped in that morning
on his way to one of his farms gave me an impressive illustration of the all-
importance of rain. He owned a hundred thousand acres, he said, and had ten
thousand head of cattle, and neither he nor his animals had anything to eat or
drink on his farms. His cattle were all away in the Rehoboth district as paying
guests ; they cost him a great deal of money, and if this year did not bring
sufficient rain, ruin would stare many of the farmers in the face.

This ardent wish for rain was on the point of being fulfilled. It had been
raining that morning to the east from where we were, and heavy clouds were still
piled up. We were going in that direction. The plateau we had to cross in a
south-easterly direction was flat, with sUght undulations and occasionally a hill
with flat top and boulders at the base, such sandstone hills being quite a usual
sight in South-West (cf. fig. 25). After a couple of hours we came to the area
where the shower had come down, and passing a farm-house a woman hailed us
and asked us to take a parcel to Maltahohe. She had been to her dam and was
very happy that there was water in it. " The first rain for four years," she said ;
" my 800 cattle are on another farm where they cost me 6d. a head a month, and
there is no income ; here on my 20,000 hectares there is hardly enough food for
my 150 goats." The prospect of making a comfortable living on this plain

NOVTTATBS ZoOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 55

covered with sand and pebbles seemed to me as bleak as the landscape. The
lady gave us some directions about the pad, which she thought would be quite
all right in spite of the shower of rain. The going was indeed still good and we
were at first much interested when we found farther east the thirsty landscape
covered with puddles and saw the water running in all directions, collecting in
small and large depressions. But our interest soon became very personal : the
pad gradually became a brook too deep for the lorry. We tried the left side for
firmer ground and stuck in a swampy ditch, and with difficulty crossed the pad
to the other side, where we found conditions just as bad. Late in the afternoon
we were confronted by a rushing stream with vertical banks, which effectively
stopped any progress. As it would be dark in a couple of hours, we decided to
camp near the river on a sandy piece of ground which was merely wet. A farm,
or rather its windmill for pumping water, was visible in the distance, too far to
get to us before nightfall some oxen for pulUng the lorry on to dry ground. For-
tunately there were trees along the river, some of them dry, and soon a fire was
blazing and the kettle boiling. Under normal conditions we should have reached
Maltahohe at luncheon time, and here we were under a threatening sky trying to
make merry with a cup of tea and the scanty provisions we had left. Ground-
sheets protected our bedding from getting wet on the soaked soil, but the air
became so laden with mist in the night that the excessive absorption of water
through the skin prevented us from dozing for long. Dawn was hailed with
delight. The water had partly sunk into the ground and partly collected in the
deeper pans so that the land could be explored for a possible passage out of this
mess. While my companions worked hard to get the lorry over the water-logged
ground, I sauntered about to look at and collect some of the insects, which were
coming up from their underground nests. A daylight termite was the most
interesting of them, running clumsily about, foraging, undisturbed by the rays
of the forenoon sun. They were welcome soft fat morsels for the ants, which
prowled about in numbers and pounced upon the helpless termite whenever they
came near one, dragging it along to one of the entrances to their nest. We
arrived at Maltahohe twenty-four hours late and stayed for two nights to recuper-
ate, instead of going straight on to Voigtsgrund. This proved to be fortunate
inasmuch as we collected several frogs, lizards, mammals and beetles not seen
by us before.

Maltahohe, with two good hotels combined with stores, hes above the
Hutap river on its north bank, an affluent of the Fish river, on a stony plateau,
wind-swept and healthy, quite a fine dorp with school and police station,
flourishing and decUning with the fortune meeted out to the farmers of the district.
Across the valley of the Hutap are high hills. The rocks consists of slate, quartzite
and sandstone, varying in colour from reddish to grey and green. The Hutap
was in flood, the river that had stopped us on the plateau probably being its
upper reach. It is broad and in some places so shallow that we could walk across
without removing boots and socks. Moth-coUecting at night was out of the
question, the wind being much too strong and there being no sheltered spot
except behind a house. We had to concentrate in daytime on the heaped-up
stones where lizards and a few small rodents could be obtained, and in the
evening on the river with its frogs. The dry seed-pods oi Acacia hebeclada con-
tained a Longicorn beetle, two species oi Bruchus in numbers, also a Hemiptcron
and a parasitic Hymenopteron. In the garden of the hotel earthworms were dug

36 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICJLE XL. 1936.

up, and when du.sk set in we were entertained by a frog-concert : " lutter-lutter-
lutter . . . ," very loud and rapid. Here they were, the Lutherans of wliich Herr
von Flotho had spoken at Otjosongombe. They were sitting in the water close
to the bank or on the bank close to the water and were not difficult to catch,
but it required walking barelegged in the water with a flashlight. The concert
breaks off suddenly and after a short pause it starts again. There was one note
rather higher than the rest and more metallic, which evidently was that of a second
species, • and accordingly we paid special attention to this musician in order to
procure at least one or two specimens of it. In the afternoon I went down to the
muddy river with a net to have a try for fishes and beetles, of which I got none ;
but I caught a tiny frog, which at first puzzled me, as it could not be a young one
of the Lutherans which were just spawning ; then I remembered that very small
species of frogs were known from South-West and other parts of Africa. A good
find, I thought. In the evening we were attracted by a note sounding somewhat
Mke castanets, which we attributed to a cricket concealed somewhere near the
hotel. On following the note we foimd it to come from the valley and finally
traced it to the river. It was the note of my tiny frog, of which about two dozen
sounded their " nack-nack-nack," long pause, " nack-nack-nack " in the 200 yds. of
the river we could explore. To catch them was a difficult proposition. Most of
them were among herbage in fast-running shallows of the river, one calling here,
another there ; when one reached the spot the frog became mute, dived and
called again a yard or two away. With perseverance we got half a dozen.

The stone-covered ground continued to Voigtsgrund (= Tsubgaris), a large
farm famous in the country for its pedigree caracul breeding. The extensive
buildings combine usefulness with comfort, and it did not take long to perceive
that the estabUshraent was managed on the hues of a well-ordered office, every
member of the staff attending punctually to her or his duties ; in England we
should call it a model farm. We were hospitably received by Herr Middendorf,
son-in-law of Herr Voigt sen., who was away at Swakopmund, and by Herr
Voigt, jun., and two guest rooms were placed at our disposal. The buildings are
above the rivier (fig. 24), palms and other trees giving shade to the main
buildings. The rivier contained a series of permanent pools with a species of
small fish, a crab and various insects. The dam which we visited one afternoon
was some distance up the rivier, where there was a considerable area of land under
the plough. On a large field of lucerne, the staple fodder for young animals and
milk-cows, Colias swarmed in incredibly large numbers. We looked in vain for
signs of the Striped Mouse (Arvicanthis) which we were assured occurred in
the fields.

After a few days we moved to Satansplatz, farther down the rivier and recom-
mended by Herr Middendorf as a place hkely to be a good collecting ground.
We found the name appropriate on account of the barrenness of the stone-covered
ground and the exposure to the wind which sweeps the plateau. The empty
dwelling-house was of the usual primitive kind, oblong, transversely divided into
several rooms which open directly outside, one end-room serving as a kitchen.
Very convenient for camping. No other buildings of the original estabUshment
were left. In the wide and deep rivier below the house we found a chain of pools,
some black from the dissolved droppings of cattle, others clear ; there was even

1 All the specimens we caught belonged to one species only ; cf. H. W. Parker's account of the
Herpetological collections, no. 82 (Pyxicephaltia delalandii). — K. J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 37

some clear running water supplied by small .springs in some shallow pools. A
shower of rain had as yet no effect on the rivier. The right bank was steep and
high, and here in crevices and on ledges Euphorbias and other succulents grew,
emphasizing the dr3mess of the ground. The same little fish as at Voigtsgrund,
only more abundant, the same crab and the same water- beetles. A large pool,
however, partly covered with reeds, contained cat-fish too large for the small
fish-hooks I had with me ; the fish went for the bait all right, but broke the
hooks or bent them straight in their struggle to get away. One of the small
shallow pools filled with muddy rain-water was swarming with a small Crustacean,
i.e. they were not rusliing about, but lay quietly in the water on the muddy
ground near the edge of the pool. The lizards here collected were mostly found
concealed in heaps of stones. Here and in similar places of this region there was
much evidence of the toll paid by cattle to the climate. Skeletons or cadavers
of cattle, donkey or sheep were frequently encountered, and bleached bones
among the stones were the rule rather than the exception. The domestic animals
get so enfeebled in times of prolonged drought that they cannot travel to the
water-holes, and if found before they are dead are frequently beyond feeding and
drinking and simply lie down and die. There were trees, alive and dead, in the
rivier, providing food for insects, and for that reason small numbers of moths
and beetles come to the lamp in spite of the interfering wind. The lamp being
placed one night behind a wall of loose stones for shelter, a gecko came out and
helped himself to a meal.

The landscape from Maltahohe via Voigtsgrund to near Mariental was very
uniform in its geological composition. The vegetation of the plateau is poor as
regards trees and shrubs. It is a country for springbuck, of which a herd crossed
our pad.

On approaching Mariental (1,080 m.) from the west, the belt of large trees
along the Fish river seen from the distance contrasts so agreeably with the
monotonous plateau just traversed that, on reaching the rivier, one is rather taken
aback by the sand dunes piled up the other side of the sandy dry river-bed and
the sandy flatness of the ground on which Mariental is built. This station of the
railway fi:om the Cape Province to Windhoek is an important commercial centre,
the region being by no means so poor as the sand suggests to the stranger. We
stayed only one night, as I was anxious to get to a farm higher up the river where
large pools were said to contain fishes. On the hotel bill was an item of over a
pound for beer ; however, I had entertained two guests after dinner. We soon
found that a shower of rain had rendered the pad impossible for our lorry, for
after we left the main road the ground became so soft that we stuck and had to
give up the excursion, returning to the road and making for Rehoboth instead.
On the way northward we halted several times to see what we could find under
and among the stones ; there was little besides swarms of the red migratory locust
going north-westwards and resting in masses on bush and tree. On an outcrop
of greyish sandstone and quartzite occurred a squat short-horned locust perfectly
adapted in colour to the pebbles among which I observed it, and a small
Tenebrionid beetle, a species of Zophosis, black, but so covered with dust that
it became invisible when motionless. I have seen this beetle in numbers in many
place in Soutii-West. There were also some weevils and carabids with the colour-
ing of the soil. This colour-adaptation to the background would afford an almo.st
perfect protection if the insects would keep quiet ; their movement destroys the

38 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

similarity. Nature has given protective resemblance with one hand and taken
it away with the other, and the insects in question flourish nevertheless. Is there
an explanation of this contradiction ? Perfect protection coupled with the great
fertility of insects would lead to speedy overcrowding, disease and destruction ;
the loss account in nature has to be enormous for the safety of the species. All
that is needed is the preservation of an average number of individuals, imperfect
protection meeting the case. Species adapted to the colouring of the soil generally
have a second line of defence : sudden movement and fast running as in the case
of the hare ; a sudden jump and then motionlessness as with a grasshopper ; or
gregariousness and sudden bewildering chspersal in all directions ; all three
lines startling the predator and thus giving the prey a chance to escape, while
perseverance gives the predator his chance to get his share of the prey and thus
to continue to Hve. Birds and hzards are much less successful in hunting than
man with conscious knowledge, the preserver and the destroyer, the image of
divine nature.

When we came to the Ganob, a tributary of the Shaap rivier, close
to Rehoboth, we realized that we had been very wise not to stay another
night at Mariental. For the rivier was in flood and rising, but still just
shallow enough at the ford to make crossing possible. However, our plan
to go on to Windhoek the next day was upset by the weather -god. More rain
came down in the night, in fact it rained in sheets. When we got up in the
morning, the road before the hotel was a rushing stream and remained a river all
day. Shouting children splashing into the edge of the water, dogs running up
and down barking at the waves as if to chase away these unknown animals. It
meant another night at Rehoboth. The road was clear again next day, but
between Rehoboth and the railway station there was a large lake blocking the
pad we had taken early in the month on our way from Windhoek. So we took
the usual pad running straight north from Rehoboth. After a few miles the
ground dipped very slightly and became softer in places, water appeared in the
ruts and far ahead we saw a car standing still at the side of the pad. Soon the
gUtter of puddles struck the eye, and when we were close behind the standing car
we bumped into a hole. The occupants of the car, Bastards who had been to a
wedding and one of whom was playing the guitar to while away the time, were
waiting for the water to run off. They helped us to get the lorry going again ;
unfortunately after a couple of hundred yards we sat in a deeper hole. After
long, hard and unsuccessful labour on the part of my companions and Herr
Dammermann of Klein Windhoek, to whom we had given a Uft, it was decided to
unload the lorry and carry the luggage to a slightly higher dry place near by.
Meanwhile, another car had arrived and got stuck near us. Being light it could
be Ufted out of the pad and was soon on its way again. A small ditch cut across
the pad led the water away into the bush ; the lorry was now Ufted by a windlass,
bushes and branches of hard wood were put under the wheels and in front of
them, and at last the wheels took a grip and we were on firm ground. By
4 p.m. we had loaded up again and at 5 p.m. we were back at Rehoboth ; a day's
hard work for my companions which deserved an extra drink. There was a third
road to Windhoek, going first in a westerly direction and then north via Haris.
This pad was on high firm ground, but we were informed that it was blocked by a
large rivier in flood. We would risk it, and took this road next morning (the
third " next morning ") in the hope that the rivier would have run dry by now.

NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 39

We were right ; the little water in it did not prevent us from getting across,
the bottom being firm and the shovel removing the mud and sand piled up at
either side.

The season was rapidly advancing ; little dales in these liighlands were
covered with flowers, but no butterflies enlivened the scene ; the landscape being
exposed to the winds, they could only be expected to occur in sheltered localities.
In passing we saw the Knurrhaan tumbling up into the air, and the amusing little
meerkat, Siiricata, which holds the tail straight up when running away. The
descent from the highlands to Windhoek required careful driving. Being often
very steep and having suffered from the rain, the road was in places far from good
for our heavy load. We got safely back to Windhoek, arriving a few days before
Christmas, and arranged to leave for another excursion early in January.

Christmas and New Year were spent with my relatives and their friends,
merrily in accordance with this festive season. Herr Hoesch sent word that he
would be unable to come with me on the next excursion, as he had to attend to
business connected with his farm. Meanwhile the rain had come in abundance,
and it was reported that all the riviers were in flood. We waited a fortnight for a
break in the rains and then set out for the Kaokoveld, intending to travel via
Okahandja and Outjo. The landscape below Windhoek was in spring dress,
the ground covered with the yellow blossoms of creeping Tribulus ; the high
mountains rising on the other side of the valley, so dead and fortndding in
October, shone yellow with blossoms as if they were covered with buttercup
meadows. Lower down where the ground was sandy and loamy, progress
became slow, bushes had to be cut for covering the black places in the road to
prevent the lorry from sinking in too deeply, and we pulled up near the tents of
party of men working on the road. The foreman of the party warned us that it
would be dangerous to go any farther, the pad would not carry the lorry ; and
that we could not possibly get across the Swakop, which was in flood, had been
so for days and would remain in flood for a considerable time. The black mud
in front of us was convincing evidence that the man was right. We had to sub-
mit to the inevitable and turned back to Windlioek. While Herr Bartsch dis-
cussed matters with the foreman and got the lorry back on to firmer ground, I
collected a Mantichora, which was common here, and observing the sexes realized
that the mandibles of the male have a definite function in mating, the male
keeping hold of the female by putting its enlarged mandibles round her waist.

As the rains continued intermittently, all the riviers turned into rushing
rivers, carrying everything before them, breaking down dams and interrupting
the railways. Cars and lorries which tried to cross a rivier remained in the
water. Windhoek was isolated ; provisions became scarce ; letters arrived only
by air mail ; farmers who were at Windhoek or Swakopmund could not get back
to their farms and whoever happened to be away in the country had to stay
where he was. I hoped from day to day that the passage northward would
become possible ; but in vain. And so I remained at Hoff'nung from Christmas
to the second week in February.

The hills of which Hoffnung is part consist of dark-coloured gneiss and schist,
with bands of quartzite, like ail the highlands round about Windhoek. The
hill-sides are covered with small flat stones, here and there rocks crop out, decayed
into large and small slabs, where scorpions, beetles and lizards sought refuge
from sun and rain, and where I collected many specimens either alone or, on

40 NovTTATES Z00L001CA.E XL. 1936.

Sundays, in the company of my relatives. The flat .stretches of ground were
covered with sand, and here large shallow pools had formed, where 1 vainly fished
for Crustaceans. In the small valleys there was deep dark soil washed down &om
the hill-sides, and here we found under stones, singly, a slate -coloured blind snake
(Typhlops) as thin as a strong string, also a thicker pale species. At Voigtsgrund
we had found only two specimens of lizard with a bright blue tail ; here at Hoffnung
the species was not at aU rare (Cordylosaurus). It had the undulating motion
of a slow-worm, but was much faster, and attracted everybody's attention by its
colouring. As usual in hzards, the tail broke off easily if the specimen was not
firmly taken by the head or body. If the Lamarckian principle in its rawest
form held good in evolution, namely that offspring inherited characters acquired
by parents in their individual hfe, I am afraid the lizards of Hoffnung would by
now consist of races witli stumpy tails. The meaning of the fragility of the tail
becomes clear in this field-work : the broken-off tail wTiggles about and draws
your eye, or that of any other aggressor, away from the lizard, which thus finds
time to escape safely into a hiding-place. The small viper was not rare in the
hills ; it simulated the colour of the stones so well that one of us nearly sat down
on a specimen that was lying rolled up on a flat stone slab. In a valley just
below the plateau on which stood the house of Liitgens were a number of old,
brittle, dark-brown termite nests, and it was in one of them that I found a long
thin snake, which wound itself round my arm when I took it by the neck ;
poisonous snakes, like the viper, if thus held, as a rule simply hang down Uke
a piece of rope. On the rocks east of the railway bridge on the Hoffnung side of
Klein Windhoek, a beautiful species oi Agama had her home, the male with orange
head and tail and blue body, and the female in a darkish dress with some orange
splashes ; I did not see the species at Hoffnung. The fig trees in the garden were
laden with fruit and visited by some Cetonids in large numbers, mostly Rhahdotis
chalcea and Pachnohia cmcto, and by a Noctuid moth, a species oi Sphiiigornorpha.
A species of Calosoma was now very common, running about in daytime, but more
often found under stones. In daytime I also collected some specimens of a white
Satumian, not the one observed in great numbers at Tsumeb, but Usta bioculata,
which has no eye-spot on the hindwing. The specimens were resting in a thorn
bush ; others came to the lamp here and at Okahandja ; Usta wallengreni
evidently did not occur. The lamp now attracted many moths and beetles, some
of the species in profusion ; but there were no Sphingidae except the common
Herse convolvuli and Celerio lineata livornica ; the latter was on the wing also in
daytime, starting about 10 a.m. visiting flowers, particularly those protected by
Acacia bushes. The earliest moths to come to the lamp were Cossidue. One of
the surprises was a brilhantly coloured Agaristid, Paidu pulchra, which, from its
coloration, I had considered to be a day -flier like most Agaristids. The species
had preserved its true Noctuid habit, being active at night and concealed by day.
I flushed it several times in full sunshine, and it always behaved like an ordinary
Noctuid, flying low and fast for a short distance and settling again on the ground,
concealing itself in the herbage under a thorn bush. The woolly species of cock-
chafer (Sparrmania) which in October was attracted to the lamp in such numbers
that it became a nuisance, injuring the delicate moths with its claws in climbing
about the cage, did not now appear ; this was evidently not the season for it.
The specimens of this beetle which fell on to the ground or crawled away from the
cage immediately began to dig themselves in and in a short time had disappeared.

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

41

There is, no doubt, some connexion between the woolliness of the body and this
underground life.

Butterflies became more numerous in individuals after Christmas. The
widely distributed Pieris mesentina was migrating, travelling in a north-westerly
direction day after day on a front certainly many miles long ; it did not fly in
masses, there being on an average only about one specimen to five square yards,
stopping to feed for a moment and then going on again, the males more numerous
than the females. Among them were specimens of Teracolus, probably influenced
by mass-suggestion, but most of them remained on the farm, causing some
butterfly-nets to be badly torn. The best Pierid was Teracolus subfasciatiis ;
it was by no means easy to net, as it was very much on the alert and the wind
high. Two species oi Acraea were on the wing ; A. neohule occurred in a small
wood below the dam where the vegetation was abundant, while A. stenobea was
found in some numbers on the open, exposed, stony and sandy ground among small
Acacia bushes {Acacia horrida). Acraeas have a knack of concealing themselves
effectively on the ground when covered with a net ; several times here and in
Angola I was sure I had the specimen under the net, but searched for it in vain.
Below the dam where in a wet place Asclepias fruticosa grew in profusion, Danais
chrysippus was plentiful. As it was a very wet season I expected to find occasion-
ally a specimen with white hindwing ; whenever I saw one with some white on
the hindwing I caught it and invariably had a female of Hypolimnas miaippus in
the net. This female has deceived me again and again on the wing ; however, it
gives itself away as a Nymphaline when it settles on a dry bare patch of the
ground, as do our Vanessa, to which Hypolimnas is related. I never saw D. chry-
sippus resting that way. On the sandy or pebbly slopes a grey Asilid fly was
not uncommon, a brave creature which attacked my legs when I went after it.

The large blue fossorial wasp (Hemipepsis vindex) was still much in evidence,
and when one day I saw a blue insect of the same size with the hindlegs held
backwards fly about an Acacia bush, I mi.stook it for that wasp ; something
strange in its flight, however, a certain clumsiness, falling rather than gliding
when settling on the bush, made me look again. It was a Longicorn beetle, of
the genus Phyllocnema, in which the hindtibia is broadened and therefore as
distinctly visible in flight as the hindleg of the fossorial.

When the moon was up, the evenings were spent in collecting frogs. The
" poap-poap " of the toad no longer attracted me — I had enough specimens, I
thought — , nor did I take the bull-frog which I saw and heard in a pond near the
dam. But there were four other notes : the " lutter-lutter-lutter " of two species '
and the castanets as at Maltahohe, and a note not heard before sounding like a
deep guttural " ou-i " ; we called this musician "the Student on a Sunday morning
after a night of too much beer." The Lutherans were easily located in the pools
which had formed below the dam (there were none in the dam itself, the frogs
evidently preferring shallow pools), and here were also the castanet players in
some numbers (Cacosternum boetlgeri). But to locate and catch the sick Student
was quite a different proposition. A single short "ou-i" and thena long interval;
the frogs were somewhere in the herbage round about the ponds, not in the water.
You went quietly to the spot from which the note came, and waited : it was in
front of you, you played your flashlight and searched the ground ; the note came
from behind you or from your right or left. It was tantalizing. In order to

' Cf. footnote on p. 30.

42 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

ascertain whether it was a frog at all, we concentrated on one specimen, we four
hunters : Else and Hans Liitgens, Herr Piepmeyer and myself. Tracing the
note to a heap of small stones, we knelt down in a circle, flashlights in hand, and
removed the stones one by one and finally pounced upon a frog as it tried to
escape by a jump ; it was a yellow-striped species very different from any I had
seen before. Although the call-notes proved that there were quite a number of
specimens, we caught only six in all the weeks, and then it turned out to be
Kassina senegalensis, a widely distributed species of no particular interest to the
specialist ! The note of these frogs carries very far, beirig distinct for half a mile
away on a still evening.

At Klein Windhoek, where I stayed a week with Herr and Frau Blaschke,
drinking " most," eating grapes, and altogether enjoying the beautiful gardens
and their products, as well as the pleasant company in the house, I added several
species of moths to the collection. Syntomis damarensis (not represented in the
British Museum or the Tring collection) fluttered about the blossoms of Pelar-
gonium at the house and other flowers in the gardens. Usta hiocvlaia came to the
lamp and also a specimen of the large Saturnian Gynanisa rnaui . Although these
moths belong to a family of Silk-spinners, their larvae do not spin cocoons, but
go into the ground for pupation, as do most African Saturnians. It is an interest-
ing fact that none of the closely related species of the Indo-Australian Region have
lost the faculty of making a cocoon. Why has evolution taken this turn ? Why
does the pupa of the African Bunaea and other genera lie buried in the ground,
whilst the pupa of their very near relative, the Indian Antheram, is enclosed in a
cocoon of the very best silk and hung up in bush or tree ? The loss of the silk-
spinning faculty in these larvae is definitely linked with Africa, and the cause of
the loss must be due to some evolutionary factor present in Africa, but not in
Indo-Australia. The loss cannot be accounted for by a difference in food or
climate ; for, in the aggregate, a very large number of different plants are eaten
by these cocoon-less Saturnians, and cocoon-less species occur in the driest and
in the wettest districts of Africa, at low and high levels, in open country and in
the forest. But there is nevertheless an environmental factor pecuUar to Africa.
The influx of antelopes into Africa and their enormous development on that
continent may have been so destructive for the free-hanging large cocoons that
only those pupae which were close to the ground or covered by accumulations
of dry leaves on the ground had a measure of protection, and this process of weeding
out may have driven the mature larvae into the ground for pupation. That the
habits of animals are affected by a change in the surroundings is well known.
Take, for instance, the European sparrow, which originally constructed a large
free-hanging nest with a side entrance and now builds under the roofs of houses,
as now does also the Cape sparrow in South-West. Another illustration is the
nesting habit of the small South African house swallow, Hiru-itdo cuciillata,
which now prefers, for the construction of its long tunnel-like nest, the ceilings of
rooms in houses to over-hanging rocks and caves.

I did not see any frogs, nor did I hear their notes, though several species
have been recorded from Windhoek and Klein \^'indhoek. The railway above
Klein Windhoek was a fairly good hunting-ground where I picked up numbers
of weevils and Tenebrionids, also a few specimens of the Longicorn genus
Phantasis. On the other side of Windhoek occurred Tetracha.

An excursion towards Teufelsbach, with the object of collecting the Pierids

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 43

I had seen there in passing at the end of November, did not add much to the
collection ; however, we found a specimen of Gynanisa maia on a rocky hill-side
under a loose slab of stone, the colours of stone and moth blending fairly well.

After my return to Hoffnung I devoted a little time to the plants, many of
which were now in full flower. The pecuUar genus Litkops was represented by
a very abundant species. Several species of Trihulus ^ with their yellow starry
flowers covered large stretches of the ground, a pale pink Oxalis and two species of
Tradescantia, one yellow, the other blue, were plentiful. Indigofera trailed in low
bushes, and on a flat sandy piece of ground there were masses of a beautiful
blue flower Hke a Scilla . The plants connected in some way with insects interested
me most. OnRumex nepalensis I found two species oiBruchus ; they were feeding,
and quite common. I did not ascertain in the pods of which leguminous plant
they had developed ; I opened many Acacia horrida pods, but found the seeds
intact ; perhaps the beetle larva lives in the pod of Indigofera. A Melolonthid
beetle similar to Hoplia occurred singly or in twos on the yellow flower -heads of
a Composite (Berkheya) which closed up at night and in the rain, the marginal
flowers forming a conical tent under which the beetle was well sheltered. Another
Melolonthid occurred in numbers in the flowers of Crinuvi. One of the com-
monest flowers in the open ground was Cleome diavdra (Capillidaceae), which
grows somewhat like Epilohium avgiistifolium, but is an annual. The stamens
and pistils project far beyond the corolla, and as they were somewhat curved up,
as if to oS'er insects a support, I expected to see them visited by insects ; how-
ever, all that came to crowds of this plant in various places were five specimens of
bees of two species. A flower typical for districts like Hoffnung was another
annual, Sesamumcapense, with its larger form gramUflorum, lilac colour, the shape
of the flower recalling a Malva or Campanula, which I saw again in Angola on
limestone hills near the coast. As in a Campanula, I found in the flower
occasionally small insects which had sought shelter from rain.

Dinter, in Botan. Reis. D. SMwest Afr., 1921, p. 165, in speaking of succulent
plants and the various devices to safeguard their water-contents, remarks that
there are insects, especially among beetles and grasshoppers, which might also
be called succulents, as they keep alive for months without food and water, their
external skeleton preventing loss of water as does the epidermis of certain succu-
lents. Dinter mentions the large weevil, Brachyptaus apterus, as an example of
extraordinary resistance. He had packed twenty specimens in a tin between
layers of cotton-wool and added a bar of cyanide of potassium wrapped in a damp
rag. The tin was forgotten and only opened a year after. All tiie beetles were
alive, crawling over each other ; they had eaten the cotton-wool and laid a number
of eggs. 1 remembered this experience when I collected some specimens of this
beetle, and therefore put them into a glass jar with a lump of cyanide. They were
dead in two days. Perhaps Professor Dinter 's tin was not quite airtight.

In the second week of February (193-1) communication with Swakopmund
by rail was restored, though the damage by the flood of the Swakop had not yet
been entirely repaired, and I said good-bye to my dear friends at Hoffnung. The
train was reported to leave Windhoek early in the morning, but we did not get
off before the afternoon. Half-way to Okahandja we slowed up : a large part}-
was working on the line, an engine was still lying in the rivier, wheels in the air.
I went only as far as Okahandja, of which 1 wished to see more than had been

' The few plants collected have been identified by Cecil Norman, British Museum.

44 NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

possible on the occasions when we passed through it or had stayed for a night.
A little wood of tall trees was the remnant of DLnter's experimental plantation of
forest trees. Neglect and natural causes had destroyed many of the trees planted
by him. Herr F. Gaerdes generously added various welcome specimens to my
collection and also drew my attention to an Australian Longicorn beetle which
was rather plentiful here (Phoracantha), and explained its means of defence.
When the beetle is caught, it throws its spiked antennae quickly backwards and
presses them against the skin of the aggressor, moving the head up and down as
if trying to drive the spikes into the skin. The beetle did not draw any blood,
but the spikes gave me the sensation of a rather blunt pin being pressed against
the finger-tip. Many Longicorns without spikes on the segments of the antennae
have the same habit of trying to free themselves.

The railway journey from Okahandja to Swakopmund took nearly twelve
hours. As we travelled at night, and the bed was quite comfortable, I hardly
noticed how slow the train was. Swakopmund has been described and praised
so often that I need say no more than that it is an oasis in a desert, where
it was quite pleasant to wait for the arrival of the boat at Walfish Bay. It
was certainly a great acliievement of the German administration. The harbour,
however, is silting up and has been abandoned since Walfish Bay has been
restored to the country. I had my quarters again at the German Hospiz
and was very pleased to meet here Frau Elisabeth Schneider, our kind hostess
at Okosongomuingo, Waterberg, who was waiting for the railway to take her
north to Otjivarongo. On my rambles along the shore I had an opportunity
of seeing a little of the scanty fauna of this sandy district. There were a
number of small hillocks about a foot or two high, formed by Mesembryanthemum
suUcornioides and sand, which harboured a comparatively rich insect fauna.
A small Mylahris (Meloidae) and some Tenebrionids occurred in numbers ; also
various Hymenoptera were much in evidence, being very lively, among them
a Mutilla ; some Noctuids were sleeping under the Mesembrt/anthemum, and
the fragile Geometrid [Rhodemetra sacruria) which was so common at Hoffnung
fluttered about as if this was its home, but probably had been brought down from
inland by the wind. Pyrameis cardui and Hypolimnas misippus were also
abundant, both likewise wanderers from inland. In the hillocks lived a lizard,
beautifully adapted in coloration to the sand, being grey with numerous incon-
spicuous dark dots (Scapteira reticulata). It was very fast and disappeared deep
down in the sand of the hillocks. There was much jetsam lying about under
which the lizard and various beetles concealed themselves, and here after much
searcliing I caught two adult lizards which had buried head and body in the
sand, but had forgotten to conceal the tail as well. A pretty mouse, Gerbillus
swalius, slept in the hillocks, sand-colour above and white beneath ; it seemed to
be more abundant away from the shore on higher ground as testified by the great
number of burrows. On the wet sand occurred a species of Cicindelid, Eury-
morpha hohemani, which fed on what the sea threw up. When a wave rolled
back, the beetles ran to the line of small muck left behind and flew up when the
wave came on again. I did not see any of them ten yards away from the sea.
They were most common where the drain from the slaughter house opened on
the shore.

The Swakop, to the south of the town, was In flood, deep one day and perhaps
shallow the next, according to the rains inland. At Swakopmund they had had

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1936. 45

but one shower. The river had brought down so much soil and wood that a large
spit had been formed extending far into the sea. The shore north of Swakop-
mund was covered with trunks of trees large and small, and under the lamp of
the cafe near the beach crawled many rhinoceros beetles (Temnorhynchiis), which
had probably come down in dead trees. The river had certainly played havoc
with the houses and gardens in or close to the bed ; but optimism is a necessity
for settlers in a new land, and we may be sure that this flood will be forgotten just
as Noah's flood does not influence us sinners any more. However, not every
owner of property along the Swakop complained. Dr. Boss, of the German High
School at Swakopmund, a botanist who has discovered many new plants, kindly
took me to Palmenhorst, a property situated a few hours' drive from the town
in a valley flanked by surprisingly high rugged mountains (fig. 27), a sheltered,
fertile place for fruit and vegetables. Though the river had torn furrows across
the garden, it had more than recompensed the owner by depositing so much humus
mixed with manure swept away from farms higher up the river that for years
there would be no necessity to buy fertiUzers. As at Hofl"nung, Cetonids were
eating the figs and attacking other soft fruit. There were a few Welwitcfiia left
near Palmenhorst. On a hill-side I saw a longish black insect which I took for a
Staphylinid. I picked it up and dropped it hastily, for it gave me a most painful
sting in the tip of the finger. It was a Mutillid, not a harmless beetle. The
specimen escaped among the rocks and thus proved that the sting of an insect
can be a protection.

At last the news arrived that the boat would be at Walfish Bay on the third
day, and we got orders to pack up and get across as long as the river was low.
A large crowd of passengers, and friends to see them off, gathered on the river
bank ; some got into hammocks to be carried to the other side, but the large
majority went into the water with skirts or trousers tucked up and marched
through the broad river, the water coming well above my knees at the deepest
place. There we were now, sitting on the sand or portmanteaux, looking back
at Swakopmund and smiling at the people still struggling with the water.

The Kuiseb had broken through the dunes and made an exit to the sea ;
with the fall of the river the sea had come in through the gap, and many of the
houses of Walvis were standing in the water, like the one in which the agent had
reserved a room for me. In the water were some small fishes which had come in
from the sea. Here we were, with nothing to do but to wait two days for our
boat. I had net and killing bottle and some tubes with a little alcohol in my
hand luggage and went out exploring the shore. Here the same Cicindelid
occurred as at Swakopmund, only in much larger numbers, and behaved in just
the same way. Nearly all were of the usual duU copper colour with a touch of
green ; but a small percentage, perhaps 1 in 200, stood out by the glossy blue-
green colouring. There were no Mesembryanthemum hillocks near the shore ;
they were farther inland. It was very pleasant to walk barefoot on the wet
sand and feel the splash of the little rollers, but when I tried to go home without
shoes and socks, the dry sand was so hot that I could not stand it long.

At last the boat hove in sight ; all was bustle. My baggage was safely on
board and South-West became a part of the past on which to ruminate. I had
come to South-VV^est in order to make zoological collections specializing on certain
groups, to see the country and to learn a Uttle about the life and well-being of the
white and coloured populations. After an expedition one is always incUned to

4n KuvrriT** Zoolooicui XL. IBM.

rryrrt tiiat cm- iwiA ii<>t done UlM or that : I mi^ht havr luadr the rolloctiona
nmrr i-omplrto with FX|M>rt aaaMUuioe or if the ruadii h«>l liccn nMiablc in the
rminy a^aiMm, tlic bo«t time for in.<«oot<i. However, I got the lii)he« I cAiiie for,
collected a good number of AmphibiAns and Keptilea, iiniall mammaU and their
Beaa, and thousand* of inaecta, beaides oddii and endii of other claaaea ; with which
I had to bo aatia6ed. A nuid fn>m Waltwh to (ioluibiji and another from the
Orange ri%-er to Utavi, with reliable bri<lges over the riviem. built for the good
of the country, would be a great bleaaing for South-Weat. Kut where to find the
money f

One in accuatomed at home to hear the Government of the day blamed for
anything that is wrong, or that {leople believe is wn>ng, in the management of
the country-. Ix'tting off steam give* relief. Criticisms of the administration of
South-Wc«t must be taken with a large pinch of salt, be they uttered by Euro-
pean*, linen or Natives. NNliat astonishetl mv iniMt in travelling thn>ugh the
country was the fact that a largo prii|Hirtion of the white and c«il(>ure<l |M>pula-
tions speak (German, that the street-names are (icrman and that, when in other
colonics and in Europe the greedy game of grab was in full swing after the war,
here in .South -West no farm and no business had be<<n confiscated. A noble
monument to the leaders of South Africa. If Kuro|)e had had leadem of this
fine tyjie in 19U», we should not now Iw in the moiui in which we lind ourselves.
On sailing from Walfish Bay 1 looked back to the country with gratitude to the
.\ ■ ition for the |N>rinits grnnt<'<l me and to all wh(»e hospitality I hod

CI . ti<l whose help had so niatcriiiliy contribute<l to the success of the

exp^ition.

ANooia.

After I had seen a little of Angola, I was glad that I had gone first to South-
Wcdt. Ajuirt from the coast n-gion. the south ond the sandy far-interior. Angola
with its large forests and surprisingly goo(l roads contrasts so favourably with
moat district* of South -\>'e8t that a traveller who had enjoyed Angola might
easily feel depreaaed by the severer though healthier conditions of life in South -
West. I/obito, where I landed, was a little gem. The voyage ha«l taken three
days, the weather keeping fine all the way.

The Colonial Oflfic<« at Lisimn had accorded me special facilities of entry into
the colony, and the Acting British Vice-Consul, Mr. I.<eo L. Davis, saw- to all the
formalitini to which a visitor has to ottond l»efon' he is free to travel in the
country, (iuns and ammunition present the only difficulty, as they have to be
registered at the military office at liengucla, some 5U km. distant. As 4 rule,
travellers are only allowe<l a monthly supply of 25 cartridgea. However, after
mine had licen count«^l, I could take them all Itack to Lobito and had |it>rmission
to use as many as I like<l on the excursions inland. The British crtlnny at I..obito
was most helpful in n'vising my plans and giving me information aUiut the con-
ditions of travel, and al>out lo<-alitie« favourable for my pur|>OA(<s. Profoaaor E.
t»f IWrlin. hml m <immcnde<l to me as a HuitAhIo >xin)|>nfiion one of his

c<ir: , I'-iit.i, Herr Kijijiill Braun, who had l>e«'n in Angola for seven yean,
•poke Portugiienc fluently and waa much interosttHi in bird-hfe. Aa he could
drive a car and M-cmeil sImivc the average in intelligence, we soon came to an
agn-t-inent. although I regretted that he ha<l never atteinpte<l or been taught to
make a mammal- or bird skin I hire<l a car and a Kniall van from the Manica
Trading Co., bought supplies and loft in the hotel that |Mirtion of my baggage

Fic;. '2-. — Rehuboth : houses of bastards

Fid. 2;t. — Ri'liubc>i)i, west iMiil : .Iwi'lliiigs of iiati

46)

Fli:. US. — Taliii' muUMtnins l.u-nvi>cn MtirifiiliU nml Huliubolli.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936.

47

which was not required on the first excursion. It took nearly a week until a
start could be made. The time passed pleasantly with invitations, rambles on
the spit on which Lobito is built and a little collecting. The Hotel Terminus
where I stayed is a first-class house. The gardens of Lobito, both private and
pubhc, have a luxuriant imported tropical vegetation, palms of various kinds,
flowering shrubs and perennials. The wild fauna on this sand spit is not rich,

Fig. 28. — Route of oxpcditidti in Angola.

of course ; but I collected at the lamps of the hotel quite a number of moths
and beetles ; the burrows of a rat (Taterona schinzi) were plentiful on the
Benguela side of the town, and several lizards flitted about in numbers.

It was the beginning of March 1934 and the rainy season, when my party,
which included two chauffeurs and a cook (so-called), set out for the interior.
Our destination was Cuito, a large plantation of the Benguela Estates, Ltd., at
the foot of Mt. Moco in the district of Luimbale. The road branched off north-
ward before reaching the Catumbela river, skirted the lagoon at the head of
Lobito Bay and sharply ascended to the first plateau, which was dry and mainly
covered with coarse grass and Acacia bushes, and farther on some Candelabra

48 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAZ XL. 1936.

Aloes in flower. After having crossed a valley the road climbed in serpentines to
the second plateau. The flora of the valley and the escarpment was very striking,
Baobab in the valley. and in a gully of the escarpment an impenetrable picturesque
bush with a multitude of high Euphorbias. As the van could not make the
ascent, the luggage was left at a farm in the neighbourhood, and the chauffeur
drove back to Lobito to exchange the van for another with a more powerful
engine, while we went on to Bocoio, a settlement at 900 m. above the sea, with a
good Portuguese hotel. Here we waited for the luggage and, as it only arrived
late in the afternoon, stayed for the night. There is a little river at a short
distance east of the hotel and a native village among bushes and trees, where we
saw, on the trunks of trees, on large boulders of granite and on the walls of out-
houses, various species of lizards in incredible numbers. From Bocoio the road
led gradually upwards, there being a few places where it was steeper, but there
was no sharp escarpment. Many little brooks were crossed on adequate bridges ;
however, as we were travelling fast in order to arrive at Cuito in good time, we
did no collecting.

Before going to Cuito we had to call at Luimbale on the district officer
to leave our credentials, a formality to be observed by all travellers who wish
to stay a while in a district, the control of strangers being strict in Angola.
Luimbale consists, besides the establishment of the official, of a simple hotel
plus store, and one or two additional buildings ; the country being open
grassland and the forest some distance away, it is not a place for an entomologist.
Such stores combined with hotel or inn are found all over the country and all
act as filling stations for cars. We had to go back some distance the way we
had come in order to get to the branch road leading to Cuito. The plantation
was on an undulating plain surrounded by high wooded hills and traversed by a
small river with a good supply of water. A row of very large trees was evidence
that the place had been in the hands of Europeans for a considerable time. A
comfortable dwelling-house surrounded by a flower border and a well-kept lawn,
large outhouses, a row of huts for the native farm-hands, trees laden with fruit
and a well-stocked kitchen garden gave Cuito a look of comfort and progress.
There were European strawberries and apples, American guavas, Japanese
loquats and other fruit in profusion. One could apparently grow anything at
this height except purely tropical fruit like banana and pawpaw. The raw soil,
however, is not particularly fertile : it contains a good deal of iron, which gives
it a reddish colour, and gets very hard in the sun, making a good .surface for
roads. The gardens and coffee plantations have to be specially improved by
the addition of humus accumulated in the valleys and swamps. In the absence
of the director of the estates we were cordially received by a young Portuguese
assistant and the bailiff, who explained to us the the lie of the land and with whom
we made arrangements for the building of a camp on a foothill of Mt. Moco,
which towered up at no great distance. The few days we had to wait for the
huts to be ready we employed in collecting what there was about the farm
in our line. A species of toad (Btifo uguhiris) invited us to begin work the
evening of our arrival ; it was in good numbers in the small irrigation ditches
near the house, croaking aU the evening. A row of a bushy AmarylUd along two
sides of the square on which the house was built attracted the convolvuU-YiiiwV-
moth in numbers ; the moths knew no sliyness an<l could be observed at leisure.
Several times I took the long tube of the flower between my fingers and,

NoVITATES ZOOLOUICAE XL. 1936. 49

pressing it when the proboscis was inserted, held the moth for a while, and when
I let it go it dipped the proboscis into the next flower as if nothing untoward had
happened. In daytime the toad was concealed under herbage in the shallow
ditches and the flower border. I saw one close to the house creeping away, and
I was just on the point of grabbing it when from under the herbage a snake
appeared which was also after the Amphibian and now fell a prey to me ; I took
it by the neck and killed it by putting a drop of nicotine in solution into its mouth.
The snake was only the thickness of my small finger, but bulged in the middle ;
before placing it into the jar, I gently pressed the stomach contents forward, and
out came three toads, uninjured and still fresh. A large square of grass behind
the house was a good place for collecting small Orthoptera, and a little farther
afield numerous fresh hillocks indicated the presence of Cryptomys. It was a
black species (Cryptomys bocagei), and the first specimen I caught provided me
with some fleas peculiar to this rodent, Rooseveltiella georychi, described from
Angola. Later on natives brought dead and alive Cryptomys bocagei in numbers,
but I never found another flea on them. If a mammal is handled by a human
being the fleas — at least the active ones, not those which are fastened by the
proboscis to the skin of the host — jump away almost at once ; it may be an
inherited trait protecting the flea from being swallowed by the Carnivore which
has the flea's host in its jaws. It struck me as peculiar that we saw hardly
any lizards, which may be due to the absence of rocks in the neighbourhood of
the farm.

After a couple of days our equipment was transported on an oxen-wagon
up the hill to our huts. We had chosen for our camp a clearing in the forest
at an altitude of about 1,850 m., the Moco itself being stated to reach 2,850 m.
The forest of evergreen trees which covers a large part of the highlands from
Bocoio to Bailundu is neither high nor very dense, and wherever there is an
opening grass takes the place of the undergrowth of bushes. The wood extended
up the gullies of Mt. Moco, but did not nearly reach the top, which is a dome
covered with grass and herbage, with bare rocks jutting out from the sides. The
forest as such is neither impressive nor beautiful, being too uniform, but the
monotony is reUeved by a multitude of flowering shrubs and perennials along the
roads and wherever the sun penetrates to the ground. Two shrubby Combretum,
with long shoots studded with small scarlet or crimson flowers, and the Labiate
Leonotis leonurus, 10 ft. high, many-branched, with numerous whorls of orange
blossoms, were the most conspicuous. The valley below the camp was partly
in cultivation by the natives, maize being here the chief crop, and partly had run
wild again. The natives till a piece of ground as long as its fertihty lasts, and
then clear another plot of tree and bush, the abandoned fields and gardens being
promptly occupied by a great variety of herbage.

Though the valley was fuU of flowers and clo.se to the forest, there were hardly
any butterflies, and on the wet sand and pebbles of a brook 1 saw only some
Lycaenids and Skippers, no Papilios and Pierids. The brook had very clear water
in spite of the rains, and was not only a great comfort to the camp, but also
otherwise a treasure, there being a crab and several species of fishes in it. Small
barbels played in pools under overhanging iierbage and were easily scooped uj) with
a strong net, one of them attracting our curiosity by a peculiar organ at the side
of the head. A self-constructed trap placed mouth up-river on the clean pebbly
bottom of the brook contained next morning two species of cat-fish, one slaty
4

50 NOTTTATES ZOOLOOIOAB XL. 1936.

black, the other (a new species) grej^ with numerous dark spots. When put into
a deep muddy recess of the brook, the trap remained empty, and when we had
removed it again to a clear bottom, we found it torn, possibly by crabs or an otter.
The black cat-fish was obviously common, for the natives brought it into camp
to sell ; it was quite good to eat fried. The spotted species I did not see again.
On the other side of the brook a maize-field was watched over by an old native
sitting in a primitive shelter. He was probably younger than myself. His face
wTinkled and his look stolid, he did not seem to be troubled by the deep thoughts
of a Gandhi ; he simply sat day in day out, protecting the maize from depredations.

The district was well populated, native villages being visible in the distance,
and the smoke of fires curling up from the forest in many places. The men who
had built our huts went home enriched by a few shillings, and soon natives trooped
into camp bringing supplies of potatoes, chickens, cabbage, and rats and mice
dead and alive, lizards with and without tails, frogs, dead caterpillars and any-
thing they hoped the white men would buy. A large Fl3nng Squirrel and a
Lemurid were frequently offered and large and small ('ryptonuj.t borayci and the
large ochreous Cryptomys mechoivi were daUy arrivals, often in such numbers
that we could skin only a few of them. The C. mec/iowi alive is a queer-looking,
ferocious creature, its enormous incisors gleaming white, a tool and a formidable
weapon. There were no Tree Squirrels, at least we saw none and the natives
brought none. The catch of insects in daytime was very poor. For night
work we built, above the valley, a platform for the lamp, and attracted large
numbers of moths. As in South-West, Cossids were the first to arrive, together
with such moths of various kind which were resting near by and were disturbed
by the sudden glare of the lamp. Arctiids and Syntomids came after S p.m. and
Hepialids at 10 p.m., the last being almost as punctual as clockwork. Sphingi-
dae, of which we did not get many, appeared after 10 p.m. No Saturnians were
obtained at Moco. I was astonished at the number of individuals of Paussidae
that were attracted, together with some pale-brown species of Staphylinidae
which evidently came from ants' nests. The pecuUar Paussid beetles have, like
a Bombardier Beetle, an apparatus for ejecting, with a faint explosion, a puff of
smoke from the tail-end. Melolonthids and Copriids there were in quantities,
wood-borers also were common, but Longicorns came in single specimens. We
could not take all that arrived ; on a good night the gauze cage with the lamp
inside was simply covered with fluttering and crawling insects of many orders.
Many large Noctuids and clumsy beetles had to be caught and killed simply to
prevent them from doing too much damage among the more delicate species.
Lasiocamps were difficult to catch on account of their tumbling flight, but fre-
quently they settled for good, hypnotized by the glare of the lamp. A specimen
oi Folyptychiis was saved just in time; it was so much like one of the abundant
Noctuids in appearance that my companion was on the point of crusliing it when
I saw what it was. 1 expected to find at the brook some Triehoptera, but saw
none. A species of frog was plentiful in the herbage, taking a long leap into the
water when approached.

Life in camp was frugal and pleasant. The rain was sometimes very heavy,
but the huts, thatched with grass, were nearly rain-proof, and we had, moreover,
taken the precaution of putting a tarpauHn over the end of the hut where my
bedding was on a bedstead of rough poles. A couple of chickens generally came
into the hut in the evening to sleep in a comer, seeking protection from prowling

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 5l

animals. The only unpleasantness in the hut was the dry mud with which a
termite coated all the framework and everything that stood on the ground or
leaned against the poles, the mud breaking away when touched, a shower of dust
coming do\vTi when in turning round at night one inadvertently knocked against
an upright. The termite, however, was not destructive; a boot might be covered
with mud during the night, but the leather was not attacked. I might have
protected the hut by painting the framework with carbolic ; but it was hardly
worth doing it for a stay of only two or tliree weeks.

When nothing new for us turned up, we broke camp and returned to Fazenda
Cuito for a night, and had the pleasure of meeting, a few hours after our arrival,
the director of the several large estates of the Company, an Australian by birth,
who had seen much of the world and appeared eminently fit to keep a large
concern in order.

As I did not wish to go back to Lobito the way we had come, we decided
to drive to Nova Lisboa and take from there the main road to Benguela, which
would give me an opportunity to see other districts of the high plateau and in
passing to make the acquaintance of the towns which lie along the Benguela rail-
•way. We had sent a letter to the district commissioner of Luimbale notifying
him that we should leave his district on a certain date and asking for the return
of my papers. The documents, however, could not be entrusted to a messenger,
we were informed, and had to be fetched by ourselves. Herr Braun, therefore,
went via Luimbale, whereas I took the direct route to Nova Lisboa, where I
arrived in the afternoon. I had to wait for Herr Braun nearly till nightfall
because the commissioner had gone to Bailundu and Herr Braun had to follow
him. Everybody seemed still to call Nova Lisboa by its old name Huambo.
The Portuguese delight in changing geographical names, which is very disconcert-
ing for the naturalist who finds the old names on labels in museums and does not
know their equivalent on recent maps. Nova Lisboa is a spaciously built place
in a rich district, the new capital of Angola, windy, cool and healthy, at an
altitude of close on 1,700 m., with good water, electric light and the prospect of
great expansion. It lies on the south side of the east-west divide, the rivers
and brooks east and west of Nova Lisboa flowing south into the Cunene,
whereas those somewhat farther east, at and beyond Silva Porto — the BUie of
museum labels — belong to the Cuanza river system, going north. The main
road to Benguela runs more or less in the proximity of the railway. The
plateau of Nova Lisboa is open country, with a view of dales, hills and forests ;
the landscape dotted with high pyramids of granite, naked or with a scanty
vegetation in the crevices, remnants of decayed mountains. A small river west
of Nova Lisboa called for a halt ; it was about 10 ft. wide and 2 or 3 deep. By
sweeping with a net under overhanging herbage we captured two species of small
fishes, one of them since proved to be new. A native passing by on his way to
Nova Lisboa said that it was the Cunene in which we were fishing, and added
the information that there were crocodiles in it. However, according to the
maps the upper reach of the Cunene is east of Nova Lisboa ; our river, therefore,
must have been a tributary of it, being most likely the C^uando, from whicli Nova
Lisboa gets its water-supply. I may be wTong, for the smaller rivers of Angola
run as yet more erratically on the map.s than in nature. A young German on
holiday, employed on a plantation in the Ganda district, and to whom we were
giving a lift, assisted assiduously in the fishing and the search for insects. When

52 NOVITATES ZoOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

crossing the railway we collected the little there was between the rails, a few
beetles hardly worth taking. The timber of old bridges was a refuge for lizards,
which, in some places, swarmed about the old beams and supports, disappearing
so quickly in the crevices and holes that we did not get a single specimen, there
being no time for fitting nooses and setting traps.

Soon after Robert \\'illiams, a station named after Sir Robert Williams, to
whose efforts the railway owes its construction, the road ran up a high divide,
attaining an altitude of nearly 1,900 m. and descending in wide sweeps to Lepi.
Shortly before reaching Ganda we crossed the upper reach of the Catumbela
or a branch of it, a swift-running clear brook, in a small pool of which, under
an old discarded bridge, we obtained three species of fishes. From Ganda we
had a fine view of the Caconda highlands to tlie south, where there are many
large plantations, maize and seisal (both American) being the main products
for export. As it was only mid-afternoon, we hurried on — this being the right
word for travelling in a car through a country unknown to you, where there
are all kinds of treasures the biologist would like to see and which, instead,
he passes by in the maddening haste to get to a place where to eat and sleep.
At the suggestion of the merry driver of the van who knew this country, •
we stopped at Cubal at a small inn. It might have been better (or at least
more expensive) to have chosen the Station Hotel with its balcony and
garden. However, a room was being cleared and cleaned and the inn had
to do. I had hardly got into bed when a painful itching in the sole of my
right foot required inspection with the electric torch, and Herr Braun at once
recognized the cause of the pain as a jigger which had already bored deep enough
to get me on the raw. A little operation got tlie flea out and a drop of iodine
prevented any after-effects from arising. We wished to reach Lobito next day,
a long drive. Getting up before it was quite light, to our surprise we splashed
into water; the room was flooded. Fortunately our garments and hand-luggage
were lying on chairs and table and no harm was done. A heavy shower had
come down in the night, and as the boys had forgotten to open the drains in the
evening, the water from the higher-lying backyard and garden had to run through
the house. The atmosphere in the bedroom was rather damp and full of scents
(or smells), but we got over it, and our appetite for breakfast was not impaired.
The road from Nova Lisboa to Cubal had been in fine order all the way,
broad, with a hard even surface, and all the brooks spanned by good bridges, a
delight to the driver who likes to go at 50 miles an hour rather than at 30. Our
party of five increased to eight at Cubal : a Portuguese gentleman who wished
to reach Catengue as early as possible asked for a lift, as there was no westward-
bound train that day ; and a couple of natives, husband and wife in charge of a
beautiful native girl, wanted to save the fare to Benguela, so we allowed them to
perch on top of the luggage. My driver of the car, a black mission boy from
Cape Province, who had been down with malaria on and off, again sat huddled
up in the back of the car, and Herr Braun had to continue acting as chauffeur.
\Ve travelled through woods on a road which became dirty and bumpy, deteriorat-
ing more and more, requiring careful and slow driving ; at 11 a.m. we came to
the small Solo river and found it in flood and without a bridge. The water was
shallow, but a ripple in the middle indicated that there was a bank of sand or
mud. " Slowly, slowly," I reminded the driver ; but he was optimistic and
drove with hurrah, so to speak, into the water, and there we stuck, the front

NoVlTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1930. 53

wheels boring deeper into the mud witii each turn. Tiie water entered the body
of the car, which gradually began to lean dangerously up-stream. The van,
fortunately, was behind us and could pull us back on to dry ground. The van
might then have crossed, but it was too risky. There was a village up-river, and
after a couple of hours we had a crowd of natives who, by pushing and pulling,
got first the van and then the car on to the other side, each man being recom-
pensed by a few pence and the headman by a shilling, quite a fortune. The time
of waiting was pleasantly spent by my party in having an alfresco luncheon in
the shade of a large tree, and a nap. Going for a stroll, 1 collected some dragon-
flies hovering over shallow pools in a field and distxirbed a mouse, which led me
to its nest under a decaying log, the nest containing many specimens of a small
flea, the commonest rodent flea of Angola, Xenopsylla brasiliensis. The mouse
was an Olomys ; I saw several other specimens close to the river under dead reeds.
Our three native passengers had gone through the river and made themselves
comfortable. After a while our Portuguese friend was seen talking to the man,
arguing with him ; he came back to sit down by Herr Braun, quite angry that
the native had refused to sell him the girl, whom he wanted there and then.
Shocking for a European new to the country. We were in Africa, where bastards
abound.

Our trouble with the little river was over, but the road did not improve.
It was passable, but too narrow to be comfortable in the bush where you could
not see far ahead, and we nearly bumped into a car coming from the opposite
direction. It belonged to the official responsible for this road, and who was in
it, our Portuguese passenger told us. Some time before we came out of the forest
the road dipped into a valley which looked a good collecting ground ; at the rain
puddles in the road were swarms of Lycaenids, Hesperids, Pierids and also a
Charaxes which streaked away on the noisy approach of the car. As it was
getting late, we could stop but a few minutes to wait for the van. We arrived
before dusk at Catengue, just in time for our passenger to transact his business
and catch the homeward train. The inn and store where we put up for the night
was simple, but quite good enough to make it the headquarters for a longer stay.
With the wooded hills almost before the door and the open calcareous country
not far away to the west, a collector could expect good results. But I had other
plans and had to return to Lobito.

After the woods were left behind, the road from Catengue traversed a park-
like plateau, the vegetation becoming gradually poorer. This plateau has its
beauty ; while in the forests the view is restricted and the eyes get tired by seeing
the trees pass by in quick and monotonous succession, the eyes can now roam
into the far distance where the trees stand still and where there might be antelopes
and o.striche.s, much as in South-West. Nearing the dry coast belt we found on
low herbage and on the bare ground a few specimens of a Buprestid, JuUxiis,
which I had not seen before except in collections at home. Soon we got a
first glimpse of tlie sea and went down the last hills on a steep road which
needed rc])airing rather badly. Down in the coastal i)lain puddles, nits and mud-
holes mad(^ driving ])recari()us ; the car had to pick its way. When .some cows
crossing the road obscured the view, we ran into a deep rut, where we stuck.
After iiuicli churning in the mud, tlu^ car gave it up altogether, and the van had
to tow us into Benguola, which was not far off. \\'liile the cai' was being ro|)ed
to the van, I colU'cte<l a species ot ('iciinlda on the sands by the roadside, where

54 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

it was fairly abundant. We had luncheon at Benguela, and it interested me to
see that our half-caste chauffeur was allowed to have his meal in the same room
as the other guests, being treated as a white man, whereas the black chauffeur
was asked to leave and to find a meal elsewhere. The van towed us into Lobito,
where we created a little amusement among the natives who saw us come in at
tandem.

Packing the collections and making arrangements for another excursion did
not take long. As it was essential to spend the remaining time of my stay in
Angola in an environment different from the high plateau wiiere I had been, my
friends at Lobito advised me to take the road along the coast via Egito to Novo
Redondo and thence go inland to Vila Nova de Seles or another suitable place in
that region, where I should find virgin rain-forest in the hills. The Cape boy,
who had been of very little use on the excursion, was replaced by a half-caste
chauffeur, and we left Lobito the first week in April by the road around the
lagoon as before, and having climbed up the coastal escarpment, turned sharply
northward into a deep valley with very steep sides. At the bottom, nearly at
sea-level, there was a palm grove, very pleasant to look at, and behind it a small
muddy river in flood with the bridge lying on the water and so badly damaged
that only a pedestrian could cross it, but not a ear. It was the only road north-
ward ; so there was no way out of the difficulty but to go far inland and reach
the Seles district from there. It was already dark when we arrived at Luinibale
and halted to refiU the petrol tank. We were informed by the hotel keeper that
the only road to Seles was the one which turned off at Luinibale and that the
Bailundu-Seles road was closed because the bridge over the Cuvo {= Qucve)
had been destroyed by the flooded river. Herr Braun did not believe the man,
who, he thought, told us this story in order to keep us in hi.s hotel for the night.
However, at Bailundu (now Texeira da Silva for short !), another (iO km. farther
east, the information was confirmed ; so we had to drive back to Luinibale next
morning and there turn north-west.

The country down to Vila Nova de Seles is mostly grassland with copses
and outcrops of rock. Seles is a largish place, not a plantation. We arrived
here in the afternoon, and when, on enquiry, we heard that there was virgin
forest farther north in the neighbourhood of Gabela, we went on to the
" Posto " Conda where there was an inn plus stores. The road to Conda was
in the open, very much up and down across narrow gullies, with wooded hills
on our left, westward, which looked like a regular row of domed hillocks in the
gathering darkness. We made the acquaintance of the Posto officer, who was
at the inn (his property, I think), arranged for supper and accommodation
and then waited in vain for our van to arrive. Herr Braun had to go back
in the car to find out what happened. The explanation was simple and
instructive. In one of the gullies the van had been so clo.se on our heels that
in taking the steep side with a rush it had to sto]) in order to avoid bumping
into our more slowly moving car. Stopping the loaded van at such a steep place
was fatal ; the engine was not powerful enough to climl> up without the impetus
received in coming down the other side. Witli the assislancc of the car the
difficulty was overcome. It was a dark night and 1 regretted that we were not
in camp with the lamp put up. A few moths fluttered about the kerosene lamp
of the room where our party, the Posto (iflicov iiiid the f';uuily of the inn keeper
had .supper.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 55

We travelled now through wooded country and crossed the Cuvo R. on
a high, well-constructed stone bridge, the Cuvo running in a deep gully with
precipitous sides, the forest extending down to the water, which was clear and
shallow. A party of women, with or without a child on the hip, were mending
the steep road which the rains had slightly damaged, and soon after the forest
came to an end. Gabela was before us, a small town buUt on a plateau above a
small river. Good houses, hospital, two hotels, stores of various kinds, a large
central place with the residence of the District Commissioner (" circunscri9ao '')
and rows of trees, a well-ordered, permanent settlement of Europeans. The
Commissioner, who could speak French, was very helpful and went out of his
way to assist me. He introduced us to the owner of a large cofiFee plantation
with primeval forest, who gave me permission to stay m the house of one of his
bailiffs in the forest ; just what I wanted. The hotel Saude, where we remained
till next afternoon, came up to its name, except for a certain convenience. How-
ever, as an innkeeper once said to us in Algeria, waving his arm : " voila toute
la nature ! "

The house of the bailiff of the Fazenda Congula was on top of a hill. It
was divided by parallel walls into five rooms, of which three were placed at our
disposal, with a kitchen on the other side of the Little plateau, windswept and
therefore comparatively cool in the shade. We were here on top of a steep
escarpment, with a view over a plain with low hills and patches of woods and
with a glimpse of the sea on the horizon. The escarpment, which runs more or
less parallel with the coast, is covered with high forest, impenetrable where it is
left untouched. Most of it was made suitable for gi'owing native coffee by clear-
ing away the undergrowth, and preserving a large number of the trees as shade-
trees, which prevent the ground from drying up. The native workers of Congulu
and their families were housed in a small village near our dwelling-house. The
government looks well after the natives, who are a great asset for the colony.
The houses provided for them have vertical walls of stone or mud ; that is one of
the regulations. The natives are not only registered, but work is found for them
when they are in arrears with the payment of the taxes, about 15s. a man. Drafts
of them with their families are sent to the plantations to work off their debts,
the planter having to provide, besides the hut and food, blankets and some
clothing, which become the property of the worker. The natives of the plantation
and all the neiglibourhood took advantage of our presence to make some money
by bringing live and dead specimens till we had more than enough of certain kinds.
At a lower elevation, where bananas grew in profusion, the Puff-adder and the
beautifully coloured Horned Viper {Bili.s nasicunii.i) were not rare. The natives
brought them in regularly, pricing them highly because these serpents are for
them a good morsel for the pot. A Puff-adder 1 emptied contained a family of
birds. A dead snake wiien pressed sideways, i.e. on tiie ribs, becomes quite lively,
which may be the reason for the belief among natives that snakes do not die
before the sun .sets. The owner of the plantation most kindly kept us supplied
with bananas, oranges and lemons; the lemon was a small kind, not very sour
and making a delicious drink. The weather was (|uite seasonal ; tlmiidoistorms
and heavy downpours, sometimes too nuich for our work, and then again l)rilliant
sunshine. The house being exposed to the wind there were few blood-sucking
flies. The soil was nearly black in (lie forest, lint reddish clay below tlie layer of
iumuis. Ill clearing away the uii(lergid,\\ tli small masses of dry creepers, braiichea

5G NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

and twigs had been left lianging among the trees ; by beating this dry wood I
obtained many small beetles, among them a single specimen of the smallest
Longicorn I had ever seen, smaller than flrnciUa pygma<a. On tree-trunks felled
a short while ago Stirnolomis and (allic/iro/iia (and allied genera) were seen in
abundance, flying away or dropping quickly when approached. Apart from a
few common species, there were hardly any butterflies along the roads and in the
clearings. Being surrounded by forest and our lamp shining down the escarp-
ment, moth-collecting was very good. At 10 p.m. a Saturnian appeared, flying
round the lamp and dropping in the herbage, a form of Dreixinoptera new to
me ; a Brahmaea also was not rare, but always came singly from 10 to after mid-
night, a very fast flier. The Sphingid Pohjptychus virescen.^ looked very pretty,
but its lovely green colour did not keep ; I ought to have set and artificially
dried the specimens at once. When the rain was too heavy, or after the rain
had driven us in and then abated or stopped altogether, I placed the lamp at
the lee side of the house and here attracted other collectors of insects, toads and
frogs. The toads came fearlessly to the lamp-cage and picked off the moths I
did not want, thoroughly gorging themselves. To swallow a large moth some-
times involved a struggle on the part of the toad as well as the moth ; the
Convolvulus hawk and the Oleander hawk, though attacked by the toads, were
let go after a little while, being too large and hard. Once late in the evening,
after a severe shower of rain, large numbers of a winged termite came to the
cage, slowly crawling up the sides, many of them falling a prey to the toads.
Suddenly I noticed a large fly riding on the back of a termite, then another and
another. For a minute this slow ride, the fly sitting quite still, was a puzzle.
Then I saw the meaning of it. The rider waited for the right moment to turn its
horse over and drive its proboscis into it. The fly (Ochromyia spurea) was
evidently active at night and after the swarm of termites. There were at the
cage some smaller but similar flies, possibly the males, all the large predaceous
ones being females. The males did not move, did not attack the termites and
did not approach the females while these were occupied with their meal.

In the forest below Congulu there were several specimens of Caloncoba in
flower, somewhat resembling a Magnolia from afar. The trees were simply
smothered in flowers, and 1 expected them to be as attractive to insects as they
were to me. But there was nothing on them. The male inflorescence of the
Oil Palm, on the other hand, a large brown bundle without any showy colouring,
was full of small beetles ; most of tliem were a Weevil, but there were also a few
Stajjhylinids and Carabids. 1 shook an inflorescence over a bag and counted
several hundred beetles and a few spiders. I never saw anj' beetle on the female
inflorescences, which are on the same tree.

Two species of Tree Squirrels were common in the woods below the Fazcnda,
a brown species (Heliosciurus rujibrar/iialtix brauni. named after my com|)ani()ii)
and a smaller .striped one (H. congicus) ; on the latter we found a new siwcies of
flea. Natives brought me also some s|>ccimeiis of a large black Flying iS(|uirrcl
{Anotmtluriix), with a bcantil'ul long, dense, very soft fur. I'nder the roof of my
room were the .slecpiiig-((uartcrs of a colony of a species of bat lousy with (leas
(if 1 may use this contradiction in terms), both the bat and the flea l)cing widely
distributed common species.

A small woolly bee, black with tawny abdomen, like a miniature ))UMiblebee,
was a nui.sance in my room, where we had our meals. it came in numbers,

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1930. 57

foraging, and crawled into everything eatable, particularly anything sweet,
tumbling into your spoon and cup and being very busy all day long robbing
the larder.

As I wished to find a likely place for camping on the plain below us, we went
for an excursion in the car, winding our way down the escarpment on a good road
connecting Gabela with the two ports, Novo Redondo on the left and Porto
Amboim on the right. At the bottom of the escarpment, where the road forked,
there was a fazenda as railway station and inn, Calaongo. The left road, which
passed into a wood, appeared the more attractive of the two, but after a short
run we were effectively stopped by a broad belt of little runlets looking more like
the overflow of a river than a river itself. While Herr Braun and the chauffeur
tried to find a passage and finally had to turn the car and then tinker with it
because it refused to run smoothly, I wandered about to see what I might bag.
Standing close to a bush from which seemed to come a volume of shrill noise as
if himdreds of cicadas were chirping, and wondering why none flew away —
cicadas being generally very quick to get away when approached in hot sunshine
— I knocked at the bush and nothing happened, the noise going on as before. It
came from the ground, from a ditch behind the bush with a httle water, and there
I found the musicians : tiny frogs (Arthroleplis parmdus). They were spawning
and could easily be caught with the net or the bare hand. I took several dozen,
which did not seem to make any difference to the noise. It was the loudest
continuous sound I have ever heard any creatures make. I had to shout to
make myself understood by Herr Braun. The noise was less metallic than that
of cicadas.

We now took the northward road and came to the Posto Quirimbo, where
the road to Porto Amboim turned westwards at a right angle. The house was
occupied by natives and goats. The surroundings were inviting : bush and
grass on swampy ground, oil palms, patches of dense forest and bush on dry
ground and the rain-forest not far away. We would make enquiries. As luck
would have it, on our way back we overtook a young gentleman carried in a
palanka, who was the officer of the Posto, knew all about us and was ready to
help. He advised us to make our quarters in his old house, the one we had
seen ; he would clear the natives out, have the house cleaned and let us know
when it was ready. A few days after we paid him a call at the new house he had
built for himself on top of a foot-hill of the escarpment and were very hospitably
entertained by him and his wife at an excellent luncheon. The Ufe so far away
from civilization is not an easy one for a gentle lady, though there may be every
comfort in the house and many servants. It was plucky of the young wife to
share the life with a husband whose duties of inspection often take him away
from home. Both husband and wife were as pleasant and sympathetic as
Portuguese generally are, and 1 l(4't their house with my heart full of good wishes
for a liajjpy future.

Our new quarters were well built, the hou.sc consisting of a central room with
a door at the front and another at the back, and a large room each side. The
roof continued down to |)r()t('(t a veranda which ran round three sides of the
house. The cars found .slicUcr in a garage and flic kitchen was ()j)])osite the
house. The rooms in wliich tlie chauffeurs were supposed to sleep had been too
long in ()C(^upation by goats ; the van and the garage \\ ith fresli air were better
quarters. The altitude was only 300 m., very low as compared witli 850 m. of

5S NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

Congulu, which we could dimly see above us. The end of the rainy season was
near, and it was hot day and night. A very clear brook near by provided us with
water and gave us an opportunity to take a cooling bath. The virgin forest was
about J km. distant. The house stood in an oil-palm plantation, which was in
the charge of a native, the plantation not being sufficiently remunerative to be
under the direct management of a European. There was no bare ground e.xcept
on the road and on the drive to the house. Insect-life was more abundant in
daj'time than at Congulu and Moko. On the shady road through the jungle a
species of Euphaedra settled on the leaves of bushes or on the ground, and here
also the bright-red Euryphene coccinata occurred. Along the sunny roadsides
Biblis, Precis and other black-and-orange butterflies fluttered up and down,
visiting flowers, and among them I often saw the Agaristid moth Xanthospilo-
pteryx pardalina, likewise orange and black, looking on the wing very much like
the butterflies, but giving itself away when settling on a flower or leaf with the
wings held in roof-shape like a Noctuid. Several Pierids and I'apilios congre-
gated on wet patches of the roadside. Papilio ridleyanus, which is exactly like
an Acraea when on the wing, could not possibly have been mistaken for anything
else but a swallow-tail when on the mud drinking. The Pierids generally flew
fast up and down the roadsides together with the peculiar Charaxes ekmkei and
Ch. eupale, which both look as white in flight as a Pierid. The brown form of
Charaxes ehmkei was also present, but less abundant ; it is generally regarded
as the dry-season form, which, in this case, was evidently not correct, for some
of the specimens were quite fresh and appeared to have emerged from tlie chrysalis
but a short time ago. As natives began to bring in specimens which required
skinning or bottling, and as our catch of moths at night was generally abundant
and had to be seen to next morning, there was not much time for butterfly-
imnting, and a couple of hours with the net, usually from 11 to 1, were exhausting
at this temperature. As I perspire very freely, the little breeze was cooling ;
but in spots sheltered by the wood or the reeds there was no breeze, only the
quivering air of an oven ; then I made for the shade of the forest, sitting down
on a rock and embracing another, which, by contrast with the outside tempera-
ture, felt as cold as ice.

The first two nights we had the lamp on oiu' veranda. Although some good
species arrived, there was no crowd ; we were too low, and decided to use
for night-work the empty house standing higher up the plantation which had
two stories with a veranda for the upper rooms. As the veranda, which is
dimly visible in the photograph (fig. 31), ran along three sides of the building,
we could always shift the lamp to the lee side, if the usual south-west wind
should change. The light shone over the hushes and into the trees, and the
white-washed walls of the house were an additional attraction for the insects.
Here we sat every night until midnight and after. Below us in the bush a
mongoose of some kind sent its weird cry into the night, probably eyeing us from
a safe shelter. Hat.s were busy competing with us out of reach, and a small
species of ant worked hard all the time to carry away the in.sects which got
accidentally crushed when we tried to put the killing bottle or a pill-box over a
large species which fluttered up and down the gauze cage among a crowd of
small fry. It was enjoyable up there in the dark sweltering night, with new
arrivals every- second. As in other places, Cossids appeared soon alter dark, an
orange-spotted Callocosatis being always hailed with satisfaction. Some common

NOVITAIES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 59

Hawkmoths, like Nephele, Hippotion, D. nerii and H. convolvnli, were likeveise
early. The better Hawkmoths were late (and for that reason perhaps are rarer
in coUections), the most frequent being a species of Praedora, which generally
flopped down and sat stUl, possibly because it is inconspicuous on the ground,
whereas other Hawkmoths violently tumble about and are difficult to secure
without a net. Some Polyptychus and a specimen of Poliana buchholzi arriving
about n>idnight gave zest to the chase and made us forget that we were hot
thirsty and sleepy. Beetles came likewise in numbers, often settling on our
shoulders, crawling up and tickling our neck, when one involuntarily raised the
hand to swipe them away or, as I generally did, to pick them off and have a look
at them . A Bombardier Beetle was not rare, and the explosion of its shot sounded
almost loud when I touched the beetle on my neck. Long-horned grasshoppers
and mantids were always walking about on the cage in several species, the mantids
looking at the light and not trying to catch any of the insects which crowded
around them ; and a small long species of Cicadidae with the middle of the wings
transparent and the apex dark (Rhaphiophora zephyra) looked in the transmitted
liglit like a broken stick. In going back to our quarters we passed along a row of
orange trees and saw sitting on leaf or fruit numbers of the large Yellow Under-
wing (Ophideres), showing up conspicuously in the light of the electric torch.

The nights were uncomfortably warm. If the windows and doors were left
open in order to get a little draught, mosquitoes, and particularly swarms of
midges, a real tormentor, came in, and if they were kept closed after the rooms
had been " flitted," it got unbearably stuffy. Herr Braun suff'ered far more than
I did. My mosquito-net was in order, and I protected myself against the Simu-
liums by a butterfly -net too fine for the fly to crawl through. With doors and
windows open and the breeze just noticeable, it was not so bad on my bed of
palm-leaves, my feet in the sleeping-bag. After we had been a week at Quirimbo,
both of us got eczema of a yellowish colour on the neck and in the face. It
spread over a large part of my companion's face, being especially irritating around
the eyes, so that he could not stand it any longer and went to Gabela to see the
doctor. A cooling unguent soon put us right. On our return to Lobito we
heard that this eczema was of usual occurrence also at Lobito at that time of
the year, and then I guessed its cause : some Meloid beetles allied to the " Spanish
fly " came commonly to the lamp, often crawled up our necks and were picked
off" and thrown away, our hands smearing the cantharidine of these blister-beetles
over neck and face. The veranda of our house was a meeting-place for lizards,
which were also very numerous at the shed where a native was boiling the palm-
nuts, making oil. Our jars, however, were nearly crammed full, as was also a
petrol tin, and we had Httle alcohol left. Therefore we had to .stop pickling,
leaving room for a few specimens we might catch on the way to Lobito. The
fauna of the brook was disappointing ; there were neither fishes nor crabs and
hardly any insects. An Elniid beetle, however, was of .some interest. It was
accidentally discovered l>y Herr Braun wlien taking a bath in tlie brook. At one
place the water jjlunged over a ledge of rock into a pool several feet deep ; the
beetles were on the vertical side of the ledge under the rushing water. When
disturbed by the net, they were carried away a few yards by the water, flew up,
dived into the waterfall, and reached their feeding- or i-esting-place on the rock.
I di.stiirhcd (hem .scvcial times, always with the same result. 'J'lie live beetle
was not wet, the dead and dried ones get wet when submerged. The coating of

00 NovrrATKS Zoolooicae XI.. 1930.

fine hairs was evidently greasy in the live beetles and kept the water off. The
beetle is 8 mm. long, narrow, tapering at both ends, convex above and flat and
somewhat concave beneath. It was, no doubt, in consequence of this shape
and the greasiness of the coat that the force of the falling water did not drive
the diving beetle back but forward.

I am much interested in the tropical forms of the moth-family Zygaenidae
and was always on the look out for them. One day, when after an Agaristid
among the bushes, I noticed a Zygaenid high up on a flowering bush, raised the
net, struck and let the net fall — for I had stepped into boiling water, or what felt
like iti 1 tore away to the road, beat off the largo black ants that ran up my
legs and body, got the leather gaiters off in record time, and removed the ants
which had buried their mandibles in my skin and dosed me with formic acid.
The sting of bees, wasps and the bite of ants are said to be a remedy for rheuma-
tism. Bear the pain in that heat ? Too Spartan. I applied aniinonia.

The district was known to be infested with various diseases, such as sleeping
sickness, malaria and filariosis, and we had to keep our eyes open for the vectors
of these delights of the wilderness. Tsetse settled now and again on my trousers.
Chrysops also was there ; it once took my nose as an object for exploration and
was quickly removed into the killing bottle. These flies are very quiet ; they do
not announce themselves, and I did not notice their approach, especially in the
case of the tsetse ; they are suddenly there on your garments. The flowers of
Papaya trees near our house attracted Sphingidae and some Noctnids at dusk,
but only common species.

When a couple of days had passed without a shower of rain, and the heat
increased and the Simuliums became fiercer than ever, we packed up and said
good-bye to Quirimbo. During the time of our stay at Fazcnda Conguhi, there
was a good deal of rough herbage among the coffee bushes in the forest ; now in
climbing the escarpment on our way to Gabela, we saw that all had been cleared
away ; the plantation looking spick-and-span. We collected our identification
papers at the office of the Gabela circunscri^ao, had a civilized luncheon at
the hotel Saude and left the hills and forests of the escarpment for good.

In order to avoid the rather uninteresting stretch from V'ila Nova de Seles
to Luimbale, we decided on a more northern route via Quibala. We were
in open country, more grassland than bush, and between Gabela and Quibala
some fires were already in progress, consuming grass and shrul)s. Quibala is one
of the older settlements, with an abandoned fort, now unnecessary, the natives
being well in hand since the last disturbance. The hotelier presented to us next
morning a copy of the rescript of the district coininis.sioncr ol (.^uil)ala, according
to which every stranger visiting the place has to report liiinsclf to the office
within 24 hours. Wc certainly did not want to stay in Quibala all the morning.
Interpreting the rescript as applying only to visitors who stay at least 24 hours,
we paid our l)ill and went our way, the hotelier smiling and slirugging his
shoulders. The coinnianilante of the place. I was inloriniMl. had tiic reputation
of being very strict and an excellent road-lmildcr. Wc could do without the
.strictness of officialdom, but were very grateful for the good roads ; they were
indeed very good, (ioing along here at 4(» miles an hour or more just after the
rainy season conjured u]i the memory of the roads in Sonth-W'cst. A coniiiarison,
however, is particularly odi(jus in this ca.se. Jn Angola the roads are being ke])t
in repair by the native population under the sufwrvision of the officials of the

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1935. 61

circunscrigao. The state of the roads, therefore, depends on the administrative
ability and zeal of the district commissioner, the number of natives that can be
conscripted for the work and the suitability of the ground. The work is chiefly
done by women and children, who carry the soil on pieces of bark placed on their
heads. Trees with oblong pieces of the bark missing are a common sight all
along the roads. Such pieces are also turned into cylinders and used as hives for
wild bees, the hives being placed horizontally in forks of trees. Wherever there
is plenty of water, the native population is large, and in consequence the roads
good to excellent. The dry limestone belt near the coast has few inhabitants
and therefore comparatively bad road.s. The brooks and rivers I saw in Angola
run in channels with definite banks, which facilitates bridge-building.

We very gradually ascended to a higher level. At 100 km. from Quibala
we crossed a little river and halted to try our luck. We got several fish, repre-
senting a new species. According to the map, it was the Nhia, a tributary of
the Longa, which reaches the Atlantic 40 or 50 mUes north of Porto Amboim.
Here, far away from forest, we also found Charaxes nichetes, apparently an
inhabitant of the open grassy country with bushes along the water-courses and
damp ditches. Soon the wooded Bimbe Mts. came in sight, where I intended
to camp for a night. However, I did not see a suitable spot during our slow
ascent on a winding road, and when we were on top it seemed hardly worth our
while to drive to a plantation and make camp. So we went on along seisal
plantations to Bailundu, which by now was a familiar dorp to me. As it was
still early in the afternoon we went for a little excursion to the grassland near by
with a definite purpose. The grass is burnt in the dry season, and when it begins
to sprout again the young short-horned grass-hoppers that feed on the young
shoots have been observed to vary from green to black, being an astonishingly
good colour-adaptation to the black stubble and green shoots. I wanted to
ascertain if possible whether the adult grasshoppers in the long dry grass showed
an indication of the burnt-grass coloration. The Orthoptera were evidently rare
at this season ; I got only a small number of specimens at Bailundu, and two
days later on the chalk-ridge near the coast, and none suggested the colour of
burnt grass and fresh shoots. When looking up from my labours with the
sweeping-net in the long grass, what a shock ! My car was on fire and the
chauffeur hard at work to beat the flames out with his cap, in which he miracu-
lously succeeded. The usual carelessness, hghting a cigarette and dropping a
match still burning. Before dinner, when it was getting dark, I saw some
Hawkmoths at the row of Pelargoniums in front of the hotel and caught two,
Nephele aequivalen^ and Xanthopan morgani, which I had not collected elsewhere.

Owing to engine trouble we had some delay in the morning, and as I still
had a few days before it was necessary to be back at Lobito, we travelled more
slowly and made camp during the afternoon at the roadside in the forest between
Luimbale and Balombo. In strolling in the wood looking at flowers I saw on a
tree a large number of caterpillars of the Saturnian Cirina forda. The moonlit
night was beautiful, and looking up from my bed in the silent forest through the
roof of trees into the starry sky gave me a feeling of great peace.

On the way down to Bocoio we nearly ran into a telegraph wire on turning
a corner. The pole was broken, and the wire stretched across the road at the
height of the windscreen ; Herr Braun just managed to pull up in time to avoid
a nasty accident. At Bocoio we had the pleasure of meeting the German Vice-

62 NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

Consul and his wife, whose acquaintance I had made at Lobito, and we heard to
our surprise that it was Whit-Sunday. We did not stay long, as I wished to
reach before dark tlic escarpment with its interesting dry-land flora, where I
intended to camp, as there was a chance to find something we had not collected
before. To our disappointment — or I should say, my disappointment — we found
no place on the escarpment for parking the two vehicles and making a camp,
however primitive. Therefore we crossed the valley and stopped for the night
at the remnants of a house which a doctor had occupied when attending to an
outbreak of some illness among the scanty population this side of the highlands.
It was quite a good spot for camping and collecting, the only drawback being
that the water had to be fetched from the valley, there being no well or brook
near the house. We were on limestone, covered with grass, herbage, acacias,
and creepers, with a few trees, one of them large and well grown in front of the
house. The roof of the house was gone ; inside we found geckos asleep on the
walls and in holes in the walls. A shed snake-skin hanging down a wall frightened
the cook, who had intended to sleep in one of the rooms. During the afternoon
and next morning I collected various Pieridae, the best being a small series of both
sexes of Teracolus walkeri. I slept very well under the tall tree, hands and head
protected by butterfly-nets. When I woke up my companions told me that they
had not been able to .sleep and had passed the night with the moth -lamp burning.
They had caught among other species a Ludia which we had not previously
obtained. Water being scarce, we had to be content with a dry rub down.

The road from Morro de Pondo, as the place wliere we camped was called,
to the coast was in indifferent repair. There was little in the dry grass, a few
Teracoltis and some succulents and other plants I had seen in South-West, for
instance Sesa7nu7n grandiflorum, with large lilac flowers,

We arrived at Lobito in time for luncheon, and being too dirty for the d'ning-
room and too hungry and thirsty to wait until we had had a thorough clean up,
Herr Braun and I had a meal and several drinks in my room, a veritable bank
holiday feast.

In order to get permission to leave the country, the guns and ammunition
had to be taken for inspection to Benguela. The cartridges were counted, and
I was presented with a bill for £7 for those we had used. I did not think
they had cost me so much, but the traveller must contribute to the cost of
administration. Travelling in Angola is safe and pleasant, which is worth a
great deal in a tropical country.

Lobito looked its best ; the vegetation as luxuriant as ever. Strolling in
the hotel garden one evening I noticed some rills in the sand and, following them
up, expected to find earthworms, but it was a black slug, which I found next
morning to be quite abundant in the flower-beds.

I said good-bye to my friends at Lobito who had received me so kindly and
helped me in many ways, and to whom I express here my sincere gratitude, in
particular to Mr. Leo L. Davis and the Portuguese officials.

The specimens collected in South-West and Angola are the property of the
British Museum with the exception of the Lepidoptera, which are in Lord
Rothschild's Museum at Tring. Reports on some groups of the material will appear
as and when the manuscripts are ready for pubhcation. It is not to be expected
that all the insects and other evertebrates will be worked out in the near future.

Fit;. :!il. — L'oftVe luishfs ajiil sliiulr trees at Coiigulii. tlie uuileigrowlh ileared away.

l-ii.. :i(l. - ()il-|iiihii plajilaticiri at yiihiinliu.

yj'

Fli:. .'!!. — Qiiirinih(>: in tliv biukgri>UM(l the cmply limise nu tljn veranda of wliich wo collwteil insects at night.

:tJ. K'Mil liitwccn l.uinilrair iiimI Hcicnici: a |ijirly "f laitivcs. njuslly wrinon anil eliililnn.
wurknig at tlio road uniier an uvcrsoor.

Fit). :i3. — III the publir ganloii at Li)liiti

62*1

'S67

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 63

DR. KARL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-WEST
AFRICA AND ANGOLA:

THE FRESH-WATER FISHES.

By ETHELWYNN TREWAVAS, D.Sc,

Assistant Keeper in the British Museum (Natural History).
(With Plates I and II.)

THE fishes collected by Dr. Karl Jordan on his expedition to Angola and South-
west Africa are in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History),
and have been entrusted to me for description, after prehminary determinations
had been made by Mr. Norman. Seventeen species and subspecies are repre-
sented, eight of which are here described for the first time. A Ust of species
grouped under locahties will be found at the end of this paper.

Our knowledge of the fishes of Angola is due chiefly to the work of Stein-
dachner ' and Boulenger. Boulenger's descriptions up to 1916 are gathered
together in his Catalogue of African Fresh-water Fishes,^ and are based mainly
on the collections of Welwitsch, Ansorge and Wellman. More recently
Nichols and Boulton ' have described a collection made on an e.\pedition sent to
Angola by the American Museum of Natural History, and led by Mr. A. S.
Vernay. Angolan species have also been described by Pellegrin,* Fowler,' and
Norman.'

Nichols and Boulton obtained their Angolan fishes from two localities, one
in the Cuanza system, the other in the Cunene system. As none of their
species was common to the two localities, they advanced tentatively the suggestion
that Angola could be divided into two faunal areas, the northern centring
round the Cuanza, related zoogeographicaUy to the Congo region, the southern
related to South and East Africa. Dr. Jordan's collection has so few species in
common with the American one, and includes such a high percentage of hitherto
undescribed species, that it emphasizes our ignorance of the ichthyology of this
region at the same time that it diminishes it. The watershed from which the
Cuanza, Cuvo, Luculla, and Catumbela flow northwards and westwards may have
a minor importance as a zoogeographical barrier. There is no precise record of
Barbus kessleri to the south of it, but Haplochroytiis philander is recorded from an
affluent of the Cuanza as well as from South-West Africa and other south-tropical
localities, Tilapia sparrmani is recorded from the Que River, as well as from
farther south and east, and Barbus paludinosus is represented in Dr. Jordan's
collection by a single specimen from the Cuvo system, as weU as by numerous
specimens from South-West Africa. Worthington ' and Poll ' have recently
demonstrated the close relationship between tlie fish-faunas of the upper reaches

' Steindachnor, Verli. Zool.-Bot. Qes. Wien, xvi, 186C, pp. 761-771. pis. xiii-xvii.

' Boulenger, Cat. Fnsh-W. Fish. Africa, vols, i-iv, 1910-1916.

' Nichols and Boulton, .4 m. J1/ms. Novit., no. 264, 1927.

< Pellegrin, Hull. Soc. Zool. France, xlvi. 1922, p. 118.

= Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., Ixxxii, 1930, pp. 27-83.

• Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xii, 1923, p. 695.

' Worthington. Ajin. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), xii, 1933, p. 34.

" Max Poll, Ann. Mus. Congo Beige (1), iii, faac. 3, p. 101.

64 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

of the Zambezi and of the southern affluents of the Congo, in Northern Rhodesia
and Katanga ; Angola, in its fauna, has much in common with this region,
and this apphes to the Cunene as well as to more northern rivers. More definite
conclusions must await a far more complete exploration of the streams, rivers,
and marshes of tropical Africa.

In the report which follows I have endeavoured to show the true relation-
ships of new species, and to summarize the distribution of those already known,
in such a way as to make them available for zoogeographical study.

Special interest attaches to certain fishes in the collection. Males and
females of a new species (or subspecies) of Xenopomatichihys provide additional
confirmation of Max Poll's discovery that this name was given to males of the
genus Kneria, and should now be placed in the synonymy of that genus. In
seeking the affinities of the new Micralestes it has been found that several species
are wrongly placed in the genus Petersius, and the necessity for a revision of this
group of Characins becomes apparent. An unpigmented, cave-dwelling Clarias,
which, however, has not lost its eyes, is described. Before naming the Cichlidae
I made a revision, soon to be published, of the species of Haplochromis found in
the rivers and smaller lakes of Africa.

1. Kneria polli sp. n. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2).

Depth of body 5j to 6 in the length, length of head 4| to 5J. Width of
head a httle less than depth at occipital region, if to 2 in length of head. Snout
3 to 3J in length of head, diameter of eye 3^ to 4^, interorbital width 2| to 3.
Eyes lateral. Mature males with a cupped outgrowth on the operculum and a
series of obUque laminae behind the giU-opening ; no spines on the head. Dorsal
2or3-|-7+0orl; origin equidistant from end of snout and base of caudal, above
or immediately behind base of pelvic. Anal 3 + 7-8 -f 0 or 1 ; base equidistant
from origin of pelvic and root of caudal, or a Uttle nearer caudal. Pectoral 1 +
11-13 ; f or nearly as long as head. Pelvic 1 + 7 -f 0 or 1 ; as long as or a httle
shorter than pectoral. 84 to 98 scales in a longitudinal series, 10 to 13 from
origin of dorsal to lateral line, 8 to 10 from lateral line to pelvic. Caudal forked.
Caudal peduncle twice as long as deep. Yellowish ; a series of dark spots,
united by a narrower band, along lateral line or its posterior § ; a'series of 3 to 5
round dark spots on either side of mid-dorsal fine in front of dorsal fin ; sometimes
a spot at origin of dorsal ; fainter dark markings along back and sides ; upper
part of head dark, lower parts of head and trunk pale ; caudal spotted or clear,
other fins clear.

Five males and nine females, 41 to 50 mm. to base of caudal ; also two
immature females and one immatiure male (without the opercular accessory
organ) ; all from a brook at Mt. Moco, Angola (Cuvo River system).

I have pleasure in naming this species after Dr. Max Poll,' who first recognized
the opercular apparatus of Xenopomatichthys to be a character of the mature
male, and not generic. Dr. PoU, however, did not venture to aboUsh the name
Xenopomatichthys without first knowing the sex of the described specimens of
both Kneria and Xenopomatichthys. After examining the British Museum
material, I have no hesitation in uniting the two genera. The types of Xenopo-
mxLtichthys ansorgei are males. The type of Kneria inarmorata and the three
types of K. spekei are females. Two other specimens of K. spekei, 40 and 41 mm.

' Ann. Mus. Congo Beige, iii, 1933, p. 116.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1936. 6S

to base of caudal, have immature gonads. Six specimens of K. cameronensis are
spent fish, in four of which the gonads are empty, membranous sacs ; in the
remaining two a few ova are retained. A specimen of K. skippersi and two of
K. angolensis are small fish with immature gonads.

The possibility arises that A', ansorgei may be a synonym of K. angolensis,
but on the material available it is difficult to decide this with certainty. They
agree in scale-counts and in the position of the dorsal fin. Both species may have
short spines on the head. Steindachner states of the types of K. angolensis that
" der vordere Theil der Schnauze ist ringsum mit kleinen, dohrnahnlichen
Auswiichsen besetzt," perhaps only in the male. The types of A', aruorgei have
such spines, but situated below the eye, extending on to the lower jaw, and a few
immediately in front of the eye. If Steindachner had a mature male he could
hardly have overlooked the opercular apparatus, which is far more conspicuous
than the spines. The spines may perhaps be common to both sexes. PoU
evidently considers the two species to be distinct, for he refers a number of
specimens of both sexes to X. ansorgei and also one to K. angolensis. The
British Museum material of K. angolensis, being immature, is useless for
comparison.

Max Poll (I.e.) refers all his Katangan specimens with the dorsal originating
above the base of the pelvic to Xenopomatichthys auricularis Pellegrin, originally
described from Mozambique. Of these, one large sample, from Lake Mweru,
agrees with the types in scale-counts (60 to 70 in the lateral line), but a second,
from Kansenia, has 75 to 80, and a third, from Efizabethville, has 85 to 90.
These should probably be regarded at least as three subspecies, of which the first
may be identical with the types and the last identical with or very near K. polli.
In the absence of details of proportions and coloration, decision on this point
must be postponed.

2. Micralestes argyrotaenia sp. n. (PI. I, fig. 3).

Depth of body 3^ to 4 in the length, length of head 3^ to 4. Depth of head
1 J to If in its length, width 2 to 2 J. Snout f to |- as long as diameter of eye,
which is 25^ to nearly 3 in length of head, a little greater than interorbital width.
Maxillary not quite reaching vertical from anterior edge of eye. 6 outer and 8
inner teeth in upper jaw, 8 outer and 2 inner in lower. 13 or 14 giU-rakers on
lower part of anterior arch. Dorsal 2 + 8, originating above base of pelvic and
slightly nearer to end of snout than to base of caudal, or at equal distance from
both. Anal 3 -f 16-18. Pectoral about f head, not reaching pelvic. Caudal
peduncle (measured from base of anal) 1| to 1 J as long as deep. 30 to 32 scales
in the lateral Une, 4J from origin of dorsal to lateral line, 2 between lateral line
and pelvic. A silvery lateral band with dark upper edge ; a narrow, dark,
mid-dorsal streak.

Described from six specimens, the types, 48 to 72 mm. to base of caudal,
from an upper reach of the Cunene River, Angola. Fourteen other specimens,
37 to 50 mm. long, from the same locaUty, also belong to this species.

As in some other species of Micralesten Boulenger 1899, and Pelersius
Hilgend. 1894, the anterior and middle rays of the anal fin are longer, stouter
and more curved in the male than in the female ; there is no filamentous
extension.

5

06 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

M. argyrotaenia is closely related to the two Congo species M. woosriami '
(Boulenger 1907) and M. humilis Boulenger 1899, in both of which, however,
the scales do not exceed 30 in number in the lateral hne, and the caudal peduncle
is shorter. M. humilis is recorded by Poll [t.c, p. 120) also from Lake Mweru,
L. Upemba and the rivers that flow into them. M. liiliiae Fowler 1930, of the
Lulua River, has fewer anal rays (3 + 13-15) and fewer gOl-rakers as well as
fewer scales (26 to 29 in the lateral liiie). All these belong to a group of closely
related species, which includes also the widespread 31. acutidens (Peters 1852).

3. Barbus paludinosus Peters 1852.

Barhxia paludinosus BoiJenger, Cat. Fresh-W. Fish. Afr.,n, p. 115, fig. 92 (1911), and iv, p. 251 (1916).

Sixty-four specimens, 38 to 75 mm. in length to base of caudal, from
Satansplatz, S.W. Africa.

Eighteen specimens, 31 to 55 mm. in length to base of caudal, from Voigts-
grimd, S.W. Africa.

One specimen, 50 mm. in length to base of caudal, from a brook at Mt.
Moco, Angola (Cuvo River system).

This species, with a wide distribution in East and South Africa and known
also from the Luapula and Lualaba river systems, has been recorded from the
interior of Benguela (Boulenger) and from the Cunene river system (Nichols and
Boulton).

4. Barbus evansi Fowler 1930.

Barbvs evansi Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad., Ixxxii, 1930, p. 34, fig. 5.

Dr. Jordan's collection contains two specimens, 31 and 33 mm. in length
to base of caudal, from an aiHuent of the Catumbela River, Angola. In them
the body is deeper than in the tj-pe (depth 3J times in the standard length), the
eye, as may be expected in young fish, is relatively larger (3| in length of head),
and the anal fin is sheathed at the base by few large scales instead of by many
small ones as in the type. The lateral line pierces only a few anterior scales of
the longitudinal series. They agree with the type and differ from B. kessleri,
which appears to be their nearest ally, in having only 22 or 23 scales in a longi-
tudinal series, in the broad suborbital bones, and in the position of the dorsal
fin, which is equidistant from the caudal and the posterior edge of the eye.

The species was formerly known only from the type, from the Cuanza
River, Angola.

5. Barbus kessleri (Steindachner 1866).

Pimtitis kessleri Steindachner, Verh. Zool.-bol. Ges. Wien, xvi, 1866, p. 768, p. xiv, fig. 3.
Barbvs kessleri, Boulenger, Cat. Fresli-W. Fish. Afr., ii, p. 138, fig. 115 (1911), and iv. p. 258.

Nineteen specimens, 34 to 50 mm. to base of caudal, from a brook at Mount
Moco, Luimbale district, agree very closely with Steindachner's description and
figxire, and with specimens in the Britisli Museum (Natural History).

1 I have examined tlie types of Petersiiis woosnami, P. ansorgei, P. major and P. ubalo, all of
Boulenger, and a paratype of P. nummijer Boulenger, and find that they all possess a pair of inner
mandibular teeth, and should therefore be transferred to the genus Micralestes. The remaining
species represented in the British Museum (Natural History) are without these teeth, and are true
Pelersius, namely P. conserialis Hilgendorf, P. tangensis Lonnberg, P. caudalis Boulenger, P. pulcher
Boulenger, P. occidentalis Gunther, P. septentrionalis Boulenger, P. xenurus Boulenger and P.
spilopterxis Boulenger. It seems probable that Pelersius is, even so, a polyphyletic genus. Myers
has already made the peculiar P. spilopterus the type of a now genus, Arnoldichthys (Rev. Zool. AJr.,
xiii, 1926, p. 174). Pellegrin's genera Hemigrammalestes (Rev. Zool. Afr., xiii, 1926, p. 138) and
Hemigrammopeiersius (t.c, p. 157) perhaps form together a more natural group.

NoVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 67

The locality of the type is not given more precisely than " Angola." The
specimens listed by Boulenger (1911 and 1916) are all from Angola (Cuanza
system and " Benguella ") and Nichols and Boulton (1927) also record specimens
from the C'uanza system. The Angolan specimens in the British Museum agree
very well with Steindachner's description, but there are also two from Katanga
(see Boulenger, 1920, p. 17) which are not so close. They differ in coloration,
the dark lateral band being very well-marked and extending forwards on to the
snout, and in having a larger head (3^ to 3i in the standard length as against
3f to 4 in typical specimens) ; ' also, in them the posterior barbel does not exceed
in length the diameter of the eye. They agree with the Angolan specimens,
however, in scale and fin-ray counts, and in having two rather conspicuous dark
scales on each side of the base of the dorsal fin. These dark scales are well-
marked in the figure of the type and in all the Angolan specimens, except the
types of B. caudimacula Giinther 1868, one of which is figured in Boulenger's
Catalogue. Poll (I.e., p. 128) also records this species from Katanga.

The scales of the lateral fine (not counting one or two on the caudal fin)
number 25 to 27 in the specimens from the Luculla River, 25 or 26 in the other
Angolan specimens except three of Dr. Jordan's collection, which have only 24.
The two Katanga specimens have 26 and 27.

6. Barbus dorsolineatus sp. n. (PI. I, fig. 4).

Depth of body 3| to 3| in the length, length of head 3^ to 3|. Snout shorter
than diameter of eye, which is 3 to 3f in length of head. Interorbital width
3 to 3J in length of head, length of lower jaw 21 to 2^. Lower jaw included ;
maxillary extending to below anterior edge or anterior \ of eye ; two barbels at
each side, the anterior | to as long as diameter of eye, the posterior from as long
to 1| as long. 25 to 28 scales in a longitudinal series, 4i from origin of dorsal to
lateral hne, 2| or 3 between lateral line and origin of pelvic, 11 or 12 round caudal
peduncle. Scales radially striate. Dorsal 3 + 7 ; third simple ray bony, serrate,
its rigid part 4 to f length of head ; dorsal midway between base of caudal and
some part of pupil (rarely anterior part of ej'e). Scales at base of dorsal not
conspicuously enlarged or pigmented. Anal 3 + 5. Pelvics originating below
origin of dorsal. Caudal crescentically forked. Caudal peduncle \\ to 1§ as
long as deep. Colour darker above ; a dark stripe before dorsal fin ; parietal
region dark ; a spot at base of caudal ; a grey streak extending forwards from
this towards head, sometimes bearing one or two dark spots ; a larger spot below
origin of dorsal ; a spot at anterior end of lateral line and often another a little
behind this.

Described from twenty-five specimens, 25 to 52 mm. in length to base of
caudal, fourteen of which, the types, are from an affluent of the Catumbela River,
the others from a locality 20 km. E. of Bocoio. Eight young fish, 13J to 20i mm.
to base of caudal, also belong to this species. They are without dark spots
except that at base of caudal.

This species is evidently related to B. kessleri, with which it agrees in the
scale-counts, but from which it difl'ers in having a larger head, and a shghtly
larger mouth, and in the coloration. In one or two of the smaller specimens the
lateral line is incomplete.

' Bouloiigor gives :1J to 4, but among his spocimoiis I find iiono in wliifh tho head is contained
less than 3| times in the standard length.

68 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

7. Baxbus wellmani Boulenger 1911.

Barbus wellmani Boiilenger, Cat. Fresh-W. Fish. Afr. ii, p. 137, fig. 114 (1911).

Six specimens, 52 to 68 mm. to base of caudal, from a clear brook at Mt.
Moco (Cuvo River system), agree very well with the types. In the types and
the new specimens I measure the bony interorbital region as from a little more
than 3 to 3J in length of head, thus differing from Boulenger, who probably
included the flap of skin over the eye.

The species was hitherto known only from the types, from the interior of
Benguela at an altitude of 4,000-5,000 ft.

8. Barbus breviceps sp. nov. (PI. I, fig. 5).

Depth of body 3 J in the length, length of head 4 J^. Snout as long as diameter
of eye, which is J length of head. Interorbital width nearly 3 in length of head,
lower jaw 3. Mouth subterminal ; two barbels on each side, anterior h, posterior
IJ diameter of eye. Dorsal 3 + 1, equidistant from caudal and nostrO ; third
ray not enlarged, not serrate, a Uttle shorter than head. Anal 3 + 5. Pectoral
f length of head, not reaching pelvic, the base of which is below anterior half of
dorsal. Caudal peduncle If as long as deep. Scales with numerous, radiating

51
striae, 33 --? , 3 J between lateral line and pelvic, 13 round caudal peduncle. Brown

above, silvery beneath ; a small dark spot at base of caudal and a grey streak
from this nearly to head, parallel with Une of vertebral centra. Lateral Une
almost straight, not pigmented.

Described from a single specimen, 50 mm. to base of caudal, from a brook,
100 km. S.E. of Quibala, Angola, Longa River system.

Five yoimg fish from the same locaUty also belong to this species, which
differs from B. unitaeniatus Giinther 1866 in the smaller head and smaller eye,
and in the fewer branched rays in the dorsal fin, and from B. inermis Peters 1852 in
the deeper body and fewer dorsal rays. Of the species with 7 branched rays in
the dorsal it is perhaps nearest to B. motebensis Steind. 1894 (from the Transvaal),
which, however, has more scales below the lateral line and a larger head.

9. Barbus mocoensis n. sp. (PI. II, fig. 6).

Depth of body 4 to 4J in the length, length of head 3j to 4. Snout as long

as or a Uttle longer than diameter of eye, which is 3§ to 4^ in length of head ;

interorbital width 3 to 3J in length of head. Mouth terminal, its width about

3i to 4 times in length of head. Two barbels on each side, anterior about J,

posterior f to as long as diameter of eye. Dorsal 3 + 7, equidistant from root of

caudal and from anterior part of eye or nostril ; last simple ray not enlarged,

§ to f length of head. Anal 3 + 5. Pectoral shorter than head, not reaching

pelvic, the base of which is below anterior half of dorsal. Caudal peduncle If to

5— 5i
twice as long as deep. Scales with radial striae, 32 or 33 . ,, 3 or 3J between

43-5^

lateral Une and pelvic fin, 12 or 13 round caudal peduncle. Brown above, silvery

beneath ; a dark spot at base of caudal, from which a dark streak extends

forwards nearly to head, foUowing the Une of the vertebral centra ; four or five

fainter pigment streaks along the longitudinal series of scales.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936. 69

Thirty -six specimens, 35 to 52 mm. in length to base of caudal ; from a clear
brook belonging to the Cuvo River system, at Mt. Moco, Angola.

This species is quite distinct from B. unUaenialus , which has a larger eye,
8 branched rays in the dorsal fin, and the longest dorsal ray from a little shorter
than the head to a little longer. The barbels are also shorter than in most
specimens oi B. iniitaeniatns. In coloration and in the shortness of the barbels
it resembles B. burgi Boulenger 1911 of Cape Colony, but in B. biirgi the mouth
is inferior and the scales above the lateral line are larger (4 or 4 J from origin of
dorsal to lateral line).

10. Barbus lineomaculatus Boulenger 1911.

Barbus lineotnacvlatua Boulenger, Cat. Fresh-W. Fish. Afr. ii, p. 159, fig. 136 (1911), and iv, p. 266
(1916).

The types are from the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro, and further specimens
are recorded from Tanganyika territory, Katanga and Northern Rhodesia
(Solwezi River).

Dr. Jordan's collection contains six specimens, 26 to 40 mm. in length to
base of caudal, from an upper reach ' of the C'unene River, Angola. They agree
very well with the Katanga specimens of B. lineonwcidutus, and are placed with
this species on the length of the barbel and the rather slender form (depth 3 J to
4 in the length). The scales number 27 to 29 in the lateral line, 4| or 5i fi-om
origin of dorsal to lateral line, 2| or 3 between lateral line and pelvic. The
anterior barbel is about as long as the diameter of the eye, the posterior 1^ to IJ
times as long. The diameter of the eye is contained 2| to 3 times in the head.
The caudal peduncle is twice or nearly twice as long as deep. There are four to
six, usually four, dark spots along the middle of the side, a fainter one at the
anterior end of the lateral line, a dark sjjot at the origin of the dorsal fin and a
larger one at the base of the anal. The upper scales and sometimes also those of
the lateral line are pigmented basally. The dorsal fin formula is 3+8. the anal 3 + 5.

