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WZll"^ Wltll H1UOC Wl -L^IOUHA*I o ^ivciw f< ^**» ..-„

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NUMISMATIC MANUAL.

" Les Medailles, qui sont les preuves de 1'histoire, nous la font comprendre avec autant de plaisir que d'utilite, et 1'histoire a son tour nous sert bicn souvent de commentaires, pour decouvrir le sens des inscriptions mysterieuses, que se rencontrent sur les medailles ; et ce secours reciproque oblige fort agr6- ablement de joindre des cabinets d'antiquitez au bibliothcques."

Patin, Hist, de Medailles.

A

NUMISMATIC MANUAL

JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F. S. A.

L'OHRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, HONORARY MEMBER

OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, AND ONE OF THE

HONORARY SECRETARIES OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON.

LONDON : TAYLOR & WALTON, 28, UPPER GOWER STREET,

BOOKSELLERS AND PUBLISHERS TO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. M.DCCC.XL.

F.ONDON:

I) BY J. WKRTHEIMBR AM) CO CIIICL'S PLACE, F1NSBUKY.

ALGERNON PERCY, BARON PRUDHOE,

OF PRUDHOE CASTLE IN THE COUNTY OF

NORTHUMBERLAND, CAPTAIN, R.N., F.R.S., F.S.A.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY, ETC., ETC., ETC.

THIS ATTEMPT TO FURNISH AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

ANCIENT AND MODERN COINS

MOST RESPECTFULLY

INSCRIBED.

PREFACE.

THE ready sale of a small and very imperfect work bearing the same title as the present, not only proves that an elemen- tary treatise is much wanted, but it also encourages the hope that a volume in an improved form, and of systematic arrange- ment, will be still more acceptable to the numismatic student.

The present work is divided into five parts. The First Part contains, together with elementary observations, a Geographical Classification, according to the system of Eckhel, of the Greek Coins of Cities and Princes, including those struck by various states while under the Roman dominion.

The Second Part treats of Roman Coins, and furnishes an accurate list of the Consular and Imperial Series, preceded by a concise introduction.

The Third Part comprises a summary account of our English Coinage, and a list of all the most remarkable examples.

The Fourth Part consists of a carefully arranged Catalogue of Anglo-Gallic Coins ; and the Fifth contains brief notices of Irish and Scotch Coins.

Vlll PREFACE.

With regard to the Illustrations, I earnestly hope that the method adopted will materially assist the younger student, and prove of some service to the more advanced numismatist.

I cannot dismiss this short notice, without expressing my acknowledgments .to those kind friends upon whose indulgence and patience I have so largely drawn.

To Thomas Burgon, Esq., one of the Vice-Presidents of the Numismatic Society, I am greatly indebted for many valuable hints in the compilation of the list of Greek Coins of Cities and Princes, derived from his intimate acquaintance with that extensive and important series.

To John Brumell, Esq., my thanks are especially due for assistance in the estimations of the rarity of Roman Imperial Coins, which long experience and the possession of a most choice cabinet so well qualify him to give.

To James Dodsley Cuff, Esq., F.S.A., I am under many obligations, for much information relative to English Coins, which great practical experience and a rare and valuable collection of Saxon and English coins have enabled him to communicate, more particularly for the estimations of their rarity, a subject of much importance to those who are desirous of acquiring a collection.

To Count Maurice Von Dietrichstein, Prefect of the Imperial

PREFACE. IX

Library of Vienna, my acknowledgements are due, for many marks of kindness with which he has honoured me, and especially for his recent present of a collection of casts of rare Imperial Greek Coins, preserved in that magnificent establishment.

From my friend, the Rev. J. B. Reade, F.R.S., I have at all times derived that information which good taste and scholarship are calculated to afford ; and from his small but select cabinet of Roman coins, I have obtained drawings of several interesting reverses in that series.

My thanks are also due to M. Adrien de Longperier, of the Bibliotheque du Roi, Paris, for his polite communication of several Notes on Anglo- Gallic Coins.

To John Lee, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., of Hartwell House, Bucks, I am indebted for access, on all occasions, to his cabinet of Greek Coins, to his extensive collection of Numismatic works, and for that assistance which he is so well known to render to those who are engaged in the study of history and antiquity.

To Edward Hawkins, Esq., F.R.S., and Charles Frederick Barnewell, Esq. ,F.R.S., I return my acknowledgments for their attention to repeated applications at the British Museum, for examples of the Greek and Roman types, which will be found represented in the various Plates illustrating this volume.

X PREFACE.

To Professor H. H. Wilson, F.R.S., I am indebted for a list of the Coins of Bactrian Princes, and for a copy of the Bactrian and Old Sanscrit Alphabets, which will be found in the Plates.

In conclusion, I have merely to observe, that I have throughout endeavoured to render the work as concise as possible, and that, although there are many points on which I might have dilated, I have considered it advisable to confine the volume within its present limits.

CONTENTS.

SECTION I.

GREEK COINS.

Origin of Coinage 1

Epochs of Coinage 4

Mythological Representations on

Coins 7

GREEK COINS.

Geographical Indications 13

Numerals 14

Dates ib.

Denominations 15

Titles 17

Inscriptions 19

Dedicated Coins ib.

Public Games 20

Archon 21

Scribe 23

Ephor — Praetor — Prytanis — Quaes- tor— Archiereus — lereus — leriac — Asiarchus Stephanephorus .. ib. Gymnasiarch— Panegyriarch— Ago- nothetos — Theologus — Hierom- nemon — Amphiction — Curator

— Sophist 25

Titles under the Roman dominion ib. Consul — Proconsul — Procurator . . 26

Neocoros ib.

Autonomous Cities 27

Free Cities ib.

Immunes ib.

Concord (omonoia) 28

Metropolis — Protos ib.

Asylum — Navarchidus ib.

Demi-gods, Heroes, &c 29

Epithets, and change of names of

Cities 30

Colonial Coins 32

Abbreviations 33

Rivers and Fountains 37

GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES 40

EUROPE.

Hispania 40

Gallia 46

Britannia ..47

Germania 48

Italia ib.

Sicilia 54

Kings, &c. of Sicilia 58

Chersonesus Taurica ib.

Sarmatia Europaea 59

Dacia ib.

Pannonia ib.

Moesia Superior ib.

Moesia Inferior ib.

Thracia 60

Chersonesus Thracia 61

Kings of Thracia 62

Liburnia 63

Dalmatia ib.

Illyricum ib.

Kings of Illyricum 64

Paeonia , ib.

Kings of Paeonia ib.

Macedonia ib.

Kings of Macedonia 66

Thessalia 67

Epirus 69

Kings of Epirus 70

Acarnania ib.

Aetolia 71

Locris ib.

Phocis ib.

Boeotia 72

Attica ib.

Achaia 73

Elis 74

Messenia 75

Laconia ib.

Kings of Lacedemonia 76

Argolis ib.

Arcadia ib.

Greta Insula 77

Euboea Insula 79

ASIA.

Bosphorus Cimmerius 81

Colchi ib.

Pontus ib.

Kings of Pontus, &c, 82

„ of the Bosphorus ib.

Paphlagonia 84

Xll

CONTENTS.

Kings of Paphlagonia 85

Bithynia ib.

Kings of Bithynia 86

Mysia 87

Troas 88

Aeolis 89

Ionia 90

Caria 92

Kings of Caria 94

Lycia ib.

Pamphylia 96

Pisidia ib.

Isauria 98

Lacaonia ib.

Cilicia ib.

Priests, &c. of Olba 100

Kings of Cilicia 101

Cyprus Insula ib.

Kings of Cyprus 102

Lydia ib.

Phrygia 105

Kings of Phrygia 108

Galatia ib.

Kings of Galatia 109

Cappadocia ib.

Kings of Cappadocia ib.

Armenia 110

Kings of Armenia ib.

Syria Ill

Kings of Syria ib.

Commagene 112

Kings of Commagene 113

Cyrrhestica ib.

Chalcidene ib.

Kings, &c. of Chalcidene ib.

Palmyrene 114

Seleucis Pieria ib.

Coelesyria 115

King of Damascus ib.

Trachonitis Ituraea 116

Decapolis ib.

Phoenice ib.

Galilaea 117

Samaria 118

Judaea ib.

Kings, &c. of Judaea 119

Arabia ib.

Mesopotamia 120

Kings of Edessa ib.

Babylonia 121

Kings of Babylonia ib.

Assyria ib.

Parthia ib.

Kings of Parthia ib.

Persia 123

Kings of Persia ib.

Bactriana 124

Kings of Bactriana ib.

Characene 125

Kings of Characene ib.

AFRICA.

Egypt 126

Kings of Egypt ib.

Coins of Roman Emperors

struck in Egypt 127

Coins of Egyptian Nomes 130

Libya 132

Marmarica ib.

Cyrenaica ib.

Kings of Cyrenaica 133

Syrtica ib.

Byzacene ib.

Zeugitana 134

Mauretania ib.

Numidia ib.

Kings of Numidia and Maure- tania... .. ib.

SECTION II.

ROMAN COINS.

The As, its divisions, &c 137, 170

Coinage of Silver 138

ofGold 139

Types of Consular Denarii ib.

Types and Legends of the Imperial

Series 140

Restored Coins 142

Portraits ib.

Surnames and Titles ib.

The Consular Office 114

The Proconsulates... .. 157

The Tribunitian power 157

Princeps Juventutis 1 60

Coins inscribed VOTIS ib.

S. C. (Senatus Consulto] 161

Exergual letters 162

Abbreviations 163

,, in the exergue 168

List of Coins of Roman Families 170 List of Coins of Roman Emperors, &c. from J. Caesar to Constan- tine Paleologus 178

CONTENTS.

Xlll

SECTION III.

ENGLISH COINS.

ANCIENT BRITISH COINS 213

Segonax 219

Boadicea ? ? ib.

Coins inscribed TASCIO 220

„ „ VER. &c ib.

„ ofCunobeline 221

Roman Coins relating to Britain 224

SAXON COINS.

Sceatta 227

Penny 228

Halfpenny ib.

Farthing ib.

Styca ib.

Pound, Mancus, &c 229

LIST OF SAXON COINS.

Kings of Kent.

Ethelberht 233

Ecgberht ib.

Ethilberht II 234

Eadbearht ib.

Cuthred ib.

Beldred ib.

Kings of the West Saxons.

Aethilward 235

Beorhtric ib.

Kings of Mercia.

Eadvald 235

Offa ib.

C enethreth 23 6

Ecgberht ib.

Coenvulf ib.

Ciolvulf 1 237

Beornwulf ib.

Ludica ib.

Berhtulf 238

Burgred ib.

Ceolvulf ib.

Kings of the East Angles.

Beonna 238

Eadmund 239

Aethelweard ib.

Ethelstan , , ib.

Kings of Northumberland.

Ecgfrid 240

Aldfrid ib.

Eadbert ib.

Alchred ib.

Elfwald ib.

Heardulf ib.

Eanred 240

Ethelred 241

Redulf. ib.

Osbercht ib.

Regnald ib.

Anlaf ib.

Eric 242

Saints.

St. Peter 242

St. Martin ib.

St. Edmund 243

Archbishops of Canterbury.

Jaenberht 243

Aethilheard ib.

Vulfred ib.

Ceolnoth 244

Ethered..... ib.

Plegmund ib.

Uncertain 245

Archbishops of York.

Eanbald 245

Vigmund ib .

Vulfhere ib.

Sole Monarchs.

Ecgbeorht 246

Ethelvulf ib.

Aethebald 247

Aethelbearht ib.

Aethelred ib.

Aelfred ib.

Eadweard 1 248

Aethelstan ib.

Eadmund 249

Eadred ib.

Eadwig ib.

Eadgar 250

Eadweard the Second ib.

Aethelred the Second ib.

Suein 251

Cnut ib.

Harold the First 252

Harthacnut ib.

Edward the Confessor ib.

Harold the Second 253

A Table of the Weights of English Silver Coins in Troy grains, from William the First to Elizabeth ... 254

Weights of English Gold Coins, from Henry the Third to Eliza- beth ... 255

XIV

CONTENTS.

A Table of the Standard Fineness of Silver Money, from the 28th of Edward the First to the 43d of Elizabeth 255

A Table of the Standard Fineness of Gold Money, from the 41st of Henry the Third to the 43rd of Elizabeth 256

ENGLISH COINS, FROM THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE FIRST TO ANNE.

Introductory Account 257

Coins of William the First ib.

Henry the Third ib.

Groat 258, 259, 261, 273

Gold Penny 259

Indenture with De Turnemire — 260

Counterfeit Sterlings 262

Abbey Pieces 263

Penny of Edward I. II. Ill 264

Gold Florin 267

„ Noble ib.

Side-faced Portrait 278

Arched Crown 279

George Noble 280

Debasement of the Coin 281

Farthing Tokens 292

Money of the Commonwealth. ... 296

Guineas, why so called 299

The great Recoinage, 1699 301

Queen Anne's farthings 303

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF ENGLISH COINS.

William the First 304

William the Second 305

Henry the First ib.

Stephen 306

Robert, Earl of Gloster? 306

Henry Bp. of Winchester? ib.

Eustace? 307

Stephen and Henry? ib.

Henry the Second ib.

Richard the First 308

John ib.

Henry the Third 309

Pennies of St. Paul 310

Edward the First ib.

Edward the Second 311

Edward the Third ib.

Richard the Second 312

Henry the Fourth 313

Henry the Fifth 314

Henry the Sixth 315

Edward the Fourth 317

Edward the Fifth 318

Richard the Third 319

Henry the Seventh 320

Henry the Eighth 322

Edward the Sixth 325

Mary 329

Philip and Mary 330

Elizabeth 331

James the First 334

Charles the First 337

Commonwealth 346

Cromwell 348

Charles the Second 349

James the Second 353

William and Mary 354

William 356

Anne 357

Mint Marks from Henry the Third

to Charles the Second 359

SECTION IV.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

Introductory account 367

DESCRIPTIVE LIST.

Henry the Second 371

Aleonor ib.

Richard the First 372

John ib.

Edward the First ib.

Edward I. II. III.? 374

Edward the Third. .. .. ib.

Edward the Black Prince 380

John of Ghent 383

Henry Duke of Lancaster 384

Richard the Second 385

Henry the Fourth 386

Henry the Fifth 387

Henry the Sixth 389

Henry IV. V. VI. ? 390

Perkin Warbeck 391

Henry the Eighth ib.

SECTION V.

IRISH AND SCOTCH COINS.

Irish Coins 395

Scotch Coins.... .. 400

Explanation of the Abbreviations. . . . 404

Description of the Plates 405

Wood-cuts 418

SECTION I.

GREEK COINS.

" Observandum deinde, non modo in Graecia, quam propriam appellamus, sed etiam in plerisque terris aliis, quas Graeci incoluere, hoc aevo operis mone- tarii artem fuisse absolutissimam. Omitto Graeciam Magnam, Siciliamque, felices, ut satis constat, artium omnium exercitiorumque aemulas, quas Graecia propria mater invenit, excoluitque. At fuere regiones, ut Thracia, Bithynia, Caria, Insulae ^Egaei, &c., quarum ad artes liberales ingenium vix unquam a veteribus fuit celebratum, quin fuere etiam, et in ipsa quidem Graecia, populi, ut Boeoti et Arcades, quorum quidam stupor, et obstulior mentis acies in pro- verbium ivere. Tamen quanta fuerit has per terras, populosque artis pictorise perfectio, superstites eorum numi palam eloquxmtur." — ECKHEL, Prol. General. Doct. Num. Vet. Vol. I. p. cxxxix.

NUMISMATIC MANUAL.

ORIGIN OF COINAGE.

A* OY <f>..AQN O APrEIOS....E2KEYASE KAI NOMISMA APPYPOYN EN AiriNH EHOIHSEN ENAEKATO2 QN A* HPAKAEOY2.

Ex quo Phidon Argivus apparavit, et numum argenteum

in Aegina signavit, undecimus ab Hercule.

ECKHEL cannot suppress a sneer as he glances at the crude theories of some writers on the origin of coinage1, which, notwithstanding the words of the Arundelian marble above quoted, is involved in much obscurity. Among the Greeks there existed a tradition, that Phidon, the Argive, was the inventor of weights and measures, and the first who stamped coins ; but it is well known that certain ancient writers are not of this opinion. Herodotus2 says, that the Lydians first coined money of gold and silver ; and some of our modern numismatists are inclined to believe, that the money with the type of the tortoise is not the earliest. " Many cities of anti- quity," observes M. Hennin, " claimed the honour of giving

1 Prolegomena Generalia, part vi. cap. 3. " Lib. i. c. 94.

B

2 ORIGIN OF COINAGE.

birth to Homer; and it was natural that the invention of coinage should also be disputed.1 "

The coins which, by universal consent, are allowed to be most ancient, have on one side a cavity or indentation; and those assigned to the Island of -^Egina are thus distinguished, and placed among the earliest examples. The type of these coins is a turtle or a tortoise, the reverse being merely an indented square divided into segments. Others of a later period have letters and symbols within the square.8

Those who have industriously sought for proofs of a stamped coinage before the times to which these coins may be referred, may, perhaps, have their doubts removed by the following observations of one our best informed and most sensible numismatists : " As the act of impressing a seal or signet was an understood sign of solemn compact, from the most early periods ; and as engraved seals and signets \vere undoubtedly in general use long anterior to the invention of coinage, it appears highly probable, that the original idea of impressing a stamp on the uncoined lumps of gold and silver was derived from the common application of a seal to wax. The earliest coins may be therefore looked upon as pieces of sealed metal; which in fact they are, it being well known that, at first, coins were impressed only on one side. No device that could be imagined, was so well adapted to the peculiar necessity of the case, or so likely to satisfy the public mind, as the im- press, by public authority, of the symbol of the tutelar divinity

1 Manuel de Numismatique, tome i. p. 16.

aThe Abbe Barthelemy's dissertation on a coin of Boeotia bearing the magis- trate's name *IAO, was a lamentable waste of time and learning. See the Memoirs of the French Academy, vol. xxvi. p. 543.

ORIGIN OF COINAGE. 3

of their city; or some equally sacred and well-known emblem : and, even with respect to the inhabitants of distant cities to which the coin might be carried for purposes of com- merce, the common reverence for the gods which was univer- sally entertained, as well as for the sacred games and festivals instituted in their honour, would render sacred symbols not only grateful to their feelings, but would have the great additional advantage of speaking a language universally intel- ligible." *

The necessity of stamped coins in large empires was, per- haps, not experienced, as in the case of the Egyptians, whose circulating medium, as appears by the paintings which have descended to us, consisted of metal rings ; but in smaller states, having commercial relations with each other, the want of an authorised and acknowledged currency was supplied by means at once natural and ample.

It may here be mentioned, that some writers have cited ancient coins bearing the heads of Homer, Pythagoras, Numa, Ancus, and other personages of antiquity, as proofs of the existence of a coinage in their time. Coins certainly exist with such portraits, and some of them in considerable num- bers ; for instance, that of Ancus on the denarii of the Marcia family, who boasted their descent from that prince. The peo- ple of Smyrna, and those of other cities, who claimed Homer as their countryman, placed his portrait on their coins : but this was done long after the age in which he is said to have flourished; a fact which is shown by the circumstance of the place of his birth being so much disputed. As none but the most sacred objects were depicted on the coins of the ancients, these portraits of their illustrious personages furnish interest- ing evidence of the high veneration in which they were held.

As regards the antiquity of Grecian coinage, we have the most certain evidence that it had attained some degree of excellence in the reign of Alexander I., King of Mace- don, 497 to 454 B. c., of whom we have authentic coins,

1 " An Inquiry into the Motive which influenced the Ancients in their Choice of the various Representations which we find stamped on their Money." By Thomas Burgon, Esq. Numismatic Journal, vol. i.

4 ORIGIN OF COINAGE.

exhibiting the indented square j1 a mark which does not dis- appear until the reign of Amyntas II., who reigned from 397 to 371 B. c. Of this monarch we have coins, both with and without the indented square.2 Plutarch3 informs us, that Lycurgus substituted copper money for that of gold and silver current in Lacedemonia ; from which we learn, that gold and silver coins were current nine centuries before the Christian era. " This statement," observes M. Hennin,4 " requires au- thentication, for, in a passage in the Eryxias, a dialogue attributed to Plato, the Lacedemonians are said to have used iron weights as money. M. Hennin justly supposes, that Plu- tarch meant uncoined gold and silver, and not stamped money. Proceeding downward, we discover more authentic notices of a stamped currency among the Greeks. In the laws of Solon, six centuries B. c., the punishment of death is awarded to those who shall be found guilty of counterfeiting the public coin, a fact which justifies the remark of Neumann,5 that the art of forging was almost coeval with the coining of money.

The coinage of the ancients has been classed under six epochs, as follows : —

I. — The earliest coinage, from the time of Phidon down to the reign of Alexander I. of Macedon, who died about the year 454 B. c., a period of two hundred years,6 the invention of coinage being assigned to the seventh century B. c. These coins are characterised by an early style. M. Hennin remarks, that they are uncommon ; but they have certainly descended to us in great numbers, particularly those of JEgina, a very surprising fact, considering their remote antiquity.7

II. — Coins struck from the reign of Alexander I., to that of Philip, father of Alexander the Great, a period of one

1 Mionnet. Descrip., tome i. p. 505. 2 Ibid. p. 508. 3 In Lycurg. 4 Manuel de Numismatique, tome i. p. 18. * Romanorum Numi Anecdoti, p. 197.

6 Eckhel Proleg. General, p. cxxxii.

7 A naval friend, some years since, while at Rio, received, as the change of a Spanish dollar, several small pieces of silver, among which was one of these coins. A circumstance quite as singular, was related to me by the late Mr. Douce, who, when at Nismes (the ancient Nemausus), many years since, received, as sous pieces, on several occasions, the well-known coins of that city, with the type of the crocodile chained to a palm tree. These facts are mentioned, merely to show the imperishable nature of such records.

ORIGIN OF COINAGE. 5

hundred years. A manifest improvement is visible in the coins included in this class.

III. — Coins struck from the last-mentioned period to the end of the Roman Republic, and the accession of Augustus.

IV. — Those which were struck from the time of Augustus to the end of the reign of Hadrian. It might be proper to add those of Antoninus Pius and his successors to this class.

V. — In the fifth class are included the coins struck from the time of the above-mentioned emperor to the reign of Gallienus. Considering the style of art during this period, this class should be subdivided.

VI. — Coins from Gallienus to the taking of Constantinople, and the extinction of the Empire of the East. This class, also, should be subdivided.

The coins of the first class are characterised by their early fabric, globulous shape,1 and that certain mark of antiquity, the indented square in its primitive form.2 Many are without legends ; and when legends do occur, they are of the simplest description, retrograde, or boustrophedon, the characters par- taking of the most ancient style.3 The coins, the types of which, on one side, are indented, and on the other, in relief, are ranged with this class.4

In the coins of the second class, great improvement is evi- dent, in the shape of the metal, and in the striking of the piece ; but more especially in the workmanship of the type. The indented square gives place to a perfect reverse, except in some few instances, where it may have been retained in reverence for the ancient method. In this class are included the finest specimens of Greek art.

In those of the third class may be traced an improvement in the form of the characters; the legends are given at full length, with the addition of monograms and dates.

In the fourth class are comprised many varieties. To this

1 The drachms of yEgina were called by the Greeks Tra-^siai, or thick.

2 See Hunter, tab. 66, and Sestini Descrizione Degli Stateri Antichi, tab. i.&ii. and iv. to viii.

3 See Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. vol. i. p. xcvii. Plate 31 of Mionnet's Descrip- tion de Medailles Antiques ; and the plates to this volume.

4 See those of Posidonia and Metapontum.

6 ORIGIN OF COINAGE.

belong the extensive series termed Greek Imperial and Colonial, some of which are of fine execution, but the principal part indicate a melancholy decline in Greek art.1 Many cities dur- ing this period yielded their rights to the Roman power, and the number of autonomous coins was considerably diminished. The Roman coins ranged in this class are of great interest, and many of them of considerable beauty.

In the fifth class may be observed a gradual declension, both in style and execution ; although, in the coins of some reigns, workmanship of a superior character may occasionally be traced.2

In the sixth class are comprised the coins of nearly twelve hundred years. With few exceptions, their devices are rude, and, to many, uninteresting; and their legends of wearying sameness.3 The greater part of this series bear on one side the seated figure of our Saviour ; and on the other the barba- rously executed figures of the emperors of the East, at full length, sometimes attended by their partners in the empire, and occasionally in company with their wives and children. Yet, to those who love to trace, by means of coeval monuments, the progress or decline of art, even the coins of this rude and uncouth series will not be without their interest; for the Byzantine style may be traced in the much later works of the artists of Italy. In the earliest paintings of the Italian school, it is easy to perceive the rigid outline in the human figure, and the elaborate arrangement of the draperies which charac- terise the age of the Paleologi.4

1 These coins, however, in one respect, are of infinite value and interest, as will be noticed hereafter.

2 It is remarkable that, among the numerous beautiful Greek coins, there is but one which we are certain bears the name of the artist, Nevantus, NEVANTO2 EHOEI (the Doric for EIIOIEn, namely, a coin of Cydonia in Crete. SeeEckhel, Doct. A"M»J. ret., vol. ii. page 309. Pliny has given the names of several en- gravers of gems, but mentions no engravers of dies for coins. The elegant silver medallions of Syracuse bear the name KIMQN beneath the bust, which may possibly be that of the artist.

3 These coins, notwithstanding their barbarous execution, served as models for several European states : in Venice and Sicily especially they were servilely imitated.

4 The series of Byzantine coins has been ably illustrated by M. de Saulcy in his work entitled " BlMJ de Clasairicntion (&' Suites Mountain's, Byzantine." 8vo. Metz, 1836, and a 4to. volume of Plates, executed with extraordinary fidelity and beauty.

MYTHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS ON GREEK AND ROMAN COINS.

THE deities of the Greeks and Romans appear so frequently on their coins, that a description of some of them may be found useful to the tyro.

JUPITER. The head of this deity appears on many Greek coins, and may be recognized by the laurel-wreath,1 venerable aspect, and flowing beard. On the reverse of many regal Greek coins, he is figured seated in a chair, holding the hasta-pura in his left hand, and an eagle in his right Some- times, instead of an eagle, he holds a small figure of Victory. On coins of Athens, he appears on foot, launching a thunder- bolt. On coins of Seleucia, Jupiter is represented under the most ancient form, namely, a large stone or rock.2

SATURN is not often found on Greek coins. He appears on those of the Roman families, Calpurnia, Postumia, and Ser- vilia. His attribute is a sickle; hence Ovid calls \\imfalcifer.

NEPTUNE is figured on many Greek and Roman coins. On those of Posidonia he stands erect, and launches a trident. On a coin of Hadrian, he holds the acrostolium, and rests his foot on the prow of a vessel.

APOLLO. The head of this deity occurs on the gold coins of Philip of Macedon, and on the coins of numerous Greek

1 Jupiter Dodonaeus wears an oaken wreath on the coins of Alexander, King of Epirus.

5 See a Dissertation on the Stone Worship of the Ancients in the second volume of the Numismatic Journal, p. 216.

8 MYTHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS.

cities. His face is beardless, and his head laureated. When represented as the Sun, as on the coins of Rhodes, his head is surrounded by rays. On some Roman coins, he appears in a female habit.

MARS occurs but seldom on Greek coins, though very fre- quently in the Roman series, where he is represented march- ing naked with a spear in his hand, and a trophy on his shoulder. On a coin of Corfinum, the Italian chiefs stand before an erect spear, the symbol of this deity.1

MERCURY may be easily recognised by his attributes. He appears on an elegant coin of Marcus Aurelius in second brass, with the legend PIETATI • AVG.

ESCULAPIUS is generally figured at full length with a long bushy beard, and leaning on his club, round which a serpent is entwined. Sometimes he appears with Hygeia and Teles- phorus. On a brass coin of Caracalla he is represented with the latter standing by his side enveloped in a mantle and peaked hood.

BACCHUS may be known by the thyrsus and crown of ivy and vine leaves. His bust appears on many Greek coins. When figured at full-length, he holds the thyrsus and cantha- rus. On some imperial Greek coins, he appears in a chariot drawn by centaurs.

SERAPIS. The head of this deity is surmounted by the modius. It is found on some of the coins of Sicily, but more frequently on those of Alexandria in Egypt, upon some of which he appears as the Egyptian Pluto, in company with Cerberus.

HERCULES appears on the coins of many Greek cities, His head, covered with the lion's skin, is found on most of the silver coins of Alexander the Great. When depicted as the young Hercules, he is without beard, and with short curly hair. Hercules Bibax is figured on the coins of Smyrna, holding the scyphus2 in his right hand.

1 Millingen, Sylloge, p. 7.

a Scyphus Herculis poculum est, ita ut Liberi Patris cantharus. Herculem vero fictores veteres non sine causa cum pocula fecerunt. Macrobius, Sat. lib. v. c. 21.

ON GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 9

HARPOCRATES may be known by his finger placed on his mouth. He sometimes holds the sistrum, and sits on the lotus flower. His bust occurs on a small brass Egyptian coin of Hadrian, with the name of the Nome Prosopites.

APIS is represented as a bull, with a star above his head, on the brass coins of Julian the Apostate.

CANOPUS is represented on Egyptian coins as a vase, sur- mounted by a human head.1

CASTOR AND POLLUX appear, on both Greek and Roman coins, on horseback, with a star above the head of each. Their bonnets are often represented on coins, surmounted by the same symbols. On the consular series, they are figured on horseback, riding at full speed, with levelled lances.

PAN may always be recognised by his horns and ears. His head is found on the coins of the Vibia family.

ANUBIS is represented with a dog's head, on coins supposed to have been struck in the reign of Julian the Apostate.

ATIS may be known by his Phrygian bonnet.

CUPID appears on the coins of Antiochus VII. of Syria. . LUNUS. This deity is represented on a coin of Sept. Severus, struck in Antiochia. He wears the Phrygian bonnet; his head is backed by a crescent, and a cock stands at his feet.2

VULCAN is figured, with his attributes, on the coins of Lipara, Athens, and Aeserna.

BONUS EVENTUS is figured on several Roman coins as a youthful naked male figure, holding a patera and ears of corn.

JUNO may be recognised by the peacock. She sometimes holds the hasta-pura. When represented as Juno Pronuba, as on the coins of Samos, she is covered with a long veil reaching to her feet. Juno Sospita has a buckler and spear ; and her head is covered by a goat's skin. See the coins of the families Cornuficia and Mettia, and the brass of Antoninus.

DIANA. This goddess may be known by her usual attri- butes. When represented as the Ephesian Diana, she appears like a mummy case, with her hands outstretched, each resting on a trident reversed.

1 Zoega, tab. 3, fig. 8. * Frolich, Quatuor Tent., p. %.

c

10 MYTHOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS

MINERVA. The head of this goddess occurs on the gold coins of Alexander the Great. On numerous Roman coins she is represented with her well-known attributes.

VENUS is found on many Roman coins. On those of Faus- tina she is clothed ; on those of Donma, naked, and leaning on a cippus, with the apple in her right hand. Venus Victrix sometimes appears holding a small figure of Victory and the hasta. On coins of Cyprus, Venus is represented under the figure of a cone-shaped stone, as on the coin the reverse of which is represented above.

CYBELE wears a turreted crown, and is sometimes drawn by lions. On coins of Greek cities, she appears riding on a lion,1 and sometimes seated in a chair between two lions.

CERES may be recognised by her wheaten crown. She ap- pears on the coins of Sicily.

VICTORY is most commonly represented winged, holding a palm-branch and a wreath ; sometimes standing on the prow of a vessel ; and often carrying, or crowning, a trophy.2 She is figured on numerous Greek and Roman coins. Nike Apteros is without wings.

Isis appears on many Greek coins, particularly on those of the Emperors, struck at Alexandria in Egypt. Her head is surmounted by the flower of the lotus. On several coins of Alexandria, Isis-Pharia holds the sail of a vessel.

NEMESIS may be known by the wheel at her feet. She ap- pears on many of the coins of Smyrna. Sometimes she is vetted, as on a coin of Caracalla struck at Samos.3 A coin of Macrinus, struck at Cyzicus, has Nemesis with a turreted crown.

ASTARTE, an important deity in the cities of Phoenicia, appears on coins of Byblus, crowned with a mural crown, holding a long staff surmounted by a cross, and resting her foot on the prow of a galley. On coins of Tyre and Sidon, she is figured as a bust, with a radiated head, placed on a car.

There are also many other representations of ideal per- sonages, such as Security in a chair, or leaning on a column ;

1 On denarii of Severus and his family, she is thus represented. 3 NI'KJJ Tpoirato<popoQ. 3 Mionnet, tome v. p. 287.

ON GREEK AND ROMAN COINS. 11

Eternity, with a globe; Justice (^quitas) with the scales; Moneta with scales and cornucopias ; Hope walking, holding up her gar- ments, and holding forth a bud ; Fortune, with her rudder and cornucopiae; Liberty, holding the freedman's cap, and the hasta ; Felicity, with a long caduceus ; Peace with an olive- branch ; Piety sacrificing ; Abundantia emptying a cornucopia ; Fecunditas with her children ; Concord, with patera and cornu- copia, seated in a chair : Pudicitia veiled ; and Virtus repre- sented by an armed figure, with spear and shield.

River gods are generally figured seated on the ground, holding a bulrush, and supporting an urn, from which water escapes. On coins of Antioch, and other cities, the river is personified as a naked figure swimming at the feet of a female crowned with towers seated on a rock.

The consecration of an Emperor is generally denoted by the legend on the reverse, CONSECRATIO, the funeral pile, and the eagle. The coins with this type have the head of the Emperor bare, and the title Divus.

The Thensa, Carpentum, or divine car, denotes the conse- cration of an Empress, as on the coins of Agrippina. The peacock is also the symbol of consecration, and is sometimes represented bearing the Empress aloft. The ceremonies observed at the consecration of an emperor are detailed by Herodian.1 The canonisation of saints, in after-times, is sup- posed to have been derived from this custom.2

This subject might be greatly enlarged upon, but enough has been said to answer the purpose intended,

1 Lib. iv. a Num. Journal, Vol. I. p. 124.

GREEK COINS.

IN the types of some of the earliest Greek coins, we find a spirit and boldness, both in design and execution, with which many of the more elaborate productions of modern times will not bear comparison. The rude, and often mis-shapen lump of silver upon which these types are impressed, contrasts most singularly with the wonderful freedom and spirit of the design. Armour, weapons, animals, plants, utensils, and the most graceful representations of the human figure, appear in infinite and astonishing variety within a space so circumscribed, that the artists of antiquity would seem to have sometimes vied with each other in the production of the most striking repre- sentations within the smallest possible limits.

Among the Greek coins most remarkable for their singu- larity and beauty, may be noticed those of Heraclea, upon which Hercules is represented destroying the Nemsean lion. A specimen of this beautiful piece, in the collection of the British Museum, is in singularly fine preservation. On the minute coins of Tarentum, the Infant Hercules is represented strangling the serpents ; on another he is figured hugging the lion in his arms. The beauty of the Sicilian coins, and of the Syracusan Medallion, is acknowledged by all who are acquainted with ancient art. This charming work, though frequently to be found in collections of Greek coins, maintains a high price, and is justly valued as one of the finest medallic remains of the ancients.

GREEK COINS. 13

Many coins of the Greek monarchs are of exquisite work- manship, particularly those of Macedon, Sicily, and Syria.1

That Greek coins as works of art, have been, and still are, the admiration of the most eminent artists, is a fact too well known to need further remark. But it is not in this respect alone that they are prized by the learned and curious. As records of the customs, ceremonies, and superstitions of a people, the very sites of whose cities are, in some instances, matters of doubt and dispute ; as memorials of illustrious men, whose portraits are presented to us in a manner that forbids the most sceptical to gainsay their accuracy ; as interesting and striking illustrations of ancient geography ; and as indications of the wealth, magnitude, and importance of the numerous cities in which they were struck, the coins of Greece may take precedence of all other ancient monuments.

Geographical ) Let us, however, by reference to a few particular indications. $ examples, show that these are not mere assertions. On coins of Csesarea in Cappadocia, we find the legend IIP APr or T- IIP • APFAIHN (rwv irpos Apycuwv) i. e. Csesarea under Mount Argceus. On those of Heliopolis, in Ccelesyria, IIPOS AIBANON, under Mount Libanus. On the coins of Antioch in Syria, TiiN • EPOS • AAONHI. Those of Prusias in Bithynia, and Laodicsea in Syria, bear OPOS • 6AAASSH,or 0AAA3SAN, to distinguish them from other cities of the same name. Rivers and fountains, and sacred localities, are frequently mentioned on Greek coins; and, in some instances, serve to correct the errors of ancient writers.2 Others denote the division of provinces by ANQ and KATA. Many boast the proud title of NEHKOPOS, and record the celebration of games and festivals in honour of the emperors. We have, also, numerous examples of the concord existing between the cities of antiquity in the occurrence of the word OMONOIA, and

1 Eckhel, Doct. Num, Vet., vol. iv., c. x. De Mentione Situs, fyc.

3 Take, as an example, the coins of Caesarea in Commagene, with the legend KAICAPIAC ' TEPMANIKHC. Stephanus, Ptolemy, and Theodoret, speak of Germanicia and Csesarea as distinct cities ; but these coins show that Ger- manicia is the distinguishing name. The greater part of these coins belong to the series termed " Imperial Greek,"

14 GREEK COINS.

records of the various magistrates.1 Several cities of Greece boasted the title NAYAPXIAOS, which is often found inscribed on their coins,2 together with other distinctions, whether con- ferred upon them by the Emperors, or claimed by ancient right.3 Besides these, there is much information to be derived from

THE NUMERALS ON GREEK COINS.

THE MONADES ARE :

ABTAE^ZHe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G. 7. 8. 9.

THE DECADES:

I K A M N & O H cl 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90.

THE CENTENARII :

P2TY<&X^a^

100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. 900.

Each character stands for itself, thus : AKX signifies 624, which may be read either way. The ty, £1, and ^ are not found on coins, there being no epoch corresponding with so high a number. X occurs but rarely, and is found on the coins of Rhescuporis the Fifth, King of the Bosphorus.

Dates i ^^e era °f Pontus and the Bosphorus, commences J with the year of Rome 457, or 296 years before Christ. The Egyptian era commences with the reign of Ptolemy I. The Seleucidan era dates . . .312 years B.C. The Augustan or Actian era dates . 31 years B.C. The Pompeian era dates .... 63 years B.C. The Caesarean era dates . . . 47 or 48 years B.C.

Sometimes the date is expressed thus : ETOYS • AZ (year 37), but more frequently in a contracted form, ET, or ETO. On the coins of Alexandria, we find the word AYKABANTOS, in- stead of ETOYS ; AvKafiavTa being an ancient term for year among the Greeks, as noticed by Macrobius.4 On many

1 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. iv. p. 157. 2 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 309.

3 See the list of Contractions on Greek Coins. 4 Saturnalia, lib. i. c. 17.

GREEK COINS. 15

coins, the initial letter only is given, which, instead of the Greek character A, is an L. Eckhel sagaciously accounts for this. He observes, that the A signifies as a numeral, 30, and that, placed before S thus, AS, the two characters would stand for the year 230. By using L, which is the more ancient form of the Greek Lambda, the possibility of any misinterpretation is at once removed.1 Numerous coins of Alexandria in Egypt bear the date thus : LA, i. e. AvKa£avroe A (year one).

Denomi-1 Among the Greeks, the monetary unit was the nations. J Drachma. Its multiples and divisions were as follow : —

Multiples. Divisions.

The Didrachmum . 2 drachms. The Tetrobolus . . 4 Oboli. Tridrachmum . 3 „ Triobolus . . 3 „

Tetradrachmum 4 „ Diobolus ... 2 „

Pentadrachraum 5 Obolus.

10 „

Tetartobolus . . £ „

Of all these coins examples are extant. Of the copper of the Greeks, we have the Obolus, Diobolus, Triobolus, Tetrobolus, Hemiobolus, and Tetartobolus, besides the Chalcus,2 and other minute pieces, probably of less denomina- tion, being parts of the chalcus. Under the Roman yoke, the Greeks adopted the word Aowtpiov (de assis).

The gold coins of the Greeks were the Stater, the Double Stater, the Half Stater, and the Quarter Stater. The gold stater was equal in weight to two silver drachms, and in value to twenty. The silver stater contained four drachms, and was

1 For the other, and less usual, method of placing the dates on coins, see Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. iv. p. 395.

2 The Chalcus was the earliest Greek copper coin, and is supposed to have been first struck in the time of the Peloponnesian war. Athenseus says, that the poet Dionysius was called the "the brazen orator," because he persuaded the Athenians to have brass money. That it was at the first a coin of small deno- mination, we may learn from Demosthenes, who, in speaking of a thing of little value, uses the phrase " not worth a chalcus." The information derived from Pollux, Hesychius, Suidas, and others, respecting the divisions of the chalcus, is most unsatisfactory.

16 GREEK COINS.

equal in value to 3s. 3d. of our money. The learned Abbate Sestini has devoted one of his works to the subject of the staters of antiquity,1 the existence of which, as actual coins, was questioned by Eckhel.2

Some Greek coins bear their denominations thus : —

AIAPAXMON or AlAPAFMON . On a silver coin of Nero struck

at Csesarea in Cappadocia; also on the brass of Rhodes.

APAXMH or APAFMH . . . On silver of Nero struck at Ephe-

sus.

APAXMA On autonomous brass of Byzan- tium.

ACCAPIA (TPIA and AYli) . . On autonomous brass of Chios.

ACCAPION On the same.

TPIiiBOAO On autonomous brass of Samo-

thrace.

OBOAOS On brass of Chios and Metapon-

tum.

HMIOBGAIN (sic) AIFION . . On autonomous brass of Aegium

in Achaia.

TGTPAXAAKON On autonomous brass of Chios.

AiXAAKON On the same.

XAA or XAAKOYD . . . .On autonomous brass of Antioch

in Syria.

The Jewish Shekel,3 and its divisions, bear their name and denominations in Samaritan characters, thus : — shekel of Israel; ZlP^ flr-fil^, half shekel; quarter shekel*

1 Descrizione Degli Stateri Antichi, Illustrati con le Medaglie, Firenze, 4to. MDCCCXVII. 2 Doct. Num. Vet. vol. ii. p. 535.

3 It may be proper to mention, that these shekels are of a much later period than is supposed by some of the early numismatic writers. They bear Samaritan characters: all those with Hebrew letters are modern forgeries. The genuine Hebrew shekel often bears the legend, rJMJ^0^^ ^JTrZ^t^fiT *• e* Jerusalem the Holy, of which our engraved specimen is an example. The cha- racters of printed Samaritan, as may be observed, materially differ in figure from those on the coins, which are very irregularly formed.

4 See Mionnet, Descript. de Medailles Antiques, tome vi. p. 560. The plates in the seventh volume of this work are most interesting and valuable.

CHEEK COINS.

17

} In the earlier times, the inscriptions on regal and civic "S> J coins were brief and modest ; but, at a later period, the most extravagant titles were assumed and blazoned on the money of the Greeks : thus, the coins of Alexander the Great bear merely AAE^ANAPOY or AAE#ANAPOY • BASIAEftS, while some of the Syrian monarchs assumed every high-sounding and vain-glorious title. Among these, the list on the coins of Antiochus XII. is the most extraordinary: BASIAEftS ANTIOXOY ' AIONYSOY • EIIIfcANOYS • fclAOIIATOPOS KAAINIKOY. On others we find, BASIAEOS • BASIAEflN ; 6EOY; and, on coins of Cleopatra, 9EA • NEWTEPA. Some cities assumed high-sounding titles ; we find, on coins of Ephesus, €*€CIQN • A • NGOKOPw*/ • H • HPilTH • IIACflN KAI • M6riCTH. The servile and degenerate Greeks, who, in the science of flattery, surpassed all other nations, showered the most fulsome compliments on several of the Roman tyrants, Commodus and Severus especially : on a coin of the latter is the inscription : C8OYHPOY • BACIAeYONTOC • O KOCMOC • GYTYXei.

The titles borne by various Greek Princes are as follow : —

AYTOKPATOP... Absolute Sovereign. On coins of the Syrian

monarch, Triphon, and the Parthian king,

Arsaces IX. KAAAINIKOS ...Conqueror. By Demetrius III., Antiochus XII.

and XIII., Mithridates, King of Armenia, &c.

Hercules was thus styled.

18

GREEK COINS.

6EOS God. By Demetrius II. & III., and Antiochus IV.,

and by the Ptolemies.

0EA Goddess. By Cleopatra, whose coins, as before- mentioned, bear the title of 0GA • NGWTePA, the new Goddess.

AIKAIOS Just. Common on the coins of the Parthian kings.

AIONY2OS Bacchus. On coins of Antiochus VI. and XII.

of Syria.

EIIIfcANHS Illustrious. Borne by Nicomedes II. and IV.,

Ariarathes of Cappadocia ; by the Syrian kings, Antiochus IV., VI., VIIL, IX., XI., XII., and XIII., Alexander I., Seleucus VI., &c.

EYEPFETHS Benefactor. To this title our Lord alludes in his

address to the apostles.1 It is found on the coins of Mithridates V., of Pontus, Pylaemenes of Paphlagonia, Demetrius III., Antiochus VII., and Alexander I. ; on those of the Parthian kings, and Ptolemy III.

EYHATOP Nolly lorn. By Mithridates VI., of Pontus,

Antiochus V., and by the Parthian monarchs.

EYSEBHS Pious. By Ariarathes and Ariobarzanes, kings of

Cappadocia ; and by Antiochus X. of Syria.

NIKATilP Victor. By Demetrius II. and Seleucus VI. of

Syria, and by the Parthian kings.

NIKH$OPO2 ....Gaining Victory. By Antiochus IV. and Alex- ander I. of Syria, and by several of the Bactrian kings.2

<&I A AAEAfcOS... Having fraternal affection. By Ariarathes X., Demetrius II., Antiochus XI., and Philippus of Syria; lotape of Commagene, and by Ptolemy II.

4>1AEAAHN Lover of the Greeks. By Aretas of Damascus,

and by the Parthian kings.

*IAOKAISAP ...Lover of Ccesar. By Agrippa I. of Judaea,

<MAOKAAYAIOS...Zoi;er of Claudius. By Herodes, king of Chal-

cedene.

&IAOMET&P ....Lover of his Mother. By Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, Demetrius III. of Syria, and by Ptolemy VI.

1 Luke xxii. 25 — Kai oi tZovena£ovrie avr&v EYEPTETAI KaXovvrai. Numismatic Journal, Vol. II. p. 178-9.

GREEK COINS. 19

<WAOIIATPIS ...... Lover of his Country. By Archelaus, king of

Cappadocia. $1 AGITATO? ...... Lover of his Father. By Ariobarzanes II.,

Demetrius III., Seleucus IV., Antiochus IX.,

X., XII., and XIII., and by Arsaces IX., and

Ptolemy IV. $IAOP£1MAIOS ...Lover of the Romans. By Ariobarzanes I. & III.,

of Cappadocia, and by Mannus, king of

Edessa. 2HTHP ............... Saviour. By Antiochus I. and III., by the

kings of Bactriana,1 and by the Egyptian

monarchs, Ptolemy I. and VIII. 6EOSEBHS ......... Worshipper of the Gods. By Sanies, king of

Armenia. eEOIIATOP ...... ...Sprung from a Divine Parent. By Alexander I.

of Syria, and by the Parthian kings.2

inscrip- 7 The form and style of the letters on early Greek

tions. ^ coins are curious and interesting. On some, the

legend is retrograde, AT3M for Metapontum; QC| © f°r

Crotona; 30 £ for Athenae ; NOIAMY>| for Cuma. On others it is boustrophedon, or oxturning-wise^ thus: —

AKPAC SOTNA

j- Agrigentum in Sicily.

EMIQMlMessanainSicily.

It is said that the laws of Solon were thus written ; and Pausanias3 describes the chest of Cypselius as bearing an in- scription in the same style. The term fiovarpofadov, was given to it in consequence of the lines turning back like oxen at plough.

Dedicated 7 ^n some coms °^ tne Greeks, struck under the

coins. ^ Roman dominion, we find the word AreO^e, implying

that the piece was ojfered-up, or dedicated to the people, who

1 Numismatic Journal, Vol. II., p. 178-9.

2 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. iv., p. 460.

3 Lib. v., c. 17. This author describes it as an ancient method of writing.

20 GREEK COINS.

were commonly held sacred.1 One of these pieces bears the head of Antinoiis, the infamous favourite of Hadrian, with the following legend:— OCTIAIOC • MAPKGAAOC • O • IGPGYC TOT • ANTINOOY • TOIS • AXAIOIS • ANGeHKGN,2 i. e. Hos- tilius Marcellus, the Priest of Antinous, dedicates this to the Achaians. Eckhel has illustrated these coins with his accus- tomed learning and sagacity, by reference to tabular inscrip- tions recording the liberality of private individuals to their fellow- citizens. He observes, that when an emperor bestowed presents, they were said to be given> because given by a superior to an inferior ; but when the contrary happened, the Greeks made use of a more solemn word, namely, offered-up. He shows, too, that the word avtmdq/u (offer- up) was often used in this sense when money was presented to the people.3

Public 7 The celebrations of the public games are often games. ^ recorded on the coins of this period; of these, the most remarkable are —

KABEIPIA Held at Thessalonica in honour of the Cabiri.

6EOFAMIA Celebrated in Sicily in honour of the marriage

of Pluto and Proserpine.

C6OYHPEIA Instituted by Septimius Severus.

KOMOAEIA Instituted by Commodus.

AAE#ANAPEIA...In honour of Alexander the Great.

ATTOINEINIA In honour of Caracalla.

KOPAIA In honour of Proserpine, to whom the Greeks

gave the name of Kojoa. AIAYMEIA In honour of Apollo Didymeus, worshipped at

Miletus in Ionia. AIONYCIA In honour of Bacchus, Atovu<nog, at Nicsea in

Bithynia, of which he was the reputed

founder.4

1 This is shown by many Greek coins with IGPOS • AHMO2.

2 Mionnet, Descript. tome ii. p. 160.

3 Doct. Num. Vet. vol. iv. p. 373.

4 On some coins he is styled KTIOTIIQ, or the founder.

GREEK COINS. 21

OIKOYMENlKA....Or universal games, recorded on the coins of Attalia in Pamphilia, Ephesus, Nysa in Caria, Side in Pamphilia, Sidon, Tarsus, &c. &c.

OATMIIIA Games common to all the cities of Greece, said

to have been instituted by Hercules.

$>IAAAEA<I>EIA ...On coins of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Nicea in Bithynia, &c. &c.

IIPliTA On the coins of those cities which assumed the

title of npwra, or prima, i. e. Side, Perinthus, and Smyrna.

IIY0IA In honour of Apollo, celebrated in the cities

of Emisa, Hierapolis, Laodicea in Phrygia, Miletus, Nicea, Nicomedia, Pergamus, £c. &c

AKTIA Triennial games, in honour of Apollo, in the

cities of Hierapolis, Bostra, Damascus, Nico- media, Pergamus, Tarsus, Tyrus, Thessalonica,

&C.1

The coins bearing these inscriptions, generally have the representation of an urn, holding a palm-branch, the reward of the victor in the games.

On Roman coins, we have similar records. On a consular denarius of the family Memmia, the first festival in honour of Ceres is thus recorded :— MEMMIVS • AED • CERIALIA PREIMVS • FECIT. The celebration of the quinquennalian games is noticed on a beautiful coin of Nero, of the third size : CERTAMEN • QVINQuennale • ROMae • COnstitutum. A Denarius of Domitian records the celebration of the Ludos Saeculares. And in the reign of Philip coins were struck with the legend, MILLIARIVM • SAECVLVM to commemorate the ssecular games held in honour of the thousandth year of Rome*

\ On the imperial Greek coins, we have often very

Arcnon. f L . • . . ,

interesting legends, with the names ot the Arcnon, or chief magistrate, during whose year of office the piece was

1 See Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. voL iv. cap.xxi. De Festis ac Ludis.

22 GREEK COINS.

minted. One example will be sufficient. On a coin of Maeonia, we find Em • AITOAAftNIOY • APX • TO • B • MAIO- NQN, viz. (money) of the people of Mceonia, under Apollonius, Archon for the second time. In Athens there were, as is well known, nine Archons, the first of whom gave the name to the year. These eponymous magistrates may be said to have repre- sented the majesty of the state. By their name, the year of their magistracy was distinguished. They were the first in rank of the Archons at Athens, of the Ephori at Sparta, and of the Consuls at Rome. In some states, the eponymous officers had a sacerdotal as well as civil character. This appears to have been the case among the Magnetae who appointed the high-priest to this rank; while at Smyrna it was sustained by the Stephanephori.

It is obviously necessary, in order to constitute a magistrate truly eponymous, that the period of office should close with the year; and it can be proved that this was the case, as well by inscriptions on marbles extant at this time, as by the united testimony of Plato, Diodorus, and Pausanias.1 It was also necessary, in order to constitute a magistrate eponymous, that his authority should extend over the whole state and not be confined to particular and private bodies only.2 Hence, when we read on the marble given by

Spon, EHI • APXONTOS • BENTIAIOY • SiiTA • mBAYAOY

KAI ' TPAMMATEfiS • AIAIOY • AFAeEMEPOY • KIGAPliAOY, &c., it is evident that the Archons and Scribes here alluded to, having but a limited authority, did not possess the high office in question. Attention to these two rules would have preserved many writers from error.

But there is yet a third and still more debatable point depending upon the signification of the particle EI1I. Eckhel enters into the matter with all his learning and discrimination,

1 It is well known that at Rome the consul, or eponymous officer, was elected annually ; hence Seneca takes occasion pretty smartly to rebuke the fickle ladies of his day, who made an annual transfer of their affections, by telling them that they had eponymous husbands.

2 A friend observes, that limited societies at the present day have their eponymous honours, as may be perceived by reference to the "Senior Wrangler" at Cambridge. Thus we speak of Herschel's year, Airey's year, &c.

GREEK COINS. 23

and shows very clearly, in opposition to Belleyus and others, that the use of this particle is not a certain indication of an eponymous magistrate. This he proves by a reference to the money of Antioch, Syracuse, and Smyrna, on all of which we find Em, applied to men who were in office several successive years, which is contrary to the first rule. He also shows that the second rule is violated by those who adduce the money of Smyrna and Byzantium, since EIII is here applied to inferior officers, both of the colonies and of the state; and even, in one instance, to a woman, EIII • 6EAC • $AYCTEINHC. In these instances, the particle EIII was used to signify, not a year, but the period when the money was issued; as, for example, EIII IKETA implies that the coin was struck when Hicetas was Tyrant of Syracuse, and not that the office of Hicetas was eponymous. But, from all this, it is evident that the investi- gation of the subject of eponymous offices, by means of coins and ancient marbles, is a task of considerable difficulty.

Scribe \ ^e °^ce °f Archon, as already shown, was fre- ' quently held more than once. It was the same with_ the Scribe (rpaju^artvg), an officer who has been most appro- priately termed, by the translators of the New Testament, " Town Clerk" On coins of Apamea, we find EH • TPAM TO • B; and on those of Nysa, in Caria, TPAM • TO • B, Scribe for the second time. Vaillant states, that it was the custom to place the name of the scribe on the money, when the Archon died during the period of his holding office ; * but Eckhel shows that many coins teach us to the contrary.2

) The name of the Ephor occurs on an autonomous Ephor. V

> brass coin of Lacedsemon, and on a coin of Poppaea, struck at Ancyra.

) The names of Prsetors and Propraetors, STPATH- Praetor. \

and ANTISTPATHFOS, are often placed on

1 Num. Graeca, p. 3 13. c Doct Num. Vet. vol. iv., p. 197.

3 Mionnet, Descript. tome iii. p. 190.

24 GREEK COINS.

Greek coins. On one of Clazomene, Zosimus is styled Praetor for the fifth time.

i The name of this officer appears on coins of

Prytanis. V A *

* Apamea, Cyme, Pergamus, Smyrna, Synnada, &c. On a gold autonomous coin of Smyrna, the title is given without the name of the person who held it : — SMYPNAIftN IIPYTANEIS.3

Qusestor ) The title of QU8estor (TAMIAS) occurs but seldom.

' A coin of Pergamus, in Mysia, bears GIII • TAMtw

AIA

High ) A coin of Eumenia, in Phrygia, bears IOYAIOS Priest. / KAEliN • APXIEPEYS • ASIAS,

Priest \ ^e ^e °^ lePevQ ^as already been noticed in the f coin bearing the name of Hostilius Marcellus, the priest of Antinous — IEPEYS • TOY • ANTINOOY.

Priestess \ ^n a com °^ Attuda, in Phrygia, the name of the ' priestess is given AIA • 4>AABIAC • 16 PI AC.

Asiarchus Asiarchi, or presidents of the games of Asia,

i often had their names inscribed on the public money. A coin of Otrus, in Phrygia, bears AAE^ANAPOC ACIAPXHC • ANe0HKGN; another, of Smyrna, has GUI T6PTIOY • ACIAPXOY, i. e. under Tertius the Asiarch.

stephane-) This title1 was given to a high order of priests who phorus. / wor6) in the public ceremonies, crowns, which were sometimes of gold. On coins of Moeonia, in Lydia, we find APX • A • KAI • CT6*ANH$op«, i. e. Archonfor the first time and Stephaneplwrus.

1 From 2rf0«rof, a crown, and ^epw, to bear.

GREEK COINS. 25

Gymnasiarch.| The office of Gymnasiarck is recorded on a coin AgoShetos'Jof Pergamus in Mysia. M • fcOYPIOS • TYMNA- SIAPXHSAS. That of Panegyriarch, on money of Apamaea in Phrygia : HAY • CTPATONIKIANOY • II ANHFYP ; and that of Agonothetus, on a coin of the same city — GUI • Ar£iNO06- TOY • APTGMA • T.

Theolo | The name of this person, who was the inter- preter of the sacred rites, occurs on a coin of Pergamus in Mysia: 8III-CTP- TIB • KA • AAG#ANAPOY OGOA. Under the prcetor Tiberius Claudius Alexander, Tlieo- logos.

Hieromne- I This title is found on a coin of Lucius Verus, mon> ' struck in Byzantium : IGPOMNA^wv1 • AIAIog

C60YHPOC • BYZANTIOIC.

Amphic- \ A silver autonomous coin of Delphi bears the tiones. word AMfclKTIO, which has been illustrated by

Eckhel.2

Curator 1 The title of Curator (E7a//£\7?rac) is found on a coin of Antiochia, in Caria, bearing the legend, EHIMEAH • KA • AFAAOY.

So hist \ ^n a co^n °^ Cidyessus, in Phrygia, we find the * name of the Sophist (omnis artifex) inscribed thus : en • AP • OYAPOY3 - COfclCTOY.

The following titles and offices are recorded on coins struck by Greek cities while under the Roman dominion.

It has been shown, that, previous to their subjection, the Greeks had bestowed upon their kings the titles and honours of their deities. These were soon transferred to their con- querors : temples and altars were raised to Rome and the

1 Doric for

2 Doct. Num. Vet., ii., p. 194. Mionnet, Descrip., ii., 96.

3 i. e. Varus. The Greeks, having no V in their alphabet, thus spelled names commencing with that letter. Sometimes they used B, as on a coin of Lucius Verus: BHPOC.

26 GREEK COINS.

Emperor — ROMAE • ET • IMPERIO. This inscription is found on colonial coins of Corinth, while numerous others bear PQMII, or OGA • PilMH. The senate and the people of Rome were honoured in a similar way by the legends, CYNKAHTOC, or IGPA • CYNKAHTOC, or IGPAN • CYNKAH- TON, or eeON • CYNKAHTON, i. e. The senate, the holy senate, the divine senate.1 The senate on these coins is personified, sometimes by a youthful head, bare, laureated, or wearing the diadem ; and on a- coin of Cydonia, in Greta, by a bearded male head. A coin of Nero, struck at Alexandria, bears the legend, AHMOS • PiiMAIilN, and the figure of a man wearing the toga, and holding a cornucopia and the hasta.2 The community of Elders was also honoured in a similar way, as we learn from a coin of Hierapolis, with the word rGPOYCIA.3 The Roman magistrates of the Equestrian order (ITTTTIKOQ) took care to record their rank on the numerous coins hearing their names. On a coin of Cotiasum, in Phrygia, we find 6 III • II AIA • AHMHTPIANOY • IHHIK . APX.

Consul and I The Consulship is denoted by YIIATOS, orYIIA- TOC ; and the number of times it was held, by the Greek numerals, A • B • r, &c. The Pro- consulship, by AN6Y- IIATOS ; but on colonial coins, by the Latin, PROCOS.

ProcuratorA ^"ie -Procura^or (ETrirjooTroc) is mentioned on a ' coin of Vespasian : EHI • A- ANTONIOY • NASQNOS EHITPOnOY • BI9YNIA.

Neocoros. | The most important title assumed by Greek cities, and so often recorded on their coins, is that of Neocoros, a name derived from vtwc, a temple, and Kwpeu, to sweep; and its primitive signification was nothing more than temple-sweeper. In process of time, however, it was assumed by particular cities, who considered themselves to be

1 Eckhel shows, that by the word /3ov\jj on coins, was meant the Greek senate, and that I'yyicXTjrog signified the Roman senate.

2 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., iv., p. 224.

3 Ibid., iv., p. 19.

GREEK COINS. 27

the especial guardians of the temple of the deity supposed to preside over them : thus, the people of Ephesus called them- selves the Neocori of the Great Diana, to which the " Town- Clerk" alludes, in his appeal to the mob, on the preaching of St. Paul in that city : "Avfipeg 'E^eo-iot, rig yap eoriv rfjv 'Efyeaiiov iroXiv NEilKOPON ovaav oc, &C.1 Sometimes the honour was conferred by the Emperor for the second and third, and even the fourth, time ; and thus we find B • NEWKOPilN • T • NEftKOPflN, and A • NEHKOPC1N • £ic, Tpig, rerpaxie, NfWKopw*/.2 On the coins of Magnesia, in Ionia, we find MArNHTQN • NGftKOP&N THC • APTGMIAOC ; but the money of Ephesus bears the title most frequently, some pieces having, on the reverse, repre- sentations of four temples, three containing statues of Roman emperors ; and the fourth the figure of Diana Poly- mamma.

Autono- ) The frequent occurrence of the word ATTONO-

mous > ...

Cities. J MOY on Greek coins, renders it necessary that we

should say something of its signification. Several cities boasted this title ; and it is frequently found at length on their money. Among these may be noted Antiochia, in Syria, Apamea, Laodicea, Samosata, Seleucia, Tripolis, &c. The title signifies that these cities were independent, and enjoying their own laws**

Free j A title almost as frequent is that of eAGYeGPAC, or Free (i. e. exempt from tribute). It was borne by the cities of Thessalonica, Tarsus, Seleucia in Cilicia, Sebaste in Cilicia, the Island of Rhodes, Hippo in Zeugitania, Chersonesus Taurica, and Amisus. On the coins of Hippo we read LIBERA.

immunes.) The title of ATGAGec, Immunes, was also given

to some cities, implying that they were free from

taxes and imposts. A coin of Alabanda, in Caria, bears the

legend ATGAGIAC • '

1 Acts xix. 35.

2 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., iv., p. 288. Ancient marbles show that this title was sometimes conferred by decree of the senate.

3 Ibid., iv., p.262.

28 GREEK COINS.

Concord^ The friendship and alliance subsisting between Cities611 / many cities of antiquity, is recorded upon their coins. On one of Sagalassus, in Pisidia, is the legend, PilMAIilN CAFAAAACCAmN • HP&THC • IIICIAftN • KAI • *IAHC CYNMAXOT1 (money) of the Romans and Sagalassenses the first (city) of Pisidia and confederate ally. The alliance between cities is, however^ more commonly recorded by the word OMONOIA; and when it does not occur, it is sometimes denoted by two right hands joined, and the names of the friendly cities, as on coins of Nicaea and Sagalassus. On a coin of Marcus Aurelius, we find NGIKOMHAGIA • BO YAH AHMOO • OMONOIA — Concord of the senate and people ofNico- media.

Metro- I The title Metropolis was assumed by many cities, and it appears on their coins, both in the Greek and Latin character ; on those of Antiochia, in Syria, perpetually : ANTIOXEftN • TIIS • MHTPOnOAEOS ; and on coins of Bostra, COLoma • METROPOLIS • BOSTRA ; while those of Nico- media bear PQMHN • MHTPOHOAIN,2 illustrating the line of Dionysius Periegetes, who styles Rome the mother of cities.3

Many cities assumed the title of Protos, or first; among these, Ephesus, Nicaea, Nicomedia, and Smyrna, are most conspicuous. Both Ephesus and Smyrna style themselves nPQTQN • ACIAC.

Asylum "\ The right of Asylum was arrogated by many cities ; Sacred, /by Tyre especially, on the coins of which it occurs with another title, namely, that of Sacred — IEPAS • KAI ASYAOY. An interesting account is given by Tacitus, of the cities which assumed the title of Inviolable.4

Navar- j Agse in Cilicia, Carystus, Corycus, Dora, Nicopolis in Epirus, Sebaste, Sidon, Tomi and Tripolis, in- scribed on their coins NAYAPXIAOC, implying that they had a seaport.

1 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet, iv., p. 271.

2 Rasche, Lexicon, vol. iii., pars i., p. 1445 ; and Haym, Tesoro Britannico vol.ii., p. 199 ; plate v., fig. 12.

3 Mjjrtpa iraacnov TroXtwj'. 4 Annales, iv., p. 14.

GREEK COINS. 29

Of the mention of sites and sacred localities, we have already spoken.

Demi-gods ^ The names and effigies of Deities, Demi-gods, I™68' J and Heroes, sometimes appear on Greek coins.1 To some of these the name of Kr«orr/c, or Founder, is given. On coins of Nicaea, in Bithynia, Hercules is honoured with this title ;2 while on others of the same city, the merit is given to Bacchus. Of the coins thus inscribed, the following are the most remarkable : —

KTICT

/ On the coins of Clazo- Augustus. RTISTHS ..... j mena in Ionia.

C6BACTOY • KTICMA . °f Nic°P°lis

/ TON ' KTICTHN / On the coins of Nicaea in

' \NIKAieiC 3 ..... V Bithynia. Hadrian . KTICTHC ..... On the coins of Argos.

CONDztor • CO'Lonite ' AEL/<2? • CAPitolinte.

( Callatia> Mcesia, Cyzicus,

Hercules . KTICTHC ..... \ Nicsea, Perinthus,

Prienes, &c.

TON-KTICTAN . . .

OIKI2TAS ..... On the coins of Bruttium. Mercury . { ™C^

Menestheus MGNeceeOY • KTICTH { On^coin. of Elea in

AT" 1 TON • KTTPTWN I Ol1 the C°illS °f Midseum

Ml(las ' • ' ' ' t

in Phrygia.

f On the coins of Pergamus Pergamus. KTICTHC ..... \ in Mysia.

/ ROMVLO • CONDI- \ On Roman coins of Had- Romulus . ( TORI ...... } rian>

1 Eckhel, vol. iv., cap. xvii., p. 342. '* Numismatic Journal, vol. i., p. 4.

3 The legend is here given in the accusative case, which is often used m similar legends; thus, by OYE2IIASIANON • KAISAPA, we are to understand — the people worship Vespasianus Caesar.

30 GREEK COINS.

Tiberius . KTICTHN ..... jOnUcoins of Magnesia Tomus . TOMOT • KTICTHC .

°f

These personages were thus honoured, in consequence of their being the reputed founders of the cities : the names of others are recorded; and their portraits often figured on the coins of those cities which claimed the honour of having given them birth ; among these are Homer, Anacreon, Pythagoras, Lycurgus, Hector, Hippocrates, Plato, Theseus, &c. The names of the Emperors and Empresses were frequently given to cities ; and IVLIA • AVGVSTA and CAESAREA, often usurp the place of the original name on their money. The cities of Marcianopolis, Claudiopolis, and Adrianopolis, may be cited as examples of this practice.

Epithets. I Among the remarkable epithets bestowed upon some cities, and placed by them on their coins, are the following: — •

Plotinopolis in Thracia . AAGA«I>IA • HAOTeiNOnOAIC • AO-

MHNOnOAIC . . The sisters, Ploti- nopolis and Domenopolis.

Magnesia in Ionia . . . EBAOMH • TIIC • ACIAC . . The

seventh of Asia.

AnazarbuS,inCilicia,and|eNA0^oc ^ _ ^ Illustrious. bide in Pamphiha . . J

Syedra in Cilicia . . . ENAO^OTGPA . . More illustrious. Lalassis in Isauria . . . ENTIMoe .... Honourable. Neapolis in Samaria . . EHICHMOC . . . Renowned.

Germanicopolis in Paph-) prcrr \ . opoiv (The house of the

lagonia ..... ) ' \ gods.

. T . fKAAAGI * KAI ^ For beautu and

Smyrna in Ionia . . . |Mereeei . . .} greatness.

Side in Pamphilia . . . AAMUPOTATH . . Most renowned. Niceea in Bithynia . • . MGriCTOI-APICTOI Greatest, best. Syedra in Cilicia . . . CGMNH .... Venerable.

Carrhae in Mesopotamia . 4>IAOPilMatot . . Lover of the Ro-

mans.

GREEK COINS.

31

isames on The ancient name of a city was sometimes aban-

Cities V J

changed.) cloned for a new one.

on coins.

Examples are not unfrequent We find the following noted by Eckhel : —

Abonitichos . . .

Ace

Alexandria in Egypt Anthedon in Judaea Antiochia in Syria . Byzantium inThracia Eleusa Insula . . Jerusalem .... Soli . ...

Sybaris ....

Zancle

changed to . . lonopolis.

— . . Colonia Ptolemais. . . Rome herself.

. . Agrippias. Theupolis . Constantinople.

— . . Sebaste.

. . ^Elia Capitolina.

. . Pompeiopolis.

. . Thurium, and afterwards

to Copia.

Messana, and afterwards to Mamertinum.

The cities of Adana, Anazarbus, Anthedon, Bithynia, Cius, Edessa, Lugdunum, and Mantinea returned to their ancient names, whilst some retained both the old and the new. These latter are as follows: —

Apamea in Bithynia . . anciently Mylea .

AXIAMEON • TUN

MYPAEANON. Cibotos . KIBOTOC • AIIA-

MEilN. Eusebia . EYSEBEIAS-KAISA-

PEIAS.

Ephyri . KPANNOY • E$YP. Cretia . . KPHTIE11N • $AAOY-

OnOAGITON. Abila . . AEYK'ABIAA. Aroe . . . COL • Augusta Aroe

PATRAE. Scythopolis in Samaria . — Nysa . . NYCAIGCON • TON

KAI • CRY6OI1OAI-

TilN.1

Apamea in Phrygia . . Caesarea in Cappadocia

Crannon in Thessalia . Flaviopolis in Bithynia .

Leucas Decapoleos . . . Patrae in Achaia ....

Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. vol. iv. p. 321,

32 GREEK COINS.

Colonial j A vast number of coins were struck by the Roman colonies. With few exceptions, they are of rude fabric. The ordinary types are, a priest guiding two oxen yoked to a plough* the usual mode of marking the boundaries of a town j1 one, two, or three military standards; the wolf and twins; and a bull. The legends are in the Latin character, and are generally given in a contracted form.2 Some of these colonies record the right of minting coins by the legend, PERM • AVG or, PERMISSV • C AESARIS • AVG.3 A coin of Patrae bears INDVLGENTIAE • AVG • MONETA. Another of Carthago reads, PERMISSV • P • DOLABELLAE • PROCOS. The per- mission was also accorded by the senate, as we learn from a coin of Carteia, inscribed M • FALCIDIVS • IIIIVIR • EX S-C.4

The series of colonial coins have been described and illus- trated by Vaillant,5 in two folio volumes, containing numerous plates, a work of great learning, labour, and research : but in consulting it, it will be well to refer to Eckhel's Doctrina, which contains so many corrections of previous numismatic writers.

1 The word portal is derived from the fact of the plough being carried over the space left for the porta or gate. — Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. vol. iv. 489.

2 See the list of Abbreviations on Colonial Coins.

3 See the coins of Caesar Augusta in Spain. — Mionnet, Descrip. torn. i.

* Flores, Medallas de las Colonias, &c. torn. iii. p. 36. Eckel. Doct. Num. Vet. iv. p. 497. Bimard's note on Jobert, Science de Medailles, torn. ii. p. 68, edit. 1739.

5 Numismata ^Erea Imperatorum, &c. in coloniis percussa. Paris, 2 vols. folio.

LIST OF THE MORE COMMON ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES.

N.B. — The names on coins of Greek Cities are generally given in the genitive case plural, thus : nePFAIQN, i. e. [money] of the people of Perga. The names of kings occur perpetually in the genitive case, thus: BA2IAEQ2 ITTOAEMAIOY, [money] of King Ptolemy. There are on Greek coins, how- ever, examples of legends in the nominative and accusative cases, and the genitive case singular.

A. Abassus, or Abdera, or Abydus, or Avnyovoc. Athens, Argos, Asylum, or Aulus, or AKTLO., or AXeZavdpog : also Primi, or first : thus EQtatuv, A. Affiag signifies [of the] Ephesians, first [people] of Asia.

AB. or ABY. Abydus.

A0. or AGE. Athens.

Air. or AI. ^Egina.

AITOSnO. Aigospotamos.

AIA. ^Elius, or ^Elia Capitolina.

AIN. ^Enos.

AK. or AKPAFAN. Agrigentum.

AKI. Acilium.

AKT. Actium, or AK. in monograms.

AAE. Alexandria.

AM. Amyntas.

AMBP, Ambracia.

AM$I. Amphilochia. Amphipolis.

AN. Ancyra. Andrus.

ANA. Anactorium.

-ANT. Antoninus, or Antonius, or Antioch.

ANTAN. Antandrus.

ANTI. Antium.

ANTI2. Antissa.

AN0. AvQviraroQ. Proconsul.

AS. Axus in Crete.

AIT. Appius.

AHA. Apamea.

AIIO. Apollonia.

AIITA. Aptera.

AP. Aradus, or Harma. Argos.

APE90. Arethusa, in Mygdonia.

ARIM. Ariminura.

AP2I. Arsinoe.

APT. Aryca.

APX. Apxtepeue, or Apxov, High Priest

or Magistrate. A2IAPX. Asiarch, president of the

games of Asia.

A. 2. IlpoToi 2iY>iac, the first of Syria. AS. or A2Y • AervXov. Asylum. ASK. Ascalon.

ATAP. Atarnea. AYF. Augustus. AY. or, oftener, AYT. or AYTOK • AVTO-

Kparaip, Emperor.1 AYTON. AvTovofiog, living under their

own laws. A*I. Aphitis. A$P. Africanus. AX. Achaia.

B. Berytus, Bithynia, or EovXr], Coun-

cil. B also supplies the place of V on Greek coins, where a Latin name is given: thus Verus is sometimes spelled BEPOC : it is, however, more frequently given OYHPOC.

BAA. Valerius.

BA. BaffiXfvc.

BH. Berytus.

BOI. Bceotia.

BOYA. BouXTj.

BPYN. or BRVN. Brundusium.

BY. Byzantium.

1 On the Imperial Greek coins this title precedes the name, as IMP. on the Latin.

34

ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS.

T. Tvupinov. Illustrious, Renowned.

Gaius, or Caius.

PA. Callus, Galerius, or Gallienus. TEA. Gelas. PEP. Germanicus. FEPOY. repovffta. TN. Gneius. TOPTT. Gortyna. TPAM. rpanartve. Scribe.

A. Decimus, or Dymae.

AAK. Dacicus (on coins of Trajan).

AAM. Damascus.

AAP. Dardanus.

AH. A^juoc, the People ; or Delos.

AHMAPX • ESOY2, with Tribunician

power. AE. Decelia.

A. E. Aquas tvxai. Vota publica. AEK. Decius. AIOH. Diospolis. ATP. Dyrrhachium.

E. Eryce.

EAEY. Eleusis.

EAEY0. E\tv0epaS. Free.

EIII. Epidaurus.

EPI. Eriza in Caria.

EPY. Erythrae.

EPX. Erchomenus, or Orchomenus.

ET. or ETO. ETOVQ. Year.

EX. Exovffia. Power.

EY. or EYA. EvayopaQ.

EY. or EYBO. Euboea.

EY2. EvatGriQ. Pious.

EYT. EVTVXIG- Happy.

E*. or E<t>E. Ephesus.

E*.

ZA. Zacynthus.

ZANKA. Zancle inSicilia.now Messana.

HP. 'Hyfjuoj>o£. President. HPA. Heraclea.

OA. Thasus.

OE. Thespiae.

6E. or 9HB. Thebae.

0E2. Thessalonica. Thespiae. Thessaly.

I. IEP. Ifpac- Sacred.

IEPAHY. Hierapytna.

IAI. Ilium.

JOY. On coins of the city Julis, and

often for Julius and Julia. IOYA. Julia, or Julius. IP. Irene Insula. 12. Issa or Histiaea.

K. Caius, or Kovivrog. (Quintus). K. K. Koivov KiXiKiag, (The Commu- nity of Cilicia).

KA1. Cselia in Peucetia. Caesar. KAIA. Cselius. K. or KAIS. Caesar. KAA. Chalcedon. KAAAI. Callipolis. KAMA. Camara. KAH. Capua. KAIin. Cappadocia. KAP. Carrhae. KAPT. Carthago. KAP9. Carthea. KAY. Caulonia. KE. Ceos. KIA. Cilbiani. KA. Claudius. KAA. Clazomene. KAH. Cleone. KNI. Cnidus. KO. Corinth.

KOIN. Koivov. Community. KOA. KoXoviag. Colony, or Colophon. KOM. Commodus. KOP. Corcyra, or Corinth. KOPO. or KO. Coronea in Boeotia. KP. Cragus in Lycia. KPANO. Crannon. KPH. Creta. KPO. Crotona.

KO2. Cosa in Lucania. Cos Insula. KTH. Ctemenae. KY. Cyon, Cuma, or Cydonium. KY9. Cythnus. KYII. Cyprus. KYPA. Cyrene.

ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS.

35

A. or more commonly, L.

(Year.). A. Lucius. AA. LacedjEmon. AAM. Lamia, or Lampsacua. AAP. Larissa. AAPI. Larinum. AEB. Lebadia in Boeotia. AE. AEY. Leucas. AEON. Leontium. AIII. LIpara. A. AO. or AQK. Locri. AOr. Longane.

M. Marcus, or Megalopolis.

MA. Maronea, Massilia, or Massicytes.

MAKE. Macedonia.

MAr. Magnesia.

MAM. Mamertini.

MAN. Mantinea in Arcadia.

MASS. Massilia.

ME. Metapontum. Messenia.

ME. or MEF. Megara, Megalopolis, or

Melita.

MEI\ MeyaXoc. Great. ME2. Messana. MET A. Metapontum. M. or MHTPO. Metropolis. MI. Miletus. MY. Mycalessus, Myconus, Myra,

Myrina. MYP. Myrlea. MYT1. Mytilene.

N. Naupactus. NAS. Naxos. NAYAPX.

port.

N6. Ntwrepa. N. NEQK. N NEOH. Neapolis. NEP. Nerva.

NIK. Nicsea, or Nicomedia. NY2. Nysa.

OI. Oetaei.

Having a sea-

OA. OAB. Olbiopolis, or Olbia.

OMO. Ofiovoia. Concord.

OIIEA. Opelius.

OPX. Orchomenus.

OYH. orYII. OvTrarog, or Y?raroc.

Consul.

OYH. or OYHP. Verus.1 OYE2II. Vespasianus. OYITEA. Vitellius. OfcPY. Ophrynium.

II. Ilapa or IIpoc. Upon.

II. HA. Paros, Parium, Paphos.

H. nOHA. Publius.

IIAI2. Paestum.

IIAAEI. Palerios in Arcanania, in a

monogram.

IIAN. Panormus, Panticapseum. IIAPI. Parium in Mysia. HAPe. Parthicus. IIE. Perinthus. HE A. Pella.

IIEP. Perga, Pergamus, (in monogram). IIEPT. Pertinax. IIE2K. orllECK. Pescennius. n.IIH. Pelusium. HAA. Platsese. HO. Pontus. nOAY. Polyrhenium. TI02. Posidonia. IIPA2. Prassus. n. IIPY. Hpvravi£. Praefect. IIP. HPE2. Upeff&vg. Legate. IIPO. Proconnesus. HPOAI. UpoSiicog. Curator. n. or HPQT. Hpwrog. First. HT. Ptolemais. IIY. Byzantium, (in monogram).

PO. Rhodes.

PY. Rubi in Peucetia.

2A. Sala.

2. 2A. Salamis ; Syria; Samos, or

Samosata.2 2AAAH. Salapia.

1 See the remark under letter B, page 33.

2 It should be borne in mind, that on numerous Greek coins, the characters C E are often used for 2.

36

ABBREVIATIONS ON GREEK COINS.

SAP. Sardis.

SE. Segeste, Seriphus, Sicyon.

SEB. SfSaoro^. Augustus.

SEA. Seleucia, or Selinus.

SEIIT. Septimius.

21. Siphnus, Sicyon.

SIA. Side.

2INQ. Sinope.

2K. or 2KIA0I. Sciathus Insula.

2MY. Smyrna.

2TE*. Srf0av»j0opoc.

STP. or STPA. or CTPAT.

Prsetor. SYB. Sybaris. SY. SYPA. Syracuse. 2YP. Syria, Syrus. 2Q. Soli.

T. Titus.

TI. or TIB. Tiberius.

TA. TANA. Tanagra, Temnus.1

TA. TAP. TAPAS. Tarentum.

TAP. Tarsus.

TAYPO. Tauromenium.

TE. Terone, or Torone, in Chalcidice.

TEP. Terina.

TH. Tenus.

TPA. Tralles.

TPI. Tripolis.

TPO. Trcezene, or Troade.

TYAN. Tyana.

TY. Tyndaris.

TYP. Tyre, generally in a Monogram.

YE. or YEA. Velia.

YH. or YHAT. "firaroq, Consul.

<£, on Greek Coins, supplies the place of F in Latin names : thus, Faustina is spelled $avffTttva.

3>. Philuntium Phoestus or Philippus.

*A. Phaselis.

*AP. Pharsalus.

*E. Pherae in Thessalia.

*I. Philippopolis, or Vibius.

$A. Flavius.

$OK. Phocaea.

*OYA. Fulvia.

X. Chios Insula. XAA. Chalcis. XEP. Chersonesus.

1 Aeolic for TH

37

RIVERS AND FOUNTAINS, THE NAMES OF WHICH ARE FOUND ON GREEK COINS.*

AISAPOS. . . .	Aesarus .
AICHHOC . . . AMENANOS . .	Aesepus . . Amenanus. .
ANTHOS . . .	Anthos . .
APE00SA . . .	Are thus a
ASSINOS ....	Asines . .
AYAINAHNOC . .	Aulindenus . Axius* .
AZOC . ; . . .	Axus . . .
BIAAAIOC . . .	Billaeus . .
KAIKOC ....	Caicus .
KAAGQN. . . .	Caleon . .
KAAAIPOHI. . .	Callirhoe
KAAAIPOH . . .	Callirhoe .
KAAYKAANSII . . KAHPON .... KAOC	Calycadnus Caper . . Caus . . .
KAYCTPOC . . . K6NXPIOC . . .	Cayster . . Cenchrius .
KGCTPOC . . .	Cestrus .
KHTIOC ....	Cetius . .
CRYSAS. . . .	Chrysas .

XPYCOPOAC

KOPCYMOC, or

KOPCYNOC KYANOC . . EAATHS . . . GY^PATHN .

Chrysorrhoas

Cydnus . Elates . Euphrates

On coins of Crotona. . Cyzicus. . Catania.

. Antiochia in Pisidia. . Syracuse. . Naxus. . Ceretape. . Apamea in Syria . Erythrse. . Tius in Bithynia. . Pergamus ? . Smyrna. . Antiochia in Syria. . Apamea in Phrygia. . Seleucia in Cilicia. . Attusia in Phrygia. . Eriza in Caria. . Hypa3pa in Lydia. . Ephesus.

. Sagalassus in Pisidia. Pergamus in Mysia. . Assorus in Sicilia.

rHierapolis in Phrygia, Da- . \ mascus and Lucas in

^ Ccelesyria.

. Aphrodisia.

. Tarsus in Cilicia.

. Midseum in Phrygia.

. Antiochia in Commagene.

* The Greek names are given in the same cases as they actually occur on the coins. Sometimes the name of the river or fountain stands alone, but is more frequently coupled with the name of the city, thus, ANTIOXfWN- IIPOS • 6Y«J>PATHN. The word IIHrH (fountain), or nHTAI, is of most rare occurrence. On some autonomous coins the personified head of the river appears, without legend, as oii those of Oeniadae, with the head of the Achelous, Calydon with that of Evenus, &c. &c.

NAMES OF RIVERS AND FOUNTAINS ON GREEK COINS.

irarAi . TAAAOC .

TEAAS . TAAYKOC

AAYC Haly.

6PMOC . . . milAPIS . . .

innoYPioc . . .

YAAOC

YHIOY

HY^AS

ICTPON . . . . AIMYPOC . . . , AYKOC • KAIIPOC

MAIANAPOC. .

MAPNAS . .	. . Mamas .
MAPCYAC . .	. . Marsyas
M8AHC . . MGCTil. . .	. . Meles .
NIAOS . . .	Nilus .
ftKGANOC .	. . Oceanus ,
A-n-o . .	f AvTlO-)(£(i)V ]
riApeeNioc .	. . Parthenius
HITNAIOC .	. . Pitnaeus
HYPAMOC. .	. . Pyramus
PIIFMA . . POAIOC . .	. . Regma . . . Rhodius .
PYNAAKOC . CAFAPIC . . CANFAPIOC . CKOHAC . CAPAO .	. . Rhyndacus . . Sagaris . . . \ Sangarius . . / Scopas Sardo

(Anonymus) . Philadelphia in Lydia. (Anonymi). . Damascus in Ccelesyria. Gallus . . . Philomelium in Phrygia. Gelas . . . Gelas. Glaucus . . . Neocsesarea in Pontus and Eumenia in Phrygia.

f Germanicopolis in Papilla-

1 gonia.

/ Several cities of Aeolis, Hermus. . .{ Lydia> and Phrygia.

Hipparis . . Camarina in Sicilia. Hippophnras . Apollonia in Pisidia. Hippurius . . Blaundus in Lydia. Hyllus . , . Saetteni in Lydia. Hypius . . . Prusias in Bithynia. Hypsas . . . Selinus in Sicilia. Ister .... Nicopolis in Moesia Inferior- Limyrus . . . Limyra in Lycia. Lycus fy Caprus Laodicea in Phrygia.

{Antiochia and Tripoli s in Caria, Apamea in Phry- gia, and Magnesia in Ionia. Ephesus.

Apamea in Phrygia. c Amastris in Paphlagonia, { and Smyrna in Ionia. Nicopolis in Thracia. Alexandria in Egypt. Tyre.

Amastris in Paphlagonia. Agae in Aeolis.

{Anazarbus, Hieropolis, Me- garsus, Mopsus. Limyra in Lycia. Dardanus in Troade. Apollonia in Mysia. Nicsea in Bithynia.

| Nicaea and Juliopolis. Tius in Bithynia.

NAMES OF RIVERS AND FOUNTAINS ON GREEK COINS. 39

SARNINER (in Os- can characters)

SAPON

CKAMANAPOC . . CGAINOC . . . .

CMAPA

CTPYMftN. . . . COTN1AC . . . .

TGPA

TIBGPIC . . . .

TIFPEI

TIMGAHC. . . . TONZOC . . . .

#AN00C .

Sarnus . . . Nuceria in Campania.

Sarus . . . Antiochia in Cilicia.

Scamander . . Alexandria in Troade.

Selinus . . . Pergamus in Mysia.

Smard . . . Phocaea in Ionia.

Strymon . . . Pautalia and Amphipolis.

Sunias . . . Pompeiopolis in Cilicia.

Tera .... Phocaea.

Tiberis . . . Alexandria in Egypt.

Tigris . . . Seleucia in Mesopotamia.

Timeles . . . Aphrodisias in Caria.

Tonzus . . . Hadrianopolis in Thracia.

Xanthus . . / Germanicopolis in Paphla- \ gonia, and Cyme in ^Eolis.

GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES,

ACCORDING TO THE SYSTEMS OF ECKHEL AND SESTINI, WITH THEIR DEGREES OF RARITY.

EUROPA.

HISPANIA in genere.

Autonomous, JE. R.2.

LUSITANIA.

AMAIA (now Portalegre). — Aut. JE. R.4.

The attribution of these coins is doubtful. The name is found on those of Coero.

BALSA (Tavira).— Aut. JE. R.6. — Imperial of Caligula, IE. COERE, vel Coero (CWra).— Aut. JE. R.4. [R. 6.

COLIPPO ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4.

The attribution of these coins is doubtful.

EBORA (Ebora).— Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6., of Augustus. EMERITA (Merida). — Imperial Colonial, AR. C., JE. C. to R.6., of Augustus, Tiberius, and Julia.

MlROBRIGA1 ( ).—JE. R.8.

MYRTILIS (Mertola)— Aut. JE. R.4. NORBA (Brozas) — Aut. Colonial, JE. R.I.

Of doubtful attribution.

OSSONOBA (Gibraleon). — Aut. JE. R.8. PAX JULIA (Badajoz). — Imperial Colonial, JE. R.6., of SALACIA (Alcazar do Sal).— Aut. IE. R.8. [Augustus.

BAETICA.

ABDERA (Adra). — Aut. M. R.5. Phoenician legends. Imp. Col. JE. R.5., of Tiberius.

A BRA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4. (doubtful).

ACINIPO (Ronda la Fieja). — Aut. JE. R.4.

AMBA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4.

ANTIKARIA (Antequera). — Aut. JE. R.4.

1 Mionnet, Atlas de Geographic Numismatique. 4to. Paris, 1839.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 41

ARIA or CUNBARIA (La Maria). — Aut. IE. R.3. ARVA (Alcolea del Key}.— Aut. IE. R.5.

Ascui or A SCUT A ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial of

ASIDO (Medina Sidonia). — Aut. JE. R.5. [Augustus, R.8.

ASPAVIA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4.

AST A (Mesa d"Asta).—A.ut. JE. R.6.

ASTAPA (Estepa). — Aut. JE. R.8.

AUGURINA (Santiago de la Higuerd). — Aut. JE. R.2. (doubtful).

BAILO (Balonia).—Aut.JE. R.8.

BAREA (Vera). — Aut. M. R.4.

CALLET (Pruna). — Aut. JE. R.5.

CALPE ( ).

The coins assigned to Calpe belong to Panormus in Sicily.

CANACA (Alcocer). — Aut. IE. C. to R.6.

Some of these pieces bear the name of Odacisa, an unknown town in alliance.

CARBULA (near Cordoba). — Aut. IE. R.4. CARISA (Cariza).— Aut. IE. R.4. CARMO (Carmona). — Aut. M. R.4. CARTEIA (Rocadillo). — Aut. IE. C. to R.3.

Florez, Tom. I. p. 313. gives a coin of this city with the head of Ju- lius Caesar, but the head has been retouched.

CAURA (Coria). — Aut. IE. R.6.

CELTI (Puebla de los Infantes). — Aut. IE. R.6.

CORDUBA et PATRICIA' (Cordoba). — Aut. with the name of Corduba, IE. R.4. Col. Imp. with the name of Patricia, IE. R.2. to R.4. Coins of Augustus.

EPORA (Montoro).— Aut. JE. R.4.

GADES (Cadiz).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. C. to R.8. Imp. JE. R.3. to R.6. Augustus to Nero.

ILIBERIS (Granada). — Aut. JE. R.6.

ILIPA, ILIPLA, ILUPLA, ILIPENSE ( ). — Aut. JE. R.2.

to R.6.

ILITURGI (near Andujar). — Aut. JE. R.6.

ILURCO (near Grenada). — Aut. JE. R.6.

IPAGRO (Aguilar). — Aut. JE. R.4.

IRIPPO (Coripe).. — Aut. JE. R.3.

ITALICA. (Sevilla la Vieja). — Imperial JE. C. to R.6. Augus- tus to Drusus. Some of the coins of Italica bear the name of Bilbilis in alliance.

1 The name given to Corduba on its becoming a Roman colony. G

42 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

ITUCI (Castro del Rio el Leal).— Aut. JE. R.2. to R.4. JULIA (Antequera et Lucena). — Aut. Colonial IE. R.8.

LACIPPO ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial JE. R.8.

of Augustus. LAELIA (El Berrocal*).—Ant. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial JE.

R.6. Augustus to Tiberius and Lucius Caesar. LASTIGI (Zahara ? ).— Aut. M. R.6. LUCIFERAE (San-Lucar-de Barrameda). — Aut. IE. R.2.

Of doubtful attribution.

MIROBRIGA (Capilla). — Aut. IE. R.8. MUNDA (Monda}.— Aut. IE. R.7. MURGI (Almeria). — Aut. M. R.8. NABRISSA or NEBRISA (Lelrija). — Aut.JE. R.8. (uncertain).

NEMA ( ).— Aut. M. R.8.

OBULCO (Porcuna).— Aut. M. C. to R.I.

ONUBA (Huelva).—Aut. JE. R.6.

ORIPPO (Dos Hermanas). — Aut. M. R.3. to R.6.

OSET, vel OSSET (near Romula). — Aut. JE. R.I. to R.3.

ROMULA (Sevilla). — Colonial Imperial, IE. R.3. to R.7.,from

Augustus to Tiberius.

SACILI (Acorrucer).— Aut. IE. R.6. to R.7. SALPESA (near Facialcazar). — Aut. IE. R.8.

SEARO ( ).— Aut. IE. R.6.

SISAPO (Guadalcanal). — Aut. JE. R.4.

SISIPO (Almaderi). — Aut. M. R.6. Bearing Detumo or Detumno.

TARTESSUS ( ).-— Aut. IE. R.8.

TRADUCTA (Algeciras). Colonial Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.7.,

from Augustus to Caius and Lucius CsBsar. Tucci (Martos).-Aut. M. R.8. VENTIPPO (Casariche). — Aut. IE. R.8. UGIA (Los Cabezas de San Juan). — Aut. JE. R.6.

Of doubtful authority.

ULIA (Montemayor).— Aut. M. R.3. to R.4. URSO (Osuna).— Aut. JE. R.I. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.7, of Augustus. Some coins of Urso bear the name of Amba in alliance.

TARRACONENSIS.

Acci (Guadex el Viejo). — Aut. JE. R 8. Colonial Imperial,

JE. R.2. to R.6., Augustus to Caligula. AESONA et ORGIA (Isona). — Aut. AR. R.2. ^E. R.2.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 43

ARAB SESTIANAE (Capo Turingas). — Ant. AR. R.6. M.

R.6. Imperial AR. R.8. M. R.8. Augustus. ASTURICA (Astorga). — Colonial Imperial. M. R.8.

These coins bear the legend COL • AST • AVGVSTA. and may there- fore belong to Asta, Astapa or Astigi, towns in Hispania Baetica.

AUSA ( ).

Liebe has published a coin of Ausa which is pronounced false.

BEDESA ( ).

See the coins of Rhoda, below.

BELEIA or BELITA (Bekhite).—Aut. M. R.4.

BERSICAL ( ).— Aut. AR. R4.

BILBILIS (Calatayud). — Aut. M C. to R.2. Imp. &. R.I.

to R.3., Augustus to Caligula. Some of these coins bear the name of Italica in alliance. BURS ADA (Trillo).— Aut. AR. R.2. M. R.4. (doubtful). SALDUBA. C^SARAUGUSTA (Zaragoza). — Imperial, M. C. to

R6. Augustus to Caligula. CALAGURRIS NASSICA (Calahorra). — Imperial, JE.6. to R.4.

Augustus to Caligula.

CALAGURRIS FIBULARIA (Loarre). — Aut. M. R.6. CARTHAGO NOVA (Cartagena). — Aut. M. R.7. Colonial

Imperial, M. R,l. to R.4. Augustus to Caligula. CASCANTUM (Cascante). — Imperial, ^E. R.3. Tiberius. CASTULO (Cazlona). — Aut. M. R.4

CELSA (Vetillo de Ebro).— Aut. M. C. to R.4. Colonial Im- perial ^E. C. to R.6. of Augustus and Tiberius. CISSA vel CISSUM (Guissona). — Aut. AR. R.4. M. R.I.

(doubtful). CLUNIA (Coruna del Conde). — Aut. M. R.4. Imperial JE.

R.2. to R.4. of Tiberius. DERTOSA (Tortosa). — Colonial Imperial, ^E. R.6. Julius

Caesar to Tiberius.

There are coins of Dertosa bearing the name of Ilercavonia in alliance.

EMPORIAE (Ampurias). — Aut. AR. R.I. to R.6. M. C. to

EQUAESI ( ).— Aut. JE. R.2. [R-3.

ERGAVICA (Milagro). —Imperial, ^E. R.I. to R.3. Augustus to Caligula.

ETELESTA ( ).— Aut. ^E. R.6. (doubtful).

GILI ( ).— Aut. M. R.2.

Of doubtful attribution.

GLANDOMIRUM or GLANDIMIRUM (Mondonnedo). — Aut. JE. Of doubtful attribution. [R.2.

44 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

GRACCURRIS (Agreda).— Imperial, M. R.2. Tiberius. HELMANTICA (Salamanca). — Aut. AR. R.I. JE. R.I.

Of doubtful attribution. HEMEROSCOPIUM (Denia or Artemus). — Aut. AR. R.2. JE.

Of doubtful attribution. [R.2.

IBE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.2

Of doubtful attribution. ILDUM or ILDUNI ( ). — Aut. JE. R.2.

Of doubtful attribution.

ILERCAVONIA (Amposta). — Aut. IE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. Augustus to Tiberius. There are coins of this town with Detorsa in alliance.

ILERDA (Lerida). — Aut. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. of Augustus.

Coins of this town bear the names of Cissa, Bedesa, and Sabenduno, (the last of which is unknown) in alliance.

ILICI (Elche).— Colonial Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.4. Augustus LIBIA (in Murbogis) — Aut, M. R.4. [to Tiberius.

Of doubtful attribution. LIBISOSA (Lezuza). — Aut. JE. R.4.

Of doubtful attribution. LOBETUM (Albarracin).—Aut. JE. R.2.

Of doubtful attribution. MEANENSES ( ) — Aut. AR. R.4. JE. C.

Of doubtful attribution. MEROBRIGA ( ).— Aut. AR. C. JE. C.

Of doubtful attribution. NARDINIUM ( ). — Aut, JE. R.2. to R.4.

Of doubtful attribution. Some of these coins bear the name of Rhoda in alliance.

OROSPEDA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4.

Of doubtful attribution.

OSCA (Huesca). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2.

to R.6. Augustus to Caligula. OSICERDA (Cherta).—Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.5. Imperial,

JE. R.5., of Tiberius.

Some bear the name of Sesaraca in alliance.

OSTUR ( ). — Aut. JE. R.5.

PALANTIA (Palencia). — Aut. M. R.8. RHODA, (Rosas). — Aut. AR. R.5.

Some of these coins bear the names of Cissa, Ilerda, Taraeo, and Bedesa in alliance.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 45

SAETABIS (St. Felipe or Xativa). — Aut. JE. R.4. SAGUNTUM et PERSEIANA (Murviedro). — Aut. JE. R.2. to

R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6., of Tiberius. SEGOBRIGA (Segorbe).— Aut. JE. R.3. Imperial, JE. R.3.

Augustus to Caligula. SEGOVIA (Segovia). — Aut. JE. R.6.

SEPONTIA ( ). — Aut. IE. R.6.

Of doubtful attribution.

SESARACA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.4.

Of doubtful attribution.

SETELSIS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4.

Of doubtful attribution. -).— Aut. IE. R.4. Of doubtful attribution.

),— Aut JE. R.4.

Of doubtful attribution.

TARRACO (Tarragona). — Colonial Aut. M. R.4. Colonial

Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.4. Augustus to Drusus. TERMISUS ( ). — Aut. M. R.4.

Of doubtful attribution. THELORIS ( Torilld) .— Aut. M. R.6.

Of doubtful attribution. TOLETUM (Toledo). — Aut. M. R.6. TURIASO et SILBIS (Tarazona).— Aut. JE. R.2. Imperial,

JE.C.io R.4. Augustus and Tiberius. VALENTIA (Valencia). — Aut. JE. R.4. VIROVESCA (EriUescd). — Aut. AR. R.4. M. R.6.

