NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE

JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A.,

SECRETARY TO THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OP ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OP NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNB,

AND OP THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF FRANCE.

VOL. IV. APRIL, 1841 — JANUARY, 1842.

Factual abiit — monumenta manent. — Ov. Fast.

LONDON : TAYLOR & WALTON, 28, UPPER GOWER STREET.

SOLD ALSO BY M. ROLLIN, BUK VIVIENNE, No. 10, PARIS. M.D.CCC.XLI.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY J. WEKTHEIMBR AND CO. tMKCUS PLACE, P1NSBURV CIRCUS.

TO

THE LORD ALBERT CONYNGHAM, K.C.H., F.S.A.,

ETC., ETC., ETC.,

AN ADMIRER AND COLLECTOR OF BRITISH, SAXON, AND ENGLISH COINS,

AND A ZEALOUS PROMOTER OF NUMISMATIC SCIENCE,

THIS, OUR FOURTH VOLUME,

IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.

CONTENTS.

Unedited Autonomous and Imperial Greek Coins. By

H. P. Borrell, Esq. 1

Unedited Coin of Demetrius the Second. By Samuel

Birch, Esq. ........ 11

Unedited Coins of the Lower Empire. By H. P. Borrell,

Esq 15

Arrangement of Mercian Pennies, bearing the Inscription,

" Ceolwulf," or " Ciolwulf Rex." By F. D. • 23

Legends on British Coins. TASCIORICON — SEGO. — CAMVL,

&c. By Daniel Henry Haigh, Esq. • • • • 27

Rude Coins discovered in England. By J. Y. Akerman,

F.S.A. 30

Remarks on the Numismatic History of East Anglia

during the Seventh and Eighth Centuries. By D. H.

Haigh, Esq. 34

On the Irish Coins of Edward IV. By Aquilla Smith,

M.D., M.R.I.A. 41

Coins of Romanus I. and II. By D. H. Haigh, Esq. 54

Remarks on a Paper entitled " Memoir on the Roettiers."

By B. Nightingale, Esq. 56

Remarks on Early Scottish Coins, and on the Arrange- ment of those bearing the Name of Alexander. By D. H. Haigh, Esq. ....... 67

Remarks on the Coins of Ephesus, struck during the

Dominion of the Romans. By J. Y. Akerman, F.S.A. 73 On the Gold Triens inscribed " Dorovernis Civitas." By

Daniel H. Haigh, Esq. 120

VI CONTENTS.

PAGE

List of Unedited Greek Coins, with Notes and Illustra- tions, By Samuel Birch, Esq. • • • • 127

On a Supposed Penny of Stephen. By F. D. • • • 146 On the Roman Coins discovered in the Bed of the Thames, near London Bridge, from 1834 to 1841. By C. R. Smith, F.S. A. . • • • -• • • • 147,187

Note on the Change of Position in the Legend of the Dollar of 1567, of John George II., Elector of Saxony. By Walter Hawkins, Esq. ..... 169

Groats of Henry VII. with the Open Crown. By R. Saint- hill, Esq. '.170

Further Remarks on the Numismatic History of East Anglia, during the Ninth Century. By Daniel H.

Haigh, Esq. 195

On the Pennies of Henry III. with the Short Cross. By

Daniel H. Haigh, Esq. . • • . . . 201 The Irish Coins of Edward IV. By R. Sainthill, Esq. • 205 Irish Base Groats. By Edward Hoare, Esq. • • • 208 Notices of Thomas Simon. By B. Nightingale, Esq. • 211 Remarkable Gold Coin of Offa. By A. de Longperier • 232

MISCELLANEA.

The New Penny Pieces for England .... 62 M. de la Saussaye's Work on Gaulish Coins ... 63 Mr. Hawkins' Work on the English Silver Coinage • ib. M. de la Saussaye on the Autonomous Coins of Spain « ib. The Revue Numismatique for Nov. and Dec. - • ib. Discovery of Coins at Ipswich ... . • ib. Roman Coins at Knapwell in Cambridgeshire 64

CONTENTS. Vll

PAGE

Medal of Mehemet AH • • ... . . 65

Coins and Antiquities of Afghanistan .... 122

Letter from Thomas Rawlins to John Evelyn • • 123

Journal for the Study of Numismatics, Heraldry, and Seals 125

Forging Mexican Dollars at Sheffield • • • • 175

Letter from Adam Cardonnel to the Earl of Buchan - 179

J. Pinkerton to Dodsley, the publisher « 180

Payments for Medallic work, Temp. James I. & Charles I. 181

Signor Carrara on a leaden coin of Theodora • • • 182 Archers and Angels, from a Sermon preached at Paul's

Cross, A.D. 1594 ....... 183

Penny of Edred, struck at Exeter • • • • 184

Herr Bergmann, on Austrian Medals • • • ib.

M. Holmboe on the Pennies of Henry II. and Henry III. ib.

The « Gun Money " of James II. 235

Tower Mint, 1651, and 1679 . . . . ' M, 237

Letter from Dr. Stukely to Dr. Watson of the Royal

Society 238

An Otho in first Brass •'/. 239

The Gallery of Antiquities . • • • • • 243

Medal of the Pacha of Egypt 244

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

Report from 19th November, 1840, to February, 1840, p. 1. — From 18th March to 17th June, p. 13. — Report read at General Anniversary Meeting, 17th June, 1841, p. 21. — Report from 18th November to 23d December, p. 33.

Correspondence • ' • , 126, 185

ERRATUM:— .Page 153, line 27, for Menassian read Menapian.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE;

AND

JOURNAL

OF

THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

I.

UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS AND IMPERIAL GREEK COINS.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, 19th November, 1840.]

AEGOSPOTAMUS, CHERS. THRACIA.

No. 1. — Female head, wearing earrings and a richly orna- mented diadem.

R.— AirOSIIO. Goat walking, to the left. &2%.(My cabinet.)

The coins of this city are beautifully executed ; this in my cabinet is of a much smaller size than those already published.

AGATHOPOLIS, CHERS. THRACIA.

No. 1. — Male juvenile profile, bound with a fillet, to the . right. R. — ArA within an olive crown. JE 3. (Cabinet of M.

Stefano Garreri, at Smyrna.) VOL. IV. B

'2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. 2. — Same head.

R.— AFAO. An owl, standing. JE 2£. (My cabinet.)

3. — Same head.

R. — AFAOO. Same type as last. IE 3. (Cabinet of M. Stefano Garreri, at Smyrna.)

4. — Same head.

R. — ArAGO. An owl with two bodies attached to one head. JE 3. (Same cabinet.)

5.— Same head.

R. — AFA0. Owl upon a spear head. IE 3. (My cabinet.)

The legend, in abbreviation, on these very singular coins induces me to assign them to a city of the name of Aga- thopolis, which I presume must have been situated in, or near, the Chersonesus of Thrace. It is only mentioned by Pachymere, lib. v. cap. iv., where he speaks of Michael Palaeologus refusing to cede to Constantine, king of Bul- garia, the cities of Mesembria, Anchialus, Sisopolis, and Agathopolis. I am of opinion that this city must have derived its name from Agathocles, son of Lysimachus by his first marriage, and that it is his portrait which is represented on the obverse of these coins. It is well known that Lysi- machus changed the name of several cities in honour of his family. We have Cardia, which adopted the name of Lysimachia ; Ephesus and others, that of Arsinoe, from his his wife ; and as Agathocles was the eldest and most valiant of his sons, it is not improbable that a similar honour was reserved for him. The fabric and type of these coins, as well as the localities where they are found, concur in con- firming my attribution.

ALOPECONESUS, CHERS. THRACIA. Profile of Bacchus, crowned with ivy, to the right.

R' — AAil. Diota, in the field, a symbol of a conic form. JE 3. (My cabinet.)

UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 3

The only peculiarity of this coin is the cone, which ap- pears as an adjunct, for the first time : they generally bear a small figure of a fox, the logograph of the name of the city. A coin attributed to Alopeconesus by Dumersan (Description des Medailles du Cabinet de M. Allier de Hau- teroche, p. 26, tab. iv., fig. 1), belongs to Alea, in Arcadia, or, according to Millingen, to Alos, in Thessaly : the legend should read AAE, instead of AAii.

CARDIA, CHERS. THRACIA.

Female head, front face.

R. — KAPAIA. Lion, walking to the left, looking back- ward ; beneath is a wheat-ear. JE 4. (My cabinet.)

The female head is probably that of Ceres. She is always represented in profile on the published list of the coins of Cardia.

CHERSONESUS, CHERS. THRACIA.

Female head, front face.