The relationship between the specimens assigned to B. iniitdeniatiis and B.
lin-eomaciddtu.'i is probably not correctly expressed by dividing them between
the two specific names. The species were distinguished in Boulenger "s C'otalof/iic
(1911) by the coloration and by the length of the barbel, which was stated
to be 1 to 1 J times the diameter of the eye in B. unitaeniatus, \l to twice in
B. lineoindciilfitii.s. The scales of the lateral line were given as 30 to 33 in
B. unitaeniatus, 30 to 32 in B. lineomaculatus.

Subsequently Worthington (1933, p. 44) recorded thirty-two specimens of
/}. ui>il(ti'fii<ifi(.i from the IjUiijiula Riv(>r system having 29 or 30 scales in the
lateral line, and 1 find that, of the speciniciis recorded by Boulenger in vol. iv
of his Cutulogup (19l(!), two from the Luculla River, and four liom Banga Ngola,
Angola, as well as two from Zululand, have 27 to 29. Also the specimens of
/?. Unrottinciihitiix from Katanga and Rhodesia have 27 to 30 scales. The range
of variation in scale-counts for both s])c(ies is thus 27 to 32 or 33. The length
of the barbels does not .seem to be correlated with scale-counts ; in the Angolan
specimens of B. unitucniatttf, from the Bengo and Lui^ulla Rivers, with 30 to 32
scales, the posterior barl)cl is not longer than the diameter of the eye, in a Zululand
specimen with 34 scales it is a httle longer ; in the Angolan specimens with
27 to 30 scales it is about \\ the dinnictcr of the eye, in the Zululand specimens

' Probably the t'luindo R.. rf. p. .''il.

70 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

with 27 to 29 scales it is as long as the diameter of the eye or a little longer ;
in the Luapula River-system specimens it is once to 1| as long. The Luapula
River specimens, however, differ from those of Dr. Jordan's collection here assigned
to B. liyuomaculatus in having a smaller eye (3 to 3| in length of head), and in
this they differ also from most small specimens of £. uniiaeniatus, but agree with
them in having a rather deep, compressed body.

In considering the geographical distribution of these little fishes, their Uke-
nesses are perhaps more important than their differences, and they should be
thought of as a single systematic unit liable to develop local peculiarities. Such
close resemblances as are apparent between the Angolan and Zululand specimens
of B. unitaeniaUts and between the East African, Central African, and Angolan
specimens of B. lineovuiculatus make it impossible, in the present state of our
knowledge, to define subspecies.

Farther afield, the relationships of this B. miitaeniatus-lineoinaculatus group
are with B. trispilos (Bleeker 1863) {Gold Coast and Niger Delta), B. tetrastigma
Boulenger 1913 (Upper Congo), in which the caudal peduncle is both shorter and
deeper, and B. quadrifunctatus Pfeff. 1896 (East Africa), in wliich the barbels are
much shorter.

B. inerrnoides Nichols and Boulton 1927, from the Cunene system, is evidently
related to B. UHiiaeniatus and B. Uneomacnlalus, and may be identical with the
latter. B. tristigmaturus Fowler 1934 from Natal is also very near B. lineonmcii-
laius.

11. Clarias dumerilii Steindachner 1866.

C. dumerilii, Boulenger, Cat. Fresh-W. Fish. Afr. ii, p. 257, fig. 213 (1911), and iv, p. 286 (1916).

Four specimens in Dr. Jordan's collection, 137 to 250 mm. in length to base
of caudal, from Mt. Moco (Cuvo River system), Angola. ^

One of these is larger than the specimens recorded by Boulenger, and differs
from them in certain proportions, as follows : Length of head 4 J in the standard
length, diameter of eye 8 times in iuterorbital width.

The type (in Viemia) is fi'om Angola, and Boulenger's specimens are from
Old Calabar, Lower Congo, and Angola.

12. Clarias cavemicola sp. n. (PI. II, figs. 7, 8, 9).
Depth of body 6| to 8 J in the length, length of head 4^ to 4|. Head 1 J to
I'i times as long as broad, smooth. Occipital process acutely pointed, but a
little broader than long. Frontal fontanelle of variable size and shape, more or
less sole-shaped, its length 3i to 4i in length of head ; occipital fontanelle some-
times extending on occipital process. Eyes variously developed, their diameter
6 to 10 times in iuterorbital width ; often sunk in the socket, with the surface
skin more or less opaque ; upper rim of orbit usually distinct but lower often
vague. Interorbital width 2J to 2| in length of head, width of mouth from a
little more than 2 to 2g. Nasal barbel | to nearly as long as head, maxillary
IJ to IJ as long, outer mandibular about IJ, inner | to nearly as long. Prae-
maxUlary band of teeth about 4| times as long as broad. Vomerine teeth forming
a curved band with a median posterior process, or (young) in two groups. 12 to
15 giU-rakers on anterior arch. Clavicles concealed. Dorsal 72-76, its distance
from occipital process J to 5 length of head, ending at root of caudal. Anal

' Common in the neighbourhood of Mt. Mooo ; the natives brought specimens for us to eat :
qiiitn fjond frird. Tho specimens sent to the B.M. were caught by myself in a trap. — K. J.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 71

60 to 73, in contact with caudal. Pectoral | to nearly J length of head, the spine
feebly serrated on the outer side, strongly on the inner, | to | length of fin.
Distance of pelvic from caudal IJ to 1§ that from tip of snout. No pigment,
except in the eyes.

Described from six specimens, 106 to 130 mm. to base of caudal. There
are twelve other specimens from the same locality, Aigamas Cave, north of Otavi.

The abdomens of all these are swoUen and the dark contents of stomach and
intestine show through the colourless skin. In tliree specimens examined the
stomach was full of fragments of fairly uniform size, most of which are parts of
the dark-brown exoskeletons of insects. These are contained in the excrements
of the baboons frequenting the cave. None of the fragments suggested that the
prey had been taken whole and alive except a complete insect in a pupal case, a
curved white grub, and a flatworm. The debris included several white egg-shells
measuring about 2 x 1 mm.

In numerical characters and in the positions of the fins C. cavernicola agrees
with C. alhanuli Boulenger 1906 of Lake Victoria, but this has longer barbels, a
more acute occipital process and a more strongly serrated pectoral spine. In
C. suhmarginutiis Peters 1882 (Cameroon) the interorbital region is wider, and the
dorsal fin is more distant from both head and caudal. C. dumerilii Steindachner
(Angola) differs in the same ways and also has fewer fin-rays. From all these
species, C. cavernicola is further distinguished by having no pigment and by the
degeneration of the eyes. The blind Clariid fish Uegitglanis zammaranoi Gian-
ferrari (1923), of Italian Somaliland, appears to be related to Oymnallahes Giinther
1867.

13. Amphilius lentiginosus sp. n. (PI. II, figs. 10, 11).

Depth of body G\ to 6J in the length, length of head Sf to 4. Head very
slightly longer than broad. Snout broadly rounded, | length of head. Diameter
of eye 8§ to 9i in length of head, 2^ to 2\ in interocular width, which is 3| to
3i in length of head ; posterior nostril nearer to eye than to end of snout.
Maxillary barbel a Uttle more than J length of head, outer mandibular i, inner ^.
Dorsal 1 + 7, its distance from root of caudal If to 1 J that from tip of snout.
Adipose dorsal 1.' length of rayed dorsal, twice or 2f its own length distant from
latter. Anal 3 + 6. Pectoral | length of head, longer than pelvic, which begins
at a distance behind dorsal equal to \ length of latter. Caudal emarginate, with
rounded lobes. Caudal peduncle, measured from end of base of anal, twice as
long as deep. A row of papilla-like folds of skin at base of caudal. Throat,
belly and imdersides of pectoral and pelvic fins pale ; rest of body, head and
fins covered with small dark spots, over a fainter piebald pattern (which is the
same in both specimens).

Two specimens, 1 1.5 and 118 mm. in length to ba.se of caudal, from a brook
at Mt. Moco (Cuvo River .system).'

Perhaps nearest to A.-nntalensis Boulenger, but differing from tliis especially
in the more slender caudal peduncle and the shorter adipose fin. The papillae
at the base of the caudal fin are absent in A. nalalrv.tis, A. phih/chir Giinther
1864 and .1. grandis Boulenger 19(1.'), but are present, iind more elongate, in
-•1. gmmmatupliorus Pellegrin 1913 and A. lovgirostrits Boulenger 1901, and :\\c
weakly developed in ^4. opislhophthalmns Boulenger 1919.

' Obtiiiiiod tognllipr witli Cfnriaft dumerilii in a tnip iilno(*(l in tho clonr brook, tho l)o(toin of
which is covorod willi pi'hl)le.s niul atonos, — K. .T.

72

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

14. Tilapia guinasana sp. n.

Depth of body 2J to 2f in the length, length of head from a little less than
3 to 3J. Snout from a little longer than diameter of eye to 1 1 as long. Diameter
of eye 4 to 5 in length of head, depth of preorbital 4J to 4^, interorbital width
2| to 3 J, length of lower jaw 2| to nearly 3. Jaws equal anteriorly ; maxillary
not extending to below eye. Teeth in 4 to 7 series, outer bicuspid, inner tricuspid,
52 to 58 in outer series of upper jaw. 1 or 2 series of scales on cheek. 8 to 11
very short gill-rakers on lower part of anterior arch. Lower pharyngeal teeth
small, close-set. 27 or 28 scales in a longitudinal series, 3 from origin of dorsal
to lateral Une. Dorsal XII-XIV 10-11; last spine less than ^ length of head.
Anal III 8-10 ; third spine less than | length of head. Pectoral not reaching
anal. Caudal truncate or rounded-subtruncate. Caudal peduncle ^ to as long
as deep. Uniformly blackish or particoloured ; or, occasionally, with faint traces
of a black band from operculum to caudal and another on upper lateral Une.

Thirty-two specimens, 60 to 137 mm. in total length, from Lake Guinas,
South-West Africa (W. of L. Otjikoto and Tsumeb, altitude 1,270 m.).

Fishes of less than 85 mm. are included for numerical characters only.
They have a relatively larger eye (diameter 3| in length of head in a 60-mm. fish),
and fewer teetii (in the same fish, 32 in the outermost of 3 series in the upper
jaw). Otherwise they agree with older fishes.

The low numbers of gill-raker.s, of dorsal spines and of scales on the cheek
show the relationship of 7\ guinasana to T. sparrmani A. Smith 1840, the iypa
of which came from Namaqualand. In T. sjHvrmain of the same size ' the head
is smaller (3J to 3J in the length), the snout shorter (from less than diameter
of ej'e to 1^ as long), the eye larger (3f to 4J in length of head), the preorbital
narrower (4§ to 6 in length of head), and the teeth in 3 or 4, rarely 5, series. On
the cheek there are always 2, occasionally 3, series of scales. There is also a
notable difference in numbers of dorsal fin-rays, as the following table shows.

Dorsal fin -rays.

Tilapia guinasana
(32 specimens).

T. sparrmani
(40 specimens).

T. sparnyuini

(.57 specimens),

recorded by Poll.=

Total 22
23
24
25
26

4
5
23
0
0

0

1

6

25

8

—

Spines XII
XIII
XIV
XV

9

21

2

0

0

1
29
10

0

1

47
9

The number of dorsal rays in the type of T. sparrmani was given as XIII t).
The intestine in T. guinasana is long, coiled and thin-walled, and is found

1 Those meaRurGmcntB wero mndo on 16 specimens of T. sparrmani. 90 to 140 mm. long, from
L. BQng^veulll, Uppor Zambezi, Katanga, Angola, Namaqualand, Rhodesia and Transvaal. Tilapia
deschauenseei Fowler 1930, from Bechuanaland, is very near, and probably identical with T. sparrmani.

2 Poll, t.c, p. 141.

NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 73

to contain the fine remains of vegetable matter, including numerous diatoms.
In a specimen of 107 mm. the intestine is over 5 times the total length of the fish.

15. Haplochromis philander dispersus subsp. n.

Paratilapia moffaii (not Castelnau) ' Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1898, p. 140; PeUegrin,

Mim. Soc. Zool. France, xvi, 1904, p. 259.
Tilapia philander (part.) Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land. 1899, p. 136 : Pellcgrin, t.c, p. 340.
Tilapia oralis (not Steindachner) ^ Boulenger, Poiss. Bass. Congo, p. 461 (1901); Cat. Freah-W.

Fish. Afr. iii, p. 208, fig. 133 (191.5) ; PeUegrin, t.c, p. 319 ; Gilchrist and Thompson, Ann. S.

Afr. Mvs., xi, 1917, p. 505, fig. 131.
Haplochromis nwffati (part.) Boulenger, Tr. Zool. Soc. Land., xviii, 1911, p. 415; Cat. Fresh-W.

Fish. Afr. iii, p. 300 (1915) ; Gilchrist and Thompson, I.e., p. 514 ; Regan. Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. (9), X, 1922, p. 257.
Haplochromis mafjali Schreitmiiller, Bl. Aqu. Terr. K., xxiii. 1912, p. 724. fig.

Dr. Jordan's collection contains five specimens, two full-grown (89 and 91
mm.) and three young (24 to 40 mm.), firom Lake Otjikoto, South-West Africa.'

This subspecies is known from the rivers and lakes of Transvaal, Bechuana-
land, Rhodesia, Katanga and Angola. It differs from H. philnnder philander
(Weber 1897), from Natal and Mozambique, but slightly, in having a smaller
mouth, with shorter premaxillary pedicels (nearly 3|- to 4 in length of head as
against 3 to nearly 3J in H. philander philander).

10. Haplochromis philander luebberti (Hilgendorf 1902).

Paratilapia liiehherii Hilgendorf, Sitz. Ber. Oes. natiirf. Fr. Berlin, 1902, p. 141 ; Boulenger, Cat.

Fresh-\V. Fish. Afr. iii, p. 350 (1915). '
Haplochromis moffati (part.), Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), x. 1922, p. 257.

Dr. Jordan's collection contains about forty specimens, 33 to 80 ram. in
total length, from Otavifontein, South-West Africa.'

This subspecies, hitherto unrepresented in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
is known only from tiie neighbourhood of Otavi. From H. philander dispersus
it differs mainly in the higher numbers of dorsal spines (XV or XVI as against
XIII to XV in H . p. dispersus).

LIST OF THE FISHES COLLECTED

South-West Africa

Barhus palndinosns Peters 1852, Voigtsgrund and Satansplatz, Fish R. system,

affluent of Orange River.
Clarias cavernicola sp. nov., Aigaraas Cave, north of Otavi.
Tilapia guinnsana sp. nov.. Lake Guinas, west of Tsumeb.
Haplochromis philander dispersus subsp. nov., Lake Otjikoto.
Haplochromis philander luebberti (Hilgendorf 1902), Otavifontein.

' Chromys moffuii Cnstclnau (Puiss. Afr. Amir., p. 10, 18B1) was iiisumcioiitly doscrihed, but it
IS irnpnibablo that it ia tliia small spocios o( Ilaplnchrmnis, for Castolnau's s|ioriinon was HO nun.
long, and ho states tluit the Cnpe Musnum has ono of Iwico that longth. No siieciinpn of //. philnmler
18 known to oxcood 1 12 mm. total length. C. moffali is probably a Tilapia.

^ Chrotnis ovahs Steindnrhnor 1800 is a synonym of Tilapia sparrmnni \. Smith 1840.
RopoHod to be plentiful i„ L. otjikoto. but we saw very few. The pumping stotion installed
at the Lake may have desfroyed the fish, or the water may have boon poisoned by the eamion, etc.,
thrown nito the lake by tlin German eontingont before surrendermg.— K. J.

< In numbers m tho little pool near tho police station, nono in tho swift-running brook from
this pool to tho farm, but again in numbers in tho bathing pool ot the farm'; e\idently prefers quiot
water. JIany with young in tho mouth.— K. J.

74 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

Angola.
A brook at Cuito, Mt. Moco, Luimbale, Cuvo River system.

Kneria polli sp. nov.

Barbns paludinosus Peters 1852.

Barbus kessleri (Steindachner 1866).

Barbns wellmani Boulenger 1910.

Barbus mocoensis, pp. nov.

Clarias dumerilii Steindachner 1866.

Amphilius leniiginosiis, sp. nov.
A brook south-east of Quibala, Longa River system, probably Nhia River,
affluent of Longa River.

Barbus breviceps, sp. nov.
A brook between Lepi and Ganda, Catumbela River system.

Barbus dorsolineatns, sp. nov.

Barbus evansi Fowler 1930.
A brook 20 km. east of Bocoio, probably Balombo River system.

Barbus dorsolineatus sp. nov.
A small river west of Nova Lisboa, affluent of Cunene River.

Micralestes argyrotaenia sp. nov.

Barbus lineomaatlatus Boulenger 1903.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES I AND II

PI. I. Fig. 1. Kneria polli sp. nov., female, 54 mm.

2. Kneria polli sp. nov., male, 58 mm.

3. Micralestes argyrotaenia sp. nov., female, 91 mm.

4. Barbus dorsolineatus sp. nov., 64 mm.

5. Barbns breviceps sp. nov., 60 mm.
PI. II. Fig. 6. Barbus mocoensis sp. nov., 65 mm.

7. Clarias cavernicola sp. nov., 147 mm.

8. Clarias cavernicola, dorsal view of head of another specimen.

9. Clarias cavernicola, premaxillary {a) and vomerine (b) teeth of

a specimen 122 + 15 mm.

10. Amphilius lentiginosus sp. nov., 142 mm.

11. Amphilius lentiginosus, dorsal view of head.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGIOE, Vol. XL. 1936.

Pl.l.

9 1.

JthnM* Sgn* A C>Mk-tei» LM LMkn

NOVITATES ZoOLOGIC^, Vol. XL, 1936.

PI. II

ii'1 • 9a. »■-►»<■

9b

I

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1936. 76

DR. KARL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
AND ANGOLA: MAMiLALS.

By jane ST. LEGER, F.Z.S.

Department of Zoology, British Museum {Natural History).

HE series of Mammals collected for the British Museum on the Expedition

T

contains several species of particular interest. The specimens of two
squirrels belonging to the genera Anomaluriis and Heliosciurus represent new
subspecies recently described by me from this material. Until Dr. Jordan obtained
Anomalurus in Western Angola, the Flying Squirrel was not known to occur west
of the Congo basin. The capture of Platymops haagneri at the Waterberg,
Nasilio brachyuriis at Mt. Moco, Tateromi schinzi at Lobito, and Leggada bella
induta at Biillsport has also considerably extended the known range of these
mammals.

I. SOUTH-WEST AFRICA.

Localities : Biillsport (or Buellesport), at the foot of the Naukluft Mts.
HofFnung, a large farm, east of Windhoek, 1,800-2,000 m.
Klein Windhoek, east of Windhoek, i 1,700 m.
Maltahohe, 280 km. south of Windhoek.
Naukluft Mts., about 240 km. south-west of Windlioek.
Otjosongombe, Waterberg, -^ 1,600 m.
Otavifontein, east of Otavi, 1,400 m.
Satansplatz, south of Voigtsgrund.
Sissekab, north-west of Otavi.
Swakopmund, at mouth af Swakop R.
Windhoek, + 1,650 m.
Voigtsgrund, 40 km. east of Maltahohe.

1. Hipposideros commersoni Geoff. 1813.

Sissekab ; one specimen in alooliol. On the wall of the veranda, in day-
time. Another specimen in Aigamas cave, dead. K. J.

2. Hipposideros caffer caller Sundev. 1846.

Otjosongombe ; a male, no. 30. Flying over a pond in company of the

two following species. K. J.

3. Rhinolophus aethiops Peters 1868.

Otjo,snng()ni))o and Kk'iii Windhoek ; 2 specimens. The bats collected at

KUein Windlioek were foiiiul in t he water tunnels in Herr Blaschke's garden. K. J.

4. Rhinolophus geoffroyi augur Anderson 1904.
Otjosongombe ami Klein \Vin<lli(iek ; 2 specimens.

T). Nycteris damarensis Peters 1870.
Klein W indlioeU : 3 specimens.

76 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

6. Miniopterus natalensis smitianus Thomas 1927.

Klein Windhoek ; 8 specimens. The Miniopterus and Nycteris were in

one tunnel and the two Rhinolophus in the other, aU four species in numbers.

7. Platyniops (Sanromys) haagneri Roberts 1917.

Otjosongombe ; one female, no. 39.

This bat, I believe, has only been recorded previously from the typical
locality, Keetmanshoop, and from the Great Brukaros Mts., both places in the
south of the country, where they were collected by Captain G. C. Shortridge.
Otjosongombe lies more than 800, km. farther north.

Austin Roberts has formed the subgenus Saurornys for the two South
African bats haagneri and petrophihis, which he differentiates from Pkdymops
macmillani (Ann. Transv. Mus., vol. 6, p. 5, 1917) on account, among other
characters, of the presence of the small premolar {pm=) in the upper jaw. In
Platyniops macmillani Thomas 1906, which is the genotype of Platymops Thomas
1906, a minute pm' is present, although only perceptible with a strong lens, and
apparently not discovered by Thomas when he described P. macmillani. This
premolar is mentioned by Miller (" Families and Genera of Bats," in Bidl. 57,
U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 254, 1907), who describes it as " a minute (sometimes de-
ciduous) spicule considerably smaller than cingulum of canine." In the sub-
genus Saurornys this premolar is well formed and visible without a lens.

Flying over the pond in the garden. K. J.

8. Aethechinus frontalis Smith 1830.

Hoffnung ; 1 specimen. Found in a small nest made of dry grass under

a .slab of stone. There was a single flea on it, whicli jumped away and was
lost. K. J.

9. Crocidura hirta Peters 1852.

Otjosongombe and Otavifontein ; 3 specimens.

The specimens seem to be indistinguishable from the grey phase of this widely
distributed shrew, of which the typical locality is Tette, Port. E. Afr.

10. Panthera pardus shortridgei Pocock 1932.
Hoffnung ; skull of a female.

11. Proteles cristatus Sparrm. 1785.
Skull of female. In the hills towards Bellerode. K. J.

12. Ictonyx striata Shaw isoo.
Voigtsgrund ; one female, no. 58. Baited with an egg. K. J.

13. Cynictis peuicillata bradfieldi Roberts 1924.
Hoffnung ; one male, no. 44.

14. Myonax cauii bradfieldi Roberts 1932.
Otjosongombe ; 1 specimen. Almost topotypical, the subspecies being
described from an animal killed on Quickborn Farm. Baited with an egg. K. J.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XL. 1936. 77

15. Paraxeras cepapi sindi Thomas & Wroughton 1908.
Sissekab and Otavifontein ; 3 specimens.

16. Desmodillus auricularis Smith 1834.
HofFnung ; one male, no. 17.

17. Gerbillus swalius oralis Thomas & Hint. 1925.

Swakopmund ; one female, no. 74. In the hillocks formed by Mesem-

bryanthemum salicornioides near the shore ; many burrows on higher and firmer
ground. K. J.

18. Thallomys demarensis De Winton 1897.
Otjosongombe, Naukluft Mts., and Satansplatz ; 4 specimens.

19. Aethomys namaquensis namaquensis Smith 1835.
Otavifontein, Maltahohe, and Hoffnung ; 3 specimens.

20. Aethomys namaquensis siccatus Thomas 1926.
Satansplatz ; 6 specimens. Under heajjed-up stones. K. J.

21. Mastomys coucha bradfieldi Roberts 1926.

Otjosongombe ; C specimens. In the reeds around the pond in the

garden. K. J.

22. Leggada bella induta Thomas 1910.

Biillsport ; one female, no. 5(1. Shortridge gives Gobabis district and

Karibib as the southern (known) limit of distribution. Biillsport is 240 km.
farther south than Karibib. K. J.

23. Mus musculus L. 1758.
Voigtsgrund ; one female, no. 57.

24. Saccostomus andersoni De Winton 1898.
Okahandja ; one female, no. 73.

25. Cryptomys damarensis lugardi De Winton 1898.

Otjosongombe ; 8 specimens. Variable in the amount of white. All the

specimens trapped in one spot of the valley. K. J.

26. Petromys typicus tropicalis Thomas cfe Hint. 1925.

Biillsport ; 3 skins and 5 skulls. Also seen and collected near Windhoek

in rocky places. K. J.

27. Lepus capensis damarensis Roberts 1926.

Hoffnung ; one male, no. 18.

Hoffnung Farm is about 100 km. distant from, but in the same mountain
range as, Quickborn Farm, from which locality Austin Roberts described this
hare as L. zuluerisis damarensis. I refer it, however, to the capeiisis-group, on

78 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 193G.

account of the red colouring of the legs and feet, which is absent from the zuluensis-
group. The specimen from Hoffnung Farm is less red on the legs and sides than
L. c. mandahis Thomas 1926 from Berseba, but shows more red colouring than
L. 2. hereto Thomas 1926, which subspecies it resembles in the presence of white
patches in front of and behind the eyes.

28. Procavia capensis windhuki Brauer 1914.
Hoflfhimg and Naukluft ; 6 specimens.

II. ANGOLA.

LocaUties : Congulu, Coffee plantation on escarpment about 85 km. from Porto
Amboim, rain forest, 700-800 m.

Lobito, harbour.

Mt. Moco (Moko), Cuito, district of Luimbale, 1,800-1,900 m.

Quirimbo, 75 km. from Porto Amboim, i 300 m., OU Palm planta-
tion, edge of rain forest.

1. Galago crassicaudatus monteiri Gray 1863.

Mt. Moco ; 2 males, nos. 26a and 43, and 3 flat skins.

Quirimbo ; one female, no. 127.

The series from Mt. Moco shows considerable variabUity in the amount of
brown colouring on head and dorsal surface. In no. 43 there is scarcely a trace
of brown colour on the head, and the fur of the shoulders and back is pale grey,
whilst in one of the three unnumbered skins from the same locality there is a well-
marked patch of chocolate brown between the ears, and the whole dorsal surface
and Umbs are distinctly washed with the brown colour. These three skins were
purchased from natives who came into camp at Mt. Moco, but who may have
travelled some distance ; the original locality of these skins, therefore, is doubtful.

2. Galago moholi Smith 1939.
Congulu ; one male, no. 122.

3. Rousettus angolensis Bocage 1898.
Congulu ; 4 specimens.

4. Hipposideros gigas Wagner 1845.
Congulu ; one male, no. 96.

5. Hipposideros caffer angolensis Bocage 1897.
Congulu ; one male, no. 94.

6. Nycteris hispida Schreber 1775.
Mt. Moco.

7. Pipistrellus anchietae Sebra 1900.
Congulu ; 10 skins and 6 juv. ui spirit.

NoviTATKS Znoi^niCAK XL. 1936. 79

s. Eptesicus bicolor Bocage 1889.
Mt. Moco ; one female, no. 26.

9. Chaerephon liinbatum Peters 1852.
Congulu ; a .series. In great numbers under the roof of the house. K. J.

10. Lophomops cristatus Allen 1917.
Congulu ; 9 specimens.

11. Crocidura ansorgei DoUman 1915.

Congulu ; 4 specimens.

Dr. Jordan is to be congratulated on obtaining specimens of this little-
known shrew.

12. Nasilio brachyurus Bocage 1882.

Mt. Moco ; 2 specimens.

The typical locality of N. brachyurus is Caconda, which lies towards the
southern extremity of the highlands of which Mt. Moco is the highest pomt north
of the railway line.

13. Felis ochreata caffra Desm. 1822.
Mt. Moco ; one skin (juv.).

14. Genetta tigTina angolensis Bocage 1882.
Congulu ; one female, no. 97.

15. Anomaluras jacksoni jordani St. Leger 1935.

Congulu and Quirimbo ; 4 specimens.

Described from this material in Nov. Zool., xxxix, p. 251 (1935), type ($)

from Congulu. The specimens all came from the rain forest of the escarpment

and were brought in by natives. K. J.

16. Heliosciurus rufobrachiatus brauni St. Leger 1935.
Congulu ; 6 specimens.

Described I.e. p. 252. Fairly plentiful in the trees of the escarpment

below the house. K. J.

17. FunisciuiTis congicus congicus Kukl 1820.

Congulu ; 7 specimens.

In the dull colour of the side-stripe and in the dark coloration of the tail this
series matches exactly the type oi concjicus, and differs entirely from F. c. olivelUis
Thomas from Cunga, Angola. Together with //. r. brauni, abundant. K. J.

IS. Taterona schinzi Noack 1889.

Lobito ; one male.

This species has not been previously recorded, I beheve, north of the Cunene

R., where Captain Shortridge obtained a long series. Evidently abundant

near Lobito, judging from the large number of burrows. K. J.

80 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XL. 1936.

19. Taterona valida Socage 1890.
Mt. Moco ; 2 specimens.

20. Cricetomys ansorgei Thomas 1904.
Congulu and Mt. Moco ; 2 specimens.

21. Aethomys bocagei Thomas 1904.
Congulu ; 4 specimens.

Quirimbo ; one female, no. 129.

22. Praomys tullbergi Thomas 1892.
Congulu ; 3 specimens.

23. Myomys colonus angolensis Socage 1890.
Mt. Moco ; skin and skull, no. 38.

24. Mastomys coucha coucha Smith 1836.

Mt. Moco ; 22 specimens.

Quirimbo ; one male, no. 134 ; this skin is unusually dark in colour.

25. Rattus rattus f. rattus L. 1758.
Mt. Moco ; one male, no. 18.
Congulu ; 10 specimens.

26. Rattus rattus f. alexandrinus Geofir. 1812.

Quirimbo ; one female, no. 130.

This seems to be an example of the imported black rat on the way to resume

the wild tone of colour. Rats were frequently seen on the road at Quirimbo ;

they looked black in the bright sunshine and were evidently searching for grass-
seeds. K. J.

27. Pelomys campanae Huet 1888.

Mt. Moco ; one female, no. 35.
Congulu ; one male, no. 87.
Quirimbo, 8 specimens.

28. Dasymys nudipes Peters 1870.
Congulu ; 4 specimens.

29. Leggada bella sybilla Thomas 1918.
Congulu ; one female.

30. Cryptomys mechowi Peters 1881.

Mt. Moco ; 9 specimens.

The adults of this series equal in size of body and skuU C. blainei Hint, from
the Loanda R., Angola. The cheek teeth, however, are not larger than those of
C. mechowi, under which species I place this series, pending the time when the
genus can be carefully revised.

NoVITATES ZooI.OOICAM XI^. 193(t. )^ 1

31. Cryptomys bocagei I)e Winton 1897.

Mt. Moco ; 11 specimens.
Quirimbo ; 2 specimens.

The species was very common in the clearings and the native fields at the
base of Mt. Moco. At Congulu I saw only a few burrows. K. J.

32. Philantomba monticola anchietae Bocage 1878.
Quirimbo ; one male.

33. Procavia bocagei Gray 1869.

Quirimbo ; 2 specimens. The flea found on these specimens is a species

quite distinct from the flea we have off Procavia bocagei collected in the province
of Benguela. K. J.

82 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

DR. KjVRL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
AND ANGOLA: SIPHONAPTERA.

By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.

(With 8 text-figures.)

T^HE mammals obtained on the Expedition were mainly collected for the sake
■*■ of their Ectoparasites, particularly fleas. As I found little time for trap-
ping, especially in Angola, we did not get large numbers of fleas, there being hardly
ever anything on the mammals brought in dead or alive by the natives. Since
my return to Europe, Herr W. Hoesch, one of my companions in South-West,
has sent me from that country two consignments of fleas which add materially
to the collection. Some of the species we obtained are new, the most interesting
new flea being a subspecies combining characters of Ctenocephalides felis Jelis
and Ct. conmitu-s.

In order to make the report on the fleas more useful, I have included in it
all the species known to me from South-West and Angola.

I. SOUTH-WEST AFRICA.
1. Echidnophaga gallinaceus Westw. 1875.

Sarcopsyllus gallinaceus Westwood, Enl. Mo. Mag., xi, p. 246 (1875) (Ceylon).

Abundant in the warm districts of the Eastern Hemisphere and in the
Southern States of U.S.A. We have no records of it from Central and South
America. A pest on fowl and other birds, but also common on mammals.

Maltahohe, xii., on Aethomys namaquensis namaquensis. Hofifnung,

X., xi. 1933, on Geosciiirus capensis and Cynictis penicillata bradfieldi.

Omongongua, N.W. of Okahandja, iv. 1934, on Mungosimingo. Otjosongombe,

Waterberg, xi. 1933, and Ombijomatemba, near Otjivarongo, on Cynictis

penicillata, Geosciurus capensis and Lepiis capensis. Otavifontein, xi. 1933, on

Aethomys namaquensis namaquensis.

2. Echidnophaga larina, J. & R. 1906.

Echidnophaga larina Jordan & Rothschild, Thomps. Yates <b Johns!. Lab. Rep., vii, i, p. 49, no. 3,
pi. 1, fig. 12 ; pi. 2, fig. 18 ; pi. 3, fig. 25 (1906) (So. Afr., Abyss., SoniaUld.).
The species was only known from the eastern side of the continent. Its
true host appears to be the Aardvark (Orycieropus), but the flea is also found
on Carnivora (which prey on the Aardvark or make use of its burrows).

Otjosongombe, xi.l933, on Hyaena brunnea, a small series, the proboscis
embedded in the skin of the host.

3. Echidnophaga aethiops J. & R. 1906.

Echidnophaga aethiops Jordan & Rothschild, Thomps. Yates & Johnst. Lab. Rep., vii, i, p. 51,
no. 4 (1906) (Namaqua).

Spitzkopje, on " Nycteris gramlis," vii. 1912 (0. Piischel), 1 $. KUp-

fontein, on Nycteris capensis, vi. 1903 (Capt. C. H. B. Grant), 1 $. Occurs also

on the east side of the continent.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 83

4. Procaviopsylla angolensis .lord. 1925 (text-fig. 34).

Procaviopsylla angolensis Jordan, Nov. Zool.. xxxii, p. 102, no. 15, text-figs. 12-14(1925) (Benguela)

Naukluft Mt.s. 1,300-1,500 m., xii.1933, on Procavia capensis wimlhubi,
2 (JcJi 3 $9- The specimens agree very well with the Angolan ones, except that
in these $$ the head of the spermatheca is slightly larger and that there are fewer
bristles on abdominal segment VII, 8 or 9 instead of 13. As we have only one
Angolan 9, the range of variability in that coinitry is not known.

5. Xenopsylla erilli Roths. 1904.

Pulex erilli Rothschild, Xov. Zool.. xi, p. 610, no. 5, pi. 8, figs. 16, 17 ; pi. 9, fis;. 22 (1922) (Deelfontein,
Cape Pro v.).

Omongongua, iv.l934, on Crossarchus fasciatus, 1 9- — A flea of the Ground
Squirrel, but frequently found on Carnivora.

(). Xenopsylla brasiliensis Baker 1904.

I'ulex hmsiliensis Baker, Proc. U.S. Xal. M us., xxvii, pp. 378, 379 (1904) (S. Paulo).

Okahandja and Waterberg, iii.-iv. 1934, on Thallomys damarensis, a series.

Omongongua, on Procavia, one (^. Otavifontein, xi.l933, on Aethomys

namaqitensis nmnaquensis, Mastomys coucha and ( 1 9) Crocidura hirta, a series. — —
Ombijomatemba, on Aethomys chry-sophilus itnago, 1 9-

7. Xenopsylla scopulifer Roths. 1905.

Pulex scopulifer Kothschikl. Xov. Zool. xii, p. 480. no. 2, pi. 13, fig. 5 (1905) (Zululand).

Ombijomatemba, on Aethomys chrywphilus imago, 1 9- The species was

hitherto known only from Zululand and Portuguese East Africa.

s. Xenopsylla nubicus Roths. 1903.

Pulex nuhicMs Rothschild, Ent. Mu. May. (2), xiv, p. 82, no. 2, pi. 2, figs. lU, 16 (1903) (Shendi).

Ombijomatemba, on Aethomys chrysophilus imago, 1 9- The first

record from a locality so far south, Nyasaland being the most southern country
from wliich we have specimens of this species.

9. Xenopsylla eridos Paiths. I904 (text-fig. 35).

Pulex eridos Rothschild, Xm: Zool., xi, p. (ill, no. 6, pi. 8, fig. 21 ; pi. 9, fig. 23;( 1904) (Deelfontein).

Ombijomatemba, on Aethomys chrysophilus imago. ^Otjosongombe,

ix . 1933, on Mastomys coucha bradfiehli and Cryptnmys damarensis lugardi, a series.

In the N. C. Rothschild collection only from various places in Cape Province.
The record from Zululand in Verh. III. Intern. Ent.- Kongress, p. (ilO (I92t>) is
erroneous ; the specimen belongs to the next species.

10. Xenopsylla pii-iei Ingram 1928 (text-fig. 3()).

Xenopsylla piriei Ingram, Bull. Ent. Res.. IS, p. 371, text-figs. 1, 2 (1928) (Transvaal ; Cape Prov.).

Hoffnung, x. 1933, on DesmodiUus auricularis, a small series.

The r^J of this species and A', eridos arc easily distinguished from one
another by the difference in the tendons of the penis ; in A', eridos the temlons
make only half a convolution, whilst in X. piriei they make one and a lialf con-
volutions, as pointed out by Dr. Ingram. In the 99 there is no such conspicuous

84

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

difference, but the specimens of the two species from South-West can be separated
by the spermatheca, the duct of the bursa copulatrix and the sclerite at the base
of this duct. As illustrated by text-figs. 35 and 36, taken from South-Western

specimen.s, the base of the tail of the spermatheca is somewhat broader in X. eridos
than in X. piriei. Moreover, the duct of the bursa copulatrix is shorter in
X. eridos and the sclerite placed at its base also slightly shorter. However,
these distinctions are less precise in the long series of $ $ we have from South
Africa.

11. Ctenocephalides connatus Jord. 1925.

Ctenocephalus connatus Jordan, Nov. Zool., xxxii, p. 98, no. 6, text-fig. 5 ( 1925) (So. Afr. ; Tang. Terr.).

Ombijomatemba, on Geosciurus aipensis, a series.

Like the preceding species, Ct. connatus was only known from the eastern
side of the continent. In all the South-Western specimens of both sexes the
head is very strongly rounded, contrasting very much in shape with the head of
the subspecies of Ct. felis here following.

12. Ctenocephalides felis damarensis subsp. nov.

(J$. Frons as strongly slanting forward and its oral angle as sharp as in
Ct. felis felis Bouche 1935. In ^J foretarsal segment V with 5 or 6 stout short
ventral bristles at and near apex as in Ct. connatus ^J. In $ abdominal sternites
III to VI with 2 bristles each side, VII with 2 or 3. Frons in some ^^ sUghtly
shorter than in others.

Omongongua, near Okahandja, iii. 1934, on Procavia capensis windhuki.

Otjosongombe, xi.l933, on Myonax cauii hradfieldi. Waterberg, v. 1934, on

Lepus crassicaudatus and Ictonyx striata. Ombijomatemba, near Otjivarongo,

on Cynictis penicillata and Lepus capensis. Gobabis, on Genetta felina pulchra.

Evidently common. Nearly all the specimens were received from Herr W.
Hoesch, who remarks on the abundance of this flea on the veranda of his house at
Omongongua. He says that the flea probably was brought in by the dog and was
breeding so profusely that one's legs got covered with fleas in crossing the veranda.

The specimens look so much like European cat-fleas that I determined them
as such before any had been cleared and mounted. The introduced European

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. ^5

cat which one finds on the farms, sometimes in numbers, would have explained
the occurrence of the European cat-fiea. The $9 of C'i. felis damareims do not
present any differences from that sex of C'I. felis felis and from extreme narrow-
headed Ct. felis strongylus Jord. 1925; whilst all the (JcJ, some 70, possess on
protarsal segment V a cluster of spiniforms at apex as in Ct. connatus. In both
sexes the proboscis is as short as in C'I. felis felis, i.e. shorter than in Cl. connattis.
As Ct. connatus occurs in South-West, whereas Ct. felis stroricjijlus was not
obtained, we conclude that the flea in question is the South-West African repre-
sentative of Ct. felis.

The presence of ventral spiniforms on the end-segment of the foretarsus of
the c? is of some interest. The fifth segment generally bears in fleas some minute
hairs on the ventral surface, in many cases from near the base to the apex, and
occasionally these hairs develop into short spiniforms, as for instance in Dasypsyl-
lus lasius Roths. 1909, from Argentina. One, two or three apical ones are always
a little enlarged, one being usually longish and more like a stiff hair, and the
others shorter and spiniform. In Ct. f. damarensis ^ segment V of mid- and
hindtarsus bears 2 such spiniforms, very occasionally 3 in one tarsus, whilst in the
foretarsus, in addition to these, 3 or 4 others have become spiniform. If there are
only 5 spiniforms on the foretarsus, there is in front of the cluster one small hair
larger than the small hairs, and it is this hair which has developed in other
specimens into a slender and short spiniform. It is, further, interesting to note
that the cluster of spiniforms of Ct. connatus andCi. /. damarensis occiU'S again in
Ct. arabicus Jord. 1925, from Arabia, but not in the species of CteHocephalides
found only in Kenya, nor in any of the related genera. There must be some reason
for the acquisition of the cluster of spiniforms — it can hardly be retention — in
the two widely separated districts. The cause of the development of the cluster
may lie concealed in the similarity of environment in these dry coiuitries. I do
not wish to imply, however, that a dry climate directly produces spines in animals
as it produces thorns and spines in plants. The cluster is confined to the (J,
and (J-characters mostly have the function of bringing the sexes together or
facilitating mating. We may, therefore, conclude that the cluster comes into
play when the o is underneath the $ ; but I cannot guess at its special
function.

A further point of interest is the difference in the shape of the head obtaining
in the various species and subspecies of Ctenvcephalides. The short head with
the strongly rounded frons may be taken as ancestral, from which the long-fronted
head of Ct. felis i.s derived. The 4 geograi)hical races of Ct. felis show all the
gradations from a strongly rounded primitive frons to a strongly elongated
younger frons :

(a) In Tropic^a! Africa, CI. felis .slroiKji/lii-^. the frons varies from being as
round and shoit ms in ('I. cnnniiliis to being nearly as long and pointed as in
Ct. felis felis.

(';) In South West Afric.i. Ct. felis itaninrensis, the frons is stiongly
|)oint(Ml, sonietinu's in the j with a very slight inclination towards round-
headedness.

(c) In the Nile countries ami I he I'alacaretic Region, Cf. felis felis, the frons is
always long aii<l |)oiiit(Ml.

(d) In the Oriental iUginn. Ct. friis orienli.-: .]im\. 1925. the frons is nearly as
niiicli rounded as in Ct. nniis Cniiis l!t2(i.

86 NOCTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

13. Listropsylla proniinens Jord. 1930.

Listropsylla prominens Jordan. Nov. Zool., xxxvi, p. 13.3, no. 4, text-figs. 3, 4 (1930) (Zululand).

Gohahis, on Aethomys chrysophilus, x.1925 (Dr. Ingram), 1 $. The genus

is known from South and East Africa, Uganda and the Pauvenzori. Gobabi.'^ is
so far the most western locality of its range.

Oxyparius gen. nov.

Similar to Ischnopsyllus Westw. 1!S40 and Araeopsylla Jord. & Roths. 1921,
differing from both in the following combination of characters :

The dorsal incrassations so conspicuous in AraeopsyUa on tlie thoracic and
abdominal tergites absent or at most feebly indicated. Bristles of the I.n'hiw-
psyllus-type, not spiniform as many are in AraeopsyUa. Genal process as strongly
chitinized as in AraeopsyUa, but graduall3' narro\\ed to a point, its upper margin
straight or nearly and the tip sharp. Metepimerum not extendmg so far dorsad
as in AraeopsyUa, the abdominal tergite 1 Ijeing broader tlian in that genus,
agreeing with LschnopffyUiis in width. Basal abdominal sternite with one or
more lateral bristles anteriorly above middle, such bristles not occurring in any
other bat-flea (apart from very minute hairs at the extreme basal margin).
Segment V of all tarsi with four lateral pairs of plantar bristles and one ventral

pair, the latter placed nearly in between the second pair, which is unusual.

Genotype : a species here identified as IscIuiopsyllK.'i i-wtnalu-^ W'aterst. 1915.

14. Oxyparius isomalus Waterst. 191.'; (text-fig. 37).

hchnopsyUus isomalus Waterston, Bee. Alhany Mux.. Ill, 2. p. 109, text-figs. 4. 5 (191.5) (Pretoria,

possibly oil Miniopterus, one $).
Araeopsylla isomalus Watersl., Jord. & Roths., Erlopara.iilfs. I, p. 146 (1921).

Klein Windhoek, x.1933, on Miniopteris natahnsis smitiamts, 1 {J.

Described from a single Pretoria $ in the Albany Museum at Grahamstown.
We have a ^ from the same cave where the $ was obtained, the bat being deter-
mined as Miniopteris nafalensis. The ^J from South-West agrees ^^•ith the
Pretoria ,^ apart from some differences in details, which I consider to be dis-
tinctions obtaining between individuals. Both ^^ evidently belong to the same
species as the $ described by Waterston, although they do not quite agree with
the description. Waterston says of tarsal segment V that it bears 4 stout
marginal bristles, the first two longer than the second pair, 1 stout ventral
bristle and 7-8 dorsal. According to this description the ventral pair of our 2 ^J^J
is represented in the $ by a single bristle.

Spines in the combs of the South-West ^ : 23, 19, 15, 17, 12, 8.

Modified Segments. — Tergite VIII large, rounded posteriorly, with 9 or 10
bristles on upper half of side, the largest of them close to margin ; sternite VIII
triangular (in lateral aspect), with the apex rounded and membranous, before
apex 11 or 12 slender bristles. Clasper irregularly elliptical, dorsally somewhat
more strongly rounded than ventrally, at apex 2 long bristles, above them the
margin of clasper straight and oblique to angle of F, where there is a miinite
marginal projection and a minute hair ; manubrium M very strongly oblique,
the bay between it and tergite IX being very shallow. Sclerite F twice as long
as broad in middle, ventrally and apically strongly rounded, anterior ( = dorsai)
margin straight, angle formed with apical margin distinct but obtuse, 2 slender

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

87

subapical bristles above middle of posterior side (= ventral), about as long as F
i.s broad, and a few minute bristles. Vertical arm of IX st. a short and narrow
process ; ventral arm in three sections : basal section subrectangular, about one-
fourth longer than broad, ventraUy covered with minute hairs ; middle section

Vlll.sl.

mucli narrower, ventrally about as long as pro.ximal section ; apical section
elongate reniform, incurved on proximal side and evenly rounded on posterior
side, bearing a few slender bristles, some of them in a row in upper half and 2 each
side suhmarginal in lower half; the ajtical section measured vertically about half
the length of the total ventral arm. Apical armature of ])pnis with a long luuik
each side (I'ar.).

II. ANGOL.V.
I Tunga peneti'ans I-, nr.s.

Piilex penetrans Tjinniioim, Synl. A'«^, eii. X. p. 614, no. 2 (IV-W).
Oominon at the coast as well as in the inteiior.

2. Echidnophaga galliiiaceus WVstu. 1S75.

Cf. (inleii. ]). ,S2.

Novii- Lislxia. ( IliiJinliol, i. Illi'i;, (in ;i liauk (II. K. N'aii.m), I (J, I $.

:!. Pariodontis riggenbachi l!olhs. I!hi4.

Piilrx riggeiihnrhi Iti.tlisiliil.l. Xnr. Zml.. xi. p. fill. no. 7, pi. S, fits. 10. 20 ; pi. 0, fii;. 24 (1!M14)
(Morocco nnd Ciipc Trovinc-c. type Occlfoniciii. ('.!*.).

IVliiiio<m;i I! , Hilic. xii. Iil04. on ////.Wi/.r (Dr. \V. -1. ,\nsorge), a small series.

88

N'OVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

4. Procaviopsylla angolensis Jord. 1925.

Cf. antea, p. 83.

Benguela, on Procavia bocagei. Besides the original 4 (J(^, 1 $ received

from Messrs. O. E. Janson & Sons, no further material has come to hand.

In the Key given in 1926 (Verh. III. Intern. Entom.-Kongress, p. 605) there
is a penslip : line 9 from above, which refers to P. divergens, should read " pro-
boscis reaching well beyond apex of palpus."

5. Procaviopsylla spinifex sp. nov. (text-fig. 38).

In 1926, I.e. p. 604, I gave an amplified diagnosis of Procaviopsylla in which
I stated that the bristle in front of the eye was small or absent. The present new
species refutes that statement, which has to be deleted.

(J?. Very close to the preceding P. angolensis, but differs from that species
and all the others of the genus in the bristle in front of the eye being very stout,

as are also the larger kind of bristles on head and thorax. Abdominal tergites
II to VI with a row of 8 bristles in P. angolensis (on the two sides together) and
a row of 1(1 in P. ■'ipinife.r. On inner surface of hinilfcmur a lateral row of 5 or (i
bristles in P. angolensis and 3 or 4 in P. spinife.r. Mid- and hindtibiae as in
P. angolensis with 8 dorsal notches. Stigma of segment \lll somewhat
broader, particularly in 9- Processes P' and P- of clasper longer than in
P. angolensis.

Quirimbo, v. 1934, on Procavia hocagei, a small series.

NoviTATES Zooi.OfjrcAK XL. 1936. 89

(i. Xenopsylla brasiliensis Baker 1904.

Cf . antea, p. 83.

Mt. Moco, iii.1934, on Jialliis niltus, a series. Solo R., east of Catengue,

iii. 1934, in nest of Otomys, a series. The commonest species of Xenopsylla in

Angola and the Congo. An African species now of wide distribution, accidentally
described first from Brazil.

7. Xenopsylla versuta Jord. 1925.

Xenopsylla versula Jordan, Nor. Zool., xxxii, p. lUO, no. 10, text-fig. 8 (1925) (Bengucla).

Benguela, i. 1906 (Ansorge), on Funisciurus, a small series of both sexes.

Occurs also in Tanganyika Territory and Kenya.

The o is easily recognized by the genitalia, the end-tube of the penis-sheath
bearing a long tooth du-ected frontad, the lamina of the penis being apically
rounded, not turned up into a point, and sternite IX dorsally membranous (trans-
parent) and gradually curved upwards at the end. The $, however, closely
resembles that sex of X. cheopi.s and requires close scrutiny ; it bears fewer
bristles on the side of tergite VIII, the spermatheca is a little smaller, and the duct
of the bursa copulatrix less chitinized.

8. Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. 1903.

PiUex cheopis Rothschild, Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), xiv, p. 85, no. 5, pi. i, figs. 3, 9 ; pi. ii, figs. 12, 19 ( 1903)
(Shendi. Sudan).

Benguela, v.l9(t4, on Rallui ntllus (Ansorge), 1 ?. An Indo-African

species now occurring in most warm countries, occasionally in European harbours.

9, Rooseveltiella georychi Fox 1914.

Rooseveliiella ijennjrhi Fox, Hygienic Labor. Bull. 97, p. 7. pi. i, figs. 1-6 (1904) (300 miles inland
from Benguela).

Cuito Estate and Mt. Moco, iii. 1934, on Ciyptoinys bncagei and accidentally
on Ralluf rallus. a small .series.

10. Ctenoeephalides felis strongylus .lord. 1925.

Ctenocepkalus feli.i strnngi/his .lordan. Nov. Zoul.. xxxii. p. 98, no. 7 (1925) (West, East and South
Africa).

Congulu, iv.l934, on f/nnio, 1. ?. Bihc, x.1904 (Ansorge), on Canis

(uhi.tfws, 1 9. Without a ^J it is not possible to say whether the $? belong to

Ct. f. strongyhi.s or a race of Ct. connaius. Cf. antcu, p. 84.

Libyastus gen. nov.

The S((uirrcl fleas from tropical Africa, described as species of Cemloiihyllns
arc all nearly relatc^d to each otiicr and form a special group well separated
nu)r])hi)l(jgically from the Ralacarctic, Oriental and American squirrel lleas. The
new genus I propose for their reception is best placed near Tur-^op'^yllu W agner
1927.

$^J. On outer siilc of forefemur (i 3 lateral bristles, on inner side 0 or 1 ;
hindcoxa on inner side wilii marginal liiistles only. On froiis an anterior row
of I 3 bristles and a pdstciinr row iif .'!. On (ic(i|iMl I median liiisllc not accom-

90 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

panied by a small one, the median bristle often reduced or absent, very rarely
a bristle near base of antennal groove. Bristles of segment II of antenna all
short in ^, one reaching to middle of club in $ ; club of $ exceptionally long,
twice as long as broad, not rounded in middle. Hindtibia with 8 dorsal notches.
First pair of plantar bristles of tarsal segment V lateral, but distinctly bent
ventrad-apicad.

<J. With 1 or 2 antepygidial bristles, the upper one the shorter. Tergite
VIII without dorsal spiculose area on inside. Sternite VII reduced to a mem-
brane. Posterior portion of tergite IX nearly completely separated from IX,
forming an intercalar sclerite (as in many other fleas) . Clasper partially separated
from manubrium and dorsal portion of IX ; no prominent process P.

$. With 3 antepygidial bristles. Stylet with 1 lateral bristle. Basa,
abdominal sternite, at least on one side, with 1 or more lateral bristles (often
present also in ,^). Anal sternite with numerous lateral and yentral bristles
none of which are curved and spiniform, 2 each side very long, one apical, the
other subapical. Anal tergite each side with one very long bristle, which is
longer and thicker than the apical one of stylet. Orifice of spermatheca on a
prominent cone, which is curved downward in some species ; tail without
appendix. Genotype : L. wfestus Roths. 19118 (as Cemtophyllus).

Key to the Species

A. Median bristle of occiput much smaller than ventral posterior one.
Clasper of (^ on posterior side with sinus, process P above sinus somewhat curved
distad. In $ snout of spermatheca not directed downwards.

1. L. infestm Roths. 1908. Basal abdominal sternite with numerous

lateral bristles. Sclerite F of rj broadish, curved frontad at apex,
rounded on posterior side. Sternite VII of 9 with more than 30
bristles on the two sides together. L. infestus inf(stus from Kenya and
L. infestus duratm Jord. 1931 from Tanganyika Territory.

2. L. piger Jord. 1925. Basal abdominal sternite with few lateral bristles.

Sclerite F of cj narrow, straight. Sternite VII of $ with 14 bristles.
Uganda.

B. Median occipital bristle about as thick as posterior ventral one, hut
usually shorter. Clasper of ^ without sinus on posterior side. In ? snout of
spermatheca directed obliquely downwards.

3. L. conmbrimis Jord. 1925. Only the ? known. Sternite VIl with

sinalj narrow sinus and aliout 20 to 22 bristles on the two sides together.
Gaboon and Nigeria.

4. L. stmtiotes Roths. 1905. Only the ^ known ; possibly the ,^ of the

jireceding or the following sjiecies. Dorsal side of clasper very feebly
hicurved and distally very slightly convex, with 2 long bristles on
posterior side. Spanish Gaboon.

5. L. nofahilis Jord. 1925. Only the $ known. Sternite VII strongly

narrowed, apex obliquely truncate, very feebly incurved, upper angle
strongly rounded, projecting farther dislad then ventral angle; with
35 bristles. Gaboon.

fi. 8p. nov. (J: dorsal side ofclasper incurved and distally rather strongly

convex ; one acetabular bristle. 9 : sternite VII, distally much broader
than in L. iiolnhili.'i, truncate, with 25 or fewer bristles. Angola.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

91

11. Libyastus vates sp. nov. (text-figs. 39, 4(i).
cJ$. Frons with a row of 3 long bristles some distance from eye, middle one
smaller than the others, farther forward 2 to 4 much smaller bristles and farther
up another bristle close to antennal groove. On occiput a long strong bristle above
middle of antennal groove, andanotlierat posterior ventral angle ; besides this latter
one, the subapical row contains each side only 3 rather short and slender bristles,
the interspace between the long bristle and the nearest short one being large.
Eye somewhat larger in 9 than in ^, longer than broad, the longer diameter

equalling in J the distance Imin llic n|i|ier large eye-bristle. (Jeiial jnoccss
broad, apex rounded.

Pronotinu dorsally in j as long as comb, in 9 a trifle longer : a row of 12
bristles and a comb of 20 s|)ines. On niesonotuni a low of Id oi' 11 bristles, in
front of this row anothei' of small bristles, besides some additional dorsal bristles,
there being a large bare lateral area. On metanotum the same nundter of bristles.
Mesopleura with 10 bristles in ,^, 7 to 0 in 9 ; metei)imerum with (i or 7.

Spines on alxlominal tcMgites: in J I 2. II 4. Ill 2, IV 2, V I : in 9
I 2, 11 4, HI 2. IV 2. V o, till' 2 on each side of II dose together. Bristles on

tcrgites: cJ 1" "■'• "• ' ^' ''• '-• NH <>. «

111 II to 1(1. 12. 1\' 12 to 14,

12 or 13. VJI S or it, (i or 7. Bristles on steniites : in j III 3. •>. IV 2,
0, V3, (i. VI 2. (i, VII 7, 5; in 9111 5 or (i, (i, IV 4, (i or 7. V 5, H or It. \1 !t toll,
s. On basal abdominal sterlte of one 9 a lateral bristle on one side, none on the
other, in second 9 (L)ala Tando) 2 or 3 each side ; in ^ none.

Posteriorly near aj)ex of liiiwlcoxa 2 bristles, lliiulfciunr with ruie lateral

92

NOVITATES ZOOLCKIICAE XL.

1936.

bristle on outside and 1 or 2 on inside. On outside of liindtibia a row of 7 or 8
dorso-lateral bristles. Measurements of tarsi : midtarsus, in <^ 20, 18, 12, 8,

16; in 9 21, 19, 13, 8, 16 (Dala Tando .specimen) and 23, 19, 13, 9, 17.

Hindtarsus, in ^ 54, 32, 20, 11, 17 ; in ? 55, 33, 21, 11, 18 (Dala Tando) and
58, 34, 22, 12, 19. Longest bristle of hindtarsal segment II reaching to two-thirds
of III.

Modified Segments. — ^ : VIII t. large as in the other species of the genus,
with 6 lateral bristles, of which 1 is subventral, and 5 long and 8 smaller marginal
and submarginal ones ; apical margin angulate and projecting below last bristle.
Clasper (text-fig. 39 CI.) dorsally evenly mcurved and then strongly convex, this

portion corresponding to process P of other fleas ; ventrally the clasper somewhat
unevenly convex ; one acetabular bristle, placed above middle. Manubrium M
somewhat shorter than in L. stratiotes, apically distinctlj' rounded-widened.
Sclerite F long and narrow, of nearly even width, but apically gradually narrowing
to an obtuse point, upper half feebly concave on frontal side and convex on
posterior side, 4 bristles at posterior margin. Apex of vertical arm of IX st. on
frontal side with a round projection which is on a level with lower margin of
manubrium M, posterior side also convex at the same level, ajiical nose long and
narrow. Apical lobe of ventral arm of IX st. long, conical, with the tip rounded.
Ventral sclerite of paramere, covered by the apical lobe of IX. st., rounded
dorsally, its ventral apical angle pointed and produced downward.

$. VII st. truncate (text-fig. 40), nearly as in L. nofahilis, but the a]iex
broader and the rounded upper angle not projecting beyond the ventral angle ;
with 20 to 25 bristles, in L. notnhllis more than 30. On VllI t., from stigma
down, 9 bristles in Dala Tando $ and Ki in the other, tin inner surface 2 in the
former and 4 in the latter. Bristles of anal sternite much more numerous than
in L. notabilis, more than 30 each side, some of the ventral ones thicker in the

NOVITATES ZoOLOfilCAE XL. 1936.

93

Congulu specimen then in the one from Dahx Tantlo. Stylet 2i times as long
as broad, that of L. notahilis being onc-tliird longer than in the new species.
Spermatheca as in L. notabilia.

Length (specimens somewhat extended) ; o 3- 1 mm., $ :i-,'i mm.; hindfemur :
cJ 0-53 mm., 9 0-56 mm.

Congulu, Amboim district, on Funisciurus coyvgicus congicus, v. 1934, one
pair. Dala Tando, ix.l908 (Ansorge), on Funisciurus, 1 $.

The two specimens from Congulu were found on the same individjual of the
host.

12. Stivalius afer Roths. 1908.

Pygiopsylla afer Rothschild, Proc. Zool. Soc. Land., p. 618, no. I, pi. 29, figs. 7, 8 (1908) (Benguela).

Benguela, 200 miles inland (Dr. F. C. Wellman), 1 •$, no host mentioned.

Dala Tando, xii.1901 (Ansorge), on Arvicanthis rufinus, 2 pairs.

No further Angolan material has come to hand.

13. Ctenophthalmus ansorgei ansorgei Roths. 1907 (text-fig. 41).

Ctenophthalmvs ansorgei Koth.schild, Nov. ZuoL, xiv, p. .330, no. 2, text-fig. 4 (1907) (Bihe).

Bihe (= Silva Porto), on Cryptomys bocagei, xi. 1904 (An.sorge), 1 ^, 4 $$.

Also Dilolo, Congo Beige (Dr. Richard).

Although the (^ has several times been mentioned in comparison with other

species and with 67. a. cataiiganus Jord. 1931), the genital armature has not yet
been figured. We give here a sketch of the clasper and its appendages.

94 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

14. Ctenophthalmus atomus J. & R. 1913.

Clenophthalmus atomus Jordan & Rothschild, A'ov. Zool.. xx. p. 551, no. 25, text-fig. 22 (1913) (Ndala
Tando) ; Jord., ibid, xxxviii, p. 295, text-fig. 53 (1936) (Congo Beige).

Dala Tando (= Ndala Tando), on Arvicanthis rufimis, xii. 1908 (Ansorge),

I $. No further specimens from Angola have come to hand ; but Dr. Richard

collected 2 ^J^J, 1 ? off Pelomys frater at Dilolo, Congo Beige, close to the Angolan
frontier.

15. Dinopsyllus horridus J. & R. 1913.

Dinopsyllus horridus Jordan & Rothschild, Xor. Zoo}., xx. p. 576, no. 39, text-fig. 41 (1913) (Pedreira).

Pedreira, Bihe, on Pelomys campanae, xi.l904 (Ansorge), 4 (J(^, 1 $. We

have received no other Angolan specimens.

16. Dinopsyllus lypusus J. & R. 1913.

Dinopsyllus lypusus Jordan & Rothschild, I.e.. p. 570, no. .34, text-figs. 36, 37 (1913) (Kenya and
Uganda).

Mt. Moco, Luimbale, iii.1934, on 3Iyotnys colonus angolensis, 1 $.
I obtained only this single $. It is a small specimen, length (somewhat
extended in mounting) 2-4 mm., hindfemur 0-48 mm. ; on abdominal tergites

II to V altogether 15 marginal teeth. There is a possibility that the specimen is
a 9 of D. apistus J. & R. 1913. L. lypusus is common in East Africa and extends
northward to Darfur ; it appears also to be abundant in the Katanga district
of the Congo Beige.

The distinctness of D. lyp-usus from D. eUobiiis Roths. 1904 is open to doubt.
Extreme specimens are easily distinguished by the difference in the length of the
pronotum, in D. ellobiu? the pronotum being but little longer from the comb
forward than the dorsal spines of the comb, whereas in D. lypiisus the pronotum
is twice the length of the comb or nearly : in the ^ of D. ellobins, the frons is
shorter and the last two long ventral bristles of VIII st. are close together.
However, many South African specimens take an intermediate position.

17. Lagaropsylla incerta Roths. 1900.

Ceralopsylla incerta Rothschild, Entom. Rec., xii, p. 37, pi. 2, figs. 2, 5. 6 (1900) (Madagascar and
Sierra Leone).

Congulu, on Chaerephon limbatum, iv. 34, a long series. The bat was very

plentiful under the roof of the house in which we had our quarters ; we caught
them with a butterfly-net, and almost every specimen had some fleas. I found
nothing on the specimens of this bat and the others brought in by the natives.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 96

DR. KARL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
AND ANGOLA: LASIOCAMPIDAE.

BY W. H. T. TAMS.

(With 9 plates.)

O little material conies to this country from the regions of South-West Africa

S

north of the Cape of Good Hope, that one is very grateful for the oppor-
tunity of examining the Lasiocampidae collected by Dr. Jordan during the winter
of 1933-1934, when he went to South-West Africa and Angola.

The African fauna is so rich in Lasiocampidae that we are only just beguining
to gather some idea of the large number of species belonging to this family to be
found in that region, and our knowledge of their distribution is still extremely
scanty, owing to the small numbers of specimens which come to us from any one
locality. It is possible that more could be achieved if care were taken to utilise
freshly caught or bred females for the purpose of attracting males. We are not
nearly so anxious to have a single perfect female as we are to have both sexes
in whatever condition they come to us, and damage to one female is worth risking
if there is any possibility of gettmg her to attract males.

No attempt is made m this paper to do more than display facts, as it would
be impossible to paint any sort of picture of the geographical distribution of the
African Lasiocampidae on the basis of the material dealt with or on existing
records. It becomes more and more evident that many records are worse than
useless, because they are so misleading, some being accurate, but many being
based on misidentifications. The many different kmds of environment existing
in the African Continent, each with its own type of flora and fauna, make it
imperative that every record shall be based on the most critical examination of
each specimen. A glance at the four species of Nadiasa figured on Plate VII
will give some idea of the difficulties involved.

In the main the subfamDy arrangement given by AuriviUius in Seitz is re-
tained, with the exception that for convenience I have placed the Gastropachinae
at the end after the Gonometinae . Aurivillius's generic arrangement is also
followed, excej)t in the case of Craspia igneotincta AuriviUius, which I believe to be
a Trichopisthia ; and the genus Lechriolepis, which I believe to be more closely
related to Chrysopsyche than AuriviUius seems to have thought.

MALACOSOMATINAE.
1. Chrysopsyche miriflca leptophyes subsp. n. (Plate iii, fig. 1, ^ ; fig. 2, $).

(J. More delicate in colouring and less robust in build than the tj'pical
subspecies, C. m. mirijica Butler {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), v, p. 386, 1880) ;
underside lacking the vinaceous-purple suffusion.

9. More delicate in colouring and less robust than the typical subspecies.

Holotype cJ and paratype cJ. N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando (= Dala Tando),
2,700 feet, 19. xi. 1908 (W. J. Ansorge).

Allotype $. Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v.
1934 (K. Jordan).

96 NOVITATES ZOOLOGKAE XL. 193G.

2. Chrysopsyche radei Dewitz (Plate iii, fig. :>, holotype q)-

Lasiocampa radei Dewitz, Yerh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nal., xlii. p. 77, pi. ii. fig. 16 (1881).

Recorded by Dewitz from Chinchoxo (Dr. Falkenstein). I am able to give
a figure of the type through the courtesy of Dr. Martin Hering of the Zoologisches
Museum der Universitiit, Berlin. This is the only specimen I have ever seen.

3. Lechriolepis dewitzi Aurivillius (Plate iii, fig. 3, c? ; %• 4, $).

Lechriolepis anomaUi Butler, Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nat., xlii. p. 78, pi. ii, fig. 9 (1881),

non Butler.
Lechriolepis dewitzi AuriviUius, in Seitz, Grossschmett. der Erde. xiv. p. 220. pi. .SOa. deuitzi $ (1927).
Lechriolepis flaveola Bethune-Baker, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (8), vii. p. 56.3 (1911), (J.

Angola, Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m., 12-16. iv. 1934,

2 3<S-

Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v. 193-t, 1 ?.

LASIOCAMPINAE.

4. Laeliopsis gemmatus Wichgraf (Plate iv, fig. 1, holotype (J ; fig. 2, ^).

Phasicneciie gemmatus Wichgraf, Int. Ent. Zeitschr.. xv, p. 19 (1921).

Laeliopsis erythrura ab. inarginata Aurivillius, in Seitz. Grossschmett. der Erde, xiv. p. 217 (1927).

The type, which was presented to the British Museum by the late J. J. Joicey,
is labelled : Angola, BaOundo. Thirteen (JcJ collected by the late T. Alexander
Barns in Angola (South Bilie district, Benguela Plateau, 5,000 feet, xi. 1928)
apparently belong here, and these agree with the description of L. erythrura
ab. marginata Aurivillius. The type of L. erythrura Aurivillius (Ark. Zool.,
ix (11), p. 5, 1915) is a specimen from the Belgian Congo. AU the Angola speci-
mens I have seen, including one in the Trmg Museum labelled : Angola, Bihe,
10. ix. 1901 (Pemberton), belong to L. gemmatus, which may be only a sub-
species of L. erythrura.

5. Trabala burchardii Dewitz.

Amydona burchardii Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Varol. Akad. Nat., xlii, p. 74, pi. ii. fig. 5 (1881).

A species based on Falkenstein 's Chinchoxo material, and not represented
in the collection under review.

6. Beralade jordani sp. n. (Plate iii, fig. 12, holotype ^ ; fig. 13, allotype $).

1^ and $. White, the pattern of the forewmgs picked out in drab (cf. figures).
Palpus warm buff, basally fuscous. Antenna honey yellow, shaft cartridge buff.
Head cartridge buff with long black hair-scales around eyes. Forefemur
streaked distally with black. Forewing white with the costa cartridge buff,
pattern drab.

Expanse : ^, 28 mm., $, 34-40 mm.

Forewing length : ,^, 12 mm., $, 15-18 mm.

Holotype cJ. S.W. Africa, SLssekab, N.W. of Otavi, 1,300 m., 14. xi. 1933.

Allotype ?. S.W. Africa, Lake Otjikoto, W. of Tsumeb, 17. xi. 1933.

Paratypes. 2 $$, Sissekab, 11. xi. 1933.

All these specimens were taken by Dr. K. Jordan.

NuVITATKS ZOOI-OIIK-AI'; XJ-.. I'XUi. 97

7. Beralade qummbo sp. n. (Plate iii, fig. 8, ^J ; fig. (i, enlarged view

of right \ving.s, ,^).

(J. Palpus fuscous inclined to sepia, mixed with warm buff. Antenna
honey yellow, shaft cartridge buff. Head and thorax fuscous, avellaneous and
white mixed, cartridge buff behind. Abdomen tergally cartridge buff. Pectus,
legs and venter cartridge buff to warm buff streaked with fuscous. Forewing
cartridge buff strongly shaded with a mixture of warm buff and fuscous proxim-
ally, distally ui'orate with fuscous ; a short fuscous longitudinal streak at base
of cell ; a promment oblique white dash at end of ceil, concave distad ; an
oblique fuscous antemedial fascia from base of vein Cul to inner margin at one-
fourth ; a prominent oblique fuscous jjostmedial fascia from costa before apex
to inner margin before middle ; a fine fuscous subterminal fascia from termen
at end of vein R3 to inner margin at end of vein A2, accentuated by a decrease in
the fuscous irroration before it ; fringe white, with a fuscous line running through
it. Hindwing cartridge buff ; fringe with a fuscous line.

Underside : forewing cartridge buff, the fore half strongly suffused with
fuscous ; hindwing cartridge buff, with fuscous suffusion from costa to vein Sc.

Expanse : 30 mm. Forewing length : 13 mm.

This represents the typical subspecies, B. quirimbo quirimbo subsp. n.

Holotype ^. Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v.
1934 (K. Jordan).

Paratypes. 2 ,j'^, with data similar to those of the holotype. 1 q, Morro
de Pundo, 60 km. N.E. of Lobito, 21 .v. 1934 (K. Jordan).

8. Beralade quirimbo exocyrta subsp. n. (Plate iii, fig. 9, ^J ; fig. 7, enlarged

view of right wing).

cj. Almost indistinguishable from the preceding subspecies, but generally
lighter in colour. Differs therefrom in the following features : smaller size ; the
white discocellular dash convex distad ; hindwings have always more or less
fuscous shading.

Expanse : 24-30 mm. Forewing length : 10-5-13 mm.

Holotype ^. S.W. Africa, Otavifontein, near Otavi, 19. xi. 1933.

Paratypes. Otavifontein, 19. xi.. 1933, 2 ^S, and 21. xi. 1933, 1 S- Sisse-
kab, N.W. of Otavi, 1,300 m., 11. xi. 1933, 1 (J- All the specimens were taken by
Dr. Jordan.

9. Beralade parva Aurivillius (Plate iii, fig. 10, ^ ; fig. 11, $).

Beralade parva Aurivillius, Ann. S. Afr. Mns., xviii, p. 236 ( 192 1 ).

S.W. Africa. Windhoek, 1,650 m., 20. i. 1934, I ?.

Hoffnung, E. of Windhoek, 1,850 m., 10. i. 1934, !(?,!?.

Okahandja, 1,320 m., 1-4. i. 1934, 1 <^, 2 ??.

Voigtsgrund, 1,300 m., 15.xii.l933, 1 cJ-

fSatansplatz, near Voigtsgrund, 1,300 m., 17.xii. 1933, 1 (J, 1 9-

Naukluft Mts., 1,300-1,500 m., 7-10. xii. 1933, 2 J?.

Buellesport (= Biillsport), foot of Naukluft Mts., l,40ti m.,
6. xii. 1933, 6 ^^, 1 ?.
All the above specimens were taken by Dr. Jordan.

7

98 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

10. Odontocheilopteryx triodonta sp. n. (Plate iv, fig. 3, holotype ^J ; figs. 4, 6,

8, 10, (^ genitalia).

(J. Palpus cartridge buff shaded with light to warm buff and chestnut to
warm sepia. Antenna honey yellow. Head cartridge buff with some warm bufiF
shading. Thorax cartridge buff, shaded with warm buff, patagium with a few
blackish-brown scales proximally, tegula with strong shading of warm sepia.
Abdomen maize yeUow, streaked terminally and ventrally with warm sepia.
Pectus and legs chestnut to warm sepia streaked with light buff. Forewing light
buff shaded with warm sepia and fuscous black (for pattern cf. figure). Hindwing
maize yellow. Underside of forewing light buff lightly shaded with warm sepia,
of hindwing maize yellow.

Expanse : 30-34 mm. Forewing length : 13-15 mm.

Holotype ,^ (30 mm.) and paratype {J (34 mm.).

Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Ambouu, 300 m., 7-12. v. 1934 (K. Jordan).

Paratype <^. Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m., 12-16. iv.
1934 (K. Jordan).

Plate iv, figs. 5, 7 and 9 show corresponding structures of the ^J genitalia of
0. myxa Wallengren (Wien. ent. Mon., iv, p. 165, 1860), for comparison with the
figures of the genitalia of the new species. In these moths as in many other
Lasiocampidae, the valves or claspers are much reduced, the function of clasping
being carried out largely with the aid of the greatly developed and hinged
extension of the 9th ventrite (fig. 8, 0. triodonta ; fig. 9, 0. myxa), here shown
broken off from the main jjart of segment 9 (cf. figs. 4 and 5 respectively). In the
case of the new species the aedeagus possesses much larger cornuti (cf. figs. 7,
O. myxa, and 10, 0. triodonta).

11. Philotherma tandoensis Bethune-Baker (Plate v, fig. 1, holotype ^).

Philothenna tandoensis Bethune-Baker, Ann. Mag. Nal. Hist. (9), xx, p. 333 (1927).

Bethune-Baker had two males, labelled N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,700
feet, 26.x. 1908 (Dr. W. J. Ansorge).

In the Zoological Museum, Tring, are three specimens apparently belonging
to the same species, with the following data :

{J, Angola, Canhoca (Dr. Ansorge) — (Plate v, fig. 2).

?, Benguella ' (Dr. Ansorge) — (Plate v, fig. 3).

$, Angola, Bihe.

12. Philotherma melambela sp. n. (Plate v, fig. 4, holotype $).

$. Warm buff, the head, thorax and abdomen, dorsally and ventrally,
suffused with antimony yellow. Forewing with a black-edged white disco-
ceUuIar spot, and an indistinct black postmedial fascia bowed (concavity basad)
from costa at three-fifths to vein M2, thence straight and oblique to middle of
inner margin ; a subterminal series of ill-defined sagittate marks roughly
parallel with termen. Hindwing with a prominent subterminal series of black
sagittate marks roughly parallel with termen. Underside similar, forewing
lacking the discoceUular spot.

Expanse : 93 mm. Forewing length : 43 mm.

Holotype $. Angola, Bihe, Salumkinga-Angulo, ix.l934 (R. Braun).

In the Zoological Museum, Tring, is another $, slightly crippled, labelled :
Angola, Bange Ngola, 2.x. 1903 (Dr. Ansorge).

' The Portuguese spelling is Benguela.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1030. QQ

13. Olyra sublineata Walker (Plate xi, fig. 4, ^ ; fig. 5, $ ; fig. 6, larva).
Poecilocampa sublineata Walker, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgotr, i, p. 342 (1869).

Walker's type i.s a $, labelled simply : Congo.

The following Angolan (cJ) and Congo ($) specimens are figured :

(J. N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,700 feet, 10.xii.l908 (W. J. Ansorge).

Agrees with the description and figure of Lasiocampa disfaiitii Dewitz
( Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nal., xlii, p. 79, pi. ii, fig. 14, 1881). There is another
(J in the British Museum from the same source, dated 20. xi. 1908.

$. Congo Beige, Congo R., Kinchasa, v. 1920 (T. A. Barns).

Matches Walker's type of Olyra sublineata. Plate xi, fig. 6 shows a larva
preserved by Monsieur Ch. Seydel, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity
of making the photograph. The specimen was labelled ;

Elisabethville, iv.l925 (Ch. Seydel). No. L 8174.

14. Bombycopsis indecora Walker.

Lasiocampa indecora Walker, List Lep. Inn. B. M.. xxxii, p. 561 (1865).

Walker's type is a South African specimen. AuriviUius (in Seitz) says :
" South and West Africa at least as far as the Cameroon (Bamenda)." The
species is not represented in any material I have seen from Angola.

15. Catalebeda producta Walker (Plate vi, fig. 1, ^).

Lebeda producta Walker, Lixl lep. In.s. B. M.. vi, p. 1465 (1855).

Angola, Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m., 12-16. iv. 1934,
1 cj (K. Jordan).

The place of origin of Walker's type is unknown.

10. Catalebeda elegans meridionalis subsp. n. (Plate vi, fig. 2, holotype ^).
Q. Differs from q of C. elegans elegans AuriviUius (Ergebn. Zweit. Deutsch.
Zentr. Afrika Exp., i, p. 1293, Plate L, fig. 14, 1925 : S. Cameroon, N'Gola,
28. iv. 1911), in the structure of the 8th ventrite, which in the British Museum
example of the typical subspecies (from the Cameroons, Efulen, H. L. Weber)
has the lateral arms long, curved and sharply pointed, and the inner process
apparently blunt, its point being directed dorsad, whereas the subspecies here
described has the lateral arm short, and the inner process with its point directed
mediad (cf. Plate vi, fig. 4, C. e. elegans ; fig. 5, C. e. meridionalis).

Holotype (J. Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v.
1934.

Nadiasa Walker.

Nadiasa Walker. List. Lep. Ins. B. M., v, p. 1014 (1855).

This genus has long been known under Moore's name Taragama, owing to the
fact that the generic position of the type species, N. concolor Walker (List. Lep.
In.1. R. M.. v, p. 1(115, 1885), had not been satisfactorily determined, although
AuriviUius long ago suggested that Walker's name might be revived if N. concolor
proved to be a Taragama. The citation of N . concolor as the type of the genus
rests on Kirby's statement in his Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera,
1892, thcnigh Kirby did not recognize the relationship of Walker's type specimen,
associating with it two other Walker species belonging to a very different genus,
viz. Anadiasa AuriviUius. The acquisition of Cape Colony specimens which I

1AQ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

am satisfied are N. concolor now establishes with certainty the identity of both
the species and the genus, and Taragama Moore (Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. House,
ii, p. 427, 1859) falls as a synonym. The true N. concolor Walker is figured for
the first tune on Plate vi, fig. 7, S, %• 8, ?, and this is also the first time, so far
as I am aware, that the cJ has been received m this country. To the typical
section of the genus belong N. jordani and N. pancala, described below, and
amongst others N. carinata Wallengren (figured on Plate vi, fig. 6) and N. jansei
(Plate vi, fig. 5), a species which has sometimes been confused with N. carinata.
N. basale Walker {List Lep. Ins. B. M., vi, p. 1448, 1855 : Megasoma basale)
represents another section of the genus, of which there are many African species.
Some idea of the difficulties involved in determining the value of variations in these
insects may be gathered from a perusal of the photographs here reproduced.
The moths are so similar that one finds it no easy matter to decide, even after a
study of the genitalia, whether one is dealing with individual varieties or different
species. In a series of Nigerian ?? which I believe to belong to N. amblycalymma,
the shape of the lamella anievaginalis is so constant that I have definitely taken
the view that the Angolan ?$ before me are different species, more especially as,
in spite of great simOarity between them, each possesses a different facies. I
hope that the photographs here reproduced will be the means of encouraging
anyone collecting in Africa to obtain as many specimens as possible of each
species, and I also hope that anyone with the time and opportunity will try to
rear to maturity any larvae of the sort figured.

17. Nadiasa jordani sp. n. (Plate vi, fig. 9, holotype cj).

(J. Palpus chestnut ii-rorate with ochraceous orange ventrally, dorsally light
buff mixed with white. Antenna honey yellow. Head light buff mixed with
white, sparsely streaked with chestnut. Thorax and abdomen dorsally and
ventrally light to warm buff streaked with chestnut, tegula chestnut, legs shaded
with chestnut. Forewing chestnut to chocolate densely irrorate with light to
warm buff except for a distally white-edged English red patch at base between cell
and inner margin, a similar patch proximally edged with chestnut beyond and
adjoining the end of the cell, the latter forming part of a chestnut patch between
the white antemedial and postmedial fasciae from costa to vein Cul ; a white
spot at base of cell ; subtermmal almost obsolete, consisting of a series of inter-
neural English red dashes ; fringe light buff. Hindwmg chocolate, irrorate
distally with light buff, with light to warm buff on inner margin towards anal
angle, and cartridge buff fringe, chocolate near anal angle. Underside chocolate,
forewmg light buff along mner margm.

Expanse : 42 mm. Forewing length : 19 mm.

Holotype S- South Central Angola, Upper Cubango-Cunene Watershed,
5,500 feet,' X. 1928 (T. A. Barns).

Richer in colour, smaller than, but similar in pattern and structure to
N. repanda Hiibner (Europ. Schmett. Bomb., S. 274, 275: 1818-1822; 346:
1834-1841), of which it may ultimately prove to be a subspecies.

18. Nadiasa pancala sp. n. (Plate vi, fig. 10, holotype ?).
Q Palpus light to warm buff mixed with fuscous, orange laterally and
ventrally. Antenna honey yeUow, shaft warm buff, irrorate with fuscous.
Head light buff mixed with vinaceous brown and fuscous. Thorax light to warm

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE Xlj. 1936. JQJ

buff, patagium streaked with white, vinaceous brown and fuscous, tegula wax
yellow to olive ochre (faded ?). Abdomen tergally light to warm buff. Pectu.s
warm buff, vinaceous russet to Hay's russet in front. Venter warm buff, irrorate
with vinaceous russet. Legs warm buff with vinaceous russet and fuscous shading.
Forewing with the proximal two-thirds vinaceous russet suffused with Hay's
russet, dark vinaceous brown to fuscous at the postmedial fascia, and traces
of white at middle of costa ; distal third warm bufiF with white along the post-
medial fascia, irrorate with vinaceous brown. Hindwing cartridge buff to light
buff, the proximal two-thirds suffused with vinaceous brown, the latter edged
with diffused white. Underside light to warm buff, the proximal two-thirds
of each wing suffused with vinaceous brown.

Expanse: 60 mm. Forewing length : 27-5 mm.

Holotype $. S.W. Africa, Swakopmund, 6.xi.l933 (K. Jordan).

The $ of the previously described species must be very similar to this in
appearance (cf. Plate vi, fig. 9, N. jordani, J').

19. Nadiasa jansei sp. n. (Plate vi, fig. 5, holotype (J).

cJ. Palpus light buff dorsally, yellow ochre to ochraceous orange ventrally.
Antenna honey yellow, shaft light buff. Thorax anteriorly light buff mLxed with
russet, tegula yellow ochre to ochraceous orange, edged with light buff, meso-
thorax and metathorax warm buff to ochraceous buff. Abdomen tergally warm
buff to ochraceous bufF, dLstally tinged with russet. Pectus, legs and venter
light to warm buff, the scales surrounding the genital opening, and the terminal
tuft, russet to chocolate. Forewing russet, the fasciae cartridge buff (for pattern
cf. figure) ; a cartridge buff spot at base of cell ; costa warm buff ; an ochraceous
orange patch bounded by lower margin of cell, anal vein and antemedial fascia ;
discocellular streak chocolate, succeeded by a patch of ochraceous orange ; a
warm buff area between lower margin of cell and inner margin and the antemedial
and postmedial fasciae ; chocolate edging at tornus. Hindwing russet, inner
margin light to warm buff, whig apex and anal angle edged with chocolate ;
postmedial fascia cartridge buff. Underside russet to vmaceous tawnj', fore-
and huidwmgs witli costa warm buff, mner margin light buff, cartridge buff
postmedial fascia.

Expanse: 37 mm. Forewing length : 16-5 mm.

Holotype S- Transvaal, Pretoria, 6.xi.l906 (A. J. T. Janse).

Smaller than N. carinata Wallengren (Wien. ent. Mov.. iv, p. 105, 1860), the
fasciae more prominent, the colour less rich (cf. Plate vi, fig. 5 — N. jansei, tig. 6 —
N. carinata).

2t>. Nadiasa quirimbo sp. n. (Plate vi, fig. U, holotype $).
$. Palpus chestnut, streaked with warm buff and ochraceous orange.
Antenna honey yellow, the shaft chestiuit streaked with warm buff. Head and
thorax warm buff mixed with avellancous to vinaceous fawn. Abdomen tcifXiiily
warm Unff suffu.'<cd with vinaceous fiiwn. tegula ochraceous orange. Pectus
vinaceous russef to walnut brown, sparsely streaked with warm buff. I>cgs
walnut brown to chestnut, streaked with warm buff. Venter walnut brown,
streaked with warm l)uir. segments edged distiilly with light bidf. Korcwiiig
vinaceous ru.s.set, ])atchily relieved with ochraceous orange; a broad tuft of
chestnut brown ..nd fuscou.s .sciUcs .u ciid of cell ; antemedial and postmedial

1Q2 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

fasciae fuscous, white-edged ; subterminal fascia ill-defined, indicated by vandyke
brown scaling ; on the inner margin a lanceolate patch, light buff irrorate with
vinaceous russet, white-edged except on inner margin, its point extending just
beyond the postmedial fascia ; fringe vinaceous brown. Hindwing warm buff
with a vinaceous russet suffusion increasing towards the subterminal area ; a fine
fuscous terminal edging ; fringe light buff, edged with fuscous. Underside of
both wings almost uniform vinaceous russet irrorate with light to warm buff.

Expanse : 74 mm. Forewing length : 34 mm.

Holotype ?. Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v.
1934 (K. Jordan).

21. Nadiasa oinopa sp. n. (Plate vi, fig. 12, ^ ; fig. 13, ?).

(J and $. Pattern as in figures. Ground colour of forewing vinaceous brown,
enriched basad by chocolate, fringe fuscous. Hindwing warm buff sufi'used with
vinaceous russet, fringe fuscous.

Expanse : cJ, 44-46 mm., $, 60-63 mm.

Forewing length : ^, 19-20 mm., ?, 26-28 mm.

(J genitalia with the 9th ventrite similar to that of N. cuneaia Distant
(Plate vii, figs. 10, 11), but with the terminal crown of spines narrow, the spmes
small and more or less uniform in size.

$ genitalia. Armature of ostium bursae broad, with a long, narrow, blunt
process, somewhat irregular in outline (cf. Plate vi, fig. 14).

Larva (Plate viii, fig. 7). I am indebted to Monsieur Ch. Seydel for the
opportunity of photographing this beautifully preserved larva (M. Seydel's
No. L8172).

Holotype ^J and allotype $. Belgian Congo, Elisabethville, xii. 1926 (Ch.
Seydel).

Paratypes from the same source, dated xi. 1926, 1 ^, 1 $.

22. Nadiasa directa Mabille (Plate vii, fig. l, holotype $).

Pachypasa directa Mahille, Ann. Soc. ent. Beige, xxxvii, p. 58 (1893).

Mabille gives Gabun as the locality. Plate vii, figs. 2, 3 show two views of
the $ genital armature. It will be noticed that in the forewing the oblique
fuscous dashes in the subterminal fascia are unusually long and extend basad
almost to the postmedial fascia. MabiUe's type $ is in the British Museum.

Expanse : 82 mm. Forewing length : 38 mm.

23. Nadiasa pamphenges sp. n. (Plate vii, fig. 5, holotype $).

$. Ground colour vinaceous tawny to vinaceous rufous, shaded with chest-
nut, which is richest at the forewing base and tegula. Pattern as seen in the
figure, fasciae fuscous edged with vinaceous fawn, discocellular spot prominent.
Ostium bursa", with a simple armature, the lamella untevagiimlis with a moderately
long, fairly stout, parallel-sided process (cf. Plate vii, fig. 15).

Expanse : 60 mm. Forewing length : 28 mm.

Holotype $. N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,700 feet, 15. xi. 1908 (W. J.
Ansorge).

NOVITATES ZOOLOUICAE XL. 1938. 103

24. Nadiasa amphilecta sp. n. (Plate vii, fig. 4, holotype $).

$. Ground colour warm buff tinged with vinaceous tawny, shaded with
aubiu-n on forewing proximally, and most of tegula. Pattern as seen in figure.
Ostium bursae with a strong armature, the lamella antevaginalis broad, with a
moderately long, somewhat irregularly shaped blunt process (cf. Plate vii, fig. 7).

Expanse : 78 mm. Forewing length : 35 mm.

Holotype $. ? Angola (Monteiro). The specimen is labelled : Angola or
Delagoa Bay.

25. Nadiasa torynecteta sp. n. (Plate vii, fig. 13, holotype $ ; fig. 14, $ genital

armature).

$. Coloration intermediate between that of N. directa Mabille and N.
amphilecta Tains. Light edging of tegula very fine. Forewing more rounded,
termen less oblique than in the two species just mentioned. Ostium bursae
strongly chitinized, the lamella antevaginalis with a long curved spatulate process.

Expanse : 62 mm. Forewing length : 28 mm.

Holotype $. Angola, Pungo Andongo (A. v. Homeyer).

26. Nadiasa amblycalymma sp. n. (Plate vii, fig. 6, $ genital armatiu-e).

$. Greneral coloration tawny to vinaceous tawny and vinaceous russet ;
pattern sharply defined. Forewing more richly coloured at base, there inclined
to chestnut ; a prominent chestnut brown discocellular dot ; fasciae sepia,
antemedial proximally and postmedial distally edged with light buff ; area
between postmedial and subterminal tawny, proximally shaded with vinaceous
russet ; a light buff terminal line, fringe sepia. Hindwing tawny, distally suf-
fused with vinaceous tawny ; a light buff terminal line ; fringe sepia. Underside
vinaceous tawny, forewing with faint traces of fasciae similar to those on upper
side, hindwing with a bowed postmedial almost exactly through the middle.
$ genital armature with the ostium bursae strong, the process arising from the
lamella antevaginalis shaped like a broad chisel blade.

Expanse : 64 mm. Forewing length : 30 mm.

Holotype $. Cote dTvou-e.

Very similar to N. torynecteta, but with a much sinoother appearance, lighter
in colour, with the fasciae very sharply defined. In N. torynecteta the postmedial
fascia on underside of hindwing is more prominent, and set distinctly farther distad.

27. Nadiasa pachyla sp. n. (Plate viii, fig. I, holotype ^ ; fig. 2, allotype $).

Q. Palpus chocolate sparsely irrorate with warm buff. Antenna honey
yellow, shaft vinaceous brown densely ii-rorate with warm buff. Thorax vinaceous
brown to chocolate sparsely irrorate with warm buff, tegula chocolate, velvety,
finely edged with light buff. Abdomen tergally vinaceous brown sjjarscly irrorate
with warm buff. Pectus, legs and venter chocolate, sparsely irrorate with light
to warm buff. Forewing chocolate, rich and velvety from base to postmedial
fascia ; antemedial and postmedial fasciae fuscous ; a light buff and chocolate
])ale patch from wingbase extending along inner margin to just beyond post-
medial fas(Ma : for pattern see figure. Hindwing vinaceous l)r()wn irrorate with
warm buff, siiffu.><e(i with chocolate distally. Underside vinaceous brown, cosla
and fringe in both fore- and hindwings edged with chocolate.

104

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 193G.

$. Similar, colder in tone of colour, warm sepia instead of chocolate, olive
brown instead of vinaceous brown.

Expanse : cJ, 50-52 mm. ; ?, 72-76 mm.

Forewing length : cJ. 21-23 mm. ; $, 32-34 mm.

Holotype (J. Belgian Congo, Elisabeth ville, xii. 1926 (Ch. Seydel).

Allotype ?. Belgian Congo, ElisabethvUle, iv.l926 (Ch. Seydel).

Paratypes from the same source, 2 ^^J, 1 $, xii. 1926.

The $? are hardly distinguishable from the Angolan ? described as
N. sminthocara below, but they have a rougher facies, with somewhat narrower
and lighter hindwings, as may be seen by comparmg the figures. The lamella
antevagiiialis in N. sminthocara is broader than that of N. pachyla. N. pachyla
is more robust and of a more rugged aspect than N. coilotoma Bethune-Baker.
The larva (cf. Plate viii, fig. 6) was found at ElisabethvUle by Monsieur Ch. Seydel,
to whom I am mdebted for the opportunity of photographing it, and also for
all the specimens listed above. The specimen of the larva bore a number (L 8248).
The $? were reared from larvae to which M. Seydel assigned a different number
(L 8225), and apparently I overlooked this larva when I had the opportunity of
photographing the specimens. Plate viii, fig. 9 shows two larvae of N. dis-
tinguenda Aurivillius {Traits. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1905, p. 315, Plate xvi, fig. 13),
figured here for comparison with the figures of the larvae of N. pachyla and
N. oinopa (Plate viii, figs. 6 and 7 respectively).

28. Nadiasa coilotoma Bethune-Baker (Plate viii, fig. 8, holotype ^).
Metanastria coilotoma Bethune-Baker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), vii, p. 564 (1911).

The type bears a label: Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,700 feet, 5.xi.l908
(Dr. W. J. Ansorge).

29. Nadiasa graberii Dewitz (Plate viii, fig. 3, holotype $).

Pachypasa graberii Dewitz, Vtrh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nat., xlii. p. 72, pi. ii. fig. 3 (1881).

I have included, with a photograph of Dewitz's type, one of the only specimen
we have in the British Museum collection providing a fair match for the type,
a $ from the Oberthiir collection labelled: Afriq. Occid., Kamerun, Johann-
Albrechts Hohe Station (L. Conradt) — (cf. Plate viii, fig. 4).

3<i. Nadiasa sminthocara sp. n. (Plate viii, fig. 5, holotype ?)•
$. Palpus and antenna Natal brown streaked with vinaceous bufl^. Head
and thorax vinaceous bufi" degraded with Natal brown, tegula chestnut brown
inwardly edged with vinaceous buff. Abdomen tergally vinaceous buff' degraded
with aveUaneous. Pectus and legs Natal brown streaked with vinaceous buff'.
Venter vinaceous buff" shaded with Natal brown. Forewing warm sepia, enriched
basad to chestnut brown, with a degraded patch of vinaceous buff" on the inner
margin, edged, except along inner margin itself, with cartridge buff ; a fuscous
spot at end of cell ; a deeply bowed fuscous antemedial fascia, almost semi-
circular ; a straight, oblique, fuscous postmedial fascia from costa just before
apex towards inner margin at two-thirds, but not crossing the marginal vinaceous
buff patch. Hindwing vinaceous buff lightly suffused with warm sepia except
along inner margin. Underside vinaceous buft'slightly degraded with warm sepia.
Expanse : 68 mm. Forewing length : 32 mm.

NoviTATES Zologicap: XL. l!*:t(i. 105

Holotype $. Angola, Amboiin district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m.,
7-12. iv. 1934 (K. Jordan).

Evidently closely related to N. distinguenda Aurivillius {Trans. Enl. Soc.
Lond. 1905, p. 315, Plate xvi, fig. 13), from which it differs chiefly in the richer
colouring ; the hindwing in N. distinguenda is always uniformly lighter. 1 have
seen similar specimens, not necessarily belonging to this species, labelled
" graberii Dewitz," but the colour tone of N. graberii is much colder, matching
best the clove brown of Ridgway's Color Slaiulards and Nomenclature, 1912.

31. Pachypasa subfascia Walker (Plate ix, fig. l, 9 ; fig. 2, c?)-

Pachypam ? suhjaacia Walker, List. Lip. Ins. B. M., vi, p. 1426 (1855).

Pachypasa subfascia Walker, Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nat., xlii, p. 72, pi. ii, fig. 12 (1881)

Dewitz figures a $ from Chinchoxo, the only specimen in Dr. Falkenstein's
collection. There are no specimens in the material under review, but a (J and
a $ from the Cameroons are figured.

32. Pachypasa imitans Amivillius (Plate ix, fig. 4, ^).

Taragatna imitans Aurivillius, Ent. Tidxkr., xiv, p. 213 (1893).

Pachypasa imitans Aurivillius, in Seitz, Grossschmelt. tier Erde, xiv, p. 242, pi. 33d, imitans (1927).

Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v. 1934 (K.
Jordan), 1 ^.

33. Pachypasa mesoleuca mesoleuca Strand.

Pachypasa mesoleuca Strand, Ent. Rundschau, xxviii, p. 150 (1911).
PachyjMsa mesoleuca Strand, Lep. Niepelliana, i, p. 22, pi. iv, fig. 3 (1914).

Dr. Jordan found a larva at Fazenda Congulu, Amboim district, 700-800 m.,
in April (7-11), 1934, from which he reared a specimen which I feel sure must
belong to this species. It is a $, resembling the figure in Seitz (Gros,sschmett. der
Erde, xiv, pi. 32f, mesoleuca) in pattern, but the colour is tawny.

In the British Museum (Natural History) there are three $$ from Nyasaland
with the same tawny coloration. These I believe constitute an eastern geograph-
ical race, and I propose to call it Pachypasa mesoleuca pyrsocoma subsp. n.
(Plate ix, fig. 5).

Holotype $. Nyasaland, Mt. Mlanje, 8. v. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

Paratype $. Nyasaland, Mt. Mlanje, 23. iv. 1913 (S. A. Neave).

Paratype $. Nyasaland, Zomba, Lingangala River, xii. 1920 (H. Barlow).

34. Pachypasa honrathii Dewitz (Plate ix, fig. 7, ?).

Pachypasa honrathii Dewitz. i'erh. Leop.-IJarol. Akad. Xal., xlii, p. 73, pi. ii, fig. 11 (1881).

Angola, Pungo Andongo (A. v. Homeyer), 1 $.

35, Pachypasa pyrsocoi'sa sp. n. (Plate ix, fig. 6, holotype $).
?. Palpus chestnut, spurscly streaked with ochraceous orange. .Antenna
honey yellow, the shaft clotlicd with cliestnut scales iiTorate with ochraceous
orange. Head with frons chestimt streaked with ochraceous orange, vertex
light greyish vinaceous. Abdomen tergally light orange yellow, the segments
tinged distally with oi^hiaccous tawny. Pectus and venter buft" pink sulfuscd
with chestimt. I.'egs chestnut inorate witli ochraceous orange. Korewuig
vinaceous tii.wnv to cinnanKin nifmis, buff pink licfore the anti'mediiil fasciii an<l

106 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

after the postmedial fascia, these fasciae being fuscous ; pattern as in figure.
Hindwing buflf pink, proximally tinged with light orange yellow, distaUy suffused
with vinaceous tawny. Underside of forewing and hindwing proximally light
orange yellow, distally vinaceous tawny.

Expanse : 90 mm. Forewing length : 42 mm.

Holotype $. Angola, Pungo Andongo (A. v. Homeyer).

36. Pachypasa papyroides sp. n. (Plate xi, fig. 14, holotype $).

$. Palpus ochraceous orange mixed with chestnut. Antenna honey yellow,
the shaft warm buff shaded distally with chestnut. Head with frons ochraceous
orange, vertex light buff. Thorax light buff with a hoary appearance, with a
narrow chestnut medial longitudinal stripe. Abdomen tergally ochraceous orange
to orange. Pectus, legs and venter chestnut streaked with ochraceous orange, the
tarsal segments edged distally with orange. Forewing vinaceous tawny, proximal
third of costa cartridge buff to warm buff ; antemedial fascia cartridge buff,
edged proximally and distally with diffuse fuscous, slightly wavy, from middle of
costa oblique to inner margin at one-third ; postmedial fascia similar, parallel
with termen to vein Cu2, then to inner margin at two-thirds ; a broad strip of
cartridge buff suffusion beyond the postmedial extending from vein Ou2 to inner
margin ; subterminal fascia only slightly indicated by fuscous shading ; fringe
tawny olive with some light buff edging near the tornus. Hmdwing vinaceous
tawny, paler in proximal third ; a very faint indication of a bowed postmedial
fascia ; termen edged with tawny olive ; fringe warm buff. Underside of both
wings vinaceous tawny, with indications of the two fuscous edges of the post-
medial fascia on the forewing.

Expanse : 94 mm. Forewing length : 44 mm.

Holotype $. Angola, Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m.,
17-22. iv. 1934 (K. Jordan).

This moth resembles very closely Pachypasa papyri Tams ( Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (10), viii, p. 36, Plate i, fig. 2, 1931), of which I was able to describe both sexes
from a bred series, and from which it differs chiefly in colour. It may be the
Angolan representative of that species, but this cannot be definitely established
without more material, particularly males.

37. Pachypasa dallana Bethune-Baker (Plate ix, fig. 3, holotype $).

Pachypasa dallana Bethune-Baker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9), xx. p. 3.31 (1927).

N. Angohi, N'Dalia Tando, 14. i. 19110 (W. J. Ansorge).

If not actually identical with Pachypa.ta rohdei Aurivillius {Ark. Zool., v (5),
p. 18, 1909), P. dallana is certainly very closely related to that species.

38. Pachypasa wellmaiini Weymer.

Pachypasa icellmanni Weymer, Deiitsrh. enl. Zeil.. 19118. p. .510, } ; p. 733, o (19118).
Pachypasa wellniantii Weymer. Aurivillius, in Seitz, Grosssch?iiett. der Erde, xiv, p. 245, pi, 34a, (J
(1927).

Benguela.

From the figure one would judge this species to belong to the genus Craspia.
I have seen no specimens from Angola.

NOVITATES ZoOI.OlUCAE XL. \9'.K. 107

39. Leipoxais peraffinis Holland (Plate x, fig. 1, ^J).

Leipoxais pera/jinis Holland, Psyche, vi, p. 520 (1893).

Ogo^ River. There Ls a paratype ^J in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History).

Ogove River, Lambarene, i.l9l»8 (W. J. An.sorge), 1 tj.

N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,7(K) feet, 5, 23. xi. 1908 (W. J. An.sorge), 2 ^^.

S.W. Congo, Kuila River, Udamba (J. S. Bousfield), 1 ?.

40. Leipoxais fuscofasciata Aurivillius.

Ltipoxaia Juacofasciata Aurivillius, Ark. Zool.. v (5), p. 12 (1909).

J. Mouth of Congo River, Banana.

I know only the figure in Seitz, Grossschmell. der Erde, xiv, p. 248, pi. 34b,
fuscofasciata, but have included the reference as the moth may occur in Angola.

41. Leipoxais haematidea Snellen.

Gastropacha haematidea Snellen, Tijdschr. r. Enl.. xv, p. -14, pi. iii, figs. 13, 14 (1872).
This i.s another species occurring at the mouth of the Congo River.

42. Leipoxais crenulata Bethune-Baker (Plate x, fig. 2, holotype (J).

Leipaxais [sir] crenulata Bethune-Baker. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), vii, p. 565 (1911).

N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,700 feet, 3.xi.l908 (W. J. Ansorge).
43. Leipoxais marginepunctata Holland (Plate x, fig. 3, (J).

Leipoxais marginepunctata Holland. Psyrlic. vi. p. 531 (1893).

Aurivillius gives the distribution of this species as Sierra Leone to the
Congo. Some form of the species may occur in Angola, and for this reason I
have included a figure of a specimen with the following data :

cJ. Congo, Luteto, l(j.xi.l9(»3 (C. Chri.sty).

44. Eucraera kollikerii Dewitz (Plate x, fig. 4, ^).

Lasiocampa kollikerii Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nat., xlii, p. 78, pi. ii, fig. 15 (1881).

Cabinda, Chinchoxo (Dr. Falkenstein), paratype (J in the British Museum
(Natural History).

Angola, Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m.. 12-1(1. iv. 1934
(K. Jordan), 2 ^^.

Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v. 1934 (K. Jordan),
2 cJcJ.

45. Eucraera gemmata asaphes sutep. n.

(J. The pointed proce.ss arising from the proximal half of th<^ valve in
the genitalia longer than that in the typical subspecies from the Transvaal,
E. getinnata yeiniiiula DisUmt {Ann. Mwj. Nal. Hist. (6), xx, p. 2o7, 1897,
Dendrolimu.f gemmata).

Holotyjie cJ- N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,700 feet, 27.x. 1908 (\V. J.
Ansorge).

Allotype $. Angola, S. Bih6 district, Benguela Plateau, 5,000 feet, xi.l928
(T. A. Barns)— (cf. PI. x, fig. 5).

Paratype $. Angola, Cubal River, ii.l899 (Penrice) — (PI. x. fig. 7).

108 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

46. Eucraera aphrasta sp. n. (Plate x, fig. 6, holotype ^).

^. White, pattern in degraded Isabella colour. Abdomen tergally
ochraceous orange, the segments proximally .shaded with fuscous black. Fuscous
black dLscocellular dots on forewing and hindwing above, on hindwing only
beneath. White antemedial and postmedial fasciae narrow, serrate, the former
with two sharp angles. Genitalia : Valve with the proximal pointed process
moderately long.

Holotype ^.' Angola, Morro de Pundo, 60 km. N.E. of Lobito, 21. v. 1934
(K. Jordan).

This species is not easily distinguished from E. gemmata asaphes described
above, which, however, has the proximal half of the forewing chamois. The
pointed process arising from base of valve is intermediate between the long process
in the subspecies of E. gemmata and the very short process found in kollikerii.

47. Mimopacha jordani sp. n. (Plate x, fig. 8, holotype (^ ; fig. 9, allotype $).

(J. Chestnut brown. Antennal pectinations infuscate, the shaft chestnut
brown, with light buff at base. Forewing shape and pattern as in figure, the
fasciae indicated by fine light buff scaling ; area between postmedial and sub-
terminal fasciae vinaceous drab shaded proximally and distally with dusky brown;
a prominent rounded discocellular spot with three light buff dots, the chestnut
brown ground colour surrounding it somewhat richer ; fringe edged with light
buff. Hindwing with a hyaline spot at end of cell, similarly siu-rounded by
enriched chestnut brown, of which there is an almost velvety patch between the
subterminal fascia and the termen from apex to vein Cul. Underside similar,
the forewing lacking the discocellular spot and dots.

Expanse : 50-58 mm. Forewing length : 24-26 mm.

$. Similar, larger, less rich in colour.

Expanse ; 65 mm. Forewmg length ; 31 mm.

Holotype ^. Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v.
1934 (K. Jordan).

Allotype 5, and 3 paratype ,^3'. Angola, Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu,
700-800 m., 7-11. iv. 1934 (K. Jordan).

48. Mimopacha gerstaeckerii Dewitz (Plate x, fig. 10, paratype ^).

Gastropacha gerstaeclcerii Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nat., xlii, p. 74, pi. ii, fig. 6 (1881).

Not represented in Dr. Jordan's material. The figure shows a paratype ^
from the original locality, Chinchoxo (Dr. Falkenstein).

49. Mimopacha knoblauchii Dewitz (Plate x, fig. 11, paratype cj).

Gastropacha knohlaiichii Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nat., xlii, p. 75, pi. ii, fig. 2, ^ ; fig. 4, $
(1881).

Not represented in Dr. Jordan's material. The figure shows a paratype (^
from the original locality, Chinchoxo (Dr. Falken.stein).

•50. Mimopacha excavata Hering (Plate x, fig. 12, paratype J).

Mimopacha excavata Hering, Deutsch. ent. Zeitschr. 19.35. p. 176.

The paratype figured is a Belgian Congo specimen now in the British Museum
(Natural History).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAK XL. 1936. 100

51. Odontopacha spissa Tarns (Plate v, fig. 5, (J ; fig. 6, $).

Odontopacha apissa Tama, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), iii, p. 154 (1929).

Angola, Amboira district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m., 12-16. iv. 1934
(K. Jordan), 5 cJ<^.

Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v. 1934 (K. Jordan),
2 SS, 2 ??.