Of doubtful attribution. URCESA (Ucles). — Aut. JE. R.4.

TOWNS OF WHICH THE SlTES ARE NOT KNOWN.

APORA — BORA — IPORA. — Aut. JE. R.3.

ART ( ).— Aut. JE. R.3.

These pieces bear APT. which may not signify a town.

CERET ( ) — Aut. ^E. R.6.

LONT— OLONT ( ). — Aut. JL R.6.

TURRI ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF SPAIN.

With Celtiberian Inscriptions.— Aut. JE. C. to R.2.

46 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

With Latin and Celtiberian Inscriptions. — Aut. IE. C. R.4. With Latin and Phoenician Inscriptions. — Imperial, IE. R.6.,

of Augustus and Agrippa. With Latin Inscriptions.— Aut. JE. C. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.2., of Tiberius.

EBUSSUS, Insula (Ebiza?) — Aut. JE. R.8. SPANISH CHIEFS.

These coins have Celtiberian legends, and generally bear a head

on the obverse.— AR. C. to R.4. JE. C. to R.2.

GALLIA.

GALLIA AQUITANICA.

AVARICUM (Bourges). — Aut. JE. R.6. PETROCORII (Perigueux). — Aut. AR. R.8. (doubtful). SANTONES (Saintes).— Aut. AR. C. to R.2. TURONES (Tours').— Aut. AR. R.8. Potin, R.8. JE. R.I.

[to R.6. GALLIA NARBONENSIS.

ANTIPOLIS (Antibes). — Aut. AR. R.I. to R.4. Greek and

Latin legends.

AVENIO (Avignon}. — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.7. Greek legends. BETERRA (Beziers). — Aut. JE. R.3. Greek legends. CABELLIO (Cavaillon).—Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.2. to R.8.

Colonial Imperial, AR. R.6. JE. R.4., of Augustus. GLANUM' (Saint Remi).— Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.8. LACYDON (the Port of Marseille}. — Aut. AR. R.6. Greek

legends. ' MASSILLIA (Marseille}. — Aut. AR, C. to R.6. IE. C. to R.6.

Greek legends. NEMAUSUS (Nismes). — Aut. Colonial, AR. R.4. to R.6. IE.

R.2. to R.6. Imperial Colonial, JE. C. to R.4. Augustus

and Agrippa. RHODA or RHODANUSIA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.7. Greek

legends.

RUSCINO (le Roussillon}. — Imperial Colonial, JE. R.6. of Au- SEGUSIA (Suze}.— Aut. AR. R.6. [gustus.

VIENNA ( Vienne). — Imperial Colonial, IE. R.4. Julius Caesar

and Augustus, and Augustus and Agrippa. VOLCJE ARECOMICI.* — Aut. AR. R.5. M. R.3.

1 See the Marquis Lagoy's "Description de Quelques Me"dailles inedites de Glanum," &c. 4to. Aix, 1834.

2 The capital of the Volcae Arecomici was Nemausus.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 47

GALLIA LUGDUNENSIS.

ABALLO (Avallon). — Aut. IE. R.8.

ANDEGAVI (Angers). — Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.4.

AULERCI EBUROVICES (Evreux). — Aut. JE. R.4.

CABALLODUNUM (Chalons sur Saone}. — Aut. AR. R.6.

CATALAUNUM (Chalons sur Marne). — Aut. JE. R-4. Greek and Latin legends.

LUGDUNUM-COPIA (Lyons). — Aut. Colonial, AR. R.2. Im- perial Colonial, JE. C. to R.4. Augustus to Agrippa.

REMI (Rheims).—Aut. JE. C. to R.2.

ROTOMAGUS (Rouen). — Aut. R.6.

SEQUANI.1— Aut. JE. R.6.

GALLIA BELGICA.

AGRIPPINA (Coloyne). — Imperial Colonial, Ji. R.8.,ofPost- EBURONES (District of Liege) — Aut. AR. R.4. [unms.

MEDIOMATRICI (Metz). — Aut. JE. R.6. TORNACUM (Tow-nay?)— Aut. C. to R.3. VIRODUNUM (Verdun). — Aut. AR. R.4.

GAULISH CHIEFS.

AV. R.4. to ~R.8.—Electrum. R.4.— AR. C. to R.8.— Potin. —IE. C. to R.8.

UNCERTAIN GAULISH COINS.

Aut. AV. C. to R.6.—Electrum, C. to R.4. AR. C. to R.6. Potin, C. to R.6. IE. C. to R.4.

BRITANNIA.2

CAMULODUNUM (Colchester).— Aut. AV. R.6. to R.8. VERULAMIUM (VerHlam).—Ax&. AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.6. to R.8. JE. R.6. to R.8.

BRITISH CHIEFS.

SEGONAX.? — AV. R.8. (doubtful appropriation).

CUNOBELINUS.— AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.7. to R.8. JE.

R.6. to R.8. UNCERTAIN COINS OF BRITANNIA.

AV. R.C. to R.8. AR. C. to R.8. IE. C. to R.8.

1 The Sequani inhabited the country between the Rhone and La Saone ; their capital was Vesontio (Besan$on.)

8 See the remarks which precede the account of English Coins, Section III.

48 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

GERMANIA.

Of this country there exists no primitive money. See Eckhel, Doctrina Num. Vet. Vol. i. p. 81.

The coins of Hadrian bearing MET 'NOR. (Metallum Noricum) are, of course, Roman.

ITALIA.

ITALIA SUPERA.

AQUILEIA (Aquileia). — Aut. JE. R.8. RAVENNA (Ravenna). — Aut. M. R.I. to R.2. TICINUM' (Pavia).— Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.7. ETRURIA.

CAMARS (Chiusi).— Aut. JE. R.8. COS;E (Orletello).

See the coins of Cossea, in Thracia, to which they have been restored.

FAESULAE ( ).

The coin attributed to this town belongs to Telamon, in Etruria.

FALERIA ( ).

The coins supposed of this city, belong to Elis.

FELSUNA ( ).

The gold coin, supposed of Felsuna, is given by Sestini to Velia.

GRAVISCAE2 ( ).

Attribution doubtful.

LUNA ( ).

The piece supposed of Luna belongs to Populonia.

PEITHESA ( ).

Restored to Veientum, in Etruria. POPULONIA (Populonia}.— Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.4. to R.8.

JE. R.4. to R.6. Etruscan and Oscan legends. TELAMON (Talamone). — Aut. ^E. R.6. Etruscan legends.

VEIENTUM ?( ). — Aut. IE. R.6. Etruscan legends.

VETERNA (Massa di Maremma).—Au.t. IE. R.4. Etruscan

legends. VETULONIA (Vetulonia). — Aut. M. R.2.

These coins are also classed with those of Vettuna in Umbria. VOLATERRAE (VoUerra). — Aut. M. R.4. to R.8. Etruscan

legends.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF ETRURIA. Aut. IE. C.

1 Coins of Baduela, the Gothic King, bear the legend FELIX • TIC1NVS.

2 These coins are attributed by Millingen to Crastus in lapygia.

CREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 49

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO ETRURIA. ILUA (Elba).

Lanzi gives a coin of this island, but it belongs to Tuder in Umbria.

UMBRIA.

ARIMINUM (Rimini). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. FANUM (Fano).

Of doubtful attribution.

IGUVIUM (Gubbio). — Aut. JE. R.8. Etruscan legends. PISAURUM (Pesaro). — Aut. JE. R.8. Greek and Latin legends.

PITNUM ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. Etruscan legends.

TUDER (Todi).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. C. to R.6. Etrus- can legends.

VETTUNA (Bettona). — Aut. JE. R.4. Etruscan legends. These coins are also attributed to Vetulonia, in Etruria.

PlCENUM.

ANCONA (Acona). — Aut. JE. R.6.

ASCULUM (Ascoli). — Aut. JE. R.5. With Hadria in alliance.

HADRIA (Atri).—Aut. JE. R.3. to R.6.

VESTINI.

The coins hitherto attributed to the Vestini are restored to Vescia in Latium.

MARRUCINI.

TEATE (Chieti). — Aut. JE. R.I. to R.4., by some attributed to Teate in Apulia.

LATIUM.

ALBA (Albano).— Aut. AR. R.6. PI. R.4. AQUINUM (Aquino). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.4. ARICIA (Arricia). — Aut. PI. 8.

Doubtful if coins.

CORA (Cora). — Aut. AR. R.8. (see SORA).

MARUBIUM ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

MINTURNAE ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. Oscan legends.

PALACIUM ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

ROMA.

The coins bearing the inscription ROMA, were doubtless struck in Campania.

SIGNIA (Segni). — Aut. AR. R.7.

SORA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8.

ii

50 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

LATIUM (continued).

TUSCULUM (Frascati). — Aut. PI. R.8. Doubtful if coins.

VELITURNUM (Ve,lletri). Municipium. — Aut. PI. R.8. Doubtful if coins.

VERULAE ( Veruli).— Aut. PI. R.8. Doubtful if coins.

VESCIA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4. to R.6.

SAMNIUM.

AESERNIA (hernia). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.6. ALLIPHA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6.

Sestini gives this town to Campania. Millingen assigns the coins to Alliba in Campania.

AQUILONIA (Lacedogna). — Aut. M. R.7. Oscan legends.

BENEVENTUM (Benevento). — Aut. R.8.

CORFINIUM (— — ).— Aut.AR. R.2. to R.6. Oscan legends.

These coins are also arranged with the incerti of Samnium. MELES (Melisano).— Aut. AR. R.8.

MURGANTIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Oscan legends.

PENTRI ( ).

The coins given to this town belong to the Frentani.

The incerti of Samnium are of the style and module of the consular denarii, some of them bearing the inscription ITALIA, though many have Oscan legends. They are AR. R.2. to R.6.

FRENTANI in genere.

Aut. JE. R.8. Oscan legends. LARINUM (Larino). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6.

They bear the retrograde inscription LADINOD, and uncial nobs, or globules.

CAMPANIA in genere.

Aut. AR. R.6. to R.8. ACCERAE (Acerrd).

These coins belong to Atella.

ATELLA (Sant Arpino). — Aut. M. R.4. to R.5. Oscan legends.

AURUNCI ( ). — Aut. M. R.6.

CALATIA trans VULTURNUM or CAIATIA (Galazze}. — Aut. JE. R.8.

CALATIA cis VULTURNUM (Caiazzo). — Aut. M. R.8. Oscan legends.

CALES (Calvi).— Aut. AR. R.5. JE. C. to R.3.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 51

CAMPANIA (continued).

CAPUA (Santa Maria di Capua}. — Aut. JE. C. to R.4. Oscan legends.

COMPULTERIA Or CUPELTERINI ( ). Aut. JE. R.6.

Oscan legends.

These coins were formerly attributed to Cumae and Liternum.

COSSA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.2.

CUMAE (Cuma). — Aut. AV. R.8. M. R.2. to R.6. HYRINA or HYRIUM ( ). — Aut. AR. R.3. to R.5.

M. R.8. NEAPOLIS (Naples). — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. C. to R.8. M.

C. to R.6.

NOLA (Nola).— Aut. AR. R.6. M. R.6. NUCERIA ALTAFERNA (Nocera del Pagani). — Aut. AR. R.6.

M. R.2. to R.6. Greek and Oscan legends. PHISTELIA or BISTELIA (Puteoli ?). — Aut. AR. R.I. to R.6.

Oscan legends.

PICENTIA (Bicenza.}— Aut. AR. R.8. STABIAE (Stabbia).

The coin quoted by Eckhel is of Gelas.

SUESSA (Sessa).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.I. to R.6. Greek

and Latin legends. TEANUM (Tiano).— Aut. AR. R.6. IE. R 2. to R.6.

Greek, Latin, and Oscan legends. VENAFRUM (Venafro). — Aut. JE. R.7. VISERIS ? (Oscan characters). — Aut. AR. R.8. (Millingen).

UNCERTAIN COINS OF CAMPANIA.

These coins have Oscan legends. They are M. R.2.

There are also coins of Campania which are supposed to have been struck under the authority of the Romans. They bear the legends ROMA • ROMAN ' ROMANO • ROMANOR in the Latin character. The gold pieces, with the numerals indicating their value, 20, 40, 60 sesterces, belong to this series.

Aut. AU. R.6. IE. R.l.toR.4. JE. C.toR.4. APULIA.

ACHERONTIA (Acerenzo).

The coins supposed of this town belong to Aquilonia.

ARPI (Arpe).— Aut. AR. R.7. M. R.l.toR.4. ASCULUM (Ascoli di Puglia). — Aut. IE. R.4. BARIUM (Bari). — Aut. ^E. R.4. CANUSIUM (Canosa). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.8. CAELIA ( ) Aut. AR. R.8.

52 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

APULIA (continued).

GRUMUM (Gruma).

Sestini gives the coin of Grumentum to this town. LUCERIA (Lucera). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.4. Latin legends. MERINUM (St. Maria di Merino}.

Sestini thinks the coins attributed to Merusium in Sicily belong to Merinum.

NATIOLUM ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. (Millingeri).

NEAPOLIS (Polignano). — Aut. JE. R.2.

RUBI VEL RYBASTINI (Ruvo).— Aut. AR. R.6. IE. R.6.

SAL API A (Salpi). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.6.

SIPONTUM ( ).

The coins attributed to Sipontum are doubtful.

TEATES (Pezza delta Chiesa).—Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.2.

Of doubtful attribution.

VENUSTA (Venosa). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.5. Latin legends. Formerly attributed in error to Velia.

UREIUM (Rodi).—Aut. JE. R.2. CALABRIA.

AZETINI ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4.

Formerly attributed in error to a town of the same name in Attica. BRUNDUSIUM (Brindisi). — Aut. JE. C. to R.3. Latin legends. BUTUNTUM (Bitonto). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. COELIUM (Ceglie).— Aut. JE. R.l.to R.4. GRAIA GALLIPOLIS (Gallipoli). — Aut. JE. R.4. HYDRUNTUM (Otranto). — Aut. JE. R.8.

LEUCA ( ).

The coin supposed of Leuca belongs to Velia. ORRA ( Uria).—AxA. JE. R.2. to R.4. Greek and Latin legends.

SALENTINI ( ).

The coin supposed of Salentini is of Calacte. STURNIUM (Sternaccio). — Aut. JE. R.4. TARENTUM ( Taranto).— Aut. AV. R.4. to R.7. AR. C.

to R.8. JE. R.5. UXENTUM (Ogento) — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6.

LUCANIA.

LUCANI in genere. — Aut. JE. R.4. ATINUM (Atena}. — Aut. JE. R.8. BUXENTUM or PYXUS (Policastro). — Aut. AR. R.8. These coins also bear the name of Siris in Lucania.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 53

LUCANIA (continued}.

COSA or COSSA ( ). — Aut. M. R.8.

COSILYNAS ( ).— Aut. M. R.6.

GRUMENTUM (Armento). — Aut. M. R.8. HERACLEA (Policoro). — Aut. R.6. to R.8. AR. C.toR.8. M. R.4. to R.6.

On one coin of this city, the name of Metapontum is found in alliance.

LAUS (Scalea). — Aut. AR. R.8.

Some bear the name of Posidonia in alliance.

METAPONTUM (Torre di Mare}.— Aut. AU. R.8. AR.

C. to R.6. IE. R.2. to R.6.

PALINURUS-MOLPIS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6.

POSIDONIA or PAESTUM (Piesti or Pesto).

With the name of Posidonia. — Aut AR. R.I. to R.6. JE. R.3.

With the name of Paestum. — Aut. AR. R.8. JE.

R.2. to R.6.

Imperial of AUGUSTUS and of TIBERIUS.—^. R.4. With the legend Phistlus, or Phistulis. — Aut. AR. R.l. to R.6. SIRIS ( — — ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.6.

A coin of this city in silver, bears the name of Buxentum.

SYBARIS "I

THURIUM >Sibara Rovinata.

COPIA J

With the name of Sybaris.— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.7. With the name of Thurium.—Aut. AV. R.8. AR.

C. to R.4. JE. R.2. to R.6. With the name of Copia.— Aut. JE. R.4. VELIA (near Castel a Mare delta Bruca}. — Aut. AR. C. to R.6. IE. R.l.toR.4.

(The gold coins of Veliaare spurious). A coin of this city bears the name of Crotona in alliance.

URSENTUM ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

BRUTTII.

BRUTII in genere.— Aut. AV. R.4. AR. R.I. to R.5.

IE. C. to R.6.

CAULONIA (Castel Vetere}. — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. CROTON (Crotone) — Aut. AR. C.toR.8. JE. R.2.toR.6.

boins of this city, bear the names of Velia, Medama, and Pandosia. The gold coins given to Croton, belong to Cyrenaica.

54 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

BRUTTII (continued).

HIPPONIUM"!

or > Monteleone.

VALENTIA J

With the name of Hipponium. — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.4. With the name of Valentia. — Aut. M. C. to R.4. A coin of Valentia, bears also the name of ORRA, in alliance.

LOCRI ( ).— Aut. AR. R.I. to R.5. M. R.I. to R.5.

MAMERTIUM ( ). — These coins belong to Mamertini

in Sicily.

MEDAMA and MESMA (Mesima). — Aut. JE. R.8. NUCERIA (Nocera). — Aut. M. R.6. PANDOSIA (Anglona). — Aut. AR. R.8. PERIPOLIUM PITANATA (Limmana). — Aut. AR. R.8. PETELIA (Stronyolfy—Aut. M. R.2. to R.4. RHEGIUM (Regyio di Calabria). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6.

JE. C. to R.6.

TEMESA (San Lucito) — Aut. AR. R.8. TERINA (Nocera}.— Aut. AR. R.2.toR.8. JE. R.2.toR.4.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF ITALY. Aut. ^E. R.2. to R.4.

These coins have imperfect legends, or legends so contracted that they cannot be deciphered.

SICILIA.

SICILIA in genere. — Aut AR. R.8.

ABACAENUM (Tripum). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6. ^E. R.6.

ABOLLA (. ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

Of doubtful attribution. ACRAE (Pallazzolo).— Aut. IE. R.4. ADRANUS (Aderno}. — Aut. ^E. R.6.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 55

SICILIA (continued).

AETNAEI (San Maria di Licodia). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.5.

AGATHYRNUS (Agati). — Aut. JE. R.8.

With the name of Tyndaris in alliance.

AGRIGENTUM (Girgenti). — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. C. to R.8.

JE. C. to R.4.

Aut. Colonial AR. R.8. JE. R.8. Imp. Colonial JE. R.6., of Augustus. AGYRIUM (San-Filippi d" Argiro). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.6. ALAESA (Santa Maria delle Palate). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.5. The silver coins attributed to Alaesa belong to Allipha.

ALUNTIUM (Alontio). — Aut. M. R.4. to R.6. AMESTRATUS (Mistretta). — Aut. JE. R.8. ASSORUS (Asero). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5., Latin legends. CAENA ( ).— Aut. JE. C. to R.4.

Formerly attributed to the Island of Caene.

CALACTE (Caronia). — Aut. JE. R.4.

CAMARINA (Torre di Camarana). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.8. IE. C. to R.5.

CATANA(Catewa).— Aut. AR. R.l.toR.6. JE. C.toR.4. CENTURIPAE (Centorbi). — Aut. JE. C. to R.4. CEPHALOEDIUM (Cefalu). — Aut. IE. R.4. to R.7. JE.

R.3. to R.7.

Some bear the name of Heraclea in alliance. ENNA (Castro Giovanni).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4. ENTELLA (Antella or Roca di Antella} — Aut. AR. H.6. JE.

R.2. to R.6.

ERBESSUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6.

ERYX (Monte di San Giuliano or di Trapani). — Aut. AR. R.5. to R.8. JE. R.4.

EUBOEA (Terra Nova). — Aut. AR. R.8.

Bearing the name of Gelas in alliance.

GALARIA (Gagliano) — Aut. AR. R.8.

GELAS (near Terra Nova). — Aut. AU. R.8. AR. C. to R.6. JE. C.toR.4.

Some bear the name of Euboea in alliance.

HERACLEA (Capo Bianco). — Aut. AR. R. 4. to R.7.

Some bear the name of Cephaloedium in alliance.

56 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

SICILIA (continued). HJMERA ~]

or > Termini. THERMAE J

With the name of Himera.— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.8.

IE. R.I. to R.4.

With the name of Thermae.— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. JE. R.3. to R.5.

Some pieces bear both names.

HYBLA MAGNA (Paterno).— Aut. IE. R.4. HYCCARA ? (Maccari).— Aut. JE R.4.

Of doubtful attribution.

JAETA (Jato or &zw Cosmano). — Aut. M. R.6. LEONTINI (Lentini).— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6. jE. R.l.toR.8. Some bear the name of Megara in alliance.

LILYBAEUM (Marsalla). — Aut. JE*. C. to R.5.

LONGANE ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. (Millingeri).

MACELLA ? (Monte Busamara). — Aut. JE. R.8. Of doubtful attribution.

MAZARA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.4. Phoenician legends.

MEGARA (Monte Ibla).—Aut. IE,. R.8.

Some bear the names of Leontini and Hybla in alliance. MENAENUM (Mines). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.4.

MERUSIUM ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8.

ZANCLES 1 MESSANA or

MAMERTINlJ

With the name of Z ancles. — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. With the name of Messana.— Aut. AR. R.I . to R.8. IE.

C. to R.4. With the name of Mamertini.—Aut. IE. C. to R.6.

The coins of this city are highly interesting to the Numismatist, as the changes in the name throw much light upon, and fix the epochs in which the pieces were struck.

MORGANTIA (Murgo).— Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.3. to R.6. Greek and Phoenician legends.

MOTYA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. to R.8.

NACONA ( ).— Aut. M. R.6.

NAXUS (Schiso).—AxA. AR. R.2. to R.6. NEETUM ? (Noto).— Aut. JE. R.8.

Of doubtful attribution.

> Messina.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 57

SICILIA (continued). PANORMUS (Palermo*).

With Phoenician characters. — Aut. AV. R.2. to R.3. AR. R.3. to R.8. M. C. to R.6.

Phoenician without characters. — Aut. AV. R.I. to R.3. Electrum R.2. AR. R.I. to R.5. JE. C. to R.2.

With Greek and Phoenician characters. — Aut. AR. R.8. Greek.— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial.^. R.4., of Augustus and of Tiberius.

Latin. — Aut. Colonial JE. R.4.

On some of the Latin coins the word HISPANORVM occurs.

PETRINI (Petralia).— Aut. JE. R.6.

SEGESTA (Pileri di Barbera). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial JE. R.4., of Augustus.

SELINUS (Terra delli Pulci).—Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6.

Some have the name of Syracuse in alliance.

SOLUS (Monte Catalfano).—Aut. JE. R.4. SYRACUSAE (Siracusa).— Aut. AV. C. to R.8. AR. C. to R.8. M. C. to R.6.

TAUROMENIUM (Taormina). — Aut. AV. R.l. to R.7. AR. R.6. to R.8. JE. C. to R.4.

TRIOCALA ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

TYNDARIS (II Tindaro).—Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6.

Some bear the name of Agathyrnus in alliance.

TYRACINA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO SICILY.

CAENE (Cani).— See the coins of CAENA in Sicily. CORSICA (Corse). — No coins known.

COSSURA (Pantellaria). — Aut. IE. R.l.toR.2. Phoenician and Latin legends.

GAULOS (Gozzo). — Aut. IE. C. to R.2. Phoenician and

Greek legends.

Li PARA (Lipari).— Aut. JE. C. to R.6. LOPADUSA (Lampedusa). — Aut. JE. R.8. MELITA (Malta).— Aut. JE. C. to R.4. SARDINIA (Sardegna).—Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.2. Latin,

Greek, and Phoenician legends.

The silver coins with Greek legends are of doubtful attribution. The brass coin with the Latin legend is one of the consular series, and bears SARD • PATER.

I

58 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

KINGS AND TYRANTS OF SICILY.

GELO. [B. C. 485 to 478].— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. C. to R.3.

With respect to the age of these coins, see Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. Tom. i. p. 251.

HIERO I. [B. C. 478 to 466].— Aut. AR. R.6. to R.7. JE. C. to R.4.

See Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. Tom. i. p. 256.

DIONYSIUS I. [B. C. 405 to 365], — No coins known. DIONYSIUS II. [B. C. 365 to 343].— Aut. AR. R.6. Uncertain attribution.

AGATHOCLES. [B. C. 317 to 289] .—Aut. AV. R.I. to R.8. AR. R.3. JE. C. to R.2.

HICETAS II. [B C. 20 to ].-Aut. AV. R.2.

PYRRHUS.

The coins of this prince will be found under those of Epirus.

HIERO II. [B. C. 269 to 215].— Aut. AV. C. AR. R.8.

JE. C. to R.2. HIERONYMUS. [B. C. 215 to 214].— Aut. AV. R.8t AR.

R.4. to R.8. M. R.2. to R.8. PHILISTIS. — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6.

The beautiful silver coins attributed to Philistis, are, by some, sup- posed to have been struck in honour of Damareta, the wife of Gelo, the fabric being Sicilian and in the best style of Greek art. No mention is made of Philistis by ancient writers.

TYRANTS OF AGRIGENTUM.

THERO. [B. C. 476 to 472].— Aut. JE. R.8.

Of doubtful authenticity. PHINTIAS. [B. C. 280].— Aut. JE. R.I. to R.2.

CHERSONESUS TAURICA.

CHERSONESUS in genere.— Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.6. toR.7.

JE. R.5. to R.7. Imperial of Commodus M. R.6. to

R.8.

HERACLEUM? ( ).— Aut. M. R.3. to R.6.

PANTICAPAEUM (Kertch). — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.6.

to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.6. THEUDOSIA ? (Caff a).— Aut. JE. R.8.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 59

SARMATIA EUROPAEA.

OLBIA OLBIOPOLIS (Stromohil). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE.

R.4. to R.8. Imperial IE. R.6. to R.8. Domitian to

Severus Alexander. TYRA( ).— Imperial IE. R.4. toR.6. Vespasian to Geta.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO SARMATIA EUROPAEA. ACHILLEA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. to R.8.

DACIA.

DACIA in genere. — Colonial Imperial JE. C. to R.6. Philip to Gallienus.

PANNONIA.

The coins bearing METALLI • PANNONICI, are of Roman fabric, and are classed with the Roman series.

MOESIA SUPERIOR.

ALMUM ( ).

Doubtful if any coins.

DARDANIA REGIO.

The coins bearing DARDANICI, belong to the Roman series. PINCUM (Gradisca}.

The coins bearing AELIANA • PINCENSIA, are of the Roman series.

VIMINACIUM (Ram). — Colonial Imperial IE. C. to R.6. From Gordianus the Third to Gallienus.

MOESIA INFERIOR.

CALLATIA (Mankalia. Kallati).—Aut. AR. R.4. IE. R.2.

to R.5. Imperial^. R.4.toR.6. Marcus Aurelius to

Philip, Jun. DIONYSOPOLIS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial IE. R.4.

to R.6. Commodus to Gordian the Third. ISTRUS (Kargolik. Silistria}.—Aut. AR. R.I. to R.4. JE.

R.6. Imperial IE. R.6. Hadrian to Tranquillina. MARCIANOPOLIS (- — ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial 'JE. C.

to R.6. adrian to Philip, Jim. NICOPOLIS AD ISTRUM (Niebcil Nigheboli}. — Aut. JE. R-6.

Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. Trajan to Gordian.

Some of the Autonomous coins bearthe name of Hadrianopolis in

alliance. TOMI (P angola).— Aut. JE. R.3. to R.4. Imperial ' JE. C.

to R.7. Tiberius to Philip, Jun.

60 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

THRACIA.

THRACIA in genere. — JE. Imperial of Caracalla. R.2. to R.5. GETAS, King of Edonis.— AR. R.8. (Millingen').

ABDERA (Ghiumergin. dsperosa. Platystomon). — Aut. AR.

R.I. to R.8. JE. R.I. to R.4. Imperial JE. R.6.

Nero to Faustina, Jun. AENEIA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7. (Millingen).

This town may also be considered to belong to Macedonia.

AENTJS (Enes. Eno\—Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6. JE. R.2.

to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6. Aurelius to Caracalla. ANCHIALUS (Akkiali, Tchienguene, Iskelcssi}. — Aut. JE.

R.8. Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. Domitian to Tran-

quillina. APOLLONIA (Sizepoli).— Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Domitian to Gallienus.

ARNAE? ( : — ).— Aut. AR. R.8. (Millingen).

BISANTHE (Tekir-Dagh, Rodosto).—Ant. JE. R.4.

BIZYA ( ).— Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.2. to

R.6. Hadrian to Philip, Jun. BYZANTIUM, afterwards Constantinople (Islambul). — Aut. AR.

R.6. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. From

Julius Caesar to Macrianus.

Some have the name of Chalcedon in alliance. COSSEA ( ).— Aut. AU. R.4.

These gold coins which were formerly attributed to Cosae in Etruria, are supposed to have been struck by order of Marcus Junius Brutus.

CYPSELA (Ipsala. Kipsela).—Aut. JE. R.8. DEULTUM (Der/ton). — Colonial Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. From Trajan to Philip the younger. Latin legends.

DICAEA or DICAEOPOLIS (Yakbeli).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

DIUM ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingen).

HADRIANOPOLIS (Edrene}. — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. C. to R.7. Hadrian to Tranquillina.

MARONEA (Marulia^ Maronia, Marogna). — Aut. AR. C.

to R.7. JE. R.I. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.6. Nero

to Volusianus. MESEMBRIA (Misevria, Misimbria). — Aut, AR. R.8. ^E.

R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.4. Hadrian to Philip

the younger. NICOPOLIS ad MESTUM ( ). Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.6.

Commodus to Geta.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 61

THRACIA (continued).

NYSA.

This city is restored to Paeonia.

ODESSUS ( Varna}.— Aut. AR. R.8. &. R.6. Imperial,

M. C. to R.4. Trajan to Salonina.

ODRYSII (Hedrine).—Aut. AR. (doubtful). R.8. M. R.6. ORESTIAS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. (Millingen).

KINGS OF THE ODRYSAE.

AMADOCUS {Period uncertain). — Aut. M. R.8.

TERES II. (Period uncertain). — Aut. M. R.8.

SEUTHES IV. (Period uncertain) .—Aut. &. R.6. PASSA or PASSIA (— — ).— Aut. &. R.8. (doubtful). PAUTALIA ( ). — Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. From

Hadrian to Gordian.

The Autonomous pieces supposed of this city have been restored to Cnidus in Caria.

PERINTHUS (Eraclia Erekli).—Aut. M. R.2. to R.4.

Imperial, ^E. C. to R.7. Claudius to Saloniua. PHILIPPOPOLIS (Filibe). — Aut. ^E. R.8. Imperial, JE.

C. to R.7. Domitian to Salonina. PLOTINOPOLIS (Demotico). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE.

R.2. to R.8. Antoninus Pius to Caracalla.

SALA ( ).— Aut. M. R.8. (Millingen).

SERDICA (Sofia). — Imperial, JE. C. to R.5. Aurelius to

Gallienus. TEMPYRA ? ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6.

TlRIDA ( ).

The coin supposed of Tirida belongs to Tricca in Thessalia.

TOPIRUS ( ). — Imperial, ^E. R.3. to R.4. Antoninus

to Geta. TRAJANOPOLIS or AUGUSTA TRAJANA ( ). — Imperial,

M. R.I. to R.4. Trajan to Gallienus.

CHERSONESUS THRACIA.

AE'GOSPOTAMOS ( ). — Aut. M. R.6.

AEOLIUM ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.8.

ALOPECONNESUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.7.

CALLIPOLIS (Gallipoli).

The coins supposed of Callipolis have been restored to Apollonia in Caria.

CARDIA (Karidia).—A\A. AR. R.7. M. R.2. to R.6. CHERRONESUS ( ).— Aut. AR. C. to R.8. M. R.6.

62 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

CHERSONESUS THRACIA (continued').

COELA (Municipium}. — Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.5. Hadrian

to Gallienus.

CRITHOSIUM or CRITHOTE ( ). — Aut. JE. U.S.

ELEUS (Eles-Burun}.— Aut. AR. R.8. JE,. R.8. LYSIMACHIA (Hexamili).—Aut. AR. R.2. to R.4. JE. R.3.

to R.5.

MADYTUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingeri).

SESTUS (Zemenick).— Aut. JE. R.2. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.2. to R.8. From Augustus to Philip the younger.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO THRACE. IMBRUS (Lambro). — Aut. JE. R.6. LEMNUS (Lemno). — HEPHAESTIA Urbs Lemnia (Paleopoli).

— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. MYRHINA Urbs Lemnia (Palio- Castro). — Aut. JE. R.8.

NEA ( ).

The coins supposed of Nea belong to Neontichos.

SAMOTHRACE (Samotraki). — Aut. JE. R.5. to R.7. Imperial,

JE. R.8. Of Hadrian. THASUS (Tasso}.— Aut. AV. R.8. AR. C. to R.5. JE.

R.2. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6. Hadrian to Geta.

KINGS OF THRACE.

SEUTHES III. [B. C. 324].

The coins supposed of this prince belong to Seuthes IV.

LYSIMACHUS. [B. C. 324 to 282].— Aut. AV. C. to R.8.

AR. C. to R.8. JE. C. to R.4. AGATHOCLES LYSIMACHI FILIUS.

It is supposed that the head of this prince appears on some of the coins of his father.

SARIAS or ZARIAS l (uncertain period). — Aut. IE. R.8. CAVARUS. [B. C. 219 to 200].— Aut. JE. R.7. CoTYsII. [B.C. 171].— Aut, AR. R.6. JE. R.6, (doubtful}. COTYS III. Of the time of Pompey. Aut. IE. R.8.

Some have the name of his son Sadales II.

SADALES II. Of the time of Pompey and Julius Caesar. — Aut. JE. R.7.

RHOEMETALCES I. Of the time of Augustus. — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.8., of Augustus, and Augustus and Livia.

Vide Reges Illyrici.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 63

KINGS OF THRACE (continued).

COTYS V., and RHASCUPORIS. Cotemporary with Augustus

and Tiberius. — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, AR. R.8., of

Augustus. RHOEMETALCES II. Cotemporary with Tiberius, Caligula,

and Claudius. — Imperial, IE. R.8., of Caligula.

COTYS — . (uncertain period). — Aut. JE. R.8.

MOSTIS (uncertain period). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.6.

Formerly attributed in error to Mostis of Epirus.

LIBURNIA.

ALVONA ( ). (doubtful).

DALMATIA.

No coins are known of Dalmatia. The pieces bearing METAL • DELM are of Roman origin.

ILLYRICUM.

ALLETA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

AMANTIA ( ).— Aut. M. R.4.

APOLLONIA (Polina).— Aut. AR. C. to R.8. JE. R.I. to R.5. Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.4. Augustus to Gallienus.

BILUDIUM ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

BYLLIS ( ).— Aut. M. R.8.

DAORSI ( — — ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

DYRRACHIUM (Durazzo).— Aut. AR. C. to R.7. JE. C. to R.5.

KING OF DYRRACHIUM.

MONUNIUS (uncertain period). — Aut. AR. R.8.

ENCHELIES or ENCHELLII ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8.

OLYMPE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

SCODRA (Scodra, Scuttari, Scutari).— Aut. JE. R.8.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO ILLYRICUM.

DYSCELADAS ( ).

The coins supposed of this Island, belong to Asculum in Apulia. ISSA (Lissa).— Aut. JE. R.2. PHARUS (Liesina). — Aut. JE. R.4.

64 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

ILLYRICUM {continued). KINGS OF ILLYRICUM.

DEMETRIUS. [B. C. 220 ?].— Aut. AR. R.8. GENTIUS. [B. C. 165].— Aut. IE. R.8. BALLAEUS (uncertain period). — Aut. M. R.2. ZARIAS or SARIAS (uncertain period). — Aut. IE. R.8.

GRAECIA. PAEONIA.

PAEONIA in genere. — Aut. JE. R.8.

NYSA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

Formerly attributed in error to Nysa in Thracia. KINGS OF PAEONIA.

AUDOLEON. [B. C. 340 to 330].— -Aut. AR. R.3. to R.8.

JE. R.8.

EUPOLEMUS (uncertain period). — Aut. JE. R.6. It is not certain that this prince was of Paeonia. LYCCEIUS (uncertain period). — Aut. AR. R.8. PATRAUS (uncertain period). — Aut. AR. R.5.

MACEDONIA.

MACEDONIA in genere. — Aut. AR. C. to R.4. IE. C. to R.2. Aut. Roman, AR. R.2. to R.8. JE. C. to R.2. Aut. Roman, of the four provinces : — First province. — AR. R.I. to R.8. Second province.— A R. R.7. IE. R.4. Third province. — unknown.

Fourth province. — JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. C. to R.8. Augustus to Trebonianus.

ACANTHUS (Erissos).— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.8. JE. R.4. to R.6.

AEGAE ( ). — (doubtful).

AENIA or AENEA (• ). — Aut. AR. R.7.

AMPHAXUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.5.

MACEDONES AMPHAXII ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. (Mil-

lingen. AMPHIPOLIS (Jeni Kioj).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. C. toR.6.

Imperial, IE. C. to R.6. Of Augustus to Salonina. APHYTIS (Afiti).— Aut. JE. R.5.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 65

MACEDONIA (continued).

APOLLONIA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4.

ARETHUSA ( ).— Aut. M. R.8. (Millingen).

ARGILUS ? ( ).— Aut. IE. R.8. (Millingen').

BERGA ( ). — Aut. IE. R.8.

BERHAEA (Verio, Beria or Kara-Beria). — Aut. JE. R.6.

BISALTAE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7.

BOTTIAEA (Slanizza).— Aut. AR. R.8. IE,. R.2. to R.6.

CASSANDREA (Kassandria Capusi). — Aut. Colonial, M. R.3.

to R.5. Latin legends. Colonial Imperial, AR. R.6.

Potin, R.6. IE. C. to R.6. Claudius to Philip. Latin legends.

KING OF CASSANDREA.

APOLLODORUS (uncertain period). — Aut. R.8. (doubtful).

CASSERA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8.

CHALCIS ( ).— Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.I. to R.4.

IE. R.2.

Formerly attributed to Chalcis in Euboea.

DIUM (Stan Dia).— Colonial Imperial, IE. C. to R.6. Of

Augustus to Salonina. Latin legends. EDESSA (Edessa or Monglena). — Imperial, JE. C. to R.6.

Augustus to Gallienus.

EURYDICEA ( ). — Aut. M. R.5.

Formerly classed in error with those of Eurydicium.

HERACLIA? SINTICA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.3.

TYRANT OF HERACLEA.

ADAEUS (uncertain period). — Aut. IE. R.5.

LETE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8.

MENDE (Calandra).— Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.4. NEAPOLIS (La Cavalla) .— Aut. AR. C. to R.6. IE. R.3.

The brass coins are supposed by some to belong to Neapolis in Ionia.

ORRESKIA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8.

Some suppose these coins to be of Orestae. OLYNTHUS (Ayo-Mama). — Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.8.

ORESTAE ( ). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8.

See Orestias in Thrace.

ORTHAGORIA (Stavro). — Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.4. to R.7. OSSA (Bisaltarum). — Aut. AR. R.8.

66 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

MACEDONIA (continued).

PELLA (Ala Clissa. Pella or Palatisa). — Aut. IE. C. to R.2.

Imperial, JE. R.4. Mark Antony and Octavia.

Colonial Imperial, JE. C. to R.4. Trajan to Philip the

younger. Latin legends.

PHILA ( ).— Aut. M. R.8.

PHILIPPI (Filippi).—Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.7. XL. R.4.

Colonial, JE. R.I. Colonial Imperial, M. R.2. to R.6.

Augustus to Gallienus.

POTIDAEA (- ). — Aut. AR. R.7. (Millingen).

PYDNA (Kitro).—Aut. M. R.I. to R.6.

PYTHIUM ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

SCIONE (Jeni-Kassandra). — Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.8. SCOTUSSA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

Query, if not of the Thessalian Scotussa ?

STOBI MUNICIPIUM (Stip). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. Vespasian to Elagabalus. Latin legends.

TERONE or TORONE (Teroni).— Aut. AR. R.8 JE. R.7.

THESSALONICA (Salonika, Salonicco). — Aut. M. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. Caesar to Salonina.

THAELIUM ( ).— Aut. JE. R.2.

TYRISSA ? ( ) — Aut. AR. R.6.

URANOPOLIS (Castro). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.4.

KINGS OF MACEDONIA.

UNCERTAIN ANCIENT KINGS. — Aut. AR. R.2 to R.6. ALEXANDER I. [B. C. 497 to 454].— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. PERDICCAS II. [B. C. 454 to 413].— Aut. AR. R.8. ARCHELAUS I. [B. C. 413 to 399].— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.7.

JS. R.4. to R.7. AEROPUS III. [B. C. 399].— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

PI. R.8.

PAUSANIAS. [B. C. 398].— Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.6. AMYNTAS II. [B. C. 397 to 371].— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8.

JE. C. to R.5.

ALEXANDER II. [B. C. 371].— Aut, &. R.3. to R.6. PERDICCAS III. [B. C. 366 to 359].— Aut. AR. R.8. JE.

R.3.

PHILIPPUS II. [B. C. 359 to 336]. —Aut. AV. C. to R.2.

AR. C. to R.6. ALEXANDER III. (Magnus). [B. C. 336 to 324].— Aut. with

AAE#ANAPOY only AV. C. to R.4, JE. C. to R.6.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 67

KINGS OF MACEDONIA (continued).

Coins of Alexander struck in different Cities. — AV. R.4. to

R.8. All. R.I. toR.8. IE. R.3. With Dates.— AR. R.2. to R.4. With uncertain Symbols. — AR. C. to R.6. With BASIAE11S.— AV. C. to R.4. AR. C. to R.4. M. C. to R.4.

Coins struck after his Death.— A V. R.8. AR. C. to R.8. IE. C. to R.6.

PHILTPPUS III. (Aridaeus). [B. C. 324 to 317].— Aut. AV.

R.2. to R.7. AR. R.I. to R.6. IE. C. to R.3. CASSANDER. [B. C. 316 to 298]. — Aut. IE. C. to R.3. PHILIPPUS IV. [B. C. 298 to 297].— Aut. IE. R.3. ANTIPATER.

The coins formerly attributed to Antipater have been restored to Antigonus Gonatas.

ALEXANDER IV. [B. C. 297 to 294].— Aut. JE. C. to R.4. ANTIGONUS, King of Asia. [B. C. 292].— Aut. AV. R.8.

AR. R.4. IE. R.4. DEMETRIUS I. (Poliorcetes) . [B. C. 294 to 287].— Aut. AV.

R.8. AR. R.3. to R.8. M. R.6. ANTIGONUS I. (Gonatas). [B. C. 276 to 243]. — Aut. AR.

R.4. to R.7. M. C. to R.2.

DEMETRIUS II. [B. C. 243 to 232].— Aut. M. R.I. to R.6. PHILIPPUS V. [B. C. 220 to 178]. — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.7.

M. C. to R.4. PERSEUS. [B. C. 178 to 168].— Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.4.

to R.8. M. C. to R.3. PHILIP VI. (Andriscus). [B. C. 149].

The coins supposed, by Visconti, of this prince, belong to Philippus V. TITUS QUINCTIUS FLAMINIUS, Consul. — AV. R.8.

This piece is ranged with those of the Macedonian Princes. It is supposed to have been struck in honour of Flaminius, the Roman Consul, after the battle of Cynocephalus, in which he defeated Philip V. See Mionnet's Description, Supp. Tome iii. p. 260. It is engraved in the plates illustrating that volume.

THESSALIA.

THESSALIA in genere.— Aut. AR. C. to R.8. M. R.I. to R.6. Imperial, IE. C. to R. 6. Augustus to Gallienus AENIANES ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.5.

68 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

THESSALIA (continued).

ALOS ( ).— -JE. R.7. (Millingen).

ARGESA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. (doubtful).

ATRAX (Boidanar).— Aut. AR. R.6. IE. R.8.

CIERIUM ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

Sestini erroneously gives this city to Macedonia.

CRANNON (Crania or Xeres).—A.ut. AR. R.8. IE. R.7.

CRANNONII EPHYRI ? ( )— Aut. JE. R.8.

CTEMENE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

DEMETRIAS (Yeni-Sciehere. Folo).— Aut. AR. R.8. DEMETRIAS SACRA.

The coins supposed of this city belong to Demetrias in Phoenicia.

ELATEA or ELATIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

ETHNESTAE. No certain coins. GOMPHI (Stagi, Kalem Fascia) — Aut. JE. R.7. GYRTON (Tacibolicati) — Aut. JE. R.4. HERACLEA (TVacAm)-— Aut, AR. R.6. JE. R.6.

HOMOLIUM ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

LAMIA (Demochi ?) — Aut. AR. R.3. JE. R.4.

LAPITHAE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.8.

LARISSA (Larisa) — Aut. AR. C. to R.6. JE. R.2 to R.7

LARISSA CREMASTE? ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

MAGNESIA (San Giorgio). — Aut. AR. R.I. JE. R.6. (Cabinet

of Mr. Burgon).

MALIENSES POPULUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

METROPOLIS (Mascoluri). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8. (Cabinet

of Mr. Burgon).

MINYAE POPULUS ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

MOPSIUM ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

The silver coin described by Pellerin is of Mende.

OETAEI ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. ^E. R.5.

OTHRYTAE ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

PELINNA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.7.

PERRHAEBIA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8.

PHACIUM ( ).— Aut. ^E. R.8.

PHALANNA ( ).—Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.4.

PHARCADON ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7.

PHARSALUS (Tzatalze Fersala). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6. JE. R.4.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 69

THESSALIA (continued).

PHERAE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7. M. R.6. to R.8.

TYRANT OF PHERAE.

ALEXANDER. [B.C. 369 to 359].— Aut. AR. R.8. M R.8. (Cabinet of Mr. Burgon).

PHILIPPOPOLIS QUJE ET GOMPHI ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8.

(Millingen). PROANA or PROERNA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8.

SCOTUSSA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.8.

THIBROS ? ( ).— Aut. IE. R.8. (doubtful).

TRICCA (Tricala, Trikki).— Aut. AR. R.5. M. R.8. TYRANT OF THESSALIA.

TISIPHON. Contemporary with Philip II. and Alexander the

Great.— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8. ISLANDS ADJACENT TO MACEDONIA AND THESSALIA. HALONESUS (Pelaynisi). — Aut. M. R.8. IRRHESIA?(— — ).— Aut. ^E. R.8. (doubtful). PEPARETHUS (Piperi).— Aut. IE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.8. Augustus and Commodus. SCIATHUS (Schiatti}. — Aut. JE. R.7.

EPIRUS.

EPIRUS in genere.— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6. M. R.I. to

R.4. AMBRACIA (4mbrakia).— Aut. AR. R.I. to R.7. JE. R.I.

to R.2. BUTHROTUM (ButrontOy Butrinto}* — Aut. JE. R.8. Aut.

Colonial, JE. R.6. Imperial Colonial, JE. R.6. to R.8.

Augustus and Tiberius.

CASSOPE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. ' R.3. to R.5.

DAMASTIUM (- ).— • Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.2.

HORRHEUM ? ( ).— Aut. M. R.4. (doubtful).

MOLOSSI ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

MOLOSSI CASSOPAEI ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

NICOPOLIS (Prevesa Fecchia).—Aut. jE. R.6. Imperial, ^E.

R.I. to R.7. From Augustus to Salonina.

ORICUS ( ).— Aut. M. R.8.

Oricus might be considered in Illyria.

PANDOSIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.3.

PHOENICE or PHOENICAPE (Sopoto). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial,

JE. R.6., of Nero and Trajan.

70 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

EPIRUS (continued).

THESPROTIA EPIRI REGIO.

THESPROTIA in Genere. — Aut. JE. R.8., with the name of Pyrrhus.

CELTAE AIDONITES (Aidonia). — Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful). KINGS OF EPIRUS.

ARISE AS. [B. C. 351 to 342]. — No certain coins. NEOPTOLEMUS. [B. C. 350].— Aut. JE. R.7. ALEXANDER I. [B. C. 342 to 326].— Aut. AV. R.8. AR.

R.6. to R.8. JE. R.3. PHTHIA, Mother of Pyrrhus. [Aut. JE. R.2., with the

name of Pyrrhus also. PYRRHUS. [B. C. 294 to 271].— Aut. AV. R.3. to R.6.

AR. R.3. to K.8. JE. R.I. to R.4. ALEXANDER II.? [B. C. 272].— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6.

JE. R.3.

PTOLEMAEUS ? (period unknown). — Aut. JE. R.3. MOSTIS.

The coins supposed of this prince have been restored to Mostis of Thrace.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO EPIRUS. CORCYRA.

CORCYRA in genere (Corfu). — Aut. AR. R.I. toR.6. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, M. C. to R.6. From Trajanus to Gordianus Africanus. CASSOPE CORCYRAE (Cassopo). — Aut. JE. R.4.

ACARNANIA.

ACARNANIA in genere. — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.4. to

R.6. JE. R.I. to R.4.

ALYZIA (Adias).— Aut. AR. R.5. to R.8. JE. R.8. ANACTORIUM (Bonitza). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.8, JE.

R.4. to R.8. AMPHILOCHIUM and ARGOS AMPHILOCHIUM (Filokia). — Aut.

with the name of Argos, AR. R.2. to R.4. Aut. with

the name of Amphilochium, Aut. R.2. to R.4. HERACLEA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.3. to R.7. JE. C.

to R.4.

LEUCAS or LEUCADIA. (Leucadia or Santo Maura). — Aut.

AR. R2. to R.5. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, JE.

R.8. Commodus.

METROPOLIS? (— — ).— Aut. AR. R.8. OENIADAE (• ). — Aut. JE. C. to R.4.

GREEK COINS OP CITIES AND PRINCES. 71

ACARNANIA (continued).

STRATOS (Conopina). — Aut. AR. R.8.

TAPHIAS ( ).

The coin supposed of this town belongs to Tarentum in Calabria.

THYRREUM ( ).— Aut. AR. C. to R.6. JE. R.8.

AETOLIA.

AETOLIA in genere — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. R.2. to R.4.

AEGAE ( ). — No coins known.

APOLLONIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R,8.

ATHAMANES ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

CALYDON (Galatd). — Aut. JE. 'R.8. Imperial, JE. R.8. Severus.

LYSIMACHIA? ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4.

NAUPACTUS (Lepanto).— Aut. AR. R.2. JE. R4.

LOCRIS.

AMPHISSA (Salona or Lampeni). — Aut. JE. R.6.

AXIA ? ( ). — Aut. JE. R.2.

LOCRI (— — ).— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.4. JE. R.3.

LOCRI EPICNEMIDII ( ). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.8.

LOCRI OPUNTII ( ).— Aut.AR. R.3.toR.6. JE. R.2.

to R.4.

LOCRI OPUNTII EPICNEMIDII ? ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6.

LOCRI INCERTI( ),— Aut. AR. R.3. JE. R.2. to R.4.

THRONIUM (Paleocastro). — Aut. JE. R.8.

PHOCIS.

PHOCIS in genere. — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.2. to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.4.

AMPHICAEA? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

CYPARISSUS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

DELPHI (Castri or Castro). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. JE. R.4. to R.7. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. From Had- rian to Caracalla. ELATEA (Eleuta).—Aut. JE. R.6.

MEDEON or MODEON ( ). — Aut. AR. R.7.

MQAAIQN. Of doubtful attribution. TITHOREA. — No certain coins.

72 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

BOEOTIA.

BOEOTIA in genere Aut. AR. C. to R.8. JE. C. to R.5.

ANTHEDON? (Lukisi or Talandi). — Aut. R.8. (doubtful). ARIARTUS or HALIARTUS ( •). — No coins.

ASPLEDON ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.8. (doubtful).

CHERONEA (Capurna). — Aut. AR. R.6. (doubtful).

COPAE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Vespasian.

CORONEA (Camari).— Aut. AR. R.6. to R.8. DELIUM (Delis).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

ERYTHRAE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.7. JE. R.4.

to R.8. (doubtful).

HYLA? ( ).-— Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

ISMENE ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

LARYMNA. No coins.

The piece attributed to this town belongs to Salamis.

LEBADIA ( ). — Aut. JE. unique.1

MYCALESSUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8.

ORCHOMENUS (Skripu). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

PELECANIA ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4. (doubtful).

PHARAE or PHERAE ( ).— Aut. JE R.8.

PLATAEAE (Coda).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.7.

POTNIAE?( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

TANAGRA (Gremata).— -Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. JE. R.5.

Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.8. Augustus to Faustina junior. THEBAE (Stives, Thiva, Thfta) — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.2.

to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.6. THESPIAE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. to R.8. JE. R.4.

Imperial, JE. R.4. Vespasian to Domitian. THISBE ? (Halike, GianiJcki, Langia).—Aut. JE. R.3. The coins supposed of this town are of Thebes.

ATTICA.

ANAPHLYSTUS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

ATHENAE (Satines, Atini). — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. C. to R.8. JE. R.6. to R.8.

There are no authentic imperial coins.

1 See the cut at p. 36, and the " Numismatic Chronicle," Vol. I. p. 248.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 73

ATTICA (continued)' AZETINI ( ).

Sestini gives the coins supposed of this town to Azetini in Calabria.

DECELIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

ELEUSIS (Lefsina). — Aut.^E. C. to R.4. Imperial, JL R,8.

Of Commodus. MEGARA (Megra, Megara). — Aut. AR. R.6. IE. C. to

R.6. Imperial, from Antoninus to Geta. — JE» R.2.

to R.5.

NISAEA ? — No coins.

Those formerly given to this town are of Nysa in Caria.

OROPUS (Ropo). — Aut. JE. R.7.

PAGAE (Libadostani). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5. From Antoninus Pius to Septimius Severus.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO ATTICA.

AEGINA (Eghina, Eugia)<—Ax&. AR. R.2. to R.8. JE.

R.2. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.8. From Severus

to Plautilla. HELENA or CRANAE (Macronisi). — Aut. JE. R.6. (doubtful).

Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.7. Julia to Otacilia. SALAMIS (Kolurl). — Aut. IE. R.2. to R.8. Imperial, JE.

R.8. Of Severus to Caracalla.

PELOPONNESUS. ACHAIA.

ACHAIA in genere. — Aut. AR. C. IE. R.2. to R.8. Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.8. Of Antinous, Verus, and Severus. — Aut., of the Achaean league,1 AR. C. to R.8. IE. R.4. to R8.

AEGIALUS ( ).

The coins supposed of this town belong to Aegialus in Paphlagonia.

AEGIRA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Of Severus, Domna, and Plautilla. AEGIUM (Vostitza). — Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.4. to R.6.

Imperial, JE. R.4. Antoninus to Geta. BURA ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.6. Of Septimius Severus

and his family. CARINAEA ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

1 Fide Cousinery's " Essai Historique, &c., sur les Monnaies d' Argent de la Ligue Acheenne," &c., 4to, ; and Sestini, " Sopra Le Medaglie Antiche relative alia confederazione degli Achei." 4to. Milano, 1817.

L

74 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

ACHAIA (continued}.

CORINTHUS (Korito, Corinto). — Aut. AR. C. to R.7. JE. R.8. Aut. Colonial, JE. C. to R.8. Imperial Colonial, IE. C. to R.7. From Julius Caesar to Gordianus.

PATRAE (Patra, Patrassd).—A.\A. AR. R.4. JE. R.2. to R.3. Aut. Colonial, JE. R.4. Imperial Colonial, JE. C. to R.6. From Augustus to Gordian.

PELLENE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. IE. R.4. Imperial,

JE. R.6. Commodus, to Severus and his family.

PIILIUS (Santa Flica).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.2. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Of the family of Severus.

RHYPAE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4.

Sestini doubts the appropriation.

SICYON (Basilica, Vasiliko).— Aut. AR. R.I. to R.6. JE. C. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.5. Of the family of Severus.

ELIS.

ELIS in genere. — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.6. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Hadrian to Caracalla.

EURYDICIUM.

The coins supposed of this city, belong to Erydicium in Macedonia.

PHEA ( ).

Sestini doubts the existence of any coins.

PHIALA? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7.

PHIGALEA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7.

PYLUS ( ).

The coins supposed of Pylus are of doubtful attribution, or rather, of Byzantium in Thrace.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO ELIS.

ASTERIA? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

CEPHALLENIA (Cefalonia).

CEPHALLENIA in genere. — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.4. CRANIUM CEPHALLENIAE (Crania}. — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.4. toR.6. Imperial,^. R.6. Maximinus to Otacilia.

PALLENSES CEPHALLENIAE (Palliki, Lixuri}. — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.l.toR.4.

PRONI CEPHALLENIAE ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE.

R.4.

SAME CEPHALLENIAE ( ). — Aut. AR. R.4. JE.

R.4.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 75

ELIS (continued).

ZACYNTHUS (Zakinlos, Zante). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.5. From Antoninus to Elagabalus.

ITHACA (Tiaki).-Aut. JE. R.6.

MESSENIA.

MESSENIA in genere. — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. JE,. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.7. Of Severus and his family.

AMPHEA ( ).

Sestini doubts the existence of any coins.

COLONE ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.8.

Of Severus.

CORONE (Koroni, Corone). — Aut. JE. R.6.

CYPARISSIA (Castel Rampano). — Aut. JE., unique. (Cabinet of Mr. Burgon). Imperial, jE. R,4. Of Severus and his family.

MOTHONE (Modoni, Modone). — Imperial, JE. R.5. Of Se- verus and his family.

PYLUS (Yavarino, Navarind). — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.3. Imperial, JE. 11.2. to R.6. Of Severus.

See the note to Pylus in Elis, which equally applies here to the autonomous coins.

TIIURIA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4. Of

Severus and his family.

LACONIA.

ASOPUS (Esapo). — Imp. JE. R.5. Of the family of Severus.

BOEA ( ). — Imperial,^. R.6. Of the family of Severus.

GYTHIUM (Kolokithia). — Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Of the

family of Severus. LACEDAEMON (Misitra). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. JE. C.

toR.5. Imp. JE. C.toR.4. From Augustus to Salonina.

76 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

LACONIA (continued).

KINGS OF LACEDEMONIA.

AGESILAUS (uncertain period). — Aut. All. R.8. POLYDORUS.

Goltizius gives a coin of this king, but it is not authenticated.

AREUS. [B. C. 309 to 265].— Aut. AR. R.8. CLEOMENES III. [B. C. 230 to 220].— Aut. AR. R.8.

LAS ( ). — Imperial. Of the family of Severus. JE. R.7.

PIRRICHOS ( ).— Aut. M. R.8.

TALETUM? ( ).— Aut. IE. R.2. (doubtful).

ARGOLIS.

ARGOS (Planizza). — Aut. AR. C. to R.4. IE. C.toR.4.

Imperial, IE. R.2. to R.4. From Hadrian to Salonina. ASINE (Furnos).— Aut. IE. R.8. Imperial, IE. R.6. Of

the family of Severus. CLEONE (Clegna).— Aut. M. R.7. Imperial,^. R.6. Of

Commodus and the family of Severus. EPIDAURUS (Pedauro, Napoli di Malvasia). — Aut. AR.

R.8. IE. R.I. to R.4. Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.6.

From Antoninus to Severus Alexander. HERMIONE (Kastri).— Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, IE. R.6.

Of the family of Severus. METHANA (Metana). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, M. R.7.

to R.8. Of the family of Severus. THYREA ( ).— Aut. IE. R.3.

The attribution of certain coins to this town does not rest on a sure foundation.

TROEZEN (Damala). — Aut. AR. R.7. IE. R.5. Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.6. Of Commodus and the family of Severus.

ISLAND ADJACENT TO ARGOLIS.

IRENE (— — ).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.4. (doubtful).

ARCADIA.

ARCADIA in genere. — Aut. AR. C. to R.6. IE. R.2. to R.6. Imperial, IE. R.4. Of Antinous only.

ALEA ( ). — Aut. IE.? Imperial, ^E. R.8. Of Mar-

ciana, but doubtful if authentic.

The Autonomous coins are of Alos, in Thessaly. The Imperial are of dubious authenticity.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 77

ARCADIA (continued).

ALIPHEIRA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Of the Achaean League.

ASEA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Of the Achaean League.

BASILIS ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8.

This attribution is not certain.

CAPHYA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4.

Of the family of Severus.

, CHARISIA? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.2.

CLITORIUM ( ). — Imperial, of Julia Domna, JE. R.8.

EVA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Of the Achajan League.

(doubtful). HERAEA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8.— (Cabinet of Mr.

Burgon). Imperial, ^E. R.6. Of the family of Severus. MANTINEA ANTIGONIA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. (Cabinet

of Mr. Burgon). JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6.

Of the family of Severus. MEGALOPOLIS (Sinano). — Aut. AR. R.2.toR.4. JE. R.6.

Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Of the family of Severus.

METHYDRIUM ( ). — Aut. J£. R.8. (doubtful).

ORCHOMENUS (Kalpaki). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6.^ Of the

family of Severus. PALLANTEUM (Tripolizza). — Aut. JE. R.6. Of the Achaean

League. PHENEUS (Phonia).— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.7. JE. R.4.

Imperial, JE. R.4. Of the family of Severus. PHIGALEA or PHIALEA (— ). — Aut. J&. R.6. Imperial,

JE. R.3. Of the family of Severus. PSOPHIS (— —).— Imperial, JE. R.6. Of the family of

Severus.

STYMPALUS (Vussi).— Aut. AR. R.7. to R.8. JE. R.6. TEGEA (Moklia ?).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.3. to R.6.

Imperial, JE,. R.6. Of the family of Severus.

ALEUS, King of Tegea. — Aut. JE. R.6. (uncertain period).

THELPUSA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Of Commodus and the family of Severus. THISOA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Of the Achaean league.

CRETA INSULA.

CRETA in genere (Kriti, Ghirit, Adassi, Candid). — Imperial, AR. R.5. to R.8. J&. C. toR.6. From Augustus to Caracalla.

78 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

CRETA INSULA (continued').

ALLARIA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6.

APOLLONIA?( ).— Aut. AR. R.4.

APTERA (Paleo Castro}.— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. R.I.

to R.2. ARCADIA? (Capo Arcadi). — Aut. AR. R.6.

ARGOS ? ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6.

ARSINOE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.G.

Axus or OAXUS or SAXUS ? ( ). — Aut. JE. R.2.

CERAITE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.6.

CHERSONESUS (Spina Longa). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.G. JE.

R.7. CNOSSUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.I. to R.7. JE. R.2.

Imperial, JE. C. to R.7. Of Augustus and Tiberius. CYDONIA (La Canea). — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.8. JE. R.I.

to R.3. Imperial, A R. R.4. to R.7. JE. R.I. to R.G.

Of Augustus to Julia Domna. CYPARISUS ( ). — Imperial of Antoninus Pius. JE.

R.4. (doubtful).

ELEUTHERNAE ( — — ). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.G. JE. ' R.2. Imperial of Tiberius, JE. R.7.

ELYRUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.4.

GORTYNA (Kortina).—Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.2. to R. 8.

JE. C. to R.2. Imperial of Caligula to Hadrian, AR.

R.8. JE. R.5. HIERAPYTNA (lerapietra, Gerapetra). — Aut. AR. R.4. JE,

R.4. to R.G. Imperial of Augustus to Caracalla, AR.

R.8. JE. R.5.

HYRTACUS or HYRTACINUS.— Aut. AR. R.G. ITANUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. Imperial, AR. R.8.

Of Augustus. LAMPA or LAPPA [( ). — Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.4.

Imperial of Augustus to Commodus, JE. R.4. to R.G.

LASOS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

Lissus ( — _ )._Aut. JE. R.7.

LYTTUS (— _)._Aut. AR. R.2. to R.4. JE. R.2.

Imperial of Caligula and of Germanicus, JE. R.8.

OLUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.8.

PETRA (- — ).— Aut. JE. R.G.

PHAESTUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.3. to R.5. JE. R.I.

to R.3.

PHALANNA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8.

PHALASARNA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. M. R.8.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 79

CRETA INSULA (continued).

POLYRHENIUM (— — ).— Aut. AR. R.3. to R.8. JE.

R.2. Imperial, AR. R.8. JE. R.6. Of Augustus to

Trajan.

PRAESUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.5. JE. R.4.

PRIANSUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.5. Imperial,

JE. R.8. Of Hadrian.

RHAUCUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.4.

RHITHYMNA (Retimo). — Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.3. SYBRITIA (— — ).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.4. TANOS (— — ). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

TEGEA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.4.

Probably of Tegea in Arcadia. THALASSA (Kalo Limno). — Aut. IE. R.4. Imperial of

Augustus to Trajan, AR. R.2. JE. C. to R.2. TYLISSUS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4.

EUBOEA INSULA.

EUBOEA in genere (Eiriboss Adassi, Negroponte).—Aut. AR.

R.2. to R.4. JE. C. to R.4. ARTEMISIUM? ( ). — Aut. AR. R.7. IE. R.6.

(doubtful). CARYSTUS (Karisto, Castel Rosso). — Aut. AV. R.8. AR.

R.4. to R.5. JE. R.4. Imperial of Nero to Antoninus,

M. R.6.

CERINTHUS?( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

CHALCIS (Egripos Negroponte).—Aut. AR. C. to R4.

IE. R.4. Imperial of Augustus to Caracalla, JE. R.4.

Some of these coins were formerly confounded with those of Chalcis in Macedonia. The coins of Chalcis in Macedonia have the head of Apollo and the lyre.

ERETRIA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. C. to R.6.

HISTIAEA (Orio).— Aut. AR. C. to R.8. JE. R.3.

SMALLER ISLANDS OF THE EUROPEAN AEGAEAN. AMORGUS (Amorgo). — Aut. JE. R.8. AEGIALE AMORGI (Hyali). — Aut. JE, R.7. ANAPHE (Naufio).—Aut. JE. R.6. ANDRUS (Andro). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.2. Imperial,

JE. R.6., of Antoninus to L. Verus. (doiibfful). CEOS or CEA (Murtad Adassi, Zed).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.3. CARTHAEA CEAE ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.3.

80 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

EUBOEA INSULA (continued).

CORESIA or CORISIA CEAE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. IE.

R.4.

JULIS CEAE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.2.

POEESA CEAE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

CIMOLIS (Kimoli, L' Argentierd). — Aut. JE. R.7.

CYTHNUS ( Thermia).— Aut. JE. R.6.

DELUS (Tstille, Stile).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4.

G YARDS (Yura).— Aut. IE. R.8.

los (Nio). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, of Faustina and Lucilla,

IE. R.7.

MELOS (Deyrmen Adassi, Milo).—Aut. AR. R.6. to R.8. JE. C. to R.6. Imperial, IE. R.5. to R.7. Of Nero to Caracalla.

MYCONUS (Miconi). — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Augustus and of Domitian.

NAXUS (Naxia).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.3. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Of Severus and his family.

PAROS (Paros, Naucsa).—Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.7. Of Aurelius and of Faustina, Jun.

PHOLEGANDRUS (Policandro). — Aut. JE. R.8. SERIPHUS (Serfanto).—Au\,. JE. R.8. SICINUS (SiJcino). — Aut. JE. R.G.

SIPHNUS (Sifanto).—AxA. AR. R.G. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.G. Of Severus to Gordian.

SYRUS (Sira). — Aut. JE. R.G. Imperial, Titus to Severus Alexander, R.4. to R.7.

TENUS (Tine, Tino, IstindiJ).—Aut. AR. R.G. JE. C.

to R.3. Imperial, of Sabina to Maximus, JE. R.4. THERA (Santorini).—Aut. JE. R.3. to R.8. Imperial, ^E.

R.4. to R.G. Of Aurelius to Severus.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 81

ASIA.

BOSPHORUS CIMMERIUS.

GORGIPPIA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.6.

PHANAGORIA (Taman). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.6.

The Kings of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, are ranged with those of Pontus, which see.

COLCHI.

DIOSCURI AS (Iscuriah). — Aut. M. R.4.

PONTUS.

PONTUS in genere. Imperial, IE. R.6., of Marcus Aurelius.

AMASIA (Amassia). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.8. Of Domitian to Mamea.

AMERIA ? ( ). — Aut. (doubtful). JE. R.8.

AMISUS ANTEA PIRAEA (Himiso Samsuri). — Aut. AR. R.4. JE. C. to R.6. Imperial, AR. R.2. to R.4. JE. R.3. to R.5. Of Trajan to Salonina.

ASIBA? ( ).— Imperial, M. R.8. Of Gordian (doubt-

ful).

CABIRA ( Turkal}— Aut. JE. R.6.

CERASUS (Chrixonda, Ghirecin, Keresun). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Antoninus, of Aurelius, and of Elagabalus.

CHABACTA ( ).— Aut. M. R.4.

COMANA (Mermer Klissa, Gomanak). — Aut. JE. R.4. Im- perial, M. R.4. Of Nerva to Elagabalus.

The colonial coins supposed of this town, are of Comana in Cappa- docia.

GAZIURA (Azurnis). — Aut. ^E. R.6. LAODICEA (Ladik). — Aut. IE. R.7. MARIANDYNI.— Aut. AR. R.8.

NEOC^ESAREA (Niksar, Nixaria). — Aut. ^E. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Of Tiberius to Gallienus.

PHARNACIA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.5.

PIMOLISA (Osmangik). — Aut. ^E. R.6.

SARBANISSA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Of Polemon II.

M

82 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PONTUS (continued).

SEBASTOPOLIS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial. Of A.

Pius and J. Domna. JE. R.7. TRAPEZUS (Trabisan, Trebisonda). — Imperial, IE. R.4. Of

Trajan to Philip. ZELA (Zile). — Imperial, JE. R.5. Of Julia Domna to Geta.

KINGS OF PONTUS, AND THE CIMMERIAN BOSPHORUS.

PAERISADES II. (supposed the son of Spartacus IV.) King of Bosphorus. [B. C. 289 to — ].— Aut. AV. R.8.

LEUCO II.— JE. R.7.

SPARTOCUS. — AR. (unique).

MITHRIDATES III., King of Pontus. [B. C. 297 to 266]. Aut. AR. R.7. to R.8.

PHARNACES I. (son of Mithridates IV.), King of Pontus.' [B. C. 184 to 157].— Aut. AR. R.8.

The gold pieces are modern fabrications.

MITHRIDATES V. (Evergetes), (son of Pharnaces I.), King of Pontus. Aut. AR. R.8. (doubtful).

MITHRIDATES VI. (Eupator Dionysius), King of Pontus, after- wards of the Bosphorus. [B. C. 123 to 62].— Aut. AV. R.7. to R.8. AR. R.4. to 8.

This is the great Mithridates.

PHARNACES II., King of the Bosphorus, afterwards of Pontus.

[B. C. 62 to 47].— Aut. AV. R.7. to R.8. AR. R.8. ASANDER, ARCHON, afterwards King of the Bosphorus. [B. C.

46 to 13]. Aut. AV. R.6. AR. R.7. JE. R.8.? Plumb.

R.8.

POLEMO I. King of Pontus, and afterwards of Bosphorus. [B. C.

13, to the commencement of the Christian era.]— Imperial,

AR. R.8. (doubtful.} JE. R.8. Of Antony and Augustus. PYTHODORIS, wife of Polemo I.— Imperial, AR. R.7. Of

Augustus and of Tiberius. POLEMO II. King of Pontus and the Bosphorus. — [A.D. 38 to

63]. Imperial, AR. R.4.toR.8. JE. R.8. of Claudius,

• Agrippina Jun. and of Nero.

TRYPHAENE, wife of Polemo II.— Aut. AR. R.8. (without her head.)

KINGS OF THE BOSPHORUS ONLY.

SAUROMATES I. — Aut. AV. R8. The cotemporary of Augus- tus and Tiberius. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R 6. of Augustus and of Tiberius.

SAUROMATES II. — [A. D. 13—16.] JE. R.4. to R.7.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 83

PONTUS (continued).

RHESCUPORIS I. Cotemporary of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula.— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, AV. R.8. IE. R.4. to R.6. of Augustus, Tiberius and Caligula.

RHESCUPORIS II. Cotemporary of Tiberius and Caligula. —

Imperial, AV. R.8. M. R.5.

MITHRIDATES, Cotemporary of Claudius. — Aut. JE. R.6. GEPAEPIRIS, wife of Mithridates.— IE. R.8. COTYS I. Cotemporary of Claudius and Nero. — Imperial, AV.

R.6. JE. R.4. of Claudius, Agrippina Junior, and ' Nero ;

with the head of Britannicus unique.' RHESCUPORIS III. Cotemporary of Domitian. — Imperial,

AV. R.8. Aut. JE. R.4. SAUROM ATES III. Cotemporary of Trajan and Hadrian. — Aut.

IE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial of the above Emperors, AV.

R.4. to R.S. COTYS II. Cotemporary of Hadrian. — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial

of Hadrian, AV. R.S. RHOEMETALCES, Cotemporary of Hadrian and Antoninus. —

Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial of Hadrian and Antoninus, AV.

R.4. to R.5. EUPATOR, Cotemporary of Antoninus and Aurelius. — Aut. JE.

R.6. Imperial of the above Emperors, AV. R.4. to R.5. SAUROMATES IV. Cotemporary of Aurelius. Commodus, and

Severus. — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial of Aurelius, Commo- dus, Severus, and Caracalla, AV. R.4. to R.S. Elec-

trum, R.4. AR. R.6. RHESCUPORIS IV. Cotemporary of Caracalla, Elagabalus, and

Severus Alexander. — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial of the

above Emperors, AV. R.6. Electrum. R.6. to R.S. AR.

R.6. COTYS III. Cotemporary of Sev. Alexander. — Imperial, AV.

R.6. Electrum. R.6. AR. R.6. COTYS IV. Cotemporary of Sev. Alexander. — Imperial. AR.

R.4. JE. R.6.

1 See " Coins of the Romans relating to Britain," p. 12.

84 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PONTUS (continued).

SAUROMATES V. Cotemporary of Sev. Alexander. — Imperial,

AR. R.8. SAUROMATES V. Cotemporary of Sev. Alexander. — Imperial,

AR. R.8. RHESCUPORIS V. — Imperial, AR. R.4. Potin. R.4. to R.8.

M. R.4. to R.8. ININTHIMEUUS, Cotemporary of Maximinus and Gordian. —

Aut. M. R.6. Imperial. AR. R.6. JE. R.6. to R.8. RHESCUPORIS VI. Cotemporary of Gordian, Trebonian, and

T. Decius.— Imperial, Potin. R.3. AREANSES, Cotemporary of Aemilianus, Valerianus, and Gal-

lienus. — Imperial, Potin. R.8. RHESCUPORTS VII. Cotemporary of Valerianus? and Gallie-

nus. — Imperial, IE. R.5. to R.8.

SAUROMATES VI. Cotemporary of Tacitus or Probus. — Impe- rial, M. R.8.

TIERANES, Cotemporary of Probus. — Imperial, JE. R.8. THOTHORSES, Cotemporary of Diocletian. — Imperial, ^E. R.5.

to R.6. RHADAMSES, or RHADAMSADES, Cotemporary of Constantine

the Great. — Imperial, JE. R.8. RHESCUPORIS VIII. Cotemporary of Constantine the Great. —

Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.8. SAUROMATES VII. — No coins.

PAPHLAGONIA.

ABCNI-TICHOS, IONOPOLIS (Aineh-Boli, Ynebolu). — With

the name of Aboni-Tichos. — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial of

Antoninus and M. Aurelius, JE. R.6. With the name lonopolis. — Imperial of L. Verus, IE. R.6. AEGIALUS (Do Castelli. Calla de Gide). — Imperial of Domna

and of Caracalla, IE. R.6. AMASTRIS (Amassreh, Amastra, Amarsa, Amassera, Samatro).

— Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.2. to R.6. Imperial of Do-

mitian to Gordian III., M. C. to R.8. With the name of

Sebasta and of Amisus in alliance. AULARI (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.8. CROMNA (Cromena, Calle de Caragat). — Aut. AR. R.4. GANGRA, GERMANICOPOLIS (Ghiengari, Ghiengra). — Imperial

of M. Aurelius, Faustina, Jun., and of the family of

Severus, JE. R.4. to R.7. MASTIA ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. (doubtful).

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 85

PAPHLAGONIA (continued).

NEOCLAUDIOPOLIS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Anto- ninus to Caracalla.

POMPEIOPOLIS (Tache Kupru). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Aurelius and Faustina, Jun.

SEBASTE (Sivas). — Aut. JE. R.8.3 Imperial of Trajan, Aurelius, and Verus, JE. R.6.

SESAMUS (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

SINOPE (Sinub, Sinab, Sinope).—Aut. AR. C. to R.8. JE. C. to R.4. Aut. Colonial, JE. R.8. Imperial Colonial of Caesar to Gallienus, JE. C. to R.8.

KINGS OF PAPHLAGONIA.

PYLAEMENES (uncertain period).— Aut. JE. R.6.

The name of Pylaemenes was common to the kings of Paphlagonia.

BITHYNIA.

BITHYNIA in genere. — Imperial of Vespasianus to Salonina, AR. R.3. to R.6. JE. R.3. to R.8.

ALYATTA? ( ).— Aut .JE. R.6.

APAMEA. MYRLEA (Medaniah, Madagna). — Aut. JE,. R.4. to R.6. Aut. Colonial, JE. R.8. Imperial Colonial, JE. R.3. to R.6. Of Augustus to Gallienus.

ASTACUS? ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. (Millingeri).

BITHYNIUM, CLAUDIOPOLIS (Bastan). — Aut. with the name of Bithynium, JE. R.6. Imperial, with the name of Clau- diopolis, JE. R.4. Of Claudius to Hadrian. Imperial, with the name of Bithynium, IE. R.4. to R.7. Of Anti- nous to Gallienus.

CAESAREA ( ).

The coins supposed of Bithynium Caesarea belong to Tralles in Lydia.

CHALCEDON (Kadi-Kioy). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.7. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Of Agrippina the younger to Tranquillina.

Cms, PRUSIAS AD MARE (Kio. Kiemlik), — With the name of Cius, AR. R.4. JE. R.5. With the name of Prusias, Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.5. Of Domitian. With the name of Cius restored, Aut. JE. R.5. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.8. Of Claudius to Salonina.

GRATIA. FLAVIOPOLIS (Bayndir). — With the name of Gratia. — Aut. JE. R.6. With the name of Fluviopolis. — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.8. Of Antoninus Pius to Gallienus.

3 This coin bears the name of Amastris in alliance.

86 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT X?F

BITHYNIA (continued).

DIA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

EREBOEA? ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Commodus.

(doubtful). HADRIANI (Edrenes). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4.

to R.8. Of Hadrian to Salonina. HADRIANOPOLIS (Soli). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.3.

to R.8. From Hadrian to Philip. HADRIANOTHERAE ( ) Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, IE.

R.4. to R.6. Of Hadrian to Philip. HERACLEA (JRachia, Eleqri, Ereyli, Penderaski). — Aut. AR.

R.4. to R.8. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.2. to

R.6. Of Vespasian to Salonina.

KINGS OF HERACLEA.

TIMOTHEUS AND DioNYSius. Cotemporary with

Philip II., King of Macedon.— Aut. AR. R.6.

DIONYSIUS only. Cotemporary of Alexander the

Great— Aut. AR. R.6. AMASTRIS, Wife of Dionysius. — Aut. AR. R.7.

JE. R.8.

JULIOPOLIS (Bey Bazar). — Aut. M. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.7. Of Trajan to Gallienus.

METROUM ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

NICAEA (Isnik).— Aut. JE. R.3. to R.6. Imperial, JE. C. to

R.8. From Julius Caesar to Quietus. NICOMEDIA (Isnid, Isnimid, Nicomedia). — Aut. M. R.2.

Imperial, JE. C. to R.8. Augustus to Salonina. PRUSA AD OLYMPUM (Brusa). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.I. to R.6. Of Nero to Salonina. PRUSIAS AD HYPIUM (Uskubi). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial,

JE. R.2. to R.6. Of Vespasian to Gallienus. PRUSIAS AD MARE. — See Cius.

PYTHOPOLIS ( ). No certain coins.

See Note to Pylus in Elis. TIMAEA.— Aut. JE. R.8.

TIUM (Thios, Tillios, Filios, Falios).— Aut. JE. R.6. Impe- rial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Of Domitian to Gallienus. KINGS OF BITHYNIA.

NICOMEDES I. [B.C. 276 to 250].— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4.

No coins are known of his son Zelas.

PRUSIAS I. [B.C. to 187].— Aut. AR. R.6. JE.

C. to R.4. Of Prusias I. or Prusias II.

There are false coins, both in gold and silver.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 87

BITHYNIA (continued).

PnusiAsII. [B.C. to 149].— Aut. AR. R.5. JE.

C. to R.4. NICOMEDES II., EPIPHANES. [B. C. 149 to 93] — Aut. AV.

U.S. AR. R.6.

NICOMEDES III. Epiphanes. [B. C. 93 to 73]. Aut. AR. R.8. ORADALTIS, Queen of Bithynia (uncertain period). — Aut. JE.

R.6. MUSA ORSOBARIS, Queen of Bithynia (uncertain period. —

Aut. JE. R.6.

MYSIA.

MYSIA in genere. — Imperial, ^E. R.8. Of Domitian. ABBAETI, MYSI.

These coins belong to Aba in Caria.

ADRAMYTIUM (Edremit, Adramitti). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.6. Of Domitian to Gallienus.

ANTANDRUS (Atandro). — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.6. Im- perial, JE. R.6. to R.8. Of Titus to Julia Paula.

APOLLONIA AD RHYNDACUM (Abullona). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Of Domitian to Gallienus.

Assus (Asso).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.8. Of Augustus to Severus Alexander.

ASTYRA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.8.

The Imperial coins supposed of this city belong, it is imagined, to Antandrus.

ATARNEA ( ). Aut. EL. R.8. JE. R.4. Imperial,

JE. R.6. Of Marcus Aurelius to Gordianus.

CAME, or CANA, or CAMENA (Coloni).— Imperial, JE. R.7. Of Hadrian, Commodus, and Severus.

CISTHENE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7.

CYZICUS ( ).— Aut. AV. R.4. to R.8. EL. R.3. AR.

R.4. to R.8. M. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. Of Augustus to Claudius Gothicus.

GARGARA (Ine-Kioy). — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.4. Impe- rial, &. R.8. Of Commodus.

GERGITHUS (Gergiti). — Aut. M. R.6.

GERME, HIERA-GERME (- ). — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.6.

Imperial, JE. 11.2. to R.6. Of Trajanus to Philip Jun.

LAMPSACUS (Lapseki, Lamsahi). — Aut. AV. R.6. AR. R.3. to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, M. R.3. to R.5. Of Augustus to Gallienus.

88 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

MYSIA (continued).

MILETOPOLIS (Melte). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4.

to R.6. Of Tiberius to Otacilia. PARIUM (Kiemer, Kamares, Porto Camera). — Aut. AV. R.8.

AR. R.2. to R.6. JE. R.2. to R.4. Aut. Colonial, JE.

R.2. to R.8. Imperial, Colonial, IE. R.2. to R.8. Of

Julius Caesar to Salonina. PERGAMUS (Bergam, Pergamo). — Aut. AV. R.8. EL. R.6.

AR. R.2. to R.8. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. C. to

R.8. Of Augustus to Saloninus.

KING OF PERGAMUS.

PHILETAIRUS [reigned in the third and second centuries B. C.]— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.7. JE. R.2. to R.4.

Philetairus was the common name of the Kings of Pergamus, and the coins of particular monarchs cannot, in consequence, be distinguished readily. But see "Viconti Iconographie Grecque."

PERPERENE ( ). — Aut. M. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4.

to R.7. Of Nero to Otacilia. PIONIA (— — ).— Aut. M. R.8. Imperial, M. R.7. Of

Severus and his family, PITANE ( ). — Aut. M. R.4. Imperial, M. R,6.

Caius and Lucius Caesar to Sev. Alexander. POEMANENI ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.7.

Trajan. POROSELENE (Musco Nisi). — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, M.

R.7. Ant. Pius to Valerian. PRIAPUS (Karaboa). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.6. Augustus. TRIMENOTHYREI ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.6.

These coins have often been confounded with those of Temenothyrae in Lydia.

ISLAND ADJACENT TO MYSIA.

PROCONNESUS (Mermer-Adassi, Marmara). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.6.

TROAS.

ABYDOS (Aidos, Nagara). — Aut. AV. R.8. El. R.8. AR.

R.2. to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.6. Augustus to Maximinus. ALEXANDRIA-TROAS (Eski-Stambul). — Aut. El. R.8. AR.

R.6. JE. C. to R.2. Colonial, Aut. JE. C. to R.6.

Colonial, Imperial, JE. C. to R.8. Trajan to Salonina.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 89

TROAS (continued).

AMAXITUS, see HAMAXITUS.

ARISE A (Mussa-Kioy). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, IE. R.8. Trajan to Pescennius Niger.

The Coin of Pescennius Niger is doubted.

BERYTIS ( ).— Aut JE. R.8. (Millingen).

DARDANUS (Burnu Punta del Barbieri). — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.3. to R.4. Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.7. Augustus to Geta.

HAMAXITUS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingen).

GENTINOS (< ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

ILIUM (Bunar-Bachi) — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.7. M. R 3. to R.6. Imperial, IE. R.2. to R.6. Augustus to Salonina.

NEANDRIA ( ).— Aut. M. R.7.

OPHRYNIUM ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.5.

SCEPSIS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.5. to R.7. Im- perial, JE. R.4. to R.7. M. Aurelius to Maximin.

SIGEUM (Yeni-Cheher)—Ant. JE. R.3. to R.6.

THEBE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingen).

The name of this town is also found on an autonomous coin of Adra- mytium in Mysia, with which it was in alliance.

ZELEIA ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

Dumersan, Descr. des Med. du Cab. d'A. de Hauteroche, pi. xiii.

ISLAND ADJACENT TO TROAS.

TENEDUS (Bozgia, Boghce-Adassi, Tenedos, Tenedo). — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.3. to R.6. JE. R.6.

AEOLIS.

AEOLIS in genere.

The coins hitherto attributed to this country, have been restored to Aeolium in the Thracian Chersonesus.

AEGAE (Ghiusel-Hyssar).—Ant. AR. R.4.to R.8. JE. R.3.

to R.5. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Claudius to Trajan

Decius. CYME (Sanderli, Nemurfy—Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. R.2.

to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.8. Drusus to Salo-

ninus. ELAEA (lalea). — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.3. to R.7. Imperial,

JE. R.4. to R.6. Augustus to Hostilian. LARISSA? ( ).— Aut, JE. R.7.

N

90 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

AEOLIS (continued).

MYRHINA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. JE. R.2. to R.4.

Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5. Domitian to Tranquillina.

NEONTICHOS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6.

TEMNUS (Melemeri). — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Augustus to Philip the younger.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO AEOLIS.

LESBUS (Melelen), in genere. — Imperial, IE. R.3. to 11.6. Marcus Aurelius to Commodus.

ANTISSA (Petra). — Aut. JSL. R.4.

ERESUS (Eresso). — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.2. to R.6. Im- perial, M. R.7. Adrian to Sev. Alexander.

METHYMNA (— -).— • Aut. AR. R.6. to R.7. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Augustus to Severus Alexander.

MYTILENE (Midilli, Castro). — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. C. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.2, to R.7. Augustus to Sa- lonina.

The autonomous coins of Mytilene, often bear the names of Ephesus, Pergamus, and Smyrna, in alliance ; the imperial, those of Adra- mytium and Pergamus.

NAPE?( ).— Aut. R.8. JE. R.8. (doubtful).

IONIA.

IONIA in genere. — Imperial JE. R.6. Antoninus and M. Aurelius.

APOLLONIA ( ). — AutP^E. R. 3. Imperial, JE. R.8.

Marcus Aurelius and Severus Alexander.

CADME, PRIENE ( ) — With the name of Cadme. Aut.

JE. R.8. With the name of Priene.— Aut. AR. R.5. JE. R.3.toR.5. Imperial, JE. R.7. Augustus to Valerian. CLAZOMENE (Klisma). — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.5. to R.8. M. C.toR.4. Imperial, AR. R.8. JE. RA. to R.8. Augustus to Gallienus.

Some have the name of Smyrna in alliance.

COLOPHON ( ).— Aut. AV. R.6. AR. R.5. JE. R.2.

to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Nero to Saloninus. On an autonomous coin the name of Teas is found in alliance ; and on the Imperial, Pergamus.

EPHESUS (Ayasululc Efeso).— Aut. AV. R.8. AR.* R.I. to R.6. JE. R.I. toll, 6. Imperial, AR. R.6. JE. C.toR.G. From the time of the Triumvirs to Saloninus. Many coins of Ephesus bear the names of other cities in alliance.

* See a Notice of the Coins of Ephesus, while called Arsinoe, in the Numisma- tic Chronicle, Vol. II. p. 171.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 91

IONIA (continued}.

ERAE?( ). — Imperial, ^E. R.8. Of Augustus, (doubtful}.

ERYTHRAE (Eritra}.— Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.l.toR.6. M. R.l.toR.4. Imperial, J3. R.4. to R.7. Augustus to Valerian. On the autonomous coins the name of Chios is found in alliance.

GAMBRIUM ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4.

HERACLEA ( ).— Aut. AR. ? R.4. JE. R.3. toR.5.

Imperial, JE. R.5. Augustus to Geta. LEBEDUS (Sivri-Hyssar}. — Aut. AV. R.8. AR. R.7. JE.

R.3. to R.5. Imperial, M. R.4. to R.7. Vespasian to

Geta.

MAGNESIA (Aidin Ghiusel. Hyssar}. — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6.

JE. R.l.toR.4. Imperial, -SI. R.l.toR.6. Liviato

Gallienus. METROPOLIS (Turbali}. — Aut? JE. R.5. Imperial, JE.

R.I. to R.6. Trajan to Gallienus.

On these the name of Ephesus occurs in alliance.

MILETUS (Balat, Palaisca, Milet}.—Aut. AR. R 2. to R.4. M. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Augustus to Salonina. On these the names of Ephesus, Smyrna, Cos, and Amisus, are found.

NEAPOLIS (Kuche-Adassi, Neapoli, Scalanuova). — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE.' R.6. Of Domna, Gordian, and Trebonian. The name of Harpasa in Caria is found on an imperial coin.

PHOCEA (Foya, Foggia, FoJcia, Fecchia, Le Foglieri}. — Aut. AV. R.7. Electrum, R.7. JE. R.2. to R.4. Impe- rial, JE. R.2. to R.7. Claudius to Philip, Junior.

PHYGELA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4.

SMYRNA (Ismirt Smirne, Le Smirnea, Smyrne). — Aut. AV. R.7. Electrum, R.7. AR. R.I. to R.8. IE. C. to R.6. Imperial, ^E. C. to R.7. Of Augustus to Saloninus.

The coins of Smyrna, Teos, Chios, and Samos, often bear the names of other cities in alliance.

TEOS (SigagiJc}.—Aut. AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. R.I. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.7.

Augustus to Saloninus.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO IONIA.

CHIOS (Sakiss, Adassi, Chio, Scio}. — Aut. AV. R.8. Electrum, R.8. AR. R.2. to R.6. JE. C. to R.6. Imperial, AR. R.5. Of Augustus.

92 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OP

IONIA (continued).

ICARIA (Nakaria).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.8. Of

Commodus ? PATMOS (Patmos, Palmosa), — Aut. IE. R.8. Imperial, JE.

R.8. ? Of Septimius Severus. , SAMOS (Susam, Adassi, Samo). — Aut. AV. R.6. Electrum,

R.6. AR. R.5. to R.7. M. R.2. to R.6. Imperial,

JR. C. to R.5. Of Augustus to the younger Valerian.

CARIA.

ABA (— — ).— Aut. IE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.7. Mar- cus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, and Severus Alexander.

ALABANDA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.4. to R.6.

Imperial, 2E. R.2. to R.6. Augustus to Gordian.

ALINDA (Mugla).—Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.6. Augustus to Annia Faustina.

ANTIOCHIA (Yeni-Chiehere). — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.2. to R.5. Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.8. Augustus to Salonina.

On the Imperial Coins, the name of Laodicea occurs.

APHRODISIAS ( ). — Aut. AR. R.4. IE. R.2. to R.4.

Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.6. Augustus to Salonina.

On the autonomous coins, we find the name of Plarasa in Caria, and on the Imperial, Hierapolis and Ephesus.

APOLLONIA ( ).— Aut. IE. R.2. to R.8. Imperial, JE.

R.6. Augustus to Salonina.

BARGASA (Arab-Hyssar). — Aut. M. R.5. to R.G. Imperial, JE. R.5. to 11.6. Nero to Salonina.

BARGYLIA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.G. JE. R.7. Impe- rial, M. R.4. to R.G. Titus to Geta.

CALYNDA ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

CERAMUS (Keramo). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8. Imperial, R.8. Antoninus Pius.

CNIDUS (Porto Crio}.— Aut. AR. R.I. to R.5. M. R.I. to R.5. Imperial, ^E. R.4. to R.G. Nerva to Caracalla and Plautilla.

CYON (— — ).— Aut.^E. R.5. Imperial, ^E. R.8. Julia Domna.

DAEDALA ( ). — Imperial of Caracalla only, JE. R.8.

EIRIZA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

EURALIUM ( ). — Imperial of Caracalla, JE. R.8.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 93

CARIA (continued).

EVIPPE ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Lucilla and Domna,

EUROMUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.7.

Severus and Caracalla. HALICARNASSUS (Budrun, Bodroni, San Pedro). — Aut. AR.

R.7. JE. R.6. Imperial, IE. R.3. to R.6, Agrip-

pina Claudii to Gordian.

Some of these coins bear the name of Cos and Samos in alliance.

HARPASA (Arpache-Kallessi). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6. Antoninus Pius to Gordian.

Some have the name of Neapolis in Ionia in alliance.

HERACLEA ( ). — Aut. IE. R.6. (doubtful).

HYLLARIMENE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingen).

HYDRELA (Denisli).—Aui. JE. R.8.

IASUS (Jskein-Kalessi).— Ant. JE. R.4. Imperial, ^E. R.4. to R.5. Augustus to Gordian.

IMBRUS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. (doubtful).

MEDMASA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.7.

MYLASA (Meless, Mylaso, Marmora). — Aut. JE. R.4. Impe- rial, JE. R.3. to R.6. Augustus to Valerian and his son.

MYNDUS (Menteche, Mimdes). — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.3. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.6. Antoninus to Septimius Severus, and Domna.

NEAPOLIS ( ).

The coins supposed of Neapolis in Caria, belong to Neapolis in Ionia.

NYSA (Nazely, Nozly\—Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE. 11.2. to R.6. Augustus to Gallienus. Some bear the name of Ephesus and Ancyra in alliance.

ORTHOSIA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.3. to R.5. Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.6. Augustus to Maximinus.

PLARASA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.7.

Some bear the name of Aphrodisias in Caria, in alliance.

PRENASSUS or PRINASSUS ( ). — Aut. ^E. R.4.

PYRNUS ( ). — Aut. ^E. R.6.

SEBASTOPOLIS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, M.

R.4. to R.6. (Millingen).

STRATONICEA (Eski-Chiehere). — Aut. AR. R.7. M. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, AR. R.8. ^E. R.3. to R.7. An- toninus Pius to^Saloninus.

TABA (Dava-su, Tabas).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.4. to R.5. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.7. Drusus to Salonina.

TELEMISSUS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

94 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

CARIA (continued).

TRAPEZOPOLIS (Karagia-Su). — Aut. JE. R.4. toR.6. Impe- rial, JE. R.6. Augustus, Commodus, and Domna.

TRIPOLIS (Tribul).— Aut. IE. R.3. to 11.5. Imperial, M. R.3. R.6. Augustus to Saloriina.

KINGS OF CARIA.

HECATOMNUS. [Died about the year B. C. 381].— Aut. AR.

R.8. MAUSSOLUS. [Died in the year B. C. 353].— Aut. AR.

R.5. to R.6.

ARTEMISIA, wife of Maussolus. — No coins. HIDRIEUS. [Died in the year B. C. 344].— Aut. AR.

R.6. to R.7.

ADA, wife of Hidrieus. — No coins. PIXODARUS. [Died in the year B. C. 336]. —Aut. AV. R.8.

AR. R.6. OTHONTOPATES. [Died in the year B. C. 334].— Aut. AR.

R.8.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO CARIA.

ASTYPALAEA (Stimfalia). — Aut. ? JE. R.4. Imperial, JE.

R.7. Of Livia and Tiberius.

CALYMNA (Calmine, Calymnium, Calymnce). — Aut. AR. R.6. Cos (htanko, Lango).—AvA. AR. R.I. to R.8. JE. C. to

R.8. Imperial, IE. R.I. to R.5. Augustus to Philip.

The Imperial coins sometimes bear the name of Miletus, in Ionia, in alliance.

MEGISTE ? ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8. (Millingeri).

Erroneously given by Sestini " Lett. Num. Tom. vi," to Medmasa in Caria.

NISYROS (Nisari, Nicero),— Aut. AR. R.8. M. R.4. RHODUS (Rodus, Rodi).—A.ut. AV. R.8. AR. C. to R.4.

JE. C. to R.3. Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.6. Tiberius

to Commodus.

ASTYRA RIIODI ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

CAMIRUS RIIODI ( ). — Aut. AR. R.6.

TELOS (Elleci, Tillos, Episcopi).—Aut. JE. R.8.

LYCIA.

LYCIA in genere. — Imperial, AR. R.3. Claudius to Trajan. Some bear the name of Apollonia in Pisidia in alliance.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 95

LYCIA (continued).

ANTIPHELLUS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Gordianus.

APERRAE ( ).— Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Gordianus.

APOLLONIA (— — ).— Aut.? JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6. Marcus Aurelius, Geta, and Gallienus.

ARAXA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

ARYCANDA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Of Gordianus

and Tranquillina.

CABALIS ? ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. (Millingen).

CORYDALLUS (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Gordianus and Tranquillina.

CRAGUS ( ). — Aut. AR. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Of Augustus and Julia.

CYANEAE( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. . JE. R.6. Imperial,

JE. R.5. Gordianus.

CYDNA ? ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8.

LIMYRA ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Gordianus.

MASSICYTES( ).— Aut. AR. R.3. to R.6. JE. R.4.

Imperial, AR. R.4 IE. R.8. Of Augustus.

MYRA (Mira)— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.6.

Antoninus Pius to Valerian.

The names of Patara and Side are found on the Imperial coins. OLYMPUS (Porto Venetico).— Aut. AR. R.6.

PATARA (Patera).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5. Of Gordianus.

The name of Myra occurs on the imperial coins.

PHASELIS (Fionda).— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.3. to R.5. Imperial, JE. R.7. Of Gordianus.

PHELLUS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Gordian.

PODALIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.8.

Of Tranquillina.

RHODIA, RHODIOPOLIS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8.

TITYASSA ( ).— Imperial, JE., of Geta, R.8.

TLOS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.7. Imperial^).

R.8. Of Gordianus.

TRABALA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

XANTUS (EJcsenide).— Aut. AR. R.8.

yo GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PAMPHYLIA.

Am ASS us ( ).— Imperial, IE. R.6. Of Lucilla to

Geta.

ASPENDUS (Menugat, Aspindus). — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5. Of Augustus, and from Julia Sosemias to Saloninus.

ATTALIA (Palea-Attalid). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.5. Augustus to Saloninus. Some have the name of Side, in Pamphylia, in alliance.

CASA ( ).— Imperial, IE. R.6. Of Gordian, Etrucilla,

and Herennius.

ETENNA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Faustina Junior to Severus Alexander.

ILOEA ( ).— Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Gordian III.

ISINDUS ( -). — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.5. Imperial, JE.

R.6. to R.7. Lucius Verus to Valerian.

MAGYDUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Augustus to Julia Domna.

PANEMOTICHOS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Julia

Domna.

PERGA (Kara, Hyssar, TeJcie-si). — Aut. AR. R.5. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, AR. R.6. M. R.I. to R.5. Augustus to Salonina, Aurelian and Tacitus. Some bear the name of Apollonia in Pisidia.

POGLA ( ).— Imperial, JE. R,7. Of Geta and Trajan

Decius.

SIDE (Candeloro}.— Aut. AR. R.I. to R.8. JE. R.I. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.6. Augustus to Saloninus.

Some have the names of Myra, in Lycia, and Attalia and Perga, in Pamphylia, in alliance-

SILLYUM ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4.

to R.6. Of Augustus, and from Antoninus Pius to Salo- ninus.

PISIDIA.

ADADA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingen). Imperial,

JE. R.8. Valerian ? and Gallienus ? AMBLADA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Marcus Aurclius

to Severus Alexander.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 97

PISIDIA (continued}.

ANDEDA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8.