R. — XP^P. An ear of barley. M\\. (In my cabinet.)

The coins of Chersonesus are extremely rare ; this of mine is different from the few yet published. The coin assigned to this city by Sestini (Descr. Num. Vet. p. 97, No- 1), and Mionnet (Suppl. torn. ii. p. 525, No. 17), is misplaced. On a fine example in my cabinet, I read dis- tinctly KEP instead of XEP. It is the same coin, in my opinion, as that in Mionnet, torn. ii. p. 348, No. 101, under Cerasus, in Pontus. The coin in question is evidently of Thracian origin ; the Diota, in shape, perfectly resembles that on the coins of Cypsela and Philea, two cities of that

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

province, engraved in Cadalvene (pi. 1, figs. 4 and 9). Ses- tini, in his Classes Generales, presumes Mionnet's coin may belong to Crithosium or Crithote, in the Chersonesus of Thrace ; but all the coins I have ever seen of Crithote read KPI. I am at a loss to assign a place for the coins with KPE. It must be observed, however, as the letters are

distributed thus they admit of more than one man-

ner of reading. They may be so placed for KPE or KEP. I can vouch, however, that the first letter is a K.

CRITHOTE, CHERS. THRACIA.

Sestini has attributed to the city of Arisba, in Troas (Lett, e Diss. Num. Con. torn. ii. p. 71, No. 7), a coin which belongs to Crithote. He reads API ; the first letters being imperfect led to the mistake. He classes also another coin to Arisba (loc. cit. No. 6) equally incorrectly. Cadal- vene, pi. i. No. 12, restores the former coin to its proper place, which he was enabled to do from a fine coin once in my possession, and now in the Bank of England. It stands described in my catalogue as follows : —

Helmeted head of Pallas, to the right. R.— KPI. Grain of barley. & 3J.

Sestini's second coin, No. 6, Cadalvene, pi. i. No. 13, also assigns to Crithote; and he erroneously quotes my cabinet for the examples he saw, instead of that of M. de Hauteroche, having misconstrued a note I gave him on the subject. That coin, however, belongs to Chersonesus, in the Cherso- nesus of Thrace, and should read XEP. M. de Haute- roche's coins were badly preserved. I saw them both at Paris ; the first letter, which Sestini took for a K, is a X;

UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 5

the E is obliterated, and the third letter is, as described, a p.

A beautiful coin of Crithote is also published by Sestini, from M. de Hauteroche's cabinet, which he, as well as Mionnet, reads KPI9OSIQN ; described as follows : —

Laureated head of Apollo, front face.

R.— KPIGOSKiN. Grain of barley. The whole within a wreath of wheat ears. JEi 5. (See Sestini Lett, e Diss. Num. Con., torn, vi., p. 24 ; Mionnet, Suppt. ii., p. 533, No. 59 ; and Dumersan, loc. cit., p. 27, tab. iv., No. 8.)

I merely refer to this coin, as M. de Hauteroche remarks that both Sestini and Mionnet have omitted a letter in the legend, and that it should read KPI90Y2K1N; but on referring to his plate I cannot perceive the Y, nor is it visible on a very fine specimen I saw and noted at Con- stantinople, in the collection of a friend.

MADYTUS, CHERS. THRACIA.

No. 1. — MAAY. Dog sitting, to the right ; behind is a star.

R. — A bull butting ; above, a fish. JE 4. (Formerly in my cabinet, now in the British Museum.)

2. — MAAY. Dog, as last, behind is an ivy-leaf.

R. — Bull butting (no symbol). M 3. (My cabinet.)

Millingen, I believe, is the only writer who publishes a coin of Madytus (Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Kings, p. 43, pi. iii. No. 7), from the collection of the Chevalier Paulin, at Rome. The two above described differ from the one he cites by the adjuncts of the fish, star, and ivy leaf. Madytus was the port at which Xerxes disembarked his army from Asia when invading Greece: the fish upon No. 1. marks its maritime situation, as the ivy leaf and

6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

ear of corn alludes to the worship of Bacchus and Ceres. The dog refers probably to the promontory Cynossema, from the tomb of Hecuba, who threw herself into the sea from this spot, and was transformed into a dog.

SELYBRIA, CHERS. THRACIA.

No. 1. — 2A (very archaic letters). A cock, walking to the left.

R. — Four indented triangles meeting in the centre, forming a square, giving the appearance of the sails of a wind- mill. AR3. 66grs. {My cabinet.) See plate, fig. 1 .

2. — Another ; the square on the reverse divided in four equal square compartments. AR 3. 63 grs. (My cabinet.) See plate, fig. 2.

3. — A (the 2 obliterated). Cock, as the preceding.

R. — Indented square, as No. 2. AR 1|. 25| grs. (My cabinet.) See plate, fig. 3.

4. — Head of Hercules, bearded, and covered with the lion's skin ; to the right. (Very ancient style of workman- ship.)

R. — Cock, to the right, within a granulated square ; the whole within a flat sunk square. AR 2. 25| grs. (My cabinet.) See plate, fig. 4.

These coins might be supposed to belong either to Himera in Sicily, or to Dardanus in Troas ; the cock be- ing the principal type on the currency of both those cities. I am, however, satisfied with the correctness of the attri- bution I propose, from a certain knowledge of their all having been found at different periods in the ruins of the ancient Selybria, by an inhabitant of the now modern vil- lage which occupies the same site, and is still called Sely- vria. Another coin, found at the same place, is now in the possession of a friend of mine, resident at Constantinople, which reads SAAI, and bears the same type of a cock.

UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 7

Pomponius Mela alone writes the name of this city, which was situated near Perinthos, " Selymbria" whilst all other ancient geographers write Selybria, from Selys, who, according to Strabo, founded the city, and Bria, which, in the Thracian language, signifies " city" It appears, how- ever, from our coins, that its correct orthography, at the time they were struck, must have been SALYBRIA. I have only further to remark, that the coins are of ancient fabric, and that this is the first time any currency of this city has been brought into notice.

SESTUS, CHERS. THRACIA.

No. 1. — Head of Ceres, crowned with a wreath of wheat-ears, to the left, and wearing ear-rings.

R. — SH. A naked figure of Mercury standing ; the causia attached and falling behind his head ; he holds the ca- duceus in his extended right hand ; in front, a diota ; behind, a grain of barley. M 4. (My cabinet.)

2. — Helmeted head of Pallas, to the right. R.— 2H, Diota. JE 2. (My cabinet.)

3. — Female head, to the left, her hair bound up gracefully with a sort of reticulum.

R. — 2H. Old terminal figure, front face ; in the field, a monogram, j\|. JE 2. (My cabinet.)

4. — Head, front face of Bacchus, crowned with a large ivy crown.

R.— SHS. An arrow ; in the field, fll. JE 2. (My cabinet.)

All these varieties are new ; they were all brought to me, together with many others, in bad preservation, from Ses- tos, and amongst them were four coins like those given by Hauteroche, Mionnet, and Millingen, — assigned to Sala, but which Strebor justly restores to Sestos. (See Sala.)

8 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

LEMNOS, INS. THRACIJE.

AHM. Helmeted head, to the right.

R. — Male bearded head, to the right. JE 5. (Cabinet of the Chevalier Ivanoff, Russian Consul-General at Smyrna.) See plate, fig. 1.

HEPH.ESTIA, LEMNOS.

Bearded head, perhaps of Vulcan, to the left.

R. — H<&A, between two torches. JE 3. (Same cabinet.) See plate, fig. 2.

MYRHINA, LEMNOS.

No. 1. — Bust of Diana, a quiver suspended over her left shoul- der.

R. — MYPI, within a laurel crown. JE 4. (Same cabinet.) See plate, fig. 3.

2. — Helmeted head of Pallas, to the right.

R. — MYPI. Owl standing, front face ; in the field, an olive branch. JE 3. (Same cabinet.) See plate, fig. 4.

The descriptions of the four preceding coins were kindly communicated to me by their proprietor, the Chevalier Ivanoff, with an accompanying note, stating that they were all received by him from the place of their origin. That with the letters AHM for Arjjuvtwv, which I assign, without the least hesitation, to the island of Lemnos, is highly curious and interesting, as it is the only coin that has yet reached us bearing the name of the island. The three other coins of Hephsestia and Myrhina are inedited.

PATRAUS. REX PAEONIAE. No. 1. — Laureated head of Apollo, to the right.

R. — IIOAPTAY (sic). A horseman, helmeted and wear- ing a cuirass, piercing with a lance a prostrate enemy, who is defending himself with a Macedonian shield. AR 6. 201 £ grs. (Cabinet of the Bank of England.)

ZS'/zGrs.

LEEfi W©§.

SULTS.

UNEDITED GREEK COINS.

2. — Head, as last.