52. Trichopisthia igneotincta Aurivillius (Plate v, fig. 7, (J; fig.s. lo, ii,

cj genitalia).

Craspia igneotincta Aurivillius, Ark. Zool. (5), v, p. 21 (1909).

Angola, Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m., 12-16. iv. 1934
(K. Jordan), 1 ^J.

Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboim, 300 m., 7-12. v. 1934 (K. Jordan), 19 cJc?-

Bihe, Gamba, i.l935 (R. Braun), 1 ^.

A variable series, the specimen figured showing the maximum degree of
orange rufous streaking, which .some specimens entirely lack. The latter have
the forewings vandyke brown. One specimen approaches in appearance that
figured by Griinberg as Lasiocampa poecilosticta {Denkschr. med.-nat. Oes. Jena,
xvi, p. 136, pi. iii, fig. 14 (1910)). Dr. Jordan obtained many more ^^ than those
recorded above, but no $$.

It remains to be discovered how far T. poecilosticta Griinberg, treated by
Aurivillius (in Seitz, Grossschmett. der Erde, xiv, p. 223, pi. 30c, 1927) as a local
race (Damaraland) of T. igneotincta, differs from the typical subspecies, but a
specimen from Tanganyika exhibits differences in the genitalia as shown on Plate
V, figs. 8 and 9. In this subspecies the valve has a distinctly broader, shorter
neck and the vesica of the aedeagus has an armature of much more delicate
spines. I propose to name this subspecies Trichopisthia igneotincta eothina
subsp. n. Holotype ^ : Tanganyika Territory, Kilosa, at light, 5. iii. 1926
(N. C. E. Miller).

GONOMETINAE.

53. Gonometa bicolor Dewitz (Plate xi, fig. 12, a copy of Dewitz's figure).

Oonometa bicolor Dewitz, Verh. Leop.-Carol. Akad. Nat., xlii, p. 73, pi. ii, fig. 1 (1881).

Recorded oidy from Chinchoxo (Dr. Falkenstein). This species may be
related to Pachymeta lamborni Aurivillius {Ark. Zool., ix (11), p. 6 (1915), the only
species known to me bearing any resemblance to the figure, which, however,
represents a $ much smaUer than the only $ of that species I have seen. I
certainly do not know a true Gonometa like it.

54. Anadiasa punctifascia Walker (Plate xi, figs. 17, 18, (JJ).

Eriogaater punctifascia Walker, List. Lep. Ins. B. M., vi, p. 1472 (1855).

S.W. Africa, .Sissekab, N.W. of Otavi, 1,300 m., 14. xi. 1933 (K. Jordan),

55. Pseudometa jordani sp. n. (Plate xi, fig. 16, holotype (J).

f^. Antenna honey yellow, the shaft sepia. General coloration warm .sepia,
with light buff scaling on pectus and femora. Forewing with a light l)uff" lunule
at end of cell, and a series of subterminal fuscous-black dots. Hindwing with the

110 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

inner-marginal area extended to form a short, blunt tail. Fringes finely edged
with light buff.

Expanse : 33 mm. Forewing length : 15 mm.

Holotype J. Angola, Quirimbo, 75 km. E. of P. Amboiin, 300 m.,
7-12. V. 1934 (K. Jordan).

56. Pseudometa pliathochroa sp. n. (Plate xi, fig. 15, holotype J).

(J. Palpus, antennal shaft, head, thorax, pectus and venter madder brown
finely irrorate with light buff. Antennal pectinations honey yellow. Abdomen
tergally warm buff suffused with madder brown. Legs light buff strongly
suifused with madder brown, the foretibia outwardly edged w ith strong fuscous
shading, irrorate with light buff. Forewing madder brown, with a white-centred
fuscous-black spot at end of cell, and a subterminal series of fuscous black dots.
Hindwing light buff suffused with madder brown.

Expanse : 36 mm. Forewing length : 33 mm.

Holotype ^. Angola, Mt. Moco, Luimbale, 1,800-1,900 m., 13.iii.l934
(K. Jordan).

57. Pseudolyra caiala sp. n. (Plate xi, fig. 9, holotype (J).

(^. Warm buff shaded with fuscous, hindwings warm buff only, the fasciae
fuscous ; subterminal fascia interrupted at the veins.
Expanse : 40 mm. Forewing length : 18 mm.
Holotype (J. Angola, Bihe, Caiala, 12.x. 1904 (W. J. Ansorge).

58. Pseudolyra miona sp. n. (Plate xi, fig. 11, holotype $ ; fig. 10, paratype $).

$. Palpus warm buff. Antenna warm buff irrorate with drab. Head warm
buff mixed with fuscous, the scales white-tipped. Thorax light buff mixed with
fuscous, the scales white-tipped. Abdomen tergally light buff streaked with drab.
Pectus, legs and venter warm buff irrorate with drab. Forewing hoary, fuscous
or russet vinaceous and white mixed, the white slightly predominating, warm
buff along costa and veins ; a fine, bowed (concavity basad) fuscous antemedial
fascia ; a trace of fuscous on the discocellulars ; a fine fuscous postmedial fascia,
bowed beyond and round end of cell ; a fuscous subtermmal fascia of fine, oblique
dashes, roughly parallel with termen ; fringe russet vinaceous mixed with white.
Hindwing russet vinaceous (predominant) and white mixed, the appearance less
hoary than that of forewing. Underside of both fore- and hindwings light buff
tmged with vinaceous russet.

Expanse: 34 mm. Forewing length : 15-5 mm.

Holotype $ and paratype $. Angola, Mt. Moco, Luimbale, 1,800-1,900 m.,
13.iii.l934 (K. Jordan).

59. Pseudolyra lineadentata Bethune-Baker (Plate xi, fig. 7, holotype ^ ;

fig. 8, ?).

Pseudolyra lineadentata Bethune-Baker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), vii, p. 561 (1911).

Bethune-Baker 's type is labelled :

N. Angola, N'Dalla Tando, 2,700 feet, 21 .xii. 1908 (W. J. Ansorge).

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936. l\\

A specimen ((J) in the Zoological Museum, Tring, bears the d<ata :
Angola, Fort Don Carlos, 2 1. ix. 1903 (Dr. Ansorge).

The $ figured Ls in the Tring Museum, and is labelled : Pungo Andongo
(A. V. Homeyer).

60. Mallocampa zopheropa Bethune-Baker (Plate xi, fig. 13, holotype (J).

Metanastria zopheropa Bcthime-B.iker, Ann. Maij. Nat. llist. (8), vii, p. 565 (1911).

The type is labelled : West Africa, Gunnal.

GASTROPACHINAE.

61. Opisthodontia jordani sp. n. (Plate xi, fig. 2, holotype (J).

(J. Palpus brownLsh vinaceous to russet vinaceous, first segment ventrally
light buff, remainder irrorate with light buff. Antenna honey yellow, the shaft
vinaceous tawny urorate with light buff. Head and thorax brownish vinaceous
to russet vinaceous and vinaceous tawny. Abdomen tergally light to warm buff.
Pectus warm buff, brownish vinaceous in front. Venter warm buff shaded with
brownish vinaceous. Legs russet vinaceous to vinaceous tawny streaked with
light to warm buff. Forewing brownish vinaceous to purplish vinaceous, russet
vinaceous along costa and veins, the darker colours masked by a fine, dense
streaking of light buff ; antemedial fascia and postmedial fascia fuscous, fine ;
subterminal fascia indistinct, fuscous ; a fine preterminal edging of sepia ; fringe
light buff. Hindwing similar, the light buff streaking more uniform and pro-
ducing a greyish effect ; the preterminal edging more pronounced. Underside
colouring similar ; forewing with postmedial fascia not crenate ; hindwing with
area surrounding accessory cell and veinlets dark vinaceous brown, long warm
buff hair-scales from base along inner margin ; postmedial fascia more or less
evenly bowed (concavity basad).

Expanse : 40 mm. Forewmg length : 19 mm.

Holotype cJ. Angola, Amboim district, Fazenda Congulu, 700-800 m.,
12-16. iv. 1934 (K. Jordan).

62. Opisthodontia rothschildi sp. n. (Plate xi, fig. holotype j").

(J. Palpus chocolate, with some fuscous shading, inner side light buff.
Antenna honey yellow, the shaft chocolate. Head and thorax chocolate.
Abdomen tergally vinaceous russet. Pectus and venter vinaceous russet strongly
suffused with chocolate. Legs chocolate with some light buff irroration. Fore-
wing chocolate sparsely irrorate with light buff, the medial and preterminal areas
degraded with livid brown, fasciae indistinct, veins irrorate with light buff ;
fringe interneurally finely edged with white. Hindwing similarly coloured, with
less livid brown. Underside forewing lighter (cameo brown) than that of hind-
wing, which is more like upperside, but has the bUineate fascia more distinct.

Expanse: 38 mm. Forewing length : 17-5 mm.

Holotype <^ and paratype cJ. Angola, Bihe, Gamba, xii.1934 (R. Braun).

63. Opisthodontia dentata Aurivillius (Plate xi, fig. l, ^)

Opiathodontia dentata Aurivillius, Ent. Tidskr., xx, p. 245 (1899).

The specimen figured is a (J with the following data : Ogov6 River, Lam-
barene, v. 1907 (Dr. Ansorge).

112

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 193C.

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Chrysopsyche mirifica leptophyes Tarns, subsp. n. (J.

3) ^' M )J )) J» it -F*

,, 3. Lechriolepis dewitzi AuriviUius, ,^.

»» *• j» )> )) ¥•

„ 5. Chrysopsyche radei Dewitz, holotype (J.

,, 6. Beralade quirimbo Tarns, sp. n. c?> enlarged view.

,, 7. ,, ,, exocyrta Tams, subsp. n. ,^, enlarged.

,, 8. „ ,, Tams, sp. n. ^.

,, 9. ,, ,, erocj/rto Tams, subsp. n. ^.

,, 10. ,, parva Aurivillius, (J.

„ 11. „ . „ _ ., ?.

,, 12. ,, jordani Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

,, 13. ,, ,, ,, „ allotype 9.

Fig.

9.

10.

PLATE IV.

Laeliopsis gemmata Wichgraf, holotype ^.

)) )» )» o*

Cdontocheilcptiryx irlcdonta Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

,, ,, dorsal half of 9th segment.

niyxa Wallengren, dorsal half of 9th segment.
triodonta Tams, lateral view of genitalia in situ,
myxa Wallengren, aedeagus.
triodonta Tams, ventral half of 9th segment.
myxa Wallengren, ventral half of 9th segment.
„ ,, aedeagus.

PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Philotherma tandoensis Bethune-Baker, holotype (J.

,, ^- jj j» )> J) J) o*

,, O. ,, ») )) »» )) -p*

4. ,, melambela Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

5. Odontopacha spissa Tams, (J.

" ®- " " . " ^■. . .

7. Trichopisthia igneotincta Aurivillius, (J.

8. ,, „ eo^Awia Tams, subsp. n., valves of (;J genitalia.

9. ,, ,, „ ,, aedeagus.
10. ,, ,. valves of ^J genitalia.

„ 11. „ „ aedeagus.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Calalebeda producta W aXker, (^.

2. ,, elegans meridionalis Tams, subsp. n., holotype ^.

3. ,, „ ,. .. 8th ventrite.

4. ,, ,, elegans Aurivillius, 8th ventrite.

5. Nadia'ia jansei Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

6. ,, carinata Wallengren, (J.

NOVITATKS ZooLOtilCAE XL.

|y:iu.

IKi

Fig. 7. Nadidxa concolor Walker, (J.

„ 8. „ _ „ „ ?.

„ 9. ,, jordani Tams, sp. n., holotype (J-

,, 10. ,, pancala Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

,, 11. ,, quirimbo Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

,, 12. ,, oinopa Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

„ 13. ,, ,, ,, ,, allotype $.

,, 14. ,, ,, ,, armature of ostium bursae, showing tlic long
process of the lamella antevaginalis.

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1 . Nadiasa directa Mabille, holotype $.

,, 2. ,, ,, ,, ,, $, lateral view of armature

ostium bursae, showing process of lamella antevaginalis.

„ 3. Nadiasa directa Mabille, holotype $, the same, ventral view.

,, 4. ,, amphilecta. Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

,, 5. ,, parnphcig"s ,, ,, ,, 5.

,. 6. ,, amblycalymma Tams, sp. n., $, armature of ostium bursae.

„ 7. ,, amphilecta Tams, sp. n., armature of ostium bursae.

„ 8. ,, basale Walker, (J, 9th segment and genitalia.

,, 9. ,, ,, ,, $, armature of os/iMW 6i(rsae.

,, 10. ,, cuneata Distant, ^J, 9th segment and genitalia.

>, 11- ,, ,, „ c?, ventral half of 9th segment.

!, 12. ,, ,, ,, $, armature of ostium bursae.

„ 13. ,, torynecteia Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

,, 14. ,, ,, ,, armature of ostiiim bursae.

.. 15- ,, pamphenges Tams, sp. n., $, armature of ostium bursae.

of

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. xVa</iasayac%Za Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

2. „ „ „ „ allotype $.

3. ,, graberii Dewitz, holotype $.

4. ,, ,, ,, Cameroons.

5. ,, sminthocara Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

6. ,, pachyla Tams, larva.

7. ,, oinopa Tams, larva.

8. ,, coilotoma Bethune-Baker, holotype rj.

9. ,, distingueiula Aurivillius, larvae.

Fig. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

PLATE IX.

I'achypasa subfascia Walker, <^\

U >» )» O'

,, dallana Betliune-Bakor, holotype $.

,, imitans Aurivillius, J.

,, mesoleuca pyrsocoma Tams, subsp. n., holotype $.

,, pyrsocorsa Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

,, honrathii Dewitz, $.

JJ4 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

PLATE X.

Fig. 1. Leipoxais peraffinis Holland, ,^.

2. „ crenulata Bethune-Baker, holotjrpe (J.

3. ,, marginepiinctata Holland, cJ.

4. Eucraera kollikerii Dewitz, cj.

5. „ gemmata asaphes Tarns, subsp. n., allotype $.

6. ,, aphrasta Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

7. ,, gemmata asaphes Tams, subsp. n., paratype $.

8. Mimopacha jordani Tams, sp. n., holotype J.

9. „ „ „ „ allotype ?.

10. ,, gerstaeckerii Dewitz, paratype (J.

11. ,, knoblauchii Dewitz, Y)a,ra,type (^.

12. „ ea;ca«;ata Hering, paratype, (J.

PLATE XL

Fig. 1. OpistJwdontia dentaia AuTiYiHius, (J.

2. ,, jordani Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

3. ,, rothschildi Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

4. Olyra sublineata Walker, cJ.

*^' ») J) >> +•

6. „ „ „ larva.

7. Pseudolyra lineadentata Bethune-Baker, holotype cJ.

8. „ „ „ ?.

9. ,, cuiala Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

10. ,, miona Tams, paratype $.

11. „ „ „ holotype ?.

12. Oonometa bicolor Dewitz, copy of original figure.

13. Mallocampa zopheropa Bethune-Baker, holotype ^.

14. Pachypasa papyroides Tams, sp. n., holotype $.

15. Pseitdorneta plinthochroa Tams, sp. n., holotype ^.

16. ,, jordani Tams, sp. n., holotype (J.

17. Anadiasa punctiJascia'Vfa\]ieT, (J.

18. ,, ,, ,, o-

NOVITATES ZoOLOGIOE, Vol. XL

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NOVITATES ZoOLOGlCyE, Vol. XL.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOE. Vol. XL

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NOVITATES ZoOLOGIOE, Vol. XL.

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Pl.X.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICVE, Vol. XL.

PI. XI.

18 ^

NOVITATES ZooLoaic.vE XL. lil.'iO. 115

DR. KARL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
AND ANGOLA : HERPETOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS.

By H. W. PARKER, B.A.

Department of Zoology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.)

(With two text-figures.)

■jVrO large area of the African continent now remains completely unexplored,
-'■ ' and in many regions the herpetological fauna is remarkably well known.
But during recent years there has been a tendency towards an intensive studj' of
some of the more easily accessible regions, so that the growth of our knowledge
has not been uniform. For this reason alone the jiresent collections would have
been of considerable value, but they have an additional and greater value owing
to the fact that the areas selected for field-work were chosen to include as many
different types of terrain as possible ; full details of these localities, together with
details of their topography, climate and flora, will be found in Dr. Jordan's intro-
ductory article. The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. Jordan,
not only for the privilege of studying the collections, but for much valuable
assistance and information concerning habitats and habits ; acknowledgments
are also due, and made with gratitude, to Mr. A. Loveridge for much enlightening
correspondence and to M. Gaston de Witte, who very generously placed the
magnificent collection of the Congo Museum at the author's disposal.

Dr. Jordan's collections contain over 700 specimens, representing 95 species
and subspecies, of which six are believed to be new to science. Their study has
resulted in the discovery of numerous points of systematic interest which are
embodied in the following notes, but some matters of more general interest
concerning distribution and zoogeography may conveniently be discussed first.
The bulk of the collections were made in strongly contrasting regions. In
Angola most of the material (40 species) was collected in the heavily forested areas
about Congulu and Quirimbo, whereas in S.W. Africa, though not geographically
far distant, most of the species were taken in dry regions of granite, gneiss and
sand. But, in addition, collections were made in open forest country both in
Angola and in Daniaraland, as well as in dry granitic and sandy areas in Angola
analogous with those in S.W. Africa. Analysis of the lists of species taken in
these different climatic and vegetational zones emphasizes the enormous effect
which these environmental factors play in determining the composition of the
fauna, and the facts may be summarized for each zone as follows :
A. ForeM and Swamp in Angola (Congulu and Quirimbo).

Of the 40 species collected in these localities only 4 were collected in the
dry zone of Damaraland ; three of these are widespread, tolerant species :
Boaedon lin^ahui, Oerrhonaurus flavigularis and Biifo regidaria, and the fourth,
Agama planiceps (q.v. infra), shows a distinct tendency towards subspccilic
difierentiation under the different conditions. The facies of the remainder of
the fauna is distinctly that of the equatorial Rain Forests, for 64 per cent, of the
species are strictly confined to that area or to the outlying forest islands. Many
of these forms are to be found widely distributed through the whole of this zone,

116 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

but a considerable proportion are essentially species of the Congo Basin and are
not known to occur in the Cameroon-Gaboon area or the western forest province.
The remaining species are either apparently indigenous in Angola (17 per cent.),
widespread species such as Causus rJwmbeatus, which was not actually taken in
Damaraland but undoubtedly occurs there, or species widely distributed in the
Savannah countries bordering the Rain Forest and sometimes encroaching upon it
(17 per cent.). Some of the indigenous species, such as Rana albolabris acutirostris
and Leptopelis jordani, are obviously closely allied to, and are probably derived
from, true Rain Forest species. It is thus apparent that, as might be expected, the
forests of western Angola are essentially simOar faunistically to the forests of the
Congo basin, but that some slight degree of differentiation has taken place, giving
rise to new, indigenous species ; and further, their position on the edge of the
main forest-zone has exposed them to penetration by the more vuile forms from
the surrounding savannahs.

B. Open Forest in Angola (Mt. Moco to Catengue).

The collections made in the more open type of forest are, unfortunately, not
sufficiently large to permit of any very extensive generalizations. But it seems
probable that this vegetational zone has very little in common with the true
Rain Forest. Of the 12 species collected, 55 per cent, are either widespread species
(Causus rJwmheatus, Rana oxyrhynchus and Bufo regularis) or are savannah
species found in the countries bordering the forest. The only two which might
be regarded as Rain Forest forms are Chamaeleo dilepis subsp. and Ichnotropis
biviitata (?) (q.v.), and it may be significant that both of these differ from the
normal. Their presence, however, does suggest that this open forest may be a
derivative of the primeval Rain Forest, which has been subjected to penetration
from the savannahs, and in which conditions have changed to such an extent that
the components of its original fauna have either been exterminated or become
modified to meet the changing environmental conditions.

C. Open Forest in Damaraland (Sissekab).

Only 9 species were collected in this zone, but these suffice to indicate that
it has little in common with the Angolan forests. Two of the species occur also
in the damp forests of Angola, but both are tolerant forms, Bufo regularis and
OerrJwsaurus flavigularis, whilst the only one which also occurs in the open
forests of Mt. Moco is probably racially distinct {C'immaeleo dilepis, q.v.). The
remainder are either species indigenous m the Damaraland region, or forms which
inhabit the zone bordering the equatorial rain forests on the south and east.

D. Dry, Granitic or Sandy Localities in Angola (Bocoio and Lobito) or Limestone

(Morro de Pundo).
Three species only were collected, the cosmopolitan Hemidactylus mabouia
and two species indigenous in the dry country of S.W. Africa and southern
Angola, Mabuia acutilabris and Rhoptropus boultoni.

E. Dry Granite, Gneiss, Limestone or Sand in S.W. Africa (Lake Otjikoto,

Waterberg Mts., Omongongua, Okahandja, Swakopmund, Windhoek,
Hoffnung, Rehoboth, Naukluft Mts., Maltahohe, Voigtsgrund and
Satansplatz).

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1!*IJ6. U7

Of the 46 species collected in these localities, only 4 are found in the
damp Angolan forests and these have been discussed above. The remainder
consists of one or two tolerant species which range over almost the whole of the
continent, irrespective of vegetational or climatic conditions, of a more numerous
class of species which extend over a greater or less extent of the belt surrounding
the Rain Forest and of species indigenous in the dry region from southern Angola
to Little Namaqualand. These latter constitute the largest element of the fauna
(46 per cent.), but it is quite impossible to distinguish clearly between them and
those species which range across the southern border of the Rain Forest, and
these, in turn, grade insensibly into others with a more extended range around the
Rain Forest. Thus 21 species may be classed as strictly indigenous in the dry zone
and are not known to extend eastwards beyond the Kalahari ; but another group
of 6 species extends eastwards into the Transvaal and S. Rhodesia ; 7 others range
still farther eastwards into Mozambique and Southern Tanganyika Territory ;
8 have a similar range, but extend northwards into the Kenya, Sudan or Somaliland
areas ; and only one, Kassina senegalensis, ranges completely round the whole Rain
Forest. This offers a decided contrast with the conditions obtaining in the Angolan
forests, where, of the 7 invading species, 5 range completely round the forest belt
and the other two have an extensive range on both the south and east of this area.

If, as seems probable, a process of desiccation is in progress in the south-west
of Africa similar to that which is occurring in the north and north-east, the natural
sequence of changes in the herpetological fauna consequent on the destruction of
the primeval forest and its replacement by arid steppe and desert conditions may
well be exemplified by the fauna of the different types of country considered above.
First of all, with the approach of the dry zone to the original dense, wet, forest
there is an infiltration of new species which are widely distributed round the margin
of the dying forests (A). As the true Rain Forest is replaced by a more open type
of savannah forest (B and C) the original species are, for the most part, extermin-
ated and replaced by other species with a wide distribution in similar zones. As
desiccation proceeds, greater and greater specialization becomes necessary to the
fauna, and new forms make their appearance, which, since the area of maximum
desiccation in the south-west is still relatively small, have a more and more
restricted range. The intermediate stages of open forest have a fauna which, to
judge from the present collections, is much more limited in the number of its
component species. This may, of course, be a purely fictitious conclusion and
he merely the expression of the length of time spent by the collector in each zone.
But it may have a deeper significance, for Sanderson (I9.'56, p. 178) has recently
shown that, in the Cameroons, the artificial clearing of primeval forest produces
a similar result, and that in the various intermediate stages before the land is
allowed to revert to its natural, j)ermanent, secondary conditiim, the numljcr of
species in the frog fauna is very much smaller than in either the original or final
stages. A possible explanation of this phenomenon may lie in the fixity, or other-
wise, of the different zones. Both the primeval forest and the final condition of
steppe and de.'iert after its desiccation may not be large and their actunl sizes are
changing ; but their conditions are relatively permanent and they have fixed
geographical centres. The intermediate zones, on the other hand, may be large
in extent, though strip-like, but they are fluctuating and have no permanent
positions. fV)iiso(juontly species which can siu'vive in them nuist not only be
a<laptc(l til llic plw'sicnl mikI liiolngical eiiviinnnioiil , but must be possessed of

118

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

the requisite mobility to maintain their positions in this shifting medium. Too
great a dependence on external factors and too close a linkage with the environ-
ment must tend to render a species immobile, for it can only persist when its
exact requirements are fulfilled ; the more complex these are, the less is the
probability of exactly the same conditions arising again within migrational range
when the original combination is destroyed. But in areas of fixed position and
with relatively permanent physical conditions, nicety of adjustment to the
environment is no handicap.

The following lists, in which the species are grouped roughly according to
their geographical distribution, shows also their distribution in the different
climatic and vegetational zones, as determined by the present expedition. It
shows the changes mentioned above and also emphasizes the great differences in
the composition of the forest and desert faunae. In the former snakes abound,
whilst geckos and lacertid lizards are almost non-existent, whereas, in the dry
zones, the number of snakes is greatly reduced, and the dominant elements in
the lacertilian fauna are geckos and lacertids, with, also, an increase in the
number of skinks of the genus Mabuya. In the Somaliland Peninsula, another
recently desiccated area (Parker, 1932), the fauna is essentially similar in its
general composition, with numerous geckos (the genus Hemidactylus taking the
place of the S.W. African Pachydactylus), lacertids and skuiks.

I. Widespread Species very tolerant of Different Climatic and Vegetationai.

Conditions.

A.

B.

c.

D.

E.

Boaedon lineatiis ....

+

+

Causus rhombeatus

+

-1-

Hemidactylus nmbouia

+

Oerrhosaurus flavigulnris .

+

+

+

Chamaeleo dilepis '

4-

+

+

Rana {Ptiichadaena) oxi/rh)/nchu8

-f

-f

Bufo rcgularis .

+

-1-

+

-1-

1 A species with many local races. Aa noted below, the form in zone B is very different from
that in zones C and E.

IT. Species confined to the Rain Forest and its Outliers.

Typhlops punctatus intermedins
Lycophidion ornatiun s^p. n.
Oophilosiium parheri
Horrnonotus modestus.
Chlorophis heterodermus
Boiga pulverulenta
Boiga hlandingi
Thelotornis kirtlandii .
Naja goldii
Naja rnelanoleuca
Dendraspis jamesoni .
Bids yuisicornis .
H€7t} idncUfl'.is loy^gicephnlus .
Ichnotropis bivittata .
Mahiif/a niacxdilahris
Lygosown brevicep/t
Lygosotna dewittei
Ablepharus cabindae .
Feylinia currori
Chaynafileo etiennei
Arthroleplis parvulus

+
+
+

+

+
+
+

+
+

+
+
+
+
+

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

III. Species Indigenous in the Angolan Forested Region.

119

'

a.

B.

0.

D.

E.

Agama planiceps • . . . .

+

+

+

Eremias benguelensis ....

+

Mahuya hocaqii ....

+

Rnna fdholabris acutirostris subsp. ii. .

+

Bana (Ptyckadaena) ansorgii

+

+

Pyxicephalus (uberculosu-a .

+

+

Hyperolius bocagii ....

+

Hypcroliiis cinnamomeoventris

+

? Hyperolius sp. ....

+

Leptopelis jordani sp. n. .

+

' Distribution uncertain ; Angolan specimens differ appreciably from those from Damaraland
(see p. 132).

IV. Species DisTHiBnrED RotrND the Periphery of the Whole Rain Forest, but
encroaching upon it.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Chlorophia irregularis

+

+

Dasypeltis scaber ....

+

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia .

+

Mabuya raddoni ....

+

Phri/nobatracfnis natalensis

+

Kassina senegalensia ....

+

V. Species bordering the Rain Forest on the East and South (from the Sudan-
Somaltland-Kenya Region southwards).

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Ti/phlops schlegeli mucroso .

•

+

Tarbophia aeniiannulatus

+

Dendraspis angusticeps

+

Causus remmtts

+

Aqania atricollis

+

Mabuya striata. .

+

Mabuya varia .

+

Riopa sundevallii

+

Hana fttscigula angolensis

+

+

PyTicephalua deUiUindii

+

P;/j-ic(fih<i/tis adsperaus

+

Cacoatcrnum boettgeri .

+

VI. Species borderino thk Rain Forest on the South, fhom Tanoanyika Territory

OR Mozambique westwards.

Lept/)typl)lop8 difttanti

Aspiffrfnp.'i scutatua .
Pfirh'/tifirfi/lus hihrotti turntri
f'nrfn/'l'irfi/fu.t punrfatus
Acontins melengris
A mphiahnryia qtiadrifrons .
Xenopus trtrvis Incria

A. B.

0.

D.

B.

1

+

'

+

+

+

+

1

+

1

120

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

VII. Species confined to Countries to the South of the Forest, but not extending
INTO Tanganyika Territory or Mozambique.

Psammophis notostictus
Psammophis bocagei .
Bitis caudalia .
Ptenopus garrulus
Agania hispida aculeata
Eremias lineo-oceWita
Eremias lugubris
Rana fuscigula Juscigula

+

+
+
+
-r
+
+
+

VIII. Species confined to the Dry Aeeas in Angola,

AND NaMAQUALAND.

Damakaland, Bechuanaxand

Typhlops boylei .

Rhoptropus barnardi

Rhoplropus bovltoni .

Packydactylns bibroni piditzerae

Pachi/dactylus laevigatus

Pachf/flaclylus weberi

Padtydactylus rugosiis

Pachydactylus purcelli

Narudasia f estiva

Choiidrodactylus anguUJer

Agawa anchiefae anchietae

Cordylosaurus trivittalus

Zonurus jordani sp. n.

Eremias namaqKensis

Eremias undata

Scapteira reticulata

Nlicras intertexta damarana subsp. n.

Mabuya sulcata

Mabuya damarana

Mabuya acutilabris .

Mabuya binotata

Monopeltis cupensis .

Phrynom^rus annectens

Bufo jordani sp. n.

+
+

+

+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

REPTHilA SERPENTES.

1. Typhlops punctatus intermedius, Jan. 1861.

3 Congulu April

1 Quirimbo May

These specimens are of the lineate form \\ith the central zone of the belly
immaculate ; the pigmentation does, however, invade the sides of the belly more
than in normal intermedius, so that in this respect they approach typical pwwctofits.

2. Typhlops schlegeh mucroso (Peters, 1854).

1 Omongongua Jan.
Scales 34 ; ratio of diameter to length, 27.

3. Typhlops boylei Fitzsimons, 1032.
1 Hoffnung Dec.

This example differs from the original description of the species as follows :
The rostral extends backwards to the level of tlie eyes, the nasal suture proceeds

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XL. 1936. J21

from the first upper labial, instead of from the suture between the first and
second, the .portion of the rostral visible from below is once and a half, instead of
" slightly," broader than long, and there are 28 instead of 26 mid-body scale-rows.
But in a series of 5 specimens from Ghanzi, near the type locality of hoylei,
there is some variation in all these characters. The rostral may not extend quite
to the level of the eyes ; the length of the first upper labial is not absolutely
constant, so that the nasal suture may or may not touch the laljial suture,
and there are from 26 to 28 scale-rows. The number of scale-rows and high
diameter/length ratio suggest close afiinity with T. lalandii, and it may be that
some S.W. African records of this may be in reality based on boylei ; the two
are readily distinguishable by the much more prominent snout and cutting
rostral edge of the latter.

4. Leptotyphlops distant! (Boul., 1892).

Slenostoma scniifrons {non Peters. 1854) Peters, IS65. Hon. Ak.. Berlin, p. 261. fig. 5 ; idem. 1882,

Reise Mossarabique, iii, p. 104 (part) pi. xv, fig. 4.
Olauconia scutifrons Boulenger, 1890, Ann. Mag. N.H. (6), vi, p. 92 ; idem, 1893, Cat. Snakes Brit.

Mils., i, p. 68.
Qlaucoitm hoeitqeri Werner, 1899. Zool. Am., xxii, 581. p. 116.
Olauconia latifrons Sternfeld, 1908, Sitzber. Ver. Nat. Fr., Berlin, p. 94.
Olauconia okahandjana Ahl, 1924, Archiv Naturg., xc, 4, 5, p. 247.

1 Hoffnung Nov.
3 „ Dec.

2 „ Feb.

1 Windhoek Jan.

2 ?

1 Okahandja Dec.

Fitzsimons and Loveridge (Loveridge, 1933, p. 225) have given reasons for
considering diManti Boulenger to be a synonym of scutifrons Peters. But in
doing so thej' have not given any further consideration to the problem of whether
scutifrons Peters 1854, is conspecific with the scutifrons of Peters 1865, and of
Boulenger 1893 (p. 68). The specimen described and figured by Peters in 1865
was that recorded by Boulenger, but this point seems to have been missed by
Sternfeld and Werner, who have both discussed the matter. Sternfeld (1908,
p. 94) considered that the true scutifrons of Peters (1854) was distinct from the
scutifrons of Boulenger (which is also the scutifrons of Peters, 1865 nee 1854), the
former lacking the anterior upper labial ; he accordingly propo.sed a new name,
latifron.s. for the latter. Werner (1909, ]>. 21(1) is unconvinced that the two rcnlly
are distinct, preferring to believe that a labial so small as that of latifrons might
easily be lost (presumably as an individual anomaly), giving rise to the condition
found in the type of scutifrons. Sternfeld (191(i, p. 13) maintains his original
views without further Cduunents. and Werner (191(1, p. 354), with UKue material
before him, is still dubious, but speaks of a " scutifronx group " with 4 members,
distinguished thus ;

First Supralabial Supraoculars

Present Present latifrons Sternfeld.

Present Absent horttgeri Werner.

Absent Present sciitifron.f Pet^'rs.

Absent Absent labialis StenifcM.

122 ' NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

There can be little doubt that Loveridge and Fitzsimons are correct in con-
sidering scutifrons, sensu Peters 1S65, and Boulenger 1893, i.e. latifrons Sternfeld,
to be synon3Tnous with distanti Boulenger. But the position of true scutifrons
is by no means established, and it may, perhaps, be significant that all the examples
of scutifrons and labialis which have been recorded are symmetrical ; if their
labial condition was merely anomalous, some asymmetry might have been
expected. Accordingly, until some proof is forthcoming that the absence of the
anterior labial is an individual abnormality, L. scutifrons must be considered as
a species distinct from L. latifrons ; the latter is conspecific with distanti, which
is the older name and must be be used. L. labialis and L. boettgeri, both known
from one or two specimens only, are probably based on individual aberrations of
scutifrons and distanti respectively, whilst yet another name, G. okahandjana
Ahl (1924), ought, probably, to be added to the synonymy of the latter. The
topotype in the present collection agrees well with the original description except
that the ratio of length to diameter Ls 69 instead of about 53 ; but Werner (1910,
p. 354) records a variation in " scutifrons " of from 55 to 105.

5. Boaedon lineatus Dum. & Bibr., 1854.

$ Okahandja Dec. -Feb.

2 (^(J, $, 2 juvs. Congulu April

6. Lycophidion omatum sp. n.

Among the collections from Congulu are two specimens of a species of
Lycophidion closely allied to L. capense. They differ constantly from a large
series of the latter, including 5 others from Angola, in having a broad light band
bordering the snout (as in L. capense uzungwense) , in a frontal as broad as, or
broader than long, and in having the posterior nasal separated from the first
upper labial. Each one of these differences appears trivial in itself, but they are
correlated, for exactly the same differences were found in four other examples
from Uganda, and in 10 specimens from the Belgian Congo. This suggests that
they represent a distinct species, almost intermediate between L. capense and
L. laterale.

The holotype is a female in the British Museum, from Congulu, Angola ;
collected in April 1934 by Dr. Karl Jordan.

Diameter of the eye greater than its distance from the lip. Rostral more
than twice as broad as deep ; internasals about as large as the nasals ; prefrontals
longer than broad ; frontal little broader than long, a little shorter than its
distance from the rostral, | the length of the parietals ; loreal twice as long as
deep ; one preocular, as large as the supraocular and making a broad suture
with the frontal ; two postoculars, both in contact with the parietal ; temporals
1 + 2 ; eight upper labials, the first separated from the posterior nasal, and the
third, fourth and fifth entering the eye. Two pairs of small chin-shields, the
posterior the smaller ; five labials in contact with the anterior. Scales smooth,
with single apical pits in 17-17-17 rows ; ventrals 199 ; anal entire ; subcaudals
42 -f 1.

Grey-brown above, each scale faintly mottled with lighter ; a broad, light
band I'ound the snout, extending backwards on to the temple, where it becomes
indistinct ; lower surfaces grey, the chin and the posterior edge of each scute
lighter.

NOVITATES ZoOLOOITAE XL. 1936. 123

Length from snout to vent 299 mm. ; tail 45 mm.
The paratypes are :

B.M.

Congulu. ?. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 199. C. 46 + 1.
Mus. Congo 5174

Nyonga, Katanga. (J. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 196. C. 48 + 1.
Mus. Congo 4952

Nyonga, Katanga, juv. ^J. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 205. C. 43 + 1.
Mus. Congo 1925

Karemi, L. Tanganyika. ?. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 194. C. 40 + 1.
Mus. Congo 4000

Usumbura, L. Tanganyika. ?. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 200. C. 41 + 1.
Mus. Congo 3823

Ki.ssenyi, Kivu. juv. ^. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 187. C. 44 + 1.
Mus. Congo 3797

Lulenga, Kivu. juv. (J. fSc. 17-17-17. V. 174. C. 46 + 1.
Mus. Congo 3793

Lulenga, Kivu. ?. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 190. C. 39 + 1.
Mus. Congo 3781

Lulenga, Kivu. $. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 194. C. 39 + 1.
Mus. Congo 1144

Beni, Ituri. 9. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 198. C. 41 + 1.
Mus. Congo 1688

Moera, Ituri. <^. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 196. C. 53 + 1.
B.M. 1934.12.15.555-556

Muko, 7,000 ft., Kigezi, Uganda. $?. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 202, 204.

C. 38 + 1, 37 + 1.
B.M. 1934.12.15.557

Kayonsa Forest, 7,000 ft., Kigezi. ?. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 200. C. 39 + 1.
B.M. 98.12.27.17

Mau Ravine, 7,500 ft., Uganda. ^. Sc. 17-17-17. V. 198. C. 46 + 1.

Total variation in pholidosis : Sc. 17-17-17. V. ^^ 174-205. $? 190-204.
C. cJ(? 43-53 + 1. ?? 37-42 + 1.

The series shows singularly little variation in colour or in the proportions of
the head-shields. With respect to the latter and to the number of ventrals and
subcaudals it is very similar to L. lalcrale, but may be at once distinguislied by
the single ajiical pits.

7. Oophilosituni parkeri Angel, 1934.
2 <;JcJ, 4 $? Congulu April

These six specimens are referred to this species with an element of doubt.
The species was originally described as differing from O. fa-'^rinhitii in lia\ing
fewer teeth, longer parietals and only six upper labials, of which two entercfl the
eye. AnoUier difference was found in the size of the maxillary foramen, but this,
quite correctly, was considered of doubtful importance. Examination of a much
larger series of O. fnxn'nlvm than was available when the geiuis Onphilosiliim was
described (I'lirker. 1!t33, j). 545) reveals that the niaxilhirv for.inieii !.•< of no
importance whatever from a taxonomic st;vii(l|iiiinf , thiil the l(-n;;11i of the

124

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

parietals of O. fasciatum varies sufficiently to include the condition of O. parkeri
and that there is a greater variation in the number of teeth than was previously
believed. The size of the maxUlary foramen is, to some extent, correlated with
age ; no very young specimens have been found in which it is not very large, but,
on the other hand, it has been found to exist in specimens considerably larger
than others which lack it. Possibly if large series from different localities were
available its absence might prove to be an age character, but the age at which it
closes varies in different areas. The number of posterior maxillary and mandi-
bular teeth is extremely variable, and it is rather remarkable that the number in
one jaw appears to be quite unrelated to that in the other. The only remaining
characters whereby the species parkeri might be recognized are the lower number
of upper labials and the fact that only two, instead of three, enter the eye. The
present series is quite uniform in this respect and agrees with another example
from the Ituri, which is in the same general area as the type locality of parkeri.
If these really are conspecific the variation in the development of the maxillary
foramen and the number of teeth is quite comparable to that found in 0. fascia-
tum. The variation in these characters in the two species is :

A

. 0. fasciatum

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Post. Max.
Teeth.

Post. Hand.
Teeth.

Max.
Foramen.

W. Africa (Type) .

5

198 mm.

7

11

Large

Ituri

3

162 „

7

5

„

Sierra Leone .

S

202 „

7

11

„

Efulen, Cameroons .

$

260 „

7

5

,,

Musolo, Fernando P.

288 „

5

4

Moderate

Oil River

5

264 „

g

11

,,

,. ., ■ .

<J

26.5 „

8

7

Small

,, ,, . .

335 „

8

10

Large

Ja River, Cameroons

§

325 „

7

5

,,

Gaboon .

s

360 „

5

7

,,

Bitye, Cameroons

s

363 „

8

8

Absent

<J

370 „

12

10

V. Small

$

380 „

9

12

Moderate

„

?

390 „

11

12

Absent

5-12

4-12

B. O. parkeri.

Locality.

Sex.

Length.

Post. Max.

Post. Mand.

Max.

Teeth.

Teeth.

Foramen.

Kabulire (Type)

?

^

3

4

Large

Ituri

$

317 mm.

11

II

Congulu

270 „

6

5

Small

Q

290 „

6

5

Absent

(J

305 „

6

5

„

Q

320 „

6

7

„

2

332 „

8

5

„

,.

?

352 „

6

7

••

3-11

4-11

Scales about the body are 17-17-15 or 17-17-17 ;
174, (JcJ 170, ISO ; Subcaudals ?? 40, 30, 39 and 37

Ventrals ??171, 172, 173,
+ 1, c?c?43, 43 +1.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 125

8. Honnonotus modestus (Dum. & Bibr., 1854).
$ Congulu April

This example appears to be the first recorded from Angola, but is quite
typical of this widespread Rain Forest species.

9. Chlorophis heterodermus Hallowell, 1857.
2 $$, 5 juvs. Congulu April

10. Chlorophis irregularis (Leach, 1819).
$ Mt. Moco March

2 juvs. Congulu April

Schmidt (1923, p. 76) has already drawn attention to the fact that this species
of the Savannahs does occasionally invade the forest area in the Cameroons and
the Ituri district ; its occurrence in the forested Congulu area and on Mt. Moco
indicates a similar encroachment in the south.

11. Dasypeltis scaber (Linn, 1758).
3 juvs. Congulu April

12. Tarbophis semiannulatus (Smith, 1849).
juv. Okahandja Feb.

13. Boiga pulverulenta (Fischer, 1856).

cj Congulu April

14. Boiga blandingi (Hallowell, 1844).

cJ, $ Quii-imbo May

15. Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Laurenti, 1768).
(J, juv. Quirimbo May

16. Thelotomis kirtlandii (Hallowell, 1844).

2 $? Quirimbo May

Both examples lack the head-markings so frequently found in southern and
eastern specimens and thus conform to tlic typical forest race.

17. Psammophis notostictus Peters, 1867.
o Maltahohc Dec.
$ Hoffnung Jan.

The male is aberrant in having U upper labials, of which the fourth, fifth and
sixth enter the orbit.

126 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

18. Psammophis bocagii BouL, 1895.
$ Otjosongombe Nov.
This appears to be the most southerly record for the species, which ranges
into Angola and eastwards through Bechuanaland to S. Rhodesia.

19. Naja goldii Boul., 1895.
2 $$ Quirimbo May
The discovery of this Rain Forest species in Angola extends its known range
considerably ; it has not previously been recorded south of the lower Kasai
River and Lower Congo. Both specimens are, however, quite typical with 15
scale-rows, 194-198 ventrals and 78-80 + 1 subcaudals ; the larger measures
1,770 mm.

20. Naja melanoleuca Hallowell, 1857.

$ Quirimbo May

juv. Congulu April

21. Dendraspis angusticeps (Smith, 1849).
Head Sissekab Nov.

22. Dendraspis jamesoni (Traill, 1843).

$ Quuimbo May

juv. Congulu April

23. Aspidelaps scutatus (Smith, 1849).
?, juv. Okahandja Feb.

$ Omongongua Jan.

Fitzsimons (1935, p. 326) has drawn attention to the uniformly dark heads
of western (Kalahari and S.W. Africa) examples of this species, as contrasted
with the white-blotched heads of eastern specimens. The two adults in the
present collection agree with this generalization, but the juvenile has white
blotches disposed exactly as in a cotype from Natal.

24. Bitis caudalis (Smith, 1849).
(J, ?, juv. Hoffnung Jan.

(J Biillsport Dec.

juv. Sissekab Nov.

25. Bitis nasicomis (Shaw, 1802).
(J, 2 $9 Quirimbo May

This constitutes yet another first Angolan record of a typical species of the
Rain Forest. Previously it has not been reported south of the Lower Congo.

26. Causus rhombeatus (Licht., 1823).
2 $? Mt. Moco March
juv. Quirimbo May

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1036. 127

27. Causus resimus (Peters, 1862).

2 (J (J, juv. Quirimbo May
juv. Congulu April

The distribution of this species is rather puzzling. It is certainly not a forest
species, but is common in the eastern savannahs from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan,
Ethiopia and Somaliland southwards to Tanganyika Territory. But it does
not appear to have been recorded between the latter and Angola. Boulenger's
record of the species from Rhodesia (1907, p. 12), quoted by Pitman (1934,
p. 300), is erroneous and based on examples of C. defilippii. In addition to this
apparent discontinuity of range is the fact that in Angola the snake appears to
be confined to the low-lying, swampy and forested littoral zone (Bocage, 1895,
p. 146).

SAURIA.

28. Rhoptropus bamardi Hewitt, 1926.

$ Sissekab Nov.

3 (J (J, 4 ?? Lake Otjikoto Nov.

This series agrees with other examples in the British Museum from the
Messum River and from Mossamedes ; they have the acute snout so characteristic
of bamardi, none have any transversely enlarged plates beneath the tail and the
total number of lamellae beneath the fourth toe varies from 15 to 17.

29. ? Rhoptropus boultoni Schmidt, 1933.

(J Bocoio, Benguela March

This single specimen differs from the preceding series in having a broader,
more rounded snout, a series of transverse plates beneath the tail on all except
the first three segments, rather more subdigital lamellae (20) and smaller chin-
shields. It agrees well with the description oi bradfieldi Hewitt, except that the
scales on the snout are faintly keeled in the canthal region, and in having the
second pair of lower labials distinctly elongate. But, at the same time, it is
obviously conspecific with 5 other specimens from Benguela, which are now in
the British Museum, and these show more deviations from the description of
bradfieldi in having chin-shields, 4 to 6 of the anterior caudal segments without
transverse plates and fewer (17-20) lamellae beneath the fourth toe. If these
northern specimens really are conspecific with bradfieldi, the species exhibits a
range of variation which would include the described condition of boultoni
Schmidt, and if these two are synonymous then the described species of the
genus (excluding bracconnieri of uncertain status) may be distinguished thus :

I. Median gular scales larger than those on the belly ; anterior nasals separated
by two or three granules ; digits very long and slender ; no preanal pores.

R. afer Peters.
(C and S. Damaraland.)

II. Median gulars much smaller than the ventral scales ; anterior nasals separated
by a single scale ; tligits shorter and stouter ; preanal pores usually
present.

128 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

A. Tail without transversely enlarged plates below ; snout pointed ;

siibdigital lamellae beneath the fourth toe 14-17.

R. barnardi Hewitt.
(N. Damaraland to Mossamedes.)

B. Tail with transversely enlarged plates below, at least posteriorly ;

snout rounded ; subdigital lamellae beneath the fourth toe 17-23.

B. boultoni Schmidt.
(N. Damaraland and Benguela.)

30. Hemidactylus longicephalus Bocage, 1873.

7 (Jc?, 9 ?? Congulu April

3, 2 $$ Quirimbo May

31. Hemidactylus mabouia (Mor. de Jonnes, 1818).
(J Lobito April

Pachydactylus bibroni (Smith, 1849).

The various species and races forming the bibroni complex are at present
very little understood. Boulenger (1910), in his survey of the South African
forms, recognized two species, bibroni and laevigatus ; stellahm Werner was not
considered and Gray's turneri had long been considered a synonym of bibroni.
Werner, in the same year, recognized bibroni, laevigattis, stellaius and boulengeri
(of Tanganyika Territory) as distmct species. Hewitt considered both laevigatus
and stellatus to be merely subspecies of bibroni, giving the ranges of the three
respectively as S.W. Africa, Great Nama(qua)land and the Cape Province. But
Schmidt (1933), finding laevigatus in the same localities as specimens of bibroni,
confessed his inability to understand the distribution of the two, and of
stellatus, on the hypothesis of their all being subspecies, and so accorded them
all full specific rank, but described the Angolan bibroni as a new subspecies,
p^diizerae.

It is evident, from a survey of the material in the British Museum, that
one probable cause of confusion is misidentification owing to the fact that
the degree of stellation of the dorsal tubercles, usually regarded as diagnostic
of stellatus, is largely an age-character, and also occurs in typical bibroni and,
to some extent, in laevigatus. A tentative arrangement, which seems to
overcome the distributional difficulties, is to regard stellatus and pulitzerae
as races of bibroni, and laevigatus as a distinct species. Unfortunately the
name " stellatus " has to give way to the much older turneri, since the
subspecies with the stellate tubercle is found to range from Damaraland to
Mozambique. The various forms are not readily separable, but the following
key may be of assistance :

I. Dorsal tubercles on the middle of the back smooth, or very obtusely keeled ;
stellate tubercles confined to the region behind the ear. Nostrils directed
almost vertically upwards. Gular scales flat, half the size of the ventrals.
Damaraland. P. laevigatus Fischer.

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936. 120

II. Dorsal tubercles always strongly keeled and trihedral. Nostrils lateral.
Gular scales almost granular.

A. Stellate tubercles confined to the back of the head and flanks ; dorsal

tubercles sometimes with additional radiating keels on their
posterior facets. Distance from snout to anterior border of orbit
no longer than the distance from the eye to the posterior border
of the ear in the adult. Cape Province and Namaqualand.

P. bibroni bibroni (Smith).

B. Mid-dorsal zone with stellate tubercles, the radiating keels being

present on the lateral as well as the posterior facets of many of
them. Snout as in A.

Damaraland, Orange Free State, Transvaal, Rhodesia, Portu-
guese East Africa, Nyasaland and Tanganyika Territory.

P. bibroni turneri (Gray).

C. Tubercles as in A. Distance from the tip of the snout to the anterior

border of the orbit much longer than the distance from eye to ear.
Angola. P. bibroni pulitzerae Schmidt.

32. Pachydactylus bibroni tumeri (Gray, 1864).

. Soc. London, p. 59, pi. ix, fig. 2.
.910, Jena Denkschrift, xvi, p. 309.

Otjosongombe, 1,600 m. Nov.

Homodactylm tumeri Gray, 1864, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 59, pi. ix, fig. 2.
Pachydactylus Hbroni var. stellatiis Werner, 1910, Jena Denkschrift, xvi, p. 309.

4 c?c?. 2 ??

Otavifontein

Nov.

2 .juvs.

Lake Otjikoto

Nov.

6 c?<J, 6 ??, 4 juvs.

Maltah6he,J,460 m.

Dec.

This series has been compared with the cotypes of turneri and cannot be
distinguished by any characters which might be of specific importance. Both
have the stellate tubercles which characterize the rather ill-distinguished northern
race of P. bibroni, but there is a considerable amount of individual variation in
this respect. In juveniles the stellate tubercles are confined to the region behind
the ear and the posterior part of the flanks, in which areas they are present in the
typical form ; but with increasing age they are developed more and more over
the middle of the back. Specimens have been examined from Tanganyika
Territory, Nyasaland, Portuguese East Africa, Rhodesia (North and South) and
the Transvaal. Other examples from the Orange Free State and Bechuanaland
cannot be referred with confidence either to turneri or the typical form.

33. Pachydactylus bibroni pulitzerae Schmidt, lit3.'5.

3 (5(5, 1 $,4 juvs. Morro de Pundo, Angola May

These 8 specimens, together with 4 others from the province of Bengucla,
resemble typical bibroni (cotypes examined) in the degree of development of their
dorsal tubercles, but differ from that form and from turneri in a longer, more
pointed snout, a somewhat narrower interorbital space and more pronounced
frontal concavity. These differences seem to indicate the existence of a distinct
Angolan race for which the name pulitzerae is available.

<J

130 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

34. Pachydactylus laevigatas Fischer, 1888.

,(J Windhoek Jan.

(^, 2 juvs. HofFnung, near Windhoek Feb.

2 cJcJ, 2 ??, 2 juvs. „ „ Dec.

<S .. .. Jan.

cJ, $ BiiUsport, Naukluft Mts., 1,450 m. Dec.

2 juvs. Rehoboth, 1,450 m. Dec.

3 cJ(J, 2 juvs. Satansplatz, 1,300 m. Dec.

35. ? Pachydactylus weberi Roux, 1907.

(J Windhoek Jan.
(J Hoffnung Dec.

Recently Hewitt (1932, p. 124, and 1935, p. 315) has cast doubts on the
validity of this species and on the accuracy of nearly all records of the species
except the original one. He considers true iceberi (from KlipfonteLn, Namaqua-
land) to be a subspecies of P. capensis ; specimens from Garies and nearby locali-
ties in the south of Little Namaqualand are referred to another subspecies,
P. capensis gariesensis, whilst specimens from the Khan River, Karibib and Keet-
manshoop (i.e. from Damaraland and Great Namaqualand) are determined as yet
a third subspecies, P. c. werneri. The present specimens must almost certainly
belong to the same race as those from Karibib and also those from Windhoek
recorded as iveberi by Sternfeld (1911, p. 387, and 1911a, p. 14), yet they do not
agree in detail with the descriptions of any of the so-called races. This strongly
suggests that some of the latter will prove to be untenable and geographical
considerations suggest that werneri = weberi ; since proof of intergradation with
capensis is still lacking, it is preferred to use the name specifically.

36. Pachydactylus rugosus Smith, 1849.
J Naukluft Mts., 1,300 m. Dec.

This specimen has the colour pattern and mental shield ascribed to P. rugo-
sus f rater Hewitt. But none of the other characters used to define that race
are at all apparent. The gular scales are conical and the ventrals pyramidal, as
in the type.

37. Pachydactylus purcelli BouL, 1910.

2 cJcJ, 2 ?? Maltahohe, 1,460 m. Dec.

38. Pachydactylus punctatas Peters.
(J, § Hoffnung, near Windhoek, 1,850 m. Feb.

It seems very probable that none of the so-called subspecies of punctatus
are recognizable. Fitzsimons (1935, p. 339) has already expressed the ojjinion
that brunnthaleri Werner, described from S. Rhodesia and also reported from
Angola (Schmidt, 1933, p. 5), is untenable. The present two examples only differ
from others from Rhodesia and Angola in having the first labial entering, or very
narrowly separated from, the nostril, in which character they approach langi
Fitzsimons and amoenoides Hewitt.

NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 193(5. 1 ;^ j

Althougli the two were collected on the same farm they are very different in
colour, suggesting that colour differences, such as are said to characterize langi
and bicolor Hewitt, are of little consequence.

39. Narudasia festiva Meth. & Hewitt, 1913.

$ Sataiisplatz, 1,300 m. Dec.

This example has been compared with a paratype of the species and found
to agree well. The status of the genus, however, is open to question. The
original describers compared it with Homonota and Stenodaclylus, but in reality
it appears to be almost indistinguishal)le from Gymnodaclylus. It differs from
the majority of the species of that genus in the absence of chin-shields, but that
is by no means a constant character and is insufficient to warrant the retention
of a separate genus. But Gymnodaclylus is a cumbersome, and possibly not a
monophyletic, assemblage which may ultimately be broken up ; any revision of
the genus should certainly consider the status of Narudasia.

40. Ptenopus garrulus (Smith, 1849).
(J Mariental to Kehoboth Dec.

41. Chondrodactylus angulifer Peters, 1870.
cJ Biillsport, Naukluft Mts., 1,450 m. Dec.

42. Agama anchietae anchietae Bocage, 1896.

(J Voigtsgrund Dec.

2 (JcJ, ? Satansplatz Dec.

2 cJcJ, 2 ?? Maltahohe Dec.

3 cJcJ> 6 ?? Windhoek Jan.
2 $$ Hoffnung, near Windhoek Dec.

In this series, especiallj' amongst those collected at Windhoek, there is every
gradation between examples with a distinct dorsal crest and specimens without a
trace of it ; at the same time the number of enlarged scales on the dorsum varies
enormously, and in a few instances they are almost completely absent. Leg-
length also varies and there is thus every stage of intergradation between A.
anchietae anchietae, typically found in Angola, and A. anchietae methueni of
Namaqualand ; Boulenger and Power (1921, p. 209) record the typical form from
Maltahohe (misspelt " Matahiile ").

43. Agama hispida aculeata Merrem, 1820.

$

( )niongongua

Nov.

2 c?c?. 5 ??

Windhoek, 1,050 m.

Jan.

2 ??, 1 juv.

Hoffnung, Windhoek,

1,850 m.

Oct.

?

>j >)

1,850 m.

Jan.

<?.?

i> fi

1,850 m.

Dec.

?

W. of Mariental

Dec.

132

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAI; XL. 1936.

7 <?(?, 6 ??
4 juvs.

8 cJ<J, 5 ?$, 13 juvs.

c?, 5 9?

44. Agama planiceps Peters, 1862.

Windhoek Jan.

Morro de Pundo May

Congulu April

Quirimbo April

Comparison of the Windhoek series with those from Angola shows that the
former has, on the average, larger scales. This is most noticeable on the upper
arm and femur, but is most easily described in terms of the number round the
body. The Damaraland specimens available to the author (15) have a minimum
mid-body count of 63 and a maximum of 74, the average being 69-5. The types,
from Neu Barmen, in Damaraland, had from 73 to 76. But in Angola the
number is much higher. In 55 specimens collected between 13° S. and 8° 30' S.,
the minima and maxima respectively are 71 and 99, with an average of 87-5.
There is thus an overlap, and tabulation of the figures suggests that further
material from southern Angola and northern Damaraland will show a continuous
gradation, rendering it impossible to recognize any clearly defined races. The
following localities are arranged in order from south to north.

Locality.

SpecB.

Min.

Mai.

Average.

Windhoek

13

63

74

69

" Damaraland " .

2

68

72

70

Neu Barmen (Types)

?

73

76

74-5

Caconda

4

76

90

81-5

Bihe .

1

82

82

82

Morro de Pundo .

4

76

83

79

Congulu

26

71

94

87

Quirimbo

6

85

99

89-6

Pungo Andongo .

11

79

94

88

Ambaca

2

93

96

94-5

Duque de Braganza

1

89

89

89

45. Agama atricollis Smith, 1849.
$ Mt. Moco, 15-1,900 m. March

Schmidt (1919, p. 477) has pointed out how this species, which is essentially
a lizard of the savannahs of East and South Africa, enters the Rain Forest in the
eastern Belgian Congo. Consequently its occurrence in the forest islands of
Angola is to be expected. It should be pointed out that Schmidt's scale counts
(loc. cit.) have been accidentally diminished by a hundred. In the present
example the scales from chin to anus number 157.

46. Cordylosauras trivittatus (Peters, 1862).

5 (JcJ, 4 $$, 3 juvs. Hoffnung Dec.-Feb.

2 ?$ Voigtsgrund, 1,300 m. Dec.

Dr. Jordan reports that this lizard runs with lateral undulations, recalling a
slow-worm or a snake, and emphasizes the very fragile nature of the tail.

The series makes it very doubtful whether the subspecies aiislralis Hewitt,
from Naraaqualand, can be maintained. This race was based on two examples
only, with but a single other example for comparison, a series which was quite
inadequate for the piu-pose. The present longer series, from the area in which
the species was originally discovered, are obviously all conspecific, but show

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. J3;{

variations which cover almost every feature said to distinguish au-stralis and the
other examples mentioned by Hewitt (1932, p. 115) which he considered might be
specifically distinct. Thus, the light dorso-lateral lines never occupy more than
two scale-rows on the body, though the light colour usually extends on to the
posterior upper temporal. The parieto-occipital shield is completely undivided
in 4 adults, has more or less distinct traces of incomplete sutures in 7 and is com-
pletely divided into parietals, interparietal and frontoparietals in the 3 juveniles.
Femoral pores vary from 7 to 9, of which the proximal 3-5 are well developed and
the distals rudimentary in females, but all, except sometimes the end pore, are
well developed in males. The tympanic shield is always broader than the
posterior upper temporal. The only difference which is not covered by the
present series is the keeling of the scales ; in the lumbar region the median keel
is always the most prominent. The largest example, a female, measures only
143 mm. from snout to vent.

47. Gerrhosaurus flavigularis nigrolineatus -Hollowell, 1857.
juv. Windhoek Jan.

2 ads. Sissekab Nov.

5 juvs. Congulu April

6 ads. Quirimbo May

The three examples from the dry country of Damaraland approach the
typical form of East Africa in several respects, notably in their longer, narrower
frontals. Those from the forested parts of Angola appear to be typical of tli^e
West African subspecies.

48. Zonurus jordani sp. n.

Z. polyzonm {tum Smith) Boettger, 1894, Ber. Scnck: Xatf. Ges., p. S9 ; Werner, 1910, Jena Denkschrifl,
xvi, p. 325.

Holotype a $ from Hoffnung, near Windhoek, collected by Dr. K. Jordan
in December 1933.^

Boettger, in recording a Zonurus from Rehoboth, under the name polyzonus,
notes that it has only 7 femoral pores, and Werner records two others from
Hereroland with pores varying from 5 to 7. The latter author calls particular
attention to the fact that this low number is unusual, and that specimens of
polyzonus from Namaqualand have from 12 to 17. Power, too, must have been
suspicious of these records with a low number of pores, for in his revision of the
genus (1930) he neglects them complotely. The single specimen collected by the
present expedition apparently belongs to the same form, for it " keys " into
polyzonus, but has the lower number of femoral pores, and certain other differ-
ences, which seem to indicate that it is specifically distinct. The species does
not appear to have received a name, and the type may be described thus :

Frontonasal separated from the rostral by the supra-nasals which form a
long suture ; lower eyelid with a transparent disc composed of two much-enlarged
scales ; head scales rugose and disposed as in polyzonus, but the scal6s of the
temporal region distinctly larger. Dorsal scales feebly keeled ; laterals similar
in size but strongly keeled and miicronate ; 3<> transverse rows of scales between
occiput and base of tail, a single row at the middle of the body containing 34.
Ventrals smooth, in 22 longitudinal series, separated from the dorsals by 1 to 2
rows of granules lying in a distinct fold. (Jular scales flat. Caudal scales very

• I'arnlyiH's ii ^ mul n jiiv. from OtjoHunBcinilH', I'Vli. liCK! (\V. Hiicsili); phulidosis ami counts as
in holutypf.

134 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1036.

large and spinose, a single transverse series in eacli whorl. Scales on the limbs
above strongly keeled and mucronate.

Pale brown above, with small, obscure, darker spots. Lower surfaces
uniform, pale, straw-colour.

Length from snout to vent 111 mm. ; tail incomplete ; fore-limb 42 mm. ;
hind-limb 56 mm.

The species is closely alhed to polyzonits, with a large series of which (includ-
ing the types) it has been compared, but also has some features in common with
cordylus. From the latter it is readily distinguished by the presence of a supra-
nasal and by its smaller scales, and from polyzonus as follows :

jordani polyzomis

(1) Femoral pores 5-7. (1) Femoral pores 12-17.

(2) Temporals larger. (2) Temporals smaller.

(3) Caudal whorls composed of a single (3) Caudal whorls at the middle of the

row of scales. f tail composed of 2 rows of

scales.

(4) Posterior upper femoral scales (4) Posterior upper femorals scarcely

much enlarged and strongly larger or more spinose than the

spinose. anterior.

(5) Transverse dorsal scales in 32-37 (5) Transverse dorsal scales in 38-46

49. Eremias namaquensis Dum. & Bibr., 1839.
J, 5 99 Hoffnung, 1,850 m. Nov.-Feb.
2 cJcJ, 9 Rehoboth, 1,450 m. Dec.

The females collected at Hoffnung in November, December and January are
pregnant, but the single specimen taken in February has the oviducts still
enlarged but empty, and the gonad itself is shrunken.

50. Eremias undata (Smith, 1838).

c?

Lake Guinas

Nov.

c?, ?

Sissekab

Nov.

3 c?c?. 3

??

Otjosongombe

Nov.

3 c?c?

Hoffnung

Dec.

2 (?<?,?

Rehoboth

Dec.

<?. ?

Kobui, S. of Rehoboth

Dec.

c?

Biillsport, Naukluft Mts.

Dec.

?

Voigtsgrund

Dec.

(?

Satansplatz

Dec.

51. Eremias benguelensis Bocage, 1867.
juv. Catengue, Angola March

52. Eremias lineo-ocellata Dum. & Bibr., 1839.

c?

Hoffnung

Jan.

4 36, 4 9?

Maltahohe

Dec.

9

Satansplatz

Dec.

s

Voigtsgrund

Ppc,

NoviTATES ZooLooicAE XL. 1936. i;j5

53. Eremias lugubris (Smith, 1838).
3 c?c?. ? HofFnung Jan.

54. Scapteira reticulata Booage, 1867.

2 c?c?> 2 juvs. Swakopmund (Sea Shore) Feb.

55. Nucras intertexta damarana subsp. n.

3 (JcJ, 5 ?? Sissekab Nov.

There i.s still a great deal of confusion regarding the species and subspecies
of N. intertexta and N. tessellata, but the above specimens appear to differ con-
stantly from any of the races previously described, in their smaller size, the
reduction of the occipital scale and the shortening of the interparietal, so that the
parietals always form a suture behind it. In 35 out of 37 specimens of intertexta
subspp. the interparietal separates the parietals completely and is truncate behind,
where it forms a suture with the occipital or its rudiments. The Sissekab speci-
mens probably represent a race with a very limited distribution, for Sissekab is
one of the few localities in S.W. Africa where open forest country persists. This
race may be described as follows, the description being drawn up from the 8
cotypes.

Head small, broader than deep (1-1-1-3), once and a half to once and two-
thirds as long as broad ; its length contained 4 to 4-9 times in the length from
snout to vent. Limbs moderate, the hind-limb reaching the wrist or the elbow ;
foot as long as the head. Tail once and a half to twice as long as the head and
body.

Head-shields as in N. intertexta except that the frontal may be slightly
shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout ; the parietals are only once and
a half (vice If) as long as broad ; the occipital is rudimentary or, usually, quite
absent ; the interparietal is shorter, forming an acute angle posteriorly (instead
of being truncate) and the parietals form a suture behind the interparietal. A
parietal foramen and pterygoid teeth are present ; 25 to 31 gular scales in a
median series between chin-shields and collar ; latter composed of 8 or 9 scales
of which the median is usually much the largest. Dorsal scales smooth, in 35 to
41 rows at the middle of the body ; ventrals in 8 longitudinal and 28-34 trans-
verse series. Femoral pores 10-13. Subdigital lamellae beneath tlie fourth
toe 20-24.

Dark brown aliove, with three narrow white stripes ; flanks with two narrow
white lines of which the upper, commencing at the middle of the ear, is complete.
Limbs with circular white spots above ; a white line along the back of the thighs
and the inner l)orders of the tibiae. Uniform pinkish white beneath.

The largest specimens, two females, measure 54 mm. from snout to vent ;
another female of 52 mm. is gravid. The largest male is 52 mm. from snout to
vent.

56. Ichnotropis bivittata Bocage, 1866.

I juv. Mt. Moco, Angola, 1,500-1,900 m. March

This identification is questionable. The specimen has smaller scales than
normal (45-56 at mid-body), but is too young to afford any reliable evidence as
to whetlier racial differentiation has taken place outside the true Rain Forest.

136 NonTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

7. Mabuya bocagii Boul., 1887.
4 Congulu April

In all these four examples the scales about the body number 40 instead of
36-38 and the dorsals are, for the most part, feebly tricarinate. Five keels do
appear, however, in some places, and in other characters there is nothing whereby
they may be distinguished from typical bocagii, so that the differences must be
regarded as within the range of variation of the species.

58. Mabuya striata (Peters, 1844).

2 Otjosongombe Nov.

2 Windhoek Jan.

1 Hoffnung Jan.

1 Voigtsgrund Dec.

1 Mariental to Rehoboth Dec.

2 Bullsport Dec.

Fitzsimons (1935, p. 371) has recently drawn attention to the high propor-
tion of specimens of this lizard which, in Bechuanaland, have the subocular
reaching the edge of the lip. The same condition occurs in 20 out of the 21 speci-
mens from Angola and Damaraland which have been examined. In the Trans-
vaal and Rhodesia the proportion falls, somewhat, to 77 per cent. (49 examined),
and in Mozambique and Natal there is a sharp decline to 6 per cent. (17
examined). To the north, however, the decline is less rapid, specimens from
Nyasaland, Tanganyika Territory and southern Kenya Colony showing about
equal numbers of those with the subocular reaching and cut off from the lip.
In Uganda, Ethiopia, Somaliland and the Sudan, however, the proportions are
simUar to those in Mozambique and Natal, only 7 per cent. (32 examined)
having the subocular bordering the mouth.

59. Mabuya sulcata (Peters, 1867).

M. sulcata var. sexstriata Werner, 1910, Jena Denkschrifl, xvi, p. 345. pi. viii. fig. 10.

3 (J(J, 2 ?? Windhoek Jan.

4 cJ(J, 4 $? Hoffnung Dec.

1 juv. „ Feb.
cJ Rehoboth Dec.

2 cJ(J, $ Maltahohe Dec.
cj, ? Voigtsgrimd Dec.
4 (JcJ, 2 $9 Satansplatz Dec.

The scale-rows in this series vary from 36 to 42. The majority have 38, but
one male from Rehoboth has 40 and a female from Windhoek 42. This extends
the range of variation to a sufficient extent to include Mabuya ansorgii Boul. of
Benguela ; but it is possible that the latter may be a tenable subspecies, for adults
retain the six-lined colour pattern, which is the juvenile livery in Damaraland.
Werner (1910), in discussing a series from Damaraland, refers to a var. sexstriata
which he ascribes to Bocage, The latter author described the coloration of the
six-lined variety, but applied no varietal name ; consequently, the name sexstriata
must date from Werner 1910, but it does not appear to be a valid subspecies and
must be placed in the synonomy. In the same paper the author mentions another

NOYITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1930. 137

example which he says is " really oclslriata " ; the word is placed in inverted
oommas and is obviously being used descriptively and not nomenclatorially.

60 ? Mabuya damarana (Peters, 1869) (text-fig. 43).

Euprepes damaranius Peters, 1869, Oefrtrv. Vet.-Ak. Forhandh^ p. 660.

Mahuia hildehrandti (non Peters) Werner, 1910, Jena Denk., xvi, p. 347 ; Boulengcr, 1910, Ann. S.

Afr. Mus., V, p. 485; Sternfeld, 1911. Mill. Zool. Mits. Berlin, v, 3. p. 408; idem, 1911, Fauna

Devlsch. Kolon., iv, 2, p. 40.
Mahuia varia var. longiloha, Methuen and Hewitt. 1914, Ann. Tranxvaal Mux., iv. p. 142.

4 Hoifnung Dec. -Jan.

3 Windhoek Jan.

2 Maltahiihe Dec.

2 Voigtsgrund Dec.

Werner, in first recording the north-east African M. kUdebrandti from
Damaraland and S. Africa (191(», p. 347), suggested that his specimens might not
be correctly identified, but might represent a distinct species. Methuen and
Hewitt realized that specimens from this region, which were probably identical
with the so-called hUdebrandli of Werner, Boulenger and Sternfeld, were more
closely allied to varia and proposed a new subspecific name for them. The
material in the present collection confirms the opinion that this S.W. African
skink is not related to MMebrandti, from which it may be distinguished by the

smaller scales on the soles of the feet and nnich .•shorter digits nnil chiws. It
certainly seems closely akin to varia, but, in addition to the length of the ear-
lobules, which was the only constant character discovered by Methuen and
Hewitt to distinguish the two, there is also a constant difference in the jxisition
of the nostril which, in all tiie material examined, affords a clear-cut differentia-
tion between the two, without any sign of intergradation. Conse(£uently it is
proposed to accord full specific status to the south-western form, for which, on
geographical grounds, the name damuruna ajjpcar.s to be available in ])rcfcrcnce
to the much later longiloha of Methui'U and Hewitt.

M. varia and M. damarana may be distingui.shed thus :

A. Nostril lateral, separated from the first upper labial by a distance nuich
less than its own diameter (text-fig. 42), its centre behind the rostro-labial suture.
Subocular not, as a rule, very much narrowed infoiiorly, its labial margin half,
or more than half, the lengtii of its iijipcr border ; ear lobules short and broad. —
M. varia.

B. Nostril directed vertically ii|)\vards, sei)arated from the first u|>|irr labial

138 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 193fi.

by a distance about as great as its own diameter (text-fig. 43), its centre vertically
above the rostro-labial suture. Subocular usually more narrowed inferiorly, its
labial margin not half the length of its upper border ; ear lobules long and
lanceolate. — M. damarana.

The character of the subocular is by no means definitive and the position
of the centre of the nostril relative to the rostro-labial suture also shows some
variation. M. varia has been examined from the Cape Province, Transvaal,
Natal, Angola, N. Bechuanaland, S. Rhodesia, N. Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Mozam-
bique, Tanganyika Territory, Kenya Colony, Uganda and Somaliland. 31.
damarana appears to be confined to the south-western districts, material having
been seen from Damaraland, Namaqualand (Narudas Siid) and the Cape Province
(Deelfontein and Port Elizabeth) ; Methuen and Hewitt record it from Great
Namaqualand and various localities in the Karoo (SteythervUle, Victoria West,
Middleburg, Klerksdale, Cradock and Steinkop). To prevent future confusion
it must be pointed out that Fitzsimon's (1935, p. 369) inclusion of Methuen and
Hewitt's Great Namaqualand records under M. varia varia is erroneous ; these
examples were the cotypes of longiloba.

61. Mabuya varia (Peters, 1867) (text-fig. 42).

I Mt. Moco March

In specimens of this species from Angola and the Lower Congo, the supra-
nasals tend to be separated. In 9 out of the 10 specimens examined the fronto-
nasal just touches the rostral. This condition seems to be rare, though not
unknown, in specimens from other areas, and its frequent occurrence in this
western area may indicate the beginnings of subspecific differentiation.

62. Mabuya acutilabris (Peters, 1862).
1 Swakopmund Feb.

1 Voigtsgrund Dec.

4 Lobito, Angola March
The example from Voigtsgrund has 34 scale-rows at the middle of the body
and exhibits an anomalous fusion of the praefrontals and frontonasal.

63. Mabuya binotata (Bocage, 1867).
2 near Sissekab Nov.

This appears to be the first record of this Angolan species from Damaraland,
but as has already been pointed out ( Nucras intertexta damarana, q.v.), Sissekab,
with open forest country, is very different from most of the rest of Damaraland.

64. Mabuya raddoni (Gray, 1845).

I I Congulu AprU

65. Mabuya maculilabris (Gray, 1845).

6 Congulu AprU

2 Quirimbo May

NOVITATES ZooLonicAE XL. 1936. 139

66. Lygosoma dewittei (Loveridge, 1934).

1 ad. Congulu April

This single specimen appears to agree with the species described by de
Witte and subsequently renamed by Loveridge. One of the characteristic
features which was believed to distinguish the species was a laterally compressed
tail with a series of transversely enlarged subcaudals ; unfortunately the tail
of the Congulu specimen is incomplete, but compressed tails have been noted in
many other skinks and enlarged subcaudals appear frequently on regenerated
tails. The species was originally referred to Siaphos, but this is now included
by Smith (1935, p. 279) in Lygosoma.

67. Ablepharus cabindae Bocage, 1866.

4 Congulu April

Smith (1935, p. 309) has recently drawn attention to the fact that the genus
Ablepharus is not a natural one, but a polyphyletic assemblage, and has also
pointed out that the lower eyelid is not always fused to the upper completely.
The present species illustrates both ofthe.se facts. The lower eyelid is not fused
with the upper except at the corners. In this character, in the presence of supra-
nasals, and the occasional presence of four supraoculars, it differs from all the
other African species grouped with it, and there seems to be every probability
that it is closely allied to the West African species grouped under Riopa
(i.e. brevicep.s, togoense, kitsoni and daJiomeyense). These species have probably
nothing whatever to do with true Riopa and, if they be grouped with cabindae,
as seems logical, the name Panaspis Cope (Type species P. aeneus = cabiiidae)
becomes available for them.

The species is variable in other characters. Thus, of four specimens here
recorded, one has four supraoculars, whereas in the other three the first and second
are fused, and one of the latter has the frontoparietals and interj)arietal fused to
form a single large shield ; scales about the middle of the body vary from 24 to 26.

68. Lygosoma (Panaspis) breviceps (Peters, 1873).

5 Congulu April

The discovery of this skink in Angola is a considerable extension of its known
range. The specimens do not appear to differ from those found in the Cameroon-
Gaboon area, though the number of scales about the body may be somewhat
lower. They vary from 30 to 34, the known range of breviceps (including balesi
Boul.) is from 32 to 38 (Miiller, 1910, p. 588).

69. Riopa sundevallii (Smith, 1849).
2 Ukahandja Dec.

7(1. Acontias meleagris (Linn., 1758).
5 Okahandja Dec. -Feb.

71. Feylinia currori Gray, 1845.
1 juv. Congulu April

140

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

72. Amphisbaena quadrifrons Peters, 1862.

6 HofFiiiing Dec. -Feb.

1 Okahandja Feb.

Cott (1933, p. 160) records 7 examples of this species from Mozambique, and
at the same time points out that they differ from typical examples from Damara-
land in having fewer segments in an annulus, fewer annuU on the body, 6 instead
of 4 preanal segments and certain differences in the head-shields. The compara-
tive material available at that time was very small, but with the new material
in the present collection, the records of Fitzsimons (1935, p. 353) and the material
in the Congo Museum recorded by de Witte (1933, p. 72) it becomes apparent that
the variation is continuous across the continent. The number of preanal seg-
ments and the variation in the head-shields appear to have no significance, and
the numerical variations may be tabulated thus :

Locality.

Specs. Examined.

Segments in an
Annulus.

Annul i on Body.

Damaraland ......

8

18-22
16-22

221-238

Kalahari (Fitzsimons) ....

15

II (Av.)

231 (Av.)

Lower Congo .....

1

18
15

198

Katanga ......

15

14-16
13-15

200-216

Rhodesia (Fitzsimons) ....

8

16 ,A >
1-4 <A--)

217-6 (Av.)

Mozambique (Cott) . . . .

7

15-18
14^16

211-221

73. Monopeltis capensis Smith, 1849.

1 Rehoboth Dec.

2 ?

These three specimens show some variation beyond that previously recorded
for the species. There are constantly only two maxillary teeth ; the number of
segments in an annulus is variable, even in closely adjacent annuli, but the limits
appear to be between .51 and 56. The annuli on the body are 203, 209 and 211,
and the caudals constantly 11 ; preanal pores are only feebly indicated. With-
out a larger series for purposes of comparison the significance of the smaller
segments and reduced number of maxillary teeth cannot be ascertained.

74. Chamaeleo etiennei Schmidt, 1919.
5 $$, 1 juv. Congulu April

Schmidt (1919, p. 574) drew attention to the fact that the so-called
Ch. gracilis of the Lower Congo had a diflFerently shaped casque from typical
W. African examples, and that, in addition, the male lacked a tarsal spur ; he
further suggested that the Angolan specimens generally referred to gracilis would
prove to belong to the Lower Congo form, and this suggestion is well founded.
But the material examined shows that this species has an even wider range, as may
be seen from the following lists :

C. etiennei. 94 sjiecimens examined from Angola (Congulu, Pungo Andongo,
Duque de Bragan9a, Condo, Canhoca, Marimba) and the southern half of the

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 141

Belgian Congo (Lower Congo, Banana, Zambi, Leopoldville, Vista, Congo da
Lemba, Moanda, Boma, Kisontu, Kwango, Luabo, Mwanza Kulu and Albert-
ville) from the coast to Lake Tanganyika.

C. gracilis. 84 specimens examined from Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone,
Gold Coast, Ashanti, Nigeria, Northern Belgian Congo (Uele, Ituri and Lake
Albert areas), Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya and Italian
Somaliland.

75. Chamaeleo dilepis Leach, 1819.

cJ

Hoffnung

Feb.

<?

Windhoek

Jan.

juv.

Sissekab

Nov.

2 S^, 5 ?9, 3 juvs.

Mt. Moco

March

This series contains representatives of two distinct forms of this very variable
species. Those from the forested Mt. Moco are very much smaller {,^^ 84-102,
9$ 94-104 mm. from snout to vent) with a flatter head, less concave interorbit,
less marked parietal crest and slightly larger occipital lobes. But until a survey
of all tlie local races can be undertaken the use of trinomials seems inadvisable.

AMPHIBIA SALIENTIA.

76. Rana albolabris acutirostris subsp. n.

$ Congulu Hplotype.

4(?c?i ? Quirimbo Paratjrpes.
These, the most southerly recorded examples of Rana albolabris, differ from
a large series ranging from Liberia eastwards to Uganda and south to the mouth
of the River Congo, in their much more acutely pointed and prominent snouts.
This probably indicates the existence of a southern race, rather than a distinct
species, but this is so clearly marked as to justify the use of a trinomial. A
detailed description is not necessary, for in almost all respects, except the shape
of the snout, these 6 specimens agree with typical albolabris. The snout is, how-
ever, acutely pointed and very strongly prominent, wth a more obtuse canthus
rostralis and more oblique loreal region. The distance between the nostril and
the tip of the snout is contained not more than once and a quarter in the inter-
narial distance, whereas in the typical form the same ratio is 1-5 to 1-7. The
holotype, a mature female, measiu-es 82 mm. from snout to vent, and has greatly
distended ovaries and enlarged oviducts ; it was captured in April. Another
female caught in May is in the same conditi(m, and males caught in the same
months have nuptial pads. The largest of the latter sex measures 74 mm. from
snout to vent.

77. Rana fuscigula angolensis Bocage, 1866.

G (SS, ^> ??. 1 juv. Quirimbo May

5 (JcJ. 5 ??, 2 juvs. Congulu April
12 (JcJ, 3 ??, 13 juvs. Mt. Moco Jlarch

78. Rana fuscigula fuscigula Duni. and Bibr., 1841.

6 (J<J, 5 $$ Biillsport, Naukluft Mts. Dec.

142 NOVITATES ZooLOOICiVE XL. 1936.

79. Rana (Ptychadaena) ansorgii Boulenger, 1905.

2<J^, $ Mt. Moco March

cj Congulu April

It will probably be found that aU records of " ansorgii " from Tanganyika
Territory, Portuguese East Africa, Nyasaland, Rhodesia and Zululand really
refer to a distinct species, which is similar in its digital webbing, but has a broader
head and less prominent snout, characters in which it resembles R. mascareniensis.
The name available for this eastern form appears to be mossambica Peters, 1854.

80. Rana (Ptychadaena) oxyrhynchus Smith, 1849.
$, juv. Congulu April

1 juv.

Mt. Moco

March

81. Pyxicephalus tuberculosus (Boul.,

1882).

Mt. Moco

March

Quirimbo

May

13 6<S

82. Pyxicephalus delalandii Dum. and Bibr., 1841.

$ Windhoek Jan.

8 (^(J, 12 ?$ Farm Hoffnung, near Windhoek Oct.-Jan.

2 juvs. Omongongua Jan.

2 juvs. Okahandja Feb.

19 (J (J, 2 $$ Maltahohe Dec.

This species was found breeding in December and January. Dr. Jordan
reports that the voice of the males is loud but melodious, sounding at a distance

like " lutter, lutter, lutter " (the u sound being long) ; it is accordingly

known locally as the " Lutheran."

83. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1840.
1 juv. Omongongua January

84. Phrynobatrachus natalensis (Smith, 1849).
7 SS'"' ?? Congulu April

85. Arthroleptis parvulus Boul., 1905.
34 c?(?. 4 ?? Calaongo, below Congulu April

This series shows two features which have not previously been recorded for
the species. First of all, males have a large, flat, oval gland on the hinder side of
the thighs as in A. cornutus, and A. ogoensis (Parker, 1935, p. 403). Hitherto
parvulus has not been suspected of relationship with these species, but has been
grouped with A. dispar and A. feae (Noble, 1924, p. 201) ; examination of the
latter two species shows that these femoral glands are present in the males of
dispar, but not, apparently, of feae.

Secondly there appears to be a considerable amount of variation in the degree
of webbing of the toes. The majority of individuals have the toes about a quarter
webbed, as in the cotypes, but two others in the present collection, and two

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 143

others in the British Museum from Mossamedes, have them nearly half webbed,
as in ogoensis ; they differ from this species, however, in their nnich smaller
digital discs. It seems very improbable that these four specimens represent a
distinct species, for they differ in no other characters and even in more normal
specimens there is no absolute constancy in the webbing. The resemblance of
this species to dispar is very marked, but the latter has larger digital discs as in
ogoensis ; nevertheless it seems very probable that the two may have been con-
fused and that the Angolan records of " dispar " (Peters, 1888, p. 618) really refer
to parvulus.

86. Cacosternum boettgeri (Boul., 1882).
14(;J(J Hoffnung, near Windhoek Dec.
c? „ „ „ Feb.
(> SS Maltahohe Dec.
(J Voigtsgrund Dec.

This species was breeding at Hoffnung in December ; the voice of the male
resembles castanets.

87. Phrynomerus annectens (Werner, 1910).

Phrynmnanlia nusiUus Methuen and Hewitt, 1914, Ann. Transvaal Mvs., iv, p. 122, pi. xiv, fig. 2.
Hoplophryne marmorata Ahl, 1934, Zool. Anz., cvii, p. 334, fig. 1.

2 juvs. Morro de Pundo May
These two specimens both have a somewhat longer leg than has been
described previously, and as all the previous records appear to have been from
S. Africa and the Cape Province, this might suggest the existence of a distinct
northern race in which the tarso-metatarsal articulation nearly reaches the eye
(instead of the shoulder). But the difference is sexual, for out of a series of 8
specimens from Benguela the 4 males have the tarso-metatarsal articulation
reaching the posterior corner of the eye, whilst in the four females it only reaches
the axilla or shoulder.

88. Kassina senegalensis (Dum. & Bibr., 1841).

Kasaina deserlicola Ahl, 193U, Zool. Anz., Ixxxviii, p. 280 ; idem, 1931, jDa« Tierreich, Aniira, iii, p. 449.

3 c?cJ Hoffnung Dec.
3 (Jc? .. Jan.

This series, which is almost topotypical of K. deserlicola, shows a consideral)le
variation in the degree of folding and wartiness of the anterior part of the belly ;
other specimens in the British Museum from other localities also show con-
siderable variation, and since this is the principal feature said to distinguish
deserlicola from senegalensis it seems very doubtful whether the former can bo
retained, even subspecifically.

The species was breeding in December. Males do not call from the water,
but from beneath stones or herbage not far from it. The call is a short guttural
" ou-i " (not unlike the sound of vomiting) and is not given continuously, but at
long and irregular intervals. Power luus described the mating call as rcsenihlirig
the withdrawal of a cork from a bottle or the bursting of a large bubble (1925).

89. Hyperolius bocagei Steindachner, 1869.
cJ, $ Congulu AprU

144 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

90. Hyperolius cinnamomeoventris Socage, 1866.
1 $, 1 juv. Congulu April
These two specimens agree well in morphological characters with repre-
sentative specimens of the species. In the female, however, the characteristic
black lateral markings are only very faintly indicated, whilst in the juvenile they
are completely absent.

91. Hyperolius sp.
$ Mt. Moco March
This single specimen belongs to a very short-webbed, uniformly-coloured
species which may well be undescribed.

92. Leptopelis jordani sp. n.

Holotype a female from Congulu, 700-800 m. ; collected in April 1934 by
Dr. Karl Jordan.

Vomerine teeth in two groups between the choanae. Head broad, very
much broader than long, with a blunt snout once and a quarter as long as the
eye ; canthus rostralis obtusely angular, strongly curved ; loreal region oblique,
very slightly concave. Tympanum distinct, slightly more than half the diameter
of the eye and separated from the latter by a distance greater than half its own
diameter. Digits with well-developed discs and strong subarticular tubercles.
Fingers with a rudiment of web ; first shorter than the second, which is shorter
than the fourth. Toes not quite half webbed. A very large compressed, inner
metatarsal tubercle as long as its distance from the disc of the inner toe. Limbs
short, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the shoulder and the metatarsal shovel
the anterior corner of the eye ; tibia not three times as long as wide, its length
equal to the maximum width of the head and contained 2-5 times in the length
from snout to vent. Skin smooth above ; a few granules below the ear. Lower
surfaces, including the thighs, strongly granular.

Purplish brown above ; a black line from the tip of the snout, through the
nostril and eye, along the upper margin of the tympanum to the flanks. An
obscure, dark, interorbital triangle connected by its apex to a dark chevron on
the middle of the back ; posterior part of the back dark-stippled. A series of
white streaks forms lines along the outer edge of the forearm, the outer edges of
the tarsus and metatarsus and above the vent. Lower surfaces yellowish white,
a few spots of this coloiu' invading the flanks. Chin faintly brown-mottled.

Length from snout to vent 62 mm. ; width of head 24 mm. ; hind-limb

85 mm.

This species is undoubtedly the representative in the Congulu Forest-zone
of the widespread L. aubryi of the Rain Forest proper. It differs from the latter
in its shorter leg, broader head, larger size and the greater distance intervening
between tympanum and eye. In a series of 27 examples of L. aubryi from French
Guinea to the Ituri and south to Gaboon the tibio-tarsal articulation always
reaches the eye and the metatarsal tubercle past the tip of the snout ; the tibial
length is always appreciably greater than the width of the head and contained
only 2-2-25 times in the length from snout to vent ; the greatest length is 54 mm.
and the distance between eye and tympanum less than half the diameter of the
latter, though subject to some variation.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1930. 145

93. Bufo jordani sp. n.

Holotype a j', from Satansplatz, circa 1,3(10 ra. ; collected Dec. 1(134 by
Dr. Karl Joiclan.

Crown without bony ridges ; snout bluntly rounded, once and a quarter as
long as the eye ; canthus rostralis rounded but distinct ; loreal region nearly
vertical ; tympanum and eustachian tubes absent ; interorbital space flat
and broader than tlie upper eyelid. Fingers short, the first shorter than the
second, which is shorter than the fourth ; third finger, measured along its mesial
side, as long as the snout ; two large, flat, metacarpal tubercles. Toes nearly
one-third webbed, with double subarticular tubercles ; sole with conical tubercles ;
two metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold ; tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching
the eye and the length of the tibia contained 2-8 times in the length from snout
to vent.

Paratoid glands absent. Dorsal surfaces closely beset with small conical
warts each of which is tipped with a minute, blunt spine (J). Lower surfaces
wrinkled, but not granular.

Uniform purplish brown above ; immaculate white beneath.

Length from snout to vent 28 mm.

Nuptial asperities are developed on the inner two fingers ; vocal sacs
absent.

This species is allied to B. anotis Boulenger and B. katanganus Loveridge,
both of which it resembles in its reduced auditory apparatus ; it is distinguished
from both by the absence of paratoid glands and by its ungranulated lower
surfaces. These species, and also B. taitaniis Peters, B. rosii Hewitt, B. lonn-
bergi Andersson, B. mocqiiardi Angel, B. preussi Matschie, B. surdus Boul.,
B. fissipes Boul., B. variegatus (Giinther) and B. ockendeni Boul., have the tym-
panum not merely hidden but absent ; there is no cuvurn typaiii, annulus lym-
panicus, columella auris or Eustachian tubes as in the many genera previously
recorded by the author (1934, p. 4). The same condition probably obtains in
B. micranotis Loveridge, B. ushoranus Loveridge and B. osgoodi Loveridge.

94. Bufo regularis Reuss, 1834.
11 (J(J, 2 $9 Otjosongombe Nov.

juv. Sissekab „

3 (^O, 6 juvs. Cuito, Mt. Moco March
5 Congulu April

95. Xenopus laevis laevis (Daud., 1803).

12 SS< ?? Otjosongombe Nov.

2 ?$ and late larva Hoflfnung 28-31 Dec.

5 Okahaiidja Oct.

1 1 larvae and recently

metamorphosed exs. Voigtsgrund 14 Dec.

Most of the.se s])ccimens are quite typical, with immaculate lower surfaces,
tliougli generally small. The single female from Okahandja, however, is very
much larger (92 mm.), but hits the mottled abdomen more commonly found in
the Angolan peterbi (Parker, 1936).

10

146 NOVTTATES ZoOLOaiCAE XL. 1936.

Ahl, 1924, Archiv Nalurg., xc, A. 5, p. 247.

Angel. 1923, Miss. Rohan-Chahot Angola d- Rhodesia, Rept., pp. 1-13, pi.

Socage, 1895, Herp. Angola and Congo.

Boettger. 1887. Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. 1886-1887, pp. 55-64.

Boettger, 1887, Ber. Senck. Nal. Ges. 1886-1887, pp. 135-173, pi. v.

Boettger, 1894, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. 1894, pp. 83-93.

Boulenger, 1893, Cat. Snakes Brit. Uus. I.

Boulenger, 1894, Cat. Snakes Brit. Ahis. II.

Boulenger, 1896, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus. III.

Boulenger, 1907, Mem. Proc. Manchester Litt. Phil. Soc., li, 3, no. 12.

Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., v, 9, pp. 455-538.

Boulenger and Power, 1921, Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa, ix, 3, pp. 229-287.

Boulenger and Power, 1921, Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa, x, 1, Map.

Cott 1934, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 145-173, pis. I-III.

Fitzsimons, 1935, Ann. Transvaal Mus., xvi, 2, pp. 295-397, pis. x-xi.

Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Transvaal Mus., ii, pp. 73-115.

Hewitt, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xx, 6, pp. 413^31 , pi. xxxvii.

Hewitt, 1927. Rec. Albany Mus., iii, pp. 371-415, pis. xx-xxiv.

Hewitt, 1932, Ann. Natal Mus., vii, 1, pp. 105-128, pi. vi.

Hewitt, 1935. Rec. Alhany Mus., iv, pp. 283-357, pl.s. xxvii-xxxvi.

Loveridge, 1932, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xlv, pp. 83-86.

Loveridge, 1932, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, Ixxii, 10, pp. 375-387.

Loveridge, 1933, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard, Ixxiv, 7, pp. 197-416, pis. i-iii.

Methuen and Hewitt, 1913, Ann. Transvaal Mus., iv, 3, pp. 118-167, pi. xiv.

MuUer, L., 1910, Ahh. Bayer. Ak. Wiss. (2), xxiv, pp. 545-626.

Noble, 1924, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., xlix, pp. 147-347.

Parker, 1932, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 335-367.

Parker, 1933, Ann. Mag. N. H. (10), xii, pp. 544-548.

Parker, 1934, Monograph Frogs Family Microhylidae.

Parker, 1935, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10), xvi, pp. 401-404.

Parker, 1936, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (in press).

Peters, 1854, Moti. Ak. Berlin, p. 621.

Peters, 1865, Mon. Ak. Berlin, p. 261, fig. 5.

Peters, 1877, Mon. Ak. Berlin, pp. 611-620.

Pitman, 1934, Rept. Faunal Survey N. Rhodesia (Livingstone).

Power, 1925, Trans. R. Soc. S. Africa, xiii, p. 108.

Power, 1930, Ann. Transvaal Mus., xiv, 1, pp. 11-19, pis. i-ii.

Roux, 1907, Zool. Jahrb., Syst., xxv, pp. 403-444, pis. xiv-xv.

Sanderson, 1936, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 165-208, PI. 1.

Schmidt, 1919, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., xxxix, 2, pp. 385-624.

Schmidt, 1923, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., xlix, pp. 1-146.

Schmidt, 1933, Ann. Carnegie Mus., xxii, pp. 1-15, pis. i-ii.

Sjostedt, 1897, Bihang Si'enska Vet.-Ak. Handl., xxiii, 4, ii.

Smith, M. A., 1935, Fauna Brit. India, Rept. dk Aviph., II.

Steindachner, 1882, Sitz. ber. Ak. Wiss. Wien., Ixxxvi, 1, pp. 1-3, pi.

Sternfeld, 1908, Sitz. ber. Ges. Natf. Fr. Berlin, i, pp. 92-95.

Sternfeld, 1910, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., iv, 1.

Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., iv, 2.

Sternfeld, 1911. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, v, 3, pp. 395^1 1 .

Sternfeld, 1912, Wi.<is. Ergeb. Deutsch. Z. Afr. Exp., ix, Zool. 2, pp. 197-279

Thominot, 1878, Bull. Soc. Philo^m. Paris, pp. 1-3.

Werner, 1909, Milt. Nat. Mus. Hamburg, xxvi, pp. 205-247.

Werner, 1910, Jena Denkschr., xvi, pp. 279-370, pis. vi-xi.

Werner, 1913, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Ixxxviii, pp. 1-6, pi.

de Witte, 1933, Ann. Mus. Congo Beige, Zool. (1), III, 2.

de Witte, 1934, Ann. Mus. Congo Beige, Zool. (1), III, 4.

NOTITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 147

DR. KARL JORDAN'S EXPEDITION TO SOUTH-WEST AFRICA
AND ANGOLA: NEW LYMANTRIIDAE FROM ANGOLA.

By C. L. COLLENETTE, F.R.E.S.

(With Plate XII.)

HE insects fi'om Mt. Moco (March), Congulu (April), Quirimbo (May) and

T

Morro de Pundo (May) were obtained on Dr. Jordan's Expedition in
1934 and those from Gamba (December 1934) and Andulo (January 1935) by
R. Braun, who had been Dr. Jordan's companion in Angola.

An account of the localities visited by Dr. Jordan is given in the Narrative
of the Expedition ; cf. pp. 46-62.

All types are in the Tring Museum.

1. Olapa brachycerca sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 2).

o . Palpus, head, body and legs ochraceous buff to light ochraceous buff ;
a streak of fuscous down the inner side of femur and tibia of foreleg. Antenna!
shaft whitish ; pectinations tawny olive, shading to fuscous basally. Wings and
fringes, above and beneath, whitish.

$. Resembles the cj, but the pectinations of the antenna entirely fuscous.
The streak of fuscous on the inner side of foreleg less extensive. Anal tuft hair
brown, the hair-scales smooth and compact. Abdomen varies in length, but
averages the same length as inner margin of hindwing.

Expanse : (J^ 34-39 mm., ?? 47-50 mm.

1 ^ (holotype) and 3 (JJ (paratypes), Quirimbo, 7-12 May 1934; 2 <;JJ
(paratypes), Morro de Pundo, 21 May 1934 ; 1 $ (allotype) and 2 $$ (paratypes),
Fazenda Congulu, 7-11 April 1934.

2. Olapa macrocerca sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 3).

$. Resembling the last species ((). brachycerca), but with wings and fringes
light buff. Anteimal sliaft light buff, pectinations tawny olive. Abdomen
distinctly longer than inner margin of hindwing ; anal tuft cinnamon buff,
large and rather bushy. The expanse is also greater than in O. brachycerca, and
the genitalia present differences.

Expanse ; $$ 45-50 mm.

1 $ (holotype) and 19 $$ (paratypes), Quirimbo, May 1934 ; 1 $ (paratype),
Fazenda Congulu, 17-22 April 1934.

3. Leucoma hololeuca Hampson, 1910.

28 ?$, Quirimbo, 7-20 May 1934 ; 6 $9, Fazenda Congulu, 7-16 April 1934.

This species is superficially very similar to L. albi.i.tima B. -Baker, 1911,
which was also taken plentifully at Quirimbo and Fazenda Congulu. In the $
it may be distinguished by the absence of the black spot on the discocellulars, a
rather less shiny surface on the forewing, and the fact that the veins M' and Cit'
in both wings rise well apart at their point of origin, whereas in L. albissima
they arise close together or even from a point.

148

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

4. Cropera celaenogyia sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 14).

(J. Palpus fuscous black, on the lower side at the base orange buff. Antennal
shaft fuscous black, pectinations drab. Head and thorax warm buff, mixed
on the patagium with fuscous black. Abdomen above and beneath, pectus and
legs warm buff to light buff, the legs strongly marked on the inner side with
fuscous black, the tarsi almost completely fuscous black. Wings semi-hyaline.
Forewing pinkish buff, the veins and termen defined with fuscous ; fringe pinkish
buff. Hindwing and fringe light buff. Underside of both wings and fringes as
on upperside.

Expanse : ^J 39 mm.

1 ^ (holotype), Gamba, December 1934.

This species is closely allied to Cropera stilpnaroma Hering, 1920, and to
Olapa furva Hampson, 1905. It will probably be necessary to transfer these
three species to a new genus, but the material at my disposal is not at present
sufficient for the investigation.

5. Cadurca moco sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 30).
^. Palpus fuscous, on the inner side pale pinkish buff. Antenna fuscous,
the shaft streaked with pale pinkish buff. Head, body and legs fuscous mixed
with pale pinkish buff, and with patches of warm buff on head, patagium, pectus
and venter. Wings whitish, mixed to a slight extent with fuscous, giving a
greyish effect ; all veins, and the termen in both wings, defined with fuscous ;
fringes pinkish buff. Underside of both wings, and fringes, as on upperside.

$. Palpus and frons warm buff, thorax and abdomen light buff, a patch of
fuscous black on each side of the patagium behind the antenna. Pectus, venter
and legs warm buff mixed with light buff, the legs heavily striped with fuscous
black. Antenna fuscous black. Wings semi-hyaline, light buff ; all veins, and
the termen in both wings, defined with Dresden brown ; fringes light buff.
U-riderside of both wings, and fringes, as on upperside.
Expanse : ^S 33-38 mm., ?? 45-54 mm.

1 J (holotype), 1 $ (allotype), 2 cJ(J and 1 $ (paratypes), Mt. Moco, 13-18
March 1934 ; 1 ? (paratype), Gamba, December 1934.

The (J resembles Cadurca venata Swinhoe, 1906, and Cadurca dianeura
Hering, 1928, in both of which the apex of the hindwing is rather pointed and
projects well beyond the termen of the forewing. In the present species the
apex is more rounded and the projection slight. The ground colour of the wings
in the present species is paler than in those named above.

The $ is superficially rather similar to the $ of Cropera phaeophlebia Hamp-
son, 1910, but has black antennae, as compared with light brown in the other
species.

6. LaeliophUa seydeli Hering, 1932 (PL XII, fig. 23).

$. Wings longer and narrower than in the s ■ Forewing drab grey, the veins
darker, and the lower margin of the cell edged with fuscous scales ; fringe tilleul
buff. Hindwing and fringe tilleul buff. U^iderside of both wings, and fringes,
tilleul buff ; costa of both wings edged narrowly with fuscous.

Expanse : ? 37 mm., ^S 33-36 mm.

1 $ (neallotype) and 4 <J<J, Mt. Moco, 15-18 March 1934.

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936. 149

7. Crorema jordani sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 25).

(J. Palpus light buff mixed with fuscous. Antennal shaft warm buff, the
pectinations somewhat darker. Head and thorax orange buff. Abdomen above
and beneath, pectus and legs warm buff to light buff, the legs striped on the inner
side with fuscous. Forewing pale orange yellow, mixed towards the base of the
costa with orange buff ; a series of eight rounded benzo-brown spots placed
interneurally ; the first, which is faint, above vein iJ' ; the second larger and
slightly more basad, above vein J)/' ; the third, still larger and slightly more
basad, above vein il/^ ; the fourth, .slightly more proximad, above vein 3P ;
the fifth and sixth, large, above veins Cm' and Cu^ ; the seventh, not in line with
the fifth and sixth, below vein Cu^ ; the eighth, rather indistinct, in a line
between the seventh and the inner margin ; fringe maize yellow. Hindwing
cream colour ; fringe maize yellow. Underside of both wings, and fringes,
maize yellow, the spots on the forewing faintly visible

$. Resembles the ^ ; the spots on the forewing indistinct and apparently
oval in form.

Expan.se : S'^ 31-38 mm., ? 48 mm.

1 ^ (holotype) and 6 ^J^ (paratypes), Mt. Moco, March 1934. 1 $ (allotype)
and 22 (^^ (paratypes), Gamba, December 1934.

Near to Crorema evanescens Hampson, 1910, but with larger and rounded
spots on the forewing. In well-marked specimens there are two spots below vein
Cu', whereas in C. evanescens there appears to be only one. The three spots
below veins M^, Cu^ and Cu' are in line with each other in C. evaruscens, but not
in the present species, and the genitalia show considerable differences.

8. Stracena promelaena Holland, 1893.

3 ^^, Fazenda Congulu, 7~1G April 1934.

These insects are considerably larger (expanse 51-52 mm.) than males from
the Cameroons and Gold Coast. All have a broad snuff-brown terminal band
running from vein Cm* to the anal angle. I can, however, find no difference in
the genitalia.

9. Pirgula stictogonia sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. lo).

tj. Palpus whitish, shaded with fuscous on the outer side. Antenna
cartridge buff, tinged with cream buff at the base of the .shaft. Head, body and
legs cartridge buff to whitish, mixed lightly with cream buff on head and thorax ;
a streak of fuscous down the whole of the inner side of foreleg, and a few fuscous
hair-scales on the inner side of tibia and tarsus of middle leg. Wings hyaline,
whitish ; the base of the costa in the forewing, for a distance of about three
millimetres, edged narrowly with fuscous black ; a fuscous-black apical spot in
the angle between veins R' and R*, and a second spot subterminally between
veins R'' and M^ ; a further s])ot just above the anal vein, almost touching the
meeting-place of vein and tornus ; fringe whitish ; on the hindwing a fu.scous-
black spot just above the 2nd anal vein, almost touching the meeting-place of
vein and anal angle ; fringe whitish. Underside of both wings, and fringes,
whitish ; the fuscous-black spots reproduced as on the uppcrside.

$. Resembles the q, but with no fuscoiis on the palpus, the head and thorax
more strongly tinged with cream bull, and with a further snuiU fuscous-black
subterminal spot on the forewing, below vein J/',

150 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICiE XL. 1936.

Expanse : ^ 41 mm., $ 44 mm.

1 ^ (holotype) and 1 ? (allotype), Quirimbo, 7-12 May 1934.
May be easily distinguished by the po.sition of the spots near the tornus of
the forewing and the anal angle of the hindwing.

10. Euproctis conionipha sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 22).

(J. Palpus pinkish buff, the tip lighter. Antennal shaft whitish, pectina-
tions pinkish buff. Head, body and legs cartridge buff to whitish. Forewing
cartridge buff Lrrorated with fuscous, the irroration absent in the basal, costal
and terminal areas ; the costal area and at the lower margin of the cell lightly
tinged with warm buff ; fringe cartridge buff. Hindwing, underside of both
wings, and fringes, whitish.

$. Resembles the (^ ; anal tuft tawny olive.

Expanse ; ^^ 28-30 mm., ? 36 mm.

1 ^ (holotype), 1 $ (allotype), 2 (JcJ (paratypes), Fazenda Congulu, April
1934.

May be placed near to Euproctis palla Holland, 1893.

11. Aroa leonensis Hampson, 1910.

17 cJtJ, Gamba, December 1934 and January 1935 ; 1 3, Mt. Moco, 20 March,
1934.

These insects have the whitish streak on the hindwing long and narrow ; it
varies in extent, but in nearly every case is more conspicuous than in Sierra
Leone specimens. The ground colour of the forewing is richer, and approximates
more nearly to that of Aroa pampoecila Collenette, 1930.

12. Laelia basibrunnea Holland, 1893 (?).

1 ?, Mt. Moco, 17 March 1934.

I have seen no $9 of this species from the type locality. The present insect
has an almost straight postmedial fascia, without crenations, on the forewing,
and a dark hindwing. I have placed it under this name with hesitation, but the
question must await the arrival of further material.

13. Dasychira andulo sp. nov. (PL XII, fig. 21).
cJ. Palpus snuff brown, lighter on the inner side. Antenna Saccardo's
umber. Head, thorax and abdomen snuff brown to Saccardo's umber, dorsal
tufts on the basal segments of the abdomen somewhat darker. Pectus, venter
and legs pinkish buff, the foreleg heavily marked, the other legs lightly marked,
with snuff brown. Forewing snuff brown ; a sepia subbasal fascia ; antemedial
fascia obsolete ; discocellulars indistinctly bordered with sepia ; a sepia post-
medial fascia, crenate, bowed (convexity terminad) from the costa to a point
below the discocellulars, thence to the inner margin which it meets at right-
angles ; a broad sepia subterminal shade, which from vein Cm' to the inner
margin is the most conspicuous marking on the wing ; a sepia preterminal fascia,
broken at the veins ; fringe snuff brown mixed with sepia. Hindwing and fringe
drab. Underside of both wings pale pinkish buff, faintly mixed and irrorated
with snuff brown ; traces on both wings of a darker mark on the discocellulars
and a postmedial fascia ; fringes of forewing snuff brown mixed with sepia,
fringe of hindwing pinkish buff mixed with snuff brown.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XL. 1936. 15 J

Expanse : (J(J 33-35 mm.