See an article by Mr. Borrell, in " The Numismatic Chronicle," Vol. II. p. 1 — 4. The existence of coins of Andeda does not, how- ever, prove that there are none of Adada, as Mr. Borrell supposes, since coins of the latter city are given on the authority of Mr. Mil- lingen.

ANTIOCIIIA (Ak-Chichere). — Colonial, Aut. JE. R.6. Colon- ial Imperial, JE. C. to R.5. Tiberius to Claudius Gothicus.

APOLLONIA ( ). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, R.8.

See a very interesting notice of the coins of this city by Mr. Borrell . Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. II. p. 182.

BATJJS ( ). — Imperial,^). R.8. Of Severus Alexander.

CONANE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.7.

Of Marcus Aurelius, Plautilla, and Philip Junior. CREMNA (KreUnaz). — Colonial Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6.

Of Caraealla to Trebonianus Callus. Latin legends.

CRETOPOLIS? ( ).— Aut. JE. R — .

HADKIANOPOLIS ( ). — Imperial,^. R.8. Of S. Severus.

LAODICEA COMBUSTA ( — — ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. LYRBE ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5. Severus Alex- ander to Saloninus.

LYSINIA ( ). — Imperial of Caraealla, JE. R.8.

MYLIAS ( ). — Aut. AV. Of Alexander the Great, R.I.

AR. R.8. OLBASA ( ).— Colonial Imperial, JE. R.8. Of J. Maesa

and Gordianus.

OROANDA ? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

PEDNELTSSUS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Commodus

and Maximus. PROSTANNA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, M. R.6.

Of Claudius Gothicus. SAGALASSUS (SadyaJ:lu).—Ant. AR. R.6. JE. R.4.

Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.8. Augustus to Claudius

Gothicus.

The name of Lacedcemon in Laconia, is found on these coins.

8ANDALIUM ( ). Aut. JE. R.8.

SELEUCIA (Selefke). — Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.6. Hadrian

to Claudicus Gothius. SELGE ( ).— Aut. AR. R.2. to R 8. M. R.3.

Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Hadrian to Salonina.

The name of Lacedcemon in Laconia, is found on these coins. O

98 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PISIDIA (continued).

TERMESSUS (Estenaz?).— Aut. JE. R.2. to R.5. Imperial,

JE. R.7. Augustus to Severus Alexander. TITYASSUS ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.6. Of Hadrian,

Antoninus Pius, and Geta.

ISAURIA.

CARALLIA ( ).— Imperial, IE. R.G. to R.7. Marcus

Aurelius to Maximin.

CLAUDIOPOLIS ? ( ). — Colonial, Aut. JE. R.§.

ISAURUS (Rey-Chiehere).— Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Geta and

Elagabalus. LALASSIS ( ).— Aut. All. R.G. 2E. 11.6.

LACAONIA.

LACAONIA in genere. — Aut. J&. R.G. With the head of

Antiochus IV. king of Commagene. COROPISSUS (Ku-Hyssar}. — Imperial,^. R.7. Of Hadrian,

Faustina Junior, and Maximin.

ICONIUM (Kunyah, Konyeh, Cogni). — Aut. M. R.5. Impe- rial, IE. R.G. Of Nero and Poppaea, Hadrian, Marcus

Aurelius, and Faustina Junior. Colonial Imperial, JE.

R.3. to R.4. Of Gordian, Valerian, and Gallicnus.

Latin legends. PARLAIS ( ). — Colonial Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.5.

Marcus Aurelius to Maximin. Imperial, JE. R.G. Of

Gallienus. LARANDA ( ). — Imperial, ^E. Medallion of Philip the

Younger, R.8. SAVATRA ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.8. Of Antoninus

Pius.

CILICIA.

CILICIA in genere.

The coins formerly supposed of Cilicia belong to Creta Insula. AEGAE (Aias-Kale). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, All. R.8.

IE. R.2. to R.8. Augustus to Salonina. ALAE ( ).— Imperial, JE. 11.8. Of Hadrian.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 99

CILICTA (continued).

ALEXANDRIA ad ISSUM (Iskanderona, Alessandretta). — Aut. IE. R.7. to R.8. Imperial, JE. El.6. Of Trajan, Hadrian, and Caracalla.

Some of the coins of this city bear the head of Antiochus IV. king of Commagene.

AMANIENSES ( ). — Aut. M. R.8.

ANAZARBUS, CAESAREA ad ANAZARBUM (Aynzarla). — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.8. Claudius to Gal- lienus.

ANCHIALE ( ). — Aut. M. R.8. With the head of An-

chialus, the founder.

ANEMURIUM (Anamur, Scalemura).- — Aut. JE. R.8. Impe- rial, IE. R.3. to R.7. Domitian to Valerian.

Some of the coins of this city bear the head of Antiochus IV. king of Commagene.

ANTIOCHIA ad SARUM, ADANA (Edene, Adana). — With the name of Antiochia. Aut. IE. R.6. to R.8. Imperial, M. R.8. Of M. Aurelius.— With the name of Adana. Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.5. to R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.8. Marcus Aurelius to Gallienus.

Some of the autonomous coins bear the head of Antiochus IV.

ANTIOCHIA MARITIMA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Of

Philip and Valerian.

ANTIOCHIA incerta CILICIAE ( ). — Aut. IE. R.8.

ARGOS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5. Of Valerian,

Gallienus, and Salonina. AUGUSTA (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.6. Augustus to Valerian. CELENDERIS (Kelnar).—Aut. AR. R.4. to R.5. JE. R.4.

to R.8. Imperial, ^E. R.8. Lucius Verus to Etruscilla.

Some of the autonomous coins bear the head of Antiochus IV .

CENNATI ( ).

The name of the Cennati is found on the coins of Olba and of Dios- caesarea.

CODRIGAE ( ).

The name of this town is found on coins of Tarsus in Cilicia.

COLYBRASSUS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. M. Aurelius

to Saloninus.

CORACESIUM (Castel Ubaldo). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Trajan to Salonina.

CORYCUS (Korkum, Korcu, Korigos). — Aut. JE. 11.4. Impe- rial, JE. R.3. to R.6. Trajan to Gallienus.

100 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

CILICIA (continued).

DIOSCAESAREA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Severus to

Philip.

DORON (— — ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Marcus Aurelius,

OENIANDOS. EPIPHANEA ( ). — Aut. IE. R.8. Impe- rial, IE. R.8. Hadrian to Gordian.

FLAVIOPOLIS ( ). — Imperial, ,/E. R.4. to R.6. Do-

mitian to Valerian.

GERMANICOPOLIS ? ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

HAMAXIA?(— — ).— Aut. IE,. R.8.

HIEROPOLIS ( ). — Aut. JR. R.5. to R.7. Imperial,

JE. R.4. to R.6. M. Aurelius to Caracalla.

Some of the autonomous coins bear the head of Antiochus IV. Those bearing the name of Castabala, formerly attributed to this town, have been restored to Castabala in Cappadocia.

IOTAPE ( ).— Imperial, JE. R.7. Philip Junior to Va- lerian.

IRENOPOLIS ( ). — Aut. ^E. R.6. Domitian to Gal-

lienus.

Some bear the name of Zephyrium in alliance.

LACANATIS, REGIO ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.8.

With the name or the bead of Antiochus IV.

LAERTE (— — ).— Aut. With head of Antiochus. ^E. R.8. Imperial, IE. R.6. Trajanus to Saloninus.

MALLUS (Mallo). — Aut. AR. R.7. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.7. Augustus to M. Aurelius.

MEGA RS us ( ). — Aut. M. R.8.

MOPSUS, MOPSUESTIA (Messis). — Aut. With head of An- tiochus IV. JE. R.5. to R.7. Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.7. Domitian to Gallienus.

NACIDIS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8. IE. ? R.8.

NEPHELIS NEPHELIDDA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.6. JE.

R.8.

QLBA ( ). — Colonial Imperial, IE. R.8. Sept. Seve- rus.

PRIESTS AND PRINCES OF OLBA.

POLEMON, Cotemporary of M. Antony. — Imperial, JE. R.7.

These coins bear the name of the Cennati.

AIAX, Cotemporary of Augustus. — Aut. JE. R.7.

Imperial, JE. R.8.

SELEUCIA ad CALYCADNUM (Selefke). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.3. Imperial, AR. R.8. JE. R.I. to R.6. Tiberius to Gallienus.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 101

CILICIA (continued).

SELINUS, TRAJANOPOLIS (Selenti). — Aut. AR. R.8. JE.

li.8. Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Lucilla. SOLI, SOLOPOLIS, POMPEIOPOLIS (Lamuzo) — With the name

of Soli. Aut. AR. R.3. to R.5. JE. R.4.— With the

name of Solopolis. Imperial, IE. R.8. Of Pompey the

Great. — With the name of Pompeiopolis. Aut. JE. R.4.

to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.8. Pompey the Great

to Trebonianus. SYEDIIA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.4. Nero to Sa-

lonina. TARSUS (Tarsus, Tersine, Tarso, Tersus).— Aut. AR. R.7.

JR. C. to R.6. Imperial, AR. R,4. to R.8. IE. C.

to R.7. Augustus to Salonina. ZEPHYUIUM ( ). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Of Hadrian and Trebonian.

On a coin of Trebonian the name of Irenopolis is found in alliance.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF CILICIA. — Aut. AV. R.5. AR. R.3. to R.8. With Phrenician and unknown characters.

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO CILICIA.

ELAEUSA, SEBASTE (La Piccolo, Isola di Curco). — With the name of Alaeusa. Aut. JE. R.4. to R. 6.— With the name of Sebaste. Aut. JE. R.6. to R.7. Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.5. Augustus to Valerian.

On the autonomous coins the heads of Antiochus IV. and lotape are found.

KINGS OF CILICIA.

TARCONDIMOTUS I., Cotemporary of J. Caesar and Augustus. —

Aut. JE. R.8. PHILOPATOR I. or II., Cotemporary of Augustus. — Aut. JE>.

R.8.

CYPRUS INSULA.

CYPRUS INSULA (Kipri, Cipri, Cipro, Kipru-Adassi). CYPRUS in genere. — Aut ? JE. R.8. Imperial, AR. R.3. JEi. R.2. to R.8. Augustus to Macrinus.

IDALIUM ? (Dalin). — Aut?

MARIUM ( ).— Aut. AR. R.6.

PAPHUS (Ba/o).— Aut. AR. R.8.

SALAMIS (Costanza). — Aut. AR. R.8.

102 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

CYPRUS INSULA (continued).

ISLANDS ADJACENT TO CYPRUS.

GLIDES ? ( ).— Aut. IE. R.8. ?

KINGS OF CYPRUS.

These coins were for a long time ranged with those of Gyrene, but have been rightly assigned by Mr. H. P. Borrell, in a work entitled " Notice sur quelques Medailles Grecques des Rois de Chypre." 4to. Paris, 1836.

EVAGORUS I. [B. C. 350].— AV. R.8.

NICOCLES, King of Paphos. — AR. R.6. to R.8.

EVAGORUS II.— AV. R.7. AR. R.7. PYTHAGORAS. — AR. R.7.

PNYTAGORUS.— AV. R.8. AR. R.7- MENELAUS — AV. R.8.

LYDIA.

LYDIA in genere.

A coin of Blaundos bears the legend, KOINON-nPQ'AYAI AC.

ACRASSUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.5. Imperial, JE. R.3.

to R.6. Trajan to Sev. Alexander.

ANINESUM ( ). — Aut. JE. R.7.

ANOLUS? ( ).— Aut? JE. R.8.

APOLLONIA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6.

APOLLONIS or APOLLONIDEA ( ). — Aut. IE. R.4. Im- perial, j&. R.5. to R.8. Domitian to Sev. Alexander.

APOLLONOSHIERON (— — ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, IE. R.6. Tiberius, Nero, Hostilian.

ASIA ( ). — Aut. M. R.8. Imperial, M. R.4. Tra- jan to Gordian.

A coin of the latter emperor bears the name of Smyrna in alliance.

ATTALIA ( ). — Aut. M. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.6. Trajan to Geta. AURELIOPOLIS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE.

R.6. Of Commodus and Gordian. BAGAE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5. Imperial, AR.

R.8. JE. R.4. to R.6. Nero to Saloninus.

The site of Bagae is not known, but a coin of Gallienus bears the name of Temenothyrcc in Lydia in alliance.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 103

LYDIA (continued).

BLAUNDOS ( ). — Aut. M. R.3. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.3. to 11.5. Nero to Volusian.

BRIULA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, IE. R.7. Tra- jan, Antoninus and M. Aurelius.

CHARACA?( ).— Imperial of Drusus, M. R.8. (Mil-

lingeri).

CAYSTRIANI ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

CILBIANI in genere. — Aut. JE. R.8.

CILBIANI inferiores. — Aut. M. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.7. Of Augustus.

CILBIANI superiores. — Aut. IE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5. Augustus to Geta.

CILBIANI Nicaeenses. — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, R.4. to R.7. Of Caius and Lucius Caesar to Geta.

CILBIANI Pergameni. — Imperial R.5. to R.7. Of Domitian.

CILBIANI Nicaeenses Pergameni. — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.7. Domitian to Caracalla.

CILBIANI Ceaetei. — Aut. JE. R.8.

DALDIS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.3. to R.6. Augustus to Philip Junior.

DIOSHIERON ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4,

to R.6. Augustus to Sev. Alexander.

GORDUS-JULIA (Gordu). — Aut. JE. R.3. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.4. Trajan to Gallienus.

HERACLEA ( ).— Imperial, ^E. 11.4. Hadrian to Max- im in.

HERMOCAPELIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.6. Hadrian to Hostilian.

HERMUPOLIS (- ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Trebonianus.

HIEROCAESAREA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5. Impe- rial, JE. R.5. to R.6. Vespasian to Caracalla.

HYPAEPA (Pyrye, Birge). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.7. Augustus to Salonina.

HYRCANIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4.

to 11.6. Hadrian to Philip Jun.

MAEONIA ( ).— Aut. M. R.3. to R.4. Imperial, JE.

R.3. to R.6. Nero to Etruscilla.

104 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

LYDIA (continued).

MAGNESIA ad SIPYLUM (Manassie). — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.5. Imperial, ^E. R.2. to R.8. Augustus to Salonina.

On a coin of Valerian the name of Smyrna is found in alliance.

MASTAURA ( Tirid). — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.6. Tiberius to Saloninus.

MOSSINA or MOSSINUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6.

MOSTENE ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.3.

to R.6. Claudius to Salonina. NACRASA ( — ).— Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R 3. to

R.5. Domitian to Geta. ORESTEI ? ( ). — Imperial. Of Commodus. JE. R.8.

In alliance with Philadelphia.

PACTOLUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

This town is not noticed by the ancient geographers.

PHILADELPHIA (Ala-Ctiieliere) — Aut ? AR. R.8. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Augustus to Va- lerian.

Both the autonomous and imperial coins have the name of Smyrna in alliance; that of Ephesus is also found on the latter.

SAETTENI ( — — ) — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.5. Hadrian to Salonina.

SARDES (Sarde, Sard, Sart). — Aut. AR. Cistophori. R.6. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. C. to R.8. Augustus to Va- lerian Jun.

The imperial coins bear the names of Pergamus in Mysia, Ephesus, Smyrna, and Hypcepa in alliance.

SILANDUS (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.7. Domitian to Caracalla.

TAB ALA (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6. to R.7. Trajan to Gordian and Tranquillina.

TEMENOTIIYRAE ( — — ). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. Impe- rial, JE. 11.4. to R.6. Mamaea to Saloninus. The imperial have sometimes the name of Bagae in alliance.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 105

LYDIA (continued}.

THYATIRA (Ak-Hyssar}.—A.\ti. M. R.I. to R.4. Imperial,

JE. C. to R.8. Augustus to Saloninus.

The Autonomous coins bear the name of Smyrna in alliance.

THYESSUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

TMOLUS (Buz-Daghi).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial,^. R.7.

Sabina and Faustina.

TOMARENA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7.

TRALLES-SELEUCIA (Sultan- Hyssar}. — Aut. (Cistophori) AR.

R.5. to R.7. JE. R.2. to R.5. Imperial, AV. R.8. M.

R.I. to R.7. Augustus to Valerian Jun.

On the Imperial coins the names of Amorium, Ephesus, Laodicea, Pergamus, Smyrna, and Synnada are found in alliance.

PHRYGIA.

PHRYGIA in genere. — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Of Nero, Vespasian, and Caracalla and Plautilla. (Struck at

ACMONIA ( - ). — Aut. M. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.3. to

R.6. Tiberius to Saloninus.

ACCILLEA ( - ). — Imperial, M. R.7. Of Gordian III. AEZANIS ( - ).— Aut. JE. R.3. to R.5. Imperial, JE.

C. to R.7. Julius Caesar to Gallienus. ALIA ( - ).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.5. Of

Gordianus. AMORIUM (Hergian, Amoria). — Aut. JE. R.5. Imperial, JE.

R.5. to R.6. Augustus to Gallienus.

On the Imperial coins we find the name of Tralles in alliance.

ANCYRA (Angur). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5. Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.6. Nero to Gallienus. APAMEA (Afiun-Kara-Hyssar). — Aut. (Cistophori) AR. R.4.

to R.7. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6.

Augustus to Saloninus.

A coin of Trebonian bears the name of Ephesus in alliance.

ATTAEA ( - ).— Aut. JE. R.5. Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.6. Augustus to Geta. ATTUDA ( - ).— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5. Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.5. Augustus to Saloninus. ATTUSIA, or ATUSIA ( - — ) — Aut. JE,. R.8. BRIANA ( - ).— Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.8. Of

J. Domna.

106 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PHRYGIA (continued).

BRUZUS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.6. Antoninus

to Gordian. CADI (Kedus). — Aut. M. R.3. to R.8. Imperial, JE. R.3.

to R.7. Claudius to Gallienus.

An autonomous coin bears the head of Midas. Some of the Imperial have the name of Gordus-Julia, in Lydia, in alliance.

CERETAPE ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.5.

to R.6. Plotina to Sept. Severus.

Some bear the name of Hierapolis in alliance.

CIBYRA (Bunts, Suras}. — Aut. AR. R.4. to R.7. .32. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Hadrian to Etruscilla.

Some bear the name of Hierapolis in alliance. KINGS OF CIBYRA.

MOGETES (B. C. ?).— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6.

AMINTAS (B. C. ?). — Aut. JE. R.6.

CHOTIS (B. C. ?). — Aut. AR. R.8.

CIDRAMUS ( ),-Aut. M. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.6.

M. Aurelius to Jul. Maesa.

CIDYESSUS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6, Domitian, Cara-

calla, and Philip Senior and Junior.

COLOSSAE (Kolos). — Aut. JE. R.5. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.7. Agrippina the Elder, Commodus, and Gor- dian.

COTIAEUM (Kutaye-Cutaya), — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5. Impe- rial, R.2. to R.7. Tiberius to Salonina. On a coin of Caracalla the name of Ephesus is found in alliance.

DIOCOCLIA ( ).— Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Gordian.

DIONYSOPOLIS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE.

R.8. Augustus to Annia Faustina.

DOCIMEUM (Kara-Chiehere). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5. Impe- rial, JE. R.4. to R.7. Nero to Gordian.

DORYLAEUM (Eskt-Chiehere). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.7. Augustus to Philip Junior.

EPICTETUS ( ).— Aut JE. R.2. to R.4.

EUCARPIA ( ). — Aut. M. R.3. to R.5. Imperial, -32.

R.3. to R.6. Augustus to Trebonianus.

EUMENIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, M.

R.4. to R.7. Augustus to Gallienus.

On the imperial the name of Attuda in Phrygia and Trapezopolis in Caria are found in alliance.

GREEK COINS OP CITIES AND PRINCES. 107

PHRYGIA (continued).

HIERAPOLIS (PambuJc-Kalessi}. — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.4. Im- perial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Augustus to Gallienus.

The names of several other cities are found on these coins in alliance ; among them Smyrna and Ephesus.

HYRGALEA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7 Imperial, JE. R.7.

Domna to Caracalla.

IPSUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8.

JULIA ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.7. Agrippina

Junior to Valerian Junior.

•LAODICEA (Eski-Hyssar). — Aut. (Cistophori) AR. R.6. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.7. Augustus to Saloninus.

The names of several other cities are found on these coins in alliance ; among them Smyrna and Ephesus.

LYSIAS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, IE. R.8. Of

Gordian.

An autonomous coin bears the name of Apollonia in Pisidia.

METROPOLIS (Tireh).— Aut. JE. R.4. Imperial, M. R.I. to R.4. Nero to Saloninus.

MIDAEUM (Seid-Gazi). — Imperial, M. R.3. to R.G. Caligula to Philip Junior.

The head of Midas is found on a coin of Gordian. MOCOCLIA.

See Diococlia, to which place the coins beariug this name are as- signed.

NACOLEA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.7. Titus to Gordian.

OTRUS ( ).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.6. to

R.7. Domna and Geta. PELTAE ( ). — Aut. M. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.8. A. Pius

and S. Alexander. PHILOMELIUM (Ilgun). — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.4. Imperial, IE.

R.3. to R.4. Augustus to Trebonian. PRYMNESSUS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, M. R.3.

to R.5. Augustus to Gallienus.

The coins of King Midas beat the name of this city.

SALA ( ).— Aut. IE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.3.

to R.7. Domitia to H. Etruscus. SEBASTE (— — ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6.

Domna to Gordian. SIBIDUNDA (Sibildi). — Imperial, JE. R.4. Of Caracalla.

108 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PHRYGIA (continued).

SIBLIA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

STECTORIUM ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4.

to R.7. Faustina Junior, Philip, and Philip Junior. SYNAOS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.5. to R.6. Imperial, M.

R.5. to R.8. Nero, Agrippina the Younger, M. Aurelius,

and L. Verus. SYNNADA (Sandakli).— Aut. JE. R.3. to R.6. Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.6. Augustus to Gallienus.

THEMISONIUM (Teseni}. — Aut. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.6. Antoninus to Philip Junior.

TIBERIOPOLIS ( ). — Aut. IE. R.4. Imperial, IE.

R.4. to R.7. Trajan to Caracalla.

TIMBRIAS ( ). — Imperial, R.8. Hadrian.

TRAJANOPOLIS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.6. Imperial,

JE. R.7. Trajan to Gordian.

TRIMENOTHYRAE ( ). — Aut. M. R.7.

KINGS OF PHRYGIA.

MIDAS (B. C. — ?). — Aut. (with the name of the city Prym- nessus) M. R.6. to R.7.

GALATIA.

GAL ATI A in genere. — Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.6. Nero to Trajan.

ANCYRA (Engurit Angora). — Imperial, JE. C. to R.4. Nero

to Salonina. GERME (Ghermesti). — Colonial, Imperial, JE. R.7. Domitian

to Etruscilla. (Latin legends.) PESSINUS (Uchiache-Kioy). — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, R.2.

to R.7. Augustus to Geta. SEBASTE ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.7. Claudius to Gordian. TAVIUM ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.7. M. Aurelius

to Elagabalus.

TECTOSAGES ( )

See the coins of Sebaste in Galatia. TOLISTOBOGI ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. T)f Nero.

This name is also found on an imperial coin of Pessinus in Galatia.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 109

GALATIA (continued).

TROCMI (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.6. Domitian to A. Pius.

The name of Trocmi is also found on an imperial coin of Tavium in Galatia.

KINGS OF GALATIA.

BITOVIUS (period unknown). — Aut. IE. R.4. BITOVIOGOGUS (idem). — Aut. JE. R.7. Brrucus (idem). — Aut. JE. R,6. CAEANTOLUS (idem). — Aut. JE. R.6. PSAMYTES (idem). — Aut. IE. R.6. RIGANTICUS (idem). — Aut. M. R.8.

See the Revue Numismatique, Vol.1. AETOLOBUS (idem). — Aut. JE. R.6. BROGITARUS (B. C. 56).— Aut. AR. R.8. DEIOTARUS (Cotemporary of Pompey and Julius Caesar). — Aut. JE. R.8.

AMYNTAS (Cotemporary of M. Antony and Augustus). — Aut. JE. R.3.

CAPPADOCIA.

CASTABALA (Kalat-Masman).— Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Faustina Sen., Macrinus and Son, and Elagabalus.

COMANA (Al-Bostan). — Colonial Imperial (Latin legends), jE. R.6. A. Pius and Caracalla.

CYBISTRA (Bustereh). — Aut. JE. R.6.

EUSEBIA, CAESAREA (Kayserie). — With the name of Eusebia. Aut. JE. R.4. to R.8. — With the name of Eusebia and Caesarea. Aut. JE. R.6. — With the name of Caesarea only. Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, AV. R.8. AR. R.2 to R.7. Pot. R.4. to R.6. JE. C to R.6. Tibe- rius to Gordian.

On some of the imperial coins the name of Smyrna is found in alliance.

SARICHA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8

TYANA (Tiana).— Aut. M. R.6. Imperial, ^E.3. to R.6.

Nero to Severus. Colonial Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.6.

Of Caracalla,

KINGS OP CAPPADOCIA.

ARIARATHES IV. [From to 220 B.C.] — Aut. AR. R.8.

110 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OP

CAPPADOCIA (continued).

ARIARATHES V, EUSEBES [From 220 to 166 B. C.]— Aut.

IE. R.2. to R.3. ARIARATHES VI., PHILOPATOR [From 166 to 132 B. C.] —

Aut. AR. R.3. to R.7. ARIARATHES VII., EPIPHANES [From 132 to 117 B. C.]—

Aut. AR. R.2. ARIARATHES VIII., PHILOMETOR [From 117 to 105 B. C.]

—Aut. AR. R.3. ARIOBARZANES I., PHILOROMAEUS [From 91 to 58 B. C.] —

Aut. AR. R.2. ARIOBARZANES II., PHILOPATOR [From 66 to 52 B. C.] —

Aut. AR. R.6.

This king reigned jointly with his father the first eight years.

ARIOBARZANES III., PHILOROMAEUS, EUSEBES [From 52 to

42 B. C.]— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. ARIARATHES X., EUSEBES, PIIILADELPHUS [From 42 to 36

B.C.]— Aut. All. R.6. ARCHELAUS [From 36 B. C. to 17 A. D.]— Aut. AR. R.7.

ARMENIA.

ARMENIA in genere (no coins.)

There are no civic coins of Armenia. The Imperial Greek and Roman coins of Trajan, bearing the name of Armenia, were struck in commemoration of his victories in that country.

KINGS OF ARMENIA.

ARSAMES [about 245 B. C.]— Aut. IE. R.8.

SAMES (uncertain period.) — Aut. M. R.7. With his Queen

Pythadoris on the reverse. XERSES [about 148 B. C.]— Aut. IE. R.8.

The silver coin is a forgery.

ABDISSARUS (uncertain period.) — Aut. M. R.8. MITHRIDATES [about 148 B. C.]— Aut. IE. R.8.

TlGRANES.

Classed with those of the kings of Syria. ARTAVASDES [61 to 34 B. C.]— Aut. M. R.8.

TIGRANES IV. and his Queen ERATO f B. C.I — Aut.

JE. R.7.

ARISTOBULUS and his Queen SALOME [ B.C.?] —

Aut. JE. R.8.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. Ill

ARMENIA (continued).

ARTAXIAS with the head of GERMANICUS [ B. C.] —

All. unique?

Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. II., p. 4.

SYRIA.

SYRIA in genere. — JE. C. to R.2. Trajan, Domna, and Cara- calla.

KINGS OF SYRIA.

SELEUCUS I., NICATOR [312 to 282 B. C.]— AV. R.7.

AR. R.3. to R.5. JE. C. to R.2. ANTIOCHUS I., SOTER [282 to 262 B. C.]— AV. R.8. AR.

R.2. to R.4. M. C. to R.2. ANTIOCHUS II., DEUS [262 to 247 B. C ]— AV. R.8. AR.

R.4. to R.8. SELEUCUS II., CALLINICUS, POGON [247 to 226 B. C. — AV.

R.8. AR. R.6. M. C. to R.4. ANTIOCHUS, HIERAX [226 B. C.]— AR. R.5. to R.7. SELEUCUS III., CERAUNUS [about 227 to 224 B. C.]— AR.

R.4. ANTIOCHUS III., MAGNUS [223 to 187 B. C.]— AR. R.4. to

R.6. M. C. to R.3.

ACHAEUS - — [about 227 B.C.]— A V. R.8. JE. R.6. SELEUCUS IV., PHILOPATER [187 to 176 B. C.] — AR. R.4.

JE. R.3. ANTIOCHUS IV., DEUS, EPIPHANES, NICEFHORUS [176 to

164 B. C.]— AV. R.8. AR. R.4. to R.8. JE. C.

to R.8. ANTIOCHUS V. EUPATOR [164 to 163 B. C.].— AR. R.5.

M. R.6. DEMETRIUS I. SOTER [163 to 151 B.C.].— AV. R.8. AR.

R.2. to R.6. JE. C. to R.3. The silver coins bear the name of Laodice his Queen.

ALEXANDER I. BALA, THEOPATOR, EVERGETES, EPIPHANES,

NICEPHORUS [151 to 146 B. C.].— AR. R.3. to R.4.

M. C. to R.6. DEMETRIUS II. DEUS, PIIILADELPHUS, NICATOR [146 to 126

B. C.].— AR. R.4. toR.6. JE. C. to R.5. ANTIOCHUS VI. EPIPHANES, DIONYSUS [146 to 143 B. C.].

AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. C. to R.2.

112 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

SYRIA (continued).

TRYPHON, AUTOCRATOR [143 to 138 B. C.].— AH. R.8.

JE. R.I. to R.6. ANTIOCHUS VII. SIDETES, EVERGETES [138 to 127 B. C.].—

AR. R.3. to R.6. JE. C. to R.2. ALEXANDER II. ZEBINA [129 to 123 B. C.]. — AR. R.3. to

R.5. JE. C. to R.6. SELEUCUS V. [about 120 B. C.]

As there were several kings of the name of Seleucus, many of their brass coins are confounded with each other. The coins of Seleucus V. cannot be identified. This is also the case with some of the brass coins of the Antiochi and Demetrii.

CLEOPATRA, DIVA, CERES. — AR. R.7. M. R.I. to R.4.

Mother of Antiochus VIII.

ANTIOCHUS VIII. GRYPHUS EPIPHANES [123 to 97 B. C.].—

AR. R.5. to R.7. IE. R.I. to R.6. ANTIOCHUS IX. CYZICENUS PHILOPATOR [113 to 96 B. C.].

— AR. R.5. to R.6. M. C. to R.3. SELEUCUS VI. EPIPHANES NICATOR [96 to 95 B. C.].— AR.

R.5. to R.6. JE. R.2. ANTIOCHUS X. EUSEBES PHILOPATOR [about 95 B. C.]. —

AR. R.6. JE. R.2. ANTIOCHUS XI. EPIPHANES, PHILADELPHUS [about 95 B. C.].

— JE. R.4.

PHILIPPUS EPIPHANES, PHILADELPHUS [about 9o B. C.]. — AR. R.2.

DEMETRIUS III. DEUS, PHILOPATOR, SOTER, PHILOMETOR, EUSEBES, CALLINICUS, EVERGETES [95 to 89 B. C.]. — AR. R.7. JE. R.I. to R.3.

ANTIOCHUS XII. DIONYSUS, EPIPHANES, PHILOPATOR, CAL- LINICUS [89 to — B. C.].— JE. R.2. to R.4.

TIGRANES, REX REGUM, DEUS, MAGNUS [83 to 66 B. C.]. — AR. R.6. JE. R.2. to R.4.

King of Armenia and Syria.

ANTIOCHUS XIII. ASIATICUS, EPIPHANES, PHILOPATOR, CALLINICUS [about 60 B. C.].— JE. R.4.

COMMAGENE.

COMMAGENE in genere. — Aut. JE. R.2.

ANTIOCIIIA ad EUPHRATEM (Anteb}. — Imperial, JE. R.5. Of Aurelius and Verus.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. lift

COMMAGENE (continued).

ANTIOCHIA sub TAURO (< ). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Faus-

tina Junior.

DOLICHE (Deluk). — Imperial, M. R.I. to R.4. Aurelius, Verus, and Commodus.

GERMANICIA CAESAREA (Gerrnanigti). — Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.8. Hadrian to Valerian.

S AMOS AT A (Samosata, Chiamsat, Samsat). — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.6. Imperial, JE. C. to R.4. Hadrian to Tr. De- cius.

ZEUGMA (Zekme).— Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. C. to R.4. Antoninus Pius to Philip Junior.

KlNGS OF COMMAGENE.

ANTIOCHUS IV. EPIPHANES, MAGNUS, DEUS [40 to 70 B. C.].

— Aut. JE. R.2. to R.6.

Some of these coins bear the name of lotape, his queen. IOTATE, wife of Antiochus IV. — Aut. JE. R.3. to R.6. EPIPHANES and CALLINICUS, sons of Antiochus IV. [about

70 B. C.].— Aut. IE. R.l.toR.4.

Some of these coins bear the name of their father.

CYRRHESTICA.

CYRRHESTICA in genere (no coins).

The coins formerly supposed of Cyrrhestica in genere have been restored to Cyrrhus as below.

BEROEA (Halep, Aleppo). — Imperial, ^E. C. to R.I. Trajan

to Antoninus. CYRRHUS (Korus). — Aut. (with the names of Syrian kings), JE.

R.3. Imperial, IE. C. to R.2. Trajan to Philip Junior. HIEROPOLIS (Membrik, Bambuk). — Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6.

Imperial. C. to R.4. Trajan to Philip Junior.

CHALCIDENE.

CHALCIS ( ). — Aut. ^E. R.4. Imperial, JE. C. to

R.3. Trajan to Commodus.

KINGS AND TETRARCIIS OF CHALCIDENE. •

PTOLEMAEUS, TETRARCH [ to 60 B. C.] .—Aut. JE. R.6.

114 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

CHALCIDENE (continued}.

LYSANIAS, TETRARCH, son of PTOLEMAEUS [ to 60

B. C.].— Aut. JE. R.6.

HERODES III., KING. — See the Kings of Judaea. AGRIPPA II., KING. — See the Kings of Judaea.

PALMYRENE.

PALMYRA (Tadmur) — Aut. JE. R.8.

The coins of fhe Princes of Palmyra are ranged with the imperial Greek struck in Egypt.

SELEUCIS, PIERIA.

SELEUCIS, PIERIA, FRATRES POPULI in genere. — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.4.

ANTIOCHIA ad ORONTEM (Antak, Antakie). — Aut. of the Seleucidan era. JE. C. to R.4. — Aut. uncertain era. IE. C. to R.2. — Aut. Actian era. JE. C. to R. 2.— Imperial, Actian era. AR. R.I. to R.4. JE. C. to R.2. Of Augustus and Tiberius. — Aut. Caesarean era. JE. C. to R.4.— Imperial, Caesarean era. JE. R.I. to R. 4. Augustus to Titus. — Imperial, without dates. AR. R.2. to R.8. Potin. C. to R.2. Galba to Volusian. — Impe- rial, with S. C. on reverse. JE. C. to R.8. Augustus to Valerian. — Colonial Imperial, with S. C. on reverse. JE. C. to R.2. Antoninus to Valerian Senior.

ANTIOCHENI ad DAPHNEM. — Aut. JE. R.I. to R.2. ANTIOCHENI, PTOLEMAIDIS. — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.6. ANTIOCHENI ad CALLIRHOEN. — Aut. IE. R.I.

APAMEA (Famiali). — Aut. IE. R.I. to R.2. Imperial, IE. R.4. Of Augustus.

ARETHUSA (Al-Rustari). — Aut.? IE. R.8. Imperial, M. R.7. Severus and Diadumenian.

BALANEA ( — — ).— Aut. IE. R.8. Imperial, IE. R.7. Antony and Augustus.

EMISA (flams). — Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.4. Domitian and Antoninus. — Colonial Imperial, Potin. R.8. jE. R.I. to R.8. Domna to Sulpicius Antoninus. See Haym's Tcsoro Britannico.

EPIPIIANIA (Hamah).—Aut. JE. R.6. to R.8. Imperial, IE. R.3. to R.6. Tiberius to Gordian.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 115

SELEUCIS, PIERIA (continued).

GAB ALA (Gebele). — Aut. M. R.7. Imperial, M. R.2. to 11.6. Augustus to Julia Soaemias.

HERACLEA? ( ).— Imperial, IE. R.4. Of Caracalla.

LAODICEA (Latakie, Latakkia).—Aut. AR. R.6. JE. C. to R.4. Imperial, AR. R.7. M. C. to R.7. Augus- tus to Caracalla. — Colonial Imperial (Latin legends), JE. C. to R.6. Severus to Valerian Senior. On a coin of Hadrian the name of Aradus is found in alliance.

LARISSA (Chizar).— Aut. JE. R.6.

MYRIANDRUS ( ). — Imperial, JEi. R.6. to R.7. Anto- ninus and M. Aurelius.

NICOPOLIS SELEUCIDIS ( ). — Imperial, /£. R.4. Corn- modus, Sev. Alexander and Philip Senior.

PALTOS (Boldo). — Imperial, M. R.4. to R.6. Commodus to Julia Paula.

REPHANEA ( ). — Imperial, .ZE. R.4. Elagabusto Sev.

Alexander.

RHOSUS (Rosos). — Aut. M. R.5. Imperial, JE. R.7. Com- modus to Severus.

SELEUCIA (Suveidieh).—A.ut. AR. R.4. to R.6. M. R.I. to R.4. Imperial, AR. R.8. M. C. to R.4. Augus- tus to Sev. Alexander.

COELESYRIA.

CAPITOLIAS ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Aurelius to

Macrinus. DAMASCUS (Chiam, Damich, Damasco). — Aut. IE. R.4. to

R.6. Imperial, M. R.I. to R.6. Augustus to Sev.

Alexander. Colonial Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.5. Sev.

Alexander to Saloninus.

KING OF DAMASCUS.

ARETAS (uncertain period). — Aut. JE. R.6. HELIOPOLIS (Baalbeck). — Colonial Imperial, M. R.I. to R.5.

Nerva to Gallienus. LAODICEA ad LIBANUM ( -). — Imperial, IE. R.4. to

R.6. Antoninus to Trajan Decius. LEUCAS ( ). — Aut. IE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.6. Claudius to Gordian.

116 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

TRACHONITIS ITURAEA.

CAESAREA-PANIAS, (Baniass, Panaas). — Aut. JE. 11.8.

Imperial (Latin legends), JE. R.I. to R.6. Augustus to

Aquilia Severa.

The autonomous coins bear the name of Agrippa I., king of Judaea. GABA ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.3. to R.7. Titus to

Caracalla. NERONIAS ( ). — Imperial, M. R.5. Of Nero arid

Agrippa II.

DECAPOLIS.

ABILA-LEUCAS ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.6. Faustina

Junior to Elagabalus. ANTIOCHIA ad HIPPUM ( ) — Imperial, JE. R.4. to

R.8. Nero, and Antoninus to Commodus. CANATHA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.4. Claudius to Domi-

tian.

DIUM ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Caracalla to Geta.

GADARA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.7. Augustus

to Gordian. GERASA (Gerracli). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Hadrian

to Sev. Alexander.

PELLA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Commodus to Elaga- balus. PHILADELPHIA (Amman). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, IE.

R.4. to R.8. Agrippina Junior to Sev. Alexander.

PHOENICE.

PHOENICE in Genere. — Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.6. Caracalla.

BERYTUS (Beyrat, Beyrout, Barati).~Aut. All. R.8. IE. R.2. to R.5. Colonial Aut. JE. 11.6. Colonial Imperial, JEt. C. to R.7. Julius Caesar to Saloninus.

BOTRYS (Botruri). — Imperial, JE. R.6. Aurelius to Soaemias.

BYBLUS (Gebail). — Imperial,^!. R.3. to R.5. Augustus to Valerian Junior.

CAESAREA (ARCA) ad Libanum (4rka, Archis, ArccJie). — Im- perial, 7E. 11.4. Antoninus and Aurelius. — Colonial Imperial, ^E. R.5. Caracalla to Sev. Alexander.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 117

PHOENICE (continued).

DEMETRIAS ( — — ). — Aut. IE. R.4. Imperial, JE. R.8. Augustus to Tiberius.

The coins of this city were formerly attributed to Demetrias inThessalia.

DORA (Tartura).— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.7. Imperial, R.4. to R.6. Vespasian to Aquilia Severa.

MARATHUS (— — ). — Aut. M. R.l.toR.4. (Phoenician legends).

ORTHOSIA (— — ).— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.6. Tiberius to Severus Alexander.

SIDON (Seida).— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. JE. R.I. to R.4. Imperial, -/E. R.l.toR.4. Augustus to Hadrian. Colo- nial Imperial (Latin legends), JE. C. to R.7. Elaga- balus to Severus Alexander.

The autonomous coins bear the heads of several of the Syrian kings.

TRIPOLIS (Tripoli di Soria, Chiam- Tarabulus) . — Aut. AR.

R.6. to R.8. JE. R.l. to R.6. Imperial, JE. C. to

R.6. M. Antony to Maximus. KING OF TRIPOLIS.

DIONYSIUS (Cotemporary with Pompey). — Aut. JE. R.8. TYRUS (Tiro, Tur).— Aut. AR. R.2. to R.8. M. C. to

R.4. Colonial Imperial, JE. C. to R.8. Severus to Sa-

lonina. ISLAND ADJACENT TO PHOENICE.

ARADUS (Avret-Adassi, Rovad).—Aut. C. to R.4. JE. C.

to R.3. Imperial, JE. C. to R.8. M. Antony to

Elagabalus.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF PHOENICE.

Aut. AR. R.6. JE. C. to R.6.

GALILAEA.

ACE, PTOLEMAIS (St. Giovanni d'Acri, Ake, Akka, Acri). — With the name of Ace. Aut. JE. R.8.— With Phoenician legends. Aut. AV. R.4. AR. R.4. JE. R.6.— With the name of Ptolemais. Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, IE. R.8. Of Claudius. Colonial Imperial (Latin legends), M. C. to R.5. Claudius to Salonina.

SEPPHORIS, DIOSCAESAREA (Sefuri, Safurie). — With the name of Sepphoris. Imperial, JE. R.2. Of Trajan. — With the name of Dioscaesarca. Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Antoninus, Commodus, and Caracalla.

118 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

GALILAEA (continued).

TIBERIAS (Tabariah). — Aut. with the name of Herod. IE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, IE. R.L to R.6. Tiberius to Antoninus.

SAMARIA.

CAESAREA (Kayserie). — Imperial, IE. R.I. to R.6. Nero

and Caligula. Colonial Imperial (Latin legends), IE. C. to

R.4. Domitian to Gallienus.

A coin of Caligula bears the name of Agrippa I. king of Judaea. DIOSPOLIS (Lud).— Imperial. M. R.4. to R.6. Of Severus

and his family.

JOPPE (Jaffa, Gia/a).—Aut. IE. R.8. NEAPOLIS (Nabolos, Napulosa). — Imp. IE. R.I. to R.4.

Titus to Volusian. Colonial Imperial, IE. C. to R.4.

Philip Senior to Volusian. NYSA, SCYTHOPOLIS (Bethsan, Beysari). — Imperial, IE. R.3.

to R.6. Nero to Gordian. SEBASAE (Chiemrum). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, IE. R.2.

to R.4. Nero to Caracalla. Colonial Imperial, JE. R.4.

Domna, Caracalla, and Geta.

JUDAEA.

JUDAEA in genere.

The coins bearing IVDAEA • CAPTA and 1VDAEA • DEVICTA, as well as those with IOYAAIA2 • EAAQKYIA2 (Judaeae Captae) were struck to celebrate the Roman conquest of that country.

AELIA CAPITOLINA (Hierosolyma, Gerusalemme, Ilia, Kud-el

Cherif). — Colonial Imperial (Latin legends). IE. C.

to R.6. Hadrian to Hostilian. AGRIPPIAS, ANTHEDON ( ). — With the name of Agrip-

pias. Aut. IE. R.7. — With the name of Anthedon. Aut.

IE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R 8. Of Caracalla.

The autonomous coins with the names of Agrippa I. and II., kings of Judaea.

ASCALON (Askalon, Ascalona). — Aut. AR. R.8. IE. R.I-

to R.4. Imperial, AR. R.8. IE. R.4. Augustus to

Severus Alexander. AZOTUS (Azud, Ezdod). — Imperial, IE. R.6. Severus and

Domna. ELEUTHEROPOLIS ( ). — Imperial, ^E. R.6. Domna

and Caracalla. GAZA (Gaza, Gazza).—Aui. IE. R.4. Imperial, IE. R.I.

io R.7. Augustus to Gordian.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 119

JUDAEA (continued).

NICOPOLIS (Amoas). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Trajan to Faustina Senior.

RAPHIA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.7. Commodus

to Philip Senior.

UNCERTAIN COINS or JUDAEA. — Imperial, M. R.I. to R.4. Augustus to Nero.

KINGS AND PRINCES OF JUDAEA.

SIMEON, Prince [144 to 135 B. C.].— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8.

JE. R.I. to R.3. Aut. (Samaritan legends). AR. R.8.

Struck in the time of Trajan and Hadrian. ALEXANDER, JANNAEUS, and JONATAN, Kings [105 to 79

B. C.].— Aut. JE. R.3. to R.5.

ANTIGONUS, King [40 to 38 B. C.].— Aut. JE. R.5. HERODES MAGNUS, Tetrarch and afterwards King [40 to 4

B. C.].— Aut. JE. R.4. to R.5. ARCHELAUS, Ethnarch of Judaea [4 B. C. to ]. — Aut.

JE. R.8. HERODES ANTIPAS, Tetrarch of Galilaea [4 B. C. to 39 A. C ].

—Aut. JE. R.4. to R.6. Imperial, JE. R 7. Caligula. PHILIPPUS, Tetrarch of Traconitis [4 B. C. to 34 A. C.]. —

Imperial, JE. R.5. Of Augustus. AGRIPPA I., MAGNUS, King [A. D. 37 to 44].— Aut. JE.

R.8. Imperial, JE. R.5. Caligula and Claudius. HERODES III., King of Chalcidene ( Cotemporary of Claudius).

—Imperial,^. R.7. Of Claudius. AGRIPPA II., King of Chalcidene [48 to 99 A. D.].— Aut. IE.

R.I. to R.3. Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.6. Nero, Ves- pasian, Titus, and Domitian. ZENODORUS, Tetrarch and High Priest (Cotemporary of

Augustus). — Imperial, jE. R.5. Of Augustus.

ARABIA.

ARABIA in genere. — Imperial of Hadrian, JE. R.5.

ADRAA (Edrai). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Aurelius to Aemilian. BOSTRA (Bostrd). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Antoninus to

Caracalla. Colonial Imperial (Latin legends), JE. R.2. to

R.5. Elagabalus to Trajan Decius. ESBUS (Esebori). — Imperial,^. R.7. Of Caracalla. MOCA ( ). — Imperial, ^E. R,8. Antoninus and Sep-

timius Sever us.

120 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

ARABIA (continued).

PETRA (Petrd). — Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.5. Hadrian to

Geta. PHILIPPOPOLIS ( ). — Colonial Imperial, JE. C. to R.6.

Marinus, Philip Senior, and Otacilia. RABOTHMOBA ( ).— Imperial, JE. R.5. to R.6. S.

Severus to Gordian.

MESOPOTAMIA, Diarbek.

ANTIOCHIA IN MYGDONIA ( \ — M. Of Antiochus IV.,

Epiphanes. R.8. (Millingen). ANTHEMUSIA ( ). — Imperial Potin. R.8. JE. R.6.

to R.7. Of Domitian, Caracalla, and Maximinus. CARRHAE ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. Imperial, JE. R.4.

Aurelius and Verus. Colonial Imperial, JE. R.I. to R.6.

Aurelius to Tranquillina. EDESSA (Roha, Ursa}. — Imperial, JE. C. to R.6. Commodus

to Trajan Decius.

KINGS OF EDESSA or OSRHOENI.

The kingdom of Edessa was founded in the year 136 B. C. It was conquered by Caracalla, but was probably not a Roman province before the time of Constantine. The names of Abgarus and Mannus appear to have been common to the kings of this country, but as their coins bear the portraits of the Roman Emperors, with whom they were cotemporary, several of them are therefore thus distinguished.

MANNUS (Cotemporary with Hadrian). — No coins. ABGARUS (Cotemporary with Aurelius and Verus). — No

coins. MANNUS (Cotemporary with Aurelius and Verus). —

Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Of Aurelius, Faustina

Junior, Verus, and Lucilla. ABGARUS (Cotemporary of Commodus), — Imperial, JE.

R.3. Of Commodus. ABGARUS (Cotemporary with Septimius Severus). — Aut.

With head of Mannus, JE. R.6. Imperial, C. to

R.4. Septimius Severus. MANNUS, Son of Abgarus (Cotemporary of Caracalla). —

Aut. JE. R.6. Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Caracalla. ABGARUS (Cotemporary of Gordian). — Imperial, C. to

R.3. Of Gordian.

MAIOZAMALCHA ( ).- — Colonial Aut. JE. R.8. (Latin

legends).

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 121

MESOPOTAMIA (continued).

NICEPHORIUM ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.6. Gprdian and

Gallienus. NISIBI (Nisbiii).— Colonial Imperial, M. R.I. to R.8. Ela-

gabalus to Trajan Decius (Latin legends). RHESAENA (Ras-Ayn). — Imperial, JE. R.4. Of Caracalla.

Colonial Imperial, M. C. to R.5. Severus Alexander to

Herennius.

SELEUCIA ad TIGRIM (Suleiman- Pak). — Aut. M. R.8. SINGARA (Sengiar). — Imperial, IE. R.I. to R.4. Severus

Alexander to Philip Senior. ZAYTA ( ). — Imperial, IE. R.8. Trajan and Septimius

Severus.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF MESOPOTAMIA. — Imperial, AR. R.2. to R 6. JE. R.2. M. Aurelius to Commodus.

BABYLONIA.

BABYLONIA in genere. — No coins. KINGS OF BABYLONIA.

TIMARCHUS [about 160 B. C.].— Aut. JE. R.8. Cotemporary with Antiochus IV. of Syria.

ASSYRIA.

ATUSIA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingeri).

DEMETRIAS ( ). — Aut. JE. R.8. (Millingen).

NINIVA, CLAUDIOPOLIS ( ). — Colonial Imperial, JE.

R.7. Trajan to Gordian.

PARTHIA.

PARTHIA in genere (no coins).

The coins bearing the name of Parthia were struck by Trajan to commemorate his victories in that country.

TAMBRAX ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. Of Arsaces XL,

King of Parthia.

KINGS OF PARTHIA.

ARSACES I. (uncertain period}. — Aut. IE. R.6.

122 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PARTHIA (continued}.

ARSACES II. (idem).— Aut. AR. R.6. ARSACES III., ARTABANUS I. (idem}. — No coins ARSACES IV., PRIAPATIUS (idem}. — Aut. AR. R.6. ARSACES V., PHRAATES I. [190 to 165 B. C.].— Aut. AR.

R.5. JE. R.8. ARSACES VI., MITHRIDATES I. [155 to 140 B. C.].— Aut.

AR. R5. JE. R.6. ARSACES VII., PHRAATES II. [140 to 126 B. C.].— Aut. AR.

R.2. to R 5. ARSACES VIII.? ARTABANUS II. [about 100 B. C.].— Aut.

AR. R.4. ARSACES IX., MITHRIDATES II. [95 to 90 B.C.].— Aut. AR.

R.4.

ARSACES X., MNASKYRES? (uncertain period}. — No coins. ARSACES XI., SANATROECES [77 to 70 B. C.].— Aut. AR.

R.5. ARSACES XII., PHRAATES III. [70 to 60 B. C.].— Aut. AR.

R.4. to R.5. ARSACES XIII., MITHRIDATES III. (uncertain period}. — No

coins. ARSACES XIV., ORODES I. [— to 37 B. C.].— Aut. AR.

R.l. to R.8. ARSACES XV., PHRAATES IV. (uncertain period). — Aut. AR.

R2. to R.7.

THERMITS A, Queen of Arsaces XV. — Aut. AR. R.7. MNASKYRES, King of Apolloniatis, (uncertain period}. — Aut.

AR. R 8. With Phraates IV. ARSACES XVI., PHRAATACES (idem). — No coins. ARSACES XVII., ORODES II. (idem). — No coins. ARSACES XVIII , VONONES, or ONONES I. (Cotemporary of

Augustus and Tiberius). — Aut. AR. R.8. ARSACES XIX., ARTABANUS III. [ to 41 A. C.]. —

Aut. AR. R.8. ARSACES XX., BARDANES [ to 47 A. C.]. — Aut. AR.

R.8. ARSACES XXL, GOTARES [ to 50 A. C.]. — Aut. AR.

R.I. to R.8. MEHERDATES, Son of Arsaces XVIII. [about 49 A. C.].—

Aut. AR. R.8. ARSACES XXII., VONONES or ONONES II. (uncertain period).

— No coins. ARSACES XXIII., VOLAGESES I. (idem). — Aut. AR. R.7.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES.

123

PARTHIA (continued}.

ARSACES XXIV., (idem). — No coins.

ARSACES XXV., PACORUS [about 84 to A. C.]. — Aut.

AR. R.8. ARSACES XXVI. , CHOSROES [ to 122 A. C.]. — Aut,

JE. R.8. ARSACES XXVII., VOLAGESES II. [ to 148 A. C.].

—Aut. AR. R.8. ARSACES XXVIII., VOLAGESES III. [ to 190 A. C.].

—Aut. AR. R.4. to R.6. Pot. R.2. to R.4. JE.

R.4. ARSACES XXIX., VOLAGESES IV. [ to 196 A. C.]. —

Aut. Potin. R.6. ARSACES XXX., VOLAGESES V. [ to 219 A. C.]. —

Aut. Potin. R.3. to R.6.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF PARTHIAN KINGS. — Aut. AR. R.I. to R.6. JE. R.I. to R.6.

PERSIA.

No civic coins of Persia are known.

ANCIENT KINGS OF PERSIA. — Aut. AV. R.7. AR. R.2. to R.8. JE. R.2. to R.6.

The empire of the Persians extended from the year 560 B. C., when it was formed by Cyrus, and ceased with Darius Codoman, who was subdued by Alexander the Great.

PARTHIAN KINGS OF THE RACE OF ARSACES. — ARSACIDAE.

See the preceding list. PERSIAN KINGS OF THE RACE OF SASSAN. — SASSANIDAE.

Sassan was the grandfather of Artaxerxes. All these coins have Sassanian legends.

ARTAXERXES, or ARDECHIR I. [226 to 240 B. C.]. — Aut.

AR. R.8. Potin. R.7.

SAPOR I. [240 to 271 B. C.].— Aut. AR. R.4. HORMUS, or HORMISDAS I. [271 to 273 B. C.]. — Aut. AR.

R.8. VARARANES, or BAHRAM I. [272 to 276 B. C.]. — Aut. AR.

R.8.

VARARANES II. [276 to 293 B. C.].— AV. R.8. AR. R.8.

VARARANES III. [293 to 297 B. C.].— -AV. R.8. AR.

R.8.

NARSES [297 to 302 B. C.].— AV. R.8. AR. R.8. SAPOR II. [309 to 397 B. C.].— AR. R.2. to R.5.

124 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

PERSIA (continued).

SAPOR III. [383 to 388 B. C.].— Aut. AR. R.4. UNCERTAIN COINS OF THE SASSANIDAE. — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.4. M. R.2. to R.4.

BACTRIANA.

No civic coins of Bactriana are known. KINGS OF BACTRIANA.* BACTRIAN PRINCES.

DIODOTUS. — AV. Unique?

EUTHYDEMUS.— AV. Unique. AR. R.6. IE. R.8.

DEMETRIUS. — AR. R.8.

ARKEBIAS. — AR. R.8.

But two coins are known, and these differ in the reverse. One reads Arkelius.

LYSIAS. — AR. Unique. JE. R.8. ANTIALKIDAS. — AR. R.8. JE. R.8. ANTIMACHUS. — AR. R.8. JE. R.8. AMYNTAS. — JE. Unique?

A second coin is described in the Journal des Savons, Fevrier, 1839. PHILOXENES. — AR. Unique? JE. R.8. BACTRO-!NDIAN PRINCES.

EUKRATIDES.— AR. R.8. JE. R.6. HELIOCLES. — AR. R.8. JE. Unique?

A second coin is described in the Journal des Savans, Dec., 1838.

* For this list I am indebted to Professor H. H. Wilson, who likewise kindly furnished me with the degrees of rarity. This gentleman observes, " that it is not to be supposed that all the princes are consecutive, and that it is yet unsafe to speculate upon their classification ; but they belong to collateral dynasties, of which possibly the founders are : — 1. Diodotus. 2. Euthydemus. 3. Eucratides. 4. Menander. 5. Undapherres. 6. Agathocles. The last monarch is certainly one of the latest of the purely Greek kings, and reigned more in India than in Bactria, and his coins, and those of Pantaleon, bear for the local legend Indian characters, not Bactrian." It will be seen that this arrangement differs entirely from that of M. Mionnet, in the eighth Supplementary Volume of his Descrip. de Med. Grecques. Accounts of these singular coins, the discovery of which forms a new epoch in Numismatic research, may be found in the following works: Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1834 and following years ; Numis- matic Journal, Vol. II; Journal des Savans, 1834, 1835, 1836, and 1839; Journal Asiatique, February, 1836; in several of the literary periodicals of Ger- many, and in the work of Professor Lassen, Zur Geschichte der Griechischen und Indo-skythischen Konige in Baktrien. Bonn, 1838; and that of Grotefend on Die Munzen der Griechischen, Parthischen, und Indo-skythischen Konieg von lidktrien. Hannover. 1839.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 125

BACTRIANA (continued).

HELIOCLES and LAODIKE. — AR. Unique. DIOMEDES. — IE. Unique. MENANDER.— AR. R.6. JE. R.6. APOLLODOTUS. — AR. R.7. JE. R.6. HERMAEUS.— AR. R.8. JE. R.6. HERMAEUS and KALLIOPE. — AR. Unique.

GRAECO-BARBARIC, BACTRO-!NDIAN. UNDAPHERRES.— AR. R.8. JE. R.6. VONONES.— AR. R.8. MAYES.— ,£. R.8. AZES.— AR. R.8. JE. R.6. AZILISES.— AR. R.8. SPALIRIS.— JE. R.7.

INDO-GREEK.

AGATHOCLES.— AR. R.8. JE. R.8. AGATHOKLEIA. — JE. Unique. PANTALEON. — JE. R.8.

CHARACENE.

No civic coins are known of this country. KINGS OF CHARACENE.

TCRAEUS (Cotemporary of Seleucus II., King of Syria). — Aut.

AR. R.8. ARTABAZES (Cotemporary of the last of the Seleucidae and

Arsaces XII.). — Aut. AR. R.8.

ATTAMBILUS (Cotemporary of Augustus). — Aut. Potin.. R.7. ADINNIGAUS (Cotemporary of Tiberius). — Aut. Potin. R.8. MONNESES (Cotemporary of Trajan). — Aut. JE. R.8. ARTAFANUS, or ERTAPANUS [beginning of the third century,

A. D.].— Aut. Potin. R.8. JE. R.8. MEREDATES and UIPHOBA his Queen (uncertain period and

country, presumed of Characene).> — M. R.8. (Millingeri).

126 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

AFRICA.

AEGYPTUS.

KINGS OF AEGYPT.

PTOLEMAEUS I., SOTER [300 to 285 B. C.].— Aut. AV.

R.4. to R.6. AR. R.2. to R.5. JE. C. to R.4. BERENICE, Wife ef Soter.— Aut. JE. C. to R.8. PTOLEMAEUS II., PHILADELPHIA [285 to 246 B.C.].— Aut.

AR. R.I. to R.3. JE. R.2. to R.4. ARSINOE, Wife of Philadelphus.— Aut. AV. R.3. to R.8.

AR. R.6. JE. R.4. PTOLEMAEUS III., EVERGETES I. [246 to 221 B.C.] — Aut.

AR. R.4. JE. R.2. to R.6. — Aut. with the legend

0E£1N • AAEA&QN restored by this king. R.4. to R.8. BERENICE, Wife of Evergetes.— Aut. AV. R.6. to R.8. AR.

R.7. JE. R.6. PTOLEMAEUS IV., PHILOPATOR [221 to 204 B. C.].— Aut.

AV. R.8. AR. R.8.

ARSINOE, Wife of Philopator. — Aut. AV. R.8. PTOLEMAEUS V., EPIPHANES [204 to 181 B. C.].— Aut. AV.

R.8. AR. R.7. PTOLEMAEUS VI., PHILOMETOR [181 to 146 B.C.]-— Aut.

AR. R.8. Potin. R.I. JE. R.4. PTOLEMAEUS VII., EVERGETES II., PHYSCON [146 to 116

B. C.] — Aut. AR. R.2. to R.4. JE. R.I. to R.3. CLEOPATRA, Wife of Evergetes. — Aut. ^E. C. to R.4. PTOLEMAEUS VIII., SOTER II., DEUS, LATHYRUS [116 to 81

B. C.].— Aut. AV. R.8. JE. R.I. to R.2. CLEOPATRA SELENE, Wife of Ptolemaeus VIII. — Aut. JE.

R.6. PTOLEMAEUS IX., ALEXANDER I. [106 to 88 B. C.]. — Aut.

JE. C. to R.2. PTOLEMAEUS X., ALEXANDER II. [about 81 B. C.]. — No

certain coins.

He died in exile 65 B. C. PTOLEMAEUS XL, AULETES, NEOS, DIONYSOS [59 to 50 B.C.].

—Aut. JE. R.3. PTOLEMAEUS XII., DIONYSOS [50 to 47 B. C.].— Aut. AR.

R.8. PTOLEMAEUS XIII. [47 to 42 B. C.]. — No certain coins.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 127

AEGYPTUS (continued).

CLEOPATRA, Queen [50 to 30 B. C.]. — Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.4. to 11.5. Imperial, AR. R.6. JE. R.2. to R.5. Of M. Antonius,

UNCERTAIN COINS OF EGYPTIAN KINGS. — Aut. AR. R.I. to R.5. IE. C. to R.4.

Numerous brass coins bear the head of Jupiter Ammon, reverse, an eagle standing on a thunderbolt, with the legend, BASIAEQS HTOAE- MAIOr, and from their uniformity of type and legend, cannot be ap- propriated. Among these are pieces of very large size, the great num- ber of which negative M. Hennin's idea that they were not current money. They must have been minted in immense numbers, as they are extremely common. We have examined many hundreds of these coins.

COINS OF THE ROMAN EMPERORS STRUCK IN EGYPT.

The coins of the Roman emperors struck in Egypt may be distinguished by their fabric from any others issued in the provinces during the Ro- man dominion. Many of them are of the mixed metal termed by the French Numismatists Potin, but the greater number are of brittle brass, generally of the first and third sizes. Of the latter size, those of Probus, Diocletian, and Maximian are common to excess, the type of the reverse being generally an eagle, with the Greek numerals de- noting the date (see page 15), but there are other reverses of much interest. Those of some of the large coins are very curious. Vide Zb'ega, " Numi ^Egyptii Imperatorii in museo Borgiano Velitris," Rom3e,4to, 1787, and Mionnet, " Descrip." Tome VI. where a very ex- tensive list is given.

MARCUS ANTONIUS ? — IE. R.5.

AUGUSTUS. — M. C. to R.4.

LIVIA.— JE. R.2. to R.5.

CAIUS CAESAR. — JE. R.6.

Lucius CAESAR. — JE. R.6.

TIBERIUS.— Potin. R.3. M. R.I. toR,3.

ANTONIA. — Potin. R.4. With Claudius.

CLAUDIUS.— Potin. R.I. to R.6. JE. C. to R.4.

MESSALINA.— Potin. R.I. With Claudius.

AGRIPPINA Junior. — Potin. R.5. JE. C. to R.5. With

and without Nero.

NERO. — Potin. C. to R.3. M. C. to R.5. OCTAVIA.— Potin. R.4. With Nero. POPPAEA.— Potin. R.3. to R.4. M. R.4. With Nero. GALBA — Potin. R.2. to R.4. JE. R.2. to R.5. OTHO.— Potin. R.6. JE. R.5. to R.8. VITELLIUS.— Potin. R.6. M. R.7.

VESPASIANUS. — Potin. R.3. JE. C. to R.4. Sometimes with Titus.

128 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

AEGYPTUS (continued).

DOMITILLA. — JE. R 8.

TITUS.— Potin. R.I. ^E. C.toR.4. Sometimes with Vespasian. DOMITIANUS.— Potin. R.5. JE. C. to R.3. DOMITIA.— M. R.8. With Domitian. NERVA.— Potin. R.4.

TR A JANUS. — Potin. R.I. to R.4. ^E. C. to R.4. HADRIANUS.— Potin. C. to R.2. JE. C. to R.4. Some bear the head of Antinous.

SABINA. — Potin. R.5. M. R.2. to R.4. Some have the head of Hadrian.

ANTINOUS. — IE. R.4. to R.6. Some with the head of Had- rian.

AELIUS CAESAR. — Potin. R.I. JE. R.I. to R.4.

ANTONINUS Pius. — Potin. R.I. to R.2. JE. C. to R.6. PL R.4. Sometimes with Faustina the elder.

FAUSTINA Senior. — Potin. R.2. JE. R.4. With Antoninus.

MARCUS AURELIUS. — Potin. C. to R.4. JE. C. to R.5. PI. R.4. Sometimes with Faustina Junior or L. Verus.

FAUSTINA Junior. — Potin. R.2. to R.4. JE. R.I. to R.4. Sometimes with M. Aurelius.

Lucius VERUS. —Potin. R.I. to R.3. M. C. to R.5. Sometimes with M. Aurelius.

LUCILLA. — Potin. R.5. M. R.6.

COMMODUS.— Potin. C. to R.2. M. R.I. to R.4.

CRISPINA.— Potin. R.5. JE. R.4. to 11.5.

PERTINAX. — JE. R.8.

TITIANA.— Potin. R.7.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS. — Potin. R.5. M. R.5. to R.7.

JULIA DOMNA.— AR. R.8. Potin. R.4. IE. R.4. Some- times with her sons.

CARACALLA.— Potin. R.5. JE. R.5. Sometimes with J. Domna.

GETA. — Potin. R.8. Sometimes with Julia Domna.

MACRINUS. — Potin. R.6. JE. R.7.

DlADUMENIANUS ?

ELAGABALUS. — Potin. C. to R.2. Sometimes with Julia Paula. JULIA PAULA. — Potin. R.I. to R.3. Sometimes with Ela-

gabalus.

AQUILIA SEVERA. — Potin. R.3. ANNIA FAUSTINA. — Potin. R.5.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES.

129

R.6. R.7.

C. to R.3. JE. R.5. Sometimes

JE.

JE.

R.I. to R.4. R.2.

AEGYPTUS (continued).

JULIA SOEMIAS. — Potin. R.2. to R.4.

JULIA MAESA. — Potin. R.4.

SEVERUS ALEXANDER. — Potin. C. to R.4. JE. R.I. to R.5.

ORBIANA. — Potin. R.5.

MAMAEA. — Potin. R.I. to R.5. JE. R.I. to R.3.

MAXIMINUS.— Potin. R.I. to R.2.

MAXIMUS, CAESAR. — Potin. R.3.

GORDIANUS I., AFRICANUS. — Potin.

GORDIANUS II., AFRICANUS. — Potin.

BALBINUS. — Potin. R.6.

PUPIENUS. — Potin. R.G.

GORDIANUS III. — Potin. with Tranquillina.

TRANQUILLINA. — Potin. R.5.

PHILIPPUS. —Potin. C. to R.2.

OTACILIA.— Potin. R.I. to R.2.

PHILIPPUS Junior.— Potin. R.I. to R.G. JE. R.2. to R.4.

TRAJANUS DECIUS. — Potin. R.I. to R.2. JE. R.4.

ETRUSCILLA. — Potin. R.5.

HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS. — Potin. R.G.

HOSTILIANUS. — Potin. R.7.

TREBONIANUS GALLUS. — Potin. R.2.

VOLUSIANUS. — Potin. R.3.

AEMILIANUS. — Potin. R.7.

CORNELIA SUPERA. — Potin. R.8. ?

VALERIANUS. — Potin. C. to R.I.

GALLIENUS. — Potin. C. to R.G. JE.

SALONINA. — Potin. C. to R.2. JE.

SALONINUS. — Potin. R.3.

MACRIANUS Junior. — Potin. R.5.

QUIETUS. — Potin. R.G.

DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS. — Potin. R.7.

CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS.— Potin. C. to R.2. JE. R.7.

QUINTILLUS. — Potin. R.3.

AURELIANUS. — Potin. C. to R.2. Sometimes with Cabala- thus or Zenobia.

SEVERINA. — Potin. R.I.

ZENOBIA. — Potin. R.G. to R.7. Sometimes with Aureluinus.

VABALATHUS, ATHENODORUS. — Potin. R.I. to R.7. Some- times with Aurelianus.

s

R.4. R.4.

130 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OP

AEGYPTUS (continued).

TACITUS.— Potin. R.I. to R.2. PROBUS. — Potin. C. to R.I. CARUS.— Potin. R.I. to R.2. NUMERIANUS. — Potin. C. to R.2. CARINUS. — Potin. C. to R.2. DIOCLETIANUS. — Potin. C. to R.I. MAXIMIANUS HERCULES. — Potin. C. to R.2. CONSTANTIUS CHLORUs. — Potin. R.2. to R.3. GALERIUS MAXIMIANUS.— Potin. R.3.

EGYPTIAN NOMES OR PREFECTURES.

Vide Tochon d'Annecy's " Recherches Hist, et Geograph. sur les Medailles des Nomes," &c. 4to. ; a work in which these singular coins are very ably illustrated.

ALEXANDRIA (Rakoti, Iskenderie, Alessandria d'Egitto). —

Imperial, JE. R.7. Of Hadrian. ANTAEOPOLITES (Tkoou, Kaou, El-Kharab). — Imperial, JE.

R.6. to R.8. Trajan and Hadrian.

APHRODITOPOLITES (Tpih, Athfihh, Asphoun, Asfun). — Impe- rial, JEi. R.6. to R.7. Trajan and Hadrian. APOLLONOPOLITES (Atbo, Odfou, Edfou). — Imperial, JE. R.7.

to R.8. Hadrian and Antoninus Pius.

ARABIA (Tiarabid). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Trajan and Hadrian. ARSINOITES (Piom, Fayyoum). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.5.

Trajan and Hadrian. ATHRIBITES (Atrib, Athribi). — Imperial, JE. R.6. to R.7.

Trajan and Hadrian. BUBASTITES (Phelbes, Belbeis, Tall-Bastali).— Imperial, JE.

R.8. Of Hadrian.

Bus i RITES (Pousiriy Aboussir). — Imperial, JE. R.7. Hadrian and A. Pius.

CABASITES (Chbehs, Kabas). — Imperial,^. R.5. Of Hadrian. CANOPUS (Kahi-Annoub, Abou-Kir).— Imperial, JE. R.8.

Hadrian. (Doubtful if genuine). COPTITES (Keft, Quift, Qefth).— Imperial, ^E. R.4. to R.6.

Trajan and Hadrian.

CYNOPOLITES (Kais, El-Gis). — Imperial, ^E. R.6. to R.8. Hadrian.

DIOSPOLIS MAGNA (Tape, Medineh-Tabou). — Imperial, JE.

R.7. to R.8. Of Hadrian. DIOSPOLIS PARVA (Ho, Hou}.— Imperial, ^E. R.8. Hadrian

and Antoninus.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. lol

AEGYPTUS (continued).

GYNAECOPOLITES ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Hadrian.

HELIOPOLITES (On, Mathariah) — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of

Hadrian. HEPTANOMIS ( ).— Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Hadrian.

(Doubtful if genuine). HERACLEOPOLITES (Knes, Annas). — Imperial, ^E. R.4. to R.7.

Of Hadrian. HERMONTHITES (Ermont, Erment, Armenty Balad- Mousd) . — -

Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Hadrian. HERMOPOLITES (Chmoun, Ochmounein). — Imperial, ^E. R.5.

to R.6. Hadrian and Ant. Pius. HEROOPOLITES ( ).— Imperial, JE. R.7. Of Hadrian.

(Doubtful if genuine).

HYPSELIOTES (Schotp). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Hadrian. LATOPOLITES (Sne, Esne, Asna). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of

Hadrian. LEONTOPOLITES ( Thamoui, Tel-Essabe). — Imperial, ^E. R.4.

to 11.6. Hadrian and A. Pius.

LETOPOLITES (Derote). — Imperial, J&. R.8. Of Hadrian. LIBYA (Niphaiat). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Hadrian. LYCOPOLITES (Sioout, Aiouth, Osiouth). — Imperial, JE. R.7.

Hadrian. MAREOTES (Mariouth). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Hadrian and

Ant. Pius. MEMPHITES (Mesi, Memfi, Massr-el-GadimaTi). — Imperial,

JE. R.6. to R.8. Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus. MENDESIUS (Chmoun-an-Erman, Ochmoum). — Imperial, JE.

R.4. to R.6. Hadrian, Antoninus, and Aurelius. MENELAITES ( ). — Imperial, ^E. R.4. to R.6. Tra- jan, Hadrian, Antoninus, and Aurelius. METELITES (Damalidi). — Imperial, J&. R.8. Hadrian. NAUCRATIS (Samocrat). — Imperial, M. R.7. Trajan, Had- rian, and Aurelius.

NEOUT ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Hadrian.

NICOPOLITES ( ). — Imperial, ^E. R.8. Antoninus.

(Doubtful if genuine). OASIS MAGXA (Ouahhat). — Imperial,^). R.8. Of Trajan.

(Doubtful if genuine).

OMBITES (Ambo). — Imperial, M. R.8. Of Hadrian. ONUPHITES (Nuf). — Imperial,^. R.6. Of Hadrian. OXYRYNCHITES (Pemsye, Behnese, Bahnasa). — Imperial, JE.

R.3. to R.4. Hadrian and Antoninus.

132 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF

AEGYPTUS (continued).

PANOPOLITES (Chmin, Chmim, ATthmim). — Aut. IE- R.4.

Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Hadrian. PELUSIUM (Peremoun, Alfarama). — Imperial, JE. R.3. to

R.5. Of Hadrian. PHARBAETHITES (Pharbait, Horbait). — Imperial, JE. R.8.

Hadrian.

PHTHEMPHITES ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Hadrian.

PHTHENEOTES (Pteneto}. — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Hadrian. PINAMYS( ).— Imperial,^. R.6. Of Hadrian. (Doubt- ful if genuine}. PROSOPITES (Pchati Abchadi}. — Imperial, M. R.4. to R.5.

Hadrian, Antoninus, and Aurelius. SAITES (Sai, Ssa). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Hadrian

and Antoninus. SEBENNYTES (Syemnouti, Semenoud, Samannoud). — Imperial,

JE. R.4. Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus. SETHROITES (Psariom). — Imperial, ^E. R.4. to R.6. Trajan

and Antoninus.

TANITES (Syani, Tzan, Ssari). — Imperial, 2E. R.8. Hadrian. TENTYRITES (Nitenthory, Dendera). — Imperial, 2B. R.5.

Of Hadrian and Antoninus.

THINITES ( Tunah}. — Imperial, JE. R.6. Of Hadrian. XOITES (Skoou, Sakha). — Imperial, JE, R.6. Of Hadrian. UNCERTAIN COINS OF EGYPT. — Aut. JE. R.2. to R.5.

LIBYA."

LIBYA in genere. — Aut. AR. R.5. to R.8.

MARMARICA.

PETRA.— Aut. JE. R.8. (Doubtful).

CYRENAICA.

CYRENAICA in genere.— Aut. AR. R.6. M. C. to R.I Proconsular of the family PORCIA.— JE. R.I. to R.3. Those of Augustus and Agrippa are R.2.

OPPIA.— JE. R.8.

PUPIA.— ^E. R.I. to R.3.

GREEK COINS OF CITIES AND PRINCES. 133

CYRENAICA (continued).

Proconsular of the family LOLLIA. — JE. R.l.toR.4. Impe- rial, IE. R.2. to R.8. Augustus, Tiberius, Drusus, and Titus. ARSINOE.— Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.4. to R.7.

AUTOMALA? ( ).— Aut. JE. R.2. (Doubtful).

BARCE (Berke).— Aut. AR. R.3. to R.7.

CAENOPOLIS ( ).— Aut. AR. R.8. JE. R.8.

CYRENE (Curin).— Aut. AV. C. to R.6. AR. C. to R.8. JE. C. to R.4.

ENESSIPHIRA ( ). — Aut. AR. R.8.

HERACLEA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

LIBYA ( ).

PHYCUS ( :). — No coins.

PTOLEMAIS ( ).— Aut. IE. R.6.

ISLAND ADJACENT TO CYRENAICA.

LAEA ( ). — Aut. JE. R.6.

KINGS OF CYRENAICA.

OPHILON,* Tyrant of Barce? (uncertain period). — Aut. AR. R.8.

MAGAS, King [ to 256 B. C.].— Aut. JE. R.5.

PTOLEMAEUS, APION [ to 96 B. C.].— Aut. AR. R.7.

JE. R.6.

SYRTICA.

AEA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8. (Doubtful}.

LEPTIS MAGNA (Lebida). — Colonial Aut. JE. R.I. to R.2.

Imperial, M. R.6. Augustus, Tiberius, and Agrippina

Germanic! . OCEA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.8. Of Antoninus Pius.

BYZACENE.

ACHULLA (Elalia). — Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.6. Julius Caesar and family of Augustus. (Latin legends).

HADRUMETUM (Herkla). — Aut. ^E. R.8. Imperial, IE. R.4. to R.6. Julius Caesar and Augustus. (Latin legends).

THAPSUM (Demass). — Imperial,^. R.8. Of Tiberius.

* Millingen retracts his former opinion, that this coin, inscribed Ophilon, might belong to Ophelias, tyrant of the Cyrenaica — it being probably the name of a magistrate (Sylloge, p. 87).

134 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT OF GREEK COINS.

ZEUGITANA.

The coins of the Pro-Praetor Clodius Macer, struck in Zeugitana, were executed on the model of the Denarius, and are ranged with the Roman series, as are also those of the Vandal kings in the fifth and sixth centuries.

CARTHAGO.— Aut. AV. C. to R.3.— Electrum. R.2. AR. R.I.

to R.4. JE. C. to R.6 — Colonial Aut. JE. C. to R.4.

(Latin legends). CLUPEA ( ). — Imperial, JE. R.4. Of Tiberius and

Drusus. (Latin legends). HiPPO-LiBERA (Bizerta). — Aut. JE. R.7. Imperial, JE. R.8.

Tiberius, Julia, and Drusus. (Latin legends). UTICA (Buchiatter). — Imperial, M. C. to R.I. Augustus,

Tiberius, and Julia. (Latin legends).

MAURETANIA.

IOL, CAESAREA (Chierchiell). — Aut. (with African legends), JEt, R.6. Imperial (with bilingual legends — Latin and African), ^E. R.I. to R.5. Augustus, Tiberius, and Julia.

BABBA ( ). — Colonial Imperial, JE. R.3. to R.6.

Claudius to Galba.

CISSA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.6.

NUMIDIA.

TABRACA ( ).— Aut. JE. R.8.

Formerly given erroneously^to Abdera in Baetica. KINGS OF NUMIDIA AND MAURETANIA.

BOCCHUS (uncertain period}. — Aut. AR. R.8.

JUBA I. [ to 46 B. C.] .—Aut. A V. ? R.8. AR. R.l.

to R.4. Potin. R.4. JE. R,2. JUBA II. [30 B. C. to 19 A. C.].— Aut. AR. R.4. to R.8.

JE. R.3. to R.6. CLEOPATRA, Wife of Juba II.— Aut. AR. R.6. to R.8. JE.

R.5. to R.8. PTOLEMAEUS, Son of Juba II. — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.4.

to R.6. Imperial, JE. R.4. to R.7. Of Augustus and

Tiberius.

UNCERTAIN COINS OF AFRICA. — Aut. AR. R.6. JE. R.2. to R.4. Imperial, JE. R.2. to R.8. Of Augustus. (With African legends).

SECTION II.

ROMAN COINS.

" Ecce, Caesar, quibus successisti ! Ecce quos imitari studeas, et mirari ; ad quorum formulam, et imaginem te componas: quos praeter te unum, nulli ho- minum daturus eram ; tua me movit authoritas. Licet enim horum mores et nomina, horum ego res gestas norim, tuum est, non modum nosse sed sequi. Tibi itaque debebantur."

Petrarch to the Emperor Charles IV., with a present of Roman coins.

ROMAN COINS.

IF reliance may be placed on the account of Pliny, the origin of Roman money must be referred to the time of Servius Tullius, nearly seven centuries before the Christian era.1 Ac- cording to that historian, it consisted of brass only, and was called pecunia, from the figure of a pecus which it bore. The earliest piece was the As Libralis, of twelve ounces, which continued of that weight down to the first Punic war. This author also informs us, that the coinage of silver at Rome commenced five years before the reduction in the weight of the As ; the Denarius then struck being, as its name implies, equal in value to ten Ases. During the first Punic war, the As was reduced to two ounces ; and subsequently, about the year B.C. 216, to one ounce, the value of the Denarius being raised to sixteen Ases. We are further informed, that the As dwindled to half an ounce at the time of the passing of the Papirian law.

The accuracy of this account has been much questioned by modern writers. The sudden and extensive reduction of the As has been considered too dangerous a measure in the times it is stated to have taken place. Leaving, however, this ques- tion to be weighed and considered by the learned, we shall proceed to notice the pieces which have descended to us. Of these we have many varieties, differing in type and mo- dule.

The As, its 1 1. The Decussis, or piece of ten Ases, bearing the multiples. / head of Minerva, or Victory, in a biga ; reverse, the prow of a vessel.

'" Servius Rex primus signavit aes.'' Hist. Nat. lib. xxxiii. 13. Cassio- dorus says, " Servius rex monetam in sere primum impressisseperhibetur."

T

138 ROMAN COINS.

2. The Quadrussis, or piece of four Ases, of various

types, the most common of which is a bull.

3. The Tripondius, or piece of three Ases, with the

head of Minerva and prow.

4. The Dupondius, or piece of two Ases. Some of

these pieces are of Italian origin, and bear the word FELATHRI in retrograde Etruscan charac- ters.1

5. The As, or piece of twelve uncise, which, besides

its type, often bears its value, I. These pieces, after the reduction of the As, bear the names of Roman families.

6. The Semis, or half As, marked §•

7. The Quincunx,12 or piece of five unciae, marked

8. The Triens, or third of the As, marked ••••

9. The Quadrans, or fourth „ ••• 10. The Sextans, or sixth „ ••

1 1. The Uncia, or twelfth „ •

Coinage of \ The earliest type of the Roman silver, which Silver. / accorciing to Pliny was first struck in the year of Rome, 485 (B. c. 269), appears to have been the double head of Janus ; reverse, a figure guiding a biga. In later times, the Denarius bore this type, while its half, the Quinarius, was impressed with the figure of Victory, so that Bigati and Vic- toriati were the terms generally used to denote these coins. Numerous denarii exist at this day with the common type of the biga. Of these, the pieces of large module, having the word ROMA on a tablet beneath the biga in incuse or indented letters, are without doubt the most ancient.

Many consular coins bear the indications of their value thus : — the Denarius, X, or x 5 °r XVI. The Quinarius, V, or Q. The Sestertius, IIS, or HS. The marks on the Dena-

1 Seethe Numismatic Alphabets, PI. iii.

3 The Roman Quincunx bears a cross on each side, and is uncommon : that with the type of the Dioscuri is of great rarity. The five globules, marking the Quincunx, are found on the very common Italian coins of Teate, Larinum, &c.

ROMAN COINS. 139

rius have reference to its original value, ten Ases, and subse- quently sixteen Ases. The brass Decussis, or piece of ten Ases, bears the numeral X. The Q on the Quinarius is the initial of its name ; the V marks its original value, five Ases. The HS denotes two Ases and a half, the original value of the Sestertius. With few exceptions, the Quinarius and Ses- tertius are not of common occurrence, from which it may be inferred their issue was not abundant. The legends on con- sular coins are often given in a contracted form, or with braced letters, of which examples will be found in the plates.

Coinage of) Pliny states that gold was first coined in Rome, Gold- / in the year of that city, 548 (B. c. 206). The pieces supposed by some writers to be of this coinage, bear on one side a helmed bearded head ; reverse, an eagle with ex- panded wings, and ROMA:1 they are of three sizes, and their value is indicated by the numerals 4^X, for sixty Sesterces ; XXXX, forty Sesterces; and XX, twenty Sesterces. There is, however, every reason to believe that these coins were not minted in Rome, but in some of the cities of Campania under the Roman authority.2 They are all rare.

Types of ^ The greater part of the series denominated con. Denarii*1 / sular coins bear the biga type, but there are many denarii of great interest, some of which are sufficiently com- mon to be within the reach of every collector. Of the types in question we may notice that of a denarius of the Emilia family, upon which M. LEPIDUS is represented placing a crown on the head of the young king Ptolemy Epiphanes, with the title TVTOR REGIS (the king's guardian}. Another coin of this family, with the legend L • BVCA, represents the dream of Sylla, as described by Plutarch. A third coin records the youthful valour of M. Lepidus, who is represented, on horseback, bearing a trophy ; legend, M • LEPIDVS * AN • xv • PR • H • o • c • s (Marcus Lepidus an- norum xv. Pr&textatus hostem occidit civem servavit). A fourth

1 Several cities of Campania struck silver coins with the word ROMA, ROMANO, or ROMANOM ; see page 49.

2 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. vol. v. p. 44.

140 ROMAN COINS.

coin, of the ^Emilia family, represents Aretas, king of Arabia, submitting himself to Marcus Scaurus. This is beautifully typified by a figure kneeling by the side of a camel, presenting an olive branch, from which depends a fillet or ancient diadem.

On denarii of the Antonia family we find the names of the egions who served under the Triumvir. On those of the Caecilia family we have records of the victory obtained over the Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and also over the Macedonians. A coin of Calpurnia records the purchase of corn by Piso and Caepio in time of scarcity. The investiga- tion of Q. Cassius is perpetuated on a denarius of the family, Cassia. Hostilia has two interesting types. Mamilia, who boasted their descent from Ulysses, has left us a type, the interest of which redeems its rudeness. Marcia presents us with a portrait of Ancus. Memmia commemorates the first festival of the Cereal ia, a type considered by Trajan, in after times, worthy of restoration. Numonia records the heroism of a member of that family. Papia has a type illustrating a fable of Dionysius Halicarnassus.1 Plautia has handed down an interesting memorial of the capture of Privernum by Hyp- saeus. Sergia's one-armed hero is represented riding at full speed, with his enemy's head in his remaining hand,2 and Tituria commemorates the perfidy of Tarpeia and the rape of the Sabines. Several interesting portraits also occur on these coins, among which may be noticed, those of the elder Brutus, Numa, Sylla, Ahala, &c.

Types and "\ Such are the illustrations to be found in the thelmne^ ( series of coins denominated Consular. To notice rial series. J in detail those of the imperial series would require a volume much larger than the present. Of the numerous authentic portraits which they bear, it will scarcely be neces- sary to speak, except that on some we have likenesses of per- sonages who have escaped the notice of historians.3 The

•Lib. i.e. 51. 2 Liv. lib.vii.c. 28.

3 See the coins of Barbia Orbiana, wife of Severus Alexander, Paulina, wife of Maximinus, Cornelia Supera, wife of Valerianus, Magnia Urbica, wife of Ca- rinus, &c.

ROMAN COINS. 141

devices and legends of the reverses are in numerous instances of singular interest ; witness those of Augustus, with AEGYPTO CAPTA ; the large brass of Tiberius, recording his munificence to the twelve cities of Asia ; the gold and silver of Claudius, with DE • BRITANNIS. The memorials of the conquest of Judea on the coins of Vespasian and Titus, IVDAEA • CAPTA and IVDAEA • DEVICTA. The coins of Trajan and Hadrian record the principal acts of their reigns : among these the legends,

VIA • TRAIANA. PARTHIA * CAPTA. AQVA ' TRAIANA. REX

PARTHIS • DATVS. — and the names of the various provinces visited by the last-mentioned emperor, claim especial notice.

The series of first or large brass coins extends to the reign of Gallienus, but by far the most elegant are those of the first fifteen emperors. After the reigns of the Antonines, the large brass coin decreases in size, as well as in interest of design and beauty of fabric, and disappears entirely in the reign of Gallienus.

The Roman silver and gold coins (aurei and denarii) have descended to our times in immense numbers, and fine col- lections have been formed in each metal. The copper is of three sizes, which are termed by numismatists large, middle, and small brass. Of each of the two former sizes a nearly perfect series may be formed. Of the small brass a complete series cannot be made ; and it is doubtful if any coins exist of some of the earlier emperors. On the disappearance of the large brass, in the reign of Gallienus, the coinage of small brass recommenced, and much of it is extremely common, as the extensive lists in the elaborate work of Bandurius testify.1 In the reign of Diocletian appeared a copper coin, termed the Follis, of the module of the middle brass of the first thirteen emperors, but much thinner. The coinage of these pieces appears to have been extensive, as they are at this day very common, both of Diocletian, and his colleague, Maximian, as also of Constantius-Chlorus, Severus Caesar, and Maxentius.

1 The small brass of Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus, Prolus, Victorinus, Tetricus Diocletianus, Maximianus, and the family of Constantine exist in prodigious numbers, every year bringing to light fresh hoards.

142 ROMAN COINS.

Of Romulus, the son of the latter, pieces were struck of this denomination ; but these last are uncommon.

Restored ) Some Roman coins were restored by succeeding Coins. / emperors. On these we find the word, RESTITVIT, or its abbreviation. Trajan restored many of the Consular series, as well as those of his predecessors.1

. i In the earliest and more simple days of Rome, ' the portraits of no living personage appeared on the public money ; the heads were those of their deities, or of some person who had received divine honours. Julius Caesar was the first who obtained the express permission of the senate to place his portrait on the coins ; and the example was soon followed by others. The heads of Lepidus and of Antony appear on their denarii, and even the money of Brutus, with the two daggers and cap of Liberty, bears, on the obverse, the head of the man who killed his friend, because he had assumed the regal power and authority. We have no evidence, how- ever, that this money, which is of great rarity, was struck with the knowledge and sanction of Brutus ; and it is possible that it is a posthumous coin.

Surnames \ Like the Greek monarchs, the Roman emperors . /

and Titles. / Were a^ fa^ satisfied with simple titles. Julius Caesar was content with those of Imperator, Perpetual Dictator, and Pater Patrice ; and here it should be observed, that the title, Imperator, following the name, has a very different sig- nification than when it is placed before it. The military title of Imperator was given by Sylla to Pompey, and victorious generals were often thus saluted by their troops after a battle:2 it was only in later times, when the people had become fami-

1 See an article in the Numismatic Journal, Vol. i. p. 243, " On the Coins de- nominated Restored." Most of the restored coins are of considerable rarity, although the original types are generally those with which every numismatist is familiar.

a Suetonius observes of Claudius " praenomine Imperatoris abstinuit," which is confirmed by the coins of that emperor, upon which it never appears as a ^ though we find even IMP ' xvr. following the title.

ROMAN COINS. 143

liarised with sovereignty, that we find niperator used as a prae- nomen. Augustus added to his titles those of Tribune, and Pon- tifex Maximus; Claudius styled himself Censor. Antoninus re- ceived from the senate the title of Pius, which was also borne by several of his unworthy successors ; for we find " Antoninus Pius" on the coins of Caracalla and Elagabalus. Commodus added Felix to his other unmerited epithets : D. Julian was styled Rector Orbis, and Niger was surnamed Justus. Tetricus, as well as his son, was styled Invictus, and this title is found on some of the coins of Carausius. In the time of Constantine the style Nobilis Ccesar, or NoUlissimus C&sar, is common. * Perpetuus Augustus and Semper Augustus are also found among other titles. On coins of Diocletian and Maximian, the epithets Beatissimus and Felicissimus sometimes occur, while on those of the former emperor we find Senior and ^Eternus* The second Justinianus called himself Servus Christi and Multus Augustus. At a later period of the empire, the letters D • N., signifying Dominus Noster, usurp the place of iMPerator, and the Byzantine tyrants rejoiced in the title of Despot (Seo-TTorrje).3 Surnames were often adopted by the emperors, and recorded on their money: thus Trajan gloried in those of Dacicus, Parthicus, and Germanicus, while the senate, on the numerous coins struck in his honour, style him OPTIMVS PRINCEPS. Commodus took the surname of Britannicus, as did also Severus and his sons ;4 and the second Claudius is sometimes distinguished from the earlier emperor of that name by the surname of Gothicus.

The empresses were also honoured with titles by the senate;

1 It first appears on the coins of Carinus.

2 The coins on which Diocletian is styled Eternus are conjectured to have been struck after his abdication.

3 The Empress Theodora is called Stairoiva. P£re Jobert observes of Despotes, {Science de Medailles, Tome ler, p. 244), " C'est un mot Grec, qui dans sa pre- miere origine signifie ce que marque en Latin le mot Herus, et en Frangois celui de maitre, par rapport aux serviteurs. On en fit a peu pres ce que les Latins avoient fait du nom de Caesar compare a celui d'Auguste, (3a<ri\tvQ repondant a Augustus, et dfffTTonic a Caesar." In the days of Johannes Zimisces, the imperial effigy and titles gave place for a time to uncouth representations of the Saviour, with the legend, 1C • XC • BACIAEVC • BACIAEwN (Jesus Christus, King of kings}, in the angles of a large cross on the reverse.

4 In allusion to the surnames of Caracalla, the younger Pertinax observed that he had not blazoned that of Getirus. The joke cost him his life.

144 ROMAN COINS.

among these are Genetrix Orbis, Mater Castrorum, Mater Senatus, and Mater Patrice.1

The Consu- \ The subject of the consulship has been discussed lar Office, j a^ considerable length by Eckhel2; and from him we take all that can be said on this important office, which is perpetually mentioned on Roman coins, generally by the ab- breviation cos. After the subjugation of the Roman empire by Julius Caesar, he and his successors not only allowed the annual elections of the consuls to proceed as usual, although nothing but a nominal dignity remained to them, but the em- perors often took upon themselves the consular office, in con- junction with private individuals.

As among the Romans, the calendar and every calculation of dates depended on the succession of consuls on the calends of January ; and as from this arose the custom which prevailed from the time of Julius Ceesar to the period of the lower em- pire, of princes inscribing their own consulates and the repe- titions of them on their coins, a knowledge of the Csesarean consulates is important to the clear understanding of the chronology of Roman history, and especially of that of the emperors.

After noticing the errors of Page 3 and other writers on the consulship, the learned author of the Doctrina proceeds to say, that, contrary to the opinions entertained by many, the empe- rors subjected themselves to no rules in taking upon them- selves the consulship, but that, as in most other things, they followed their own caprice alone. He then arranges his own argument under different heads, as follows : —

§ I. Under the first head occur the perpetual consulships, either spontaneously conferred on generals, or arbitrarily as- sumed by them. By a very ancient decree of the people it was provided, that no one should serve the office of consul until after an interval of ten years from the period of his first

1 Coins of Plautilla bear the singular legend, PROPAGO • IMPERI.

2 Doct. Num. Vet. vol. viii., cap. i. De Consulibus Caesaribus.

3 Dissertatio Hypatica, &c. Lyons, 1682.

ROMAN COINS. 145

election. L But, towards the close of the Republic, when the laws no longer ruled, but were subjected to the rule of others, the old regulation was infringed. The seven consulships of Marius are notorious: immediately afterwards, Sylla, in an interval of not more than eight years, was not only again made consul, but also dictator at the same time. His example was followed by Julius Caesar, who received the perpetual consulship and the perpetual dictatorship. This is confirmed by the coins of Caesar.

After the reduction of Artaxata by Corbulo, in the year of Rome 811, the senate decreed the perpetual consulship to Nero,2 an honour, however, which, according to the annals and his coins, he does not appear to have accepted. Vitellius intended himself for perpetual consul, but did not effect his purpose. In the reigns of some of the emperors, the consulships differed but little from perpetual ones. Vespasian, during a reign of about ten years, renewed this office eight times. Titus was proud of the honour, and his brother and successor, Domitian, served the office of consul seventeen times. Ela- gabalus may be cited as another instance, and the coins of Theodosius the younger, quoted by Mediobarba and Ban- duri,3 shew that he held the office of consul eighteen times.

§ II. The history of the age of the emperors shews that they had the power of nominating the consuls ; nor can it be questioned that that power was unlimited; hence Mamertinus4 wittily observed of Julian, when that emperor was engaged in nominating the consuls, " He began to revolve the consulship in the comitium of his sacred breast ;" as if, in truth, he alone represented the ancient comitia in which the consuls were elected 5. But the emperors, though the consular office was always combined with the imperial power, took upon them- selves the consulship, either that they might leave some

1 Liv. lib. vii. c. 42 ; lib. x. c. 13. 5 Tacit. Annales, xiii. c.41.

3 These coins are, however, not known at this time.

4 Gratiar. Act. ad Julian, c. xv.

s The inclosure of the Comitium is figured on the denarii^ of the families An- tonia, Mussidia, and Silia.

U

146 ROMAN COINS.

appearance of the old form of the republic to its more stern admirers (a plan, as Appian1 thinks, derived from Sylla), or that they might render the year intended for some remarkable festivities distinguished by their consulship, or from vanity, or from an unwillingness to advance the reputation of others, which Ausonius elegantly satirizes in Domitian, or from any other cause : at any rate, it may clearly be inferred, that the office was an agreeable one, as even the least ostentatious of the emperors served it several times.

§ III. Rome, in her freedom, was unacquainted with the consules suffecti, or substituted consuls, except when one of the consuls died while serving the office; and it became necessary to appoint another in his stead for the remainder of the year. Julius Caesar gave the precedent of consules siiffecti indepen- dent of this cause. Dio, on the year u. c. 709, 2 states, " He forthwith, and before his arrival into the city, entered on the consulship, which, however, he did not serve the whole year, but after his arrival at Rome he abdicated, and entrusted it to Q. Fabius and C. Trebonius ; and, as Fabius had died on the last day of the consulate, he appointed in his stead for the remaining hours C. Caninius." . Cicero, 3 in relating the same fact, humourously adds, (i Know, then, that no one dined while Caninius was consul. Yet no mischief was committed in his consulship, for he was a man of wonderful vigilance, as he knew not what sleep was during the whole of his consulate." The precedent, once established, it subsequently was of rare occurrence, that those consuls who were appointed on the calends of January remained in office during the whole year; for the emperors, as a reward to those who had done them service, appointed others to share this honour; and there was a time when this license exceeded all bounds, as when Clean- der, the all-powerful chamberlain of the emperor Commodus, who had once been a slave, is said to have appointed twenty- five consuls for one year ! Caligula and Elagabalus obtained their first consulatus sitffectus by previously depriving the legi- timate consuls of their power.

1 Bell. Civ. lib. i. c. 103. * Lib. xliii. 46.

3 L. vii. Famil. Epist. 30.

UOMAN COINS. 147

The consuls who were created on the calends of January were called ordinariz, and gave the name to the year. l They were consequently in greater authority than the suffecti, who were almost unknown out of Rome and Italy, and were on that account called minores. As the consuls suffecti occa- sionally obtained the ordinary consulate, they were accustomed to reckon the consulatus suffectus with it. Octavius, A. u. c. 71 1, was suffectus appointed in the place of the consuls who had been slain in battle ; when he was subsequently created con- sul, A. u. c. 721, he was styled in all the monuments ITERVM CONSVL, a second time consul. Caligula, consul suffectus from the calends of July, A. u. c. 790, was created consul iterum on the calends of January, A. u. c. 792. Doinitian added to the list the Jive consulatus suffectus which he had served before he suc- ceeded to the empire : on one coin, however, no reference is made to these five times of his holding the office of suffectus.

§ IV. During the integrity of the republic, the consuls were designated only for the following year ; but this practice yielded to innovation. Under the rule of the Triumviri, A. u. c. 715, for the sake of the republic, the consuls for eight years were designated, among whom Marc Antony was selected for the years 720 and 723. Therefore, from the year u. c. 710, in which he was first appointed consul, until the above-men- tioned 715, cos. only is found on his coins; but subsequently to the year 720, cos • DES • ITER • ET • TER (consul elect for the second and third time) ; then, from the year 723, in which he entered on his third consulship, consul a third time. Octavia- nus also observed the same rules, being in the same year, u.c. 715, designated consul for the years 721 and 723. Augustus designated Caius and Lucius, his grandsons, as consuls, so that they should enter on the office after five years. Nero was designated consul at the age of fourteen, which office he was to undertake at the age of twenty ; for this reason we find on his coins, cos • DESIGN (consul elect).