R. — IIATPOY (retrograde). Type, as last ; in the field, a helmet. AR 6. 192i grs. (My cabinet)

3. — Another, with YOTIAII (sic). Type, as last; in the field, an uncertain symbol of a conic form, with a ring at the extremity. AR 6. 194| grs. (Cabinet of the Bank of England.)

4. — Another; in the field, the monogram, j^. AR 6. 196 grs. (My cabinet.)

A feeble light has lately been thrown upon the chrono- logy of the kings of Paeonia, by the discovery of a remark- able inscription a few years ago in the Acropolis of Athens. (See Bulletin de FInstitut -Archeologique de Rome, for 1833, and L'Ancienne Athenes de 'M. Pittakys, p. 314.) From that authority we are informed that Patraus was the son of Audoleon ; he consequently must take precedence in the list of kings of Paeonia whose coins have reached us. (See Numismatique des Rois Grecs. p. II.) The four coins described above, of this prince, differ from those already published, merely by the accessory symbols, or the strange transposition of the letters of the legend on Nos. 1 and 3, which shows the extreme negligence of those employed in their execution.

AUDOLEON. REX PAEONIAE.

Head, front face of Pallas, helmeted and wearing a necklace.

R.— AYAilAEONTOS. Horse walking to the right, his bridle dragging on the ground ; beneath, a caducous. AR 6. 193| grs. (My cabinet.)

I have nothing to remark on this coin, except to call attention to its peculiar preservation and superior fabric. VOL. iv. c

10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

LYCCEIUS. REX PAEONIAE ?

No. 1. — Laureated head of Apollo, to the right.

R. — AYKKEIOY. A naked figure of Hercules, sitting on the ground, strangling a lion, his left arm round the neck of the animal, and his right lifted up in the act of strik- ing. On the neck of the lion is the letter F in relief, and below, a bow and quiver. AR 6. 196^ grs.

2. — Naked youthful male head, to the right.

R. — AYKK . . OY. A horse grazing, to the right. AR 3. (My cabinet.}

This king, Lycceius, being unnoticed by any ancient his- torians, has been ranged by numismatists in the series of the kings of Paeonia, from the great similitude which exists between his coins and those of Patraus and Audo- leon, in weight, fabric, and peculiar appearance of the metal; he may, however, have ruled over some other peo- ple in the vicinity of Paeonia, of which we have no record. Eckhel (Syll. tab. xiii. fig. 5), was the first to describe the only coin then known of this prince, from the Museum at Florence. On that example the final letter is obliterated by a perforation, which raised a doubt in the mind of the author of the Numismatique des Rois Grecs : he suggests the possibility of the legend being AYKKEION, in which case, instead of the name of a prince, it might with greater pro- priety be assigned to the city of Lyncus, the capital of the Lyncestae. The same author, however, rejects this opinion, and attaches himself to the original attribution of Eckhel, on becoming acquainted with the coin published by Cadal- vene from my collection, and now in the Bank of England, on which the perfect state of the legend admitted of no further doubt.

The coin No. 1, described above, is another fine exam- ple, also once possessed by me, but which has passed into the collection of Mr. Stewart. It differs from that in the

UNEDITED COIN OP DEMETRIUS THE SECOND.

11

Bank of England by the addition of the letter r, stamped in relief on the neck of the lion — not as a counter-mark impressed after the fabrication of the coin, but forming part of the original type. The letter also, it must be remarked, is of that peculiar form in use during the reign of Philip of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great. What this letter alludes to is a mystery ; and I am at a loss to offer an opinion. With regard to the coin No. 2, a similar one (except that the head of Apollo is laureated) is published by Mionnet (Suppl. torn. v. p. 108, No. 68), and assigned to the city of Alexandria Troas ; I presume on account of the type — a horse feeding : but I have no doubt it belongs to Lycceius. It is worthy of remark, that my coin came to me from Thessalonica, in company with three coins of Audo- leon, and two of Patraus, all of this small size.

H. P. BORRELL.

Smyrna, 9th April, 1840.

II.

UNEDITED COIN OF DEMETRIUS THE SECOND.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, 18th Feb. 1841.]

DEAR SIR,

I have the honor to announce to the Numismatic Society a new type of Demetrius II.

12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. 1. — Head of Demetrius, slightly bearded ? profile to the right.

R— ....MHTPIOY...KATOPOS. Fortune standing to the left, regarding a Parthian, who takes her hand ; on his back a quiver ; between the figures, Y. JE-. 4$.

2. — Ditto, unbearded.

R — Ditto. 3L.±\. British Museum.

Two coins of this type exist in the collection of the British Museum, and they have apparently been unedited. Their discovery is due to Mr. Doubleday — a member of this Society, whose practical knowledge of Greek and other numismatics is so well known to its members — and at his request I have drawn up the following historical elucidation of this truly valuable type. I shall first consider the contemporaneous event, and then give its application to the coin. Demetrius the second, the Theos Philadelphos Nicator of the currency, entered Parthia1 in the 173rd year of the Seleucian era, about July, 139, B. C., in the 2nd of the 160th Olympiad, according to Clinton, who differs in his chronology about two years from that proposed by Frolich.2 In his march into Media, towards Babylon,3 to crush the rebellion of Diodotus Tryphon, he was captured by a satrap of the Parthian monarch, about the commence- ment of the Seleucian year 175, November 138 B. C.,and after having been paraded in triumph through various cities, was sent into Hyrcania, and retained captive, although not treated with severity,4 from motives of policy rather than humanity, by Arsaces Mithridates and his successor Phraates. During his captivity he was admitted into

1 Cf. Clinton. Fasti Hellenici. Chron. of Syr. Kings, c. iii. 328, 334.

2 Annales, p. 76, 132.

3 Cf. Joseph. Ant. xiii. 5, 11, 6, 1.

4 Justki. Lib. xxxviii. c. 9.

UNEDITED COIN OF DEMETRIUS THE SECOND. 13

alliance with the court of the Arsacidae, and married Rho- dogyne, the daughter of the first and sister of the second monarch. There are no means of determining the precise date of this alliance, which probably took place when the political state of Syria and preponderance of the power of Diodotus Tryphon rendered it necessary to weaken the influence of the de facto Syrian monarch by holding him in check through fear of the restoration of the captive de jure king.5 His Parthian nuptials however excessively irritated his wife Cleopatra, the widow of Alexander Bala, and she married Antiochus VI. or Sidetes, Demetrius' brother, in order to secure to herself the crown against the power of Tryphon. These very nuptials were subsequently the cause of the death of Demetrius before the walls of Tyre. The duration of the captivity of Demetrius was about nine actual, or ten current, years. On the present coins we have, on the right, the figure of the fortune of the king, rj TOW /BatrtAswc Tu^>j, which received among the Syrians divine honors,6 taking the hand of the Parthian monarch, who is represented dressed in the usual costume of that people, with a quiver on his back. This must allude to the hopes held out to De- metrius of receiving his kingdom, and his alliance with Rho- dogyne. A similar figure of Fortune, seated, and holding a sceptre instead of a rudder, is the leading type of the tetradrachms of Demetrius I., arid also appears on the small brass coins of Alexander II. On the smaller silver

5 Justin, loc- cit. regnumque Syriae, quod per absentiam ejus Trypho occupaverat, restiturum promisit-

8 Cf. Treaty between Magnesia, Ephesus, &c., A.C. 245, in which the oath was by the Earth, Sun, Moon, Mars, Minerva, &c., KAI TEN TOY BASIAEiiS SEAEYKOY TYXHN. Marble in the Sheldon Theatre, at Oxford. Cf. Not. ad Justin. 8vo. Oxon. 1705, p. 297 ; and Frolich, Ann. p. 132, who gives it in minuscule characters.

14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

coins of the first Demetrius, the figure of Fortune is re- placed by the Cornucopias, alluding to the Fortune of the king. But the general type approaches more nearly that seen upon the tetradrachms of the Arsacidae, where the monarch is represented seated on a throne, while the figure of a female in the mural tiara of cities, presents him with a crown and holds in her hand a palm branch. From this it is probable that the coin was struck by some one of those cities, induced, by the insupportable tyranny of Tryphon with the dislike to Cleopatra and her third husband, to cast their eyes and wishes towards the restoration of Demetrius promised, but never performed, by the occupiers of the Parthian throne ; which at last rendered the restraint of his captivity so unpleasant that he made three attempts to escape, the last of which proved successful. The features on the obverse are youthful and scarcely bearded, and his youth, and probably Greek manner of shaving, were sarcastically treated on his second attempt to leave his new connections, golden tali being given him to upbraid his boyish levity7 (talisque aureis ad exprobationem puerilislevitatis donatur). On his return to Syria he wore the crisp curls and flowing beard of the Parthians, a costume he preserved till his decease.