1 o' (holotype), Andulo, December 1934 ; 2 ^^r^ (paratypes), Gamba, Decem-
ber 1934 and January 1935 ; 1 jj, Mt. Moco, 17 March 1934.
May be placed near to Dasychira basilews Hering, 1932.

14. Dasychira dasymalla sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 38).

$. Palpus tawny olive mixed with fu.scous. Antenna sayal brown, darker
at the base of the pectinations. Head and thorax tawny olive mixed with
cinnamon buff. Abdomen, pectus and venter pinkish buff mixed with tawny
olive, dorsal tufts on the basal segments of the abdomen Saccardo's umber.
Legs tawny olive, the foreleg heavily marked, the other legs lightly marked, with
Saccardo's umber. Forewing pinkish buff, irrorated over the whole wing with
Saccardo's umber, giving a drab effect ; a streak of sayal brown at the base of
the cell ; a prominent Saccardo's umber antemedial fascia, running oblique
inwardly from costa to inner margin, almost straight, but turning further oblique
inwardly between anal vein and inner margin ; medial area slightly darker than
the remainder of the wing ; discocellulars bordered, excepting towards the costa,
with Saccardo's umber, the border touching the postmedial fascia at the lower
angle of the cell ; a rather prominent sayal-brovni postmedial fascia, crenate from
costa to lower angle of cell, oblique outwardly from anal vein to inner margin ;
a faint sayal-brown suhterminal fascia ; a narrow Saccardo's umber preterminal
fascia, parallel with the termen ; fringe tawny olive. Hindwing and fringe
tawny olive, somewhat lighter towards the base of the wing. Uruler.side of both
wings, and fringes, tawny olive mixed with Saccardo's umber ; a Saccardo's
umber postmedial fascia, almost straight in the forewing, parallel with the termen
in the hindwing.

Expanse : ?$ 37-38 mm.

1 9 (holotype), December 1934, and 1 $ (paratype), Gamba, January 1935.

Resembling Dasychira aeana Collenette, 1931, in which the antemedial
fascia is strongly bowed with concavity basad.

These insects may possibly prove to be the $? of Dasychira andulo described
above.

15. Dasychira hyphasma sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 37).

(J. Antennal shaft hair brown, pectinations tawny olive. Palpus, head and
thorax hair brown mixed with chaetura drab. Abdomen drab, with chaetura-
drab dorsal tufts on the basal segments. Pectus, venter and legs drab mixed
with whitish, the tarsi heavily shaded with chaetura drab. Forewing dral), the
wing crossed by several poorly defined fasciae of chaetura drab ; a patch of
cinnamon buff on the discocellulars, edged with chaetura drab ; a small admixture
of white on the proximal side of the postmedial fascia ; fringe drab, pinkish buff
at the vein-ends. Hindwing pale pinkish buff; fringe whitish, mixed interneur-
ally with drab, the latter colour cxtiMiding to the terminal area. C nderside of
forewing, and fringe, drab, the fringe darker interneurally. Underside of
hindwing, and fringe, pale pinkish buff, mixed in the costal area with drab.

Expanse : ^ 33 mm.

1 (J (holotype), Gamba, January 1935.

J52 NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936.

16. Lomadonta erythrina Holland, 1893.

2 c?c?. 1 ?. Quirimbo, 7-20 May 1934.

The 9 is of the extreme yellow form described as L. johnsloni Swinhoe,
1903, while one of the (S<S is of the reddish form and the other slaty grey.

17. Lomadonta obscura Swinhoe, 1904.

12(?(J, 1 ?, Quirimbo, 1-20 May 1934.

All the (^ o f^re considerably darker than specimens from the Gold Coast and
CameroonB.

18. Aclonophlebia xuthomene sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 13).

$. Palpus and antenna fuscous. Frons fuscous, remainder of head pale
pinkish buff. Thorax and base of abdomen pale pinkish buff mixed with fuscous,
remainder of abdomen fuscous mixed with antimony yellow. Pectus, venter and
legs fuscous, the legs marked at the joints with pinkish buff. Fore wing pale
pinkish buff ; five almost square patches of fuscous along the costa, approxi-
mately equidistant, and forming the starting-point of basal, subbasal, antemedial,
postmedial and subterminal fasciae of the same colour ; the antemedial and post-
medial fasciae join below the lower margin of the cell ; the subterminal fascia
roughly parallel to the termen, crenate, points on the veins, concavities terminad ;
a crescent-shaped patch of orange buff on the discocellulars, edged narrowly with
fuscous ; a series of terminal interneural fuscous spots, extending through the
fringe, which is otherwise pale pinkish buff. Hindwing pale pinkish buff ; a hair-
brown subterminal fascia, narrow from costa to vein Cm', thence broadening
considerably and running oblique outwardly to the anal angle, where it invades
the fringe ; fringe pale pinkish buff, fuscous interneurally. Underside of both
wings, and fringes, pale pinkish buff, the markings reproduced as on upperside.

Expanse : $ 37 mm.

1 9 (holotype), Gamba, January 1935, R. Braun.

May be placed near to Aclonophlebia rliodalipha Felder, 1874.

19. Aclonophlebia atectonipha sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 40).

$. Palpus, head and thorax fuscous, with a narrow collar of orange buff
between head and thorax. Antenna fuscous black. Abdomen ochraceous buff.
Pectus, venter and legs fuscous, mixed with ochraceous buff on the hindtarsus.
Forewing whitish mottled with fuscous, the latter colour predominating in the
medial third of the wing and in the apical area ; a small patch of mars yellow on
the discocellulars ; fringe whitish, fuscous interneurally. Hindwing pale yellow
orange ; a broad patch of fuscous occupying the apical area, down to a point just
below vein Cm' ; fringe pale yellow orange, fuscous interneurally from apex to
vein Cm'. Underside of both wings, and fringes, as on upperside.

Expanse : $ 36 mm.

1 ? (holotype), Fazenda Congulu, 7-11 April 1934.

20. Palasea albimacula Wallengren, 1865.

1 cJ, 11 $9, Quirimbo, 7-12 May 1934.

All the $9 are distinctly darker on the forewing than average specimens from
Natal and Rhodesia. The ^ cannot be separated from Natal examples.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1936. 153

NEW LYMANTRIIDAE FROM ^L4DAGASCAR.
BY C. L. COLLENETTE, F.R.E.S.
(With Plate XII.)
HE insects dealt with in this paper were collected by Monsieur and Madame

T

d'Olsoufieff, at Perinet, 149 kilometres east of Tananarivo, eastern Mada-
gascar.

Witli a single exception, all types are in the Tring Museum. In the case of
Marblepsis chionoptera Collnt., British Museum material \va.« employed for the
description.

1. Marblepsis chionoptera sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig." l).

(J. Palpus and head warm buif. Antennal shaft sayal brown, pectinations
fuscous. Thorax and abdomen, above and beneath, whitish. Legs warm buff.
Wings semi-hyaline, whitish ; costa of forcwing at the base narrowly edged with
warm buff for a distance of about 3 mm.

$. Resembles the ^.

Expanse : (J (J 42-46 mm., $ 48 mm.

1 ^ (holotype), 1 ? (allotype) and 21 ,^ ,^ (paratypes), April-June 1892,
Fianarantsoa ; 4 ^cj, April-June 1890 and. 1893, Antsianaka ; all collected by
Perrot Freres ; in British Museum collection. 1 ^J, January 1933, Perinet,
Mme N. d'Olsoufieff.

The single ^ in the d'Olsoufieff collection has made it necessary to describe
the large series of this species in the British Museum (Natural History).

I take this opportunity to transfer to the genus Marblepsis the following
species, all of which have been wrongly placed in the past :

Leucoma marrocera Sharpe, 1890. (Redoa kihwezi Collenette, 1932.)

Phalaena {Olapa) flnbellaria Fabricius, 1787. (P. b. eleutheria StoU, 1790.)

Crorema qimdristrigata Talbot, 1929.

Re/Ioa melavorraspis Hampson, 1905.

Redoa mai/otia Collenette, 1931.

Redoa xanthoma Collenette, 1931.

Redoa kenija Collenette, 1931.

M. chionoptera, described above, may be readily separated from the some-
what similar M. xanthoma Collnt., in wliith the antennal shaft is white and
somewhat shorter.

Lymantica germs nov.

$. Proboscis absent. Pal|)us upturned, three-segmented, rather short.
Eye round, about the width of frons. Antenna just under one-third the Icnplii
of costa, bipcctinate, the branches at middle about one-fifth the length of .>ihaft.
Abdomen slightly longer than inner margin of hindwing. Midtibia with one
pair, and hindtibia with two pairs of rather stout spurs of medium length. Fore-
wing with costa and ai)cx well rounded, termen, tornus and inner margin nindcr-
atelj' rounded. Win Sr parallel with the costa ; R' from the cell at four-fiiths,
anastomozing with Sc for a short distance, thence approaching rather closely to
R' and on to costa ; veins R^ to /?» stalked, R^ originating at about one-sixth

164 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

the total length of R*, R^ at about one-fourth of R*. and R^ at two-thirds of
R' ; AP from well below the angle ; liP and M' almost from a point ; Cm' about
four times as far from ]\P a.s M" is from M' ; Cu' from three-fifths lower margin
of cell ; anal vein roughly parallel with inner margin. Hind wing with apex and
termen well rounded, anal angle slightly rounded, costa and inner margin almost
straight ; vein Sc touching the cell shortly at about one-foiu-th the length of
cell ; R.s and 71/' from a point ; 3P and 3P well separated, Cu^ slightly farther
from AP than AP is fiomAI^ ; Ctt^ from three-fourths lower margin of cell ;
A' and A' almost straight ; frenulum present.
Type : Lymantica epelytes Collenette.

2. Lymantica epelytes sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 24).

$. Palpus warm buff, tipped with fuscous. Antennal shaft fuscous, pectina-
tions drab. Head, thorax and abdomen warm buff, the tegula and base of
patagium somewhat darker. Pectus, venter and legs warm buff to light buif,
the tarsi fuscovis black, and an admixture of the same colour on the tibiae.
Forewing pale yellow orange ; a buckthorn brown antemedial fascia, well marked,
running obliquely outwards from costa to the origin of veing Cm-, thence sinuate
and less well defined to the inner margin ; a broad buckthorn brown stripe from
costa to upper angle of cell ; the costa, discocellulars, veins iJ' to Cu' and the
distal half of lower margin to cell, narrowly defined with fuscous to fuscous
black ; a series of interneural terminal fuscous spots, extending to the fringe,
which is incomplete in the type but apparently cinnamon buff. Hindwing light
buff ; a faint fuscous mark on the discocellulars ; a series of small interneural
terminal fuscous spots ; fringe cinnamon buff. Underside of forewing cream
colour, faintly mixed with orange pink over the medial area ; a fuscous streak on
the discocellulars and traces of a postmedial fascia ; interneiu-al terminal spots,
and fringe, as on upper side. Underside of hindwing cream colour ; a fuscous
streak on the discocellulars ; interneural terminal spots, and fringe, as on upper
side.

Expanse : $ 49 mm.

1 $ (holotype), December 1932.

The unusual shape of vein iJ' (vein 1 1 of Hampson system) serves to dis-
tinguish this genus.

3. Pirgula melanoma sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 11).

(J. Palpus whitish, with some fuscous black hair-scales on the outer side.
Antennal shaft fuscous black, lighter towards the base ; pectinations pale pinkish
buff. Head, patagium and base of tegula orange buff. Remainder of thorax,
abdomen and legs pale pinkish buff ; some fuscous black hair-scales on the inner
side of tibia and tarsus of foreleg. Wings hyaline, whitish, iridescent in certain
lights ; at the base of costa of forewing a fuscous black streak, about one mOli-
metre in length, narrowing towards its distal end ; fringes whitish.

$. Resembles the t^, but antennal shaft, head and patagium pale pinkish
buff, the orange buff present only at the base of tegula.

Expanse : ^^ 36 mm., $ 40 mm.

1 (J (holotype) and 1 ^ (paratype), March 1935 ; 1 $ (allotype), October-
November 1930.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAB XL. 1936. 156

In the 9, vein /f' originates from just beyond the centre of the areole, while
in the two c?c? '* originates from the cell not far from the base of the areole.

4. Euproctis oxyptera sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 12).

(J. Palpus light buff, on the outer side of the second segment light orange
yellow. Antenna! shaft whitish, pectinations light ochraceous buff. Head,
patagiura and base of tegula whitish, remainder of thorax and base of abdomen
light ochraceous buff ; distal half of abdomen and anal tuft orange buff. Pectus,
venter and legs light buff to whitish, the inner side of foretibia light orange
yellow. Forewing light ochraceous huff ; some indefinite whitish markings near
the base of the wing ; a whitish antemedial fascia, almost straight, meeting the
inner margin at right-angles ; a whitish postmedial fascia, running roughly
parallel with the termen ; the costal area between the two fasciae mainly whitish ;
fringe whitish. Hindwing whitish, mi.xed with light ochraceous buff in the
terminal area ; fringe wliitish. Underside of both wings, and fringes, white ;
costa of forewing narrowly edged with light orange yellow.

Expanse : (J (J 22-28 mm.

1 (^ (holotype) and 1 ^ (paratype), February 1935 ; 7 ^.^ (paratypes),
March 1935 ; 2 i^^ (paratypes), December 1932 ; 1 f^ (paratype), January 1933.

In structure very similar to Euproctis (Porlhesia) producta Walker, 1863,
but with the apex and termen of the forewing less rounded.

5. Noliproctis parvula Kenrick, 1914.
(J. Resembles the $, but the forewing rather more heavily marked.
Expanse : S-^ 21-23 mm., ?$ 28-29 mm.

1 cJ (neallotype), 5 ^^, 1 ?, January 1933 ; 3 (J^J, October-November 1930 ;
1 ?, December 1932.

6. Noliproctis lithoides sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 19).

(J. Palpus fuscous. Antennal shaft white, pectinations tawny olive. Head
white, the frons fuscous black. Thorax mottled with white and fuscous black,
patagium entirely white. Abdomen pale pinkish buff, mixed with Saccardo's
umber. Pectus and venter whitish ; legs white, banded and spotted with fuscous
black. Forewing white, spotted and mottled with fuscous black, the white area
predominating beyond the cell, the dark area predominating above the disco-
cellulars and in the centre of the apical area ; fringe white, fuscous black inter-
neurally. Hindwing pale pinkish buff, irrorated in the terminal half with Sac-
cardo's umber ; fringe pale pinkish buff, Saccardo's umber interneurally.
Underside of forewing sepia, lighter along the inner margin ; fringe white, marked
interneurally with .sejiia, giving a chequered effect, which is continued round the
apex as far as the cell. Underside of hindwing, and fringe, j)alc pinkish liull ;
some sepia markings on the discocellulars and at intervals along the costa.

$. Resembles the ^, but rather less distinctly marked ; anal tiift sepia.

Expanse : ^rj' 25-28 mm., $? 32-35 mm.

1 (J (holotype), 2 ?$ (paratypes), December 1932; 1 ? (allotype), 9 ,SS,
4 ?? (paratyi)cs), October-November 1930 ; 7 cJcJ (paratypes), January 1933 ;
9 (J (J (paratypes), March 1935.

A very distinctly marked species, with vein 31' absent in the hindwing.

166

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

7. Laelia polia sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 27).

?. Palpus pinkish buff. Antenna, head, body and legs pale pinkish buff,
mixed on thorax and legs with sayal bro%vn. Forewing whitish, shaded in and
above the cell with sayal brown, the sayal brown appearing also to some extent
over the whole wing ; an indistinct sayal-brown antemedial fascia, meeting the
inner margin at right angles ; discocellulars indistinctly bordered with sayal
brown ; a sayal-brown postmedial fascia, crenate, running inwardly oblique from
costa to vein Cu-, thence at right angles to the inner margin ; a series of sub-
terminal interneural sayal-brown spots ; fringe whitish, marked interneurally
with sayal brown. Hindwing drab, the fringe somewhat lighter. Underside of
both wings whitish, suffused to some extent with drab ; on the forewing an almost
straight postmedial fascia, and on the hindwing a faint drab spot on the dis-
cocellulars, with traces of a postmedial and a subterminal fascia ; fringes whitish,
marked interneurally with drab.

(J. Resembles the $, but the markings rather darker.

Expanse : 9$ 39-40 mm., (J 31 mm.

1 ? (holotype), October-November 1930 ; 1 ^ (allotype), January 1933 ;
1 9 (paratype), December 1932.

May be placed near to Laelia janeschi Hering, 1926.

8. Laelia conioptera sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 20).

cJ. Palpus pale pinkish buff, on the outer side and at the tip l)istre. Antennal
shaft whitish, pectinations drab. Head pale pinkish buff. Thorax and abdomen
pale pinkish buff, mixed with drab, anal tuft pinkish buff. Pectus, venter
and legs pale ])inkish buff, mixed on the legs with bistre. Fore\\ing ecru drab ;
a patch of whitish mixed with fiber green along the medial third of the costal
area and the distal half of the cell ; some scattered markings of fuscous mixed
with fiber green over the remainder of the wing ; a bowed (concavity basad)
fuscous antemedial fascia ; discocellulars faintly edged with fuscous ; an indis-
tinct fuscous postmedial fascia ; fringe Saccardo's umber, lighter at the vein-ends.
Hindwing and fringe whitish, the veins faintly indicated with pinkish buff.
Uiulerside of forewing, and fringe, drab, mixed with whitish in the apical and
terminal areas and at the base of the fringe. Underside of hindwing and fringe
whitish ; a drab spot on the discocellulars.

9- Resembles the ^, but with the pattern on the forewing much less distinct.

Expanse : (J 30 mm., 99 33-36 mm.

1 c? (holotype) and 19 (paratype), October-November 1930; 1 9 (allotype),
February 1932.

9. Dasychira iodnephes sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 9).
cJ. Palpus, antennal shaft, head and body mummy brown, the pectinations
of antenna darker. Pectus, venter and legs mummy brown mixed with pinkish
buff. Forewing Prout's brown, with a faint violet sheen over the medial third of
the wing ; traces of a lighter patch at the base of the wing ; a faintly indicated
sinuate antemedial fascia ; a conspicuous pinkish-buff patch at the apex, contain-
ing some spots of Prout's brown, and stretching from the apex to midway between
the apex and the end of the areole, its proximal margin crenate ; a faintly
indicated lighter patch beyond the end of the discocellulars ; a conspicuous pale

NOVITATES ZOOLOQICAE XL. 1936. 167

pinkish-buff postmedial streak, stretching from vein Cu- to the anal vein, edged
proximally with a patch of mummy brown ; a series of subterrainal interneural
mummy-brown streaks ; termen narrowly edged with mummy brown ; fringe
muniniy brown, lighter at the vein-ends. Hindwing and fringe Saceardo's
umlier ; termen narrowly edged with a darker line. Underside of both wings
Saceardo's umber ; a darker postmedial fascia on the forewing, parallel with the
termen ; traces of a double postmedial fascia on the hindwing ; fringes mummy
brown, lighter at the vein-ends.

9. Resembles the i^.

Expanse ; ^ 32 mm., $$ 33-3(3 mm.

1 S (holotype), March 1935 ; 1 $ (allotype), 1 ? (paratype), February 1935.

Not closely resembling any other species, but may be placed near to
Dasychira orgyioides Aurivillius, 1925.

*

10. Dasychira miselioides Kenrick, 1914.

$. Wings on the upperside strongly resembling those of the ^, the hindwing
somewhat darker. Uiulerside of both wings pinkish buff dusted with snufl'
brown, much darker than those of the (J.

1 $ (neallotype), December 1932; 1 $, October-November 1930; 1^,
January 1933 ; 1 S, March 1935.

Kenrick"s holotype of this species was taken either at Perinet or at Nala-
magaotna in the same district.

11. Dasychira prasina Butler, 1882.

$. Resembles the ^, but the forewing somewhat less heavily marked. The
fuscous-black spot at the tornus is present in two and absent in three specimens.
The large fuscous-black oval spot towards the centre of the hindmargin of the
forewing, present in the holotype J, is not visible in the $$ of this series.

Expanse : ?$ 34-42 mm., <J(J 31-32 mm.

1 $ (neallotype) and 2^^, March 1935 ; 1 9, December 1932 ; 1 ?, January
1933 ; 2 ??, February 1935.

12. Dasychira chalcoptera sp. nov. (PL XII, fig. 31).

(J. Strongly resembling in facies Dasychira ( Orgyia) malgassica Kenrick,
1914, from Nalamagaotna, at 2,500 feet. D. malgassica varies very little in
appearance, whereas the present species is rather strongly variable. The fore-
wing of D. malgassica is dark green, and in the new species from dull citrine to
old gold. The patch on the discocellulars is greenish and rather inconspicuous
in D. malgassica, while in the present species it is conspicuously white with a
central streak of sudan brown. The postmedial fiiscia in D. malijassica joins the
inner margin rather closer to the tornus than in the present species. The upper-
side of the hindwing in D. malgassica is dark, whereas in the present species it is
light buff, with a subbasal fascia of mummy brown which is absent in some
specimens and usually much stronger towards the anal angle. In D. malgassica
the utulersides of both wings are rather dark, while in tiie present species they are
light buff, with some subterminal spots of mummy brown on both wings and a
discocellular spot on the hindwing.

168 NOTITATES ZO0i:.OOICA£ XL. 1936.

?. Resembles the <J, but with the markings less conspicuous.

Expanse : (J J 30-34 mm., ?? 38-44 mm.

1 (J (holotype) and 11 ^^ (paratypes), March 1935; 1 ? (allotype) and
2 <?c? (paratypes), January 1933 ; and the following paratypes : 3 ^(^ and 1 $,
October-November 1930 ; 4 (J^J, December 1932 ; 9 (^^J, February 1935.

13. Dasychira maligna Butler, 1882.
$. Strongly resembles the ^J.
Expanse : $ 40 mm., (^ J 29-34 mm.

1 $ (neallotype) and 1 Si^, December 1932 ; 4 <^i^, January 1933 ; 6 cJcJ,
February 1934 and 1935 ; 1 ^, March 1935.

14. Dasychira zonobathra sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 29).

(J. Palpus tawny olive, the outer side bistre. Antennal shaft rainette green,
pectinations tawny olive. Head and thorax rainette green mixed sparsely with
bistre. Abdomen pinkish buff mixed with tawny olive, and with bistre dorsal
tufts on the basal segments. Pectus and venter pinkish buff, mixed on the pectus
with rainette green. Fore and middle legs with femur and tibia rainette green
mixed and banded with bistre, the tarsi bistre banded with pinkish buff ; hindleg
pinkish buff mixed with bistre. Forewing rainette green ; a broad subbasal
band of argus browii mixed with a few scales of fuscous black, its distal edge at
right angles to the costa and almost straight ; a crenulate antemedial fascia,
roughly parallel to the subbasal fascia ; a postmedial fascia, crenulate, bowed
(convexity tornad) from costa to vein Cu', thence running at right angles to
inner margin ; a large rounded argus-brown patch between vems B* and iJ',
midway between discocellulars and apex, a smaller patch between veins Cu^ and
AP, and an elongated irregular patch between vein Cu' and the inner margin ; a
series of faint interneural subterminal argus-browii streaks ; fringe pinkish buff,
marked interneurally with argus brown. Hindwtng pinkish bufiF dusted heavily
with Saccardo's umber ; fringe pinkish buff, marked interneurally with Saccardo's
umber. Underside of both wings pinkish buff ; cell of forewing shaded with
Saccardo's umber and a faint spot of the same colour on the discocellulars of hind-
wing ; an almost straight postmedial fascia and a faint subterminal fascia across
both wmgs, roughly parallel with the termen ; fringe pinkish buff, marked inter-
neurally with Saccardo's umber.

§. Resembles the ,^.

Expanse: (J ,^ 31-36 mm., $ 46 mm.

1 (J (holotype) and 2 ^^^ (paratypes), March 1935 ; 1 9 (allotype), October-
November 1930 ; 2 ^^ (paratypes), December 1932 ; 1 ^J (paratype), January
1933.

This species is very distinct, but may be placed near to Dasychira phasiana
Butler, 1882. A well-marked male has been chosen as holotype. Four of the
males are much less distinctly marked, and were not at first recognized as belong-
ing to the same species.

15. Dasychira phasiana Butler, 1882.

5. Resembles the q. l^ut the underside of both wings more heavily dusted
with Prout's brown.

1 9 (neallotype), February 1934 ; 2 $^, December 1932 ; 1 ^, January 1933.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 159

10. Dasychira olsoufieHae sp. nov. (PL XII, fig. 16).

(J. Palpu.'t pinki.sh buff, on the outer side and at the tip snuff brown.
Antennal shaft whitish, shading to fuscous distally ; pectinations sayal brown.
Head and thorax pale pinkish buff, the frons snuff brown. Abdomen pale jjinkish
buff, mixed sparsely with sayal brown, dorsal tufts sayal brown. Pectus and
abdomen pale pinkish buff. Legs pale pinkish buff, the tibiae and tarsi banded
with sayal brown and snuff brown. Fore wing with basal third velvety lincoln
green, medial thii'd vinaceous lavender, the two separated by a well-defined
white antemedial fascia, almost straight, but slightly bowed (convexity basad)
between the cell and the anal vein, and with a streak of Front's brown in the
fascia at costa and inner margin ; a patch of lincoln green on the discocellulars,
bordered distally with fuscous black ; distal third of wing citrine drab, separated
from the medial thu'd of the wing by a white postmedial fascia, which curves
round the distal side of the discocellulars to vein Cw', thence outwardly oblique to
the inner margin ; a streak of Prout's brown at the junction of the postmedial
fascia with the costa, and a conspicuous almost square patch of Prout's brown
and fuscous black on the costa beyond the postmedial fascia, reaching vein R^ ;
fringe citrine drab, at the ends of the veins white. Hindwing tawny olive ;
fringe tawny olive, at the ends of the veins white. Viiderside of forewing tawny
olive, somewhat lighter in tlie inner marginal area ; discocellulars and post-
medial fascia faintly indicated in snuff Isrown ; fringe snuff brown, at the ends of
the veins white. Underside of hindwing pale pinkish buff, a snuflf-brown spot on
the discocellulars and traces of a double postmedial fascia ; fringe snuff brown,
at the ends of the veins white.

$. Resembles the ^, but less brightly coloured, and with the antemedial and
postmedial fasciae on the forewing hardly visible.

Expanse : ^^ 41-47 mm., $$ 53-59 mm.

1 (J (holotype) and 1 ^ (paratype), March 1935 ; 1 9 (allotype) and 2 ??
(paratypes), December 1932 ; 11 cjc? (paratypes), January 1933.

This fine species may be recognized by the conspicuous and almost square
dark patch near the apex of the forewing, the almost straight antemedial fascia,
and the vinaceous-lavender area occupying the medial third of the wing.

The present species and the nine new species which follow, together with
D. butleri Swinhoe, 1923, D. pastor Butler, 1882, D. sena Hering, 1926, D. viola
Butler, 1879, and D. abbreviata Kenrick, 1914, all of which are from Madagascar,
show so many points of similarity that it has been necessary to examine the
genitalia to establish the fact that they are distinct species. The most noticeable
characteristics in the jmttern of the forewing, where they are of ccmsequence,
are mentioned at the ends of the descriptions, and, together with the present
illustrations and those already published, should suffice to distinguish the
different species.

17. Dasychira disjunctifascia ap. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 26).
cj. Palpus tawny olive, on the outer side darker. Antennal shaft bistre,
pectinations Sims' brown. Head, thorax and abdomen sayal brown to snuff
brown, a line of white across the patagium posteriorly and some white hair-scales
in the tegula. Pectus, venter and legs tawny olive, mixetl on tlie legs with bistre
and whitish. Forewing with basal area rainette green ; a broad band of .sepia
and Saccardo's umber running across the wing, and reaching from the subbasal

IgQ NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

to the antemedial area, the same colour extending narrowly along the costa to
the base ; medial area greyish lavender, mixed with Saccardo's umber towards
the costa, bounded by an antemedial and a postmedial fascia of Saccardo's umber
both narrowly edged with white and rainette green ; discocellulars edged narrowly
with sepia ; a broad band of Saccardo's umber running parallel to the postmedial
fascia on its distal side from costa to inner margin, this band crossed by a single
lighter streak just above vein 1/' ; terminal area Saccardo's umber mixed sparsely
with rainette green ; fringe Saccardo's umber. Hindwing and fringe pinkish
buff. Underside of both wings, and fringes, pinkish buff to pale pinkish buff ;
a darker shading over the cell of the forewing, a faint patch of Saccardo's umber
on the discocellulars and a straight postmedial fascia of the same colour on both
wings.

$. Resembles the (J, the hmdwing rather darker.

Expanse : cJcJ 36-41 mm., $? 48-50 mm.

1 (J (holotype), 1 ? (allotype), 5 cJ^J and 1 $ (paratypes), December 1932 ;
4 (J J (paratypes), October-November 1930, January 1933, February and March
1935.

May be recognized by the distinct and weD-marked antemedial and post-
medial fasciae in the forewing, which are well separated from each other where
they meet the inner margin.

18. Dasychira junctifascia sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 7).

(J. Very similar to D. disjimctijascia described above, but with the ante-
medial and postmedial fasciae almost touching where they meet the inner margin.
Furthermore, there is a light streak along vein M'^ from the subterminal to the
postmedial area, and a distinct and rather broad subterminal fascia of rainette
green.

§. Resembles the J.

Expanse ; cJ(J 38-42 mm., $ 54 mm.

1 (J (holotype) and 2 ^S (paratypes), October-November 1930 ; 1 $ (allo-
type) and 6 SS (paratypes), December 1932 ; 2 (J(^ (paratypes), January 1933
and March 1935.

19. Dasychira leucopicta sp. nov. (PL XII, fig. 6).
(J. Palpus sayal brown, on the outer side and at the tip bistre. Antennal
shaft bistre, pectinations somewhat lighter. Head, thorax and abdomen sayal
brown to snuff brown, mixed on thorax and abdomen with whitish. Pectus,
venter and legs tawny olive, banded on the legs with bistre and whitish. Fore-
wing with basal area grape green ; a broad band of fuscous black and snuff brown
running across the wing and reaching from the subbasal to the antemedial area,
its distal margin almost straight, the snuff brown extending narrowly along the
costa to the base ; medial area white, round the discocellulars and upwards to
the costa snuff brown ; discocellulars defined with fuscous black mixed with
grape green ; the medial area bounded by an antemedial and a postmedial fascia
of fuscous black, both narrowly edged with grape green and white ; the postmedial
joins the costa at an outwardly oblique angle ; distal third of wing snuff brown
mixed sparsely with grape green ; a subterminal patch of fuscous black with vein
R^ passing through its centre ; a preterminal fascia of fuscous black, broken at
the veins, the portions between veins M^, M^ and 3P more basad than the

NoVITATE3 ZooLOaiCAE XL. 193(5. 161

remainder ; fringe snuff brown, lighter at the vein-ends. Hindwing and fringe
tawny olive. Underside of both wings pinkish buff; costal and apical areas of
forewing shaded with sayal brown ; a fuscous jiatch on the discocellulars of both
wings ; faint postmedial fasciae, single on the forewing and double on the
hindwing ; fringes sayal brown, lighter at the vein-ends.

$. Resembles the S, but with body, hindwing and underside of both wings
darker.

Expanse ; ,^^ 39-43 mm., $ 51 mm.

1 cJ (holotype) and 4 cjcj (paratypes), January 1933 ; 1 $ (allotype), February
1935 ; 7 ^^ (paratypes), March 1935.

Characterized by the conspicuous white patch in the medial area of the
forewing.

20. Dasychira cyrtozona sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 5,).

^. Resembles D. leucopicta described above, but the antemedial fascia and
the distal edge of the dark area in the basal third of the forewing are evenly
bowed, with concavity basad. In the medial tliird of the wing the admixture
of white is small. The postmedial fascia joins the costa at an inwardly oblique
angle.

Expanse ; S<S 39-43 mm., ?? 49-52 mm.

1 ^ (holotype), 1 $ (allotype) and 8 ^ J (paratypes), March 1935 ; 5 (JcJ, 2 $$
(paratypes), October-November 1930 ; 11 qcJ, 1 $ (paratypes), December 1932 ;
2 c?(? (paratypes), January 1933 ; 10 tJo, 1 $ (paratypes), February 1935.

21. Dasychira albilvmula sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 17).

(J. Palpus tawny olive, above and on the outer side bistre. Antennal shaft
tawny olive, pectinations Saccardo's umber. Head, thorax and abdonicn
tawny olive to Saccardo's umber, the patagium edged distally with ]jale ])inkish
buff, the dorsal tufts on the abdomen dark. Pectus and venter pale pinkish buff,
legs pale pinkish buff to pinkish buff, banded with bistre. Forewing from base
to postmedial fascia maiidy fluorite green ; a patch of tawny olive mixed with
bistre on the proximal side of the antemedial fascia and reaching from the cell
to the inner margin ; a patch of tawny olive on the discocellulars, edged with
bistre ; an antemedial fascia and a postmedial fascia of bistre, not well defined ;
a fuscous black subterminal fascia, with a broad shade of fuscous on its proximal
side, the fuscous black produced interneurally between veins R^, M' and 3P to
the termen ; a whitish streak between the anal vein and Cu^, on the proximal side
of the postmedial fascia ; a fuscous-black preterminal fascia, broken at the veins ;
fringe fuscous, lighter at the ends of the veins. Hindwing and fringe pinkish
buff; a narrow fuscous preterminal fascia, broken at the veins. t'lHlemid)- of
both wings ])inkisli buff ; costal area of forewing cinnamon buff, the tliscocellulars
and postmedial fascia fainth' indicated in fuscous ; fringe of forewing fuscous,
at the ends of the veins lighter ; fringe of hindwing j)inkish buff.

!^. Less boldly marked tlian the ,^, the hindwing and underside of both wings
darker.

Expanse : cJcJ 36-40 mm., $ 44 mm.

1 J (holotype), 1 9 (allotype) and 6 cJJ (paratypes),. February 1935 ; 6 ^^
(paratypes), Ueccmber 1932 ; 1 J (paratype), January 1935 ; 4 cJcJ (paratypes),
March 1935.

11

162 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

Characteristic points in this species are the broad fuscous subterminal
shade on the forewing and the whitish streak near the anal angle.

22. Dasychira mniara sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 35).

(J. Palpus bistre, the second segment distally sayal brown. Antennal shaft
citrine drab, pectinations bistre. Head, thorax and abdomen pinkish buff mixed
with bistre, the bistre predominating on the thorax. Pectus, venter and legs
pinkish buff, the legs banded with bistre. Forewing Saccardo's umber ; basal
area mignonette green, excepting along the costa ; a clove-brown antemedial
fascia, bordered distally with mignonette green ; discocellulars edged with clove
brown ; a clove-brown postmedial fascia, bordered proximally with mignonette
green ; an irregular subterminal clove-brown shade, bordered distally with
mignonette green ; a clove-brown preterminal fascia, broken at the veins, bordered
distally with mignonette green ; fringe Saccardo's umber, lighter at the vein-ends.
Hindwing tawny olive, fringe cinnamon buff. Underside of forewing pinkish
buff ; the area in and beyond the cell shaded with Saccardo's umber ; a band of
clay colour along the costa ; an almost straight Saccardo's umber postmedial
fascia ; fringe Saccardo's umber, at the vein-ends lighter. Underside of hind-
wing pinkish buff ; a spot of Saccardo's umber on the discocellulars, with post-
medial and subterminal fasciae of the same colour ; fringe pinkish buff.

$. Colours on the forewing rather less bright than in the <;J, the underside
of both wings darker.

Expanse : $^ 32-38 mm., $$ 37-41 mm.

1 ^ (holotype), 8 q^ and 3 $$ (paratypes), January 1933 ; 1 $ (allotype),
2 (J (J and 1 $ (paratypes), December 1932 ; 1 $ (paratype), October-November
1930 ; 1 1^ (paratype), February 1935 ; 5 ^S (paratypes), March 1935.

Antennae rather longer than half the length of costa.

23. Dasychira lichenodes sp. nov. (PL XII, fig. 36).

(^. Rather similar to Dasychira mniara described above, but smaller, and
with the antennae less than half the length of costa ; the mignonette green entirely
replaced on the forewing by deep olive buff ; the postmedial fascia joining the
costa at a more oblique angle ; the dark subterminal shade entirely absent and
replaced by a series of interneural wedge-shaped spots, the points directed basad.

$. Resembles the ^, but with the pattern on the forewing less distinctly
marked.

Expanse : SS 31-35 mm., ?? 39-40 mm.

1 cJ (holotype), 6 c?c? (paratypes), March 1935 ; 1 ? (allotype), 2 ^^, 1 ?
(paratypes), December 1932 ; 4 <JcJ, 1 $ (paratypes), January 1933.

24. Dasychira phloeodes sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 39).

(J. Strongly resembles Dasijrhira lichenodes (described above) in facies, but
with the antennal shaft and pectinations rather longer and heavier. The deep
olive buff on the forewing in D. lichenodes is enth'ely replaced by Saccardo's
umber, giving the impression of a brownish and not a greenish insect. The
genitalia are abundantly distinct.

Expanse : SS 33-37 mm.

1 cJ (holotype), 4 ^^ (paratypes), February 1935 ; 7 ^^ (paratypes),
March 1935.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1930. 1()3

25. Dasychira uteles sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 18).

(J, Palpus Saccardo's umber, somewhat lighter distally. Antenna, head,
thorax and abdomen snufF brown. Pectus, venter and legs pinkish butt', mixed
on the legs with snufF brown. Forewing snuiT brown ; some indistinct fuscous
markings subbasally ; a fuscous antemedial fascia dii'ected at right angles to
the inner margin, bordered narrowly on the proximal side and broadly on the
distal side with light grape green ; discocellulars faintly marked with fuscous ;
a fuscous postmedial fascia, bordered broadly on the proximal side with light
grape green ; a faintly indicated fuscous subterminal fascia, broadening towards
the inner margin ; fringe snuff brown. Hindwing and fringe pinkish buff' mixed
with tawny olive. Underside of forewing Saccardo's umber, inner marginal and
terminal areas pinkish butf ; a streak of clay colour along the costa ; a dark
postmedial fascia faintly indicated ; fringe Saccardo's umber, pinkish buff' at
the vein-ends. Underside of hindwing, and fringe, pinkish buff ; a dark spot
on the discocellulars, and faint indications of a postmedial and a subterminal
fascia.

9. The markings on the forewing much less distinct than in the j ; hind-
wing and underside of both wings darker.

Expanse : J (J 28-33 mm.

1 (J (holotype), 3 <^^ (paratypes), March 1935; 1 ? (allotype), October-
November 1930 ; and the following paratypes : 3 o (^, December 1932 ; 2 ^J^J,
January 1933 ; 3 (J(J, February 1935.

2U. Dasychira melissograpta sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 15).

^. Palpus bistre, towards the tij) lighter. Antennal shaft honey yellow
mixed with bistre, pectinations bistre. Head, thorax and abdomen honey yellow
mixed with bistre, the latter colour predominating on the tegulae. Pectus,
venter and legs pinkish buff, mixed on the legs wth bistre. Forewing honey
yellow ; the area from costa to lower margin of cell, and extending from the base
of the wing almost to the postmedial, shaded with bistre ; an indistinct light
patch below the cell on the proximal side of the antemedial fascia ; faintly
indicated fuscous antemedial and postmedial fasciae ; a whitish subterminal
streak reaching from vein JiP to the inner margin, slightly bowed (concavity
terminad) and bordered proximally and distally with bistre ; a series of con-
spicuous interneural preterminal fuscous spots ; fringe pinkish Ijuff, fuscous
intcrneurally. Hindwing pinkish buff' mixed with Saccardo's umber ; fringe
(linkish buff. Utider.side of forewing i)inkish buff', shaded in and above the cell
with fuscous ; fringe fuscous, lighter at the vein-ends. Undemide of hindwing
pinkish buff ; a fuscous spot on the discocellulars and traces of a postmedial and
a subterminal fascia ; fringe pinkish buff.

Expanse : cjcj 38-42 mm.

1 o (holotype), January 1933 ; 1 q (paratype), March 1935.

27. Dasychira hexamitobalia sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 28).

Q. Palpus Saccardo's umber mixed with pinkish buff. Antennal shaft

sepia, pectuuitions Saccardo's umber. Head, thorax and abdomen sepia, mixed

on the head with tawny olive ; patagium fringed distally with pale pinkish bulT.

Pectus, venter and legs pinkish buff', the foreleg heavily, mid and liindlegs less

164 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

heavily, marked with Saccai'do's umber. Forewing witli basal third fuscous
black, mixed to some slight extent with Saccardo's umber and tea green ; ante-
medial fascia fuscous black, rather inconspicuous, double, slightly bowed (con-
cavity basad) from costa to inner margin ; fuscous-black postmedial and sub-
terminal fasciae ; area from antemedial to subterminal largely pale purple drab,
with a slight admixture of tea green ; discocellulars rather heavily banded with
fuscous black ; a fuscous-black patch above vein iJ', midway between the post-
medial and subterminal fasciae ; a fuscous-black preterminal fascia, broken at
the veins, on a ground of tea green ; fringe fuscous, lighter at the vein-ends.
Hindwing tawny olive ; fringe fuscous, lighter at the vein-ends. Uiiderside of
both wings pale pinkish buff ; in and beyond the cell of forewing shaded with
Saccardo's umber ; on both wings a patch of Saccardo's umber on the disco-
cellulars, with postmedial and subterminal fasciae of the same colour ; fringes
Saccardo's umber, lighter at the vein-ends.

$. Resembles the (J.

Expanse : (^ ^ 30-35 mm., $ 41 mm.

1 (J (holotype), 1 cJ (paratype), January 1933 ; 1 $ (allotype), 1 ^ (para-
type), October-November 1930 ; 1 (J (paratype), December 1932.

28. Dasychira belessichares sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 42).

J. Very similar in facies to Dasychira lignea Butler, 1879, from Fianarantsoa,
Madagascar. In the latter species is a pale pinkish-buff triangular patch, just
below vein Cu^ at the tornus ; in the present species this patch appears as a
narrow wedge-shaped streak, bordering the lower side of vein Cu^, and with its
point at just over half the distance from tornus to cell ; the whole of the cell of
forewing and the costal area above the cell light buff, this area being lighter than
in D. lignea. Hindwing light buff, with a faint tawny-olive spot on the dis-
cocellulars and traces of a postmedial fascia of the same colour ; the hindwmg of
D. lignea is considerably darker. The termen of the forewing in the present
species is moderately rounded, while in D. lignea it is slightly concave between
veins Cu' and Cm*.

Expanse : S6 31-35 mm., expanse of D. lignea (holotype), 36 mm.

1 (J (holotype) and 19 (Jo (paratypes), December 1932 ; 1 (J (paratype),
October-November 1930 ; 3 ^S (paratypes), February 1935.

29. Dasychira hedilacea sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 32).

(J. Palpus sayal brown, beneath and at the tip whitish. Antennal shaft
whitish, pectinations sayal brown. Head whitish, at the base of the frons
and between the antennae sayal brown. Thorax and abdomen light buff, shaded
on tegula, patagium and basal tufts of the abdomen with buff yellow. Pectus,
venter and legs whitish, the inner side of femur and tibia on the foreleg sayal
brown. Forewing sayal brown ; some indefinite darker markings at the base
of the wing ; all veins, excepting in the costal area, outlined \rith bistre ; costal
area light brownish olive, mixed with whitish ; a whitish streak between veins
R* and R^, stretching from the postmedial area to the termen ; fringe sayal
brown, at the ends of the veins whitish. Hindwing whitish, irrorated with sayal
brown, the irroration rather heavier towards the termen ; the veins faintly out-

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 165

lined in a darker colour ; fringe whitish, with a slight admixture of sayal brown
interneurally. Underside of both wings, and fringes, whitish ; the costal half
of the forewing shaded with sayal brown, and the same colour interneurally on
the fringe.

$. Resembles the (^, but with a somewhat lighter hindwing.

Expanse : cJc? 29-31 mm., ?? 36-38 mm.

1 (J (holotype) and 3 cJ^J (paratypes), March 1935 ; 1 9 (allotype) and 1 $
(paratype), December 1932 ; 3 ,^,^ (paratypes), January 1933.

May be placed near to Dasychira davis Saalmuller, 1884. The ])resent
species bears a curious resemblance in facies to Thagona h^dila Druce, 190(5, but
this is not borne out in structure.

30. Psalis punctuligera Mabille, 1880. ,

1 (J, January 1933.

Expanse : 35 mm.

This species, which was previously known only from the type in the British
Museum, has been formerly placed as a synonym of Psalis petinutida Fabricius,
1793. The present specimen strongly resembles the type, and they can be
separated with ease from African and Asiatic specimens of P. pentmtula. In
D. punctnligera the termen is less oblique ; two snuff-brown lines run from base
to termen in the forewing, the one through the cell and along vein M'^, the other
between the anal vein and Cu- ; in P. pennntula the lower of these two lines is
not visible, while the upper curves upwards towards vein R^. The genitalia
show marked differences from those of Natal specimens.

Perinetia gen. nov.

(J. Proboscis small and aborted. I'alpus ]iorrect, three-segmented, the
second segment heavily fringed with hair, the third segment short. Eye round,
about the width of frons. Antenna about half the length of costa, lupectinate,
the branches at middle about one-fourth the length of shaft. Abdomen slightly
shorter than inner margin of hindw ing. Process on foretibia straight and rather
longer than the tibia ; midtibia with one pair and hindtibia with two ])airs of
well-developed and rather long spurs. Forewing with costa, termen and inner
margin slightly rounded, apex and tornus only slightly rounded ; vein Sc parallel
with the costa ; R' from the cell at two-thirds, curving u]) until close to Sc and
running parallel with it to the costa ; R- to R^ on a stalk which eventually oirves
up towards iJ*, almost forming an areolc, R' and R* branching off near the
apex, R' about 2-5 mm. from the apex, if' from well above the upj)cr angle of the
cell, running parallel with M' ; M' from just below the ujjper angle ; M' and
Cu' from [Joints equidistant from M', and from fairly close to the lower angle ;
Cu^ from about two-thirds lower margin of cell ; anal vein parallel with inner
margin. Hindwing with costa and inner margin slightly rounded, apex, termen
and anal angle moderately rounded ; vein Sr touching the cell shortly at about
one-third the length of cell ; Rs and M' shortly stalked from the upper angle ;
M^ from well above lower angle ; M' and Cm' almost from a point ; Cu' from
about two-thirds lower margin of cell ; A' and A^ almost straight ; frenulum
present.

Type : Perinetia levcocloea Collenetto.

166 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1936.

31. Perinetia leucocloea sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 8).

(J. Palpus coi'cal red mixed with mustard yellow. Antennal .shaft coral red,
lighter towards the tip ; pectinations deep olive buff. Head, thorax and abdomen
dragon's-blood red, the patagium white and conspicuous. Pectus and venter
light buff. Foreleg dragon's-blood red to coral red. Middle and hindlegs light
buff, mixed on tibia and tarsus of middle leg with coral red. Forewing dragon's-
blood red ; a broad medial band of mustard yellow, bordered narrowly on each
side with spectrum red ; indistinct subbasal and postmedial fasciae of spectrum
red ; costa narrowly edged with mustard yellow, and a narrow band of the same
colour along the termen ; fringe mustard yellow. Hindwing cream colour ; a
small area at the base of the cell, the anal margin, and broadly in the terminal
area, light coral red ; fringe cream colour. Underside of forewing coral red, the
mustard-yellow markings of the upperside reproduced in cream colour ; fringe
cream colour. Underside of hindwing, and fringe, light buff.

$. The white patch on the patagium absent. Forewing salmon orange,
without trace of the light medial band.

Expanse : ^^ 26-29 mm., ? 36 mm.

1 ^ (holotype), December 1932 ; I $ (allotype), October-November 1930 ;
1 (J (paratype), March 1935. Also, in the British Museum collection, 1 ,^,
Tananarive, (R. P. Camboue), 1889, and 1 ,^, Tamatave.

The extent of variation, as shown even in this small series, is very great.
In two of the males the broad medial band of mustard yellow on the forewing is
almost or entirely absent. However, the conspicuous white patch on the pata-
gium is present in all the males. The most marked characteristic of the venation
is the wide interval between vein R^ and the stalk of R'^ to R^, which approach
later and almost form an areole.

32. Lymantria canariensis Kenrick. 1914.

(^. Resembles the $. The medial band on the forewing is considerably
broader than in the type $, and this probably represents an individual variation.
Expanse : ^J 36 mm.
1 cJ (neallotype), March 1935.

33. Lymantria dulcinea Butler, 1882.

There are three well-defined forms in this species, all of which are represented
in the Olsoufieff collection. In the parent form of L. dulcinea. the ground colour
of the wings is cream colour to light buff, and the markings on the forewing diffuse.
In the second form, which has received the name of L. didymata Kenrick, 1914,
the ground colour of the forewing is light buff, the markings diffuse and the
ground colour of the hindwing vinaceous pink. In the third form the ground
colour of the forewing is whitish, the markings more clear-cut, and the ground
colour of the hindwing vinaceous pink.

Although the three forms can be easily separated, no difference can be
seen in the genitalia, and it does not seen advisable to recognize them by giving
a name to the third form.

Of the first form I have seen the holotype, allotype and two further $9 in
the British Museum collection, also two ^,^ from Perinet, taken in February.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 167

Of the second form, Kenrick's ,^ typo in the British Museum, and a ^J from Perinet
taken in February. Of the third form, a $ in the British Museum, 3 ^JcJ and
a $ from Perinet taken in February and a single ^ taken in March.

34. Lymantria (Imaus) malgassica Kenrick, 1914.

$. Resembles the ^J, but with a tinge of flesh pink in the cell and inner
marginal area of the hindwing, and with considerable light coral red on the outer
side of the palpus, the pectus and femora.

Expanse : ^^ 38-41 mm., 9? 53 mm.

1 ? (neallotype) and 1 $, December 1932 ; 8 (J<^, January 1933 ; 2 SS'
March 1935.

I

35. Lymantria polycyma sp. nov. (PI. XII, flg. 41).

(J. Strongly similar to Lymantria malgassica Kenrick, 1914, but smaller,
with relatively shorter antennae, no trace of pink in wings, body or legs, the
fasciae in the forewing broader and more strongly marked, and the termen of the
hindwing more rounded. The genitalia are very distinct — in the present species
the valve terminating in a point, without teeth, while in L. malgassica the end
of the valve is well rounded, with several small teeth present.

$. Resembles the ^J.

Expanse : ^^ 31-36 mm., ?$ 39-47 mm.

1 (J (holotype), 5 ^^ (paratypes), March 1935 ; 1 $ (allotype), i S <S (para-
types), February 1935; 1 (J, 2 $$ (paratypes), December 1932 ; 2 ^ ^ (para-
types), January 1933.

36. Lymantria lamda sp. nov. (PL XII, fig. 33).

^. Palpus pale pinkish buff, on the outer side and at the tip bistre. An-
tennal shaft pale pinkish buff, pectinations cinnamon buff. Head, body above
and beneath, and legs pale pinkish buff, the legs banded with bistre and sayal
brown. Forewing whitish ; six rather prominent patches of sayal brown along
the costa at approximately equal intervals, coinciding with the fasciae ; three
rather weakly marked fasciae of sayal brown — basal, subbasal and iintemedial —
the last mentioned ending in a prominent jjatch of the same colour on the inner
margin ; a sj)ot of sayal brown in the middle of the cell ; a ])rominent angled
streak of sayal brown along the discocellulars ; a postmedial fascia composed of
double lines of sayal brown, crenate, ending in a prominent patch of the same
colour on the inner margin, where it almost joins the antemedial fascia ; a sub-
terminal fascia of sayal brown, crenate and well defined ; a scries of terminal
interneiiral siiots of sayal brown ; fringe whitish. Hindwing and fringe whitish,
the wing very sliglitly shaded with sayal brown in the terminal area. Underside
of both wings, and fringes, pinkish buff, the inner marginal area of the forewing
lighter ; discocellulars of both wings faintly marked with sayal brown.

Expanse : 43 mm.

1 i^ (holotype), January 1933.

There is a second male in the British Museum collection, from the Antsianaka
Forests, collected by L. Humbolt in 1888. '

168 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

37. Lymantria leucophaes sp. nov. (PI. XII, fig. 34).

(?. Palpus whitish, on the outer side and above russet. Antennal shaft
whitish, shading to russet distally ; pectinatinn.s cinnamon buff. Head whitish,
with a band of russet medially through the vertex and frons. Thorax and
abdomen above and beneath, and legs, russet mixed with whitish. Forewing
white ; six rather prominent patches of russet along the costa at approximately
equal intervals, coinciding with the fasciae ; traces of three fasciae of russet —
basal, subbasal and antemedial ; the area between antemedial and postmedial
fasciae filled in with russet irroration ; a prominent russet streak on the dis-
cocellulars ; a crenate russet postmedial fascia ; a russet subterminal fascia,
obsolete on both sides of vein 71/^ and between veins Cw' and C'-u'^, ending in a
prominent streak which runs oblique outwardly from vein 6'?f° to the tornus ;
a series of interneural terminal russet spots, which extend on to the base of the
fringe ; fringe white. Hindwing russet, mixed with whitish towards the base of
the wing and along the basal half of the costa ; fringe white mixed with russet.

Uiiflcrsifle of forewing whitish, with some russet markings along the costa, a streak
of the same colour on the discocellulars and a postmedial streak from costa to
vein J/' ; fringe whitish, with a series of russet spots interneurally at the base.

Underside of hindwing and fringe whitish ; a small russet spot on the dis-
cocellulars and a faint patch of russet near the anal angle on each side of the
2nd anal vein.

Expanse : 38 mm.

1 cJ (holotype), January 1933.

38. Lymantria velutina Mabille, 1878 (PI. XII, fig. 4).

5. Palpus, body and legs pale orange yellow, mixed on palpus and legs with
fuscous black. Antennal shaft fuscous black, the pectinations somewhat lighter.
Forewing pale orange yellow, without the " watered silk " effect shown in the J ;
two broad fuscous-black stripes running from the costa to the lower margin of
the cell, the one across the centre of the cell, the other across the discocellulars ;
a spot of the same colour situated in the cell between these two stripes ; an
irregular series of fuscous-black interneural subterminal spots, continued along
the inner margin ; fringe pale orange yellow, with a single fuscous-black spot
between veins R* and R^. Hindwing and fringe pale orange yellow ; a faint
fuscous-black spot on the discocellulars, and a series of fuscous-black interneural
subterminal spots, largest towards the anal angle. Underside of both wings, and
fringes, pale orange yellow, with the markings of the upperside reproduced some-
what more faintly. .

Expanse : (J (J 68-78 mm., $ 64 mm.

1 $ (neallotype), February 1934 ; 5 cJcJ, December 1932 ; 3 c^cJ, January
1933, February and March 1935.

This species has been represented in collections for many years by a series of
males, but the female has remained imknovvn. The present specimen differs
considerably from the male in colour and general appearance, and was not at
first recognized. It is smaller than might be expected, and is perhaps a dwarfed
specimen.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICC. Vol. XL.

PI. XII

39

40'

32 ■'f^ 42 'f^^H

• Alw—wnL^U

New LYMANTRllDAE from Africa and Madagascar.

^0

f^AL'

NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936. 169

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII

1. MarhlepKi.'i chionoptera sji. nov., holotype rj (p. 153). Madagascar.

2. Olapa hnirhyciTca sp. nov., ho]oiy]3e o (l>- 147). Angola.

3. Olapa macrorerca .sp. nov., holotype $ (p. 147). Angola.

4. Lymantria ve.hdin/i MahiWe, neidlotype '^ (p. 168). Madagascar.

5. Dasyrhira ryrlozona i^yi. nov., holotype o (p. Hil). Madagascar.

6. Dasyrhira leuropictn up. nov., ho\oiype ^ (p. Kid). Madagascar.

7. Dasychira jtmctifascia up. nov., holotype (J (p. Kid). Madagascar.

8. Perinetia levcocloen gen. and np. nov., holotype o (P- K'*')- Madagascar.

9. Dasychira iodnephex sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. l.'iO). Madagascar.

10. Pirgukt slktogonia sp. nov., allotype $ (p. 149). Angola.

11. Pirjrw/ft »nete«oma sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. 154). Madagascar.

12. Euproctis oxyptera sp. nov,, holotype ^ (p. 155). Madagascar.

13. Aclonophlebia xuthomene sp. nov., holotype $ (p. 152). Angola.

14. Cropera relaeiiogyin sp. nov., holotype ,3 (p. 14S). Angola.

15. Dasychira meli'i.'iogrnpta sp. nov. holotype ^ {p. Ki3). Madagascar.

16. Dasychira ol.soufieffae sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. 159). Madagascar.

17. i)asiiyf^ira a/fcj7imM/a sp. nov., holotype ,^ (p. 161). Madagascar.

18. Z)rt.s?/cfeVa K7c/e.s sp. nov., holotype o (p. 163). Madagascar.

19. Noliproctis lithoides sp. nov., holotype J (p. 155). Madagascar.

20. Laelia conioptera sp. nov., holotype {J (p. 156). Madagascar.

21. Dasychira antlido sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. 150). Angola.

22. JS«^rof<ts fo»iOH)'y;A« sp. nov., holotype (^ (p. 150). Angola.

23. Laeliophila seydeli Hering, neallotype $ (p. 148). Angola.

24. Lymantica epelytes gen. and sp. nov., holotype $ (p. 154). Madagascar.

25. Crorema jordani sp. nov., holotype cj (p. 149). Angola.

26. Dasychira d i.y unci i fascia sp. nov., holotype ,^ (p. 159). Madagascar.

27. Laelia polia »p. nov., holotype 5 (p. 156). Madagascar.

28. Da.sychira hexamitobalia sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. 163). Madagascar.

29. Z)a.s!/c/w>a JOHoftrtfAro sp. nov., holotype o (p. 158). Madagascar.

30. Cadurca nioco sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. 148). Angola.

31. Z)as!/cAzVa c/ia?cop/era sp. nov., holotype J (p. 157). Madagascar.

32. Dasychira hedilacea sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. 164). Madaga,scar.

33. Lv»na?!<ria Za»nr/a sp. nov., holotype c? (p. 167). Madagascar.

34. Lymantrialeucophaes »p. nov., holotype cJ (p. 168). Madagascar.

35. Z)o.s!/c/Mra mniara sp. nov., holotype (J (p. 162). Madagascar.

36. Da.sijchira lichenades sp. nov., holotype cj (p. 162). Madagascar.

37. Dasychira hyphu.snia sp. nov., holotype o (P- 1''>1). Angola.

38. Dasj/r^ira f/fr.<i(/ma//a sp. nov., holotype $ (j). 151). Angola.

39. Dasychira phlnrodes sp. nov., holotype J (p. 162). Madagascar.

40. Achmphlebia atecloiiipfia sp. nov., holotype $ (p. 152). Angola.

41. Lyinantria polycynm sp. nov., holotype ^ (p. 167). Madagascar.

42. Da^sychira belessichares sp. nov., holotype j (p. K>4). Madagascar.

170

NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAK XL. 1936.

A NOTE ON THE VARIATION OF CERTAIN CERCARIAE

(TREMATODA).

BY MIRIAM ROTHSCHILD.

(With 7 text-figs.)

TN view of the very large numbers of Cercariae which are examined from
-*■ single infections it is perhaps surprising and a little disappointing that indi-
vidual variations are not noticed more frequently. When the method of repro-
duction is considered, " monsters " might be expected to occur quite commonly,

but records of these are very scanty (Mathias, 1930).
Types of variation of greatest interest are those
which may throw light on the evolution of the
group. Most frequently recorded is the precocious
development of certain characters of the Metacer-
caria or adult Fluke, such as the presence of a ventral
sucker in Heterophyid Cercariae or additional flame
cells in certain branches of the excretory system.

Fork-tailed Cercariae are found normally in
several unrelated groups such as the Bucephalus
Cercariae, " Dichotoma " Group, " Discursata "
Group, the somewhat isolated species from Nucula
nucleus (Jones and Rothschild, 1932), apart from
the numerous freshwater species generally grouped
together as the Furcocercous Cercariae. The early
development of the excretory system of Cercariae
(as two parallel canals which later fuse in the
caudal region) gives considerable weight to the
theory that they probably evolved from a primitive
tj'pe possessing a bifid tail.

I have searched very carefully, but only found
one example of a perfectly symmetrical forked tail
(Fig. 44) in a species normally possessing a simple
tail. This occurred in an infection of the
" Ubiquita " Group from Peringia iilvae Pennant,
1777, from Millport. This type of variation is also
probably much less rare than the records indicate.
As already noted (Rothschild, 1935), an infection of Cercaria doricha Roths-
child 1935, was found in which most of the larvae possessed pink pigment in the
tail. Four of the other species belonging to the " Rhodometopa " Group have
pink pigment in the anterior region, and it was therefore of interest to find thit>
tendency present in the related species, although the location in the tail was
rather surprising. It is perhaps worth noting that the colour of the sporocysts
of this group differs greatly according to the sex of the host. The pigmentation
of the sporocysts appears to be directly influenced by the pigmentation of the
gonads which they attack.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAI! XL. 1936.

171

An interesting type of variation was encountered in C. ephemera Lebour,
1907 (nee Nietsch), also from Peryvgia ulvae. of which 1 tliink it may be worth
giving a more detailed account. In this single altnormal infection the variation
in pigmentation ^ covers most of the range met with in the allied species of the
whole group.

Normal Pigmentation of C. ephemera Lebour and the Allied Species

OF Cercariae.

Cercaria ephemera Lebour is a very typical representative of the group, the
adults of which belong to the mono.stome famil>- Notocotylidae. ^^'hen the
Cercaria emerges from the snail host the colour, by both strong transmitted light
and direct illumination, appears brown. Examination tinder the microscope
reveals that the brown colour is due to scattered pigment granules, arranged in small
aggregations forming an irregular network, distributed over the whole dorsal and
ventral surfaces of the body. It is slightly denser anteriorly. Three eyespots,
arranged in a triangle, are present in the oesophageal region. The two lateral eye-
spots appear black owing to the density of the pigment . tinder pressure of a cover-
slip this pigment is distinctly brown. Faust (1917) has shown that they are true
eyes with lenses, in contrast to the median eye, situated immediately over the
central nervous mass, which is only a dense aggregation of pigment in the form
of a ring. This median eye, in which the pigment is not so concentrated,
appears brown.

The development of the pigment follows certain well-defined stages. While
.still within the Redia the Cercaria is white
and transparent. The pigment is first seen
in the lateral eyes, which appear as two
faint brown spots. These rapidly darken
while aggregations of pigment begin to
form around them in two dendritic patches,
giving the very ('haracteristic appearance
of " dark spectacles."' The pigment in this
area increases in density and at this stage
seems darker than at any other, owing to
the larger aggregations. It now begins to
spread posteriorly, along the eour.se of the
main ventral and dorsal nerves, and
gradually from there, over the whole surface
of the l)ody. The median or third eyespot
forms while this process of general dis-
semination is in progress.

Considerable variation is found in the
pigmentation of the allied species of the
group. The colour varies according to the

density of the pigment. Thus Cercaria zostera Sinitzin. 1911, is
black," and Cercaria pellucida Faust, 1917, " whitish grey." The uiuieseribed
Cercaria O (Rothschild, 1936) is very mucli darker than C. ephemera Lebour,
possessing the " leaden grey " colour during development described by various

^ Variation in pigmeiitatitm is most eomnioiily mot with in species which encyst in the open,
such OS the Cercaria of Diplodisciie temperalus Staff (KruU & Price, 1932).

O

almost

172

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE LX. 1936.

authors for allied species. In the fully grown Cercaria ephemera Lebour the
course of the main nerves is only very faintly indicated by the presence of
pigment aggregation, but in some species it is quite strongly marked. In some
cases the dorsal and ventral, but not the lateral, lines are marked out.
Wesenberg-Lund (1934) finds this the main character for the separation of
C. monostomi v. Linst., 1896, from C. ephemera Nietsch, 1807.

In Cercaria pellucida, C. fxdvoculata Cawston, 1918, and C. osafuni Faust,
1924, the median eyespot is missing. In the Cercai-ia of Nolocolyhi.s aftemtatus
Joyeux, 1922 (nee Rudolphi, 1809), which invariably encysts within the first host,

the eyespots are absent altogether. In Cercaria
fulvocnlata (Fig. 49) the pigment remains concentrated
round the lateral eyespots. In C. imbricata Looss,
1896, Wesenberg-Lund has described an aggregation
of pigment in the posterior region of the body, which
gradually extends laterally, forming a somewhat
lyre-shaped figure (Fig. 46).

The presence of brown pigment granules scattered
over the surface of the body of Cercariae is generally
associated with the absence of penetration glands and
encystment in the open — although the latter habit is
sometimes lost and encystment then takes place in
the first host. Wunder (1924) suggests that the
pigment has a protective function against the light.
In the " Ephemera " group of Cercariae the pigment
is not extruded with the cystogenous material as
in some forms. The cyst wall is white and partially
transparent. The characteristic colour and appear-
ance of a "black pearl" is due to the pigmented
Metacercaria showing through the cyst wall. The
eyespots of the Cercaria* remain visible for several
days after the cyst is formed, but gradually disappear.
The small aggregations of pigment are also lost, and
the Metacercaria assumes a uniform fulvous-brown
colour in which the granular nature of the pigment
can no longer be made out.

Pigmentation in the Abnormal Infection of
Cercaria ephemera Lebour.

The Cercariae. — A rapid examination of the first
few specimens which emerged from the snail gave
the erroneous impression that this Cercaria and
C. ephemera Lebour were not identical. A very careful and prolonged com-
parison of living material, however, convinced me that they were undoubtedly
the same species.

The snail was isolated in a tube and kept alive for six months. During this
period several hundred Cercariae emerged. A certain number were allowed to
encyst naturally, and were consequently only examined under a hand lens.

The variation in pigmentation met with in this infection was so great that,
unless the origin of the Cercariae had been known, several different species would

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XL. 1936.

173

have appeared to be under review. However, the underlying cause was always
the same, and can be defined as a failure in the normal distribution of the pigment.
E.xamination of the developing Cercariae revealed that pigment formation pro-
ceeded as usual until the " spectacle " stage was reached.

The most common type of variation, found in the majority of the naturally
emerged Cercariae, was a more or less complete
absence of pigment in the posterior third of the
body, with unusually dense scattered aggregations
in the region of the bifurcation of the oesophagus.
A second common variation was the type in
which the body below the oesophagus was un-
pigmented except for the paths of the nerves,
wliich were clearly outlined by aggregations of
pigment. This represents a slightly earlier stage 47

in development.

The third or median eyespot was frequently missing altogether, whereas in
others it was more strongly marked than usual. Harjier {1929) records that in
C. monostomi the median eyespot does not always develop properly — being
represented by a few granules of pigment, and I have noticed that in almost all
infections of C. ephemera Lebour it varies in density.

Occasionally a fourth "eyespot " was present above the median eye, generally

slightly to one side of it (Fig. 47). This spot
varied in shaj)e and was sometimes round and
sometimes oval.

In a few examples (Fig. 48) the aggrega-
tions of pigment in the oesojjhagal region had
fused, forming a more or less conthiuous band,
recalling the type of pigmentation met with in
C. imbricata.

In two or three examples, which emerged
on the same day, the pigment formed a fairly
large ring in the middle of the body, giving
a superficial impression of a ventral sucker
(Fig. 45).

By far the most striking variation (Fig. 50),
which was also only rarely met with, was an
almost exact replica of the pigmentation of the
fully developed C. fuhvculata. The body of the
Cercaria was white, and the pigment entirely
concentrated around the lateral eyespots. The
median eyespot was missing. This also re-
presents an early stage in develo])inent of ('. ephemera Lebour, only the pigment
a|)]K'ared to be present in larger cpumtities and considerably denser.

Apart from the pigmentation, the Cercariae resembled the fully developed
normal C. ephemera Lebour. The measurements, condition of the intestine,
cystogcnous glands and other organs showcil that the Cercariae were not emerging
" preniatiuvly."

The Rciliae. — There was absolutely no discernible departure from the norm
in tiie Rediae giving rise to the abnormal Cercariae. On the whole, I have found

174

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

the full-growTi Rediae of Notocotylid Cercariae very constant in colour for each
species. These were the normal faint primrose yellow with a dark-brown intes-
tine, flecked with black.

The Cyst. — The Cercariae encysted normally, but the diffu.sion of the pig-

ment took much longer than usual. In a few cases the eyespots did not disappear
at all and the posterior portion of the body remamed unpigmented.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

My very best thanks are due to the Editors of The Journal of Parasitology
( Urbana) and Mhnoires de VAcadeniie Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de
Daneviark, Copeiihague (Section des Sciences), for permission to reproduce
Figs. 46 and 49.

I would also like to express my gratitude to Professor Arthur Woodhead,
who kindly sent me two copies of the translation of D. T. Sinitzin's paper, one of
which is deposited in the Library of the British Museum of Natural History,
Cromwell Road, and is therefore now available to English readers.

EXPLANATIONS OF FIGURES.

Fig. 44 : A fork-tailed variety of a Cercaria of the " Ubiquita " Group.
Figs. 45, 47, 48 and 50 : Pigment variation in Cercaria ephemera Lebour.
Fig. 46 : Cercaria imbricata (drawing by C. Wesenberg-Lund).
Fig. 49 : Cercaria fulvoculata (drawing by E. C. Faust).

NOVITATES ZoOLOOICAE XL. 1936.

175

Kaust, E. C 1917 .
FauBt, E. C, 1919 .
Faust, E. C, 1924 .

Harper, W. F., 1929

Jones, E. I., and Rothschild, M..
1932

Joyeux, C, 1922 .

KruU, W. H. and Price, H. F.,
1932

Lebour, M. V., 1907

Mathias, P.. 1930 .
Rothschild, M., 1935

Rothschild, M., 1936

Sinitzin, D. T., 1911

Wesenberg-Lund, C, 1934
Wunder, W., 1924 .

REFERENCES.

' Life-history Studies on Montana Trcmatodes." In Illinois

Biol. Monog., 4, 1917, No. 1 (1-120), 9 pis.
' Notes on South African Cercariae." In J. Parasitol. Urbana,

5, 1919, pp. 164-175, pi. XVIII.
' Notes on Larval Flukes from China — II : Studies on some

Larval Flukes from the Central and South Coast Provinces of

China." In Amer. J. Hyg. Baltimore 4, 1924, pp. 241-300,

pis. I and II.
* On the Structure and Life-histories of British Freshwater

Larval Trematodes." In Parasitology, 21, 1929, pp. 189-

219, 5 figs.
' On the Sporocyst and Cercaria of a* Marine Distomid Trema-

tode from Niicnla." In Parasitology, 24, No. 2, 1932, pp.

260-264, 5 figs.
' Recherches sur les Notocotyles." In Bull. Soc. Path. exot.

Paris, 15, 1922, pp. 331-343, 9 text-figB.
' Studies on the Life-history of Diplodiscvs temperatvs Stafford

from the Frog." In Occ. Pap. Mus. Zoob. Univ. Michigan, Ann

Arbor, 237, 1932, 38 pp., 2 pis.
■' Larval Trematodes of the Northumberland Coast." In Trans.

Nat. Hist. Soc. Xorthumb., Durh. Nene. N.S. 1, IH. 3, 1907

(pp. 437-454, 500-501), pis. IX-XIII.
'' Sur une cercaire monstre double du tT^-pe Lambdoide." In Ann.

Parasitology, t. viii. No. 2, 1930, pp. 147-150.
" The Trematode Parasites of Turritella comimmis Lmk. from

Plymouth and Naples." In Parasitology, 27, No. 2, 1935,

pp. 152-170, 22 figs.
' Preliminary Note on the Trematode Parasites of Peringia nlvae

Pennant 1777. In Novitates Zoologicae, vol. xxxix, 1936,

pp. 268-269.
' Parthenogenetic Generation of Trematodes and its Progeny in

Molluscs of the Black Sea." (Translated by Alexis 11. Bagusin,

under the direction of Professor Henry B. Ward.) In »S'/.

Petersburg Mem. Ac. Sc. (Ser. 8), vol. 30, No. 5, 1911 (pp. 1-127),

6Taf.
' Contributions to the Development of the Trematoda Digenea,

Part II." In Kong. Danske Vidciiske Selskahs. Shift., Ser. 9,

vol. 5, 1934.
' Bau, Entwicklung und Funktion des Cercarienschwanzes." In

Zool. Jahrb. Jena, 46, pp. 303-342, 19 text-figs, 1924.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithologists' Union and Wollaston Expeditions in
the Snow IVIountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE: £1 5e. (less 20% to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHINGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

PRICE: £10 (less 20% to BookseUers).

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ZOOLOaiOAL MUSEUM,

TRINO.

Subscribers should give notice of the non-arrival of any numbers immediately upon receipt
of the succeeding part, otherwise the missing numbers cannot be replaced free.

PMMTBD BY BASBIX, WAieOX AVD TUTET, LTD., XX>irDOir AHD ATLBSBTOT.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

1^

^ H Souvnal of ZooIoq^.

EDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
AND Db. K. JORDAN, F.R.S.

Vol. XL.

No. 2.

Pages 177-325, (Plates XIII., XIV.)

Issued Skptembee 10th, 1937, at the Zooloqical Museum, Trinq.

PRINTED BY HAZELL, WATBON A VINKY, I.TD., LONDON AND AYLK8BDBY.

1937.

Vol. XL.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

BDITBO BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD and EARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. II

1. NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BALI GEOMETRIDAE

IN THE TRING MUSEUM

L. B. Prout 177—189

2. A REVISION OF THE DECISARIA GROUP OF CLEORA

(PLATE XIII) L.B. Prout

3. SOME OLD-WORLD ANTHRIBIDAE .... Karl J<yrdan

4. ANTHRIBIDAE FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL

AMERICA Karl Jordan

5. ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN SIPHONAPTERA . KarlJordan

6. A FURTHER COLLECTION OF SIPHONAPTERA

OBTAINED BY MR. F. SHAW MAYER IN EASTERN

NEW GUINEA Karl Jmdan

7. RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA Karl Jwdan

8. SOME SIPHONAPTERA FROM MOROCCO . . Karl Jordan

9. A NEW FLEA FROM CHINA . . KarlJordan

10. A NEW XENOPSYLLA FROM NYASALAND . Karl Jordan

11. THREE NEW BIRD-FLEAS FROM KASHMIR . . KarlJordan

12. TWO NEW FLEAS FROM SOUTH AMERICA . . Karl Jordan

13. ON SOME AUSTRALIAN SIPHONAPTERA . . Karl Jordan

14. SPOLIA MENTAWIENSIA : PAPILIONIDAB (PLATE XIV) Karl Jordan

15. ON SOME OLD-WORLD LEPIDOPTERA (PLATE XIV) Karl Jordan

190—198
199—207

208—261
262—271

272—282
283—291
292—294
295—296
297—298
299—506
307—310
311—315
316—322
323—325

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

LORD ROTHSCHILD

PH D., F.R.S.

BORN 8th FEBRUARY, 1868
DIED 27th AUGUST, 1937

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XL. SEPTEAIBER 1937. No. 2.

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN BALI GEOMETRIDAE IN THE

TRING MUSEUM.

By LOUIS B. PROUT.

'POLLOWING up his very successful Javan collecting, some of the fruits
of which have already been made known (see Nov. ZooL., xxxi.v, 221),
Mr. J. P. A. Kalis in 1934-35 made further extensive collections on Bali. The
Gcometridae of this island have never received any special attention, although
many new species, chiefly from Doherty's collecting, were described by Warren,
with some additions from Svvinhoe and myself, and scattered faunistic records
will be found in vol. xii of Seitz's Macrolepidopttra and in a few revisions of
individual groups. It is not surprising, however, that this additional material
has added greatly to our knowledge and it is only to be regretted that few
important zoogeographical deductions are yet possible, on account of the
comparative paucity of corresponding material from the islands to the
eastward.

In order to avoid repetition in the body of this paper, the data, as furnished
by Mr. Kalis, are given here.

Mondoktoempang, W. Bali, 2,500 feet, October and November 1934.

Prapetagoeng, W. Bali, 1,500 feet, May 1935.

Batoeriti, E. Bali, 3,500 feet, June 1935.

SuBFAM. OENOCHROMINAE.
1. Eumelea biflavata Warr.

Eumelea ludovicata bi/lamta Warr., Xov. ZooL, iii, .■!57 (1896) (Pulo I.aut, typo : Nias)

Somewhat unaccountably, only one specimen was obtained, a ^ from
Mond()kt<)eni])ang, November, in very good condition. I expect it will prove
to be a subsj)ecies ; rather small, the median line of both wings except ionallj-
slender and sharply defined, rather straighter than usual, yellow spot at apex of
forewing small but distinct, yellow discal patches rather ill-defined. Probably
biflavata has here reached its south-eastern limit ; even on .lava it seems to be
scarce. The previously recorded distribution is Nias, Sumatra, Java, Penang,
Borneo, Sulu, with races — not very sharply differentiated— in N.E. India, Tonkin,
Hainan, Formosa and the I.iu-kiu Islands.

12 177

178 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

Sfbfam. HEMITHEINAE.
2. Epipristis storthophora sp. n.

cJ, 26-27 mm. Size of a rather small minimaria (Guen., 1858), but with tlie
green colour and heavy black cell-marks of nelearia (Guen.). Both wing.s with
some black maculation close to base ; forewing with antemedian line thick,
irregularly zigzag, the tooth outward in cell stronger than in nelearia, the one
behind it longer, but scarcely so acutely pointed as in most 7ielearia ; both
wings with postmedian line much more deeply dentate than in the species named,
the spots outside it more blackisli, the terminal dots more triangular. Underside
with the cell-spots intense, the black borders strong, that of the forewing proxim-
aUy less curved than in the allies, distally reaching (or almost reaching) the termen
except at apex, that of the hindwing proximally less wavy, distally reaching
nearer to the termen than in most nelearia, but not so nearly as in most minimaria.

Prapetagoeng, i <i<^. A worn ^ was also taken with the following in
November.

3. Epipristis nelearia accessa subsp. n.

cJ, 32-34 mm. ; $, 36-44 mm. On an average larger than n. nelearia (Guen.
1858, Borneo), forewing with the cell-mark elongate, the shades between jjost-
median and subterminal greyish, usually weaker anteriorly than posteriorly,
subterminal rather broad and distinct ; underside, especially in the ,^, with the
blackest (the proximal) part of the outer band narrowed, the distal only weakly
suffused, or sometimes wanting.

Mondoktoempang, '2 ^^,2 $?.

I formerly overlooked the racial characters, which at best are not very strong,
in 3 ^S from E. Java (Nongkodjadjar and Singolangoe), which I unite with
n. accessa.

4. Agathia aiHuens sp. n.

(J, 46 mm. In markings almost exactly like discisticta Prout (1912), which
is now almost certainly known to be the 3* of gigantea Butl. (1889) ; differs,
apart from its larger size, in the following particulars.

Forewing with the tooth in the termen at R' rather stronger, hindwing with
the corresponding tooth weaker, in both respects intermediate towards the
shape of diversiformis Warr. (1894) ; almost all the markmgs somewhat more
ample, mostly rather paler and more violaceous ; basal patch of forewing elongate
as in diversiformis, projection of green ground-colour outward (at and behind R^)
more acute and elongate.

Mondoktoempang, November, the type only.

The coloration recalls that of exquisita Warr. (1899).

5. Agathia laqueifera Prout.

Agathia laqueifera Prout, Gen. Ins., 129, p. 60 (1912) (Upper Assam).

Mondoktoempang, an unusually large (J (fuUy 40 mm.) of the recurrent
aberration which I have named ab. vernifera (Seitz, Macrolep., xii, 72).

This slightly extends the range of the species, which is chiefly Malaysian
and of which I included one old ^ from " Java " (East India Company) in my
original de.scription, also approximately of this form.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 179

6. Uliocnemis castalaria lepturges subsp. ii.

Differs from c. castalaria (Oberth., 1916, Khasia HilLs) in having the violet-
grey terminal patches reduced, that of the hindwing ending in a definitely smaller
red-brown mark.

Mondoktoempang, ^ SS^ including the type ; Prapetagoeng, 2 cJ(J.

Besides Assam, the species has been recorded from the Malay Peninsula,
Tonkin and W. China.

7. Rhomborista megaspilaria purgata gubsp. n.

(J, 23-28 mm. In addition to its small size distinguishable from m. megaspi-
laria (Guen., 1858, Borneo) by the extreme narrowing of the purple terminal
markings of the hindwing ; in the type, which is the smallest specimen, the tornal
and hindmarginal marks of the forewing are also wanting, so that at first glance
the specimen does not even look like a Rhomborista ; but the two paratypes have
a blackish-purple patch from tornus to M', thus resembling an aberration which
is well known in m. lyra (Swinh., 1892, N.E. India).

Prapetagoeng, 3 cJ(^.

Probably very variable. At the higher altitude (Mondoktoempang), to
judge from a single (^, megaspilaria seems to revert towards the more normal
Malaysian forms and it is possible that further material will show that we have
to do with a local aberration rather than a stabilized subspecies.

8. Thalassodes griseifimbria sp. n.

(J, 35-37 mm. Face green. Palpus with terminal joint short (well under
J second joint). Hindtibia slender.

Wings shaped nearly as in the veraria (Guen.) group, the termen of the fore-
wing a little straighter ; angle of hindwuig weak. Deeper green than in the
allies (near Russian green of Ridgway, or rather of R. Oberthiir, pi. 229, 2-3).

Forewing with the costal edge only extremely slenderly pale buff; ante-
median line obsolete ; postmedian excessively slender, almost as proximally
placed as in grammonota Prout (1916), not traceable quite to the costa ; terminal
line slightly darkened but without black dots ; fringe green in proximal half,

grey in distal. Hindwing with the line normally formed, slender, weakening

behind its angle ; fringe as on forewing.

Underside only a little less deep green than upperside.

Batoeriti, 2 ^J^J, in good condition. Also a ^ from Nongkodjadjar, E. Java,
4,000 feet, which I had put aside for further study.

Yrom Jurvifimhria Prout (1917, Ceylon) quite distinct in its shorter palpus
and less bent distal margins.

9. Oenospila strix gemmans Prout.

Oenospila .ilrix gemmans Prout, Nov. Zool., xxxix, 224 (li);).')) (E. Java).

Batoeriti, 1 $, referable to this recently described race or possiblj' a closely
similar new one, the postmedian dots in their central part only 2-5 nnn. from
termen instead of 3 mm., the abdominal marginal patch of hindwing slightly
more red-brown and a trifle further reduced in size.

18Q NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

10. Hemithea undifera (Walk.)

Thahra undifera Walk., List Lep. Ins., xxii, 601 (1861) (Sarawak).

Mondoktoempang, 2 J(J ; Batoeriti, 1 $. Also a ^ from Trettes, E. Java,
and one from Nongkodjadjar.

Very likely a new subspecies of this elusive species, but with only Walker's
extremely faded type and a scarcely less faded series from S. Celebes (Doherty)
not yet differentiated it is impossible to begin any serviceable analysis.

11. Hemithea antigrapha Prout.

Hemithea antigrapha Prout, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8), xx, 122, t. vii, f. 11 (1917) (Khasis).

A (J from Mondoktoempang and a $ from Prapetagoeng seem to agree
accurately with this species except that the abdomen does not show the dark
dorsal spots. Perhaps a new subspecies. More typical antigrapha have been
received from the Malay Peninsula.

12. Hemithea tranquilla Prout.

Hemithea tranquilla Prout, Nov. Zool, xxxix, 224 (1935) (E. Java).

A (J from Batoeriti and probably a $ from Mondoktoempang, both in fair
condition, are pretty safely referable to this recently described species, though the
9 (hitherto unknown in tranquilla) shows a reddish dorsal patch which brings it
nearer to simplex.

13. Hemithea vesta Prout.

Hemithea vesta Prout, Nov. Zool., xxxix, 224 (1935) (E. Java).

Prapetagoeng, 1 q, rather small and in very poor condition but well recog-
nizable, without dissection, by the antenna, abdomen, wing-shape and course
of the lines.

The genus has also other representatives on the island, belonging to tritonaria
(Walk. [1863]) sens, lat., probably embracing two or three species, but mostly
faded and requiring close anatomical investigation ; I consider it better to hold
these over until fresher specimens are available or until the whole genus is more
thoroughly revised.

14. Diplodesma androcmes sp. n.

^, 16-18 mm. ; ?, 18-19 mm. Closely similar to D. svhtusumbrata (A.
Fuchs, 1902, E. Sumatra), especially in the ?, which has all the spurs present and
is superficially scarcely distinguishable except that the lines are somewhat finer
and straighter. Referable, however, to section C (Prout in Seitz, Macrolep.,
xii, 117), " forewing with SC^ wanting "' — ^ with the dark subterminal band of
the underside much reduced, in the type confined to a small posterior part of
the forewing, in the Javan ^ showing also at the costal margin of the hindwing,
in the $? nearly or quite complete on the hindwing and approaching the costa
on the forewing.

Prapetagoeng, May, the <J type ; Mondoktoempang, October, a much-
damaged cj and a good ?. Also from Kangean (J. P. A. Kalis), April 1932 :
Karuaru, 2 $$, Aerkohkep, 1 ? ; and E. Java : Trettes, May 1932, 1 (J.

■ In the ? from Aerkohkep this vein is conserved, running into the costal ; i.e. a throw-back to
section B.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 181

Easily distinguishable from tlie species witli the same venation : from
contractu (Warr., 1896, Assam) by its less narrow wings, the hindwing less pro-
duced to a tail ; from cauduJaria (Guen., 1858, India) by its banded underside.

15. lodis subtractata accumulata subsp. n.

(J, 24 mm. More heavily irrorated with green than s. subtractata (Walk.
[1863]), excepting perhaps the ab. spumifera Warr., the cloudy shading about,
and proximal to, the cell-marks more complete and band-like, sinuous postmedian
also broadened, sharplj' defined distally (being succeeded by more or less definite
traces of a white subterminal line), perhaps a little neal-er to the termen than in
the name-typical race.

Mondoktoempang , October, 4 cJd"-

16. Pyrrhorachis pyrrhogona succomuta subsp. n.

Border of forewing with a very small and narrow red extension from tornus,
pointing obliquely inward across SM".

Mondoktoempang, 2 ^,^. Tring Museum has a similar $ from N. Borneo.

An interesting link between the tj'pical ]). pyrrhogona (Walk., 1866, S. India)
and the Papuan p. cornrda (Warr., 1896) series, which was once sunk as
synonymous, then again raised to the potential status of a species.

SrBFAM STERRHINAE.
17. Organopoda orbata perorbata subsp. n.
Cell-spots (both wings) still larger tlian in o. orbata Warr. (1907, New Guinea).
Will pretty certainly prove to be a separate race, though confirmatory material
from both sources is desirable.

Mondoktoempang, October, 1 (^.

18. Calothysanis punctinervis rigida subsp. n.

More reddish in tone than the two Javan races {p. punctinervis Prout, 1916,
and p. piperata Prout, 1935), the irroration only moderate, the line of the hindwing
very straight.

Batoeriti, 3 (JJ. 1 ?■

19. Anisodes argentosa Prout.

Anisodes argentosa Provit, Nov. Zool., xxvii, 278 (l'J2U) (Borneo).

A single $, from Mondoktoempang, adds materially to the known range of
this species (Lcp. Cat. 61, p. 123) and. as it is rather large, dull and dark, may
present a new subspecies.

SuBPAM. LARENTHNAE.

20. Xanthorhoe sordidata inimica subsp. n.

cJ, 36-37 mm. Smaller than .v. nordidaUi (Moore, 1888, N. India), darker,

much loss brown, well marked above, rather weakly beneath, but with large

cell-dots ; antemedian line of forewing less sharply angled than in some of

the forms.

Mondoktoempang, the type ^. From Nongkodjadjar, E. Java, similar
2 (Jc? were received, less fresh.

Jg2 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

21. Ecliptopera rectilinea impingens subsp. n.

The brown parts of r. rectilinea (Warr., 1894) are here blackish fuscous, thus

much darker than in any other known subspecies. Forewing with the second

white line (boundary of dark basal area) bent close to costa so as to reach costal
margin about perpendicularly, not obliquely inward ; the large triangular costal
patch encroached upon distally by a continuation inward of the very slender white
line of SC' ; both the slender pale lines immediately outside the postmedian
continued forward at least to SC* ; the white streak from apex more oblique,
thus coalescing with, or at least touching, the subterminal between the radials,
thence continuing a little less close to termen, so that the terminal spots enclosed
in cellules 2 and 16 are less small.

Mondoktoempang, November, 3 cjcj.

Possiblj' a separate species ; the worn Sambawa $ mentioned in Res. Sci.
Voy. hid. Or.Neerl. Prince Leopold, iv, 68, is either synonymous or a closely similar
race.

22. Loxofidonia obfuscata pallidistriga subsp. n.

Xanthorhoe pallidistriga Warr. M.S. in Mus. Tring.

After repeated comparisons of a variable series from Bali and Java with the
still more variable " Coremia " obfuscata Warr. (1893) = " Cidaria " bareconia
Swinh. (1894), besides its aberration " Perizoma " rubridisca Warr. (1896), I
have come to the conclusion that the undoubtedly different impression which it
makes is attributable to the cumulative effect of the following factors or tendencies.

Forewing with median band better defined, generally with a stronger central
projection distally, perhaps also with more sinuous proximal edge, the pale areas
which bound it often clearer, the basal patch never (as in some obfuscata) con-
fluent with the median band ; apical patch never so outstandingly darkened as in
the majority of obfuscata ; the (J (also sometimes even the $) has the subapical
dark patches (costal and terminal) divided by an often broad pale-grey or whitish
oblique streak, the rest of the terminal area either predominantly dark ($) or

predominantly pale (jj). Hindwing often in the $, occasionally even in the

9, with a more noticeable pale postmedian band than in obfmcata.

Batoeriti, 4 cJcJ, 1 ? (loc. typ.). Also 3 <S3 and 11 $? from E. Java, which
were studied too late for inclusion in my previous paper, 2 ?? from W. Java and
one from Korintji, W. Sumatra.

The median band is often blackish, occasionally rather dark brown ; the $$,
notwithstanding their darkness, commonly show on this band a pronounced
slaty-blue admixture, recalling Xanthorhoe griseiviridis Hmpsn. (1895).

23. CoIIix astathes sp. n.

(J$, 40 mm. On the upperside extremely similar to hypospilata Guen.
(1858), though somewhat more heavily marked ; the irregularly lunulate sub-
terminal line continuous, not (as in hypospilata) inclined to break up into isolated
dots and dashes. Underside showing the closer relationship to be with the group
basicristata Prout (1923), praetenta Prout (1929), mesopora Prout (1932) ; possibly
a subspecies of praetenta. Larger and darker than the last-named ; underside
with scarcely any indication of longitudinal dark markings, only a very faint
suffusion about the median vein and along the proximal part of the costal region

NOVITATES ZooLonicAE XL. 1937. 183

(forewing) ; ccll-.spots large (<as in praetenta), postmedian narrower than in
prnelenla. on the hindvving bandlikc and almost uninterrupted, though intensified
and slightly broadened about cellules G, 3 and 16, on the forewing a little more
interrupted and macular, though still essentially bandlike, somewhat inbent
between costa and 1st radial ; .subterminal of forewing very feeble, except as
paired spots between the radials and single detached ones between the medians
and at fold, the costal end almost or quite ob.solete ; subterminal of hindwing
slightly better developed than that of the forewing, but with corresponding
spots prominent.

Batoeriti, I ^, 1 $. Also, perhaps in a slightly less brownish form, from
E. Java: Singolangoe, 2 (^(J; Kletak, I cj.

24. Chloroclystis inaequata scotosema subsp. n.

J. Rather larger than i. inaequata (Warr., 1896, as Sesquiplera), hindwing
with the patch of specialized scaling dark fuscous instead of brown, its two lines
beneath as a rule more approximated.

Batoeriti, 11 cJJ, H ??•

The 9 (unknown in the name-typical race) is, as was expected, extremely
similar to those of olivata Warr. (1901) and conversa Warr. (1897), though with
the postmedian of the forewing more strongly angled than in the latter ; or
like that of coronata (Hb. [1809-13]) ' except that the hindwing is paler and with
a more distinct, less angled line on the upperside.

25. Hybridoneura abnormis Warr.

cj. Hyhridoneura ahnormis Warr., Nov. Zool., v, 25 (1898) (Khasis).

?. (?) A'eosreHs melachlora Hmpsn., Jmirn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, xviii, 47, t. E, f. 9 (19(17) (Ceylon).

Hyliridoneura abnormis Prout, Ins. Samoa, iii. (3) 145 (1928).

Mondoktoempang, 1 J, 2 $$.

The ^ is clo.sely like Warren's type, while the $$ match Hampson's ineta-
chlora very well. 1 doubt whether there is more than one species in the genus,
whilst the extreme inadequacy of material prevents any separation into subspecies.

26. Ziridava xylinaria Walk.

Ziridava xylinariu Walk.. List Lep. Ins., xxvi. 1.5.50 [1863] [Sarawak).

Ziridava xylinaria ab. subruhida Warr., Nov. Zool.. iv, 71 (1897) (Bonthain. S. Celebes).

Ziridava xylinaria suhrubida Prout, Res. Sri. Voy. Iml. Or. Prince Leopold, iv (6) 69 (1932) (Celebes).

Mondoktoempang, 1 J. 1 9 ; Batoeriti, 5 <J(^.

The Jo, especially those from E. Bali, seem to agree essentially with the
type of .tubrub id a Warr., which, on the strength of a second i^ (Tondano-Menado)
as well as the geographical probabilities, I registered as a separate subsjiecies.
In any case it is, however, very close to the forms which are considered tj'pical
and the one 9 shows nothing distinctive. The J 3' ^^^ more clouded, especially
in the distal area beneath ; of the Celebes examples I wrote that the " large size
and a difference of tone and relative strength of some of the markings on the

' The (late is taken from Hi'mminfj's Iluhncr, vol. 1, p. 275 (February 1937). This work has
brought together or made known for the first time an enormous amount of important information
on Hiibner's voUiminotis writings.

184 NOVTTATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

upperside seem to me as characteristic as the reddish and heavily dark-marked
underside on which Warren based the form." Here again, as with so many of
the smaller Indo-Australian Geometridae, the material is still insufficient for any
systematic revision, but as extensive collections of moths are now being received
at Tring from Celebes, it will perhaps be possible to return to the species in dealing
with them ; my first attempt at an analysis of the subspecies (his. Samoa, iii,
146, 1928) was somewhat premature, but gives a general indication of our know-
ledge up to that date. With augmented material and more concentrated study
I am now preparing a further revision. Known localities are Ceylon, India,
Formosa, Luzon, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores, Celebes, Ceram, New
Guinea and its islands and N. Queensland.

27. Sauris interruptata (Moore).

Remode.t Iriseriala part., Moore, Lep. Ceyl., iii, 485 (1887) (Ceylon) (err. det., § nee (J).
Remodes interruptata Moore, Lep. Coll., Atk., p. 270 (1888) (N. India).

Batoeriti, 1 cj, 1 ?•

Large, the (J extremely so. Perhaps a subspecies, but a pair received from
E. Java help to link it up with those of the Malay Peninsula and India.

28. Polynesia curtitibia Prout.

Polynesia curtitibia Prout, A'ov. Zool., xxix, 345 (1922) (Khasis).

Mondoktoempang, 5 $$, in October.

Rather large, very heavily marked, the colour more as in the (^ than in the
$ of curtitibia. Probably at least a valid race ; the discovery of the (J may well
show it to be a distinct species. Until we have both sexes for study I have
elected to leave it unnamed ; there is already one close ally (potential race) from
Ceylon awaiting further elucidation.

29. Eois lunulosa (Moore).

Pseudasthena lunulasa Moore, Lep. Ceyl., iii, 450, t. 200, fl. 5, 5a (1887) (Ceylon).

Psilocam'iogia lunulosa Hmpsn., III. Het., ix, 40 (1893) (Ceylon).

Anthyria lunulosa Swinh.. Tr. Ent. Soc. Land., 1894, p. 191 (1894) (Khasia HUls) ; Meyr., ibid.,

1897, p. 70 (1897) (Pulo Laut).
Cambogia lunulosa Hmpsn., Faun. Ind., Moths, iii, 421 (1895) (Khasis ; Ceylon).
Pseudosthena ochracea Warr., Nov. Zool., i, 395 (1894) (Khasia Hills ; Sikkim) (ab.).

Batoeriti, 1 ^J.

By the clear yellow postmedian band, the somewhat enlarged cell-mark of
the hindwing and other details this specimen is certainly referable here rather
than to grataria (Walk., 1861), of which Doherty brought one from Bali. Whether
the two so-called species, however, are nearly parallel series of one extraordinarily
variable species remains somewhat uncertain. Both have a wide distribution,
grataria exceptionally so, extending from W. Africa and Natal to the Admiralty
Islands and New Hanover. E. lunulosa was already known from India, Malaya,
Borneo, Hainan and Formosa ; " Chrysocraspeda " duplicilinea Wileman
(1911), from the last-mentioned country, has been registered as a separate
subspecies (see Ent. Mitt. Deutsch. Ent. Mm., iii, 247), but I now doubt its
validity as such.

N0VITATE3 ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1937. 185

30. Eois sordida (Wun-.).

Paeiidaathena sordida Wan., ^'ov. ZooL, iv, 223 (1897) (Oinanissa [Dutch Timor]).

Batoeriti, 2 (^cJ.

These agree essentially with the hitherto unique type (also a ^), but nothing
very definite can yet be said about them. Considerably smaller than plumbacea
(Warr., 1894), on which see Nov. Zool., xxxvii, 0 and Journ. F.3I.S. Mvs., xvii,
56, and without the yellowish outer spot.

SuBFAM. GEOMETRINAE.
31. Buziira praeparva sp. n.

cJ, 47 mm. Essential structure of recvrsaria (Walk., 18(io), the ^J antenna
being unipectinate, with long branches, SC'^ short-stalked, fovea well developed
(section Amraica). Much smaller than any previously known species in the

section. Forewing with the termen almost regular in shape, not noticeably

sinuous and only very faintly waved ; coloration and scheme of markings as in
reciirsaria ; cell-spot smaller, even when allowance has been made for the greatly
reduced wing-expanse ; antemedian line more regular, almost evenly curved,
thickened not only by a costal spot but also by small teeth on M and SM^ the
former followed and the latter preceded by very slight indentation ; postmcdian
with the inward subcostal bend deeper than in most recursaria, the projection at
R' less acute, as there is no recession of the line until behind R^ ; brown subapical

blotch and terminal dots much as in recursaria. Hindiving and underside

with similarly reduced cell-spots.

Prapetagoeng, 1 ^J, somewhat worn.

32. Buzura insularis illucescens Prout.

Bjtzura insularis illucescens Prout, Bull. Hill Miw., ii, 140 (l!t28) (W. Sumatra).

Mondoktoempang, 1 ^J-

The specimen is very badly rubbed, especially on the forewing. I suspect
that it may represent a separable race, though the few Javan which I have
seen are almost typical ; but I cannot form a definite judgment without more
and better-conditioned specimens. The forewing apparently lacks the lines and
almost certainly the costal spots, but these can be either present or absent in
i. insularis (Warr., 1894, Nias) ; basal maculation apparently reduced, that of
the subterminal and of the termen normal. Hindwing with the diffuse median
shade and incomplete postmedian line heavily blackened.

33. Catoria olivescens maturata.

Mondoktoempang, October (J type) and November (allotype).

Upperside deeper olive-grey than in o. olivescens Moore (1888), cell-ring of the
hindwing, especially in the $, approaching the elongate form which characterizes
o. lomjistigtna Prout (1929). Underside of q suffused with grey, of $ similar to
that of o. longi.'itigma.

The same race has been received from Java, 2 (Jo from Nongkodjadjar,
1 $ from Mount Malang.

For a revision of this genus see Nov. ZooL., xxxv, 132-141 (1929).

186 NOVITATBS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

34. Catoria kalisi sp. n.

(J, 42 mm. Nearest to tamsi Prout (1929), but materially paler. Lower
part of face white, upper partly fuscous.

Foremng with the long stalk of SC" connected by an extremely short bar,
or anastomosing at a point (or hardly more) with C ; whitish with a tinge of olive,
the markings on the whole slightly smaller than in iarnsi, notably the outer post-
median and its costal spot. Hindunng with the cell-mark slightly less elongate

than in tamsi and not filled in with black (more like that of hemiprosopa, Turn.,
1904) ; the double postmedian (but especially its proximal element) thickened
between SC^ and R', sharply bent at the radial fold.

Underside very different from that of iamsi ; white, the black cell-mark
developed on the forewing only, the costal spots not very strong, a dark distal
band also developed on forewing only, not quite reaching termen and nowhere
as wide as the space which separates it from the cell-spot, the usual white apical
and midterminal spots present.

Batoeriti, I (J. A second, 2 mm. larger, from Nongkodjadjar, E. Java,
4,000 feet.

Cleora Curt.

Abundant and very interesting material in the alieiiaria group (see Bull. Hill
Mu8., iii, 179 seq.). A great part of it is referable to the decisaria subgroup,
which I am making the subject of a separate article. C. repetita (Butl., 1882),
received from both the W. Bali stations, shows much less extreme variability
than in Celebes, the Moluccas and eastward ; the specimens are mostly rather
dark, or with dark median area or thick black median line. C. alienaria (Walk.),
from all three localities, though not in large numbers, is very variable in size, as
well as in coloration, perhaps on the whole rather large ; in my revision (I.e.)
I should presumably have referred them to C. a. gelidaria (Walk. [1863]), together
with those from E. Java, but I still doubt (or increasingly doubt) whether the
racial differentiation is valid; C. hermaea Prout (1929), also new for Bali, was
taken only at Batoeriti ; one ^J has the forewing predominantly bright ochreous
and another has an ochreous streak along its hindmargin — both apparently rare
aberrations, though represented in a marvellous series of hermaea sent from E.
Java. Of C. concentraria (Snell., 1877), a few were collected at Mondoktoempang,
an extremely fine and variable series at Batoeriti ; these are the first records for
Bali, but by no means iniexpected, as the Tring Museum has one specimen from
Lombok. C. injectaria (Walk., 1860) will almost certainly have to be added, as
two rather grey or dark $$ of the puzzling processaria form (Bull. Hill Mus.,
iii, 213) were obtained, one at Prapetagoeng, one at Batoeriti.

35. Racotis monognampta sp. n.

(J, 43-48 mm. Antenna nearly as in inconclusa (Walk., 1860), but with the

teeth continuing triangular almost to the base. Foreiving above difficult to

di.stinguish except by its tone, ground-colour a little paler, some of the markings
somewhat blacker, notably the circumscription of the cell-mark ; the (red-brown,
black-mixed) median spot at hindmargin large and strong ; dark suffusions of
distal area relatively strong, the pale (but not sharply defined) midterminal spot

larger than in the Bali form of inconclu-sa. Himlunng also strongly marked and

with somewhat enlarged midterminal spot ; at once distinguishable by the post-

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 187

median line, which, after its (weak or moderate) bend at R', i.s much more direct
right to the abdominal margin, even the inward curve at fold very weak or want-
ing ; the u.sual black da.shes developed on the outer side of this line. Underside

nearly as in the cleanest, darkest-marked inconclusa ; cell-marks strong, lines
very slight, showing chiefly as short punctiform extensions from the costal spots
of forewing ; borders on the whole not quite so broad as in inconclusa, sharply
defined proximally, the whitish apical and midterminal spots generally stronger.

Mondoktoempang, October and November, 8, c?c?l 3'lso 1 (J from
Prapetagoeng.

Bali seems well provided with Racotis. Besides a series of the widely dis-
tributed inconclusa, Kalis obtained 2 ^^ (Batoeriti) and 1 $ (Mondoktoempang)
of anaglyptica Prout (1935) and 2 ^J^J (Batoeriti) of neonephria Prout (1935).

30. Hyposidra salebrata sp. n.

cj, 32-34 mm. In the relatively short forewing and the character of the
markings nearest to the well-known jamaria Guen. (1858). Abundantly distinct
in the dark-grey tone (browner on the underside) and in a number of other

characters. Forewing with the sinus between the apex and midtermen rather

more pronounced than in janiaria (J ; median and postmedian lines much more

outbent in the middle ; fringe much more strongly spotted. Hindwing with

termen more crenulate and with a more pronounced tooth at R' ; fringe more
strongly spotted.

Prapetagoeng, 4 (^^J.

37. Hypochrosis spodographa sp. n.

$, 34 mm. In structure and scheme of maculation very near festivnria
(Fabr., 1794). Head and body concolorous with wings ; the palpus and parts of
the front of pectus and of legs more reddish (as also in some brightly coloured
festivaria).

Wings (especially hindwing) with termen appreciably more rounded than in
festivaria $ ; ground-colour as in festivaria, the grey strigulation rather strong and

slightly more bluish. Forewing with costal edge more broadly ochreous, with

the blackish irroration and strigulae copious ; basal area also somewhat mixed
with ochreous, its boundary oblique inward from costa at 4 mm. to hindmargin
at 3 mm. ; median area whitish instead of dark green (and with no white edgings),
very extensive, its distal boundary anteriorly only 2 mm. from termen (slightly
more from SC» forward, on account of an inward curvature), about R' making
an inward sweep almost to cell, then nearly vertical to M^ and after a further
turn inward running to hindmargin at about 4 mm. from tornus ; an elongate
ochreous cell-mark, connected with costal shade by a dark-mixed patch in front
of DC ; scattered blackish dots and short dashes on the pale area, accumulating
in places so as to suggest two very incomplete and irregular lines, both traceable
from M hindward and curving round so as to meet close to hindmargin : the
antemedian curved outward at fold, inbent before and behind the curve, the
postmedian perpendicular from base of M', directed basad immediately after

crossing M^, sharply angled at fold, thence forming a strong outward curve.

Hindwiiig with the costal area broadly and abdominal margin narrowly fleshy-
ochreous, the rest coloured as the forewing ; the whitish, dark-dotted patch

188 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

nearly semicircular, based on SM^, its curved side reaching cell-fold, its distal
end very near tornus. Underside ochreous, the forewing slightly more reddish-
tinged than the hindwing ; much like some of the least reddish undersides of
festivaria but with the dark suffusion about the base of the medians of the
forewing very slight.

Mondoktoempang in November, 1 $.

38. Hypephyra sterrhoticha sp. n.

(J, 30-32 mm. Closely related to subangulata Warr. (1896), from the N.E.
Himalayas, agreeing in having the antenna dentate-fasciculate, the hindtibia
very strongly swollen. Apex of forewing somewhat less acute, angle of hindwing
much weakened ; median area of forewing variably clouded with grey (as proves
to be also the case with subangulata), the clouding chiefly developed in posterior
part ; distal areas above and beneath, except at apex of forewing, as a rule
solidly dark, especially beneath, where even the ochreous apical suffusion is
only weak and restricted.

Mondoktoempang, 5 cj^?-

39. Chiasmia hypomesta sp. n.

(J, 20 mm. Scarcely larger than Ch. minuta Warr. (1905), from North
Borneo ; antenna ciliated in long fascicles, as in that species. Head pale, the
face with two blackish dots at upper edge and sometimes very small dots across
the middle. Thorax and abdomen above more heavily dark-clouded than in
minuta.

Foreivi7ig with termen very slightly more oblique than in minuta ; very pale
buff, scarcely so yellow as in that species, cell-spot nearly as large ; markings
rather less brown, heavier ; spots of proximal area sometimes in part confluent ;
lines of median area arising from enlarged costal spots, the postmedian with its
distal edge oblique outward anteriorly ; posterior part of this area (from M and
base of M^) forming a still more solid blotch than in minuta, median line from costa
to R^ thickened into a broad shade, more or less confluent with cell-spot ; distal
markings nearly as in minuta, the proximal subterminal shade less interrupted
in the middle. Hindicing with median shade thicker and proximal sub-
terminal less interrupted than in minuta.

Batoeriti, 2 ^S-

The only similarly banded Indian species of the group, radiata Warr. (1897),
is generally much larger and has the subterminal line farther from the termen
and more sinuous, the median band of the hindwing dark throughout and other
differences from hypomesta.

40. Lomographa frixa sp. n.

(J, 22-24 mm. Face smooth. Palpus about 1, moderately rough-scaled.
Antenna with pectinations about as long as in trimaculata (Vill., 1789), a longer
distal part non-pectinate.