The emperors, when they wished to appoint themselves consuls, did not neglect to add this designation on public

1 See the Eponymous Consul " Greek Coins," page 22.

148 ROMAN COINS.

monuments, whence it is common, for example, to find in them cos • in * DES • mi (consul for the third time ; elect for the fourth}. Page has attempted to shew that it was the practice of the emperors to inscribe on monuments the consulship elect, leaving out the word implying elect ; thus, instead of cos • in • DES • mi, he supposes they inscribed cos • mi. This opinion is founded on error, and is of course opposed by Eckhel, who, however, observes, that his remarks apply only to the healthier times of the empire ; and that the notation of time, from the reign of Gallienus downward, is evidently spu- rious and absurd. But, if we have no example to be depended on of the omission of DES in similar inscriptions, because it would have confused the dates, still the number of the consu- late which preceded the DES could with safety be omitted. Thus, for example, whether they had written cos • m • DES • mi, or simply cos • DES • mi • it would have been the same ; for in either case it is understood that the third consulship has been entered upon. This number has been sometimes omitted,1 and Maffei, not aware of the fact, pronounced as spurious the Tergestini marble bearing the following inscription : —

IMP ' CAESAR • COS ' DESIG • TERT III ' VIR ' R * P * C ' ITERVM MVRVM ' TVRRESQ ' FECIT

because the cos was unaccompanied by any numeral, although

DESIG ' TERT follows.

§ V. The consular ornaments, or honours (ornamenta consularia), were a sort of image of the consulship, decreed to any one by the emperors. Dio states, that while the republic still existed, C. Carbo, although he had only as yet served the office of tribune of the people, was adorned with the con- sular honours ; but we do not discover in what these honours consisted. Their true origin may without doubt be traced from Julius Caesar, who, to grant favours to many, as he could not confer the consulate ordinarhu, or suffectus, on all, invented this specious honour of the consulship. " He," says Dio, " fidded many to the number of the patricians and consular

1 See the coin^of Antony, struck A. u. c. 720, inscribed merely cos • DES • ni.

ROMAN COINS. 149

men, elg rove virar^vKorag ;" and Suetonius remarks, " He granted consular honour to the praetorian men." When Oo tavius was a candidate for the consulship, on the death of the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, the senate, unwilling that so eminent an honour should be conferred on a boy, gave him, instead of the consulate, merely the consular honours. After that period many examples may be found of this dignity being conferred, and that, indeed, even on strangers, as when Clau- dius wished Agrippa, grandson of Herod the Great, to be adorned with it, when the Roman senate had previously, under the rule of Caligula, decreed to him praetorian ornaments or honours. Dio J has negatived the supposition, that those who received the consular honours increased the number of their consulship, on their being afterwards created consuls. Severus was the first to change this custom; for when he had presented Plautianus first with these honours, and afterwards with the consulship itself, he ordered him to be announced as consul for the second time. The Emperor Macrinus was opposed to this new regulation.

§ VI. It has been already shewn (§ II.) why the emperors took upon themselves the office of consul, and why they re- newed it frequently. Among the hypatic rules drawn up by Page, the first is, that the emperors were accustomed to come forth as consuls in the first calends of January after their ac- cession to the empire. This rule is fallacious: the custom was derived from Nero, but his successors, down to Nerva, entered on the consulship on the next calend of January. When Tra- jan did not think proper to do this, Pliny 2 said, " In the be- ginning of your rule you refused the consulship, which, although it was destined for others, new emperors were wont to transfer to them- selves"

It was also a practice of the emperors to assume the consul- ship on account of various solemnities. Suetonius3 says of Augustus, that he assumed his thirteenth and last consulship that he might attend, or be the deductor of, his sons Caius and Lucius into the forum on the occasion of their changing the

InOctavian. 2 Paneg. c. 57.

3 In. Aug. cap. 26.

150 ROMAN COINS.

toga virilis, while he himself was holding the highest office of the magistracy. 7"he rulers of the lower empire, at least those who were called the consuls of the east, says Themistius, thought that they ought always to avoid conceding the office by which the year is denoted to any one on the recurrence of either the quinquennial or decennial period. " Wherefore," says he, " it seemed evidently unusual that Theodosius the Great yielded this honour to Saturninus, a private individual, on the occur- rence of the quinquennalia."

§ VII. When the emperors had subjected all power to their will, the consular office became unimportant. No longer leading the armies of the Romans nor providing for the state, and con- spicuous at Rome by their Trabea only, instead of conducting the affairs of the empire, they were obliged to pass their lives in ignoble ease. Mamertinus, therefore, rightly observes of the consuls in the Imperial age, " In administrations labour is connected with the honour ; in the consulship the honour is received without the labour." Cassiodorus alludes more se- verely to the inactivity of the consuls, and remarks, that of the innumerable proofs of madness manifested by Caligula, the most pardonable was that of deeming his horse capable of per- forming the duties of a consul. What, therefore, was the ad- vantage of that office the Emperor Julian has explained, viz : " It is to private individuals a sort of reward or recompense for virtue, or good faith, or good will towards the emperors, or for any illustrious action ; but to the emperors themselves it is, as it were, an accession of honour and dignity to those advantages which they already possess."

§ VIII. The half consulship (consulatus dimidius) consisted of one consul only, without any colleague. Such, though the first example of the kind, was the third consulate of Pompey the Great, A. u. c. 702. He was elected in the comitium sole consul, without colleague. The dissension among the people at that period was the cause of this unusual election, and the disunion among many in command in the reign of Constantine the Great led to the same thing. The annals of the ancients mark the years 310 and 312 after Christ as distinguished by the consulship of Maxentius only.

ROMAN COINS. 151

The Oriental^ On the division of the empire into eastern and Consul;611 / western, Constantine determined that one of the consuls should be appointed at Rome and the other at Con- stantinople. This practice was commenced A. D. 338, on the calends of January, of which year, as Constantine the Great had lately died, and in accordance with his wish, the rule being divided between his three sons, the first consuls of the kind were appointed, Ursus in the West, Polemius in the East. Whence it arose, that if it were not known who was the consul of the other quarter of the globe, it was recorded in the public

acts, " the consuls being , and whoever shall have

been announced," or " the consuls, of whom one is Aristaene- tus, for I know not his colleague." Similar examples are given by Page.

The formula \ When, either on account of the discord of the after the Con- 1 ru}ers or wars, or the murders of princes, or other

sulship. Post [ I'll

Consuiatum. ) causes, the year had not its consuls, at least, certain and recognised ones, it frequently occurred that this one year which was vacant, received its name from the recognised consul of the preceding year: for example, the years 541, 542, 543 after Christ are designated as follows : " In the year of the city when Basilius was consul. In the second year after the consulship of Basilius. In the third year after the consulship of Basilius." This formula is read for the first time A. D. 307, when the consuls of the preceding year had been Constantius, Chlorus VI., and Galerius Maximianus VI.

§ IX. Although the consulates were recorded by the an- cients on monuments of various kinds, and in private docu- ments, especially when they wished to secure credit, still, on their numismatic records they were neglected at an early pe- riod. It occurs for the last time on the coins of Heraclius, the second son of Heraclius the First, on one of whose coins we read, in the mixed characters of the period, ERACAIO • CONSVAI. At length, this venerable magistracy, divested of its former splendour, was held so cheap, that Leo VI. Sapiens, who came to the empire A. D. 886, ordered " Novella CV" of Justinian, which treats of the consulship, and contains a law no longer

152 ROMAN COINS.

relating to the government of the state, to be, with other use- less ones, erased from the code. Subsequently, in the East, they reckoned the date of the year from the epoch of the crea- tion of the world, which, according to the computation of the seventy interpreters, was created in the 5508th year, 3rd month, and 25th day, before the birth of Christ.

The Consular) § X. With regard to the insignia of the consuls, insignia. / we have the following. Florus says of Tar- quinius Priscus, " For he subdued the people of Tuscany by frequent arms, and from them were derived the fasces, the tra- beae, the curules, the rings, the trappings, the paludamenta, and the prsetexta ; thence the custom was introduced, that the general in a triumphal procession was drawn in a golden car by four horses; thence the embroidered togas and tunicae palmatae, in fine, all the ornaments and insignia by which the dignity of authority is made conspicuous." Dionysius Hali- carnassus, among the insignia of rule which Priscus then intro- duced at Rome, mentions a golden crown, and a staff sur- mounted by the figure of an eagle, a purple tunic diversified with gold, and a purple embroidered toga. He adds, that these insignia were permitted to the consuls after the expulsion of the kings, with the exception of the crown and embroidered toga; although they even made use of these when they triumphed. The consular coins afford but little information as to the use of these insignia while Rome yet enjoyed freedom. On the coins of the family Junta, the elder Brutus, first con- sul after the expulsion of the kings, is represented marching between two lictors, each bearing the fasces and axe ; ! but we know from other sources that twelve fasces were carried be- fore the consul. On the denarii of Sylla, which represent the two consuls, Sylla and Rufus, as also on the denarius of V. Messalla, inscribed PATRE • cos, the sella curulis is assigned to the consul ; but even other and inferior magistrates had this in common with the consuls. On the denarius of Augustus, struck A. u. c. 752, are represented the staff with the eagle,

1 See Descvip. Cat. of Roman Coins, Plate 2, No. 4 ; and the Numismatic Journal, Vol. I., where this very common though interesting type is illustrated.

t ROMAN COINS. 153

embroidered toga, and laurel wreath ; but these are con- sidered by Eckhel rather as triumphal ornaments than con- sular insignia. At a later period more information is afforded. In Vopiscus, the Emperor Valerian addresses Aurelian in these among other words : " Take, then, to thyself, for thy great deeds, the praetexta, the tunica palmata, the embroidered toga, the subarmalis profundus, the ivory seat ; for I this day ap- point thee consul, and shall write to the senate, that they as- sign thee a staff and also the fasces." Cassiodorus writes to the same effect, while he inveighs severely against those whom the emperors adorned with consular insignia, although not entitled to them by their merits. " But now," says he, " you take these with greater good fortune, since we have the labours of the consuls, and you the pleasure of the dignity. Depict the broad shoulders with the varied colour of the palmata, the powerful hand with the renowned staff of victory, even go out of your own house with gilded shoes, mount with dif- ficulty the sella curulis with many steps by reason of its height, that, lying at your ease, you may gain what we in command acquire by the greatest labours."

On the coins of the emperors, from the time of the decline of the empire, there often occurs a bust of the emperor, robed in the palmata, and bearing a sceptre in his hand surmounted by an eagle, from which we may infer that the emperor is a consul. The whole dress of the consul is, however, illustrated by Ducange, who, in his dissertation on the coins of the lower empire, has given an ivory diptych with a consular figure.1

The consular) The consuls were said to proceed (procedere) P recession. /or make their procession, when those designated for the consulship in the preceding year entered on the office, on the 1st of January, with the customary pomp and attend- ance of the magistrates ; and this annual practice was usually called the " consular procession," as may be learned from coins inscribed, FELIX * PROCESSZ^ • CONSVL • AVG • N. Eckhel refers to examples of ancient authors who have expressed the

Tub. i- s. iv.

154 ROMAN COINS.

consular procession solely by the word processus, omitting even the name of the consul. Juvenal thus reproaches those who from lowly origin arrived at the greatest honours by depraved and tortuous paths : —

" Cum te summoveant, qui testamenta merentur Noctibus, in coelum quos evehit, optima summi Nunc vi&processus, vetulse vesica beatse."

The word summoveant employed in this passage makes the intention of the poet sufficiently clear, as the consul's lictors walked before him in the procession, and cleared the way through the crowd. In reference to this practice, Horace ap- propriately says, " Neither wealth, nor the consular Lictor removes the wretched torments of the mind, and cares flitting around vaulted roofs." l

It is sometimes difficult to determine when an emperor is represented on coins as carried in the Quadriga, either of horses or elephants, and bearing the sceptre with the eagle, whether a triumph or consular procession is denoted by this type, because, as has been shewn, the eagle is common both to those who triumphed, and to the consuls. However, the coins not unfrequently afford the means whereby we may distinguish each of these solemnities. Where there is a similar representation on a coin of any year, in which it is certain that the emperor made this procession, and especially if history makes no mention of any triumph in that year, it cannot be doubted that it is a consular procession, and that it has been represented on the coins after the manner in which all illustrious deeds were wont to be represented. Coins of Commodus with the type in question are inscribed, TR • p xv • IMP • vin • cos • vi (Tribunitia Potestate decimum quintum, Imperator octavum, Consul sextum), which are sure marks of the year 943 u. c. on the calends of January of which year this emperor made the procession as consul for the sixth time. Coins of Caracalla bear TR • p • xi and xvi, denoting the years 961 and 966 u. c. in which years respectively, he was consul

1 Carm. L. ii., 16.

ROMAN COINS. 155

for the third and fourth time. On a remarkable coin of Gor- dian, the emperor is figured with the toga picta, or palmata^ and bearing in the hand the sceptre with the eagle : on the reverse, PONTIFEX -MAX • TR • p • mi • cos • n • p T. The em- peror in a quadriga, in his right hand an olive branch, in his left an eagle, Victory standing behind the emperor, and a soldier, with other figures preceding him bearing palms. This coin is of the year 994 u. c. in which year Gordian entered on his second consulship. Coins of Caracalla with cos • n, and of Geta with cos only and a similar type, are well known. Both are of the year of Rome 958; in which Caracalla was consul for the second, and Geta for the first time. Two coins of large brass of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus bear cos • u • ET • cos with a similar type.1 These emperors were consuls together 1007 u. c. the father for the second, the son for the first time. Eckhel shews that the remarkable gold coin of Diocletian and Maximian may be subjected to the same rule: — •

IMPP ' DIOCLETIANO ' ET • MAXIMIANO * AVGG. Laureated

busts of the emperors, clad in the consular trabaea, and holding the sceptre surmounted by an eagle.

Rev. IMPP ' DIOCLETIANO * III ' ET * MAXIMIANO * COSS.

The emperors in a quadriga of elephants, their rulers bearing palms ; Victory flying above the emperors.

A coin of Maxentius bears : FELIX • PROCESS • CONSVL (or CONSVLAT) AVG • N. The emperor in a quadriga of elephants (or drawn by six horses), holding a branch and a sceptre. It is plainly shewn that the consular procession is exhibited on the former coin, but it is much more clear in the latter, on which we find the processus consulatus recorded. Noris, how- ever, in a learned dissertation attempted to shew that this was not the case, and that the coin of Diocletian commemorated a triumph. The same writer recognises a triumph on a coin of Alexander Severus, on which that emperor appears in a

1 Though Victory is represented flying above the emperor, we must regard this type as implying that they were always attended by this important deity, and not as denoting a triumph. It is in fact a graphic illustration of a common title on the coins of the lower empire, VICTORIOSVS • SEMPER.

15(5 ROMAN COINS.

quadriga; legend, TR • p • vin • cos • in. But Eckhel, however, observes that this type affords undeniable testimony of a con- sular procession, for Alexander, in his eighth tribunitial power, was consul for the third time. He admits that the quadriga of elephants gives the most weight to the opinion of Noris, as the emperors not unfrequently triumphed in quadrigae of this animal, a practice of which Pompey was the first to give an example, after his African triumph, as related by Pliny. Lampridius says that Alex. Severus, after his return from the Persian expedition, was drawn to the capital in a triumphal car by six elephants. When the victory of Gordian over the Persians was announced at Rome, the senate decreed quad- rigae of elephants to the victor. On this account, Pacatus1 calls them triumphal beasts. Nevertheless, we often see on coins that elephants were attached to the cars of emperors and empresses, and Suetonius informs us that Claudius ordered that there should be decreed to his grandmother, Livia, divine honours, and a chariot drawn by elephants, similar to that of Augustus in the procession of the Circus. Eckhel shews that the triumphs were sometimes celebrated with horses, and sometimes with elephants, but generally with the former. Apuleius2 says, " The quadrigae of white horses, and the toga palmata, are proper for those who celebrate a triumph." When similar representations are found on coins, the event intended to be commemorated may be ascertained by our enquiring whether a triumph or a consular procession was celebrated in that year. A coin of Tiberius, struck A. u. c. 766, furnishes an example of this kind, for in this year he entered on the consulship, but history mentions no triumph. Among the coins of Aurelius is one struck in the year u. c. 898. In that year he entered on the consulship ; but there was not even war at that time, so that a triumph could not have been intended. With regard to the olive branch, which the emperors often bear in their hand on these coins, Eckhel has shewn, that though appropriate to the celebration of a triumph, it was equally so to that of the consulship.

1 Pancg. Theod. c. 22. 2 Apolog. p. m. 270.

ROMAN COINS. 157

TheProcon-\ There were three kinds of proconsulates among sulates. /the Romans, namely, the ordinary one of those who were sent out under the usual regulations to govern the provinces of the empire; * another, extraordinary , as was that of those who received an enlarged but temporary authority over many provinces; the third, perpetual, which extended over all provinces, and which from the time of Augustus was decreed to all the emperors, and by them not unfrequently to the Caesars, their successors.

The title, PROCOS, is inscribed on the coins of Diocletian, Maximianus Hercules, Constantius Chlorus, Licinius the Elder, and Constantine the Great ; and it is a singular fact, that the numbers, ITERVM • in • iv, &c. are sometimes attached to these imperial proconsulates ; but even the sagacious Eckhel cannot suggest a sufficient cause for this reneical of a perpetual office.0-

It must be carefully borne in mind that the title, Proconsul, was not derived from the title, Imperator. The latter indi- cated the emperor's supreme direction, both of foreign and domestic affairs, but the former expressively signified that the provinces of the people, though under the rule of the ordinary proconsulate, were, nevertheless, so administered under the emperor's auspices, as to establish the pre-eminence of Cae- sarean proconsular authority.

TheTribuni-\ Records of the tribunitian power are very fre- tianP e r. / qUent On the coins of the earlier emperors, and are generally given in the abbreviations TRIB • POT. It is import- ant to distinguish between the old tribunes of the people and the emperors endued with the tribunitian power. Augustus and his successors did not bear the title of tribune of the people, but only the title of the tribunitian power. Under the repub- lic, no tribune of the people could at the same time hold the

1 Records of the ordinary proconsulship are found on numerous consular coins. The coins of Pompey bear, PROCOS.

2 It is about as significant as the titles, " Semper Augustus," and " Multus Augustus," on the coins of the lower empire.

158 ROMAN COINS.

office of consul, or be invested with any magisterial power; neither could he be absent from the city, or exercise his au- thority beyond it. The emperors, as is well known, were un- fettered by such restrictions ; and, further, the old tribuneship was, according to the ordinary law, only of a year's duration, and entered upon on the 10th of December, whereas the tri- bunitian power of the emperors was perpetual, and decreed at any period of the year.

As the tribunitian power, together with the title of emperor, was, as it were, a basis of authority, and he who bore it was either a prince, or destined for that honour, particular princes thought proper to form a sort of epoch of the day on which this power was conferred, and, as Dio says, " to reckon the preceding years of their rule from that date, as if they re- ceived it yearly with the tribunes of the people ." l Hence the inscription of the tribunitian power, and its number on coins and other monuments as early as the time of Augustus ; for Augustus himself, on the celebrated monument of An- cyra, on which he records a series of his exploits, has marked out the periods, not only by consulships, but also by the tri- bunitian power, when he relates, that largesses were distri- buted the 12th year of the tribunitian power., and, soon after- wards, the 18th of the tribunitian power, the V2th consulate. Thus, also, at his death, his last tribunitian power was the xxxviith. From this it is obvious, that a knowledge of the manner of inscribing the tribunitian power must conduce to the right understanding of the chronology of the emperors, and of their acts, under the proper dates.

Many authors have attempted to explain the difficulties with which this subject is beset ; but, instead of reciting their opinions for the mere purpose of confuting them, it will suffice to refer to the more satisfactory explanation of Eckhel. This great numismatic luminary lays down the following concise rules : —

" The tribunitian power of the emperors was repeated in such manner, that, from the time of Augustus to the time of

1 Lib. liii. 17.

ROMAN COINS. 159

Antoninus Pius, it was renewed every year on the same day as that on which it was received ; and from the time of Anto- ninus Pius to Gallienus, every first of January." The former part of this opinion is easily understood; the other is to be interpreted thus : — on whatever day of the Julian year any one was presented with the tribunitian power, on the next first of January he commenced the second tribunitiate, although the time of his receiving that honour might precede the said calends, or first of January, by only a few months or even days. This doctrine, being in opposition to the opinion of other writers, is confirmed by the following rules : —

Rule I. The tribuneships, when compared with the con- sulships, indubitably shew whether the emperors renewed the tribunitian power on any day, after the first of January, within the same Julian year. Numerous coins of Domitian are ex- tant, some of which unite the sixth tribunitian power, others the seventh, with the thirteenth consulship ; but the coins in- scribed in either of these years are of one and the same Julian year, that of Rome, 840. They cannot be of the preceding year, 839, for it was then the 1 2th consulship of that emperor, nor of the following year, 841, for it was then his 14th consul- ship. Therefore Domitian renewed the tribuneship within the same Julian year and the calends of January ; that is to say, he renewed it on the very same day as that on which it was received. This is further established by the coins of Ca- ligula, Titus, and others. Nevertheless, these excellent auxi- liaries very often fail us, as some princes, among whom are Vespasian, Trajan, and Hadrian, generally neglected to add the proper number of their tribunitian power; and, indeed, from the time of Philip and his son, the consulships are not numbered on coins.

Rule II. As the tribunitian power never varies on the coins of any emperor within one and the same Julian year, it is clear that it was renewed on the first of January. If from the circumstance that a second tribuneship occurs within the same Julian year, it follows of itself that the tribuni- tian pow er of the emperor to whom these coins belong was

160 ROMAN COINS.

repeated within the year, it will likewise necessarily follow, if in the coins of an emperor two different tribuneships never occur within the same Julian year, but always one and the same, that the tribunitian power was wont to be renewed by that emperor on the first of January. Examples are to be met with on the coins of princes who held the empire from the time of Antoninus Pius ; but after the time of Gallienus the numbers of the tribuneship are so confused, that they contribute scarcely anything to be depended on for the ser- vice of history arid chronology. l

Princeps ) ^he ^e °^ Prmce °f tne Roman Youth occurs Juventutis. / on the coins of the Caesars, or heirs apparent, from the time of Augustus to a late period of the empire. Caius and Lucius Caesar were thus designated,2 and on a common second brass coin are represented on horseback, with the le-

gend C ' L ' CAESARES ' PRINC * IVVENTVTIS.3 This title is

found perpetually on the reverses of the coins of Diadume- nian, Maximus, Philip the Younger, Herennius, Hostilian, Volusian, Saloninus, and down to Constantius the Second. On these the prince is represented bare-headed, holding a spear and a baton of command, and standing near two en- signs.4

Coins inscribed \ ^ ls we^ known that the jurisdiction and pri- VOTIS. / yileges of the chief officers of the state, though granted to Augustus by degrees, was afterwards conferred upon his successors at once, by one single instrument, and des- potic monarchy established by a law called afterwards " lex regia." Thus Augustus consented to receive the sovereign power for ten years. When the ten years expired, he was prevailed upon to accept it for ten more, and in this manner kept it all his life. His successors, in imitation of this exam- ple, although they had the empire settled upon them without

1 Doct. Num. Vet. vol. viii. De Tribunitia Potestate.

2 Tacit. Ann. lib. i. 3.

3 A coin of Nero bears EQVESTER • ORDO • PRINCIPI • IVVENT., and the same is found on a marble in Gruter.

4 See the plate of Reverses of Roman Coins.

ROMAN COINS. 161

any limitation of time, nevertheless, at the end of every ten years, celebrated solemn feasts as for a renewal or continua- tion of the sovereignty in their persons. On these occasions the numi votorum were struck by them, and were designed to indicate both the discharge and the repetition of their votive engagements. Accordingly we meet with the following in- scriptions : PRIMI • DECENNALES — VOTA • SVSCEPTA • XX • VOTA

SOLVTA • DEC — vox • xx • MVLT • xxx. Had this decennial issue been confined to the calends of January at the com- mencement of each period, we should possess a valuable test of the accuracy of important dates; but, unfortunately, the caprice of the emperors introduced so much irregularity into the solemnities connected with the renewal of their authority, that, in spite of the laboured essays of Page, Noris, and Mazzo- leni, we must acknowledge, with the more learned and more accurate Eckhel, that the votive coins, in a chronological point of view, are absolutely useless. We find, for instance, on the coins of Antoninus Pius, VOTA • SVSCEP • DECENN • in. joined with TR • p • xxi • xxn and xxm ; and, again, on the coins of Commodus, VOTA • DECENN • svsc. with TR • p • vi • ix and x. With these facts before us, it is sufficient to have pointed out the origin of a curious and very frequent legend.1

Q . p | Everything appears to indicate that the coinage ' of brass was under the direction and controul of the senate, while that of gold and silver was at the disposal of the emperor. Hence we perpetually find on the former the letters s • c (Senatus Consulto). These letters generally ap- pear in the field of the coin, but are sometimes placed in the exergue.2 When they appear on gold and silver coins, which is very rarely, their signification admits of another interpreta- tion, and may be referred to some act performed by the senate in honour of the emperor, and not as implying that the piece was struck by decree of the " Conscript Fathers."

1 On the coins of the Lower Empire the inscriptions VOT • xx • MVLT ' xxx. &c., occur perpetually within a garland, as shewn in the plate of Roman Types.

2 The exergue is the space below the line on which the figures of the reverse are placed.

16-2

ROMAN COINS.

Exergual ) The custom of inserting letters in the exergue, Letters. / ^o denote the place of mintage, was resorted to at a late period of the empire, and in the reign of Diocletian be- came general. Thus, ANT stood for Antioch, sis for Siscia, LVG for Lugdunum, and the number of the mint was denoted by a Greek numeral, ANT r (Antioch, in the third mint). Some- times, instead of the numeral, a small symbol appears, a star or a crescent, probably the badge or mark of the mint master.1 An explanation of the exergual letters will be found in the following lists.

1 It was probably this crescent following the letters LON that caused Gamden to read, in the exergue of a coin of Constantine, I.OND. We are acquainted with a collector who was once led into the same error.

163

LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS ON

ROMAN COINS.

A. in the exergue denotes the first ANT. Antonius, or Antoninus.

mint, as ANT. A. coined at An- ANT. AVG. Antonius Augur.

tioch in the first mint. AP. Appius.

A. A. A. F. F. Auro, Argento, A. p. F. Argento Publico Fe-

Aere, Flando, Feriundo. riundo.

A. or AN. Annus. A.POP.FRVG. AC. A Populo Fruges A. A. Apollo Augusti. Acceptse.

A. F. A. N. Auli Filius, Auli Nepos. AQ. or AQL. Aquilius.

ABN. Abnepos. AQVA. MAR. Aqua Martia.

ACT. A.ctiacus, or Actium. ARAB. ADQ. Arabia Adquisita.

AD. FRY. EMV. Ad Fruges Emundas. ARAB. Arabicus.

ADIAB. Adiabenicus. ARR. Arrius.

ADOP. Adoptatus. AVG. Augur, Augustus, Augusta.

ADQ. Adquisata. AVG. D. F. Augustus Divi Filius.

ADV. Adventus. AVGG. Two Augusti.

AED. jEdes. AVGGG. Three Augusti.

AED. p. .<Edilitia Potestate. AYR. or AVREL. Aurelius. AED.. s. jEdes Sacrae.

AED. CVR. ^Edilis Curulis. B. the mark of the second mint in AED. PL. jiEdilis Plebis. any city.

A EL. ^Elius. BAEB. Baebius.

AEM. or AIMIL. ^Emilius. BALE. Balbus.

AET. ^Eternitas. BARB. Barbatus, Barbula.

AFR. Africa, or Africanus. B. or BEAT. Beatissimus.

ALB IN. Albinus. BROC. Brocchus.

ALIM. ITAL. Alimenta Italic. BON. EVENT. Bonus Eventus.

ALVIT. Alvitius. B. R. p. NAT. Bono Reipublicas ANN. AVG. Annona Augusti. Nato.

A. N. F. F. Annum Novum Faus- BRIT. Britannicus.

turn Felicem. BRVT. Brutus. ANIC. Anicius.

ANN. DCCCLXIIIT. NAT. VRB. p. c. Caius, Colonia.

CIR. CON. Anno 864, Natali c. A. Csesarea Augusta.

Urbis Populo Circenses Consti- c. CAE. or CAES. Caesar.

tuti. CAE. or COE. Caelius.

164 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.

CAE. Caecina, Caecilia. CONCORD. Concordia.

CAL. Calpurnius, or Calidius, CL. v. Clypeus Votivus.

or Calvinus. COMM. Coramodus.

CAM. Camillus. CLOD. Clodius.

CAP. Capito, Capitolinus. CL. or CLAVD. Claudius.

c. CVP. Gaius Cupiennius. COGN. or COGNAT. Cognatus.

c. c. Caesares. cos. Consul.

c. F. Caius Fabius. coss. Consules.

c. F. c. N. Caii Filius, Caii Nepos. CORN. Cornelius.

c. F. L. R. Q- M. Caius Furius Lu- c PAET. Caius Paetus.

cius Rupilius Quintus Marcius. CRAS. Crassus.

CAESS. Caesares. c. VET. LANG. Caius Vettius Lan- CARTH. Carthaginem. guido.

CASTROR. Castrorum. CVR. x. F. Curavit Denarium Fa- CEN. Censor. ciendum.

CENS. P. Censor Perpetuus.

CEST. Cestius, or Cestianus, or D. Decimus Divus, Designatus.

Cestia. DAC. Dacicus.

CIR. CON. Circum Condidit, or Cir- D. c. A. Divus Caesar Augusti.

censes Concessit. D. D. Decreto Decuriorum.

C1VIB. ET. SIGN. MILIT. A. PARTH. DEC. Decius.

RECVP. Civibus et Signis Mill- D.F. D. N. Decii Filius Decii Nepos.

taribus a Parthis Recuperatis. D. F. Dacia Felix.

CL. Claudius, or Claudia. D.M. Diis Manibus.

c. L. AVG. F. Caius Lucius Au- DES. or DESIG. Designatus.

gusti Filius. DICT. Dictator.

c. L. CAESS. Caius and Lucius DOMIT. Domitianus.

Caesares. D. N. Dominus noster.

c. MAL. Caius Malleolus. DID. Didius.

CN. DOM. AMP. Cnaeus Domitius D. p. Dii Penates.

Amplus. DR. CAES. Q PR. Drusus Caesar CN. Cneius. Quinquennalis Praefectus.

COEL. Ccelius. DOS. Dossenus.

CON. OB. Constantinopoli Obsig- DV. Divus.

nata, or Constantinopoli Officina

Secunda. BID. MAR. Idus Martiae.

COL. Colonia. EX. CONS. D. Ex Consensu Decu- CONS. svo. Conservatori suo. riorum.

CONSERVAT. piETAT. Conservator EX. s. c. Ex Senatus Consulto.

Pietatis. EQ. ORDIN. Equestris Ordinis.

ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.

165

EX. A. PV. Ex Argento, or Aucto-

ritate Publica. EXER. Exercitus. ETR. Etruscus.

F. Filius, or Filia, or Felix, or Fa- ciundum, or Fecit, or Fabius.

F. or FAB. Fabius. FAD. Fadius. FEL. Felix. FELIC. Felicitas. FL. Flavins. FLAM. Flamen. FAN. Fannius.

FORT. RED. Fortunae Reduci. FOR. Fortissimus (Maximianus). FORT, or FOR. (Decentius). FOVRI. Fourius, for Furius. FONT. Fonteius. FRVGIF. (Cereri) Frugiferae. FVL. Fulvius. FVLG. Fulgerator.

G. Gneius, Genius, Gaudium. GA. Gaditanus.

GAL. Galerius.

G. D. Germanicus Daccius.

G. Galendicus (Surname of Volu-

sian)

GRA. Gracchus. GEN. Genius. GERM. Germanicus. GL. E. R. Gloria Exercitus Romani. GL. p. R. Gloria Populi Romani. GOTH. Gothicus. G. P. R. Genio Populi Romani. G. T. A. Genius Tutelaris ^Egypti,

or Africse.

HEL. Helvius.

HEL. Heliopolis.

HER. Herennius, or Herennia.

HIP. Hippius.

HO. Honos.

us. Sestertius.

i. Imperator, Jovi, Julius.

IAN.CLV. JanumClusit(forClausit).

IMP. Imperator.

IMPP. Imperatores.

i. or INVICT. Invictus.

i. s. M. R. Juno Sospita, Mater (or Magna), Regina.

IT. Italia, Iterum.

ITE. Iterum.

IVL. Julius, or Julia.

i VST. Justus.

i-is. Sestertius.

i. o. M. SACR. Jovi Optimo, Max- imo, Sacrum.

ii. vi R. Duumvir.

in. VIR. R. p. c. Triumvir Rei- publicae Constituendse.

mi. VIR. A p. F. Quatuorvir, or Quatuorviri, Auro, or (Argento, or .Ere), Publico Feriundo.

IVJNT. Junior.

K. Kaeso. KAN. Kanninius.

L. Lucius. LAT. Latinus. L. CAN. Lucius Canninius. L. COE. Lucius Ccelius. LEG. PROPR. Legatus Propraetoris. LEG. i. &c. Legio Prima, &c. LEP. Lepidus.

LENT. CVR. x. F. Lentulus Curavit Denarium Faciundum.

166 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.

L. F. L. N. Lucii Filius, Lucii Ne- MAC. Macellum.

pos. MAX. Maxiraus.

L. H. T. Lucius Hostilius Tubero. MAR. Martia (aqua).

L. M. RVF. P. c. Q. Lucio Mescinio MAR. VLT. Marti Ultori.

Rufo Publio Carisio Quinquen- MEDI. Medicus.

nalibus. MES. Messius.

LON. Longus. METOE. Moeticus.

L. P. D. AE. P. Lucius Papirius M. MAR. Marcus Marcellus.

Desig. ^Edilis Plebis. METAL. Metallum.

L. R. Lucius Rubrius, or Roscius, MINAT. Minatius.

or Rutilius, or Rupilius. MINER. Minerva.

LIBERO. P. Libero Patri. M. M. i. v. Municipes Municipii LIBERO. CONS. AVG. Libero Con- Julii Uticensis.

servatori Augusti. MON. or MONET. Moneta.

LIB. PVB. Libertas Publica. M. POP. Marcus Popilius.

LIB. Liberator. MV. Mucius Munacius. Lie. Licinius.

L. s. DEN. Lucius Sicinius Dentatus.

LVC. Lucifera. Nt NePos> or Noster-

LVD. cm. Ludi Circenses. N* Numerius.

LVD. EQ. Ludi Equestres. NV' Numa'

LVD. SAEC. F. Ludos S^culares N< c' Nobilissinraa Caesar.

•petit. NAT. VRB. Natalis Urbis.

LVP. Lupercus. NEP- NeP°s-

NEP. RED. Neptuno Reduci.

MA. Manius. NOB* or NOBIL- Nobilissimus.

M. AB. M. F. Marcus Aburius, N' F' N' N' Numerii Filius> Nu"

Marcus Fannius. merii NeP°s' M. AEM. Marcus ^miliiis. MA. CANI. Manius Caninius.

M. ANN. Marcus Annius. o> Optimo

MAR. or MR. Marcus. OB> e< s> Ob Cives Servatos> M. AVF. or AF. Marcus Aufidius. OF. Officina.

M. Marcus, or Marius. OGVL> Qgulnius.

M. c. Mater Castrorum. OLY> Qlyrapius.

MAR. CL. Marcellus Clodius. QPEI. Opimius.

M. F. Marci Filius. OPEL. Qpelius.

M. OTACIL. Marcia Otacilia. ORB. TERR. Orbis Terrarum.

MAG. or MAGN. Magnus, or Ma-

gister- p. or POT. Potestate.

ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS. 167

PAC. ORB. TER. Pacatori Orbis Q. Quintus, or Quaestor.

Terrarum. Q. CAS. Quintus Cassius.

PIE. PIET. Paetus. Q. c. M. p. i. Quintus Caecilius PIV. FIVES. Pivesuvius (Tetri- Metellus Pius Imperator.

cus). Q. DESIG. Quaestor Designatus.

PLAN. Plancus. Q. M. Quintus Marcius.

PLAE. TRAN. Plaetorius Tran- Q. o. c. F. Quinto Ogulnio et Caio

quillinus. Fabio.

p. AV. co. PA. Publius Aurelius Q. PAPIR. CAR. Q. TER. MON.

Catelius Patiscus. Quinto Papirio Carbone et

PA PI. Papius or Papirius. Quinto Terentia Montana.

PART, or PARTH. Parthicus. QUAD. Quadrans.

PER. or PERP. Perpetuus. Q. p. Quaestor Praetorius.

PERS. Persicus (Cams). Q. PR. Quaestor Provincialis. PERT, or PERTIN. Pertinax.

PESC. Pescennius. R. Roma, or Restituit.

p. F. Pius Felix. RECEP. Receptis, or Receptus.

PLAET. Plaetorius. RES. Restius, or Restitutus.

p. M. or PONT. MAX. Pontifex REST. Restituit.

Maximus. ROM. ET. AVG. Romae et Augusto.

POL. Pollio. R. p. c. Rei Publicae Constituendae. POMP. Pompeius.

p. P. Pater Patriae. SAEC. AVR. Saeculum Aureum.

PR. Praetor. SAEC. FEL. Saeculi Felicitas.

p. R. Populus Roraanus. SAL. Salus.

PR. H. o. c. s. Praetextatus Hos- SALL. Sallustia.

tern Occidit Civem Servavit. SARM. Sarmaticus.

PRAEF. CLAS. ET. OR. MARIT. SAVF. OrSAF. SafFeillS.

Praefectus Classis et Orae Ma- s. c. Senatus Consulto.

ritimae. SCIP. ASIA. Scipio Asiaticus.

PRINC. IVVENT. Princeps Juven- SCR. Scribonius.

tutis. SENTI. Sentia.

PRIV. Privernum. SEMP. Semper.

>ROC. Proconsul. SIL. Silius.

PRON. Pronepos. SEC. ORB. Securitas Orbis.

PROP. Propraetor. SEC. PERP. Securitas Perpetua.

PROQ. Proquaestor. SEC. TEMP. Securitas Tempo- PROV. DEOR. Providentia Deorum. rum.

PVPIEN. or PVPIE. Pupienus. SEN. Senior.

PVR. Purpureus. SEPT. Septimius.

168 ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.

SER. Servius. vii. via. EPVL. Septemvir Epu-

SEV. Severus, lonum.

SEX. Sextus. VIL. PVB. Villa Publica.

sic v. sic x. Sicut Quinquennalia, VIRT. Virtus.

Sic Decennalia. VOL. Volusius.

SIG. Signis. VOLER. Volero.

s. M. Signata Moneta. VIN. Vinicius.

s. P. Q. R. Senatus Populusque voc- Voconius.

Romanus. VARG. Varganteius.

SP. Spurius. VL. or VLP. Ulpius.

STABIL. Stabilita (terra). VN. MR. Venerandae Memoriae.

SVL. Sulla. vox. x. MVLT. xx. Votis Decen-

nalibus Multiplicatis Vicennali-

T. Titus, Tribunus. bus. TER. Terentius, or Tertium.

TEMP. Temporum. x. Decem, Denarius.

TI. Tiberius. xv. VIR. SACR. FAC. Quindecim

TF. Titus Flavius. Vir Sacris Faciundis. T. M. A p. CL. Titus Manlius et

Appius Claudius. TREE. Trebonianus.

TRAN. Tranquillus. ABBREVIATIONS IN THE

TREBAN. Trebanius. EXERGUE.*

TVL. H. Tullius Hostilius. A. (QFFICINA) Prima.

TR. MIL. Tribunes Militaris. ALE. Alexandria.

TR. p. or TRIE. POT. Tribunicia AMB. Antiochensis Moneta Se-

Potestate. cundse Officinae,

AN. ANT. ANTI. Antiochia.

v. Quintum. ANB. Antiochise Secunda Officina ;

VAR. RVF. Varius Rufus. or> ANH. Antiocha? Octava Offi-

v. c. Vir Clarissiraus. cjna.

VENT. Ventidius. AP. L. priraa Percussa Lugduni.

VET. LANG. Vettius Languidus. AQ. AQVL. Aquileiae.

VESP. Vespasianus. AQ. o. B. F. Aquileiaa Officina3

VIB. Vibius. Secundse Fabrica.

VICT. Victoria. AQ. P.s. Aquileise Pecunia Signata.

* The exergue of a coin is that part which is divided from the field by a line upon which the figures of the reverse stand. Vide Eckhel, D. N. Vet. vol. viii. p. 518.

ABBREVIATIONS ON ROMAN COINS.

169

PARL. Percussa, or Pecunia Arelate. Pecunia Londinensis.

AQ. s. Aquileiae Signata. A. AR. ARL. Arelate.

A. sisc. Prima (in Officina) Sisciae. PLVG. Pecunia Lugdunensis.

p. R. Pecunia Romana, or Per-

B. SIRM. Secunda Sirmii. cussa Romse.

p. T. Pecunia Treverensis.

Q. AR. Quincta Arelatensis (offi- cina).

R. RO. ROM. Romae.

RA. Ravennae.

ROPS. Romae Pecunia Signata.

s. AR. Signata Arelate.

s. CONST. Signata Constantinopoli.

sis. Sisciae.

ss. P. Sisciensis Pecunia. '

sisc. v. Siscia Urbis.

SMA. Signata Moneta Antiochiae.

s. M. HER. Signata Moneta He-

racleae. s. M. N. Signata Moneta Nico-

mediae.

s. M. R. Signata Moneta Romae. s. T. Signata Treveris.

TESOB. Tessalonicae Officina Se- cunda.

THEOPO. Theopoli. THEVP. Theupoli. TR. Treveris. TROB. Treveris Officina Secunda.

CON. Constantinopoli. CONS. Constantinopoli.

KAR. KART. Carthago.

K. o. Carthaginensis Officina.

L. LC. LVC. LVG. Lucduni, Lug- duni.

L. LON. Londini.

L. P. Lugdunensis vel Londinensis Pecunia.

LVG. P. s. Lugduni Pecunia Sig- nata.

MDPS. Mediolani Pecunia Signata. M. K. v. T. Moneta Kartaginensis

Urbis (in officina) Tertia. M. L. Moneta Lugdunensis vel

Londinensis. MOSTT. Moneta Officinae Secundae

Treverorum. MSTR. Moneta Signata Treveris.

o. Officina.

OFF. in. CONST. Officina Tertia Constantinopoli.

170

THE ROMAN AS,

ITS DIVISIONS AND MULTIPLES, WITH THEIR DEGREES OF RARITY.*

DECUSSIS (ten Ases). — M. R.8. QUINCUSSIS (five Ases). — No pieces known. QUADRUSSIS (four Ases). — M. R.6. to R.8. TRIPONDIUS (three Ases). — JE. R.4. DUPONDIUS (two Ases). — M. R.3. As (12 unciae). — IE. C. to R.4. SEMIS (half As).— JE,. C. to R.4. QUINCUNX (five unciae). — M. R.I. to R.6. TRIENS (one-third of the As).-— JE. C. to R.8. QUADRANS (one-fourth As). — M. C. to R.4. SEXTANS (one-sixth As). — JE. C. to R.2. UNCIA (one-twelfth As).— IE. C.to R.4.

COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES,

WITH THEIR DEGREES OF RARITY.

ABURIA (a plebeian family) — AR. C. to R.I. Third brass, parts

of the Roman As.

ACCOLEIA (known only by their coins). — AR. R.I. ACILIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. Brass, see the parts of the As. AEBUTIA (unknown rank). — Colonial brass only. AELIA and ALLIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. First brass, moneyers

of Augustus, C. Second brass, Colonial, R.I. AEMILIA (patrician rank). — AV. R.8. AR. C. Restored by

Trajan, R.6. Second brass, Colonial, C. AFRANIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. First and third brass, parts

of the As. ALLIENUS (a surname). — AR. R.5.

* Vide " Descriptive Catalogue," vol. i.

COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES. 171

ANNIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. Third brass, moneyers of Augustus.

ANTESTIA, or ANTISTIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.8. AR. C. First and third brass, parts of the As.

ANTIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2.

ANTONIA (patrician rank). — AV. R.8. AR. C. Quinarii. R.I.

APPULEIA (plebeian rank). — Brass, see the As.

APHONIA (plebeian rank). — Brass, of the Colonies, and of the mo- neyers of Augustus.

AQUILLIA (plebeian and patrician). AR. R.I.

ARRIA (plebeian family).— A V. R.6. AR. R.6. Brass, Colonial.

ASINIA (plebeian family). — Brass, of the moneyers of Augustus.

ATIA (plebeian family).— AV. R.8. AR. R.8. JE. R.2.

ATILIA (patrician and plebeian). — AR. C. Brass, see the parts of the As.

AUFIDIA (plebeian family). — AR. R.2.

AURELIA (plebeian family). — AR. C.

AUTRONIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.4.

AXIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2. Third brass, see the As.

BAEBIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. Brass, Colonial, and parts of the As.

BETELIENUS (a surname). — Third brass, of the moneyers of Au- gustus, C.

CAECILIA (plebeian rank). — A V. R.6. AR. C. Restored by Trajan, R.6. Cistophori of Pergamus, R.5, Brass, see the As.

CAECINA (a surname). — Brass, see the As.

CAESIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2.

CALIDIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I.

CALPURNIA (plebeian rank). — AV. (A quinarius). Unique ? AR. C. Sestertii, R.4. Brass, moneyers of Augustus and Antonius.

CANIDIA (plebeian rank). — First brass, R.5. Second brass, R. 3.

CANINIA (plebeian rank). — AR. Moneyers of Augustus, R.I. Third brass, Colonial, of Corinth, R.5.

CARISIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. to R.2. Restored by Trajan, R.6. Quinarii, moneyers of Augustus, R.l. Sestertii, R.8. AR. Colonial, C. Brass Colonial, R.I.

CARVILIA (plebeian family). — AR. C. Second brass, see the As.

CASSIA (plebeian and patrician). — AR. C. Restored by Trajan, R.6. First and second brass, see the As and its parts, R.2. Second and third brass of Antioch, R.3. Second brass, mo- neyers of Augustus, C.

172 COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES.

CESTIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.4. Second and third brass, of Enna, in Sicily, R.5. Second and third brass, of Nero, of Antioch, R.I.

CIPIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. Second brass, see the semis. R.2.

CLAUDIA (a Sabine patrician family). — AV. R.4. AR. C. Re- stored by Trajan, R.6. Cistophori, R.6. Third brass, mo- neyers of Augustus, C.

CLOVIA (plebeian rank). — Second brass, moneyers of J. Caesar, C.

CLOULIA (patrician rank). — AR. Denarii and quinarii, C.

COCCEIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.4.

COELIA (plebeian rank).— AV. R.8. AR. C.

CONSIDIA (plebeian rank). — AR. Denarii, C. Quinarii, R.2. Sestertii, R.5.

COPONIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.2.

CORDIA (unknown rank). — AR. C. Quinarii and sestertii, R.8.

CORNELIA (patrician and plebeian rank). — AV. R.4. AR. C. Quinarii, R.I. Cistophori, R.5. First and second brass, see the As and its parts, R.I. Third brass, moneyers of Au- gustus, C.

CORNUFICIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.8. AR. R.6. Restored by Trajan, R.7.

COSCONIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C.

COSSUTIA (of the equestrian rank). — AR. R.2.

CREPEREIA (of the equestrian rank). — AR. C. to R.4.

CREPUSIA (unknown rank). — AR. C.

CRITONIA. (plebeian rank). — AR. R.4.

CUPIENNIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.I. Second and third brass, see the semis, R.3.

CURIATIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. to R.2. Second and third brass, see the parts of the As, R.I.

CURTIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. Second and third brass, R.I. DIDIA (plebeian rank).— AR. R.I. to R.2.

DOMITIA (plebeian, raised to patrician rank). — AV. R.6. AR. C. Second and third brass, see the semis and quadrans, C.

DURMIA (unknown rank). — AV. R.4. AR. C. Both of the

moneyers of Augustus. EGNATIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2. EGNATULEIA (unknown rank). — AR. Quinarii only, C. EPPIA (unknown rank). — AR .11.2. Brass, see the As, R.4. FABIA (patrician rank). — AR. C. Brass, see the As, R.2. Brass,

Colonial, C.

COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES. 173

FABRICIA (plebeian rank). — Second brass, R.4.

FABRINIA (unknown rank). — Second and third brass, triens and

sextans, C. FANNIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. Cistophori, of Tralles,

R.7.

The type of the Cistophori will be found among the plates in this volume. A very common quinarius of Augustus bears on the reverse a figure of Victory standing on the Cistus ; legend, ASIA * RECEPTA.

FARSULEIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C.

FLAMINIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I.

FLAVIA (plebeian rank). AR. C.

FONTEIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. Brass, see the As and its parts,

R.I. Brass, of the moneyers of Antony, R.4. FUFIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. FULVIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. FUNDANIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. FURIA (patrician rank).— A V. R.8. AR.C. Second brass, R.6.

First and second brass, see the As, R.2.

GALLIA (plebeian rank). — First and second brass, moneyers of Au- gustus.

GELLIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.I. to R.2. HERENNIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. HIRTIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.I. HORATIA (patrician rank). — AR. R.8.

This very rare coin was restored by Trajan. The type is the usual head of Minerva ; reverse the Dioscuri on horseback ; but the obverse bears the name COCLES.

HOSIDIA (uncertain rank). — AR. R.I.

HOSTILIA (patrician rank). — AR. R.I. Third brass, R.4.

ITIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.3.

JULIA (patrician rank). — AV. R.4. AR. C. Of the moneyers

of J. Caesar, R.2. JUNIA (patrician and plebeian rank). — AR. C. Restored by Trajan,

R.7. First brass, see the As, R.2. LICINI A (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. First brass, R.I. First and

second brass, see the As and its parts, C. First and second

brass, moneyers of Augustus, C. LIVINEIA (plebeian rank).— AV. R.7. AR. C. to R.I. Restored

by Trajan, R.6. Third brass, moneyers of Augustus.

LOLLIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2. Brass of the Colony of Cy-

renaica, R.I. LUCILIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I.

174 COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES.

LUCRETIA (patrician and plebeian rank). — AR. C. Restored by Trajan, R.6.

LURIA (unknown rank). — First and second brass, moneyers of Au- gustus.

LUTATIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. First brass, moneyers of Augustus.

MAECILIA (plebeian rank). — First and second brass, moneyers of Augustus, C.

MAENIA (plebeian rank).— AR. R.I. Third brass, R.3.

MAIANIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.I. First brass, see the As, C. Third brass, moneyers of Augustus, R.6.

MAMILIA (a noble Tuscan family, of plebeian rank in Rome). —

AR. C. Restored by Trajan, R.7. MANLIA (patrician rank).— A V. R.6. AR. C. MARCIA (patrician and plebeian family). — AR. C. Restored by

Trajan, R.6. First arid second brass, moneyers of Augustus,

C. First brass, see the As, R.2. Second brass, R.I. to R.2.

Third brass, C. to R.3. First brass, with heads of Ancus and

Numa, R.2. MARIA (plebeian rank). — AV. Moneyers of Augustus, R.8.

Silver, R.I. Restored by Trajan, R.6. Of the moneyers of

Augustus, R.I. MEMMIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. Restored by Trajan, R.6.

Second brass (semis), R.3. MESCINIA (plebeian rank). — AV. Moneyers of Augustus, R.8.

AR. R.2. METTIA (unknown rank). — AV. Moneyers of J. Caesar, R.5.

AR. R.I. AR. Quinarii, R.4.

MINATIA (plebeian rank). — AR. Of Cnaeius Pompey, the son, R.6. MINEIA (unknown rank). — Third brass. R.3. MJNUCIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.4. AR. C. Restored by

Trajan, R.7. Second and third brass, C. to R.I. MITREIA (unknown rank). — Third brass, moneyers of Augustus,

R.2. MUCIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. See family Fufia.

MUNATIA (plebeian rank). — AV. Seethe coins of Antony, R.I.

AR. R.4. MUSSIDIA (plebeian rank). — AV. Moneyers of Antony Octavius

and Lepidus, R.2. AR. R.2. Of the moneyers of J. Caesar

and Lepidus, R.2. First, second, and third brass, moneyers

of Augustus, C. NAEVIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. First, second, and third brass,

moneyers of Augustus, C. NASIDIA (plebeian rank). — AR. See the coins of S. Pompey, R.2.

COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES. 175

NERIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2.

NONIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. First and second brass, mo-

neyers of Augustus, C. NORBANUS (a surname). — AV. R.6. AR. C. Restored by

Trajan, R.6. NUMITORIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.4. Second and third brass,

semis and quadrans, C. NUMONIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.8. AR. R.7. Restored by

Trajan, R.8. OGULNIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.4. Second brass, see the As,

R.I. OPEIMIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. First, second, and third

brass, see the As and its divisions, R. L. OPPIA (plebeian rank). — Second brass, C. Second brass, see the

As, R.I. PACUVIA, or PAQUIA (unknown rank). — Second and third brass,

R.2. PAPIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. to R.4. Denarii and quinarii.

PAPIRIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. First, second, and third brass, see the As and its divisions, R.I.

PEDANIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2. PETILLIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2. PETRONIA (plebeian rank). — AV. Moneyers of Augustus, R.2.

AR. R.2. PINARIA (patrician rank). — AR. C. First brass, see the As, R.I.

First brass, with heads of Antony and Cleopatra, R.6. Third

brass, quadrans, R.I.

PLAETORIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. AR. coins of Brutus, R.6. PLANCIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. PLAUTIA, or PLUTIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C.

PLOTIA (plebeian rank). — First and second brass, moneyers of Au- gustus, C.

POBLICIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C.

POMPEIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.8. AR. C. AR. of Cnaeius Pompey, the son, R.6. First brass, R.2. Second and third brass, As and quadrans, C.

POMPONIA (plebeian rank). — AR, R.I.

PORCIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C.

POSTUMIA (patrician rank). — AR. C.

PROCILIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I.

PROCULEIA (plebeian rank). — Third brass, R.3.

PUP i A (unknown rank). — Brass, struck in Cyrenaica.

176 COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES.

QUINCTIA (plebeian, afterwards patrician). — AV. R.8. AR. R.I.

First, and second brass, moneyers of Augustus, C. Second

brass, semis, R.4. RENIA (rank unknown). — AR. C. ROSCIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. RUBELLIA (of the equestrian order). — Third brass, moneyers of

Augustus, C. RUBRIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. Restored by Trajan, R.6.

Quinarii, R.3. First brass, see the As, R.2. RUSTIA (unknown rank).— AV. R.8. AR. R.I. RUTILIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. SALVIA (plebeian rank). — AR. Moneyers of Octavius, R.I First

and second brass, moneyers of Augustus, C. SANQUINIA (unknown rank). — AR. Moneyers of Augustus, R.I.

First and second brass, moneyers of Augustus, C. SATRIENUS ( a surname). — AR. C. SAUFEIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.I. First brass, see the As, C.

Second brass, semis and triens, R.I. SCRIBONIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.8. Silver, C. Restored by

Trajan, R.6. First brass, As, R.I. Third brass, triens, C.

SEMPRONIA (unknown rank). — AV. Moneyers of Augustus, R.5.

AR. C. AR. Moneyers of J. Caesar and Augustus, R.2.

First brass, As, R.2. First and second brass, moneyers of

Augustus, C. First brass, with the head of Antony, R.4. SENTIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. SEP ULLI A (unknown rank). — AR. R.2. Quinarii and sestertii,

R.8.

SERGIA (patrician rank). — AR. R.I. SERVILIA (of plebeian and afterwards of patrician rank). — AV.

R.4. AR. C. Third brass, quadrans, R.3. SESTIA (of patrician and afterwards of plebeian rank). — AR. R.2.

Quinarii, R.5.

SICINIA (of patrician and afterwards of plebeian rank). — AR. R. 1 . SILIA (plebeian rank). — AV. R.7. AR. R.I. First brass,

moneyers of Augustus, C.

SOSIA (plebeian rank). — Second and third brass, with head of An- tony, R.6. Third brass, with head of Bacchus, R.8. SPURILIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.I. STATIA (plebeian rank).— AR. R.7. Third brass, R.6. STATILIA (unknown rank). — Second brass, (Spanish), R.6. Third

brass, moneyers of Augustus, C. SULPICIA (patrician and plebeian rank). — AV. R.8. AR. C.

Restored by Trajan, R.6. Second and third brass, R.4.

COINS OF ROMAN FAMILIES. 177

TARQUITIA (patrician and plebeian rank).— AR. R.2. TERENTIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. First brass, As, R.I. Se- cond and third brass, semis and quadrans, R.I. First brass,

moneyers of Augustus, R.4. THORIA (plebeian rank).— AR. C. TITIA (plebeian rank). — AR. C. Restored by Trajan, R.6.

Quinarii, R.I. First brass, As, C.

TITINIA (patrician and plebeian). — AR. R.I. Second brass, As, C. TITURIA (unknown rank). — AR. C. TREBANIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.I. Second and third brass,

divisions of the As, R.I. TULLIA (patrician and plebeian).— A R. R.I. Restored by Trajan,

R.6. Cistophori, R.6. Second brass, Colonial.* VALERIA (patrician and plebeian). — AV. Moneyers of M. Antony,

R.8. AR. C. Quinarii, R.4. Restored by Trajan, R.6.

Second and third brass, moneyers of Augustus, C. VARGUNTEIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.I. Second and third

brass, divisions of the As, C.

VENTIDIA (plebeian rank) — AR. Moneyers of Antony, R.6. VETTIA (unknown rank). — AR. R.2. VETURIA (patrician rank). — AV. Denarii and quinarii, R.6.

AR. R. 2.

VIBIA (plebeian rank).— A V. R.7. AR. C. First brass, As, R.I. VINICIA (plebeian rank). — AR. R.2. VOCONIA (plebeian rank). — AV. Moneyers of Octavius, R.4.

AR. Moneyers of J. Caesar, R.2. VOLTEIA (unknown rank). — AR. C. UNCERTAIN COINS.— A V. C. to R.8. AR. C. to R.8.

* These coins bear the head of Cicero, and were struck at Magnesia, in Lydia. A specimen is engraved at page 104.

A A

178

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS, EMPRESSES, CAESARS, & USURPERS,

FROM CNAE1US POMPEIUS TO CONSTANTINUS PALEOLOGUS; WITH THEIR DEGREES OF RA.RITY.

CNAEIUS POMPEIUS Magnus. — Born A.C. 106. Killed A.C. 48. AV. R.6. AR. R.I. to R.2. Restored by Trajan, R.8. First and second brass, R.I.

CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. — Born A.C. 100. Made Perpetual Dic- tator and killed, 44 A.C.

AV. Without his head, C. With his head, R.6. Restored by Trajan, R.5. to R.8. AR. Without his head, C. With his head, R.I. to R.4. First brass, R.I to R.3. Second brass, C. to R.4.

CNAEIUS POMPEIUS, son of Pompeius Magnus. — Born, A.C. — - Killed, 45 A.C.

AR. R.I. to R.6.

SEXTUS POMPEIUS, son of Pompeius Magnus. — Born, 65 A.C. Killed, 35 A.C.

AV. R.6. AR. Without head, R.I. With head, R.5.

MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. — Born, 85 A.C. Killed himself, 42 A.C.

AV. R.8. AR. R.4. to R.6. Restored by Trajan, R.7.

CAIUS CASSIUS LONGINUS. — Born, — A.C. Killed himself, 42 A.C.

AV. R.4. AR. R.l. to R.2. (Without his head).

MARCUS AEMILIUS LEPIDUS. — Born, — A.C. Died, A.D. 13.

AV. R.8. AR. With head of Augustus, R.3. Of An- tonius, R.5.

His silver is generally ill struck and much worn.

MARCUS ANTONIUS.— Born, 83 A.C. Killed himself, 30 A.C.

AV. R.3. to R.8. AR. Legions, C. to R.6. With head, R.I. to R.4. Second brass, R.I. to R.4.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 179

OCTAVIA, wife of Antonius.— Born, — A.C. Died, 11 or 10 A.C. AV. R.8. With M. Antonius.

Pinkerton gives a gold coin of this lady in his text and plate, but excludes her from his estimate ; and another aureus, differing a little in the legend, but with a similar portrait, may be found in the Gentleman's Magazine for 1768 (p. 56). This is said to belong to Mr. Lefroy, of Leghorn, and is probably now in the collection made by him, which is believed to be still entire, but the weight, as Mr. Brumell, who communicates this note, observes, militates against the supposition of its being an aureus, if a genuine coin. The weight is 164 grains.

MARCUS ANTONIUS, son of M. Antonius. — Born, — A.C. Killed, 30. A.C.

AV. R.8. With his father.

CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt. — Born, — A.C. Reigned from A.C. 51 to A.C. 30, when she destroyed herself.

AV. R.8. AR. R.4. Second and third brass, R.4.

Her coins in silver are rarely fine, or even in good condition.

CAIUS ANTONIUS, brother of the Triumvir. — Born, — A.C. Died, — A.C.

AR. R.6. Without his head.

Lucius ANTONIUS, brother of the Triumvir. — Born, — A.C. Died, — A.C.

AV. R.8. AR. R.4. With his brother, M. Antonius.

AUGUSTUS. Caius Octavius Caepius Augustus. — Born, A.C. 63. Died, 14 A.D.

AV. C. to R.4. Restored by Trajan, R.8. AR. C. to R.3. Restored by Trajan, R.6. First brass, R.I. to R.4. Reverse, of Agrippa, R.7. Second brass, C. to R.3. Restored by Claudius, Nero, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, R.2. to R.6.

Towards the end of this emperor's reign, the gold and silver coins are very beautiful, and the standard of great purity.

LIVIA, wife of Augustus. — Born, A.C. 57. Died, 29 A.D.

First brass, Representing Justitia, R.4. Second brass, As Justitia, Pietas, or Salus, C. Justitia and Salus Augusta re- stored by Titus, R.3. Pietas, restored by Titus and Domi- tianus, R.2.

MARCUS AGRIPPA.— Born, A.C. 63. Died, 12 A.D.

AV. R.8. AR. R.6. to R.7. Second brass, C. to R.4. Third brass, R.4.

JULIA, daughter of Augustus.— Born, A.C. 39. Starved to death by order of- Tiberius her husband, A.D. 14. First brass (Greek), R.5. Second brass, R.I.

180 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

CAIUS and Lucius CAESARES, sons of M. Agrippa and Julia. — Caius born, A.C. 20. Died, A.D. 4. Lucius born, A.C. 17. Died, A.D. 2.

AV. C. AR. C. On Reverses, of Augustus.

Caius alone is AV. R.i. AR. R.I. In the Cat. d'Ennery a second brass coin is described with laureated head of Augustus ; reverse, PONT • cos., head of Caius; but it is without the s • c. It is R.5.

AGRIPPA POSTUMUS, son of Agrippa and Julia. — Born, A.C. 12. Killed, A.D. 14. Greek and Colonial coins only.

TIBERIUS — Born,- A.C. 42. Killed, A.D. 37.

AV. C. Restored by Titus or Trajan, R.8. AR. C. Reverse, of Augustus, R.4. Of Drusus, R.8. First brass, R.I. to R.4. Restored by Trajan (Morell), R.6. Second brass, C. to R.4. Restored by Titus and Domitian, R.2. Third brass, C.

Half aurei occur of Augustus and of Tiberius, which are R.2. Those of subsequent reigns, when they do occur, are of considerable rarity.

DRUSUS JUNIOR, son of Tiberius. — Born, about 13 A.C. Poisoned, A.D. 23.

AR. (Reverse, of Tiberius), R.6. First brass, R.6. With- out his head, R.I. Second brass, C. to R.3.

NERO CLAUDIUS DRUSUS (Drusus, senior), brother of Tiberius. — Born, A.C. 38. Died, A.D. 9.

AV. R.4. AR. R.4. First brass, R. 3. to R.5. Restored by Titus or Domitian, R.6.

ANTONIA, wife of Drusus, senior. — Born, about 39 A.C. Poisoned, 38 A.D.

AV. R.4. AR. R.4. Second brass, C.

GERMANICUS, son of Drusus and Antonia. — Born, A.C. 15. Poisoned, 19 A.D.

AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. R.3. Reverse, of Augustus, R.6. First brass, R.8. Second brass, C. restored by Titus or Domi- tian, R.2.

AGRIPPINA, SENIOR, wife of Germanicus. — Born, A.C. 15. Starved to death, A.D. 33.

AV. R.4. to R.8. AR. R.4. First brass, R.2. Restored by Titus, R.G.

NERO and DRUSUS CAESARES. — Nero born, about A.D. 7. Starved to death, A.D. 31. — Drusus, born about A.D. 8. Starved to death, A.D. 33.

Second brass, C. With the brothers on horseback.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 181

CAIUS CALIGULA*.— Born, A.D. 12. Killed, A.D. 41.

AV. R.4. With heads of Agrippina and Julia (if genuine). R.8. AR. R.2 to R.4. First brass, R. 2. Second brass, C .

See also the silver and gold coins of Augustus, on some of which his head appears.

CLAUDIA, wife of Caligula.— The coins supposed of this Empress

are pronounced false.

ORESTILLA, second wife of Caligula. — The same. PAULINA, third wife of Caligula. — The same. CAESONIA, fourth wife of Caligula. — The same. DRUSILLA, daughter of Caesonia. — The same. DRUSILLA, sister of Caligula. — Born, A.D. 17. Died, A.D. 38.

There are only Greek coins of Drusilla, but she appears on the reverse of a large brass Latin coin of Caligula, in company with her sisters.

JULIA Li VILLA, sister of Caligula. — Born, A.D. 18. Killed, A.D.

41. CLAUDIUS. — Born, A.C. 10. Poisoned, A.D. 54.

AV. R.I, to R.3. Restored by Trajan, R.8. AR. R.I. to

R.3. First brass, C. With " De Germanis," R.5. Restored

by Titus, R.2. Second brass, C. Restored by Titus, Do-

mitian, and Nerva, R.I. to R.3. VALERIA MESSALINA, third wife of Claudius. — Born, — . Killed,

A.D. 48.

Only Greek and Colonial coins.

AGRIPPINA, JUNIOR, fourth wife of Claudius, sister of Caligula. — Born, A.D. 16. Killed, A.D. 59.

AV. R 3. AR. R.2. Reverse, head of Nero, R.6. First brass, R.8.

CLAUDIA, daughter of Claudius and Plautia Urgulanilla. — Born, — . Killed, A.D. 65.

Only Greek and Colonial coins.

BRITANNICUS CAESAR, son of Claudius and Messalina. — Born, A.D. 42. Poisoned, A.D. 55. First brass, R.8, ?

* It may be proper to remind the Tyro that Caligula was merely an epithet bestowed on the emperor, and that it is consequently not found on his coins. The same remark applies to the money of Caracalla, who on coins is styled An- toninus Pius. This caution may scarcely be deemed necessary, but we have lately seen an historical work, in which a coin of Caracalla is assigned to Anto- ninus, merely because it is inscribed ANTONINUS PIUS. Elagabalus also took the name of Antoninus Pius, as will be noticed hereafter.

182 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

NERO.— Born, A.D. 37. Killed himself, A.D. 68.

AV. C. to R.3. AR. C. to R.3. First, second, and third brass, C. to R.4.

OCTAVIA, first wife of Nero. — Born, about A.D. 42. Put to death, A.D. 62.

Only Greek and Colonial coins.

POPPAEA, second wife of Nero. — Born, — . Died, 66 A.D. Only Greek and Colonial coins.

STATILIA MESSALINA, third wife of Nero. — Born, — . Died, — . No Latin coins.

CLAUDIA, daughter of Nero and Poppaea. — Born, A.D. 64. Died young. PL. R.8.

CLODIUS MACER, Propraetor in Africa. — Born, — . Killed, A.D. 68.

AR. R.6. to R.8. GALBA.— Born, 3 A.C. Killed, A.D. 69.

AV. R.2 to R.4. Restored by Trajan, R.8. AR. C. to R.4. First brass, R.I. Restored by Titus, R.6. Second brass, C. Restored by Titus, Domitian, Nerva, or Trajan, R.2. to R.4. OTHO. — Born, A.D. 32. Began to reign, A.D. 69. Killed in the same year. AV. R.4. AR. R.I. to R.3.

There are no Latin brass coins of Otho, but there is a second brass coin of Otho, restored by Titus, in the Cat. d'Ennery.

VITELLIUS. — Born, A.D. 15. Began to reign, A.D. 69. Killed in the same year.

AV. R.4. With Reverse of his father, R.8. AR. C. to R.3. With Reverse of his father, R.6. First brass, R.3. to R.6. Second brass, R.2. to 6.

Lucius VITELLIUS, father of the emperor. — Born, — . Died, 48 or 49 A.D.

AV. R.8. AR. R.6. On the Reverse of his son's coins. VESPASIANUS. — Born, A.D. 9. Began to reign, A.D. 69. Died, A.D. 79.

AV. C. to R.5. With Triump. Aug. or restored by Tra- jan, R.8. AR. C. to R.2. First brass, C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R. 3. Third brass, R.3.

FLAVIA DOMITILLA, wife of Vespasian. — Died the year previous to Vespasian's succession.

AV. R.8. AR. R.6. to R.8. First brass, R.2. DOMITILLA, daughter of Vespasian and Domitilla. — Born, — . Died before her father's succession. First brass, R..2. Without her head.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 183

POLLA, mother of Vespasian.

No authentic coins.

TITUS, son of Vespasianus and Domitilla. — Born, A.D. 41. Caesar, A.D. 69. Joint Emperor with his father, A.D. 71. Sole Emperor, A.D. 79. Died, A.D. 81.

AV. C. With head of Julia, R.8. Restored by Trajan, R.6. AR. C. to R.4. First brass, C. to R.8. Second brass, C. to R.4. Third brass, R.3.

JULIA, daughter of Titus and Furnilla his second wife. — Born, A.D. — . Died in the reign of Domitian.

AV. R.8. AR. R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.2. DOMITIANUS, son of Vespasianus and Domitilla. — Born, A.D. 51. Caesar, A.D. 69. Emperor, A.D. 81. Killed, A.D. 96.

AV. C. to R.3. With Domitia, R.8. AR. C. to R.2. With bare head, as Caesar, R.4. With head of Domitia, R.6. First brass, C. to R.5. Second brass, C. With head of his father, R.3. DOMITIA, wife of Domitian. — Born, — . Died, A.D. 140. ?

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.4. to R.6. First brass, R.8. Second brass, R.6. VESPASIANUS, JUNIOR.

Only Greek coins.

NERVA-— Born, A.D. 32. Emperor, A.D. 96. Died, A.D. 98. AV. R.2. to R.3. With biga of elephants, R.8. AR. C. to R.5. First brass, C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.2. Third brass, C.

TRAJANUS. — Born, A.D. 53. Caesar and Emperor, A.D. 97. Sole Emperor, A.D. 98. Died, A.D. 117.

AV. C. to R.6. AR. C. to R. 2. With head of Plotina, R.8. Restored by Hadrian (if genuine). R.8. First brass, C. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.3. Third brass, R.I. to R.4.

Trajan restored the gold coins of J. Caesar, Augustus, Agrippa, Tiberius, Claudius, Galba, Vespasian, and Titus, omitting those of Nero, Otho, Vitellius, and Domitian. He also restored denarii of the following fami- lies : — Aemilia, Caecilia, Carisia, Cassia, Claudia, Cornelia, Cornuficia, Horatia, Julia, Junia, Livineia, Lucilia, Mamilia, Marcia, Memmia, Mi- nucia, Norbana, Numonia, Pompeia, Rubria, Scribonia, Sulpicia, Titia, Tullia, Valeria, and Vipsania. They are R.5. to R.8.

PLOTINA, wife of Trajan.— Born, — . Died, 129 A.D.

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.6. Reverse of Trajan, R.8. First brass, R.6. TRAJANUS, father of the Emperor.— Born, — . Died, A.D. 100. ?

AV. R.4. First brass, R.4.

184 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

MARCI ANA, sister of Trajan. — Born, — . Died, A.D. 114.?

AV. R.6. AR. R.6. First brass, R.6.

MATIDIA, daughter of Marciana. — Born, — . Died, probably in the reign of Antoninus.

AV. R.6. AR. R.6. First brass, R.8.

HADRIANUS. — Born, A.D. 76. Adopted by Trajan, A.D. 117. Emperor the same year. Died, A.D. 138.

AV. C. to R.6. AR. C. to R.6. First brass, C. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.5. Third brass, R.I. to R.4.

In the reign of this emperor the imperial mintage evidently reached its acme. The gold and silver of Augustus affords many fine specimens of art, but his brass coins are of inferior execution and of low relief. Of Nero we have many fine brass coins, while his gold and silver is of in- different workmanship ; but the brass coins of Hadrian are of sur- prising beauty, and particular care appears to have been taken in their mintage.

SABINA, wife of Hadrian. — Born, — . Killed herself, A.D. 137.

AV. R.3. to R.5. AR. C. to R.3. First brass, C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.3.

AELIUS. — Born, — . Adopted and created Caesar by Hadrian, 135 or 136 A.D. Died, 138 A.D.

AV. R.4. to R.5. AR. R.3. First brass, C. to R.3. Second brass, C.

The gold and silver coins of Aelius surpass in beauty even those of Hadrian ; nevertheless many of the denarii are plated on copper.

ANTINOUS, favourite of Hadrian. — Born, — . Destroyed himself, A.D. 130.

There are only Greek coins of Antinous.

ANTONINUS Pius.— Born, A.D. 86. Adopted and created Caesar, A.D. 138. Emperor the same year. Died, A.D. 161.*

AV. C. to R.3. AR. C. to R.3. With the head of Faustina, R.8. First brass, C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.6. Third brass, R.2.

FAUSTINA, SENIOR, wife of Antoninus. — Born, A.D. 105. Died, A.D. 141.

AV. C. to R.4. With Puellae Faustinianae, R.8. AR. C. to R.3. With Puellae Faustinianae, R.6. First brass, C. to R.5. Second brass, C. to R.4.

The veiled portrait and the coins struck in her lifetime are rarer than the others in all metals.

* There is an obvious change in the workmanship of the coins in the reign of this emperor, and the complexion of the metal is also altered, although as- says shew that no considerable reduction in the standard had yet taken place. See the Assay of Roman Denarii prefixed to " A Descriptive Catalogue of Ro- man Coins," 2 vols. 8vo. 1834.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 185

GALERIUS ANTONINUS, son of A. Pius and Faustina. — Born, — . Died before his father's succession. Greek coins only.

MARCUS AURELIUS, son-in-law of Antoninus Pius. — Born, A.D. 121. Adopted by A. Pius, A.D. 138, and named Caesar. Em- peror, A.D. 161. Died, A.D. 180.

AV. C. to R.2. AR. C. to R.5. Reverse, of Commodus. R.8. First brass, C. to R.4. With head of Verus. R.7. Se- cond brass. C.toR.4. Third brass. R.2.

The third brass ceases after this reign, until the time of Trajan Decius, with the exception of Caracalla ; but query if his are really third brass coins ?

FAUSTINA, JUNIOR, wife of Aurelius. — Born, — . Died, A.D. 175. AV. C. to R.5. AR. C. to R.2. First brass, C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.4.

ANNIUS VERUS, son of M. Aurelius and Faustina. — Born, A.D. 163. Created Caesar, A.D. 166. Died, A.D. 170.

Brass medallions, R.6. to R.8. With Commodus. Lucius VERUS, son of Lucius Aelius and son-in-law of M. Aure- lius.— Born, A.D. 130. Adopted by Antoninus, A.D. 137, but without the title of Caesar. Associated in the empire with Aurelius, A.D. 161. Poisoned, A.D. 169.

AV. C. to R.3. AR. C. to R.6. First brass, C. to R.4. With head of Aurelius, R.6. Second brass, C. to R.2.

It is a remarkable fact, that the coins of Verua are generally of much finer execution than those of his colleague. He and his father, L. Aelius, ap- p.ear to have worn wigs, and to have been very vain of them. A very fine bust of Verus may be seen in the Gallery of Antiquities in the British Museum, and will be recognised in a moment by those who are familiar with his portrait on coins.

LUCILLA, daughter of M. Aurelius and Faustina, wife of L. Verus. — Born, A.D. 147. Exiled to Capreae, A.D. 183, and killed shortly afterwards.

AV. R.l. to R.2. AR. C. to R.2. First brass, C. to R.4., Second brass, C. to R.I.

COMMODUS, eldest son of M. Aurelius and Faustina. — Born, A.D. 161 . Created Caesar, A.D. 166. Associated in the Empire, but without the title of Augustus, A.D. 176. Sole Emperor, A.D. 180. Killed, A.D. 192.

AV. R.5. to R.8. AR, C. to R.4. First brass, C. to R.5- with Annius Verus, R.8. Second brass, C. to R.4. With sa- crifice of eight figures, R.6.

The standard and shape of his silver coins are alike bad. A round denarius is seldom met with, whilst his gold is badly rounded, though of fine workmanship. Commodus appears to have had a taste for numismatics, as medallions in bronze abound of his reign. Upwards of one hundred and fifty varieties are known, and some of them are of great beauty. Winckelmann bears testimony to their excellence as wofks of art.

186 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

CRISPIN A, wife of Commodus.— Born, — . Killed, A.D. 183.

AV. 11.6. Alt. C. to R.I. First brass, C. to R.2. Second brass, C. to R.2.

PERTINAX.— Born, A.D. 126. Emperor, A.D. 193, and killed in the same year.

AV. R.3. to R.6. AR. R.4. to R.6. First brass, R.6. Second brass, R.5. TITIANA, wife of Pertinax.1

Greek coins only.

DIDIUS JULIANUS. — Born, A.D. 133. Emperor, 193. Killed in in the same year.

AV. R.6. AR. R.6. First brass, R.3. Second brass, R.6. MANLIA ScANTiLLA,2 wife of D. Julian.

AV. R.8. AR. R.6. First brass, R.3. Second brass, R.6. DIDIA CLARA, daughter of D. Julianus and Scantilla. — Born, A.D. 153. Died, — .

AV. R.8. AR. R.6. First brass, R.4.

PESCENNIUS NIGER. — Born, — . Emperor in Syria, A.D. 193. Killed, A.D. 194.

AV. R.8. AR. R.5. to R.7.3 Brass (Greek only), R.8. CLODIUS ALBINUS. — Born, — . Named Caesar by S. Severus, A.D. 193. Emperor in Britain, A.D. 196. Killed in battle against Severus, A.D. 197.

AV. R.8. AR. R.2. to R.4. First brass, R.2. Second brass, R.3.

" The name of Eckhel," observes Mr. Brumell," has given weight to the supposition that the coins of Albinus were minted at Rome only, with the exception of such as are said to have been struck at Lyons (Lugdu- num). I cannot assent to this opinion. Whoever examines the coins in question cannot fail to be struck with the character of the fabric of many of them, so different from that of the Roman mint."

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.— Born, A.D. 146. Emperor, A.D. 193. Sole Emperor, A.D. 197. Died, A.D. 21 1.

AV. R.2. to R.6. With heads of his family, R.5. to R.7.4 AR. C. to R.5. With heads of his family, R.3. to R.5.5 First brass, R.I.6 Second brass, C. to R 5.

Two gold coins of this emperor bear the types of the Legions, and are very rare. The Legionary silver of Severus is very base, and of bad workman- ship. Mr. Brumell remarks, that a gold legionary coin in his cabinet appears to be much alloyed with silver.

1 This lady retired to private life on the death of her husband.

2 Idem.

:| These coins are not of Latin fabric, but more probably were minted at Antioch. 1 About fifteen varieties. 5 About twenty-two varieties. 6 Rather than C.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 187

JULIA DOMNA, wife of Severus. — Born, — . Starved or poisoned herself, A.D. 217.

AV. R.2. to R.7. AR. C. to R.5. First brass, C. Second brass, C. to R.4.

MARCUS AURELIDS ANTONINUS, vulgo CARACALLA.1 — Born, A.D. 188. Caesar, A.D. 196. Augustus, A.D. 198. Joint Empe- ror with Geta, A.D. 211. Sole Emperor, A.D. 212. Killed, A.D. 217.

AV. R.3. to R.6. With Plautilla, R.8. AR. C. to R.6. With Plautilla, R.8. First brass, C. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.5. Third brass, R.6.

FULVIA PLAUTILLA, wife of Caracalla, — Born, — . Put to death, A.D. 212.

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. C. to R.I. With Caracalla, R.8. First brass, R.6. to R.8. Second brass, R.I to R.6. GETA, son of Severus and Domna. — Born, A.D. 189. Caesar, A.D. 198. Augustus, A.D. 209. Joint emperor with his brother Caracalla, A.D. 211, by whom he was killed, A.D. 212. AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. C. to R.4. First brass, R.2. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.5.

MACRINUS.— Born, A.D. 164. Emperor, A.D. 217. Killed, A.D. 218.

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.I. to R.5. First brass, R.2 to R.5. Second brass, R.I. to R.3.

DLADUMENIANUS, son of Macrinus. — Born, A.D. 208. Caesar and Augustus, A.D. 217. Killed, A.D. 218.

AV. R.8. AR. R.3. to R.6. First bras?, R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.2. to R.4.

Mr. Brumell observes, that the late Mr. Miles, a dealer in coins, shewed him a denarius of Diadumenian, with laureated head, which is probably unique. He sold it to a Russian gentleman for ten guineas. Mr. Bru- mell says he considered it a genuine coin, but it should be remarked, that history does not acquaint us that Macrinus conferred the imperial dig- nity on his son, which the laureated head would seem to indicate.

MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS, vulgo ELAGABALUS, vel HELIO- GABALus2.— Bora, A.D. 205. Emperor. A.D. 218. Killed, A.D. 222.

AV. R.2. to R*4. With head of A. Faustina, unique. Of Aq. Severa, R.8. AR. C. to R.5. With head of I. Soaemias, R.7. First brass, R.2. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.3.

1 Denarii of a larger size appear in the reign of this emperor. They have the radiated portrait, and were, it is supposed, struck after the death of Geta. These coins are more scarce than those of the smaller size, until the reign of Gordian III., with whom the small size becomes scarce, and ends with Philip.

2 See the remarks under page J81.

188 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS

JULIA CORNELIA PAULA, first wife of Elagabalus. — Born, — . Repudiated, A.D. 220. Died in obscurity.

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.I, to R.2. First brass, R.3. to R.5. Second brass, R.3.

The name of Cornelia is found only on Greek Coins.

AQUILIA SEVERA, second wife of Elagabalus. — Born,— . Died, — , after Elagabalus.

AV. R.8. AR. R.2. to R.4. First brass, R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.2. to R.3.

ANNIA FAUSTINA, third wife of Elagabalus. — Born, — . Repu- diated by Elagabalus.

AV. R.8. AR. R.8. First brass, R.8.

JULIA SOAEMIAS, mother of Elagabalus. — Born, — . Killed, A.D. 222.

AV. R.7. AR. C. to R.I. Reverse of Elagabalus, R.7. First brass, R.2. to R.5. Second brass, C. to R.2.

JULIA MAES A, sister of Julia Domna, and grandmother of Elaga- balus.—Born, — . Died, A.D. 223.

AV. R.7. AR. C. to R.I. " Consecratio," R.6. First brass, C. to R.6. Second brass, C.

SEVERUS ALEXANDER, cousin of Elagabalus. — Born, A.D. 205. Adopted by Elagabalus, and made Caesar, A.D. 221. Emperor, A.D. 222. Killed, A.D. 235.

AV. R.L to R.5. With the heads of Orbiana, Mammaea, or with the " Thermce Alexandrince" R.8. AR. C. to R.5. With the before-mentioned reverses, R.8. First brass, C. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.6. Third brass ?i MEMMIA, second wife of Severus Alexander.

No authentic coins. Nothing is known of this lady. ORBIANA, third wife of Severus Alexander. Known only by her coins.2

AV. R.8. AR. R.I. to 4. First brass, R.2. to R.3. Se- cond brass, R.2. With Alexander, R.8.

JULIA MAMAEA, sister of Soaemias, and mother of Alexander Se- verus. Born,—. Killed, A.D. 235.

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. C. to R,3. First brass, C. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.6.

1 See the lemarks under M. Aurelius, p. 185.

2 Orhiana was formerly supposed to have been the wife of Trajan Decius, until the discovery of coins which represent her with her husband Alexander.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 189

URANIUS ANTONINUS. — Assumed the Purple, and proclaimed him- self emperor at Emisa, in the reign of Severus Alexander.

AV. R.8.

MAXIMINUS.— Born, A.D. 173. Emperor, A.D. 235. Killed A.D. 238.

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. C. to R.4. First brass, C. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.6. PAULINA, wife of Maximinus.1 — Known only by her coins.

AR. R.4. First brass, R.2. to R.5.

MAXIMUS, son of Maximinus. — Born, — . Caesar, A.D. 235. Killed, A.D. 238.

AV.? if genuine, R.8. AR. R.3. First brass, R.I. to R.6. Second brass, R.I. to R.2. JUNIA FADILLA. — No authentic coins. TITUS QUARTINUS. — No coins.2

GORDIANUS AFRICANUS, SENIOR. — Born, A.D. 158. Proclaimed emperor, in Africa, A.D. 238, and killed himself shortly after- wards.

AR. R.5. to R.6. First brass, R.4.

GORDIANUS AFRICANUS, JUNIOR, son of the Elder Gordianus. — Born, A.D. 192. Elected Emperor with his father, A.D. 238, and killed a short time after.

AR. R.6. First brass, R.4. to R.5.

BALBINUS. — Born, A.D. 178. Emperor with Pupienus, A.D. 238, and killed three months afterwards.

AV. R.8. AR. R.2. to R.4. First brass, R.2. to R.5. Second brass, R.6.

PUPIENUS.— Born, A.D. 164. Emperor with Balbinus, A.D. 238, and killed three months afterwards.

AV. R.8. AR. R.2. to R.4. First brass, R.2. to R.5. Second brass, R.5.

GORDIANUS Pius, nephew of Gordianus Africanus, Sen. — Born, A.D. 222. Ca3sar, A.D. 238. Emperor in the same year. Killed, A.D. 244.

AV. R.I. to R.8. AR. C. to R.4. First brass, C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.6.

TRANQUILLINA, wife of Gordianus Pius. — Born, — . Died after her husband.

AR. R.8. First brass, R.8. Second brass, R.8.

1 Paulina is considered to be the wife of Maximinus, from the resemblance of her coins to those of that emperor and his son. They bear the consecration type, from which it may be inferred that she died before her husband.

* See the note under T. Decius, p. 190.

190 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

PHILIPPUS, SENIOR. — Born, A.D. 204. Emperor, A.D. 244.

Killed, 249.

AV. R.6. With portrait of Otacilia, R.8. AR. C. to R.2.

With portrait of Otacilia and Philip, Jun. R.6. to R.8. First

brass, C. to R.4. With Adlocution type, R.6. Second brass,

C. to R.3. With Octacilia, R.6. MARCIA OTACILIA SEVERA, wife of Philippus, Sen, — Born, —

Died after her husband.

AV. R.5. to R.8. AR. C. to R.8, First brass, C. to R.3.

Second brass, C. to R.3. With her husband and son, R.6.

PHILIPPUS, JUNIOR, son of Philippus, Sen. — Born, A.D. 237. Caesar, A.D. 244. Augustus, A.D. 247. Killed, A.D. 249. AV. R.4. to R.5. AR. C. to R.4. First brass, C. to R.3. Second brass, C. to R.6. MARINUS. — No authentic coins.*

IOTAPIANUS. — Proclaimed emperor in Syria, A.D. 248. Killed shortly afterwards.

AR. R.8. PACATIANUS. — Known only by coins.

AR. R.8. SPONSIANUS. — Known only by coins.

AV. R.7.

TRAJANUS DECIUS. — Born, A.D. 201. Emperor, A.D. 249. Perished in a swamp, A.D. 251.

AV. R.4. to R.5. AR. C. to R.3. First brass, C. to R.5. Second brass, C. to R.2. Third brass, R.2.

A set of Billon coins of this period have usually been attributed to Gallienus, but their workmanship and general appearance rather indicate that they were struck by Decius, in imitation of the restorations of his namesake, Trajanus. They bear the radiated portraits of the following emperors, with the legends of the obverse in the dative case, DIVO AVGVSTO, &c. ; reverse, CONSECRATIO, with the usual type. Augustus, Vespasian, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Severus, and Alex- ander. These coins are R.I. The coin of Titus belonging to this series was formerly given by the early numismatic writers to Titus Quartinus.

ETRUSCILLA, wife of Trajanus Decius. — Known only by coins and an inscription.

AV. R.6. AR. C. to R.I. First brass, R.I. Second brass, R.I.

HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS, son of Trajan Decius and Etruscilla. — Born, A.D. — . Ceesar, A.D. 249. Augustus, A.D. 251. Killed in the same year.

AV. R.8. AR. C. to R.4. First brass, R.I. to R.5. Se- cond brass, R.I.

* The coins bearing 0EQ MAP1N12 are Greek, and their appropriation to this usurper is doubtful.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 191

HOSTILIANUS, son of Trajan Decius and Etruscilla. — Born, A.D. — . Caesar, A.D. 249. Associated with T. Gallus, A.D. 251. Died in the same year.

AV. R.8. AR. C. to R.2. First brass, R.2. to R 4. Se- cond brass, R.I. to R.3.

TREBONIANUS GALLUS. — Born about 207, A.D. Emperor, A.D. 251. Killed, A.D. 254.

AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. C. to R.8. First brass, C. to R.2. Second brass, C. to R.I.

VOLUSIANUS, son of Trebonianus Gallus. —Born, A.D. — . Caesar, A.D. 251. Associated in the empire with his father, A.D. 252. Killed, 254.

AV. R.5. to R.6. AR.* C. to R.6. First brass, C. to R.2. Second brass, C. to R.I.

AEMILIANUS. — Born, A.D. 208. ? Proclaimed emperor in Moesia, A.D. 253. Killed three months afterwards.

AV. R.8. AR. R.I. to R.2. . First brass, R.6. to R.7. Second brass, R.6. CORNELIA SUPERA, wife of Aemilian. — Known only by her coins.

AV. R.8. AR. R.8.

VALERIANUS, SENIOR. — Born, A.D. 190. Emperor, A.D. 253. Taken prisoner by the Persians, A.D. 260. Died in captivity, A.D. 263.

AV. R.6. AR.C. to R.2. First brass, R.I. to R.4. With Felicit. Auyustorum, R 6. Second brass, C. to R.3. Third brass, R.4.

MARINIANA, supposed second wife of Valerianus. — Known only by her coins.

AR. R.I. to R.3. First brass, R.2 to R.4. Second brass, R.2. to R.3. Third brass, R.2.

GALLIENUS, son of Gallienus by his first wife. — Born, A.D. 218. Associated in the empire, A.D. 253. Emperor, A.D. 260. Killed, A.D. 268.

AV. R.2. to R.5. With Gallience Augusta, R.7. AR. (Billon), C. to R.3. With GalliencB Augusta, R.8. First brass, R.I. to R.8. Second brass, C. to R.4. Third brass, C. to R.2.

The third brass is common to excess.

* The silver coin, which for the preceding fifteen years gradually degenerates in standard, now becomes extremely base, and has been designated by the French Numismatists Billon. The series of silver coins is, however, continued by collectors, with the third brass washed with silver or tin, which is exceed- ingly common. In the reign of Diocletian good silver reappears, and is found of succeeding emperors down to the extinction of the empire, the weight declining but the standard being good (see the Weights of Denarii, Descriptive Catalogue, vol. i.).

192 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

SALONIKA, wife of Gallienus.— Born, A.D. -. Killed, A.D. 268. AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. ? R.6. Bil. C. to R.2. First brass, R.I. to R.3. Second brass, R.I. Third brass, C. SALONINUS, son of Gallienus and Salonina. — Born, A.D. 242. Caesar, A.D. 253. Augustus, A.D. — . Killed, A.D. 259.

AV. R.6. AR.? R.8. Bil. C. to R.4. First brass, R 4. to R.6. Second brass, R.2. Third brass, C. to R.2. QUINTUS JULIUS GALLIENUS, son of Gallienus and Salonina — No

coins.

VALERIANUS, JUNIOR, brother of Gallienus. — Born, A.D. — . Killed, A.D. 268.

The coins formerly attributed to this prince belong to Saloninus. LICINIA GALLIENA. — No authentic coins.

PosTUMUS,1 SENIOR. — Proclaimed emperor, in Gaul, A.D. 258. Killed, A.D. 267.

AV. R.3. to R.6. Bil. C. to R.2. With heads of Postumus and Hercules, R.6. First brass, R.I. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.3. Third brass, C. to R.2.

The third brass of Postumus is extremely common.

JUNIA DONATA, supposed wife of Postumus.

Nothing is known of this lady, and the coins which have been published are false.

POSTUMUS, JUNIOR, son of Postumus, Senior. — Born, A.D. — . Csesar and Augustus, in Gaul, A.D. 258. Killed, A.D. 267. No authentic coins.2 LAELIANUS. — Usurper in Gaul in the time of Gallienus.

AV. R.8. Bil. R.2.to R.5. Third brass, R.2. to R.5. LOLLIANUS. ? — Usurper in the reign of Gallienus. ? Third brass, R.8.

Tanini gives this coin in third brass, but Eckhel doubts the existence of money of this usurper. Mr. Brumell, however, says, that a coin ap- peared in the sale of the late Mr. Bentham's cabinet, with the legend IMP. VL. c. LO«IANVS. PF. AVG. (with a perforation after the letter o) ; reverse, VICTORIA AVG., Victory marching. The profile strongly resembled that of Pupienus, and the coin was mixed with two of that emperor's denarii, and included in lot 356. Mr. Brumell adds, that though its authenticity was doubted by some, it was assuredly a struck, and not a cast coin, and that the portrait was not like that of Laelianus (upon whose coins those attributed to Lollianus are said to be cast), the nose being decidedly aquiline, while the nose of Laelianus is, like that of Pos- tumus, vulgo, " pug-shaped."

1 With Postumus the series of Roman large brass closes.

2 M. Mionnet has given a coin of Postumus the elder with a head on the reverse, which he supposes to he that of his son, but it is doubtless the head of some deity. Vide " Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins," vol. ii. p. 62.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 190

QUINTUS VALENS AELIANUS. ? — Usurper in Gaul, in the reign of

Galienus. ?

Third brass, ? R. 8. VICTORINUS, SENIOR. — Born, A.D. — . Associated in the empire

by Postumus, in Gaul, A.D. 265. Killed, A.D. 267.

AV. R.6. to R.8. Bil. R.3. to R.5. Third brass, C. to

R.8. VICTORIOUS, JUNIOR. — Born, A.D. — Caesar, in Gaul, A.D.

267, and killed shortly after. — No authentic coins. VICTORINA, mother of Victorinus, Senior. — Born, A.D. — . Died,

A.D. 268.?

No authentic coins. The piece attributed to her is no doubt a blundered coin of Victorinus, and ought never to have been produced as a coin of his mother.

MARIUS. — Born, A.D. — . Usurped the Purple, in Gaul, A.D. 267, and killed, as is supposed, three days afterwards. AV. R.8. Bil. R.3. to R.4. Third brass, R.2. to R.6.

Although the third brass of Marius are scarce, they are occasionally dug up in this country. Eckhel supposed that he held the sovereignty longer on account of the number of his coins, but it is very probable these pieces were prepared previous to his assuming the Purple.

TETRICUS, SENIOR. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Gaul, A.D. 267. Resigned the province to Aurelian, A.D. 273. Died, A.D. — .

AV. R.4. to R.6. Bil. R.2. Third brass, C. to R.2. With his son, R.4. to R.8.

The third brass of Tetricus are common to excess, and are yearly found in great numbers in this country and in France.

TETRICUS, JUNIOR. — Born, A.D. — . Caesar, in Gaul, A.D. 267.

Retired to private life, A.D. 273.

AV. E.G. to R.8. Bil. R.2. Third brass, C. to R.6. CYRIADES. — Usurper in Asia, A.D. 257. Killed in the following

year. — No authentic coins. MACRIANUS, SENIOR. — Born, A.D. — . Proclaimed emperor in

the East, A.D. 261. Killed in the following year.

No authentic coins. Those which were formerly attributed to this usurper belong to his son.

MACRIANUS, JUNIOR, son of Macrianus, Senior. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple with his father, A.D. 261. Killed, A.D. 262.

Bil. R.3. to R.4.

QUIETUS, son of Macrianus, Senior. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple with his father and brother, AD. 261. Put to death at Emisa, A.D. 262.

cc

194 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

AV.? R.8. Bil. R.3. to R.4. Second brass, R.8. The second brass is in the Cabinet of Vienna. BALISTA.— Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Syria, A.D.

262. Killed, A.D. 264.— No authentic coins. INGENUUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Moesia, and

Pannonia, A.D. 261, and killed shortly afterwards. — No au- thentic coins. REG ALI ANUS. — Born, A.D. — . Usurped the Purple, in Moesia,

A.D. 261. Killed, A.D. 263.?

AR. R.8.? Doubtful. DRYANTILLA, supposed wife of Regalianus.

AR. R.8. ? (doubtful), VALENS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Achaia, A.D.

261, and killed shortly afterwards. — No authentic coins. Piso FRUGI. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the purple, in Thessaly,

A.D. 261, and killed shortly afterwards. No authentic coins. ALEXANDER AEMILIANUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple,

in Egypt, A.D. 262 or 263, and strangled in the same year. —

No authentic coins. SATURNINUS I. — Born, A.D. — . Proclaimed emperor in one of

the Provinces, A.D. — , and killed shortly after. — No authentic

coins. TREBELLIANUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Isauria,

about A.D. 264, and killed shortly after. — No authentic coins. CELSUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, at Carthage,

A.D. 265, and killed seven days after. — No authentic coins. AUREOLUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Illyria or

Rhaetia, about A.D. 267. Killed, A.D. 268.

AV. R.8. Third brass, R.8. SULPICIUS ANTONINUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in

Syria, about A.D. 267, and killed shortly afterwards.

The only coins known of this tyrant are Greek, struck at Emisa.

CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS. — Born, A.D. 214 or 215. Emperor, A.D.

208. Died of the plague, A.D. 270.

AV. R.6. to R.8. Billon, R.8.* Third brass, C. to R.4. CENSORINUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, at Bologna,

A.D. 270, and killed seven days after.

No authentic coins. Those given by Goltzius are spurious.

* The coins described as of silver by various writers are neither silver nor even billon, but third brass washed with silver or tin. Mionnet informs us, that the coins described in the Catalogue d'Ennery as silver are merely washed ; but Mr. Brumell has an undoubted Billon coin of this emperor. There are gold fjuinarii of Claudius, which are of the first rarity.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 195

QUJNTILLUS, brother of Claudius Gothicus. — Born, A.D. — . Pro- claimed emperor, A.D. 270. Destroyed himself shortly after.

AV. R.8. Bil. ? Third brass, C. to R.4. Third brass coins of Quintillus are sometimes discovered in England.

AURELTANUS. — Born, about A.D. *207. Emperor, A.D. 270. Killed, A.D. 275.

AV. R.3. to R.6. Second brass, R.I. to R.4. Third brass, C. to R.3.

A coin of Aurelian bears the legend, DEVS ET DOMINVS NOSTER AVRE- LIANVS AVG. Small gold medallions exist of this emperor and of some of his successors.

SEVERINA, wife of Aurelianus.

AV. R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.I. to R.4. Third brass, C. to R.2.

Nothing is known of this lady except her coins.

SEPTIMIUS ODENATHUS, king of Palmyra, and associate in the em- pire with Gallienus. — No authentic coins. ZENOBIA, second wife of Odenathus.

No Latin coins. There are pieces of Egyptian brass of the third size. See " Greek Coins," page 129.

HERODES, son of Odenathus by his first wife. — No coins. HERENNIANUS and TIMOLAUS, son of Odenathus and Zenobia. —

Only Greek coins. VABALATHUS ATHENODORUS,1 son of Zenobia. — Born, A.D. — .

Emperor, in Syria and Egypt, A.D. 266 or 267. Captured

by Aurelian, A*D. 273. Died, A.D.' — .

Third brass, R.2. to R.6. (Often with Aurelianus).

MAEONIUS, cousin of Odenathus. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Syria, A.D. 266 or 267, and killed soon after. — No authentic coins.

FIRMUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Egypt, A.D. 273. Vanquished and killed in the same year.

Coins have been given of this usurper, but they are not properly authen- ticated.2

TACITUS.— Born, A.D. — . Emperor, A.D, 275. Killed,? A.D. 276.