I have stated this type to be unedited, for that described by M. Mionnet,8 if identical, must have been taken from a coin too indifferently preserved to admit of its true expla- nation. In the one described by him, reading jScrtnAewc ATjjUjjr/oiou Nticarojooc, are two female figures standing, each with a Cornucopias ; but an inspection will readily convince

^ Justin, loc. cit.

8 Vol. V. p. 62, No. 541, one also cited by him from the Mus. Theupoli. No. 1231 has a figure holding in the right hand a long torch, in the left a bow, a doubtful type.

UNEDITED COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 15

the examiner how easily, on a badly preserved specimen, the Parthian attire and quiver might be supposed to repre- sent an ample peplos and Cornucopias.

Believe me to remain,

Dear Sir, Your's very sincerely,

SAMUEL BIRCH.

7, Hawley Terrace; Nov. 24, 1840. To J. Y. Akerman, Esq., &c., &c.

III. UNEDITED COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE.

THEODORE VATATZES-DUCAS-LASCARIS.

06 HO The Virgin and the Emperor Theodore standing,

OACt) "HC both front face, the Virgin wearing the stola, the POC A AC circle of glory around her head, and placing her right AG KA hand on the head of the Emperor. Theodore is richly C P habited, and holds in his right hand the Labarum, and in his left something indistinct. By the side of the Virgin 6Y (the usual letters MP are omitted). R IC.XC The Saviour sitting, front face, the circle of glory around his head, his right hand elevated, and in his left he holds the sacred volume. In the field is the monogram A. A con- cave coin in gold.

ALL the earlier writers who have treated on the coins of the Byzantine Emperors, have apparently shrunk from the difficulty that exists in assigning to their proper owners coins in various metals that bear the name of Theodorus. Excluding Theodore Mangaphus, who reigned only one year, from 1188 to 1189, there remain three others of that name ; Theodore Lascaris, called the first Emperor of the

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Greeks at Nicaea, Theodore II., Angelas, who founded the empire of which Thessalonica was the capital, and Theo- dore Vatatzes-Ducas-Lascaris, grandson of the first, who also ruled at Nicaea. The Baron Marchant (Melange de Numismatique, Lettre xxiv.) is the first who was bold enough to undertake the task : an intimate acquaintance with this generally neglected series of coins, and a pro- found knowledge of the history of the middle ages, afforded facilities which enabled him to acquit himself with rare success. M. de Saulcy (Essai de Classification des Suites Monetaires Byzantines) follows in the more general classifi- cation of the Byzantine series, and he approves fully Mar- chant's way of disposing of the different coins of the Theodori.

The coin described at the head of this notice is unpub- lished) and is the more curious, as it bears the name of "Lascaris" eGOAWPOC AECOOTHC AACKAPIC. The latter name is imperfect on my coin, but no doubt can exist, as by the aid of two others I have been enabled to read the whole of the legend. There can be no doubt then, that this coin belongs to one of the two Emperors of the Greeks who reigned over that part of the empire of which Nicaea was the capital ; but it remains to be determined if it was struck by the founder of that dynasty, Theodore Lascaris, or his grandson Theodore Vatatzes-Ducas-Las- caris. M. de Saulcy observes, in his valuable essay, that Lascaris not being descended from any of the great fami- lies who had supplied so many sovereigns to the Byzan- tine throne, and only being allied to one of them, the Angeli, by his marriage with the daughter of Alexius III. (Angelus) would probably prefer styling himself simply Se<T7rorrjc on his money, rather than a name so unknown to royalty as was that of Lascaris. This remark of M. de

UNEDITED COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 17

Saulcy is certainly spurious, and if correct, my coin must be attributed to the grandson, Theodore Vatatzes-Ducas- Lascaris, who would not have had the same motive for suppressing a name that through his mother and grand- father had already been sufficiently ennobled. I am the more inclined also to prefer attributing it to the younger Theodore from what is stated by Pachymere, where he says, that ft under John Ducas Vatatzes (father of Theo- dore) the standard of the gold coin was two-thirds fine and one-third alloy." Hporepov /ucv yap eiri Iwavvov TOV

AOUKO TO SlfJlOlpOV TOV ToXdVTOV T(t)V VOjUKTjUaTWV \pV(TOQ TJV

aire^Oog. (Andron. Pal. lib. vi. cap. 8. quoted by Saulcy, page 596.) and further, the same historian, (lib. vi. cap. 8), says, that " Theodore continued to use the standard for his gold money as adopted by his father," and the coins exactly correspond to this standard, as I have had proof by an ex- perienced artist. Pachymere's remark may be still more useful, for as he informs us that John Ducas Vatatzes used a standard of two-thirds fine for the fabrication of his money, it is permitted to suppose that he was the author of a new system ; in which case, if any coins in gold of the first Theodore should reach us, they may be distinguished from those of his grandson by being of finer metal. It only remains for me to speak of the monogram in the field on the reverse of the coin, formed thus A? which occurs also on a silver coin of Theodore published by Marchant, and which that writer imagined alluded to the name of Las- caris, as it appears again upon the gold money, in com- pany with the name of Lascaris on the obverse in full length. It must be admitted that the author's application is very ingenious.

Before dismissing the subject, it will not be out of place to remark, that this coin, with half a dozen others exactly

VOL. IV. D

18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

alike, and as many of Michael VIII. Paleologus, formed part of a deposit of nearly a thousand gold coins found last year near Smyrna. Besides those ten or twelve coins, all the remainder were of an Emperor John, and similar to that in Saulcy, pi. xxvii. No. 2. attributed by him to John II. Comnenes Porphyrogenitus. I wish to call the attention of the curious to this circumstance, because I cannot satisfy myself why the coins of Theodore, emperor of Nicsea, and Michael VIII., emperor first at Nicaea, and afterwards at Constantinople, when the Latins were ex- pelled from that capital, should be found in company with such a large quantity of money of John Comnenes Porphy- rogenitus, who reigned a century before. What adds to the singularity is, that all these coins of the three Emperors are in exactly the same state of preservation, which would not have been the case had a portion of them been in circulation so long; the same similitude is to be observed in the quality of the gold, all of them being of the standard of two-thirds fine to one alloy.1 The type also of both those of Theodore and those of John are so alike that they cannot be distinguished but by the legend they bear ; and whereas in many cases the coin has been struck carelessly, and the letters are not visible, it is impossible to say to which they belong. As to myself, I am imcompetent to explain lhis singular anomaly. If they are not of John Comnenes, to whom can they belong ? Their resemblance with the coins of Theodore Vatatzes Lascaris would settle the question, if it were not for the presence of the legend

1 The gold coins of the Comnenes family are of higher standard than these, if I may judge from a few coins in my possession of Alexius and Manuel Comnenes his predecessor, and successor of John Comnenes Porphyrogenitus.

UNEDITED COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 19

IIOP$YPYrENET. to which John Vatatzes of Nicsea could have had no claim, as previous to his marriage with Irene the daughter of Theodore Lascaris, he merely held an eminent station at the court of his father-in-law. Neither can we assign them to the John Vatatzes Ducas Lascaris, son of Theodore II. of Nicaea, that prince having died in his youth, whilst the Emperor pourtrayed on the coin wears a strong beard ; a further proof they could not have been struck for this last prince, is the quantity, which shows they must have belonged to a powerful sovereign, whose reign was of long duration.2 In this state of perplexity I must satisfy myself with having pointed out the fact, and leave it to others to determine the question.

MICHAEL VIII. PAL^EOLOGUS.

X . OH The Saviour sitting between the letters IC.XC ; before

M AA him is the Emperor Michael kneeling, supported by St.

AG GO Michael; the beads of both tbe Saviour and tbe Saint are

CI1 A surrounded by a circle of glory. MP. 6Y the Virgin

seated on a richly ornamented throne, the circle of glory

round her head, and the infant Jesus on her breast. (A

gold concave coin in my possession.)

AT the death of the Emperor Theodore Vatatzes Lascar III. his son and successor, John, being still a minor, was left to the guardianship of the great domestic, George Muzalon ; but Michael, the son of Andronicus Palseologus, by first assassinating the guardian, took the charge upon himself,

2 There were two emperors of Trebizond of the name of John, tbe first began to reign in the year 1275, and was the first who took the title of King, his predecessors being satisfied with that of Duke. The title of Porphyrogenitus, therefore, would not have suited him better than John Vatatzes of Nicaea. The second John of Trebizond is less admissible as a candidate for our coins, as he is supposed to have reigned as late as 1449.