Wings much more thinly scaled than in typical Lomographa, in all but the

freshest specimens subdiaphanous. Forewing much less broad, costa almost

straight to near apex, termen oblique, little curved till behind M^ ; cell J ; SC"
coincident ; fovea present ; grey ; costal margin and to a less extent some of

NoviTATES ZooLoaiCAE XL. 1937. Igg

the veins more normally scaled, whitish, with blackish spots or longitudinal
streaks ; cell-dot minute ; very faint traces of lines ari.siiig from the three
principal costal spots, curved at first, then approximately parallel with termen ;

a fine dark terminal line ; fringe chequered, dark grey and whitish. Hindwing

with termen slightly sinuate between the radials, otherwise nearly smooth ;
concolorous with forewing or slightly paler ; a small cell-dot and indication
of two lines ; termen and fringe nearly as on forewing.

Forewing beneath nearly as above ; hindwing rather paler and leas weakly
marked.

Batoeriti, 5 ^,^, only the type in really good condition ; Mondoktoempang,
2 cJcJ, fair, October and November. Also from E. Java, 2 ^(^, darker, Nong-
kodjadjar and Singolangoe. A worn $ from Medan, Sumatra, has stood for
many years in my collection ; antenna simple.

Systematic position very doubtful ; perhaps a new genus will be required.

190 NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

A REVISION OF THE DECISARIA GROUP OF CLEORA.

By LOUIS B. PROUT.

(With Plate XIII.)

QINCE I published my revision of the " alienaria group " of Chora Curt.
^{Bull. Hill Mus., iii, 179-224, pis. v-vii, 1929), Janse has erected (Moths
8. Afr., i, 119 [gen. caelebs] and 266, 1932) a new genus Neoclora, which he based
negatively on the presence of " only one pair of pectinations on each joint " of
the ^ antenna (not two pairs as in Cleora sens, str.) and positively on the " very
characteristic genitalia, the typical feature of which is the two well-pronounced
cornuti at the end of a tubular, wrinkled vesica." By the former criterion, my
section B (I.e., pp. 182, 185, 203-220) would have to be transferred to Neoclora,
and it is probable that this would give a better approximation to an accurate
taxonomy. But as Janse definitely states that " all species " placed by him in
his new genus have the remarkable cornuti, and this is not the case with their
Indo-Australian relatives, I have decided not to make the change at present ;
to transfer them by cutting out the genitalic section of the diagnosis, without
some alternative method of delimitation, would be almost tantamount to making
the very " natural " new genus into a receptacle for numerous so-called Cleora
which have not yet been critically considered from the standpoint of systematics.

In any case the purpose of the present contribution is not classificatory. It
owes its inception to the discovery that the subsection of my section B which
may appropriately be called the decisaria group embraces several previously
unknown or undetected species ; and that consequently my treatment of it was
not only inadequate but in some details inaccurate. The general unity of struc-
ture, coupled with the extreme variability in the wing markings — at least in the
few localities from which at that time sufficient material was accessible — blinded
my eyes to the existence of two or three well-distributed species, although I did
recognize the independence of some Pacific Island forms (hemiopa Prout and
psychastis Meyr.) and of the interesting rhadia Prout of Luzon. The recent
acquisition by the Tring Museum of splendid collections from Bali and Java,
made by Mr. J. P. A. Kalis, directed my attention to some deviations which did
not seem explicable on geographical grounds, and necessitated fresh investigations
into the structure, particularly of the ^ genitalia. With the patient help of
Mr. W. H. T. Tams and Mr. A. H. Stringer at the British Museum, I have at last
brought the group into sufficiently good order to justify a further revision,
although there will certainly be many fresh discoveries made when some of the
other islands have received the attention which has now been given to Bali.

By the decisaria group I understand all the species which have the special
fovea which I used in my key (I.e., p. 185) — " fovea above with a rosette of black
scales " — and described more fully under displicata (p. 204) and especially
decisaria (p. 205) ; that is to say, species 21 to 24 of my revision. My first inten-
tion was to use the group name in a stUl narrower sense, ignoring displicata
(Walk.), with its non-dilated <^ hindtibia and lack of raised scale-tufts on the
hindwing ; but I found that there was work to be done in this direction also and

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 191

that the relations were probably closer than 1 had supposed. In my introductory
characterization of the genus I pointed out (p. 181, footnote) the taxonomic
unimportance of the tibial character, and if I were rewriting my key I should
transpose the divisions 3 and 4, so that all the subjects of the present survey
would be brought under the one heading (3 to 6, inclusive).

Mr. Stringer, in testing the question of the transference of the group to
Neocle.ora Janse (see above), noted that none of those examined had the two long
spines at the end of the vesica, but generally 3-4 (sometimes 5 or a larger number)
smaller " cornuti " ; at the same time he called my attention to the more
proximally placed spine or spines of the aedoeagus, which may prove to have
taxonomic significance : in spp. 1-3 (displicata auctt. olim) there are 5 or 6
spines proximaUy (or perhaps in pheucia one composite spine) and a considerable
number of cornuti distally ; in the central section (spp. 4-11) there are 1 proximal
spine (sometimes also in frigescens a second but very small one) and nearly always
3 or 4 cornuti distally ; in two New Hebrides outliers (psychastis Meyr. and
immemorata Walk.) there are 2 strong spines proximally ; psychastis has 1 at the
tip of the vesica, immemorata (new for the New Hebrides, Miss L. E. Cheesman)
2 in this position.

In dealing with already known species below, I omit a few bibliographical
references which can be supplied from my former revision and cite the latter
under a highly abbreviated title.

1. Cleora displicata (Walk. i860).

Prout, Revision, p. 204, pi. vi, fig. 19 (1929).

From the last letter which I received from Mr. G. M. Goldfinch before his
much-to-be-regretted retirement from active entomological work, I learned that
he had noticed the existence of two or three distmct Queensland species which
were passing under the above name. Hoping, however, that he would follow the
matter up, I had taken no steps to deal with it until recently, when a new Bali
species with non-dilated hindtibia (No. 4, infra) and a renewed examination of
the " ? Java " c? (No. 2, infra) forced it upon my notice.

Fortunately Walker's type, a ,^ from Moreton Bay, belongs to the same
species as the " Queensland " one (not exactly localized) from which Mr. Bennett
made his preparation and drawing and there is little to modify in my account.
The genitalia, however, are scarcely so " remarkably " distinct from some others
as they then seemed to me, but the figure, in spite of some imperfections, will give
a very good impression of the valve. The "occasional ab." (in markings)
belongs to No. 3. Walker's original ?, said to come from Sydney, probably
belongs here ; for his ^ " b," see No. 3.

2. Cleora pheucta sp. n.

Smaller than displicata (32 mm.). Palpus approaching twice the length of

diameter of eye. Forewing with fovea formed nuich as in displicata ; median

area rather narrow, po.stinedian after the curve at the radials running inward a
good deal, its inward curve between M" and the vicinity of the hindmargin rather
pronounced and nearly smooth (with only a very slight tooth about the fold to
break its course). Underside also much as in displicata, the dark border on the

192 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1037.

forewing reaching the postmedian line at costa, but on the hindwing rather narrow
compared with that of most of the group.

In the genitalia distinguishable from dispUcata by the absence of the scobinate
patch and by the dilated sacculus arm ; instead of a group of .spines on the
aedoeagus, which characterizes both the preceduig and the following, there
appears to be a serrated single spme, or perhaps a cluster so compact that it has
not been found possible to separate them.

Java : Mount Gedeh, a (J in the Tring Museum so similar to an undersized
dispUcata that I formerly referred it there and suspected a pos.sible error of
locality. Notwithstanding the differences in the genitalia, it may yet come to
be regarded as a subspecies of that species.

3. Cleora goldfinchi sp. n.

Hindtibia not dilated. Generally smaller than dispUcata (34 to 36 mm.).
The darker irroration, thicker lines and in general heavy dark markings give it a
distinctive appearance ; in particular the well-developed longitudinal shading in
front of R', on the forewing appearing to continue the (often well-developed)

median shade (compare injectaria vittata Warr.). Forewing with antemedian

not so oblique outward anteriorly as in most dispUcata ; cell-mark rather evenly

edged with blackish. Hindwing with somewhat better traces of the long scales

proximally to the cell-mark and to the postmedian than in dispUcata, though still
much smoother-looking than in most of the decisaria group ; dark median line

contrasting sharply against the whitish proximal area. Both wings beneath

with the dark border generally tapering regularly from W.

Queensland : Moreton Bay (type in Mus. Brit.), Taylor Range, ToTNTisville,
Burdekin River, Toowoomba. West Australia : Geraldton (E. H. Saunders), a
(J in Mus. Brit. ; Roebourne, a few in Mus. Tring.

Valve with the scobinate patch present, differently placed from that of
dispUcata ; both the arms of the sacculus shortened.

4. Cleora diphasia sp. n. (pi. XIII, fig. 16).

cJ, 27-32 mm. ; $, 31-36 mm. This was easUy picked out from an enormous
series of calUcrossa from the same locality by its smaller average size, more
dispUcata-\ike underside and the general impression made by the upperside ;
it was then noticed that the (^ hindtibia was not or scarcely dilated, the hair-
pencil wanting. Less variable than calUcrossa (only the roughly typical forms
and those with the median area shaded with black-grey in the posterior half of

the forewing or the posterior and proximal parts yet known). Median shade of

forewing passing close to (generally " huggmg ") the dLstal side of the cell-mark,
never forming the wide loop which is so frequent m calUcrossa ; dark shading on

postmedian about (and in front of) R' on the whole more developed. Hindwing

a trifle less ample in proportion than in calUcrossa, its termen on the whole less

crenulate. Underside with the borders more soberly darkened than in

calUcrossa (especially in the ^), with little or no shading off to brown proxim-
ally ; postmedian of forewing generally touching the dark border in parts of
its anterior half (in calUcrossa generally well separate).

W. Bali : Prapetagoeng, 1,500 feet. May 193.5 (J. P. A. Kalis), 28 ^^cJ,
12 0$, in the Tring Museum. A $ from Sumba (W. Doherty), in the same

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 193

collection, which has hitherto been a puzzle, belongs here, possibly separable
racially.

The shape and armature of the (^ valve (pi. xiii, fig. 1) confirm the distinc-
tions, and the genitalia of the race about to be described (fig. 2) conform entirely ;
complex process of the sacculus modified, less irregular tlian in the decisaria-
callicrossa assemblage, proximally evenly toothed, margin of valve only slightly
hairy. Uncus slight. The aedoeagus agrees with the decisaria rather than with
the dispUcnIa subsection. '

C. d. refota subsp. n. Browner than the Bali race and smaller still than
the great majority ; the brown shade outside the postmedian rather bright, as
also on the forewing that which precedes (proximally) the antemedian.

Tenimber, the type ^J ex coll. Joicey, together with 1 $ ; Portuguese Timor :
Suai, 2 (^^, 3 9$ (E. Wahr) in the Tring Museum, one of each sex showing the
aberration in which the posterior half of the median area is darkened with black-
grey.

5. Cleora rhadia Prout 1929.

Prout, Rerision, p. 204, pi. vi, fig. 20 (1929).

This and the following forms, as far as lacteaia, are associated by the two-
pronged processes of the valve (fig. 3) and seem to be all closely related. Mr.
Stringer, indeed, was inclined to regard all as races of a single species ; but taking
into account all the characters, as well as the inferences deducible from their
distribution, I consider them as two, if not three, species. Concerning typical
rhadia, from Luzon, I have nothing fresh to record.

C. r. Mgescens subsp. n. (pi. xiii, fig. 17), (J, 31-35 mm. ; $, 38 mm. Upper-
side of a dead white, witli some brown-grey irroration. Foreiving perhaps on

an average slightly narrower than in rh. rhadia, proximal markings scarcely so
oblique, median area generally narrower at posterior end, median line more

strongly expressed. Underside distinctive, decidedly whiter than rh. rhadia, the

subterminal shades and on the liindwing the cell-spot still further reduced, some-
times almost obsolete on the hindwing (closely similar to hemiopa ecdees Prout
1929). Valve (fig. 4) narrower at apex than in rh. rhadia, with the pronged
processes of the sacculus longer and slenderer.

W. Bali: Prapetagoeng, 1,500 feet. May 1935, 8 ^^, 1 $, showing little
variation.

From W. Java I have only seen 3 ^t^, which I cannot separate superficially
from rh. frigescens, unless the brown shade outside the postmedian is a little less
ill-developed, but which may represent a different race, as the genitalia of the
one examined in the British Museum (Mount Gedeh, 5,000 feet, Overdijkink)
shows the pronged processes less developed ; the other two (Mount Gedeh, 2,000
feet ; Mount Malang, 3,000 feet) were received by Lord Rothschild from
Mr. Kalis. A worn J from Celebes looks as if it belonged about here, but has
not been critically studied.

(>. Cleora perbona sp. n. (pi. Xlll, fig. 18).

Cleora decisaria part., Prout, Revision, pp. 205, 206. pi. vi, fig. 21 (valve) 1929) (err. (let.).

cj, 33-40 mm. (one dwarf 30 mm.) ; $, 40-42 mm. Conceivably a remarkably
differentiated race ofr/uulia, as no significant difference has yet been found in the
genitalia ; but so dissimilar that I suspect structural distinctions will yot he

13

194 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

discovered. More likely a less white subspecies of the species which I assume to
be lacteala Warr. (see below). Abdomen relatively more elongate than in rhadia,
with irregular dorsal spots (in some examples almost crest-like) of elongate white
scales.

Forewing somewhat less narrow than in rhadia and its races, apex somewhat
rounded, about as in callicrosaa ; in the ^ well tuiged with brown, especially
beneath, in the $ whiter, but more or less copiously irrorated and with the brown
bands which accompany the lines bright ; lines more strongly dentate than in
rhadia, the ante- and the postmedian line widely — generally very widely — separ-
ated at costa, the former slightly oblique inward from costa to SC, then making
a strong curve outward, as in most callicrossa ; median variable, at times making
a wide outward loop beyond the cell-spot ; cell-spot commonly with black or
blackish circumscription ; postmedian with the sinuosities not strong ; sub-
terminal well developed, with fairly strong dark-grey shading or maculation

on each side. Hindwitig with termen rather strongly convex and appreciably

more crenulate than in rhadia ; the patches of raised white scales well developed,
the area between median and postmedian generally whitish ; coloration and
markings otherwise conforming to those of forewing.

Underside at first sight remarkably like that of callicrossa, with similar
brownish suffusions outside the postmedian, strong blackish cell-spots, strong
median line and dark distal bands ; cell-spots on the whole not quite so large,
especially that of the hindwing ; median line even thicker, its central bend on
the hindwing generally rather more angular, its entire course on that wing
inclined to be faintly crenulate ; distal band less broad on both wings, but
especially on the hindwing, showing the tendencies to posterior narrowing, or
even obsolescence, which indicate its affinity with rhadia.

Goodenough Island, 2,500-4,000 feet, April and May 1913 (A. S. Meek), a
good number, the type series in the Tring Museum. Probably also on parts of
the New Guinea coast ; in the Trmg Museum there are no less than 11 ?? from
Astrolabe Bay and district which I feel confident should be referred to perbona,
but not a single ,^ was taken with them.

An aberration, known in one of each sex, shows much black-grey suffusion
proximally to the median line (not, as in similar aberrations of callicrossa and
diphasia, extending to the postmedian posteriorly).

The processes of the valve (fig. 5) are slightly less long than in rhadia
frigescens, but otherwise similar. Unfortunately, not having a Ceram ^ available
and not suspectuig any confusion of closely similar species, I had the valve of a
perbona figured {Revision, pi. vi, fig. 21) as decisaria.

7. Cleora lacteata (Warr. 1897) (pi. XIII, fig. 20).

Chogada lacteata Warr., Nov. Zool., iv, 247 (1897) (Kinnigunang [Kinigunang], New Britain).

I think this name, which has been sunk in the synonymy oi decisaria (Walk.),
will have to be resuscitated for the Bismarck and Solomon Islands representative
of the preceding. Very unfortunately the type, a $, is the only Gazelle Peninsula
specimen of the group yet known and is not quite typical, the marginal (or on the
hindwing chiefly submarginal) shades beneath being less broad than usual ' and

^ Warren's brief diagnosis, giving " thick postmedian and broad submarginal shade," is there-
fore more appropriate to the present species than it would have been if he had compared this
particular specimen with the norm of the group.

NOVITATES ZooLonicAE XL. 1937. 195

— on account of its not very fresh condition — the brownish shading between
pcstmedian and subterminal band is little in evidence ; but a quite normal cJ
of the Solomons species, taken on Feni Island (E. of New Ireland), proves its
occurrence in the Bismarck Archipelago, while a side-by-side comparison with a
short series of both sexes oi ydgristigma (see below) shows how difficult it would be
to conceive of it as an aberration of this latter. For the valve of a Guadalcanar
cJ, see fig. 6.

Generally sjieaking, lactealn differ.'* chiefly from perhona in its whiter colour
(though with strongly developed markings, the brown bands which accompany
the lines rather bright) and especially on the underside, which has the postmedian
still thicker and the borders broader, though on the hindwing still sufficiently
narrowed in its posterior half to leave room for an almost continuous «hite
terminal band from radial fold to tornus.

Solomon Islands : Guadalcanar (type (J in Mus. Trmg), Bougauiville,
Treasury, Choiseul, Ysabel, Tulagi. Also a cj from Feni Island (see above) and
the original $ from New Britain.

8. Cleora decisaria (Walk. 1866) (pi. XIII, figs. 21, 22).

Bmirmia decisaria Walk., List. Lep. Ins., xxxv. 1589 (1866) (Ceram).
Prout. Revision, p. 205 (1929) (part.).

The troublesome fact that Walker founded this species on a $ is made all the
more troublesome by the further fact that it still remains the only specimen of
its group which I have seen from Ceram, so that there has been no opportunity to
become acquainted with the range of forms which occur there or to examine the
genitalia of any topotypical ,^. A fresh study of the type, however, has given
me a certain amount of assurance as to the determination ; the white underside,
without the brownish suffusions of callicrossa and with the median line very ill-
developed posteriorly, point pretty definitely to the other widely distributed
species of the group, so that I feel justified in employing the old name in this
sense.

Expanse 34-42 mm., in W. Bali on the whole a trifle larger than callicrossa
and perhaps with the termen of the forewing slightly more oblique, just sufficiently
to give it in general a slightly less stumpy appearance. In the palpus, antenna,
hindleg and fovea, as well as in the scaling, not yet found to diverge from the
characterization which I gave of the composite " decisaria " of my earlier revision.
Even the (J genitalia deviate so little that one would hesitate to make this a basis
for a reclassification if there were any other way of understanding (and demon-
strating) the interrelations of the distribution, both horizonal and vertical, of
the two forms. The distal margin of the valve (figs. 7, 8) is appreciably
broader and the whole has a squarer appearance, the patch of hairs at its apex
u reduced in extent and the hairs themselves are shorter ; the proximal jiart
of the complex " sacculus " is certainly more highly developed than in some
of the group, but I am not sure that it can be distinguished from every form
that can occur in callicrossa, some allowance havmg to be made for individual
variation.

Walker's type 9. which has lost it.s abdomen but is otherwise in jjassably
good condition, has been very successfully photographed by Mr. Tanis and its
inclusion on our plate will materially add to the utility thereof. It is by no means

196 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

a striking form, but its underside shows close similarity to that of a Mount
Kebea $ with which I carefully compared it ; this, is its turn, is quite obviously
the $ to a (J (from the same locality) which has furnished one of our figures of the
valve (fig. 8). The principal distinctions from callicrossa underside are that the
postmedian line of the underside is slender, only well developed on the anterior
part of the forewing, weak or obsolete behind (in callicrossa thick throughout, see
fig. 21) ; the space between this line and the terminal band whiter (in callicrossa
suffused with brown), on an average broader, the terminal band being on the whole
less broad and less heavy, the contamed white terminal spots not quite so sharply
defined ; the cell-spots, though often large (as in Walker's type) are less constantly
so than in callicrossa, and on the upperside show (that of the hindwing particu-
larly) a tendency to reduce the black element. Notwithstanding the variability
of both, the following further details may also be often found serviceable ; post-
median line of both wmgs, above and beneath, commonly less strongly sinuous
than in callicrossa, at times also the proximal edge of the terminal band of the
forewing ; underside almost throughout with a whiter tone, particularly in
the ?$.

? E. Java: Waterfall Baoeng, 1,200 feet, a pair; W. Bali: Mondoktoempang,
2,500 feet; E. Bali: Batoeriti, 2,500 feet, 2 S3; Burn: Kayeli, 2 SS\
Ceram, 1 $ (the type) ; New Guinea : Mount Kebea, 6,000 feet, 1 (J, 1 $.

9. Cleora amphidoxa sp. n. (pi. XIII, fig. 23).

S, 33-36 mm. ; $, 36-37 mm. Face, palpus, antenna and hindleg as in
decisaria and callicrossa ; tibial pencil of ^J, as in them, including a patch of fuscous
or dark-grey hair. Wings in all the known examples with a slightly brownish

tone, the bright brownshades fairly well expressed. Forewitigwiih. the markings

much as in well-marked decisaria, postmedian line not (as in callicrossa) deeply
incurved at fold, thus never touching the median line, in the $$not even approach-
ing it ; cell-mark with the dark circumscription browai rather than blackish, not
very strong. — Hindiving with corresponding modification of the cell-mark ;

postmedian line often rather markedly sinuous. Underside with some brown

suifusion recalling that of callicrossa ; the markings brown, less mixed with black
than in callicrossa, the postmedian weakened, more approaching that oi decisaria,
the cell-spot of the hindwing also small and weak.

Genitalia : .^ valve (fig. 9) not so square as that of decisaria nor with its
apex so lightly clothed ; seems hardly distinguishable from that of some calli-
crossa forms in which the proximal part of the sacculus armature is highly
developed.

N. Borneo : Tenom (E. Wahr), 6 (J (5', 2 ?$, type ^ in the Tring Mu.seum ;
Labuan (A. Everett), 1 $.

In most respects, including the wing-shape, strictly intermediate between the
preceding and the following species, so that I do not care to attach it to either as
a subspecies, though perhaps the genitalia suggest that it has the more recently
branched off from callicrossa. The only noteworthy aberration yet known is
one of the <J J ; in it the bright brown shades are extended, running longitudin-
ally from near base to near termen on the posterior part of the fore- and the
anterior part of the hindwing.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAK XL. 1937. 197

10. Cleora callicrossa (Meyr. 1889) (pi. XIII, fig. lO).

Boarmia callicrossa ^ Meyr., Tr. Ent. Sue. Land.. 1889, p. 498 (1889) ' (Port Moresby).
Chogada callicrossa Warr., Nov. Zool., v, 42,'), 430 (1898) (Key Islands).
Cleora decisaria part. Prout, Revision, p. 205 (1929).

Meyrick's holotype, a (^, is a pretty and rare aberration with strong dark
blue-grey (almost blackish) shades on the iipperside proximally and distally to
the subterminal. The species is e.xtremely variable on the upperside, but the
splendid series which have been received from the Key Islands and from Prape-
tagoeng, W. Bali, besides good material from Townsville, Queensland, have shown
how little the underside varies and how good a criterion it furnishes in differenti-
ating the allied forms. It is not necessary to repeat here what has been given
under decisaria and amphidoxa.

The valve has been figured from a Key Island (J in Ins. Samoa, iii, 161,
text-fig. 2a, after a drawing by Mr. Tams ; it has, however, been considered
desirable to use some of his photographs here (figs. 10-13), in order not only to
secure uniformity with the other illustrations, but also to show the apical jjatch
of hair and the possibility of geograjjhical variation.

The distribution of callicrossa is certainly very wide, although by no means
so wide as I thought when I gave the list of known localities for " decisaria " on
p. 206 of my first Revision. Leaving out a few which it has not yet been possible
to confirm, I can give the following list : Bali, Sumba, Timor, Dammer, Tenimber,
Key, Queensland, New Guinea (near the coast) and almost certainly St. Aignan
(2 $$ only before me).

One or two extremely interesting aberrations, jjreviously unknown in the
group, occur in the Prapetagoeng series ; perhaps the most striking (represented
^y ^ (S<i ^nd 1 $) has a large dark (brown, largely suffused with black) patch on
the hindwing from R' almost to abdominal margin, proximally crossing the
median line and distally reaching considerably beyond the postmedian.

11. Cleora nigristigma (Warr. 1905) (pi. XIII, fig. 24).

Chogadn decisaria ab. nigristigma Warr.. Xov. Zool., xii, 432 (1905) (Choiseul I.).

I am inclined to think the " deci.saria " of the Solomon Islands a separate
species rather than merely a subspecies of either of the foregoing. The apex of
the valve (fig. 14) is narrower than in any of the cognate forms, the tufts of hairs
on the margin considerably more developed, the complex process of the sacculus
smaller. In any ca.se it needs a separate name.

Generally rather small, the ^^ and to some extent the 9? suffu.sed with
a dirty brownish, the markmgs above generally more or less blurred, even the
lines fine and not intense ; cell-spots, on the other hand, often (perhaps in 20 per
cent, of the known examples) strongly black even on the upperside. Underside,
especially in the J o , with the dark border rather broad and considerablj' reducing
the white terminal spots, the postmedian of the hindwing gently curved rather
than bent or angled.

As regards the nomenclature, I think I am justified in here raising the
" ab." name to the rank of a species, as it was not actually erected as a " nomen
collectivum," is not preoccupied in the genus and happens to represent a phase

' " 1899 " in my Revision is of course a misprint, unfortunate but not likely to have caused any
misunderstanding.

]^9g NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

which, though by no means the commonest, occurs throughout the range of this
species while extremely rare elsewhere in the group.

Bougainville, Choiseul (type), Ysabel, Florida, Guadalcanar, Kulambangza
and San Christoval.

C. n. talaseensis subsp. n. Not so small ( ^, 35-38 mm. ; ?, 37-40 mm.),
above with the marliings less blurred than in n. nigristigma, otherwise essentially
similar.

New Britain : Talasea, January and February 1928 (A. F. Eichhorn), 6 $S>
2 $$ in Mus. Tring ; for the sake of uniformity, I have selected as holotype the
one example ( ^) of the black-spotted form.

12. Cleora ictuibasis sp. n. (pi. XIII, fig. 25).

$, 34-38 mm. ; $, 40 mm.

Divergent from all the preceding in the entire absence of dark terminal
bands beneath ; also in some details of the fovea, which, however, is sufficiently
similar to justify its inclusion in the group. Easily picked out among the
iimunierable con^entraria (Snell.) forms of the district in which it occurs by its
more uniform, greyish tone (caused by the rather profuse distribution of dark
irroration and comparative obsolescence of the reddish-brown bands of shading),
much less bulged postmedian of the forewing, black mark at base of abdominal
margin of hindwing (a trifle larger than in most of the decisaria group) and
essentially different underside, which, though much less deeply than above, is
also uniformly irrorated and shows (rather weakly) the principal markings of the
upperside ; cell-spot, especially of hindwing, generally narrowed. Hindtibia of
(J with strong hair-pencil, tarsus slightly shorter than in decisaria.

Forewing slightly narrower than in decisaria ; the large, composite fovea
characteristic, occupying almost the whole proximal area between M and SM^, its
principal part bisected by the fold but in its totality somewhat lyre-shaped,

scaled above much as in decisaria, but without the differentiated " rosette."

Hindwing above in both sexes with the patches of long white or white-grey scales
as in decisaria.

The (J valve (fig. 15), figured from a photograph kindly prepared by
Mr. Tams, shows a stronger tooth near the base of the costa than in any of the
decisaria group (sens, str.) and very noticeable differences in the armature
(" sacculus " and " harpe ").

E. Java (J. P. A. Kalis) : Djoenggoe, Ardjoeno, 4,500 feet, 8 (JcJ, including
the type; Tengger : Singolangoe, 5,000 feet, 2 tJJ and 1 $; Kletak, 6,000 feet, 1 ^.

NoviTATES ZooLooicAi; XL. 1937. 19!)

SOME OLD-WORLD ANTHRIBIDAE.

By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

'T'HE species described under Nos. 1-16 are from the Oriental Region, those
under Nos. 17-20 from Africa. •

1. Xenocerus anthriboides continens subsp. nov.

cj?. Sutural line joining the angulate transverse line ; dorsal line from middle
to base and lateral one from middle to near base, these lines not interrupted as
in X. a. anthriboides Montr. 1856 ; subapical transverse linear spot long.

Solomon Islands : Bougainville, 2 $$ ; in Brit. Mus. a J with broken
antennae from the same island ; type $.

2. Xenocerus charis sp. nov.

(J. Antenna compressed, segment III short.

Black, densely covered with a clayish buff pubescence. Rostrum with
narrow black median vitta, which widens into a triangle on occiput. Antenna
one-fourth longer than body, black, segment VIII, apex of VII and base of IX
white, II and VI to VIII strongly compressed. On pronotum two black vittae,
broader than buff median vitta and narrower than luteous lateral area. Scutellum
buff. On elytra the following black markings : an oblique shoulder-patch, an
elliptical spot on subbasal swelling, extending to base, two spots side by side
before middle, the upper one from interstice II to IV, a little longer than broad,
the lateral one close to it, somewhat oblique, reaching to margin, broader than
long, with a short spur anteriorly from upper angle, before apical declivity a
transverse band from side to side, evenly curved, convex anteriorly, narrow at
side, dorsally about as broad as interstices I and II, its posterior margin diffuse.
Pygidium with narrow black median vitta. Underside somewhat paler than
upper, without markings ; apices of tibiae and of tarsal segments black.

Length 9 mm.

Tenimber : Larat (F. Muir), 1 ^.

The pubescence may possibly be white in other specimens.

Eczesaris Pascoe 1859.
Syn. : Idiopus Lacordaire, Gen. CoUopl., vii, p. 511 (1866) (type: /. slriga Lacord. 1866).
The genotype of Idiopus is a black species with a white basimarginal band
on the elytra. I have before me three specimens from Ceram and Gilolo which
conform with Lacordaire 's generic and specific descriptions and agree so well
with Eczesaris a(omnria Pascoe 1859 that I have some doubt about their being
really specifically distinct from E. atomaria. Assuming that my identification is
correct — the type of /. striga is not available for comparison ; the locality of the
specimen was said to be Celebes — Idiopus is a synonym of Eczesaris. In Lacor-
dairc's classification Idiopus is placed in group VI and Eczesaris in group VIII.
In the descriptions of these groups of genera it is stated that the antcnnal scrobe
js sulciform in Idiopus and allies and fi)vciform in Eczesaris and allies. However,

200 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 19S7.

on p. 521 Lacordaire himself states that the groove oi Eczesarisioiras a deep furrow.
This statement, which contradicts the diagnosis of group VIII, is hardly correct,
the groove being ovate with a narrow forward projection for the in.sertion of the
antenna and with a glossy shallow depression back- and downwards, ^ihich might
be called a furrow, but not a deep one.

3. Eczesaris bolana sp. nov.

(J. Like E. penicillus Jord. 1898, but elytrum with only two tubercles, which
are high, and the end-segment of antenna short.

Evidently an immature specimen, for the derm of rostrum, underside and
legs is orange-ochraceous and that of lateral half of elytrum green (as it sometimes
is in E. penicillus). Rostrum with low median carina disappearing apicaUy and
basally, dorsolateral carina barely vestigial ; between antenna and eye two thin
ridges, the upper one dorsal, commencing above margin of antennal groove, the
other lateral, a continuation of the margin of this groove. Frons somewhat
broader than in E. penicillus ; pubescence on crown of head somewhat prolonged,
but not forming a tuft. Eye a little longer than in E. penicillus. Segment IX
of antenna somewhat longer than broad, X nearly as broad as long, XI as long as
broad, truncate at base.

Median swelling of pronotum slight, pubescence of central area more or less
orange-ochraceous ; dorsal carina rather strongly concave, towards side more
convex than in the allied species and then again concave, laterally lower in middle
than at end, the thorax appearing, in dorsal view, somewhat constricted before
angle of carina.

Underside with numerous pale huffish dots and dispersed blackish pubescence,
which is the same colour on tibiae and tarsi. Anal sternum truncate-rotundate,
as long medianly as sternum II.

Length 7, width 4 mm.

Mandated New Guinea : Bolan Mts., 1 cJ.

4. Phaulimia caena sp. nov.

c5*$. Very near Ph. priva Jord. 1895, but narrower,, frons wider, club of
antenna shorter, segment X transverse, luteous spots of pronotum larger, par-
ticularly those occupj'ing the central area, which are confluent, angle of pronotal
carina more broadly rounded, horns of hypojiygidium of (^ slightly longer.
Taking the width of rostrum as 1, the width of frons is in Ph. caena ^ 0-32.
? 0-40-0-42, in Ph. priva ^ 0-20-0-25, ? 0-27-0-31.

Ceylon: Mawagankanda, Ratnapura, 500 ft., ii. 1935, ex Dipterocarpus
ceylan'cus, 1 ^ (type) ; Ohiya, Uva, 5,850 ft., vi. 1935, ex. Oordonia ceylonica,
1 (^, 3 $9, and iv. 1935, ex Calophyllum walkeri, 1 small $ ; all collected by Gauri
Dutt.

5. Rhaphitropis cosmia sp. nov.

cJ?. Similar to Rh. steven.si Jord. 1925 ; but frons narrower, being only one-
third the width of rostrum ; antenna pitchy brown, paler at base, club darkest,
almost black ; eye slightly incurved on side towards antenna ; grey streaks of
pronotum more sharply defined ; streak in interstice III of elytrum interrupted
on Bubbasal swelling, thence complete to apex and here turning laterad to join
streak in IX, streak of X from base to apical declivity, the one in VII a little

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 201

shorter and slightly interrupted behind shoulder, streaks IX and X more or less
widely interrupted twice. Tarsi blackish.

Rh. indicus Jord. 192.5, which is streaked and spotted nearly like Rh. utevensi,
has the pronotal dorsal carina much more forward and more distinctly incurved
in middle, almost angulate.

Bengal: Dahura, Bagdogra, Kurseong, viii. 11135 (N. C. Chatterjee), ex

Michelia champaca, a small series.

f

6. Uncifer myodes sp. nov.

cJ$. Similar to U. siigmosus Jord. 193(5 ; smaller, frons much broader,
lateral angle of pronotal carina less projecting backwards, pronotum with two
broad black stripes, etc.

Brownish black, pubescence of upperside mouse-grey with a slight yellow-
ish tint. Head uniformly pubescent ; frons and eye more convex than in
U. siigmosus ; frons a little over half the width of rostrum. Antenna pale buff,
club darker. III very little longer than IX, club a trifle longer than in U . siigmosus.
On pronotum a mouse-grey median stripe interrupted in middle, at side of this
stripe a black one about twice the width, not sharply defined, narrowest at apex,
widened in middle and less so in front of carina ; lateral angle of carina almost
as in some species of Rhaphitropis, not obviously projecting backward, the
carina flexed forward a very short distance. Scutellum nearly white, its colour
contrasting with that of pronotum and elytra. The latter marked with black :
a median patch on suture twice as long as broad, on each elytrum about 23 dots,
most of which placed in interspaces III and alternate ones, two or three of them
joined to the sutural patch, an elongate spot on shoulder angle.

Legs pale buff, tarsi and upperside of femora and tibiae, especially in hindleg,
blackish. Abdomen of cJ medianly flattened, the depression not flanked by a
carina as in U. stigmosus.

Length 2-5-2-8 mm.

Bengal: Duhura, Bagdogra, Kurseong, viii. 1935 (N. V. Chatterjee), ex
Michelia champuca, 1 cJ, 3 9$.

7. Zygaenodes semnus sp. nov.

(^. Eye entire, short-elliptical, eye-stalk with tuft above eye.

Upperside rufescent buff. Rostrum and anterior portion of frons flat with
sides straight from apex to eye-stalk and parallel, the flat area nearly a square ;
apical margin straight, a large diffu.se blackish patch occupying the whole apical
margin, narrowing upward and disappearing towards base, in between antennae
a minute median tubercle. Eye-stalk subcylindrical, very little compressed,
eye larger than usual, placed below end of stalk which bears on upperside a crest
of black-tipped ochraceous hairs. Occiput convex, no tubercle between eye-
stalks ; the following markings white : a lateral stripe from eye to antennal
groove and a second parallel with the first farther back, a diffuse apical patch
on frontal side of eye-stalk and a transverse band between the eye-stalks.
Antenna inserted on straight side of rostrum at two-fifths from eye-stalk to
mandible, proximally rufescent buff, gradually becoming blackish distally,
segment III nearly as long as IV |- V, IV to VII nearly alike, VIII shorter
and apically broader, IX two and one-half times as long as VIII, one-third

202 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

longer than III, X as long as III, XI a little longer than III, one-sixth shorter
than IX.

Pronotum with narrow, interrupted, white median band, a sublateral,
irregular, pale stripe within a broad blackish area connected halfway between
carina and apical margin with a pale lateral patch ; above this stripe a
small white dot at carina ; dorsal carina angulate in centre ; no tubercles ;
scutellum white.

Elytra one-fiftli longer than broad, flattened dorsally, strongly convex-
declivous posteriorly, subbasal swelling distinct, but not tuberculiform ; this
swelling, the shoulder, a area from shoulder gradually widening, reaching in
middle to interspace III, and the whole apical area to above the declivity brownish
black, before apical area a transverse white band from side to side, wider at
suture than in interstices IV- VI, extending forward between VII and margin to
base, and connected with scutellum by an oblique branch which runs across
antemedian depression along the posterior and sutural sides of subbasal swelling ;
in white transverse band two brown dots in interspace III, in interspace VII
six blackish spots from apical black area to shoulder and in IX three such spots,
a large triangular antemedian lateral patch free of white pubescence, the dorsal
area from black apex to base rufescent buff, enclosing blackish subbasal swelling ;
no tubercles. Pj-gidium black, a little broader than long, apex round.

Under.side browTiish black ; on mesepimerum and anterior half of metepi-
sternum a white elongate patch, from which extends a thin line along lower
margin of metepisternum, tip of metepimerum also white ; abdomen with thin
silky white pubescence. Femora dark brown, their apices rufescent buff like
tibiae and tarsi ; all tibiae subcylindrical, foretibiae not compressed.

Length 4-5, width 2-3 mm.

Malay Peninsula : Retam Tenggalt R., xii. 1932, in flight (F. G. Browne),

1 ^•

8. Basitropis truncalis sp. nov.

$. Like B. peregrimis Pasc. 1859, from Australia, perhaps a subspecies.
Broader ; apical sinus of rostrum wider, less anguliform, the apex of rostrum
medianly more convex ; pronotum broader and its sides more roimded, propor-
tions of length and width in B. peregrinus $ from Queensland 22 : 23, in the new
species 22 : 25. Abdomen with a row of dark-brown lateral spots as in B.
peregrinus, all segments punctate, punctures laterally confined to base on II and
III, ventrally the punctures very small and scattered except on I and V ; pro-
sternum with transverse fold in front of coxae as in B. peregrinus, but the fold
more prominent.

Length 11-0, width 4-3 mm.

Solomon Islands: Lavoro, Guadalcanar, ii.l934 (H. T. Pagden), on tree
trunk.

9. Basitropis modica sp. nov.

$. The pubescence has much suffered ; maculation similar to that of B.
hamata Jord. 1903, but the spots more scattered. Proboscis with median carina
as in that species, the punctures larger and more numerous, longitudinally con-
fluent, as they are also on upperside of head (except neck). Antenna a little
shorter than in $ of B. hamata. Pronotum as long as broad, less rounded and
narrower than in B. hamata and other Indian species, puncturation denser.

NOVITATES ZOOI-OOICAE XL. 1937. 203

especially at side, where the punctures form a net, with the interspaces much
smaller than the punctures ; dorsal carina somewhat more concave and therefore
the lateral angle more obtuse than in B. hamata.

Length 4-3-6-3 mm.

Bihar, Balaghat, C.P., vi. 1927 (Gauri-Dutt), 1 $ (6-3 mm.) ; Chota Nagpore,
1 $, type ; Motinala Road, S. Mandla, C.P., vi.l927 (N. C. Chatterjee), 1 $.

10. Protaedus salomonis sp. nov.

(J. Pale rufescent buff, pubescence grey, with brown patches. Rostrum
slightly impres.sed in middle, but with the margin of antcnnal groove strongly
elevate, apical angle projecting, the sides being incurved at antennal grooves.
Frons moderately convex, broader than rostrum between antennae. Eye
strongly convex, with the sinus small and shallow. Antenna differs from that
of other species of the genus in segment III being a little longer than IV ; IV
to VIII about equal, IX to XI brown, IX a little shorter than VIII and a little
longer than X, XI a trifle longer than X, with pale tip.

Pronotum one-third broader than long, coriaceous, slightly convex, somewhat
flattened apically, at apex a double patch extending on to occiput brown, in
posterior two-thirds of disc each side of middle a large brown patch, trapezoidal,
the anterior outer angle of it produced forward, from this projection a stripe
runs obliquely backward towards lateral carina and another obliquely forward
to apex of lateral carina ; dorsal carina medianly nearly straight, quite evenly
curved forward in a wide arc to apical third, sides strongly rounded in conse-
quence, the pronotum being one-third broader at widest point than at apex.

Elytra strongly punctate-striate, with the interspaces convex ; grey, with
diffuse brown patches and dots which are more or less connected, dorsally about
six from base to apex and laterally about eight. Pygidium rounded, broader
than long, almost smooth.

On underside the derm of thorax and abdomen brown. Legs pale, segment
I of tarsi shorter than II to IV together, especially in fore- and midtarsi.

Length 2-4, width I-O mm.

Solomon Islands : Lakaru, Russell I., ii. 1934 (R. J. A. W. Lever), 1 cj-

11. Autotropis notalis sp. nov.

cj$. Close to A. modesta Jord. 1924; larger; club of antenna somewhat
broader ; pubescence of scutellum and basal half of elytra clayish grey instead
of greyish white ; subbasal swelling of elytrum less prominent ; behind middle
of elytrum an irregular blackish patch separated from the blackish lateral
border.

Length : 4-5 mm.

Bengal : Samsingh, Kalimpong, iv. and v. 34 (Balwant Singh and M.
Posford), type, ex Acrocarpus frazinifolius ; Gazalduba, Jalpaiguri, x.1933
(N. C. Chatterjee).

12. Misthosima separ sp. nov.

cJ?. Like M. badia Jord. 1931 from Java ; but rostrum somewhat shorter :
antenna of (J thicker ; pronotum more convex and its carina evenly rounded at
side, without indication of an angle ; foretarsus of ^ narrow and like foretibia
without long hairs, segment I of all tarsi longer than II to IV together.

204 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

Ceylon : Kandy, vi. vii. 1908 (G. E. Bryant), type ; Colombo, a small series.
Also from Kanekath, Nilambur, Madras, vi.l925 (S. N. Chatterjee), ex Tectona
grandis.

13. Melanopsacus nanellus sp. nov.

(J$. A small species. Very pale clay-colour (probably all the specimens
not quite mature). Nearest to 31. ceylanicus Jord. 1895, subglobose, less than
twice as long as broad, sides rounded. On pronotum, in some specimens, indica-
tions of brown spots. Pubescence pale, evenly distributed, short, turned forward
on pronotum and backward on elytra, the silky jjatches of 31. ceylanicus, 31.
lapillus Jord. 1924 and 31. depexus Jord. 1933 absent ; in these three species the
pubescence of the patches duected more or less right and left. Shaft of antenna
brownish, club brown, segment II as long as III + IV, IX slightly asymmetrical,
X and XI symmetrical, XI longer than X, nearly as long as II, elongate-elliptical,
twice as long as broad. Eye black, smaller than usual, twice as long as broad.
Frons broader than interspace between antennal scrobes. Lateral angle of
pronotal carina smaller than 90°, angle of pronotum very little produced. Pygi-
dium strongly rounded, about one-third broader than long.

Length 1-2-1 -4 mm.

Bengal: Dahura, Bagdogra, Kur.seong, vii. viii. 1935 (N. C. Chatterjee), a
series ex 3Iichelia champaca.

14. Deropygus curvatus sp. nov.

cJ$. In size like small specimens of D. haemorrhoidalis Jord. 1895 ; pronotal
carina laterally rounded without indication of an angle ; elytra, meso-meta-
sternites and abdomen black, or ( ?) also head and prothorax black.

1^. Head and prothorax pale buff, pubescence of pale areas grey. Frons
one-seventh the width of head inclusive of eyes. Antenna testaceous. In front
of scutellum a double spot black or the greater part of disc of pronotum blackish
brown or black, apical area and sides and a sublateral basal triangular spot
remaining pale, in the pale lateral area some brown spots, pubescence blackish
except on some apical and lateral grey patches ; puncturation as dense as in
D. haetnorrhoidalis, forming a net ; carina flexed forward at side in an even curve,
whereas in D. haemorrhoidalis there is a sharply marked angle of 95°.

Elytra black, rather coarsely punctate-striate, interstices granulate, the
grey pubescence scattered, more concentrated at lateral margin and in two
indistinct transverse bands, one behind middle and the other at beginning of
apical declivity, an antemedian oval sutural spot conspicuous, almost confined to
sutural interspace, no pale apical area. Pygidium broader than in D. haeinor-
rhoidalis, one-half longer than broad, brownish black, with evenly distributed
grey pubescence, median carina highest in apical half, higher than in D.
haemorrhoidalis.

Metasternum convex each side of median furrow, not broadly flattened as in
D. haemorrhoidalis ^ ; abdomen compressed, but medianly transversely rounded,
anal segment not abruptly projecting downwards, in lateral aspect the ventral
outline from apex of end-segment forward gradually and nearly evenly curved,
end-segment with small, shallow, transverse groove divided by a slight median
carina and bearing a transverse double row of short bristles. Legs pale buS",
more or less shaded with blackish bro^vn.

NoviTATES ZooLooicAE XL. 1937. 20o

9. Black ; derm of occiput with a pale patch at eye. Base of antenna
rufescent. In apical area of pronotum four diffuse grey spots. Elytra with
antemedian grey sutural spot as in ^. Pjgidium a little longer than broad,
convex in basal half, apically impressed, the rim being raised, but no subapical
upturned flap. Apical margin of anal sternum medianly somewhat projecting
like the spout of a jug. Legs coloured as in darkest ^.

Length 3-5-3-8 mm.

Dehra Dun : Nakronda, vii.l93U (J. C. H. Gardner), in dead fallen tree.

15. Stenorhis docis sp. nov.

^. Differs from ,St. ampedus Jord. 1928 (Ellice Is.) in the much longer club
of the antenna and the rougher surface-structure of upper- and underside.

Twice as long as broad. Rufous brown ; pubescence luteous grey variegated
with whitish grey, some places without pubescence. Markings diffuse : in front
of pronotal carina on each side a small spot near angle, a comma-shaped one
near middle and several indefinite markings near apex whitish ; in front of apical
declivity of elytra a transverse luteous-grey zigzag band, another band near apex,
basal half of elytra luteous grey variegated with brown and whitish grey.

Club of antenna longer than segments III to VIII together, III longer than
IV, VIII about one-third longer than broad. Pronotum densely reticulate, basal
angle obtuse and rounded off ; lateral carina extending a little beyond middle,
continued by a slight longitudinal ridge. Elytra densely granulate, punctate-
striate, the stripes not very conspicuous on account of the roughness of the inter-
stices. Pygidium longer than in St. ampedus, prominently reticulate, apex
truncate-rotundate, incrassate in anal aspect. Abdomen pitted with large
punctures on all the segments. Tarsal segment III broader than long, but
narrower than in St. ampedus.

Length 2 mm.

South Palavan, 1 cJ-

16. Stenorhis promus sp. nov.

Less cylindrical than the preceding species ; club of antenna as long as
segments I to VII together.

Pale rufescent buff (immature ?), with lighter and darker patches, the
former with grey, the latter with black dispersed pubescence. Segments I to ^^I
of antenna pale rufous buff, VII to XI blackish. III shorter than II, VIII barely
twice as long as broad, club very slender, not broader than segment I, its three
segments about alike in length, XI pale at apex. Frons one-tenth narrower
than the eye is broad transversely.

Pronotum one-fourth broader than long, nearly straight at side from base
to beyond middle, then strongly narrowed-rounded, densely punctate-reticulate,
evenly convex transversely and longitudinally, depressed along dorsal carina,
indistinctly marbled with grey and black pubescence ; angle of carina very little
larger than 90°, lateral carina extending to middle, blackish like dorsal carina.

Elytra strongly convex transversely, rounded-declivous longitudinally from
near base, punctate-striate, interstices flat, punctures very much narrower than
the interstices, row III containing about 26 punctures ; a short basal sutural
stripe, another in interstice III and the shoulder grey, an antemedian transverse

206 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

band, an anteapical zigzag band, an apical band, the lateral margin and a sub-
lateral median spot likewise grey, rest with dispersed black pubescence, the mark-
ings all diffuse and inconspicuous in the only specimen before me. Pygidium
broader than long, rounded.

Length 1-8, width 0-9 mm.

Fiji : Taveuni, Waiyevo, x. 1924 (Dr. H. S. Evans), 1 $ (?).

17. Tropiderinus nasutulus Bohem. 1845.

Syn. : Plintherin einerea Jord., Xoc. ZooL, i, p. 628 (1894) (Sierra Leone).

cJ9- Rostrum in apical half with a median carina which reaches neither
halfway to eye nor to apical margin. In ^ segment III of antenna at most as
long as II, usually distinctly shorter. Upperside grey, with black and brown
patches and irrorations.

In our collection from Sierra Leone, Ukerewe (Victoria Nyanza), Usambara,
Mozambique and Natal.

18. Tropiderinus plintherioides Karsch 1882.

Mecocerus plintherioides Karsch, Berl. Ent. Zeits., p. 402 (1882) (Chinchoxo).

(J$. Rostrum without carina. Pubescence white, concentrated in patches
and, as a rule, along suture, contrasting with the glossy black derm, upperside
more extended black than white. In ^J segment III of antenna longer than II,
club longer than in T. nasutulus, especially segments IX and XL

In our collection from Cameroons, Fernando Po, Gaboon, Belgian Congo.
Evidently replacing the previous species in the forest region of West Africa.

19. Tropiderinus celatus sp. nov.

o9. Rostrum with a longer carina than in T. nasu'ulus, extending from base
to between antennae. White scale-hairs of upperside longer and narrower than
in the two previous species, scattered, more numerous in front of scutellum,
at base of suture, in antemedian depression of elytra and in front of apical
declivity. Antenna of ^ reaching to near middle of elytra (with the head
directed forward-downward), segment III one-half longer than II, being longer
than in the other species, VIII as long as II, IX one-half longer than broad, one-
fifth longer than VIII and one-fifth shorter than III, X one-fourth broader than
long ; in 9 II one-sixth longer than III, VIII half as long as II, IX one-fifth longer
than III, a little longer than broad, X one-half broader than long. White scale-
hairs of underside and legs longer and less close together than in the previous
insects.

Length 3-3-3-5, width 1-5-1 -6 mm.

Capetown : 1 ^J, type ; Durban : 1 $.

20. Anaulodes eumeces sp. nov.

$. Distinguished especially by the elliptical eye not being sinuate and the
pronotum being one-fourth longer than broad.

Narrower than the other known species ; rufescent brow7i, pubescent grey
mottled with brown ; median area of pronotum for the greater part brown,
in two specimens with an interrupted grey median stripe and some grey spots,
in the third specimen more diffusely spotted with grey and an antemedian spot

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 207

each .side of middle fairly conspicuous ; elytra spotted with brown, sutural
interspace almost tessellated, in two specimens sutural area more brown than
grey, before apical declivity a large brown patch on each elytrum isolated or more
or less connected across suture. Pygidium strongly rounded, about one-third
broader than long, apical margin slightly elevate in centre.

Eye much less convex than in the other species qf the genus. Prothorax a
little broader than elytra ; these two and one-half times as long as broad.

Apical margin of hindtibia, on ventral side, with a small pale hump and a
short tooth-like projection.

Length 3-5-4-3, width 1-0-1 -3 mm.

Tanganyika Territory : Ukerewe, viii. xii. 1935 (P. A. Conrads), three $$.

Anaulodes cylindricus Kolbe 1894 is the same as Anthribidus caffer Fahrs.
1871. We have specimens from Sierra Leone, the Congo and Natal. In the $
the anal sternum bears a small median carina at apex.

Anthribidus Fahrs. 1871.

Syn. : Antholribidus Gemm. and Har., Cat. Col., ix, p. 2743 (1892) (emendatio).

Fahraeus placed two new species into his new genus, but did not follow
Schonherr's excellent custom of designating the genotype. The two si^ecies,
A. natalensis and A. caffer, are generically distinct, and the second has indirectly
been made by Kolbe the genotype of Anaulodes Kolbe, Stett. Ent. Zeil. Iv,
p. 390 (1895, vol. Iv for 1894 issued 1895), Kolbe 's cylindricus being the same as
caffer. In order to forestall any possible nomenclatorial complication I designate
Anthribidus tmtalensis Fahrs., 0(}v. Vet.-Al-. Fork. 1871, p. 441, as genotype of
Anthribidus.

In Schenkling, Cat. Col., Pars 102 : Wolfrum, Anthribidae, a third species
is placed under Anthribidus: sellatus Roelofs 1879, from Japan. But this is
closely related to the European Anthribid generally known as Anthribtis albinus
L. 1758, Sharp's A. daimio 1891 being a synonym of sellatits. The unfortunate
mania to emendate names carried out in the Munich Cat. Col. by Dr. Gemminger,
sometimes with ludicrous results, evidently misled Roelofs to describe the
species as " Anthotribidus (Anthribidus Fahrs.) sellatus " ; he states that this new-
species has the characteristics attributed to " Anthribidus " by Lacordaire, Gen.,
vii, 574, which volume appeared five years before the birth of the name A nlhribidus.
Roelofs meant, of course, Anthribus of Lacordaire 's work (= Anthotribus of the
Cat. Col. by Gemm. and Har. 1872). Roelofs compares it with " Phlofobius
longipennis F. and P. gibbosus R.," the former name being a slip of the pen,
instead of P. longicornis F. 1798.

Anthribidus natalensis is very close to certain small Phloeobius Schonh.
1826, and it appears to me as yet uncertain whether there is a sharp line of generic
distinction. The chief characteristics of A. natalensis are the broad frons, the
slender and lujn-prolonged ,^ antenna and the broad apex of the pronotum. The
side of the pronotum, from the end of the lateral carina to the apical margin, is
cariniform, this ridge projecting a little forward behind the eye, the apex of the
prothorax being broader than the head inclusive of the eyes. It is perhaps
advisable to place into Anthribidus all the species now in Phloeobius which have
a similar prothorax. That, however, woidd also involve Phloeobiopsis Kolbe
1895, the genotype of which I have not yet examined.

208 NOVITATES ZooLoaicAE XL. 1937.

ANTHRIBIDAE FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA.
By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.
RICH collection of South American Anthribidae entrusted to me for

A

^study by Dr. A. Avinoff, director of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg,
Penii., was the primary incentive to overhaul, in conjunction with this collec-
tion, our own Nearctic material which had accumulated during the last thirty
years. The number of species unknown to me was found to be large in both
collections. As the majority of species described from South and Central
America are represented either at Tring or at the British Museum by the types
or by paratypes, the determination of the material was much facilitated. There
remained, however, instances of species so closely resembling each other that the
original descriptions of a hundred years ago applied equally well to one or the
other of them and of which the types are at Stockholm. Professor O. Lundblad
very generously lent me the types which it was necessary to compare, and I
express here my gratitude to him for having thus assisted me in determining
correctly some hitherto doubtful species.

The new species of Anthribidae which await description are numerous, one
might almost say endless. For various reasons 1 pubHsh here the descriptions
of only a portion of the new species actually seen and compared. Another
instalment may follow, if time permits.

Mr. F. Nevermann, of S. Jose, Costa Rica, has also submitted to me for
determination several interesting species, among which were three new ones
represented by small series of specimens ; the descriptions of these are
incorporated in this paper, as are likewise the descriptions of two new species
received from the Riksmuseum at Stockholm.

The types of the new species are at Tring, if not otherwise stated, and I
have retained one or more paratypes of the new species, the types of which are
in the Carnegie Museum, in coll. Nevermann or in the Riksmuseum. I cordially
thank the donors, and particularly Dr. A. Avinoif for his patience and generosity.

Most of the species here described belong to the genera Oymnognathus and
Phaenithon. It is interesting to note that there is a resemblance in colour and
pattern between several species of the two genera, and even such a peculiar
cJ-character as the deep groove on the head of certain species of Gymnognathus is
found again in at least one species of Phaenithon.

1. Tribotropis subvittatus sp. nov.

(J. As in T. vittatus Kirsch 1888 the jirosternum without transverse fossa
and head and pronotum with median vitta.

Black ; antenna, tibiae and tarsi rufous, apex of antenna and tarsi more or
less black. Median stripe of rostrum, head and pronotum buff, a similarly
coloured lateral stripe from eye to base of pronotum, not separate on pronotum
from colouring of underside, less regular than median stripe and enclosing several
irregular black spots ; lateral carina longer than in T. vittatus. Elytra strongly
depressed at suture, interspace III convex, at beginning of apical declivity

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 209

costate, V here likewise eostate and higher than III, the whole surface with buff
pubescence which enclo.ses many black spots from III to X, these spots in V
linear, sutural depression predominantly buff, sutural interspace tessellated with
black, II almost entirely buff.

Below buff at side ; intercoxal process of mesosternum not humped as in
T. vittatus, but declivous, flat, subtriangular, with apex rounded ; abdominal
sternum I without sex-mark.

Length : 19, width 6 mm.

Ecuador : Rio Pastazza, 1 ^.

2. Ischnocerus malleri sp. nov.

o$. Eye smaller than in /. aeneua Jord. 1895. Pronotum with a very slight
depression each side of middle, centre very feebly convex, without tufted tubercle,
sides strongly convex, more rounded than in /. aeneus ; dorsal carina straight.
Derm of elytra less metallic than in I. aeneus ; subbasal tubercle high, not
divided into two, not tufted ; interspaces III, V and VII costate in posterior half,
III highest, these ridges not divided into tubercles and not tufted. Foretibia
strongly compressed, broader than in /. aeneus.

Pubescence of upper- and underside and legs grey, almost evenly distributed
in small spots and patches, the underside and femora especially being irrorated
or pencilled with grey, pubescence not condensed on rostrum, head and middle
area of pronotum ; suture and alternate interspaces not tessellated with black,
interspace II and alternate ones not buff.

Brazil : Hansa Humljoldt, Sta. t'atarina (Anton Mailer), one pair ; named
in honour of the collector, from whom I have received several new Anthribidae.

3. Goniocloeus morulus sp. nov.

(J$. Black, pronotum almost impunctate, elytra with numerous tubercles ;
pubescence greyish white, condensed in dispersed small spots, which are numerous
as a rule, a lateral row on abdomen definite ; segment XI of antenna and III
and IV of tarsi pale rufescent buff.

Rostrum a little more than half as broad again as long, with numerous
shallow punctures, at ba.se a median carina flanked by a depression ; another
depression, but shallower, behind apex on each side. Frons less than half the
width of rostrum (J' 1:3, 9 1 •' 2|), punctate-subreticulate, with indication of
median carina, occiput depressed each side, the depressions extending from
behind eye obUquely forward, disappearing on frons, behind and above eye as
well as in centre of occiput a diffuse white spot. Club of antenna almo.st
compact, 2.J times as long as broad (17: 7), all three segments broader than
long, X transverse (14 : 9), XI round apart from truncate base ; apices of IX
and X often pale.

Pronotum one-third broader than long, the greyish white pubescence forming
diffuse and jjartly confluent spots, 7 behind carina and 10 to 18 between carina
and apical margin ; in front of carina a median swelling, tuberculiform, rounded,
on each side and in front of it a depression, the lateral depression extending
sidewards, widening above lateral carina, the anterior depression extending
obliquely forward and sideward, gradually becoming subapical ; dorsal carina
somewhat undulate, curved forward at side in a broad irregular arc to two-thirds

14

210 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

of length of j)rothorax, lateral angle faintly indicated and lateral carina somewhat
incurved before angle. Scutellum white.

Elytra one-fourth longer than broad, with parallel sides ; greyish white
pubescence diffuse, tubercles more or less black, suture dotted with black,
subbasal tubercle and median one of third interspace large, rounded, the former
the larger, in apical half two smaller tubercles in III and a vestigial one near
apical margin, in V four tubercles, smaller than the corresponding ones of III
and placed more forward except the subbasal one, which is placed at the side of
the large tubercle of III, at apex a depression, in VII four small tubercles and in
front of apical depression a vestige of a fifth, IX with four feebly raised black
spots and two or three white dots. Pygidiuni imjiunctate.

White pubescence of underside thin, metcpimerum and a row of four lateral
dots on abdomen white ; prosternite and abdomen impunctate, punctures on
side of metasternite small, shallow and scattered. Tibiae with antemedian white
ring ; basal half or third of tarsal segment I and base of II white above.

Length : 5-3-6-7, width 2-7-3-4 mm.

Amazonas : Para (tyije) and Santarem, type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg ;
also from Costa Rica (F. Nevermann).

4. Goniocloeus marilis sp. nov.

(J. Like G. morulm (No. 3), smaller, with few buff and white conspicuous
markings ; base of rostrum without median carina ; sides of pronotum from
near dorsal carina to apex and depression around antebasal median tubercle
punctate ; tubercles in apical half of elytra and in interspaces V and VII much
lower, mere pustules, no conspicuous white dots except one before middle in
interspace V ; tarsal segment I not white above. Lateral spot and median dot
of occiput and lateral apical spots of pronotum buif .

Length : 3-7, width 1-9 mm.

Amazonas : Santarem, 3 (JcJi type in Carnegie Museum.

5. Monocloeus furvus sp. nov.

?. A small species similar to 31. or Jord. 1904. Club of antenna not loose
as in M. or, but compact, segments X and XI being broad at base and fitting
into the apex of the preceding segment. Pronotum creamy buff at sides, the
brown median area occupying anteriorly half the surface and posteriorly less
than one-third, within it some creamy-buff speckles and a vestigial median vitta,
in lateral area three small, ill-defined, black spots. Base of elytra not rufescent
and not creamy buff, but dark-coloured like the rest of the elytra, subbasal
swelhngs less prominent than in M. or, third interspace without median tubercle,
no small tubercles elsewhere, in interspace III a creamy-buff spot behind ante-
median depression followed by a short black line which is very slightly elevate
and ends at a postmedian creamy-buff spot ; each of these huffish spots, but
farther back, accompanied by a small spot in V, a number of more or less indefinite
creamy-buff spots and scattered pubescence of the same colour in apical half of
elytra. Tibiae with grey antemedian ring, tarsal segment I grey above.

Length 4-0-4-5, width 2-0-2-3 mm.

Amazonas : Santarem, type in Carnegie Museum.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 211

6. Monocloeus inaeaualis sp. nov.

(J$. Closely agreeing with M. spiniger Jord. 1904 ; subapical tubercle of
interspace III of elytra not long, conical and pointed, but small, not larger than
the corresponding tubercle of interspace VII.

" Brazil," type ex coll. Dejean with a label bearin'g above name ; in Carnegie
Museum from Rio de Janeiro and Santarem.

7. Piezocorynus polimelas sp. nov.

Like P. brevis Jord. 1904 somewhat out of place in this genus on account of
the dorsal carina of the pronotum being subbasal, parallel with basal margin
and ending abruptly at side or slightly curving forward.

(J$. Ovate, strongly convex, subglobular. Pitchy black, antenna paler,
pubescence of upper- and underside greyish white, sparse, evenly distributed,
not concealing the colour of the derm, but somewhat denser on scutellum,
metepimerum, a subbasal tibial ring and proximally on tarsal segments I
and II.

Rostrum flat, broader than long (17 : 14), densely punctate-rugulate. Head
punctate-granulate. Club of antenna very loose, X and XI (or only XI) pale
buff.

Pronotum more than one-third broader than long, straight at sides from
angle of carina, evenly convex, densely granulose-coriaceous, the granules
arranged more or less in transverse ridges ; distance of carina from basal margin
about the length of antennal segment XI, practically the same from side to side,
the lateral angle projecting sidewards, so that the basal longitudinal cannula
forms a very acute angle with dorsal carina.

Elytra subglobular, strongly rising from basal margin, behind subbasal
swellings transversely slightly depressed, from before middle regularly declivous-
convex towards sides and apex, as in P. tristis Jekel 1855 ; punctate-striate,
none of the interspaces convex. Pygidium longer than broad in both sexes.

Sides of thoracic sterna dispersedly punctate. Intercoxal process of meso-
sternum as in P. tristis truncate, nearly twice as broad as long. Anal sternum
of $ triangular, the smooth tip visible from above.

Length 5-5, width 3-7 mm.

Amazonas : Santarem, two pairs, type in Carnegie Museum.

8. Piezocorynus puUinus sp. nov.

cJ$. Subcyhndi-ical, black, spotted with grey or luteous ; segments X and
XI of antenna somewhat longer than broad ; angle of pronotal carina about 90°,
but very strongly rounded; subbasal callosity of elytrum prominent. Near
P. homoews Jord. 1904 in colouring. Derm sometimes rufescent ; pubescence
grey, not concealing the colour of the derm, two minute creamy spots at eye.
Antenna tliin, rufous or rufescent, VIII slightly widening towards apex, club
of the narrow and loose type, IX triangular, nearly twice as long as broad in ^,
in $ about one-half longer tlian broad, X triangular, somewhat longer tiuin
broad, XI ovate-elliptical, pale creamy buff.

On pronotum a short apical median dash, a median basal spot and a lateral
antemcdian minute dot white, inconspicuous, centre distinctly raised, the disc

212 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

being somewhat depressed at the sides and behind this swelling ; carina subbasal,
almost straight, slightly convex halfway to side, flexed forward at side nearly in
a semicircle, running first forward and before reaching the vestigial meral suture
turning upward-forward and disappearing at apical third ; between dorsal carina
and carinate basal margin a complete transverse cannula, which is nearer the
dorsal carina at sides than in middle ; behind dorsal carina at each side of middle
the grey pubescence scarce, there being an indistinct blackish patch which
extends more or less across the carina.

Scutellum creamy. Elytra coarsely punctate-striate, suture and convex
alternate interspaces spotted with luteous or grey, the spots numerous and
small at suture, few and somewhat longer elsewhere. III with short black
postmedian elevate dash.

Legs and underside of body uniformly and rather sparsely pubescent grey,
tibiae without spots or rings. Middle of abdomen not flattened in the specimens
with long antennae, which I take to be (JcJ (not dissected).

Length 4-4-5-5, width 2- 1-2-6 mm.

Amazonas : Santarem, a series, type in Carnegie Museum.

Gymnognathus Schonli. 1826.

The name appears first in the Tabula Synoptica on p. 4 of Curcul. Disp.
Meth. (1826) as Subgenus H Oymnognathus nob. Typus : Anthr. (Oymiiogn.)
signatus nob.

Both the genus and species were new and without diagnosis. On pp. 37-38
the generic description is supplied and the statement added : TypiiS : — A nthr .
Ancora Germ. — congenericus : Arithr. (Oymnogn.) signatiis nob.

As the generic and specific names of p. 4 are nomina nuda, the designation
oi signatus as genotype on p. 4 is not valid. The genotype is Anthribus ancora
Giermar 1824, designated on p. 38.

The species are numerous ; 80-odd are now known, and I have seen many
more. In the Key given after the descriptions of the new species I have divided
the genus into two Sections in accordance with the surface structure of the
pronotum. In Section I the derm is minutely coriaceous, rarely rugulose, and in
Section II it is longitudinally plicate, the ridges being sometimes confined to a
narrow median space in front of carina and concealed by the median vitta. To
some extent the pattern of species belonging to Section I recurs in Section II.
The antennae of some species of Section II are long as in Analotes discoideus
Fahrs. 1839, and as there are intermediates between the longicorn and the
brevicorn species, I have as yet not found any reUable difference by which to
separate Analotes inclusive of the longicorn Gymnognathius from the brevicorn
Gymnognathus, and for that reason I have included Analotes discoideus in the
Key of Section II. One might, of course, place all the species with phcate
pronotum into Analotes, but I am not prepared to follow that course, since I
am not yet sure that the division into the two Sections is more than a mere
convenience.

The only described species I cannot place in the Key is 0. nehulosxis
Motsch. 1874, from Brazil, the description containing no detail for recognizing
the species.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 213

SECTION I.— PRONOTUM NOT LONGITUDINALLY PLICATE.—

SPECIES 9-34.

9. Gymnognathus bryanti sp. nov.

cJ$. Similar to O. rufidava Jord. 1906, but elytra without brown V-mark.

As in O. rufidava head and anterior half of pronotum orange-red, contrasting
with rostrum. Pronotum rather coarsely granulate, the transverse ridges dis-
tinct, carina somewhat abruptly flexed forward ; basal half creamy, this colouring
projecting forward in middle and enclosing two brown patches on each side in
front of carina ; fringe of apical margin creamy. Interspace II and alternate
ones of elytra white, these stripes divided in apical half into two lines each.
Pygidium in (J as long as broad, in $ very little longer, apical teeth distinct but
short, white median line distinct. Occiput of ^J with ovate groove, diameter of
groove much longer than distance of groove from eye.

Brazil : Ilha Santo Antonio, near Santos, iii . 1912 (G. E. Bryant), two pairs.

Of 0. rufidava only the $ is known ; the posterior half of its pronotum ashy,
with six blackish brown spots before carina and two behind it, besides vestiges
of other brown spots, the area anteriorly straight, not produced forward in
middle ; white lines of elytra thin from near base, almost restricted to the
punctate stripes ; metasternite more extendedly pubescent luteous at side than
in 0. bryanti.

10. Gymnognathus hetarus sp. nov.

cj$. Similar to G. ciiicticollis Jord. 1895 ; as in that species head and
pronotum orange-red ; on pronotum an apical marginal band and another
before dorsal carina extending on to ventral surface, a short median vitta from
carina forward, three patches behind carina ochreous, on elytra a dark-brown V
from shoulder across suture, basal fourth with pale ochreous stripes and spots,
on rest of elytra interspaces II and alternate ones grey or with thin grey lines
on the rows of punctures. Underside spotted as in O. cindicollis. Differs from
that species in the proboscis being longer, the antennal segments VI to VIII
thinner (not compressed), the median basal spot of pronotum broader, the
pygidium and anal sternum truncate-emarginate, -mih the angles distinct, but
rounded off, and in the niidtibia of ^ being devoid of the apical tooth present in
(J of G. cindicollis.

Length 7-0-90 mm.

Amazonas (Dr. Hahnel), type ; also from French Guiana ; in Carnegie
Museum from Para and Santarem.

11. Gymnognathus hehna sp. nov.

(J. Likewise near G. cincHcollis, broader, head ( (^) with deep median groove,
transverse band in front of carina of pronotum shortened, not reaching to median
vitta, pygidium with large brown median area, truncate, with the angles some-
what acuminate.

Rostrum and frons dark rufescent, with broad pale ochreous stripe divided
by the denuded median carina and covering the entire frons to the eyes, reaching
just on to occiput, not continued along 63-6 sidewards. Groove (^) ovate, deep,
bounded by the forked median carina except posteriorly, where the margin of
the groove is slanting ; occiput without any vittae. Antenna hardly reaching

214 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

to middle of prothorax, segment III as long as II, VI to VIII gradually broader,
VIII less than one-half longer than broad. Pronotum red like occiput, except
basal third, which is dark rufescent ; median vitta complete, broad behind
carina, widening at anterior side of carina and gradually and strongly narrowing
to apex, where it is quite thin, but expands a little on fringe of margin ; in front
of lateral carina an oblique vitta extending down to coxa and upward to anterior
margin behind upper half of eye, not being continued along margin to middle as
it is in O. cincticollis and G. hetarus, a broad transverse patch before carina from
angle dorsad representing the transverse band of allied species, but not attaining
median vitta ; lateral carina not quite twice as long as longitudinal basal
cannula, its tip tiu-ned dorsad.

On elytra an indistinct stripe from above shoulder to subbasal swelling
devoid of grey pubescence, not continued to suture, interspace I and II, and
more or less also IV and VI covered with thin grey pubescence, the other inter-
spaces rufous, the stripes of punctures grey, at margin a large spot below shoulder,
a smaller one before middle and a triangular anteapical one longest at margin
and posteriorly somewhat extending upward, dorsally in front of apical declivity
an indication of an oblique spot from second to fourth line of punctures. Pygi-
dium a little longer than broad (10 : 9), the creamy border of base and sides
somewhat diffuse.

Pubescence of underside as in the alhed species, the lateral stripe of abdomen
consisting of three conspicuous spots ; anal segment truncate-sinuate, its angles
rounded, medianly it is about as long as segment IV laterally. Femora and base
of tibiae rufescent like sterna, rest of tibiae and the tarsi black, apart from some
sparse grey pubescence.

Length 6-6, width 3-0 mm.

Amazonas (Dr. Hahnel), 1 ^.

12. Gymnognathus lyrestes sp. nov.

$. Near O. aciitangidus Jord. 1895, but head and thorax the same dark
chestnut-colour as elytra. Pronotum before lateral carina with oblique vitta,
which extends down to coxa, above angle a short vitta. Pygidium brown
bordered with white, truncate like anal sternum, angles distinct, but not spiniform.

Rostrum about one-third broader than long, with broad ochre-yellow vitta
divided by median carina ; the vitta forking on frons, the two branches bordering
eyes and joining oblique vittae of pronotum, no median vitta on head. Antenna
short, blackish, segment II longer than III, VIII a little longer than broad, club
nearly as long as IV to VIII together, X transverse, half as broad again as
long (?).

Pronotum minutely coriaceous, convex, sUghtly flattened in front of carina,
markings greyish white or yellowish, median vitta complete, widest behind
carina, a short vitta from lateral basal angle obliquely forward not nearly reaching
middle, oblique dorso-lateral vitta in front of lateral carina broader than anterior
half of median vitta ; lateral angle of carina 90°, basal longitudinal carinula
strongly oblique, forming equal angles with dorsal and lateral carinae. Scutellum
white or yellowish.

Elytra very moderately depressed at suture, posteriorly evenly convex,
third intersjiace not elevate ; in depression between basal margin and feeble
subbasal swelling a large spot, on suture behind scutellum a short vitta which

NOTTTATES ZOOLOOICAK XL. 1(137. 215

divides at one-fourth of length of suture into two stripes, one on each elytrum,
occupying intersjiace II and posteriorly also III and curving sideward-forward at
two-thirds of suture in the direction of antemedian lateral spot, which it does
not reach in type, on apical declivity a strongly curved (anteriorly convex)
narrow band from side to side, complete or interrupted, no spot at apex, at
lateral margin a spot below shoulder, slightly extending upwards behind (prob-
ably .sometimes reaching basal spot), a second spot above apex of metepimerum,
separate from oblique transverse band or forming its marginal end. Pygidium
as long as broad (propygidium not inclusive), creamy border interrupted at base,
angles less distinct than those of anal sternum.

Underside silky grey, the pubescence condensed and creamy or buff in two
stripes each side of prosternite (the lateral one being the lower end of the lateral
oblique vitta of pronotum), on side of mesosternite, apex and base of side of
metasternite and on side of abtlominal segments I to IV. Femora and base of
tibiae dark chestnut, rest of tibiae blackish like tarsi.

Length 6-2-6-8, width 2-2-2-6 mm.

Amazonas : Santarem, type in Carnegie Museum.

13. Gymnognathus acastus sp. nov.

cj$. A robust species ; pronotum minutely coriaceous, with a short vitta
between dorsolateral and median vittae, pygidium completely rounded at apex,
brown, bordered with grey, anal sternite stronglj' bispinose.

Rufous chestnut (type) or chestnut, markings of head and pronotum huffish,
those of elytra huffish or grey. Rostrum with broad vitta divided by median
carina, separating on frons into three stripes, median one thin, lateral ones
broad and distinctly extending down to posterior side of eye. Antenna
reaching beyond apex of prothorax, segment III longer than II, twice as long as
IV^, VIII little longer than broad, club as long as II + HI. XI nearly as long
as IX -f X. Prothorax conical, widest at extreme base, one-sixth broader than
long, medianly depressed before carina, the depression extending to apical
margin as a shallow median channel occupied by median vitta, which latter
strongly narrows apicad ; dorsolateral vitta from upperside of lateral carina to
lateral stripe of head broad, its upper margin at angle of carina, the angle itself
not being filled in with buff pubescence, short laterodorsal vitta narrow, not
nearly reaching to middle, parallel with dorsolateral vitta ; angle of carina 90°,
lateral carina reaching halfway to apical margin, basal longitudinal carinula
oblique, forming a larger angle with lateral carina than with dorsal one. Scu-
tellum biiffish or white, longer than broad, narrowing anteriorly.

Elytra strongly flattened-depressed from base, interspaces III to IX some-
what convex in posterior half, especially V, before apical margin a depression,
centre of declivous area of each elytrum with indication of a hump ; a huffish or
grey sutural area from base about to apical fourth, divided on suture anteriorly
and posteriorly, the scutellum being placed in a brown triangle, in middle the
area occ\i])ying interspaces I, II and III, anteriorlj' I and 11 and entering a little
into III, posteriorly occupying also IV, in type an additional spot in V; from
much before middle a thin stripe on fourth line of punctures runs forward to a
basal patch placed in a depressi(m above shoulder-angle, &-st and second line of
punctures with some grey pubescence from sutural area to apex, similar lines
indicated elsewhere, at side a spot below shoulder extending posteriorly obliquely

21g NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1037.

to seventh line of punctures, an antemedian mark composed of a marginal spot and
a longer dash above it, and a line beginning above base of abdominal segment II
and ending above IV, on apical area a few grey scale-hairs, but no definite spot.
Pygidium as broad as long, very little narro-wing apicad, but apex strongly and
evenly rounded, a narrow grey border all roimd, interrupted by the basal median
groove.

Pubescence of underside silky, not dense, more concentrated and therefore
more creamy in a stripe from forecoxa obliquely forward-sideward, in another
indefinite stripe behind meral suture of prosternite, on mesepimerum, at base and
apex, laterally, of metasternite, and on abdomen except a diffuse sublateral
stripe. Legs rufous chestnut, tip of tibiae and the tarsi blackish. In cJ apex of
anal sternum straight between the teeth, in $ rounded.

Length 8-0-8", width 3-1-3-5 mm.

French Guinea : St. Jean de Maroni, one pair ; in Carnegie Museum also
from Santarem.

14. Gymnognathus iris sp. nov.

J?. As in G. ancora Germ. 1824 pygidium longer than broad and bidentate,
anal sternum in ^ truncate and broadly impressed, the groove flanked by a
straight carina, middle of prosternum and the abdomen with the exception of a
creamy lateral stripe dark chestnut, upperside of rostrum and anal spot of elytrum
often vermiUon. Differs in the occiput being without a median vitta, in the
laterodorsal vitta of pronotum being complete, the angle of carina less broadly
fiUed in with grey ; the spot on the subbasal callosity of the elytrum much
larger and connected by a band across suture with the spot of the other elytrum,
this transverse band usually with a short projection forward and a much longer
one backward, both on suture, the brown design sometimes resembling a fleur-
de-lis, in some specimens the sutural stripe joins the posterior brown area ;
brown median stripe of pygidium sharply defined.

French Guiana (type) and Amazonas ; in Carnegie Museum from Para.

In type-specimen the apical spot of elytra greyish white, narrow, oblique,
anteriorly united with spot of other elytrum ; in most other specimens the two
spots larger and as a rule separate.

15. Gymnognathus hedys sp. nov.

(J Cyhndrical, elytra flattened above, but not depressed in sutiu-al area ;
pygidium somewhat broader than long, bidentate, with rufou.s median stripe ;
dorsolateral vitta of pronotum anteriorly and posteriorly united with white
underside, which extends upwards above lateral carina. Near O. Ihecla Jord.
1906.

Pale rufous. Rostrum one-third broader than long, with creamy vitta divided
by median carina, forked on frons, bordering the eyes ; no median vitta on head.
Antenna short, segment III one-tenth longer than II, much longer than IV, V to
VIII gradually shorter, VIII broader than VII, as broad as long, club twice as
long as broad, XI broader than long.

Pronotum coriaceous, convex, feebly flattened dorsally before carina and
along middle, median vitta complete, gradually narrowed, white area of underside
extending well above lateral carina from base to apex, the carina entirely within
the white area, dorsolateral vitta nearly interrupted before middle, separated

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. Iil37. 217

from white ventrolateral area by a long narrow rufous stripe from well before
dorsal carina to beyond middle parallel with lateral carina ; this carina twice as
long as slanting basal lateral carinula and its tip curved upwards. Scutellum
white, broader than long. ,

Elytra cylindrical, feebly flattened above, not impressed in sutural area, a
little over two-thirds longer than broad (58 : 34), a large grey area from base,
expanding from shoulder to shoulder and dividing before middle of suture into
two lobes, one on each elytrum, the lobe twice as long as broad and laterally at
its apex with a tooth somewhat projecting in the direction of the antemedian
limbal spot, outer margin of grey area gradually incurved from shoulder to
fourth line of punctures and then curving gradually to sixth line ; on feebly
indicated subbasal swelling a round rufous spot, before apex a thin transverse
curved band from side to side and in sutural angle of each elytrum a triangular
spot, at margin below shoulder and l)cfore middle a smallish spot. Pygidium
with the brown median stripe sharply defined, narrow at base, gradually widened
towards apex.

Underside densely pubescent white ; no brown sjKjt on metepistermini, liut
abdominal .segments with a rather large brown apical sjjot each at side ; anal
sternum a little shorter than preceding one, rounded, faintly straightened in
middle.

Length 5-5, width 2-3 mm.

Panama: Chiriqui, Ir^.

In G. thecla Jord. 1900, also from the Chiriqui, the brown median area of
occiput extends to apex of rostrum, the vittao being narrow ; the antcapical
band of elytra widened forward on suture.

16. Gymnognathus mollis sp. nov.

5. Similar to 0. hedtjx. longer, lateral carina of pronotum one-half longer than
lateral basal carinula, abdomen without bro\\n spots or bands, pygidium longer
than broad.

Rostrum, head and antenna as in G. hedys, but segment III of antenna longer.
On pronotum the dorsolateralrufous stripe separating dorsolateral vitta from white
underside, longer, reaching close to fringe of apical margin ; basal lateral carinula
horizontal, not slanting, lateral carina much shorter than in G. hedys, no distinct
transverse carinula between dorsal carina and carinate basal margin.

Elytra nearly twice as long as broad ((12 : 34), longer than in O. hedys,
cylindrical, slightly flattened above, but not at all impressed in sutural area,
none of the interspaces convex, a large area common to both elytra extends from
basal margin to a little beyond middle of suture, here broadly truncate with an
oblong projection on each elytrum, this lobe being nearly twice as long as broad
and rounded behind, outer margin of creamy area running from above shoulder
obhquely to fourth line of punctures and then curving gradiuilly to fifth line which
it reaches near end of lobe of creamy area, outline not sharply defined on account
of the j)ubesccnce being somewhat longer than usual and not den.se in creamy
area, on vestigial subbasal swelling a narrow brown spot, if the spot were pro-
longed to suture it would form a V-mark with the spot of the other elytrum,
no brown spot on suture in creamy area ; on apical declivous area a creamy
A-sliaj)ed band from side to side, broailcst at lutero-ai)ical margin and somewhat
rounded at suture, apical margin with a \cry narrow diffuse creamy border, at

218 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937

sides two spots, one below shoulder, the other before middle. Pygidium longer
than broad (16 : 13), median stripe sharply defined, taken as a whole somewhat
narrower than white border.

Underside pubescent white, pubescence not very dense, more concentrated
in front of forecoxa, on mesepimerum, at apical margin of metasternite and dorsal
margin of abdominal sterna I-III ; anal sternum longer than preceding segment,
rounded at apex.

Length 6-2, width 2-3 mm.

Brazil : Jatahy, Prov. Goyaz, 1 §.

Near G. vitticollis Jord. 1895.

17. Gymnognathus inca sp. nov.

$. Near O. hilda Jord. 1904 ; as in that species the pygidium entirely
creamy white, broader than long, bidentate. Longer than 0. hilda, dorso-
lateral vitta of pronotum completely fused with white underside, basal lateral
carinula rather strongly oblique.

Rostrum one-third broader than long, coarsely punctate -reticulate -rugate at
brown sides, median carina thin, flattened near apical margin, a creamy-buflf
stripe occupies rather less than half the surface, forks on frons and curves down
well behind eye, in centre of occiput a large brown triangular space extending
on to frons, where it is diffuse, along middle of this triangular patch a few huffish
scale-hairs. Antenna black, segment I rufous. III about as long as II, VIII as
long as broad, club twice as long as broad.

Pronotum one-fifth broader than long, median vitta broad at base, strongly
narrowing to apex, upper margin of white lateral area crossing dorsal carina at
a distance longer than the basal lateral carinula, straight, slightly ascending,
reaching apical margin a very little below the dorsal margin of the border of the
eye, the brown stripe anteriorly a little narrower than behind middle, no trace
of brown pubescence in the white lateral area ; lateral carina entirely in this area,
angle of carina 90°, lateral carinula slanting, forming an obtuse angle with dorsal
carina and an acute one with cariniform basal margin. Scutellum white.

Elytra cylindrical, somewhat flattened above, but not depressed, two-thirds
longer than broad, rather strongly punctate-striate, interspace a little convex,
a large greyish area from base to apical third, not divided at suture, extending at
base to lateral margin, but brownish above shoulder (apart from denuded
shoulder-angle), on subbasal swelling a round brown spot, grey area gradually
narrowed from shoulder to line IV of punctures which its outer margin reaches at
basal third, at middle the area widens to interspace VII and the anterior angle of
this dilatation is produced forward-sideward to join the antemedian lateral
spot, posteriorly the area rounded between punctate lines III and VII and on
suture triangularly enlarged backwards, at apex a pale primrose patch across
suture, round in front, reaching laterally to apical margin of abdominal segment
IV, sutural angles narrowly brown. Pygidium also pale primrose.

Thoracic sternites without brown spots, almost uniformly pubescent white,
at sides a little creamy, on abdomen pubescence less dense, sides more or less
brown, upper lateral margins of II to IV narrowly white. Legs brown, pubescent
grey, segment I of tarsi longer than claw-segment.

Length 6-2, width 2-2 mm.

Highlands of Peru, 1 $.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 219

18. Gymnognathus lusia up. nov.

$. A narrow species with short beak, trivittate pronotum, depressed elytra,
bidentato pygidium, which is white and longer than broad. Near 0. vitticoUis
.lord. 1895, but narrower, elj'tra more depres.sed, dorsolateral vitta of pronotum
from upperside of lateral carina, pygidium longer and without brown median
stripe.

Rostrum one-seventh broader than long, with strong median carina which
does not reach apex, but extends as a much thinner carina to occiput, near base
of rostrum a thin carina branches off each side, running to occiput ; broad
creamy- white median vitta forks on frons, the branches bordering eye, but
remaining straight posteriorly, not bending down behind eye ; no median vitta
on occiput. Antenna rufescent, short, .segment II half as long again as III, VIII
as long as broad, club twice as long as broad.

Pronotum nearly as long as broad (23 : 25), three narrow vittae, broader at
base, median one narrowing to a point at apex, dorsolateral one from ujiperside
of lateral carina, but the white pubescence extending to basal margin and a little
along dorsal carina, a short spur projecting forward from this border of dorsal
carina above lateral angle ; this angle about 90°, but strongly rounded, basal
lateral carinula horizontal, subbasal transverse carinula very distinct except in
middle. Scutellum white.

Elytra three-fifths longer than broad, moderately narrowing to beyond
middle, then rounded, dorsally flattened, somewhat depressed behind subbasal
swelhngs, none of the interspaces distinctly convex ; a greyish white area from
base to apical third, at base expanding to lateral margin, but shoulder angle
more or less brown, on subbasal swelling a large brown spot, somewhat oblique,
isolated, from behind this spot the outer margin of white area in interspace V,
turning into VI behind middle, the area terminating in a point, being deejjly
sinuate across suture, the sinus rounded and the brown colouring extending in
sutviral interspace to before middle, from two-thirds of suture a white triangular
patch extends obliquely backward to side, to which is joined each side of suture a
largish apical spot, an antemedian lateral spot drawn out into a long line in
punctate stripe VIII and parallel with this line another nearer margin com-
mencing a little farther back, both lines more or less joining the lateral arm of the
anteapical patch. Pygidium one-sixth longer than broad, medianly suffused with
brown (discoloured ?).

White pubescence of underside rather thin, condensed before anterior coxa,
on mesepimerum, laterally at base and apex of metasternite and in a macular
lateral stripe of abdomen. Femora and tibiae rufous, tarsi blackish.

Length 4-9, width 2-0 mm.

French Guiana ; Pariacabo, ix. 1905, 1 $.

19. Gymnognathus vanda sp. nov.

$. In markings near G. lima (No. 18) ; but proboscis longer, dorsolateral
vitta of i)ron()tum across dorsal carina some distance above angle, pygidi\ini
brown, with triangular border at side, apex truncate, angles distinct but little
produced, anal sternum also truncate, with the angles more produced ; pattern
of elytra nearly as in O. dorsonotalus Fahrs. 1835, in which the pygidium is brown
with white median stripe.

220 NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XL. 1937.

Proboscis less than one-tenth broader than long, apical half punctate, rest
rugate-plicate, upper edge of antennal groove continued to eye as a thin carina,
median carina prominent, not reaching apical margin, continued to occiput, but
thin on head, creamj' buff vitta divided bj' carina, continued to occiput each side,
not bent down behind eye, no median vitta on occiput, frons irregularly pUcate-
carinulate. Antenna dark brown, rufous at base, III one-half longer than IV,
VIII in (J twice as long as broad, in $ a little longer than broad, club in (^ nearly
thrice, in 5 two and one-half times as long as broad, XI in ^ longer than broad.

Pronotum as long as broad, three sharply defined creamy-white vittae,
median one broadest, about half as wide before carina as brown interspace,
dorsolateral one oblique, more or less thin, starting from dorsal carina well
away from angle, but continued to basal margin, the space above lateral carinula
being creamy white, no such pubescence along upperside of lateral carina, brown
dorsal interspace narrowing towards apex, the dorsolateral one widening accord-
ingly ; angle of carina 90°, extreme tip rounded off, lateral carina less than double
the length of basal lateral carinula, which is horizontal, subbasal transverse
carinula distinct except in middle. Scutellum white, broader than long.

Elytra three- or four-fifths longer than broad, rather strongly narrowing
posticad, flattened-depressed above, markings creamy white : three diffuse spots
in depression above shoulder, more or less continuous with subsutural vitta,
which commences at base at side of scutellum with diffuse pubescence, occupies
interspaces I and part of II, widens behind brown subbasal swelUng to punctate
line IV, ending beyond middle in a point in interspace V, the dorsal margin of
the patch starts from one-fourth (about) of suture and runs obliquely to meet its
outer margin in interspace V, the patches of the two elytra, therefore, being
separated from behind by a deep sinus, the edge of suture from apex of this
bay to scutellum brown, from middle of suture to well before apical decHvity an
elongate-triangular spot posteriorly drawn out to interspace V or VI and either
sinuate behind on suture (type) or straight, usually the edge of suture remaining
brown within the spot, a spot on each elytrum close to suture a little longer than
broad, before middle of side a small spot. Pygidium of ^ as long as, in $ longer
than broad, creamy-white lateral border narrow, ending in a point at middle of
margin.

White pubescence of underside condensed into a conspiciious lateral creamy
stripe on prosternite, a large patch occupying mesepimerum and base of mete-
pisternum, a transverse lateral band at apex of metasternite, and a longitudinal
lateral stripe on abdomen, these markings sharply contrasting with rest of under-
side, brown spot on metepisternum very large, extending down on to sternum.
Legs thinly pubescent grey, femora and tibiae rufous, tarsi black.

Length 6-7-8-0, width 2-4-2-7 mm.

Amazonas : Para, type ( $) in Carnegie Museum.

20. Gymnognathus libussa sp. nov.

^. Near G. vanda (No. 19), but dorsolateral vitta of pronotum broader,
the angle of carina within the creamy-white pubescence, pygidium more strongly
bidentate, anal sternum with the angles completely rounded off.

Pale rufous, antenna except base and tarsi brownish black. Rostrum as
long as broad, side in front of eye with a few flattened ridges forming a few meshes,
upper margin of antennal groove continued by a carina directed towards under-

NOVITATES ZoOLOdlCAE XL. 1037. 221

side of eye, which it does not reacli, median carina broad, flanked by a depression,
the carina disappearing on occiput, median vitta divided by naked carina, forked
on frons and the two halves directed backwards, not being bent down behind
eye, no median vitta on occiput, frons pUcate. Antenna nearly as in 0. vanda $,
VIII broader and XI shorter, club thrice as long as broad.

Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum from angle, its upper margin crossing dorsal
carina, and its lower margin lateral carina, the vitta being as broad before carina
as median vitta.

Creamy-grey dorsal area of elytra extending basally from margin to margin,
not interrupted at shoulder and suture (apart from the somewhat denuded
shoulder-angle), nearly encircling the large round brown spot on subbasal sweUing,
suture not brown from base to near middle, the area here dividing into a lobe
on each elytrum which is continued to beyond middle, curved laterad-forward at
end and nearly reaching the ante median lateral spot, which consists of a marginal
and a submarginal portion, before apical declivity a A-spot extending from
suture obliquely to punctate line IV and being connected by a thin incomplete
line (in interspace III) with an apical spot placed about midway between suture
and lateral maigin. Pygidium a little longer than broad, white lateral border
continued to apex, tooth at angle quite distinct.

Pubescence of prosternite denser than in O. vanda, therefore sides not con-
trasting with middle, sides of rest of body as in G. vanda, more or less ; anal
sternum rounded-truncate, angles rounded off.

Length 6-7, width 2-3 mm.

French Guiana: Gourdonville, xi. 1905, 1 tS-

21. Gymnognathus iphis sp. no v.

(J$. Similar to 0. vanda (No. 19), but dorsolateral vitta anteriorly abbrevi-
ated, middle of prosternite sparsely pubescent, contrasting with sides.

Derm of upperside of head, anterior area of pronotum, base of antenna and
femora more or less rufous. Base of rostrum at sides coarsely reticulate, no definite
cariniform prolongation of upper edge of antennal groove. Rufous central area
of occiput descending on to frons, large, occasionally with indication of a creamy-
buff median spot, lateral vittae divergent, but not bent down to posterior margin
of eye. Segment III of antenna at least half as long again as broad, club in $
nearly thrice, in J narrower and thrice and one-half or nearly four times as long
as broad, in ^ XI longer than broad.

Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum from basal angle across angle of carina
obliquely directed towards vitta of occiput, but somewhat curved and not reach-
ing apical margin.

Creamy-white dorsal area of elytra reaching at base from shoulder to shoulder,
the marginal spot l)elow shoulder being separated from it, on subbasal swelling
a large brown spot, completely enclosed, longer than broad, oblique, broadest
anteriorly, incurved on side towards scutellum, the area reaching on each
elytrum to two-thirds, ends of the two lobes rounded and more or less curved
sideward to punctate line VI, in one specimen here connected with antemedian
lateral spot by an oblique line, from behind subbasal swelling to posterior side-
ward ciu'vo the outer margin of the area on or at punctate line V, as in 0. vanda
a triangular creamy-white patch before apical declivity, broader, extending
posteriorly to line VI of punctures, not connected with apical spot, in one speci-

222 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

men anteriorly a connection across interspace II with creamy-white area ; the
brown A-band behind the creamy-white area anteriorly restricted to sutural
interspace and liere continued forward to basal third as a sharply defined line.
Pygidium brown, in cJ practically as long as broad, in $ one-fourth (approximately)
longer than broad, angles produced as sharp teeth.

Underside much more densely pubescent white laterally than ventrally,
brown spot of metepisternum sharply defined, not extended on to metasternum.
Anal sternum shorter in ^ than in $, a little flattened in ^, apex truncate-
rotundate, without indication of angles, white lateral stripe of abdomen
conspicuous.

Length 6-6-9-7, width 2-4-3-7 mm.

Costa Rica, 28. vi. 05 (F. Nevermann), on dead wood, a series, type in coll.
Nevermann.

22. Gymnognathus moranus sp. nov.

(J$. Closely related to 0. dagiiayius Jord. 1897, of which it probably is the
Central American representative. As in that species with a notch at side of
rostrum bearing a brush, which is vestigial in small specimens. Dorsolateral
vitta of pronotum very narrow, incomplete, white lateral stripe of abdomen broad
on anterior segments, narrowing behind.

Derm of upperside of head not brighter rufous than on rest of upperside,
whereas in 0. daguanus the colours contrast. Fringe of apical margin of pro-
notum entirely creamy white in G. daguanus, in G. moranus brown except in
centre ; from lateral angle of carina a shallow, broadish, depression runs obliquely
dorsad-apicad in G. daguanus filled in with sparse white pubescence forming a
somewhat bent broad vitta, which, if it were prolonged, would reach middle
vitta some distance from apex ; this depression absent in the new species, and the
dorsolateral vitta is very thin and starts from or from before dorsal carina well
above angle, the lateral carina being thinly bordered with white, the dorso-
lateral vitta strongly abbreviated, reaching beyond middle, its apex cut off as a
spot ; if this vitta were prolonged it would reach apical margin some distance
from median vitta.

Lateral stripe of prosternite more horizontal than in G. daguanus ; metepi-
sternum brown, its ventral margin bordered with white, this border very broad
in front, gradually being reduced, metepimerum also brown, metasternum with
narrow white apical border laterally ; in G. daguanus. on the other hand, the
metepisternum is densely pubescent (yellow in our specimens, discoloured ?),
only the median third being brovTi, and the posterior patch extends broadly
on to metasternum ; abdomen with conspicuous continuous lateral stripe in
G. moranus, broad on segments I and II, narrower on III, on IV a small isolated
spot, which is often absent. Femora and proximal half (more or less) of tibiae
rufous, apex of tibiae and tarsi blackish ; foretibia of ^ with carina on inner side.

Length 6-1-9-1, width 1-8-3-3 mm.

Costa Rica, ii, iii, iv, vi, vii, viii, xi (F. Nevermann), on dead wood, a series,
type in coll. Nevermann.

23. Gymnognathus nica sp. nov.
(J. Head with deep ovate groove ; pygidium more than half as long again
as broad, uniformly creamy white excepting denuded brown median line, apex

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 223

evenly rounded. A robust species near G. molitor Jord. 1895, but narrower.
Rostrum as long as broad, the creamy-buff pubescence extending to near the
sides, basal half longitudinally plicate ; median carina divided on frons to form
the margins of the deep ovate groove of head, sides of head creamy buff. Eye
longer than broad. Antenna reaching to base of prothorax, slender, segment III
more than twice as long as II, one-third longer than IV, V to VIII much shorter
than III, but longer than usual, VIII somewhat widened, as long as II, club more
than thrice as long as broad, as long as III, X a little broader than long.

Pronotum conical, a trifle shorter than broad, median vitta broad, in a rather
deep depression, dorsolateral vitta likewise broad, somewhat irregular, starting
from underside across lateral carina, which is entirely within the creamy-buff
pubescence ; this vitta extends to basal angle, but there is a small brown spot
in the angle of the carina ; from the base of this vitta projects a short broad
intermediate vitta, which ends nearly on a level with lateral carina ; dorsal carina
incurved in median depression, laterally slightly convex, lateral carina a little
slanting, nearly reaching halfway to apical margin, the angle completely rounded
off, but not quite a half-circle, tip of lateral carina curved upwards ; fringe of
apical margin creamy buff from eye to eye.

Elytra narrowing towards apex, two-thirds longer than broad, flattened, with
a depression in sutural area to interspace III, which is convex, the greater part
of elytra occupied by creamy-buff pubescence, extending from base to apex on
suture without interruption, but trisinuate laterally ; it expands at base from
side to side, enclosing a naked shoulder spot and on subbasal swelUng a short
irregularly oblong spot, 2 mm. from base the area almost suddenly narrows to
fourth line of punctures, nearly 2 mm. farther back it expands to interspace
VII ; this expansion terminates irregularly, the brown colouring penetrating for-
ward into the creamy-buff area as a narrow bay to second interspace (not to
suture in the unique specimen), between this bay and apex the creamy-buff area
expands twice, first in front of apical declivity to interspace IV, and then at apex to
punctate line VII, in between, on the anteapical convex area, the brown colouring
penetrating as a rounded bay to line II of punctures ; at side an elongate median
patch imperfectly separated in interspace VII from dorsal area, a smaller elongate
spot above abdominal segment III and apex of II, brown area connected also
with shoulder spot by a narrow streak.

Underside : [jubescence thin anteriorly in middle of presternum, laterally
from meral suture to apex, on metasternum and in middle of metepisternum, as
well as an abdomen excepting a densely pubescent lateral stripe ; anal sternum
longer than preceding segment, strongly narrowing apicad, but apex truncate-
emarginate with the angles completely rounded off.

Length 12-0, width 4-3 mm.

Brazil : Bahia, 1 ^J.

24. Gymnognathus signatus Gyllenhal 1833.

Though we have no example which exactly matches the specimen on which
this name was based, I have very little doubt that it belongs to the species which
I described in 1904 as G. blanca. However, it is to some extent intermediate
between G. blava and G. ada Jord. 1904 and may represent a distinct species.
It was obtained by Freyreiss, who also collected Phaenithan vwerosm Bohem.

224 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

1833, a species of which I have likewise seen no other specimen than the type, a
fact suggesting that no further material has come from that particular locahty.

The specimen is a small ^, somewhat broader than examples of G. ada and
0. blanca of the same length. The two rather strong lateral carinae of frons of
head converge forward, joining median carina at base of rostrum, as is often the
case in the alhed species ; broad creamy-white median stripe of rostrum and head
apparently tripartite on occiput (which is retracted into pronotum). Pronotum
with the following creamy-white vittae : a median one broad from base to near
middle, then gradually narrowing, occupying at base more than one-fourth the
post-carinal area and being at apical margin about one-third as broad as
posteriorly, from apex of lateral carina forward a stripe more thinly pubescent
white, the colour of the derm showing through, this stripe bounding a lateral
vitta which posteriorly is united with the creamy underside, the lateral carina
within this lateral vitta, lateral portion of post-carinal area creamy white, from
this patch a narrow vitta runs oblique forward halfway to apex, continued to
near apical margin by a less densely pubescent stripe ; on the brown interspaces
some dispersed scale-hairs and along dorsal carina some pubescence hkewise
creamy white ; basal lateral longitudinal cannula more oblique than in the
alhed species.

Elytra for the greater part creamy white : base from shoulder to shoulder,
the shoulder-angle remaining brown, the white area extending on suture to apex,
narrow in front of antemedian depression on account of bro\vn patch on subbasal
swelling, then widening, extending farther laterad in middle and here running
forward as a narrow irregular band to basal third of margin, before middle of
suture an oblong brown spot, behind middle the sutural area restricted to inter-
space I, widening before apical declivity into a somewhat sinuous transverse,
narrow band which does not quite reach lateral margin, then again restricted to
interspace I and at apical margin dilated sideward ; the brown spot on subbasal
swelling laterally united with brown antemedian lateral area ; the posterior
margin of creamy-white anterior half of each elytrum bisiniiate. Pygidium
creamy white, pubescence less dense in middle (worn off), without the white
median line of G. ada, tooth long and sharp (that of left side missing).

Underside densely creamy white, a spot on metepisternum and a diffuse,
partly denuded, sublateral stripe on abdomen brown, lateral creamy-white
stripe of abdomen as in G. blanca, not divided into definite spots as it is in G. ada.
Derm of legs rufescent, tip of tibiae and tarsi blackish brown.

Length 5-7, width 2-3 mm.

" Brasilia. Dom. Freyreiss " ; see Phaenithon moerosus, p. 255, No 58.

25. Gymnognathus lotus sp. nov.

<^9- Like G. dorsonotatus Fahrs. 1839, but in that species — which we have
from Eastern Brazil and the Lower Amazons — the white lateral stripe of the pro-
stemite is medianly less densely pubescent, being longitudinally divided into two
white stripes, of which one is entirely ventral and the other crosses the lateral
carina, being dorsolateral, its upper margin crossing carina at angle. In the
new species the white stripe is not divided and is wholly ventral, there being no
white pubescence at the dorsal side of the lateral carina or only traces of it.

Upper Amazons (type), Bolivia and French Guiana.

NOVITATES ZoOLOniCAE XL. 1937. 225

26. Gymnognathus regalis sp. nov.

cj$. Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum complete, but thin ; brown spot on
subbasal swelling of elytrum large, connected across^ suture with that of other
elytrum, the brown colouring extending on suture to apex ; pygidium bidentate,
with white median vitta as in 0. lotus and near allies.

Rostrum one-fifth longer than broad, median carina broad, not reaching
apical margin and disappearing on occiput ; a white vitta divided by carina,
continued as narrow border to eye, slightly bent down on occiput. Antenna
dark brown, equalling in length the distance of apical margin of rostrum from
hindmargin of eye in J', a little shorter in $, segment III somewhat longer than
II and IV, V to VIII gradually shorter, VIII as long as broad, club somewhat
longer than V to VIII together. Eye oblong.

Pronotum about one-tenth broader tlian long, with shallow depression along
middle as usual, widened at carina, three white vittae, median one broadest,
dorsolateral one thin, arising well above angle of carina, but continued to base
and here widened to side, there remaining a brown spot in angle between dorsal
carina and lateral carinula, a thin border of grey pubescence from vitta to angle
and along lateral carina ; angle of carina a little over 90°, tip rounded off, lateral
carina not reaching halfway to apex (measured from angle, not from base),
lateral carinula the same direction as lateral carina in <^, horizontal in $.

Elytra a little more than half as long again as broad, flattened-depressed
above, narrowing posteriorly as in the allied species G. dorsonotahis Fahrs. 1839
and G. decorus Perroud 1853 ; the white decorations of the elytra appearing
greyish, the colour of the derm showing through ; they consist of a sort of ribbon
running from scutellum and suture behind it along basal margin to supra-
humeral depression, curving round subbasal swelling obliquely to interspace II,
occupying II and a little of III for a short distance and turning obliquely across
III, IV and V to VI, ending here at apical fourth, the sutural interspace from
behind base to apex without white pubescence, before apical declivity a A-mark
from line III of punctures, interrupted at suture ; apex with a rather deep
impression bearing a small spot ; no lateral spots. Pygidium as long as broad,
bidentate, with narrow white median stripe angustate towards apex.

Mesosternal process not nearly reaching the level of the metasternum,
truncate, broad, the metasternal intercoxal process bent down anteriorly ;
metepisternum with large brown patch ; on abdomen a white lateral band, anal
sternum truncate, somewhat longer than previous segment in both sexes. Derm
rufous on femora, blackish on tibiae and tarsi.

Length 7-6-9-0, width 31-3() mm.

Brazil : Sao Paulo, l^J, type ; French Guiana : Pariacabo, xii.1905, 1 $.

27. Gymnognathus pentilus sp. nov.

cJ. Closely related to G. regalis, but dififering in the markings of tlie elytra
and in the mesosternal intercoxal process.

Head and proboscis as in 0. regalis, but the groove at side of proboscis
between antennal groove and eye deeper. Segments III and XI of antciuia
somewhat longer, club more than four times as long as broad, X a little broader
than long, XI one-fourth longer than broad, its apex rounded.

Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum broader than in G. regalis and the area above

226 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

lateral cariimla entirely pubescent white, without brown spot behind dorsal
carina. Scutellum white.

Elytra as deeply depressed as in G. regalis, a white basal band from side to
side across scutellum and extending from basal margin a httle behind scutellum,
the shoulder angle remaining brown, on suture the band not interrupted, but the
white pubescence continued as a narrow sutural stripe to one-third the length of
elytra, here the stripe divided into two, which turn nearly at a right angle to
third line of punctures, run in interspaces III and IV and then obHquely across V
(which is the liighest point of elytrum) to line VI of punctures, terminating
just beyond two-tliirds from base, from two-thirds of suture a thin hne runs
obliquely to apical declivity terminating at hne VI of punctures, the lines of the
two elytra forming a long A-mark, apical area less swollen than in 0. regalis,
without impression and without white spot, at side an antemedian white stripe.
Whereas in G. regalis the large subbasal brown spots of elytra are joined together
across suture and separated from brown lateral area, they are, in the present
species, broadly merged with the lateral area and separated from each other.
Pygidium a trifle longer than in G. regalis.

Mesosternal intercoxal process reaching close to the level of the metasternum,
narrower than in G. regalis, with the apex rounded, the intercoxal process of
metasternum divided by a deep median furrow.

French Guiana : Nouvean Chanier, xi, 1 (^.

29. Gyninognathus ophiopsis Dalman 1833.

Syn. : G. funoralis Jord., Nov. ZooL, iv, p. 175 (1897) (Colombia).