AV. R.3. to R.5. Billon, R.3. Second brass, R.6. Third brass, C. to R.6.

Vabalathus is a Syriac word, and Athenodorus is its Greek signification, namely, given of Minerva.

2 Vopiscus says he coined money at Alexandria, and it is not unlikely that an example may some day be discovered.

196 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

FLORIANUS, brother of Tacitus. — Born, A.D. — . Proclaimed emperor by the legions of Cilicia, A.D. 276, and killed soon after by his own troops.

AV. R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.2. to R.4. Third brass, R.l. to R.3. PROBUS.— Born, A.D. 232. Emperor, A.D. 276. Killed, A.D. 282.

AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. R.8. Third brass,1 C. to R.6. BONOSUS,

"I

US, ^ . J

nums- SATURNINUS, matic

PROCULUS.

CARUS.— Born about 230, A.D. Emperor, A.D. 282. Killed by lightning, A.D. 283.

AV. R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.3. to R.6. Third brass, C. to R.6.

NUMERIANUS, youngest son of Carus. — Born about A.D. 254. Caesar, A.D. 282. Emperor with his brother Carinus, A.D. 283. Killed, A.D. 284.

AV. R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.4. Third brass, C. to R.5.

CARINUS, eldest son of Carus. — Born, A.D. 249. Caesar, A.D.

282. Emperor with his brother, A.D. 283. Killed, A.D. 285.

AV. R.4. to R.6. Second brass, R.3. Third brass, C. to R.2.

MAGNIA URBICA, wife of Carinus. — Known only by her coins.

AV. R.8. Third brass, R.2. to R.6. NIGRINIANUS, supposed son of Carinus. — Known only by his coins.

AV. R. 8. Third brass, R.5.

M. A. JULIAN us. — Born, A.D. — . Proclaimed Emperor, in Pan- nonia, A.D. 284. Killed, A.D. 285.

AV. R.8. Third brass, R.6. to R.8.

DIOCLETIAN us. — Born, A.D. 245. Emperor, A.D. 284. Asso- ciated with Maximianus, A.D. 286. Abdicated, A.D. 305. Died, A.D. 313.

AV. R.4. to R.7. Bil. R.3. AR.2 R.I. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.6. Third brass, C. to R.2.

In the reign of this emperor a new coin appears, of the size of the second brass of the earlier emperors, but much thinner, and of low relief. Those

' The small brass of Probus are common to excess, and the reverses are very numerous. The Abbe Rothelin possessed more than two thousand varieties, and the late Mr. Douce collected about 800. The number at present known amounts to 2500 ! There are gold and silver medallions of Probus of small size. There is also brass of the size of the quinarius, which is R.I. Pieces of this size are found of Carus, Numerianus, Carinus, and some of the succeeding emperors, R.I. to R.3.

2 Diocletian restored the coinage of fine silver, although the washed third brass was still used;

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 197

with the reverse, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI ; Genius standing, holding a pa- tera and a cornucopia, are exceedingly common. It is a common reverse also of the same coins of Maximianus, Constantius Chlorus, and Flavius Severus.

MAXIMIANUS HERCULES. — Born, A.D. 250. Associated with Diocletianus, A.D. 286. Abdicated in favour of Constantius Chlorus, A.D. 305. Resumed the imperial power, A.D. 306. Abdicated a second time, A.D. 308. Proclaimed himself em- peror, at Aries, for the third time, A.D. 309. Deprived of the Purple, A.D. 310, when he strangled himself.

AV. R.I. to R.6. AR. R.I. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.6. Third brass, C. to R.5.

EUTROPIA, wife of Maximianus Hercules. — No authentic coins.

AMANDUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Gaul, A.D. 285. Killed, A.D. 287.— No authentic coins.

AELIANUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Gaul, A.D.' 285. Killed, A.D. 287.— No authentic coins.

CARAUSIUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Britain, A.D. 287. Killed by Allectus, A.D. 293.

AV. R.8. AR. R.6. to R.8. Third brass, R.I. to R.8.*

ALLECTUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple after his assassi- nation of Carausius, A.D. 293. Killed in battle, A.D. 296. AV.2 R.7. to R.8. AR. R.8. Third brass, R.I. to R.8.

ACHILLEUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Egypt, about A.D. 292, and was killed shortly after. No authentic coins.

DOMITIUS DOMITIANUS. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Egypt, about 305, A.D. Died, — .

Second brass, R.4.3 One type only, GENIO POPVLI ROMANI.

CONSTANTIUS I. CHLORUS. — Born, about 250, A.D. Created Caesar by Maximianus, A.D. 292. Augustus and emperor, A.D. 305. Died, A.D. 306.

AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. R.2. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R. 4. Third brass, C. to R.2.

HELENA, first wife of Constantius Chlorus. — Born, about A.D. 248. Died about A.D. 328. Third brass, C. to R.5.

THEODORA, second wife of Constantius Chlorus. — Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. — .

AR. R.6. Third brass, C.

1 A very long list of the coins of Carausius will be found in the second vol. of " A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Unedited Roman Coins," p. 155, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1834.

2 The gold coins of Allectus are by no means so rare as those of Carausius.

3 This coin resembles those of Diocletianus and Maximianus, and bears the exergual letters, ALE, for Alexandria, where they were doubtless minted.

198 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

GALERIUS MAXIMIANUS. — Born, A. D. — . Created Caesar by Diocletianus. A.D. 292. Augustus and emperor, A.D. 305. Died, A.D. 311.

AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. R.3. to R.5. Second brass, C. to R.3. Third brass, C. to R.3.

VALERIA, second wife of Galerius Maximianus. — Born, A.D. — . Put to death, A.D. 315.

AV. R.6. AR. R.6. Second brass, R.I. Third brass, R. to R.4.

FLAVIUS SEVERUS. — Born, A.D. — . Created Caesar by Maxi- mianus Hercules, A.D. 305. Augustus and emperor, A.D.

306. Put to death, A.D. 307.

AV. R.5. to R.7. AR. ? Second brass, C. to R.I. Third brass, R.2. to R.3.

-MAXIMINUS DAZA, nephew of Galerius Maximianus. — Born, A.D. — . Created Caesar by Diocletianus, A.D. 305. Son of the Augusti, A.D, 307. Assumed the Purple, A.D. 308. Poisoned himself, A.D. 313.

AV. R.5. to R.6. AR. R.4. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R. Third brass, C. to R.3.

The silver of Maximinus is extremely base.

MAXENTIUS. — Born about A.D. 282. Assumed the Purple, at Rome, A.D. 306. Drowned in the Tiber, A.D. 312.

AV. R.8. AR. R.7. Second and third brass, C. to R.I. ROMULUS, son of Maxentius. — Born about A.D. 306. Caesar, A.D.

307. Augustus soon after. Died, A.D. 309.

AV. R.6. to R.8. AR.? R.8. Second brass, R.3. to R.6. Third brass, R.l.toR.3.

ALEXANDER. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, at Carthage, A.D. 308. Defeated and killed, A.D. 311.

AR. R.8. Second brass, R.8. Third brass, R.6.

LICINIUS, SENIOR. — Born, A.D. 263. Created Caesar and Au- gustus and associated in the empire by Galerius Maximianus, A.D. 307. Defeated and taken prisoner by Constantine, and afterwards strangled, A.D. 323.

AV. R.4. to R.6. AR.? R.8. Bil. R.2. Second brass, C. to R.5. Third brass, C. to R.4.

The silver of Licinius, father and son, is very base.

CONSTANTIA, wife of Licinius, Senior. — Born, A.D. — . Died about A.D. 330. — No authentic coins.

LICINIUS, JUNIOR. — Born, A.D. 315. Csesar, A.D. 317. De- prived of his title, A.D. 323. Killed, A.D. 326.

AV. R.4. to R.6. AR. R.3. Third brass, C. to R.5.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 199

AURELIUS VALERIUS VALENS. — Born, A.D. — . Created Caesar by Licinius, A.D. 314. Deposed and killed, A.D. — .

The coin described in fhe Catalogue d'Ennery, No. 4660, is doubted.

MARTINIANUS. — Born, A.D. — . Created Caesar and Augustus by Licinius, A.D. 323. Killed two months afterwards.

Third brass, R.6. With the legend in the dative case, R.8.

CONSTANTINUS MAxiMUS,son of Constantius Chlorus and Helena. — Born, A.D. 274. Caesar and Augustus, A.D. 306. Baptized, A.D. 311. Sole emperor, A.D. 323. Removed the seat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which he named Constanti- nople, A.D. 330. Died, A.D. 337.

AV. R.I. to R.6. AR. R.3. to R.6. Second brass, C. to R.3. Third brass, C. to R.5.*

FAUSTA, wife of Constantinus Maximus. — Born, A.D. — . Killed, A.D. 326.

AV. R.8. AR. R.4. Third brass, C. to R.5.

CRISPUS, son of Constantinus and Minervina. — Born, A.D. 300. Caesar, A.D. 317. Killed by order of his father, A.D. 326.

AV. R.4. to R.6. Third brass, C. to R.3. HELENA, supposed wife of Crispus.

Third brass, R.6.

DELMATIUS, or DALMATIUS, nephew of Constantinus Maximus. — Born, A.D. — . Caesar, A.D. 335. Killed, A.D. 337. AV. R.6. to R.8. AR. R.6. Third brass, R.I. to R.3.

HANNIBALJANUS, brother of Delmatius. — Born, A.D. — . Created king by Constantinus his uncle, and appointed governor of Pontus, Cappadocia, and Armenia, A.D. 335. Killed, A.D. 337.

AN. none. Third brass, R. 6.

CONSTANTINUS II., eldest son of Constantinus Maximus and Fausta. —Born, A.D. 316. Caesar, A.D. 317. Emperor and Au- gustus, A.D. 337. Defeated and killed, A.D. 340.

AV. R.3. to R.5. AR. R.3. to R.4. Third brass, C.

CONSTANS, son of Constantinus Maximus and Fausta. — Born about A.D. 320. Caesar, A.D. 333. Emperor and Augustus, A.D. 337. Killed, A.D. 350.

AV. C. to R.3. AR. R.I. to R.3. Second brass, R.2. Third brass, C. to R.3.

* The brass coins of Constantine, and his sons, Constantine, Jun., and Cris- pus, are perhaps the most common in the Roman series. Immense numbers exist at this day, and more are almost daily discovered.

200 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

SATURN INUS III. — Proclaimed emperor in the reigns of Constan- tius I. or Constantius II. — No authentic coins.

CONSTANTIUS II. son of Constantinus Maximus and Fausta. — Born, A.D. 317. Caesar, A.D. 323. Augustus, A.D. 337. Sole emperor, A. D. 350. Died, A.D. 35 1.

AV. C. to R.5. AR. C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.2. Third brass, C. to R.2.

FAUSTA, supposed wife of Constantius II. — Known only by her coins.

Third brass, R.6.

NEPOTIANUS, nephew of Constantinus Maximus. — Born, A.D. — . Proclaimed emperor, at Rome, A.D. 350, and killed about a month afterwards. Second brass, R.6.

VETRANIO. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, in Pannonia, A.D. 350, and relinquished it at the end of ten months. Died, A.D. 356.

AV. R.8. AR. R.8. Second brass, R.5. Third brass, R.6.

NONIUS. ?

It is doubtful whether such a personage existed as Nonius, although coins are given by Goltzius.

MAGNENTIUS. — Born about A.D. 303. Assumed the Purple, A.D. 350. Killed himself, A.D. 353.

AV. R.I. to R.3. AR. R.4. to R.7. Second brass, R.2. Third brass, C.

DECENTIUS, brother of Magnentius. — Born, A.D. — . Caesar, A.D.

351. Strangled himself, A.D. 353.

AV. R.4. to R7. AR. R.4. to R.7. Second brass, R.I.

to R.2. Third brass, R.I. to R.2. DESIDERIUS, brother of Magnentius. — Born, A.D, — . Caesar,

A.D. 351. Stabbed by Magnentius, A.D. 353.

The coins given by Goltzius are not authenticated.

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS, nephew of Constantinus Maximus. — Born, A.D. 325. Caesar, A D. 351. Put to death, A.D. 354.

AV. R.3. to R.5. AR. R.2. to R.5. Second brass, R.I. Third brass, C. to — .

CONSTANTIA, wife of Hanniballianus, and afterwards of Constantius Gallus. — Born, A.D.—. Died, A.D. 354.— No authentic coins.

SYLVAN us. — Born, A.D. — . Assumed the Purple, at Cologne, A.D. 355. Killed shortly after by his own troops. — No au- thentic coins.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 201

JULIANUS II. (the apostate), nephew of Constantinus Maximus. — Born, A.D. 331. Caesar, A.D. 355. Emperor, A.I). 360. Sole emperor, A.D. 361. Killed in battle against the Persians, A.D. 363.

AV. R.2. to R.3. All. C. to R.4. Second brass, C. to R.3. Third brass, R.I. to R.3.

HELENA, wife of Julianus II. — Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. 360. AV. R.8. Third brass, C.

JOVIANUS. — Born, A.D. 331. Emperor, A.D. 363. Died, A.D. 364.

AV. R.3. to R.6. All. R.2. to R.5. Second brass, R.I. to R.3. Third brass, R.I. to R.3.

VALENTINIANUS I.— Born, A.D. 321. Emperor, A.D. 364. Died, A.D. 375.

AV. C. to R.4. AR. C. to R.2. ^Second brass, C. Third brass, C. to R.3.

'ALERIA SEVERA, first wife of Valentinianus. — Born, A.D. — . Supposed to have died in the reign of Gratian. — No authentic coins.

FUSTINA, second wife of Valentinianus. — Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. 387. — No authentic coins.

'LAVIUS VALENS, brother of Valentinianus. — Born, A.D. 328. Associated in the empire, A.D. 364. Burned alive, A.D. 378. AV. C. to R.2. AR. C. to R,3. Second brass, C. Third brass, C. to R.3.

DOMINICA, wife of Valens. — Born, A.D. — . Died in the time of Theodosius the Great. — No authentic coins.

PROCOPIUS. — Born about A.D. 334. Assumed the Purple, A.D. 365. Put to death, A.D. 366.

AV. R.7. AR. R.5. Second brass, R.8. Third brass, R.6. to R.8.

GRATIANUS, son of Valentinianus I. and Valeria Severa. — Born, A.D. 359. Augustus, A.D. 367. Emperor, A.D. 375. Killed in battle with Magnus Maximus, A.D. 383.

AV. C. to R.3. AR. C. to R.3. Second brass, C. Third brass, C. to R.3.

)NSTANTIA, wife of Gratianus. — Born, A.D. 362. Died, A.D. 383. — No authentic coins.

rALENTiNiANUS II., son of Valentinianus I. — Born, A.D. 371. Augustus, A.D. 375. Emperor of the East, A.D. 383. Killed, A.D. 392.

AV. C. to R.2. AR. C. to R.4. Second brass, R.3. Third brass, R2.

D D

202 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

THEODOSIUS MAGNUS.— Born, A.D. 346. Augustus, A.D. 379. Died, A.D. 395.

AV. C. to R.I. AR. C. to R.2. Second brass, C. Third brass, C.

FLACILLA, wife of Theodosius.— Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. 388. AV. R.5. AR. R.5. Second brass, R.I. Third brass, R.I. MAGNUS MAXIMUS. — Born, A.D. — . Augustus, in Britain, A.D. 383. Killed, A.D. 388.

AV. R.I. to R.2. AR. C. to R.6. Second brass, R.I. Third brass, R.I.

FLAVIUS VICTOR, son of Magnus Maximus. — Born, A.D. — . Augustus, A.D. 383. Killed, A.D. 388.

AV. R.5. AR. R.I. to R.5. Third brass, R.2. EUGENIUS. — Born, A.D. — . Augustus, at Vienna, A.D. 392. Killed, A.D. 394.

AV. R.3. to R.5. AR. R.I. to R.3. Third brass, R.7. ARCADIUS, son of Theodosius Magnus. — Born, A.D. 377. Augustus, A.D. 383. Emperor of the East, A.D. 395. Died, A.D. 408. AV. C. to R.2. AR. C. to R.I. Second brass, R.I. Third brass, C. to R.3. EUDOCIA, wife of Arcadius. — Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. 404.

Eckhel restores the coins assigned to this lady to Eudoxia, wife of Theo- dosius II.

HONORIUS, son of Theodosius and Flaccilla. — Born, A.D. 384.

Augustus, A.D. 393. Emperor of the West, A.D. 395. Died,

A.D. 423.

AV. C. to R.I. AR. C. to R.3. Second brass, R.I. Third

brass, C. to R.3. CONSTANTIUS III., brother-in-law of Honorius. — Born, A.D. —

Augustus, A.D. 421. Died in the same year.

AV. R.6. to R.7. AR. R.7. GALLA PLACIDIA, wife of Constantius III. — Born, A.D. — . Died,

A.D. 450.

AV. R.5. to R.7. AR. R.4. to R.5. Second and third brass, R.5. toR.7.

CONSTANTINUS III. — Born, A.D. — . Augustus, A.D. 407. Killed A.D. 411.

AV. R.2. AR. R.2. Third brass, R.2.

CONSTANS, son of Constantinus III. — Bom, A.D. — . Augustus A.D. 408. Killed, A.D. 411.

AR. R.5,

MAXIMUS. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor, in Spain, A.D. 409. Re- tired to private life, A.D. 411. AR. R.5.

COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS. 203

JOVINUS. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor, A.D- 411. Killed, A.D- 413.

AV. R.4. AR. R.2. Third brass, R.S.

SEBASTIANUS, brother of Jovinus. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor with his brother, A.D. 412. Killed, A.D. 413. AR. R.5.

PRISCUS ATTALUS. — Born, A.D. — . Proclaimed emperor of Rome by Alaric, A.D. 409. Died in exile.

AV. R.4. AR. R.5. to R.8. Third brass, R.6.

THEODOSIUS II., son of Arcadius. — Born, A.D. 401. Augustus, A.D. 402. Emperor of the East, A.D. 408. Died, A.D. 450. AV. C. to R.2. AR. R.3. to R.5. Third brass, R.4. to R.6.

EUDOXIA, wife of Theodosius II. Born about A.D. 393. Died, A.D. 460.

AV. R.3. to R.5. AR. R.4. Third brass, R.4. JOHANNES.— Born about A.D. 380. Emperor, A.D. 423. Killed, A.D. 425.

AV. R.3. to R.6. AR. R.5. Third brass, R.8. VALENTINIANUS III., son of Constantius. — Born in Rome, A.D. 419. Crcsar, A.D. 424. Augustus, A.D. 425. Killed, A.D. 455.

AV. C. to R.5. AR. R.2. to R.4. Third brass, R.2. to R.3.

LICINIA EUDOXIA, wife of Valentinianus III. — Born, A.D. 423. Died, A.D. — .

AV. R.5.

HONORIA, sister of Valentinianus III. Born, A.D. 417. Augusta, A.D. 433. ? Died, A.D. 454. ? AV. R.5. to R.6. AR. R.6. ATTILA, king of the Huns.

No coins known. Some Gaulish pieces were at one time absurdly attri- buted to this king.

PETRONIUS MAXIMUS. — Born, A.D. 395. Emperor, A.D. 455, Killed soon after his election.

AV. R.4. AR. R.4. Third brass, R.8.

MARCIANUS, brother-in-law of Theodosius II. — Born, A.D. 391. Emperor, A.D. 450. Died, A.D. 457.

AV. R.2. to R.6. AR. R.4. Third brass, R.6. PULCHERIA, sister of Theodosius and wife of Marcianus. — Born, A.D. 399. Augusta, A.D.414. Died, A.D. 453. AV. R.6. AR. R.4. Third brass, R.6.

204 COINS OF ROMAN EMPERORS.

AVITUS. — Born, A.D. — . Augustus, A.D. 455. Abdicated, and became priest, A.D. 456.

AV. R.4. AR. R.4. Third brass, R.6.

LEO I.— Born, A.D. — . Emperor of the East, A.D. 457. Died, A.D. 474.

AV. C. to R.l. Third brass, R.5. VERINA, wife of Leo I.— Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. 484.

AV. R.6.

MAJORIANUS. — Born, A.D. — . Augustus, A.D. 457. Killed, A.D. 461.

AV. R.2. to R.4. AR. R.5. Third brass, R.5. LIBIUS SEVERUS. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor, A.D. 461. Poi- soned, A.D. 465.

AV. R.2. AR. R.5. Third brass, R.6.

ANTHEMIUS. — Born, A.D. — . Augustus, A.D. 467. Killed, A.D. 472.

AV. R.2. AR. R.7. brass. ?

EUPHEMIA, wife of Anthemius. Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. — .

AV. R.6.

OLYBRIUS. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor, A.D. 472, and died the same year.

AV. R.5. to R.6. AR. R.6. PL. R.8. PLACIDIA, wife of Olybrius. — Born, A.D. — . Died, A.D. -—. AV. R.8*

On a piece in lead she is represented with her husband. GLYCERIUS. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor, A.D. 473. Dethroned, A.D. 474. Died, A,D. 480. ?

AV. R.4. AR. R.7.

LEO II.— Born, A.D. 459. ? Emperor of the East, A.D. 474. Died the same year.

AV. R.4. With Zeno.

ZENO, father of Leo II. —Born, A.D. 426. Associated with his son, A.D. 474. Dethroned, A.D. 476. Regained the throne, A.D. 477. Died, A.D. 491.

AV. C. AR. R.2. Second brass, R.4. Third brass, R.3. BASILISCUS, brother-in-law of Leo I. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor, A.D. 476. Dethroned and died of hunger, A.D. 477.

AV. R.2. to R.3. AR. R.4. Third brass, R.8. AELIA, wife of Basiliscus. — Born, A.D. — . Perished with her husband, A.D. 477. AV. R.5.

* See Descrip. Catal. vol. ii., p. 377.

EMPERORS OF THE EAST. 205

MARCUS, son of Basiliscus. — Born, A.D. — . Associated with his father, A.D. 476. Perished with his parents, A.D. 477.

He appears on coins of his father only.

LEONTIUS I.— Born, A.D. — . Augustus, A.D. 482. Killed, A.D.

488.

AV. R.3.

JULIUS NEPOS. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor of the West, A.D. 474. Dethroned, A.D. 475. Killed, A.D. 480. AV. R.I. to R.3. AR. R.4. Third brass, R.7.

ROMULUS AUGUSTUS. — Born, A.D. — . Emperor of the West, A.D. 475. Dethroned by Odoacer, A.D. 476. AV. R.4. Third brass, R.8.

END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST.

EMPERORS OF THE EAST.

[The following List is compiled from a very admirable work by M. de Saulcy, entitled " Essai de Classification des Suites Monetaires Byzantines," Metz, 1836, to which the student is referred for a more extended account of this rude though very remarkable series. It is proper to remark, that this intelli- gent numismatist uses no less than ten degrees of rarity, but these have been thought unnecessary in the present list. The Byzantine series is also de- scribed in the second volume of " A Descriptive Catalogue of Rare and Un- edited Roman Coins," 2 vols. 1834.]

ANASTASIUS.— AV. C. AR. R.4. IE. C. VITALIANUS.— AV. R.8. JUSTINUS I.— AV. R.I. AR. R.3. IE. C. JUSTINUS I. and EUPHEMIA. — M. R.I.? JUSTINUS I. and JUSTINIANUS I. — AV. R.8.

206 EMPERORS OF THE EAST,

JUSTINIANUS I., alone.— AV. C. AR. R.2. JE. C.

JUSTINUS II.— A V. R.6. AR. R.5. JE. R.2.

JUSTINUS II. and SOPHIA. — JE. C.

TIBERIUS-CONSTANTINUS.— -AV. R.2. AR. R.6. JE. R.I.

TIBERIUS and ANASTASIA. — JE. R.4.

MAURICIUS TIBERIUS.— AV. R.2. AR. R.5. IE. C

MAURICIUS, CONSTANTINA, and THEODOSIUS. — JE. R.6.

Foe AS.— AV. R.2. AR. R.5. JE. R.I.

FOCAS and LEONTIA. — JE. R.2.

HERACLIUS, Praefect of Africa.— AR. R.8. JE. R.5.

HERACLIUS I.— AV. R.I. AR. R.5. JE. R.2.

HERACLIUS I., EUDOCIA, and HERACLIUS II. — AR. R.6.

HERACLIUS I. and HERACLIUS II.— AV. R.I. AR. R.4. JE. C.

HERACLIUS I., MARTINA, and HERACLIUS II. — JE. R.3.

HERACLIUS I., HERACLIUS II., and HERACLEONAS. — AV. R.4.

JE. R.6.

HERACLIUS II. and HERACLEONAS. — AR. R.8. JE. R.2. HERACLEONAS, alone. — JE. R.8. ?

HERACLEONAS, TIBERIUS III. and CONSTANS II. — JE. R.3. CONSTANS II., alone.— AV. R.3. AR. R.7. JE. R.3. CONSTANS II. and CONSTANTINUS POGONATUS. — AV. R.3. AR.

R.5. JE. R.2. CONSTANS II., CONSTANTINUS, HERACLIUS, and TIBERIUS. —

AV. R.4. AR. R.8. IE. R.2. CONSTANTINUS IV., POGONATUS, HERACLIUS, and TIBERIUS. —

AV. R.2. AR. R.6. JE. R.2. CONSTANTINUS IV., POGONATUS, alone. — AV. R.2. AR. R.6.

JE. R.3. JUSTINIANUS II., RHINOMETUS, alone. — AV. R.3. AR. R.8.

JE. R.6.

LEONTIUS II., alone. — AV. R.8.

TIBERIUS V., ABSIMARUS.— AV. R.5. AR. R.7. JE. R.8. JUSTINIANUS II. and TIBERIUS IV.— A V. R.5. JE. R.8. FILEPICUS-BARDANES, alone.— AV. R.5. AR. R.8. ANASTASIUS II., alone.— AV. R.5. THEODOSIUS III., alone. — AV. R.6. AR. R.8. THEODOSIUS III. and family. — AR. R.10. LEO III., the Isaurian.— AV. R.3. AR. R.5. LEO III. and CONSTANTINUS V., COPRONYMUS.— AV. R.I. AR

K.5. JE. R.2. CONSTANTINUS V. COPRONYMUS, alone. — AV. R.3. AR, 11.6. ?

EMPERORS OF THE EAST. 207

ARTAVASDUS and NICEPHORUS. — AV. R.8. AR. R.8.

ARTAVASDUS and CONSTANTINUS V. — AV. R.8.

CONSTANTINUS V. and LEO IV., CHAZARUS. — AV. R.3. JE. R.4.?

LEO IV., CHAZARUS, alone. JE. R.7.

LEO IV., CHAZARUS, and CONSTANTINUS VI. — AV. R.6. JE. R.5.

CONSTANTINUS VI. and IRENE.— AV. R.8. AR. R.8, M. R.8.

CONSTANTINUS VI., alone. — No coins. ?

IRENE, alone. — AV. R.6.

NICEPHORUS I., LOGOTHETA. — JE. R.8.

NICEPHORUS I. and STAURACIUS. — AV. R.4. JE. R.7.

MICHAEL I., RHANGABE, alone. — IE. R.8.

MICHAEL I. and THEOPIIYLACTUS. — AR. R.6. JE. R.6.

LEO V., ARMENIUS and CONSTANTINUS VII. — AV. R.5. JE. R.3.

MICHAEL II., BALBUS, alone. — No coins. ?

MICHAEL II. and THEOPHILUS.— AV. R.4. AR. R.8. JE. R.I.

THEOPHILUS, alone.— AV. R.4. AR. R.8. JE. R.I.

THEOPHILUS and MICHAEL III. — No coins.?

THEOPHILUS and CONSTANTINUS. — IE. R.8. ?

MICHAEL III. and THEODORA.— AV. R-8.

MICHAEL III., THEODORA, and THECLA. — AV. R.8. AR. R.8.

MICHAEL III.— AV. R.2. JE. R.3.

MICHAEL III. and BASILIUS-MACEDO.— AV. R.6. JE. R.8.

MICHAEL III. and CONSTANTINUS FILIUS. — AV. R.5. JE. R.4.

BASILIUS I., MACEDO, alone. — AV. R.5. AR. R.8. JE. R.2.

BASILIUS I. and CONSTANTINUS VIII. — AV. R.5. AR. R.6. ? JE. R.4.

BASILIUS I., CONSTANTINUS VIIL, and LEO VI. — JE. R.4.

BASILIUS I., LEO VI., and ALEXANDER. — AV. R.8. JE. R.8.

LEO VI., PHILOSOPHUS, alone. -AV. R.8. AR. R.5. JE. C.

LEO VI. and ALEXANDER. — JE. R.4.

LEO VI. and CONSTANTINUS X. — AR. R.5.

CONSTANTINUS X. and ZOE-CARBO.VOPSINA, — JE. R.2.

CONSTANTINUS X. and ROMANUS LACAPENUS. — AV. R.8.

CONSTANTINUS X., ROMANUS I. and CHRISTOPHORUS. — AV. R.8. AR. R.6.

CONSTANTINUS X., ROMANUS I., STEPHANUS, and CONSTANTI- NUS.— AR. R.8.

CONSTANTINUS X., alone. — AV. R.5. AR. R.8. JE. R.2.

CONSTANTINUS X. and ROMANUS II., JUNIOR. — AV. R.5. AR. R.8. JE. R 5.

208 EMPERORS OF THE EAST.

ROMANUS I., LACAPENUS, alone. — JE. R.3. ?

ROMANUS I. and CHRISTOPHORUS. — AV. R.5.

ROMANUS I., CHRISTOPHORUS, STEPHANUS, CONSTANTINUS, and SOPHIA.— AV. R.8.

ROMANUS II., JUNIOR, alone. — JE. R.3. ?

THEOPHANO, alone. — JE. R.8.

NICEPHORUS II., FOCAS, and BASILIUS II. — AV. R.8.

NICEPHORUS II., FOCAS, alone.— AV. R.5. AR. R.8. JE. R.5.

JOHANNES I., ZIMISCES, BASILIUS II., and CONSTANTINUS XI. — AR. R.8.

JOHANNES I., ZIMISCES, alone.— AV. R.5. AR. R.7. JE. C.

BASILIUS II. and CONSTANTINUS XL — AV. R.5. AR. R.7.

CONSTANTINUS XL, alone.— A V. R.8. AR.?

ROMANUS III., ARGYRUS, alone. — AV. R.5.

MICHAEL IV., PAPHLAGO. — No coins.

MICHAEL V., CALAPHATES. — No coins.

CONSTANTINUS XII., MONOMACHCTS. — AV. R.6. AR. R.8.

THEODORA, alone. — AV. R.8.?

MICHAEL STRATIOTICUS, alone. AV. R.8. ?

ISAACIUS L, COMNENUS. — AV. R.8.

CONSTANTINUS XIII. — DUCAS, alone. —AV. R.4. AR. R.8. M. R.5.

CONSTANTINUS XIII. and EUDOCIA DALASSENA. — JE. R.4.

EUDOCIA and ROMANUS IV., DIOGENES.— AV. R.5. M. R.8.

EUDOCIA, ROMANUS IV., MICHAEL, ANDRONICUS, and CONSTAN- TINUS.—AV. R.8.

EUDOCIA, MICHAEL, and CONSTANTINUS. — AV. R.8.

ROMANUS IV. DIOGENES, alone. — IE. R.3.

MICHAEL VII., DUCAS, alone.— AV. R.5. AR. R.8. JE. R.6.

MICHAEL VII. and MARIA.— AV. R.6. AR. R.8.

NICEPHORUS III. BOTONIATES, alone. — AV. R.6. AR. R.8. JE. R.3.

ALEXIUS L, COMNENUS, alone. — AV. R.6. AR. R.8. JE. R.2.

A.LEXIUS L and CONSTANTINUS PORPHYROGENETUS. — A V ? JE.?

ALEXIUS I. and JOHANNES II., COMNENUS. — AV. ? JE.?

JOHANNES II., COMNENUS, alone. — AV. R.5. AR. R.7. M. R.3.

JOHANNES II. and ALEXIUS FILIUS. — AV.? JE. R.?

MANUEL L, COMNENUS, alone.— A V. R.5. AR. R.6. JE. R.3.

ALEXIUS II., COMNENUS, alone. — AR. R.8.

ALEXIUS II. and ANDRONICUS L, COMNEXUS, — AV.?

EMPERORS OF THE EAST. 209

ANDRONICUS I., COMNENUS, alone. — AV. R.6. AR. R.8. JE.

R.5.

ISAACIUS II., ANGELUS, alone.— AV. R.5. AR. R.5. JE. R.3. ALEXIUS III., ANGELUS-COMNENUS, alone. — AR. R.8. M. R.4. ALEXIUS IV. and ISAACIUS II., ANGELUS. — AV. ? JE.? ALEXIUS V., DUCAS-MURTZUPHLUS. — M. R.7.?

LATIN EMPERORS AT CONSTANTINOPLE.

BALDWIN I. of Flanders. — JE. R.8. HENRY of Flanders.— .E. R.4. ? PETER DE COURTENAI. — JE. R.4. ? ROBERT DE COURTENAI. — JE. R.4. ? BALDWIN II. DE COURTENAI. — M. R.8.

GREEK EMPERORS AT NICJEA.

THEODORUS I., LASCARIS. — ^E. R.8.

JOHANNES III., DUCAS-VATATZES. — AR. R.8. JE. R.7.

THEODORUS II., DUCAS-VATATZES.— AR. R.8. M. R.9.

GREEK EMPERORS AT THESSALONICA.

THEODORUS ANGELUS, alone. — JE. R.8. MANUEL ANGELUS, alone. — JE. R.8. JOHANNES ANGELUS, alone. — .32. R.6.

GREEK EMPERORS AT CONSTANTINOPLE AFTER THE EXPULSION OF THE LATINS.

MICHAEL VIII., PALEOLOGUS, alone.— A V. R.8. JE. R.8.? MICHAEL VIII. and ANDRONICUS II., PALEOLOGUS. — AV. R.8. ANDRONICUS II., PALEOLOGUS II., alone. — AV. R.6. AR. R. 8.

EE

210

EMPERORS OF THE EAST.

ANDRONICUS IT. and MICHAEL IX.— AV. R.6. AR. R.6. IE.

R.6.

ANDRONICUS II. and ANDRONICUS III. — AR. R.8. ? JE. R.8. ANDRONICUS III. PALEOLOGUS, alone. — IE. R.8. JOHANNES V., PALEOLOGUS, alone. — M. R.8. ANDRONICUS IV., PALEOLOGUS, alone. — AR. R.8. MANUEL II., PALEOLOGUS, alone. — AR. R.8. MANUEL II., JOHANNES VII., and IRENE. — JE. R.8. JOHANNES PALEOLOGUS VIII., alone. — AR. R.8. JE. R.8. ? MAHOMET II., conqueror of Constantinople. — JE. R.8.*

* This remarkable coin, which closes the Byzantine series, bears the legend — OM MHAHKIC IIACHC PwMAC KAI ANATOAHC MAXAMATHC ; i.e. The sovereign of all Greece and Anatolia— Mahomet !

SECTION III.

ENGLISH COINS.

" The interest which naturally attaches itself to the correct classification of uncertain coins, ought to be heightened in us by national feeling for those found in our own country ; and it must be confessed to be high time that we should begin to furnish our successors with gradually accumulating data concerning the finding of these coins, so that in time they may arrive at some satisfactory con- clusions as to the places to which they belong." — MR.BURGON, " On a Mode of ascertaining the Places to which British Coins belong." (Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 38).

ANCIENT BRITISH COINS.

THE doubt expressed by Eckhel l of the existence of primitive British coins has led many numismatists to deny to our rude ancestors the knowledge and use of a stamped currency. Among these are Sestini and Mionnet. The former hesitates to admit them in his Geographical List,2 while in the lists of the latter they are found mingled with Gaulish coins,3 though in many instances they are tacitly taken solely from English works ! Eckhel's unbelief is founded on the well-known pas- sage in Caesar4 — " Utuntur (Britanni) aut aere, aut taleis ferreis, ad certum pondus examinatis pro numo." It appears that some anonymous English numismatist endeavoured to convince this learned man of his error, but, though he notices the remonstrance in the Addenda to the Doctrinal he never- theless refuses to allow that the Britons, before the arrival of Caesar, had a coinage of their own.6

1 Doct. Num. Vet. vol. i. p. 80. 2 Classes Generales, p. 10.

'Descrip. de M£d. Grecques, tome 1, and supp. tome 1. 4 De Bell. Gall., lib. v.

Addenda ad Eckhelii, ed. A. Steinbiichel. Vindob., 4to., 1826. 8 It should be observed, that, in a MS. of the 10th century, in the British Museum, the reading is " Utuntur aut aere, aut nummo aureo, aut annulis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis, pro nummo." The reading of many other MSS. is very similar. (See Num. Chron., Vol. I., p. 17).

214 ANCIENT BRITISH COINS.

It is evident, however, that the rude coins discovered in this country are not of Gaulish origin, and it is equally certain that they are not formed on the Roman model. A perusal of several papers in the Numismatic Journal l and Numismatic Chronicle " will convince the most sceptical that the Britons struck money previous to the arrival of Caesar. Mr. Hawkins, in one of these papers, observes — " The British types seem to be taken principally from those of Philip of Macedon, barbarous imita- tions of which abounded in Europe. The resemblance to the original would be more or less correct, according to circum- stances, being affected by distance of time and place, the greater or less degree of skill of the artists employed, the wish to modify the original type, and accommodate it to the tastes or feelings of the people for whose use it was made. The imitation, too, appears to have depended upon memory ; for, though there is a general resemblance to the original type, it is evidently not executed with the ancient coin before the eye of the artist. The coin is clearly not a coarse copy of a fine original, but is itself the original work of an artist, who retains no more than a very general idea of the device he is to exe- cute. From tradition he learns that he is to put a head on one side, and a chariot or a horseman on the other; and, as he has not skill, he executes the device according to his want of power, aided a little by the less rude imitation of his prede- cessors, each succeeding coinage being worse than the other, till the more frequent intercourse with the Romans improved the skill of the native artists ; for it will be observed that the rudest coins are entirely without any letters, and that the introduction of Roman letters upon the coins is coincident with the improvement of the workmanship, till it attained its highest perfection under Cunobeline ; immediately after which I imagine the genuine British coinage to have ceased^ and to have been superseded by that of Rome."3

This view of the ancient British coins is perfectly in accord-

1 Vol. I., pp. 9 1,209.

2 Vol. I., pp. 13, 36, and 73. Vol. II., pp. 71, 191, and 231.

3 Observations upon British Coins, Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p.2">.

ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 215

ance with that of all our practical numismatists, and we feel assured that any other explanation of their types will lead to endless confusion and misrepresentation, and embarrass the studies of those who may undertake the task of illustrating this rude series.

Many of these pieces exhibit what may probably be an attempt, as Mr. Hawkins supposes, to accommodate the type to the peculiar fancy of the people for whose use they were intended; but, although we cannot be certain of this in the ancient British series, it is manifest on many Gaulish coins, on which we find the androcephalous horse,1 an eagle holding the reins of a horse, or an equestrian figure, as on this silver coin, which is one of those copied by the Gauls from the Tetradrachms of Philip of Macedon.2

The types of some of the British coins are so utterly barba- rous, that it is only by comparing them with other pieces less rude that we can be assured of the meaning of the object intended to be represented. For example, it will scarcely be believed that figures 9 and 10, in Ruding's 1st Plate, bear what is intended for a laureated head, with a horse on the re- verse, until they are compared with Nos. 13, 14, and 15, in the same plate ; and it is only by viewing them collectively that we can trace on others the origin of the wreath placed be- tween two crescents,* when it becomes apparent that the original was a laureated head !

Admitting that the passage in Caesar may have been inter-

1 It is remarkablethat the horse with a human head does not occur on ancient British coins; while it is repeatedly found on those of Gaulish origin.

2 This singular piece is now in the cabinet of Mr. John Huxtable, who for some years past has collected Gaulish and British coins.

3 See more especially the plate of British coins discovered at Ashdown Forest, in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. II. Figures 35 to 39, and even 40 to 42, in

216 ANCIENT BRITISH COINS.

polated, and it must be confessed that the various readings of MSS. quoted by Mr. Hawkins favour such a supposition, it may be urged that too much reliance has been placed by learned men on the accuracy of the statement it contains, especially when it is considered that the Roman general's visit was a hostile one, and that he was actively engaged in military operations during his brief stay in the island. The various accounts which ancient writers have given of Britain are worthy of notice. Cicero l says to his brother — " In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque argenti" To Atticus 2 he observes — " Illud jam cognitum est, neque argenti scrupulum ullum esse in ilia insula, neque ullam spem prsedae, nisi ex mancipiis."3 On the other hand Tacitus4 says — " Fert Bri- tannia aurum, argentum, et alia metalla, pretium victories ;" and Strabo5 — 3>tpti St alrov KOL jSoaiajjuara, KOL x/ovaov, KCU, apyvpov, KO.\ at'Srjpov. Further examples might be quoted, both from Suetonius and Pliny, as to the British pearls, but the foregoing are sufficient to prove that implicit credit should not be yielded to the account of Caesar.

The earliest British coins, as before observed, generally bear on one side the rude figure of a horse ; in some instances of such barbarous execution, that we can only be assured of the fact that the representation of that animal is intended, by comparing it with more successful representations.6 Other figures and symbols often occur; and, while some pieces are stamped on one side only, others bear on what, for the sake of distinction, must be called the reverse, rude ornaments of various kinds, the meaning of which cannot be readily ex-

Ruding's 2nd plate, may be referred to the same origin. It is proper to remark, that many of the coins engraved by Ruding are Gaulish, but little attention having been paid to these pieces at the time of the publication of that work.

1 Epist. ad Famil. lib. vii., ep. 7.

8 Lib. iv., ep. 16.

3 The whole of this sentence is highly characteristic of a people whose rapa- city had no bounds : —

Si qua fert tellus quae fulvum mitteret aurum, Hostis erat.

4 Vita Agricolae, c. 12.

5 Lib. iv., c. 5.

6 Vide Ruding, PI. 1., Nos. 9— 15 ; the Numismatic Journal, Vol. I., PI. I., No. 9 ; Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I., Nos. 2, 6, 14.

ANCIENT BRITISH COINS.

217

plained, though in all probability they had their origin in rude attempts to imitate more perfect representations. The wheel is the most common of the accessory symbols; but it is ex- tremely probable that even this formed part of the chariot of the prototype, of which the British artists were perhaps no longer capable of giving a perfect or intelligible copy. M. de Saulcy, a very able correspondent of the Revue Numismatique, and the author of an excellent work on the Byzantine Series, supposes he has discovered the origin of the type of the wheel in certain relics dug up in France ; of which representations are here given : l

but, as the wheel forms a conspicuous object on the coins of Massilia, the modern Marseilles,2 it appears more probable that it was derived from that source, if really intended as a distinct symbol; but of this we cannot be assured.

With regard to the iron rings mentioned by Caesar, it is some- what remarkable that nothing of the kind is known to have been discovered with British coins in England, while in Ireland rings of gold and of brass, of the form hereafter represented, have been dug up in great numbers. Enough to load a cart were found in a tumulus, in Monaghan, a few years since ; and this fact proves, that though these rings might occasionally have been applied to the purposes of money, they were originally intended for Jibuti* or some such personal ornaments.

1 Revue de la Numismatique Fran^oise, tome i., p. 162 ; Numismatic Journal, Vol. I., p. 218.

2 See a very interesting Tract by the Marquis Lagoy, entitled " Description de quelques Medailles de Massilia," &c., 4to. Aix, 1834.

F F

218

ANCIENT BRITISH COINS.

Rings of precious metal are repeatedly mentioned in Holy Writ, and are found figured as money on Egyptian monu- ments ; but there is nothing to warrant the belief that those above represented were originally intended as the metallic currency of Ireland, whose primitive inhabitants appear to have been unacquainted with the use of coined money.

The list which follows contains many singular coins. Seve- ral of them may be regarded as unique, and the remainder, with very few exceptions, of the greatest rarity. Those of Cunobeline are particularly interesting, many of them bearing types which are obvious copies of Roman denarii of the time of Augustus.

LIST OF BRITISH COINS.1

SEGONAX.?

1 . TASCIO. On a tablet, across the field ; above and below a wheel,

between two annulets and pellets.

SEGO. A horseman to the right; his right arm elevated : below an annulet, with a pellet in the centre. Ruding, PI. 4. — AV. R.8.

The appropriation of this and the following coin to Segonax is not certain.

2. SEGO. On a tablet, across the field, surrounded by a double twisted

line.

No legend. A horseman, to the right. Ruding, Appendix, PI. 29. No. 5.— AR. R.8.

COINS ATTRIBUTED TO BOADICEA.8

1. BODVOC. Across the field.

No legend. The barbarously drawn figure of a horse, with other symbols.— AV. R.8. ?

2. BODVOC. Beardless head to the right.

No legend. A horse galloping, to the right, with various symbols in the field. -AR. R.8.

1 The coins here described are for the most part of better execution than those without inscriptions, of which there are many varieties. To attempt to describe the latter would be useless ; and the reader is therefore referred to the plates in Ruding, as well as to those in the Numismatic Journal and Numisma- tic Chronicle. Many engravings of uninscribed British coins will be found in the latter works, with occasional notices of the places of their discovery. Those coins which have imperfect or illegible legends are also purposely omitted, as any certain interpretation of their signification must for the present be suspended. It is much more safe to wait the discovery of pieces with legends which may be read with certainty, than to speculate and indulge in theories upon the signifi- cation of what may after all be a barbarous imitation of some Greek legend. The word «I>IAinnor is often rudely imitated on Gaulish coins, and it is not unlikely that the British coins afford in some instances evidence of the same practice, though others might be discovered to bear the names of towns or chiefs.

2 The appropriation of these coins to Boadicea rests upon very slight autho- rity, and it is by no means certain that they are of British origin. Pieces of this type are of great rarity.

220 LIST OF BRITISH COINS.

COINS INSCRIBED " TASCIO" OR " TASCIA" ONLY.

1. TASC. On a square tablet, across the coin; the field filled with

various unknown ornaments.

No legend. Pegasus ;(?) below, a star. — Ruding, Appendix, PI. 29. No. 8.— AH. R.4.

2. No legend. Rude bearded head, the hair and beard formed of

dots or beads : before, a cluster of five pellets. TASCIA. An equestrian figure: a star and other symbols in the field.— AR.*

The workmanship of this coin is very peculiar.

3. No legend. Bearded head to the right.— IE. TASC. A horse; ? two clusters of pellets in the field.

4. TASCIA VA. Bare youthful male head, to the right. — M. T'A. Pegasus, standing, to the left.

5. TASCIA i. Bare bearded male head, to the right. — JE.

No legend. A Centaur to the right, playing on the double flute : above, a crescent and a pellet.

6. No legend. An ornament occupying the whole of the field, pro-

bably suggested by the Macedonian shield.

TASCIO ? A horse galloping, to the left. Ruding, PI. 5. No. 5. — JE.n.7.

COINS INSCRIBED » VER," ETC.

1. TASC. An equestrian figure, to the right, brandishing a club: ?

in the field, a star of five points, within a circle.

VER. In the compartments of various ornaments, which occupy the whole of the field, (see cut, p. 218).— AV.

We know of no other than the one figured. There are many varieties of these coins, some having merely the letter V, others a T in the centre of the reverse. They are all convex and concave. Others occur without any letter on the convex side: those with letters are R.6. and R.7.; with- out, R.4.

2. VER. Across the field, within a beaded circle. TASCIA. A horse galloping, to the right. — JE.

3. — Similar type and legend.

No legend. An equestrian figure, to the right. — JE.

4. VERLAMIO. Around what is probably imperfectly imitated from

a shield. No legend. A bull.— JE. R.7.

5. Similar types and legend on a smaller flan of metal. — JE. R.7.

* Those pieces without the estimations may be considered generally of the highest degree of rarity.

LIST OF BRITISH COINS.

221

COINS OF CUNOBELINE.

1. CVNOBELI. Two horses galloping, to the right: below, a wheel. CAMV. On a tablet, across the field, which is nearly filled by a kind of ornamented cross, with heart-shaped ornaments in .the 3.— AV. R.7.

2. CVNO. A horse, unbridled, galloping, to the right: above, a

branch. CAMV. An ear of barley, placed perpendicular to the legend. — AV.

There are varieties of this type differing in minute particulars, or by the addition of a subordinate symbol in the field.

3. Similar type and legend, half the size of the preceding. — AV.

R.6.

The types of these pieces are after those of the earlier Greek coins, and are utterly dissimilar from those of the Romans.

4. CVNO. Winged bust of Cupid (or Victory ?), to the right. TASCIO. A sphinx, squatting, to the right. — AR. R.6.

The obverse type appears to have been derived from a consular denarius. The piece itself is of the module of a quinarius.

5. TASC. Beardless bust, to the right.

CVNOBEII. Figure half naked, seated, holding a lyre : behind, a branch, which rises from the ground. — AR. R.8.

6. CVNOBELINI. Bare, beardless head, to the right.

No legend. A horse galloping to the right. — AR. R.6.

7. CAM vi. Rude bare head, without beard, to the left.

CVNO. Victory, seated in a chair, to the right, wearing a cap with border. (?) — AR.

8. CVNOBEL. In two compartments, across the field of the coin. —

AR. CVN. An equestrian figure, to the right.

There are varieties of this type : some have a star above and below the compartments.

222 LIST OF BRITISH COINS.

9. naaoNAO. (Retrograde), in two compartments,* across the

field : above and below, a star. No legend. An equestrian figure brandishing a spear. (?) — AR.

10. No legend. Bearded head to the right, the hair and beard formed of dots or beads : in the field two clusters of five pellets each.

TASCIO. A naked horseman, to the right, the right arm elevated: above, two clusters of pellets. — AR.

11. TASCIA. Laureated male beardless head to the right.

No legend. A horse ? grazing : above, a branch, and a star of five points. — AR.

12. TASC. On a tablet across the field, which is encircled by a

beaded line.

No legend. A horseman galloping, to the left, bearing a large oval shield. — AR.

13. TAS. Pegasus to the left.

No legend. Pegasus galloping, to the right, within a beaded circle, between two lines. — AR.

14. nasoNAO. (Retrograde), in the compartments of a tablet :

above, and below, a star.

No legend. A naked horseman, to the right, wearing a cap like the Macedonian causia, and poising a spear. (?) — AR.

15. CVNO. Across the field. Hercules, naked, leaning on his club. TASCIIOVA. Europa on the bull. — AR.

This remarkable and very elegant coin is formed on the Greek model.

16. CVN. On a tablet across the field.

No legend. An unknown animal preparing to spring, to the left.— AR.

17. CVN. Naked figure with the pallium, holding the hasta and — ? SOLIDO. Within a circle formed of two twisted lines. — AR.

18. CVNOBELINI. Bare beardless head to the right. — AR.

TASCIO. A horse galloping, to the right : above, a crescent.

19. CVNOBELIN. Laureated head, like that on the denarii of Au-

gustus. TASCIOVANI. A Centaur winding a horn. — JE».

20. CVNOBELIN. Winged beardless head.

TASCIO. Vulcan, seated, forging a helmet.? — M.

* The Marquis Lagoy, in his Essay on the Coins of Cunobelinus, observes that this style of inscription is not found on Gaulish coins.

LIST OF BRITISH COINS. 223

21. CVNOBELINVS REX. Bare head without beard.

TASC. A bull butting, as on the denarius of Augustus, inscribed IMP. x. — JE.

22. CVNOB. The head of Jupiter Ammon.

CAM. A lion? crouching, to the right: above, a branch. — JE.

23. CVNO. Male bearded head, with the horn of Ammon.

CAM. A horse galloping, to the right : above, the figure of the driver.— IE.

24. CVNO. Bare beardless head.

No legend. A hog, with its mane erect, like that on the Gaulish coins : above, a branch ? : below, an annulet, with a point in the centre. — M.

25. CVNOBELINI. Male beardless head, with a kind of helmet. TASCIOVANIT. A hog, to the right. — JE.

26. CVNO. On a tablet: below, a double beardless head, like that of

Janus. CAMV. On a tablet; a hog couchant. — IE. R.4.

27. CVNO. A sphinx squatting. — JE.

CAM. Bacchus ? standing before an altar, holding a bunch of grapes and the thyrsus, as on the coins of Maronea.*

28. CVNOBELINI. In two compartments, across the field: above

and below, an annulet, with a pellet in the centre. No legend. Victory seated, holding a garland. — IE.

29. CVNO. On a tablet, placed perpendicularly in the centre of a

wheat en crown. CAMV. A horse, unbridled, to the right. — IE.

The obverse type was probably borrowed from a denarius of the Postumia family.

30. CVNO. On a tablet, across the field.

CAM. A horse, unbridled, caracoling to the right. — IE.

31. CVN. A naked figure on horseback, to the right, brandishing a

short staff or baton.

TASCIIOVA. A helmed military figure, standing, wearing the pallium, and holding a staff or spear in his right hand. — IE.

32. CVNO. Across the field. Victory, standing, holding with both

hands a wreath. CAMV. Pegasus, to the left. — M.

33. CVN. A horseman, to the right.

No legend. Victory, walking to the right, holding a wreath. — IE. Unique.

* Ruding's artist has made a human head, with all the features, of the object held in the right hand of the figure. Vide Numismatic Journal, Vol. I. p. 218.

224 ROMAN COINS RELATING TO BRITAIN.

34. CVNO. Pegasus to the right.

TASCI. Winged figure, overpowering a bull. — J£.

This type is evidently borrowed from that of a gold coin of Augustus, with the legend ARMENIA CAPTA. The same representation occurs on an unique medallion of Antoninus Pius.

35. CVNO. A horse, unbridled, galloping, to the right : above, a

star of four points. (?) No legend. A griffin walking, to the right. — M.

ROMAN COINS RELATING TO BRITAIN.

THIS series has been described in a work published by the Author in 1836, under the title of " Coins of the Romans Relating to Britain, Described and Illustrated" The following emperors struck coins to commemorate their victories in this country : —

CLAUDIUS AV. and AR.

HADRIANUS M. only.

ANTONINUS Pius AV. ? IE.

COMMODUS flL. only.*

SEVERUS AV. AR. JE.

CARACALLA AV. AR. yE.

GETA AV. AR. M.

USURPERS IN BRITAIN.

CARAUSIUS AV. AR. M.

ALLECTUS AV. AR. IE.

Besides the foregoing, there are small brass coins of the family of Constantine, with the exergual letters, PLON., which were doubtless struck in London. Many of the coins of Clo- dius Albinus, with the title of Caesar, should, perhaps, be classed with this series, together with those of the Usurpers who assumed the Purple in Britain in the decline of the empire.

* There is a fine medallion of this emperor, with Victory holding a buckler, inscribed, VICT. BRIT. See " Coins of the Romans," &c. p. 26.

SAXON COINS.

RUDING commences his account of the Saxon coinage with the following observations : * — " Those who deny that the Saxons possessed any knowledge of the art of coinage before they landed in Britain, will find it extremely difficult to point out the source from whence they derived it after their arrival; for the Anglo-Saxon money bears not either in form, type, or weight, the least resemblance to those coins which at that time were the current specie of the island. This must necessarily have been composed of Roman money, with possibly a small intermixture of the British, neither of which could have been the prototype of the Saxon. That the barbarous workmanship of the British coins should not have excited their imitation is not surprising; but that they should have continued their own rude mode of coining, in preference to the beautiful specimens of Roman art which were constantly before their eyes, must be ascribed to a rooted detestation of that people, whose oppression they had experienced, and whose manners and customs they therefore abhorred to follow."

A careful examination of the imperial series, struck after the Romans had quitted Britain, would have satisfied our author that the moneyers of the Saxons were indebted to that people. It was evidently not a " rooted detestation" of the Romans which led them to adopt the great variety of crosses, and other totally uninteresting objects, which we find on the reverses of their money; for the obverses and reverses in many

* Annals of the Coinage, vol. i. 4to edition. G G

226 SAXON COINS.

instances indicate an attempt to imitate the coins of the lower empire. Our author had forgotten that the best specimens of the Roman coinage, if really in circulation at the time of the arrival of the Saxons, must have been too much defaced and obliterated to furnish copies to their rude artists. He admits, however, that two pieces * are evident copies from a Roman model, but does not attempt to account for its adoption by the Saxon moneyers. These pieces are, in fact, imitations of the very common little brass coin of the time of Constantino, with the wolf on the reverse, which no doubt circulated in this country long after the Romans had quitted it." Ruding ap- pears to think it impossible that a vanquished people should imitate the arts of their conquerors, and therefore concludes, either that the Saxons invented their own style of coinage, or endeavoured to render it as little as possible like that of the Romans.

The reason of the dissimilarity (and it must be admitted that many Saxon coins are not in any respect like those of the Romans) appears to be this: — The Saxon artists were incapable of executing more perfect pieces, and evidently stamped their dies upon circular pieces of silver, previously punched out. When they attempted a portrait, the effigies on the coins of the lower empire served them for copies, which they travestied in a most barbarous manner. The thinness of the flan of metal rendered it impossible to produce a bold relief, and this gave to many specimens of the Saxon money an appear- ance wholly dissimilar to that of the former occupiers of Britain. As regards the weight of the Saxon money, it would be difficult to shew that it does not assimilate to that of the lower empire after the abandonment of Britain by the Ro- mans. The denarius of the time of Honorius weighs, on an average, 48 grains; and its half, the quinarius, if we may judge

1 It should be observed that the genuineness of the penny of Ethilbert in the Museum is doubted.

2 If we are to allow, with Ruding, that the Saxons entertained so violent a hatred of the Romans, in what manner can we possibly account for the adoption of a type so peculiarly Roman, in two instances?

SAXON COINS. 227

from its being by no means uncommon at this day, must have been in very common use. From this latter coin the Saxons in all probability adopted their penny, which, as shewn in the authorities quoted by Ruding, should weigh 24 grains.1

The question, whether the Saxons coined gold, has been often warmly discussed by numismatic writers. Pegge, who, like his brother enthusiast, Stukeley, viewed everything through a false medium, having met with a small gold coin, said to have been discovered at Hull, pronounces it to be a piece of Saxon mintage.2 Ruding deems this opinion worthy of debate and refutation, and devotes several pages to shew, that the worthy but mistaken old antiquary was dealing with a subject of which he was profoundly ignorant. It is certain that, at present, we have no proof that the Saxons had a gold coinage, although a piece, with the name of Edward the Confessor, has lately been produced.3 To those who are desirous of making themselves acquainted with the arguments adduced in proof that the Saxons really coined gold, a perusal of Clarke's " Connexion" is recommended.4 Ruding has noticed at some length the extraordinary speculations of this writer, many of which be- tray a most singular ignorance of coins.

/ The sceatta, or skeatta, is the earliest Saxon * coin, and, as some of them are without the symbol of Christianity, they have been assigned to the Pagan princes previous to the arrival of St. Augustine. The first of these pieces which exhibits the cross is that of Ecgberht, king of Kent.

The word sceatta is by some derived from fcea-c, a part, or portion. Professor White, in a paper read to the Ashmolean So- ciety, remarks, that it is of Maeso-Gothic origin, scatt signifying

1 Hence the term pennyweight.

2 " Undoubtedly an Anglo-Saxon of the Northumbrian kingdom, being struck at York in the beginning of the 10th century \"— Dissertation on some Anglo- Saxon Remains, &c. A reference to Bouteroue will convince the reader that the Doctor's coin was one of those struck by the Merovingian princes.

3 See Numismatic Journal, Vol. I. p. 54, and Ruding (new edition), PI. H., 44.

4 " Connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and English Coins," 4to. London, 1767.

228 SAXON COINS.

in the Gospels of Ulphilus, a pound, a penny, and, indeed, money in general. This gentleman rationally concludes, that the term was used for money generally, as well as a dis- tinct coin; as getymbrian signified to build, either of timber, stone, or other materials. Ruding observes, that " whatever might have been the precise value of the sceatta, it was un- doubtedly the smallest coin known among the Saxons at the latter end of the seventh century, as appears from its forming part of a proverb: — Ne Sceat ne Scillin^, from the least to the greatest.

\ The penny is the next in antiquity. It is first / mentioned in the laws of Ina. The term has been derived by various writers from almost every European language; but the conjecture of Wachter, as noticed by Lye, seems the most reasonable. This writer derives it from the Celtic word pen, head — the heads of the Saxon princes being stamped on the earliest pennies. The fact of the testoon of later times having been so named, certainly adds weight to the opinion of Wachter.

Halfpenny \ Besides the penny, the Saxons had the half- and Farthing. } penny and farthing (Halpeni^e and Peopling or FeojrSunj). Examples of the former are known, but no specimen of the farthing has come down to us. Both the farthing and the halfpenny are mentioned in the Saxon Gos- pels. In the twelfth law of Canute, the latter is stated to be the value of the wax charged on every hide of land for church lights.

Styca.

-k The styca l was of copper, and appears to have / been struck only in the Northumbrian mints, and by the Archbishops of York. The mention of its value inci-

1 Lye derives this word from Stycce, minuta pars. Ruding does not at- tach much credit to this derivation : he finds, however, " that these coins seem to he the same as that which occurs in Domesday Book (vol. i. fol. 268), under the term minuta, from whence comes our mite.''

SAXON COINS. 229

dentally occurs in the Gospel of St. Mark, \vhere the two mites, which make one farthing, are termed stycas.1

Pound.MancusA Some writers have contended that the pound, ThTymsa™' pne mancusi the mark, the ora, the thrymsa, and Shilling. J the shilling, were current coin, and not money of

account. Ruding has carefully reviewed each argument in favour of such supposition, but without discovering anything in support of it. He has also considered the derivation of the various terms; and the result is certainly not in favour of those who contend that there were actual coins of the above deno- minations. The mention of the purchase of an estate by a Bishop of Durham for 120 mancuses of the purest gold, is not, in our opinion, evidence of such pieces of money having been in circulation. We think, with a correspondent of the Gentleman's Magazine," that the word mancus meant originally a manica, manicle, or bracelet for the wrist. The bracelets of an earlier period are of excellent gold, and, being adjusted to a certain weight, occasionally served the purposes of coined money. In the Saxon times, bracelets or other personal ornaments may have been similarly substituted ; the name and value at least may have been retained, as in the case of our guinea at the present day. Elfric, Archbishop of Canterbury, gives to Ceolric " V. punban and L mancuyan golbej' ;" i. e. five pounds and fifty mancuses of gold. In the ninth century, mancuses of silver, as well as of gold, are mentioned in payments. The mark would appear to have derived its name from some continental coin of general circulation at this period, bearing the effigy of Saint Mark.

Passing to the coins which have descended to us, we find pieces denominated sceattas, of Ecgberht, who reigned, in Kent, from A.D. 665 to A.D. 674.3 In design and execution these coins are barbarous. A. penny of Ethilbert the Second follows. This piece is remarkable for its singular reverse, which bears

, t *r> Fe°P^unS penm^er. Mark xii. 42.

2 Page 373, year 1837. The writer, however, confounds mark and martens, which is a palpable error, as shewn by Ruding, p. 225.

3 According to Ruding ; but see the remarks hereafter.

230 SAXON COINS.

an imitation of the small brass coin of the Constantine family, as before observed. The pennies of Beldred, king of Kent, bear on the reverse the abbreviation of DOROVERNIA CIVITAS. The first coin of the kingdom of Mercia is of Eadvald, whose reign commenced A.D. 716. Of Offa we have a great variety of types, many of which are of singularly good execution, a circumstance attributable to this monarch having visited Rome, and brought with him to England Italian artists. Ruding aptly observes, that, as Offa's journey was undertaken about two years previous to his death, the best executed pieces should be placed last in arranging this monarch's coins.1 Coins exist of Cenethreth, the queen of Offa. On the acces- sion of Ecgberht, his son, who struck coins, the foreign artists appear to have been sent home, as the money of this reign is of rude execution. Of Coenvulf we have a great variety of types, some of which appear to be rude imitations of the coins of Offa. Of Ciolvulf, one coin is remarkable for its evident imitation of the obverse of the coins of Arcadius and Hono- rius. Those of Beornvulf, Ludica, Berhtulf, and Burgred, are of the most barbarous execution. The latter monarch's coins are of various types, amounting to nearly thirty varieties. Of the kings of the East Angles, the earliest coins known are of Beonna, whose reign commenced about A.D. 690. These resemble the skeattas in size and design. We have pennies of Eadmund, whose reign commenced in A.D. 855; and there are also pennies of Ethel ward and Ethelstan.

The next in antiquity are the stycas of the Northumbrian mints, the only brass coinage of the Anglo-Saxons. The earliest are of Ecgfrith, whose reign commenced A.D. 670, and extended to A.D. 685 ; and the latest are those of Osbert, who reigned from A.D. 848 to A.D. 867.

On the pennies of Regnald, and on some of those of Anlaf, we find the Saxon CVNVNC, instead of the Latin REX. These coins are without the heads of those monarchs. Those of Eric, or Yric, sometimes bear on the obverse the rude figure of a sword. The pennies inscribed si PETRI MO, resemble the coins

Annals, Vol. I. p. 23fi.

SAXON COINS. 231

of Eric, and are therefore placed next in succession. Pennies of Saint Martin are also similarly stamped with a sword, and evidently belong to the same period, as do those of Saint Edmund, which, though without the sword, resemble those of Saint Peter and Saint Martin in style and fabric. Pennies of the Archbishops of Canterbury, commencing with Jaenberht, date from the time of Offa, whose name they bear. The pennies of Aethilheard also bear the name of Offa; one has the name of the archbishop, with that of Coenvulf. Those of Vulfred, Ceolnoth, and Plegmund, are without the monarch's name. Of the Archbishops of York, we have stycas with the names of Eanbald, Vigmund, and Vulfhere.

The pennies of the sole monarchs differ but little from those of the Heptarchic period. Examples of Ecgbeorht and Ethelvulf bear the word SAXONIORVM, or its abbreviation; and the latter, in addition, OCCIDENTALIVM. On the money of the great Alfred, the monogram of London occurs, and occupies the whole field of the reverse.1 Coins occur of this prince both with and without the head.

There are some peculiarities in the coins of Edward the First which are deserving of notice. On some appears a flower, on others an ornament, which it would be difficult to describe and name, while several bear the representations of what may be conjectured to be Saxon edifices. One of these coins, however, bears an imitation of the gate of the praetorian camp, as it appears on the very common small brass coins of Constantine, and furnishes another proof that the Saxons did not disdain to imitate the coins of the Romans. On some of the pennies of this king the hand of Providence appears, as it is represented on the coins of the Byzantine princes. Of this king halfpennies have been found, resembling in type his pennies without the head. There is reason to suppose that halfpennies were struck by the Saxon princes, his predecessors, but none have descended to these times. Of Athelstan's pennies, in whose reign there was evidently an extensive coinage, we have upwards of thirty types. The

1 See the Plate of Reverses of Saxon Coins.

232 SAXON COINS.

obverse often bears REX SAXORVM, or REX TOTIVS BRI- TANNIA, although the whole of England was not under his sway. In his charters he styles himself as " Regnum totius Albion is." On some of the pennies of Ethelred the Second, the word ERVX occurs within the angles of a cross, and on others the hand of Providence appears between the letters Alpha and Omega.1 Numerous coins of Canute remain : they are all pennies, and differ but slightly from those of the preceding kings. The pennies of Edward the Confessor offer a great variety of types, some of which differ entirely from any of the Saxon coinage.2 Those on which the king is repre- sented at full length, seated in a chair of state and holding the globe and sceptre, are more particularly referred to. The coins of his successor, Harold the Second, are imitations of one of the types of the preceding king.

1 See the Plates of Reverses of Saxon Coins.

2 A halfpenny of this king has been discovered recently. See Num. Chronicle, Vol. II. p. 35.

LIST OF SAXON COINS.1

KINGS OF KENT.

ETHILBERHT. I

A.D. 561 TO A.D. 616. SCEATTA.— R.8.

Obv.— EDILIREX (?) in two lines across the field : the whole within

three circles of pearls.

R — A rude attempt to represent some figure, supposed of a bird, in a manner similar to that of some of the earlier uninscribed sceattas.

The legend of the obverse appears to be a mixture of Saxon and Runic letters, and to present the name of Ethilred rather than that of Ethilberht. The above is Ruding's reading, but it is certainly not satisfactory.

ECGBERHT

A.D. 665 TO A.D. 674.

SCEATTA.— R.2. to R.6.

Obv. — EEEBERHT. A male figure standing, holding in each hand a long cross. R— ED TBEREHTVL. In the centre of the coin a cross.

Other skeattas of Ecgberht have a dragon on the obverse. Ruding has engraved ten specimens. It is doubtful, however, whether these coins belong to Kent. It is the general opinion that they are of Northumbrian origin, and that these skeattas are of Eadbert and his brother Egbert, Archbishop of York. (See a Note in the Numismatic Journal, Vol. I. p. 78, and a paper by Mr. Hawkins in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p.l).

1 This List is given as examples of Saxon coins, and is not intended to include all the known varieties.

H H

234 SAXON COINS.

ETHILBERT THE SECOND.

A.D. 749 TO A.D. 760. PENNY. (?)

Obv.— EJir^BERHfnC- The bare head of the king, to the

right.

R — REX, placed above the figures of two children, suckled by a wolf, as on the Roman coins. Ruding, Plate 3.

This coin is considered by some to be a modern fabrication. It belongs to the collection of the British Museum.

EADBEARHT. A.D. 794 TO A.D. 797. PENNY.— R.8.

Obv.— ESDBESRHT. REX., in three lines across the field. R— TIDHESH,Mn two lines.

CUTHRED. A.D. 797 TO A.D. 805. PENNY.— R.I. to R.5.

1. Obv.— + EVDRED REX EANr. The head of Cuthred

with the diadem of pearls, as on the portraits of the Roman emperors.

R— ?IGEBERHTI MONETA. In the centre a cross. Kuding gives two varieties of these coins.

2. Obv. — + EVDRED REX. In the centre a cross.

R (- DVD!S, between the angles of an ornamented figure,

resembling the letter Y. Two varieties of his coins are known without the head.

BELDRED.

A.D. 805 TO A.D. 823. PENNY.— R.8.

1. Obv. — +BSLDRED REX ESN?. Bearded head to the

right.

R_ + DIORCt)OD COONETS. In the field |P Y| (Dorover- nia Civitas).

2. 0^.— + BELDRED REX EANT. In the centre a cross

with a pellet in each of the angles. R h OBS. In the centre a similar cross.

Another has a cross crosslet in the centre, and a plain cross in the centre of the reverse.

SAXON COINS. 235

SOUTH SAXONS. No coins of the South Saxons are known.

KINGS OF THE WEST SAXONS.

AETHELWARD.i A.D. 726 TO A.D. 740. PENNY. — R.2. to R.4.

Obv.— EDELf SRD REX. In the centre a cross, with a crescent

in each angle.

R— AEDELHELM. A cross, with a pellet in each angle. Others have an 3! in the centre.

BEORHTRIC.

A.D. 784 TO A.D. — . PENNY. — R.8.

Obv. hBEORHTRIE REX. In the centre, S.

R— EEEHSRDI. With two crosses, having pellets in the angles, and a similar cross in the centre.

KINGS OF MERCIA.

EADVALD.

A.D. 716. PENNY.— R.8.

Obv.— EftDVSLD REX. In three lines, the ALD being the

first.

R — ESDNOT, in the compartments of a kind of quartfoil. There are two varieties of the coins of Eadvald.

OFFA. •

A.D. 757 TO A.D. 796. PENNY.— R.2. to R.8.

1. Obv.— + OFF& REX X. Male bust, with bare head.

R-~- + LVLLS, between four double circles. In the centre a star.

1 See, however, the coins of Aethelweard, p. 239.

236 SAXON COINS.

2. Obv.— OFFS REX MERElORv Bust to the right, with

bare head, the hair arranged in large curls. R — EADMVN between the angles of an ornamented cross.

3. Obv. — OFF7C REX CO, in two lines, between two rows of beads.

R— BEXNEXRb, in two lines, with a division across the centre of the coin.

4. Obv.— 0FFS REX. Bare male head to the right, with short

curls. R — ALHMTIN& in three lines, within a wreath.

5. Obv. — IBB2L Bust to the right with diadem of pearls, as

on the Roman coins of the Lower Empire. R — OFRCD, in the compartments of a kind of quartfoil. The moneyers of Offa are numerous.

CENETHRETH, OR QUINDRED,

Wife of Offa. PENNY.— R.8.

1. Obv.— E0BS. Bust to the right.

R— + EENE:JRE:J REGINS. In the centre, <^.

2. Obv. — GOBS. Bust to the right.

R — Similar to that of the preceding coin.

3. Obv.— H-EENjREt REGINS. In the centre of the

coin, Y

R— OBS 00.

EGCBERHT. A.D. 796 TO A.D. — . PENNY.— R.8.

1. Obv.— + EGCBERHT. In the centre of the coin, R.

R — BSBBS, in the angles of an ornamented cross.

2. Obv. — Similar to that of the preceding coin.

R — VDD. across the field; above and below various orna- ments.

-»

COENVULF. A.D. 796 TO A.D. 819.? PENNY.— R.2. to R.6.

1. Obv.— EOENVVLF REX Y. A rude head, with the diadem of pearls.

R— + DVN COONETS. In the centre, a cross crosslet.

SAXON COINS. 237

2. Obv. — A similar type and legend.

R— + TIDBEXRHT MONETS. In the centre four C's placed back to back, and a pellet.

3. Obv. — A similar type and legend.

R — LVL-)-, in the angles of an ornamented cross, each letter encircled by a string of beads.

4. Obv. — + E0ENVVLF REX. In the centre, r.

R -- f-EOBA, in the angles of a large ornamented Y.

5. Obv.— E0ENVVLF REX F Y, in three lines.

R — LVDO^OAN, in two lines, with .various ornaments.

His moneyers' names are numerous.

CIOLVULF THE FIRST. ABOUT A.D. 819 TO A.D. 819. (?)

PENNY.— R.7. to R.8.

1 . Obv.— OOLVVLF REX CO. A rude head, with the diadem

of pearls. No inner circle.

R hEALH-TAN COONETA. In the centre, a small

cross, four crescents back to back, and four small diamonds.

2. Obv.— + EIOLVVLE (sic) REX/. Bust with diadem of

pearls. No inner circle.

R— DEALING MON, between the angles of an ornamented cross.

BEORNWULF. ABOUT A.D. 819 TO A.D. 824.

PENNY.— R.8.

Obv.— BEORNf VLF REX. An attempt to represent a human head with the diadem.

R— EVE?A CDOnEt A. In the centre, a cross crosslet.

LUDICA.

A.D. 824 TO A.D. 826. ? PENNY.— R.8.

O^y.— ^LVDIES REX ME. A rude head, with the diadem of pearls.

R— J7ERCALD CTOOHE, in three lines across the field, which is entirely without ornament.

238 SAXON COINS.

BERHTULF. A.D. 839 TO A.D. 852.? PENNY.— R. 2. to R.4.

1. Obv. BERHTVLF REX. A rude head.

R— + DENEHESN. An ornamented cross.

2. Ob v. — Similar head and legend.

R -- l-ZIGEHE^H. In the centre a cross, with an annulet in each angle.

BURGRED. A.D. — TO A.D. 874.

PENNY.— -C. to R.I.

1. Obv. -- I-BVRERED REX. A rude attempt at the regal portrait.

COONETS, in three lines.

There are slight varieties of this type ; but the coins of Burgred are very similar to each other.

CEOLVULF.

AD. 874 TO — .

PENNY. — R.6. to R.8.

1. Obv.— +LEOLVVLF REX ^. The regal portrait. R -- i-OBS COONETA, in three lines.

The coins of Ceolvulf resemble those of his predecessor.

KINGS OF THE EAST ANGLES.

BEONNA. A.D. 690 TO AD. — . PENNY.— R.8.

1. Obv.— + BEOHNS REX. In the field a circle, with a pellet

in the centre.

R |-ETE (sic}. In the centre a cross, within a square

composed of beads or pellets.

2. Obv.— + BEOXX3 REX(szc). In the centre a pellet, within

a circle of beads or pellets. R — Similar to the preceding coin.

These coins resemble the skeattas.

SAXON COINS. 239

EADMUND.

About A.D. 855 TO — . PENNY.— R.2. to R,7.

1. Obv.— + ESDMVND REX AN. In the centre, X.

R— + EXDMVND MONE. In the centre, a cross with a pellet in each angle.

2. Obv. I-SDMVND REX AN. In the centre, a cross with a

small crescent in each angle.

R— + EDEFNET (sic). MMO. pro. ETHILHELXM. In the centre, a cross with a pellet in each angle.

Ruding gives nine varieties of these coins, which differ but slightly from each other : they are without the head.

AETHELWEARD. A.D. — TO A.D. — .? PENNY.— R.2. to R.4.

1. Obv.— SEDELVVESRD REX. In the centre, 'R.

R — As Eadmund, No. 1.

The other pennies of Aethelweard so closely resemble those of Eadmund, that this king is supposed to have reigned over the East Angles about the same period, and not over the West Saxons as was at first conjectured.

ETHELSTAN.

RAISED TO THE THRONE OF EAST ANGLIA BY ALFRED, A.D. 870; BAPTIZED, A.D. 878; DIED, A.D. 890.

PENNY.— R.3. to R.6.

1. Qbv.— + EJ7ELSTAN. In the centre, "R.

R hRERNHER. in the centre, a pellet within a circle.

Ruding gives ten varieties of the coins of Ethelstan, all of which are without the head.

240 SAXON COINS.

KINGS OF NORTHUMBERLAND.

ECGFRID.

A.D. 670 TO A.D. 685. STYCAS.— R 6. Brass.

ALDFRID. A.D. 685 TO A.D. 705.

SCEATTAS. R.8.

Only two known ; one of fine silver, the other of brass. See the above cut.

EADBERT. A.D. 737 TO A.D. 758. SCEATTAS. — R.8. Base silver.

ALCHRED. A.D. 765 TO A.D. 774. SCEATTAS. — R.8. Silver.

ELFWALD. A.D. 779 TO A.D. 788.

SCEATTAS. — R.8. Silver.

HEARDULF. A.D. 794 TO A.D. 806. STYCAS.? — R.8. Brass.

EANRED.? A.D. 808 TO A.D. 840. PENNY.— R,8.

1. Obv.— + EANRED REX. The regal bust, to the right.

R— DES MONET A QQ (sic). In the centre, a cross two of the limbs terminating in crosses and two in Y's.

SAXON COINS. 241

STYCA.— C.

1. Qbv. I-EANRED REX. In the centre, a cross.

R. f-MONNE. In the centre a cross.

2. Obv. I-EANHEDHEX (sic). In the centre a cross, with

a peljet in the first quarter.

R . 1- VVLFH EARD. In the centre a cross, with a pellet

in the second quarter. (Ruding, No. 3).

3. Obv. — + EANRED REX. In the centre a cross.

R. hBRODR (sic}. In the centre, a pellet within an

annulet.

ETHELRED. A.D. 840 TO A.D. 848. STYCAS. — C. to R.4. Brass. One is known of fine silver.

REDULF. A.D. 844 TO — .

STYCAS — R.3. Brass.

OSBERCHT. A.D. 848 TO A.D. 867.

STYCAS.— R.2. Brass.

REGNALD. A.D. — TO A.D. 944.

PENNY.— R.8.

Obv. hREENALD EVNVE. In the centre a cross fleury.

R h AVRA MONIT RE (sic). In the centre a small cross.

ANLAF. A.D. — TO A.D. 944.

PENNY.— R.6. to R.8.

1. Obv.— + ANLAF CVNVNEI. A rude figure of a raven. • R .— + HELFERDMINETI (sic). In the centre a small cross.

i i

242 SAXON COINS.

2. Obv.— + ANLAF CVNNVNE. An unknown object.

R . I-FARMAN MONETA. In the centre the sacred

standard of the Danes ?

Ruding gives other types.

ERIC.

A.D. 952 TO — . PENNY.— R.6. to R.7.

1. Obv. — ERIE REX, in two lines across the field; between

them, a sword.

R . f-INE-ZELXrAR. In the centre a cross, with a pellet

in each quarter.

There are two varieties of this type.

2. Obv. hERIE REX N, and two crescents. In the centre

a small cross.

R . — INHELIiAR~M, in two lines; between them, three small crosses.

SAINTS.

SAINT PETER.

(York). PENNY.-R.I.

1. Obv.— SCIPETRIMO, in two lines.

R .— EBORACECI (sic). In the centre a cross within a circle of pearls. (Ruding, No. 10).

2. Obv.— SCIPETRIIO, in two lines; between them, a sword

like that on the coins of Eric; below, an- object probably intended for the head of a spear, with the point downwards.

SAINT MARTIN.

(Lincoln). PENNY.— R.7.

1. Obv. — SCIMARTI, in two lines; between them a sword;

below, ±.

R .— + LINCOIACIVIT (sic). An open plain cross, with another cross in the centre.

SAXON COINS. 243

SAINT EDMUND.

{Bury Saint Edmunds). PENNY. — R.I.

1. Qbv.— + SCESDMVNE. In the centre, K.

R r-ELISMVSAAO (sic). In the centre, a plain cross.

There are several varieties of these pennies, but they do not differ mate- rially from each other.

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. *

JAENBERHT.

A.D. 763 TO A.D. 790. PENNY. — R.8.

1. Obv.— IXENBRHT AREP. In the centre, a star.

R . — OF FA REX, in two lines, within an ornamented area.

AETHILHEARD.

A.D. 790 TO A.D. 803. PENNY. — R.8.

1. Obv.— /.XEDILHE^RD POT T. In the centre a cross

crosslet.

R . — OFF A REX 03.' In three lines. 2 Obv.— + SEDILHESRD 3TR. In the centre EP.

R . — EENVLF REX r, between the angles of a large figure resembling the letter Y.

3. Qbv. f-XEDILHEARD SR. In the centre e~

R .— + EOENVVLF REX. In the centre, CD. No. 1 bears the title of Pontifex only. The others that of Archiepiscopus.

VULFRED.

A.D. 803 TO A.D. 830. PENNY.— R.3. to R.7.

1. Obv.— -fWLFRED SREHIEP 7. A rude full-faced bust, R .— SAEBERHT MONETA. In the centre the mono- gram of Dorovernia.

1 See a paper " On the Arrangement of the Coins of the Archbishops of Can- terbury." Num. Chronicle, Vol. II., p. 209.

244 SAXON COINS.

2. Obv.— + VVLFREDI SRCHIEPISEOP. A rude full faced

bust.

R .__ + DOROVERNIA EIVITATIS. In the centre a cross crosslet.

3. Another with a similar obverse, but with +DOROVERNIA

CI VITAS, in four lines across the field.

CEOLNOTH. A.D. 830 TO A.D. 870.

PENNY.— R.I. toR.8.

1. Obv.— +EEOLNOD SREHIEP. A rude full-faced head,

as on the coins of Wulfred.

R.— + HEREIN MONETS, within a large cross extending to the edge of the coin, the letters NET A being in the angles.

2. Obv.— + EIALNOD SREEPIS. A rude full-faced bust.

R .— + VVNERE CDONETS. In the centre the mono- gram, composed of the Greek letters X and P, as on the coins of the Lower Empire.

3. Obv. hEEOLNOD SREHIEP. A rude bust to the right,

with a fillet round the head, ornamented with a crescent. R . hTOEFS MONET A, in three lines across the field.

Ruding gives eight varieties of the coins of Ceolnoth.

ETHERED. A.D. 871 TO A.D. 891.

Obv.— + EDERED ARCHIEPI. The bust of Coenvulf (?) R .— EDERED MONETA.

PLEGMUND.

A.D. 891 TO A.D. 923. PENNY.— R. 7. to R.8.

1. Obv.— + PLEEMVND SREHIEP. In the centre V

R .— JEDELVLF MO., in two lines across the field, divided

by three small crosses.

i

There are four varieties of the coins of Plegmund.

SAXON COINS. 245

UNCERTAIN.

Supposed to be Archiepiscopal. PENNY.— R.4.

1. Qbv.— +SVVEFNERD MONETA. Diademed head to the

right.

ft— DOROBERNIA El VITAS, in three lines across the field.

2. Obv.— Same legend. Diademed head to the right.

R— SVVEFNERD MONETA. In the centre|* -f*

ARCHBISHOPS OF YORK.

EANBALD. STYCA.— R.I.

1. Obv. (- EANBALD. In the centre, a small cross.

R— + EDILVE7CRD. In the centre, a small cross.

VIGMUND. STYCA.— R.

1 . Obv. 1- VIGMVND AR. In the centre a cross, with a pellet

in each angle. R (-HVNLAF. In the centre, a plain cross.

2. Obv.— -}- VIGMVND IREP. In the centre, a plain cross.

R (-FROINNE. In the centre, a cross, composed of

pellets or studs.

VULFHERE. STYCA. — R.2.

1. Cbv.— VVLFHERE REP. (retrograde), round a wheel with four spokes. ?

ft. hVVLFRED. In the centre four crescents, placed

back to back.

246 SOLE MONARCHS.

ECGBEORHT. ABOUT A. I). 800? TO A.D. 837.

PENNY.— R.4. to R.8.

1. Obv.— + EEGBEORHT REX. A rude head to the right.

R h SIDESTEP. In the centre, a cross crosslet.

2. 06V.- + EEEBEVRHT R. A rude head to the right.

R— + SVEFNVRD MON. In the centre a monogram, probably intended for Canterbury.

Ruding gives five varieties with the head, and four without it.

3. Obv. — ECBEORHT REX. In the centre a monogram, and

letters composing part of the word S AXONIORVM. R I-TIDEMAN MONE. In the centre a plain cross.

ETHELVULF. A.D. 837 TO A.D. 857.

PENNY. — R.2. to R.5.

1. Obv.— EDELVVLF REX. A rude head with the diadem,

to the right. R I-BITTRNNOD. In the centre an ornamented 7T.

2. Obv. — Similar legend and type.

R— HVNRED MONETA, disposed as on the coin of Archbp. Ceolnoth, No. 1, p. 244.

3 Obv. 1- EDELVVLF REX. In the centre a cross, with a

triangular point in each angle.

R h BEAHCDVVND (sic). In the centre a cross crosslet.

4 Obv.— + EDELVVLF REX. In the centre the letters

DORIBI.

R— + EALDMVND MONETA. In the centre CSN

5 Obv.— EDELVVLF REX. In the centre, as No. 3.

R__)-OSMVND MONETA. In the centre, S AXO- NIORVM in three lines.

0. Obv.— A similar type, with OEEIDENTALIVM in the place of the monoyer's name.

SAXON COINS. 247

AETHEBALD.

A.D. 857 TO A.D. 862.

No coins are known of this monarch.

AETHELBEARHT.

A.D. 862 TO 867. PENNY.— C. to R.5.

1. Obv.— -f- AEDELBEARHT REX. A rude bust with bare

head.

R .— DEEBEARHT MONETA, disposed upon and within the angles of a large cross, occupying the whole field of the coin.

2. Obv. — Same legend. Rude bust with diadem.

R— EENVEALD MONETA. In the centre an orna- mented cross.

Two hundred and forty-nine coins of the type of No. 1 were found at Dorking in the year 1817. But few specimens of his money were previously known.

AETHELRED.

A.D. 867 TO A.D. 872. PENNY.— R.2.

1. Obv.— + ADELRED (or AEDELRED) REX. Rude bust

with diadem.

R— DENEVALD MONETA, in three lines, within com- partments.

2. Obv.— +EBELRED REX SAXORV. In the centre, a

small cross. R -

AELFRED.

A.D. 872 TO A.D. 901. PENNY.— R.I. to R.8.

1. Obv.~ -fAELBRED REX +. Rude bust with diadem.

R .— + IARNRED MONETA, in three lines within com- partments.

2. Obv. — ELFRED REX. Diademed bust. No inner circle.

R— The large monogram of LONDONIA.

3. Obv.— AELFRED REX. In the centre a small cross.

R— SDELVLF MO (neta), in two lines.

4. Obv.— + ELFRED M + - + . Rude head.

R— + DVDD MONETA, in three lines.

248 SAXON COINS.

EADWEARD THE FIRST.

A.D. 901 TO A.D. 924. PENNY. — C. to R.8.

1. Obv.— xaa af[A3VV(lA3 («*)• Rude bust to the right.

R— II ZIVVMAfia (sic), in two lines.

2. Obv.— EADWEARD REX. Diademed bust to the left.

R— EKLSTAN MO, in two lines.

3. Obv. — Similar legend. In the centre a small cross.

R—VVALEMAN MO. In two lines.

4. Obv. — Similar legend. In the centre a small cross.

R — VVLFSEQE, in two lines. A building with round

arches. 6. Obv. — Similar legend and type.

R— EVDBERHT, in two lines. A building surmounted by a star.*

6. Obv. — Similar legend and type.

R — VVLFGAR, across the field, divided by a line, on which is the representation of a building with wings ; below, a cross.

7. Obv. — Similar legend and type.

R — ALHSTAN MO, in three lines ; a hand descending from the clouds, as on the Byzantine money, backed by a nimbus encircling a cross. HALFPENNY. — R.8.

8. Obv. — Similar legend and type.

R-BIORNVVALD, in two lines.

9. Obv.— Similar legend and type.

R— CIOLVLF MO, in two lines.

ATHELSTAN. A.D. 924 TO A.D. 940. PENNY.— C. to R.8.

1. Obv.— -f .EDELSTAN REX. A crowned bust, to the right.

R— + DRVHTVALD MON. In the centre a small cross.

2. Obv. Similar legend. A small cross in the centre.

R— ABBA MON, in two lines.

* The object on the reverse is copied from that on the very common coin of the time of Constantine the Great, generally called the gate of the Praetorian Camp.

SAXON COINS. 249

3. Obv. — Similar legend and type.

R— REENALD MON EBoRAE AC, in four lines from the bottom, the field of the coin divided b'y a line, upon which stands a tower, or some such edifice.

4. Obv.— + EDEFSTAN RE SAXORVM. In the centre, a

cross. R— + BO1GA MOT. CT. DEORABVI. Small cross.

5. Obv. only.— +^DELSTAN REX TOT. BRIT. In the

centre, a small cross.

EADMUND. A.D. 940 TO A.D. 946. * PENNY. — C. to R.8.

1. Obv.— ESDMVND REX. A rude bust, to the right, with

a kind of helmet. R i-BESE MONET A. A cross crosslet in the centre.

2. 0&v.— EADMVND REX. A crowned bust, to the right.

R— EEERED MONETA, in two lines.

3. Obv. (-EADMVND REX, in the centre, a small cross.

R— BACIAFER, in two lines.

The pennies with his head are extremely rare.

EADRED.

A.D. 946 TO A.D. 955. PENNY.— C. to R.3.

1. 06y.— + EADRED REX. A crowned bust, to the right.

R— + FREDRED MONETA. In the centre, a small cross.

2. Obv.— + EADRED REX. In the centre, a small cross.

R— + LIFINE MO, in two lines.

EADWIG.

A.D. 955 TO A.I). 959. PENNY. — R.I. to R.8.

1. Obv.— + EADVVID REX. A crowned bust, to the right.

R— HBVLF MONETA LVND. In the centre, a small cross.

2. Ofo;.— + EXDP1D REX. In the centre, a small cross.

R— IIERIGER MO. In two lines across the field. K K

250 SAXON COINS.

3. Obv.— + EADVVIE HEX. In the centre, a small cross.

R — ERIM, on a tablet or compartment across the field of the coin.

4. Obv. — Similar legend. In the centre, a small cross.

R — OSpTCLD. A grotesque ornament. Only one penny is known with his head.

EADGAR.

A.D. 959 TO A.D. 975. PENNY.— R.I. to R.6.

1. Obv. l-EftDCAR REX. A crowned bust, to the right.

R— + ADVLF MONETA LVND (London). In the centre, a small cross, and a still smaller cross near the inner circle.

2. Qbv.— +EADEAR REX ANDLORVM. In the centre, a

small cross.

R— + FVNSICE MONETA f INTO (Winchester). In the centre, a small cross.

EADWEARD THE SECOND.

A.D. 975 TO A.D, 979. PENNY.— R.I.

1. Obv.— + EADJ7EARD REX A. Diademed bust, to the left.

R-. + DVN MO EOFORJ7IE (York). In the centre, a small cross.

2. Obv — +EADFARD REX ANCL". Diademed bust, to

the left.

R— + ESEMANT M O. STANF (Stamford). In the centre, a small cross.

AETHELRED THE SECOND.

A.D. 797 TO — PENNY.— R.I. to R.6.

1. Obv.— + JEDELRED REX ANELO. Diademed head, to

the right.

R— + LEOFSTAN ON CANT. In the centre, a small cross.

2. Obv. h^EDELRED REX ANGLO. Diademed bust, to the

right.

R— + VALTFERD MO EIP (Ipswich). In the centre, the hand of Providence between A. Q.

SAXON COINS. 251

3. Obv.— ^EDELRED REX ANELO. A rude bust with bare

head, to the right, without the inner circle. R— + TOEA MCTMELVD (Maldon). A voided cross, to the edge of the coin, without the inner circle.

4. Obv.— ^EDELRjED REX ANGLO. Armed bust, to the

left, with radiated crown. No inner circle. R— + DRENE MO. LINE (Lincoln). A large voided

cross, reaching to the edge of the coin, over a lozenge with

three pellets at each corner. 5 Obv.— + .EDELR.ED REX ANELOR. Bust with bare

head, to the left; a sceptre in front. R_ + ^£LFPINE MO. NA. In the centre, a voided

cross, in the angles of which are the letters CRVX.

SUEIN. A.D. 1013.

The penny engraved by Ruding is a Danish coin.

CNUT.

A.D. 1017 TO — PENNY.— C. to R.8.

1. O6y.— + ENVT REX ANELOR. Diademed bust, within a

quatrefoil.

R— ^EELPINE ON BRI (Bristol). A voided cross, reaching to the edge of the coin.

2. Obv.— ENVT REX AN. Diademed bust, to the left, with a

sceptre surmounted by a kind of fleur de Us ; no inner circle.

R— + PVLMOD ON EOFER (York). A voided cross, reaching to the inner circle, with an annulet in the centre.

3. Obv.— ENVT REX ANELORV. A crowned bust, to the

left.

R_ + pVLFRED ON LVNDEN. A voided cross, reaching to the edge of the coin, over a quatrefoil.

4. Obv.— ENVT REX ANE. Bust to the left, with a conical-

shaped cap ; before, a sceptre.

R— + EDLSTAN ON BADS (Bath). Avoided cross, reaching to the inner circle, &c.

5. Obv. only. (-VLF ON LINCOLN E. A voided cross,

with PAX in the angles.*

* An extremely rare type.

252 SAXON COINS.

HAROLD THE FIRST.

A.D. 1036. PENNY.— 11.2. to R.8.

1. O!tv.— + HAROLD R. Bust to the left, with diadem.

R— + EDP1NE ON DOFllv (Dover). In the centre, a kind of voided cross ; no inner circle.

2. Obv.— +HAROLD RECX A. Bust with sceptre. No

inner circle.

R— + ELFPINE ON DEOD (Thetford). A voided cross, reaching to the edge of the coin. In each angle, a kind of feur de Us.

HARTHACNUT.

A.D. 1040. PENNY.— R. 6. to R.8.

1. Obv.— + HARDAENVT REX. Diademed bust, to the right.

No inner circle.

R— ELFPINE ON PIEE (Worcester}. A kind of voided cross, as Harold, No. 1. No inner circle.

2. Obv. — A similar legend. Diademed bust, holding a sceptre, to

the left.

R— +EODRII: ON CLEPEEE (Glosler). A voided cross ; a mascle in the centre.

3. Obv.— +HARDCNVT RE. A similar bust.

R-+LEFENOOD ON HERE (Hereford). A similar cross to that on No. 2.

EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.

A.D. 1042 TO 1066. PENNY.— C. to 11.7. HALFPENNY. — R.8.*

1. Obv.— -I-EDPERD REX. Diademed bust, to the left, with

sceptre. No inner circle.

R_ + SEVLA ON EOFERPIC (York). A kind of voided cross, reaching to the inner circle ; in the second quarter an annulet.

2. Obv.— ESDPARD REX. Crowned bearded bust, to the

right,, with sceptre ; no inner circle.

* See Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. II. p. 35, and Numismatic Journal, Vol.11, p 253.

SAXON COINS. 253

R— SENEBRN ON EOFR. Across the field, a tablet reaching to the inner circle, inscribed PSX.

3. Obv. f-EDPERD REX. Diademed bust, to the left, with

sceptre.

R_ + ;CIT:GIL ONN (sic) EOFERP. No inner circle. A voided cross reaching to the letters of the legend ; in the angles, the letters P. A. E. X.

4. Obv. — EADPJID REX ANELORV. A robed and crowned

male bearded figure, seated on a chair of state, holding in his right hand a staff surmounted by a cross, and in his left outstretched, a globe, surmounted by a cross. No inner circle.

R + DEORMAN ON LVNDE-.- (London). Avoided cross, reaching to the inner circle ; in each quarter, a martlet.

5. Qbv.— ESDPARD RX (sic) ANGLO. A crowned beard-

less figure, seated in a chair of state, holding the same in- signia as the figure on the preceding coin. No inner circle.

R — Type as No. 4.

6 Obv.— EDPEARD REX. Full faced crowned bust, holding a sceptre in the right hand. No inner circle. R— MANPINE ON DOPER (Dover). A voided cross, reaching to the inner circle ; in the angles, an ornament.

7. Obv. (-EDPARDE REX. A full-faced bearded bust, with

a round cap, surmounted by a cross, formed of five pellets.

R— + NOETEL ON EORP (York). In the centre, a small cross ; above, an annulet.

8. Obv. hEDPARD RE. " Diademed bust, to the left.

R___|_SPOTA ON BEDE (Bedford). A voided cross, reaching to the letters of the legend ; no inner circle. There are upwards of five hundred varieties of the coins of this king.

HAROLD THE SECOND.

A.D 1066. PENNY.— R.2.

1. Obv.— HAROLD REX ANHL. Bearded bust with a kind of ducal cap, to the left ; before, a sceptre. R— + SNAEBEORN ON EON (Exeter) i? and across the field, a tablet inscribed PAX. The inner circle and the tablet composed of rows of dots or pellets.

254

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255

WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GOLD COINS, FROM HENRY THE THIRD TO ELIZABETH.

	Gold Penny.	Florin	Noble.	Angel.	Sovereign or Double Hial.	George Noble.	Crown
Henry III. . . . 18th Ed ward III. .	45, 45-2, 45-2*	108'	136 '7
20th „			l'>8-6
27th			120-
1st Richard II.			1*>0-
13th Henry IV.			108-
5th Edward IV. . 1st Henry VII		....	120-	so-	240-
18th Henry VIII.						71 -1	57.3
34th „				so*	200'
36th					199.
3rd Edward VI. .					169-4
4th				80-	4)40'
6th „					174-5
43th Elizabeth				79 '3	171 -9

These are the respective weights of the three pieces known.

A TABLE OF THE STANDARD FINENESS OF SILVER MONEY, FROM THE 28TH OF EDWARD THE FIRST TO THE 43RD OF ELIZABETH.

	Fine.	Allay.		Fine.	Allay.
	07,. dwt.	oz. dwt.		oz. dwt.	oz. dwt.
28th Edward I. .	11 2	0 18	1st Richard III. .	11 2	0 18
18th Edward III	11 2	0 18	19th Henry VII. .	11 2	0 18
19th	11 2	0 18	29th	11 2	0 18
20th	11 2	0 18	18th VIII. .	11 2	0 18
27th	11 2	0 18	23th	11 2	0 18
30th	11 2	0 18	34th	10 0	2 0
18th Richard II.	11 2	0 18	36th	6 6	6 0
3rd Henry IV. .	11 2	0 18	37th	4 0	8 0
9th , V. .	11 2	0 18	1st Edward VI	4 0	8 0
1st , VI. .	11 2	0 18	2nd „	4 0	8 0
4th , „ .	11 2	0 18	3rd	6 0	6 0
24th , „ .	11 2	0 18	4th	3 0	9 0
49th , „ .	11 2	0 18	5th	3 0	9 0
4th Edward IV.	11 2	0 18	6th	11 1	0 19
5th	11 2	0 18	1st Mary ....	11 1	0 19
7th	11 2	0 18	1st Elizabeth . .	11 2	0 18
8th	11 2	0 18	2nd „ . .	11 2	0 18
llth	1] 2	0 18	19th „ . .	11 2	0 18
16th	11 2	0 18	'25th „	11 2	0 18
22nd	11 2	0 18	43th „ . .	11 2	0 18

256

A TABLE OF THE STANDARD FINENESS OF GOLD MONEY, FROM THE 41sT OF HENRY THE THIRD TO THE 43RD OF ELIZABETH.