20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and by grasping progressively the various grades of power, was finally proclaimed Emperor conjointly with his ward John, at Nicaea, in January 1260. For a short time Michael allowed his pupil to enjoy ostensibly some portion in the government, but in the following year, after depriving him of his sight, the young prince was led into captivity to a castle in Asia, where he remained till death relieved him from his misfortunes and sufferings. It was about the same time (July 25, 1261) that the dynasty of the Latin em- perors at Constantinople terminated, and Michael trans- ferred his capital there in the same year, after having reigned at Nicsea about eighteen months.

Pachymere (in Andron. Pal. lib. vi. cap. 8.) informs us that Michael Palaeologus changed the ancient type of the gold aureus and placed on the reverse the plan of the city of Constantinople. Ycrrgpov Se trt Mt^atjX, T»JC TroXcwc aXow- OTJC, Sta rac TOTE KO.T ava-yKTjv &o<r£«e KCU juaAAov IraXoue, fJ.tTEytypcKfxi TO JUEV ra TWV TraXaiwv, rrjc \apaTTOfjitvi\q oTTiOtv ; and this testimony is confirmed by the coins which have reached us, as may be seen by those published and engraved by Pellerin (Lettres, page 180) and Saulcy (Suites Monetaires Byz. pi. xxxii. No. 1.) the pre- sence of this type upon those just cited is a proof they were struck after Michael had taken possession of Con- stantinople.

The coin in my cabinet, described above, differs from those published, it offers on the reverse an image of the Virgin sitting. I am therefore inclined to consider that it was struck previous to the others, and whilst Michael was merely emperor at Nicaea : it therefore must be ranged with the coins of the dynasty which was closed by Michael transporting his seat of government to Constantinople, and is particularly interesting, as it enriches the series of

UNEDITED COINS OF THE LOWER EMPIRE. 21

the Nicaean emperors, which is sufficient excuse for my making it known to the curious.

With all due deference to M. de Saulcy, I must point out what I consider to be an error : he says, " Pachymere ajoute encore que Michel- Paleologue fit subir au titre des Aureus un nouvel abaissement, et que sur vingt-quatre parties ils n'en continrent plus que neuf d'or fin. Ce recit s'accorde parfaitement avec le t6inoignage des monurnens numismatiques." Instead, however, of the testimony being confirmed by the coins themselves, I find, on the contrary, that those of this emperor, both of the published type and the one I describe for the first time, are exactly of the same standard as the coins of Theodore Lascaris, and those I have had occasion to mention of John, which are 16 carats fine and 8 alloy, as I have ascertained by actual experi- ment, executed by an eminent refiner of metals. It follows then, that if Pachymere is correct, that the debasement of the money he alludes to occurred at a later period, none of which has yet been discovered.

My coin of Michael with this new type was the only one that came to my knowledge, amongst the deposit found near Smyrna, mentioned in my observations on the coins of Theodore Lascaris, but I have seen another in the cabinet of my friend, the Chevalier Ed. de Cadalvene at Constantinople.

THEODORE, WIFE OF MICHAEL VIII. PAL^OLOGUS.

No. 1 . + -f- The Empress Theodora standing front

6EOA A8K face wearing a richly ornamented crown, WPAG AINA with strings of pearls suspended on each VC£BG IIAAA side. She is closely enveloped in the 4ATHA AIOAO Stola which descends, so that her feet are Vr8<I THN A not visible, and she stands upon a kind of A cushion. In her right hand is a long scep-

tre, and her left is laid upon her breast.

22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

R. — ITTT OV. The Virgin seated front face, the circle of glory around her head, with the infant Jesus on her lap. (Piombo in my collection, magnitude 1 1 of Mionnet's scale.)

No. 2. Another similar, excepting some trifling difference in the disposition of the legend, and that the Empress holds the sceptre over her left shoulder.

Although these two monuments may be considered as seals and not coins, yet some numismatists admit them in their collections, with the view of completing their series, and as they are unpublished, they will not be considered out of place here.

Theodora, on these seals, adds to her own name, that of Ducina and Palaeologena, which she was entitled to do, being the daughter of John Ducas and wife of Michael VIII. Palseologus. She died the 16th of February, 1304, leaving two sons; — Andronicus, who succeeded to the throne at the death of his father, and Constantine, called Porphy- rogenitus, on account of his birth occurring after the usurpation of his father. I have nothing further to remark on this curious seal, excepting that the reverse offers exactly the same figure of the Virgin as is seen on the gold coin of her husband, here given for the first time.

H. P. BORRELL.

Smyrna, 22nd March, 1840.

fTo Thos. Burgon, Esq., for the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.]

23

IV.

ARRANGEMENT OF MERCIAN PENNIES, BEARING THE INSCRIPTION, « CEOLWULF," OR « CIOL- WULF REX."

[Read before the Numismatic Society, February 18th, 1841.]

SIR,

A fresh arrangement of these pennies was pro- posed some years ago by Mr. Hawkins, with the sanction of another excellent numismatist, according to which the order of Ruding is reversed, and those on which the king's name appears with an E, are given to the successor of Coenwulf ; those with the I, to the last of the Mercian monarchs. In support of this arrangement, two arguments were brought forward; one, from the workmanship of the coins, the other, from the circumstance of one of them having been minted at Canterbury.

It is with some reluctance (on account of the known skill and judgment of these gentlemen,) that I venture to offer my reasons for assenting only in part to this new arrangement.

I do not see any objection to the assignment of those on which 'the name of Ceolwulf is written with an E, to the first king of that name. The type, indeed, of many of them, resembles that used by Burghred, and this, I doubt not, led Ruding to place them next to his coins ; but their workmanship, and the names of the moneyers on them, make such an arrangement very improbable.

So far, then, I agree with Mr. Hawkins ; but I cannot agree with him in transferring all the coins on which the letter I appears in the word Ciolwulf to Ceolwulf II. ; and,

24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

in particular, I cannot think that that with the inscription DUOBIRNEA CARTAS belongs to him. Mr. Hawkins says, " Ceolwulf I., who only reigned one year, was, during the whole of that short period, cotemporary with Baldred, king of Kent, and could not, in any part of his reign, have had the privilege or the power of coining money in the city of Canterbury." Now, I confess, I do not see why he could not: he reigned when the Mercian power was yet un- broken ; he succeeded to the authority over Kent, which his predecessors had acquired and maintained. Beldred was, like Cuthred before him, but a tributary king ; and could not have prevented the Mercian monarch from establishing a mint in the capital of the subordinate kingdom. Besides, there is a strong probability that Coenwulf and Offa exer- cised such a power. Where were those coins minted which have on one side the names and titles of those kings, and on the other side, the names and titles of Jaenbuht and Othelhaed, archbishops of Canterbury ? In all probability they were minted in that city. Further, the moneyers of Cuthred and Baldred are most of them also moneyers of Coenwulf. Does not this look as if the latter king employed Kentish moneyers while there were yet kings of Kent ? as we are pretty sure (from the like evidence of moneyers,) that Egbert died after their expulsion. On the other hand, Ceolwulf II. reigned when Mercia had lost its high station amongst the kingdoms of the Heptarchy. He was but the nominee of the Danes, set up and put down at their pleasure ; and it is not likely that he thought of extending his dominion to any other kingdom beyond the confines of Mercia ; and Kent, the kingdom in question, had long since changed masters, and become subject to Wessex.

On these grounds I am inclined to believe that the coin minted at Canterbury belongs to Ceolwulf I.

ARRANGEMENT OF MERCIAN PENNIES. 25

With respect to the other coins on which the king's name is written with an I, I think there are reasons why most of them should also be appropriated in the same manner. We find on them (rare as they are,) several of the money ers of Coenwulf; Ealhstan, Ceolhard and Sigistif are in Ruding; one with the name of Dunn is in my possession ; but we have not, as far as my knowledge goes, a single one of the numerous moneyers of Burghred. This, to my mind, is a very strong argument against their being appropriated to the later Ceolwulf.

The types also are more of the period of the first king of that name ; the large M, in the centre of some of them, appears on one of the coins of his predecessor Coenwulf; on a coin of his own, spelt with the E ; and on several of those of Berhtulf : it does not appear afterwards. The cross on the coin, engraved in Archaeologia (vol. xxiii. pi. 33, fig. 16), is also of the earlier period; it is found on the coins of Coenwulf and Beornwulf, but not on those of Burghred. For these reasons, but chiefly on account of the moneyers' names, I am inclined to give most of the coins in question (as well as those which read with the E, which Mr. Hawkins has already given,) to Ceolwulf I.

There are, however, some on which I should not, without inspection, like to venture an opinion.

1st. That in Ruding, pi. vii. fig. 2, on which is the name of Dealing, one of Alfred's moneyers, and of peculiar work- manship, if the engraving is correct.

2nd. That found at Gravesend, and engraved in the Num. Chron. The type, and the company in which it was found, mark it as belonging to the later period; the moneyer's name is no obstacle, for if it is not found on Burghred's list, neither is it found on that of Coenwulf,

VOL. IV. E

26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

or his immediate successors : the workmanship will probably decide the appropriation of this coin.