The type of G. ophiopsis is a large (^, much larger than any of the foiu-
examples described by me as G. femoralis from the Rio Dagua in West Colombia.
The specimen has all the characteristics of G. femoralis, but differs somewhat in
the colour of the elytra. The sutural area is clay-colour instead of more or less
greyish white shaded with clay-colour. The most characteristic feature of the
species is the great length of the lateral pronotal carina. The dorsolateral vitta
of the pronotum is represented by a few spots. Of the white spots of the elytra
mentioned by Dalman, three are marginal and two dorsal, these latter being the
tips of the projections of the sutural area, one before and the other behind the
sinus which penetrates from the brown area obliquely forward into the grey or
luteous sutural area.

There are several Remedios in South America, but the place well known a
hundred years ago was Remedios in Colombia, at that time of importance on
account of its goldfields, now exhausted.

30. Gyninognathus proceras sp. no v.
cj$. Similar to G. dorsonotatus Fahrs. 1839, wliich we have only from S.E.
Brazil, whereas our series of G. procerus is from the Amazons and French Guiana.
Differs especially in the pattern. End-segment of antenna somewhat longer.
Rostrum and prothorax of large specimens likewise longer. None of the markings
vermilion, all greyish white. Vitta of rostrum separated on head into two straight
stripes which are narrower on occiput than the brown interspace. Median vitta
of pronotum narrow. On elytra the sinus running obliquely forward into grey
sutural area from brown lateral area usually reaching brown sutural spot, a grey

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 227

triangle being separated from anterior grey sutural area. In $ anal sternum
shorter than in G. dorsonolatwi.

Amazonas, type, and French Guiana, a series ; > in Carnegie Museum from
Para.

31. Gymnognathus aulicus sp. nov.

(J. Near 0. fahraei Schonh. 1839 ; as in that species upperside white with
black spots ; narrower than G. fahraei, scutellum white, elytra without sutural
spot in posterior half, abdomen with white lateral stripe from segment 111
instead of from or from near base, antenna longer, club :iarrower, puncturation
of underside very sparse and the punctures smaller than in G. fahraei.

Antenna rufescent brown, segment III longer than II, VIII more than twice
and club more than thrice as long as broad, IX as long as XI, twice longer than
X, this shorter than VIII. Frons with a rather prominent carina midway between
median carina and eye, extending on to base of rostrum, sUghtly curved sidewards
at both ends, as in G. hucomelas Jord. 19(14. Pronotum somewhat longer than in
G. fahraei, less impressed before carina, which is less concave in middle, lateral
angle of carina less broadly rounded, lateral carina almost horizontal, on disc
each side of middle .a tear-shaped black spot narrowing forward, not reaching
apical margin, the two spots anteriorly nearly parallel, posteriorly divergent ;
behind carina a black spot each side of middle, not extending across carina, but
continued along basal margin to lateral angle. Scutellum white.

Elytra more strongly punctate-striate than in G. fahraei, much less depressed
at suture, interstice V not subcariniform ; an elliptical spot in middle of suture
and each elytrum with five additional spots black : one at shoulder, a circular
one on subbasal swelhng, a smaller round spot obUquely behind it between lines
V and VII, a large postmedian patch widest at side, extending to hne II, where it
is rounded off, at sides broadly confluent with a subapical spot which extends
dorsally to line II. Pygidium longer and narrower than in G. fahraei, with almost
jjarallel sides, apex rounded-truncate.

Derm of underside and legs more or less rufescent ; metasternite with trans-
verse lateral band and abdomen from III to V with a lateral stripe, II of
abdomen with a white dot. A patch on upperside of hindfemur and greater
part of tibiae also white. Intercoxal process of mesosternum narrower than in
G. fahraei and much less concave.

Length 6-6, width 31 mm.

Brazil, one ancient, damaged, ^ from coll. Dejean via coll. Roelofs.

32. Gymnognathus biloris sp. nov.

$. Upper- and underside white and buff yellow, elytrum with postmedian
lateral brown-black patch which is dorsally continued forward to the punctate
line II as a thin stripe which widens at end, the mark not unlike a hen without
legs. Nearest to G. leucomelas Jord. 1904.

Rostrum longer than broad, with white median stripe accompanied by a buff-
yellow one, in front of eye an almost bare stripe and below eye a buff- yellow one ;
median carina prominent as in the allied species, on frons about halfway to eye
a smaller one as in G. leucomelas and G. aulicus ; vittae of rostrum continued over
the frons ; occiput without black spot. Antenna rufescent. III much longer

228 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

than II, VIII about as long as broad, club similar to that of G. fahraei in the
length of the segments, but much narrower, IX twice X, XI shorter than IX, but
longer than X.

Pronotum as in G. leucomelas, one-fourth broader than long, deeply depressed
before carina, which is medianly as strongly concave as in G. leucomdas and
laterally rather more convex than in that species, lateral angle less widely rounded,
lateral carina reaching to middle, disc less densely pubescent than sides, without
black spots, a dorsolateral stripe in white area and the borders of this area buff-
yellow. Scutellum pale buff-yellow.

Elytra more than half as long again as broad, strongly depressed at suture,
interstice III convex, punctate stripes distinct, declivous apex with swelling,
stripe I and alternate ones buff-yellow, the others white, before apical rounding
of margin a large brown-black patch, at side about as long as its distance from
apical angle of suture, the patch more strongly narrowing in front than behind,
turning forward in interspace III, running forward along line II for a short
distance and then curving towards suture, abruptly ending at line I, the longi-
tudinal diameter of the head of the line being about twice the diameter of inter-
stice II ; between suture and apical swelling a minute brown dash. Pygidium
one-fifth longer than broad, buff-yellow, with white median stripe, apex
round.

Prosternite silky, pubescence not very dense, the derm showing through, no
puncturation. Intercoxal process of mesosternum gradually narrowed-rounded
shghtly convex in apical half ; sides of thorax with yellowish clouds ; abdomen
almost bare ventrally, at side a stripe of five contiguous spots, each buff-yellow
in front and to a smaller extent white behind. Femora and tibiae white, on upper-
side buff- yellow, tarsi and apex of tibae brownish black.

Length 8-0, width 3-7 mm.

Brazil : Bahia, 1 $.

33. Gymnognathus doris sp. nov.

$. Near G. tenuis Jord. 1896, but pattern of elytra almost as in G. lyrestes
sp. nov.. No. 12.

Rostrum less depressed in middle, as in G. tenuis with a creamy median vitta,
somewhat narrowing on occiput and continued to base of pronotum, no lateral
vittae on occiput. Antenna pitchy black, short. On pronotum an oblique vitta
from upperside of lateral carina, expanding from apex of carina to angle, no
white pubescence in angle and very little at base above oblique lateral cannula ;
angle of carina 90°. Elytra with sutural depression ; a grey basal marginal band,
interrupted at shoulder, continued on suture to subbasal depression, turning a
little sidewards and occupying at first interstice II, then II and III and at
two-fifths turning sideward-forward and running as a narrow band to margin,
which it reaches above apex of metepimerum ; at apex parallel with suture but
separate from it a straight stripe about as broad as two interstices and not quite
three times as long as broad. Pygidium white, with brown median stripe which
does not reach apex, apical margin rounded.

Underside thinly pubescent white ; on prosternum a white stripe from coxa
to below eye ; mesepimerum, base and apex of metepisternum, apical margin
and metepimerum, and a lateral stripe on segments I to IV of abdomen densely

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 229

pubescent white ; derm of tibiae and tarsi blackish, of femora rufous ; anal
sternum strongly bidentate.

Length 4-5-6-(), width 1-8-2-3 mm.

Amazonas, 2 $$, type (the larger specimen) in Riksmuseum, Stockholm.

34. Gymnognathus pulchellus sp. nov.

$. Rostrum and lateral carina of pronotum as short as in G. hilda Jord.
1904, to which the species comes nearest, though the pattern of the elytra is
very different. Pygidium bidentate, white, with brown tear-shaped median
spot divided by a thin white median line.

Rufous to rufescent brown. Rostrum with creamy-white double vitta
which separates on head, forming borders to the eyes and bounded by a thin
carinula ; sides of rostrum coarsely rugate-punctate. Antenna short, XI broader
than long. Pronotum with three complete white vittae, median one broad at
base and in front of carina, narrowing rather abruptly and then gradually,
pointed, dorsolateral vitta about half the width of posterior portion of median
one, remaining of the same width to apex, the rufescent-brown stripe separating
it from white underside reaches close to dorsal carina, but does not touch
it ; lateral carinula horizontal (in G. hilda distinctly obUque), as long as lateral
carina. Scutellum white.

Elytra cylindrical, not depressed at suture, subbasal swelling very faintly
indicated, lines of punctures distinct, but feebly impressed, a basal marginal
band interrupted at shoulder, nearly straight behind ; suture narrowly brown
from scutellum to apex ; from behind subbasal swelling a white stripe along
suture to beyond middle, curving sideward-forward and reaching lateral margin
above apex of metej)imerum, the anterior end of this curved band slightly
widened, extending to line III or nearly IV of punctures and on the frontal side
feebly emarginate, a straight rufescent-brown transverse band separating it from
the white basal band, the transverse portion of the curved band a little wider
than an interstice ; at apex an elongate bandlike white spot from near outer
margin above abdominal segment IV to near suture, curving upwards, not
touching apical margin. Pygidium broader than long, apical teeth very distinct.

Underside white ; on segments I and V of abdomen a rufous spot.

Length 4-0-4;}, width 1 •0-2-0 mm.

Amazonas, 2 $$, tyjje in Riksmuseum, Stockholm.

SECTION II.— PRONOTUM LONGITUDINALLY PLICATE, AT LEAST
IN MIDDLE BEFORE CARINA.— .species 35-38.

3.5. Gymnognathus phanerus sp. nov.

cJ$. Near G. flexuoms Jord. 1S!).3 ; antennae broader, in $ very strongly
compressed from segment III ; prothorax with white band from coxa to apical
margin of protiof um behind eye ; anguliform white line of clytrum not connected
with basal white area.

Shaft of antenna not cylindrical, but as flat as club, in ^J (where the antenna
reaches to apical third of elytra or beyond) segment IV in long antenna thrice,
in shorter antenna a little over twice as long as broad, club not much broader
than shaft, particularly in $, in $ IV one-fourth longer than broad.

230 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

Pronotum longer than in G. flexuosus, lateral carina also longer and more
slanting, the angle being larger, dorsolateral vitta not quite reaching apical
margin. Basal margin of elytrum less strongly curved forward, no white sutural
stripe connecting the anguliform arcs with each other and with basal area.
Median areas of underside less densely pubescent ; abdominal segment I entirely
brown at side, II to IV with white transverse basal band widest at side. Pygi-
dium of $ longer and apically narrower than in $ of G. flexjwsus.

Amazonas (Dr. Hahnel), 2 (J (J (type); Cayenne, 1 $; Cocliabamba,
Bolivia, 1 $ ; in Carnegie Museum from Chapada, Brazil, Para, Santarem and
S. Paulo de OUvenga.

36. Gymnognathus talis sp. nov.

$. Near G. helena Jord. 1904, but head and disc of pronotum coarsely
reticulate ; white borders of pygidium narrow.

Rostrum half as broad again as long, with broad yellowish buff vitta which
forks on frons, no median stripe or spot on occiput ; median carina of rostrum
from apex, not extending across frons, which is entirely reticulate like occiput.
Antenna short. III a little longer than II, I and II and club paler than III to
VIII, XI broader than IX.

Pronotum convex, feebly depressed at carina, disc between dorsolateral
vittae and from carina to apical fifths reticulate, the meshes more or less longi-
tudinal, no straight isolated ridges ; median vitta narrowing to a point at apex,
dorsolateral vitta broader, running from basal angle to border of eye ; angle of
carina a little over 90°, with the tip rounded off, basal longitudinal carinula in
the same direction and half the length of the lateral carina, forming an acute
angle with dorsal carina.

Elytra half as long again as broad, strongly flattened-depressed, interspace
V convex in posterior half, basal margin strongly curved forward ; a greyish
white basal area from side to side, interrupted on shoulder, extending on suture
to basal fourth, here forked, the lobe on each elytrum reaching to middle, indis-
tinctly bounded by interspace V, rounded at end, the brown bay on suture
rounded off, before apical declivity a triangular sutural patch, its apex on suture
rounded, the lateral angle produced sidewards in the direction of the postmedian
lateral spot, at apex an elongate creamy-buff spot separated from suture, at sides
an antemedian greyish spot, a postmedian spot narrow, oblique, yellowish.
Pygidium as long as broad, truncate-rotundate, the angles completely rounded,
lateral border creamy buff, narrow, of even width, not sharply defined.

Pubescence of underside thin, silky, concentrated only on mesepimerum,
apical margin of sides of metasternite, and at sides of abdominal segments II to
IV, these segments with brown apical lateral spot, anal sternum truncate-rotun-
date, angles completely rounded.
Length 6-7, width 3-1 mm.

French Guiana : Gourdonville, xi. 1905, 1 $.

37. Gymnognathus elisa sp. nov.

J$. Occiput with creamy pubescence in centre ; dorsolateral vitta of

pronotum not separated from white area of underside, the pronotum being

creamy white with two broad, sharply defined, brown stripes which widen a little

at apical margin ; before apical declivity of elytra a triangular spot on suture,

NOVITATES ZooLor.iCAE XL. lOST. 231

connected on suture with creamy-white sutural area or isolated. Near 0. erna
Jord. 1904 and G. abundans Jord. 1906.

Rostrum as in the allied species ; occiput without definite brown median
area, but with more or less scattered creamy pubescence. Antenna of rj reaching
to base of prothorax, rufous, club darker, shaft compressed. III slightly longer
than II and IV, VIII not quite twice as long as broad ; antenna of $ shorter,
varying from rufous to black, shaft thicker than in the allied species, but much
less compressed and narrower than in cj.

Pronotura rugate-pUcate, more regularly phcate in front of carina, only
one-ninth broader than long ; median vitta more or less narrowed towards apex,
at carina about as broad as the brown stripes, these anteriorly slightly wider on
account of the narrowing of the median vitta, lateral margin of brown stripe
horizontal, the stripe, therefore, continuous with the post-ocular brown area of
head ; dorsolateral vitta completely fused with white underside from base to
apex, but of a sUghtly buffish tint ; angle of carina a little over 90°, tip rounded
off, basal cannula horizontal, longer than half the lateral carina, transverse
subbasal cannula barely vestigial.

Elytra more distinctly flattened above than in the nearest allies, longer,
being five-eighths longer than broad, basal margin strongly curved forward, a
large creamy-white dorsal area from base to apical third or fourth, reaching at
base to lateral margin, the shoulder angle remaining brown and being isolated or
connected with the brown lateral area, on subbasal swelling a round isolated spot,
the white area narrowed gradually from shoulder to line IV of punctures before
middle and then gradually widened to reach interspace V, posteriorly the area
more or less rounded on each elytrum and more or less deeply excised upon
suture, behind it a sutural spot of variable size, in type connected on suture with
creamy-white area, at apex a largish spot on each elytrum more or less rounded,
at lateral margin an antemedian spot, no postmedian one. Pygidium in (J as
long as broad, in $ a little longer, truncate, with the angles strongly rounded.

Underside white, no definite brown lateral spots except on abdominal
sternum I, a lateral stripe on abdomen more densely pubescent than underside
of abdomen, apex of anal sternum truncate-rotundate ; femora and tibiae
rufous, tarsi blackish.

Length 5-2-5-6, width 2- 1-2-2 mm.

Brazil : Espirito Santo, type ; Santa Catharina ; a short series.

38. Gymnognathus pindonis sp. nov.

cJ$. In the markings of the elytra similar to G. vicimis Jekel 1857, but
pronotum coriaceous, rugulose on disc, plicate in middle before carina, dorso-
lateral vitta well away from lateral carina, no short intermediate vitta. Nearest
to G. ampulla Jord. 1906, which has no dorsolateral vitta on pronotura and no
transverse band or triangular spot before apical declivity of elytra.

Rostrum as long as apically broad, median carina not reaching apex, creamy-
buff stripe broadly divided along middle, the two halves narrower on frons,
bordering eye and on occiput curved downward for a short distance ; no bufi"
median spot on occiput. Antenna black, in ^ reaching to or beyond base of
prothorax, in q III more than twice II in length, not quite twice IV, III elongate-
triangular, half the length of III, twice as long as apically broad, XI longer than

232 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

broad ; in 5 antenna III three-fourths longer than II and about one-fourth
longer than IV, VIII as long as VII, but broader, not longer than broad, XI
broader than long.

Pronotum at most one-eighth broader than long, coriaceous at sides, rugate-
reticulate on disc, plicate medianly in front of carina, three well-defined vittae,
median one occupying behind carina about one-fifth of the basal area, narrowing
frontad, dorsolateral one crossing dorsal carina at some distance from angle,
narrow, joining the dorsal border of eye, behind dorsal carina above lateral
cannula a brown spot, angle of carina 90°, extreme apex rounded off, direction
of lateral carinula the same as that of lateral carina, subbasal transverse carinula
distinct at side. Scutellum white, broader than long.

Elytra twice as long as pronotum, narrowing posticad, flattened above,
distinctly depressed transversely behind subbasal swelling, seriated punctures
very distinct, interspaces flat, a basal band from side to side interrupted at
shoulder, almost straight behind, subbasal swelling with large rounded brown
spot broadly joined to lateral brown area, upon it follows (on each elytrum) an
elongate trapeziform patch from suture to or beyond line IV of punctiu-es, its
lateral margin straight, very slightly slanting, the patch terminating in interspace
V, its inner margin also straight, but slanting from suture to end, the pointed
bay between the patches of the two elytra penetrating more forward on suture
in some specimens than in others, sometimes the two patches practically separ-
ated, as a rule a thin sutural line connecting the double patch with the basal
band, before apical declivity a triangle pointing forward, straight posteriorly,
the lateral angles more or less drawn out as a transverse band, which sometimes
reaches lateral margin, the triangle more or less divided by a thin brown line
on suture, at apex, separate from suture, an elongate-ovate longitudinal spot,
before middle of side a small spot. Pygidium truncate, angles not prominent, at
each side a narrow creamy border tapering to a point, in (^ length equalling basal
width, in $ surpassing it.

Pubescence of underside thin, condensed at side, forming a large patch on
mesepimerura and base of metasternite, a transverse lateral band at end of
metasternite and a macular longitudinal band on abdomen ; brown spot on
metepisternum very large and continued on to sternum ; anal sternum truncate,
in (J the angles drawn out into a short tooth.

Length 6- 1-7-3, width 2-4-2-8 mm.

French Guiana: Roches de Kourou and Pariacabo, 3 JcJ, 1 $, received
from M. E. Le Moult.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF GYMNOGNATHUS.

Section I. — No longitudinal wrinkles on pronotum ; disc minutely coriaceous
or rugulose, the granules often united in minute transverse ridges. — Section II,
p. 239.

An attempt to group the numerous species of this Section primarily according
to the development of the apex of the pygidium and fifth abdominal sternum
proved to be a failure, there being all intergradations between a bidentate and
an entire apex. Considering that the number of undescribed and undiscovered
species is evidently very large, the Key can only be provisional, more a help to
the taxonomist in the determination of species than a classification. I have.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAJE XL. 1937. 233

therefore, largely made use of the style of coloration which characterizes various
assemblages of species.

Subsection A. — Derm of head or of apex of pronotum or of both rufous red,
pronotum with one or two transverse grey, white or yellowish, usually abbrevi-
ated, bands, or with indications of such, no longitudinal dorsolateral vitta of that
colour, or with five vittae, elytra usually striped with grey, or these stripes con-
fined to basal area and rest of elytra brown, or elytra entirely brown. — Species
1-16.

Subsection B. — Occiput and sides of apex of pronotum with orange-red
pubescence. — Species 17 and 18.

Subsection C. — Markings grey or white, sometimes pubescence red on
rostrum, apex of elytra, pygidium and side of under surface ; derm of occiput
and pronotum rufous red, pronotum with greyish white oblique dorsolateral
vitta. — Species 19-59.

Subsection A.
Group a. — Pygidium with white or creamy lateral border, which is some-
times strongly reduced, the pygidium then being almost completely brown. —
Species 1-8.

1. Pronotum with five white vittae besides some lateral spots. Pygidium

with yellowish lateral border and white median stripe ; apex of

pygidium and anal sternum bidentate . \. 0. bohUi Jord. 1895.

Pronotum not quinquevittate, some markings transverse . . 2.

2. Apex of both pygidium and anal sternum completely rounded

2. G. cincticolHs .Jord. 1895.

One or the other, or both, truncate, with the angles distinct, or at least

indicated .......... 3.

3. Anal sternum with two long sharp spiniform teeth ; median vitta of

pronotum reaching to apical margin . 3. G. roiiw/M.s Jord. 1895.
Angles of anal sternum not produced into long teeth ... 4.

4. Pronotum with transverse band in front of dorsal carina not inter-

rupted .......... 5.

This band interrupted, not joining the median vitta . . .7.

5. Abdomen with white isolated lateral spots ; frons and rostrum tricari-

nate, median carina broad, lateral one narrow on frons, flattened on

rostrum 4. G. hetanu's Jord., p. 213.

Abdomen almost entirely white, at least the white pubescence of side
not isolated as spots . . . . . . . .0.

6. Frons and rostrum with thin mesal carina, frons, besides, with a number

of longitudinal wrinkles ; basal longitudinal carinula of pronotum
horizontal ; white border of pygidium about as broad as brown median
stripe. Head of ^ with central ovate groove. On underside of
prothorax a transverse band ruiming obliquely backward and con-
tinuous with border of dorsal carina . 5. G. emwa Jord. 1904.
Basal longitudinal carinula oblique ; white border of pygidium narrow ;
sutural area of elytra for the greater part diffusely grey from base to
apical declivity, yellowish at base ; no oblique transverse band on
prosternite ; before dorsal carina a dorsolateral triangular grey spot,
median vitta nearly reaching apical margin 6. G. calus Jord. 1906.

234 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

7. Elytra with thin transverse line behind middle, curving backward at

side, reappearing before apical margin and running forward at suture ;

grey basal lateral patch of pronotum enclosing before dorsal carina a

brown spot . . . . .1.0. pukher Jord. 1906.

Elytra without that thin transverse line ; no brown spot before carina

in basal patch ; on head a deep central groove ( (J)

8. G. helma Jord., p. 213.
Group b. — ^Pygidium brown, with white or yellowish median stripe. —
Species 9-16.

8. Anal sternum as well as pygidium bidentate .... 9.
Anal sternum with the angles rounded ; head of (J with central groove

(probably in all the species, of some only $ kxiown) . . .12.

9. Basal longitudinal carinula almost horizontal, angle of carina very

strongly rounded ; median vitta of pronotum complete

9. G. ornatus Jord. 1895.

Basal longitudinal carinula strongly oblique, forming an obtuse angle

with lateral carina as well as dorsal one, angle of carina 90° or less,

not rounded . . • . .10.

10. Elytra with hardly any white markings 10. 0. scolytinm Jord. 1904.
Elytra striped with white or buff . . . . .11.

11. Median vitta of pronotum extending to apex, not connected in middle

with lateral abbreviated vitta . . 11. G. comy<M« Jord. 1904.

A transverse submedian band connects the abbreviated longitudinal
stripes, none of which extend forward beyond this band.

12. G. clathratus Jord. 1895.

12. White lines of elytra continued to near apex ; pygidium bidentate ;

head ( ^J) with cavity ........ 13.

Apical half of elytra without white lines ; apex of pygidium rounded

13. G. coronatus Jord. 1904.

13. Median vitta of pronotum reaching a little beyond middle, remaining

separate from transverse median band ; no brown V-mark in basal
half of elytra ; pygidium distinctly bidentate

14. G. bryanti Jord., p. 213.
White lines of elytra very thin . . 15. G. cnZfw Jord. 1906.
Pronotum with two large yellow, oblique, subapical spots, median

vitta nearly reaching apex : angle of carina acute ; white lines of
elytra occupying alternate interspaces as in G. bryanti

16. G. indagatus Wolfr. 1931.

Subsection B.

Only two species known, which form a group c.

Group c. — Characters of Subsection, p. 233.— Species 17 and 18.

14. Between median vitta of pronotum and lateral border three white

longitudinal markings ; elytra with a large blackish X, the two lines
crossing at suture . . . 17. G. bella Jord. 1904.

Between median vitta of pronotum and lateral border two longitudinal
markings ; the X of 0. bella only indicated by an oblique line from
shoulder to line IV of punctures . . 18. (3. ctera Jord. 1904.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 235

Subsection C.

Group d. — Pygidium white, \Yith or without brown median stripe, or with
white border, sometimes the border confined to base.— Species 19-53.

15. Light-coloured median stripe of rostrum and frons continued on occiput •

as a median stripe ; no lateral stripe on occiput . . .16.

The liglit-coloured stripe (white, yellow or red) divided into two or three

branches on occiput, or the whole occiput with hght pube.scence 17.

16. Lateral vitta of pronotum in front of apex of lateral carina; before

apical declivity of elytra an anguliform mark across suture, no apical
spot ....... 19. O. claudia Jord. 1906.

Lateral vitta of pronotum from upperside of lateral carina ; no anguli-
form mark before apical declivity of elytra, apical spot present on
each elytrum . . . . . 20. G. tenuis Jord. 1895.

Grey sutural area of elytra narrow, divided into a double stripe, each
curved forward-sideward as a narrow band, apical spot of elytrum
longitudinal . . . . . 21. C. doris Jord., p. 228.

17. On pronotum a vitta placed in front of apex of lateral carina and running

from underside obliquely to apex where it joins lateral stripe of
occiput .......... 18.

Markings of pronotum different ...... 19.

IS. Elytra with dark V behind base ; basal longitudinal cannula of i)rono-
tum nearly horizontal ; angles of anal sternum not projecting

22. G. arutanguluft Jord. 1904.
Elytra without dark V, with grey marking resembling the outline of a
bell with handle ; basal longitudinal carinula strongly oblique ;
angles of anal sternum more or less projecting

23. G. h/reste.g Jord., p. 214.

19. On pronotum a dorsal vitta remote from lateral carina, on side of

presternum a broad horizontal vitta ; pygidium truncate, anal

sternum bidentate, the teeth short in 9 24. G. vanda Jord., p. 219.

Markings of pronotum different or, if the same, pygidium bidentate and

apex of anal sternum rotundate ...... 20.

20. Anal sternum strongly bidentate, tlie teeth projecting much beyond

pygidium .......... 21.

Anal sternum not bidentate, in cj of some species sinuate, but the angles
not drawn out as spiniform teeth ...... 24.

21. White border of brown pygidium restricted to base ; rostrum with

notch behind antenna bearing in ^ a short brush, which is rudimentary

in $ .22.

White border of pygidium more or less complete or the whole or nearly
the whole pygidium white ; ro.strum of ^ without lateral brush 23.

22. On pronotum a broad stripe from upperside of lateral carina obliquely

upward to beyond middle . . 25. G. dnrjanu.'i Jord. 1897.

Between lateral carina and median vitta a thin, interrupted, abbreviated

line . . . . 26. G. moranun Jord., p. 222.

23. Lateral vitta of pronotum complete ; no small antemedian sutural spot

in grey area ; apex of pygidium evenly rounded

27. G. acastus Jord., p. 215.

236 NoVITATBS ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

Lateral vitta interrupted ; a small brown antemedian spot on suture ;
pygidium subtruncate, with the angles slightly turned up

28. G. scalaris Jord. 1906.
Lateral vitta represented by a few white speckles at lateral carina ;
elytra with large triangular apical spot bisinuate on each elytrum, a
small apical sutural dot remaining brown ; pygidium entirely white

29. G. mexicanus Jord. 1906.

24. Pygidium bidentate, the teeth more or less spiniform . .25.
Apex of pygidium rounded or truncate, angles effaced or at least not

projecting as sharp teeth ....... 37.

25. Between lateral carina and median vitta a complete vitta from base to

apex, at least dorsally sharply defined, median vitta with straight
edges .......... 26.

Between dorsolateral vitta and median one some additional grey pubes-
cence which forms spots or incomplete stripes, or dorsolateral vitta
interrupted, or not extended to apex ..... 34.

26. Metepisternum without brown spot in middle ; abdomen without brown

sublateral stripe ......... 27.

Metepisternum with large brown patch ; abdomen with brown sublateral
stripe separating a creamy lateral stripe from creamy ventral area 31.

27. Pygidium much longer than broad . 30. G. wo/Zis Jord., p. 217.
Pygidium not longer than broad ...... 28.

28. White vittae of head united on rostrum, divided by the carina ; elytra

with small apical spot and a very narrow, transverse, curved, subapical
band. ...... 31. 0. AefZi/s Jord., p. 216.

White vittae of rostrum and head narrow ; subapical transverse band
of elytra broad, enlarged to a triangle on suture

32. G. thecla Jord. 1906.

Elytra without a narrow subapical band in addition to an apical spot 29.

29. Pygidium with brown median line ; basal lateral carinula of pronotum

horizontal ; grey area of elytrum not drawn out into a narrow
obliquely transverse band . . 33. G. vitticollis Jord. 1895.

Pygidium with brown elongate-pyriform spot divided by a thin white
line ; elytrum with nearly semicircular band ending above apex of
metepunerum . . . . 34. G. prdcheUu.s Jord., jj. 229.

Pygidium entirely white ; basal lateral carinula strongly oblique . 30.

30. Lateral carina of pronotum twice as long as basal carinula ; dorsolateral

white pubescence of pronotum not separated from pubescence of
underside ; abdomen with brown diffuse lateral spots

35. G. inca Jord., p. 218.

Lateral carina much shorter ; a dorsal vitta partly separated from

lateral and ventral white area by a rufous-bro\vn stripe ; abdomen

entirely white 36. G. hilda Jord. 1904.

31. Occiput with median vitta broader than lateral ones

37. G. extensus Jord. 1904.
Median vitta of occiput absent or vestigial . . . .32.

32. The two brown rounded spots on subbasal swellings of elytra joined

across suture ..... 38. (?. im Jord., p. 216.
The spots not connected with each other ..... 33.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. , 237

33. Angle of pronotal carina 90° ; borders of pygidium sharply defined

39. O. Hbnssa Jord., p. 220.
Angle of carina rounded ; ' borders of pygidium diffuse

40. G. Imia Jord., p. 219.

34. (Elytra with thin subapical curved transverse band, dorsolateral vitta

of pronotum interrupted . . .31. G. to/ys Jord., p. 216.)

Elytra without thin subapical band ...... 35.

35. Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum interrupted, posteriorly broadly joined

to white ventral area, lateral carina entirely within white area ; anal
sternum of (J emarginate, impressed . 41. &'. a«<;ora Germ. 1824.

Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum starting from basal angle, curved, not
reaching apical margin, lateral carina for the greater part within
brown area . . . . .42. G. ipHs Jord., p. 221.

Between dorsolateral vitta and median one some additional markings

36.

36. Side of elytrum brown, with two thin grey or creamy lines ; pygidium

creamy, with a thin white median line ; lateral stripe of abdomen
more or less broken up into contiguous spots 43. 0. ada Jord., 1904.
Side of elytra less extended brown, with larger grey markings ; underside
more densely pubescent white, pygidium without thin white median
line . . . . . . . 44. 6'. signatus Gyllh. 1833.

37. Pronotum with at least two brown stripes from base to apex . 38.
Pronotum white with or without a pair of black spots on disc, sometimes

with indications of buff stripes on white ground . . .42.

38. Lateral third or entire abdomen white or creamy . . 39.
Abdomen with creamy lateral stripe ; pygidium and anal sternum long ;

cJ with large, ovate, hairy groove on head 45. 0. nica Jord., p. 222.

39. Metepisternum with brown patch ; elytra with brown sutural spot

before middle ; anal sternum of s^ emarginate, with broad, hairy
depression .......... 40.

Metepisternum without brown patch . . . . .41.

40. Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum extending from upperside of lateral

carina obliquely forward complete. . 46. G. molitcr , Tor A. 1895

This vitta interrupted .... 47. C. alma Jord. 1904.

41. Side of pronotum diffusely pubescent, without sharply defined dorso-

lateral vitta ; angle of carina completely rounded ($ only known)

48. G. nubilus Jord. 1904.

Pronotum with broad lateral vitta which is fairly well defined, at least

dorsally ; angle of carina 90°, tip rounded off ; pubescence of head

and rostrum, pronotum and pygidium with a pale vermilion shade ;

(^ with ovate groove on head . . 49. G. clelia Jord. 1904.

42. Pronotum with a pair of sharply defined black discal spots . . 43.
Without these spots ........ 44.

43. Elytra with triangular sutural black spot at beginning of apical declivity ;

abdomen with white lateral stripe from segment I to V

50. G. /aAraei Schonh. 1839.
Elytra without this sutural spot ; white lateral stripe restricted to seg-
ments III to IV, there being only an indication of white on II

51. C. aulicits Jord., p. 227.

238 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

44. Pro- and mesosternite black ; white lateral stripe of abdomen restricted

to segments III to V . . . 52. G. leucomelas Jord. 1904.

Pro- and mesosternite not black ; abdomen with white and pale ochreous

lateral stripe from base to apex . . 53. G. biloris Jord., p. 227.

Group e. — Pygidium brown or rufescent, with white, creamy or red median

stripe. — Species 54-61.

45. Lateral carina measured from end of dorsal carina extending to apical

third ; dorsolateral vitta of pronotum broken up into some obliquely

placed spots ; pygidium and anal sternum with the angles more or

less dentiform .... 54. G. ophiopsis Dalm. 1833.

Lateral carina extending at most a little beyond middle . . 46.

46. Elytra flattened at suture, but not depressed ; rostrum as long as

broad ; pygidium rounded at apex ; anal sternum strongly bidentate ;

underside almost uniformly white . 55. G. politis Jord. 1906.

Elytra depressed in sutural area ; abdomen with white or yellow lateral

stripe ; anal sternum with the teeth short or absent . .47.

47. No vitta between median one and lateral carina and no or very little

white pubescence along upperside of the latter ; angles of pygidium
almost effaced, those of anal sternum more or less distinct, but short

56. O. lotus Jord., p. 224.

In lateral aspect prothorax with a ventral vitta and a dorsolateral one,
the latter extending from underside across lateral carina ; base
without white pubescence above longitudinal cannula . . 48.

Dorsolateral vitta commencing at basal angle, therefore basal area
adjacent to longitudinal cannula white ; pygidium rather strongly
bidentate, apex of anal sternite rounded . . . .49.

48. Brown median stripe of occiput narrower than white or yellow lateral

stri]je, often vestigial ; vitta of rostrum, apical spot of elytra, stripe of
pygidium and lateral stripe of abdomen more or less vermilion, if not

faded 51. G. dorsonoiatns Fahrs. 1839.

Brown median stripe of occiput broader than white stripes ; no mark-
ings vermiUon .... 58. G. procerus Jord., p. 226.

49. Pygidium longer than broad ....... 50.

Pygidium as long as broad, or broader . . . . .51.

50. Antenna dark brown except base ; lateral carina of pronotum endmg mid-

way between dorsal carina and apical margin 59. G. compar Jord. 1895.
Antenna pale rufous ; lateral carina longer ; pygidium more strongly
narrowed apicad, the teeth longer and nearer together

60. G. decorus Perroud 1853.

51. Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum narrow, crossing dorsal carina at some

distance from angle and reaching apical margin behind eye ; lateral
carina with thin white dorsal border which is continued along dorsal
carina to dorsolateral vitta ; elytrum with impression on apical

declivity 61. (3. reg'aiis Jord., p. 225.

Dorsolateral vitta broader, no brown spot in angle between dorsal
carina and lateral cannula ; apex of elytrum without impression ;
brown patch on subbasal swelling united with brown lateral area, not
across suture with corresponding spot of other elytrum

62. G. pentilus Jord., jj. 225.

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XL. 1937. 230

Section n. — Pronotum longitudinally carinulate ; if coarsely rugate, the
ridges more or less longitudinal, nojt transverse ; sometimes the ridges restricted
to the area in front of dorsal carina or even to the antecarinal portion of
the median vitta. I include here the sjjecies known as Analotes discoideus
Fahrs. 1839.

Some of the species agree closely with certain species of Section I in colour,
pattern and build.

Sxh.section I). — Derm of frons and occiput red, this area sharply defined,
and elytra with white double lines, as in Subsection A. — Species 63.

Group f. — One species ; rostrum twice as broad as long ; pronotum with
five grey vittae, the two lateral ones connected with each other anteriorly by a
transverse band ; apex of pygidium and anal sternum rounded, on pj'gidium a
straight black median stripe ... 63. G. germaini Jord. 1896.

Subsecticn E. — Derm of frons and occiput without sharply defined red area ;
rostrum not nearly double as broad as long ; elytra without white double lines
from base to ape.x. — Species 64-84.

Group g. — Pygidium brown, with white border, or white with sharply defined
brown median stripe. — Species 64-71.

52. Occiput with undivided median vitta, sides brown, the vitta more or

less vermilion ; dorsolateral vitta of pronotum crossing dorsal carina
a short distance from angle, more or less abbreviated ; abdomen
with lateral stripe of three large white spots

64. G. 7narianna Jord. 1904.

Occiput with vitta each side, or entirely white or yellow except a posterior

median brown spot ........ 53.

53. Dorsolateral vitta of pronotum commencing at upperside of lateral

carina ; between rounded angle of carina and median vitta a short
vitta starting from behind dorsal carina and not reaching halfway
to apex ; side of abdomen with four transverse white bands ; apex of
pygidium and anal sternum truncate-rotundate, angles not produced
as spines ; upperside of proboscis more or less vermilion

65. G. vicinus Jekel 1855.
Dorsolateral carina starting from base, its dorsal margin crossing dorsal
carina at some distance from angle ; no short vitta between dorso-
lateral and median vittae ....... 54.

54. Dorsolateral vitta some distance away from lateral carina, the space in

and behind lateral angle of carina brown ; brown median area of
occiput large, continued to apex of rostrum ; elytra with triangular
sutural spot or a band before apical declivity ; middle abdominal
segments laterally with more or less distinct brown spots at apical
margin ; angles of anal sternum projecting ; antenna of ^J reaching
to base of elytrum ... 66. C. piftrfoMis Jord., p. 231 .

No band or triangular sutural spot in front of apical declivity of elytra

67. G. ampulla Jord. 1906.

Dorsolateral vitta commencing at basal angle, fiUing in the angle of
carina and remaining contiguous with lateral carina for sonic distance,
the separation from white underside being sometimes indistinct ;
pronotum at least one-third broader than long ; angles of anal
sternum rounded ........ 55.

240 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

55. Brown median area of occiput extending on to rostrum ; abdomen with

lateral brown spot at apical margin of segments II to IV . 56.

Brown median area of occiput not extending to rostrum ; no brown

spots on abdomen ; pygidium with brown median stripe . . 57.

56. Centre of head and disc of pronotum rugate-reticulate ; pygidium brown

with narrow lateral white borders . . 68. O. talis Jord., p. 230.

Centre of head and disc of pronotum rugate-plicate, with distinct longi-
tudinal ridges ; pygidium yellowish white, with brown median stripe

69. G. helena Jord. 1904.

57. Angle of pronotal carina 90°, its tip hardly at all rounded off ; brown

median stripe of pygidium narrower than white border ; apical spot
of elytrum triangular, broader than border of {)ygidium

70. G. saror Jord. 1907.

Angle of carina more than 90°, apex rounded off ; brown median stripe

of pygidium broader than white border ; apical spot of elytrum

about as broad as border of pygidium 71. G. brevirostris Jord. 1895.

Group h. — Pygidium white, with or without brown lateral spot or stripe, or

b^o\^^l with white median stripe. — Species 72-84.

58. In anterior half of pronotum a white stripe running from underside

obliquely upward ; abdomen transversely banded at side ; antennae

compressed, in ^J longer than body ; derm of head rufous . 59.

Pronotum with three white vittae regular in shape, four brown or rufes-

cent interspaces . . . . . . . . .60.

Vittae irregular, brown interspaces therefore not straight stripes ;

dorsolateral vitta short or more or less fused with white underside 62.

59. Elytrum with white basal halfring open behind and trapeziform ante-

median patch from punctate line I to beyond IV, pointed behind ;
white median stripe of pygidium broad 72. G. variicornis Jord. 1895.
Elytrum with nearly straight basal border, a straight white line from
behind subbasal swelling to middle, here curving sideward-forward ;
white stripe of pygidium narrow . 73. G. phanerus Jord., p. 229.

60. Elytrum with anguliform Une as in G. phanerus, but the line meets that

of other elytrum on suture and is continued to scutellum, this design
somewhat resembling an anchor ; before apical decUvity a nearly
straight narrow band from side to side ; antenna of o stout, not
reaching apex of elytra, VIII longer than IX

74. G. flexiwsus Jord. 1895.

Eljrtra with triangular spot on suture before apical declivity, the spot

sometimes drawn out to lateral margin . . . . .61.

61. Grey sutural area divided posteriorly, not joining the triangular sutural

spot . . . . . . 75. (t. affinis Jord. 1895.

Grey sutural area joining the sutural spot ; club of antenna broader
than in G. affinis . . . . 76. G. editha Jord. 1904.

62. Tarsal segment I shorter than claw-segment . . . .63.
Tarsal segment I longer than claw-segment, especially in midtarsus 64.

63. Median vitta of pronotum abruptly narrowed, posterior half twice as

broad as anterior ; apical spot of elytrum not sinuate ; antenna of ^
reaching beyond base of elytra, with club narrow, shaft slender in
J $ ; hindtibia of ^J with apical hook . 77. G. hamatios Jord. 1904.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 241

Anterior half of median vitta represented by a few white hairs ; basal
half of elytra suffused with white, apical spot of elytrum deeply sinuate
anteriorly ; $ only known . . .78. 0. martha Jord. 1904.

64. Antenna reaching in ^J beyond elytra, in $ beyond base of pronotum,

shaft compressed in $, broad . 79. G. discoideus Fahrs. 1839.

Antenna shorter, shaft normal in 9 • • • • . .65.

65. Brown area of pronotum irregular, lateraUy more or less ill-defined or

bearing a short vitta ........ 66.

The two brown areas of pronotum well-defined . . . .67.

66. Underside thinly pubescent, except on prosternite, mesosternal inter-

coxal process, and a lateral stripe on nieso-metasternite and abdomen ;
apical spot of elytrum smallish ; rostrum with brown side in (^^ ; in
cJ segment III of antenna longer than H 80. G. irma Jord. 1904.

Underside almost uniformly white or creamy ; apical patch of elytra
occupying nearly the whole declivous area, anteriorly sinuate between
punctate stripes V and VIII ; pygidium narrow and long ; rostrum
entirely white in ,^, segment III of antenna of J as long as II

81. G. nanus Jord. 1904.

67. White pubescence extending from underside very little above lateral

carinula ; occiput brown at side, narrowly yellow in middle, frons
entirely yellow ; apical patch of elytra large, not divided at suture,
with small apical sutural brown spot ; underside uniformly white or
creamy . . . . . . 82. G. abundans Jord. 1906

White pubescence extending well above lateral carina and carinula 67.

68. Occiput with brown central area which extends on to frons or even

rostrum ; apical patch of elytra divided by brown suture ; vmderside
uniformly white ..... 83. G. erna Jord. 1904.

Occiput with diffuse brown median spot variable in size, sometimes
obsolete ; apical spot of elytrum small, at beginning of apical declivity
a transverse triangular spot on suture ; abdomen more densely
pubescent at side than beneath ; shaft of antenna of cJ stout

84. G. elisa Jord., p. 230.

39. Phaenithon eximius sp. no v.

cj?. Upperside densely pubescent ochraceous buff and spotted with black.
Pronotum with a broad median furrow from base to near apical margin. Inter-
coxal process of mesosternum strongly convex in middle, tuberculiform.

Black, upperside ochraceous buff, speckled with white hair-scales which are
more or less condensed around the brown-black markings. Rostrum double as
broad as long, entirely ochraceous buff, as is also the head, lateral angle a little
nearer to base of mandible than to apex of eye-sinus, dorsal edge of eye continued
on to rostrum as a carina which stops short halfway to apex, on frons three other
carinae extending on to base of rostrum where they are united. Frons a little
more than one-third the width of rostrum. Interspace between antennal groove
and eye below sinus a little broader than segment II of antenna is long. Eye
sliglitly longer than broad, anteriorly margined with white. Antenna short,
club twice as long as broad in o, shorter in $.

Pronotum two-fifths broader than long, minutely coriaceous, a deep broad
channel from base to near apical margin occupies at base about ono-thiiil,

10

242 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

behind apex one-sixth of the surface ; it is bounded each side by a high broad
ridge ; half-way between middle and side a broad brown-black stripe from base
on to the callosity, with two short transverse projections into the median
ochraceous area and before middle a short projection forward, in middle the stripe
expanding sideward for a short distance and then running to apical margin, which
it reaches behind eye, behind apex an isolated brown-black spot each side of
channel, sometimes also a short brown median line in channel, a brown spot
above lateral carina and a grey postmedian dot in brown stripe ; dorsal carina
slightly concave from side to side, almost gradually flexed forward, the arc rather
flat, lateral carina continued upward by a vestigial Une, subbasal transverse
cannula distant from dorsal carina at angle, but soon approaching it very closely
and disappearing before reaching median channel. Scutellum white, broader
than long.

Elytra one-third longer than broad, depressed along suture, interstice III
costate, V and VII sUghtly convex, IV impressed ; the following spots brown-
black, all more or less edged with white : a round dot behind scutellum, a median
sutural patch reaching to punctate stripe III and expanding shortly forward and
backward on suture, a small anteapical sutural dot, in interstice III before apical
decUvity a Unear spot, isolated or joined to a lateral patch, halfway to shoulder
a basal and a subbasal spot, behind shoulder a submarginal isolated dot, well
before middle a marginal patch extending upwards about to row VII of punctures,
above it several small spots, sometimes confluent and forming an extension of the
lateral patch, connecting it with the brown shoulder angle and nearly with the
median sutural spot, well behind middle another marginal patch, more or less
prolonged upwards as an abbreviated irregular band, before apical margin a small
spot , all these markings variable . Pygidium a httle broader than long , ochraceous
buff, with some sprinkUng of white, a diffuse spot in middle of base, the apical
margin and a smear between middle and side white.

Underside white, a spot at side of metasternite and a row of lateral spots on
abdomen brown-black ; prosternum in front of coxa about two-thirds as long as
diameter of coxa ; metasternum and abdomen of <^ broadly flattened, segment
V nearly as long as III + IV, with deep apical groove ; in $ V as long as
III -f IV, emarginate in middle. Apices of tibiae and the tarsi brown-black,
segment I of tarsi except apex and IV except base white, I in foretarsus of J?
as long as II -f III, shorter than claw-segment, foretarsus broader in ^ than $,
midtibiae of ^ with apical spinulose hump.

Length 5-4-8-0, width 2-5-3-7 mm.

Brazil : Jatahy, Goyaz, 2 c?c? (type) ; Diamantino, 1 ? ; also from Cayenne.

40. Phaenithon brevitarsus sp. no v.

jj$. In colouring exactly like Ph. longicornis Jord. 1904, but differs in the
proboscis, antennae and tarsi.

Rostrum depressed in front of eye, feebly but noticeably convex in median
area, not flat and slightly uneven as in Ph. longicornis, lateral angle more obtuse
than in that species. Median carina of frons thin and short, no distinct lateral
ridges. Antenna short in both sexes, VIII broader than long, shaft slender in
cj as in $, whereas in Ph. longicornis the ^ antenna is prolonged, VIII being at
least twice as long as broad. In <J of Ph. longicornis abdomen medianly impressed,

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 243

with a pair of tufted tubercles on IV, in Ph. brevitarstts both I and IV with a pair
of tufted tubercles. All tarsi deep brown in Ph. longicornis and the $ of
Ph. brevitarsus, but in (^ of Ph. brevilarsus fore- and midtarsi greyish white, more-
over segment I of foretarsus of cJ less than twice as long as broad, being about
half the length of claw-segment, in midtarsus I not quite so short, but shorter
than claw-segment, in hindtarsus I as long as II to IV together.

Largest specimens the size of the smallest we have of Ph. longicornis.

Length 5-3-7-3, width 2-2-2-9 mm.

French Guiana : Gourdonville and Pariacabo, viii.-xii. 1905, a series ;
we have also Ph. longicornis from the same localities. In Carnegie Museum
Ph. brevitarsus from Para.

41. Phaenithon foveiceps sp. nov.

cJ?. In both sexes a deep groove anteriorly on occiput.

Rufescent brown. Pubescence of rostrum and head diffuse, not concentrated
into a stripe or stripes, denser in slightly convex centre of rostrum. Lateral
angle of rostrum midway between bottom of sinus of eye and mandible, apical
sinus rounded, lateral portions of apical margin nearly straight. Frons rugulose,
faintly concave, with irregular thin median carina, pit in between posterior third
of eyes ovate, its transverse diameter nearly half the distance of pit from eye
(pit smaller in a dwarf $). Interspace between eye and antennal groove broader
below sinus than segment II of antenna. Eye longer than broad. Antenna
short, club as long as shaft, thrice as long as broad, X one-fourth broader than
long, IX and XI longer than broad.

Pronotum two-sevenths broader than long, hardly at all depressed before
carina, flattened in apical area, with the apical margin shghtly incurved between
the eyes, especially in ^, disc evenly but not strongly convex, without median
furrow, at each side of middle an irregular white vitta, broken up into dots in $,
an incomplete median vitta likewise irregular, composed of spots, these vittae
more or less connected at base and apex, before carina at outer side of submedian
vitta an elongate spot, additional dots in central and lateral brown areas, variable
in number ; dorsal carina slightly undulate, concave from side to side, curved
forward at side in a shallow arc, continued beyond middle as a thin vestigial line,
basal longitudinal carinula nearlyas distinct as subbasal transverse one. Scutellum
white, transverse, triangular.

Elytra about one-fourth longer than broad, not depressed at suture, subbasal
swelling vestigial ; punctate-striate, interstices flat, no depression before apical
margin, declivity very gradual, in (^ rufescent-brown subbasal swelling encircled
by white dots which on suture and behind swelUng are more or less confluent,
and on and before apical declivity a number of white dots, confluent or separate,
a few atlditional in central and lateral areas, in $ the dots more numerous and
most of them separate, only the subbasal swelhng and a median sutural patch
being devoid of them. Pygidium nearly alike in J and $, a little longer than
basally broad, strongly narrowing apicad, especially in ^, with the apical margin
evenly rounded, a median line composed of more or less confluent spots and a
small number of lateral spots white.

Underside white ; on metepisternum and abdominal segments II and III
u.sually a brown spot each ; intercoxal proce.ss of mosostpriuim convex, but not

244 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

tuberculiform, abdomen of (J medianly flattened, V transversely impressed.
Legs rufous, tarsi and apices of tibiae blackish brown, segment I for the greater
part white, foretibia of (J ventrally with a small apical tooth.

Length 6-2-6-5, width 2-5-3-1 mm.

French Guiana: Gourdonville and Pariacabo, xi. 1905, i. 1906, 2 ^^, 1 $
type (J ; in Carnegie Museum from the Amazons.

42. Phaenithon hypocoelus sp. nov.

(J$. Near Ph.fyuratus Gylleiihal 1833 ; diifers as follows : shaft of antenna
and tibiae dark brown ; segment XI of antenna at most as long as broad ; prono-
tum more coarsely coriaceous and more convex, between laterodorsal vitta and
lateral carina a diffuse vitta indicated, lateral carina short, not nearly reaching
to middle ; apical spot of elytrum more rounded, pygidium white, at most with
a brown smear each side of middle, strongly convex in 9 and much less narrowed
towards apex ; abdomen of (J rather deeply impressed from I to V, the groove
deepest on III and IV, at apical margin of these segments each side of groove a
small notch, V a httle longer than IV, without median tuft, in $ V shorter and
apically broader than in Ph. figuratus ; underside of abdomen dispersedly punc-
tate in both sexes ; tarsi and apices of tibiae brownish black, pubescence on under-
side of mid- and hindfemora shorter than in Ph. figuratus.

Brazil : Bahia, two pairs.

43. Phaenithon phelus sp. nov.

cJ$. Likewise close to Ph. figuratus ; interspace between margin of antennal
groove and eye below sinus only as wide as segment II of antenna is broad ;
antenna dark brown, club as in Ph. figuratus ; pronotum medianly more strongly
rugulose, vittae narrower, lateral carina continued forward by a thin vestigial
line ; sutural buff stripe reduced in length and width, not reaching to middle,
rest of suture and the alternate interstices dotted with buff, fom- to seven dots
in each row, apical spot separate from apical margin, at least laterally ; pygidium
of (^ as in Ph. figuratus, with or without brown smear between middle and side ;
abdomen of ^ with rather narrow depression from I to IV, V with deep groove
entirely filled in with buff pubescence ; tarsi and apical half or third of tibiae
brown-black, tarsal segment I white above, foretarsus of (J as broad as in ^
of Ph. figuratus, much broader than in Ph. hypocoelus.

Brazil, Z ^$.

44. Phaenithon stellans sp. nov.

$. Club of antenna consisting of two segments, X being absorbed.

Cylindrical, dark brown, upper surface rather densely dotted with creamy
pubescence. Rostrum thrice as broad as long, being very short, depressed along
apical margin, which is turned up, median sinus shallow, angle of lateral margin
strongly rounded. Frons half as broad as rostrum, flat. Interspace between
antennal groove and eye below sinus narrower than segment II of antenna.
Eye sUghtly longer than broad. Antenna dark brown, club paler, elUptical, half
as long again as broad, segment X absent (in the only specimen before me, a $),
VIII much broader than VII, forming part of the club, of which it has the dull
surface, III about one-fourth longer than IV.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 19.'t7. 245

Pronotum nearly two-thirds broader than long, convex, very feebly depressed
along dorsal carina, densely granulate-coriaceous, the creamy dots laterally partly
confluent ; lateral carina short, longitudinal carinula distinct, transverse cannula
short. iScutelluni .slightly slanting, a little impressed along middle, broader
than long.

Elytra cylindrical, not at all depressed above, somewhat swollen around
scutellum, with slight indication of a depression behind this swelling, dots in the
depression mostly confluent, apart from sutural one no impressed stripes, no
seriated punctures, the whole sm'face verj' densely granulose. Pygidium dotted
with white, as long as broad, moderately narrowed to apex, which is evenly
rounded, basal half slightly convex, apical half flattened.

Underside thinly pubescent white ventrally, more densely laterally, but sides
spotted and marmorated with brown. Prosternum short ; intercoxal process
of mesosternum slanting, somewhat concave, almost gradually narrowing, lateral
angle very obtuse, apex rounded and somewhat curved back ; anal sternite
($) as long as III + IV, strongly narrowed to apex, which is as broad as IV is
long in middle and sinuate, with the angles rounded off. Tibiae white except
apex and extreme base, which are dark brown like the tarsi ; hindfemur reaching
to apex of abdominal segment IV ; segment I of mid- and hindtarsi with white
pubescence above, in all tarsi I shorter than twice the diameter of apex of tibia.

Length 68, width ,3-3 mm.

Brazil : Espirito Santo, 1 $.

4.5. Phaenithon ochrinus sp. nov.

$. Close to Ph. stellins (No. 44), but club of antenna with three segments,
IX as long as X -f XI, pubescence of pronotum and elytra for the greater part
concentrated in patches, pale buff.

Frons more than half the width of rostrum. Segment III of antenna only a
trifle longer than IV, club nearly twice as long as broad and nearly as long as
II to VIII together, IX broader than long, X transverse, XI only as long as X.

Pronotum with median vitta interrupted in centre, continued on to occiput,
broadened at and behind carini, at side of it a broad brown irregular stripe bear-
ing a few huffish dots, lateral fourth dotted with pale buff, the dots united at .some
distance above angle into a small irregular rectangle with brown centre.
Scutellum creamy white.

Spots on elytra less numerous than in Ph. slellaiis and most of them larger,
at base near suture but well separated from it a squarish patch, an elongate one
above shoulder, a squarish one in subbasal vestigial depression, dots on apical
declivous area connected with one another, spots smaller and less numerous
.in lateral area than above. Apex of pygidium turned up. Underside as in
Ph. slellan.s.

French Guiana : Cayenne, 2 $9.

46. Phaenithon romarus sp. nov.

cj$. As in Ph. longilarsii Jord. 19{»4, Ph. curvipes Germ. 1824 and Ph. gravis
Fahrs. 1S.39, the prosternite longer in front of coxa than the diameter of co.xa.

Rostrum densely punctate, medianly slightly convex trans verselj', angle of
lateral margin nearer mandible than apex of sinus of eye, very obtuse, apical

246 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

sinus subtriangular, a yellowish buff sharply defined median vitta divided at
base, the two halves continued along eyes to base of pronotum. Antenna short,
club thrice as long as broad in $, longer in ^, as long in (J and $ as III to VIII
together, IX longer than broad. Interspace between antennal groove and ej'e
about twice as wide as segment II of antenna is long. Eye longer than broad.
Frons with irregular median carina extending on to rostrum and longitudinally
rugate-reticulate.

Pronotum very densely and finely coriaceous, one-eighth broader than long,
gradually narrowed from before basal angle, moderately convex, somewhat
depressed along dorsal carina, apical margin medianly incurved, especially in ,^ ;
a short, narrow, median vitta at base, a broader, complete, laterodorsal vitta,
somewhat curved, being convex dorsally, crossing dorsal carina about halfway
between middle and side, the brown dorsolateral area broader in centre than
brown median area, the three vittae joined together along carina, base behind
carina creamy white from side to side, dorsal carina feebly concave, lateral carina
very oblique, the arc, therefore, rather wide, this carina continued for a short
distance as a vestigial horizontal line, basal longitudinal carinula distinct, not
quite joining lateral carina, forming an angle of 90° with transverse carinula, this
carinula close to dorsal carina except at lateral angle. Scutellum white.

Elytra about half as long again as broad, narrowing po-iticad, not depressed
dorsally, finely punctate-striate, none of the interstices costate, apical declivity
gradual, not humped, sutural area creamy white from base to two-thirds, extend-
ing at base to lateral margin, nearly interrupted at shoulder, widened above
shoulder, again expanding laterad to line IV of punctures beliind subbasal swelling,
which remains brown and is broadly continuous with lateral brown area, the
white area then narrows to lines III and II and behind middle expands to III and
is joined (or nearly, type) to an elongate postmedian spot placed in interstice V,
the suture remaining narrowly brown except at base, an antemedian, irregularly
rounded, spot in interstices VII and VIII and a very small spot at margin a little
farther forward, at apex an obliquely transverse spot, touching neither suture nor
margins. Pygidium longer than broad, with the borders and a median vitta
creamy white, the vitta broad at base, tapering apically and more or less inter-
rupted, in (J pygidium rugulose, somewhat convex, first slanting and then gradually
vertical, apical margin straight in middle, in 9 granulose, gradually narrowed,
with the apex evenly rounded.

Underside creamy white, pubescence thinner ventrally on metasternite and
abdomen than laterally ; prosternum about one-third longer in front of coxa than
diameter of coxa ; mesosternal intercoxal process somewhat narrower than coxa,
the rounded apex curved back, lateral angle strongly rounded, not tuberculiform,
middle slightly concave ; in (^ metasternum very moderately flattened, abdomen
narrowly flattened on I to IV, hardly at all impressed, V shorter than IV, with
deep round median groove. III and IV each with two small pale subapical tufts ;
in $ V as long as III + IV, apex rounded, with very small median sinus ; in
both (J and $ a spot anteriorly on mesepimerum, a large spot on metepisternum
and a row of lateral marginal spots on abdomen browii. Tarsi and apices of
tibiae brownish black, foretarsal segment I longer than claw-segment, midtibia
of (J without mucro.

Length 7-3-7-9, width 31 mm.

Amazonas : Santarem, one pair, type ( iS) "i Carnegie Museum.

NOVITATE9 ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 247

47. Phaenithon mendis sp. nov.

(^$. Head and pronotum coarsely and very densely punctate-rugate. ^
easily distinguished from that of similarly coloured species by the presence
of a prominent median tubercle on abdominal sternum IV and by the upper-
side of the midtibia being flat and bearing along this area a carina from base
to apex.

Black, with white pubescence. Rostrum more than twice as broad as long,
white, slightly convex, but depressed behind elevate apical margin, angle of
lateral cariniform margin nearer base of mandible than apex of sinus of eye,
rounded, the margin continuous with apical margin, the two forming a wide arc,
median apical sinus shallow. White pubescence of head not dense except at
eyes, frons in i^ less and in $ a little more than one-third as wide as rostrum (this
measured from angle to angle, not from sinus of eye). Eye almost circular.
Interspace between eye and antennal groove below sinus of eye as broad as
antennal segment I. Antenna short, black, rufescent at base, club paler, as long
as segments III to VIII, a little more than half as long again as broad.

Pronotum one-half broader than long, moderately convex, slightly flattened
at apex, no subbasal depression, rather more than central half brown with a diffuse,
interrupted white median stripe or some scattered white pubescence at base
and apex, sides with a pair of irregular, partly confluent stripes and one or two
spots, all rather indefinite ; dorsal carina somewhat concave, lateral carina quite
short. Scutellum white.

Elytra cylindrical, one-third longer than broad, not depressed along suture,
subbasal swelling vestigial, with a feeble depression behind it ; punctate-striate,
interstices flat, markings white : from base to one-third (or beyond) of suture a
broad stripe curving sidewards behind subbasal swelling and connected with
basal margin by a hne in interstice V and some dots in III, these interstices as
well as VII and IX also elsewhere bearing some white dots, at apex an indefinite,
variable, patch across suture. Pygidium longer than broad, a little narrower in
J than in $, gradually narrowing to apex, which is rounded, white pubescence
more concentrated along middle and sides.

Underside white, without brown spots. Intercoxal process of niesosternuni
narrower than coxa, apex curved back, at side an indication of an angle. Abdo-
men of cJ not depressed on I to IV, tubercle of IV subapical, small but rather high.
Legs white, in ^J inclusive of tarsi, only hindtarsus less densely pubescent (partly
rubbed) ; in $ I of midtarsus and base of I in foretarsus white, the rest dark brown.
The flat upper surface of midtibia of (J outwardly bounded by a carina is. on the
inner side, bounded by a carinivonly proximally.

Length 4- 3-4-8, width 20-2-2 mm.

Brazil : Hansi Humboldt, Sta. Catharina, i. and ii. 1U36 (A. Mailer), a
series ; in Carnegie Museum from Chapada.

Phaenithon mediocris Jekel 1855.
The original description was evidently based on the $. The ^ agrees with
the $ in colouring ; the midfoniur is enlarged on ventral side into a broad conical
protuberance which is somewhat concave on frontal side and here, towards inner
surface, studded with brown, erect, almost spiniform scale-hairs ; pygidium longer
than broad, ccmvex, i.e. apex curved slightly frontad, apical margin broad,

248 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

truncate-emarginate, angles rounded. Abdominal sterna I to IV flattened-
depressed, lateral margin of depression elevate on II to IV, apical margin of IV
also elevate, round, projecting a little over base of V, the depression with its
raised margins somewhat resembling half a watchglass, V truncate-rotundate,
short, broadly depressed. In both (J and $ interspace between antennal groove
and eye below sinus rather wider than segment II of antenna is long.
A pair from the Amazons.

48. Phaenithon aspersus sp. nov.

(J. Rather broader than Ph. mediocris Jekel 1885, markings more indefinite,
midfemur simple, midtibia with apical mucro, abdomen depressed from I to V,
the depression not bounded by a ridge, apex of pygidium evenly rounded.

Head and rostrum white, huffish on occiput, lateral angle of rostrum nearer
mandible than apex of ej'e-sinus, centre slightly convex, apical siniis broad.
Frons two-fifths the width of rostrum, with central carina, sides rugate-phcate.
Interspace between antennal groove and eye below sinus a Uttle wider than
segment II of antenna is long. Eye a very little (yV) longer than broad.
Antenna short, club not quite twice as long as broad, apex of IX and X very
oblique.

Pronotum rather coarsely rugate-coriaceous, medianly somewhat longitud-
inally plicate, markings buff at apex, white elsewhere, at apex and at base a short
median stripe and a dorsolateral patch indicated, in between them the brown
ground irrorated with white pubescence, all indefinite ; dorsal carina very slightly
undulate, lateral carina continued for some distance obliquely upward by a
vestigial raised Une, basal longitudinal cannula very oblique, distinct, transverse
subbasal cannula farther from basal margin than from dorsal carina except at
point of juncture with lateral cannula. Scutellum white.

Elytra nearly as short as in Ph. semigriseus Giermar 1824, strongly convex,
not depressed at suture except very feebly behind vestigial subbasal swelling,
seriated punctures distinct, the rows hardly at all impressed as stripes except
sutural one ; as in Ph. mediocris a white basal sutural patch extending behind
brown subbasal swelling to interspace IV and at basal margin to near shoulder
with two interruptions, behind scutellum a small brown dot on suture, before
middle a sutural area almost devoid of grey irrorations, farther back to near apical
declivity interspaces I to III with white diffuse dots, interspaces V to IX dis-
persedly irrorated with ochraceous buff, at margin from base to beyond middle
an interrupted, more or less grey line, at apex a largish triangular patch ochraceous
buff, about as long at suture as at apical margin, somewhat indefinite. Pygidium
longitudinally slightly convex, longer than broad, white, but pubescence less
dense between middle and sides, the pygidium being nearly trivittate.

Underside white, a spot on metepisternum and a lateral row of spots on
abdomen brown (partly denuded). Segment I of foretarsus a little shorter than
II + III, hindtarsus blackish brown like apices of tibiae, segment I depressed,
somewhat asymmetrical, with a white stripe in basal two-thirds of outer .side.
Intercoxal process of mesosternum as broad as coxa, sUghtly concave, apex
turned backwards.

Length 5-7, width 3-0 mm.
Brazil : Jatahy, Goyaz, 1 (J.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 249

49. Phaenithon apertus sp. nov.

(J. Similar to Ph. aspersus. Pronotum very densely and evenly punctate-
coriaceous, without longitudinal wrinkles, in middle a short apical stripe and
a longer and broader basal one joined together by some white pubescence,
halfway to side a subapical spot, and at one-fourth from centre another buff,
rest of surface irrorated with white speckles ; dorsal carina laterally less
curved forward, lateral arc more strongly curved, lateral carina short, con-
tinued by an indistinct horizontal line, basal longitudinal carinula obsolescent.
Scutellum buff.

Elytra more strongly convex at base of suture, the larger patches of
pubescence buff, most of the others white, especially on sutm-e and at side, basal
sutural patch less compact, being invaded by brown, on line VI of punctures a
postmedian linear buif spot, apical declivity irrorated with buff, without con-
densed patch, rest of elytra dispersedly irrorated with white. Pygidium more
convex than in Ph. aspersus, rugate-granulate-punctate, moderately narrowed to
apex, with buff median stripe, ill-defined like all markings of upper surface,
apex white, truncate-rotundate, with the angles strongly rounded, sides and
base sparsely irrorated with white.

Underside white, side of prosternite rugulose, of metasternite densely
punctate-coriaceous ; intercoxal process of mesosternite somewhat narrower
than coxa, longer than broad, apex curved backwards, lateral angles feebly
marked, not swollen, the surface in between hardly at all concave ; metasternum
medianly broadly flattened, segments I and II of abdomen moderately flattened,
not impressed, III and IV not flattened, V longer than IV, transverse, transversely
sUghtly depressed, apex medianly truncate. Legs pubescent white, inclusive
of upperside of tarsi, but this pubescence thin on tarsal segments II-IV, tibiae
and mid- and hindtarsal segment I except blackish apices pale luteous, rest of
tarsi blackish, foretarsal I not longer than II h III, IV longer than I to III,
midtibia without mucro, with a small hump instead, bearing a number of spines
which are shorter than the normal spines of apical margin, hindtarsal I nearly as
long as II to IV.

Length 4-3, width 2-3 mm.

Brazil : Jatahy, Goyaz, 1 ^.

50. Phaenithon perfectus sp. nov.

cj$. Similar to Ph. jucundus Jord. 1906, median vitta of pronotum complete,
lateral carina short, intercoxal process of mesosternum vertical, but its apical
triangular portion almost abruptly turned anad, being horizontal and its centre
a little above the level of metasternum, abdominal .segment IV of J" with two
tubercles.

Rostrum more than twice as broad as long ; frons about half as wide as
rostrum, with a creamy-buff border to eye, on occiput a thin median line of
variable length of the same pubescence. Median vitta of pronotum abruptly
widened behind carina and just in front of it, not connected along carina with
dorsolateral vitta, which tapers in front and does not reach apical margin,
white pubescence of miderside ascending to level of upper margin of eye, the
apex of dorsolateral vitta being sometimes joined to this marginal upward
extension, at base the white pubescence reaches behind and in front of carina

250 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

to dorsolateral vitta, lateral carina quite short, not continued forward by
a thin raised line as in Ph. jucundus, fringe of apical margin entirely creamy
buff.

Pattern of elytra not so definite as in Ph. jucundus, subbasal swelling
encircled by white, this pubescence extending at base to outer margin, from this
ring emanate backwards one or more stripes, usually diffuse and variable in length,
or the dorsal area from irregular ring to apical third mottled with white, at side
above metepimerum a spot, another much larger one at apex touching neither
margin nor suture. Pygidium white, in $ with two diffuse brown smears, which
are sometimes broken up into four indistinct spots.

Underside white ; abdomen of (J medianly depressed, segment IV at apical
margin with two small tufted tubercles ; midtibia of ^ with indication of a
hump at apex.

Length 4- 7-7-8, width 2- 1-3-5 mm.

Costa Rica, vi. 1935 (F. Nevermann), on dead wood, a small series, type
in coll. Nevermann.

51. Phaenithon micula sp. no v.

(J. A small and short cyUndiical species, with large eyes, the pygidium
truncate and the anal sternum sinuate.

Rufescent brown. Rostrum white, more than two and one-half times as
broad as long (34 : 13), apical sinus shallow, angle of lateral margin very obtuse,
rounded, Frons only as broad as rostrum is long, brown irrorated with creamy
white, rugate, occijjut brown with creamy pubescence in middle and at eye.
Interspace between antennal groove and eye below sinus as broad as antennal
segment II. Antenna short, club a little longer than II to VIII, IX and X short,
XI longer than IX + X. Eye circular.

Pronotum half as broad again as long, coar.sely punctate-coriaceous, slightly
depressed along carina from side to side, moderately convex above, diffusely
spotted with creamy white : at base a median spot widened behind carina, in
centre a row of three more or less connected with each other, before them a rather
larger median spot with a small spot at each side, lateral third of pronotum with
about eight spots of which the anterior ones are joined together at apical margin ;
dorsal carina very slightly and evenly concave, straight towards side, the lateral
angle little larger than 90° with the tip rounded off, lateral carina bordered with
white, flexed downward-forward and continued upward-forward by a thin line,
subbasal transverse cannula distinct to near middle, nearly parallel with dorsal
carina. Scutellum creamy white.

Elytra cylindrical, not depressed dorsally, not swollen behind scutellum,
subbasal swelling vestigial, stripes of piuictures distinct in basal half, obsolescent
posteriorly, maculation irregular, the creamy-white spots small and few at side
and in a median sutural area, more or less confluent in subbasal depression, a
largish transverse spot behind middle from interstice II to V, on declivous
apical area numerous small spots most of which are joined together. Pygidium
white, longer than broad, rather strongly narrowed to apex, which is truncate,
beyond middle a vestigial median hump.

Underside white. Intercoxal process of mesosternum short, subvertical,
flat, apex truncate-rotundate. Abdomen convex, not depressed, anal sternum
as long as III + IV, strongly narrowing apicad, apex sinuate, oblique dorso-

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937, 251

lateral margin incurved. Tibiae rufous ; tarsi slender, brown segment I longer
than IV, in hindtarsus I three-fourths the length of tibia.

Length 3-7, width 1-7 mm.

French Guiana : Roches de Kouron, 1 ,^.

52. Phaenithon catharus sp. nov.

(J. Near Ph. .lemigriseus Germar 1824, pronotum with three sharply defined,
complete, deep creamy vittae.

Pubescence of rostrum deep creamy, divided posteriorly on frons into two
stripes bordering the eyes and a short narrow meilian stripe ; frons nearly two-
fifths the width of rostrum. Pronotum minutely coriaceous, but rugulose on disc,
with longitudinal ^v^inkles, median vitta narrowing forward, laterodorsal vitta
broader, carina more strongly curved forward at side, basal longitudinal carinula
obsolete, transverse subbasal cariiuila distinct, interrupted in middle. Scutellum
broader than long, smaller than in Ph. semigri.sews.

Elytra short and convex, seriated punctures distinct, but the rows hardly
at all impressed, from base of suture to shoulder a white band continued at suture
to one-fourth, here turning obliquely sidewards to line V of punctures, running
in interstice V to two-thirds, turning abruptly towards suture as far as row I of
punctures, this upward expansion trapezoidal, widest at row I, brown patch
on subbasal swelling sinuous, broadly continuous with lateral brown area, at
apex a transverse oblique spot from row I of punctures towards apicilateral
margin, which it does not reach, the browii sutural area bounded by the white
question-marks is almost rhombiform on each elytrum and extends forward to
near scutellum as a thin sutural line. Pygidium longer than broad, white,
much less narrowed to apex than in Ph. semigrisem, apical margin round.

Underside white, inclusive of legs, exclusive of hindtarsus. Intercoxal
process of mesosternum slightly concave, angulate at side, apex rounded and
turned backward ; metasternum flattened ; abdomen very feebly flattened,
without groove, V very little longer than IV. Foretarsal segment I as long as
II t- III, shorter than IV in both fore- and midtarsus, midtibia with apical
tooth, liindtarsal segments I and II apically compressed, not symmetrical, their
dorsal surfaces (in our unique specimen) apically subcariniform.

Length 4-0, width 2-1 mm.

Amazonas, 1 (J.

53. Phaenithon praetersus sp. nov.

$. Near Ph. figuratu.s Fahrs. 1839, but occiput with three vittae and the
median one of pronotum comj)Iete, broader than dorsolateral vitta, of even
width from before carina to apical margin. The four rufous-brown stripes of
pronotum sharply defined, the lateral one a little wider than median vitta or the
same width, posteriorly half as wide as sublateral rufous-brown stripe, dorso-
lateral vitta ba.sally connected with white underside, angle of carina more
abruptly rounded than in Ph. fujuraliis, denticulate lateral carina much shorter
than in that species, but continued by a thin line ; the whole pronotum minutely
coriaceous, in Ph. figuratus the central area rather strongly rugulose.

Elytra subcylindrical ; a basal marginal l>and greyish white, extended a
short distance backward above shoulder and on suture to apical fourth, being

252 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

rather abruptly dilated behind subbasal swelling to line V of punctures and
gradually and not so much posteriorly, before middle of side a patch or band
running obliquely up- and backwards to line IV or V of punctures, at apex of
each elytrum two spots connected (type) or separate, one apical, the other lateral,
these spots slightly yellowish. Pygidium as in Ph. figuratus wdth three white
Unes, which are more or less abbreviated, especially the median one.

Underside white, abdomen ventrally less densely pubescent than at side.
Tarsi and apices of tibiae pitchy black, the former slenderer than in Ph. figuratus,
segment I of all tarsi longer than II to IV together. Mesosternal intercoxal
process very feebly concave.

Length 5-0-6-2, width 2-0-2-7 mm.

Upper Amazons, 2 $?.

54. Phaenithon albipannis sp. nov.

cJ$. Forctibia strongly dilated, a basilateral spot on pronotum and several
at apex of elytra and on pygidium creamy white, very conspicuous on the dark
ground.

Black, strongly convex. Cariniform dorsal edge of eye continued as broadish
ridge to apical third of rostrum, the surface of the rostrum being thereby divided
into three areas, median area very finely pvmctate, depressed, especially at base,
with a white, irregular, median stripe to base of labrum, lateral area densely and
rather strongly punctate. Head dotted with white, a median carina on frons
widening forward and here divided by a median channel. Eye longer than in
Ph. leopardinus Fahrs. 1839 (which also has the foretibia dilated). Club of
antenna slightly paler than shaft, asymmetrical, XI longer than IX, more
strongly rounded on posterior side than anteriorly.

Pronotum half as broad again as long, moderately depressed in front of
scutellum and verj- feebly so along middle, minutely and very densely granulate-
coriaceous, dispersedly dotted vfith white, from basal angle across dorsal carina a
creamy-white patch not touching lateral carina, anteriorly excised or longitud-
inally divided, longitudinal basal carinula distinct, transverse subbasal carinula
quite short. Apex of scutellum drawn out into a longer pointed ridge than is
usual.

Elytra almost as broad as long, being only about one-tenth longer than broad,
strongly convex, not depressed above except very feebly before middle, subbasal
swelhng absent, rows of punctures I, II and III distinct, the others obsolete, the
whole surface dispersedly dotted with white, a larger spot near suture at basal
third, a small one in middle towards lateral margin, and a largish creamy-white
spot of variable size at apex separate from suture. Pygidium broader than long
in ^, a very little longer in middle than broad in $ and in this sex granulate,
apical margin round, in ^ medianly straight for a short distance, at base a creamy-
white band usually broken up into three spots.

Underside thinly pubescent white medianly, sides dotted with white, at side
of abdomen a row of three creamy-white spots on II to IV, the last the smallest ;
intercoxal process of mesosternum vertical, much higher and broader than coxa,
transversely strongly convex at highest point, anterior surface flat ; abdomen in
J strongly depressed along middle, in $ somewhat flattened. Femora and mid-
and hindtibiae dotted with white, foretibia strongly compressed, black, dilated,

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 253

inner side slightly concave, outer side convex, less than four times as long as
broad, pubescence short, tarsi black, segment I white.

Length 7-0-10-3, width 39-5G mm.

French Guiana : Gourdonville, viii. x. 1905, two pairs; in Carnegie Museum
also a (J from Santarem, Amazonas.

55. Phaenithon baseopagus sp. nov.

cJ9- Near Ph. callosus Fahrs. 1839, but base of suture raised into a single
rounded tubercle. Short and broad, of the size of large specimens of Ph. leo-
pardinus Fahrs. 1839, with the foretibia compressed and dilated as in that species,
but proboscis quite different.

Black, densely dotted with creamy white above and below, laterally on prono-
tum and on underside the white dots more or less confluent, the black interspaces
forming an irregular network. Rostrum more than twice as broad as long {in
type 44 ; 19), transversely depressed, irregularly creamy white except at base,
middle rugulose, sides punctate-rugate, lateral margin dilated into an obtuse
angle at one-fourth, from apex of angle the cariniform edge of antennal groove
continued very obliquely to apical margin, antennal groove close to eye. Head
dotted like pronotum, but frons more or less bare, a thin median carina on frons
and numerous irregular ridges. Antenna reaching to base of prothorax, rufescent,
paler at tip, segment X longer than broad in J, transverse in $, XI in <^ twice
as long as broad and in $ half as long again as broad.

Pronotum about one-half broader than long, strongly convex, feebh' flattened
before dorsal carina, which is straight, basal longitudinal carinula not well
developed, transverse carinula vestigial except at side, where it is strongly
developed. Scutellum slanting.

Elytra one-fourth longer than broad, not depressed at suture, but sutural
area somewhat flattened posteriorly, punctate stripes fairly distinct, dorsal
interstices feebly convex, sutural interspace swollen behind scutellum and at its
sides a low but quite distinct callosity being formed, which is longer on suture
than broad and gradually fades away posteriorly ; the white spots more or less
evenly distributed, very numerous and nearly all separate, except at side and
behind callosity. Pygidium .shghtly raised in median line, spotted with white,
in J much broader than long, with apical margin straight in middle, in $ nearly
as long in middle as broad, gradually and rather strongly narrowing apicad, apex
somewhat turned up, evenly rounded, granulate.

Whole underside spotted with creamy white, the spots confluent (the
pubescence rubbed away in middle of metasternum), intercoxal process of meso-
sternum subvertical, broader than coxa, apex curved back and rounded, at point
of curvature angles swollen, tuberculiform, surface in between these tubercles
slightly concave ; abdomen depressed along middle in cj, somewhat flattened-
depressed in 9- Forefemur and -tibia entirely brownish black, midfemur pubes-
cent creamy white spotted with brown, midtibia uniformly pubescent creamy
white with brown apex, hindfemur and -tibia spotted witli creamy white and
brown, tarsi more or less pale buff, segments I and 11 creamy white on upperside
in all tarsi, if not rubbed bare, foretibia of rj with a small ventral tooth.

Length 6-3-9-2, width 3-3-5-3 nnn.

Brazil : Espiritu Santo, 3 (^(^, 2 ?$ (type <J) ; in Carnegie Museum a series
from Amazonas : Para, Santarem, S. Paulo de 01iven9a.

254 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

56. Phaenithon colonis sp. nov.

cJ$. Similar to Ph. baseopagus, but proboscis very different, basal tubercle
of elytra much higher, underside except abdomen dispersedly dotted with
creamy white.

Proboscis twice as broad as long, white, depressed proximally in middle,
with several longitudinal ridges at base, apical sinus smaller than in Ph. baseo-
pagus, lateral margin from eye to above base of segment I of antenna straight,
from here strongly slanting to apical margin, this oblique portion about half as
long as the straight basal portion. Frons with longitudinal ridges, the two
middle ones more regular than the others and united on occiput, the others
branched and disappearing before reaching occiput, no single central carina.
Distance of antennal groove from eye about equalling the length of segment II
of antenna, the interspace being much wider than in Ph. baseopagus. Antenna
reaching to about middle of prothorax, much shorter than in Ph. baseopagus,
X transverse, XI slightly longer than IX and a little longer than broad.

Pronotum half as long again as broad, median depression before carina much
broader and extending farther forward than in Ph. baseopagus, white spots in this
depression more or less confluent, dorsal carina laterally slightly bent forward
before turning apicad, the curve therefore more gradual than in Ph. baseopagus.
Scutellum nearly perpendicular, larger, black, with a few minute dots at margins.

Elytra as in Ph. baseopagus, but basal tubercle much higher, interstice III
subcostate, subapical convexity less regular, interstice III joining IX as a low
ridge behind which there is a depression, at sides a large anterior area and a post-
median one with fewer dots than in Ph. baseopagus. Pygidium flatter, not
depressed laterally, therefore middle line not raised.

Thoracic sterna and sternum I of abdomen much less densely dotted than
upperside, spots of abdomen pale yellow, more or less confluent ; intercoxal
process of mesosternum vertical, its apical portion horizontal, somewhat above
the level of metasternum, tubereuliform angles much more elevate than in
Ph. baseopJiagus. Femora and tibiae black, mid- and hindfemora sparsely dotted
with white, mid- and hindtibiae with large pale-yellow median ring, all tarsi
pale yellow, forefemur ( ^) with small basal tubercle beneath, tip of foretibia with
a tooth at apex of outer margin of underside, the imderside with a deep groove
to near base, inner side concave along cariniform dorsal margin, outer side some-
what convex. Abdomen depressed along middle.

Length 7-3-8-3, width 4-4 mm.

Brazil : Jatahy, Goyaz, i Si-

57. Phaenithon centralis sp. nov.

cJ$. Close to Ph. discifer Jord. 1906, but pygidium and anal sternum longer
(in 9, the ^ of Ph. discifer not known), apex of anal sternum less distinctly
sinuate, sides of undersurface with large patches of creamy white pubescence.

Median area of proboscis somewhat depressed, covered by a creamy white
stripe which is continued to base of pronotum, bare lateral area of rostrum
wider than median area, coarsely rugate-plicate, angle of lateral margin nearer
to eye than to base of mandible, interspace between antennal groove and eye
below sinus narrower than antennal segment II. Brown or blackish patch at
base of pronotum midway between middle and side variable in size.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 19.17. ' • 255

Pygidium of cf broader than long, apical margin slightly straightened in
middle. On sitle of prosternum two irregular creamy white stripes with dots in
between, ejiimcrum of mesothora.\ and episternum of metathorax creamy white
for the greater part, on abdominal segments 11 and III a large, irregular, trans-
verse patch. Mid- and hindtibiae dotted with white as in Ph. discijer ; midtibia
of cj with short sharp mucro. In (J abdomen medianly flattened-depressed.

Length 5- 4-9- 3, width 2- 8-4- 8 mm.

Amazonas (type) and French Guiana ; in Carnegie Museum from Para and
Santarem.

58. Phaenithon moerosus Boheman 1833.

A short species with white underside. Vitta of rostrum and frons broad,
narrowed on occiput. Pronotum with straight median vitta, white pubescence
of underside extending dorsad well above lateral carina, appearing in dorsal aspect
as a lateral vitta, two brown spots between end of lateral carina and apical
margin, the posterior one small, some white pubescence along dorsal carina.
The only species known to me in which the elytra bear on subapical declivity a
white transverse band well separated from apical margin. The type is a J ; the
abdomen is medianly flattened and each sternum bears a transverse band of white,
long, silky pubescence, bands of II to V occupy the ventral third of their segment
and are laterally sharply rounded, the fu-st band short (in the transverse sense).

Length 6, width 2-8 mm.

" Brasilia. Dom. Freyreiss." — The type is the only specimen I have seen.
Freyreiss evidently was in a place whence no material has come into my hands ;
see also Gymnognalhus signatus. No. 24.

59. Phaenithon maculatus Fabr. 1801.

llyUsinus maculatus Fabriciua, Syst. Eleulh., ii, p. 391, no. 8 (1801) (Amer. merid.).

The type is in the Museum at Copenhagen. I do not know into which family
the species has been transferred by the Cataloguers. It is a Phaenithon very
close to Ph. sitniUs Jord. 1904, with three creamy-white vittao on pronotum,
median one complete, in Ph. similis interruj)ted ; markings of elytra almost
exactly as in that species.

60. Phaenithon guttulatus Fahrs. 1839.
The type is a small $ of Ph. curvipes Germ. 1824.

61. Phaenithon implicatus Fahrs. 1839.

Dr. Lundblad informs me that the type is not at Stockholm, The description
applies very well to Ph. .lemiyrheu-n Germ. 1824, of which I consider implicatus
to be a synonym. The species is common in South and Central America and
varies a good deal in markings.

62. Euparius placidus n. n.

Euparins suluralis Jordan, in liiul. Cent.- Amer., Ctilmpl., iv, p. 348, »o. 8. i)I. 13. fig. 4 (1906),
nee E. suluralis Jordan, Nov. Zool., xi, p. .S08, no. 144 (1904).

63. Euparius dipholis sp. nov.

$. Near E. placidus, in shape and colouring also resembling Caccorhinus
lateripictuji Jord. 1895 from New Guinea and Queensland. Pronotum with a
conspicuous black spot each side before carina nearer side than middle.

Subcylindrical, a little more than two and one-half times as long as broad

256 • NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

(28 : 11) ; derm of upperside rufescent, of underside blackish brown, posteriorly
rufescent. Pubescence of upperside creamy white clouded with pale cinnamon.
Rostrum creamy white, with short median carina ; head pale cinnamon, white
at side, frons more extended white than cinnamon. Antenna pale rufous buff,
IX and X darker, IX as long as broad, X broader than long, XI ovate, one-fifth
longer than broad.

Pronotum one-fifth broader than long, very densely punctate-coriaceous,
almost reticulate at side, where the punctures are larger than on disc, conical, side
hardly at all incurved before basal angle, slightly convex behind middle, disc
convex transversely and longitudinally, without median channel, but there is a
slight flattening in centre, with the scale-hairs parted right and left, the greater
part of surface pale cinnamon, at each side of apex a white patch connected with
a diffuse lateral stripe extending towards basal angle, black basal spot surrounded
by white, especially on dorsal side, the white pubescence extending also along
carina to a variable extent ; angle of carina 90°.

Elytra cylindrical, punctate-striate, none of the interstices raised, suture
slightly flattened in basal half, subbasal swelhngs indicated, not tubercuHform,
before apical margin a depression, but the swelling above it evenly convex, not
at all tuberculiform, in front of subbasal sweUing a patch shaded with pale
cinnamon, similar shading in middle, before apical declivity and at side, in inter-
space III an antemedian black spot, linear, this colour extended diffusely and
indistinctly to line V of punctures, the area between this spot and subbasal
swelling pure creamy white. Pygidium creamy white, almost semicircular, half
as broad again as long in middle.

Anterior half of side of prosternite punctate, metasternite impunctate.
Tibiae grey, base and apex brown like tarsi.

Length 5-7, width 2-2 mm.

Amazonas : Santarem, 2 $$, type in Carnegie Museum.

64. Euparius nuchalis sp. nov.

$. Close to E. dipholis, No. 63, but pronotum with a large black basi-discal
area nearly as in E. thoraciciis Fahrs. 1839.

End-segment of antenna pale, longer than in E. dipholis. Black area of
pronotum occupying a little more than three-quarters of the base and extending
forward across highest point of disc to five-sixths, gradually narrowing, apex of
area incised medianly, behind its apex on highest point of disc a short transverse
spur from grey lateral area projects into the black, before carina each side of
middle an indication of a grey patch ; laterally at some distance from carina a
short backward spur of grey area indicating black spot of E. dipholis ; there are
also a few grey hairs indicating a median line ; median angle of carina a little
less rounded than in E. dipholis. Scutellum black.

On elytrum an irregularly rounded patch on subbasal swelling extended to
base, a shoulder patch, a minute spot in interstices III and V before middle,
and a larger sublateral one behind middle black.

Intercoxal process of mesosternite broader than coxa, broader than in E.
dipholis, slightly concave. Base and extreme tip of tibiae and tarsal segments
II to IV brown-black, derm of I luteous, its pubescence white as on tibiae.

Length 6-7, width 2-8 mm.

Bolivia : Cochabamba (Germain), 1 ?.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 257

65. Euparius bnichi sp. nov.

$. Lateral angle of pronotal carina somewhat smaller than in E. dipholis
and E. nuchalis, about the same as in E. figurahis Bohem. 1845 ; intercoxal
{)rocess of mesosternum distinctly convex, but not humped.

Rostrum and head white, slightly shaded with pale ochraceous, black behind
eye. Segments I to VIII of antenna rufescent, club darker, XI eUiptical, sub-
truncate at base, a little longer than in E. dipJwlis and shorter than in E. nuchalis,
XI not pale. White area of head continued to beyond convex middle of prono-
tum, not sharply defined, basal area and sides below white area huffish ochraceous,
lower part of side above lateral carina black like underside of prosternum, sides
coarsely punctate-rugate ; dorsal carina concave in middle, not angulate, lateral
carina in dorsal view very distinctly incurved before angle ; within the white
area two brown dots each side of middle, the posterior pair almost merged into
the huffish ochraceous basal area. ScuteUum white.

Elytra as in E. nuchalis and E. dipholis without tubercles, derm rufous, sides
blackish, pubescence huffish ochraceous shaded with white, in middle a white
diffuse patch in which there are four black dots, one each in III and V and, a
little farther back and smaller, in IV and VII, on subbasal swelling a blackish
double dot in a white cloud, apical declivity diffusely white, especially strongly
on convex portion. Pygidium almost semicircular, white pubescence not con-
cealing rufous derm.

Underside and legs black, with sparse white pubescence, anal sternum rufous,
pubescent white, segment IV also somewhat densely pubescent at side ; pro-
sternite coarsely rugate-punctate, metasternite laterally with largish shallow
punctures ; intercoxal process of mesosternum apically narrower than coxa,
distinctly convex. Tibiae with pale-rufous median ring pubescent white, one-
third of segment I in foretarsus, two-thirds in mid- and hindtarsus white.

Length 6-1, width 2-6 mm.

Argentina : Province of Cordoba (Dr. C. Eruch), 1 9-

66. Euparius stratus sp. nov.

$. Basal angle of pronotum less than 60° ; intercoxal process of meso-
sternum broad, emarginate, with broad subapical swelling ; tarsi rufescent like
tibiae. Nearest to E. clitelliger Fahrs. 1839, but longer, proboscis not white,
jjronotum without median carina and with the basal angle more acute, subbasal
tubercle of elytrum and subapical sweUing much lower, punctures of line I much
smaller, pygidium broader than long instead of longer than broad, etc.

Pubescence of upperside ochraceous buff mixed with white. On occiput an
indication of a white median streak. End-segment of antenna pale creamy
buff, half as long again as broad, ovate, shorter than IX -{- X.

Pronotum granulate-coriaceous, on disc almost smooth, less than one-half
broader than long (7 : 5), depressed dorsally before carina, and along middle to
near apex, disc swollen each side of middle, but not so much as in E. clitelliger,
in the median channel a vestigial white stripe and on dorsal side of discal swelling
a diffuse transverse white spot more or less connected with the white median
pubescence, angle of carina nearly as acute as in E. sellatus Fahrs. 1839, sides
of pronotum gradually and very slightly incurved before angle, gently slanting
to end of lateral carina, then more strongly slanting to apex. ScuteUum white.

17

258 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

Elytra half as long again as broad, strongly punctate-striate, but the punc-
tures on the whole smaller than in E. clitelliger, especially those of sutural line,
which, in E. clitelliger, are partly confluent to form short grooves, subbasal
tubercle quite distinct, but not so high as in E. clitelliger, behind it a transverse
depression, sutural area flattened to apex bounded by interspace III, anteapical
swelling much less prominent than in E. clitelliger, interstices III, V, VII and IX
being much less convex, suture and alternate interstices more or less shaded with
white and spotted with brown, from base of suture a white patch which extends
sidewards behind subbasal tubercle to interspace V, excised on suture. Pygidium
much broader than long.

Pubescence of underside and legs pale creamy buff, not dense, sides of
thoracic sternites coarsely punctate, abdomen without the row of white lateral
spots of E. clitelliger ; legs irrorated with white, tarsal segment I somewhat
shorter than in E. clitelliger.

Length 9- 1-10-7, width 4- 1-4-8 mm.

Bohvia : Sta. Cruz de la Sierra (J. Steinbach), 1 $ ; also in Carnegie Museum
from the same source.

67. Euparius mesculus sp. no v.

(S- Very similar to E. stratus {No. 66), but mesosternal intercoxal process
without median hump. Basal angle of pronotum less acute, median depression
broader and less deep haKway to apex, with a slight median ridge. White
sutural patch of elytra not continued to scutellum. Intercoxal process of
mesosternum broader, emarginate, subapically convex, but not raised medianly
into a rounded hump. Luteous velvety spot each side of median suture of
metasternum sharply defined ; side of metasternite without large punctures.
Abdomen medianly flattened from base to apex, this area silky browii. Hind-
tarsus compressed, stout, first segment apically thicker than apex of hindtibia.

Length 8-3, width 4-0 mm.

Amazonas, 2 (J J.

68. Euparius anceps sp. nov.

$. Likewise similar to E. stratus, but rostrum, head, apex of eljrtra and
pygidium white ; intercoxal process of mesosternum with low hump.

The white pubescence of head continued to middle of disc of pronotum,
spreading a little sideward-backward and being medianly divided from behind
for some distance, median depression very shallow before carina, hardly at all
extended forward, the centre of disc being very feebly flattened, lateral angle of
carina as in E. stratus. Scutellum white.

Elytra less strongly punctate-striate than in E. stratus, the interspaces
flatter, subbasal sweUing less high, gradually fading away laterally, interspace
IV not strongly depressed at base, depression behind subbasal swelling very
feeble in interspace III, from near scutellum to near middle a diffuse white area,
extending laterally to interspace V, not sharply defined, behind it in interspace
III a conspicuous black tuft, not a tubercle, a similar but smaller tuft a little
farther back in VII with some white pubescence before it, suture with minute
brown dots, alternate interspaces with traces of such dots and a shght white
suffusion ; white apical area from apical margin to above subapical hump,
wider at sides and less well defined dorsally. Pygidium one-third broader than

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 259

long, middle of its apical margin slightly straightened (as is also the case with
abdominal segment V).

Underside of body and the legs white, the body a little shaded with bufif ;
sides of sterna with the punctures vestigial, just discernible on removing the
pubescence ; foretarsus and segments II to IV of mid- and hindtarsi brown, as
are extreme tips of tibiae.

Length 7-7, width 4-3 mm.

Brazil ; Ilha Santo Amaro, near Santos, iv. 1912, 1 9 (G. E. Bryant).

69. Euparius amictus sp. nov.

(J$. Near E. albiceps Jurd. 1904, mesosternal, intercoxal process with
tubercle, elytrum with subbasal and anteapical tubercles high, underside
uniformly pubescent greyish white, not irrorated as in E. albiceps.

Head and rostrum greyisli white, centre of occiput slightly olivaceous.
Antenna rufescent brown, club about as long as IV to VIII, XI pale, elongate-
elliptical, twice as long as broad, somewhat longer than IX.

Pronotum olivaceous buff, disc strongly swollen each side of middle into a
broad tuberouliform elevation, from this swelling forward an ill-defined greyish
white stripe, area before basal angle with a similar tint in certain lights, in front
of scutellum a transverse, triangular area bounded in front by an anguliform
depression extending halfway to side, ending at an oblong black spot in front of
carina, the spot longer than broad, basal angle acute, strongly produced back-
ward, side incurved in front of angle and then excurved, the apex of lateral
carina on a sideward projection.

Elytra two-thirds longer than broad, strongly flattened-depressed from
suture to intersjjace IV, subbasal swelling a high, broad, rounded tubercle, before
apical declivity a less broad but higher tubercle directed backwards, depressed
area greyish white, this colour extending a little sidewards before and behind
middle and running across subaj)ical tubercle, lateral area olivaceous buff, with
some diffuse greyish white smears, in interspace IV an antemedian black tuft,
another of the same colour in VII a little farther back in a greyish white stripe.
Pygidium ohvaceous buff, greyish white at base, apex and along middle, in ,£
one-sixth broader than long, in $ two-fifths.

Tubercle of mesosternal process projecting forward-downward ; sides of
abdomen shaded with olivaceous ; the extreme bases and tips of tibiae and the
tarsal segments II and III bro^vn, underside of foretarsus long-hairy in (J.

Length 12-7-13-7, width 5-7-6-1 mm.

Amazonas : Para, 1 cJ, 2 $$, tj'pe ( ^) in Carnegie Museum.

70. Euparius longiclava sj). nov.

(J$. Intercoxal process of mesosternuni slanting, without central tubercle.
End-segment of antenna linear, more than four times as long as broad, nearly
twice as long as IX -f X, as long as III to VIII together. Colouring of elytra
nearly as in E. albiceps Jord. 1904 and E. tarsalis Jord. 190C, tarsi blackish as in
the latter. An elongate species, nearly three times as long as broad.

Pubescence of head, rostrum and pronotum ochraceous buff mixed with
greyish white. Rostrum depressed in middle, with a slightly raised median line.
Antenna pitchy brown, IV to VIII paler, tip of XI pale buff, club loose, i.e. X

260 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

and XI with short basal stalk, this stalk inserted in apex of preceding segment
near posterior angle, IX half as long again as broad, X very little longer than
broad.

Pronotum one-half broader than long, very densely punctate-coriaceous,
depressed before carina and also slightly along middle, disc somewhat swollen
each side of middle, but the swelUng not tuberculiform, basal angle acute, side
gradually incurved before angle and then excurved, oblique from middle to apex.

Elytra twice as long as broad, distinctly punctate-striate, interspaces more
or less convex, especially III, suture and intersj^ace II flat, depressed, the depres-
sion deejjer behind subbasal swelling and extended to interspace III, subbasal
swelUng distinct, but not very high, forming a low, romided, tubercle, before
apical margin an impression and above this the elytrum strongly convex, pro-
jecting backwards, not upwards, with interspaces III, V and VII almost costate,
but raised as a tubercle, depressed sutural area greyish white, expanding before
and behind middle to interspace V inclusive, suture and outer margin somewhat
tessellated with brown, pubescence of sides of elytra as on pronotum, interspaces
III and V in middle and before apical swelling brown. Pygidium ochraceous
buff mixed with white, broader than long, apex rounded in ^, shghtly truncate
in $.

Underside pubescent white, the pubescence not dense. Extreme bases and
tips of tibiae and tarsi blackish brown. III and IV of tarsi paler.

Length 9-7-130, width 3-7-5-2 mm.

Brazil : Jatahy, Goyaz, type tS ; and in Carnegie Museum from Rio de Janeiro.

71. Euparius medialis sp. nov.

.(5 In shape and colouring similar to E. calcaratus Jord. 1904, but basal
angle of pronotum more acute, mesosternal process wdthout tubercle, hindtibia
( (J) without spm' at apex.

Elongate, nearly thrice as long as broad. Pubescence of upperside ochraceous
buff mixed with white. Proboscis with black median chainiel at base, the
united edges of which form forward and backward (on frons) a very thin carina.
Segment XI of antenna pale, nearly as long as IX -f- X, elongate-elliptical,
twice as long as broad.

Pronotum one-fourth broader than long, very densely punctate-coriaceous,
dorsally depressed before carina, disc less convex in middle than at each side of
middle, but not impressed, white pubescence in evidence in middle and at sides,
there being a diffuse white median stripe from base forward, interrupted in
middle and vestigial at apex, at side from tip of lateral carina to apical margin
a dark area as continuation of the colouring of prosternite, this area bounded
above by more or less scattered white pubescence ; basal angle about 80°, side
of pronotum feebly incurved in front of angle and then shghtly convex, the
pronotum gradually narrowing from apex of lateral carina.

Elytra with parallel margins, depressed at suture, subbasal swellings very
distinct, but not forming prominent tubercles, interspaces III, V and VII some-
what convex in posterior half, before apex an impression above which there is a
prominent swelUng, but no tubercle, sutural area white from base to apical
decUvity, on decMvity restricted to sutural interstice, behind subbasal callosity
widened to punctate hne V and again behind middle for a shorter stretch, apical

NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 261

half of suture minutely dotted with brown, III and alternate interspaces with
brown and diffuse white spots, not regularly tesseUated.

Pubescence of underside creamy white, not very dense, derm of thoracic
sterna more or less blackish ; mesosternal process sUghtly concave in basal half,
obtusely angulate at side, more strongly slanting backwards from this point ;
anterior lateral area of prosternum as densely punctured as pronotum, side of
metasternite with scattered punctures ; abdomen ( ^J) medianly flattened ;
tarsal segments II to IV with little or no white pubescence on upperside.

Length 9(), width 3-4 mm.

Bohvia : Sta. Cruz de la Sierra (J. Steinbach), 2 ,^^, type in Carnegie
Museum.

Euxuthus gen. nov.

Like Eiiparius Schonh. 1826, but eye sinuate, the sinus small, interrupting
three or four lines of facets. Labiophore very short and broad, in middle only
half as long as its base is broad between ends of buccal fissures. Prosternum in
front of coxa less than half as wide (longitudinally) as foreoxa. Intercoxal
process of mesosternum much broader than coxa, slanting, flat, truncate, feebly
emarginate. Gtenotype : sp. nov. here described.

72. Euxuthus homochrous sp. nov.
cj?. Ovate, strongly and evenly convex. Entirely rufescent ochraceoua,
covered with a slightly paler pubescence which has golden and creamy reflections,
only segments VII (or VI) to XI of antenna differ in colour, being pitchy black,
and the apex of mandible, which is rufescent brown.

Rostrum with narrow median carina, which does not reach apex, traverses
frons and disappears before reaching occiput, median sinus of apical margin
small ; lateral margin very obtusely angulate above antennal groove, the margin
from this point forward rather strongly slanting. Antenna of the same type as
in Euparius ; club gradually widening to basal half of XI, this segment longer
than IX, ovate, with the base subtruncate.

Pronotum one-third broader than long, finely coriaceous, dorsal carina
concave medianly, convex towards sides, lateral angle 90°, with the tip rounded
off, lateral carina ending before reaching meral suture, but continued across this
suture by a thin line.

Elytra one-fourth longer than broad, punctate-striate, the stripes obsolescent
behind, no dorsal depression, no distinct subbasal swelling. Pygidium half as
long again cVs broad, evenly rounded. Segment I of tarsi less than one-third
longer than H + III, claw-segment about as long as II. Abdomen medianly
slightly flattened in ^.

Length 5-0-5-2, width 2 (5 mm.

Colombia : Cacagualita ; a small series ; type in Carnegie Museum.

262

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XL. 1037.

ON SOME NOETH AMERICAN SIPHONAPTERA

By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 13 text-figures.)

fTiHE Dii-ector of the Rocky Mountain Laboratory of the U.S. Public Health

■*- Service, Dr. R. R. Parker, and the Assistant Parasitologist of that Institute,

Mr. Wm. L. Jellison, have submitted to me for identification and/or description

a small number of fleas from Montana and neighbouring western states, among

which are six I describe here as new. The types have been returned to Dr.

Parker, but one or more paratypes, where available, have been retained. I take

the opportunity to add to this paper notes on some other Nearctic fleas and to

publish some figures which may prove usefid.

Vlll.t.

VIILst.

Vll.st

1. Ceratophyllus swansoni Liu 1935 (text-fig. 44).

Ceralophyllus sivanmni Liu, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. xxviii, p. 121, pi. I, figs. 1, 2, 3 (1935).

(J. Related to C. vagabunda Bohem. 1865, but differs not only m the
genitalia, but also in the chaetotaxy, the bristles being more abundant, especially
on the femora and tibiae. Our figure is drawn from the type, which Professor
Riley has very kindly submitted to me for comparison with other bird fleas.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

263

Proboscis short. On abdominal terga III to VI the row of Hinall bristles
placed in front of the posterior row of long ones extends down to near stigmata.
On inner- and outersides of hindfeniiir a subbasal row of 6 or 7 bristles, on
inside immediately above the row one or two additional ones ; on outside of
hindtibia 15 lateral bristles, not including the subventral and apical ones, on
inside a row of 7. Tarsal segment V with minute hairs from apex to very
near base.

Modified Segments. Tergum VIII rounded, with 'J or 10 dorsomarginal

bristles (text-fig. 44), 5 or fi dorsolateral ones, and one long ventrolateral bristle,
spiculose dorsal area of inner surface narrow. Sternum VIII (VIII. st.) without
fringed apical flap, but with subapical, narrow, long, non-fringed vertical flap
somewhat curved forward and then backward : at apex of VIII. st. two long
bristles each side and along ventral margui from apex to near middle a row of
short ones on outer side, some of them minute, and a few on inner surface. Pro-
cess P of clasper short, conical, almost pointed, bay at its proximal side very
wide ; the two long acetabular bristles well above base of digitoid F. This
finger F similar to that of C niger Fox 1 908, but broader. Apical lobe of sternum
IX long and narrow.

Described by Professor Liu from a ^J and § found on Asio wilsonianus at
Fertile, Minnesota, by Mr. Swanson.

Ceratophyllus rileyi Liu 1935, described in the same paper from both sexes,
ofl' Boimsa umbMiis, is the same as C. diffinis Jord. 1925, a species of wide
distribution, being in the
N. C. Rothschild collection
from British Columbia, New ^^

England and Long Island.

2. Monopsyllus fomacis
sp. nov. (text-fig. 45).

?. Closely related to M.
eumolpi Roths. 1905, ap-
parently differing only in the
shape of sternum VII and in
the bursa copulatrix. This
sternum is truncate, with the
upper angle rounded-project-
ing, the ventral margin of
this short nose not forming
an angle with the apical
margin of the .segment. The
bursa copulatrix and its duct
of 31. eumolpi are very
peculiar, being surrounded

with glandular ti.ssue and rolled up, making two convolutions in natural
situation ; in the new species the duct is much shorter, not rolled up, broadly
margined with glandular tissue on the anterior side, the bursa itself roimdcd.
Spermathcca (R s.) as in M. eumolpi.

California : Sevenoaks. on Sciurus griseus, v. 1936, 2 $$ (Glen M. Kohls).

204

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

3. Megabothris exilis sp. nov. (text-fig. 46).

cJ. Eye and stigma of abdominal segment VIII of this small species rather
smaller than is usual in this genus. Similar to M. acerbns Jord. 1925, smaller,
with fewer small bristles on abdomen, and different genitalia.

Bristles on abdominal terga : III 8 or 13, 14, IV 8 or 9, 13 or 14, V 6, 13 or
14, VI 5 or 7, 13, VII 3 or 5, 13, in the two specimens, both sides together ; on
sterna : III 2 or 4, 5 or 6, IV 2 or 4, 6, V 3, 6, VI 2, 6 or 7, VII 1 or 4, 6.