	1.		2	•	£	}.	A	k.
	Fine.	Allay.	Fine.	Allay.	Fine.	Allay.	Fine.	Allay.
41th Henry III. . 18th Edward III.	car. gr. 1	car. gr	car. gr.	car. gr.	car. gr.	car. gr.	car. gr.	car. gr.
19th „
20th „
23rd
27th
30th ,,
13th Richard II.
3rd Henry IV. .
13th
9th Henry V. . 1st Henry VI. . 4th „	•23 3i	0 0<;
24th	-
49th „
4th Edward IV. .
5th
8th
llth
16th
22nd
1st Richard III. .
1 9th Henry VII.
29th „
18th Henry VIII.					22 0	2 0
22nd „	\23 3i	0 Oi			22 0	2 0
23rd „	j 2	V2
34th „			23 0	1 0
36th „					22 0	2 0
37th „							20 0	4 o
1st Edward VI. .	I						20 0	4 0
2nd ,,	I
3rd					22 0	2 0
4th „	23 3k	o o.i
6th	23 3|	o o|			22 0	2 0
1st Mary . . .	23 3%	0 0£
1st Elizabeth	\23 3A	0 Oi			22 0	2 0
2nd ,	/
19th 25th 26th	J23 3£	o o£
27th	V				22 0	2 0
35th ,	/
43th ,	23 3£	0 Ok			22 0	2 0
		2

257

ENGLISH COINS.

FROM THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE FIRST TO THAT OF

ANNE.

c Although it has been deemed advisable to place I the English Coins struck after the death of Harold in a separate section, it will be seen that no material alteration took place on the accession of William the First, who, anxious to make his new subjects believe that he had obtained the crown by right of inheritance, and not by force of arms, not only solemnly ratified the laws of Edward the Confessor, but caused his coins to be struck in imitation of those of the Saxon Princes. We accordingly find some of the pennies of William resembling those of Harold in every respect, except in the name ; the Saxon J7 being used instead of the Roman W, which, though found on his great seal, never appears on his coins.

From this period down to the reign of Henry III., no remarkable change was made in the English coinage. The old chroniclers speak of the coinage of half-pence and farthings in the reign of Henry I. Ruding thinks that, if really issued, these small pieces were disliked by the people, and called in. None of them are at present known.

$ In the sixth year of the reign of Henry the A.D. 1222. ] rpu. , ., . & .. /

Third a writ was issued, commanding proclama- tion to be made that no halfpenny or farthing should be current unless it were round. l This alludes to the practice of

1 Ruding, vol. i. p. 349. L L

258 ENGLISH COINS.

dividing the penny into halves and quarters, of which examples have been found in recent discoveries of English pennies.

Grafton says that about the year 1227, a parliament was held in London which ordained that a groat should be coined, having on one side the king's effigy ; and on the other, a cross reaching to the edge, "to avoyd clippyng." None of these groats are to be seen in the cabinets of our collectors. If really coined, the issue was probably very limited.

c In the year 1247, the crime of forging and < clipping increased to such a degree, that both in France and England the most rigorous measures were adopted against the offenders. Shortly after, a new coinage was issued by Henry. This is minutely described both in the Annals of Waverly and by Matthew Paris. The " new money differed from the old in two respects," says Ruding ; "namely, that the double cross was extended to the outside of the circle which contained the legend, and that it was distinguished either by Roman numerals, or by TERCI, from the money of the two preceding monarchs of the same name ; but in weight and type it remained nearly as before." He then adds in a note : " It is extraordinary that both the author of these Annals and also Matthew Paris should have omitted to state the most remarkable particular in which these coins differed from all which had preceded them — I mean the distinction of numerals, or words equivalent, to shew to which king of the name of Henry they belonged."

The coin here engraved, shews, however, that some of the early coinage of Henry the Third had that distinction which the author of the " Annals of the Coinage," considered wanting.

ENGLISH COINS. 259

This penny reads HENRICVS . REX. ; the type being similar to the early coinage of Henry III. The reverse reads TER . RI . ON . LVND ; i. e., TERCI . RICHARD . ON . LVND. Ruding gives TERIRI as one of the moneyers of Henry III., having probably seen an imperfect or ill-struck coin, and mistaken the dot after the word TER. for an i.1

Grafton's mention of a groat, ordered by the Parliament to be coined in the year 1227, has already been noticed. The same chronicler informs us that in 1249 " the king sum- moned a parliament at London, in which it was enacted that a coyne of a certeine weight of silver called a grote should be stamped, and that it should have on the one syde the picture of the Kinges face ; and on the other, a crosse extended in length to the extreme parts thereof, to the entent there should be no deceyt used by diminishing er clipping the same." None of these groats have yet come to light.

A.D. 1257. ) In the forty-first year of this king's reign Gold Penny. \ (A.D. 1257), the "gold penny" appeared. It ap- pears by a MS. Chronicle, preserved in the archives of the city of London, that this piece weighed two sterlings, and was current for twenty-pence. It was made current by proclama- tion; but the Londoners having entered a remonstrance against it, it was called in. It continued current, however, for several years after;2 and in Henry's forty-ninth year its value was raised to twenty-four pence. " This piece," says Ruding, " was properly a Ryal, and the first of the sort coined in Europe : the petit Ryal of Philip le Belle being much in imitation of it, and he was the first king of France who coined Ryals."3

A D 1270 3 *n ^e year I'270' a general proof and assay of ^ the coins was ordered to be made throughout the

1 See the Numismatic Journal, Vol. I. p. 39, where this coin is noticed. The engraving is made from a specimen in the author's cabinet.

3 Ruding's Annals, vol. i. p. 358. Snelling's View of the gold coin of Eng- land, p. 11.

3 Ruding, vol. i. p. 359.

ENGLISH COINS.

kingdom, and the base money to be seized and applied to the king's use.

A particular description of the coins of Henry III. will be found in the list which follows these remarks.1

Forging, clipping, and the importation of foreign coins of inferior standard, prevailed to such an extent on the accession of Edward the First, that one of his earliest acts after his return to England was the reforming of that great abuse.2 The offenders, among whom as usual were numbers of Jews, were seized; and many of that persecuted people, as well as Christians, met the cruel death awarded to those who were found guilty of debasing the public money. If the author of the Annals of Waverly may be credited, the Jews were really guilty ; an immense quantity of clippings having actually been found in their houses. At any rate, their great wealth, under continued exactions, was calculated to excite suspicion. This base practice, it must be confessed, was not confined to the Jews. Guy, Prior of Montacute, was twice found guilty both of clipping and forging, and heavily fined.

A.D. 1279. C In 1279, William de Turnemire was appointed wi?hdewniriam) Master of the Mint; and Mints were established de Turnemire. (.in London, Canterbury, York, and Bristol. Dies for a new coinage were delivered on the 1 7th of May, 1280, to Gregory de Rokesley, Lord Mayor of London, and Rolandine de Podio, the keepers of the Mint; and pennies, halfpennies, and farthings were coined.3

1 The pieces commonly called " Pennies of St. Paul," noticed by Ruding under this reign, and supposed by him to be of English origin, belong to Miinster in Westphalia. They were conjectured to be English from the circum- stance of their bearing the voided cross and pellets, in imitation of the money of Henry III.; but our collectors should have borne in mind that the English money was imitated by continental states at a much earlier period than this. Even the money of Bohemia was struck on the type and model of the Anglo-Saxon coins.

2 Ruding, vol. i. p. 367, quoting the Annals of Waverly, observes that the Pope's Nuncio had authority to enquire into— de falsariis etdefalso convictis.

3 In one of the registers of the Dean and Chapter of Saint Paul's, the name of an engraver of dies occurs. Theobald de Lyleston is described as a goldsmith, and the engraver of the dies for coinage throughout England : — " Aurifaber et in- sculptor cuneorum monetse totius Angliae." — See a Communication of Sir Henry Ellis to the Numismatic Society, printed in the Numismatic Journal, Vol. II. p. 254.

ENGLISH COINS. 261

As a proof of the little reliance that can be placed on the statements of the chroniclers respecting the coinage of this country, it may be mentioned that Hollinshed, more minute and less fanciful than some of his brethren, gravely tells us that the English coins before the time of Edward the First were square.1

Langtoft, after noticing the punishment inflicted upon the forgers and clippers, thus describes the new coinage : —

" Eduard did smyte rounde peny, halfpeny, ferthyng, pe croice passed pe bounde of all porghout pe ryng, pe kynges side salle be pe hede, and his name writen. pe croyce side what cite it was in coyned and smyten."

Ruding observes, that it is remarkable that Robert de Brunne, of whose translation the above lines are a specimen, omits that part of the original which speaks of the groats coined by Edward — " Gros Tournais Englays qe valent verayment quartre esterlinges en achate & vent."2 In the uncouth rhyme of Harding, he speaks of

" The grote, halfgrote, all in new coine."

No specimen of the half-groat is, however, to be found in the cabinets of our collectors, the half-groat mentioned in the introduction to Anderson's Diplomata Scotice having, as Ruding informs us, been looked for in vain in the Advocates' library at Edinburgh.3

The author of the " Annals of the Coinage " considers it necessary to notice an event in the tenth year of this king, which is in some manner connected with his subject; namely, the total subjugation of Wales, and the defeat and death of Prince Le welly n, who, by a pretended prophecy of Merlin, had been led to believe that he should be crowned in London when the English money should be coined round! The head of the unfortunate prince was crowned with ivy, and fixed upon

1 Description of England, p 218. Query, might not the idea of square money have originated — by a lucus a non lucendo inference — from the words of the writ of Henry III., already mentioned ; namely, that no "penny, halfpenny, or farthing should be current unless it were round ?"

2 Ruding, vol. i. p. 373. Hearne's Langtoft, vol.ii. p. 238.

3 Ibid. vol. i. p- 374, note.

262 ENGLISH COINS.

the Tower, and thus the prediction was fulfilled. As there are several versions of this story, it is highly probable that it was invented long after the execution of the unfortunate chief; and the mention of round money encourages the suspicion that the tale was fabricated by those from whom Hollinshed ob- tained his information, that before the reign of Edward the First the English money was square.1

^ In the year 1283, loud complaints were made 1 of the state of the coinage. Clipping, forging, and the introduction of counterfeit money from the continent, in- creased to such a degree, that the most rigorous measures were adopted against the offenders. Three hundred persons were convicted, and many suffered the horrible punishment of the time.

Counterfeit \ Among the numerous frauds then practised, was sterlings. / one wnich was well calculated to deceive all but the most wary : namely, the importation of a silver coin, very closely resembling the pennies of Edward, but bearing on the obverse EDW ROBERTVS COMES, so that if not carefully examined, it might easily be mistaken for a genuine sterling. There were also pieces with types closely imitated from the English penny, struck at Luxemburg,2 to which Chaucer, in the Monk's Pro- logue, alludes : —

" This maketh that our wives wol assaye Religious folk, for they moun better paye Of Venus payementes than mowen we : God wote, no Lussheburghes payen ye.''

Piers Plowman also refers to the Luxemburgh introduction :

1 It may here be mentioned as a remarkable fact, that no coins of the Welch princes are known to exist, although their exclusive right to coin money is men- tioned in the Welch laws. Edward Lluyd is said to have been told by 'the then Bishop of Bangor, that a relation of the prelate had possessed for many years a coin of Lhywelyn ap Jorweth, who reigned in the time of our Richard the First and his successor John. Accounts have from time to time been given of trian- gular pieces of silver, with a hole in the centre, and a circular inscription, but they cannot be relied on. See Ruding's Annals, vol. i. p. 375, and note, p. 376.

2 Some of these pieces have been recently engraved by Dr. Grote in the Blatter fur Munzkunde.

ENGLISH COINS. 263

" As in Lushburth is a luther alay, yet lokith like sterling, The marke of the money is good and the metel feble : So fareth it by some folk now," &c. &c.

It is easy to conceive the magnitude of the evil in an age when but very few of the humbler classes could read or write, and when, consequently, these spurious coins could be circu- lated with little hazard of detection.

-k In this year the Jews were banished the kine:-

A. D. 1290 >

' / dom, but subsequent acts of the Parliament shew, that with their departure the crime of forgery had not ceased. Pollards, Crokards, Scaldings, Brabants, Eagles, Leonines, Sleepings, and many others of different denominations still con- tinued to be imported in great numbers. These, for a short time, were allowed to pass at the rate of two for a penny, or sterling, but were soon prohibited, and then five or six were exchanged for one English penny.1

" Abbey } To the foregoing list of base coins, may be added Pieces." $ Abbey Pieces, or Rosaries, which North, in his re- marks on Clarke's conjectures, supposes to have been so desig- nated on account of their bearing the legend SV6 MSRIS, &c., being probably not intended for money, but as Tessera Sacra, for the use of monks and pilgrims who travelled from one religious house to another. These pieces being often found in old ruins, are mistaken for money by persons ignorant of the coinage of the period,.2

" From the conquest," observes Ruding, " to the 28th of Edward, the penny weighed twenty-four grains Tower, or one penny weight, so that a pound of silver money was a pound both in weight and tale. But now the first variation from this rule took place, and the penny was reduced to 23.7073 grains

1 Ruding, on the authority of Hemingford, says, that shortly afterwards a method of refining the foreign coin with lead was discovered, when two of them were found to be equal to a sterling, whereby many became rich who had ob- tained them in exchange when they were thought to be of so base a quality. The king, however fined these persons heavily for having exchanged or bought money without special licence. Annals, vol. i. p. 387.

2 They are generally of brass, or mixed metal, and of the size of the groats of the time, with the types of a globe and cross, a dolphin, fleurs de lis, &c. &c.

264 ENGLISH COINS.

Tower. This appears from an indenture in Lowndes' report, which recites that an indented trial piece of the goodness of old sterling was lodged in the exchequer, and every pound weight of such silver was to be shorn at twenty shillings and three pence. According to this, the value of the silver in the coin was one shilling and eightpence farthing an ounce, and the debasement amounted to IB? per cent."1

> The statute of Edward's 31st year (A.D. 1303)

> ordains that the penny should weigh thirty- two grains of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear, being the same terms as those prescribed in the 51st year of Henry III.2 About three years previously an extensive coinage took place, mints being established in London, Canterbury, Kingston - upon-Hull, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Bristol, and Exeter. Pen- nies struck in all these places still exist, and those of London and Canterbury in immense numbers.

The pennies of the three Edwards closely resemble each other, and for a long time were not properly distinguished. Archbishop Sharp, in his observations on the coins of England, was the first to attempt their appropriation, and he is followed by Leake,3 except in the case of the Irish penny, which he shews is not to be distinguished ; those of Edward I. and Edward II. having each EDW.

Mr. Bartlett paid much attention to these coins.4 This gentleman, by examining the pennies struck by the Bishops in the reigns of the Edwards, found the names and mint- marks to be as follows : —

EDWARD I. EDW. cross moline. Anthony Beck. EDWARD II. EDWAR. -

EDWAR. crosier to the left. Richard Kellow.

EDWAR. Lion & Fleur de lis. Lodowic Beaumont. EDWARD III. EDWARDVS. crosier to the right. Thomas Hatfield.

1 Ruding, vol. i. p. 388.

2 Ruding is in doubt as to which of these two kings it originated with, and observes that the Roman weights were derived from the seed of the lentil.

3 Historical Account of English Money, sub anno, * Archaeologia, vol. v. page 335.

ENGLISH COINS. 265

The legends on the reverse of those coins which from their bearing EDW. are assigned to Edward the First, are —

VILLA BEREVICI, or BERVICI— Berwick.

VILLA BRISTOLLIE— Bristol.

CIVITAS CANTOR-r Canterbury.

CIVITAS CESTRIE— Chester.

CIVITAS DVREME— Durham.

CIVITAS EBORACI— York.

CIVITAS EXONIE-Exeter.

VILL. KYNGESTOW—Kinggton-vpon-Hutt.

CIVITAS LINCOL— Lincoln.

CIVITAS LONDON ; CIVI LONDONIA '— London.

LONDRIENSIS2— LONDONIENSIS.

VIL. NOVI CASTRI, or NOVICASTRI3— Newcastle.

VILLA RADINGI— Reading.

VIL. SCIEDMVNDI, and VILLA SEDMVNDI— Saint Ed-

In the reign of Edward the First the custom of placing the moneyer's name on the coins was discontinued. But one name appears on the money of this king ; namely, Robert of Hadley, inscribed— ROBERT DE HADELEIE, or, ROBERTVS DE HADL.4

It may be here mentioned that the heavy piece termed the groat, which has been by some writers attributed to this prince, belongs in all probability, to Edward the Third. Folkes, in his tables of English coins, notices those weighing 92, 116, and 138 grains respectively; a circumstance which serves to shew that they were rather trial pieces than coins. Ruding thinks that the style " Dei gratia," shews that they belong to the third Edward.5

On the piece called a groat.

On a farthing in the collection of Mr. Cuff. This explains the term " Lon- dr nses," which occurs in the indenture with William de Turnemire, in 1279.

On a half-penny. The same legend occurs on a halfpenny of Edward II.

Snelling has erroneously given Hadelie as a mint, and not a moneyer's name.

Annals, vol. i. p. 397. Ruding, in this place thinks the statement of an old writer respecting a leather coinage worthy of notice. The author in question says that Edward the First had coins " bearing his name, stamp, and picture, which he used in the building of Carnarvon Castle, &c.,to spare better bullion." These pieces, if really issued, must, as Ruding observes, be considered as counters or tokens.

M M

'266 ENGLISH COINS.

The reign of Edward the Second offers nothing remarkable to the student of English coins. The parliament held at Northampton a short time after his accession, ordained that the money current in the previous reign should still be con- sidered as the lawful coin. Some waiters do not hesitate to charge this monarch with forcing his subjects to receive even the base coin current in the reign of his father.

AD 31 / alterati°n and subsequent crying down of

I the pieces termed Pollards and Crocards, in the year 1310, appears to have created some discontent, especially in the provinces. In the same year a proclamation was issued commanding that the money should be current at the same value as in the reign of Edward the First. Ruding observes that at this time, it appears from the articles delivered to the King by the Commons, that the money was depreciated more than one half.1 About this time another proclamation was issued, forbidding the importation of false money on pain of forfeiture. Clipping, and the coinage of base money, appears to have increased in this reign, since we find that in 1321, commissioners were appointed to inquire into these offences.

Edward the Third, by several acts endeavoured to prevent the introduction of foreign coin, which being much lighter was secretly conveyed into England from abroad. " Black money" of every description was denounced, and the melting- down of the authorised coin was forbidden on pain of forfeiture of the molten money. The exportation of money and plate was also prohibited.2

" From 1257 [the forty-first of Henry the Third] to the begin- ning of the year 1343," observes Ruding, " a period of little less than ninety years, no notices of any coinages of gold have occurred, nor have any coins been hitherto discovered, although three specimens of the coinage of 1257 are known to exist."3 This author accounts for the non-coinage of gold during the period alluded to by supposing that it was not

1 Annals, vol. i. p. 399. 2 Ibid. vol. i. p. 406. 3 Ibid. vol. i. p. 4 17.

ENGLISH COINS. 267

required; the price of the necessary articles of life being within the reach of an inferior metal.

A.D. 1343. c jje this as it may, the first coinage of gold in

Gold Florin &< . . „ . . J . , .

its divisions. (_ the reign pf this monarch was in his seventeenth

year, as shewn by an indenture of that date. This indenture specifies that three monies of gold shall be made ; one to be current at six shillings, and the half and quarter to be in pro- portion. They are all to be of fine gold,1 and fifty are to be made out of the pound Tower. The first is to be of the weight of two petit florins of Florence. Ruding is inclined to believe that this coinage was deferred until the following year, when a new indenture for making gold and silver coins was made be- tween the king and Walter Dunfleurs, then master and worker of the Mint. The obverse type of these coins is described in a proclamation of the year 1343; three sorts of gold money are mentioned : — " One coin with two leopards, each piece to be current for six shillings, &c. ; another piece of one leopard ; and another piece of one helm." 2 This new money was soon found to be too highly valued in proportion to the silver coin ; and a proclamation, promulgated in the same year, ordained that it should not be taken in payment without the consent of the party to whom it was tendered. In the following month it was declared no longer current without the consent of the party to whom offered.

Gold Noble & f A new gold coinage was immediately ordered its divisions. [ an(j ma(je current by proclamation. It is de- scribed as consisting of Noble, Maille Nobles, and Ferling Nobles ; and their exportation was prohibited under pain of forfeiture.

The device on these coins was entirely novel, and is sup- posed by most writers to commemorate the victory obtained by Edward over the French fleet in the year 1340, with trifling loss

1 Twenty-three carats, three grains and a half fine gold.

2 Annals, vol. i. p. 420. Ruding observes that though termed leopards, the animals were really lions; and refers to Nisbet in a note.

268 ENGLISH COINS.

to the English. Selden supposes this type to denote the Eng- lish naval superiority, and to record Edward's claim to the sovereignty of the seas, supported by a navy of eleven hundred ships ; but Ruding shows that it could not have been at the period in question, which was fifteen years subsequent to the first issue of these coins.1 It is these pieces which are thus spoken of in the ancient rhyme : —

" Four things our noble shewethunto me, King, ship, and swerd, and power of the sea."

Strange stories were circulated, and to a late period believed, respecting these fine coins. Camden says, " our alchymists do affirm (as an unwritten verity) that the gold was made by projection or multiplication alchymical of Raymund Lully, in the Tower of London."2 Ruding, however, shows that, unfor- tunately for this story, Lully died about twenty years before this coinage took place.

f In the year 1344, the weight of the noble was ^reduced nearly ten grains, and the penny to twenty grains.

On the taking of Calais by Edward, he endeavoured to people it with English, and appointed thirty English burgesses to establish themselves there. A mint was also set up, and it was ordained that the white money therein struck should be the same as that coined in England. Ruding observes, that in the year 1 349, some alteration in the standard of this money was commanded, but it is doubtful if it were carried into effect.

$ In the year 1351, an important alteration was * made in the coin, which had been of so much better quality than that of other states, that notwithstanding the ordinances against its exportation, it continued to be sent out of the kingdom, while base money was constantly imported. A new coinage of the noble was therefore ordered, which, though of less weight than the former coinage, was to pass for six

1 Annals, vol. i. p. 423. 2 Remains, Art. Money.

ENGLISH COINS. 269

shillings and eightpence, and its parts in due proportion. A new groat and half groat were also coined. Ruding shows that the date of this indenture has been incorrectly given by Lowndes. Folkes and Snelling also consider it to have been two years later. This reduction of the weight of the coin is said to have been adopted at the suggestion of William Edington, Bishop of Winchester, Treasurer of England, and, as may be supposed, was exceedingly unpopular. In 1354, by a writ directed to the Mayor of Bayonne, the English groats and half groats were made current in the Duchy of Aquitaine at their respective values.

Hitherto the coins of Scotland were of the same weight and fineness as the English,1 but about this time, they were dimin- ished in weight and fineness. Proclamation was consequently made, condemning these new coins, and threatening with heavy penalties those who should presume to take them. Those coins of Scotland which had formerly been current in England were allowed to remain in circulation.

f Knyghton says, that in the year 1358, David, tking of Scotland, came to London, and intreated Edward that the coins of England arid Scotland might be current in both kingdoms on equal terms, and that, in con- sideration of the great humility of the Scottish monarch, his petition was allowed.

It is proper to notice, that in the treaty of peace with John, king of France, in the year 1360, Edward renounced his claim to that kingdom. He resumed it, however, in 1369. During the interval, the title of Edward, as king of France, does not appear on his coins.

{ In this year the fineness of the coins was made

1 the subject of special inquiry. The occasion of

the inquiry appears to be the conduct of King John of France,

who had been taken prisoner at the battle of Poictiers in 1356.

Scottish coins are often discovered mixed with English pennies.

270 ENGLISH COINS.

The sum proposed for his ransom was three millions of crowns of gold, " in Florins de Scutor, or D' Escu, of which two were equal in value to the Florin de Noble of England." The French are said to have taken advantage of this, and debased their coins both in weight and alloy, alleging that the English money was of inferior standard to that required by the inden- ture. The assay of the English money was made in the fol- lowing year, and proved satisfactory.1

Among the reasons for summoning the Parliament in the following year, are mentioned the unlawful exchanges of money, and "the feebleness of the coins." The Commons petitioned the king for an issue of plenty of gold and silver, and that a gold piece of smaller denomination, to be current for ten or twelve pence, should be coined. The gracious an- swer to this request was, " Le Roi voet q'il soit fait p' bon Conseil."2 No gold coins of this description are mentioned in the indentures of the time.

r In the year 1364, the severe laws against the

A. D. 1364. I . J f -r, . .

c exportation ot English money were mitigated to those who were engaged in the supply of salt obtained at La Baye, in Britany. Fourscore pounds of sterlings were allowed to be exported by each person, but security was taken from them, that they should bring into the port of Harwich salt to that amount. In the April of this year, John king of France died at the Savoy palace in London. He had, during his imprisonment in England, employed agents, who secretly collected the picked gold money of the realm, besides military weapons. On his death-bed he confessed this to the king of England, who pardoned him, but severely punished the agents. Ruding gives this account from Knyghton, and, remarking on the secretion of the best gold coins (electum aurum Regni), supposes them to have been Edward's nobles of the first and second coinage, which are at this day so much scarcer than those of the third coinage.3 Much of the col-

Ruding, vol. i. p. 444. 2 Ibid. vol. i. p. 444-5. 3 Ibid. vol. i. p. 427.

ENGLISH COINS. 271

lected gold was seized, and no doubt recoined. Ruding ob- serves, that this story " but ill agrees with that noble maxim of the French monarch, that if good faith should be totally aban- doned by the rest of mankind, it ought still to be found in the breast of princes." He, however, adds that there are reasons for believing it to be authentic.

< In Edward's fortieth year the payment of

A.D. 1366. ) -D ^ , -D u r i/j • ¥* ±u

« Jreter s rence was abolished. It was neverthe- less not entirely suppressed, since Fabian in his Chronicle informs us, that in some of the counties of England it was col- lected in his time. It was finally stopped by the statute of the 25th Henry VIII.1 (1533.)

In the year 1367S all foreign and Scottish coins were put down. In 1369, Edward again took the title of King of France, and the seals on which that title had been omitted were called in, and others ordered including it ; the French King, Charles, having broken the peace made between Ed- ward and his father. Two priests were about this time charged with offences against the statutes relating to the coinage.

It is worthy of observation that the words DEI GRATIA, which occur in the introduction to the laws of Ina, King of the West Saxons, and are found on all the great seals of our English monarchs after William the First, appear on English coins for the first time in the reign of Edward the Third. They are only found on the larger pieces.

The mints on the coins assigned to this king are —

VILLA BERVICI— Berwick. CIVITAS CANTOR— Canterbury. CIVITAS DVNELMIE— Durham.

DVNOLM

DVREME

VILLA DVREMMIE

1 Fabian's Chronicle, 40th of Edward IV. Ruding remarks that " this tax was one principal drain by which the coins were carried out of the realm." — Annals, vol. i. p. 449.

272 ENGLISH COINS.

CI VITAS EBORACI— York.

CIVITAS LONDON— London.

LONDONIENSIS

VILLA RADINGY— Reading.

,. , Richard the Second ascended the throne when t eleven years of age. Fortune frowned upon the youthful monarch ; the French and Scotch threatened his dominions ; and to resist them, heavy taxes were found ne- cessary. These events at once rendered him unpopular. " Among other expedients to procure money," says Ruding, " a writ was issued for the discovering of black money^ and other subterraneous treasure hidden of old in the county of Southampton, in whosesoever hands it might be, and to seize it to the King's use. He afterwards claimed black money to the amount of 150lb. of full weight, which had been found in that county, as belonging to him in right of his crown."1

A petition of the Commons, in this reign, prays that small money may be coined, and that halfpence2 and farthings may be struck for small purchases and charity. The King promised that this should be done as soon as he was provided with bullion. In 1381 another petition of the Commons sets forth in woful terms the wretched condition of the people, from the state of the coin. Clipping, and the exportation of the coin, were the grievances most loudly complained of. This petition received no answer at the time, but subsequently a proclama- tion was issued forbidding the exportation of English money without license. In the year 1387, July 30th, a writ was issued to all the sheriffs in England, commanding them to make proclamation every week until the Michaelmas ensuing, that Scottish money should be paid and received at the follow- ing rates ; namely — the penny for three farthings, and the halfpenny for a farthing and a half of the current English money. Ruding mentions an artful method of falsifying the gold coin at this period, which was practised by seven coiners

Annals, vol. i. p. 457. " Halfpence me now the most common of his coins.

ENGLISH COINS. 273

at Lincoln, who were drawn and hanged for the offence. The practice of these men was to melt down a genuine noble, and recoin it into six quarter nobles. In 1390 the Commons petitioned for the total abolition of all the Scottish coins. This prayer was not granted ; but it was ordained that the groat, half groat, penny, and halfpenny should be current for no more than half their value in English money. Three years afterwards the Commons again petitioned for a coinage of halfpence and farthings, alleging that often when a poor man would buy his victuals, &c., arid had only a penny, for which he ought to receive a halfpenny, he many times did spoil his penny. The words are, " 11 perdra son Denier" Ruding supposes this to mean either that he was forced to give the whole for want of change, or that he spoiled it by dividing it in order to make a halfpenny.1 The answer to the petition was, that halfpennies and farthings should be made.

At this time the Sergeants-at- Arms were directed to take into custody Henry Goldsmyth, of Eton, in Bedfordshire, who was suspected of counterfeiting the coin of the realm in that village.

A D 1398 5 ^e Proclamati°n commanding the Scottish « groat and half groat to be taken for half their value in English money, appears to have had but little effect, since it was repeated in the year 1398. In the following year the Pope's agents were required to make oath that they would not take out of the kingdom any money they had collected without special license from the king.

The money of this monarch appears to have been struck only in the following mints, thus designated : —

CIVITAS DVNELM— Durham. CIVITAS DVNOL CIVITAS EBORACI— York- CIVITAS LONDON— London.

AD 1399 5 Shortly after the accession of Henry the Fourth t a proclamation was issued, and repeated in the

Annals, vol. i. p. 474.

N N

274 ENGLISH COINS.

following year, against certain silver halfpennies, said to have been brought from Venice, of so light a weight that three or four of them were no heavier than an English penny. The petition of the Commons in 1 402, for a coinage of halfpennies and farthings, was complied with, and coins of that denomina- tion were issued. False money, of various descriptions, ap- pears to have been still conveyed into England. In the year 141 1, a new regulation of the money occurs : it was ordained that fifty nobles should be coined from the pound of gold; and that from the pound of silver there should be struck thirty shillings in pennies ; thereby reducing the groat to sixty grains, and the penny to fifteen grains ; and their divisions in proportion.

The gold coins of Henry IV., struck previous to his thirteenth

year, are of the same weight as those of his predecessor, and

may thus be distinguished from those of Henry V. and VI.

On the coins of Henry IV. the arms of France are " seme," of

fleurs-de-lis. Those of Henry V. have the shield with three

fleurs-de-lis only. His silver coinage cannot be distinguished

from that of Henry V. previous to his ninth year.

Stowe, in his Survey of London, says that in the reign of Henry V. silver money had become so scarce that it could not be obtained in exchange for gold. The gold and silver coins of this king cannot be distinguished from those of Henry VI. previous to his forty-ninth year.

In 1422 Henry VI. succeeded to the crown of England ; and shortly after an indenture was made between the king and Bartholomew Goldbeter, who was authorised to coin money at York and Bristol, as well as at London and Calais. About the same time John Bernes was appointed to make weights for the Noble and its divisions. The parliament, in the second year of this king, ordained that Galley halfpence, Suskins and Dodeykins, and all kinds of Scottish silver money, should no longer be current in England. The ordinance was but little regarded, since it was found necessary to put a stop to the circulation of these coins in the ninth year of Henry VIII. In 1444-5 the Commons petitioned for a supply of the smaller denominations of silver coin, which was granted, the king reserving to himself the power of revoking the ordinance

ENGLISH COINS. '275

whenever he pleased. Henry was taken prisoner at the battle of Hexham, in 1464, and recovered his kingdom in 1470, in in which year an indenture was made with Sir Richard Tun- stall, the master of the mint. By this indenture the weight of the coin was reduced. The pound weight Tower of gold was ordained to be coined into twenty-two pounds ten shillings by tale, or sixty-seven angels and a half at six shillings and eightpence each; and the pound weight of silver into one hundred and twelve groats and a half. Folkes, in his table of English silver coins, supposes the groats with an open crown and the mint mark of a fleur-de-lis to be of this coinage, but Ruding shews that they may with greater probability be assigned to Henry the Seventh, who coined groats of the same weight. The coins struck at York and Bristol are supposed to be this king's, as in the reigns of Henry IV. and V. money was not struck in those mints.

Edward IV. obtained the sovereignty in 1460-1. An old writer quoted by Ruding says that he caused the money of the three Henries to be called in, and melted down and recoined, but the number of coins of those princes which remain to this day shews that little reliance can be given to the story. In 1464, Edward's fourth year, a new coinage of gold was ordered. The gold coins, says Ruding, were then reduced to twenty pounds sixteen shillings and eightpence in the pound weight by tale ; that is to say, there were to be made out of each pound of gold fifty nobles, to be current at eight shillings and fourpence. The silver was also reduced to thirty-seven shillings and sixpence the pound weight by tale. All the chroniclers, with the exception of Stowe, have con- founded this coinage with that of the succeeding year. In the following year an indenture was made with Lord Hastings, and the gold coins were further reduced, forty- five nobles be- ing made to the pound, and passing at ten shillings, and angels at six shillings and eightpence. The new nobles were termed ryots, a name given by the French to their gold coins impressed with the figure of the sovereign in his royal robes, and by no means applicable to the pieces in question, which bore the same type as those of the other English kings. Ruding ob-

•276 ENGLISH COINS.

serves that the name of Ryal was perhaps intended to obviate the inconvenience which might have been experienced from the nobles in currency and the nobles in account being of different value, and that the new money called the angel, being of the same value as the noble, was called the noble angel ! 1

In 1483 there was another coinage, which, however, did not differ from that of Edward's fifth year.

It has been supposed by some antiquaries that during the wars of York and Lancaster there were no fixed places of mintage, and that the dies were carried about from place to place as necessity might arise. This notion has been enter- tained in consequence of some of Edward's coins being found impressed with initial letters on the breast of the bust ; thus a groat of the Coventry mint has a B on the breast, which has been supposed to signify that the piece was struck at Bristol.

Besides the Irish mints, Edward's coins were struck in the following places : —

Bristol : Durham :

VILLA BRESTOLL. CIVITAS DONOLL

BRESTOW. „ DVNELME.

BRISTOL. „ DVNELMIE.

BRISTOLL. „ DVNOL.

BRISTOW. „ DVNOLI.

Canterbury: „ DVNOLM.

CIVITAS CANTOR. York:

Coventry: CIVITAS EBORACE.

CIVITAS COVETRE. „ EBORACI.

COVETRIE. London:

Durham: CIVITAS LONDON.

CIVITAS DERAM. Norwich:

DERAME. CIVITAS NORVIC.

DERHAM. „ NORWIC.

On the death of Edward IV. his son, then in his thirteenth year, was proclaimed king, by the title of Edward V. In the month following, Sir William Hastings was appointed master and worker of the mint. Ruding thinks it probable

1 Annals, vol. ii. p. 34.

ENGLISH COINS. 277

that the execution of this indenture was prevented by the usurpation of the Duke of Gloster, but quotes Ross of War- wick's " Historia Regum Angliae," wherein this king is said to have coined money1 — "monetatunc facta sub ejus nomine est percussa et formata," &c.

Richard III. in the first year of his reign endeavoured, by an act passed by the parliament at Westminster, to stop the exportation of the coin by Italian merchants.

The coins of this king differ but in mint marks and other trifling distinctions from those of his brother. They were struck in —

Durham: York :

CIVITAS DIRHAM. CIVITAS EBORACI.

DVNOLM. London :

CIVITAS LONDON.

t Henry VII. succeeded to the throne in 1485,

A.D. 1485. } , . -, . , ,

c and in the same year an indenture was made with Sir Giles Dawbeny and Bartholomew Reed, joint masters and workers of the mint. No alteration was made in the standard of the coins. The statute of 1487 made it treason to counterfeit the foreign gold and silver coins, a crime of which many persons had been guilty.2 In 1489, Henry's fifth year, a new coin made its appearance, namely, the sovereign, a term revived in our own times. The coin in the indenture is to have course for twenty shillings, to be of the standard of the gold money of the realm, and to be double the weight of the royal ; twenty-two and a half of such pieces to be coined out of the pound Tower. 3 In every pound weight of gold coined within the Tower, two pieces of this denomination to be coined and no more, unless by permission or command of the king. In the year 1498 a proclamation was issued by Henry, commanding his subjects to receive in payment all small thin and old pennies, upon pain of imprisonment. Ruding thinks that the coins

1 Ruding refers to a French MS. in the British Museum, in which drawings are given of a groat and penny of this king, but which he considers to belong to Edward III. An angel is known with the rose for a mint mark on one side, and the boar's head on the other, which may have been struck for this king. • Ruding, vol. ii. p. 56. y Ibid. vol. ii. p. 57.

278 ENGLISH COINS.

alluded to were never struck of the proper weight, and that this is another instance of that king's detestable avarice, such money having been authorised or connived at by him.1

At this period, clipping and false coining appear to have prevailed. In a MS. account of the building the steeple and repairing the church of Louth, in Lincolnshire, mention is often made of bad money, and one entry is of a gift of sundry clipped groats. In 1504, Henry's nineteenth year, an act was passed that the sovereign, half-sovereign, ryal, half-ryal, quarter-ryal, angel, and half-angel, should pass current for the sums at which they were coined. The silver coins of England, and also those of other countries, were to be received in the same manner, if not clipped or otherwise materially diminished. Groats and half-groats were ordered to be coined at this time, and it was ordained that every piece should have " a circle about the utter part thereof;" and that the gold pieces should have " the whole scripture about every piece of the same gold, with- out lacking of any part thereof, to the intent that the king's subjects might hereafter have perfect knowledge by that circle or scripture when the same coins were clipped or impaired." 2

Side-faced S Fabian, in his chronicle, informs us that the par- Portrait. * liament ordered1 a new coinage of silver, namely groats, half-groats, and shillings " with half faces." These shil- lings are, as Leake observes, " great rarities." It has been supposed by some writers that they were only struck as trial or pattern pieces ; but Ruding, quoting the account of Lord Bacon, 3 whose words imply a considerable coinage of these new pieces, is of opinion that the extensive issues of base coin in the reign of Henry VIII. were a strong temptation to the dishonest to melt down the larger pieces of standard coin, and that to this their scarcity at the present day may be attributed.

Arched ( No change was made by Henry VII. in the stan-

Crown. \ dard of the coins, but the variations in the types

deserve especial notice. First is the arched crown, which distin-

1 Ruding, vol. ii. p. ')'). ' Ibid. voJ. ii. p. 61. 3 Life of Henry VII.

ENGLISH COINS. 279

guishes his money from that of his predecessors. The coins of his nineteenth year have the portrait side-faced, and a dotted line instead of the double tressure on the obverse of the groats and half- groats ; the inner circle of the reverse is omitted, and instead of the pellets in each quarter of the cross the royal arms appear, a barbarous device continued to the present day.

Some of his coins are also distinguished by the word SEPTIMVS, or the equivalent letters or numerals. On the coins struck by the Archbishops during his reign, the king is represented seated on a throne holding the globe and sceptre. The types of his gold money are not materially varied from those of his predecessors, except that of the sovereign, as be- fore noticed. This coin bore on the obverse the king seated in his royal robes, and on the reverse the double rose, in allu- sion to the union of the rival houses, with the royal arms in the centre. Ruding says — " I have not been able to discover in what part of his reign these coins were first struck. They are not mentioned in any record I have seen before the statute of his nineteenth year; but a MS. note by Browne Willis, in the margin of Leake's Historical Account of English Money, says, they 'were first struck anno 5 Henry VII., as I remem- ber the date of the indenture for coining them.' " l

A rose ryal is remarkable in having the arms of France in the centre of the double rose on the reverse, a type considered by Leake as indicating Henry's claim to the crown of France. This writer says it was struck by the king in the year 1 49*2, when he laid siege to Boulogne.

The English mints of this monarch were —

Canterbury : York :

CIVITAS CANTOR. CIVITAS EBORACI.

Durham : London :

CIVITAS DIRHAM. CIVITAS LONDON. „ DVRRAM.

Henry VIII. succeeded to the English throne in 1509. His first coinage resembles his father's, and is only distin- guished from it by the addition of the numerals VIII. About

1 Annals, vol ii. p. G7.

280 ENGLISH COINS.

this time private tokens were struck in lead, to supply the want of silver coins. In 1519, the circulation of galley half- pence was prohibited by the statute. In 1523 it was enacted, that twenty pounds in half angels should be made of every hundred pounds worth of gold, and of every hundred pounds worth of silver as many groats as should amount to fifty pounds sterling, twenty pounds in half groats, ten marks in half- pennies, and five marks in farthings. As the farthings and halfpennies were struck from one die, it was ordained, that for the future the farthings should bear on one side a portcullis, and on the other side a rose. In the year 1526, a writ was issued to Thomas, Cardinal- Archbishop of York, commanding him to effect at once the reduction of the English money to the standard of the foreign coins. One of the reasons alleged for this infamous proceeding is, that the king had failed in his attempt to persuade foreign princes to reform their coin !

George / The value of the English gold coins was now raised, Noble. \ and a new piece, called the George Noble, was ordered to be coined.1 A half George Noble was also struck. In ad- dition to these, a gold crown was minted. This piece received the name of the crown of the rose : it was of the same weight and quality as the French couronnes du soleil. New coins of silver were also ordered, " sterling, like the others, but differ- ing in weight." At this period the pound Troy was esta- blished in the mint, and the pound Tower abolished.

In the year 1529, among other articles exhibited against Cardinal Wolsey, was one charging him with having " enterprised to join and imprint the cardinal's hat" upon his "coin of groats." Ruding considers that the fault here laid to the Cardinal's charge was not merely the placing of the hat upon his money, but the striking of coins of a larger denomination and value than the penny, he being the only prelate who struck groats and half-groats: but this conjecture is groundless, as there are half-groats of the other prelates with their initials. It was clearly the hat which gave the offence.

1 The Angel Noble was raised to Is. 6d. and the George Noble was to pass current for 6s. Sd. 2 Annals, vol. ii. p. 77.

ENGLISH COINS. '281

By an indenture of the year 1 543, both the gold and silver coin was debased. The gold was to be of twenty-three carats fine and one carat allay ; the silver ten ounces fine and two ounces allay, to be coined into forty-eight shillings by tale, viz. testoons (or shillings), groats, half-groats, pennies, half- pennies, and farthings. Ruding remarks, in reference to the new name given to the shilling, that it must have been mere caprice. The name Testoon had been given to the new coins of Louis XII. of France, because they bore the head of that prince ; but it was unnecessary in the case of the English coin, since nearly all the money of this country bore the head of the sovereign. In 1544, Henry's 36th year, by an inden- ture made with Sir Martin Bowes, the gold coin was reduced to twenty-two carats and two carats allay, and the silver to six ounces fine and six ounces allay. In the following year a still further reduction was made, to the eternal infamy of the English Herod. The gold coin was now made twenty carats fine and four carats allay, and the silver four ounces fine and eight ounces allay.

This king had mints at Bristol, Canterbury, Durham, York, London, and Southwark. A more particular account of the pieces struck by him will be found in the list of English coins which follows this introduction.

$ Henry died in January 1546-7, and was suc- < ceeded by his son, Edward VI. Indentures were made in the first year of the youthful king with the Mint Masters of the Tower, Southwark, and Canterbury, the money to be of the same debased character as that of his father's thirty-seventh year. Other indentures were made in his second year, but with no alteration in the quality of the coins. In 1548, the pieces called testoons were called in by procla- mation, all persons being forbidden to utter or receive them in payment. " But all persons possessing them might bring them to the mints, there to receive the just value as they were then current, either in groats, or in other his highness' coins."

About this time some of the officers of the Mint were convicted of corrupting the public money. The principal

o o

282 ENGLISH COINS.

offender was Sir Edward Sharington, who confessed that he had counterfeited in the mint at Bristol twelve thousand pounds of coins, resembling the testoon, without any autho- rity from the king, besides clipping and shearing to the amount of four thousand pounds, and the falsifying the indentures and accounts. This was supposed to have been done at the instigation of the king's uncle, Sir Thomas Seymour, Lord High Admiral, to enable him to carry on his traitorous designs.1 Sharington was found guilty, and his whole posses- sions forfeited ; but he was afterwards pardoned and restored. The proclamation for the calling in of the testoons was repeated in the following year, but not with the desired effect. The officers of the mint were ordered to receive them at the rate of twelve pence for every piece. Subsequently, the testoons of Henry VIII. were to be received as bullion only. In 1549, the coins were slightly improved in quality, but reduced considerably in weight. The pound of gold of twenty-two carats fine and two carats allay, to be coined into thirty-four pounds by tale. The silver was to be six ounces fine and six ounces allay. Ruding thinks that it is the shil- lings of this coinage to which Bishop Latimer alluded in his sermon before the king. " We have now," says the preacher, " a prety little shyllyng ; indeed a very pretty one. I have but one, I thynke in my purse : and the last day I had put it away almost for an old grote, and so, I trust, some will take them. The finesse of the silver I cannot see, but therein is printed a fine sentence, that is ' Timor domini fans vita et sapientice' — The feare of the Lord is the fountayne of lyfe and wisdome. I would God this sentence were always printed in the hart of the king, in chosing his wyfe, and in all his officers." Folkes supposes, however, that the bishop referred to the small shilling of fine silver, with the date 1547, which it could not be, as shewn by Ruding. 2 Latirner's sermon gave great offence, and he was charged with disloyalty; an accusation which he ingeniously repelled in another sermon, delivered at

1 Annals, vol.ii.p. 97, 2 Ibid, note, vol. ii. p. 101.

ENGLISH COINS. 283

the end of the month. The style is so singular and charac- teristic that we cannot pass it without a quotation: — •

" Thus they burdened me ever with sedition. And wot ye what ? I chaunced in my last sermon to speake a mery word of the new shillyng (to refresh my auditorie), how I was like to have put away my new shillyng for an olde groat. I was herein noted to speake seditiously. Yet I can comfort myself in one thing, that I am not alone, and that I have a fellow — a companion of sedition ; and wot ye who is my fellow ? Esay, the prophet. I spake but of a little preaty shillyng, but he speaketh to Hierusalem after another sort, and was so bold as to meddele with their coine. Thou proude, thou covetous, thou hautie citie of Hierusalem, argentum tuum versum est in scoriam, thy silver is turned into what ? Into Testions ? Scoriam, into dross. Ah, seditious wretch ! what had he to doe with the Minte? Why should not he have left that matter to some master of policie to reprove," &c.

At this time the French crowns of the sun were made cur- rent by proclamation. In the year 1550, the old standard of the gold coin was restored ; namely, to twenty-three carats, three grains and a half fine, and half a grain allay. In the following year, an extraordinary entry is made in the King's Journal : — " Also it was appointed to make 20,000 pound weight for necessity somewhat baser, to get gains £160,000 clear; by which the debt of the realm might be paid, the country defended from any sudden attempt, and the coin amended." ' " Absurd as it may seem," observes Ruding, " to prepare for the expense of a future amendment of the coins, by abasing them in the present time, yet such was undoubtedly the intention of this plan, as may be seen in another extract from the Journal, under the 30th of May, in this year."

In 1551, a commission was given to Sir Edward Peckham, by which the pound weight of silver, of three ounces fine and nine ounces allay, was coined into seventy-two shillings, at twelve pence a piece. A proclamation was issued, with a view to the quieting of the public mind on the reduction of the coin ; but it produced no good effect : and shortly after, the

1 Annals, note, p. 107, vol. ii.

284 ENGLISH COINS.

testoori was reduced from nine-pence to six-pence ; the groat, from three-pence to two-pence ; the half groat to a penny ; the penny to a halfpenny ; and the halfpenny to a farthing ; an act which shews that the people had just cause for doubt and alarm. Ruding remarks, that the smaller pieces under the groat are now for the first time mentioned ; and he questions whether they were not reduced in value before. On the 12th of September, in this year, the nine-penny and six-penny testoons were forbidden to be melted down. An entry in the King's Journal at this time runs thus : — " Agreed that the stamp of the shilling and six-pence should be on one side a king, painted to the shoulders in parliament robes, with a chain of the order. Five shillings of silver, and half five shillings, should be a king on horseback, armed with a naked sword hard to his breast." The commission for the making 1 of these coins, as well as groats and six-pences, eleven ounces fine ; and pennies, and halfpennies, and farthings, four ounces fine, was signed on the first day of October following. To Edward, therefore, the merit is due of reforming the English coinage, which he had nearly completed, when his death, on the 6th July, 1553, left it to be completely effected by his sister Elizabeth. The English mints of this king were at Bristol, Canterbury, York, London, and Southwark.

c Mary succeeded to the English throne upon the

A D 1553 <

I death of her brother. On her arrival in London, she issued a proclamation, from which the people were led to expect it was her intention to restore the silver coin to the old standard. An indenture of this year, however, shews to the contrary, and that it was her intention even to debase it. On the 25th of July in the following year, her marriage with Philip, king of Spain, was solemnised. His name accordingly appears on some of her coins, bearing only the head of the queen, in consequence, it is supposed, of the new dies not being ready. Coins of the same year have, however, the heads of the king and queen face to face, while others have them on opposite sides of the piece. Lowndes says, that in this year there was

1 Ruding, vol. ii. p. 115.

ENGLISH COINS. 285

an indenture, by which both the gold and silver coins were to be minted of the old standard ; but Ruding thinks this coinage extended only to the shillings, half shillings, and groats : and that it was at this time the pieces with the heads of the king and queen were struck, out of the quantity of bullion which the Spanish monarch brought with him to England. This writer also remarks, that no mention is made of an indenture for these coins ; and that even Stowe, so exact in his account of the money of the period, does not mention them. The parliament of this year enacted that it should be high treason to bring into the country from abroad forged and counterfeit money, " like to the coin of foreign realms." At the close of the year, a commission was granted to Thomas Egerton and others to make shillings, half shillings, half and quarter shillings, and halfpennies, under the covenants of the 20th August of the queen's first year. Also to make two kinds of base coins, three ounces fine and nine allay, called rose-pence; and halfpence, four hundred and eighty to the pound — the pound-weight to make forty shillings in cur- rent money.1 In November 1555, Thomas Egerton and others were authorised to make seven thousand pounds of pence, according to the standard of the first and second years of the king and queen. In the following year, the merchants ad- venturers were permitted to carry money out of the realm for their expences. The melting down of the coin was about this time forbidden by proclamation. In 1556, rumours had been circulated that the testoons would be decried ; but the effect was checked by a proclamation commanding every one to receive them in payment as heretofore.

Mary died in 1558. Her English pennies only bear the name of the mint ; namely, LONDON.

j Elizabeth, soon after her accession to the throne < in 1558, issued a commission to Sir Edmund Peck- ham and others, authorising them to make " sovereigns at thirty shillings, twenty-four to the pound- weight ; angels at ten shil- lings, seventy-two to the pound ; and angelets, of the fineness of

1 Annals, vol. ii. p. 126.

286 ENGLISH COINS.

twenty-three carats, ten grains and a half fine gold, and one grain and a half allay ; ' and of crown gold, twenty-two carats fine ; sovereigns at twenty shillings, thirty-three to the pound; half-sovereigns, crowns, and half-crowns. By proclamation in the year 1560, the base penny was reduced in current value to three farthings ; the half-groat to three halfpence ; and the testoon of six-pence to four-pence halfpenny ; " excepting the testoons, marked in the uppermost part in the border thereof with one of the following four marks ; namely, a lion, a rose, a harp, or a fleur-de-luce ; which were not above a sixth part of the said base testoons, but which were so base and full of copper (as was easy to be seen and understood), and differed so much in value from all the rest of the base testoons," &c.

On the 8th of November in this year, an indenture was made with Thomas Stanley and others for coining gold and silver of the old standard, by which a pound weight of gold of twenty- three carats, three grains and a half, fine, was ordered to be coined into thirty-six pounds by tale, namely, into twenty-four sovereigns at thirty shillings apiece, or forty-eight rials at fifteen shillings a piece, or seventy-two angels at ten shillings a piece, or one hundred and forty-four half-angels at five shillings a piece. A pound weight of crown gold, of twenty-two carats fine and two carats allay, to be coined into thirty-three pounds by tale, or into thirty-three sovereigns at twenty shillings a piece, or sixty-six half-sovereigns at ten shillings, or one hundred and thirty-two crowns at five shil- lings. A pound weight of the old standard silver, of eleven ounces two penny-weights fine, and eighteen penny-weights alloy, was to be coined into three pounds by tale, or into one hundred and twenty half-shillings, or the proportionate number of groats, quarter- shillings, half-groats, three- halfpenny pieces, pennies, and three-farthing pieces. Ruding thinks that this coinage did not take place immediately, " as the indentures for receiving the base monies, out of which it seems that this coinage was formed, bore date upon the 9th of December

1 Ruding remarks, that it stands thus in the record, instead of three grains and a half fine, and half a grain allay.

ENGLISH COINS. 287

following." * It appears that there was a separate mint in the Tower, for the purpose of converting the base money into sterling. The treasurer, Burleigh, and Sir Thomas Smith were the advisers of this measure. The medal given by Snelling, Plate V. No. 3, records the event.

f In 1560-1, the base coins were called in, ^and in 1561, their circulation was prohibited by proclamation ; the greater part of the base testoons had, however, been brought in to the mint within nine months after the issue of the ordinance which lowered their current value. At this time, the queen paid a public visit to the Tower, when she inspected the mints, and coined several pieces of gold, which she presented to those who attended her.

About this time, the complaints of the scarcity of small coins became loud and urgent, whereupon her majesty commanded an issue of half-shillings and quarter-shillings, and pieces of three-halfpence. A three-farthing piece was also ordered to be struck. All these pieces were to be coined of sterling silver. The sixpence, the threepence, three-halfpenny and three-farthing pieces of this coinage bear the date 1561 above the shield, and are distinguished by the full-blown rose placed behind the queen's bust. A passage in Beaumont and Fletcher's " Scornful Lady," alludes to a piece of roguery common in those days. Lovelass, speaking of Morecraft the usurer, says —

" He had a bastard, his own toward issue, Whipp'd, and then cropp'd, for washing out the roses In three farthings, to make them pence.'''

Martin Folkes says, he had seen a groat upon which some knave had attempted to stamp a rose, to make it resemble a sixpence of this coinage. Ruding, quoting from a MS. pro- clamation in the library of the Society of Antiquaries, says that a foreign piece of gold circulated at this time in England for ten shillings, though not worth nine shillings and three- pence. A print of the English angel of the coinage of Henry

Annals, vol. ii. p. 14(>.

288 KN'ULISH COINS.

the Eighth, with H. and a rose under the arms of the cross on the reverse, is given in the proclamation in question. The counterfeit angels are one of Tournay with M.B., the other of Holland with W.B. l In this year, coining by the mill and screw was first introduced into the English mint by a French- man, said by some writers to have been Philip Mestrelle, who was executed at Tyburn in 1569, having been found guilty of illegal coining; but it appears that the Christian name of Mastrelle was Eloye. To quiet the alarm which the rumour of a decry of money had raised in the public mind, a proclamation was issued, by which the value of the gold coins was thus fixed : —

r1 Fine J gold. | Crown I gold. ] Silver, fine / sterling. |	'he Sovereign, formerly current for 30s. to pass fo Rval, 15s. .	i-20s. 10s. 6s. 8d. 3s. 4d. 13s. 4d. 6s. 8d. 3s. 4d. Is. 8d. 8d. 4d. 2d. Id. ob.
	10s. . . .
Half-Angel,	5s. ...
	20s. . . .
Half-sovereign, ....	10s. . . . 5s. . . .
Half-crown, Shilling, ....	2s. 6d. . 12d. . 6d. . 3d. . Id. ob. ob. q.
Half-shilling, .... Quarter-shilling, Three-halfpence, . . . Three-farthings, . . .

And as the groats, half-groats, and pennies could not be re- duced in value one by one, it was ordered that three groats should be current for eightpence, and the others in proportion. In 1562-3, the parliament at Westminster passed an act for the prevention of offences against the coinage, by which it was made treason to file, clip, or otherwise diminish the current money. The chroniclers inform us that, in 1568, Philippe Mestrelle and two Englishmen were executed at Tyburn. The Frenchman had coined false gold ; the Englishmen had made imitations of the silver coins in tin. In 1572, an inden- ture was made with John Lonison for the coinage of angels,

Annals, vol. ii. 153.

ENGLISH COINS. 289

angelets, and quarter-angels, also half-shillings, three-pence, three-halfpence, and three-farthing pieces. At this time the mill and screw, which had been introduced into the mint by Mes- trelle, was objected to as imperfect; an objection arising, as Ruding thinks, from the prejudice of the mint wardens.1 Two years afterwards Lonison was directed to coin pennies of eleven ounces and two penny-weights, fine ; ten pounds weight to be struck annually. At this time the abundance of private tokens issued by tavern-keepers and tradesmen was the subject of repeated complaints, although the abuse must have existed long previous to this reign. These pieces were composed either of lead, or latten, and sometimes of leather ; — proposals were accordingly made to the queen for the striking of small coins of base silver. It was also suggested to her majesty that a coinage of copper pledges for farthings and halfpence would obviate the evil. To the first proposal the queen strongly objected ; but to the latter her majesty's assent was obtained, and a proclamation was prepared for the purpose of rendering the copper pledges current. The proclamation is supposed to have been never published, and the coinage itself did not take place. A few pieces in copper and silver, from the die of the halfpenny only are known : they are of great rarity, and were doubtless patterns. At this period a licence was granted to the city of Bristol to coin tokens of copper, with the figures of a ship on one side, and the letters C. B. ( Civitas Bristol) on the other. In 1576, the payment of one penny for the ex- change of every noble, "both by the deliverer and taker," was reduced to one farthing. In the following year, and by indenture with Lonison, gold and silver was coined of the same standard as that of Elizabeth's fourteenth year. Clipping and coining was at this time much practised, arid several per- sons suffered for the crime. A commission of this year directs Lonison to coin pennies, in addition to the other pieces. Com- missions were also issued, in 1582-3, for the coining of money as heretofore ; and in the last year the halfpenny was first struck in this reign. In 1584, a commission authorised a new

Some have the date as late as 1601, P P

290 ENGLISH COINS.

coinage of gold, the pound troy to be coined into forty-eight nobles, or twenty-four double nobles. In 1586, the Earl of Leicester was sent into Holland to assist the Dutch ; on which occasion it is supposed gold and silver coins of Elizabeth were counter-marked with the arms of Zealand, to give them cur- rency in the Low Countries. There is an angel of Henry VI., in the collection of the British Museum, thus marked. A com- mission was granted to Sir Richard Marty n, in 1 598, to coin sovereigns, half-sovereigns, crowns, and half-crowns in gold.

In her forty-third year she contracted for the coining of angels, halfangels, pieces of an angel and a half, and of three angels of the finest angel gold ; and (of a coarser crown gold) pieces of twenty, ten, and five shillings. The former sort had the legend, A DOMINO FACTVM EST ISTVD, ET EST MIRABILE, on their reverse ; and the latter, SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGIT EAM.1 This contract is supposed not to have been completed, as the pieces of an angel, halfangel, and three angels are not known.

In the same year, a novel description of coin was struck, by law allowed to be exportable, and minted for the especial use of the East India Company. The pieces of this coinage are the crown, halfcrown, shilling, and six-pence ; 2 and they are distinguished by their type from her English coins, having on one side the shield of arms ; and on the other a portcullis.

On the 29th of July, 1601, by commission granted to Sir Richard Martyn and his son, the weight of the English gold and silver was reduced in a trifling degree. Elizabeth died on the 24th of March, 1602-3. She assumed to herself the sole merit of having restored the coins to their original stand- ard ; but, as has been already shewn, the good work had been commenced by her brother. She however, on every occasion, boasted, in allusion to such reformation, " that she had con- quered now that monster which had so long devoured her people." Ruding justly observes that her conduct in suffering

1 Ruding, vol.ii. p. 177.

2 The weights were, however, regulated by those of the Spanish piastre, or piece of eight reas ; the queen having refused to allow the carrying of the Spanish coins to the East Indies.

ENGLISH COINS.

•291

the master of the mint to depart from the terms of his in- dentures, for the express purpose of coining the money of less weight and fineness, is most reprehensible, and " that instead of entirely reforming the base coins, she only transferred them to Ireland, for the use of her wretched subjects in that king- dom ; where four thousand pounds of these coins, only three ounces fine, were coined into eight thousand pounds of Irish currency." l The only mint worked in the reign of Elizabeth was that in the Tower of London.

j James the First succeeded to the throne of * England, and was proclaimed king on the same day as Elizabeth died. Before his arrival in England, a proclama- tion was issued declaring the rate at which Scottish coins should be current in England ; a measure intended for the conveni- ence of the Scotch noblemen, who followed in his train, and who were not able to furnish themselves in time with English money. On the 21st of the following month of May, inden- tures were made with Sir Richard Martyn for a new coinage, which was directed to be of the same fineness as that of the 43rd of Elizabeth. The title of King of Scotland was of course added to the style, and the second quarter of the shield was charged with the arms of that kingdom. James, in his second year, assumed the title of King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, which was subsequently by proclamation ordered to be placed on his coins. In 1604, the following pieces were coined : 1. The unit of gold, having on one side the king's bust, with the legend, JACOBVS D.G. MAG. BRIT. FRANC & HIB. REX.; and on the reverse, the royal arms, and FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM. 2. The double crown of ten shillings; and, 3. The crown of five shillings, with legend, HENRICVS ROSAS REGNA JACOBVS2 on the reverse. A halfcrown was also to be coined of gold, with the legend, J.D.G. ROSA SINE SPINA : and his arms on the reverse. The silver coins were the crown, half-

1 Annals, vol. ii. p. 189.

2 In allusion to the union of the two roses by Henry VII., and the wished-for union of the two kingdoms by James.

292 ENGLISH COINS.

crown, two-pence, and penny. By indenture of the year 1605, the pound-weight of gold was to be coined into forty pounds ten shillings by tale ; or twenty-seven rose rials, at thirty shillings each ; or fifty-four spur rials, at fifteen shil- lings each; or eighty-one angels, at ten shillings each. It is said that in or about the year 1608, the king sent Walter Basbee, the assay-master of the Goldsmith's Company, to the Emperor of Russia, for the purpose of making for that country a standard of gold and silver, equivalent to that of the Tower of London. l

In 1611, complaints having been made against the exporta- tion of gold, which even the heavy penalties could not entirely check, the unit being valued abroad at twenty-two shillings ; a proclamation was published on the 23rd of November, by which the unit was made current in England at twenty-two shillings. In the following year the complaints of the want of a small coinage were renewed ; tradesmen and others having still continued to issue tokens of lead and other base metal. Accordingly, in May, 1613, these tokens were abolished by royal proclamation ; and his majesty and council discussed the necessity of issuing a smaller coin. A proclamation shortly after declared that John Harrington, Baron, of Exeter, his executors, &c., were authorised and empowered to make " a competent quantity of farthing tokens of copper." They were declared not to be monies, but merely pledges of monies, and the people were not compelled to take them in payment. In Drunken Barnaby's " Itinerarie," allusion is made to these tokens, which were very unpopular at the time : the people in several counties refusing to take them.

Thence to Harrington, be it spoken, For name-sake I gave a token To a beggar that did crave it, And as cheerfully receive it ; More, he need not me importune, For 'twas the utmost of my fortune."

By proclamation of the 1st July, 1618, a piece of fine angel gold, of the value of thirty shillings sterling, was ordered to be

1 Ruding, vol.ii. p. 201.

ENGLISH COINS. 293

coined. It was to bear on one side his majesty's picture crowned and robed, seated in a chair, with a portcullis at his feet, &c. Also, a piece of gold, of half the value of the former, bearing a lion crowned, holding a sceptre in one paw, and a shield in the other, with the numerals xv. Also another piece, of the value of ten shillings, with "the figure of an angel striking a serpent," and the numeral x. ; the reverse to bear a ship with one sail displayed, and charged with the royal arms. Gold pieces, of the value of twenty shillings, with his majesty's bust laureated, and coins of half their value with the same type, were also ordered to be struck. These last two coins were vulgarly termed "laurels." On the 17th of July, 1623, an indenture was made with Randal Cranfield, for making rose rials, spur rials, and angels of the old standard, and of crown gold ; units, double crowns, and Britain crowns. Also, silver monies of five shillings, half five shillings, half shillings, two-pences, pence, and halfpence.

James died on the 27th of March, 1625. During his reign a considerable quantity of silver coin was minted from silver obtained from the lead of the mines in Wales : it is distin- guished by the feathers above the arms. His only English mint was that of the Tower of London.

t Charles I. was proclaimed king the day after the < death of his father. On the first of April in this year, a special commission directed the using the dies of the former sovereign in the mint until others should be provided. On the 30th of May a proclamation was published, prohibiting the cir- culation of all farthing tokens except those authorised by go- vernment. On the llth July, letters patent were granted to the Duchess of Richmond and Sir Francis Crane, conferring on them the sole right of making farthing tokens for seventeen years. These were directed to be made of copper, of the same type as those of the former king, and to weigh six grains each, or more, at the discretion of the patentees. l For this privilege the king was to receive annually a rent of one hundred marks.

1 Ruding, vol. ii. p. 235.

294 ENGLISH COINS.

In the year 1 628, the workmanship of the coins was greatly improved by a French artist named Nicholas Briot, who had quitted his native country in disgust. The king, whose taste for the arts was allowed even by his enemies, readily afforded the foreign artist employment. He was at once naturalised, and by letters patent, dated 26th December, was authorised to engrave a new set of coins, which were to be " of a more perfect roundness, weight, figure, and impression, and with less charge than by the ordinary way of hammering then used." A mint is said to have been set up at York in the year 1629, where, as Ruding supposes, some coins were struck while the king was sojourning there on his way into Scotland, in 1633. It is known that Briot accompanied him in his progress, as a medal was executed by that artist at Edinburgh.1 About this period gold was so plentiful, and silver so scarce, that a premium was often paid to obtain twenty shillings in silver for a piece of gold of the value of twenty shillings, which caused great complaints among tradesmen and dealers. In the au- tumn of this year the fabricators of false farthing tokens were rendered liable to a fine of one hundred pounds, to stand in the pillory, to be whipped and imprisoned in Bridewell, and to find security for their future good behaviour. The reader will find in Ruding many particulars relating to this coinage, which continued to be very unpopular, and was often forged. In March 1635-6, the farthing token was ordered to be made with a small piece of brass in the centre.

On the 30th of July, 1637, a mint was established in the castle of Aberystwith, for the purpose of refining and coining the silver obtained from mines in the principality of Wales. The coins, which were half-crowns, shillings, half-shillings, two-penny pieces, and pennies, were to be of the same value as those minted in the Tower, but with the distinction in type of the badge termed the Prince of Wales' feathers. A subsequent com- mission empowered Mr. Bushell, the master and warden, to add groats, three-penny pieces, and halfpennies to this coin- age. In 1640, the king gave orders to seize the bullion in the

1 Medallic History of England, Plate xv. No. 19.

ENGLISH COINS. 295

mint of the Tower, a measure which necessarily occasioned much surprise and alarm. This was afterwards compromised for 40,000/. A large quantity of pepper was bought up by the king, and immediately afterwards sold at a low price ; but even these measures were found unavailing, and a debasing of the coin was contemplated by the government. This was prevented by the manly remonstrance of Sir Thomas Roe, whose advice and opinion were consulted on the occasion. At this period, the king was reduced to great extremity, in conse- quence of the scarcity of bullion ; plate was subscribed and melted down, and recoined at Shrewsbury, at York, and at Oxford. On the 12th of April the coinage and issue of far- thing tokens was forbidden. About this time, the parliament is supposed to have coined money in the king's mint ; but the pieces with a P. for mint-mark cannot, as Leake supposes, be those which were then struck, as others of this reign have an R. In 1644, the citizens of London, but especially the poor, complained loudly of the farthing tokens, for which it was alleged " there was no rechange, to their great damage, even to their utter undoing." The Common Council, who were consulted on the subject, among other things stated — " that there were 1500/. in farthings in the hands of the patentees, which, if melted, would go a good way to satisfy the poor ; besides, the estate of the patentees might contribute to the same. That the poor were in great straits, not knowing what to trust unto ; and therefore if the tokens were decried, they desired that course might be taken for the coinage of new farthings, according to the intrinsic value ; and that, in the Tower, pennies, two-pences, and small monies might be coined." It seems that in order to circulate these obnoxious pieces, the patentees allowed one shilling in twenty to those who purchased them, and who forced them upon all descriptions of persons. Ruding has given an interesting account of these farthing tokens,1 which, together with the forgeries of them, occasioned great loss and inconvenience to the people.

Of the various coins struck during the turbulent reign of

1 Annals, vol. ii. p. 278-9.

296 ENGLISH COINS.

this unfortunate monarch, examples will be found in the list which follows these remarks. Besides other places unknown, money was coined by him at Aberystwith, Carlisle, Chester, Colchester, Cork, Dublin, Edinburgh, Exeter, London, New- ark, Oxford, Pontefract, Scarborough, Shrewsbury, Worcester, and York.

The commonwealth, as has been observed, struck money during the lifetime of the king, with his name and titles ; but after his death new dies were ordered to be made by Thomas Simon. These coins are distinguished from all others in the English series, and will be particularly described hereafter. The types furnished the cavaliers with a subject for much joke and ribaldry. The double shield on the reverse was called <c The Breeches for the Rump." In allusion to the legends, God and the Commonwealth were said to be on opposite sides. A wag launched the following epigram at them :—

" May their success like to their coin appear, Send double crosses tor their single cheer."

The witty Fuller says, " I hope hereafter, when the question is asked of our coiners, Whose image and superscription is this ? it will be returned, The C&sars of England." 1

A copper coinage was contemplated about this time. Pat- terns of these pieces have been preserved to this day : some of them are dated 1649, and others 1651, and, as Ruding observes, 2 are remarkable from the circumstance of their bear- ing the effigy and titles of Cromwell, as Protector of England, Ireland, and Scotland, although he was not publicly invested with these titles until the end of the year 1653. The council of state and parliament had it represented to them that the coins of the government might be greatly improved by means of a screw press and mill, and resolved to send for Peter Blondeau, a foreign artist then at Paris. He arrived in London in the month of September, and encountered so much opposition from the moneyers, that it was some time before he could commence work. He produced some fine pattern pieces,

1 Worthies of England, p. 193. 2 Annals, p. 300.

ENGLISH COINS. 297

and the moneyers in turn produced other patterns by one of their body, David Ramage. Examples of both are still exist- ing, and are much valued by collectors. '

During the Protectorate, silver was coined in New England, namely, the shilling, half, and quarter. They were of rude execution, and bore the legend MASATHUSETS IN NEW ENG- LAND, AN. DOM. 1652.2 The pieces with N.E. near the edge, and XII. or VI. on the reverse, are supposed to be of the same origin, and to have preceded the first-mentioned coins. Lord Baltimore, lord-proprietor of Maryland, is sup- posed to have struck about this time silver and copper in that province, with his name and title. Ruding observes that all these coins want better than two pennies in a shilling of the weight of the English money, which adds to the probability that the pieces with N.E. just spoken of were of American origin, and not struck at Newcastle.

In the year 1656, the Protector struck money with his name and titles. These coins were the work of Thomas Simon, who had been appointed chief engraver of the mint and medal maker. They were executed with the mill and screw. It does not appear that they were in circulation at any time, and the circumstance of their not being mentioned in the proclamation issued in September 1661, forbidding the currency of the money of the commonwealth, is considered as evidence that they were never considered current money. Coins of the Commonwealth occur with the date 1659, in which year Richard Cromwell resigned the Protectorship.

It is conjectured that Charles II. struck some crowns and half-crowns, in the interval between his father's death and his own restoration in 1660. These pieces bear on the obverse an imperial crown, and on the reverse the numerals indicating their value, and are supposed to have been struck for Charles in Ireland, by the Marquis of Ormond, who caused this monarch to be proclaimed king in all those places which

1 Num. Chron., Vol.1, p. 169.

2 "Musket balls full bore" were a legal tender in Massachusetts in 1656, and were " current for a farthing a piece, provided that no man be compelled to take above twelve at a time of them."

Q Q

298 ENGLISH COINS.

remained true to the royal cause, immediately after the death of his father. The coins struck at Pontefract Castle by Colonel John Morris, the Governor, are, of course, previous to the restoration, as the castle surrendered about seven weeks after King Charles the First was beheaded.

Soon after the restoration, an order was issued for the pre- paration of dies for new coins of gold and silver. The inden- ture for the coinage with Sir Ralph Freeman was dated the 20th July, 1660. The money was therein stated to be of the same denomination and value as that of the late king. Crown pieces are mentioned, but none were coined.1

A warrant dated 28th November, 1661, directs, that the values of the several pieces to be coined by virtue of the indenture of last year are to be stamped upon them ; and a commission of subsequent date orders that groats and quarter shillings shall be added. " It was now thought proper," ob- serves Ruding, " that the coins which were struck during the usurpation should be called in." Pepys in his Diary, under the date 30th November, 1661, observes, "this is the last day for the old states coyne to pass in common payments; but they say it is to pass in public payments to the king three months still."2

An order of Council dated January 1761-2, directs the pay- ment to Sir William Parkhurst and others of fourteen hundred pounds, towards defraying the expenses of erecting houses, mills, engines, &c., for the coining of money by the mill. By an order of the Privy Council, at which the king was present, it was expressly decreed that all engraving of irons, &c., for coinage, should be performed in the Tower, and no where else. The same order required Thomas Simon to deliver to the officers of the Mint all tools and engines he might have in his possession. Vertue, in his account of the works of this artist, says, that after this time his connexion with the Mint appears to have ceased; but Ruding observes that mention is made of Simon at a later period.

Ruding, Annals, vol. ii. p. 319. - Diary, vol. i. p. 124.

ENGLISH COINS.

299

In April 1662, the Council discussed the subject of coining money by " the mill and press :" the result was the appoint- ment of Peter Blondeau to a place in the Mint. The officers of that establishment stated to the Council, that they had offered to " Thomas Simon and John Roetier, gravers of the Mint, to accept of certain prcemia therein specified, for the furnishing the Mint with stamps for coining in the new way, but that, by reason of a contest in art between them, they had found it difficult to bring them to any agreement."1 Roetier, it appears, was a native of Antwerp, and having been pre- sented to Charles, when abroad, came over to England after the restoration, when he was appointed one of the engravers of the Mint. Simon and Roetier were competitors for the designs of new money, which being shown to the king at court, his majesty preferred those of the Dutch artist, to the mortification of Simon, who soon after quitted the mint, as is supposed, in disgust at the treatment he had experienced. Nevertheless, it appears that Simon made puncheons for the Scotch coinage, which was delivered in January 1662-3.

In 1663, the twenty- shilling pieces received the name of guineas, being made from gold brought from Guinea by the African Company. In order to encourage the company to import gold, they were permitted by charter to have the figure of an elephant stamped on these pieces. The units, or pound pieces, of the reign of James I., Charles I., and the Common- wealth were now termed broads, or broad- pieces. In this year Simon produced his beautiful pattern piece, known as the petition crown ; but good taste and feeling were strangers to the heart of the licentious Charles, and the prayer of this eminent artist was unheeded.

In 1665, there was a coinage of half-pence and farthings in copper. The former were without date; the farthing had 1665 under the bust. The obverse of both these pieces had the laureated bust of the king, with CAROLVS A CAROLO, reverse, QVATVOR MARIA VINDICO; in the exergue, BRITAN- NIA. Ruding supposes they were never current. The

1 Ruding, Annals, vol. ii. p. 331.

300 ENGLISH COINS.

legend of the reverse was changed on a subsequent coinage, which took place in 1672, and the word BRITANNIA only was retained. These coins were intended to supersede the tokens issued by tradesmen in town and country, the circulation of which it was found very difficult to check, notwithstanding the penalties with which the utterers and receivers were threat- ened. l Ruding supposes that they were finally suppressed in 1674.2

In the year 1678, the East India merchants were permitted to strike money for the use of the factory at Bombaim, a set- tlement of the Portuguese yielded to Charles, upon his marriage with the Infanta in 1662. The period when this licence was granted is not known, but some of these pieces bear the date 1678.

In the following year, a coinage of pewter farthings was contemplated ; and in 1684, coins in this metal were issued. They bore the same type as those of copper, having a piece of that metal through the centre, and the words NUMMORUM FAMULUS, 1684, in order to prevent forgeries of them; a pre- caution which proved unavailing, as they were counterfeited in great numbers.

The English money of James II. offers nothing remarkable; but that struck by him in Ireland deserves especial notice, and will be described under the head of Irish coins.

In the third year of William and Mary (1690), there was a considerable coinage of tin farthings, with a piece of copper in the centre, and the legend of the reverse resembling that on the tin farthings of Charles II. Half-pennies and farthings of copper and pewter were coined in this year. In 1693, Andrew Corbet, Esq. obtained a patent for coining farthings for a term of nine years, at the annual rent of one thousand pounds; but upon the representation of the master of the mint, the patent was transferred to other hands in the follow- ing year. A petition of the tradesmen of London, in 1693-4,

1 For an account of these tokens see Snelling ; also a paper "On Tradesmen's Tokens" in the first volume of the Numismatic Journal.

2 Annals, vol. ii, p. 347. The proclamation was issued on the 5th of Decem- ber, not the 15th, as stated by Ruding. See Numismatic Journal, Vol. II. p. 254.

ENGLISH COINS. 301

complains of the number of forgeries of these half-pence and farthings, and prays that in future all such coins may be struck in his majesty's mint. Clipping and false coining had for some time been carried on to an alarming extent, and at length roused the attention of parliament, who appointed a committee to inquire into the abuse. The committee recommended a general recoinage as a remedy for the evil, when the recom- mendation was debated in the house and finally adopted. The great recoinage occupied nearly four years, and was completed in 1699. The total amount1 of silver coined was : —

In the Tower Mint, . . . £5,091,121 7 7 In the Country Mints, . . 1,791,787 12 0

£6,882,908 19 7

The mint charges amounted to 179,431 Z. 6s., and the charges and consequent losses are supposed to have been equal to 2,700,OOOZ. The letters B. c. E. N. and Y. on the obverse of these coins denote the various mints in which they were struck, namely, Bristol, Chester, Exeter, Norwich, and York.

In the reign of Queen Anne much attention was paid to the coinage of the United Kingdom, and her money forms a striking contrast to that of her successors. In 1702 the town of Vigo was taken from the Spaniards, and the silver found therein was coined with the word VIGO under the queen's bust. These pieces bear the date 1702 and 1703. In 1707 the royal arms on the reverse of the coins were differently arranged. England and Scotland occupied the first and third quarterings, France was placed in the second, and Ireland in the fourth.

About the year 1712, Dean Swift proposed to the Lord Treasurer a plan for improving the coins, as follows : " I . That the English farthings and halfpence be recoined upon the union of the two nations. 2. That they bear devices and in- scriptions alluding to all the most remarkable parts of her Majesty's reign. 3. That there be a society established for

1 In our own times, the extensive coinages in the Royal Mint, from the year 181C to 1822, amounted to £7,402,236:11:7.

302 ENGLISH COINS.

the finding out of proper subjects, inscriptions and devices. 4. That no subject, inscription, or device, be stamped without the approbation of this society, nor, if it be thought proper, without the authority of Privy Council." — " By this means," he continues, " medals, that are at present only a dead treasure, or mere curiosities, will be of use in the ordinary commerce of life, and at the same time perpetuate the glories of her Majesty's reign, reward the labours of her greatest subjects, keep alive in the people a gratitude for public services, and excite the emulation of posterity/'

Ruding thinks the Dean's proposition met with but little encouragement ; and the result would seem to shew that his conjecture is well founded ; nevertheless, some patterns for halfpence and farthings were struck. The halfpenny has Britannia holding a rose and thistle growing upon the same stalk ; and one of the farthings has, on the reverse, peace in a car, and the legend, PAX MISS A PER ORBEM. Another pat- tern for a farthing, has a female figure, holding an olive branch and a spear, with the legend, BELLO ET PACE, 1715, although Queen Anne, died in August 1714. The designs and execution of these pieces are sufficient to show that at that time the English artists were not equal to the tasks which the Dean would have set them ; and if Swift himself designed these subjects, they furnish but little proof of his taste or invention, the designs being trite and commonplace in the extreme. The idea was, however, a noble one, and though in our own time, while the skill and talent of our artists are admitted, good taste is outraged by the unmeaning and gothic coat of arms on the reverses of our coin, we yet indulge the hope that we shall at some very early period be emancipated from this barbarity.1

" Oh, when shall Britain, conscious of her claim, Stand emulous of Greek and Roman fame ? In living medals see her wars enrolled, And vanquished realms supply recording gold?" — Pope.

1 On the accession of her Majesty Victoria, it was gravely queried in several of the newspapers, whether the queen's arms on her coins — shades of Camden and Gwillim hear it ! — would be plac ed on a lozenge.

ENGLISH COINS. 303

Of the common farthing of Queen Anne, it will be necessary to speak, as there is a singular error respecting it, which can- not be too generally known and corrected. Among the vulgar, to whom, however, the idea is not confined, an opinion prevails that there were but three farthings of Queen Anne struck.1 The officers of the British Museum are consequently fre- quently intruded upon by individuals possessing an example of this supposed rare coin ; whose astonishment, disappoint- ment, and chagrin, may be conceived upon being shewn many specimens in the national collection. The truth is that a Queen Anne's farthing may be purchased of any dealer in coins ; and even the scarce patterns before alluded to, may be obtained without much difficulty.

Of the coins of the succeeding monarchs, it will scarcely be necessary to speak ; except to notice their utter insignificance both in design and execution : the same stiff, formal, and inelegant figure of Britannia appears on the copper, 2 while the reverses of the gold and silver provoke a smile, and almost tempt us to exclaim, with the gentle Pinkerton, that a nation which could retain such a device has not yet emerged from barbarism !

1 In the Numismatic Journal, Vol. I., is an account of a curious trial of one George Hone, for the detention of a Queen Anne farthing.

3 We do not admire the present figure of Britannia. Why does she wear a Grecian helmet? and, indeed, why is her head covered at all? The figure who meets and welcomes Carausius, on the silver coin of that usurper, is evidently intended for the genius of Britain ; but although she holds a trident, her head is bare.

ENGLISH COINS.

FROM WILLIAM THE FIRST TO ANNE.

WILLIAM THE FIRST. A.D. 1066 TO A.D. 1087.

PENNIES only. — C. to R.8.

1. Qbv. MPILLEMVS REX. A full-faced crowned head, under

a canopy or pavilion. R— + BRINTRED ON OXEN 2 (Oxford).

2. Qbv. I-PILLEMV REX. A full-faced crowned head, with

fillets pendent on each side the face. R— + ODNOTH ON PICE (Winchester).

3. Qbv. (-PILLEM. ... A full-faced crowned bust, holding in

the right hand a sword. R I-ORGAR ON LVND (London).

4. Qbv. [-PILLELM REX. A full-faced crowned bust, with

a sceptre in the right hand.

R— SEPINE ON IEXEC (Exeter). In the field, a cross reaching to the inner circle ; in the angles of the cross, the letters P A X S.

5. Qbv. (-PILLEM REX ANGLOI. Full-faced crowned bust,

with two sceptres ; that on the right surmounted by a cross patee, and that on the left by four pearls. R-+COLSPEGEN ON LVND (London).

1 The Saxon p is used on the coins of this king instead of the W ; but it has the form of the Roman P.

2 The coins of this period have generally some kind of ornamented cross on the reverse, of which it is scarcely possible to give a description. See the Plates of Reverses of English Coins.

'

ENGLISH COINS. 305

6. Obv. — PILLE REX I. Full-faced crowned bust, with a sceptre

in the right hand.

R— OSMVND ON SVBI (Southward), within the angles of a plain cross, reaching to the inner circle ; the letters, P.A.X.S. each within a circle.

The PAXS type was of great rarity, until the discovery of a large hoard at Beaworth, in Hampshire, in 1833.

WILLIAM THE SECOND. l

A.D. 1087 TO A.D. 1100. PENNIES ONLY, — R.2. to R.6.

1. Obv. — PILLEEM RE. Crowned full-faced bust; on each side, a star within a circle.

R— -f-ITHELSTAN ON ROFF (Rochester). The letters THEL braced together.

2. Obv.— + PILLEM REX ANI. Crowned full-faced bust;

on each side, a star of six points. R— + MVNPINE ON DOF (Dover).

3. Obv.— + PILLELM RE. Full-faced crowned bust; in the

right hand a sceptre fleury ; in the field, to the left of the bust, a star of six points. R— + ORDPI ON IRFRD (Hereford)?

4. Ofo.— LVILLEM DVO (sic). A full-faced bust, with a

crown composed of two rows of pearls ; a star on each side the neck. R— WILLEM ON RST.

5. Qbv. — WILLELMVS. A full-faced bust, with a pellet on

each side. R— V ON WIS.

This and the preceding coin are remarkable for the Roman W, which here supplants the usual Saxon p. No. 4 for the word DVO.

HENRY THE FIRST. A.D. 1100 TO A.D. 1135. PENNIES ONLY. — R.2. to R.8.

1. Obv. 1- HENRI REX. Side face, crowned, to the right;

before, a sceptre, with cross of pearls. R_+ SEWINE ON SVT (Southward)?

1 The coins of the two Williams cannot positively he distinguished from each other, and those here assigned to Rufus may belong to William the First. See a paper on the coins found at Beaworth, in 1833, in the Archaologia, vol.xxvi.

R R

306 ENGLISH COINS.

2. Qbv. -- h HENRI REX I. Crowned full-faced bust ; above each shoulder, a pellet ; on each side the head, an annulet. R_ + ORDGAR ON LVND (London).

STEPHEN. A.D. 1135 TO A.D. 1154.

PENNIES ONLY. — R.2. to R.8.

1. Qbv. -- h STIEFN . . E. Bust crowned, three-quarter face ;

a sceptre fleury in the right hand. R -- h AELEM . . . LEG (Leicester}.

2. Obv.— + S . . EFNERE. Side face, to the left; the crown

and sceptre as on the preceding. R ---- r. ME ON CA (Canterbury)?

3. Obv.— + STEFNE. As No. 1.

R—4-HERMER ON NOR (Norwich.}

4. Obv. -- (-STIEN. Side-faced portrait to the left, crowned

with a diadem of three fleurs de Us.

R — Flowers, and other ornaments, occupying the place of the legend.

5. Obv. — STE FN. Crowned side-faced bust to the left, holding

a horseman's mace. Snelling, Plate 1, No. 28.

6. Obv. — STIEFNEI. Profile bust in armour to the left, crowned

with a crown fleury, the right hand on a staff surmounted by a fleur de Us, having a banner charged with a cross fitchee, under which is a mullet of six points. R-SPTIDETS ON LV.

ROBERT, EARL OF GLOSTER.

ILLEGITIMATE SON OF HENRY THE FIRST.

PENNIES ONLY. — R.8.

1. Obv.— + RODBERTVS IV. An equestrian figure with a pointed helmet, and a drawn sword in the right hand. R — The same as that of Stephen, No. 4.

HENRY, BISHOP OF WINCHESTER.? PENNIES ONLY. — R 8.

1. Obv.— + HENRICVS EPC. Head of Stephen, similar to

that on the penny of that king, No. 4. R— STEPHANVS REX. It seems probable that this is an ill-struck and blundered penny of Stephen.

ENGLISH COINS. 307

EUSTACE.

(SON OF STEPHEN.)

PENNIES ONLY. — R.6.

1. Obv.— -fEVSTACIVS. An armed figure with a pointed

helmet, represented as far as the knees. R_~ t-EBORACI EDOTS.

2.— Ofo. + EISTAOHIVS (vie). A lion passant to the left ; under his feet, two double shackle bolts with a bar in the middle ; between the fore-legs, a cross patee ; above it a lozenge, over that a pellet, and at the back a curved figure like a crosier.

R — Various ornaments in the place of the legend. In the centre of the field, an ornamented cross.

STEPHEN AND HENRY.?

PENNIES ONLY. — R.7.

1. Obv. hSTIEFNER. Two human figures, face to face, joining

hands. Between them a kind of cross, surmounted by a feur de.lis. R — Various ornaments in the place of the legend.

Much has been said and written about this coin, and it has brought high prices at public sales , but query if it be an English penny ? See the Revue Numismatique, Tome I. p. 284.

There is a coin of the size of the English penny, said to have been found near Salisbury, and supposed to have been struck by some of the turbu- lent Barons in defiance of Stephen. It bears on the obverse an armed profile to the right, with a large sword of the period erect in the right hand ; behind the head is a rose.1 The type of the reverse is similar to some of the coins of Stephen, and the letters of the legend are SI . . SA.

HENRY THE SECOND. A.D. 1154 TO A.D. 1189.

PENNIES ONLY. — C. TO R.6.

1. Obv.— + HENRI REX ANGL. Full-faced crowned bearded bust ; in the right hand a sceptre, surmounted by a cross patee. R_WIT: ON: LVNDE (London.)

A rose is placed before the bust on a penny of Stephen.

308 ENGLISH COINS.

2. Obv.— + HENRICVS R. Crowned beardless bust in pro-

file to the right, holding a sceptre fleury.

R— GODRIC : ON

This penny, from the youthful bust, is supposed of Henry's son.

3. Obv. hHENRICVS. Crowned bust, three-quarters face,

holding a sceptre fleury. R_+OC: ON: NORWIC (Norwich.)

4. Obv. h HENRI RE. Crowned bust, three-quarter faced;

in the field, before, three pellets. R— + SIGAR. ON LVNDENE (London.)

Among the coins of Henry the Second, found at Tealby, and now in the British Museum, are two struck at Wilton, bearing the names of Achetil and Lantier, as moneyers. In the record called "The Chancellor's Roll," of the llth of Henry II., in the British Museum, Anschetil and Lan- tier, unquestionably the same persons, occur as moneyers at Wilton, a circumstance which leaves no doubt as to the correct appropriation by Combe and Ruding of the coins of Henry II. See the communication of Sir Henry Ellis to the Numismatic Society, November 1837. Numis- matic Journal, Vol. II. p. 254.

The pennies of this king are of very rude execution, and so ill-struck that the name can scarcely ever be read. They are never round, but appear to have been shaped hastily with the shears, and not punched out.

RICHARD THE FIRST. A.D. 1189 TO A.D. 1199.

Of this king no English coins have been discovered. The speci- mens which have been engraved were fabrications of a dealer in coins named White. Collectors fill up the hiatus with the Poi- tou or Aquitaine penny, described under the head of Anglo- Gallic Coins.1

JOHN. A.D. 1199 TO 1216.

All the money at present known of this king was coined in Ire- land. The following are examples : — PENNY.— R.2.

Obv. (-IOHANNES REX. Full-faced crowned bust, within

a triangle ; a sceptre in the right hand.

R— ROBERD. ON DIVE (Dublin.) Within a triangle, a crescent surmounted by a blazing star ; a small star in each angle of the triangle.

See "Anglo-Gallic Coins," Section iv.

ENGLISH COINS. 309

HALFPENNY. — R.2.

Q5y. |- JOHANNES DOM. A full face, bounded by the

inner circle.

R ^TOMAS ON DW (Dublin.) Voided cross reaching

to the inner circle ; a pellet in each angle. FARTHING — R.6.

Obv. WILLEN. ON. Type as the penny, but without the hand

and sceptre. R— IOHANES DW. A blazing star within a triangle.

HENRY THE THIRD. A.D. 1216 TO A.D. 1272.

GOLD PENNY. — R.8.

Obv. — HENRIC. REX III. The king crowned with an open crown, sitting on a chair of state. The sceptre passes under the right arm, and the orb is held in his left hand, both being surmounted by a cross of pearls.

R— WILLEM ON LVND (or LVNDE or LVNDEN). A cross moline voided throughout and pierced in the centre ; in each quarter of the cross a rose between three pellets.

Three specimens only of this rae coin are known. The types differ merely in minute particulars.

SILVER PENNY.— C. to R.4.

1. Obv.— HENRICVS REX. Full-faced crowned bust, with a

sceptre in the right hand, surmounted by a cross of pearls, R— ADAM. ON. WINC. A double cross, extending only to the inner circle ; in each angle, three pellets.

2. Obv.— HENRICVS REX III. Full-faced crowned head, the

crown consisting of a fillet or band surmounted by a cross of pearls.

R—WILLEM. ON. WINC. A double cross extending to the edge of the coin ; in each angle, three pellets.

3. HENRICVS REX ANG. A similar type, with the star pre-

ceding the legend of the obverse placed within a crescent. '

1 Sir Henry Ellis, in a communication to the Numismatic Society, November 1837, observes, that in the reign of John an entry upon the Rolls of Parliament directs that the star and crescent, called the king's livery, shall be worn only by menials of his household. See also a paper in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. 11. p. 187, " On the types of the Irish Coins of King John."

310 ENGLISH COINS.

4. O6y.-HENRICVS REX. TERCI. A similar type to that of

No. 2. R— NICOLE ON LVND. A similar type to that of No. 2.

PENNIES OF SAINT PAUL.

These coins, from their resemblance to the money of Henry III., were supposed to have been struck during his reign ; but they beitng to Munster, in Westphalia. See page 260.

EDWARD THE FIRST. A.D. 1272 TO A.D. 1307. PENNY.— C. to R.6.1

1. Obv.— + EDW. R. ANGL. DNS. HYB. Full-faced, head with

an open crown fleury, the hair extending on each side the face.

R— ROBERT DE HADELEIE (or DE HADL'). A plain cross extending to the edge of the coin.

2. Ofo._ + EDW. R. ANGL. DNS. HYB. Full-faced head

as on the preceding coin. R— CI VITAS LONDON. A plain cross and pellets, as on

the preceding coin. HALFPENNY. — C. to R.4.

a Obv.— + EDW. R. ANGL. DNS. HYB. Full-faced head,

as on No. 1.

R— CIVITAS LONDON. A plain cross and pellets. FARTHING. — R.2.

4. Obv. |-E. R. ANGLIE. No inner circle, full-faced head.

R — CIVITAS LONDON. A plain cross and pellets.

5. Obv.— EDWARDVS D. G. R. Full-faced head.

R — VILLA BERVICI. A boar's head in two of the quar- ters of the cross.

On the coins of the preceding monarchs the sceptre often appears, but on those of Edward I. it is omitted, and does not occur again in the same manner. The style of the portrait which is now found on our English coins was continued until the reign of Henry VII., who introduced the arched crown, and subsequently the profile likeness. Much has been written and said about the supposed likenesses on our English coins, but the first attempt to represent the sovereign as he really appeared was in the reign of Henry VII. Some writers have remarked upon the ugliness of the portraits on the coins of Edward IV., who, according to our histo- rians, was possessed of much beauty; but we have seen groats of this prince with very comely busts, though they were perhaps not intended for a likeness; in fact, the ugliness alluded to is clearly not the result of design, but owing to the artist's want of skill or care.

The penny of the Reading mint is very rare.

ENGLISH COINS. 31 1

EDWARD THE SECOND. A.D. 1307 TO A.D. 1327.

GROATS. ? PENNIES. — C. HALFPENNIES. — C. FARTHINGS.'

The coins of this prince resemble those of his father in nearly every respect.

The type of the heavy pieces termed groats, will be found among the plates. Though noticed here, they doubtless belong to the succeeding king. They are R.8.

EDWARD THE THIRD. A.D. 1327 TO A.D. 1377.

HALF-FLORIN.— R.8.

Obv.— EDWAR. D. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. DNS. HIB. A leopard crowned, with a banner, charged with the arms of England, fastened to his neck and flowing over the shoulder. R— DOMINE NE IN FVRORE TVO ARGVAS ME. In a treasure of four curves, with a lion of England at every out- ward angle, a cross fleury having a quatrefoil opening in the centre, and at the extremity of each arm. QUARTER-FLORIN. — R.8.

Obv.— EDWR. R. ANGL. Z. FRANC. D. HIB. In a field semee de Lys, a helmet with lambrequins ; crest, a lion passant guardant crowned. R— EXALTABITVR IN GLORIA. A cross fleury with a

rose in the centre. NOBLE. — C to R.8.2

Obv.— EDWARD DEI GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. D. HYB. The king, armed and crowned, standing full-faced in a ship with a streamer at the mast-head, charged with the cross of Saint George. His right hand holding a sword ; in his left, a shield bearing the arms of France and England quarterly ; on the bulwarks of the ship, a row of lions passant guardant to the right ; below, two tiers of ports.

1 The farthing cannot be identified.

2 The noble of the London mint, with an L. in the centre, is extremely rare.

312 ENGLISH COINS.

HALF-NOBLE. — C. to R.8. Types as the noble.

QUARTER-NOBLE. C. to R.8.

Obv.— EDWARD DEI GRA. REX ANGL. The royal arms

within a tressure of eight arches pointed with trefoils. R— EXALTABITVR IN GLORIA. In a double tressure, with feurs de Us and lions in the arches ; a cross fleury, with trefoils in the angles, and four pellets in the centre.

(Silver). GROAT. — C.

Obv.— + EDWARD DEI G. REX ANGL. DNS. HYB. Z. AQT. Full-faced head, crowned with an open crown fleury, within a double tressure of nine arches. R_POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEV, in the outer circle ; in the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON, cross and pellets. HALF GROAT. — C.

Obv.— + EDWARDVS REX ANGLI Z FRANCI. Head as No. I. R—POSVI DEV. ADIVTOREM. In the inner circle,

CIVITAS LONDON. Type as No. 1. PENNY.— C. to R.8.

Obv.— + EDWARD ANGL. R DNS. HYB. Crowned head.

R—CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets. HALFPENNY. — C. to R.8.

Obv.— + EDWARDVS REX A. Crowned head.

R— CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets. FARTHING C. to R.4.

Obv.— + EDWARDVS REX A. Crowned head. R — As the preceding.

RICHARD THE SECOND.

A.D. 1377 TO A.D. 1399. NOBLE.— C.

Obv.— RICARD DI GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. DNS. HIB.

Z. AQT. Type similar to that of the noble of Edward III.

R— IHC. AVTEM, &c., as on the noble of Edward III., but

with an R. for Ricardus, in the centre. HALF-NOBLE. — R.4.

Obv.— RICARD DEI GRA. REX ANGL. DNS. HIB. Z. AQ. Similar type and inscription on the Reverse to those of the half noble of his predecessor, with an R. in the centre.

QUARTER-NOBLE. R.2.

Obv.— RICARD. DI GRA. REX ANG. Similar type and in- scription on the Reverse to that on the quarter-nobles of his predecessor, with an annulet in the centre.

ENGLISH COINS. 313

GROAT. — R.3.

1. Obv.— + RICARD. DI. GRA. REX. ANGL. Z. FRANCIE.

Full-faced head, with open crown.

R— + POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEV'., in the outer circle. In the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON.

HALF GROAT. — R.5.

2. Ofo.-+ RICARD. DI. G. REX. ANGL. Z. FRANC. Full-

faced head. R— Legend and type as the preceding.

3. Obv.— RICARD. DI. GRA. REX ANGLIE. Full-faced

head.

R — As the preceding. PENNY.— R.I.1

4. Obv.- + RICARD. REX ANGL. Z. FRAC. Full-faced

head. R— CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets.

5. Obv.— + RICARD. REX ANGL. Z FRAN. Full-faced head,

with pearls between ihefleurs de Us on the crown. R— CIVITAS EBORACI. Cross and pellets; a double rose in the centre of the cross. HALFPENNY.— C.

6. Obv.— + RICARD. REX ANGL. Full-faced head.

R—CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets. FARTHING. — R.8.

7.— Obverse and reverse as the preceding.

HENRY THE FOURTH. A.D. 1399 TO A.D. 1413.

The first coinage of this king was of the same weight as that of the pre- ceding monarchs, but none are at present known. He reduced the weight of the groat to sixty grains in his 13th year. Henry V. coined at London and at Calais, and his successor at both these places, and also at York and Bristol. The coins of Henry the IVth, Vth, and Vlth, are therefore in several instances not to be distinguished from each other.

NOBLE.— C.

1. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. DNS. HIB. Z. AQ. Type similar to that of the noble of Richard II., but without the flag at the mast head ; in the centre of the cross, H.