3rd. I add that which appears in Ruding, pi. 27, because the moneyer's name is the same as the last ; in other re- spects, it appears like those which I think should belong to the earlier period.

I have not said any thing as yet with respect to the argu- ment drawn from the peculiar formation of letters and features, observed as common to those coins, and those of Burghred. I do not doubt the fact, stated by so good a judge, probably with the coins before him ; but, admitting this, is there not still a difference of workmanship? Are not Burghred's coins neat in comparison of the others (Mr. H. may smile at the idea of Burghred's coins being neat, but all things are good in comparison with those which are worse)? However, this part of the subject I leave to those who have better opportunities of inspection, only observing, that in a coin in my possession with the I,1 there is not that remarkable triangular formation of features and letters.

I have written a great deal on a small subject, but I must add one remark more; that the different mode of spelling the king's name with an E or I, is no objection to all the coins belonging to one king ; a variation precisely similar is found on the coins of Egbert, where A and O — and on the coins of Baldred, where A and E — are used

indifferently.

I remain, yours, &c.

F. D.

To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.

1 It is fair to state, that the first letters of the word Ciolwulf are read with difficulty on this coin, but I have always read it in the same way, with an I, long before I thought of the subject of this letter.

LEGENDS ON BRITISH COINSS. 27

P. S. Since writing the above, Mr. Hawkins has kindly communicated to me the result of a comparison of the coin found at Gravesend, with the engravings of pi. 33, vol. xxiii. of the Archseologia, and with the coin itself, No. 14 in that plate, and says that in workmanship it closely resembles the latter, and is somewhat similar to No. 3. I should therefore think, that to which the coin of Ceolwulf, No. 14, is given, the Gravesend coin must be given also ; and that in Ruding, pi. xxvii., will probably go with them.

V. LEGENDS ON BRITISH COINS.

SIR, — Coins of the type engraved in the last number of the Numismatic Chronicle (Vol. III., page 152) are very rare; the following notices of them are all that I have met with : —

Mr. Ruding mentions (note, page 99, vol. i.), although he confesses his inability to explain, a coin with TASCIOVRIOON ; and in the Gentleman's Magazine (1821, January, page 66) one is engraved of similar type, though of smaller module than that figured in the Chronicle ; on this last also the legend vfifcoft *s vei7 distinct. In a letter to the Gentleman's Magazine (1838), I assigned these coins to Uriconium, the capital of the Cornavii, a town which still preserves some traces of its ancient name in Wroxeter ; and those on which the word SEGO appears to another British town, Segontium, now Caernarvon, instead of Segonax, the Kentish chief. There can, I think, be no doubt of the correctness of this attribution, but I must here observe, that some time after I had communicated my remarks on this

28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

subject to the Gentleman's Magazine, I discovered in a note to Gough's Camden, that the latter class of coins had been long since assigned to Segontium; so that the merit of having first correctly explained their legends belongs not to me, but to the learned Editor of that valuable work.

We have then on British coins the names of four of the ancient cities of this island : — CAMVL-odunum, Colchester, on the money of Cunobeline ; SEGO-w^'ww, Caernarvon ; VERLAMIO, near St. Alban's; and VRICON-zwwz, Wroxe- ter. This list, we must hope, will ere long be considerably augmented.

The next word, TASCIO, is frequently met with on the money of this period. Many explanations have been offered, but none that is entirely satisfactory. Perhaps the most so is to be found in Mr. Fosbroke's Encyclopedia of Antiquities (art. Coins}. That eminent antiquary seems to think that the pieces on which this word appears were a recoinage of more ancient money.

SOLIDO. — This word, which occurs but once, has been conjectured to be the name of a moneyer, and if so, is, I conceive, not the only instance in the British series. The other appears on the coins in Ruding, plate xxix. 3 and 4, similar in their types, but different in execution. We read in both BODVOG. I would refer my readers to a plate in the Archceologiai vol. xxvii., of a patera, inscribed with the name of the artist, BODVOGENVSF. The coincidence between the legends on the coins and the inscription on the patera is so striking, that I willingly hazard a conjecture, that the artist who moulded the one, engraved the dies for

the others.

Yours, respectfully,

DANIEL Hy. HAIGH.

Leeds, 23rd Feb., 1841. To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.

LEGENDS ON BRITISH COINS. 29

[In thanking our correspondent for his ingenious commu- nication, we take leave to offer a few remarks which have occurred to us on perusing it. In the first place, the suppo- sition that the name of a moneyer appears on these coins is, in our opinion, and that of our best informed numismatic friends, totally inadmissible. Although the original meaning of the Greek types, from which those of the British money were evidently borrowed, may have been misunderstood and perverted, yet (with the exception of the coins of Cunobeline) we have no evidence whatever that the British moneyers invented the subjects they have represented : it is not, there- fore, likely that they would establish the practice of placing their names on the money they executed. Equally inad- missible, in our opinion, is our correspondent's conjecture respecting the meaning of the legend TASCIORICON and its modifications. When coins bearing this legend are known to have been dug up on the site of the ancient Uriconium, we trust that we shall be the first to chronicle the discovery, and to award to our correspondent the merit of having appropriated another British coin to its locality ; but, until then, until we have authenticated accounts of such disco- veries, we shall continue to think that the coins with these legends were struck in a more central part of Britain. The same objections apply to the coin with SEGO, which, though it may not signify Seffonax, is very likely to be part of the name of a British chief. With regard to the words TASCIO and TASCIA, we venture to remark, that with our present very limited knowledge of British coins, it is exceedingly unsafe to speculate on their meaning. Conjecture is a word positively abhorrent to the ear of a sound numismatist, who will wait patiently for more evidence, while others, less experienced, will rush at once to conclusions. The word SO LI DO is an enigma, especially when we consider that it is not found on the coins of the Greeks, and that the style of the British coin upon which it appears is after the Greek model.

30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Our readers will recollect the coins of Honorius with the legend EXAGIVM SOLIDI, but neither their type nor the time of their issue can be cited in illustration of this remark- able piece which is so entirely Greek in appearance.

Lastly. — Interesting as is the legend BODVOGENVSF on the patera described in vol. xxvii. of the Archaeologia, offering, as it probably does, a Romanised British name, it appears not sufficient to sanction our correspondent's con- clusion. We trust these remarks will be received in the spirit in which they are offered : our correspondent has excel- lent qualifications for the task he appears to have imposed upon himself, and we have little doubt he will ere long throw some new light on this subject, so interesting to the British Antiquary and Numismatist. — Ed. Num. Chron.~\

VI. RUDE COINS DISCOVERED IN ENGLAND.

THE eleven coins engraved in the accompanying plate are well deserving the attention of the numismatist, although he may, and indeed will, find their appropriation a matter of considerable difficulty. As the localities in which some of them were discovered are known, we shall offer no apology for their figuring in a plate to the exclusion of pieces more elegant of fabric, and more intelligible in legend. Should their appearance here attract the notice and elicit the ob- servations of our numismatic friends on the Continent, it is probable that we may obtain some light by the aid of which the origin of some of them may be ascertained ; but at pre- sent we can do little more than place them upon record, in accordance with the views of our valued correspondent, Mr. Burgon, to whose paper (Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I.,

RUDE COil^S DISCOVERED IK ENGLAND.

RUDE COINS DISCOVERED IN ENGLAND. 31

p. 36) we refer in justification of our proceeding. The coins here engraved are as follow : —

No. 1. — For permission to make a drawing of this coin, which is of gold and in excellent preservation, we are in- debted to the Rev. E. Gregory, of Bridge, near Canterbury, who at the request of Lord Albert Conyngham, kindly for- warded it for that purpose. The style of workmanship will remind the collector of Saxon Coins of the pennies of Ciolvulf (Ruding, pi. vi. , No. 2) ; but the moneyer was in- capable of forming an intelligible legend, if he really designed to engrave one : in all probability the piece itself belongs to the Visigoth Series.1 The reverse bears a most barba- rous travesty of Victory marching with a garland and palm branch ! Pieces of a somewhat similar character are occa- sionally discovered in England, and we lately saw one which had a loop affixed to it, so that it might be worn as an orna- ment, like the more elegant mounted medallions of the Romans. This coin was found in a field near Canterbury.

No. 2. — This remarkable piece is of gold, and in the cabinet of W. H. Rolfe, Esq., of Sandwich, who states that it was discovered a few years since at Sutton, near Dover. The obverse presents what is no doubt meant for a helmeted bust, with an attempt to form a legend. The reverse is difficult to describe: it appears to bear the figure of a spread eagle, charged with a harrow or portcullis; but what the objects are really intended to represent it would not be easy to pronounce. This coin does not appear to be of English origin, but in all probability belongs to the Merovingian series, of which numerous examples have from time to time been published by M. Cartier in the Revue Numismatique.