On tergum VIII, on widened area below stigma, 5 marginal and 3 or 4 lateral
bristles, 1 or 2 of the latter subventral. Stemimi VIII (text-fig. 46) with 1

longish bristle each side close to apex, and 3 or 4 small ones in jaroximal half, ui
paratype also a small bristle on anterior side of long one, the basal upward
projection more pointed in paratype than in type. Tergum IX more strongly
projecting forward than in M. acerbus, tlie smus above manubrium therefore
smaller. Process P of clasper somewhat shorter than in M . acerbus ; the two
acetabular bristles well above acetabulum (in type 3 such bristles on right side) ;
ventral margin of clasper strongly rounded. Moveable digitoid F much longer
than in M. acerbus, angle of anterior margin at one-third ; apex rounded-dilated
on posterior side, more so in type (see fig.) than in paratype, two short apical
spiniforms as in M. acerbus, above them a slender bristle ; at three-fourths of
posterior margin a strong straight bristle, which is very little longer than the
apex of F is broad. Vertical arm of sternum IX narrow, except ventrally, the
nose of the apex long, the rounded posterior side of the apex more strongly

NoVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1037. 265

convex in paratype than in type figured ; ventral arm ventrally enlarged from
one-fourth, the dilatation not very prominent and gradually receding, bearing
about 6 thin bristles, more or les.s widely separated, not bunched on a narrow
prominent lobe as in M. acerbus ; apical lobe broad, with very few slender
bristles. Paramere pointed, daw-like.

Length : 2'3 mm., hindfemur 0'4 mm.

Montana : Powderville, Powder R. Co., off Onychomys leucogaster, 2 (J (J
(Dr. R. R. Parker).

4. Leptopsylla hamifer vigens subsp. nov. (text-figs. 47, 48).
(??. Slightly larger than L. h. hamifer Roths. 1906 (Alberta) ; distinguished
by some differences in the posterior abdominal segments of cJ- As only one cj
of the new subspecies is known, we cannot be certain that the differences are
constant. Sternum VIII (text-fig. 47, VIII. st.) ventrally in proximal half with
two bristles on one side and three on the other, instead of one as in L. h. hamifer ;

at apical margin a row of foiir short bristles, of which the most ventral one is
submarginal ; at rounded upper angle on inside two pairs ; on outer surface
two very long bristles, nearly as long as the median antepygidial bristle, but
very nnich slenderer. Ventral margin of claspcr (CI) rather abruptly rounded
close to maiiul)rium instead of gradually slanting ; finger (or dactyloid) F longer
than apically broad, whereas in L. h. hamifer it is almost exactly as long as
broad .

The spermatheca of L. h. hamifer is not known (having been destroyed in
mounting the specimens — the firm of professional preparators to whom the

266

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

mounting was entrusted in the early days of N.C.R.'s entomological activities
unfortunately spoiled many females by removing the spermatheca in clearing
the abdomen right out). We figure here this organ of the new subspecies (text-
fig. 48). The stylet usually
48 i^^.X' ■'• bears two lateral bristles, both

ventral, but in one of the two
$5 of L. h. vigens the proximal
bristle is absent from the
right side stylet. Below the
stigma of VIII. t. there are
usually two large lateral
bristles in $, more rarely one.
Montana : RavaUi Co.,
10.xii.l934, on Microtm, 1 ^,
2 ?? (Wm. L. JeUison).

5. Callistopsyllus deuteras
sp. nov. (text-fig. 49).
$. Agrees with the $ of
C. terinus Roths. 1905, from
British Columbia, with the exception of the spermatheca and the dark proximal
portion of its duct. Sternum VII has a straighter, slightly incurved, posterior
margin, and the upper apical
angle of the dilated portion of
tergum VIII is less strongly
rounded ; but these differences
may be due to the specimen of
the new species being less
pressed by the coverslip. Sper-
matheca : its head longer than
tail, being a little over twice as
long as broad (16 : 7) ; in our
two specimens of C. terinus
(the spermatheca of the third
is lost) the head is very slightly
shorter than tail, being much
less than twice as long as broad
(11 : 7). Bursa copulatrix very
pale, not distinct in the speci-
mens ; its upper end with a
small sclerification, as shown
in text-fig. 49 ; the duct of
the spermatheca from bursa
forward also sclerified, some-
what as in typical bird Cera-
tophyllus, this dark portion
being in the new species as long as hindtarsal segment V (claw excluded),
in C terinus one-third shorter.

California : Big Bear Lake, on Peromyscus, v. 1936, 1 2 (Glen M. Kohls).

NOVITATES ZOOI.OGICAE XL. I'M! .

267

Delotelis gen. no v.
(^$. Like Catalkigia Roths. 1915 ; but frons with three rows of bri.stles
(2, 3, 7, or 1, 4, 7) and additional small bristles, some of which are placed below
vestigial eye ; stigma-cavity of
tergum VIII narrow ; hindtarsal
segment V with one ventral bristle
in between first lateral pair. In ^
abdominal sternum VIII with dense
apicimarginal row of bristles ; process
P of claspcr much shorter than move-
able digitoid F. In $ duct of bursa
copulatrix short ; orifice of body of
spermatheca terminal, apex of tail of

spermatheca obliquely truncate.

Genotype : CerafophyUus telegoni
Roths. 1905, from British Columbia.

6. Catallagia moneris sp. nov.

(text-fig. 50).
$. Agrees in all details with

C. decipiens Roths. 1915, from Alberta

and British Columbia, except in the

size and shape of the spermatheca.

In C. tvynianni Fox 1909, C. char-

lottensis Baker 1898 and C. decipiens

Roths. 1915, the body of the sperma-
theca is broadened towards its tail and longer than the tail, as figured in

Ectoparasites i., p. 44, text-figs. 46, 47
(1915). In the new species it is not
widened towards the tail and is not
longer than this appendage ; moreover,
tlie inner tube of the tail does not
project so much into the lumen of the
body as in the other species. Lower
antepygidial bristle two-tliirds the length
of middle one, as in C. decipiens.

Montana: Ravalli Co., v. 1932, on
Marmota flaviventris, 1 $.

7. Conorhinopsylla Stanford!
Stewart 1930 (text-figs. 51, 52, 53).
A most interesting flea. We have
a single specimen, a j, from Higliland
Park, Illinois, collected by Mr. L. L. Pray
in February 1926 on Sciurits carolinensis.
I had drawn some figures before I
noticed that Dr. Stewart had described
the genus and species from both .sexes in Canad. Ent. Ixii, p. 178 (1930);
his specimens were found at Ithaca, N.Y., on Sciurus hudsonius. As my

268 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

figures give some additional detail, I publish them here. In our specimen the
labial palp (text-fig. 51) consists of 6 segments, not of 5 as stated by Stewart,
and the posterior angle of the genal lobe is rounded. Segments I and II of
hindtarsus are hairy and bear a number of long dorsal bristles (text-fig. 52).

Before apex of penis-tube (text-fig. 53, Pen) a dorsal hook. Sternum IX lias
a very narrow ventral arm which tapers to a point. The genus is closely
related to C'allistopsyllus J. & R. 1915 ( = Callistopsylla , Ectoparasites, Index,
p. 372, 1924).

Meringis gen. no v.

The species now contained in Phalacropsylla Roths. 1915 fall into two
natural groups which I regard as generically distinct, the main differences being
as follows : In PhalacropsyJla the rostrum reaches to apex of forecoxa, in Meringis
at most to tliree-fourths ; in the former the anterior abdominal terga bear apical
spines, which are absent from Meringis ; the hindooxa of Phalacropsylla has, on
the mner surface, a patch of small bristles and small spiniforms, and in the new
genus a row of short but rather stout spiniforms ; the hindtarsal segment III
has only in Meringis a long apical bristle which reaches beyond middle of V.
In the cJ of Meringis stemite IX has a lateral process which is absent from
Phalacropsylla, and in the $ the sensilium of tergum IX is posteriorly not convex
and not sharply defined, as it is in Phalacropsylla.

All the species of the two genera are Western Nearctic, preglacial relicts like
so many Western insects. Two species are kno^Mi of Phalacropsylla : paradisea
Roths. 1915 from Arizona and alios Wagner 1936 from Utah.

To Meringis belong four: cummingi Fox 1926 from California, arachis

NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XL. 1937.

269

Jordan 1929 from Arizona, shannoni Jordan 1929 from Washington and the now
species liere described.

8. Meringis parkeri sp. nov. (text-figs. 54, 55).
cJ$. Near 31. shannoni Jord. 1929 from Ritzville and other places in Wash-
ington. Posterior segments different.

^. Three antepygidial bristles as in riuilucropsylla paradism Roths. 1915,
there being only two in J J of Ph. sJuinnoni and near allies, upper bristle less
and lower one more than lialf the length df middle one. Process P of clasper

270

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

(text-fig. 54) and F somewhat broader, P more rounded dorsally at apex. Stemite
IX nearly as in M . shannoni, but there are no bristles immediately behind the
ventral apical spiniform ; a row of five bristles along ventral margin ; proximal
ventral lobe as in M. shannoni with a bottle-shaped spiniform ; lateral lobe (Ip)
gradually narrowed, longer than in M. shannoni and not dilated at apex.

5. Stylet longer than in M. shannoni. Apical angle of tergum VIII pro-
duced into a sharp point (text -fig. 55), not rounded as in M . shannoni, the margin
below this projection incurved. Spermatheca (R.s.) as in M. shannoni.

Montana : PowderviUe, Powder River Co., off Dipodomys sp., 4 (^cj, 2 $$
(Dr. R. R. Parker). I have much pleasure in naming this interesting flea after
its discoverer.

Micropsylla Dunn & Parker 1924.

Like Rectofronlia Wagner & Argyropulo 1934, genotype : Rhadinopsylla
fenlacanthus Roths. 1897, but metepistemum fused wth metanotum.

Genotype : Micropsylla peromyscus Dunn & Parker 1924, which is synony-
mous with Rhadinopsylla seciilis Jord. & Roths. 1923. The types of both names
have been compared.

The present collection contains 2 c?c? from Montana : Ravalli Co., from
rodent's nest, 1934 (William L. Jellison).

9. Rectofrontia fratema Baker 1895.

Syn. : Neopsylla hamiltoni Dunn & Parker, Public Health Reports, Treasury
Department, reprint No. 883, p. 10 (1924) (Bitterroot Valley, ? off Packrat).

Montana : Ravalli Co., off Citellus columbianus, vi.l932, 1 $ ; off Neotoma
cinerea, x.1934, 1 ^ ; Flathead Co., iii. 1936, off il/MS<eia, 1 ?; PowderviUe,
Powder R. Co., off Musfela nigripes, v. 1916, 1 (J, 1 $.

Baker's specimens from S. Dakota have been compared by me. We have
the species from British Columbia and Alberta in some numbers ; I have also
seen specimens from Saskatoon. The species varies individually in size and
chaetotaxy ; the genal comb contains sometimes 6 spines instead of 5.

10. Hystxichopsylla mammoth Chajiin 1921 (text-fig. 56).
The various Nearctic fleas decribed as distinct species of Hystrichopsylla
Taschenb. 1880 are possibly all forms of one species, H. gigas Kirby 1837. But

NoviTATES ZooLOOiCAi: XL. 1937.

271

the mtaterial we have in the collection, or I have examined in U.S.A., is insuflBcient
for a thorough revision of the genus. I have made notes, but have to wait for
more specimens, the usual complaint in systematics.

We figure here sternum IX of the type of H. mammoth, in U.S. Nat.
Mus., Washington, D.C. The specimen is much larger than any of our specimens
of H. gigas dipjnei Roths. 1900.

tarsus :

Measurements of segments I and II of fore- and mid

Foretarsus in H. g. dippiei (^ I 27, II 18

„ $134,1122

„ ,, H. mammoth (^ I 47, II 32

„ „ ? I 50, II 32 .

The measurements of H. g. dippiei are those of our largest mounted specimens

Midtarsus I 48, II 28
I 60, II 33
I 76, II 47
I 82, II 48

272 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

A FURTHER COLLECTION OF SIPHOXAPTERA OBTAINED BY
MR. F. SHAW MAYER IN EASTERN NEW GUINEA

By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 13 text-figures.)

rpHE collection recorded in Nov. Zool. xxxiv, pp. 55-61 (1933), was made by
■^ Mr. F. Shaw Mayer m the Kriitke Mts., towards the upper reaches of the
Markham R., whereas the present collection was obtained in 1936 on the Bubu
R., an affluent of the Waria R. in former British New Guinea, on the northern
side of the Owen Stanley range of mountains, the mammals being procured at
altitudes varying from 5,500 to 7,000 ft. Forty-four specimens of fleas were
found, the difficulties of obtaining the hosts alive or not much handled by the
native hunters employed being very great. I am much indebted to Mr. F.
Shaw Mayer for all the trouble he has taken in collecting the fleas and for the
careful labelling of the tubes. Four of the 10 species collected are new, one of
them representing a new genus allied to Stivaliiis, and of a fifth Mr. Shaw Mayer
found the hitherto unknown male together with a small series of females. Where
both sexes of a new species are available, the type selected is a male.

1. Pulex irritans L. 1758.
Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500 to 7,000 ft., ix.x, on Bandicoot, Pogorwmys, and
Dactylonax, a small series ; the fleas probably got on to the mammals while these
were in the hands of the natives.

2. Alaopsylla papuensis Jord. 1933 (text-fig. 57).

Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500 to 6,000 ft., ix., on Pogonomys (prehensile-tailed rat),

1 5, 5 ??.

Described from 2 $?. The genitalia of the (^ prove that the species is
nearest to XinopsyUa vexabilis Jord. 1925 and allies, with the ventral arm of
sternum IX ribbon-like. Dorsal longitudinal groove of occiput {^) nearly as in
X. aslia Roths. 1911, its ventral outline upcurved at apical third. Vestige of
eye a little more distinct m ^ and some of the ?$ than in the other $$. Process
pi of genitalia of ^ (text-fig. 57) with the anterior dorsal bristle nearly as long
as the apical one ; the ventral tooth of penis-tube a little shorter than in X.
vexabilis meseris Jord. 1936 ; otherwise the genitalia as in that flea.

3. Ctenocephalides felis orientis Jord. 1925.
Saiko, Bubu R., 7,000 ft., xi., on Echidna, 1 <^.

The natives obtam Echidna with the help of dogs, which explains the
accidental occurrence of this flea on that animal.

4. Acanthopsylla enderleini Wagner 1933.
Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500 ft., xi., on Distoechurus, 1 ^, 8 ?$.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XL. 1937. 273

5. Stivalius novaeguineae Roths. 1904.
Bubu R., C.000-7,000 ft., x., on Grey Phalanger, 1 $.

6. Stivalius ancisus sp. nov. (text-figs. 58, 59).

Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500 It., ,\., on Pekiurus, 1 $.

Not a typical Stivalius, but fits better into this genus than into Pygiopsylla.
A small species, with the eye smaller than usual.

Head dorsally and frontally almost gradually rounded-slantmg, without
indication of an angle ; on frons three rows of bristles and in front of eye a single
bristle : 5. 4, 4, 1, besides several small bristles on side, upper bristle of second
and tliii'd row large, second of third row small ; on occiput (each side) three

rows and a large bri.stle between second and tliird row ; 5, 7, 1, 5 (not counting
the small bristles of third row), above antennal groove from base of groove to
apex about 12 small bristles. Segment I of maxillary palp as long as II. Pro-
boscis not quite reaching to apex of forecoxa, with 5 segments to the palp, last
one longer than III + IV. Eye almost circular, its horizontal diameter half the
length of the transverse diameter of club of antenna, pale sinus very small.
Club of antenna one-half longer than broad.

On i)r(>notum a posterior row of 115 bristles and an anterior row of 8 ; a
comb of 18 spines, most of whidi have a siiort sharp pomt, the spines longer than
pronotum. Meso- and metanota with numerous small bristles and (on the two
sides together) the former with a posterior row of 12, the latter 14. On meso-
pleura 10 bristles on one side of body and 12 on the other. The bristles on
metepimenim 14 or 15.

Apical spines on abdominal terga : I 0, II 2, III 2, IV 1, V 0 ; bristles

18

274

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

I 48, 10, II 43, 14, III 54, 16, IV 56, 17, V 65, 16, VI 63, 18, VII 55, 8. Bristles
on sterna : III 41, 13, IV 29 ?, 10, V 26, 12, VI 28, 12, VII 79, 12. In both
terga and sterna the numbers of the anterior bristles may not be quite exact ;
they have been counted several times with slightly different results, which is of
no importance, as the numbers will be found to vary individually to some
extent.

On outer surface of hmdtibia 12 dorso-lateral bristles, all slender, those
placed close to the stout dorsal bristles not being stouter than the more lateral
ones. Fii'st pair of plantar bristles of segment V lateral, but bent mwards in all

tarsi. Hindcoxa, on iiuier side, with a iew bristles near anterior margm, none
farther back.

Measurements of tarsi : midtarsus 19, 12, 8, 5|, 13 ; hindtarsus 42, 25, 12,
9, 15.

Modified Segments : Dorsal margin of tergum VII not projecting back-
wards ; marginal lobe below antepygidial bristles short, broadly rounded.
Sternum VII (text-fig. 58) deeply sinuate, the lobe above smus broad, rounded,
the ventral lobe longer, narrower, with two long strong bristles. Above stigma
of tergum VIII, each side, about 6 bristles, stigma-cavity large, but not penetrat-
ing under the bristles ; on widened ventral area 26 (or 28) bristles altogether on
outer surface and 3 marginal ones on hmer ; 2 of the outer bristles at apical
margin, which is gently incurved above the upjier bristle and twice sinuate
below it, the ventral apical angle effaced, not projecting. Anal stemite convex
at base, but the projection not abrupt, bearing on the two sides together a dozen
bristles, all rather long, and beyond this cluster on a slight prominence a pair
of long ones ; at apex two pairs. Stylet as long as hindtarsal segment IV.
Head of spermatheca (text-fig. 59) more rounded than is usual in Stivalius, only

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

276

a little longer than broad, with a low, rounded, dorsal hump ; tail slightly longer
than head.

Length 2-5 nun. ; hindfenuir ()-43 mm.

7. Stivalius alticola sp. nov. (text-figs. 60, 61).

Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500-6,000 ft., ix. x., on black and white Cuscus, 4 ^^,
3 ?? ; Bubu R„ x., on Mallomys. 1 ?.

Nearly related to St. corrugis Jord. 1933, larger, the bristles somewhat
stouter on the whole. The ^ differs especially in the tail-end : sternum VIII
(text-fig. 60) with 34 to 39 bristles, two of the large ones placed close together
at or near apical margin ; this
margin somewhat undulate,
variable, ventral apical margin
very broadly rounded. Digi-
toid F (not drawn) similar to
that of St. corrmjis. with the
same dorsal corrugation in
basal area ; with 4 to 6 long
ventral .bristles in outer half,
usually 4, of which the proxi-
mal one is smallest ; the distal
one nearer to apex than in
St. corrugis. Ventral arm of
sternum IX curved up at
apex, the tip pointed, at a
short distance from apex a
large dorsal tooth (d), also
])()inte(l and somewhat curved
frontad, the smus between this
tooth and apical hook round ;
along ventral margin in apical
fourtli 7 to 9 short bristles,
most of them rather stout for

Apical armature
dorsal hood (H)
narrow, curved,

their length, the row preceded by some very thin bristles.

of phallosome also very different from that of St. corrugis :

broad and obtuse ; upper process (up) of paramere long,

finger-like ; lower one (lop) variable, more membranous, much shorter than

upper process, obliquely truncate, with the lower angle pointed.

$. This sex not known of St. corrugis. In the new species, apical margin
of tergum VII as in St. ancisus (see above, No. 6) vertical dorsally, not projecting
in between the two sets of antepygidial bristles (the original diagnosis of Stivalius
has to be amended accordingly) ; below these bristles the margin strongly
rounded-slanting. Sternum Vll (text-fig. 61) witli large sinus, which is strongly
rounded at the lowest point, the margin from the bottom of the sinus upwards
gradually slanting, sometimes with a small projection as in figure ; posterior
row of bristles varying from 13 to 17 (two sides together), the bristles in front of
row from 26 to 33, in one specimen the number being 40. Ventral apical angle
of tcrguin VIII projecting but rounded olf, on inner side of this lobe a slender
marginal bristle, (wo. more rarely three, farther upward ; on outer side one or

276

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

two large marginal bristles above the apical lobe, and from 30 to 45 on the side ;
above the stigma from 6 to 13 each side. Anal sternum ventraUy strongly
humped, the hump bearing each side usually two pairs of bristles, sometimes
more ; in the specimen off Mallmnys, with most bristles on VII. st. and VIII. t.,

there is an isolated pair of bristles in middle on a small hump, one bristle each
side. Spermatheca narrowing towards its tail, dorsally very strongly convex in
posterior half, here about three times as wide as upper half of tail.

Length : ^ 3-3-3 -6,
9 4-0-4-7 mm. ; hind-
femur : ^ 0-49-0 -56, ?
0-59-0-65 mm.

8. Stivalius comigis
Jord. 1933.

Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500
ft., i.\., on Rattus, 1 (J.

9. Stivalius nigatus sp.
nov. (text -figs. 62, 63, 64).

Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500
ft., ix., on Bandicoot, 2

A very distinct
species, with head almost
angulate and bearing
strongly marked hori-
zontal lines, proboscis
short, sternum VIII deeply sinuate, clasper bearing a long narrow process
below base of digitoid, etc.

Greater part of frons vertical with a distinct backward slope, dorsal margin
more strongly chitinized than anterior margin (text-fig. 62) ; 30 bristles on frons.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

277

one of them close to eye. On occiput three rows and .a large bristle between
second and tliird rows. Segment I of maxillary palp one-half longer than II ;
measurements : 18, 13, 9, 12. Proboscis reaching to middle of forecoxa, segments
II to IV together being only five times as long as broad. Club of antenna nearly
twice as long as broad (9 : 5).

On pronotum a posterior row of 11 or 12 bristles and an anterior row of 9 or
11 small ones ; comb containing 18 spines, the lateral ones one-half longer than
pronotum measured from base of spines ; propleura strongly striated. Posterior

row on meso- and metanotum with 12 bristles ; mesopleura with 9 ; mete-
j)inerum with 10 or 11.

Apical spines on abdominal terga I 0, II 2, III 2, IV 2, V 2 ; bristles in
type on III 24, 16, IV 26, 16, VII 16, 12, in paratype on III 17, 16, IV 17, 16,
VII 12, 13. Bristles on sterna in type on III 13, 6, IV 16, 8, V 16, 7, VI 18, 6,
VII 27, 7, in paratype on III 10 ?, 6, IV 15, 6, V 12, 6, VI 14, 6, VII 19, 6 ; i.e.
type with more small bristles than paratype.

Hindcoxa on innerside with narrow patch of small bristles extending from
apex upward-inward. Hindtibia on outer surface wth 19 or 21 dorsolateral
bristles of nearly equal size (apical ones not included), the bristles near the large
dorsal ones not stouter than the other lateral ones. Length of tarsal segments in
the two specimens : midtarsus 21 or 22, 16 and 17, 11, 8, 16 and 18 ; hindtarsus
43 and 48, 33, 17, 11, 20.

Modified Segments : stigma of tcrgum VIII narrow, not penetrating beneath
the bristles ; sternum VII I (text-fig. 63) with more than 40 bristles, upper and di.stal
margins strongly rounded together, the outline of the segment not exactly alike
in the two specimens ; in both a deep subventral sinus, slightly larger in paratype
than in type figured, ventral lobe narrow, pointed in lateral aspect. Digitoid
F (text -fig. 64) with very few small bristles in proximal half, apical nose rather
strongly curved down, four long bristles at ventral margin, distance of posterior
one from tip of nose like diameter of middle of digitoid or a little shorter ; the

278

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. l'J37.

ventral process (P.v.) of clasper prolonged, subcylindrical, with a long apical bristle
and a shorter and thinner antemedian one. Sternum IX obtusely elbowed
beyond two-thirds of ventral margin, bearing at this point a fairly strong bristle
which is shorter than the sternum is broad at the elbow, at the proximal and

distal sides of the elbow a number of small bristles ; the portion beyond the
elbow dorsally quadrisinuate, three small sharp teeth being formed and on the
proximal side of the anterior sinus a small rounded Inimp.
Length: cJ 2-6-2-8 mm. ; hmdfemur 0-40-0 -43 mm.

Idiochaetis gen. nov.

Close to Stivalitis J. & R. 1922, differing m the head. Vertical portion of
frons with a row of internal incrassations, of which at least the upper ones are
battledore-shaped ; smaller incrassations dorsally, more distinct in $ than in (J.
A row of modified bristles along dorsal and frontal margins, bottle-shaped, very
broad, on an average the enlarged portion of a bristle less than tliree times as
long as broad, all ending with a thin projection (the tip of a normal bristle),
which is broken off in some instances, lower bristles less modified than upper ones.
Occiput measured horizontally from base of antenna very little longer than
frons in (J, shorter than frons in $. Prothorax short, notum with one row of
bristles, spines of comb long. Genotype : sp. nov. here described.

Idiochaetis illustris sp. nov. (text-figs. 65-69).

Saiko, Bubu R., 5,500-6,000 ft., ix., on Bandicoot, a small series of both
sexes.

In the shape of the head, shortness of proboscis and in the o'g^nitalia
resembling Stivaliios rugatiis sp. nov. (No. 9). Bristles numerous and stout on
head, forecoxa, meso-metanota. Vertical diameter of head longer than horizontal

NOVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XL. 1037.

279

diameter, the difforenee being csi)eci;illy large in $. Fifteen to 17 spiniforms along
frontal and dorsal margins ; in some specimens nearly all tiie frontal incrassations

battledore-shaped ; at antennal gi'oove two long stout bristles, between them and
ventral margin about 10 or more, of which those in front of and below the eye
are more or less shaped like
a hock-bottle (some acci-
dentally curved in type, text-
fig. 65) ; near the spiniforms
a number of small thin
bristles, and between these
and the bristle at antennal
groove a large space without
bristles. Occiput with three
rows and a large single bristle
above middle of antennal
groove, the numbers varying
individuaUj'. Sutin-e from
antennal groove to vertex
quite distinct in both sexes
(in $9 of Slivalius more or
less feebly indicated). Pro-
boscis short, not reaching to
middle of forecoxa, the labial
palpus consisting of five .segments. Segment I of maxillary palpus longer
than 11, bristles of both stout. Antenna mucli shorter in $ than in q, club
in (J one-half, in $ one-sixth, longer than broad.

280

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

Pronotal comb with 18 spines, which are round at apex and more than
twice as long as pronotum ; 11 or 12 large bristles, lower ones nearer to anterior

margin than to spines. Mesonotum covered -with bristles from posterior row of
12 or 13 to basal margin ; on mesopleura (;J 17 or 18, $ 15 to 25 bristles ; on

metanotum from posterior
row of 11 or 12 to near
base over 40 bristles ; on
metepimerum in (J 11 to 15,
in ? 12 to 18.

Abdomen : on terga II
to IV (two sides together)
two apical spines each,
sometimes one missing on

III or IV, rarely both on

IV ; in front of posterior
row of bristles in (J one row
of small ones and at most
a few additional dorsal
bristles, in $ one or two
rows of small ones and
additional bristles ; in ^
two bristles of po-sterior
row below stigma on III
to V, in $ three or four ;
number of bristles on some
terga : cJ on III 15 to 17,
16, IV 13 to 16, 16, VI 10
to 13, 13 to 16, VII 10 to

13, 12; in ? on III 26 to 36, 18 to 21, IV 25 to 33, 18 to 21, VI 21 to 36, 17 or 18,
VII 23 to 37, 9 to 11. On sterna : in J on III 7 or 8, 7 or 8, IV 8 to 10 7 or 8,
V 5 or G, 8, VI 6 or 7, 6 to 8, VII 7 to 12, 8 ; in ? on III 13 to 15, 10 or U, IV

NOVITATKS ZooLOOIC'AK XI^. IH:{7.

2S1

11 to 15, 10 to 12, V 9 to 14, 9 to 11, VI 8 to 19, 10 to 12, VII 24 to :{2, 14 or
15. Apical margin of tergum VII dorsally projecting in between the two sets
of antepygiflial bristles. Length of segments in

I. II.

III.

IV.

V.

Midtarsus

(J 17 or 18 12 or 13

9

6

17

,,

$ 19 to 21 13 to 15

9 or 10

7 or 8

18 to 20

Hindtarsus

cJ 37 to 39 22 or 23

12

8 to 10

18 or 19

,,

? 41 to 43 25 to 27

12 or 13

9 or 10

19 or 20

»>

large

? 52 32

15

10

23 (midtarsus

broken).

On outer surface of liindtibia 1.5 or

16 dorsolateral bristles, one or two of

those near the dorsal pairs very slightly stouter than the others.

Modified Segments. (J. Stigma-cavity of tergum VIII narrow, not

extending underneath the row of short bristles. Sternum VIII (text-fig. 66) with
24 to 26 bristles each side, two near rounded apical angle close together. Clasper
(text-fig. 67) with long ventral process (P. v.) as in Slivalius rugaius ; digitoid F

gradually curved and distally gradually narrowed ; at ventral margin (luce long
bristles, distance of distal one from apex much shorter than width of F in middle,
dorsally at highest point of curvature two small pale spiniforms, a third farther
distal, these three coiTcsponding to the cluster of three usually found in Slirnliiis ;
hardly any bristles in proximal half of F. Horizontal arm of sternum IX gradu-
ally turned up at apex, which is sharply pointed, along ventral margin about
eight bristles, of which one a short distance from apex is the largest ; division
of right and left half of sternum halfway to apex as indicated by the line marked
di. Hood of phallosome with almost straight distal (vertical) margin (H) ;
upper portion of paramere (Par) claw-like ; below orifice of penis-tube (Pen)
a longish. sharp, triangular projection directed straight backwards.

$. Margin of tergum VIII very slightly projecting immediately below ante-
pygidial bristles, rounded, not forming a conspicuous lobe. Sternum VII (text-
fig. 68) broadly and shallowly incurved, the ventral lolx' more projecting than

282 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

the upper one, wliich is broad and short. Stigma of tergum VTII as in ^J ; 7 to
14 dorsal bristles, one of them below stigma ; on widened lower area of VIII. t.
with 35 to 50 bristles on outside, and two strong submarginal bristles and a
thinner marginal one on inside. Ventral margin of anal stemite (text-fig. 69)
straight, slightly convex near base, with 6 to 8 bristles in proximal half (two
sides together) and an apical pair. Stylet (Styl) cylindrical, thrice as long as
broad, shorter than segment V of hindtarsus is broad in middle. Head of
spermatheca (R.s.) longer than broad, almost symmetrical, with a low dorsal
swelling in middle.

Length : c? 2-3-2-4, $ 2-5-3-3 mm. ; hindfemur : (J 0-37-0-40, ? 0-40-0-53
mm.

NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. l!Kt7. 283

RECORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA.

By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 10 text-figures.)

A COLLECTION of fleas sent to me for identification by Dr. J. Bequaert,
-'*• Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., contains several new species from
Africa and Asia, which are here described. Many of the other species are from
places whence we have no record of fleas, or were obtained on hosts new for the
species. A list of the collection, therefore, is of some value. The new bat-flea
is a most interesting insect, upsetting our concept of a bat-flea by possessing
three instead of two fully developed preoral spines, suggesting that the bat-fleas
have originated from an ancestral form which had a row of spines along the
ventral margin of the head. The vestigial third spine of ChiropteropsyUa
brockmanni Roths. 1915 points in the same direction. I am much indebted to
Dr. J. Bequaert for allowing me to keep the types and other specimens for the
N. C. Rothschild (British Museum) collection.

In order to facilitate the use of this article, I divide the list into two sections,
the first dealing with American species only, and the second with the species
from the Eastern Hemisphere.

I. AMERICAN SPECIES.

1. Echidnophaga gallinaceus Westw. 1875.
Florida : Sebastian, on Spilogale ambarvalis, 3 $$.

2. Pulex irritans L. 1758.
Mexico : Monclova, on Indians, 2 $$. Proboscis short.

3. Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouche 1835.
Florida : Sebastian, on Spiloyah ambarvalis, 1 $.

4. Ctenocephalides canis Curtis 1826.
Mexico : Monclova, on Indians, 2 $$.

5. Hoplopsyllus glacialis glacialis Taschenb. 1880.
East Greenland : Franz Josef Fjord, on Polar Hare, 2 J^J, 3 ?$.

C. Hoplopsyllus glacialis lynx Baker I'Jol.
New Hampshire : on Lijnx canadensis, 3 cJcJ. 7 ??.

7. Cediopsylla simplex Baker iso,").
Massachusetts : on Sylvilagus floridanus Iransitionalis, 2 (J (J, 4 $$.

284 NOVITATES ZooLoaiCAE XL. 1937.

8. Rhopalopsyllus cacicus saevus J. & R. 1923.
Guatemala : Pulgera, North of El Paso, Peten, on Dasypits novemcinctus
mexicanus, 1 $.

9. Orchopeas nepos Roths. 1905.
Oregon : Fort Klamath, on Sciuriis douglasi, 1 $.

10. Orchopeas caedens dvirus Jord. 1929.
Massachusetts : Cambridge, on Sciurus carolinensis leiicotis, I $.

11. Orchopeas wickhami Baker 1895.

Massachusetts : Harvard, on Sciuriis hitdsonhi-s loquax, 1 (J, 5 5? ; Boxboro,
on Sciurtis carolinensis leucotis, 1 cJ, 1 $.

12. Orchopeas leucopus Baker 1904.

Massachusetts : Barnstaple, on Mus miisculus, 1 5- Rhode Island :

Kingston, on Peromyscus hucopiis noveboracensis, 2 (J (J.

13. Diamunus montanus Baker 1895.
California : San Jose, on Olospcrmophilus beecheyi, 1 §.

14. Opisocrostis tuberculatus Baker 1904.
North Dakota : Towner, on Spermophilus franklini, 5 (J (J.

15. Opisocrostis labis J. & R. 1915.

Colorado : on Marmota flaviventris, 1 $.

16. Oropsylla arctomys Baker 1904.

Massachusetts : Wellesley, on Marmota monax prehlonim, 1 (J ; Barnstaple,

same host, 1 (J- 1 ? ; Essex, same host, 1 (J, 1 $. Connecticut : Liberty

HUI, on Syrnium nebidosum, 1 cj, 1 $ (the owl had probably eaten a Marmota).

New York : West Point, on Urocyon cinereo-argentetis, 1 5 (as before) ;

Tupper Lake, on Marmota monax riifescens, 5 (J^J, 3 $$.

17. Oropsylla rupestris Jord. 1929.
Colorado : on 31 armota flaviventris, 2 $$.

18. Foxella ignotus albertensis J. & R. 1915.
North Dakota : Round Lake, McHeary Co., on Mustela longicauda longi-
cavda, 1 S, 3 ??.

19. Megabothris acerbus Jord. 1925.

Michigan : Douglas Lake, on Tamias slriatiis listeri, I $. Massachusetts :

Harvard, same host, 1 ^.

20. Megabothris quirini Roths. 1905.
Minnesota : East Grand Forks, on Zapus hvdsonius campestris, 1 cJ.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 285

21. Ceratophyllus idius J. & R. 1920.
Mas-siachusetts : Rock, from nest oi Sialis sialis, 14 ^(^, 10 $$, and from
nest of Tachycincta hicolor, 4 (JjJ, 5 $$.

22. Ceratophyllus gallinae Sclirank 1803.
■ Massachusetts : Robson Park, from nest of Sialis .sialis, 3 ^J,^, 8 $$.

23. Nosopsyllus fasciatus Bosc IBOI.
Massachusetts : Barnstaple, on Raltus raltus norwegicus, 1 $.

24. Leptopsylla segnis Schonh. 1816.
Massachusetts : Cambridge, on mouse in laboratory, 1 (J.

25. Leptopsylla catatina Jord. 1928.

Massachusetts ; Ashburnliam, Mt. W'atatic, on ear of Evotomys gapperi, 1 ^
(Francis Harper).

26. Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker 1904.
Massachusetts : Natick, from mouse nest, 3 (J (J, 2 §? ; Barnstaple, on

Microtus p. pen-sylvanicus, 1 rj. New Hampshire : Hancock, on Parascalops

breweri, 1 c?. 2 $$.

27. Neopsylla wenmanni Roths. 1904.

North Dakota : Round Lake, McHeary Co., on Mustela longicauda longi-

cauda, 1 $. Massachusetts : Barnstaple, on Raltus raltus norwegicus, 1 $,

and on Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, 1 $.

28. Neopsylla inopina Roths. 1915.

North Dakota : Tower, on Spermophihis franklini, 1 $. The head of the

spermatheca is somewhat shorter than in our examples from Alberta and
Washington.

29. Neopsylla grandis Roths. 1900.
Massachusetts : Petersham, on Mustela n. noveboracensis, 1 $.

3(1. Stenoponia americana Baker 1899.

Massachusetts : Wellfleet, on Scalops aqiiaticus, 1 ^J. Rhode Island :

Kingston, on Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, 1 $.

31. Myodopsylla insignis Roths. 1903.
Vermont : Mt. Aeolus, on Myotis I. lucijugus, 1 $ ; Chittenden near Rutland,

same host, 1 tJ, 1 ?. Massachusetts : Hatchville, same host, 5 $$ ; Mashpee,

same host, 2 (JJ ; Centerville, same host, 1 (J. Indiana : Wyandotte Cave,

same host, 1 9-

286

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

II. EASTERN HEraSPHERE.

Palaearctic : nos. 32, 39, 42, 43, 48. Oriental : nos. 41, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50,
51, 52. Aethioijian : nos. 33-38, 40, 44, 53.

32. Pulex irritans L. 1758.
Transjordania : Petra, on Canis aureus, 1 $.

33. Synostemus somalicus Roths. 1903.
Kenya : Neumann's Boma on the Guasa Nyiro, on Xerus rutilus rufifrons,
3??.

34. Procaviopsylla isidis Roths. 1903.

Kenya : Elgonyi, Mt. Elgon, on Procavia habessinica daemon, 1 (J, 1 $
(A. Loveridge) ; Guasa Nyiro, on Heterohyrax syriaciis hindei, 1 5-

35. Xenopsylla brasiliensis Baker 1904.
Belgian Congo : Mulubula, Sankuru, on " domestic rat," 5 $$.

36. Xenopsylla sarodes

sp. nov. (text-fig. 70).

Kenya : Guasa Nyiro,
on Saccostomiis isiolae, 1 (J.

Near A', tortus J. & R.
1908 and X. scopulifer
Roths. 1905 ; genitalia very
distinctive.

Eye smaller than even
in X. tortus. Dorsal groove
of occiput much less deep
than in both allied species.
On mesopleura 5 bristles ;
on metepimerum 5, 7 and
6, 7. Apical cone of tergum
VII nearly as prominent as
in X. scopulifer. Hindcoxa
with a row of 4 or 5 short
spiniforms on inner side.

Modified Segments. —
Posterior margin of tergite
IX with one long and two
short bristles (text-fig. 70).
Process P' of clasper as
broad as in X. scopulifer,
but longer, bearing 7 rather
strong and several thin bristles ; process P" much broader than in the allied
species, elbowed at three-fourths of ventral margin, broader at the elbow than
proximally of it, the apical portion almost gradually narrowing to a point.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

287

Ventral arm of IX. st. straight, its apex ventrally rounded, dorsally sub-
acuminate. Apical tube of ejaculatory duct (Pen) with a dorsal hook which
is longer than in A', scopulifer and much longer than in X. tortus.

37. Parapulex chephrenis Roths. 1903.
Egypt : Wady Ferran, on Acmnys dimidiatus, 1 (J, 2 $$.

38. Ctenocephalides felis strongylus Jord. 1925.
Uganda : Butandiga, Mt. Elgon, on Genetta servalina bettoni, 1 $ (A. Love-
ridge). Kenya : Elgonyi, Mt. Elgon, on Lepiis capensis kukumegae, 1 J,

2 $$ (A Loveridge). Sudan : Mahangani, Blue Nile, on Caracal caracal

nubica, 1 <J, 2 $$.

'.Styl

39. Oropsylla stejnegeri sp. nov. (text-fig. 71).

East Siberia : East Ciiyic, on CitcUus stejnegeri, 1 $.

Nearest to 0. alaskensis Baker 1904, but differs much in the peculiar shape
of the ventral portion of tergum VIII. Chaetotaxy nearly the same in the two
species.

Proboscis reaching to underside of femur, apex of segment IV being on a
level with apex of coxa. Pronotal comb with 24 spines. On metei)imerum 14
bristles on one side and 17 on the other. Apical spines on abdominal terga
(the two sides together), I 1, II 4, III 2. Bristles on abdominal segments as in

288

NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

0. alaskensis ; three antepygidial bristles, upper and lower about one-fourth
shorter than middle one, upper slightly shorter than lower. Stigma of segment
VIII as in 0. alaskensis, larger than in 0. silantiewi Wagn. 1898 and others ;
below this stigma two or three bristles. Sternum VII truncate, the upper
angle rounded off. Lower portion of tergum VIII produced backwards into a
prominent lobe, as shown in text-fig. 71, the lobe of the right side being much
longer and narrower than that of the left side and having the shape of a long
and narrow shoe-sole ; this asymmetry suggests pathological development in
the only specimen the collection contains. Distance of stylet from sensory plate
(sensilium) less than half the length of the sensilium. Stylet short, not being
quite twice as long as broad. Bristles of X. st. more numerous than in 0. alas-
kensis. Spermatheca as large as in that species and of the same shape. Bristle
of legs essentially as in 0. alaskensis.

Length (somewhat distended) : 4 mm. ; hindfemur : 0-67 mm.

40. Libyashis infestus duratus Jord. 1931.
Tanganyika Territory: Mt. Meru, on "a squirrel or mouse,
squirrel-flea.

1?--

Java

41. Paraceras javanicus Ewing 1924.
Tjibodas, Mt. Gedeh, on Halictis orientalis, 1 ,j*, 4

??.

-Process

P of the clasper is somewhat narrower than in our fig. 75 on p. 355 of Nov
ZooL., xxxviii (1933).

42. Monopsyllus anadyms sp. nov. (text-figs. 72, 73).
East Siberia : Emma Harbour, on Ochotona hype.rborea, 2 $$.
Distinguished from the other species of the genus especially by sternum
VII, the numerous bristles of the tibiae and tarsi and the long spermatheca.

NoVITATES ZOOLOCICAE XL. 1937.

289

Pronotal comb with 22 spines and in addition each side a very small one.
On metepimerum 7 to 9 bristles. Apical spines on abdominal terga (the two
sides together) : I 2, II 4, III 2 in type, and I 2,
II 2, III 2 in paratype. On mid- and hindtibiae
7 dorsal pairs of bristles in notches and a single dorsal
bristle between sixth and seventh pairs ; on outer
surface of hindtibia 18 or 19 dorso-lateral bristles, not
including the apical bristles ; midtarsal segment I witli
many bristles at posterior margin in basal half ; on
I of hindtarsus (te.\t-fig. 73) over 20 bristles in type,
not quite so many in paratype. Stigma of segment
VIII rather larger than usual in this genus. Sternum
VII with rounded sinus, the lobes above and below
the sinus likewise rounded, the upper one much
broader than the lower, about the same size as the
sinus. Stylet twice as long as broad, with three
lateral bristles in type and two in paratype. Sper-
matheca (R.s.) nearly three times as long as broad,
dorsally convex at posterior end, then slightly con-
cave, ventrally convex anteriorly and posteriorly
and slightly incurved in between ; orifice terminal,
as in the allied species ; tail shorter than body.

Length: 2-8 mm. ; hindfemur : 0-48 mm.

43. Ceratophyllus hirundinis Curtis 1826.
Belgium : Moortsel, from nest of Chelidonaria

44. Dinopsyllus lypusus J. & R. 1913.
Kenya : Kaimozi, Nyanza Province, on
DasyiMWi helutus helulus, 1 9> ^nd on Crocidura
nyanzae nyanzae, 1 9 (A. Loveridge). Tan-
ganyika Territory : Mt. Meru, on a squirrel or

mouse, 2 $$ (A. Loveridge). Occurs on various

mice and rats.

45. Choristopsylla ochi Roths. 1904 (text-fig. 74).

West Australia ; Margaret River, on Tricho-
surus vulpecula, 1 $.

The spermatheca of the species not having
been figured, I supply the want from the present
specimen ; the bursa copulatrix has unfortunately
been destroyed in the process of clearmg.

40. Pygiopsylla hilli Roths. 19(»4 (text-figs. 75, 76).
West Australia : Pemberton, on Bettougia
penicillata, 1 ^J, 3 $$, and on Psettdochirus occi-
denlalis, 1 $.

The (J agrees nearly in all detail with the type specimen. In both sexes
the spines of the pronotal comb are shorter than the pronotum, a character more
19

290

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

pronounced in these five specimens than in the unique type. Sternum VII of ?
almost the same as in our text-fig. 229 in Ectoparasites, i, p. 237 (1922), the sinus
being narrow and deep, and the incrassation placed for the greater part below
it. Sternum X resembles that of P. zethi Roths. 1904, its underside not bearing
a tubercle in middle, as it does in P. hoplia J. & R. 1922 and P. congrua
J. & R. 1922. Head of spermatheca (te.xt-figs. 75, 76) broader than in those
two species and somewhat variable.

We shall refer in another article of the present issue to the question of which
are the true females of P. congriui and P. hoplia.

47. Pygiopsylla hoplia J. & R. 1922.
Queensland : Lake Barrine, on Parameles iMsuta, 1 cj, 1 $.

48. Stivalius torvus Roths. 1908.

Belgian Congo : Lukulela, on Crocidura occidentalis, 1 cj (J. P. Chapin).

49. Stivalius corragis Jord. 1933.

East New Guinea : Mt. Misim, on Peroryctes omatua, 1 ^ (H. Stevens).

50. Stivalius novaeguineae Roths. 1904.
Same jilace and host as St. corrugis, 1 $

(H. Stevens).

51. Stephanocircus dasyuri Skuse 1893.
Queensland : Lake Barrine, on Parameles

imstda, 1 (J, 2 $$.

52. Chiropteropsylla aegyptius Roths. 1903

(text-fig. 77).
Egypt : Gizeh, on Rhinopmna microphylhim,

!?•

We give a figure of the spermatheca of the
present specimen, the organ not having been
figm'ed before.

53. Thaumapsylla breviceps Roths. 1907.

Philippines : Nazareto Cave near Calapan,
Mindoro, 1 ^ ; Kilib Cave, Lubang Island, 1 ^,
2 $9 ; Dilirig, Province Bukidnar, Mindanao,
1 ? ; all on " bat."

Originally described from South Africa ;
according to the specimens in the N. C. Rothschild
collection occurs probably throughout the Oriental Region.

54. Thaumapsylla dina sp. nov. (text-figs. 78, 79).

Belgian Congo : Kalongi, west slope of Mt. Ruwenzori, 6,500 ft., on Rouseitus
lanosus, 1 (^ (J. P. Chapin).

Differs from all other bat-fleas known in bearing on each side of the head
three preoral spines instead of two. Agrees otherwise rather closely with Th.

NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

291

breviceps. Frontal portion of head ventrally broader and genal lobe longer.
Proboscis a little longer. Pronotal comb with fewer and broader spines, 24
instead of 30. On each side of mesonotum the two subapical spine.s of underside
(in Th. breciveps sometimes three) farther apart. On metepimerum 12 bristles.
Three short apical spines on metanotum each side, on abdominal tergum I also

three, on II and III a single one each side, these single spines not present in Th.
breviceps. Genitalia of the same type as in Th. breviceps, but the body of clasper
(CI, text-fig. 79) much longer, apically narrower, and the two long bristles there-
fore nearer the upper apical angle ; finger F much broader, about as broad as
long, its frontal side straight, not incurved, posterior side nearly straight in
middle, dorsally and ventrally rounded. Apical lobe of IX. st. narrower than
in Th. breviceps.

292 NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1U37.

SOME SIPHONAPTERA FROM MOROCICO.

By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 2 text-figures.)

A S a member of a party of some thirty entomologists who made a week's
-'^ excursion in Nortli Spain before the meeting of the 6th International
Congress of Entomology, Madrid, 1935, I had the pleasure of being together with
Mons. and Mme. J. M. Mimeur, of the Institut Scientifique Cherifien, Rabat,
Morocco, and when I incidentally mentioned that I should much like to know
what kind of flea occurred on the North African Atlantoxerus geiulus L. 1758, a
representative of the tropical African ground-squirrels, Mons. Mimeur promised to
get me the flea. Early this year I received from him the collection here recorded,
containing a series of specimens taken on the ground-squirrel. I expected to
obtain from A. gettdiis a species of Libyastus Jord. 1936, a genus known only
from tropical Africa, or a MyoxopsyUa Wagn. 1827, a Mediterranean genus, and
was rather surprised that the species collected on this squirrel was a rat-flea of
the genus Nosopsyllus, of which several species are known from North Africa.

I am very grateful to Mons. Mimeur and his friends for the specimens he
has sent. The material is the more valuable as very few species of Siphonaptera
have so far been recorded from Morocco, and I sincerely hope that he and his
friends will continue to add to our knowledge of the flea fauna of that country.

1. Echidnophaga gallinaceus Westw. 1875.
Rabat, on domestic fowl, xi.36 (R. de Brettes), a series.

2. Xenopsylla cheopis Roths. 1903.
Rabat, on Meriones shawi, xii.36 (F. Nerneth), a series.

3. Xenopsylla ramesis Roths. 1904.
Goulmma, on Meriones sp., xii.1936 (J. de Lepiney), a small series.

4. Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouche 1835.
Rabat, on Canis familiaris, xi.36 (R. de Brettes), a series.

5. ArchaeopysUa erinacei maura J. & R. 1912.
Rabat, on Aethechinus algirus, i.31 (F. Nerneth), a series.

6. Nosopsyllus atlantis sp. nov. (text-figs. 8o, 81).
Anti-Atlas, south of Tiznit, on Atlantoxerus getulus, xii.36 (J. de Lepiney),

The species belongs to the section Gerhillophilus Wagn. 1834, with some
long bristles on the hindtarsus. Its nearest ally is N. maurus J. & R. 1912,
collected by me in Algeria on Meriones shawi, but in our collection also from

NOVITATES ZoOLOOICAE XL. 1037.

293

Suakin, Sudan, where it was found on Ictonyx libyca by Dr. J. Ander.son. The
(^ of the new species differs (inter alia) in the finger of the clasper being sliort and
bearing two long strong bristles and in the submedian lobe of the ninth stcrnite
bearing long bristles ; in the $ the head of the spermatheca is less rounded than
in N. maurus, the duct of the bursa copulatrix and the stylet are shorter, and
the seventh sternite has a slanting apical margin. Abdominal sterna of ^ and
$ with fewer bristles than in N. maurus, the numbers being, on the two sides
together, in (J on III to VIII 6, on VII sometimes with a smaller additional
bristle, in ? on III 6 to 8, IV 6 or 7, V 6 to 8, VI 6 or 7, VII 11 to 15, usually 12.

^/-.jfy."^-*

Vlll.sf.
..Vll.st.

Apical spines on abdominal terga slightly more numerous ; in ^J I 4 to 6, II 4 to
6, III 2 to 4, V () or 1 ; in $ I 4 to 6, 11 4 to 6, III 2 to 6, IV 0 to 4, usually 2,
V 0 ; average of total number in (J 18-3, in ? 15-0 ; in 5 ^i^ and 5 $$ of
N. maurus the averages are rj 12-(), $ 9-0, there being no spine on terguni IV
of $. The long bristles of hindtarsus thinner than in A', maiirus ; on segment I
one apical bristle of posterior side extends well beyond apex of II, whereas the
longest apical bristle of the anterior side does not nearly reach apex of II, the
posterior apical bristle of 1 1 does not reach beyond apex of IV and the one on
anterior side extends at most a little beyond 111.

(J. On tergum VIII (text-fig. 80, VIII. t.) only four bristles, of which one
or two are long. Clasper (CI) longer than in N. maurus, not ventricose, the
sinus below M small, the one above M very shallow ; M narrowing to apex,
almost pointed ; one or two long acetabular bristles at ventral apical angle
below the lowest point of F, below the long bristle a small one ; process P broad,

294

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

incurved on posterior side ; sclerite F almost evenly curved, about as broad at
apex as at base, with two long strong bristles above middle of posterior margin.
Lobe of sternum IX anterior to median sinus with three or four long bristles,
whereas there are in N. maurus only two short stout nearly spiniform ones ;
bristles of apical lobe thin. Apical tube of ejaculatory duct (Pen) long and
curved downward-forward as in the other species of Nosopsylhis. Paramere
(Par) not claw-like as in N. maurus, but broadish, the apex rounded above and

acuminate below. 5. On tergum VIII 5 or 6 small bristles above stigma,

two long ones below stigma, accompanied by one or two small hairs, on lower
area 12 to 14 bristles inclusive of marginal ones, and on inner surface 3
lateral and 1 marginal. Sternum VII (text-fig. 81, VII. st.) with slanting
apical margin, not differing much from VI. st. in outline, the upper angle com-
pletely rounded, the margin varying somewhat individually. Stylet only twice
as long as broad. Head of spermatheca somewhat variable, being sometimes
rather shorter than in our figure. Duct of bursa copulatrix (i.e. the tube with a
darker appearance than the rolled-up bursa) shorter than midfemur is broad at
its widest point.

Length : ^ 2-5-2-7 mm., $ 3-1-3-4 mm. ; hindfemur : ^ 0-43-0-45 mm.,
? 0-48-0-51 mm.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

295

A NEW FLEA FROM CHINA.
By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 2 text-figures.)

Nosopsyllus nicanus sp. nov. (text-figs. 82, 83).

■pvR. E. LANDAUEK.of the Wei Shen Shu (National Health Administration),

Nanking, China, has sent me a number of specimens of a Xosopsyllns

collected on rats (mostly R. r. norwegicus) at Lungyen, South Fukien, which he

considered different from N. fasciatu-s Bosc 1801. The species proves to be

close to N. punjabensis J. & R. 1921, but approaches N. fasciatus in the dorso-
posterior margin of tergum IX of abdomen being much more rounded than in
any of the Indian species allied to K. fascialu-s and described in Ectoparasites,
i, pp. 184-197 (1921).

As in N. punjabensis the head is dimorphic, in some specimens the frons
bearing a normal sharp tubercle ( Ectoparasites, fig. 190), whereas in others the
tubercle is replaced by a conical projection (I.e., fig. 189).

(S- As compared with X. pinijaljensis, clasper (CI) dorsally more deeply
incurved, process P therefore longer (text-fig. 82). Acetabular bristles above
base of F, or at least the upper of the two above lowest point of anterior margin
of F. Finger F also longer, vcntrally narrower and at supramedian angle of
anterior margin somewhat broader than in N. punjabensis. Paramere (Par)

296

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

broader, apex obtuse, rounded. As in N. punjabensis short upper antepygidial
bristle broader than long bristle ; in one (J there are two such short bristles on
one side and one on the other.

$. Sternum VII (text-fig. 83) much more strongly narrowed, somewhat
resembling that of certain specimens of N. simla J. & R. 1921, the apical

lobe truncate, with the apical margin distinctly incurved. Spermatheca as in
N. punjabensis. Duct of bursa copulatrix a trifle shorter.

I thank Dr. E. Landauer very much for the type and other specimens
presented to the N. C. Rothschild (British Museum) collection.

At the same place and on the same hosts the collectors also obtained rather
commonly another CeratophyUine flea, Monopsyllus anisus Roths. 1907.

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAK XL.

IflSV.

I'.n

A NEW XENOPSYLLA FROM NYASALAND (SIPHONAPTERA).

By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 3 text-figures.)

T AM indebted to Dr. W. A. Lamborn for a small collection of fleas obtained
from various rodents in the neighbourhood of Fort Johnston, Nyasaland.
The hosts are not yet properly identified, and for that reason I postpone recording
the fleas, but describe here a new XenopfujUa which is represented in the collection
by a series of specimens of both sexes.

Xenopsylla syngenis sp. nov. (text-figs. 84, 85, 86).

cj$. Close to X. tortus J. & R. 1908, but in the somewhat larger eye, the more
numerous bristles on sternum VII of 9 and the more ventricose tail of I lie
spcrmatheca somewhat approaching A*, scopulijer Roths. 1905.

S- On abdominal sternum VIII about 20 bristles each side. At apical
margin of tergum IX behind the scnsilium (text-fig. 84) four bristles, the one at
the angle long, the others thinner and much shorter, the fourth subdorsal, small,
separated by a wide interspace. Steriniin IX (text-fig. 85, IX. st.) nearly as in

298 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

X. tortus, but the ventral arm proximally broader than in that species. Process
P' of clasper as in X. tortus, but curved-up apex of P'' shorter. Phallosome
(= aedeagus) different : apical tube of penis (Pen) longer, as in X. tortus without
the dorsal hook of X. scopulifer, but with a distinct obtuse elbow ; on the
ventral side of the penis-tube near the vesicle (Vs) a tubercle (t.) which has
nearly the same position as in X. scojivlifer, whereas in X. tortus it is far removed
from the vesicle. On each side of the penis-tube two flaps, one distal and dorsal,
projecting downwards at the side of the tube ; apex of this flap (Lo^) rounded,
with the anterior angle projecting forward, forming a short blunt hook ; in
A', tortus this flap is apically divided into two projections ; second flap (Lo=) very
much broader than in X. tortus, apically rounded, at the side of it a dagger-like
process which is feebly chitinized.

$. Sternum VII, on the two sides together, with 27 to 35 bristles, usually
more than 30. On outer surface of tergum VIII 12 to 20 on side and 13 to 16
in a marginal row. Tail of spermatheca (text-fig. 86) ventricose, but usually less
so than in the specimen from which the figure is taken.

The names of the four rodents on which the species was found will be
supplied when the skins are determined.

NoVITATES ZoOLOniCAE XL. 1937.

399

THREE NEW BIRD-FLEAS FROM KASHMIR.

By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 6 text-figures.)

'T'HE species here described were collected by Mr. H. Whistler at Dras,
■'■ Ladakh, Kashmir, 10,500 ft., in May 1928, on Chelidonaria urbira (presum-
ably in its nest) and sent to me by Mr. G. B. Thomp.son, of the staff of the British
Museum (Natural History), to both of whom I tender thanks. There are alto-
gether 18 specimens, mounted by Mr. Thompson, which represent four species.
One of the species is the common martin-flea ( Ceratophyllus hirundinis Curtis
1826), the one ^ and the series of $$ agreeing well with European examples.
Two others also belong to Ceratophyllus Curtis 1826, presenting the general
characteristics of the Ceratophylli living in martins' nests, while the third species
is nearly related to the European Ceratophyllws ivaterstoni Jord. 1925, which is
not a true Ceratophyllus and is placed here into a separate genvis. This new
species and C. ivaterstoni are of a different phyletic origin than C. hirundinis
and congeners, being bird-fleas derived from Cilellophilm Wagner 1934, with
which they show a striking affinity, or, in other words, being originally mammal-
fleas which have taken to birds' nests and acquired characteristics of bird-fleas.

1. Ceratophyllus orites sp. nov. (text-figs. 87, 88, 89).
cJ$. As in various species of fleas breeding in martins' nests the apex of the
metanotum is very feebly chitinized, the marginal area being membranaceous

from the row of long bristles, and the apical spines of the metanotum and ab-
dominal terga pale and narrow. Chaetotaxy nearly as in C. hiriimlinis. Pronotal
comb with more than 30 spines (32-34). One long antepj'gidial bristle, above
and below it a very minute one in ^, in $ the upper about the size of the
anterior small bristles of VII. t. and the lower one absent.

Genitalia, (J. Tergum VIII strongly rounded, at dor.sal margin about a

dozen thin bristles, some of them on inside, upon these follows a densely packed
row of long ones, 8 to 10 altogether (text-fig. 88) ; there are no brii<tles on the
lower area of VIII. t. The spiculose area of inner surface large, almost elliptical,
fading away dorso-apically, sharply defined ventrally, the most ventral spicules

300 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

large, dentiform, directed downward. Apex of sternum VIII (text-fig. 87,
VIII. St.) with ventral apical horizontal projection which bears 5 shortish strong
bristles a little longer than the sternite is broad in middle, proximally to the
horizontal projection the segment is widened dorsally, this area apically truncate
and bears 5 or G long bristles, 4 of them in a vertical row and 1 or 2 in front of

the row, another long bristle on the apical process ; a large apical flap, sharply
defined on frontal side and here rounded, the posterior outline not well marked
in the two specimens, this portion of the drawing therefrom possibly incorrect.
Clasper (text-fig. 88, CI) short, the bay above process P small ; two long acetabular
bristles placed about halfway between lower and upper margins of acetabulum ;
process P narrow, slightly rounded-dilated at apex. Finger F rounded-pjrriform,
more strongly rounded ventrally and apically than dorsally, strongly chitinized
basally, very pale distally, at dorso-apical angle apparently membranaceous,
base rounded and projecting dorsally ; very few bristles : one strong one below

NoviTATES Zoological XL. 1937.

301

middle of apical margin, as stout as acetabular bristles, but not so long as anterior
margin of process P ; in outer half of ventral margin 3 short stout bristles, the
upper the shortest, middle one the longest, being less than half the length of the
bristle of apical margin ; along the basi-dorsal incrassation and above it some
small bristles as usual, and towards dorso-apical angle a very short, somewhat
stumpy, marginal bristle, on a level with it a thin hair and another hair near
apical margin. Sternum IX similar to that of C. hirwiulinis, but anterior

portion with two strong bristles as stout as the acetabular ones, but much

shorter, anterior to them thin marginal bristles and two longish ones.

?. Sternum VII (text-fig. 89, VII. st.) with a distinct rounded sinus on a level
with the fourth long bristle of the posterior row, the ventral lobe below the sinus
rounded, the apical margin above the sinus first rounded, then gently incurved
and finally again rounded. Stylet a little longer than in C. hirundinia.
Spermatheca (R.s.) also longer, its tail without appendix. Apex of bursa
copulatrix (B.c.) with a sclerification (S) opposite the base of the duct of the
spermatheca, this sclerification not present in C. hirumlinis.

Length : ^ 2-7, $ 2-i) mm. ; hindfemur : ^ 0-43-0-48, $ 0-45-U-51 mm.

Two pairs.

2. Ceratophyllus caliotes sp. nov. (text-figs. 90, 91).

cj$. Likewise a true martin-flea in the apical area of the metanotum being
membranous and its spines resembling a bristle in shape. Differs from both
C. hiruudinis and C. orites sp. nov. in the smaller number of spines in tiic
])roniital coinl) and ii> tlie longer bristles of the hindtarsus, besides the modified

302

NOTITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

segments. Nearest to C. rusHcus Wagn. 1903, tergum VIII different in both
sexes.

Smaller than the preceding species. Comb with 27 or 28 spines. Longest
apical bristle of hindtarsal segments I and II projecting well beyond apex of
segment following. Lower minute antepygidial bristle absent, upper one very
thin, longer in $ than in cj.

Genitalia. (^. Tergum VIII (text-fig. 90, VIII. t.) strongly rounded,

with a dozen bristles in dorsal area and 3 in lower area, the spiculose area of inner

Vll.st

surface round, about as broad as long, the spicules near ventral margin of area
much smaller than in C. orites and pointing upwards. Sternum VIII with 6 or
7 long slender bristles at apex (on the two sides together) ; filamentous flap
large, rotundate on the two sides, the rim supporting the flap on anterior side
free in upper half. Clasper (CI) short, dorsal bay at anterior side of process P
small ; two long acetabular bristles on a level with middle of acetabulum, the
clasper ventrally strongly convex between manubrium and acetabular bristles.
Process P short, its sides almost parallel, apex obliquely rounded, projecting
upwards on anterior side, posterior angle almost effaced. Finger F almost
gradually widening from base to middle, angle of anterior margin in middle, the
margin incurved from this angle to base and straight to anterior apical angle,
apical and posterior margins rounded together, width of F at middle like length

NoviTATEs Zoological XL. 1937.

303

of straight portion of anterior margin ; in upper half of posterior margin 4 strong
bristles, almost evenly spaced, the lower two somewhat stronger than the aceta-
bulars, but much shorter, the third thin and shorter, the fourth also thinner, but
nearly as long as second ; near anterior apical angle a very thin dorso-marginal
bristle ; along anterior margin a number of small bristles ; F resembles to some
extent that of C. lunalus J. & R. 1920, but that species is otherwise very different.
Posterior apical nose of vertical arm of sternum IX long ; ventral arm narrow,
at ventral margin of proximal half 0 or 7 slender bristles ; apical half narrower
than in C. hirundinis, the lobe projecting frontad being particularly narrow, the

thin bristles less numerous than in C. hirundinis. Paramere (Par) shorter.

$. In the only specimen of this sex
(text-fig. 91) sternum VII covers
tergum VIII, projecting beyond it ; its
apical margin is evenly rounded up to
two-thirds, then slightly incurved, the
upper angle round and the dorsal
margin again somewhat incurved ;
bristles on VII. st. and VIII. t. less
numerous than in G. oriles and
C. hirundinis ; upper angle of dilated
portion of VIII. t. completely rounded.
Stylet as short as in C. hirundinis.
Spermatheca (R.s.) as in C. hirjirulinis;
but oral end subtruncate ; tail with
appendix. Bursa copulatrix (B.c.)
without sclerification at apex.

Length : ^J 1-9, $ 2-1 mm. ; hind
femur : ^ 0-35, $ 0-39 mm.

Two (JcJ, one $.

Among the true Bird-Ceratophylli — i.e. the species in which the body of the
spermatheca is long, sausage-like, and the basal portion of the duct of the sperma-
theca darkened — I find in our collection only three species besides C. caliotes in
which the apex of the bursa copulatrix has no sclerification in the posterior wall :
C. hirundinis Curtis 1826, C. rusticus Wagn. 1903 and C. rossitlensis Dampf. 1912.
The sclerification is present in C. nutnidus J. & R. 1915, a martin-flea from
North Africa.

Omeacus gen. nov.

(^$. Agrees with Ceratophyllus Curtis 1826, s. restr., in the eye being large,
the bristles of segment II of antennae lotig, some projecting in (J$ beyond
ape.x of club, the pronotal comb containing a large number of spines (more than
30 in both species of Omeacus) and in the ventral apical pair of bristles of segment
V of fore- and midtarsus being long in both sexes, resembling fourth lateral
bristle, not being incrassate in (J. In spite of these similarities with Cerato-
phyllus, Orneacuji is an offshoot from a different grou]) of Ceratophylline fleas,
l)cing akin to Citellophilu.s Wagner 1934, a genus of mammal-fleas. Inner surface
of raid- and hindcoxae with a row of slender bristles from near apex to near
base, as in Oropsylla, Citellophilus and other genera, but the number of bristles
reduced. Apical marginal area of mctanotum very much shorter tiian that of
mesonotum, but not entirely membranous as in the Martin-CeratophyUi ; apical

304 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

spines short, somewhat smaller than those on abdominal terga I to IV, being
much shorter and broader than in Ceratophyllvn hirumlinis and allies. One
long antepygidial bristle, in (J accompanied by two minute ones, of which the
lower one is sometimes missing, in $ these small bristles longer and thicker than
the penultimate bristles of tergnm VII.

Genitalia. (J. Tergum VII without spiculose dorsal area or this area

vestigial only. Apical lobe of ventral arm of sternimi IX broad, subtruncate,
the forward projection so long that the bristles of its apex and those of the
strongly convex jjortion of the anterior half of IX. st. are close together ; apex
of vertical area feebly or not at all curved backwards. Tendons of IX. st. and
of phallosome short, curved upwards, but not making half a convolution.
Phallosome of a similar structure as in Citellophilus ; apical, protruding, portion
of ejaculatory duct broad, more or less transversely ribbed (the duct itself perhaps
narrow, but surrounded by glandular tissue ; a similar structure obtains in
CitellopMlus). Anal sternum (divided into a right and a left lobe) longer than

in Ceratophyllus. F of clasper of the Citellophihis type. 5. Spermatheca

with oblong body. Bursa copulatrix short, broad, upright, apex and wide
basal portion of duct of spermatheca enveloped by glandular tissue, which is
partly lamellate or somewhat densely folded ; no sclerification. Short bristles
of anal sternum stout and curved (as in Citellophilus dolabris Roths. 1911).

Genotype : 0. waterstoni Jord. 1925 (= Ceratophyllus rothschildi Waterst.
1910, nee Rainbow 1905).

It is an interesting and for our understanding of evolution significant case
of the creation of a type of bird-flea from a branch of mammal-fleas, the attributes
acquired, evidently in comiection with the adoption of the martin as host and
the hard nest as breeding-place, being external.

3. Omeacus oreinus sp. nov. (text-fig. 92).

cJ. Similar to the o of 0. waterstoni, distinguished by the long dorsal
bristles of the thorax and anterior abdominal segments and by the tail-end.

Frontal tubercle sharp, sunk, but distinctly projecting. In front of row
of three eye-bristles one single small bristle, placed towards antennal groove.
On occiput three bristles above antennal groove, first short or long, second and
third long, the last being the ventral bristle of the posterior row, at some distance
behind and above median bristle a small one ; dorsal groove of occiput shallow.
Proboscis reaching to apex of forecoxa. At least six of the bristles of antennal
segment II reach well beyond club.

Spines of pronotal comb longer than notuin ; dorsal bristles longer than
lateral ones, but shorter than most ventral one ; on mesonotum dorsal bristles
likewise prolonged and in front of row two or three long additional bristles, on
metanotum one such additional long bristle ; metanotum one spine each side
(in 0. waterstoni two or three), this spine smaller than in O. waterstoni, as are
also those of abdomen.

Dorsal bristles of posterior row of abdominal terga I to III more or less
prolonged, at least longer than in 0. ivaterstoni ; number of apical spines on two
sides together : I 4, II 5 or 6, III 4, IV 3 or 4 ; two rows of bristles on I to VII,
an incomplete third row and a few additional dorsal bristles. Bristles on sterna
on two sides together : III 5 or 7, IV 5 or 0, V 7 or 8, VI 5 or 7, VII 2 or 4,
total in type 25, in paratype 31.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

305

On hindtibia 8 dorsal notches, bristles of third and sixth notches small.
None of the hindtarsal bristles reach beyond apex of segment following. First
pair of plantar bristles of segment V of fore- and midtarsi bent inward ; on sole

Vlll.st

of V niitiutc hairs from a{)e.\ to second pair of plantar bristles. Proportions of
hindtarsal segments : 41, 2S, 1(1, 10, 20.

Genitalia. Tergum Vlll (text-fig. 02, VTII. t.) broadly rounded, with a

dorso-marginal row of long bristles, some of them close together, one or two
lateral ones (drawn as they are on the slides, forced downward), and on lower
area from 8 to 12 long bristles, partly arranged in a vertical row ; cIo.se to dorsal

20

306 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

margin indications of spicules on inner surface. Sternum VIII elongate-boat-
shaped, convex ventrally, dorsally nearly straight, with a slight upward bend
in central area ; anterior upward-jjrojection measured from ventral surface of
VIII. St. more than twice as long as VIII. st. is broad in centre ; apex of VIII. st.
subacuminate, with 3 or 4 long bristles and a pair of much thinner and shorter
apical ones ; filamentous flap with a narrow upward lobe and a broader apical
lobe. Clasper (CI) short ; two long acetabular bristles close together, below
them the clasper strongly convex. Process P twice as long dorsally as medianly
broad, apex rounded-truncate, posterior nose pointed, projecting. Finger F
triangular, ventral margin the longest, anterior margin the shortest, the propor-
tions of the three sides being 55, 41, 30 ; at the posterior angle two short broad
spiniforms close together, rounded-dilated at apex ; above three-fourths of ventral
margin a large bristle which is about as long as its distance from upper angle.
Vertical arm of sternum IX convex in middle of posterior side, otherwise nearly
straight, apex rounded, not curved backwards ; proximal half of ventral arm
with broad, irregularly rounded, downward projection bearing a number of
bristles ; the distal half with nearly parallel sides from middle to apex, which is
rounded-truncate (more irregular in paratype than in type figured) ; its forward
extension (Lo) long and slender, reaching to the trichose area of anterior half.
Paramere with a long and narrow hook (Par). Free apical section of ejaculatory
duct (Pen) somewhat resembling an elephant's trunk ; at apex of penis-tube a
dorsal projection (t.) which is strongly chitinized.

Length : 2-6 mm. ; hlndfemur : 0-48 mm.

Two c?c?-

NOVITATKS ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

307

TWO NEW FLEAS FROM SOUTH AMERICA (SIPHONAPTERA).
By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 5 text-figures.)

1. Myodopsylla notialis sp. nov. (text-fig. 93).
(J. Near M. insignis Roths. 19(13, hut posterior bristles of abdominal tergites
III to VI not modified into false combs and the genitalia very different.

Pronotal comb apparently contains fewer tlian 35 spines. Dorsal bristles
of posterior row of mesonotum longer than lateral ones, very much longer than

in M. insignin, being nearly as long as their distance from base ; in front of the
row two dorsal bristles each side also prolonged ; the apex of the me.sonotum
dorsally collapsed (feebly chitinized or affected by the clearing agent ?). On
metanotum each side two aj)ical spines ; dorsal bristles of posterior row some-

308

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

what shorter than lateral ones and a little thicker, longer than in 31. insignis
and not forming a comb, 13 on the two sides together. On metepimerum 8 or
9 bristles, of which 4 or 5 small, 4 long, the two at posterior margin shorter than
the other two long ones and about as thick, not thicker.

On abdominal tergum I 6 dorsal bristles of the posterior row are shorter and
thicker than the lower ones, on II only 4, on the other terga none ; on I each
side two short apical spines ; number of bristles : terga I 22, 14, II 13, 16,

III 9, 16, IV 8, 15, V 7, 13, VI 6, 14, VII 3, 14, on II and III an additional
small bristle below stigma ; sterna III 2, IV 4, V 2, VI 4, VII 4.

Hindtarsal segment I shorter, being 1-6 times as long as II, in M. insignis
1-8 times ; apical and subapical bristles of I thicker and longer, the apical one
reaching close to apex of II, and the corresponding bristle of II to or beyond apical
fourth of III.

Modified Segments. — Tergum VIII (text-fig. 93, VIII. t.) strongly rounded,
without an angle ; there are 6 or 7 large bristles and about 8 smaller ones at the
margin and on lateral surface, and about a dozen thin ones at the dorso-apical
margin, most of them on inside. Sternum VIII truncate, with the angles rounded
off, at the apical margin a row of 6 bristles, which are much shorter than the
segment is broad, near ventral margin a large brush of long thin hairs, and
below dorsal margin a densely packed, horizontal, slightly S-shaped, row of about
20 bristles, broadish at base, about as long as the segment is broad, most of them
leaning backwards. Clasper (CI) apically divided by a broad sinus into a round
upper process P' and a longer lower one P-, the latter bearing two long bristles,
one at apex and the other below apex. The finger F triangular, the dorsal
margin the longest, the ventral margin slightly longer than anterior one.
Sternum IX slender in proximal two-thirds, its dorsal margin with rounded
hump at two-thirds, opposite this convexity a short jjrocess at ventral margin

NOVITATES ZoOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

309

bearing a short bristle, a little farther distal a stout, sharply pointed bristle,
about as long as its distance from apex of IX. st., aj)ical lobe nearly as broad as
long, rounded distally, incurved dorsally and e.xcurved ventrally, near apex a
thin bristle, another farther frontad on inner surface. Anal tergite (X. t.) with
numerous bristles along ventral margin.

Length: 2-7 mm. (extended) ; hindfemur : 0-45 mm.

Brazil ; Porto JofFre, Rio S. Lourengo, tributary of Rio Cuyaba, Matto
Grosso, ii. 1933, on Molossus obscurus ; l^J, received from Mr. G. B. Thompson,
British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

2. Tunga terasma (text-figs. 94-97).

One gravid $ from Annapolis, southern part of State of Goyaz, Brazil,
5. xi. 1930, collected by Mi'. G. B. Fairchild from witliin the ventral skin of a
soft-tailed armadillo (Cabassous iinicinctus), between the foreleg and neck.

A wonder flea. Whereas the gravid $$ of all the other knowni species of
Tuncjn arc as round as a pea, the distended body of the present species is quadri-
lobatc, the lobes not being quite the same size, but all subcylindrical and round
at the end. They are semi-transparent, and long ovarian tubules are more or less
plainly visible within. There are two lobes each on right and left sides, one being

310 NoVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

dorsal and the other ventral. The distended body is covered by the membrane
between abdominal segments I and II ; head, thorax (inclusive of metepimerum)
and abdominal tergum I being separated from the other segments by the
distended body. In a frontal view (text-fig. 94 and fig. 95, A) only the anterior
portion of the insect is visible, the proboscis and legs pointing downward as
indicated in the figures. Figs. A to D are natural size, the greatest transverse
diameter of the specimen being 14 mm. In a view from the anal side (B) the
abdominal segments appear as concentric rings (only some of them indicated
in the figure). Below the head and thorax there is a ventral swelling, a vestigial
fifth lobe, quite low and rounded, as shown in fig. C, which represents a ventral
view. Here the posterior region of the insect projects as a cylindrical cone, which
is about as long as broad, and shows near the concentric rings small sclerites
as remnants of segment II. In a lateral view (fig. D), i.e. the specimen so turned
that the pair of right lobes of fig. C is directed towards the eyes of the observer
(a turning of 90° of fig. C), the head and thorax appear on left side above the left
lobe and the anal cylinder below as in fig. C.

The specimen is being kept in liquid, as mounting for the microscope would
destroy the peculiarities of the distended body. The drawings of the anterior
part of the insect from the side (text-fig. 96) and from front (text-fig. 97), therefore,
have no claim to accuracy in the detail. Measurements have been taken with
a high power of the binocular dissectmg microscope. The few bristles which are
visible in the opaque specimen have been left out in the dra^vings, as they might
be more misleading than hel[)ful. Head and thorax are very similar to those of
T. penetrans L. 1758, the head being a little shorter dorsally. Eye large.
Genal margin anteriorly with a short projection. Proboscis ending on a level
with posterior coxa. Metepimerum (mtp) appearing as a sort of wing, more
than its outer half being detached from the membrane of the distended body
and curled sidewards and a little forward (text-fig. 96). Above the thorax there
is an apically rounded-dilated sclerite also free at its upper end ; this is abdominal
tergum I (ab. t. I). On the right side the tarsus of foreleg and on left side that of
midleg are preserved, they resemble the tarsi of T. penetrans, but may possibly
be slightly different in chaetotaxy. The cone of posterior abdominal segments
is much longer than in distended $? of T. penetrans.

In congratulating Mr. FairchUd on this surprising discovery I express the
hope that more specimens will be found, jjermitting preparations for the micro-
scope to be made.

NoVITATES ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1!I37.

311

ON SOME AUSTRALIAN SIPHONAPTERA.
By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With three text-figures.)

1. Pygiopsylla congrua J. & R. 1922 and P. hoplia J. & R. 1922.

Tj^AIRLY extensive material collected in Queensland convinces me that in

the original descriptions of the above species the mating of the sexes was

erroneous. What we described and figured as the $ of P. congrua is that sex of

P. hoplia and vice versa. The synonymy, therefore, is as follows :

(a) P. congrua Jord. & Roths., Ectoparasites, p. 234, no. 2, text-fig. 226
(1922), (J only.

P. hoplia iid., I.e., p. 236, no. 3, text-fig. 228 (1922), $ only.

(6) P. hoplia iid., I.e., p. 236, no. 3, text-fig. 227 (1922), ^ only.
P. congriM iid., I.e., p. 234, no. 2, text-fig. 229 (1922), $ only.

2. Stivalius molestus .lord. 1936 (text-fig. 98).
Described from a series of $$ in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., Ixi, p. 135, text-
figs. 1, 2 (1936), obtained in Queensland on Ratlvs culniornin. Mr. Frank H.
Taylor has now sent me other specimens of this species among which are some

312 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937

<J(J. I am much indebted to Mi-. Taylor, and to Mr. W. A. McDougall who
collected the additional series at Mackay on the same host. As in $ the margin
of the frons longer than in the allied species ; upper bristles of upper row of
frons nearer the dorsal margin. Sclerite F of genitalia more stumpy, its nose
much shorter ; the small ventral bristles in proximal half less numerous than
in St. morda.r. Upper process of paramere (Par) long, lower one slightly curved,
not straight as in St. rectiis J. & R. 1922. Ventral arm of sternum IX similar to
that oiSt. mordax ; its apical angle pointed, bristles somewhat variable in number.

Acedestia gen. nov.

Only the $ known. It represents a new species which does not fit into any
of the genera hitherto described and has affinities with Neopsylla Wagn. 1902 as
well as with Ctenophthalmus Kolen. 1857. The new genus proposed here for the
species may provisionally be placed in the neighbourhood of Ctenoplithalmus,
although the presence of a patch of small spiniforms on the inner surface of
the hindcoxa removes it from that neighbourhood. Perhaps the discovery of the
(J will throw more light on the relationship of this peculiar species.

Head integricipit, much shorter than broad. Antennal groove closed.
Frontal tubercle sunk, ventrally straight, with sharp point. Proboscis short,
with 5 segments, last a little longer than II to IV together, apex excised. Eye
present, but much reduced. In front of it a row of four bristles, first at antennal
groove ; no other bristles on frons. On occiput a subapical row, no other
bristles apart from a few minute ones above antennal groove. Club of antenna
longer than broad. Behind eye from antennal groove to maxillary palp an
oblique row of four spines.

Prothorax short ; pronotum with comb, the spines except lower ones much
longer than notum ; one row of bristles. Mesonotum measured from base to
row of bristles (true apex) shorter than metanotum, the same applies to over-
lapping apical areas, one row of bristles, as is also the case with abdominal terga
II to VII, on I an incomplete additional row. On underside of overlapping
apical margin of mesonotum a dorsal and a subventral slender spine. Mete-
pimerum extending upward far above its stigma. Metepisternum inclining
forward.

Two antepygidial bristles, upper one short and stout, lower one long.
Stylet long and slender, with a long apical bristle and two minute ones close to it.
Pygidium not quite flat, posteriorly very slightly convex, hair-like spicules broad
at base, resembling those of Ceratophyllus Curtis 1826 (and many other genera) ;
apparently 24 grooves. Sternum VIII without apical bristles, pointed. Stig-
mata of abdominal segments II to VII and metepimerum ovate, subacuminate
posteriorly, that of VIII. t. large.

Radial svispenders (su) of innerside of mid- and hindcoxae short, in midcoxa
equalling two-fifths and in hindcoxa one-fourth of length of coxa ; on innerside
of hindcoxa a subapical patch of small spiniforms. No lateral bristles on inner
and outer surfaces of femora. Segment V of fore- and midtarsi with four lateral
pairs of plantar bristles and a fifth pair in between second, this first pair absent
from hindtarsus. Genotype : new species here described.

The internal loop of gena and the infraoesophageal bar (trabeculum, Wagner)
are absent.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XL.

1037

313

3. Acedestia chera sp. nov. (text-figs. 99, lOO).

$. The long and sharply pointed spines of the genal and j)ronotal combs and
the absence of bristles in front of the subajjieal row on the tcrga of thorax
and abdomen (except ab. t. I) and on the abdominal sterna are very striking
distinctions. Head almost evenly rounded — slanting from posterior upper angle
to preoral angle. Of the bristles in front of eye first and third long, second small
or minute, fourth small, but larger than second ; the occipital row contains five

bristles each side. Antennal segment II with two bristles and a minute hair
dorsally anfl two very thin short bristles at lower angle, none in between. Pro-
boscis reaching approximately to middle of forecoxa, segments II to IV broader
than long.

Pronotal comb with 20 spines, lower ones gradually smaller ; a row of 12
bristles (on the two sides together). On mcsoplcura 5 or 6 bristles ; one before
nicral suture, one or two ventral behind the suture, and three in a subapical
vertical row, ventral one long and rather stout, larger than any bristle of head
and pronotum, the upper one of the three the smallest. Row on mcsonotum and
mctanotum with 10 bristles ; at basal margin of mcsonotum fewer than 10 small
hairs (two sides together). Length of mcsonotum from ba.se to bristles Iti, of
mctanotum IS, apical area of mcsonotum 9, of metanotum 15. Metepisternuni
with one bristle, pale area longer than broad, subelliptical ; metastcrnite with
two bristles, lower one as large as largest of mesopleura ; incrassation at anterior
margin of metasternite vestigial, narrow. Metepimerum large, extending up-

314

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

wards to level of third bristle of metanotum, upper angle acute ; below stigma
two longish . bristles with a minute one in between, farther down a close-set
vertical row of three or four, the lowest much the longest, being as large as the
large bristle of metasternite ; in specimen from Queensland four bristles below
stigma on one side.

On abdomen terga II to IV with a short apical spine each side, in Queensland
specimen I with a spine on one side only ; bristles : I 5, 7, II 11, III to VI 10,

VII 8, on the two sides together ; stigma in the row above lowest bristle ; bristles
on sterna : III 5, IV to VI 6, VII 11.

Posteriorly at apex of mid- and hindcoxae two bristles. At dorsal margin
of femora fewer than 12 small bristles ; ventrally one longish subapical bristle ;
the short one of the dorso-apical pair rather stumpy, as are the outer bristles in
the dorsal notches of the tibiae ; dorsolateral row of hindtibia containing 5
bristles ; longest bristle of postmedian notch barely reaches apex of tibia, and
longest apical one does not quite attain apex of tarsal I. Apical bristles of
hindtarsal segments rather stout, those of I not reaching to apex of II, longest
of II nearly reaching apex of III, that of III surpassing IV ; minute hairs on sole
of V numerous in all tarsi in apical half, a few hairs farther towards base, apical

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 315

ventral pair of small bristles far apart and thin. Proportions of segments :
midtarsus 12, 13, 9, 6-5, 13 ; hindtarsus : 22, 17, 10, 7, 15.

Modified Segments. — Sternum VII gradually narrowed, apex truncate-
sinuate, lobe above sinus rounded, much larger than lower lobe. No bristles
above stigma of VIII. t. ; some distance below .stigma one long bristle, on ventral
area inclusive of apical margin 10 bristles. Stylet almost linear, four times
(or nearly) as long as basally broad ; at angle in front of stylet a single bristle.
Body of spermatheca one-half longer than broad, strongly convex dorsally;
slightly incurved ventrally in middle, orifice subterminal, not projecting ; tail
as long as body, with appendix.

Length: 2-1 mm. ; hindfemur : 0-44 mm.

West Australia : Mahogany Creek, Perth, on Isoodon ohesulvs, one $. type ,
we have to thank Mr. L. Glauert, of the Perth Museum, for the discovery of this

strange species. Another $ from Queensland : Yorke Pen., ofiF Parameles

gunnei, collected by F. Wood Jones and sent to me for determination by Mr. H.
Womersley.

The Queensland specimen agrees well with the type ; but its spermatheca is
more rounded, this difference evidently being due to pressure in mounting. It is
most satisfactory to have a second example for comparison and I am grateful to
Mr. Womersley for having sent me the specimen.

316 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

SPOLIA MENTAWIENSIA : PAPILIONIDAE.
By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.
(With Plate 14.)
HE account of the nature of the Mentawi Islands and their mammalian

T

fauna published by Mr. C. Boden Kloss in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1927,
p. 797, is a most instructive introduction to the articles dealing \vith the speci-
mens collected on the expedition and should carefully be read by everybody
considering the relationships of geographical races or geographically restricted
species and their origins. The general conclusions drawn by Mr. C. Boden Kloss
from the study of the mammals are very interesting and, to a large extent, are
confii-med by the Lejsidoptera. As Mr. Louis B. Front's preface to his paper
on the Geometridae of the Mentawi Islands published in this journal, vol. xxxvii,
p. 1 (1931), can be consulted by the reader, it is not necessary to repeat here the
information on the expedition and the islands supplied to him by Mr. C. Boden
Kloss.

The only papers published on the Butterflies of the Mentawi Islands are
those by Hagen, in Entom. Nachr. 1898, p. 193, and Abh. Senckenb. Ges. 1902,
p. 320.

Although the Butterflies collected by Boden Kloss and his companion,
Mr. N. Smedley, have all been identified, we have as yet not found time to study
more closely the relationship of the new forms discovered, with the exception
of the Papilionidae, which are the subject of this paper.

Apart from 3 species collected in West Sumatra and of no particular interest
for the present purjjose, altogether 11 species of Papilionids were found, 10 of
them on the Mentawis and 1 on P. Tello, Batu Islands. The P. Tello one is
P. nephelu-s tellontts, closely related to P. nephelus siporanu.s from Sipora. On
Nias 14 siJecies of Papilionids are represented ; we may, therefore, exjDect that
there are more than 10 on the Mentawi Islands. The relationships of the
10 are as follows :

(a) 3 are Malaysian, the specimens being hke those from Sumatra ;
P. demoUon demoUon, P. memnon anceus and P. agamemnon agamemnon.

(b) 1 is nearly related to a Sumatran subsijecies : P. nox subsp. nov.
(f ) 4 are nearly related to or identical with Nias subspecies.

(d) 2 are nearly related to or identical with subspecies from Batu and
likewise close to subspecies from Sumatra.

The absence of any affinity with the Nicobars and Andanians is most
marked. All the Mentawian Papilionids are of an originally Sumatran and
Malaysian stock, and this fact makes the study of the Lepidojitera of the islands
so very interesting. The distances of the various groups of West Sumatran
islands from each other and from Sumatra is not very great, and nevertheless
the percentage of special subspecies on each island or group is very high. This
fact becomes particularly striking, if we comjiare, for instance, the Lepidoptera
of the Natuna Islands in the Borneo sea, which islands are twice as distant from
Borneo as are the West Sumatran islands from Sumatra and j'et have but a

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 317

few recognizable subspecies. The age of the islands gives the explanation. In
the chain of West Sumatran islands the southernmost, Engano, surrounded by
deep sea, is evidently the oldest, and consequently — I use this adverb deliberately
— the majority of its species of Lepidoptera are represented by strongly modified
subspecies.

The question of the relationship of the Mentawi Lepidoptera with those of
Nias is better discussed when all the Butterflies of the collection can be quoted
in evidence. But one point illustrated by the Papilios is worth emphasizing
here. Of the widely distributed Kite Swallowtails with green markings and, on
the underside of the hindwing, red spots, 4 are represented on Nias by subspecies
in which the red spots are enlarged, distinguishing these subspecies from those
inhabiting Sumatra, Java, Borneo and other areas. If anybody should be
inchned to consider these parallel modifications as accidental, he might profitably
seek advice from Scotland Yard about the probability of the same accident
happening four times in the same place. There is a common factor underlying
these instances, a factor not yet known, but connected with the island. One of
this interesting quartet occurs on Mentawi, evidently in an identical subspecies,
P. doson riibrophiga ; a second has the enlarged red spots, but is otherwise some-
what different, P. sarpedon subsp. ; in the third, P. eveinon subsp., the red spots
are small, as in Sumatran specimens, but there are some differences in the other
markings ; and the fourth, P. agamemnon agamemnon, is not modified at all.
The 4 PapiUos, evidently, exemplify three stages in the evolution of races, P.
againemnon being the latest arrival on the Mentawis from Sumatra, P. evemon
an older inhabitant and P. doson and P. sarpedon the oldest. The modification
attained by P. evemon being but slight, as is so very often the case in subspecies,
these Papilios afford evidence that evolution depends on time and is gradual.
Gradualness is still better illustrated by the Troides occurring on Mentawi and
Batu ; the subspecies is not different in all specimens from the Nias series.
Intergrading or morphologically overlapping subspecies require to be studied
genetically by breeding. Although I cannot distinguish the Mentawi males of
Troides amphrysus from the Nias males, the difference in the two female po]nila-
tions, slight as it is, suggests that the fathers of these two sets of mothers are
also different.

1. Troides amphrysus vistara Fruhst. 1906.

Orniihoptera ampliri/siis vistura Fruhstorfer, Entoiii. ZeiUchr. x.\, p. 105, no. 1 (1906) (Batu).
Pajnlio ainphnjsiis vistara, Jordan, in .S'ei(:, Grossschmell. ix, p. 27 (1908) (Batu).
Troides amphrysus v. vistara, Bryk, in Strand, Lep. Cat. 35, p. 53 (1929) (Batu).

Siberut, 26(JcJ 11 ?? ; Sipora, 2 ^^, 2 ?9 ; North Pagi, 1 d". 1 ?•
Distinguishable from T. a. niasicus Fruhst. 1897 only in the ?. The ^^
from Nias, Batu and Mentawi differ from T. a. ruficoUis Butl. 1S79 (Sumatra,
Malay Peninsula) in the hindwing being slightly more deeply scalloped and
more broadly margined with black (as in most c?(? of T. a. amphrysus Cram.
1779 from Java), the black projections into the golden area being a little longer
and broader. The ^-genitalia are alike. The long .series of Mentawi specimens
exhibits considerable individual variability, as T. amphrysus does elsewhere.

(J. Length of forewing 77-99 mm. On ui^jjcrside the yellow markings of
forewing in apex of cell are sometimes represented by a small number of scales,
sometimes by a spot in upper cell-angle nearly Id mm. long anteriorly and "> mm.

318 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

at cell-fold, and a narrow arc at lower cell-angle, the majority of specimens
standing in between these extremes. The vein-streaks down to R' usually
reach to cell, but sometimes their proximal ends are effaced. The narrow black
streak which runs before anal angle of hindwing into the golden area is sometimes
absent ; the median veins of hindwing are in most specimens a little more

broadly black than in T. a. ruficollis. On underside the cell of forewing has

a large oblong spot in upper angle and an arched or angulate line in lower angle ;
yellow colouring of light m.arkings very variable in intensity and extent, some
specimens have some yellow only in the cell and close to it, while in others the
yellow is intense in and around the cell and all the streaks are more or less
shaded with yellow right to the ends.

$. Differs from the $ of T. a. niasicus in the grey colouring in and around
the cell of forewing being somewhat more extended in most specimens and in
the golden discal spot R'-R- of hindwing (6th from behind) being longer than
broad (as is usually also the case in T. a. ruficollis). In worn examples the
proximal half of forewing-upperside is faded to a greyish brown. Anterior spot
of golden area of hindwing varies, in Siberut specimens, from being absent to
being 15 mm. long and 3 mm. broad ; in the 2 5$ from Sipora the breadth is
1-5 mm., in the $ from North Pagi 4 mm. (in our only $ from Batu 3-5 mm.)
The size of this spot, therefore, is not of diagnostic value. The black discal
spots of hindwing large in all specimens and closely pressed together ; the one
below cell-apex (in R'-M') as a rule penetrating deeper into the golden area than
in T. a. niasicus and T. a. ruficollis, the golden projections along the veins being
somewhat longer than the golden patch measured from apex of black spearhead.
Yellow submarginal spots small, the two in the same marginal cell not connected

with each other in any specimen. On the underside the grey cell-patch varying

from being entire to being divided into a large anterior spot and a smaller posterior
one. In most specimens one or more of the posterior yellow submarginal spots
connected with the marginal ones by a longitudinal grey smear.

I said in Seitz, I.e., that in the <;J of T. a. niasicus the vein-stripes of the
forewing and the cell-spot were somewhat more yellowish than in T. a. ruficollis.
The present series of T. a. vistara J (J, however, proves that such distinctions
do not hold good if a larger material is available.

Fruhstorfer, in Iris xxvii, p. 133 (1913), separates the Sumatran T. amphrysus
as a distinct subspecies under the name of Ornilhopiera amphrysus euthydemus,
distinguishing it in the ,^ by the vein-stripes of the forewing-underside being
yellow only near the cell and almost pure white distally, whereas the stripes
" in ruficollis remain yeUow to very near the distal margin." Our series of 9 (J (J
from the Malay Peninsula and W ^(^ from Sumatra contradicts that statement.
Of the Sumatran $$ Fruhstorfer says that " it is not only always larger, but has
the black submarginal spots of the hindwing always longer and closely pressed
together." The length of the fore\ving varies in our Sumatran $$ from 77 to
97 mm., in our Malaccan $$ from 67 to 88 mm. (in Sumatra (J (J from 61 to 84
mm., in Malaccan ones from 58 to 75 mm.). As regards the size of the black
spots on the hindwing about which Fruhstorfer is so positive, I said in Seitz,
I.e., that these spots " in a large percentage of (Malayan) specimens are partly
separated from one another and the anterior ones rounded, but the same charac-
ters also occur in Sumatra, although rarely, so that it is so far impossible without
indication of locality to say with certainty of any specimen whether it comes

NOVITATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937.

319

from Sumatra or Malacca." That Fruhstorfer, in face of this statement, could
maintain that in Sumatran $$ the black spots are always larger and closely
pressed together only sliows that one must not take his descriptions too literally.
His always should be replaced by viostly. However, it is of no great importance
whether we treat euthydetnm as a synonym of ruficollis or not, the main point is
that the amphrysus populations of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula are not
identical ; there is no gap between them, but the majorities arc different in their
make-up ; the populations may be compared to two constituencies, the one
conservative, the other liberal, which distinction does not mean that all the
voters in the one constituency are conservatives and those of the other Uberal.s.
I personally look upon euthydetnws as a synonym of ruficollis, because I consider
the series of sjjecimens we have far too small for ascertaining the real range of
variability and the true average of T. amphrysws on Sumatra and the Malay
Peninsula.

2. Papilio nox smedleyi subsp. nov.
Siberut, I ?.

Wings above and below paler than body, mummy brown, somewhat paler

than even in $ of P. iwx nox Swains. 1822 from Java ; pale stripes along veins

of forewing a little narrower than in P. nox pelronius Fruhst. 1901 from Nias

and broader than in P. nox solokanus Fruhst. 1002 from S.W. Sumatra, much

duller than in both, a darkish wood-brown, slightly lighter in tint in anterior

half of wing. The vein-stripes of hindwing very diffuse, less contrasting with

the ground than in P. n. solok-aniis. Also on underside the vein-stripes broader

than in the Sumatra race and narrower than in the Nias one, much less whitish,

diffuse at outer margin, on hindwing indicated, nnich less distinct than in the

two neighbouring subspecies.

3. Papilio demolion demolion Cram. 1776.

Papilio Eqwes Achiws deimilion CraiiuT. I'a/i. K.ail. i. p. 140, tiil>. 89. fiijs. A, B (1776) (Java).
Papilio demolion demolion. .lord., in 8eit/., (Irossschmell. ix. p. ,")1 (1909).
Papilio demolion v. demolion, Bryk, in Strand. Lep. Cat. 37, p. 154 (1930).

Sipora, 2 $$, one a mere remnant.

The species not previously recorded from the West Sumatran islands except
Nias, where P. d. energetes Fruhst. 1908 occurs, differing from the widely distri-
buted Malaysian P. d. demolion in the band of the hindwing being a trifle narrower.
The Siporan specimens have the broader band of P. d. demolion.

4. Papilio nephelus siporanus Hagen 1898 (pi. 14, fig. 4 ^).

f'upilio .sipuranm HiiH<-n. Kntom. Nafhr. xxiv, p. 193 (1898) (Sipora, 1 ?) ; id., Ahhandl. Sewkenli.

Ges. XX. p. 320. no. 1, tab. 1, fig. 1 (1902).
Papilio nephelus siporanus, Fruhstorfer, Entom. Zeitschr. xx, p. 105 (1906) (" Ahhamll. Senkenb.

1899 " falso) : .lord., in Seitz, Orossschmell. ix, p. 52 (1909) ; Seitz, ibid. p. 118 (1908) (" Ber.

Seuck. 1899" falso).

Papilio nephelm v. siporanus, Bryk, in Strand. Lep. Cat. 37, p. 157 (1930) (" Enl. Xachr. 1. 1,

f. 1, cJ," falso).

Siberut, 1 (J.

The 5 described by Hagen from Sipora was the only specimen recorded
when this ^J arrived. Both sexes differ from all other subspecies of P. nephelus
in the white markings being larger. The (J is similar to that of P. n. tellonm
Fruhst. 190(i, which we figure for comparison (pi. 14, fig. :{). Upperside : white

320 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

discal band of 5 spots nearer the cell than in any other ^ of P. nephelus, the
middle spot being only 1 mm. distant from ceil, all a little larger than in P. n.
tellonus and the vein-stripes between them very thin ; before tornus 2 spots, the
posterior one small, touching neither hindmargin nor submedian vein, the
anterior spot luniform, sharply defined, not diffuse, measuring 2 by 4 mm.,
lower end more distal and more pointed than upper end. Creamy white area of
hindwing extending into extreme tip of cell and reaching close to abdominal

margin, consisting of 7 divisions, the last smallest and on distal side excised.

Underside : band of forewing a little broader than above, the spots being slightly
more extended distad except last one ; the spots at tornus more than twice as
large as above. The white area of hindwing somewhat narrower than above,
remaining separate from cell ; submarginal spots diffuse (possibly owing to the
indifferent state of preservation of the specimen).

The expedition also obtained the following Batu race :

PapUio nephelus tellonus Fruhst. 1906 (pi. 14, fig. 3).

Papilio nephelus tellonus Fruhstorfer, Enioiii. Zeitschr. xx, p. 105 (1906) (P. Tello) ; Jord., in Seitz,

Grossschmett. ix, p. 52 (1909).
Papilio nephelus v. tellonus, Bryk, in Strand, Lep. Cat. 37, p. 157 (1930).

Batu Islands : P. Tello, 2 (J J ; in Mus. Tring also 2 ^^ labelled simply
Batoe (H. R. Raap, 1896-1897).

The $ not yet known.

Upperside : the band of forewing 3 to 4 ram. distant from cell in middle,
the spots separate ; before tornus one spot, more or less diffuse, varying in size
and shape. Creamy white area of hindwing entering extreme apex of cell or
touching it, consisting of 6 divisions, of which the last two usually are rounded
distally ; between the patch and abdominal margin an indication of a white bar
in 4 of the 5 specimens compared.

Underside : submarginal spots of hindwing clearly marked in the " Batoe "
specimens (which are fresh) and diffuse (rubbed) in the two from P. Tello.

Fruhstorfer says of the ^ he describes that the white apical marginal spot
of the forewing is not present. That statement may be due to an error of
observation, but would be very interesting if true, because all specimens I have
seen of P. nephelus have that spot, even P. n. uranus Weym. 1885 from Nias
in which the band of the forewing is absent. The yellowish tint of the markings
of the upperside in Fruhstorfer's specimen is not present in those before me and
is probably due to exposure.

Both P. n. tellonus and P. n. siporanus come near to P. n. albolineatus
Forbes 1885 from Sumatra, of which a $ was collected on C. Boden Kloss's
expedition at Padang.

5. Papilio memnon anceus Cram. 1782.

Papilio Eques Achiinis anceus Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii, p. 44, tab. 222, figs. A, B (1782) (West Sumatra).
Papilio inemnon anceus, Jordan, in Seitz, Grossschmett. ix, p. 78 (1909) (Sumatra, Nias, Batu).
Papilio memnon v. anceus, Bryk, in Strand, Lep. Cat. 37, p. 207 (1930) (Sumatra, Nias, Batu).

Siberut, 3 (J^J. Not previously recorded from Mentawi. We have from

Batu 2 cJ(^ and 3 ??, two of the $$ being tailless, with dark upperside to the
hindwing, and the third tailed.

NOVITATES ZoOLOaiCAE XL. 1937. 321

(). Papilio antiphates rhabdotus Kiib.sp, nov. (pi. 14, fig. l).

Sipora, 4 cjcj.

Similar to P. antiphates antiphonua Fruhst., Soc. Ent. xvi, p. 170 (1902),
from Nias. We do not possess this subspecies, but Fruhstorfer's description
does not agree with the Sipora specimens. Upperside : marginal and sub-
marginal bands of forewing merged together from li^ the transiiarent band
between them consisting of only 4 divisions instead of 5 or 6 as in P. a. itampvii
Butl. 1885 from Sumatra, with which Fruhstorfer compares P. a. anliphonvs \
the transparent band, moreover, thinner ; the marginal band continued well
below submedian fold. On hindwing the slaty grey caudal area anteriorly not
narrowed, its proximal margin being slightly incurved instead of rounded, the
black submarginal bar on costal side of this area distinct, though thin ; black

marginal lunules broader than in most specimens of P. a. itamputi. Underside :

marginal band of forewing reaching to near tornus, and submarginal one to or
well below lower median vein, the light band between them as above narrower
than in P. a. itamputi. On hindwing the orange discal spots more intense, the
bluish line of the black anal spot at most indicated, the black submarginal spots
more or less united into transverse anguliform bars.

7. Papilio sarpedon phyris subsp. nov.

Sipora, 4 (J (J, type ; Siberut, 1 (J.

Nearest to P. s. rufofervidus Fruhst. 1897 from Nias. Upperside : Green
band narrower, on forewing uniform in colour, without a yellowish green tint
in the anterior spots, diameter (parallel \\ith veins) of last two sections shorter
than that of black terminal area. On hindwing last section of band much smaller
than in P. s. rufofervidus, measuringly only 2-0-2'5mm. in A^idth and at distal
side 5-0-0-5 mm. in length, the vein-streak separating it from cell-patch

black bordered with white. Underside : red spots of hindwing as conspicuous

as in the Nias race, but the costal bar less broad, being narrower than the black
bar which separates it from the band ; a small red spot in cell behind subcosta
close to band ; last section of band not reaching to red anal spot.

It will be noticed that tliis subspecies has, in the develojiment of the red
costal bar of the underside of the hindwing, not quite so far advanced as the Nias
race, being a little closer to the Indo-Malayan stock.

8. Papilio doson rabroplaga Roths. 1895.

P(ij)iU(i ('iiri/i»jlii.i ruhiiphuja Rothscliild. S'ov. Zool. ii, p. 504 (1895) (Nias).

I'apilio doson rubroplaga, Jordan, in .Seitz, I.e. ix, p. 97 (1909).

Pajnlio doson. v. rabroplaga, Bryk, in Strand, Lep. Cat. 37, p. 27S (1930).

Sipora, 1 J ; Siberut, 1 (J. 1 do not see any difference from our series

of Nias specimens.

9. Papilio evemon hetaerias subsp. nov. (pi. 14, fig. 2).

Siberut, 2 o^cJ-

Green band of both wings as in P. e. igneolus Fruhst. 1901 from Nias,
narrower than in P. e. eventus Fruhst. 1908 (type from Palembang ; P. e. orlhia
Jord. 1909, type from Malay Pen.) and P. e. evemon Boisd. 1836 from Java.
Differs from the Nias race especially on the iniderside : the submarginal spots

21

322 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

being smaller and the red spots not enlarged. Light-coloured markings more
reduced than in any other subspecies, this being particularly striking on the
underside ; submarginal spots of forewing very little larger than on upperside,
the middle ones hnear, their diameter (parallel to veins) less than half the width
of the black terminal area, fourth spot of median band counted from behind
irregularly ovate, very little longer than broad, the small spot attached to the
elliptical spot placed behind stalk of subcostal fork quite minute, cell-bars as in
P. e. igneoliis, smaller than in P. e. eventus. On hindwing the submarginal
spots larger than above, but not nearly so much enlarged as in P. e. eventus,
their diameters much shorter than their distances from margin ; the two hues
below the upper two spots quite thin ; triangular end-section of median band
remaining distant from the last but one red spot ; the red spots as small as in
P. e. eventus, none of them margined with white.

Especially interesting on account of the non-enlargement of the red spots,
the race standing clearly in between the advanced Nias race and the less advanced
Malayan one.

10. Papilio agamemnon agamemnon L. 1758.

Papilio Eqnes Achiims agamemnon Linnaeus, Sysl. Xal. ed. x, p. 462, no. 21 (1758) {China).
Papilio agamemnon agamemnon, Jord., in Seitz, Grossschmett. is, p. 101 (1909) (S. China, etc. ;
Batu).

Siberut, 2 ?? ; Sipora, 1 ^ ; North Pagi, 1 $. Also 1 $ from Padang, West
Sumatra.

Like Indo-Malayan specimens. The Nias race differs in the red subcostal
lunule on the underside of the hindwing being much more strongly developed.

The $$ of this species are more frequently obtained than those of the allied
species, the habits presumably being different.

NOVITATBS ZOOLOOIOAE XL. 1937. 323

ON SOME OLD-WORLD LEPIDOPTERA.

By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With Plate 14.)

NYMPHALIDAE.

1. Chaxaxes tectonis sp. no v.

cj. Near Ch. e'ldoxtis Drury 1782 and Ch. fallax Kichelm. l'J13, but in the tawny
markings of the upperside rather closely resembling Ch. dritceaniis kivimnus
Jord. 1925 ; the tawny colouring in anterior half of forewing much more ex-
tended, isolating black spots in cell and on disc, as in Ch. druceanus, the tawny
band being forked anteriorly, its outer branch slightly curved and maculate,
consisting of 4 rounded spots, the proximal branch of two spots, the tawny band
centrally with indications of blackish spots. On hindwing the tawny-orange
admarginal band much narrower than in any known form of Ch. eudoxus, black
submarginal band of almo.st equal width throughout, bearing in posterior half
4 blue dots as in Ch. d. kmianu.3, and at anal angle a huffish green admarginal
bar as in Ch. d. druceanus ; tails narrow and rather long, especially the anterior
one longer than in Ch. eudoxus.