1 If in fine preservation, R.8. S S

314 ENGLISH COINS.

QUARTER NOBLE.

2. Obv.— HENRICVS DI. GRA. ANGL. Z. FR. AN. Similar

type and inscription on the Reverse to that of the quarter noble of Richard II.

See the observations at page 268.

GROAT.-C. 1 (SUver'">

3. Obv.— HENRI. D. G. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. D. HY.

R—POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, in the outer circle. In the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets, the latter in two of the quarters conjoined by an annulet.

HENRY THE FIFTH.*

A.D. 1413 TO A.D. 1422. NOBLE. — C.

1. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. DNS.

HYB. The king standing- in a ship, which has two ropes

only instead of three ; no flag at the mast ; under the right

elbow, an annulet ; in the quarters of the shield three

fleurs de Us. 3

R — Same legend and type as the nobles of his predecessors. Mint mark, ajleur de Us.

Others have the flag at the mast. HALF NOBLE. — C.

2 Ofo.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. A

similar type to the preceding, but with the flag at the stern.

R — Similar type and legends as the Reverse of his prede-

cessors, but with an H in the centre. QUARTER NOBLE. — C.

3. Obv.— HENRIC. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. The royal

arms between a crescent and a rose ; above, ajleur de Us. R — Similar type and legend to the quarter noble of Richard II., but with ajleur de lis in the centre.

GROAT.-C.

4. Qbv.~+ HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC.

Full-faced head : an annulet on each side the neck- R_ + POSVI DEVM ADIVTORtf' MEVM, in the outer circle ; in the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON. Mint mark, a cross pierced.

1 With the Roman N. R.6. The " heavy groat" is unknown. a For a description of the money of this king, struck at Calais, see the account of " Anglo-Gallic Coins," Sect. IV.

3 Sandford is of opinion that Henry IV. first red need the flours de Us to three.

ENGLISH COINS.

315

HALF GROAT. — C.

5. Obv. — Legend and type as the preceding. R — Legend and type as the preceding. See the observations under Henry IV. as to the other coins.

HENRY THE SIXTH. A.D. 1422 TO A.D. 1461. NOBLE.— C.

1. Ofo.-HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. DNS.

HYB. Type similar to that of his predecessors. Three ropes to the ship, and &fleur de Us under the king's elbow.

R — The usual type and legend. Fleur de Us for mint mark. HALF NOBLE. — C.

2. Similar type and legend. QUARTER NOBLE. — C.

3. Ofo.- HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. The usual type,

with a fleur de Us over the arms, and a fleur de Us for mint mark.

R— The usual type and legend. ANGEL. — C.

4. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. The

Archangel Saint Michael trampling on the dragon, and thrusting into his mouth a staff, the upper end of which terminates in a cross crosslet.

R— PER CRVSE' TVA' SALVA NOS XPE. REDE' TOR. A ship, with a cross for the mast; on the right side, the letter H ; on the left, zjleur de Us ; mint mark, a cross crosslet.

ANGELET. — R.8.

5. Obv.— HENRIC. DEI GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FR. Similar

type. R— O CRVX. AVE SPES VNICA. Similar type.

(Silver.) GROAT. — C.

6. Obv.— + HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC.

Full-faced head, &c. Mint mark, a cross crosslet. R— POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, in the outer circle; in the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON; after " civitas" a lozenge, after " London," a leaf.

316 ENGLISH COINS.

GROAT.1 — R.2.

7. Obv. — Legend as the preceding. An E on the breast of the

bust for Eboracum. Mint mark5t/fewr de Us.

R—POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM, in the outer circle; in the inner circle, CIVITAS EBORACI. Mint mark, &fleur de Us.

HALF-GROAT.— C. to R.6.

8. Obv.— + HENRICV. DI. GRA. REX. ANGL- Z. FR. Type

as the preceding.

R — Legend and type as the preceding.

PENNY.— C.

9. Obv.— HENRIC. REX ANGLI. Full-faced head, between a

mullet of five points, and a trefoil.

R—CIVITAS EBORACI. Cross and pellets.

HALFPENNY. — C.

10.— HENRIC. DEI GRA. REX ANG. Full-faced bust, with a trefoil on each side the neck ; mint mark, rose.

R—CIVITAS EBORACI. Cross with a rose in the centre, and pellets.

FARTHING. — R.6.

11. Obv.— HENRIC. REX ANGL. Full-faced head ; mint mark,

Jleur de Us.

R—CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets.*

12. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX AN. Under the bust, a

key.

R—CIVITAS EBORACI. Cross and pellets.

1 There is another groat with a rose for a mint mark, and the legend HENRIC. DI. GR. REX ANGL. FRANC., weighing 48 grains. See the observations at p. 269.

2 The appropriation of this farthing is doubtful: it may belong to Henry IV. V. or VI.

ENGLISH COINS. 317

EDWARD THE FOURTH. A.D. 1461 TO A.D. 1483.

(Gold.)

RIAL, or ROSE NOBLE. — C. to R.3.

1. O6t?.- EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX. ANGL. Z. FRANC.

DNS. 'IB. The usual type of the noble, with a full-blown rose on the side of the ship, and a square flag at the stern charged with the letter E.

R— IHC AVTEM, &c. Within the usual tressure of arches, a large sun of sixteen rays (in the place of the cross) ; in the centre, a rose. Mint mark, a coronet.'

HALF-RIAL.— C. to R.4.

2. Obv.— EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC.

Similar types and legends, with B. or E. under the rose. Mint mark, a sun.

QUA RTER-RlAL.— R.2.

3. Obv.— EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. The Royal arms

within a tressure of four arches, within which are the letter E, a rose, ajleur de Us, and a sun. Mint mark, the sun. R — Type same as half-rial.

ANGEL. — C.

4. Obv.— EDWARD. DEI GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. A

similar type to that of the angel of Henry VI. R— PER CRVCEM TVA' SALVA NOS XPE REDEMPT. A similar type to that of the angel of Henry VI., but with E on the right side of the cross, and a rose on the left.

Angels of the country mints are very rare.

ANGELET. — R.4.

5. Obv.— EDWARD. DEI GRA. REX ANGL. Type as the

preceding.

R— O CRVX AVE SPES VNICA. Type as the pre- ceding.

1 Others have C. under the rose, for Canterbury. The letters E. and B., for Eboracum (York) and Bristol, are found on the half-rial.

318 ENGLISH COINS.

(Silver.) GROAT.— C. to R.3.1

6. Obv.— EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRAN. Full-

faced bust, with a fleur de Us on the neck. Mint mark, cross crosslet.

R—POSVI, &c. In the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON. Mint mark,^<?Mr de lis.

HALF-GROAT.— C. to R.6.

7. Obv.— EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRA. Full-

faced bust with the letter C on the breast. Mint mark, rose.

R — POSVI DEVM, &c. in the outer circle ; in the inner circle, CIVITAS CANTOR. Mint mark, rose.

PENNY.— R.I.

8. Obv.— EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Full-faced bust,

with afleur de lis on each side of the neck. Mint mark, crown.

R_ CI VITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets. PENNY.— R.I. to R.4.

9. Obv.— EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX. ANG. Full-faced bust ;

on the right side of the neck, B ; on the left, a key.2 R— CIVITAS DERAME. In the centre of the cross D. HALFPENNY. — R.I.

10. Obv.— EDWARD. DI. GRA. REX. Full-faced bust. Mint

mark, rose. R— CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets.

11. Another with a pellet on each side the bust. FARTHING. — R.8.

12. Obv.— ED WARD.... EX ANGL. Full-faced bust.

R—CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets. Weight 2£ grains. (Cab. of Mr. Cuff.)

EDWARD THE FIFTH. A.D. 1483.

There are no certain coins of this prince. See the Notice under this reign in the Introductory Account, p. 271.

1 Other groats have a rose on each side the neck, and a sun for mint mark. One has a sun on the obverse and reverse. The groats of the provincial mints differ but slightly in type, with the legends VILLA BRISTOW, or BR1STOLL — CIVITAS EBORACI— CIVITAS NORWIC— CIVJTAS COVETRE.

2 The cognisance of Laurence Booth, bishop of Durham.

ENGLISH COINS. 019

RICHARD THE THIRD. A.D. 1483 TO 1485.

(Gold.) ANGEL. — R.3.

1. Obv.— RICARD. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRANC. Type

the same as the angel of Edward IV. Mint mark, a boars head on both sides. 1

R— PER CRVSEM, &c. The letter R on the right side of the cross, and a rose on the left.

HALF-ANGEL. — R.8.

2. Obv.— RICARD. DI GRA. REX ANGL. The usual type.

R— O CRVX AVE, &c. The usual type.

(Stive*.)

GROAT.— R.I.

3. Obv.— RICARD. DI. GRA. REX. ANGL. Z. FRANC. The

usual bust of the period. Mint mark, a rose. R— POSVI DEVM, &c. In the inner circle, CIVITAS

LONDON. Mint mark, rose. GROAT. — R.6.

4. Similar type on obverse and reverse, with CIVITAS EBO-

RACI.

5. Another, with the boar's head for mint mark on obverse and

reverse. HALF-GROAT.— R. 8.

6. Obv.— RICARD. DI. GRA. REX. ANGL. Z. FRA. Full-

faced bust. Mint mark, a boar's head. R — As the groat, but the pellets united and resembling a

trefoil. PENNY. — R.8.

7. Obv.— + RICARD ANGL. Full-faced bust.

R — A rose of four leaves in the centre of the

usual cross. (Cabinet of Mr. Cuff.)

The place of mintage is illegible ; but the type of the reverse shews it to be of this king's mint at York. It is the only regal penny known.

HALFPENNY. — R.8.

8. Obv.— RICARDVS REX ANGL. Full-faced bust.

R_CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets. FARTHING.

Not known.

Others have a rose for mint mark.

320 ENGLISH COINS.

HENRY THE SEVENTH. A.D. 1485 TO A.D. 1509.

(Gold.) SOVEREIGN, or DOUBLE-RIAL. — R.7.

1. Obv.— HENRICVS DI. GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET FRANC. DNS. IBAR. The king, crowned and clad in royal robes, seated on a throne : in his right hand, a sceptre fleury, in his left the orb ; the back ground powdered with Jleurs de Us.

R— IHS. AVTEM TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLO- RVM IBAT HE. Within a double tressure of ten arches with trefoils in the outer angles, the English lion and^ewr de Us alternately within a double rose ; in the centre, a plain escutcheon of France and England quarterly.

There is another type, differing from this, with the throne surmounted by a canopy, and the sceptre surmounted by a cross, instead of being fleury. Another type has the king on a different throne, with a dragon on a pe- destal on each side, and a dragon for mint mark.

SOVEREIGN. — R.7.

2. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. FRANC. Z. &c.

The king on a throne, &c., but differing from the preced- ing. Mint mark, a rose.

R— IHS AVTE TRANSIENS PER MEDIV ILLORV IBAT. Double rose, with large shield of arms crowned. Mint mark, rose.

ROSE RIAL.— R. 8.

3. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. FRANC. DNS

IBAR. The crowned figure of the king armed and standing in a ship, with sword and shield. English roses on the side of the vessel, and at the head a banner, charged with the letter H. ; at the stern, another banner, charged with a dragon. R— IHC. AVTEM, &c. The double rose, with the arms of France alone, in the centre. A cross fitchee for mint mark.

ANGEL.— C.

4. Usual type of this coin, with additional ropes to the ship. Mint

mark, on both sides, a greyhound's head.

5. Another, with the angel standing with both feet on the dragon.

Mint mark, on both sides, a pheon.

ANGELET. — R.2.

6. Types similar to the angel.

ENGLISH COINS. 321

(Silver.) SHILLING. — R.8.

1. Obv.— HENRIC. SEPTIM. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FR.

Profile crowned bust. Mint mark^ewr de Us. R—POSVI DEVM, &c. The arms of England and France quarterly on a cross fourchy at the ends.1 Mint mark, Jieur de Us.

GROAT.— C.

2. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX AGL. Z. FR. Full-faced

bust crowned with a crown of four arches, surmounted by a globe and cross. Mint mark, anchor. R— POSVI DEVM, &c. In the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON. The cross fourchy at the ends. Mint mark, anchor.

3. Obv.— HENRIC. VII. DI. GRA. REX AGL. Z. FR. Profile

crowned bust. Mint mark, pheon.

R — POSVI DEVM, &c. Arms on a cross fourchy, as on the shilling. Mint mark, pheon.

4. Another, slightly differing in the legend of the obverse, with

the mint mark 2 of a greyhound's head on each side.

GROAT.— R.8.

5. Obv.— HENRIC. SEPTIM. DI. GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FR.

Side-faced bust, crowned with an arched crown. Mint mark, fleur de Us on each side. R— POSVI DEVM, &c. Cross and shield of arms.

HALF-GROAT. — C.

6. Obv.— HENRIC DI. GRA. REX AGL. Z. F.

R— POSVI DEVM, &c. In the inner circle, CIVITAS LONDON.

The half-groat of Canterbury, CIVITAS CANTOR, has a Tun on each side for mint mark. That of York, CIVITAS EBORACI, a martlet on each side for mint mark.

1 Until this period the cross which divides the pellets and extends to the edges of the reverse of the coin is patee at the ends. On the coins of this king the crosses are pat£e fourche"e.

2 The other mint marks on the groats of this king are a rose, an escalop shell, a cinquefoil, and & fleur de lis.

T T

322 ENGLISH COINS.

7. Obv.— HENRIC. VII.1 DI. GRA. REX AGL. Z. F. Profile

bust of the king to the left, with a crown of one arch only. Mint mark, afleur de Us.

R— POSVI DEV. ADIVTORE. MEV. The arms of France ajid England quarterly on a cross patee fourchee. Mint mark, &fleur de Us.

Another half-groat reads HENRIC, and is without the Z. F., and has for mint mark, on each side, a cross patee.

PENNY. — C.

8. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX. The king seated on his

throne holding the sceptre and globe. Mint mark, pheon. ' R— CIVITAS LONDON. The arms of France and En- gland quarterly on a cross fourchy. Mint mark, pheon. FULL-FACED PENNY. — R.7.

9. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX ANG. Full-face, with

arched crown without the treasure. Mint mark, on both sides, a tun.

R— CIVITAS CANTOR. Cross fourchy and pellets. HALFPENNY. — R.4.

10. Obv.— HENRIC. DI. GRA. REX A. Full face, with an arched

crown. R — CIVITAS EBORACI. A cross fourchy and pellets.

11. Obv.— H. D. G. REX ANGLIE. Z. FRA. Full face, with

arched crown. R— CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets.

12. Another with open crown.

HENRY THE EIGHTH. A.D. 1509 TO A.D. 1546-7.

(Gold.) DOUBLE-SOVEREIGN. — R.8.

1. Obv.— HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET

FRANC. DNS. HIB. The king crowned, sitting in a chair of state, within the inner circle, engrailed and pointed. On each arm of the chair a cross patonce, as on the sceptre ; at his feet a portcullis. Mint mark,Jleur de Us. R— IHESVS AVTEM TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM IBAT. The double rose and shield of arms within a foliage. Mint mark, cross crosslet. SOVEREIGN. — R.I. to It. 4.

2. Obv. & R — As the double sovereign, but with pellets between

ihejleurs de Us on the obverse, and an arrow on the reverse.

1 The numerals distinguishing the monarch by whom the coin was struck, now appear for the first time since the reign of Henry the Third.

K\<;LISH COINS. 323

3. Obv.— HENRIC. 8 DI. GRA. ANGLIE. FRANCIE ET

HIB'E REX. Type as the preceding, but a double rose under the feet of the king1, l instead of the portcullis, and the sceptre fleury. Mint mark, ./few* de Us on both sides. R— IHESVS AVTEM TRANCIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORV. IBAT. The royal arms crowned, supported by a crowned lion and a dragon ; below, the letters H. R.

HALF-SOVEREIGN. — C. to R.2.

4. Obv.— HENRIC. 8 DEI GRA. AGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX.

The king in a chair of state, with angels on the arms of it; a double rose at his feet. R— IHS. AVTEM, &c. Type as No. 3. GEORGE NOBLE. — R.8. ^

5. Obv.— TALI DICAT SIG°. MES FLVCTVARI NEQT'.

St. George, on horseback, in armour of this period, attack- ing the dragon with his spear. Mint mark, rose on both sides.

R— HENRIC. D. G. R. AGL. Z. FRANC. DNS. HIBER. Type as the angel ; a double rose on the mast, which is between the letters H. R. ANGEL. — C.

6. Obv.— HENRIC. VIII. DI. GRA. REX AGL. Z. FRA.

Usual type of St. Michael and the dragon. Mint mark, a portcullis crowned.

R— PER CRVCE, &c. Usual type. ANGELET. — R.2.

7. Obv. -HENRFC. VIII. DI. GRA. REX AN. Type as

No. 6.

R— O CRVX AVE. SPES. VNICA. Type as No. 6. QUARTER ANGEL. — R.2.

8. Obv.— HENRIC VS VIII. DI. GRA. AGLIC. Type, &c.

as the angel and angelet, but without the annulet on the ship. CROWN. — C.

9. O^.-HENRIC. 8. DEI GRA. REX ANGL. Z. FRA.

Royal arms crowned.

R— HENRIC VIII. RVTILANS ROSA SINE SPIN. Cross fleury, with large rose in the centre. In the angles, the letter H crowned and English lion alternately. Mint mark, a lion.

1 Did the artist intend to satirize this rapacious and bloody tyrant, by repre- senting him with the English rose beneath his feet, or was the type adopted by Henry in sheer arrogance?

324 ENGLISH COINS.

CROWN. — C.

10. Obv.— HENRIC. 8 ROSA SINE SPINE. Type as pre-

ceding, but the letters crowned. Mint mark, plain cross or quartrefoil.

R— D. G. ANGLIE. FRA. Z HIB. REX. Royal arms crowned. Mint mark, VY, with a plain cross or quartrefoil. HALF-CROWN.— R.2.

11. Obv.— RVTILANS ROSA SINE SPINA. Double rose

crowned, between the letters H. K. Mint mark, fleur de Us.

R— HENRIC. 8 DI. GRA. AGL. Z FRA. Anns crowned, between H. K. J

(Silver.) CROWN?— R.8.

12. Obv.— HENRIC. 8 DEI GRACIA ANGLIE FRANCIE

Z. HIBERN REX. Full-faced bust to the waist, with a crown of Jleurs de Us and plain crosses. In the right hand a sword, in the left a mound. On each side a fleur de Us, as mint mark.

R— ANGLICE Z HIBERNICE ECCLESIE SVPRE- MVM CAPVT. The royal arms crowned, with supporters, a lion and dragon ; the letters H. R. beneath the shield.

This piece is considered by some to be a medal, struck on Henry's assump- tion of the supremacy in 1530.

SHILLING or TESTOON. — R.4.

13. Obv.— HENRIC. VIII. DI. GRA. AGL. FRA. Z. HIB.

REX. The full-faced crowned bust of the king in the royal mantle. Mint mark, on each side, ajleur de Us.

R—POSVI DEVM ADIVTOR, &c. A double rose crowned, between the letters H. and R., likewise crowned.

Scarcely ever fine. GROAT. — C.

14. Obv.— HENRIC. 8 D. G. AGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX.

Three-quarter-faced bust. Mint mark, Bolt.

R — POSVI, &c. Arms on a cross fourchy. GROAT.— R.4.

15. Obv. — Legend and type as No. 14.

R— REDDE CVIQVE QVOD SVVM EST. As No.

14, with a small fleur de Us on the upper limb of the cross. There is a half-groat and a penny of this coinage, which are of the first rarity.

1 For Henry and Katharine. There are pieces with the initials of his other wives.

ENGLISH COINS. 325

GROAT.— C.

16. Obv.— HENRIC. VIII. DI. GRA. REX AGL. Z. FR.

Profile bust like that on his father's groats. R — POSVI, &c. The arms, &c. as on his father's coins. HALF-GROAT. — C.

17. Differing but slightly from the groats. l PENNY.— R.I.

18. Obv.— H. D. G. ROSA SINE SPIN. 2 Full-faced crowned

bust, in the royal mantle. R— CIVITAS LONDON. Arms and cross. PENNY.— R.I.

19. Obv.— HE. 8. D. G. ROSA. SINE SPINE. Bust as

No. 18.

R— CIVITAS BRISTOLIE. Arms and cross. HALFPENNY. — R.3.

20. Obv— H. D. G. ROSA SIN. SP. Full-faced bust. Mint

mark, bolt.

R_CIVITAS CANTOR. Cross and pellets. FARTHING. — R.8.

21. Obv.— HENRIC. R. DI A portcullis.

R — .... Cross with a rose in the centre.

22. Obv. I-RVT .... ROSA. Portcullis.

R— H. D. GRATI. Cross and pellets.

23. Obv. — HE. D. G. . AG. Cross fourchy, with a rose in the

centre.

R— RVTILANS A. A portcullis. Mint mark, a bolt.

These are the only three known.

EDWARD THE SIXTH. A.D. 1546-7 TO A.D. 1553.

(Gold.) TREBLE-SOVEREIGN. — R.8.

1. Obv.— EDWARD VI. DEI GRA. AGL. FRAN. ET HIBER REX. The king seated in a chair of state, hold- ing a drawn sword and the orb. Mint mark, on both sides, Y.

R — IHS AVTEM, &c. The royal arms supported, as on his father's coins ; underneath, E. R.

1 The half- groats of the archiepiscopal mints are marked with the initials of the prelates. Wolsey not only placed these on his coins, but also the Cardinal's hat. See p. 280.

* A penny in the writer's cabinet reads SPINIS.

3*26 ENGLISH COINS.

DOUBLE-SOVEREIGN. — R.8.

2. Obv.— EDWARD VI. D. G. ANGLIE. FRANCIE Z.

HIBERNIE REX. Type as the sovereign of his father. Mint mark, dragon's head. R— IHESVS AVTEM, &c. As that of his father's

sovereign. SOVEREIGN. — R.7.

3. Obverse and reverse, as the preceding. SOVEREIGN. — R.2.

4. Obv.— EDWARD VI. D. G. AGL. FRA. Z. HIBER

REX. Profile portrait of the king to the waist, crowned and in armour, holding in his right hand a drawn sword, and in his left the orb. Mint mark, on both sides, a tun. R— IHS. AVTE, &c. Type as the treble sovereign. HALF-SOVEREIGN. — R.6.

5. Obv. — Type, &c. as the preceding.

R— IHS. AVTEM, &c. Plain shield, crowned between the

letters E.R. HALF-SOVEREIGN. — R.6.

6. Obv.— LVCERNA PEDIBVS MEIS VERBVM TVVM.

Bust in armour, bare-headed.

R— EDOVARD VI. D. G. ANGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX. Shield between the letters E.R. A crescent after every word, both on obverse and reverse. HALF-SOVEREIGN. — C.

7. Obv.— SCVTVM FIDE I PROTEGIT EVM MDXLVIII.

R— EDWARD VI. D. G. ANGL. FRA. Z. HIBER.

REX. Oval shield between the letters E.R. ANGEL. — R.8.

8. Obv.— EDWARD VI. D. G. AGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX.

The usual type. Mint mark, dragon's head. ? R— PER CRVCE, &c. Usual type; the mast between

the letter E and a rose. ANGELET. ?

Type as the angel. (Ruding.}

This piece is not known.

CROWN. — R.6.

9. Obv. — Legend and type as the sovereign, No. 4.

R — As the treble-sovereign. HALF-CROWN. — R.6.

10. Obvorso and reverse, as tho crown.

ENGLISH COINS. 327

(Silver.) CROWN.— C.

11. Obv.— EDWARD VI. D. G. AGL. FRA. Z. HIBE.

REX. The king crowned and in armour, with his sword drawn and held upright, mounted on a horse caparisoned and curvetting; beneath, the date 1551. Mint mark, the letter Y on each side. R—POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE' MEV. Royal arms

on a plain shield, over which, a cross fourchy. HALF-CROWN. — C.

12. Obv. — As the preceding, but the horse ambling, and a plume

of feathers on its head. R — As that of the crown.

Another is without the plume, and with the date 1553. Mint mark, a tun, on both sides.

SHILLING. — C.

13. Obv.— TIMOR DOMINI FONS. VITE MDXL7.

Crowned bust in profile.

R— EDWARD VI. REX AGL. FRA. HIB. &c. Royal arms in a garnished oval shield, between the letters E. R. Mint mark, on both sides, a rdfee. SHILLING. — R.3.

14. Obv.— INIMICOS EIVS INDVAM CONFVSIONE. Bust

as the preceding. R -EDWARD VI. D. G. ANGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX.

Type as the preceding. Mint mark, on each side, a bow.

Some of these shillings (of which there are several varieties) are counter- marked with a greyhound or a portcullis behind the head. See the plate of obverse types of English coins. Side-faced shillings in fine silver, 1547, 1548, are of extreme rarity.

SHILLING (with full-faced bust). 1 — C.

15. O&y.-EDWARD VI. D. G. AGL. FRA. Z. HIB. REX.

Full-faced crowned bust, in parliament robes, with chain of the order, between a double rose, and the numerals XII. to denote the value. Mint mark, on each side, a tun. R—POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE' MEV. Arms in a plain shield, over which, a cross fourchy.

1 The following entry occurs in this king's journal : — " Agreed that the stamp of the shilling and sixpence should be on one side, a king painted to the shoul- ders in parliament robes, with a chain of the order ; five shillings of silver, and half-five shillings, should be a king on horseback, armed with a naked sword hard to his breast. Also that York's mint, Throgmorton's in the Tower, should go and work the fine standard. In the city of York and Canterbury should the small money be wrought of a baser sort," &c. These shillings and sixpences are at this day common to excess.

328 ENGLISH COINS.

SIXPENCE (with full-faced bust}. — C.

16. Obv.— EDWARD VI. D. G. AGL. FRA. Z. HIBER. REX.

Type as the preceding ; VI. for the value. Mint mark, on both sides, Y. R — As the shilling.

Another sixpence has CIVITAS EBORACI instead of POSVL— R.2.

GROAT.— R.6.

17. Obv.— EDWARD 6. D. G. AG. FR. Z. HI. REX. Bust

crowned in profile. Mint mark, on each side, a bolt. R — POSVI, &c. Royal arms, over which a cross fleury. Another groat has CIVITAS LONDON, instead of POSVI.

THREEPENCE (with full-faced bust). — R.2.

18. Obverse and reverse similar to the others of this coinage, with III. for the value.

HALF-GROAT. — R.5.

19. Obverse and reverse similar to that of the groat, with side-

faced portrait.

Another half-groat reads EDOARD and CIVITAS CANTOR.

PENNY.— R.6.

20. Obv.— E. D. G. ROSA SINE SPI. Crowned profile bust.

R— CIVITAS LONDON. Royal arms, over which, a cross.

Another has CIVITAS BRISTOLIE.

21. Obv.— E. D.G.ROSA SINE SPIN A. Full-blown rose. R.I.

R— CIVITAS LONDON. Arms and cross.

22. Obv.— E. D. G. ROSA SPINA. Full-blown rose. Mint

mark, mullet.

R— CIVITAS EBORACI. Arms and cross. SOVEREIGN-PENNY. — R.8.

23. Obv.— E. D. G. ROSA SINE SP. The crowned figure of the

king seated on a throne, holding the sceptre and orb. Mint mark, on both sides, a tun. R— CIVITAS LONDON. Arms and cross. FARTHING. — R.8.

24. Obv.— E. D. G. ROSA SINE SP. A portcullis.

R— CIVITAS LONDON. Cross and pellets.

ENGLISH COINS. 329

MARY. A.D. 1553 TO A.D. 1558.

(Gold.)

SOVEREIGN. — R.3.

1. Obv.— MARIA D. G. ANG. FRA. Z HIB. REGINA

M. D. LIII. The queen on her throne, as on the sove- reign of her brother. Mint mark, a pomegranate. R— A DNO. FACTV. EST ISTV. Z EST MIRA. IN

OCVL. NRIS. Double rose and royal arms. RIAL.— R.8.

2. Obv. — Legend as the foregoing. The queen crowned and

wearing the ribbon of the order standing in a ship ; a rose on one side of the mast, and a square flag at the head, bear- ing the letter M.

R — Legend as the foregoing. In a tressure of eight arches, with the lion of England under a crown, and a. four de Us alternately, a sun of sixteen rays, four of which are pointed fleury ; in the centre, a rose. ANGEL.— R.2.

3. Obv.— MARIA D. G. ANG. FRA. Z HIB. REGIN.

The usual type of the angel and dragon. Mint mark, a pomegranate.

R— A. DNO. FACTV. EST ISTVD Z EST MIRABI. The usual type of the ship and arms ; M. on the right side of the mast, and a rose on the left. ANGELET. — R.8.

Legend and type similar to the angel.

(Silver.) GROAT.— C.

4. Obv.— MARIA D. G. ANG. FRA. Z HIB. REGI.

Crowned bust with flowing hair, and necklace with cross of pearls. Mint mark, a pomegranate after the first word of the legend.

R— VERITAS TEMPORIS FILIA. Royal arms and cross.

HALF-GROAT. — R.8.

Obverse and reverse as the groat. PENNY.— R.7.

5. Obv.— M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Similar bust to

that of the groat.

R— CIVITAS LONDON. As the groat ; no inner circle, u u

330 ENGLISH COINS.

6. Obv.— M. D. G. ROS SPINA. A full-blown rose.

R — As that of the preceding, but no inner circle on either

side. This penny is given by Ruding, but it is not known to our collectors.

PHILIP AND MARY.

(Gold.} ANGEL. — R.2.

1. Obv.— PHILIP. Z MARIA D. G. REX Z REGINA.

Usual type.

R— A DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD Z EST MI- R A BILE. The usual type of the ship, with the letters P.M. HALF-ANGEL. — R.8.

Legend and type similar to those of the angel.

(Biker.)

HALF-CROWN. — R.8.

2. Obv.— PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA

ANG. Profile busts of the king and queen, face to face j1 above, the crown of England between the date 1555. The king bare-headed, and wearing the order of the golden fleece. The queen in her ordinary habit. R— POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. A crowned shield, charged with the arms of Philip and Mary impaled. SHILLING. — R.2.

3. Obv.— PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. R. ANG. FR. NEAP.

PR. HISP. Type similar to that of the half-crown. Date, 1554.

R — Legend and type as the half-crown ; above the shield, XII. for the value ; no inner circle.

Another shilling has the inner circle. One has the date 1554 in the exergue of the obverse. These pieces are rarely in good condition.

SIXPENCE. — R.3.

4. Legend and types similar to those of the shilling, but with

VI. for the value, and with inner circle.

1 These coins were in imitation of those of Ferdinand and Isabella. Butler alludes to the busts in Hudibras, p. 3, Canto I.

" Still amorous and fond and billing, Like Philip and Mary on a shilling."

ENGLISH COINS. 331

GROAT.-— C.

5. Obv.— PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX * ET REGINA.

Bust of the queen only, as on her penny. Mint mark, fleur de Us. R—POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO NOS. Shield and

cross. TWOPENCE. — R.6.

6. Obv.— P. Z M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINE. As the

preceding.

R-CIVITAS LONDON. Shield and cross. PENNY.— R.I.

7. Obv.— P. Z M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Full-blown

rose.

R— CIVITAS LONDON. Arms and cross. PENNY.— R.6.

8. Obv.— P. Z M. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Crowned

bust.

R — CIVITAS LON. Arms and cross; no inner circle. Mint mark, on both sides &Jleur de Us.

ELIZABETH. A.D. 1558 TO A.D. 1603.

(Gold.) SOVEREIGN. — R.2.

1. Obv.— ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. FR. ET HIB. REGINA.

Type similar to that of the sovereign of her sister. Mint mark, on each side a tun. R— A DNO. FACTV. EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB.

IN OCVL. NRS. Type as her sister's sovereign. SOVEREIGN. — R.I.

2. Obv.— ELIZABETH, &c. Bust in profile, with high-arched

crown. Mint mark, on each side, a woolpack. R — SCVTVM, &c. The royal arms, surmounted by a crown.

' Philip, upon his marriage with the queen, on the 25th July 1554, took the title of king, according to the marriage articles.

332 ENGLISH COINS.

SOVEREIGN. — R.8.

3. Obv.— ELIZABETH, &c. Bust in a mantle ermine, touch-

ing the inner circle only at the breast. Mint mark, rose. R— IHS. AVTEM, &c. Type similar to the foregoing, and differing merely in the crown and the size of the letters E. R.

HALF-SOVEREIGN. — C.

4. Obv.— ELIZABETH. D. G. ANG. FRA. ET HI.

REGINA. Crowned bust in profile to the right ; the hair flowing, and a ruff about the neck. Mint mark, cross crosslet.

R—SCVTVM FIDEI PROTEGET EAM. Royal arms in a plain shield crowned, between the letters E. R.

RIAL.— R.4.

5. Obv.— ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. FR. ET HIB. REGINA.

The queen in a large ruff, crowned, holding the sceptre and the orb, standing in a three-decked ship, with the guns out. Square flag, with the letter E.

R— IHS. AVTEM, &c. Type as the rial of Mary. Mint mark, 'R.

ANGEL. — C.

6. Obv.— ELIZABETH. D. G. ANG. FR. ET HIB. REGINA.

Usual type of the angel.

R— A DNO. &c. Usual type, with E. and a rose. Mint mark, cross crosslet.

ANGELET. — R.2.

7. Legend and types as the angel. Mint mark, an escalop shell.

QUARTER- ANGEL. — R.2.

8. Obv. — As the angel and angelet. Mint mark, an acorn.

R-ET HIBERNIE REGINA FIDEI. As the former.

CROWN. — R.I.

9. Obv.— ELIZAB. D. G. ANG. FRA. ET HIB. REG.

Crowned bust.

R — SCVTVM FIDEI, &c. Royal arms, surmounted by a crown between the letters E. R.

HALF-CROWN. — R.I.

10. Legend and types nearly resembling those of the crown.

The milled half-sovereign, with ingrailed edges, is R.3 ; the quarter, or crown, of the same coinage, R.7. The half-crown is not known. The milled half-sovereign, with plain edges, is R.2. The crown of the same coinage, R.6. ; and the half-crown, R.4.

ENGLISH COINS. 333

(Silver.) CROWN. — R.2.

11. Obv.— ELIZABETH. D. G. ANG. FRA. ET HIBER.

REGINA. Crowned bust, holding a sceptre fleury and the orb. Mint mark, on both sides, the figure 1. 1 R — POSVI, &c. Garnished shield upon a cross fourchy. HALF-CROWN. — R.3.

12. Obverse and reverse as the crown. SHILLING. — C.

13. Obv.— ELIZABETH. D. G. ANG. FR. &c. Crowned bust

with ruff. R— POSVI, &c. The shield of arms and cross. Mint

mark, a martlet.2 SHILLING (milled). — R.2. to R.6.

14. O^.-ELIZABETH. D. G. ANG. &c. Bust, crowned.

R — POSVI, &c. Arms and cross. Mint mark, on both

sides a mullet of six points. SIXPENCE. — C.

The milled shilling, with the key mint mark and garnished shield, is very rare: that with the date in the field has been altered by creating the date.

15. 0 bv.— ELIZABETH. D. G., &c. Bust crowned, &c. ; a rose

behind.3 R — POSVI, &c. Arms and cross.

The broad cross sixpence, milled, is R.6.

THREEPENCE. — C.

16. Types similar to the former.

The broad cross threepence, milled, is R.8.

THREE-HALFPENCE. — R.2.

17. Types similar to the former. THREE-FARTHINGS. — R.2.

18. Types similar to the former.

The milled three-farthing piece, with the broad cross, is R.7.

GROAT. — R.2.

19. Types very similar to the foregoing, but without the rose.

1 Another crown resembles this in every respect, except that it has the figure 2 for mint mark.

2 The arms of Sir Richard Martin, master of the mint, but commonly called at that period a Drake, in compliment to the great navigator.

3 The sixpence, threepence, three-halfpence, and three -farthings, were dis- tinguished by the rose. See the Introductory Account, p. 287.

334 ENGLISH COINS.

HALF-GROAT. — C.

20. Type similar to the groat. HALF-GROAT. — C.

21. Obv.— E. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Crowned bust;

behind the neck, two pellets. Mint mark, on both sides, X. R--CIVITAS LONDON. Arms and cross.

PENNY.— C.

22. Type similar to the half-groat. HALFPENNY. — C.

23. Obv. — A portcullis. Mint mark, a key, an anchor, or the

figure 1.

R — A cross moline, with three pellets in each quarter, as on the earlier English coins.

The milled pieces are all of them, except the sixpence, very uncommon, especially the penny. Groat, R.4., threepence, R.2., twopence, R.3., penny, R.8. There are " pledges" of a penny, halfpenny, and farthing ; the first bearing on the obverse a three-quarter-faced portrait, and the legend, THE PLEDGE OF ; reverse, a monogram of Elizabeth, crowned, with the legend, A PENNY. The halfpenny has a full blown rose, crowned; reverse, a portcullis, and over it, 1601. The farthing has the usual crowned bust; reverse, her monogram, crowned. See the Plates of English Types.

JAMES THE FIRST. A.D. 1603 TO A.D. 1625. ROSE RIAL.— R.2.

1. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET HIBER.

REX. The king crowned, seated on a throne, holding the sceptre and a globe, the portcullis under his feet. Mint mark, on both sides of the coin, a rose. R— A DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST MIRA- BILE IN OCVLIS NRIS. Royal arms in the centre of a double rose. THIRTY-SHILLINGS PIECE. — R.2.

2. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. MA. BRI. FR. ET HIB. REX.

The king seated in a chair of state, crowned, and holding the sceptre and orb, his feet resting upon the portcullis ; the ground diapered with roses andjleurs de Us, the back of the chair vtithJZeurs de Us only. Mint mark, thistle blossom. R— A DOMINO FACTVM EST ISTVD ET EST MIRAB. IN OC. NRIS. A large escutcheon of arms on a cross fleury, the ends of which divide a broad circle, in each quarter of which an English lion between &fleur de Us and a rose. Above the arms, the numerals XXX.

ENGLISH COINS. 335

FIFTEEN SHILLINGS. — R.6.

3. Obv.—IACOBVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRA. ET HI. REX.

The Scotch lion sejant, crowned, holding in his right paw a sceptre, and supporting with his left the royal arms be- tween the numerals X and V. Mint mark, on both sides, a mullet of six points.

R— A DNO. FACTVM, &c. Type as the rial of Elizabeth. SOVEREIGN. — R.3.

4. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. ANG. SCO. FRAN. ET HIB. REX.

Crowned bust, in profile, to the right, holding a sceptre and the orb. Mint mark, on both sides of the coin, a thistle blossom.

R— EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI. Royal arms in a garnished shield, between the letters I. R.

Another sovereign has FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM for the legend of the reverse.

HALF-SOVEREIGN. — R.2.

5. Type similar to that of the sovereign, but the shield plain. SPUR RIAL.— R.4.

6. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET HIB. REX.

The king crowned and in armour, standing between the fore and mizen mast of a three-decker, with the ports open, holding in his right hand a sword, and on his left arm a shield bearing the royal arms. At the head, a flag charged with the letter I. Mint mark, on both sides of the coin, a rose.

R— A DNO. FACTVM EST ISTVD, &c. Type as the fifteen-shilling piece.

UNIT. C.

7. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. MAG. BRI. FRAN. ET HIB.

Profile bust to the left, laureated, with mantle on the shoulder ; behind, the numerals XX, for the value. Mint mark, on both sides of the coin, a spur-rowel.

R— FACIAM EOS IN GENTEM VNAM. Arms on plain shield, crowned, on the ancient cross fleury.

ANGEL.— R.2.

8. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRA. ET. HI. REX.

The arigel Michael standing behind the dragon, which he pierces. Mint mark, on both sides, a coronet.

R — A DNO., &c. Ship with royal arms ; above, I. and a rose.

336 ENGLISH COINS.

9. Qbv.— IACOBVS, &c. The angel with both feet on the

dragon. Mint mark, on both sides, a rose. R— A DNO., &c. A three-masted ship, at the head and stern a lion rampant holding a sword ; the mainsail charged with the royal arms, and a lion rampant on a broad pennant. ANGELET. — R.4.

10. Types very similar to that of the angel, except that the saint

stands before the dragon. Mint mark, on both sides, a plain cross. DOUBLE CROWN. — C.

11. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET HIB.

REX. Type as the half-sovereign, but mint mark, a rose. R— HENRICVS ROSAS REGNA IACOBVS. Type as the half-crown. CROWN. — C.

12. Legends and type as the double-crown.1 No mint mark.

HALF-CROWN.— C.

13. Obv.— I. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Bust as above.

R — As the crown.

(Silver.) CROWN. — R.I.

14. Obv.— IACOBVS D. G. ANG. SCO. FRAN. ET, HIB.

REX. The king on horseback, crowned and in armour, holding a drawn sword, the horse ambling ; on the housing, a rose crowned. Mint mark, on both sides, a thistle.

R— EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI.2 The royal arms on an ornamented escutcheon. HALF-CROWN. — R.6.

15. Type as the crown. SHILLING. — R.I.

16. Obv. — Legend as that of the crown. Crowned and armed

bust in profile ; behind the head, XII., for the value. Mint mark, on both sides, a thistle.

R — Legend and type as the crown, but the shield plain. SIXPENCE. — R.2.

17. Legends and types as the shilling, except the value, VI., and

the date over the shield.

1 Another crown has TVEATVR VNITA DEVS, and differs somewhat in

type.

2 Another crown has QV^E DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET. C.

ENGLISH COINS. 337

TWOPENCE. — C.

18. Obv. — l. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Bust as on the

larger coins ; II. behind the head.

R — No legend. The royal arms. Mint mark, thistle or fleur de Us.

19. Obv.— Legend as the preceding. Full-blown rose, crowned.

Mint mark, a spur-rowel. R—TVEATVR VNITA DEVS. l Thistle flower, crowned.

Mint mark, a trefoil. PENNY.— C-

20. Similar to the twopence. Mint mark, on both sides, a trefoil. HALFPENNY. — C.

21. Obv.— Portcullis.

R — Cross moline and pellets.

22. Obv. — A rose. Mint mark^ewr de lis.

R — A thistle flower. Mint mark, rose.

There are two coinages: the first has ANG. SCO., all R. ; the other, MAG. BRTT., all C.

(Copper.) FARTHING TOKEN. — C.

23. Obv.— IACO. D. G. MAG. BRI. Two sceptres crossed in

saltire, one surmounted by a cross, the other by ajleur de lis ; above, a crown. R-FRA. ET HIB. REX. Irish harp crowned.

CHARLES THE FIRST. A.D. 1625 TO A.D. 1649.

THREE-POUND PIECE. — R.2.2

1. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET HI. REX. Crowned profile bust in armour, holding a drawn sword and an olive branch ; feathers in the legends and behind the head

R— EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI; and in three lines across the field of the coin, RELIG. PROT. LEG. ANG. LIBER. PAR., a plume of three feathers above, and the numerals III., and 1642 below.

1 There are half-groats and pennies with TVEATVR, &c., on both sides, which are R.6.

2 That with OX is R.4.

X X

338 ENGLISH COINS.

TWENTY-SHILLING PIECE. — R.2.1

2. Obv. — Resembling the three-pound piece ; the numerals XX.

behind the head instead of plume.

R — The whole legend of the three-pound piece joined together in one scroll; above, plume of three feathers; below, 1644. OX. TEN-SHILLING PIECE. — R.3.

3. Legend and type similar to those of the preceding, but with the

date 1643. UNIT, or BROAD. — C.

4. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAG. BRI. FR. ET HIB. REX.

Crowned bust in profile; behind, XX., for the value. Mint mark, on both sides, fleur de Us.

R— FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNVM. The royal arms, surmounted by a crown. UNIT, or BROAD. — C.

5. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FR. ET HIB. REX.

Bust in armour, with short hair, falling ruff, and scarf tied in a knot on the shoulder ; behind the head, XX. Mint mark, on both sides, plume. R— FLORENT CONCORDIA REGNA. Oval shield,

garnished and crowned, between the letters C. R. UNIT, or BROAD. — C.

6. Another, with long hair and broad laced band. Mint mark, on

both sides, a harp. The letters C. R. on the reverse crowned. ANGEL.— R.3.2

7. Obv.— CAROLVS, &c. Type similar to the usual one of the

angel, with the value, X., in the area. Mint mark, on both sides, a bell. R— AMOR POPVLI PRJESIDIVM REGIS. Type as

the angel of James, with a large feur de Us on the ship. DOUBLE-CROWN. — C.

8. Obv. — Similar to that of the unit. Mint mark, a bell.

R-CVLTORES SVI DEVS PROTEGIT. As the unit. CROWN. — C.

9. Similar to the double crown. Mint mark, both sides, a tun.

1 There are also very elegant pieces by Briot. The twenty-shillings, R.2.; ten shillings, R.3. ; five shillings, R.8.

2 The angels of Charles I. are generally disfigured by a hole bored through them, having been used as touch pieces, and hung about the necks of those who had been touched for the king's evil.

ENGLISH COINS.

339

(Silver.)

TWENTY-SHILLING PIECE. — R.I. to 6.

10. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAGNI (sic) BRITANI. FRAN.

ET HIB. REX. The king on horseback, crowned, hold- ing a drawn sword ; armour and weapons under the horse's feet ; behind, plume of feathers. Mint mark, plume. R— EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI, and, in two lines across the field, RELIG. PROT. LEG. ANG. LIBER. PAR. ; above, plume of three feathers and the numerals XX. ; beneath, 1642.

There are varieties of these pieces. Some are without the armour, &c. under the horse's feet ; others have the inscription in a compartment, and OX. (Oxford}. It was at one time supposed that all these pieces were coined at Oxford, but some of them were struck at Exeter, and per- haps in other mints. A fen-shilling piece bears EX.

TEN-SHILLINGS.— R.I to 8.

11. Similar to the pieces of twenty-shillings, differing in the nume- rals of value.

FIVE-SHILLINGS or CROWN. — R.2.

12. Similar to the former, and differing merely in the numerals,

&c.

Of this coinage there is also the shilling, R.2., sixpence, R.2., groat, R.2., threepence, R.2., twopence, R.4., and penny, R.8.

CROWN. — R.I.

13. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRA. ET HIB.

REX. The king on horseback, crowned and in armour ; a drawn sword in his right hand, raised as if about to strike. A plume of feathers on the head of the horse, and also on the crupper. Mint mark, on both sides, a

fleur de Us.

R— CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. The royal arms on a garnished shield, over a cross fourchy. There are many varieties of these pieces.

340 ENGLISH COINS.

CROWN. — R.l.

14. Qbv.— CAROLVS, &c. The king on horseback, but the horse

not caparisoned. Mint mark, on both sides, a portcullis. R— CHRISTO, &c. Oval shield of arms; above, a plume.

There are varieties also of these pieces, some having the shield between C.R.

"OXFORD CROWN."— R.8.

15. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET HIBER.

REX. The king on horseback, as usual ; underneath, a view of the city of Oxford, with OXON above it. Mint mark, a quatrefoil.?

R— EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICI, with a branch of olive after each word. In the area, enclosed by scrolls and similar branches, RELIG. PROT. LEG. ANG. LIBER. PARL. in two lines ; above, three plumes and V ; underneath, 1644, OXON.

This is one of the finest and most remarkable coins in the English series. It is the work of Rawlins, whose initial appears on the wall of the city.

HALF-CROWN (York).— R.3.

16. Obv. — Legend and type similar to those of the crown. Under

the horse, EBOR. Mint mark, on both sides, a lion passant guardant.

R— CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. The royal arms on a plain shield, between the letters C. R. all crowned.

There are several varieties of this half-crown — that with the square shield, is R.4 ; another, with round shield, R.4.

HALF-CROWN (Briot's pattern). — R.8.

17. Obv.— CAR. D. G. MAGN. BRITAN. FR. ET HIB.

REX. Profile bust bare-headed, in armour, with the ribbon of the order.

R—AVSPICIIS REX MAGNE TVIS. The royal arms on a garnished square shield, between the letters C.R. all crowned. Date above the crown, 1630, between a small B. and George and dragon as mint mark. HALF-CROWN (Briofs pattern). — R.5.

18. Obv.— O. REX DA. FACILEM CVRSVM. The king on

horseback, the sword resting on his shoulder ; plume on the horse's head ; below, N. BRIOT. F. Mint mark, an anemone.

R— ATQVE AVDACIBVS ANNVE COEPTIS. The royal arms on an oval garnished shield, surmounted by a crown ; on the sides, 16-28.

ENGLISH COINS. 341

HALF-CROWN. — R.I.

19. Obv. - CAROLVS, &c. The king on horseback, as on the

crowns ; over the point of the sword a small B. Mint mark, a rose. ?

R — CHRISTO, &c. Small garnished oval shield between the letters, C. R., all crowned.

HALF-CROWN (Chester}. — R.6.

20. Obv.— CAROLVS, &c. The king on horseback, as before ;

behind, a plume ; under the horse, CHST. Mint mark on both sides, three garbs (wheatsheaves), the arms of Chester.

R — CHRISTO, &c. The royal arms in a richly garnished shield.

HALF-CROWN (Worcester}.— R.6.

21. Obv. — CAROLVS, &c. The king on horseback, as usual.

Mint mark, a pear.

R — CHRISTO, &c. The royal arms on garnished shield. Mint mark, three pears, the arms of Worcester.

SHILLING. — R.I.

22. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAG. BRI. FRA. ET HIB. REX.

Crowned bust, in parliament robes, with the collar of the

order; short hair ; behind the head the numerals XII.,

for the value. Mint mark, on both sides, &fleur de Us.

R — CHRISTO, £c. Plain square shield, and cross

fourchy. SHILLING. — R.2.

23. Obv. — CAROLVS, &c. Crowned bust, in plain dress ; short

hair. Mint mark, on both sides, a blackamoor's head.

R — As the preceding.

*

Another, with the mint mark of a castle, has a plain square shield, without the cross ; over it, a plume of feathers.

SHILLING. — C.

24. Obv. — CAROLVS, &c. Bust crowned and in armour ; long

hair. Mint mark, on both sides, an anchor. R— CHRISTO, &c. Royal arms on a plain square shield,

and cross fleury, terminating at the inner circle. SHILLING. — R.I.

25. Obv.— CAROLVS, &c. Bust, with short hair, large ruff and

ribbon of the order. Mint mark, on both sides, a plume. R— CHRISTO, &c. Garnished oval shield; between, C. R. ; above the shield, a plume.

342 ENGLISH COINS.

SHILLING. — R.6.

26. Obv.— CAROLVS, &c. Profile bust ; behind the head, XII.

Mint mark, a martlet.

R — CHRISTO, &c. Plain square shield, supported by lions' paws. Mint mark, boar's head, between a coronet and two small crosses.

SHILLING. — R.I.

27. Obv.— CAROLVS, &c. Profile bust; behind the head, XII.

Mint mark , on both sides, a lion passant guardant. R— CHRISTO, &c. Plain shield, over which a cross fourchy ; above it, EBOR.

Another shilling differs from this, and has the word EBOR under the shield.

SIXPENCE. — R.2.

28. Types very similar to those of the shillings, with VI. for the

value.

GROAT.— R.I.

29. Obv. — Type as the shilling, No. 24 ; behind the bust, IIII.

Mint mark)%/fewr de Us. R — Round shield. Mint mark, lion passant guardant.

GROAT.— R.I.

30. Obv.— CAROLVS, &c. 1644. The usual bust ; behind, IIII.

Mint mark, on both sides, a rose. R— CHRISTO, &c.

•. THREEPENCE. — R.5.

31. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MA. BR. FR. ET H. REX.

Usual bust, with rose behind the head. No inner circle. Mint mark, a bell.

R— SALVS REI PVBLIC^E SVPREMA LEX. Gar- nished oval shield; above, 1634.

THREEPENCE. — R.6.

32. Obv.— CAR. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FR. ET H. R. Bust

extending to the edge of the coin; behind, III.; a rose above and D. below.

R — Same legend as the above. Plain shield and cross ; 1634.

ENGLISH COINS. 343

TWOPENCE. — C.

33. Obv.— C. D. G. ROSA SINE SPINA. Full-blown rose,

crowned. R— IVS THRONVM FIRMAT. Full-blown rose, crowned.

There are also the penny of this coinage, same legend, with full-blown rose on each side, C. ; and the halfpenny with a full-blown rose on each side, and without legend, C.

TWOPENCE. — C.

34. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MAG. BRIT. FR. ET HIB. R.

Bust not touching the inner circle ; behind, II., below, B. R— IVSTITIA THRONVM FIRMAT. Plain shield and cross.

35. Obv.— CAR. D. G. ANG. SCO. FR, ET HIB. REX.

Profile bust, with large ruff.

R— FLOREBIT IN AEWM. A full-blown rose irradiated. Mint mark, a small rose. R.5.

36. Obv. — As the preceding.

R— REGIT VNVS VTROQVE. A sceptre and trident united by a triple knot. R.5.

37. Another half-groat has for reverse FIDEI DEFENSOR.

Two C's interlinked and crowned; underneath, the let- ter B.— C.

38. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MA. BR. ET HI. REX. Crowned

bust ; behind, II.

R— IVSTITIA THRONVM FIRMAT. Large plume and coronet ; beneath, on a scroll, ICH DIEN. Mint mark, crown.— R. 8.

There is a twopence R.I, and a penny R.4, of similar type, but without the ICH DIEN on the scroll.

PENNY.— C.

39. Obv.— CAR. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FR. ET. HI. Type as

the two-pence, but the bust touching the circle ; behind the head, I.

R— FIRMAT IVSTITIA THRONVM. Type as the twopence.

40. Obv.— CAROLVS, &c. Bust in profile, &c.

R— IVSTITIA THRO. FIRMAT. Large plume. HALFPENNY, — R.4.

41. Obv. — A rose.

R — A plume.

344 ENGLISH COINS.

(Copper.} FARTHING-TOKEN. — C.

42. Obv.— CAROLVS D. G. MA. BRI. As the token of

James I. Mint mark, on both sides, a rose. R — FRA. ET HI. REX. A rose, crowned.

These coins had a piece of hrass in the centre, to render the counterfeiting of them more difficult. There were others of this denomination, resembling those of his father, James I. See the Introductory Account, pp. 292-3.

SIEGE COINS.

(Silver.) CROWN.— R.2.

1. An irregular shaped piece, stamped on each side, 19 dwts.

8grs.

There are the half-crown, shilling, ninepence, sixpence, and groat, of this coinage, stamped with their respective weights, and others with the weight on one side, and annulets on the other for the denomination. The sixpence has six annulets, the groat four, threepence three.1

CROWN. — R.4.

2. Another, stamped on each side Vs.

There is also a half-crown of this description with Us. VId. — R.4.

CROWN. — R.I.

3. Qbv. — The letters C. R., surmounted by a large crown.

R — The numeral Vs.

There is also the half-crown, R.I., shilling, R.t., sixpence, R.I., groat R.I., threepence, R.I., and twopence, R.I. The penny has also been engraved, but it is believed that there was no such coin.

These coins were struck in the year 1643. They are called the Ormond money, having been made current by proclamation of the Duke of Ormond, then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. THREE SHILLINGS (Carlisle'). — R.4.

4. Obv. — The letters C. R. and Ills., between two anemones,

surmounted by a crown. 8

R— OBS. CARL. 1645, between two anemones. THREE SHILLINGS. — R.6.

5. Obv. — The letters C. R. between two anemones, surmounted

by a crown ; below, Ills. R — OBS. CARL, 1645 ; beneath a large anemone.2

1 Half-crown, R.3., shilling, R.4., sixpence, R.6., with annulets, R.8., groat, R.8., threepence, R.8. There are modern forgeries of these coins, especially of the smaller pieces.

2 These pieces were struck by Sir Thomas Glenham, when he held out Car- lisle for Charles the First.

ENGLISH COINS. 345

SHILLING. — R.4.

Two varieties, differing but slightly from the three- shilling piece.

HALF-CROWN (Newark).— R.2.

6. Obv.— A crown between the letters C. R. ; below, XXX.

R— OBS. NEWARK, 1646. (Lozenge-shaped).

Of this coinage there are the shilling, R.2., ninepence, R.2. and sixpence, R.2.

SHILLING (Cork). — R.6.

7. Obv.— CORK, 1647.

R — XII. (Octagon shaped).

There is also the sixpence of this coinage, R.2.

SHILLING (Pontefract).— R.3.

8. Obv. — A castle, with a streamer fly ing on the highest tower; above

the castle, P. C. j1 on the right side, OBS. ; and a hand with a sword erect issuing out of the left ; below, 1648.

R.— DVM SPIRO SPERO. In the area, C. R. sur- mounted by a crown. (Octangular).

SHILLING (Pontefract). — R.3.

9. Obv. — A similar castle to that on the preceding coin : on the

right side, OBS. ; on the left XII., with P. above, and C. beneath. Under the castle, 1648.

R — Type as the preceding. (Lozenge).

There are several other coins of this period formed out of pieces of plate, and stamped with the value. Some have also the rudely drawn figure of a castle. A piece for fourteen pence bears the inscription Carolj fortvna resvrgam, and is supposed to have been struck at Colchester.

1 In a newspaper of the day, entitled, " The Kingdome's Faithfull and Impar- tial Scout," Feb. 2 to 9, 1648, there is a notice of this money to the following effect: — " Munday, Feb. 5. The intelligence from Pontefract is this: the be- sieged have lately made two sallies forth, but repulsed without any great losse to us ; in the last they killed but one man of ours, and we took two of theirs prisoners, one of which had a small parcel of silver in his pocket, somewhat square, on the one side thereof was stampt a castle, with PO. for Pontefract; on the other side was the crown, with C. R. on each side of it. These pieces they make of plate which they get out of the country, and pass among them for coyn." The PO. here described is doubtless misread for P. C., the form of the latter letter, from bad striking, resembling an O. See a Note by Sir Henry Ellis to the Numismatic Society, printed in the Numismatic Journal, Vol. I., p. 273.

Y Y

346 ENGLISH COINS.

COMMONWEALTH. A.D. 1649. TO A.D. 1660.

(Gold.} TWENTY SHILLINGS. — R.I.

1 Qbv.— THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. Saint George's cross between a branch of palm and laurel. Mint mark, the sun.

R— GOD WITH VS, 1656. Two escutcheons, side by side ; the first charged with Saint George's cross, the other with the Irish harp ; over the shields, XX.

TEN SHILLINGS. — R.2.

2. Legends and types as the former, with X. for the value.

Date, 1649. Mint mark, sun.

FIVE SHILLINGS. — R.2.

3. Legends and types as the former ; date, 1651. Mint mark,

sun.

Pieces with the anchor mint mark are all rare.

(Silver).

The types of the silver of the Commonwealth resemble those of the gold coins. The denominations are the crown, half-crown, shilling, sixpence, twopence, penny, and halfpenny. Those with sun mint mark are C. ; with the anchor, rare.

4. PATTERN HALF-CROWN, by Blondeau.1 R.4.

5. SHILLING, by ditto. R.6.

6 . SIXPENCE, by ditto. R.4.

7. PATTERN HALF-CROWN, by Ramage, R.8.

Obv.— THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. The

English shield between two branches of laurel. Mint mark, on both sides, a mullet of five points.

R— GVARDED WITH ANGELES, 1651. The shields of England and Ireland, supported by an angel.

1 Some of the half-crowns are inscribed on the edge, TRVTH AND PEACE, 1651. PETRVS BLOND AEVS INVENTOR FECIT : others have, IN THE

THIRD YEAR OF FREEDOME BY GOD'S BLESSING RESTORED. The shillings and

sixpences are grained on the edges.

ENGLISH COINS. 347

PATTERN SHILLING, by Ramage. — U.S.

8. As the preceding.

PATTERN SIXPENCE, by Ramage. — R.8.

9. Obv.— TRVTH AND PEACE. A mullet of five points be-

tween the words.

R — Same legend. The Irish harp. (Pewter and Copper.)

FARTHING.1 R.3.

10. Obv.— I OVNCE OF FINE PEWTR. A plain shield,

charged with a cross fourchy ; above, T. K., surrounded by a wreath of roses.

R— FOR NECESSARY CHANGE. A radiated shield, with the Irish harp ; above, a wreath of laurel.

FARTHING. — R.5.

11. Obv.— FARTHING TOKENS OF ENGLAND. The En-

glish shield and cross. Mint mark, on both sides, a mullet of five points.

R— FOR NECESSITY OF CHANGE, 1649. The

Irish shield and harp.

FARTHINGS. — R.6.

12. Obv.— THE FARTHING TOKENS FOR. Type and mint

mark as the preceding.

R— THE RELEFE OF THE PORE. Type and mint mark as the preceding.

FARTHING. — R.4.

13. Obv.— ENGLAND'S FARTHING. The English shield and

cross crowned with laurel.

R— FOR NECESSARY CHANG. The Irish shield and harp crowned in a like manner.

1 Snelling thought that these pieces were issued by some tradesman, and that the letters T. K. were his initials ; but in a newspaper of the day is the following : " This night are come out new farthings, weighing a quarter of an ounce of fine pewter, which is but the pi ice of new pewter, that so the people may never here- after fear to lose much by them, with the harp on one side, and a cross on the other, with T. K. above it." See a Communication by Sir Henry Ellis to the Numismatic Society. (Num. Journal, Vol. I.)

348 ENGLISH COINS.

OLIVER CROMWELL. (Silver.)}

CROWN.2— R.4.

1. Obv — OLIVAR D. G. R. P. ANG. SCO. HIB., &c. PRO.

Bust of Cromwell laureated, in Roman habit. R— PAX QVJERITVR BELLO, 1658. A shield sur- mounted by an imperial crown, charged as follows : first and fourthj Saint George's cross, for England; second, Saint Andrew's cross, for Scotland ; third, the harp, for Ireland. On an escutcheon of pretence, a lion rampant. On the edge, HAS NISI PERITVRVS MIHI ADIMAT NEMO. HALF-CROWN. — R.3.

2. Obverse and reverse as the crown.

3. Another with obverse legend, OLIVAR D. G. R. P. ANG.

SCO. HIB. PRO.— R.8.

Ruding says of the half-crown No. 3, " As this coin wants, '&c.' after ' HIB.,' I suspect that it was struck from a die which still remains in the Tower, and which Dr. Combe supposes to have been intended for a shilling, but to have been laid aside on account of that omission. * * * There is also in the Tower another die, which is often called the ninepence." Pieces struck from this are sometimes admitted as a substitute for the sixpence, which is exceedingly scarce.'' No 3 is in all probability a pattern for a shilling, though called a two-shilling piece.

SHILLING. — R.3.

4. Types as the crown. SIXPENCE. — R.8.

5. Types as the crown. Only two are known.

(Copper.) FARTHING. — R.6.

6. Obv.— OLIVAR PRO. ENG. SC. IRL. Bust, as on his

silver coins.

R — CHARITIE AND CHANGE. The arms, &c. as on his silver coins.

1 There are gold pieces of Cromwell resembling in legend and types those of his silver coin, but the portrait appears to the neck only, and is not draped, and the shield on reverse is plain at the edges. They consist of the fifty- shilling-piece, R.8., twenty shillings, or Broad, R.3., and ten shillings, R.8. The fifty-shilling piece bears on the edge PROTECTOR LITERIS MTERAE NVMMIS CORONA ET SALVS. They are supposed not to have been current

2 "There dined with us to day Mr. Slingsby, of the Mint, who showed us all the new pieces, both gold and silver (examples of them all), that were made for the king by Blondeau's way, and compared them with those made for Oliver. The pictures of the latter, made by Symons, and of the king, by one Rotyr, a German, I think, that dined with us also. He extols those of Rotyr above the others ; and indeed, I think they are the better, because the sweeter of the two ;

ENGLISH COINS. 349

FARTHING. — R.6.

7. Obv.— OLIVER PRO. ENG. SCO. & IRE. Bust as No. 6.

No inner circle. Mint mark, mullet of five points. R— CONVENIENT CHANGE, 1651. The arms as usual. FARTHING. — R.6.

8. Obv.— As No. 6.

R-THVS VNITED, INVINCIBLE. The English cross, Irish harp, and Scotch thistle, on three pillars lashed to- gether. Mint mark, a mullet of five points.

CHARLES II. A.D. 1649 TO A.D.I 685.

(Gold.} TWENTY SHILLING PIECE. — R.4.

1. Obv.— CAR. II. D. G. M. BR. FR. ET HI. REX. Profile

laureated bust, in the Roman habit. R— FLORENT. CONCORDIA REGNA, 1662. Plain

shield of arms, crowned. (Milled). TWENTY SHILLINGS. — C.

2. Ofo.-CAROLVS II., &c. Type as the preceding; behind

the head, XX., for the value. Mint mark, a crown. R— FLORENT, &c. Crowned garnished oval shield, be- tween the letters C. R. TEN SHILLINGS. — R.l.

3. Legends and types as the preceding, but with X, for the value. FIVE SHILLINGS. — R.2.

4. Legends and types as the preceding, but with V, for the value.

5. Another, without the numeral. — R.2. FIVE POUNDS. — C.

6. Obv.— CAROLVS II. DEI GRATIA. Laureated profile bust

with the neck bare ; under the bust an elephant.1 R— MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX, 1664. Four crowned shields of England, Ireland, Scotland, and France. In the centre, four C's interlinked. In the quarters, four sceptres, surmounted respectively by a cross for England, harp for Ireland, thistle for Scotland, and fleur de Us for France.

but, upon my word, those of the Protector are more like in my mind than the king's, but both well worth seeing. The crownes of Cromwell are now sold, it seems, for 25s. and 30s. a-piece." — Pepys1 Memoirs.

1 Some are without this symbol. These pieces were coined out of gold im- ported by the African company, who were permitted by their charter to stamp the elephant, which sometimes has a castle on its back.

350 ENGLISH COINS.

Two POUNDS. — C.

7. As the five pound piece. GUINEA. — C.

8. As the former. HALF GUINEA. — R.2.

9. As the former.

(Silver.) SIMON'S PETITION CROWN. — R.7.

10. Obv. — Legend and type similar to the foregoing, but with a

lock on the left shoulder, and the button of the mantle omitted. Below, SIMON.

R— MAG. BRI. FR. ET HIB. REX, 1663. Four escutcheons crowned with interlinked C's between them. In the first shield, England ; in the second, Ireland ; in the third, Scotland ; in the fourth, France. The George and garter in the centre, with the motto, HONI SOIT, &c. Upon the edge of the coin, in two lines, with two linked C's, and two branches of palm, THOMAS SIMON

MOST HVMBLY PRAYS YOVR MAIESTY TO COMPARE THIS HIS TRYAL-PIECE WITH THE DVTCH, AND IF MORE TRVLY DRAWN AND EMBOSSED, MORE GRACEFVLLY ORDER*D, AND MORE ACCVRATELY ENGRAVEN, TO RELIEVE HIM.

11. Another, with REDITE QVAE C^ESARIS C^ESARI, etc. POST, and the sun appearing from behind a cloud to express NVBILA PHOEBVS, in the place of the petition on the reverse. — R.7.

12. Another, with RENDER TO CAESAR THE THINGS WHICH ARE OESAR'S.— R.8.

No. 12. occurs only in pewter. CROWN. — C.

13. Obv.— CAROLVS II. DEI. GRA. Laureated profile bust in

the Roman habit ; below, a rose.

R— MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX, 1662. Four escutcheons crowned ; in the first and fourth, France and England quarterly ; in the second, Ireland ; in the third, Scotland. Two C.'s interlinked, between the shields. In the centre, the star of the order of the garter. On the edge of the coin, DECVS ET TVTAMEN.

Some are without the rose under the bust ; and some have the elephant, be- ing coined of silver imported by the African Company. See the five- pound pieces described above.

Of this coinage there are the half-crown, shilling, and sixpence, resembling the crown, and also the groat, with four C.'s, interlinked and crowned ; the threepence, with three C.'s; the twopence, with two C.'s; and the penny, with one C. There is a half-crown with a plume under the bust, R.8., and a shilling with the same symbol, R.3. Some have also the feathers in the centre of the cross.

ENGLISH COINS. 351

CROWN. — R.5.

14. Obv.— CAR. II. D. G. MAG. BRIT. A large crown ; roses

between the words. Mint mark, on both sides, a fleur de Us. R— FRA. ET HYB. REX. F. D., &c. In the field, Vs.

This and the two following pieces are said by Folkes to have been coined before the restoration of Charles. Snelling thinks they were struck in Ireland.

HALF-CROWN.— R.6.

15. Obv. — Legend, type, and mint mark, as No. 5. ; but withyfewrs

de Us between the words on each side. R— Legend as the crown. In the field, Us. VId.

16. Obv. — Legend and type as No. 1. Mint mark, a quatrefoil,

and the same symbol between the words on both sides. R — Legend as the preceding. In the field, Us. VId. HALF-CROWN. — R.4.

17. Obv.— CAROLVS II. D. G. MAG. BRIT. FRAN. ET HIB.

REX. Profile bust, crowned and in armour, with long flowing hair, and broad laced band. No inner circle, nor numerals for the value. Mint mark, a crown.

R— CHRISTO AVSPICE REGNO. The royal arms quarterly in a plain shield. In the first and fourth Eng- land and France quartered ; in the second Scotland ; and in the third Ireland.

There is a shilling R.2, sixpence, R.4, twopence, C. and penny, C. of this coinage.

HALF-CROWN.— R.6.

18. Types as the preceding, but with the numerals XXX. for the

value.

Of this coinage there are the shilling, R.4, sixpence, R.4, twopence, and penny. — C.

HALF-CROWN. — R.I.

19. Types as the preceding, but with an inner circle.

Of this coinage there are the shilling, R.4, sixpence, R.4, groat, R.I, three- pence, R.I, twopence, R.I, penny, R.I. The half-crown, well struck up and fine, is R.6, shilling, R.4, sixpence, R 6.

FARTHING ?. — R.2.

20. O6v.— Two C's linked and crowned.

R — A full-blown rose.

This is supposed to be a pattern piece ; it is of mixed metal.

' ENGLISH COINS.

SIEGE PIECES.

(Silver.}

PONTEFRACT SHILLING. R.3.

1. Obv.— CAROLVS SECVNDVS 1648. A castle, with a

streamer flying on the highest tower ; OBS. on one side, and a cannon issuing from the wall on the other ; above, P.C.

R— DVM SPIRO SPERO. In the centre, C.R., sur- mounted by a crown. PONTEFRACT SHILLING. — R.4.

2. Obv.— CAROL. II. D. G. MAG. B. F. ET H. REX.

Across the field, HANC DEVS DEDIT 1648. Below, a crown.

R— POST MORTEM PATRIS PRO FILIO. Type as the preceding.

There is a gold coin of this type, R.8.

MONEY OF THE PLANTATIONS.

(Silver.)

SHILLING. — R.I.

1. A circular piece, with NE. near the e'dge. ' R— XII.

SIXPENCE. — R 8.

2. Resembling the shilling, but with the value VI. SHILLING. — R.4.

3. Obv.— CAECILIVS DNS. TERRAE MARINE, &c. Profile

bust of Lord Baltimore ; bare head and neck. Mint mark, a cross patee.

R— CRESCITE ET MVLTIPLICAMINI. Arms under the crown of his palatinate ; on the sides, XII.

SIXPENCE. — R.2.

4. Differing only in the value VI. GROAT.— R.6.

5. Differing only in the value IV.

See Introductory Account, p. 29*

ENGLISH COINS. 353

SHILLING. — C.

6. Obv.— MASATHVSETS IN. The American pine. Mint

mark, on both sides, a rose composed of dots. R-NEWE ENGLAND AN. DOM. In the field, 1652 ; below, XII.

There are the sixpence, threepence, and twopence of similar type, all C. The penny is not authenticated.

SHILLING (Unique).

7. Obv.— MASSATHVSETS IN. Group of the good Samaritan.

Above, FAC SIMILE. No reverse. Pembroke, pi. iv.)

(Copper. Y PENNY (Unique}.'?

8. Obv.— C^ECILIVS DNS. TERR^E MARINE &c. Bust and

mint mark, as on the shilling.

R— DENARIVM TERR/E MARINE. Two flags out of a ducal coronet ; the Baltimore crest.

HALFPENNY.2— R.I.

9. Obv.— CAROLVS A CAROLO. Laureated bust.

R — BRITANNIA. Britannia seated with her attributes. FARTHING. — C.

10. As the halfpenny.

JAMES THE SECOND. A.D. 1685 TO A.D. 1689.

(Gold.) FIVE-POUNDS. — C.

1. Obv.— IACOBVS II. DEI GRATIA. Profile bust, laureated ;

the hair falling on the shoulder.

R — As the five-pound piece of Charles I., but without the interlinked C.'s in the centre of the reverse.

Some of these pieces have the elephant under the bust.

1 There is a very singular piece in brass, bearing the legend SOMMER ISLAND, with the type of a hog; above which, the numerals XII. ; Reverse, a ship under sail, firing a gun. It is said to have been struck for the Sumner Islands, about the year 1612, when the Virginia Company endeavoured to estab- lish a colony there. Vide Ruding, Supp. Pt. II. PI. VII. No. 14.

2 See the Introductory Account, p. 299. Money was also coined at Bombay in this reign.

z z

354 ENGLISH COINS.

TWO-POUNDS.— R.5.

2. Obv. — As the five-pound piece.

R — As the five-pound piece. GUINEA. — R.I.

3. Resembling the two-pound piece. HALF-GUINEA. — R.3.

4. Resembling the others.

(Silver.) CROWN.— C.

5. Obv.— IACOBVS II. DEI GRATIA. Laureated profile bust,

clothed.

R— MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX, 1686. Four shields, as on the coins of his predecessor, but without any symbol in the angles. HALF-CROWN. — R.I.

6. Similar to the crown. SHILLING. — R.I.

7. Similar to the former. SIXPENCE. — R.2.

8. Similar to the former.

The Maundy money, consisting of the groat, threepence, twopence, and penny, have the respective values, JIII. III. II. I. crowned. The neck of the bust is bare.

(Tin.}1 HALFPENNY. — R.2.

9. Obv.— IACOBVS SECVNDVS. Laureated profile bust, in

the Roman habit.

R— BRITANNIA. The usual seated figure of Britannia. FARTHING. — R. 2.

10. As the halfpenny.

WILLIAM AND MARY. A.D. 1689 TO A.D. 1694.

(Gold.) FIVE-POUNDS. — C.

1. Obv.— GVLIELMVS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA. Their heads side by side in profile — his laureated ; the necks bare. Some of these pieces have an elephant under the busts.

1 Snelling, pi. iv. 24, gives a piece in this metal, with name and titles, and the king in armour, laureated, and on horseback. Reverse, VAL. 24. PART REAL HISPAN. The arms of England, Ireland, Scotland, and France on four shields, crowned and chained.

ENGLISH COINS. 355

TWO-POUNDS.— R.2.

2. Olv. — As the five-pound piece,

R— MAG. BR. FR. ET HIB. REX ET REGINA, 1694. On a shield garnished and crowned: first and fourth, France and England quarterly ; second, Scotland ; third, Ireland. Nassau on an escutcheon of pretence.

GUINEA. — R.2.

3. Resembling the preceding. HALF-GUINEA. — R.3.

4. Resembling the preceding.

(Silver.} CROWN.— R.2.

5. Obv.— GVLIELMVS ET MARIA DEI GRATIA. Profile

busts side by side.

R— MAG. BR. FR. ET HI. REX ET REGINA. The

letters W. and M., interlinked, in the angles formed by the four shields. In the centre, the escutcheon of Nassau. Date, 1692.

HALF-CROWN. — C. (3. As the crown. HALF-CROWN. — C.

7. Reverse only. Date, 1689. A plain shield, crowned, with

the arms of France and England quarterly in the first and fourth ; Scotland in the second, and Ireland in the third. The arms of Nassau on an escutcheon of pretence.

HALF-CROWN. — C.

8. Reverse only. Date, 1689. A plain shield crowned. The

arms of England in the first quarter ; Scotland in the second ; Ireland in the third ; and France in the fourth.

SHILLING.— R.2.1

9. As the crown No. 1.

SIXPENCE. — R.4.

10. As the former.

The maundy money, consisting of the groat, threepence, twopence, and penny, have the Arabic numerals of their respective value, crowned.

1 A. fine shilling, R.8.

356 ENGLISH COINS.

(Copper. Y HALFPENNY. — C,

11. Qbv GVLIELMVS ET MARIA. Profile busts, side by

side.

R — BRITANNIA. Britannia seated with a spear and shield, holding an olive branch in her right hand. Date, 1694. FARTHING. — C.

.12 Obverse and reverse resembling the halfpenny.

WILLIAM THE THIRD. A.D. 1694 TO A.D. 1702.

(Gold.)

F IVE-POUNDS. C.

1. Obv.— GVLIELMVS III. DEI GRA. Profile bust.

Some have an elephant and castle beneath the bust. TWO-POUNDS. — R.2.

2. Obv, — As the five-pound piece.

R— MAG. BR. FRA. ET HIB. REX, 1701. As the two-pound piece of Charles II. with the arms of Nassau in the centre. GUINEA. — C.

3. As the two -pound piece. HALF-GUINEA.— R.2.

4. As the former.

(Silver).

The recoinage of all the hammered money was effected in this reign, aa previously noticed in the Introductory Account, p. 301 ; and the coins of the different mints are distinguished by letters under the bust. A parti- cular account of all the varieties, which are numerous, will be found in Marshall's " View of the Silver Coin and Coinage of Great Britain, from the year 1662 to 1837," 8vo. London, 1837. Those pieces, with the feathers under the head and between quarters of the arms on the reverse, were struck from Welsh silver, from the mines of Sir Carberry Price and Sir Humphrey Mackworth. Those with the roses were coined from silver of the west of England, but were found too expensive, and discontinued. Shilling and sixpence, with feathers under the head, R.8.; shilling and sixpence, with feathers on reverse, R.4 ; shilling and sixpence, with roses (rarely found well preserved), R.5 ; half-crown, with feathers, R.4, with elephant, R.^. Well preserved pieces are of course much valued.

1 There is a copper piece of this reign, having an elephant on the obverse, and on the reverse the inscription, GOD PRESERVE NEW ENGLAND, 161)4. It is R.

ENGLISH COINS. 357

(Copper.} HALFPENNY. — R 2.

5. Obv.— GVLIELMVS TERTIVS. Profile bust, laureated.

R— BRITANNIA. Britannia seated. Date, 1699. FARTHING. — R.2.

6. As the halfpenny.

ANNE. A.D. 1702 TO A.D. 1714.

(Gold.)

FIVE-POUNDS. R.I.

1 . Obv. — ANNA DEI GRATIA. Profile bust ; the hair tied up

behind. R— MAG. BRI. &c. The four shields of arms, &c.

Some of these pieces have VIGO under the bust, having been struck from gold taken at that place. There is also the guinea and half guinea. They are all R. 7.

TWO-POUNDS.— R. 2.

2. Resembling the former, but without VIGO. GUINEA. — C.

3. Resembling the former.

HALF-GUINEA. — R.I.

4. Resembling the former.

All the gold money of Anne before the Union has a rose in the centre of the reverse ; that struck after the Union has a star.

(Silver.) CROWN.— C.

5. Obv.— ANNA DEI GRATIA. Profile bust.

R-MAG. BRI. FRA. ET HIB. REG., 1708. In the upper and lower shields, England and Scotland impaled (to denote the union of the two kingdoms) ; on the dexter side, Ireland ; on the sinister side, France. A plume of feathers in each angle formed by the cross.

HALF-CROWN. — C.

6. As the crown. SHILLING. — C.

7. As the crown.

058 ENGLISH COINS.

SIXPENCE.— C.

8. As the crown. '

(Copper). ' HALFPENNY. — R.6.

9. Obv.— ANNA D. G. MAG. BR. FR. ET HIB. REG.

Profile bust.

ft — Britannia, with shield and spear, sitting beneath a crown, and holding a rose and thistle on one stalk in her right hand.

There is another, on which Britannia holds the olive branch, R.6. ; another having a rose and a thistle only on reverse, R.6. ; and a fourth with the rose and a thistle crowned, R.6. These are all patterns, and were never circulated.

FA RTHING. — R.6.

10. O6z>.— ANNA DEI GRATIA. Profile bust, as usual.

R — BRITANNIA. Britannia, with her attributes, seated under a portal ; 1713. FARTHING. — R.6.

11. Obv.— ANNA AVGVSTA. Bust as the former.

R— PAX MISS A PER ORBEM. Peace, in a car; 1713. FARTHING, — R.2.

12. Obv.— ANNA DEI GRATIA. Usual bust.

R — BRITANNIA. Britannia seated, with her attributes ; 1714.

This is the only current farthing of Anne ; the others are patterns.

FARTHING. — R.8.

13. Obv.— ANNA DEI GRATIA. Usual bust, but with an

inner circle, and a scroll beneath.

R— BELLO ET PACE (the letters incuse). Britannia standing, holding a spear and an olive branch. Date, 1715.

1 The coins which have the feathers between the shields were struck from Welsh silver, but as it frequently happened that the silver from the Principality was brought to the Mint at the same time as that from the mines in the West of England, the coins struck from this mixed silver have the feathers and roses alternately in the angles of the cross formed by the four shields, a practice con- tinued till the reign of George II. All the coins struck before the Union are much less common than those minted afterwards.

' See page 302.

LIST OF MINT MARKS.

FROM HENRY THE THIRD TO CHARLES THE SECOND.

HENRY in. Cross patee fitchee.

Crescent, and star. Martlet.1

Star only. Last Coinage.

EDWARD i. Fleur de lis-

Cross moline. Rose*

Gold.

EDWARD II. Fleur de lig

Cross moline. Fleur de lis between three trefoils.

Lion rampant. Rose.

Lion rampant and fleur de lis. Three quatrefoils. Lion rampant between two fleurs Quatrefoil. — R fleur de lis. de lis. Cross patee.

EDWARD III. EDWARD IV.

Crown or coronet. pirst Coinage.

Star- Cross crosslet.

Cross crosslet. Rose.

Rose- Cinquefoil.

Mullet of six points.

Cross, each bar of which is termi^ Second Coinage.

nated by a pellet. Crown or coronet.

Crown. — R star. RICHARD ii. Star. — R crown.

Gold. Rose-

Rose. Star-

Coronet or crown. Cross Patee fitchee.— R star.

Cross, with a pellet in each quar- HENRY iv. ter.— R plain cross.

Cross crosslet. Cinquefoil. — Rev. plain cross.

Cross pierced. Cinquefoil.

Fleur de Us. Annulet.

Mullet. Annulet inclosing a pellet.

Annulet surmounted by a cross.

HENRY V. y

Gold. Y!— R rose.

Fleur de lis. Fleur de lis.

Sun.

First Coinage. Sun.— R annulet.

Cross crosslet. — R cross patee. Cross Calvary. — R star.

1 Query, of Henry VII.?

360

LIST OF MINT MARKS.

Rose. — R star. Annulet. — R trefoil. Y. — R star of six rays. y. — R star of eight rays.

Gold.

Crown or coronet. Rose. Sun. Sword. Circle or annulet.

RICHARD III.

Boar's head.

Boar's head. — R rose.

Rose.

Fleur de lis.

Gold.

Boar's head. Rose.

HENRY VII.

First Coinage.

Crown with single arch. Greyhound's head. Cross crosslet.

Crown with double arch. Greyhound's head. Cinquefoil.

Cinquefoil. — R anchor. Anchor. Escallop shell. Cross crosslet. Leopard's face crowned. Fleur de lis. Portcullis. Tun.

Tun.— R fleur de lis. Martlet. Key. Double fleur de lis.

Second Coinage. Cross crosslet. Fleur de lis.

Fleur de lis. — R Pheon. Pheon.

Greyhound's head. Cinquefoil.

Martlet.

Fleur de lis and rose united.

Gold.

Plain cross. Cross crosslet. Portcullis. Greyhound's head. Dragon.

Cross patee fitchee. Pheon. Fleur de lis. Cinquefoil. Quatrefoil. Castle. Rose. Sword.

Ecclesiastical. Fleur de lis. Durham. Rose. — R martlet. York. Martlet. York.

HENRY VIII.

First Coinage. His Father's face. Bolt.

Portcullis. Castle. Martlet. Poppy head. Long cross. Cinquefoil. Escallop. Pheon. Bird's head.

Second Coinage. His own side face. Rose. Bolt.

Pheon.— R fleur de lis. Fleur de lis.

Sun shining through a cloud. Plain-cross. Key.

Cross fleury. Cross fleury and T. Cross fleury and v. Catharine wheel. Star.

Sun, crescent, and star. Crescent.

LIST OF MINT MARKS.

361

EccletiasticaL

Fine Silver.	Martlet.
Fleur de lis.	Flower.
Fourth Coinage. Full face. Base silver.	T. Tau. Catherine wheel. Martlet. — R fleur de lis.	Canter- bury.
Fleur de lis. Fleur de lis, plain cross, and annu- let, inclosing a pellet. Picklock.	Cross crosslet. Crescent. — R tre-" foil. . Star.	> Durham.
Bolt.	Trefoil.
K.	Flower.
Plain cross.	Key.
Martlet.	AVV^J . Fleur de lis.
E.	Plain cross.
e.	Star.	± York.
w. C. Tau.	Cross patee. Acorn. — R cross
	patee.
Fifth Coinage.	Thistle ?— R bell ?

Bow.

E.

VY.

Saltire,

-R lozenge pierced.

Gold.

Fleur de lis. — R cross crosslet. Fleur de lis.— R bolt. Castle.

Lion passant guardant. Pheon.

VY. on reverse. S.

Annulet. Bolt.

VY and cross. Portcullis crowned. Rose.

Fleur de lis. E.

Quatrefoil. — R VY. and quat re- foil.

Annulet and fleur de lis. Circle or annulet. A shield with St. George's cross. Glory.

EDWARD VI.

Fl>st Coinage. Bolt, on both sides. Square.

Testoons.

Cinquefoil.

Bolt.

Rose.

Rose. — R picklock.

Picklock. •

T.— R T.

t.

C.— R star.

Bow.

V.

y-

Bow.

Rose on reverse.

Plain cross.

Fleur de lis.

Harp.

Swan.

Lion.

py/

T.G. in a cipher. 3 A

362

LIST OF MINT MARKS.

Rose. — R square and rose. Flower like a marigold. — R cinquefoil.

Last Coinage. Tun. 1551,2,3. Y. 1551. Mullet on both sides. Mullet pierced.

Gold. Y.

Y.— R Y and rose. Rose.- R Y. Arrow or bolt. Bow. Tun.

Cinquefoil. Eagle's head. Rose. Swan. Picklock.

MARY.

Small pomegranate. Rose.

Gold, Small pomegranate.

PHILIP AND MARY.

Fleur de lis.

Annulet.

Trefoil.

Gold.

Fleur de lis. Fetterlock.

ELIZABETH.

First Coinage.

Martlet. Cross crosslet. Fleur de lis.

Second Coinage. Pheon. 1561,2,3,4,5. Rose. 1565. Portcullis. 1566.

Lion. 1566, 7.

Crown or coronet. 1567, 8, 9,

70. Castle. 1569, 70, 71.

Third Coinage. Ermine spot. 1572,3. Acorn. 1573,4. Cinquefoil. 1574, 5, 6, 7. Plain cross. 1578, 9. Long cross. 1580, 1, 2. Sword on both sides. 1581, 2.

Fourth Coinage.

Bell. 1582, 3. 'R. 1582,3,4. Escallop. 1584, 5, 6. Crescent. 1587, 8, 9. Hand. 1590, 1, 2. Tun. 1592, 3, 4, 5. Woolpack. 1594, 5, 6. Key. 1595, 6, 7, 8. Anchor. 1597, 8, 9, 1600. Annulet. 1600.

Fifth Coinage.

Emony. 1. 1601. 1. 1602.

Milled Money.

Star. 1561, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1570. Fleur de lis. 1567, 8, 70. Castle. 1571. Star of five points. 1574,5.

Portcullis Money. Annulet.

Gold.

Portcullis.

Rose.

Crown or coronet.

Fleur de lis.

Lion .

Eglantine flower.

Cross.

Long cross.

LIST OF MINT MARKS.

363

2.	Trefoil. 1624.
X.	Fleur de lis..— R trefoil.
Tun.	Thistle.— ft trefoil.
Cross crosslet.
Escallop shell.	Gold.
Acorn.	All the mint marks above occur
Woolpack.	upon the gold coins.
Mullet or star.
Crescent.	Copper.
Cinquefoil.	Thistle.
Sword.	Trefoil.
Ermine spot.	Pellet.
Cross.	Three fleurs de lis, two and one.
Bell.	A.
Hand.	Rose.
Key.	Plain cross.
Anchor.	Lozenge.
Lion and tun.	Lion.
Coronet.	Rose of dots.
Fleur de Us.	St. George's cross surmounting
	St. Andrew's.
JAMES I.	Diamond.
First Coinage. Atigl. Scot.	Coronet.
Thistle. 1603, 4.	Bunch of grapes.
Fleur de lis. 1604.	Annulet.
	Triangle.
Second Coinage. Mag. Brit.	Key.
Fleur de lis. 1604, 5.	Fleur de lis.
Rose. 1605, 6.	Martlet.
Escallop shell. 1606, 7. Bunch of grapes. 1607, 8, 9.	Cinquefoil. Lozenge surmounted by St. An-
Coronet. 1609.	drew's cross.
Key. 1609, 10.	Tun.
Bell. 1610.	Tower.
Bell.— ft mullet. 1610.	Dagger.
Mullet. 1611.	Gold.
Castle. 1612. Trefoil. 1613.	Thistle. 15
Cinquefoil. 1615. Tun. 1615.	tvose. Rose. — R thistle.
Book. 1616.
Crescent. 1617.	CHARLES I.
Cross patee. 1618.	First Coinage. Square Skidd.
Saltire. 1619.	Fleur de lis.
Spur rowel. 1619.	Long cross.
Rose. 1620.
Thistle. 1621, 2.	Second Coinage. Bust i>i Robes.
Fleur de lis. 1623.	Fleur dc lis. 1625.

364

LIST OF MINT MARKS.

Cross on two steps.

Castle.

Blackamoor's head.

Anchor.

Helmet.

Long cross.

Heart.

Feathers.

Full-blown rose.

Anchor, in the middle of legend.

R an anchor. No mint mark on obv. ; a rose on

reverse.

Third Coinage. Long Bust.

Long cross. 1626. Blackamoor's head. 1626, 7. Castle. 1627. Anchor. 1628. Heart. 1629, 30. Fleur de lis. 1630. St. George. 1630. Harp. Portcullis. Bell. Crown. Triangle. Star of six points. Triangle within a circle. P. within two semi-circles. R. within two semi-circles. Eye.

Full-blown rose. Triangle within two semi-circles. - R P. within two semi-circles.

Fourth Coinage. Oval Shield. Feathers. 1630. Rose. 1631.

Fifth Coinage. Short Bust. Harp. 1632. Portcullis. 1633.

Sixth Coinage.

Bell. 1634. Crown. 1635. Tun. 1636.

Seventh Coinage.

Tun. 1638.

Anchor. 1638.

Triangle or delta. 1639.

Star. 1640.

Triangle in a circle. 1641.

P. within two semi-circles. 1643.

R. within two semi-circles. 1644.

Eye. 1645.

Sun. 1645.

Sceptre. 1646.

Bugle horn.

Briofs Works. Anchor. Rose.

Anchor and small star. Anemone flower and small B. Small B.

Anemone flower and small B. — R small B.

Abcristwith Mint. Open book. Fleur de lis. Crown. Cross.

York Mint. Lion. Rose. Fleur de lis. — R lion.

Oxford Mint.

Fleur de lis. 1644, 5, 6. Trefoil. 1644.

B. and R. in a cypher. 1643, 4, 5.

A. 1645.

B. 1646. Open book. Rose.

SECTION IV.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

THE series of Anglo-Gallic coins, or coins of our English princes struck in their French territories, though not extensive, is of great interest, and some pieces are extremely rare. On this account they are not collected by many persons, who despair of forming anything like a perfect series, and content themselves with a few pieces as specimens. In England, they appear to have been first treated of by Ducarel, in 1757, and afterwards by Snelling, in 1769. Some plates were also executed at the cost of Sir Charles Frederick, who was him- self a collector of these coins ; but these, as well as the before- mentioned works, are so inaccurate, that they serve only to embarrass and mislead those who may refer to them.

In 1826, a description of the Anglo-Gallic coins in the British Museum was drawn up by Mr. Edward Hawkins, and printed by order of the Trustees. This work is illustrated by beautiful plates, and is a valuable book of reference to the collector of these interesting coins.

In 1 830, another work appeared, under the title of " Illus- trations of the Anglo-French Coinage." This is also enriched by engravings of much beauty and fidelity. The author of this volume was for many years an indefatigable collector, and left no means untried to perfect his valuable cabinet, travelling through those provinces of France which had once been in possession of the English, and frequently enriching his collec- tion by the acquisition of some rare piece previously unknown to the numismatists of England and the continent.1 This gentleman, notwithstanding his care and diligence, has, how- ever, ventured to assert, that particular coins which escaped

1 The whole collection is about to be brought to the hammer.

368 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

his researches do not exist, while certain pieces, of which he could obtain no authentic account, have come to light since the publication of his elegant work : the list which follows is therefore a more extensive one than has ever yet been pub- lished, several new pieces appearing for the first time.

It should be remarked that several Anglo-Gallic coins, which were of great rarity a few years since, are much less so now ; especially the Poitou penny of Richard L, a considerable number having been recently discovered in France.

It may be as well to observe, that the earliest Anglo-Gallic coin is of Henry II., and that those given by Ducarel cannot be classed with this series, having been struck before the Norman conquest. That engraved in Plate VI. of DucareFs work is more than suspected to be a modern forgery. The coins of Henry II. must have been struck previous to the year 1 1 68, in which Aquitaine was given by that monarch to his son, Richard Cceur de Lion. This prince is said by Le Blanc to have coined money in Normandy, Tours, Anjou, and Maine, but only some of these are at present known.1 His Aqui- taine penny has descended to us, and is a scarce coin. Some of them bear his name without the title of king, from which cir- cumstance it is conjectured they were struck previous to his accession to the crown of England. It has been supposed that John, his successor, did not coin money in France ; but, as hereafter noticed, there appear some grounds for believing that he did.

Of Henry the Third no Anglo-Gallic coins are known, although ah order dated in his twelfth year directs the Se- neschal of Gascogny to coin his money of Bordeaux of the same weight and fineness as that of Tours. The piece given by Ducarel,2 Duby,3 and Ruding,4 is suspected to belong to Henry the Fourth.

The lion passant guardant occurs on the coins of Edward the First. This animal was the heraldic bearing of Aquitaine,

1 See page 372. s Plate XIII. fig. 4.

3 PI. XXXVII. fig. 10. 4 Supp.Pt.II. Pl.X. fig. 10.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 369

and was incorporated by Henry the Second with two lions passant guardant, the arms of Normandy, thus forming the coat since borne by the kings of England.

Edward the Third was the first English monarch who coined gold in his French territories. The denominations are the guiennois, leopard, chaise, and mouton. Mr. Hawkins, in his "Description of the Anglo-Gallic coins in the British Museum" observes, in reference to the name and type of the " leopard," that modern heralds do not admit the explanation of Nisbet, who says that the distinction between a lion and a leopard depends upon the position of the animal, and that Edward the Third is styled upon his monument in Westminster Abbey " Invictus pardus." With respect to the term chaise, it was given because the prince is seated on a chair of state, without attending to the circumstance of his holding a shield (escu), or of his not doing so, as on* the coins of Edward the Black Prince. The mouton was first struck by Louis IX. of France, and was named, from its type of the holy lamb, aignel, after- wards changed to mouton. The guiennois is supposed to have received its name from the country in which it was struck. Edward the Black Prince coined both gold and silver, which is interesting from the circumstance of its bearing an attempt at his portrait : at any rate the costume, arms, and decorations are those of the time. The denominations of this gold coinage are the guiennois, leopard, chaise, hardi, and pavilion. The demi-chaise is also given by Duby, and we should be disposed to question its authenticity, if we were not aware that the ex- istence of the guiennois of this prince was doubted by the author of the " Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage" &c., and that a specimen has since been procured for the collection of the British Museum.

Henry, duke of Lancaster, the grandfather of Henry the Fourth, as a reward for the services rendered by the capture of Bergerac, in Guienne, had the city and castle given to him and his heirs by Edward the Third, with the privilege of striking money. The two pieces hereafter described are erroneously given by Ruding to Henry IV. Richard the Second struck

3 B

370

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

gold and silver of the denominations noticed in the list which follows. Of his successor, as well as of Henry VI., there are gold and silver coins.

It may be here observed that the Calais groats and their divisions with the name of Henry, are not with certainty appropriated rightly to the three monarchs of that name. In type, weight, arid standard, they agree with the coins of the same denomination struck in England.

The last of the series of Anglo- Gallic coins, are the Tour- nay groats of Henry the Eighth. It does not appear that among the many rare and singular pieces obtained by the author of the " Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage" orf the Continent, he procured a single piece of this coinage, although one type is not of great rarity.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

HENRY THE SECOND.

DENIER. — R.6.

1. Obv. I-HENRICVS REX. A plain cross, reaching to the

inner circle.

R— AQVITANIE. In four lines across the field ; the last letter between two annulets.1 HALF-DENIER. — R.8.

2. Obv. hENRICVS. A plain cross, reaching to the inner

circle ; in the first and fourth quarter, an annulet. R— 00. REX +, in three lines across the field.

ALEONOR.

DENIER. — R.5.

1. Obv. r-DVCISIH. In the field, CD. A. perpendicularly ; on

each side, a cross patee.

R h AQVITANIE. In the centre, a plain cross, reaching

to the inner circle. HALF-DENIER. — R.8.

2. Same legends and type. (Cabinet of Mr. J. D. Cuff.)

There is a coin of Aleonor, on which her name occurs jointly with that of her first husband, Louis, king of France ; but this is, of course, not ranged with the series of Anglo- Gallic coins.

1 The author of the " Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage," gives a denier with this type, but differing from the above in weight and style of fabric, and conjectures that it may have been struck by the son of Henry while master of Bordeaux.

372 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

RICHARD THE FIRST. DENIER. — R.2.

1. Qbv. I-RICARDVS 00. in four lines across the field.

R h-AQVITANIE. In the centre, a plain cross, within

the inner circle. HALF -DENIER. — R.4.

2. Same legend and type on obverse and reverse as the denier. DENIER. — R.I.

3. Qbv. hRICARDVS REX. A plain cross within the inner

circle ; in the third quarter, an annulet. R— PICTAVIENSIS, in three lines across the field.

The coins with an annulet on the reverse are more rare than those without it.

HALF-DENIER. — R.7.

4. Same as the denier.

There is also a coin termed the "Norman penny," with RODVMDVCO, for RODOMACO, on the reverse, which resembles the money of Aleonor; and another, with EXELDVNI for Issoudun. They are both of the first rarity, and are assigned to this king.

JOHN.

The author of the "Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage" observes, that no Anglo French coins of this prince and of Henry III. are preserved, and that " it does not appear that the first ever struck money .'* It would seem, however, from an entry on the patent roll of the 17th John, A.D. 1215, that it is probable he coined money in Poictou. Emerius was an hereditary moneyer there, and had the right of coinage in Poictou con- firmed to him.1 In a charter, granted by Henry III. in 1226, to Hugh, viscount of Thouars, mention is made of Monetse Pictavise ut quod eequa liter currat in Pictavia cum nostra.

EDWARD I.

(As Prince.) LION. BILLON. — R.2.

1. Obv. — EDWARD' FILI' A lion passant guardant, to the right.

R— H. REGIS ANGLIE. In the field, a cross patee,

reaching to the inner circle. HALF-LION. BILLON. — R.6.

2. Similar types and legend.

The first of these coins was erroneously given, by the late Mr. Taylor Combe, to Edward, the Black Prince. Mr. Hawkins modestly defers to this opinion, in opposition to his own judgment, which rightly assigned it to the first Edward.2

1 See a notice, by Sir Henry Ellis, Numismatic Journal, Vol. II. p. 254.

2 Description of the Anglo-Gallic Coins in the) British Museum, 4to. 1826, printed by order of the Trustees.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 373

(As King.} LION. BILLON. — R.6.

1. Obv.— ED WARD VS REX. A lion passant, as on the pre-

ceding coins.

R— DVX. AQVITANIE. A cross patee. HALF-LION. BILLON. — R.8.

2. Similar types and legends.

LION. BILLON. — R.3.

3. Obv. — EDVARDVS REX. The field consisting of three di-

visions : the first having within it a lion passant ; the second, the letters AGL. ; and the last, the letter E.