No. 3. — A skeatta, resembling this in almost every

1 See Lelewel, Numismatique du Moyen Age, pl.i., Nos. 22 and 26.

32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

respect, is engraved in Ruding (pi. i. No. 25) ; but the piece here represented is in such remarkably fine preservation, and is so well struck, that we have been tempted to add it to this lisfo Assuming, as we unquestionably may assume, this coin to be of Saxon origin, we have here direct evi- dence that the Saxon moneyers would have imitated the Roman coins had they possessed sufficient skill. The proto- type of this piece is evidently that little brass Roman coin of the time of Constantine, with the galeated bust and VRBS ROMA ; reverse, the wolf and twins. That coin is constantly found in England, and there is no doubt that in the time of the lower empire immense numbers were in circulation in Gaul and Britain. The origin of the figure on the reverse of this sceatta it is not so easy to discover. This example (of which there are several in the British Mu- seum) is in the collection of W. H. Rolfe, Esq., of Sandwich, who obtained it at Richborough, where it was discovered.

No. 4.— The figure on the obverse of this piece appears to have been copied from some of the Byzantine coins ; the reverse bears a figure of what has been called a dragon, an object often represented on coins of this class. This coin was discovered at Dorchester, in Oxfordshire, and is in the collection of the Rev. Edward Trafford Leigh, by whom it was, with others, obligingly sent for our inspection.

No. 5. — The possessor of this curious piece (the Rev. E. T. Leigh) mentions that it was found at Dorchester, Oxon, and is of opinion that it is a Saxon coin, an opinion from which, after due examination and deliberation, we, with all deference, must dissent. The portion of the legend around the rudely drawn crowned head presents the letters CHVON, forming, in all probability, part of the name CHVONRAD, Conrad. The reverse bears in tolerably well- formed Runic characters the legend

RUDE COINS DISCOVERED IN ENGLAND. 33

With regard to the six remaining coins, which are in the collection of the British Museum, we have the following observations to make. Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, appear to bear regal busts. No. 7 has a galeated head, which appears to be a rude, though spirited, copy of the common small brass coin of Constantino. It is very probable that Nos. 10 and 11 are prelatical money. The straggling letters which we find in some of these pieces, appear to be attempts to copy legends which the artists could not read, and which they could but imperfectly imitate. Referring again to No. 3, which has the representation of the wolf and twins, we cannot help recording our opinion, that it may probably be the origin of that nondescript delineation which has puzzled so many of our English numismatists. (See the plates of Sceattas, pi. 1, Nos. 5 to 16, in Ruding). The very perfect preservation of the coin, No. 3, in the plate accompanying this notice, shews that the whole body of the figure intended for a wolf is formed by curved strokes. In the types of the £>ceattas given by Ruding, these strokes are most barbarously imitated, and the original design is lost in successive copies. No. 6, the reverse of which our artist has by mistake placed upside down, appears to pre- sent an earlier example of this copying. The animal's head is bent downward like that of No. 3 ; but in this specimen there appears to be no attempt to represent the two figures beneath it, which we conceive to be intended in the presumed rude copies given by Ruding. Referring the reader to the very judicious remarks of the Chancellor Thomsen, of Copenhagen (Num. Chron. Vol. III. p. 116), who observes, that in the well executed copies we see the earliest attempts to imitate well executed coins, and that the ruder pieces are the latest, we think the opinion we

VOL. IV. F

34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

have ventured on the hitherto puzzling type of the sceattas in Ruding's first plate, will be admitted by our numismatic friends, J. Y. A.

VII.

REMARKS UPON THE NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF EAST ANGLIA DURING THE VII. & VIII. CEN- TURIES.

VERY confused accounts are given in all the chronicles, respecting the succession of the East Anglian princes, during the eighth and ninth centuries. The following dates, the result of careful enquiry, may, I think, be relied on :

A.D. 690. BEORNE ascended the throne and reigned 26 years. In

— 716. ETHELRED succeeded him.

— 738. ETHELRED II. (By Holinshed he is some-

times called Ethelbert ; but it is nearly certain that Ethelred was his name.) After a reign of 52 years, he was succeeded by —

— 790. ETHELBERT, who, in 1793, was murdered by

Offa. To

BEORNE

it is probable that the Skeattas, which read BEONNA REX, must be assigned, notwithstanding the difference in the name. Of his successors, Ethelred I. and II., no coins have yet appeared; the piece which in a former paper I attributed to the latter, I have reason to believe belongs to a more recent date. I shall recur to it shortly.

ETHELBERT.

I think it not unlikely that the penny in Ruding's 3rd plate, so long assigned to Ethelbert, king of Kent from

NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF EAST ANGLIA. 33

748 to 760 (and by some antiquaries suspected), may belong to this unfortunate prince. It may, indeed, be doubted whether this form of the penny was in use at so early a date as the reign of the Kentish Ethelbert, and the elegance of the piece now before us is an obstacle to its being appropriated to him. In the form of the letters, the engraving of the portrait, and the braiding of the hair, it resembles the money of Offa. The* Runic letters Ml t^ (LVL) which accompany the name of the king on the ob- verse, cannot be explained otherwise than by supposing them to be the name of a moneyer, (although not usually found in such a situation), and this confirms my conjecture, since the same name occurs on coins of Offa and Coenwulf. It may easily be shewn that none of the coins of Offa in Ru- ding's Plates, belong to a much earlier period than the accession of the East Anglian Ethelbert j1 it is very probable that they were all minted during the last ten or fifteen years of his reign. That the genuineness of the piece now before us should have been questioned, merely from the occurrence of the wolf and twins on its reverse, appears strange, when we consider not only the different imitations of Roman types upon Saxon coins, but the frequent find- ings in this island, of the small brass money of the lower empire, impressed with the same device. At any rate, the East Anglian has fully as strong a claim, as the Kentish prince, to this penny. The murder of Ethelbert in 793 was a fatal blow to the independence of East Anglia, and though we are certain that kings did reign in that province, between this prince and Edmund, their names have perished.

1 Ruding supposes those with the portrait, generally considered the work of foreign artists, to be amongst the latest of his money. I cannot entirely agree with that learned gentleman on this point.

36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

In a paper printed in the Numismatic Chronicle (Vol. II. p. 47), I endeavoured to supply the names of two of these kings by means of the coins of Eadvald and Eanred. Permit me here to state more explicitly the reasons which led me to assign these coins to East Anglia; and first with regard to the pennies of

EADVALD

assigned by Ruding to Athelbald, king of Mercia 716 — 755, and engraved pi. IV. figs. 1 & 2.

Now there was no king of Mercia, of the name of Eadvald. One of Offa's immediate predecessors, indeed, was named Athelbald, but as all the Chronicles and his own charters, agree in the spelling of his name, and as the coins in question read most distinctly Eadvald. they cannot belong to him ; and as there is no other king of Mercia who can claim them, they must be removed from that series. Neither can they belong to so early a date as the reign of Athelbald ; for since Offa held the Mercian sceptre nearly forty years, it is reasonable to suppose that those of his moneyers whose names appear on coins of Coenwulf, his successor, and of Egbert, could hardly have worked for him at the beginning of his reign ; and that such specimens of his money as bear the strongest resemblance in types, &c. to those of Coenwulf, belong to a period immediately antecedent to that monarch's accession. Now, on ex- amining the pennies of Eadvald, we remark on the first, a very close resemblance in the arrangement of the obverse, as well as the reverse, to a penny of Offa, figured in Sir A. Fountaine's Tab. IX., No. 8 (not in Ruding), except that the moneyer's name is LVL. One of Coenwulf (Ruding, pi. 6, fig. 18), has a similar reverse, with the same moneyer as the above cited coin of Offa. Several pieces of Offa

NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF EAST ANGLIA. 37

(Ruding, pi. iv., figs. 19 to 22, and v. 23, 24), and of Coen- wulf (pi. vii. 29 ; pi. xxviii. 15, 16), have the king's name and title in three lines on the obverse, as on this of Eadvald.

The second piece presents a similar reverse to, and the same moneyer's name as, the coins of Offa (pi. iv. 19; pi. xxix. 14). The name Vintred appears also on a coin of Offa (pi. v. 28), and on two of Coenwulf (pl.vi. 6 and 19). The resemblance I have here traced between the pennies of Eadvald and those of Offa and his successor, will warrant the conjecture that the former were issued about the com- mencement of the reign of Coenwulf, by some cotemporary prince. I can, indeed, see no reason to alter the opinion I have long entertained, that they present the name of a king who reigned in East Anglia, during the early part of the ninth century.