Markings of underside of the Ch. eridoxiis type, not as in Ch. druceanus.
On forewing three black cell-bars margined with silver, first consisting of two
small dots, on discocellulars a fourth bar, broader, parallel with third and as
far separate from it as is second bar, below cell a silver-margined bar between
median veins, a somewhat smaller one behind it a little more basal with silvery
margin incomplete ; the discal series of black bars consists of an anterior one
from subcosta to R^, nearly all silvery, composed as in Ch. eudoxus of three
sections and a subcostal streak, the next two bars inclining towards cell, much
narrower than broad, silver-margined ; below these bars follow two small black
spots with the white margins vestigial, one below the other, far separated from
the antemedian spot, whereas in Ch. eudoxii.s and Ch. fallax the black spots
below lower median vein and cell are large and usually confluent or connected
with one another ; the orange-tawny band corresponding to the one on upperside
consists of rounded spots paler than the costal area on both sides of the silvery
costal bar, inconspicuous, the upper four bounded on jiroximal side and on the
veins by bluish grey, this scaling continued as a line toward hindmargin of wing,
but quite inconspicuous and more whitish in the pale posterior area ; the posterior
orange-tawny spots comjiletely merged together as a band which is widened to
the black bars behind M-, being divided only by the greyish line just mentioned ;
on distal side the orangc-tawny spots contiguous with black spots, last three
merged together into a large transverse j)atch bearing three bluish grey spots,
the one before the patch rounded-triangular, shorter than its distance from
distal margin and like the other five small ones margined with bluish grey.
Hindwing like forewing paler than in Ch. e'idoxuji and Ch. fallax, transverse
lines as thin as in Ch. fallax, outer half of wing remarkably different : the white
discal line, crossing R' close to bend of this vein, entirely separated from the

324 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

silvery median bars, broader and more diifuse than in Ch. fallax, not containing
any black bars except before abdominal margin ; the band outside this line dull
ochraceous-tawaiy, bounded on distal side by black bars of which the anterior
three are straight, the others luniform ; the narrow admarginal huffish orange
band bounded on basal side by black bars, the first nearly straight, the others
curved, with distal side convex, these bars and those of the preceding row form
two rings, filled in with bluish grey scaling, one at anal angle bearing two white
dots, and one before posterior tail somewhat smaller, with one white dot near
its outer margin, these oceUiform spots corresponding to similar spots of Ch.
druceaiius.

Length of forewing :

West Africa : Msungh, Cameroon, Baraenda Division, Feb.-March. 1934,
3,000-4,000 ft. (F. Carpenter), 1 ^.

2. Charaxes xiphares reducta Roths. 1929.

Syn. : Ch. xiplmres elilias Jordan, Xoi: Zml. xxxix. p. ,3.31 (19.36).

RIODINIDAE.

3. Dicallaneura kirschi pelidna subsp. nov.

cJ. Upperside of wings as in D. ribbei Rober 1886 blue, without markings,
but the blue duller, with a brownish tint. Underside as in D. Hrschi Rober
1886, agreeing best with the (^ of D. k. fulgurata Grose-Smith 1901 ; on forewing
the large spot outside apex of cell narrower, more luniform, before distal margin
a row of 8 white dots, first small, with a black dot on basal side, second large,
third smaller, the other five small but distinct, the last two of them approximated.
Hindwing as in D. k. fulgurata.

Dutch New Guinea : Momi {= Wariab), Arfak coast, 1928 (Dr. E. Mayr),

1 (?•

Remarkable for its great resemblance to D. ribbei.

LYCAENIDAE.

4. Ogyris faciepicta Strand 1911 (pi. 14, fig. 8, <S).

O.faciepicta Strand, Milt. Berliit. Mus. v, p. 472, no. 24, text-fig. (1911) (Scpik R., Mandated N.
Guinea, 1 ,^).

We have a (^ from the eastern side of New Guinea, Lower Mambare R.,
collected by A. G. Meek in 1906, which differs but slightly from the specimen
described by Strand. On the underside the narrow discal band is not interrupted
and the submarginal one is more sharply defined. The specimen represents
possibly a subspecies. As the tails in Strand's example are injured, and drawn
too short, we give a photograph of our specimen.

In Nov. ZoOL. XXXV), p. 147 (1930) I gave an account of two species of
Deudorix occurring in New Guinea, pointing out the differences between D.
grandis R, & J. 1905 and D. dohertyi Oberth. 1894 and the various subspecies
into which each has developed. To assist in the determination of the subspecies
we figure here three $$ :

5. Deudorix grandis jactantis Jord. 1930 (pi. 14, fig. 5).

NoviTATES Zoological XL. 1937. 325

0. Deudorix grandis fortis Jord. 1930 (pi. 14, fig. 6).
7. Deudorix dohertyi cholas Jord. 1030 (pi. U, fig. 7).

SPHINGroAE.
s. Rethera brandti euteles subsp. nov.

(J. Differs from R. b. brandti Bang-Haas, Entom. Zeitschr. xl, p. 502, text-
fig. 1 (1037), from the Elbiirs Mts., N. Per.sia, in the total ab.scnce of red colouring
on the uppertside of the hindwing ; head and thorax without red or only with a
slight red wash. On underside no red except on hindwing, whicli has a feeble
pink blush.

South Persia: C'uruni, between Shiraz and Bou.sliir, iii.-v., 1937 (F. H.
Brandt), a small series ; five more specimens in coll. Brandt.

As Herr 0. Bang-Haas says, one of the most interesting discoveries in the
Palaearctic region during recent years. The species differs from R. komarovi
Christ, in tlie longer antenna, the laterally long-hairy palpi and the presence of
a paronychium, which has one lobe each side.

EPIPYROProAE.
0. Epipyrops malagassica Jord. 102S.
The specimen without abdomen described in vol. xxxiv, p. 13S. of this
Journal as a (J on account of the long pectinations of the antenna is a $. We
have now found two more specimens, also from Diego Suarez, June 1917 (G.
Melon), both JrJ. Pectinations of antenna much longer than in $, the longe.st
nearly' as long as five segments of tlic shaft. Eye much larger and frons
correspondingly narrower, being ventrally only as broad as the apex of forecoxa ;
segments of antenna longer than in $, there being 12 or 13 instead of 1 1 ; as in
$ the outside branches of the proximal segments curved away from tlie eye
towards the branches of the inner side, almost lying along them.

HEPIALIDAE.

10. Charagia floralis sp. nov.

Charagui eugyna Rollis. & .lord.. Deiil.^. Ent. Zeilschr. p. 198 (1907). partiin, " $ " only.

When Mr. N. B. Tindalc studied the Oriental He])ialids in the Tring collection
this spring he found, on denuding the tail-ends, that the gorgeous green and red
specimen we had described as the $ of a green and white ^ was also a (J, repre-
senting another species. Tlie green and white J being selected as the type of
Ch. eugi/iia, the green and red one requires a name. We were evidently misled
by analogy with some dimorphic species of C/uiragia in wliich tiie ^ is green
and white and the $ of a darker colour.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII

1 . Valve of C'le

ora diphasia diphasia, West Bali

2.

, ,, diphasia refota, Tenimber

3.

, rhadia rhadia, Luzon

4.

»

„ rhadia frigescens, West Bali

5.

, perbona, Goodenough

6.

)

, lacteata, Guadalcanar

7.

,

, decisaria, West Bali

8.

,

, decisaria, Mt. Kebea

9.

,

, amphidoxa. North Borneo

10.

,

, callicrossa, West Bali

n.

J

, callicrossa, Tenimber

12.

,

, callicrossa. Key Is. .

13.

>

, callicrossa, Queensland

u.

>

, nigristigma, Choiseul

15.

,

, icluibasis. East Java

10. Cle0f

fora diphaaia, type ^, West Bali

17.

rJiadia frigescens, type tS> West Bali

18.

ferbona, type ^J, Goodenough .

19.

callicrossa, ^ underside, Little Key

20.

lacteata, type (J, New Britain

21.

decisaria, type $, Ceram .

22.

„ „ „ underside

23.

amphidoxa, type (J, North Borneo

24.

nigristigma, type (J, Choiseul

25.

icln

ibasis, type ^, East Java

PAGE

192
193
193
193
193
194
195
195
196
197
197
197
197
197
198
192
193
193
197
194
195
195
196
197
198

EXPLANATION <>1 PLATE XIV

FIG.

1. Papilio aiitiphales rhabdoiiix

2. „ evemon hetaerins .....

3. „ nephelus teHonus ....

4. ,, nephelus siporanux

5. De.udorix graiulis jactanlii^

6. „ ,, fortis

7. ,, dolierlifi ■■h,J,f^

8. Cgipia frtn'r/iiri,, .

321

321
320
319
324
325
325
324

NoVlTATES ZoOLOCILVE, Vol. XL 1337

5' ¥ V

A

If

y V

i' 4

f

9.

1

12.

14.

pi.xin

15.

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICyE, Vol. XL. 1937

Pl.XIY

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornithologrists' Union and Wollaston Expeditions in
the Snow IVIountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PKICE : £1 5s. (less 20% to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

SPHiNGIDAE

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

PRICE : £10 (lees 20% to Booksellers).

czxxT and 972 pagea, with (7 Plates.

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NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

H Journal of Zooloo^-

KDITED BT

LORD ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
AND Dr. K. JORDAN, F.R.S.

Vol. XL.

No. 3.

Paoks 329-360.
IssusD Decembeb 31st, 1937, at the Zoological Museou, Trino.

PRINTED Bi HAZELI,, WATSON A VINKY, I,TD., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.

1937.

Vol. XL.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE.

EDITED BY

LORD ROTHSCHILD and KARL JORDAN.

CONTENTS OF NO. Ill

PAGES

1. SOME NEW AFRICAN SIPHONAPTERA . . . Karl Jordan 329-332

2. NEW ANTHRIBIDAE FROM INDIA AND JAVA . Karl Jordan 333-335

3. REPORT ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MAURITUN

ANTHRIBIDAE SENT BY MR. J. VINSON . . KarlJordan 336-343

INDEX 345-360

NOYITATES ZOOLOGICAE

Vol. XL. DECEMBER 1937. No. 8.

SOME NEW AFRICAN SIPHONAPTERA.

By dr. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 8 text-figures.)

'X'HE British Museum Expedition to Mt. Ruwenzori and Mt. Elgon obtained
•*• several new fleas, the full descriptions of which will be published in the
Report on the Expedition. As Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins, Senior Entomologist of the
Agricultural Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda, is working at a Key to the East
African Siphonaptera and would like to include the ne\\- species, I publish here
preliminary descriptions and some figures sufficient for the recognition of the
species. I add a further species Ia.tely sent to me by Mr. Hopkins, for which I
here thank him.

1. Ctenophthalmus stenuTus sp. nov. (text-fig. 101).

(J. Near Ct. eumeces J. & R. 1913, but the distal margin of clasper not
sinuate, the lower apical angle therefore not projecting as a separate process ;
digitoid F much narrower, upper margin of exposed outer half straighter and
bearing only 6 or 7 bristles ; ventral arm of sternite IX shorter ; ventral hook
of paramere longer and narrower.

East side of Mt. Elgon, 11,000 ft., ii. 1935, off Bhabdomys pumilio diminutiis ;
1 cJ-

2. Ctenophthahnus edwardsi sp. nov. (text-figs. 102, 103).

(J$. Nearest to Ct. audax J. & R. 1913 ; proboscis long and second and
third genal spines obtuse, as in that species. Clasper broader, truncate, with the
ventral marghi rounded ; digitoid F quite different, irregularly triangular, its
distal margin twice incurved and in middle excurved. Ventral arm of sternite
IX much shorter. In $ sternum Vll with large, more or less rounded sinus, the
lower lobe narrow and at least as long as the broad upper lobe ; body of sper-
matheca (R.s.) variable, usually shorter and broader than in text-fig. 103.

Mt. Elgon, 11,000 ft., ii.l935, off Tuc/iyoii/ctcf! and Otomys jacksoni ; a
series.

3. Dinopsyllus semnus sp. nov. (text-figs. 104, 105).

(J$. Very near to I), hir.f/iliix Roths. 1908. On tergum IX between sensi-
lium and stigma of VIII a cluster of bri.stles, in ^J about 18, in ? (text-fig. 105)
about 20. Digitoid F of ,J widest in middle, a little over thrice as long as broad

22 32U

330

NOVITATES ZoOLOGICiE XL. 1937.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

331

(10 : 3) ; ventral arm of sternite IX with an uninterrupted ventral row of bristles
from apex to median joint. In $ sternum VII witliout distinct lateral sinus
and ventral apical angle of tergum VIII rounded off, not projecting as a tri-
angular lobe.

Mt. Sabinio, Kigezi, off Cricetomys, xi.34 ; 1 ^, 1 $.

4. Ischnopsyllus ectopus sp. nov. (text-fig. I(i6).
(J. Spines of metathoracic and abdominal combs I'educed in number and size :
4, 4, 2, 2. Clasper longer than broad, dorsal and ventral margins almost parallel,
apical margin oblique, nearly straight, ventral apical angle rounded off, with three

long bristles, upper angle smaller ; digitoid F almost straight, sligiitly \\idcned
apically, projecting beyond lo\\er angle of clasper, its dorsal margin measured
from subbasal liend as long as the clasper is broad. Sternite IX strongly elbowed

332 NOVTTATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

in middle, the elbow strongly projecting distad, the corresponding sinus of
anterior (= dorsal) side regularly semicircular. The pair of processes of para-
meres very long.

Mt. Elgon, on bat, no further data ; 1 ^.

5. Ctenophthalmus segregus sp. nov. (text-figs. 107, 108).

cJ5. Very near to Ct. bacopus Jord. 1933. Differs in the ^J in tli6 upper
apical process P' of the clasper being wider than the lower P^, whereas in Ct.
bacopus P° is wider than P' ; ventral margin of clasper ventricose ; digitoid F
obtuse, the apex being more rounded, the upper margin slightly bent down in
middle ; ventral arm of sternite IX broader. In $ sternum VII twice incurved,
upper angle obtuse and rounded, median and ventral lobes strongly rounded,
median one more projecting than ventral one ; body of spermatheca (R.s.)
somewhat shorter than tail.

Uganda: Arua, West NUe, vii.37, off Arvicanthis abyssinicus subsp., and
Attiak, Gulu, vii.37, off A. abyss, rubescens (G. H. E. Hopkins), 4 ^^S, 2 ??.

The $9 are very different from the Nakuru specimens described by me as that
sex of Ct. bacopus, and suggest that we do not yet know the true $ of that species.

Note. — The genotype of Meringis Jord., Nov. Zool. xl. p. 268 (1937)
is M. parheri Jord., I.e. p. 269.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAI; XL. 1937. 333

NEW ANTHRIBIDAE FROM INDIA AND JAVA.

By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

Peribathys gen. nov.
cJ?. Whereas in Xenocerus Scluinh. 1S33 the frons bears two cariiiae separated
by a shallow channel, there is in the present genus a deep straight sulcus the
margins of which are not cariniform, the sulcus extending on to rostrum and

occiput. Genotype : Xenocerus cveretti Jord. 1894 ; here also belong Xenocerus

riissatus Jord. 1903, A', lautvs Jord. 1904 and a new species here described.

The species are more cylindrical than Xenocerus, and the elytra more or less
clouded with white, grey or buif and dotted or tesseUated with brownish black.

1. Peribathys beesoni sp. nov.

(J. Differs from the other species of this genus in segment III of the antenna
being more than twice as long as broad, resembling in tliis character Xenocerus
flagellalus Falu-s. 1839 and allies.

As narrow as small ^,^ of P. russatiis Jord. 1904, densely pubescent grey,
slightly buff, with diffuse indistinct white tessellation on elytra and black markings
on upperside. On occiput a black median stripe, slightly wider behind than in
front, abruptly terminating at median fossa. Antenna black, with short whitish
grey pubescence at least at bases of segments and in middle of I. no longish pile
on underside of I to IV.

Pronotum and its lateral carina more strongly rounded than in the other
species, no basal longitudinal carinula ; a median stripe black, narrower than
buffish grey side, somewhat constricted before middle and apically bearing an
inconspicuous grey median hue. at side of this stripe in middle a conspicuous
black spot and a little farther lateral indications of three small elongate spots,
below lateral carina a black stripe whi(;h encroaches a little on upperside in middle
and at apex. Scutellum white.

Brownish black markings of elytra contrastif.g with the huffish grey and
whitish pubescence : a transverse spot at base surrounding, an irregular oire on
and below shoulder, a large transverse band from interspace VIl, with some
projections in front and behind, a transverse irregular spot on apical declivity
and about 10 more or less distini^t dots.

On abdomen a row of distinct subvcntral black spots and a row of more or
less indistinct lateral ones. Tips of tibiae and of segments II and IV of tarsi
black.

Length 10-;j mm. ; width 3-0 mm.

India; Sukna, Kurseong, Bengal, 29. v. 1930 (Dr. C. F. C. Beeson), 1 ^ ;
named in honour of the donor, to whom we owe so many discoveries in
Anthribidac.

2. Phaulimia rhadina sp. nov.

^. Slenderer than any other known species of this genus, pronotum and elytra
together being well over twice as long as broad. Rufous and brown, evidently
not ((uite mature. Rostrum not quite twice as broad as long (7 : 4). rather

334 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

densely pubescent greyish white, as is anterior portion of frons, base somewhat
depressed in middle. Frons less tlian half as broad as rostrum (3 : 7), posterior
portion and occiput irrorated with greyish white. Antenna rufous, club a trifle
shorter than segments II to V together, X longer than broad . Pronotum one-tenth
broader than long, rather strongly shagreened ; rufous, basal angle and a basal
area each side of middle bro\\Ti, in matiu'e specimens probably the greater part of
the derm bro^\-n, greyish white pubescence scattered, but forming on each side
of disc three small dots and at base above angle a sliglitly larger one, in middle a
short grey stripe from base across carina, pointed, reappearing at apical margin ;
angle of carina a very little larger than 90°, with the tip rounded off, lateral arm
of carina somewhat slanting ; subbasal transverse carinula parallel with dorsal
carina, and longitudinal lateral carinula running in the same direction as lateral
carina.

Elytra subcylindrical, rufous, sutural area except base of suture blackish to
apical declivity and pubescent greyish white irrorated with blacldsh, behind
middle of interstice III a somewhat prominent greyish white oblong spot, inter-
stices V, VII and IX more or less distinctly dotted with brown, lines of punctures
indistinct in apical fourth. Pygidium brownish at base, whitish grey at apex.

Underside rufous, abdomen with a lateral row of brown spots ; sides of
thoracic sterna with coarse punctvures. Middle of femora and of tibiae and knees
brown or blackish.

Length 3-6 mm. ; width 1-6 mm.

Java : Telawa, teak forest, 16. v. 37 {Dr. L. G. F. Kalshoven), 1 q.

3. Hucus bicolor sp. nov.

$. Pale creamy (not quite mature), rostrum, antenna, sides of pronotum and
of elytra black-brown, tarsi and tips of tibiae black. Rostrum witli three dorsal
carinae, which do not extend on to widened apical area, and a dorsolateral one
from eye to near antennal groove. Antenna pale at base, club deeper black than
shaft and somewhat broader than usual in this genus. Occiput with brown
triangular mark each side, fading away on frons.

Pronotum strongly narrowing forward, creamy median area about twice as
broad behind as in front, with a small tooth each side in middle, the area anteriorly
narrower and posteriorly broader than dark lateral area, upper-margin and anterior
portion of lower-margin of dark area parallel, about as wide as eye, anteriorly
with a short creamy streak and laterally shaded with creamy pubescence ; angle
of carina less than 90°, side somewhat incurrved in front of angle, extreme basal
edge of notum serrate, interspaces wider than the teeth. Scutellum creamy.

Elytra oblong, somewhat flattened above, with a broad basal depression and
another behind slight subbasal swelling, very feebly punotate-striate, the stripes
obsolete posteriorly, black-bro^ai lateral area anteriorly from margin to above
shoulder, corresponding to the dark area of pronotum, in middle expanded to
third stripe and then gradually narrowed, reaching to apical ciu-ve of lateral
margin, not extending along apical margin, the dorsal expansion rounded,
between it and base the dorsal margin twice slightly inciffved. Pygidium and
underside creamy. Segment I of fore- and midtarsi with some creamy pubescence.

Length 4 mm. ; \vidth 2 mm.

India : Makum, Lakhimpur, Assam, 9.i.36 (Dr. C. F. C. Beeson), 1 $.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 335

4. Deropygus chaerilus sp. nov.

$. Body black, pubescence of under.side grey, of upper.side yellowish grey
and broken up into spots. A broad species. Derm of head somewhat luteous.
Frons as broad as eye is high (dorsal aspect). Antenna blackisli, segments I
and II and apex of XI pale luteous. Pronotum rather strongly reticulate, with
yellowish grey niarldngs as follo\^s : an apical marginal band quadrisinuate
behind and l^isinuate in front, the marginal sinus corresfionding to a pale spot
in tlie derm behind eye, posteriorly in middle an elongate-oblong strips and
nearer side than middle a longitudinal spot the anterior end of which curves
upwards-backwards, the spot in other specimens possibly forming a half-ring ;
angle of carina obtuse.

Elytra more strongly granulate than is usual in this genus, interspaces
somewhat convex, markings probably variable, in the unique specimen : a small
spot each side of scutellum, a spot both before and behind middle of suture, the
postmedian one larger and posteriorly excised, a largish spot above shoulder, a
small one behind feeble subbasal swelling, another in middle in interstices IV
and V, several minute ones farther back, and a marginal irregular stripe occupying
interstices IX and X and widening at apex, here occupying nearly the whole
declivous area, in addition scattered yellowish gi-ey hair-scales single or in clusters.
Pygidium broader than long, very densely punctate-granulate, the pair of carinae
flanking basal median channel extending to near middle, smooth at side, beyond
middle a transverse ridge, highest in middle, almost gradually diminishing in
height at side and here slightly curving basad, tip of pygidium glossy.

Legs pale luteous, knees and apical thu'd (or nearly half) of tibiae brown, tarsal
segment I slightly brownish.

Length 2-4 mm. ; width 1-2 mm.

India: Sampagi, Coorg, 27. iv. 1937 (N. ('. Chatterjee), 1 $, ex Kydia
calycina.

336 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

EEPORT ON A SECOND COLLECTION OF MAURITIAN
ANTHRIBIDAE SENT BY MR. J. VINSON.

By DR. KARL JORDAN, F.R.S.

(With 5 text-figures.)

IN the paper on the Mam-itian Anthribidae published in vol. xxxix of this
journal, pp. 275-92 (1936), the total number of described species was given
as 22. The present Report brings the number up to 36, no less than 13 of the
species sent this time by J. Vinson, F.R.E.S., being new. They are all small
insects which requhe great patience and care in collecting, and Mi'. Vinson is
much to be congratulated on the result of his researches. Of some of the species
represented in the first collection by single specimens additional material has
been found and submitted, enabling me to sujiplement the original descrip-
tions. Several of the new species do not fit uito any of tlie kno\™ genera, it being
necessary to erect for their reception no less than four new genera. Some of the
genericaUy different species resemble each other closely in general appearance,
being cylindi-ioal and glossy black, so that they are easily mistaken one for the
other. It would be interesting to know something of the habits of these tiny
insects which might throw some light on the strikuig resemblance, and I express
the hope that Mr. J. Vmson wiU some day be able to deal with this question.

1. Eucorynus crassicomis Fabr. 1801.
Porte aux Sables, xi.36 (J. Vmson), 1 (J, 1 ?.

2. Nesidobius ramulus Jord. 1936.

Le Pouce, xi.33 (Ray. Mamet), 1 (^. The pubescence of this specimen is

in beautiful condition : there is on the elytra a broad white sutural area expanding
at base from shoulder to shoulder, gradually narrowmg posteriorly, reaching to
apical declivity, where it jouis a transverse band tliat runs obliquely forward
towards margin ; on apical declivity a brown transverse band.

3. Monosirhapis moriniJord. 1936.

Riviere Noire, xii.36 (G. Morm) ; Montague Ory, xi.36 (J. Vmson). A

small series of both sexes ; the abdomen of $ not flattened in middle.

4. Monosirhapis cosmia sp. nov.

Le Pouce, xi.36 (J. Vinson), 1 ^.

(J. Close to M. morini ; angle of pronotal carina rather more obtuse, and
pattern of elytra very distinctive. Pronotum with broad browii transverse
median band as in M. morini. On elytrum a large rounded patch on subbasal
swelling touching basal margin, a larger patch in middle extending obliquely to
lateral margin and laterally reaching forward to shoulder angle, a transverse band
on apical declivity not reaching lateral margin, but complete across suture where
it is wider than laterally, these markings brown, separated by two sharply de-

NoriTATES ZOOLOOICAE XL. 1937. 337

fined, narrow, whitish grey, obliquely transverse bands which join a narrow
whitish grey sutural .stripe, apical margin also whitish grey.

Underside as in M. morini ; middle of femora, knees, tips of tibiae and the
tarsi brownish.

Catephina gen. nov. (text-figs. 109, 110).

(J$. In the compact body and short antenna not unlike Anthribus Geoff.
1763 (= Brachytarsus Hchonh. 1823), but nearly related to Balanodes Waterh.
1876, which is known only from Rodriguez (one species). As in Balanodes the
anteiinal groove contiguous to eye (i.e. without any interspace), segment III of
antenna shorter than II, club loose, its segments much longer than broad ; differs
in the mandible, pronotal carina, legs and other detail.

Proboscis very short, slightly narrowing to apex, apical margin sinuate in
middle ; left mandible with subapical tooth, which is absent from right mandible,

no

both mandibles with subbasal transverse double ridge or swelling. Eye lateral,
truncate in front, with small sinus. Pronotum and elytra evenly convex ; dorsal
carina basal, lateral angle somewhat produced laterad, acute, lateral carina not
reaching apical margin (as it does in Balanodes). Basal margin of elytrum dis-
tinctly rounded forward. Pygidium nearly semicircular. Forecoxae well
separated ; intercoxal process of mesosternitc subvertical, truncate, with the
angles projecting sideward. Segment I of tarsi not longer than IV, III narrow ;
in o foretibia and segment I of foretarsus hairy beneath (in Balanodes ^ the
foretibia curved, beneath hairy and dentate, forefemiu' with two apical teeth and
small teeth between apex and base ; foretarsus broad and hairy beneath, III
broad in all tarsi). Genotype : C. velutina sp. nov.

5. Catephina velutina sp. nov. (text-figs. lo<). iio).

Riviere Noire, xii.SG (8. Morin), 2 pairs.

(J$. Elongate-elliptical ; upperside blackish, but derm of whitish grey
pubescent areas rufescent ; base of antenna, the legs and inidorsido of body l>alp
rulbus. Head grey, rostrum and frons slightly flattened in mi(hlle. Pronotum
nearly twice as broad at base as at apex and one-third broader than long, smooth
(apart from the sockets of the pubescence), with indication of reticulate punctura-
tion before ba.se ; blackish brown, a large basal median patch whitish grey,
widest behind middle of disc with a central forward projection, this pubescence

338

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

extending along carina and widening forward before reaching lateral angle, apical
margin liiiewise wliitish gi-ey. this border narrow in middle or interrupted ;
dorsal carina broadly concave Ln middle and slightly convex towards sides, the
basal margins of the elytra fitting against it. Scutellum minute. Elytra for
the gi-eater part whitish grey, on each a large subrotundate patch near base
between lines of punctures II to VII (the short basi-sutm-al Ime not counted in),
and another, larger and more ii-regular, patch before apex blackish brovra or
black, between them a diffuse brownish area and behmd shoulder a sublateral
brownish patch ; lines of punctures very distinct from base to apex, interstices
slightly convex.

Pubescence of underside whitish grey ; centre of metasternum and abdomen
more flattened in S than in $. Forelegs shghtly darkened.
Length 2-6-3-3, width 1-2-1 -7 mm.

Gomphides Jord. 1936.
Further specimens, of both sexes, prove this genus to be close to Achoragns
Jord. 1913. The lateral angle of the pronotal carina more rounded than in
Achoragus, not projecting sidewards. The species of Achoragus clayish ochrace-
ous, of Gomphides glossy black. In OomfUcles the hindfemur of rj reaches to
apex of abdomen.

6. Gomphides entomus Jord. 1936.

Le Pouce, xi . 36 (J. Vinson). 2 pairs. Pygidium a little shorter and broader

in S than in ?, its apical margin visibly straightened in middle, less rounded than
in $.

7. GompMdes balius sp. nov.

Forest side, xi.32 (Ray. Mamet), 1 ?.

?. Like G. entornus, but the white blade-hairs much reduced in number, the
upperside being black, with small white spots ; pronotum somewhat shorter,
angle of carina less rounded, and pygidium much more narrowed towards apex.
On pronotum there are white blade-hau-s along apical margin and carina, the
posterior mconspicuous border widened forward each side of middle, on disc two
or three small spots each side. On elytra a short basal sutm-al streak, another in
interstice III, a third in V, this joining a jjosthumeral spot ; before middle in II
and IV a linear spot, the two posteriorly connected by a smaller spot in III. in
posterior half of each elytrum from suture to middle of side-margin about half a
dozen spots or traces of them, at apical margin a spot at sutural angle and a smaller
one laterally ; in G. entornus the elytra bear together a large area of white or
huffish blade-hairs from base to beyond middle.

Megatermis gen. nov. (text -fig. 111).

(J?. Close to Achoragus Jord. 1913 and Gomphides Jord. 1936, differing
from both in the long terminal segment of the antenna.

Apical margin of rostrum with broad shallow sinus. Antennal groove broad,
extending to eye, but gradually becoming shallow towards eye. Segment XI of
antenna longer than IX + X, III to VIII very short. Eye entire. Dorsal
carina of pronotum well separated from base, concave, lateral angle rounded ;
below angle a short transverse carinula and a short oblique longitudinal one, the

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

339

two forming a very obtuse angle and more or less joining the one the dorsal and
the other the lateral carina ; lateral caiina extending to near apex, but anterior
portion sometimes obsolescent. Short scutellar lino of punctures of elytra
present. Pygidium of $ with rather large rounded impression. Middle of
abdomen of q flattened and villose. Tar.sal segment IV longer than I in all

tarsi. Genotype : M. manuii sj). nov.

The three sjiecies here described are glossy black Uke Gomphides. Whereas
in that genus and most of the allied ones the sides of the thoracic sterna bear large
punctures, the undersides of all three Megattrmis are minutely coriaceous without
distinct punctures.

8. Mega tennis mameti sp. nov. (text-fig. ill).

Corps de Garde, xii.32 (Ray. Mamet), 1 ^, tj'pe ; Le Pouce, xi.36
(J. Vinson), 1 9. ,

O $. C'ylindrical, two and one-lialf times as long as broad ; pitchy black,
glossy, mouth-parts, shaft of or nearly 'the entire antenna, tibiae and tarsi pale
luteous ; pubescence of upperside represented by short hairs in the punctures,
with a few additional hairs in the interstices of the elytra, no pattern ; on
underside pubescence denser, particularly on side of meso-metasternites.

Rostrum and frons coriaceous-rugose, occiput posteriorly punctate. Seg-
ment II of antenna as long as III to V together. III to VIII each less than twice
as long as broad, IX about twice as broad as VIII, X twice as broad as IX and
as broad as long, XI somewhat curved, a little broader than X, in /J about thrice,
in $ twice as long as broad.

Pronotum rounded at sides from base to apex, widest behind middle, as long
as broad, evenly convex, almost evenly punctate, punctures well defined, on the
whole smaller than the inter.spaces. Elytra three-fifths longer than broad, a

trifle broader than pronotum (31 : 3(i) and seven-tenths longer ; cylindi-ical,
polished, punctate in rows, punctures large in basal third, smaller posteriori}-, but
the rows remaining distinct to apex. Pygidium minutely punctate, rounded, in J
a little and in $ much broader than long.

340 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

Sides of meso-metasternites silky white. Abdominal depression of (J well
defined, gradually narrowing towards base and apex.
Length 2-1, width 0-8 ram.

9. Megatermis proximus sp. nov.

Le Pouce, xi.36 (J. Vinson), 1 $.

$. Like the preceding, but pronotum more densely reticulate, somewhat
rugate, with the interspaces of basal and lateral areas minutely coriaceous, the
surface less glossy than in M. mameti ; angle of carina less rounded off ; elytra
more strongly punctate, which is especially noticeable on and before apical
declivity ; metasternite laterally with vestiges of large punctures.

10. Megatermis brevior sp. nov.

Le Pouce, xi.36 (J. Vinson), 1 $.

$. Broader than the preceding species, shorter, pronotum and elytra more
convex ; pronotum more strongly rounded, densely punctate-reticulate, the
ridges between the meshes densely and minutely coriaceous with the excejition of
the apical marginal area ; angle of carina more strongly rounded than even in
M. mameti ; elytra less coarsely punctate, the interstices of the rows slightly
coriaceous and less poUshed, hairs longer ; gi-oove of pygidium smaller, partly
divided by a basal median carina.

Length 1-8, width 0-8 mm.

11. Araeceras simulatus Gyllh. 1833.
Roches Noires, iii.36, and Flat Island, viii.36 (J. Vinson), 3 ?$.

Prototropis gen. nov.
cj?. Near Notioxenns Wollast. 1870 ; pronotal carina antebasal as in that
genus, but curved forward at sides to near apex ; below the lateral carma a well-
defined bare stripe nearly reaching apical margin. Eye with a very small sinus.
No short basi-sutural line of punctures on elytra. Segment I of all tarsi shorter
than IV ; hindtibia dorsally at apex with notch and crest of stiff bristles ; hmd-
femur of (^ reaching to apex of abdomen. Upperside with large white hairs re-
sembling short blades of grass, as in Gomphides. Derm glossy black.

Genotype : D. xestus sp. nov.

12. Prototropis xestus sp. nov.

Le Pouce, xi.3G, 1 ^, type, and Montague Ory, xi.34, 1 ? (J. Vinson).

cj?. Two and one-half times as long as broad, constricted between the
prothorax and elytra. Black, pohshed, mouth-parts and antenna pale luteous,
club darker, legs pitcliy. Head and rostrum with a small number of scattered
white blade-hairs ; apical margin of rostrum very slightly incurved. Eye
strongly elevate posterio-laterally, facets coarse. Pronotum one-eighth longer
than broad, evenly convex, rounded at sides, a little narrower at base than at
apex, white blade-hairs in small clusters, more numerous along lateral carina ;
puncturation neither dense nor deep, the whole surface very minutely coriaceous ;
carina very low, in front of scutellum almost effaced.

NOVITATES ZOOLOGIOAU XL. 1937. 341

Elytra less than one-twentieth broader than pronotum, more than one-third
longer than broad, convex like pronotmn, rounded at side, basal margin incurved,
wliite blade-hairs not numerous, scattered singly as well as in small clusters ;
seriated punctures very large in basal half, gradually smaller and disappearing
towards apex. Pygidium broader than long, rounded, basal median groove of
$ rounded.

Underside minutely coriaceous, meso-metasternites pubescent white at
side, similar pubescence below naked stripe of prosternum, rest of underside
glabrous, without distinct large punctures on thoracic sternites ; on abdominal
segments I to III laterally a transverse row of punctures at base, traces of this
row on IV ; antecoxal area of prosternum much longer than coxa is broad in
lateral aspect. Hindfemur nearly as long as pronotum is broad.

Length 1-4, width 0-58 mm.

Le Pouce, xi.36 (J. Vinson), 2 go-

13. Prototropis pulicarius sp. nov.

2

(J. A little shorter than P. xestus ; eye less elevate and somewhat larger ;
pronotum densely coriaceous, with fewer and shallower large punctures, carina
higher ; prosternum and hindfemur shorter.

14. Prototropis nitidus sp. nov.

Reduit, X.3C, 1 ^,1 $, and Curepipe, iii.37, 1 $ (J. Vinson).

(5$. Broader than the two preceding species ; white blade-hairs more
numerous ; eye as in P. ptilicarius ; jjronotum a trifle longer than broad {.jj),
puncturation deeper than in the other species, interspaces polished, not coriaceous
except at base and side, carina sharply elevate ; puncturation of elytra as large
as in P. xestus ; pygidium with two clusters of white blade-hairs, the basal median
groove of $ narrow ; prosternum and hindfemur as in P. pulicarius.

Length 1-3, width 0-6 mm.

The number of specimens being so small in all three species, I have not
dissected any ; further material is required for supplementing the descriptions.

Mesidiotropis gen. nov. (text-fig. 112).

(J$. Close to Prototropis (cf. p. 340), but antebasal carina of pronotum absent,
whereas the lateral longitudinal carina is retained ; this carina low and thin, but
quite distinct, not reaching apical margin and, in lateral aspect (text-fig. 112), its
posterior end curved upwards at a considerable distance from basal margin ; this
margin sharply raised, cariniform, appressed to the basal margin of el\'tra.
Prothorax and elytra strongly rounded, more coarsely sculptured than in Proto-
tropis ; blade-hairs more numerous and tliinner, less conspicuous. Basi-
sutural short row of punctures of elji^ra present. ^J differs from $ in the base of
abdomen being flattened medianly, sternum V being shorter, hindfemur longer

and pygidium without distinct minute setiferous granules. Genotjrpe :

M. rotumlipi uuis sp. nov.

The state of development of the pronotal carina is most interesting, repre-
senting a stage intermediate between the complete loss of the carina in Homoeo-
dera WoUast. 1870 and the normal carina of Prototropis, the carina of P. xestus
being another, less advanced, step in tlie direction from completeness to total loss.

342 NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937.

15. Mesidiotropis rotundipennis sp. nov. (text-fig. 112).

Le Pouce, xi.36 (J. Vinson), 1 (J, 1 ?.

(J$. Pitcliy black, glossy, legs, antenna and mouth-parts pale hiteous ; a
little over twice as long as broad, prothorax and elytra strongly rounded.
Mandibles with sharp subapical tooth. Rostrum and head rugate-reticulate,
the meshes more deeply impressed on occiput, pubescence rather dense ; head
inclusive of eyes in q nearly tlirice, in $ almost twice as wide as frons. Antenna
uniformly pale luteous, segment II shorter than I, III shorter than II. not quite
twice VIII, which is less than one-half longer than broad ; club slightly widened
to apex, about as long as V to VIII together, IX as long as broad, X a little
shorter, XI somewhat longer than broad. Eye narrowed forward, with small
sinus. Cariniform upper edge of antennal groove curved and reachmg to eye.
Pronotum as long as broad, strongly convex, widest in middle, the whole surface
strongly punctate-reticulate, the interspaces polished. ScuteUum convex.

Elytra pohshed, about one-fourth longer than broad, strongly convex, widest
in middle and highest before middle, shoulders rounded, basal margin of the two
elytra together incurved, apical margm in a view from behind subtruncate,
slightly incurved ; seriate punctures large, smaller and partly obsolescent in
posterior third. Pygidium evenly rounded, nearly twice as broad as long, in
both sexes wdth the usual median groove at base.

Underside polished with the exception of the sides of meso-metasternites ;
prosternum coarsely punctate, below lateral carina an impunctate stripe which
widens behind, antecoxal area somewhat rugate, about as long as the coxa is
wide. Abdomen with a small number of rather inconspicuous punctures from
side to side, V minutely granulate-coriaceous. Legs uniformly pale luteous,
IV longer than I in all tarsi.

Length 1 •8-2-0 mm. ; width 0-84-0-9 mm.

16. Choragus vinsoni sp. nov.

Le Pouce, xi.36 (J. Vinson), a short series.

(5$. Nearest to Choragus bolus Jord. 1913 from the Seychelles ; much
narrower, eye vertically less long, pronotum shorter, abdominal segments of (J
medianly much less strongly depressed, legs pitchy black.

In appearance similar to Gomphides, but without the white blade-hairs.
Pitchy black, sometimes paler (immature ?), two and one-half times as long as
broad. Rostrum and frons with some white hairs at sides. Antenna pitchy.
Pronotum densely, but somewhat irregularly, reticulate, as long as broad,
sparsely pubescent ; carina nearer the base than in Ch. bolus. Elytra one-half
longer than broad, coarsely punctate in rows, the punctiires small in apical area
and sparser, on apical marginal area impunctate, in basal two-thirds the inter-
spaces swollen, the surface therefore uneven, pubescence dispersed, rather denser
in basi-sutural area, here the hairs more or less dii'ected obliquely sideward.
Pygidium as long as broad, minutely coriaceous, gradually narrowed to apex,
which is rounded.

Prosternum with large punctures which, in central area, are iU-defined and
very shallow, below lateral carina a small impunctate space, derm between
punctiu-es of side distinctly coriaceous. Meso-metasternites lateraUy with a
small number of large punctures. Abdomen impunctate except for a basal row

NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE XL. 1937. 343

on segment I ; in ,^ I to V flattened in middle. Hindfemur of (J reaching to
apex of abdomen.

Length 1 •7-2-2 mm. ; width 0-7-()-9 mm.

17. Choragus faucium sp. nov.

Gorge.s, Riviere Noire, i.37 (J. Vinson), 1 q, 1 $.

(J?. Very similar to CA. vinsowi ; but eye broader ; reticulation of pronotum
denser, the ridges less elevate and the derm quite distinctly coriaceous as at side
of presternum, pronotum slightly broader ; elytra less coarsely punctate, the
interspaces much less uneven, apical area more distinctly punctate ; punctiu-es in
central area of prosternum more sharply defined ; abdomen of -j with deeper,
elongate-elliptical, depression from base to apex.

18. Scirtetinus mauritianus sp. nov. (text-fig. 113).

Curepipe, iii.37 (J. Vinson), 2 ??.

$. A nearly elliptical species, strongly convex, with very large and strongly
punctate pronotum. Pitchy black, glossy ; tibiae and tarsi and base of antemia
luteous. Rostrum and head with very shallow grooves, almost reticulate, inter-
spaces minutely coriaceous. Rostrum twice as broad as narrowest point of frons.
Pronotum less than one-thirtieth longer than broad (33 : 32), very slightly, but
measurably broader than elytra (32 : 31), moderately rounded at sides, broader
at base than at apex, very densely and strongly punctate-reticulate ; antebasal
carina curved forward in a broad arc to middle. Elytra broadest at base,
gradually narrowed, very Uttle longer than broad (33 : 31) and as long as
pronotum, shoulder strongly rounded in lateral aspect, apex nearly truncate ;
with rows of punctures, which are large in basal area and partly effaced in apical
area, interstices polished. Pygidium longer than broad, with some shallow
grooves, apex rounded.

Underside minutely coriaceous ; prosternum with numerous large deep
punctures, posteriorly below lateral carina an impunctate space. Mid- and hind-
coxae close together ; on side of metasternite large punctures ; abdomen with
few distinct punctures.

Length 1-5 mm. ; width 0-7 mm.

EDITORIAL.

The present number completes the series of volumes of
Novitates Zoologicae issued at the expense of the late Lord
Rothschild's Zoological Museum.

Miss Miriam Rothschild having agreed to become co-editor of
the periodical, arrangements liave been made for the publication
of at least one more volume, which will be sent to subscribers
only. Subscription, £1 5s.; price of completed volume,
£1 15s. (20% commission for booksellers on completed volume
only).

All communications to be, addressed to Dr. Karl Jordan,
F.R.S., Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts.

INDEX,

abbreviata (Dasychira), 159.
Ablepharus, 118, 139.
abnormis (Hybridoncura), IS.'!,
abuntlans (Gymnognathiis), 2.'J1, 241.
Acacia, .35, 41,43.
Acanthopsylla, 6-11, 13, 272.
acastus (Gymnognathus), 215, 235.
accessa (Epipristis), 178.
accumulata (lodis), 181.
Acedestia, 312, 313.
acerbus (Megabothris), 264, 265, 284.
Aclonophlebia, 152.
Acontias, 119, 139.
Acraea, 33, 34, 41.
aculeata (Agama), 120, 131.
■iciitangulus (Gymnogniitlins). 214, 235.
acutidens (.ADcralestcs), 06.
aciitilabris (Mabuya). 116, 1211. 138.
acutirostris (Rana). 116, 119, 141.
ada (Gymnognathus). 223, 224, 2,37.
adapersus (Pyxicephahis), 119, 142.
aeana (Dasychira), 151.
aegyptius (Chiropteropsylla), 29U.
aeneus (Ischnocerus), 209.

— (Panaspis), 139.
aequivalen.s (Xephele), 61.
Aethcchinus, 76.

aetliiops (Echidnophaga), 82.

— (Rhinolophus), 21, 75.
Aethomys, 77, 80.

afer (PygiopsyUa), 93.

— (Rhoptropus), 127.

— (Stivaliu.s), 93.

affini.s (Gymnognathus), 240.

affluens (Agathia), 17H.

afroides (Cotis), 22.

Agama, 40, 115, 119, 120. 131, 132.

agamemnon (PapiUo), 316, 322.

Agathia, 178.

Alaopsylla, 272.

alaskonsis (Oropsylla), 287, 288.

albcrtcnsis (Eo.xclla). 284.

albict'ps (Eupariiis), 259.

albicollis (Gapriniima), 1.

albihinula (Dasychira), 161.

albimacula (Palasca), 152.

albinu.s (.Vnthribus), 207.

23

albipannis (Phaenithon) 2.52.
albissima (Lcucoma), 147.
albolabris (Rana), 116, 119, 141.
albolincatus (Papilio), 320.
alexandrinus (Rattus), 80.
alienaria (Cleora) 186. 190.
alios (Phalacropsylla), 268.
alluaudi (Clarias), 71.
alma (Gymnognathus), 237.
alticola (Stivalius), 275.
amblycalymna (Xadiasa), 100, 103.
ambulans (Echidnophaga), 4, 5.
amcricana (Stenoponia). 285.
amictus (Euparius), 259.
amocnoidcs (Pachydactylus), 130.
ainpcdus (.Stenorhis), 205.
amphidoxa (Cleora). 196. 197.
amphilccta (Xadiasa), 103.
Amphilius, 71, 74.
Amphisbaena. 119, 140.
amphrysus (Ornithoptcra), 217, 318.

— (Papilio), 317.

— (Troides), 317-319.

ampulla (Gymnognathus). 231, 239.

Amydona, 96.

Anadiasa, 109.

anadyrus (Monopsyllus). 288.

anaglyptica (Raeotis), 187.

Analotcs, 212, 239.

Anaulodes, 206. 207.

anceps (Euparius), 258.

anceus (Papilio), 316, 320.

anchietae (Agama). 120, 131.

— (Philantomba). 81.

— (Pipistrcllus), 78.
ancisus (.Stivalius), 273, 275.

ancora (Gymnognathus). 212. 216. 2.37.
andersoni (.Saccostomus). 77.
androcnu's (Diplodesma). ISO.
andulo (Dasychira). 1.50. 151.
angolensis (tienctta). 79.

— (Hipposidcros), 78.

— (Kneria), 65.

— (Myomys), 80.

— (Procaviopsylla). 83, 88.

— (Rana), 119, 141.

— (Rousettus), 78.

345

346

angulifer (Cliondrodactylus). 120, 131.
angusticeps (Dendraspis), 24, 119, 126.
angustifolium (Epilobium), 43.
Anisodes, 181.
anisus (Monopsyllus), 296.
annectens (Phrynomerus), 120, 143.
anomala (Lecliriolepis), 96.
Anomahirus, 56, 75, 79.
anotis (Bufo), 145.
ansorgei (C*ricetorays), 80.

— (Crocidura), 79.

— (Ctenophthalmus), 93.

— (Petersius), 66.

— (Xenopomatichtbys), 64, 65.

— (Mabuya), 136.

— (Ptychadaena), 119, 142.

— (Rana), 119, 142.
Antheraea, 42.
Antbia, 19.
Anthotribidus, 207.
Antbribidus, 207.
anthriboides (Xenocerus), 199.
Antliribus, 207.

Anthyria, 184.

antigrapha (Hemithea), 180.

antiphates (Papilio), 321.

antiphonus (Papilio), 321.

apertus (Pbaenithon), 249.

apbrasta (Eucracra), 108.

apistus (DinopsyUiis), 94.

apterus (Brachypterus), 43.

arabicus (Ctenocephalidesl, 85.

arachis (Meringis), 268.

Araecerus, 340.

Araeopsylla, 86.

aranka (Echidnophaga), 3-6.

Archaeopsylla, 292.

arctomys (Oropsylla), 284.

argentosa (Anisodes), 181.

argyrotaenia (Micralestes), 65, 66, 74.

Arnoldichthys, 66.

Area, 1.50.

Arthroleptis, 57, 118, 142, 143.

Arvicanthis, 36, 332.

asaphes (Eueraera), 107, 108.

Asclepias, 41.

aspersus (Pbaenithon), 248, 249.

Aspidelaps, 119, 126.

astia (Xenopsylla), 272.

astathes (CoUix), 182.

atectonipha (Aclonophlebia), 152.

atlantis (NoaopsyUus), 292.

Atlantoxerus, 292.

atomaria (Eczesaris), 199.

atomus (Ctenophthalmus), 94.

atricoUis (Agama), 119, 1.32.

attenuatus (Xotocotylus), 172.

aubryi (Leptopelis), 144.

augur (Rhinolophus), 21, 75.
aulicus (Gymnognatbus), 227, 237.
auricularis (Desmodillus), 77.

— (Xenopomatichthys), 65.
australis (Cardylosaurus), 132, 133.
Autotropis, 203.

badia (Misthosima), 203.

balius (Gtomphides), 338.

Barbus, 63, 66-70, 73, 74.

bareconia (Cldaria), 182.

barnardi (Rhoptropus), 120, 127, 128.

baaale (Megasoma), 100.

— (Nadiasa), 100.

baseopagus (Phaenitbon), 253, 254.
basibrunnea (Laelia), 150.
basicristata (Collix), 182.
basileus (Dasychira), 151.
Basitropis, 201-203.
batesi (Lj^gosoma), 139.
bathyllus (Ischnopsyllus), 14, 16.
beesoni (Peribathys). 333.
belissichares (Dasychira), 164.
bella (Gymnognathus), 234.

— (Leggada), 75, 77, 80.
benguelensis (Eremias), 119, 1.34.
Beralade, 96, 97.

Bcrkheya, 43.

Biblis, 58.

bicolor (Eptesieus), 79.

— (Gonometa), 109.

— (Hucus), 334.

— (Pachydaetyhis), 131.

bibroni (Pachydactylus), 119, 120, 128, 129.

biflavata (Eumelea), 177.

biloris (Gymnognathus), 227, 238.

binotata (Mabuya), 120, 138.

bioculata (Usta), 40, 42.

Bitis, 55, 118, 120, 126.

bivittata (Icbnotropis), 116, 118, 135.

blainei (Cryptomys), 80.

blanca (Gymnognathus), 223, 224.

blandingi (Boiga), 118, 125.

Boaedon, 115, 118, 122.

Boarmia, 195, 197.

bocagei (Aethomys), 80.

— (Cryptomys), 49, 50, 81.

— (Hyperolius), 143.

— (Procavia), 81.

— (Psammophis), 120, 126.

— (Mabuya), 119, 136.

— (Hyperolius), 119.
Boerbavia, 22.

boettgeri (Cacosternum), 41, 119, 143.

— (Glauconia), 121, 122.

— (Leptotyphlops), 122.
bohemani (Eurymorpha), 44.
bohlsi (Gynuiognathus), 233.

347

Boiga, 118, 125.

bolana (Eczesaris). 200.

Bombycopsis, 99.

boulengeri (Pachydactylus), 128.

boultoni (Rlioptropus), 116, 120, 127, 128.

boylei (Typhlops), 120, 121.

bracconnieri (Rhoptropus). 127.

Brachinus, ,34.

brachycerca (Olapa), 147.

Brachypterus, 43.

brachyurus (Xasilio), 75, 79.

bradfieldi (Cynictis), 76.

— (Mastomys), 77.

— (Myonax). 76.

— (Rhoptropus), 127.
Brahmaea, 56.
brandti (Rethera), ,325.
brasiliensi,s (Pulex), 83.

— (Xenopsylla). 23, 53, 83, 89, 286.
brauni (Heliosciurus), 56. 79.
breviceps (Barbus). 68, 74.

— (Lygo.soma), 118, 1.39.

— (Panaspis), 1,39.

— (Riopa), 139.

— (Thaumapsylla). 290. 291 .
brevier (Megatermis), 340.
brevirostris (Gymnognathus), 240.
brevis (Piezocorynus). 211.
brevitarsus (Phaenithon), 242, 243.
brockmanni (C'hiropteropsylla), 283.
briichi (Euparius), 2.57.

BrueluLs, .35, 43.
bnmnca (Hyaena), 23.
l)runnthaleri (Pachydactylus). 1.30.
bryanti (Gymnognathus), 213, 234.
buchholzi (Poliana), 59.
Bufo, 23, 48, 115-120, 145.
Bunaea, 42.
burchardii (Amydona), 96.

— (Trabala), 96.
burgi (Barbus), 69.
butleri (Daaychira). 1.59.
Buzura, 185.

cabindae (Ablepharus), lis, 139.

— (Panaspis). 139.
Caccorhinu.s, 255.

cacicus (Rhopalopsyllus), 284.
Cacodmus, 21.
Cacosternum, 41. 119, 143.
Cadurca, 148.
oaedcns (Orchopeas), 284.
caena (Phaulimia), 200.
caffcr (Anthribidus). 207.

— (Hipposideros), 75, 78.

— (Pedetes), 20.
caffra (Felis). 79.
caiala (Pseudolyra), 110.

calcaratus (Euparius), 260.
caliotes (Ccratophyllus), .301, 303.
Callichronia, 56.
callicrossa (Boarmia). 197.

— (Chogada), 197.

— (Cleora), 192-197.
Callistopsylla, 268.
Callistopsyllus, 266, 268.
Callocossus, 58.

cal!o8\is (Phaenithon), 253.

Caloncoba, 56.

Calosoma. 30, 40.

Calothysanis, 181.

calus (Gymnognathus), 233. 234.

Cambogia, 184.

oamcronensis (Kneria), 65.

caminae (Ischnopsyllus), 13-16.

campanae (Pelomys), 80,

Campanula, 43.

canariensis (Lyniantria). 166.

canis (Ctenocephalides), 85, 283.

oapense (Lycophidion), 122.

— (Sesamum), 43.

— (Lepus), 18, 77.

— (Monopeltis), 120. 140.

— (Pachydactylus). 130.

— (Procavia), 33, 78.
Caprima, 2.
Caprimima, 1, 2.
cardui (Pyrameis), 19, 44.
carinata (Nadiasa). 100, 101.
caatalaria (Uliocncmis), 179.
Catalebeda, 99.
Catallagia. 267.

catanganus (C^enophthalm\is), 93.

catatina (Lcptopsylla), 285.

Catephina. 337.

catharus (Phaenithon), 251.

Catoria, 185, 186.

caudalis (Bitis), 120. 126.

— (Petersius). 66.
caudimacula (Barbus), 67.
caudularia (l)iplodcsma). Ksl.
cauii (Myonax), 76.
Causu.s. 116. 119. 126. 127.
cavernicola (Clarias), 70-74.
Cediopsylla, 28,3.
celcaenogyia (Cropora). 148.
oclatus (Tropiderinus). 206.
Celerio, 40.

centralis (Phaenithon). 254.

ocpapi (Paraxcrus), 77.

Ccratophyllus, 6, 89, 90, 262. 263, 266, 267, 285,

289, 299-304, 312.
Ceratopsylla, 94.
Cercaria, 170-173.
ceylanicua (Mclanopsacus). 204.
chaerilus (Deropygus), 335.

348

Chaerophon, 79.

chalcea (Rhabdotis), 40.

chalcoptera (Dasychira). 157.

Chamaeleo, 116, 118, 140, 141.

Charagia, 325.

Charaxcs, 53, 58. 61, 323, 324.

charis (Xenocerus), 199.

charlottensis (Catallagia), 267.

cheopis (Pulcx), 89.

— (Xenopsylla), 89, 292.

chephrenis (Parapulex), 287.

chera {Acede.stia), 313.

Chiasmia, 188.

chionoptera (Marblepsis), 153.

Chiropteropsylla, 283, 290.

ChJoroclystis. 183.

Chlorophis, 118, 119, 125.

Chogada, 194, 197.

cholas (Deudorix), 325.

Chondrodactylus, 120, 131.

Choragus, 343.

Choristopsylla,' 289.

Chromys. 73.

ehrysippus (Danais), 41.

Chrj'socraspeda, 184.

Clirysops, 60.

Chrysopsyche, 95, 96.

Cicindela, 53.

Cidaria. 182.

cincta (Pachnobia), 40.

cincticollis (GjTnnognathus), 213, 214, 23.3.

cinerea (Plintheria), 206.

cirmamomeoventris (Hyperoliiis), 119. 144.

Cirina, 61.

Cissus. 28.

Citellophilus, 299, 303, 304.

clara (Gymnognathus), 234.

aarias, 64, 70-74.

clathratus (Gymnognathus). 234.

Claudia (Gymnognathus), 235.

clavis (Dasychira), 165.

cleUa (Gymnognathus), 237.

aeome, 43.

aeora, 186, 190-198.

clitelliger (Euparius), 257, 258.

aytie, 33.

coccinata (Euphaedra), 58.

coeruleomarginata (Caprimima), 1.

coUotoma (Melanastria), 104.

— (Nadiasa), 104.

Colia,s. 36.

CoULx, 182.

colonis (Phaenithon), 254.

colonus (Myomys), 80.

commersoni (Hipposideros), 75.

compar (G.NTnnognathus), 238.

comptus (Gymnognathus), 234.

oonoentraria (Qeora), 186, 198.

concolor (Nadiasa), 99, 100.
eongicus (Fxmisciurus), 79.

— (Heliosciurus), 56.
congrua (Pygiopsylla), 290, 311.
conionipha (Euproctis), 150.
conioptera (Laeha), 156.

connatus (Ctenocephalides), 84, 85, 89.
Conorhinopsylla, 267.
conserialis (Petersius). 66.
consobrinus (Libyastus), 90.
continens (Xenocerus), 179.
contracta (Diplodesma), 181.
conversa (Chloroclystis), 183.
convolvuli (Herse), 40, 48, 59.
Cordylosaurus, 40, 120, 132, 133.
Coremia, 182.

comuta (Pyrrhorachis), 181.
cornutus (Arthroleptis), 142.
coronata (Chloroclystis), 183.
coronatus (Gymnognathus), 234.
corrugis (.Stivalius), 275, 276, 290.
cosmia (Rhaphitropis), 200.

— (Monosirhapis), 336.
Cotis, 22.

eoucha (Mastomys), 77, 80.
Craspia. 95, 106, 109.
cra-ssicaudatus (Galago), 78.
crassicornis (Eucorynus), 336.
crenulata (Leipoxais), 107.
Cricetomys, 86, 331.
Crinum, 28, 43.
cristatus (Lophomops), 79.

— (Proteles), 20, 76.
Crocidura. 76, 79.
Cropera, 148, 149.
Crorema, 149, 153.
Crotaphopeltis, 119, 125.
Crj'ptomys, 23, 49, 50, 77, 80, 81.
aenoeephalides, 82, 84, 85, 89. 272. 283, 287, 292.
Ctenophthalmus. 93. 94, 285, 312, 329, 331.
cucullata (Hirundo). 42.

cummingi (Meringis), 268.

currori (Feylinia), 118, 139.

curtitibia (Polynesia), 184.

curvatus (Derophygus), 204.

curvipes (Phaenithon), 245, 255.

Cybister, 29.

cylindricus (Anaulodes), 207.

Cynictis, 76.

cyrtozona (Dasychira), 161.

daguanus (Gymnognathus), 222, 235.
dahomeyense (Riopa), 139.
daimo (Antliribidus), 207.
dallana (Pachvpasa), 106.
damarana (Mabuya), 120, 137, 138.
— (Nucras), 120, 135, 138.
damaranus (Euprepes), 137.

349

damarensis (Oryptomys), 23, 77.

— (Ctenocephalides), 84, 85.

— (Lepus), 77.

— (Nycteris), 21,75.

— (Syntomis), 42.
Danais, 41.

Dasychira, 150, 151, 156-165.
dasymalla (Dasychira), 151.
Dasymys, 80, 289.
Dasypcltis, 119, 125.
Dasypsyllus, 85.
daisyuri (Stcphanocircu.s), 290.
decipiens (Catallagia), 267.
decisaria (Boarmia), 195.

— (Cleora), 186. 190, 192-198.
decorus (Gymnognathua), 225, 2.'!8.
defilippii (Causus), 127.

delalandii (Pyxicephnhis), 36. 119, 142.

Delotelis, 267.

demarensis (Thallomys), 77.

demolion (Papilio). 316. 319.

Dendraspis, 24, 118, 119, 126.

Dendrolimas, 107.

dcntata (Opisthodontia), 111.

depexus (Melanopsacus), 204.

Dermestes, 25.

Deropygus, 204, 335.

deachavcnscci (Tilapia). 72.

deserticola (Kassiiia), 143.

DcsmodiUua. 77.

Deudorix, 324, 325.

deuterus (Callistopsyllus), 266.

denittei (Lygosoma), 118, 1.39.

dewitzi (Lechriolepis), 96.

Diamunus, 284.

diandra {C'leome), 43.

dianeiira (Cadurca), 148.

Dicallaneura, .324.

didymata (Lymantria), 166.

diffmis (Ceratopliyllu.s), 263.

dilcpLs (Chamaelro), 116, 118, 141.

dina (Tl)auinapsylla), 29(K

Dinopsyllus. 94, 289, 329.

diphasia (Cleora), 192.

dipholis (Euparius), 255-257.

Diplodesma, 180, 181.

Diplodiscus, 171.

dippiei (Hystrichopsylla). 271.

dirccta (Nadiivsa), 102, 103.

— (Pachypasa), 102.
discifcr (Phac-nitlion). 2.54, 2.55.
discisticta (Agathia), 178.
discoideus (Analotes). 212, 239.

— (Gymnognallitis), 241.
disjnnctifnscia (Dasychira). 159, 100.
dispar (Arthrolcptis), 142, 143.
dispersus (Hapl(ichioniia), 73.
displicata (Cleora), 190-193.

distanti (Liisiocampa). 99.

— (Leptotyphlops), 119, 121.
distingucnda (Nadiasa), 104, 105.
divergens (Procaviopsylla), 88.
diversiformis (Agathia), 178.
docis (.Stenorhis), 205.
dohertyi (Deudorix), 324, 325.
dolabris (Citellophilus), 304.
doricha (Cercaria), 170.

doris (Gymnognathus), 228, 235.

dorsolineatus (Barbus), 67. 74.

dorsonotatus (Gynuiognathua), 219, 224-227,

238.
doson (Papilio), 317. 321.
Drcpanoptera, 56.
druceanus (Charaxes), 323, 324.
dulcinea (Lymantria), 166.
dumerilii (C'larias), 70, 71, 74.
duplicilinca (Chrysocraspeda), 184.
duratus (Libyastus), 90, 288.
durus (Orchopeas). 284.

earinus (Ischnopsyllus), 14-10.

ecdees (Cleora), 193.

Echidnophaga, 3-6, 23, 82. 87, 283, 292.

Ecliptopera, 182.

ectopus (Ischnopsyllus), 331.

Eczesaris, 199, 200.

editha (Gyninognathus), 240.

edwardsi (Ctenophthalmus), 329.

ehrakei (Charaxes), 58.

elatias (Charaxes), 324.

elegans (Catalebeda), 99.

eleutheria (Phalaena), 153.

elisa (CJymnognathiis), 2.30. 241.

elisabethae (Lithops), 22.

ellobius (Dinopsyllus), 94.

emma (Gyninognathus), 233.

enderlcini (AcanthopsyUa), 272.

energetes (Papilio), 319.

cntornus (Gomphidcs), 338.

Eois, 184, 185.

eothina (Trichopisthia). 109.

epelytcs (Lymantica), 154.

ephemera (Cercaria), 171-173.

Epilobium, 43.

Epipristis, 178.

Epipyrops, 325.

Eptesicus, 79.

Eremias, 119, 120. 134, 1,35.

eridos (Pulex), 83.

— (.\cnopsylla). 83, 84.
crilli (Pulex), 83.

— (Xenopsylla), 83.
erinacei (.-Vrchaeupsylla), 292.
Eriogaster, 109.

erna (Gymnognathus), 231, 241.
erythrina (Loniadonta), 152.

350

erythrura (Laeliopsis), 96.

eson (Hippotion), 22.

etiennei (Chamaeleo). 118, 140.

Eucorynus, 336.

Eucraera, 107, 108.

eudoxus (Charaxes), 323.

eugyna (Charagia), 32.5.

eumeces (Aiiaulodes), 206.

Eumelea, 177.

euinolpi (Monopsyllus), 263.

eupalc (Charaxes), 58.

Euparius, 255-261.

Euphaedra, 58.

Euphorbia, 27.

Euprepes, 1.37.

Euproctis, 150, 155.

Eurymorpha, 44.

eurypylus (Papilio), 321.

euteles (Rethera), .325.

euthj-demus (Ornithoptera), 318, 319.

Euxuthiis. 261.

evanescens (Ch-orema), 149.

evansi (Barbus), 66, 74.

evemon (Papilio), 317, 321.

eventus (Papilio), 321, 322.

excavata (Mimopacha), 108.

exilis (Megabothris), 264.

eximius (Phaenithon), 241.

exocyrta (Beralade), 97.

exquisita (Agathia), 178.

extensus (Gyninognathus), 236.

faceipicta (Ogyris), 324.

fahraei (Gyninognathus). 227, 228, 237.

fallax (Charaxes), 323, 324.

fasciatum (Oophilositura), 123, 124.

fasciatus (Xosopsyllus), 285, 295.

faucium (Choragus), 343.

feae (Arthroleptis), 142.

Felis, 79.

felis (aenocephalides), 82-89, 272, 283, 287, 292.

femoralis (Gjinnognathus), 226.

festiva (Xarudasia), 120, 131.

festivaria (Hypochrosis), 187, 188.

Feylinia, 118, 139.

Fious, 27.

figuratus (Euparius), 257.

— (Pliaenithon), 244, 251, 2.52.
fissipes (Bufo), 145.
flabeUaria (Olapa), 153.

— (Phalaena), 153.
flaveola (Lechriolepis), 96.
flavidior (Caprimima), 2.

flavigularis (C4crrhosaurus), 115, 116, 118. 1.33.

flexuosus (Gyninognathus), 229, 230, 240.

floralis (Charagia), 325.

forda (Cirina), 61.

fornacis (Monopsyllus), 2G3.

foveiceps (Phaenithon), 243.
Foxella, 284.

frater (Pachydactylus), 130.
fraterna (Rcctofrontia), 270.
frigescens (Cleora), 191, 193, 194.
frixa (Lomographa), 188.
frontalis (Aethechinus), 76.
fruticosa (Asclepias), 41.
fulgurata (Dieallaneura), 324.
fulvoculata (Cercaria), 172, 173.
Fimisciurus, 79.
f\irva (Olapa), 148.
furvifinibria (Thalassodes), 179.
furvus (Monocloeus), 210.
fuscofasciata (Leipoxais), 107.
fuscigula (Rana), 32, 119, 120, 141.

Galago, 78.

gallinaceus (Echidnophaga), 82, 87, 283, 292.

— (Sarcopsyllus), 82.
gallinae (Ceratophj'Uus), 285.
gariesensis (Pachydactylus). 130.
garrulus (Ptcnopus), 120, 131.
Gastropacha, 107, 108.
gelidaria (Cleora), 186.
gemmans (Oenospila), 179.
gemmata (Dendrolimas), 107.

— (Eucraera), 107, 108.
gemniatus (Laeliopsis), 96.

— (Phasicnecus), 96.
Genetta, 79.

geoffroyi ( Rhinolophus), 75.
georychi (Rooseveltiella), 49, 89.
Gieorychus, 23.
Gerbillophilus, 292.
Gerbillus, 44, 77.
germaini (Gyninognathus), 239.
Gerrhosaurus, 115. 116, 118, 133.
gerstaeckerii (Gastropacha), 108.

— (Mimopacha), 108.
getulus (Atlantoxerus), 292.
gibbosus (Phloebius), 207.
gigantea (Agathia), 178.

gigas (Hystrichopsylia), 270, 271.
glacialis (Hoplopsyllus). 283.
Glauconia, 121, 122.
Glauertia, 9, 10, 12, 13.
goldfinchi (Cleora), 192.
goldii (Xaja), 118, 126.
Goniphides, 338.
Goniocloeus, 209, 210.
CTOnometa, 109.
gTaberii (Nadiasa). 104, 105.

— (Pachypasa), 104.
Ciracilia, 56.

gracilis (Chamaeleo). 140, 141.
grandiflorum (Sesamum), 43, 62.
grandis (Amphilius), 71.

351

grandis (Deudorix), 324, 325.

— (Neopsylla), 285.
grammatophorus (Amphilius), 71.
grammonota (Thalassodes), 179.
grataria (Eois), 184.

gravis (Phaenithon), 245.
griseifimbria (Thalassodes). 179.
griseiviridis (Xanthorlioe), 182.
guinasana (Tilapia), 72, 73.
giittulatus (Phaenithon), 255.
Gymnallabes, 71.
Gymnodactylus, 131.
Gymnognathus, 208, 212-241, 255.
Gynanisa, 42, 43.

haagncri (PlatjTuops). 75. 76.

— (Sauromys), 76.
haematidea (Gastropacha). 107.

— (Leipoxais), 107.
haemorrhoidalis (Deropygus), 204.
liamata (Basitropis), 202. 203.
hamatus (Gymnognathus), 240.
hamifer (Leptopsylla), 265.
hamiltoni (Xeopsylla), 270.
Haplochromis, 63, 64, 73.
hebeclada (Acacia), 35.

hedila (Thagona). 165.

hcdilacea (Dasychira), 164.

hedys (Gymnognathus), 216, 217, 236, 237.

helena (Gymnognathus), 230, 240.

Helioseiurus. 56, 75, 79.

helma (Gymnognathus), 213. 234.

Hemidactylus, 116-118, 128.

Hemigrammalestes, 66.

Hemigrammopetersius. 66.

hemiopa (Cleora). 190. 193.

Heniipepsis, 20, 41.

hemiprosopa (Catoria), 186.

Hemithea, 180.

hcrero (Lepus), 78.

hermaca (Cleora), 186.

Horse, 40.

hetaerias (Papilio). ,321.

hetarus (Gymnognathus), 213, 214, 233.

heterodcrmus (Chlorophis), 118, 125.

hoxamitobalia (Dasychira), 163.

liilchi (Gymnognathus), 218, 229, 236.

hildebrandti (Mabuya), 137.

hilli (Pygiopsylla), 289.

Hipposideros, 75, 78.

Hii)|)otion, 22, .59.

hirta (Crocidura), 76.

hirundinia (Gcratophyllus). 289, 299, .301, .303,

304.
Hirundo, 42.
hispida (Agaraa), 120. 131.

— (Nyctcris), 78.
liololeuca (I..oucoma), 147.

homochrous (Euxuthus), 261.

Homodaotylus, 129.

homocus (Piezoco^>^lus), 211.

Homonota, 131.

honrathii (Pachypasa), 105.

Hoplia, 43.

hoplia (Pygiopsylla). 2!KI, 311.

Hoplopliryne, 143.

Hoplopsyllus, 283.

Hormonotus, 118, 125.

horrida (Acacia), 41, 43.

horridus (Dinopsyllus), 94.

hotambocia (CYotaphopcltis), 119, 125.

Hucus, 334.

humilis (Micralestes), 66.

Hybridoneura. 183.

Hylesinus, 255.

HypephjTa, 188.

Hyperolius, 119, 143, 144.

Hyphaena, 24.

hyphasma (Dasychira), 151.

Hypochrosis, 187, 188.

liypocoelus (Phaenithon). 244.

hypoleuca (Acraea), 33.

Hypolimnas, 19, 41, 44.

hypomesta (Chiasmia), 188.

Hyposidra, 187.

hypospiiata (Collix). 182.

Hystrichopsylla, 270, 271.

Ichnotropis, 116. 118, 135.
Ictonyx, 76.
ictuibasis (Cleora), 198.
Idiochaetis, 278.
Idiopus, 199.

idius (Ccratophyllus), 285.
igneolus (Papilio), 321, 322.
igneotincta (Craspia). 95, 109.

— (Trichopisthia), 109.
ignotus (Foxella), 284.
illucescens (Buzura), 185.
illustris (Idiochaetis), 278.
Imaus, 167.

imbricata (Ccrcaria), 172, 173.
imitans (Paohypa.sa), 105.

— (Taragama). 105.
immemorata (Cleora), 191.
impingens (Ecliptopcra), 182.
implicatus (Phaenithon), 255.
inacqualis (Monoclocus), 211.
inacquata (Chloroclystis), 183.
inca (Gymnognathus). 218, 236.
incerta (Ceratopsylla), 94.

— (Lagaropsylla). 94.
inconclusa (Hacotis), 186, 187.
indagatus (Gymnognathus). 234
indccora ( Bonibycopais), 99.

— (Lasioanipa), 99.

352

indicus (Rhaphitropis). 201.

Indigofera, 43.

induta (Leggada), 75, 77.

inepta (Echidnophaga), 4, 5.

inerraoides (Barbus), 70.

infestus (Libyastus), 70, 288.

inimica (Xanthorhoe). 181.

injectaria (Cleora). 186, 192.

inopina (Neopsylla), 285.

insignis (Myodop.sylla), 285, .307, 308.

insularis (Buzura). 185.

— (Capriniima). 1.
intermedius (Typhlops), 118, 120,
interruptata (Keraodes), 184.

— (Sauris), 184.

intertexta (Nucras), 120, 135, 138.
lodis, 181.

iodnephes (Dasychira), 156.
iphis (Gj'innognathus), 221, 237.
iris (Gynuiognatlms), 216, 236.
irma (Gyinnognathus), 241.
irregularis (Clilorophis), 119, 125.
irritans (Pulex), 272, 283, 286.
Ischiiocerus, 209.
IschnopsyUus, 15, 16, 86, 331.
isidis (ProcaviopsyUa), 286.
isomalus (Araeopsylla), 86.

— (IschnopsyUus), 86.

— (Oxyparius), 86.
itamputi (Papilio), 321.

jacksoni (Anomalurus), 79.

— jactantis (Deudorix). 324.
jamesoni (Dendraspis), IIS, 126.
janeschi (Laelia), 156.
janiaria (Hyposidra), 187.
jansei (Nadiasa), 101.
javanicus (Paraceras), 288.
jordani (Anomalurus), 79.

— (Beralade), 96.

— (Bufo), 120, 145.

— (Crorema), 149.

— (Leptopelis), 116, 119, 144.

— (Mimopacha), 108.

— (Nadiasa), 100, 101.

— (Opisthodontia), 111.

— (Pseudometa), 109.

— (Zonurus), 120, 133, 1.34.
Johanna (Syntomis), 34.
jucundus (Phaenithon), 249, 250.
Julodis, 53.

junctifa,scia (Dasychira). IfiO.

kalisi (Catoria), 186.
Kassina, 42. 117, 119, 143.
katanganus (Bufo), 145.
kenya (Redoa), 153.
kessleri (Barbus), 63, 66, 67. 74.

kessleri (Puntius), 66.
kibwezi (Redoa), 153.
kirschi (DicaUaneura), 324.
kirtlandii (Thelotornis), 118, 125.
kitsoni (Riopa), 139.
kivuanus (Charaxes), 323.
Kneria, 64, 65. 74.
knoblauchii (Gastropacha), 108.

— (Mimopacha), 108.
kollikerii (Eucraera), 107, 108.

— (Lasiocampa), 107.
komarovi (Eethera), 325.

labis (Opisocrostis), 284.
hicteata (Chogada), 194.

— (Cleora), 193-195.
LaeUa, 150, 156.
Laeliophila. 148
Laeliopsis, 96

laevigatus (Pachydaetylus), 120, 128, 130.

laevis (Xenopus), 23, 119, 145.

LagaropsyUa, 94.

lalandii (Typhlops), 121.

lamborni (Pachymeta), 109.

lamda (Lymantria), 167.

langi (Pachydaetylus), 130, 131.

lapillus (Melanopsacus), 204.

laqueifera (Agathia), 178.

larina (Echidnophaga), 23, 82.

Lasiocampa, 96, 99, 107, 109.

lasius (Dasypsyllus), 85.

laterale (Lycophidion), 122, 123.

lateripictus (Caccorhinus), 255.

latifrons (Glauconia), 121, 122.

Lebeda, 99.

Lechriolepis, 95, 96.

Leggada, 75, 77, 80.

Leipoxais, 107,

lentiginosus (Amphilius), 71, 74.

leonensis (Aroa), 150.

Lconotis, 49.

leonurus (Leonotis). 49.

leopardinus (Phaenithon), 252, 253.

Leptopelis, 116, 119, 144.

leptophyes (Chrysopsychc), 95.

Leptopsylla, 9, 13, 265, 266, 285.

Leptotyphlops, 119, 121.

lepturges (Uliocnemis), 179.

Lepus, 18, 77, 78.

leucocloea (Perinetia), 165, 166.

Leucoma, 147, 153.

leocomehis (Gj-mnognathus). 227, 228, 238,

leucophaes (Lymantria), 168.

leucopicta (Dasychira), 160. 161.

leucopus (Orchopcas), 284.

liabilis (Glauconia), 122.

libussa (Gymnognathus), 220, 237.

Libyastus, 89-93, 288, 292.

353

lichenodes (Dasychira), 162.

lignea (Dasychira), 164.

limbatuni (C'haerophon), 79.

lineadcntata (Pscudolyra), 110.

lineatu (Celerio), 40.

lineatus (Boaedon), 115, 118, 122.

lineomaciilatus (Barbus). 69, 70, 74.

lineo-ocellata (Ercmias), 120, 134.

liopus (Echidnophaga), 4.

LLstropsylla, 86.

lithoides (Noliproctis), 155.

Lithops, 22, 43.

livornica (Celerio), 40.

Lomadonta, 152.

Lomographa, 188.

londiniensis (Nosopsyilus), 5.

longicephalus (Heniidactylus), 118, 128.

longiclava (Eupariiis), 259.

longicornis (Phaenitlion), 242, 243.

— (Phloeobius), 207.
longiflora (Mentha), 33.
longiloba (Mabuia), 137, 138.
longipennis (Phloeobius), 207.
longirostris (Amphilius), 71.
longistigma (Catoria), 185.
longitarsus (Phacnithon), 245.
lonnbergi (Bufo), 145.
Lophomops, 79.

lotus (Gymnognathus), 224, 225, 238.

Lo.xofidonia, 182.

Liidia, 62.

ludovicata (Eumelea), 177.

lucbberti (Haplochromis), 73.

— (Paratilapia), 73.
lugardi (C^yptomys), 77.
lugubris (Eremias), 120, 1,35.
luluae (Micralestcs), 66.
lunatus (CeratophyUus), 30.'!.
lunulosa (Anthyria), 184.

— (Cambogia), 184.

— (Eois). 184.

— (Pseudasthena), 184.

— (Psilncambogia), 184.

lusia (Gymnognathus), 219, 237.
Lycophidion, 118, 122, 123.
Lvgosoma, 118, 1.39.
Lymantria, 154, 166-168.
lynx (HoplopsyUus), 283.
lypusus (l)iiiopsylhis), 94, 289.
lyrcstes (Gymnognathus), 214, 228. 235.

mabouia (Hemidaotylus), 116. 118, 128.
Mabuia. 116, 137.
Mabuya, 118-120, 136-138.
maeniillani (I'latymops), 76.
niacrocera (Leuconia), 153.
macrocerca (Olapa), 147.
niacronyehia (Echidnophaga), 3-6.

raaculatus (Hylesinus), 255.

— (Phaenithon), 255.
maeulilabris (Mabuya), 118, 138.
Magnolia, 56.

maia (Gynanisa), 42, 43.
major (Petersius), 66.
malgassica (Dasychira), 157.

— (Epipyrops), 325.

— (Imaus), 167.

— (Lymantria), 167.

— (Orgyia), 157.
maligna (Dasychira), 158.
Mallacampa, 111.
malleri (Ischnocerus), 209.
Malva, 43.

niaineti (Megatermis), 339.
mammoth (Hystricliopsylla), 270, 271.
mandatus (Lepus). 78.
Mantichora, 28, 39.
Marblepsis, 153.
marginata (Laeliopsis), 96.
marginepunctata (Leipoxais), 107.
marianna (Gymnognathus), 239.
marilis (Gonioeloeus), 210.
marmorata (Hoploplirync), 143.

— (Kneria), 64.

martha (Gymnognathus), 241.
Mastomys, 77, 80.
maturata (Catoria), 185.
maura (Archaeopsylla), 292.
mauritianus (Scirtetinus), 343.
maurus (Nosopsyllus), 292-294.
mayotta (Redoa), 153.
mechowi (Cr3'ptomys). 50, 80.
Mccocerus, 206.
niedialis (Euparius), 260.
mediocris (Phaenithon), 247, 248.
Megabothris, 264, 265, 284.
Megasoma, 100.

megaspilaria (Rhomborista), 179.
Megatermis, 338, 339.
melambela (Philotherma), 98.
melanocraspis (Redoa), 153.
mclanoleuca (Naja). 118. 126.
melanoma (Pirgula), 154.
Melanopsacus, 204.
mcleagris (Acontias), 119. 1.39.
mclissograpta (Dasychira). 163.
memnon (Papilio), 316, .320.
mendax (Caprimima), 1.
nu-ndis (Phaenithon), 247.
.Mentha, 33.34.
meridionalis (Catalebeda), 99.
Meringis, 268-270. .332.
mesculus (Euparius), 258.
Mesembryanthemuni. 44, 45.
mesentina (Pieris), 41.
meseris (Xenopsylla), 272.

354

Mesidiotropis, 341, 342.

mesoleuca (Pachypasa), 105.

mesopora (Collix), 182.

raetachlora (Xeoscelis), 183.

Metanastria. 104, 111.

methueni (Agama), 131.

mexicanus (Gyninognathus), 236.

Micralestes, 64-66, 74.

micranotis (Bufo), 145.

Micropsylla, 270.

micula (Phaenithon). 250.

Mimopacha, 108.

minimaria (Epipristis). 178.

Minioptenis. 21, 76.

minuta (Chiasmia), 188.

niiona (PseudoljTa), 110.

mirifica (Chrysopsyche), 95.

miselioides (Dasychira), 157.

misippus (Hypolimnas), 19, 41, 44.

Misthosima. 203.

mniara (Dasychira), 162.

moco (Cadurca), 148.

mocoensis (Barbus), 68, 74.

mocqiiardi (Bufo). 145.

modesta (Autotropis), 203.

modestus (Hormonotus), 118, 125.

inodica (Basitropis). 202.

moerosus (Phaenithon), 223, 224, 255.

moiiati (Chromys), 73.

— (Haplocliromis), 73.

— (Paratilapia), 73.
moholi (Galago), 78.
molestus (Stivalius), 311.
molitor (Gyninognathus), 223, 237.
mollis (Gyninognathus), 217, 236.
moneris (Catallagia), 267.
Monocloeus, 210, 211.
monognanipta (Racotis), 186.
Monopeltis, 120, 140.
Monopsyllus, 263, 288, 296.
Monosirhapis, 336.

monostonii (Cercaria), 172, 173.
montanus (Diamunus), 284.
monteiri (Galago), 78.
monticola (Philantomba), 81.
moranus (Gyninognathus), 222, 235.
mordax (Stivalius), 312.
morgani (Xanthopan), 61.
morini (Monosirhapis), 336.
morulus (Goniocloeus), 209, 210.
niotebensis (Barbus), 68.
mucroso (Typhlops), 119, 120.
Mus, 77.

niusculus (Mus). 77.
MutiUa, 44.
Mylabris, 29, 44.
Mylothris, 29.
myodes (Uncifcr), 201.

MyodopsyUa, 285, 307, 308.

Myomys, 80.

Myonax. 76.

Myoxopsylla, 292.

niyxa (Odontocheilopteryx), 98.

Nadiasa, 95, 99-105.
Naja, 118, 126.
namaquensis (Aethomys), 77.
~ (Eremias), 120, 134.
nanellus (Mclanopsacus), 204.
nanus (Gyninognathus), 241.
Narudasia, 120, 131.
nasicornis (Bitis), 53, 118, 126.
Nasilio, 75, 79.

nasutulus (Tropiderinus), 206.
nasutus (Phrynomantis), 143.
natalensis (Aniphilius), 71.

— (Antliribidus), 207.

— (Miniopterus), 76.

— (Phrynobatrachus), 119, 142.
nebulosus (Gyninognathus), 212.
nelearia (Epipristis), 178.
neobule (Acraea), 41.
Neoclora, 190, 191.
Neopsylla. 270, 285, 312.
Neoscelis, 183.

nepalensis (Rumex), 43.
Nephele, 59, 61.
nephelus (Papilio), 319, 320.
nepos (Orchopeas), 284.
nerii (Daphnis), 59.
Xesidobius. 336.
niasicus (Troides), 317, 318.
nica (Gyninognathus), 222, 237.
nicanus (Xosopsyllus), 295. ■
nichctes (Charaxes), 61.
nigcr (CeratophyUus), 263.
nigristigina (Chogoda). 197.

— (Oeora), 195, 197., 198.
nigrolineatus (Gerrhosaurus), 133.
nitidus (Prototropis), 341.
Noliproctis, 155.
Xosopsyllus. 5, 285, 292-296.
notabilis (Libyastus), 90, 92, 93.
notalis (Autotropis), 203.
notialis (MyodopsyUa), 307.
Xotocotylus, 172.

notostictus (Psammophis), 120, 125.
novaeguineae (Stivalius), 273, 290.
nox (Papilio), 319.
nubicus (Pulex), 83.

— (Xenopsylla), 83.
nubilus (Gyninognathus), 237.
nuchalis (Euparius), 256, 257.
nucleus (Xucula), 170.
Xucras, 120, 135, 138.
Xucula, 170.

355

nudipes (Dasymys), 80.
numidiis (C!eratophylliis), 303.
nummifer (Petersius), 66.
Nycteris, 21, 75, 76,78.

obfuscata (Coremia), 182.

— (Loxofidonia), 182.
obliqua (Caprimima), 1.
obscura (Lomadonta), 152.
oceidpntalis (Petersius), 66.
ochi (Choristopsylla), 289.
ochracea (Pseudasthena). 184.
oehreata (Felis). 79.
ochrinus (Phaenithon), 245.
Ochromyia, 56.
ockendeni (Bufo), 145.
oetstriata (Mabuya), 137.
Odontooheilopteryx, 98.
Odontopacha, 109.
Oenospila, 179.

ogoensis (Arthroleptis). 142. 143.

OgjTis, 324.

oinopa (Xadiasa), 102. 104.

okahandjana (Glauconia), 121, 122.

olapa, 147, 148, 153.

olivata (Chlorocly.stis), 183.

olivelhis (Funisciunis), 79.

olivescens (Catoria). 185.

olsoufieffae (Dasychira), 159.

Olyra, 99.

Oophilositum, 118, 123, 124.

Ophideres, 59.

ophiopsis (Gymnognathus), 226, 238.

Opi.socrostis. 284.

Opiathodontia, 111.

opisthophtlialmus (.\mphilius), 71.

or (Monocloeus), 210.

oralis (ticrbillus), 77.

orbata (Organopodaj, 181.

Orchopeas. 284.

oreinu.s (Orneaous). 304.

Organopoda, 181.

Orgyia, 157.

orgyioides (Dasychira), 157.

orientis (Ctenooephal-deji). 85, 272.

orites (Ceratopliyllus), 299, 301-303.

ornatum (Lycophidion), 118, 122.

ornatus (Gymnognathus), 234.

Orneacus, 303, 304.

Ornitboptera. 317.

OropsyUa. 284, 287, 288, 303.

orthia (Papilio), 321.

osafiini (Cercaria), 172.

osgoodi (Bufo). 145.

Otomys, 53, .329.

ovalis (Chromys), 73.

— (Tihipia), 73.
Oxalis, 43.

Oxyparius, 86.

oxyptera (Euproctis), 155.

oxyrhynchus (Ptycliadaenn), 118. 142.

— (Rana), 116, 118, 142.

Pachnobia, 40.

Paehydactylus, 118-120, 128-131.

pachyla (Nadiasa), 103, 104.

Pachyraeta, 109.

Pachypasa, 102, 104-106.

Paida. 40.

Palasea, 152.

palla (Euproctis), 150.

pallidistriga (Loxofidonia), 182.

— (Xanthorhoe), 182.
paludinosus (Barbus), 63, 66, 73, 74.
pamphenges (Nadiasa), 102.
pampoecila (Aroa), 150.
Panaspis, 139.

pancala (Nadiasa), 100.

Panthera. 76.

Papilio, 58.

papuensis (Alaopsylla), 272.

papyri (Pachypasa), 106.

papyroides (Pachypasa). 106, 316-322.

Paraoeras, 288.

paradisca (PhalacropsyUa), 268, 269.

Parapulex, 287.

Paratilapia, 73.

Paraxerus. 77.

pardalina (Xanthospilopteryx), 58,

pardus (Panthera), 76.

I'ariodontis, 87.

parkeri (Meringis), 269, 332.

— (Oophilositum). 118, 123, 124.
parva (Beralade), 97.

parvula (Noliproctis), 1.55.

parvulus (Arthroleptis). 57, 118, 142, 143.

pastor (Dasychira). l.')9.

Paussus, 23.

peculiaris (Caprimima), 2.

Pedetes, 20.

Pelargonium, 42.

pelidna (Dicallaneura), 324.

pellucida (Cercaria). 171, 172.

Peloniys, 80.

penetrans (Pulex), 87.

— (Tunga), 87, 310.
penieillata (Cjniictic), 76.
penieillus (Eczesaris), 200.
pennatula (Psalis). 165.
pentacantluis (Rhadinopsylla), 270.
pentihis (Gymnognathus), 225, 238.
perallinis (('aprin\ima), 2.

— (Leipoxais), 107.
perbona (Cleora), 193-19.5,
peregrinus (Basitropis), 202.
perfectus (Phaenithon), 249.

356

Peribathis, 333.

perilis (Echidnophaga), 3.

Perinetia, 165, 166.

Peringia, 170.

Perizoma, 182.

peromyscus (MicropsyUa), 270.

perorbata (Organopoda), 181.

Peryngia, 171.

petersi (Xenopus), 145.

Petersius, 64—66.

Petromys, 33, 77.

petronius (Papilio), 319.

petrophilus (Saurorays), 76.

Phaenithon, 208, 223. 224, 241-255.

phaeophlebia (Ci-opera), 148.

Phalacropsylla, 268, 269.

Phalaena, 153. *

phanerus (Gynmognathus), 229, 240.

Phantasis, 42.

phasiana (Dasychira), 158.

Phasicnecus, 96.

Phaulimia, 200, 333.

phelus (Phaenithon), 244.

pheucta (C'leora), 191.

philander (Haplocluoinis), 63, 73.

— (Tilapia), 73.
Philantomba, 81.
Philotherma, 98.
phloedes (Dasychira), 162.
Phloeobiopsis, 207.
Phloeobius, 207.
Phoracantha, 44.
Phrynobatrachus, 119, 142.
Phrynomantis, 143.
Phrynomerus, 120, 143.
Phyllocnema, 41.

phyris (Papilio), 321.

Pieris, 41.

Piezocorynus, 211.

piger (Libyastus). 90.

pindonis (Gynmognathus), 231, 239.

piperata (Calothysanis), 181.

PipistreUus, 78.

Pirgiila, 148, 154.

piriei (Xenopsylla), 83, 84.

placidus (Kuparius), 255.

planiceps (Agama), 115, 119, 132.

platyehir (Amphilius), 71.

Platymops, 75, 76.

Plintheria, 206.

plintherioides (Mecocerus), 206.

— (Tropiderinus), 206.
plinthochroa (Pseudonieta), 110.
plurabaeca (Eois), 185.
Poecilocainpa, 99.
poecilosticta (Lasiocampa), 109.
polia (LaeUa), 156.

Poliana, 59.

polimelas (Piezocorynus), 211.
polius (Gynmognathus), 238.
polli (Kneria), 64, 65, 74.
polycyraa (Lymantria), 167.
Polydesma, 33.
Polymesia, 184.
Polyptychus, 50, 56, 59.
polyzonus (Zonurus), 133, 134.
Porthesia, 155.
postexpansa (Caprimima), 2.
Praedora, 59.
praeparva (Buzura), 185.
praetenta (Collix). 182.
praetersus (Phaenithon), 251.
Praorays, 80.
prasina (Dasychira), 157.
Precis, 58.
preussi (Bufo), 145.
priva (Phaulimia), 200.
Procavia, 21, 33, 78, 81.
Procaviopsylla, 33, 83, 88, 286.
procerus (Gynmognathus), 226, 238.
processaria (Cleora), 186.
producta (Catalebeda), 99.

— (Euproctis), 155.

— (Lebeda), 99.

— (Porthesia), 155.
promelaena (.Stracena), 149.
prominens (Listropsylla), 86.
promus (Stenorhis), 205.
Protaedus, 203.

Proteles, 20, 76.

Prototropis, 340, 341.

proximus (Megatermis), 340.

Psalis, 165.

Psammophis, 120, 125, 126.

pseudafiinis (Caprimima), 2.

pseudagjTtes (Ctenophthalmus), 285.

Pseudasthena, 184, 185.

Pseudolyra, 110.

Pseudometa, 109, 110.

Psilocambogia, 184.

psychastis (Cleora), 190, 191.

Ptenopus, 120, 131.

Ptinus, 25.

Ptyehadaena. 118, 119. 142.

pulohcllus (Gynmognathus), 229, 236.

pulcher (Gymnognathus), 234.

— (Petersius). 66.
pulelira (Paida), 40.

Pulex, 83, 87, 89, 272, 283, 286.
pulicarius (Prototropis), 341.
pulitzerae (Pachydactylus). 120, 128, 129.
pullinus (PiezocorjTius), 211.
pulverulenta (Boiga), 118, 125.
punctata (Caprimima), 1 , 2.
punctatus (Pachydactylus), 119, 130.

— (Typhlops), 118, 120,

357

punotifascia (Anadiasa), 109.

— (Eriogaster), 109.
punctinervis (Calothysanis), 181.
punctuligera (Psalis), 165.
piinjabensis (Nosopsyllus), 295, 296.
Puntius, 66.

purcelli (Pachydaotylus), 120, 130.
purgata (Rhomborista), 179.
Pygiopsylla, 12, 93, 273, 289, 290, 311.
pygmaea (Gracilia), 56.
Pyraraeis, 19, 44.
pjTrhogona (Pyrrhoraehis), 181.
Pyrrhorachis. 181.
pyrsocoma (Paehypasa), 105.
pyrsocorsa (Paehypasa), 105.
Pyxicephalus, 36, 119, 142.

quadrifrons (Amphisbaena), 119, 140.
qiiadripunctatus (Barbus), 70.
quadristrigata (Croreraa), 153.
qupnavadi (Polydpsma), 33.
quirirabo (Beralade), 97.

— (Nadiaaa), 101.
quirina (Megabothris), 284.

Racotis, 186, 187.

raddoni (Mabuya). Hi), 138.

radei (Chrysopsyche), 96.

— (Lasiocampa), 96.
radiata (Chiasmia). 188.
ramesis (Xenopsylla), 292.
ramulus (Kesidobius), 336.
Rana, 32, 116, 118-120, 141, 142.
Rattus, 80.

rattus (P„attiis), 80.

rectilinca (Ecliptopera), 182.

Rectofrontia, 270.

rectus (Stivalius), 312.

recursaria (Biizura), 185.

Rcdoa, 153.

reducta (Caprimima), 1.

— (Charaxcs), 324.
rcfota (Cleora), 193.

regalis (Gymnognatbus), 225, 226, 238.

regularis (Bufo). 23, 48, 1 15, 1 16. 1 18, 145.

Rcinodcs, 184.

ropaiula (Xadi.a.sa), 100.

repetita (Clcora), 186.

resimus (Causus), 119, 127.

Kethcra. 325.

reticidata (ISoaptpira). 44, 120, 135.

Rhabdotis. 40.

rbabdotiis (I'apilio), 321.

rhadia (Clcora), 190, 183, 194.

rbadina (Pbaulimia), 333.

Rha<linopsylla, 270.

Rhaphiophora, 59.

Rhaphitropis, 200, 201.
Rhinolophus, 21, 23, 75, 76.
rbodalipber (.\clonopblebia), 152.
Rhodoinetra, 44.

rhombcatus (Causus), 116, 118, 126.
Rhomborista. 179.
Rhopalopsyllus, 284.
Rhoptropus, 116, 120, 127, 128.
ribbci (l)icallancura), 324.
ridleyamis (Papibo), 58.
riggfiibaphi (Pariodontis), 87.

— (Pulex). 87.

rigida (Calothysanis), 181.

rileyi (Ccratopbyllus), 263.

Riopa. 119, 1.39.

robustus (Gyinnognathus), 233.

robdci (Paehypasa), 106.

romarus (Phaenithon), 245.

Roosevclticlla, 49, 89.

rosii (Bufo), 145.

rossittensis (Ceratophyllus). 303.

rothschildi (Acanthopsylla). 7, 9, 11.

— (Ceratophyllus), 304.

— (Opisthodontia), HI.
rotundipennis (Mesidiotropis). 342.
Rouscttus, 78.

nibridisea (Perizoma). 182.
rubroplaga (Papilio), 317, .321.
rufibracbiatus (Helioseiurus), 56.
rufielava (Gyinnognathus), 213.
ruficollis (Troides), 317-319.
rufobrachiatus (Helioseiurus), 79.
rufofervidus (Papilio), 321.
rugatus (Stivalius), 276, 278, 281.
rugosus (Pachydaotylus), 120, 1.30.
Rumcx, 43.

rupestris (Oropsylla), 284.
rusticus (Ceratophyllus), 302, 303.

Saccostomus, 77.

sacraria (Rhodometra), 44.

saevus (Rhopalopsyllus). 284.

salebrata (Hyposidra). 187.

salieorniodcs (Mesembryanthennim). 44.

salomonis (Protaedus). 203.

sapbes (Acanthopsylla). 8.

Sareopsyllus. 82.

sarodps (Xenopsylla). 286.

sarpedon (Papilio), 317, 321.

Sauris, 184.

Sauromys, 76.

scaber (Da.sypeltia), 119. 125.

scalaris (Gymnognathus), 236.

Scaptcira. 44. 120, 1,35.

schinzi (Taterona), 47. 75, 79.

schlegeli (Typhlops). 119, 12(i.

Scilla, 43.

scintilla (Glaucrtia). 9, Up. 12. 13.

358

Soirtetinus, 343.

scolytinus (Gymnognathus), 234.

scopuUfcr (Pulex), 83.

— (Xenopsylla), 83, 286, 287, 297, 298.
scotosema (Chloroclystis), 183.
scutatus (Aspidclaps), 119, 126.
scutifrona (Glaucoma), 121, 122.

— (Stenostoma), 121, 122.
sectilis (Rhadinospylla), 270.
segnis (Leptopsylla), 13.
segregus (Ctenophthalmus), 332.
sellatiis (Anthotribidus), 207.
sellatus (.Antliribidus). 207.

— (Euparius), 2.57.
semiannulatus (Tarbophis), 119, 125.
semigriseus (Phaenithon), 248, 251, 255.
semnus (Zygaenodes), 201.

— (Dinopsyllus), 329.

senegalensis (Kassina), 42, 117, 119, 143.

separ (Misthosima), 203.

septentrionalis (Petersius), 66.

Sesamum, 43, 62.

Sesquiptera, 183.

sexstriata (Mabuya), 136.

seydeli (Laeliophila). 148.

shannon! (Meringis), 269. 270.

shawmayeri (Caprimima), 1.

shortridgei (Panthcra), 76.

Siaphos, 1.39.

siccatus (Aethomys), 77.

signatus (Gymnognathus), 212, 223, 237, 255.

silantievi (Oropsylla), 288.

similis (Phaenithon), 255.

simillima (Caprimima). 2.

Simla (Nosopsyllus), 296.

simplex (Cediopsylla), 283.

— (Hemithea). 180.
simulatus (Araecerus), 340.
sindi (Paraxerus), 77.
siporanus (Papilio), 319, 320.
sraedleyi (Papilio), 319.
sminthocara (Xadiasa). 104.
smithianus (Miniopterus), 21.
smitianus (Miniopterus), 76.
solokanus (Papilio), 319.
somalicus (Synosternus), 286.
sordida (Eois), 185.

— (Pseudasthena), 185.
sordidata (Xanthorhoe), 181.
soror (Gymnognathus), 240.
sparrmani (Tilapia), 63, 72, 73.
Sparrmania, 40.

spekei (Kneria), 64.
Sphingomorpha, 40.
spilopterus (Petersius), 60.
spinifex (Proea\nopsylIa), 88.
spiniger (Monocloeus), 211.
spissa (Odontopacha), 109.

spodographa (Hypoohrosis), 187.

spumifera (lodis), 181.

spurea (Ochromyia), 56.

stanfordi (C'onorhinopsyUa), 267.

stappersi (Kneria), 65.

stejnegeri (Oropsylla), 287.

stellans (Phaenithon), 244, 245.

stellatus (Paohydactylus), 128.

stenobea (Aeraea), 34, 41.

Stenodactylus, 131.

Stenoponia, 285.

Stenorhis, 205.

Stenostoma, 121.

Stephanocireus, 290.

Sternotomis, 56.

sterrhoticha (Aypephyra), 188.

stevensi (Rhaphitropis). 200, 201.

stictogonia (Pirgula), 149.

stigmosus (Uncifer), 201.

stilnaroma (CYopera), 148.

Stivalius, 12. 93, 272-281, 290, 311, 312.

storthophora (Epipristis), 178.

Stracena, 149.

stratiotes (Lib3'astus), 90, 92.

stratus (Euparius), 257, 258.

striata (Ictonyx). 76.

— (Mabuya), 119, 136.
striga (Idiopus), 199.
strix (Oenospila), 179.

strongylus (Ctenocephalides), 85, 89, 287.
subangulata (HypephjTa), 188.
subfascia (Pachypasa), 105.
subfasciatus (Teracolus), 41.
sublineata (Olyra), 99.

— (Poecilocampa), 99.
siibmarginatus (Clarias), 71.
subrubida (Ziridava). 183.
subtractata (lodis), 181.
subtusumbrata (Diplodesma), 180.
subvittatus (Tribotropis), 208.
succornuta (Pyrrhorachis), 181.
sulcata (Mabuya), 120, 136.
sundevallii (Riopa), 119, 139.
surdus (Bufo), 145.

Suricata, 39.

suturalis (Euparius), 255.
swalius (Gerbillus). 44, 77.
swansoni (Ceratophyllus), 262.
sybiUa (Leggada), 80.
syngenis (Xenopsylla), 297.
Synosternus, 286.
Syntomis, 34, 42.

Tachyoryctes, .329.
taitanus (Bufo), 145.
talaseenis (Cleora), 198.
talis (Gymnognathus), 230, 240.
tamsi (Catoria), 186.

369

tandoensis (Philotherma), 98.

tangensis (Petersius), 66.

Taragama, 99, 100. 105.

Tarbophis, 119, 125.

tarsalis (Euparius), 259.

Tarsopsylla, 89.

Taterona, 47, 75, 79, 80.

tectonis (Charaxes), 32.3.

telegoni (Ceratophyllus), 267.

— (Delotelis) 267.

tellonus (Papilio). .319, ,S20.

Temnorhynchus, 45.

tempcratus (Diplodiacus), 171.

temporaria (Rana), 32.

tenuis (Gymnognatluis), 228, 235.

Teracolus, 22, 26, 41,62.

terasma (Tiinga), 309.

terinus (Callistopsyllus), 266.

tesellata (Xucras), 135.

Tetracha, 42.

tetrastigma (Barbus), 70.

Thagona. 165.

Thalassodes, 179.

Thalera, 180.

ThaUomys, 77.

Thaumapsylla, 290, 291.

thecla (Gymnognathus), 216, 217, 236.

Thelotornis, 118. 125.

thoracicvis (Euparius), 256.

tigrina (Genetta), 79.

Tilapia, 63, 72, 73.

togocnse (Riopa). 1.39.

tortus (Xcnopsylla), 286, 287, 297, 298.

torvus (Stivalius). 290.

torynccteta (Nadiasa), 103.

Trabala, 96.

Tradescantia, 43.

tranquilla (Hemithca), 180.

Tribotropis, 208, 209.

Tribulus, 21, 43.

Trichopisthia. 95, 109.

trimaculata (Lomograplia), 188.

triodonta (Odontocliciloptcryx), 98.

triaeriata (Rcmodes). 184.

triatigmaturus (Barbus), 70.

tristis (Piezocorvnus). 211.

tritonaria (Hcmitbea). 180.

trivittatus (Cordylosaurus), 120, 1,32.

Troidcs, 317-319.

tropicalis (Petroniys), 77.

Tropidcrinus, 206.

truncalia (Bnsitropia), 202.

tuborculatus (Opiaocrostis). 284.

tubcrculosus (Py.xicpphalua), 119, 142.

tullbcrgi (Praomys), 80.

Tunga, 87, 309, 310.

turneri (Honiodactylua). 129.

— (Pachydactylus), 119, 129.

Typ lopg, 40, 118-121.
typicus (Pctromy.s), 77.

ubalo (Petersius), 66.

Uegitglanis, 71.

Uliocnemis, 179.

ulvae (Peringia), 170, 171.

Uncifer, 201.

undata (Eremias), 120, 134.

undifera (Heinithea), 180.

— (Thalera), 180.
unitaeniatus (Barbus), 68-70.
Uranus (Papilio), 320.
ushoranus (Bufo), 145.
Usta. 27-29. 40, 42.

utelos (Dasychira), 163.
uzungwense (Lycophidion), 122.

vagabunda (Ceratophyllus), 262.

valida (Taterona), 80.

vanda (Gymnognathus), 219-221, 235.

Vanessa, 41.

Varanus, 24.

varia (Mabuia). 137, 138.

— (Mabuya), 119, 138.
variegatus (Bufo), 145.
variicornis (Gj-mnognathus), 240.
vatcs (Libyastus), 91.
velutina (Catephina), 3.37.

— (Lj'mantria), 168.
venata (Cadurca), 148.
veraria (Thalas.sodes). 179.
vernifera (Agatlua), 178.
versuta (Xenopsylla), 89.
vesta (Hemithea), 180.
vexabilis (Xenopsylla), 272.
vicinus (Gymnognathus), 231, 2.39.
vigens (Leptopsylla), 265, 266.
\'index (Hcmipepsis). 20, 41.
vinsoni (Choragus), 342.

\noIa (Dasycliira), 159.
virescens (Polyptychus), 56.
vistara (Ornithoptcra), 317.

— (Papilio), 317, 318.

— (Troides), 317, 318.
vittata (Cleora), 192.
vittatus (Tribotropis). 208, 209.
viticoUis (Gymnognathus), 218, 219, 236.

walkeri (Teracolus), 62.
wallcngrcni (Usta). 27-29, 40.
waterstoni (Ceratophyllus), 299, 304.

— (Orncaeus). 304.
webcri(Paehydactylus). 120, 130.
wellmani (Barbus), 68, 74.

— {Paehypa.sa), 106.
VVehvitsehia, 45.
wcnmanni (Xcopsylla), 285,

360

werneri (Pachydactylus), 130.
wickhami (Orchopeas), 284.
windhuki (Procavia), 33, 78.
woodwardi (Acanthopsylla), 6-9.

— (Ceratophylliis), 6.
woosnami (Micralestes), 66.

— (Petersius), 66.
wymanni (Catallagia), 267.

xanthoma (Marblepsis), 153.

— (Redoa), 1.53.
Xanthopan, 61.
Xanthorhoe, 181, 182.
Xanthospilopteryx, 58.
Xenocerus, 199.
Xenopomatichthys, 64, 65.

XenopsyUa, 23, 53, 83, 84, 89, 272, 286, 287, 292,

297, 298.
Xenopus, 23, 119, 145.

xenurus (Petersius), 66.
xestus (Prototropis), 340.
xipharea (Charaxes), 324.
xuthomene (Aclonophlebia), 152
xylinaria (Ziridava), 183.

zammaranoi (Uegitglanis), 71.
zena (Dasychira), 159.
zephyra (Rhaphiopliora), 59.
zethi (Pygiopsylla), 290.
Ziridava. 183.

zonobathra (Dasychira), 158.
Zonurus, 120, 133, 134.
zopheropa (Mallacampa), 111.
— (Metanastria), HI.
Zophosis, 37.
zostera (Cercaria), 171.
zuhiensis (Lepiis), 77, 78.
Zygaenodes, 201.

LEPIDOPTERA

COLLECTED BY THE

British Ornitholoirists' Union and Wollaston Expeditions in
the Snow IMountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea

WITH TWO COLOURED PLATES

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.

(LORD ROTHSCHILD)

PRICE : £1 5s. (lees 20% to Booksellers).

A REVISION OF THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAMILY

sphingidae:

By the Hon. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, Ph.D.,

AND

KARL JORDAN, M.A.L., Ph.D.

PRICE: JEIO (less 20% to Booksellers).

cjtxxv and 972 pages, with 67 Plates.

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