R — DVX. AGIT. BVRD.1 A cross patee, reaching to the inner circle ; in the first quarter, the letter E.

LION. BILLON. — R.3.

4. A coin with similar types, but with a G in the first quarter of

the cross on the reverse.2

LION. BILLON. — R.3.

5. Another with " a rose of six leaves" in the third division of the

field of the obverse.

LION. BILLON. — R.3.

6. Another with the letter G in the first division, and E in the

third, and the addition of a small cross between the letters A and N in Agitanie.

PONTHIEU PENNY. — R.4.

7. Obv.— +EDOARDVS REX. A cross patee, reaching to

the inner circle ; an annulet in the first and fourth quarter.

R— MONETA PONTI, in two lines across the field, which is divided into four compartments ; above and below, a cross saltier between two annulets.

The author of the " Illustrations" says he is acquainted with but three of these rare coins. Two are in his own collection, and the third is in the French cabinet. More are now known.

HALFPENNY. — R.8.

8. Similar types and legends.

1 For Burdegale — Bourdeaux.

2 Supposed by the author of the " Illustrations" to be intended for " Guessin, a castle near Bayonne, where Edward the First had a mint," p. 59.

374 ANGLO- GALLIC COINS.

EDWARD I. II. HI. GROS. BILLON — R.8.

1. EDOVARDVS REX. A cross patee, extending through the inner legend to the second of three concentric circles ; in the outer circle +BNDICTV : SIT : NOME : DNI : NRI : DEI:

R }-DVX*AQVITANIE. A lion rampant guardant ;

the outer circle or horder composed of twelve double arches, in each of which is a trefoil.

A rare piece, in the cabinet of the author of the " Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage," who observes, that it closely resembles a gros of Louis, the first or second, Count of Flanders.

EDWARD THE THIRD. GOLD FLORIN. — R.8.

1. Obv.— IOHA.NNES B. The full length figure of Saint John

the Baptist ; the right arm extended, the left holding a staff, which is directed towards the small cross preceding the legend, at the beginning and end of which is a small open crown of the period.

ft_ + DVX AQITANIE. In the field the flower of the white lily, or fleur de Us, as on the coins of Florence,

This piece is in the cabinet of the author of the " Illustrations," at pp. 1, 2, 3 of which will be found his reasons for assigning it to Edward the Third, to whom it probably belongs. The well-known type of the Florin was at this time copied by nearly all the states and petty princes of Eu- rope; but in France, about the year 1364, it was no longer used, as, according to Leblanc, it was considered " derogatory to the dignity of the crown, being borrowed."

LEOPARD. — R.3. to R.8.1

2. Obv.— EDWARDVS : DEI : GRA : ANGLIE : FRANCIE:

REX : A crowned lion (leoparde) guardant passant to the right, his recurved tail terminating in three points, within a compartment of ten arches ; between the arches and the inner circle, nine quatrefoils and a star of five points (the presumed mint mark for Poictiers) a trefoil at each point.

R— XPC : VINCIT : XPC : REGNAT : XPC : IMPERAT : An elaborately ornamented cross, within a compartment formed of four semi-circles and as many angles ; in each angle of the cross, a lion passant guardant.

Those weighing from sixty-five to seventy grains are R.8.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 375

GUIENNOIS R.6.

3. Obv.— ED : D : GRA : REX : AGLE : DO : AQVITAIE.

The king walking, to the right, completely armed, a drawn sword in his right hand, and a shield bearing the arms of France and England quarterly on his left arm, beneath a gothic porch ; near the pinnacles of the porch, to the right, the letter P. ; beneath the king's feet, two lions couchant guardant.

R— GLIA : IN : EXELCIS : DEO : ET : IN : TERRA : PAX : HOBVS : A large ornamented cross, within a compartment formed by sixteen arches. In the angles of the cross, a fleur de Us and a lion passant guardant alter- nately.

Ecu.-R.2.

4. Obv.— ED WARD VS : DEI : GRA : AGL : Z : FRANCIE:

REX : Within a compartment formed of twelve arches, the king seated in a gothic chair of state, crowned, a drawn sword in his right hand, his left resting on a shield seme vfiihjleurs de Us.

R— XPC : V1NC1T : XPC : REGNAT : XPC : IMPE- RAT. Within a compartment formed by four arches, the points ending in strawberry leaves ; a cross filleted, tre- foiled, with a quatrefoil in the centre, and another at the end of each limb of the cross.

MOUTON. — R.8.

5. Obv.— + AGN : DEI : QVI TOLL PECCA : MVNDI :

MISERE : NOB. Within a compartment of fourteen arches, the holy lamb, the head encircled by the nimbus enclosing a cross, turned back towards a staff surmounted by a cross crosslet pierced in the centre, and having a ban- ner of three tails ; beneath the feet of the lamb, ED VARD.

R + XPC : VINCIT : XPC : REGNAT : XPC : IMPE- RAT. Within a compartment formed of four arches and as many angles; a cross fluted and ornamented with a cinquefoil in the centre, the ends terminating in an acorn between two oak leaves ; ajleur de Us in each angle of the cross, and eight fleurs de lis in the outer angles formed by the compartment.

The author of the " Illustrations" (p. 9), supposes Snelling was in error in describing a mouton of Edward the Third, an opinion which is refuted by the existence of this piece in the French cabinet, politely communi- cated by M. de Longpe"rier.

376 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

GROS. BILLON. — R.8.

6. Obv.— -ED' REX : ANGLIE, in the inner circle ; in the outer circle, B . . . OMI : NRI : D : A cross Calvary, the lower limb passing to the outer legend.

R— + DVX . AQITANIE, within a border of double arches and strawberry leaves ; a large crown in the field ; below the small cross preceding DVX, and on the T in AQITANIE, an annulet.

BILLON ?— R.8.

7 Obv.— + ED' : REX. ANGLIE, in the inner circle; in the outer circle, +BNDICTV : SIT : NOME : DNI : NRI : DE : In the centre, a plain cross.

R — DVX : AGITANIE, within a border of thirteen arches, with a strawberry leaf in each ; in the centre, an object described as a building, resembling a church, with a spire placed between two towers ; in the foreground, the ground plan. ?

This piece, which is of base metal and of the size of the gros, is supposed not to have been current money, but a sort of ticket or pass. Another, somewhat similar, is given by the author of the " Illustrations."1

HALF GROS. SILVER. — R.5.

8. Obv.— ED' : REX : ANGL + IE, 2 in the inner circle ; in the

outer circle, BNDICTV : SIT : NOME : DNI : NRI : D : in the centre, a £lain cross patee.

R— DVX : AGITANIE, within a border of nine arches, having a strawberry leaf in each ; in the centre, an ill- defined representation of a building ; above, a lion passant guardant. HALF GROS. SILVER — R.4.

9. Obv. — Same type and legend.

R— DNS . HIBERNIE . A similar type to that of the reverse of the previous coin, but without the lion above the building.

This coin is considered by the possessor as a numismatic enigma. It is given by the author of the " Illustrations," who observes, that it could not have been struck in Ireland. We do not see why it should be supposed to have anything to do with that country : the type is in every respect Anglo-French, and the words DNS. HIBERNIE may be considered merely as a continuation of the style from the obverse side.

1 Groats of this type have, however, since been discovered.

2 The cross between the L and I, in ANGLIE, is supposed to be the private mark of the moneyer.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 377

HALF Gnos. SILVER. — R.8.

10. Obv.— EDVARD DEI : GRA : REX : ANGLE, within

a compartment of ten arches ^ the side -faced half-length figure of the king, crowned with an open crown ; in his right hand a drawn sword, resting against his shoulder. R— DNS. AQVITANIE in the inner circle ; in the outer

circle, . . . DO : ET : INT'RA : PAX A plain

cross patee at the end, reaching to the edge of the coin ; in each angle, three pellets, as on his English money.

A very rare piece in the cabinet of the author of the " Illustrations," who supposes that the groat of this coinage has disappeared in consequence of its fineness.

LIGHT BILLON GROAT. — R.6.

11. Obv. hED: REX : ANGL + IE in the inner circle; in the

outer circle, BNDICTV : SIT : NOME : DNI : NRI :

D : in the centre, a plain cross patee, reaching to the inner circle, with a fourchee in one of the angles.

R— DVX : AQITANIE, within an outer border of eleven compartments, each containing a strawberry leaf; in the centre, an open ducal crown above a lion passant guardant ; a cinquefoil between his fore and hind legs.

HALF-GROAT. BILLON. — R.4.

12. Obv.— ED : REX : ANGL°IE, in the inner circle ; in the

outer circle, BNDICTV : SIT : NOME : DNI : NRI : D : A similar type to that of the former coin, with a fleur de lis in the angle of the cross.

R— DVX. AQITANIE. A similar type to that of the former coin, but with a pellet beneath the lion.

There are varieties of this half -groat.

AQUITAINE STERLING, or PENNY.— R. 2.

13. Obv.— EDVARD' REX ANGL+ . The royal bust, nearly

full-faced, crowned, with an open crown fleury ; on the breast, a lion passant guardant.

R— DVX AQITANIE. A cross patee cleft at the ex- tremities ; between each cleft, a minute cross ; in each angle of the cross, an open crown fleury.

There are others with slight variations from this type.

AQUITAINE HALFPENNY. — R.7.

14. Similar types and legends.

3 c

378 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

HALFPENNY. BILLON. — R.4.

15. Obv. hED' REX ANGLIE. In the centre, a lion passant

guardant ; below, a mullet. R— DVX AQITANIE. A plain cross, reaching to the

inner circle ; in the first quarter, an open crown. DENIER. BILLON. — R.4.

16. Obv.— + ED' : REX o ANGLIE. In the field, a lion passant

guardant; below, the letters M. B.', for " Moneta JSurdi- galensis" (Bordeaux); beneath the lion, a mullet of six blunt points.

R_4_DVX : A . . . BVRD. In the centre, a plain cross, reaching to the inner circle ; in the second quarter, an open crown.

On another denier the crown is placed in the first quarter of the cross.

STERLING. —R.8.

17. Obv.— + CIVITAS BVRDEGALE. A lion's? head, full-

faced, crowned with an open crown fleury. R — ED' : REX : ANGLIE. A plain cross, reaching nearly to the edge of the coin ; in the first and fourth

Suarter, three pellets ; in the second quarter, the bud of le lily ; in the third quarter, an open crown. DOUBLE-DENIER. BILLON.— R.5.

18. Obv.— + EDWARD VS REX. No inner circle. In the

centre, a large open crown.

R_ + MONETA DVPLEX. « A cross calvary patee, imperfectly flurt barred at the lower limb, which extends through the inner circle almost to the edge of the coin." 111. pi. iv. 33.

This piece is supposed by the author of the " Illustrations" to have been an imitation of the double tournois of Philip VI. king of France, p. 76.

DOUBLE-DENIER. BILLON. — R.4.

19. Obv. h ED' : REX : ANGLIE. In the centre, a lion passant

guardant ; above, A. ; below, GI. R— + MONETA DVPLEX. A plain cross, with an open

crown at the extremity of each limb. DOUBLE-DENIER. BILLON.— R.3.

20. Obv. hED' REX ANGLIE. In the centre, a large open

crown, resting on the head and tail of a lion passant guardant ; beneath the lion, a mullet (or a rose of six leaves).

R 1_ MONETA DVPLEX. A plain cross, reaching to

the inner circle ; in the first and fourth quarter, an open crown.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 379

LION. BILLON. — R.4.

21. Obv. HED': REX : ANGLIE. In the centre, a lion cou-

chant guardant, his tail ending in a large bush ; beneath the lion, the letter B.

R — DNS. AQITANIE. A plain cross, reaching to the inner circle.

LION. BILLON. — R.3.

22. Obv. 1- ED' REX ANGLIE. A lion to the left, passant

guardant; beneath, B.

R — A similar type and legend to those of the preceding coin.

The B. beneath the lion indicates the place of mintage, which the author of the " Illustrations" conjectures to be Bayorine. There are varieties of these coins.

HALF-LION. BILLON. — R.5.

23. Obv.— o-foED' REX ANGLIE. A plain cross, reaching

to the inner circle.

R |-DVX. AGITANIE. A lion passant guardant on

a horizontal line, below which is the letter G., supposed to indicate the place of mintage, Guissen, a castle near Bayonne.

STERLING. — R.6.

24. Obv.— + ED WART1 REX ANGLIE. Half-length

crowned bust of the king to the right. In his right hand a drawn sword, resting against his shoulder ; his left hand raised in an admonitory attitude.

R— DNS. AGITANIE. A plain cross, reaching almost to the edge of the coin ; in each quarter, three pellets, as on the English money.

There are varieties of this coin.

DOUBLE-DENIER. SILVER. — R.8.

25. Obv.— + CIVITAS BVRDEGALE. Crowned bust of the

king, to the left ; on each side, an open crown floury. R— ED' REX ANGLIE. A plain cross, reaching to the edge of the coin. In the first and fourth quarters, three pellets ; in the second and third, an open crown.

1 The T. is supposed to stand for Tertius ; but this is mere conjecture. It is much more likely to be the blunder of a foreign moneyer but imperfectly acquainted with our language.

380 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

DENIER. BILLON. — R.7.

26. Obv.— + EDWARDVS REX. A plain cross, reaching to

the inner circle ; an annulet in each quarter. R— MONETA POTIVI, in two lines across the field; between them, a lion passant guardant on a compartment ; above the word " Moneta," a cross patee ; between two annulets, and below the word POTIVI, three annulets, the centre one being larger than the others.

GROAT OF CALAIS. — R.3.

27. Obv.— +EDWARD°DEI°G»REX°ANGL°DNS°HYB.

0S° AQT. The king's head, full-faced, as on his English groats, within a compartment of nine arches, each termi- nating in a trefoil, except that over the neck, which has an annulet.

R— + POSVI H DEVM : ADIVTOREM * MEV.

VILLA • CALESIE, in two concentric circles. A plain cross, reaching to the edge of the coin ; in each quarter, three pellets.

HALF-GROAT. — R.6.

28. Obv.— + EDWARDVS°REX°ANGL°DNS°HYB. A

similar type to that of the preceding coin. R— + POSVI S DEVM xADIVTORE S MEV — VILLA • CALESIE, in two circles. Type same as the preceding.

PENNY OF CALAIS. — R.8.

29. Obv.— + EDWARD ° ANGL I R I DNS I HYB. The

king's head, full-faced, crowned as on his English coins. R — VILLA o CALISIE. A plain cross, reaching to the edge of the coin, with three pellets in each angle, as on his English coins.

EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE.

HARDi.1 GOLD. — R.4.

1. Obv.— ED : PO : GNS : REGIS : ANGLI : PNS : AQVITA :

Within a compartment, formed of twelve small arches, the three-quarter length figure of the prince ; the ducal mantle on his shoulders, and his head crowned by a fillet of roses ; in his right hand a drawn sword, to which he points with the fore-finger of his left.

1 A nair.e derived from a small coin struck by Philip 1'Hardi, king of France, now represented by the I'ard, a corruption of the Gascon " // nrditn.''

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 381

R—AVXILIVM : MEVM : A : DOMINO : R : l A

similar compartment to that of the obverse, within which a cross, the ends terminating in an acorn between two oak leaves ; in the angles of the cross, a lily and lion passant guardant alternately.

LEOPARD. GOLD. — R.6.

2. Obv.— + ED : PMO : GNS : REGIS : ANGLIE : PNCEPS :

AQITAN1E : A lion leoparde, crowned, his tail termi- nating in three points, within a compartment of eleven arches, the points terminating in quatrefoils ; between each of the arches and the inner circle, a quatrefoil.

R i-XPC : VINCIT : XPC : REGNAT : XPC : IMPE-

RAT : An elaborately ornamented cross, within a com- partment formed of four arches and as many angles ; between the compartment and the inner circle, eight quatrefoils. In each quarter of the cross, a lion passant guardant.

CHAISE. GOLD. — R.6.

3. Obv.— ED : PO : GNS : REGIS : PNS : AQITANIE. The

prince, seated in a gothic chair of state, with four pinnacles. A fillet, of roses round his head. In his right hand, the ducal baton, surmounted by a lily ; his left resting on his knee.

R— DEVS : IVDEX : IVSTVS : FORTIS : PACIENS : B: *

A type very similar to that of the preceding coin.

PAVILLION. GOLD. — R.2.

4. Obv.— + ED : PO : GNS : REG : ANGL : PNPS: AQIT : The

prince, standing beneath a canopy, crowned with a fillet of roses, and a robe of state ; in his right hand, a drawn sword, held perpendicularly, to which he points significantly with his left. Two lions couchant guardant at his feet. On each side of the prince, two ostrich's feathers.

R_ + DNS : AIVTO : PTECIO : ME : IIPO : SPAVIT : COR : MEVM : B : Within an ornamented compartment, a cross, in the centre of which is a figure of a diamond or lozenge, containing the letter E., each limb of the cross terminating in an acorn slip. In the first and fourth quarter, ajleur de Us ; in second and third, a lion.

1 Indicating the mint, La Rochelle.

2 For Bayonne or Bordeaux.

382 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

GUIENNOIS. — R.8.

5. Obv.— ED. PGNS. REGIS ANGLIE PINCPS AQITANIE.

Type very similar to the Guiennois of his father. R— GLIA : IN : EXCELCIS : DEO : ET : IN : TRA : PAX : HOMINIBVS. Type very similar to that of the Guiennois of his father ; but with a B in the centre of the cross.

The author of the " Illustrations" doubts the existence of a Guiennois of this prince ; but a fine specimen has recently been obtained for the Bri- tish Museum.

GROAT. SILVER. — R.6 to R.8.

6. Obv.— + EDWARDVS PRIMO GNS. REGIS T.1 Half-

length bust of the prince, to the right, within a compart- ment of twelve (or fourteen) arches ; in his right hand, a drawn sword ; his left arm extended, the fore-finger being raised, and the rest closed.

R— + PRINCEPS AQITANIE, in the inner circle. In the outer circle, GLIA : IN : EXCELCIS : DEO : ET : IN : TRA : PAX : A cross patee, reaching to the edge of the coin, with three pellets in each quarter, as on the English coins of the period. HALF-GROAT. SILVER. — C.

7. Obv.— + ED'. PO' GENIT' REGIS. ANGLIE. A similar

type to that of the preceding. R— PRNCPS. AQVTAE, in the inner circle; in the outer

circle, GLA IN E TRA PAX : R. A similar

type to that of the preceding.

The letter R. indicates the place of mintage, Rochelle. Others have an L., for Limoges, or P., for Poictiers. The varieties of these coins differ principally in the contractions of the legends.

HARDIT. SILVER. — C.

8. Obv.— ED. PO. GNS. REG. AGL. B. A half-length

figure of the prince, full-faced, beneath a gothic arch. His head bound with a fillet, and the mantle on his shoulders ; in his right hand a drawn sword, to which he points signi- ficantly with his right.

R— PRNCPS. AQITANIE. A Greek cross patee cora- lino, reaching to the edge of the coin ; in the first and fourth quarters, a fleur de Us; in the second and third, a lion passant guardant.

There are several varieties of these coins : the above is of the Bordeaux mint, as indicated by the letter B. at the end of the legend on the obverse.

Supposed to indicate Tarbcs. Others have R or A, for Rochelle and Audi.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 383

Those of Poictiers have a small P between the letters Q and 1 in Aquitan. Those of Limoges have an L at the end of the legend of the obverse. Rochelle and Auch, or Aquae Tarbellicae, as well as Tarbes, have also the initial letter at the end of the legend. Some are without the canopy, and are otherwise slightly distinguished in the legends.

STERLING. — 11. t.

9. Obv.— + °ED'°PO I GNS I REGIS I B.i Half-length

figure of the prince, to the right, in profile ; a drawn sword in his right hand, his left raised, and the fore-finger pointing upward.

R— °PRNCPS AQITAN. A plain cross and pellets, as on the English penny of this period.

BLACK MONEY.S — R.6.

10. Obv.— + ED' : PRIMO : GENITVS. A lion couchant

guardant, crowned, the tail elevated ; beneath, the letter B, for Bordeaux.

R— + PRINCEPS AQITANIE. A plain cross, reaching to the inner circle.

The varieties of this coin differ principally in the contractions of the legend.

BLACK MONEY.— R.5. to R.7.

11. Obv.— ...D' PO : GN<>S : REGI NGL. The field of the coin

divided into four quarters ; in the first and fourth quarter, a Jleur de Us ; in the second and third a lion passant guardant.

R— . . . . NCPS. AQITANI. A plain cross, reaching to the inner circle.

Another specimen of this black money, given in the " Illustrations," has an L at the end of the obverse legend, for Lectoure, the place of mintage for this description of coin. They are very rarely found even in fair condition.

JOHN OF GHENT.

The money of this prince, the fourth son of Edward the Third, Duke of Lancaster and Aquitaine, King of Castille and Leon, is ranged with this series, though not strictly A4nglo- Gallic coins. The right of coining money was granted to him by his father, and confirmed by his nephew, Richard the Second.

DENIER. ?— R.8.

1. Obv. — lOHANJs REX, divided into two parts by the king's head, crowned and in profile, to the left ; four roses appear

1 For Bordeaux or Bayonne: others of this type have an L., for Limoges.

2 Of tiro parts silrer and ten parts alloy.

384 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

on the band of the crown, and a collar of roses hangs on the shoulders; the bust is beardless, and the hair is long and flowing.

R— + CASTELLE. E : LEGIONIS : A building with three towers, the centre one being much higher than the others, above which are the letters P : S, and in the ex- ergue B. (for Pelegrinus Serins, Bayonnce, the mint- master of Bayonne).

Both sides of this rare coin are without the inner circle. See the " Illus- trations of the Anglo-French Coinage," p. 107-8.

HENRY DUKE OF LANCASTER. GROS. BILLON. — R.8.

1. Obv.— In the inner circle, + .EN JDNS : BRAGII. E '. In

the outer circle, part of which is lost, NOME*

DNI* ; a plain cross reaching to the inner circle ;

R— • DVX LANCAIE • A building with two towers and a spire ; in front, the ground plan ? ; above, a lion passant guardant ; the whole within a border of circles, each en- closing a strawberry leaf. GROS. BILLON. — R.8.

2. Obv. h "EN : DNS : BRAGIIE*, in the inner circle ; in the

outer circle, +BNDI . . . NOME . DNI. ; a cross Calvary patee at the ends, the lower limb reaching through the inner circle, and a pellet heneath.

R— LANCAI IG : DVX., in two lines across the field ; heneath, a lion couchant guardant, crowned ; the whole within a horder of circles, each containing a strawberry leaf.

These coins are in the collection of the British Museum.

In the catalogue of the collection of the author of the " Illustrations," now announced for sale, are a groat and a half-groat, the former weighing 43 J grains, and having the legend HEN. COMES. LAN.— Reverse, DNS. BRAGAIRAC ; the latter 28J grains, legend, EN. COMES. LA.— Re- verse DNS. BRAGAIRA. The groat resembles that given above ; the half- groat differs from the others.

For Henricus, Dominus Brageriaci, Henry Lord of Bergerac.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 385

RICHARD THE SECOND.

HARDIT. GOLD. — R.7.

1. Obv.— - + RICARD' : D' : GRA : AGLE : FRACIE : RX :

D' : A. A full-faced half-length figure of the king, within a compartment of nine arches, crowned with an open crown, and holding in his right hand a drawn sword perpendicularly, to which he points significantly with his left.

R_ + AVXILIVM : MEVM : A : DOMINO : B : within a similar compartment to that of the obverse ; an orna- mented cross, with an acorn between two oak-leaves at the extremity of each limb ; in the first and fourth quarter, a lion passant guardant ; in the second and third, ajleur de lis.

HALF-HARDIT. GOLD. — R.8.

2. Obv.— RICARD : RX : ANGLIE : FRACI. Crowned full-

faced bust to the shoulders, within a compartment of nine arches.

R— + AVXILIVM : MEVM : A : DNO : B. Type similar to that of the hardit, but with the Jleur de lis in the first and fourth quarter, and the lion in the second and third.

The author of the " Illustrations" (pp. 9 and 19) doubts the existence of this rare piece, and suspects Snelling's account (p. 18) "is mere hearsay." The coin, however, is authentic, and is no doubt that which Snelling saw in 1756, in the French cabinet, and where it is now preserved. M. de LongpeVier, to whom I am indebted for a tracing, observes that he is unable to account for this error, as the well-known politeness of M. Ober- lin, forbids any suspicion that the information sought by the author of the " Illustrations" was purposely withheld.

DOUBLE-HARDIT. SILVER. — R.8.1

3. Obv.— RICARDVS : REX : ANGLIIE. Type similar to

the hardit.

R— FRANCIE : DNS : AQVITANIE. Type similar to the hardit.

1 Cabinet of J. D. Cuff, Esq. This piece has only recently been brought to light, and was unknown to the author of the " Illustrations."

3 D

386 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

HARDIT.— R.4.

4. Qbv. — RICARD RX : AGL. Beneath a gothic canopy, the

half length full-faced figure of the king, crowned with an open crown fleury ; in his right hand a drawn sword, to which he points with the forefinger of his left hand.

R— FRACIE : DNS : AQITANE. A cross patee filleted, reaching to the edge of the coin (which has no inner circle on the reverse) ; in the first and fourth quarter, a lion passant guardant; in the second and third, &f,eur de Us.

The varieties of this coin are insignificant.

DENIER. BILLON. — R.6.

5. Cbv.— RICARD. RX. ANGLIE. FRACIE. The field of

the coin divided into four quarters ; in the first and fourth quarter, a fleur de lis ; in the second and third, a lion passant guardant.

R— DOMINVS. AQITANIE. A plain cross, reaching to the inner circle.

HENRY THE FOURTH.

GOLD HARDI. — R.8.

1. Obv.— + HENRIC : DEI : GRA : R : ANGLIE : F : D :

AQVT. The king, nearly to the knees, crowned, and wearing a mantle, holding in his right hand a sword erect, to which he points with his left ; on his right shoulder, a lion ; on his left, a bear. (?)

R_+ : AVXILIVM • MEVM - A • DOMINO : B : Cross with a quatrefoil in the centre ; the limbs terminating in an acorn between two leaves of oak ; in the angles, alternately, a lion passant guardant and a fleur de lis.

The author of the " Illustrations" considered this piece " imaginary" (p. 19). It exists in the French cabinet, and we have been favoured by M. de Longpe'rier with a drawing. See Ruding, Supp. Part ii. PI. xiii. No. 9.

DENIER. BILLON. — R.6.

2. Obv.— ENRICVS : REX : ANGLE. The field of the coin

divided into four quarters ; in the first and fourth, &Jleur de lis ; in the second and third a lion passant guardant. R— DOMINVS : AQITANIE. A plain cross, reaching to the inner circle.

The varieties of this coin are unimportant.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 387

HARDIT. SILVER. — R.2.

3. Obv.— ENRIC : R : ANGLE. Half-length figure of the king, crowned, in the same attitude as the figure on the hardit of the Black Prince.

R— FRACIE . DNS : AQI. A plain open cross patee at the ends ; in the first and fourth quarter, a lion passant guardant ; in the second and third, a fleur de Us, at the stalk of which a pellet.

On other coins of this denomination the king stands beneath a gothic canopy.

HENRY THE FIFTH. AIGNEL, or MOUTON. — R.8.

1. Obv.— + AGN : DEI : QVI : TOL : PEC A : MVDI :

MISE : NOBIS : Within a compartment of twelve arches, the holy lamb, the head radiated, the rays bounded by a nimbus, turned backwards to a swallow-tailed banner, the staff of which is surmounted by a cross crosslet, pierced in the centre ; on one side the staff, HF, on the other RX (Henricus Francorum Rex).

R + XPS : VINCIT : XPS : REGNAT : XPS : IMPE-

RAT : Within a compartment of four arches and as many salient angles, an ornamented cross, the extremities having a trefoil between two leaves ; in the first and fourth quarters, a fleur de Us ; in the second and third, a lion passant guardant ; on the outside of the compartment, eight fleurs de Us.

SALUTE. — R.7.

2. Obv.— + HENR : DEI : GRA : REX : ANGL : HERES :

FRANCI : A shield bearing the arms of France and England quarterly, and surmounted by a large open crown ; on the sinister side, the Virgin Mary, full-faced, with the nimbus encircling her head, and with her arms extended ; on the dexter side, an angel in profile ; above the crown which surmounts the shield, a scroll, inscribed AVE, and in the upper part of the field, nine rays.

R— + XPC : VINCIT : XPC : REGNAT : XPC : IMPERAT : within a compartment of ten arches, the points ending in fleurs de Us ; a cross calvary between a fleur de Us and a lion passant guardant ; beneath the foot of the cross, the letter H.

388 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

ROUEN GROS. — R.3.

3. Obv.— +HENRICVS : FRANCORV : REX : Three

fleurs de Us, " two and one," surmounted by a large open crown ; between the two first, a pellet.

R + SIT : NOME : DNI : BENEDICT. A plain cross patee ; at the extremity of each limb, afleur de Us ; in the first quarter a crescent, surmounted by an open crown ; in the fourth, a lion passant guardant.

4. A similar type, but with two lions supporting the large open

crown, and with an H in the centre of the cross on the reverse.1 This, instead of a pellet between the three fleurs de Us, has an annulet above the N in benedictum.

ROUEN GROS. BILLON. — R.3.

5. Another with H : REX : ANGLIE Z HERES FRANCIE,

with an annulet under the first letter, and another annulet below the I in SIT.

LION GROS. BILLON. — C.

6. Obv. + H : REX : ANGL : HERES : FRANC:

A crowned lion passant guardant to the left; above, a fleur de Us ; a pellet under the first H.

R +SIT : NOME : DNI : BENEDICT V : A plain cross patee, reaching to the inner circle ; in each angle, a trefoil ; in the centre of the cross, the letter H ; a pellet under the S in SIT.

LION GROS. SILVER.— R. 8.

7. Obv. Same legend as No. 6. A crowned lion passant guardant

to the left ; above, two /fears de Us, surmounted by a large open crown ; between them a pellet ; and below the lion, another fleur de Us.

R— + SIT : NOMEN : DOMINI : BENEDICTVM :

An ornamented cross fleury, with a compartment in the centre containing the letter H.

GROS BLANC. BILLON. — R.6.

8. After a flaming star, FRANCORVM : ET : ANGLIE :

REX : and in the field, HERICVS, above two shields side by side, the first charged with the arms of France ;

1 By an ordonnance dated Gisors, September 25, 1419, this king directs that all his gold, silver, and billon money shall be distinguished by the letter H in the centre of the cross on the reverse. A mouton in the British Museum is without this letter ; and is, therefore, supposed by Mr. Hawkins to have been struck prior to this date.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 389

the second with the arms of France and England quarterly ; the inner circle forming the outside edge of the shield. R— After a flaming star, SIT NOMEN : DNI : BENE- DICTVM. A cross calvary between &f,eur de Us and a lion, the top of the cross reaching to the inner circle ; across the field, at the foot of the cross, HERICVS, with a line drawn beneath.

This gros is assigned to Henry V., and is supposed to have been struck by that king at Rouen.

HENRY THE SIXTH.

SALUTE. GOLD. — C. to R.4.

1. 06t?.— HENRICVS : DEI : GRA : FRA'CORV : Z :

AGLIE : REX. A similar type to that of the salute of Henry Vth. R — Legend and type similar to the salute of Henry Vth.

The mint marks of the salutes of this king, in the collection of the British Museum, are a lion, a crown, a crown of thorns, and a.fleur de Us. The author of the " Illustrations" has salutes with the mint marks of a star of six points, and the holy lamb.

ANGELOT. GOLD. — R.6.

2. After a small open crown, HENRICVS : FRACORV : ET

ANGL1E : REX. An angel, crowned with a chaplet of flowers, and with wings expanded, full-faced, behind, and supporting two shields, one bearing the arms of France, the other the arms of France and England quarterly.

R— After a small open crown, XPC : VINCIT : XPC : REGNAT : XPC : IMPERAT : in the field a cross calvary between ajleur de lis and a lion passant guardant.

GROS BLANC. BILLON. — C.

3. Qj)V. — After a lion passant guardant, to the left, FRANCO-

RVM : ET : ANGLIE : REX : and across the field, HERICVS, above the two shields, as on that of Henry Vth. R — A similar type to that of the gros, attributed to Henry the Fifth, but with a lion passant guardant preceding the legend.

There are varieties of this gros.

390 ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

PETIT BLANC.— R.3.

4. Qbv.— After a lion passant guardant, HENRICVS REX.

The shields of France and England, the outer edges ex- tending over the inner circle.

R— After a lion passant guardant, SIT : NOME : DNI : BENEDICTV. In the field, a cross calvary between the letters H. R. DENIER. BILLON. — R.7.

5. Obv.— FRACORV. Z AGL. REX. In the field, HERI,

surmounted by a large crown; below, a fleur de Us and a lion passant guardant.

R— After an open crown, PARISIVS • CIVIS. A plain cross patee, with a fleur de Us at the extremity of each limb. DENIER TOURNOIS. BILLON. — R.4.

6. Obv.— After a cross moline, HENRICVS REX. In the field,

&Jleur de lis and a lion passant guardant, R— After a cross moline pierced, TVRONVS. FRANCIE.

A plain cross patee, reaching to the inner circle. FARTHING. BILLON. — R.8.

7. Obv.— HENRICVS REX, after a large cross, which extends

almost to the centre of the field ; below, a lion passant guardant.

R— OBOLVS CIVIS, after a large cross, which, like that of the obverse, reaches almost to the centre of the field, and touches the upper part of a fleur de lis, the base of which encroaches upon the legendary circle ; a pellet be- neath the right limb of the lis.

HENRY IV., V., VI. GROAT C.

1. Obv.— HENRIC' * DI' * GRA' *REX *ANGL'*Z* FRANC.

The king's head, crowned and full-faced, as on the English groats of the period ; an annulet on each side of the neck. R— POSVI°DEVM * AD1VTORE'*MEVM— VILLA* CALISIE *. A similar type to that of the English groat of the period, but with an annulet conjoining the pellets in the second and third quarter.

The half-groat, penny, halfpenny, and farthing of this coinage are of similar type and character as the preceding, the legends on the smaller pieces being of course contracted. Some are without the annulets on each side the bust, and also without the annulets in the second and third quarters of the cross on the reverse. They arc all common, except the farthing, which is R.8.

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 391

PERKIN WARBECK? GROS.— R.7.

1. Obv.— DOMINE * SALVVM * FAC REGEM * . In the field, a shield charged with the arms of France and England quarterly, and surmounted by a large arched crown ; on the dexter side of the crown, afleur de Us, surmounted by a crown ; on the sinister side, a rose, also surmounted by a crown ; a lion passant guardant, as mint mark.

R— MANI * TECHEL * PHARES * IA?& *. Within a compartment of four large and four small arches, formed of three lines, the inner one being beaded, a.Jleur de Us and lion passant guardant ; above, an arched crown ; below, a rose ; a lion passant guardant, for mint mark.

Folkes, in his Table of English Silver Coins, was the first to notice this piece. " We may further," says he, " take notice of a very uncommon and sin- gular coin, charged with the royal arms, but without a name, &c. It is, by the makejtnd size, a French gros, and is supposed to have been coined by the Duchess of Burgundy for Perkin "Warbeck, when he set out to invade England." Mr. Hawkins observes, in his " Description of the Anglo-Gallic Coins in the British Museum," (p. 37), that " the legend of the reverse is taken from the denunciation against Belshazzar ; and as it was originally directed against a monarch in possession of the throne, it was supposed that in the instance of this piece it pointed to King Henry the Seventh, and the date of 1494 indicates the then intended invasion, as the power by which he was to be removed. That this piece has refer- ence to the circumstances of the country produced by the claims of War- beck, is probable ; it is also probable that it is a small medal, and not a coin. If a coin, it would surely have borne the name as well as the title of the king de jure or de facto, who issued them. If Henry struck them, they would have borne his usual titles; if the Pretender, he would assuredly have expressed his titles in terms at least as strong as those of the reigning monarch. The weaker the claim, the stronger would be the terms of its assertion."

HENRY THE EIGHTH.

TOURNAY GROAT. — R.8.

] . Obv.— HENRIC' 8. DI. GRA. FRANCIE : ET : ANGLIE : REX : A large shield, charged with the arms of France and England quarterly, and surmounted by a large arched crown ; &fleur de Us on the dexter side, and a lion passant guardant on the left.

R—CIVITAS T0RNACENSIS, .1.5:1:3. A voided cross, extending to the edge of the coin, each limb crossed with three short lines, and a quartrefoil in the centre, within which is the letter p ; in the first and fourth quarter, a fleur de Us ; in the second and third, a lion passant guardant.

392

ANGLO-GALLIC COINS.

TOURNAY GROAT. — R.2.

2. Obv.— HENRIC ' x DI' x GRA ' * REX x FRANC x Z *

AGLIE x. Profile head with arched crown, to the right. R—CIVITAS * * TORNACENS. A cross patee extend- ing nearly to the edge of the coin, over a shield charged with the arms of France and England quarterly. A crowned t: preceding the legend, as a mint mark. TOURNAY GROAT. — R.8.

3. Obv.— HENRIC. 8 DI. GRA. FRANC. Z. ANGLIE. R.

Plain shield of arms crowned.

R—CIVITAS TORNACENSIS. 1-5- 1-3. Within a tressure of nine arches, a cross patee, extending to the edge of the coin ; in the centre, a full-blown (guelder?) rose.

Vide Snelling's Coins of English Princes struck in France, PI. 11, No. 27.

SECTION V.

IRISH AND SCOTCH COINS.

3 E

IRISH COINS.

MR. LINDSAY, in his recently published work,1 has appro- priated to the early Irish princes several rude coins, hitherto considered uncertain by English collectors ; but as this gentle- man has for many years past paid great attention to this sub- ject, his appropriations are entitled to our consideration. From one of the appendices to his work, the following list is taken.

A.D. A.D.

IFARS L? 870 to 872.— PENNY ?— R.3. ANLAF IV. 962 to 981. „ R.8.

SIHTRIC III. 989 to 1029. „ R.3 to R.8.

IFARS II. 993 to 994. „ R.6 to R.8.

ANLAF V. ? 1029 to 1034. „ R.8.

SIHTRIC IV. 1034 to 1041. „ R.3 to R.8.

ANLAF VI. 1041 to 1050. „ R.7.

IFARS III. 1051 to 1054. „ R.3 to R.8.

Uncertain ; supposed to have been struck by Irish princes.— R.2. to K.8.

ETHELRED . . . R.4 to R.7.

CNUT .... R.8.

JOHN, as Lord of Ireland. — Penny (Dublin.) — R.4. 2

Ditto (Waterford).— R.6.

Farthing (ditto). — R. 7. „ as King „ Penny (Dublin).— R.3 to R.4,

Ditto (Limerick). — R.4.

Ditto (Waterford).— R. 8.

Halfpenny (Dublin).— R.4.

Ditto (Limerick). — R.7.

Farthing (ditto). — R.8.

" A View of the Coinage of Ireland, from the invasion of the Danes to the reign of George IV." Cork, 4to. 1839.

2 The English princes appear to have coined in Dublin, Cork, Drogheda, Limerick, Trim, Waterford, Wexford, and Youghal.

396

HENRY III. . .

EDWARD I. II. III.

HENRY VI.

EDWARD IV. . .

IRISH COINS.

Penny (Dublin ?).— R.2 to R.8.

Halfpenny (ditto).— R.8.

Penny (Dublin).— R.I to R.8.

Ditto, without triangle. — R.8.

Ditto (Waterford).— R.I to R.4.

Ditto (Cork).— R.6.

Halfpenny (Dublin).— R.3 to R.8.

Ditto (Waterford).— R. 4.

Ditto (Cork).— R.8.

Farthing (Dublin).— R.5.

Ditto (Waterford).— R.5.

Groat (ditto).— R.6.

Penny (ditto).— R.7.

Groat (Dublin).— R,4.

Ditto (Waterford).— R.8.

Penny (Dublin).— R.8.

Groat. R cross.— R.7.

Penny (Waterford).— R.8.

Ditto (Dublin). -R.7.

Ditto (Waterford).— R.8.

Ditto (Dublin).— R.8.

Groat. R sun.— R.8.

Penny, ditto. — R.8.

Groat. Rose and sun. — R.6.

Half-Groat, ditto.— R.7.

Ditto (Trim).— R.8.

Penny (Dublin).— R.8.

Groat, ditto.— R.2.

Ditto. Rose.— R.3.

Ditto (Waterford).— R.3.

Ditto (Trim).— R.4.

Ditto (Drogheda). — R.4.

Ditto. Rose.— R.5.

Ditto (Limerick).— R.7.

Ditto (Cork).— R. 8.

Ditto (Wexford).— R.8.

Half-Groat (Dublin).— R.7.

Ditto (Limerick) — R.8.

Penny (Dublin w. head). — R.4.

Ditto (Drogheda).— R.6.

IRISH COINS.

397

EDWARD IV. (continued). Penny (Waterford).— R.7.

Ditto (Limerick).— R.8.

Halfpenny (Dublin).— R.4.

Ditto (Drogheda).— R.6.

Penny (Waterford).— R.7.

Ditto (Limerick).— R.8.

Halfpenny (Dublin).— R.8.

Groat. With three crowns. — R.I.

Ditto. EDWAR. &c.— R.4.

Ditto. DOMINVS on both sides. R.3.

Ditto. With REX.— R.7.

Half- Groat (Dublin).— R.5.

Ditto. DOMINVS.— R.4.

Ditto. Arms of Kildare. — R.8.

Penny. Ditto. — R.7.

Farthing. Ditto. — R.8.

Patrick, two varieties. — R.8.

Brass. Three crowns. — R.8.

Ditto. King's head. — R. 8. RICHARD III. . . Groat (Drogheda).— R. 8.

Penny (ditto). — R.8.

Ditto (Waterford).— R. 8.

Groat. Three crowns. — R.7. HENRY VII. . . . Groat. Without tressure. — R.4.

Ditto. With tressure. — R.7.

Ditto. Arched crown. — R.4.

Half-Groat Ditto.— R. 8.

Penny. J2 crowned. — R.8.

Groat. Three crowns. — R.7.

Ditto (Waterford).— R.2.

Groat. REX ANGLIE.— R.3.

Ditto. DOMINVS HYB, on each side.- R.6.

Half-groat (Dublin).— R.6.

Ditto. REX ANGLIE.— R.6.

Penny .—R. 8. HENRY VIII. . . . Groat R.I.

Ditto, with REX.— R.2.

Half-groat. H. A.*— R.2.

1 These initials are for Henry and his queens.

398 HENRY VIII.

EDWARD VI MARY

PHILIP AND MARY ELIZABETH

JAMES I.

CHARLES I.

IRISH COINS.

(continued). Half-groat. H. K.— R.7. Ditto. H. L— R.8. Sixpence, full-face. — R.2. Threepence, ditto.— R.4. Three-halfpenny piece. — R.8. Three-farthing piece. — R.8. • • No coins known.

• • . Shilling. — R.6. Groat.— R.7. Half-groat. — R. 8. Penny.— R.8. Shilling.— R.4. Groat. —R. 2. Base shilling, with head.— R. 3.

„ groat. — R.3.

Fine shilling (three harps).-— R.3. Groat (ditto).— R.6.

Base shilling, without head.— R.3. ,, sixpence. — R.3. „ threepence. — R.6. Penny (copper).— R.2. Halfpenny. — R.5. Shilling (1st coinage).— R. 2. Ditto (2nd ditto).— R.I. Sixpence (1st ditto). — R.2. Ditto (2nd ditto).— R.I. Farthing. — R.2. Farthing.— R.I. Inchinquin crown. — R.4. Ditto, with Vs.— R.5. Half-crown, Inchinquin.— R.4. Ditto, with Us. VId.— R.5. Shilling.— R.6. Ninepence — R.8. Sixpence, with weight. — R.7. Ditto, annulets. — R.8. Groat. — R.7. Ditto, annulets. — R.8. Threepence, ditto. — R.8. Ormond crown. — R.2.

IRISH COINS.

399

CHARLES I. (continued^. Half-crown, — R.2.

Shilling.— R.2.

Sixpence. — R.2.

Groat. — R.4.

Threepence. — R.5.

Twopence. — R.5 .

Penny.?1

Rebel crown. — R.7.

„ half-crown. — R.8. CHARLES I. . . . St. Patrick's halfpenny.— R.6.

Ditto farthing. — R.2.

Cork shilling.— R.7.

Ditto sixpence. — R.4.

Ditto (brass).— R.8.

Ditto (ditto square).— R.8.

Youghal (square brass). — R.7. COMMONWEALTH . Cork farthing. — R.8. CHARLES II. . . . Crown. — R.7.

Half-crown. — R.8.

Copper Siege P.— R.8.

Farthing.— R.4.

Halfpenny.— R.I.

JAMES II. . . . Halfpenny, A.D. 1685 to A.D. 1688.— R.I. „ Gun Money.1* Crown. — R.2.

Half-crown.— R. I .

Ditto, with various dates. — R.2. to R.8.

Crown, Aug. 1689.— R.8.

Ditto.— R.I.

Brass halfpenny, 1690.— R.7.

White metal crown. — R.7. r,, groat. — R.8. ?,, penny. — R.6.

WILLIAM & MARY . Halfpenny. — R.2. WILLIAM III. . . Halfpenny.— R.4. ANNE . No coins.

1 Mr. Lindsay quotes this coin, but it is not known to our collectors.

2 The pieces termed " gun money" were principally struck from metal, the produce of old cannon, and are remarkable for their bearing the date, not only of the year, but also of the day and month. The reverses bear two sceptres in saltire, through a crown, between the letters I and R. Proofs exist, both in silver and gold, of these coins,

SCOTCH COINS.

ESTIMATE OF THE RARITY OF SCOTCH COINS FROM DAVID THE FIRST TO MARY.

FOR the estimations of these coins I am indebted to Mr. Cuff. It is a reproach to Scottish antiquaries that we have no work of recent date on the coins of that country. The volume of Cardonnel is so imperfect, and the plates are so execrably engraved, that little use can be made of them. Mr. Cuff has for some years past made collections in this series, and it is to be hoped that he may be induced to publish an account of such undescribed pieces as have come under his notice, or that he will hand his interleaved and annotated copies of Snelling and Cardonnel to some numismatist com- petent to undertake a work on Scotch coins. It may be pro- per to notice, that many of the pieces described in this list are distinguished merely by the names conventionally bestowed on them by collectors, the public acts in which they are men- tioned being unknown to antiquaries.

ALEXANDER I. . Penny.?

DAVID I. . . . Penny — R.8. (Cab. of J. D. Cuff, Esq.)

MALCOLM IV. . Penny.— R.8.

WILLIAM I. . . Penny.— C. to R.6.

ALEXANDER II. . Penny. — R. 5.

ALEXANDER III. Penny.— C. to R.6.

Halfpenny.— R. 2.

Farthing.— R.6. JOHN BALIOL . . PENNY. — C.

HALFPENNY. — R.2. to R.(>.

The halfpenny with four mullets is R.8.

SCOTCH COINS.

401

EDWARD BALIOL. ROBERT II.

ROBERT I. ... Penny. — R.2.

Halfpenny.— R.3.

Farthing. — R.6. DAVID II. ... Noble.— R.8.

Groat.— C.

Half-groat. — R.I.

Penny. — R.2.

Halfpenny.— R.5.

Farthing. — R.8.

No authentic coins.

Lion.— R.4. to R.8.

St. Andrew. — R.6.

Groat. — C.

Half-groat.— R.2.

Penny.— R.3.

Farthing. — R.6. ROBERT III. . . St. Andrew.— 11.2.

Half St. Andrew.— R.8.

Groat.— C.

Half-groat. — R.3.

Penny.— R.5.

Halfpenny.— R. 7. JAMES I. ... St. Andrew. — R.4.

Half St. Andrew.— R.7.

Groat.— C. to R.4.

Half-groat (not known).

Penny (not known).

Halfpenny (not known).

Farthing (not known). JAMES II. . . . St. Andrew, side-face. — R.8.

Lion. — C.

Half-lion.— R.7.

Groat. — R.2.

Half-groat.— R 6.

Penny.— R. 6.

Halfpenny (not known).

Farthing (not known). JAMES III. . Unicorn. — C.

Half- unicorn.— R.2. to R.8.

Groat.— C.

3 F

402

SCOTCH COINS.

JAMES III. (continued). Half-groat. — R.4. to R.7.

Penny.— R. 2.

Billon pieces.— R.I. to R.5. JAMES IV. . . Four-angel piece. — R.8. (British Museum.)

Unicorn. — R.7.

Half-unicorn (unknown).

St. Andrew.— R.8.

Half-St. Andrew.— R.8.

Rider.— R.2. to R.8.

Two-thirds of Rider.— R.8.

One-third ditto.— R.6.

Groat.— R. 4.

Half-Groat.— R.6 to R.7.

Penny — Uncertain.

Billon.— R. 2. JAMES V. . . . Bonnet piece.1— R.2 to R.6.

Gold piece, with crowned portrait. — R.8.

Half-bonnet piece. — R.7.

Quarter-Bonnet piece. — R.7.

Gold piece. — St. Andrew's cross through a

crown. — R.8. Gold Ecu.— C. Double Ecu.— R.8. Groat.— C. to R.4. Half-Groat.— R.4 to R.6. Billon piece.— C. to R.3. MARY .... Ecu —R.I.

Lion. — R.2 to R.8. Half-Lion.— R.3 to Rt8. Rial.— R.4. Half-Rial.— R.7. Testoon, without head. — C. Half-Testoon, without head —R.2 to R.4. Testoon, with head, before her marriage. — R.6. Half-Testoon, with head, before her marriage. — R.8.2

1 So Called from its bearing the profile bust of the king wearing his bonnet. These coins are of remarkably bold workmanship, and were probably executed by some French or Italian artist.

2 This piece is described as Unique in the Trattle Catalogue, No. 1252.

SCOTCH COINS.

403

MARY (continued).

Gold Rial of Francis and Mary, with the arms of France and Scotland impaled. — R.8.

Testoon, with heads of Francis and Mary face to face. — R.8.

Testoon, without their heads. — C.

Half- Testoon, without heads. — R.4.

Testoon, with her portrait. — R.4.

Half-Testoon, with portrait.— R.8.

Rial of Mary and Henry, with portraits. — R.8.

Rial of the same, without portraits. — R.I.

Two-thirds of the Rial, without portraits. — R.2.

One-third of Rial, without portraits. — R.4.

Rial of Mary, as widow, without portrait. — R.I .

Two-thirds Rial.— R.2.

One-third — R. 6.

Copper penny, without head. — R.4 to R.8.

Copper pieces, without head. — C.

Billon pieces, without head. — C. to R.3.

Billon of Francis and Marv.— C.

ABBREVIATIONS.

AV Gold.

EL Electrum.

JR Silver.

JE Copper or Brass.

POT Potin.

BIL Billon.

C Common.

R.I. the lowest degree of rarity. R.2. the next degree of rarity, and so on up to R.8., which denotes the highest degree.

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

This plate contains the Etruscan, Oscan, Samnite, and early Greek alphabets, as they are found on coins.

PLATE II.

Contains the Phoenician, Samaritan, Sassanian, Bactrian, and old Sanscrit alphabets.

PLATE III.

Examples of legends in the early Greek character, as they appear on the coins of Sicily and Magna Graecia. Some of these are retro- grade, others boustrophedon, or alternately right and left (see page 19). The limits of an elementary work, like the present, afford no room for observations in detail upon the various examples here given, but the legend which stands first, and which occurs on the coins of Croton, deserves especial notice. The point in the centre of the early character, koph (a letter which is perpetually found on the very common coins of Corinth, with the Pegasus), is also placed within the centre of both the omicrons. It is easy to account for the omission of portions of a letter in early inscriptions ; but it is difficult to explain why these marks are thus used superfluously in the legends of coins which must be referred to a very ancient date, when, as is generally supposed by the learned, the use of points was not known. Nevertheless, that some such meaning is intended, may be conjec- tured from the fact, that a coin, in the collection of the late M. de Cadalvene, is inscribed 30MAXA3-I1

PLATE IV.

The names on consular coins are very frequently given in a con- tracted form, and several letters are often linked together, as repre- sented in this plate ; which contains every variety which has come under my notice, or that of my numismatic friends.

Vide Recueil de Medailles Grecques, 4to. Paris, 1828. Par M. Dumersan.

406

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE V.

This plate contains examples of letters on Byzantine, Saxon, and English coins. In the first will be found that mixed character from which the second was in all probability derived. At foot are the contractions so frequently occurring on Byzantine and Saxon coins.

PLATE VI.1

TYPES OF AUTONOMOUS GREEK COINS.

1. Abdera. — 2. Acanthus. — 3. Achaia. — 4. Aegina. — 5. Aenus. — 6. Aetolia. — 7. Agrigentum.— 8. Agrigentium. — 9. Amisus (the parazonium). — 10. Amphipolis. — 11. Antioch. — 12. Arcadia (Pan seated on a rock, on which are some of the letters of a magistrate's name, OAYM).— 13. Athens, early type. — 14. Athens, more mo- dern type. — 15. Boeotia in genere. — 16. Cales, a type found also on the coins of other Campanian cities. — 17. Campania in genere. A common type of Neapolis. — 18. Camarina. — 19. Camarina. — 20. Carthage. — 21. Carthage. — 22. Centuripa — bird perched on ploughshare.— 23. Chalcis.— 24.— Chalcis.— 25. Chios.— 26. Cnidus. — 27. Cnossus (labyrinth). — 28. Corinth. — 29. Corcyra. — 30. Croton. —31. Cyme.— 32. Gyrene. Silphium. — 33. Cyzicus.— 34. Dy- racchium, the gardens of Alcinous. — 35. Ephesus. — 36. Elis (thun- derbolt).— 37. Faleria.— 38. Gelas.— 39. Gortyna. — 40. Gortyna. — 41. Heraclea. — 42. Histiaea. — 43. Larissa. — 44. Lita. — 45. Lyttus. 46. Melita. — 47. Messina. — 48. Metapontum. — 49. Methymnia. 50. Miletus. — 51. Naxus. — 52. Neapolis in Macedonia. — 53. Opuntii. — 54. Pantacapeum. — 55. Pelinna. — 56. Pergamus in Mysia. — 57. Phocis in genere. — 58. Posidonia. — 59. Rhodes Insula. — 60. Segesta.— 61. Selge in Pisidia.— 62. Selinus.— 63. Seleucia.— 64. Side in Pamphilia. — 65. Side. — 66. Sidon. — 67. Sinope in Paphlagonia. — 68. Sicyon. — 69. Smyrna. — 70. Stymphalus. — 71. Syracuse. — 72. — Syracuse. — 73. Tarentum. — 74. Tarentum. — 75. Tenedos.— 76. Thasus. — 77. Tauromenium. — 78. Tralles. — 79. Velia.— 80. Zacynthus.— 81. Zancle.

1 Plates VI. to XVIT. inclusive are drawn and engraved by Mr. Ogg, to whom my acknowledgements are due for the pains he has taken to assist me in this respect, by examining various collections for specimens best suited for illustra- tion, as well as for general attention not usually considered within the province of the artist. It should be mentioned that all the drawings have been made from actual coins.

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EXAMPLES OF GREEK ATJTO^p^OTTS tc IMPERIAL TYPES

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 407

PLATE VII.

AUTONOMOUS TYPES CONTINUED.

82. Melita Insula.— 83, 84, 85. Judaea in genere. — 86. Rhodes. 87. Tyre.— 88. Zacynthus.

TYPES OF IMPERIAL GREEK AND COLONIAL COINS.

1. A very common reverse of the small brass of Alexandria, of the age of Diocletian. — 2. Antioch. The city personified seated on a rock, the Orontes figured swimming at her feet, the usual repre- sentation of a city on the banks of a river. — 3. Ascalon. Astarte, standing on the prow of a galley, holding the Acrostolium, between an altar and a dove.— 4. Beroea. BePOAlOON. B. (of the people of Beroea, year 2), a common reverse of the coins of Trajan. — 5. Berytus, a common reverse. — 6. The same. — 7. Byblus. Astarte, in a temple of peculiar structure, her foot on the prow of a vessel ; before her, a Victory, placed on a pedestal, presenting a garland. — 8. Another representation of the same deity in a different temple, also of Byblus. — 9. Byzantium. A dolphin between two tunny fish. — 10. Byzantium. The helmet of Byzas, the reputed founder of the city. — 11. Caesarea in Cappadocia. Mount Argaeus placed on an altar, inscribed with the date. — 12. Corinth. Bellerophon combating the Chimaera. — 13. The usual reverse of the coins of the Roman Em- perors struck at Antioch, A. 6. ArjfjiapxiKijg E£«<rtac, i.e. Tribunitia Potestate, and S. C. Senatus Consulto*. — 14. 15. Two different representations of the far-famed temple of Venus, on the coins of Cyprus. — 16. Cyrrhestica. The common type of that city bearing the legend AIOC KATAIBATOY.— 17. The head of Abgarus, king of Edessa, from the reverse of a coin of Gordian III. — 18. Emerita, in Spain. The gate of the city inscribed AVGVSTA EMERITA. — 19. Emisa. A representation of the stone called El Gabal, on which an eagle is standing. — 20. Emisa. The same deity on an altar placed within a temple2. — 21. Ephesus. The usual representation of (f the Great Diana." — 22. lerapolis. Cybele seated on a lion. — 23. Macedonia. The Macedonian shield, the type of the province. — 24. Nemausus. Crocodile changed to a palm tree,

1 These coins are extremely common, except those of Otho, which are of the first rarity.

2 Roman coins of Elagabalus also bear representations of this deity.

408

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

symbolical of the subjugation of Egypt, from an extremely common colonial coin, with the heads of Augustus and Agrippa. — 25. Nisibi in Mesopotamia. — 26. Perga in Pamphilia. The object worshipped as Diana Pergaea. — 27. Samos. The deity known as the Samian Juno. — 28. Seleucia. A representation of Jupiter as ZEYC KACIOC. — 29. Sidon. Europa. — 30. Tripolis, in Phoenicia..— 31. Tyre. The representation of the anointed rocks. — 32. Viminacium in Mcesia. — 33. Zeugma in Commagene.

PLATE VIII.

PORTRAITS ON ROMAN COINS.

CONSULAR SERIES.

1. Balbus.

2. Caldus.

3. Sylla.

4. Brutus the Elder.

5. Ahenobarbus.

6. Ahala.

7. Postumius.

8. Ancus.

9. Quirinus.

10. Numonius.

11. Rufus.

12. Tatius.

IMPERIAL SERIES.

13. Pompey, from his denarius.

14. Julius Caesar, from large brass.

15. The same, veiled head. Denarius.

16. Cn. Pompey, the son.

17. Sextus Pompey.

18. Marcus Brutus.

19. Lepidus.

20. Marc. Antony.

21. The same.

22. Cleopatra.

23. Lucius Antony. Denarius.

24. Augustus. Denarius.

25. The same. Large brass.

26. Agrippa. Middle brass.

27. Tiberius.

28. Drusus, Junior.

29. Drusus, Senior.

30. Germanicus.

31. Agrippina.

32. Caligula. Denarius.

33. Claudius. Large brass.

34. Agrippina the Younger.

35. Britannicus.

36. Nero. Youthful head.

37. Nero. Large brass. 33. Antonia.

39. Galba. Large brass.

40. Otho. Denarius.

41. Vitellius. Large brass.

42. Vitellius Pater. Silver.

43. Vespasian.

44. Domitilla.

45. Titus.

46. Domitian.

47. The same.

48. Julia Titi.

49. Domitia.

50. Nerva. Large brass.

51. Trajanus. Crowned head. f;2. The same. Laureated.

53. Trajanus, the father. Denarius.

54. Plotina.

55. Marciana.

56. Matidia.

57. Hadrianus. Bare head. Gold.

58. The same. Laureated. Denarius.

59. The same. Crowned. ,,

60. Sabina.

61. Lucius Aelius.

62. Antoninus Pius. Bare head.

63. The same. Laureated.

64. The same. Crowned.

65. Faustina, the Elder.

O R 'I' K A I T S O N K O M A N r O I X S .

PORTRAIT! ON ROMAN COINS.

//. /./',/„.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

409

66. Faustina, the Elder. Veiled.

67. Marcus Aurelius. Youthful head.

68. The same. Laureated.

69. Faustina, the Younger.

70. The same. Veiled head.

71. Lucius Verus.

72. Lucilla.

73. Commodus. Youthful head.

74. The same. Laureated.

75. The same. The head covered

with the lion's skin.

76. Crispina.

77. Pertinax.

78. Didius Julianus.

79. Manlia Scantilla.

80. Didia Clara.

81. Pescennius Niger.

82. Clodius Albinus.

83. Septimius Severus.

84. Julia Domna.

85. Caracalla, Youthful head.

86. The same. Laureated.

87. The same. Crowned.

88. Plautilla.

89. Geta.

90. The same.

PLATE IX.

PORTRAITS ON ROMAN COINS.

1

\

91. Macrinus.

92. Diadumenianus.

93. Elagabalus. Laureated.

94. Elagabalus. Crowned.

95. Julia Paula.

96. Julia Aq. Severa.

97. Annia Faustina.

98. Julia Soaemias.

99. Julia Maesa.

100. Severus Alexander.

101. Barbia Orbiana.

102. Julia Mamaea.

103. Maximinus. Large brass.

104. Paulina. Large brass.

105. Maximus Caesar. Large brass.

106. Gordianus Africanus, the Elder.

107. Gordianus Africanus, theYounger.

108. Balbinus.

109. Pupienus.

10. Gordianus III.

111. Tranquillina.

112. Philippus.

113. Philippus, the Younger.

114. Otacilia.

115. Trajanus Decius.

116. Etruscilla.

117. Herennius Etruscus.

118. Hostilianus.

119. Trebonianus Gallus.

120. Volusianus.

121. Aemilianus.

122. Cornelia Supera.

123. Valerianus.

124. Mariniana.

125. Gallienus.

126. Salonina.

127. V. Saloninus.

128. Postumus.

129. The same.

130. Laelianus.

131. Victorinus.

132. Victorinus.

133. Marius.

134. Tetricus, the Younger.

135. Tetricus, the Elder.

136. Macrianus.

137. Quietus.

138. Claudius Gothicus.

139. The same. Crowned.

140. Quintillus.

141. Aurelianus.

142. The same.

143. Severina.

144. Vabalathus.

145. Tacitus.

146. Florianus.

147. Probus.

148. The same.

149. Carus.

150. Carinus.

3G

410

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

151. Numerianus.

152. Magnia Urbica.

153. Nigrinianus.

154. Julianas Tyrannus. 3 B.

155. Diocletianus.

156. The same.

157. Maximianus Hercules. 3 B.

Crowned.

158. The same. Laureated.

159. Carausius, from his gold coin in

the British Museum.

160. The same. 3 B.

161. The same. 3 B.

162. Allectus. Gold.

163. Domitius Domitianus. 2 B.

164. Constantius Chlorus.

165. Helena.

166. Theodora.

167. Galerius Maximianus.

168. Valeria.

169. Severus Caesar.

170. Maximinus Daza.

171. Maxentius. Silver.

172. Romulus. 2 B.

173. Licinius.

174. Licinius, the Younger.

175. Valens.

176. Martinianus.

177. Constantinus Magnus.

178. Constantinus Magnus.

179. Fausta.

180. Crispus. Gold.

181. Helena.

182. Delmatius.

183. Constantinus, the Younger.

184. Constans.

185. Constantius, Chlorus.1

186. Jovianus.

PLATE X.

ROMAN COINS. REVERSES.

1. Adlocutio, from I B. of Hadrian. 17.

2. Adventus „ Gold of Aurelian. 18.

3. Aegyptus „ 1 B. of Hadrian. 19.

4. Aeternitas ,, 1 B. ,, 20,

5. Aeternitas ,, 1 B. Ant. Pius.

6. Aesculapius and Telesphorus. 21.

IB. Caracalla. 22.

7. Aequitas. 1 B. 23.

8. Alexandria. 1 B. 24.

9. Annona2. 1 B. 25.

10. Ancilia. 2 B. Ant. Pius. 26.

11. Apollo. 1 B. 27.

12. Apollo, in female habit. Silver.

13. Apollo, idem. 28.

14. Arabia. The emperor and the

province sacrificing.

15. Bonus Eventus. 29.

16. Britannia. 2 B. Hadrian.

Cappadocia. 1 B. Hadrian. Ceres, seated. Gold of A. Pius. Ceres, standing, dementia Temporum. 1 B. Ant.

Pius.

1 Consecration types of an Em- J peror. 3

) Consecration types of an Em-

j press.4

Concordia.

The same. From a gold coin of Ant. Pius and Faustina.

Concordia. The Emperor and Em- press joining hands, from a coin of Tranquillina.

Concordia. Aurelius and Verus joining hands.5

' This portrait is drawn out of order. It is taken from his 2 B. coin, and is evidently more correct than that of No. 164. 3 Annona is sometimes represented seated.

3 There is another type of an eagle standing on an altar. No. 23 is the funeral pile.

4 No. 25. The throne, sceptre, and peacock of Juno.

5 A favourite type at this period. It appears even on some Imperial Greek coins.

T Y V K S O K K O M AX C C) I N S .

T Y I1 K S O K K O M A X C1 O 1 X S .

It K V K K S K S .

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

411

30. Concordia Militum. Woman 49.

holding two standards. 50.

31. Concordia. Woman holding a 51.

standard, and a small figure of

Victory. From 1 B. of Ant. 52.

Pius. 53.

32. Concordia Militum. From 3 B. 54.

of Marius. l

33. Conservator. Aug. From gold of 55.

Elagabalus. 3 56.

34. Jovi Conservator!. The Emperor 57.

standing, under the protection 58.

of Jupiter. 59.

35. Cybele. From 1 B. of Ant. Pius. GO.

36. Dacia.

37. Dacia. Figure holding the military 61.

lituus. From gold of T. Decius. 62.

38. Dacia Capta. Silver, Trajan. 63.

39. Decursio. 1 B. Nero. 64.

40. Diana Venatrix. Silver.

41. Diana Lucifera. 1 B. A. Pius. 65.

42. Exercitus. 1 B. Nero. 66.

43. Fecunditas. 1 B. Faustina. 67.

44. The Tiberian Sow. 1 B. A. Pius. 68.

45. Felicitas. 1 B. Hadrian. 69.

46. Fides Exercitus. Gold. 70.

47. Fides Militum. 1 B. 71.

48. Fortuna. Usual type. 72.

Fortuna.

Genuis Exercitus. Decius. * Genio Populi Romani. Brass, Diocletian.

Hercules. Gold. Diocletian.

Hercules Pacifer. Brass.

Hercules Musagetes. From Consu- lar silver.

Hilaritas. Usual type.

Honos.

Indulgentia. 1 B. A. Pius.

Invictus.

Italia. 1 B. Hadrian.

Isis Faria. 3 B. Julian the Apos- tate.

Jupiter Stator. Usual type.

Jupiter Victor. „

Jovi Tutatori.

Jupiter Axur. silver.

Jovi Ultori.

Jupiter Gustos.

Jovi Crescenti.

Judaea Capta. 1 B. Vespasian.

Juno Lucina. Gold, Faustina.

Juno Regina. ,,

Juno Sospita. 3 1 B. of A. Pius.

Laetitia. Gold. Pertinax.

From Consular

Silver, Gallienus.

PLATE XI.

ROMAN COINS. REVERSES.

73. Libertas.

74. Legionary standards. From the

denarii of Antony.

75. Leg. IITI. Silver of Carausius. 4

76. Libcralitas. Gold. Macrinus. 5

77. Liberality.6

78. Mauretania. 1 B. Hadrian.

79. Mars. ] B. Vespasian.

80. Mars Pacifer. 1 B. Sev. Alexander.

81. Mars Victor.

1 This type is sometimes used with other legends, as on the coins of Domitian, Balbinus, &c.

* The figure represented in the chariot is the famous deity of Elagabalus, El Gabal.

3 Juno Sospita is also represented on Consular coins.

4 Other legionary badges will be found on the coins of Gallienus.

5 The Emperor is represented on a tribune, attended by the Praetorian praefect, Liberality holding a tessera and cornucopia, standing before ; below, a figure holding up his robe to receive the gift.

6 A repetition of the figure in the preceding group.

412

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

82. Mater Castrorum. 1 B. Faustina.

83. Mercury. 2 B. M. Aurelius.

84. Minerva. Silver, Severus.

85. Minerva. Silver, Domitian.

86. Moneta. Usual type.

87. "Moneta Augustorum," 1 B.

Gallienus.

88. Neptune. 1 B. Hadrian.

89. Nilus. 1 B. Hadrian.

90. Ops. 1 B. Ant. Pius.

91. Oriens. 3 B. Aurelian, &c.

92. Pax. 1 B. Vitellius.

93. Pax. » 2 B. Galba.

94. Pannonia. Silver, Treb. Callus.

95. Pietas. Gold, Aelius.

96. Pietas. 1 B. Matidia.

97. Pietas. Pontifical instruments.

A rev. of Maximus.

98. Princeps Juventutis. Silver.

99. The same. Silver.

100. Profectio. M. Aurelius.

101. Providentia.

102. The same. 1 B. Hadrian.

103. The same. 1 B.

104. Gate of the Praetorian camp, with

" Providentia," &c. From small brass of Constantine.

105. Pudicitia. Gold, Faustina.

106. The same. Gold, Etruscilla.

107. Rector Orbis. 1 B. D. Julianus.

108. RestitutorAchaiae. IB. Hadrian.

109. Roma. 1 B.

110. Roma. 1 B.

111. Roma Resurges. 1 B. Vespasian.

112. Restitutor Urbis. 3 B.

113. Saeculares Aug. Silver, Philip.

114. Salus. Usual type.

115. The same.

116. The same.

117. Salus Reipublicae. Gold, Galla

Placidia.

118. Securitas. Silver, Otho.

119. Securitas. 1 B. Ant. Pius.

120. Securitas. 1 B.

121. Securitas Reipublicae. The Bull

Apis. 2 B. Julian the Apostate.

122. Soli Invicto Comiti. The sun stand-

ing. A common reverse of the lower empire.

123. Soli Invicto. The same.

124. Spes. The usual type.

125. Temporum Felicitas. The four

seasons. Commodus.

126. The same. Aelianus.

127. Triumphal arch, with " De Bri-

tann." Gold and silver of Clau- dius.

128. Trophy. Common type of the

lower empire.

129. Venus Victrix. >.

130. Venus Genetrix.

131. Venus Victrix.

132. Victoria.

133. Victory, with trophy.

134. Victory, marching.

135. Victory. Silver, Caracalla.

136. Victory, on a globe. 1 B. Ant.

Pius.

137. Victory, bearing a shield, inscribed

" BRITAN." 2 B. Hadrian.

138. Victoria Navalis. 2 B. Vespasian.

139. Victoria. Silver, Constantine.

140. Virtus. Silver, Gordian.

141. Virtus. 3 B. Allectus.

142. Vota Publica, a sacrifice. Gold,

Hadrian.

143. VOT. V. 2 within a garland. Silver,

Procopius.

144. Wolf and twins. 1 B. A. Pius.

145. The same. 3 B. Temp. Constantine.

146. Uberitas. Silver, Carausius.

147. Monogram of Christ, composed of

the letters X and P, between the letters Alpha and Omega. Brass of Magnentius.

1 The common pax type is Peace, holding an olive branch and the hasta. 3 Vide page ICO.

VI' K S OK SAXON COINS

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. 4I«3

PLATE XII.

SAXON COINS. OBVERSE TYPES.

1 to 39. Examples of the Types of	90. Ciolvulf
unappropriated Sceattas.	91. Beornvulf.
40. Ethelbert.	92. Ludica.
41. Ecgberht.	93. Berhtulf.
42. Eadberht.	94.
43. Cuthred.	95. to 98. Burgred.
44. „	99. Ciolvulf II.
45. „	100.
46. Beldred.	101. Beonna.
47.	102 to 105. Eadmund.
48.	106 to 108. Ethelstan.
49. Aethelweard.	109 to 114. Eanred.
50.	115 to 120.
51. Eadvald.	121. Regnald.
52 to 73. Offa.	122. Anlaf.
74. Cenethreth.	123. „
75.	124. „
76. Ecgberht.	125. „
77.	126. Eric.
78 to 88. Coenwulf.	127. Ethelred.
89. Ciolvulf.	128

PLATE XIII.

SAXON AND ENGLISH COINS. OBVERSE TYPES.

SAXON. 177. Edward II.

129 to 131. Saint Peter. 178 to 180. Ethelred II.

132. St. Martin. 181 to 186. Cnut.

133. St. Edmund. 187. Harold I.

134. laenberht, Archb. 188, 189. Harthacnut.

135. 136. Ethelweard, Archb. 190 to 198. Edw. Confessor. 137. Vulfred „ 199. Harold II.

138 to 140. Cialnoth ,, 200.

141. Plegmund

142 to 144. Vulfhere „ ENGLISH.

145 to 147. Ecgberht. 1 to 7. William the First.

148, 149. Ethelvulf. 8 to 15. Henry the First.

150, 151. Ethelberht. 16. Robert.

152 to 154. Alfred. 17. Stephen and Henry ?

155 to 157. Edward. 18, 19. Stephen.

158 to 163. Ethelstan. 20, 21. Eustace.

164 to 168. Edmund. 22 to 24. Henry II.

169 to 170. Eadred. 25. John (Irish).

171. Eadwig. 26, 27. Henry III. Long cross.

172 to 176. Eadgar. 28. Henry III. Gold penny.

414

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

	PLATE	XIV.
	ENGLISH COINS.	OBVERSE TYPES.
29. Henry III.	Groat ? l	62. Henry VIII. Crown ?
30. 31. Edward I		63. „ Half-Groat.
32. Edward I. Proof Groat.	64. „ Groat.
33. Edward III.	Quarter-Noble.	65. „ Gold Crown.
34.	Groat.	66. „ Irish Groat.
35.	Noble.	67. „ George Noble.
36.	Halfpenny.	68. „ PortcullisFarthing.
37.	Quarter-Florin.	69. Edward IV. Sixpence.
	(Seep. 311).	70. „ Base Shilling.
38.	Half-Florin.	71.
39. Richard II.	Groat.	72. „ Half- Sovereign.
40.	M	73. „ Crown.
41. Henry IV.	t)	74. „ Sovereign.
42.	Halfpenny.	75. „ Shilling, with counter-
43. Henry V.	Groat.	mark of a greyhound.
44. Edward IV.	?)	76. „ Base Shilling.
45. Henry V. or	VI. Penny.	77. „ Farthing.
46. Edward IV.	Norwich Groat.	78. „ Penny.
47.	Penny.	79. „ Probably a pattern for
48.	Groat.	a Half-Sovereign.
49.	Bristol Groat.	80. Mary. Groat.
50.	Rose Noble.	81. Philip and Mary. Shilling.
51. „	Durham Penny.	82. „ Half- Crown.
52.	Angel.	83. Elizabeth. Shilling.
53. Richard III.	Groat.	84. „ Sixpence (p. 333.)
54. Henry VII.	Groat, arched crown.	85. ,, Shilling.
55.	Shilling, side face.	86. „ Crown.
56.	Half- Groat.	87. ,, Shilling.
57.	Sovereign.	88. „ Sixpence.
58.	Sovereign Penny.	89. „ Penny Pledge (p. 333).
59.	Rose rial.	90. „ Halfpenny. Anchor.
60. Henry VIII.	Testoon.	mint mark.
61.	Side-faced Groat.	91. „ Portcullis money (p.
		290.)

PLATE XV.

SAXON COINS. REVERSE TYPES.

1 to 41. Unappropriated Sceattas. 46. Eadbearht.

42. Ethilberht. 47. Cuthred.

43. Ecgberht. 48.

44. „ 49.

45. Eadbearht. 50. Beldred.

An unknown piece given by Ruding, the type resembling the penny of this king-

OBVERSES

Del. ft Sculp.

TYPKS OT SAXON COINS.

'" fr M. *

<§

li

77

' -

tt

*

"TT"

,

"VB?"

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

415

51. Beldred.

52. Aethelweard. 53.

54. Eadvald.

55. Offa.

56. „

57. „

58. „

59. „

60. „

61. „

62. „

63. „

64. „

65. „

66. „

67. „

68. „

69. „

70. „

71. „

72. „

73. „

74. „

75. „

76. „

77. „

78. „

79. Cenethreth. 80.

81. Ecgberht.

82. „

83. Coenvulf. 84.

85. 85. 86.

87. „

88. „ 89.

90. 91. 92.

93. Coenvulf.

94.

95.

96. Ciolvulf I.

97.

98. Ludica.

99. Berhtulf. 100.

101.

102. Burgred.

103.

104. „

105.

106.

107. „

108. Ceolvulf II. 109.

110. Beonna.

111. Eadmund. 112.

113.

1 14. Ethelstan.

115. „ 116. 117.

118. Eanred.

119. „

120. „

121. „

122. „ 123.Ethelred. 124.

125. 126. 127. 128. 129.

130. Anlaf.

131. „

132. „

133. Eric. 134.

135. Ecgfrith.

416

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XVI.

SAXON AND ENGLISH COINS. REVERSE TYPES.

SAXON.

136. St. Peter.

137.

138.

139. St. Martin.

140.

141. St. Eadmund.

142. Offa and Archbishop lanberht.

143. Offa and Archbishop Aethilheard.

144. „

145. Vulfred.

146. Ceolnoth. 147.

148.

149.

150. Vigmund.

151.

152. Vulfhere.

153. Ecgbeorht. 154.

155. Ethelvulf. 156.

157. Aethelbearht.

158. Aethilred.

159. Aelfred.

160. „

161. „

162. Eadweard I.

163. „

164. „ 165. 166.

167. „

168.

169.

170.

171.

172.

173.

174. Aethelstan.

175.

176. „

177.

178. Eadmund. 179.

180. ,,

181. „

182. Eadred.

183. Eadwig.

184. „

185. Eadgar.

186. „

187. „

188. „

189. Eadweard II.

190. Aethilred II. 191.

192. „

193. Cnut.

194. „

195. „

196. „

197. „

198. Harold I. 192. Harthacnut.

200. Edward Confessor.

201.

202.

203.

204. „

205. „ 206.

207. Harold II. 208.

ENGLISH.

1 . William I. and II. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. Henry I. 9. 10.

Pla

TYl'KS OK SAXON AXI) K Nil I.I S H COINS.

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,

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i( £• $

/'••/ J« »S ^-> „'; J«J

K.yl|^ ^/3!l^Ui

; :

egas

H !•: V K R S F, S .

TVPES OF ENGLISH COINS.

'" •*%

RE VE R S E S .

/.,>n,l,>ii , /;/<•/«/• <f' W,t/t,,n,l'nner fifnver Street.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

417

11. Henry II. '

12. Henry I. 13.

14. 15.

16. „

17. Robert.

18. Stephen and Henry.

19. Stephen.

20. Stephen. 21.

22. Eustace.

23. Henry II?

24. John (Irish).

25. Henry III., Short Cross. 26.

27. „ Long Cross.

28. „ Gold Penny.

PLATE XVII.

ENGLISH COINS. REVERSE TYPES.

29. Edward I. Penny.	54.
30. „ Reading Penny.	55.
3 1 . Edward I . ? Proof Groat.	56.
32. Edward II. Penny.	57.
33. Edward III. Penny.
34. „ Florin.	58.
35. „ Quarter Noble.	59.
36. „ Noble.	CO.
37. Richard II. Penny.	61.
38. „ Groat, &c.	62.
39. Henry IV., V., VI. Durham Penny.
40. „ Groat, &c.	63.
41. „ Penny, &c.	64.
42. Henry. Angel.	65.
43. „ Groat.	66.
44. Henry VI. York Penny.	67.
45. Edward IV. Durham Penny.	68.
46. „	69.
47. Edward IV. Rose Noble.	70.
48. „ Angel.	71.
49. „ Penny, &c.	72.
50. Henry VII. Groat, with arched crown	73.
51. „ Groat, with " Septim."	74.
52. „ London Groat.	75.
53. ,, Sovereign.	76.

Henry VII. Angel. Henry VIII. Testoon.

„ Crown ? Half-Groat of Wolsey with the Car-

dinal's hat.

Henry VIII. Tournay Groat. „ London Penny.

„ Angel.

„ Portcullis Farthing.

Edward VI. Groat, fine silver, side

face.

,, Base Shilling.

„ Sovereign.

„ Fine Shilling.

Philip and Mary. Shilling.

Half-Crown. „ Angel.

Elizabeth. Shilling, &c. Pledge. Crown and Halfcrown.

Sixpence, &c. broad cross. Pledge.

Halfpenny.

This type is drawn out of order.

418

WOOD CUTS.

THE VIGNETTE on the title-page is copied from the reverse of a rare and beautiful silver coin of Camarina, in the collection of Lord Northwick. The original is under the usual size of the Tetradrachm. The following observations have been obligingly communicated by Mr. Burgon.

" It appears to me that the true meaning of this beautiful com- position has never yet been perceived. The older Numismatists, as cited by Eckhel (Doct. Num. Vet., Vol. I. p. 200), seem to think that it represents Venus or Leda. This latter opinion is adopted by Noehden (Coins of Magna Grsecia and Sicily, p. 12), who is the last that has given any explanation of the subject.

"A careful consideration, however, of the inscription KAMAPINA around the representation in question, taken in connexion with the subject of the obverse of the coin (see Noehden Loc. Cit.), leads me to look upon this graceful and unusual type as no other than a per- sonified and symbolical representation of the lake itself, which is well known to have been called Camarina, and to have been situated close to the Sicilian city of the same name.

"Eckhel observes (Doct. Num. Vet., Vol, L, p. 185), that 'the Sicilians were fond of introducing on their coins the names and representations of their rivers;' and we have a remarkable example of this in the obverse of the coin before us, which is no doubt to be considered as a symbolical personification of the river Hipparis. We have therefore the river on one side of the coin, and on the other, the lake Camarina. It may be added in proof of this assertion, that there exists another coin of the city of Camarina (Mionnet, Vol. I., p. 222, No. 119), bearing types very analogous to those on the coin in question: on one side of which, around the personified head of the river is the inscription IFF APIS, and on the other, around the female on the swan, the word KAMAPINA; leaving no doubt in this instance, that the inscriptions refer to the representations, and that KAMAPINA is not to be regarded as forming a part of the truncated word KAMAPIN A1HN, as, at first sight, it might appear to do."

DESCRIPTION OF THE WOOD-CUTS. 419

Page.

1. Silver of Aegina, from a specimen in the British Museum.

2. Another of more recent period, with the letters AIF in one of

the compartments.

7. Representation of the Temple of Venus at Paphos, on a coin of Cyprus, with the legend KOINON KYHPION. The Com- munity of the Cyprians.

11. Tetradrachm of Alexander the Great, AAE#ANAPOY. Jupiter

seated ; in the field, a symbol, probably the representation of some ancient deity under the form of a cone-shaped stone, surmounted by a star ; below, x .

12. Silver of Antiochus, of Syria, BASIAEHS . ANTIOXOY .

NIKH$OPOY . 0EOY . EIIIfcANOYS. In the British Museum.

16. Shekel, in the cabinet of Doctor John Lee.

17. Brass of Antony and Cleopatra, in the cabinet of the Chevalier

de Horta.— Obv.— BACIA . . . 0GA - N€ . the Queen (Cleo- patra) the new goddess.— R. ANT . YII . T. Antonius, thrice Consult

32. Second brass of Caligula, struck in the colony of Caesar Augusta, in Spain.

36. Unique brass of Lebadia in Boeotia, in the collection of the Chevalier de Horta 2

39. Brass, probably of Pergamus, an unique coin, in the collection of Thomas Burgon, Esq. ; legend, EII(I) . AN . AY . I . KOYAAPATOY under the Praetor ? Aurelius Julius Quadratus. A river -god seated, typifying the river KAIKOC.

54. The obverse of the exquisite piece termed the Syracusan Me-

dallion.

55. Silver of Zacynthus Insula (Z)AKYNGOS. In the cabinet

of the Chevalier de Horta.

83. Brass of the Bosphorus.— Obv. The head of the Emperor Claudius ; legend, TI . KAAYAIOY . KAISAPOS . IB. In the twelfth year of Tiberius Claudius Ccesar.—R. The head of the Empress Agrippina; legend, IOYAIAN . APPIimiNAN EEBAETHN and BA K£l in monogram (the people worship) ; the Empress Julia Agrippina* King Kotys. 3 The names and titles of the emperor and empress are here given at length,

Num. Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 198. 2 Ibid, p. 48. 3 Vide p. 29, n. 3.

420 DESCRIPTION OF THE WOOD-CUTS.

Page.

while those of the king, Cotys, are expressed by the monogram in the field. 104. Remarkable coin of the Magnesians of Lydia, with the head of

Cicero. Obv. The head of Cicero, legend, MAPKOS

TYAAIOS KIKEPON.— R. MAFNHTftN. AIIO. SIHYAOY.

9EOA£1PO(Y), of the Magnesians under (mount) Sipulus,

in the Praetorship of Theodorus. 162. The rare large brass of Matidia, in the cabinet of Capt. Smyth.

Obv. MATIDIAE. AVG. DIVAE. MARCIANAE. F.

Matidia Augusta, daughter of the divine Marciana. R. PIE-

TAS. AVGVSTA(E). S. C.

213. Gold British coin of the age of Cunobeline, or perhaps earlier. 215. Silver Gaulish coin (see p. 215).

217. Metal Wheels of Gaulish origin, from the Revue Numismatique.

218. Rings found in Ireland.

218. Gold British coin, similar to that at p. 213, but with the letters

VER. on the reverse.

221. Gold coin of Cunobeline. Obv. CAMVL— R. CVNOBHI. 225. Early uninscribed Saxon skeatta, found by Mr. Burgon in the

Isle of Sheppy (Num. Chronicle, Vol. I.) 240. Skeatta of Aldfrid (cabinet of Mr. Loscombe). 258. Penny of Henry the Third, with short cross. R. TER. RI.

ON. LVND. 339. Half-Crown of Charles the First, in the cabinet of Mr. Cuff.

From the letters :SA: conjectured to have been struck at

Salisbury. In rudeness of workmanship it resembles many

of the half-crowns of this stormy period.

J. Wertheimer & Co., Printers, Finsbury Circus.

NUMISMATIC WORKS.

MESSRS. TAYLOR and WALTON beg to announce to Numismatists, that they have on sale copies of the following Works :

I. A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF

RARE AND UNEDITED ROMAN COINS,

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE EXTINCTION OF THE EMFIRE UNDER PALEOLOGOS.

Two Volumes Octavo, numerous fine Plates, BY JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A.

II.

The same in Royal Octavo, with Proof Plates.

III. COINS OF THE ROMANS RELATING TO BRITAIN,

DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED

BY JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A. 12mo. Many Plates.

IV. THE NUMISMATIC JOURNAL,

EDITED BY J. Y. AKEIIMAN, F.S.A. In Two Volumes Octavo, numerous Plates and Wood-cuts.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

ESSAYS — Unpublished Coins of Nicaea in Bithynia. — Notices of the most Remarkable Coins of the Roman Consular Series. — Saxon Skeatta of Wildfrid.— Explanation of " NUBISCONS," &c. on the Coins of Romulus, Son of Maxentius. — Roman Coins by M. Finder. — Unpub- lished Half-Groat of Charles I.— Remarks on a Penny of Henry III.— The Miinter Cabinet. — Letter from T. Burgon, Esq. — On the Jewish Shekel. — On the Coins of Marcus J. Brutus, and of Decimus Brutus, surnamed Albinus. — Skeatta of Aldfrith, King of Northumbria.— Allec- tus and Constans.— On the Skeatta ascribed to Wildfrid in Art. III. —

An Inedited Coin of Titus. — Observations on the Coins of the Ancient Britons. — Unpublished Half-Crown of Charles I. — An Inquiry into the Motive which influenced the Ancients in their choice of the various Representations which we find stamped on their Money.— On Trades- men's Tokens. — On certain Coins hitherto attributed to Heracleum in the Chersonesus Taurica. — On the Money called " Lucullia." — Medallion of Antoninus. — Roman Coins discovered at Exeter. — On the Skeatta attributed to Wildfrid, Archbishop of York, in Art. III.— Medallion of Commodus. — Remarks on Art. XVIII.— The Coinage of the Ancient Britons. — On an Unedited Silver " Fiorino," with an Inquiry into the Origin of the Florentine Coinage during the time of the Republic. — On the Class of Coins denominated " Restored." — On the Weight of the Jewish Coins described by Bayer. — Revival by Dr. Walsh of a refuted Error. — Unpublished Coins of Carausius and Allectus. — Miscellanea. — Correspondence. — Transactions of the Nu- mismatic Society.

VOL. II.

ESSAYS — Unpublished Coins of Lucca and Verona. — Numismatic Publi- cations : No. 1. Life and Works of W. Wyon ; No. 2. Saulcy's Classi- fication de Suites Monetaires Byzantine. — On the Coins of the Achaian League. — An Attempt to Locate some Unappropriated Coins in Ruding. Bate's Medallic Engraving. — Denarius of Caracalla. — Roman Coin Moulds discovered in England. — The Refining of Gold in India, by G. Sparkes. — On the Crowns on Irish Coins, and on the Ancient Arms of Ireland. — Jacobite Medals in the Cabinet of Edward Hawkins, Esq. — Tetradrachm of Alexander the Great. — Description of some Indian Coins in the possession of George Sparkes, Esq. — Notice of Mr. Millin- gen's " Sylloge of Ancient Unedited Coins of Greek Cities and Kings." — Letter from Mr. Vincent Nolte on Medallic Engraving. — Styca of Huth, by Sir Henry Ellis. — Biographical Notice of Sestini. The Cur- rent Coins of Great Britain. — Graeco-Bactrian Coins, by Professor Wilson. — Letter from Mr. Vincent Nolte on Medallic Engraving. — British Numismatic Art Vindicated. — Bate's Medallic Engraving. — The Coins of Venice. — The Stone Worship of the Ancients. — Coins of the Archbishops of York. — Gold Triens with " DOROVERNIS." — Coins of Huath, King of Northumberland. — Medals of Massilia, &c. by the Marquis de Lagoy. — Medallic Engraving, by V. Nolte. — Miscellanea. — Correspondence. — Transactions of the Numismatic Society.

V.

THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,

EDITED BY J. Y. AKERMAN, F.S.A. With numerous Plates and Wood-Cuts.

CONTENTS or VOL. I.

ESSAYS — Remarks- on the Coins of Northumbria, by Edward Hawkins, Esq., F.R.S. & F.S.A. — Remarks on the Skeattae, and on the Styca, supposed of Huth of Northumbria, by the same. — Observations upon British Coins, by the same.— The Coinage of Modern Greece, by L. H. J. Tonna, Esq. — An Account of the Gold Coins of James I. and Charles I. discovered at Southend, by J. D. Cuff, Esq., F.S.A.— Notice of " A View of the Silver Coin and Coinage of Great Britain, &c., by

George Marshall." — On a Mode of ascertaining the places to which Ancient British Coins belong, by Thomas Burgon, Esq., V.P. Num. Soc. - Pistrucci's Invention ; a Letter to the Editor, by J. W. B. — Further Observations on the Coinage of the Ancient Britons, by the Editor. Notice of the " Tresor de Numismatique et de Glyptique, by E. E. — Proposal for the Introduction of the Decimal Division in Money, by I. P. Cory, Esq., M.A. — Penny of Regnald. — Pennies of William the Conqueror, by J. B. — Cast Dies for Medals, by Cautus. — The Coins of Carausius and Allectus.— On the Styca, supposed of Huth, or Huath of Northumbria, by John Lindsay, Esq. — Unpublished Pennies of Edward the Confessor, by the same. — On the Roman Coin Moulds discovered in France and England, by Messrs. Poey D'Avant, and Hiver, and the Rev. J. B. Reade, M.A., F.R.S.— Blondeau's Proposal for Reforming the Coinage of England. — Letter from Dr. Grotefend, on the Ring Money of the Ancients. — The Eagle and Thunderbolt on the Coins of Rome and Syria, by S. Sharpe, Esq. — The City Medal, by W. Wyon, R. A. — On the Medals of Caracalla and Geta, with the Head of the latter erased, by S. Birch, Esq. — Observation on a Coin of Cleo- patra and Mark Anthony, with the title of T/iea Nea, by Thomas Burgon, Esq., V.P. Num. Soc. — On the date of Cleopatra's Assumption of the title Thea Nea, by the Rev. J. B. Reade, M.A., F.R.S.— Iron Money of Kordofan, by A. T. Holroyd, Esq. — Coin of Titiopolis in Isauria, by M. Adr. de Longperier. — On two small Brass Coins of the Second Constantius, with P'LON. in the exergue, by C. R. Smith, Esq., F.S.A.— Medals of the Pretender, by W. D. Haggard, Esq., F.S.A.— On the Coins of the Thessalian Larissa, by S. Birch, Esq. — Cast Dies for Medals. Reply to " Cautus," by W. R. Hamilton, Esq., F.R.S. & F.S.A., &c. — Welches Volk hat die ersten Munzen gepriigt ? (What People first stamped Money?), by Dr. G. F. Grote- fend.— Coins of Lebadia and of Zacynthus. — Notice of the " Monnaies Inconnues des Ev£ques des Innocens et des Fous." — Notice of an " Atlas de Geographic Numismatique," by the Chevalier Mionnet. — Miscellanea. — Proceedings of the Numismatic Society.

VOL. II.

ESSAYS — Coins of Andeda, in Pisidia, by II. P. Borrell, Esq. — Coin of Artaxias, King of Armenia, by the same.— On the Pennies of Regnald of Northumbria. — On the Amelioration of the Coinage, A.D. 1560, by John William Burgon, Esq. — Observations on the Standard of Value and the Circulating Medium of this Country, by W. D. Haggard, Esq., F.S.A., F.R. A. S.— Unpublished Penny of Athelstan, and Halfpenny of Edward the Confessor, by John Lindsay, Esq. — Medals of the Pre- tender. Second Series, by W. D. Haggard, Esq. — On the Coins of William the Conqueror, by R. S. — On the Coins of East Anglia, by D. H. H.— Notice of Borrell's Work on the Coins of the Kings of Cyprus. — Hoard of Pennies of Henry II. found in Bedfordshire. — Inedited Greek Coins, by Samuel Birch, Esq. — Money of Ethiopia, by A. Thomson D'Abaddie. — Description of Two Cufic Coins, by G. C. R. — Unpublished British Coins. No. 4. — Anecdotes of the English Coinage, by John Gough Nichols, Esq., F.S.A. — On the Deities repre-

. sented on the Coins of Egyptian Nomes, by Samuel Birch, Esq. — Coin of Magnesia, with the Head of Cicero, by the same. — List of Roman Coins recently found near Sirood, by C. R. Smith, Esq. — Medals of the Pretender. Third Series, by W. D. Haggard, Esq. — On the Appro- priation of certain Coins to Northumbria and East Anglia. — Remarks

on the Types of the Coins of the Aenianes of Thessaly, by II. P. Bor- rell, Esq. — Sceattas, by L. Y. H. — Unedited Coins of Asia, by Samuel Birch, Esq. — Restitution to the City of Ephesus (when called Arsinoe) of the Coins hitherto attributed to Arsinoe, in Cyrenaica, and to Ar- sinoe, in Cilicia, by H. P. Borrell, Esq. — Medals of the Pretender. Third Series, by W. D. Haggard, Esq. — Restitution of several Coins hitherto supposed to belong to Apollonia in Lycia and Caria, to Apol- lonia in Pisidia. — On the types of the Irish Coins of King John, by L. Y. H. — On Two Unpublished Coins connected with the History of Boulogne- Sur-Mer; (from the Revue Numismatique). — Petition of the Roettiers for making the Great Seal of England, Temp. Charles I. — On the Arrangement of the Coins of the Archbishops of Canterbury, by L. Y. H. — An Enquiry into the Early Lydian Money, and an Attempt at fixing the Classification of certain Coins to Croesus, by II. P. Bor- rell, Esq. — On some Coins connected with the Geography of Galatia, by Samuel Birch, Esq. — Unpublished British Coins. No. VI. — Resti- tution to Histiaeotis, in Thessaly, of several Coins hitherto classed to Histiaea, in Eubcea, by H. P. Borrell, Esq. — Some Observations on the Coins of Pellene, in Achaia, which have been erroneously classed by Numismatic writers to Pella in Macedonia, Pellina in Thessaly, and to the Island of Peparethus, by H. P. Borrell, Esq. — Some Remarks on an Unedited Coin of Pergamus, by Samuel Birch, Esq. — On the Kesitah of the Holy Scriptures, by Dr. G. F. Grotefend, of Hanover. — Numis- matic Publications: Notice of "A View of the Coinage of Ireland, &c., by John Lindsay, Esq. " Description de la Trouvaille de 1'Isle de Jersey, par le Baron de Donop." — Miscellanea. — Proceedings of the Numismatic Society.

This Periodical is published quarterly. Eight Numbers have already appeared, forming 2 vols., 8vo. No. IX. (the first of a new volume), will be published on the 1st of July.

*#* The Editor invites contributions from Numismatists and Collectors of all Countries.

London : Taylor and Walton, Upper Gower Street ; and M. Rollin, Rue Vivienne, Paris ; of whom may be had

THE BLATTER FUR MUNZKUNDE;

A Numismatic Periodical ; EDITED BY DR. GROTE, OF HANOVER.

THE « REVUE NUMISMATIQUE;"

EDITED BY M. M. CARTIER AND DE LA SAUSSAYE, OF Bi.ois.

These Periodicals appear at intervals of two months, and six numbers form a volume for the year.

WORKS PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR, WALTON, AND MABEULV.

Guesses at Truth, by Two Brothers.

Third Edition. First Series, 6s. ; Second Series, 7s. Reader, if you weigh me at all, weigh me patiently ; judge me candidly ; and may you lind half the satisfaction in examining my Guesses, that I have myself had in making them. — To the Re'ider.

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From the Earliest Times to the Death of COMMODUS, A.D. 1 92.

One thick volume 12mo. Second Edition. 7s. 6d. cloth, or

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THE immense progress made in investigating Roman history and antiquities within the last thirty or forty years, having materially altered the whole com- plexion of that study, has rendered indispensable a new manual, for the use of schools, removing the old errors and misconceptions which have long since been exposed and exploded by scholars. This compendium is designed to supply the want, by condensing and selecting out of a voluminous mass of detail, that which is necessary to give rather a vivid picture of the leading epochs of the history, than a minute narrative of the particulars recorded in the authorities. The author has availed himself of all the important works on the whole Roman history, or portions of it, which have appeared since Niebuhr gave a new life and new impulse to the subject. A copious table of chronology and indexes are added.

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.

By various Writers. Edited by Dr. WILLIAM SMITH. Second Edition. One thick vol. 8vo. with several hundred Engravings on Wood. 21. 2s.

Tins work, written by the editor in conjunction with seventeen other gentlemen, embodies the results of the latest investigations of the distinguished German scholars whose labours, withm the last half century, have shed an entirely different light on the history, the private life, and the political relations of the Greeks and Romans. It comprehends all the topics of antiquities properly so called, including the laws, institutions, and domestic usages of the Greeks and Romans ; painting, sculpture, music, the drama, and other subjects on which correct information can be obtained elsewhere only by consulting a large number of costly or untranslated works.

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Subjoined are tables of Greek and Roman measures, weights, and money : with full indexes, Greek, Latin, and English.

Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology.

Edited by WILLIAM SMITH, LL.D. Medium Svo. Illustrated by numerous Engravings on Wood. Complete in Three Volumes 51. 1 5s. 6d. Each volume may be had separately. THE period comprehended in this history of remarkable individuals, real or ideal is from the earliest times to the fall of the Eastern Empire, in 1453. The work is the result of the joint labours of twenty -nine writers, whose names are attached to their respective articles, — the divisions of subjects having been severally allot- ted to such of the contributors as had made them more or less their peculiar study. Copious accounts are given of the writings of mathematicians, jurists, physicians, historians, poets, philosophers, and orators. The Latin and 'Greek Christian fathers also occupy considerable space ; and the lives of painters, sculptors, and architects, contain details, useful to the artist, of all their works still extant, or of which there is any record in ancient writers. In fact, the work exhibits a view of the whole circle of ancient history and literature for upwards of two thousand years. It is embellished, whenever possible, by wood-cuts, taken from ancient coins. Extensive chronological tables of Greek and Roman histmy are added ; and a table exhibiting at a glance the years B.C. or A.U. corresponding to any given A.U.C. or olympiad.

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BINDING SECT, 'UN 1 1 1968

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

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