Ethelwulf, king of Wessex, is said to have appointed his brother, Athelstan, regent of Kent, Essex, Surrey, and Sussex, the kingdoms which his father had subdued. East Anglia, which had placed itself under the protection of Egbert, is not mentioned ; probably it was then governed by an independent sovereign, who may have been

EANRED.

The exact correspondence of execution and type re- marked between the penny of this king and the money of Ethelwulf, Ethelbert, and Berhtulf, in my former letter, still induces me to think that it is erroneously assigned to the Northumbrian Eanred. The non-appearance of the mo- neyer's name, DES, on any part of the stycas which have yet come to light, is an obstacle to this appropriation. Should any silver money of Eanred exist, I should expect it would resemble the stycas, as does that figured in Sir A.

38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Fountaine's tables, and the sceatta of his successor, Ethelred. Until the year 867, we have sceattas and stycas of different kings of Northumbria and archbishops of York ; whilst the earliest pennies of this kingdom, if we remove this from the series, are perhaps some of the Sancti Petri Moneta, then those of the Anglo-Danish princes, Sihtric, Anlaf, and Regnald.

We now come to consider the penny of

EDELRED,

unique in every respect as regards Anglo-Saxon numis- matics. Its obverse presents the well-known Carlovingian type of the Christian temple, surrounded by the name and title of Edelred. On a former occasion, I supposed this coin to have been struck by the joint authority of Edelred and Beorne, about 758. It appears, however, that twenty- two years elapsed between the death of Beorne and the accession of Ethelred ; and indeed a fresh examination of the piece under discussion has satisfied me, that the penultimate letter of the reverse is not R, but A, of a form frequently occurring on the coins of Aihelward and Edmund ; so that instead of BEORNHRE, we must read BEORNHAE, the name of a moneyer.

The Christian temple first appears on the coins of Charlemagne, with great reason supposed to have been minted posterior to his Italian expedition, and copied from a Roman model. His money of this type is, however, extremely rare ; not so that of Louis le Debonnaire, his son. In the opinion of M. de Saulcy (Revue de la Numismatique Francaise, 1837, p. 356), the type of the temple was adopted on the currency of Louis, towards the middle of his reign, about 830 ; in that of Charles le Simple it dis- appears from the coinage of France.

NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF EAST ANGLIA. 39

The scarcity of the coins of Charlemagne impressed with this type, prevents us from assigning this piece to Ethelred his cotemporary, who died in 790 ; and if, as it appears probable, it was a copy of some coins of Louis, we cannot fix its date earlier than 830. The resemblance which, in some respects, it bears to the coins of Athelward and Edmund, excludes Ethelred of Northumberland and Ethelred of Wessex from all claim to it, and the moneyer's name BEORNHAE, which is found on coins of Edmund, confines it to the East Anglian series.

Mr. Lindsay has conjectured that

BEORHTRIC,

a penny of whom is engraved in Ruding's third Plate, was another of these unrecorded kings of the East- Angles; and the close affinity which exists between it and the coins of Athelward, shew the correctness of that gentleman's opinion. The earliest coins of Egbert are undoubtedly those figured in Ruding's fifth plate (moneyers, Babba and Udd), these erroneously assigned to Ecgfrid, the son of Offa, and that in plate xxviii. (moneyer Oba); then those with the portrait ; and lastly, those in which his name is spelt JEcgtberckt, and none of these bear the slightest resemblance to this penny of Beorhtric. It is difficult to account for the presence of the letter A on this, and the pieces which bear the names of Athelward, Edmund, and Ethelstan. It has been supposed the initial of Anglorum^ was placed on the money of this kingdom, for the same reason that 00 appears on that of Mercia, and this conjecture is intitled to some consideration.

A coin of Coenwulf, on which this letter occurs (Ruding Plate vi., Fig. 6), may have been minted in East-Anglia,

40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

since the moneyer's name, Wintred, is found on one of the above-mentioned pieces of Eadvald ; and those of Ceolwulf and Berhtulf of the same type, may be admitted as evi- dence that these princes had not relinquished their claim to the sovereignty of that province. The appearance of the same letter on some pieces of the West- Saxon Ethel- wulf, may be accounted for on the supposition that they were issued in Kent, under his authority, by his brother Athelstan, and so marked with the initial of his name. One of these has the name of the mint Doribi, in the field of the obverse, a strong confirmation of this hypothesis. On the Northumbrian stycas, however, we find both A and CO) and this cannot be accounted for on the same grounds.

There is a curious penny of Ethelstan (Ruding, Plate ix., Fig. 4), on which the letter A may have a different signi- fication, being apparently connected with co in the field of the reverse. Beginning with the obverse legend, the coin must be read thus : —

+ EDELSTAN + REX AND

H CO

I will reserve a few remarks on the coins of Athelward, Ethelstan, and the Sancti Eadmundi Moneta, for a future opportunity.

If the preceding remarks be correct, we have on coins alone, the names of five kings, respecting whom history is silent, to fill up the blank of sixty years in the East- Anglian annals. They may be arranged as follows : — EADVALD, his coins, connected by types and names of money ers, with those of Offa and Coenwulf, will warrant us in supposing that he reigned about A.D. 800.

ON THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. 41

EANRED, from the resemblance of his penny, in

type and style of execution, to the money of Ethelwulf and Berhtulf. I should place his reign about 840.

EDELRED, type copied from the deniers of Louis le Debonaire, and moneyer of Edmund : and

BEORHTRIC, the type of his penny connecting it with those of

ATHELWARD, generally acknowledged to belong to this series, must all have reigned between 840 and 855.

These coins become doubly important, considered as monuments of kings not recorded in history, and the only evidence that they ever reigned.

D. H. H.

Leeds, 6th March, 1841.

A drawing of the coin of Edelred (original in the British Museum), was forwarded with a former paper.

VIII.

ON THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. BY AQUILLA SMITH, M.D., M.R.I.A.

[Published in the Nineteenth Volume of the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin, 1840. 4to. pp. 49-]

THE study of the various coinages which took place in Ireland during the reign of Edward IV., is peculiarly attractive, from the number and variety of his coins which have reached our times ; and the difficulties hitherto in appropriating many of them to the precise period at

VOL. IV. G

42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

which they were issued from the several mints, has added considerable interest to the investigation. Dr. Smith has observed, it is a remarkable circumstance, that during the first seven years of this reign, seven distinct coinages were issued from the Irish mints. Some of them present several varieties of their types: but the history of the period is much embarrassed by the gross frauds then practised in the authorised, as well as the illegal Irish mints.

The solving of these difficulties, and the affording a more lucid means for the appropriation of specimens of the coinages in Ireland, during the reign of Edward IV., have been Dr. Smith's main object; and in this most ably has that gentleman been both assiduous and successful. He divides the history of the coins into four sections, each distinguished by its peculiar type.

The first includes those coins, the type of which was peculiar to Ireland.

The second, or Hiberno-English type, comprises those coins, bearing devices peculiar to the Irish mint on the obverse ; and on the reverse, the motto of the English mint, " Posui Deum" etc.

The third, the coins similar in type to those of Edward struck in the English mints ; and,

Fourthly, those denominated the Anglo-Irish type; having on the obverse, a shield, bearing the arms of England and France quarterly ; and on the reverse, three crowns in pale, a device peculiar to the Irish coinage.

The type of the coins comprised within the first section, are those having on the obverse, a crown within a tressure, no legend ; and on the reverse, a cross, with pellets, within the quarters, the legend denoting the place of mintage. No coins of this type are known to have issued from any other mint than that of Dublin.

ON THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. 43

Grafton, in his continuation to Hoarding's Chronicle, printed at the close of 1542, in reference to Edward IV.'s endeavours to reform and redress the public weal, in the four years following the discomfiture of Henry VI.'s adherents at the battle of Towton Field, in March 1461, adds, "Besides he coined money, as well gold as silver, the which at this day is current. The which gold was in royals and nobles, and the silver was groats, so that in his time, this kind of coin came up." Grafton has here blundered egregiously, as the groats of Edward III. sufficiently testify; yet, it is certain, Edward IV., early in the first year of his reign, in August 1461, ap- pointed " German Lynch, of London, goldsmith, warden and master-worker of our moneys and coynes within our castle of Dublin, and within our castle of Trymme," to strike certain pieces of silver, in Gal way ;l as appears by the confirmation of the letter patent, by the parliament of Wexford, in 1463. It is thus shewn who was the master- worker of the Dublin mint at the accession of Edward IV.; and in the first year of this reign, it was enacted by the parliament held at Dublin, a maille, or halfpenny, and a quadrant, or farthing of silver, with the crown on the obverse, and the cross and legend on reverse, similar to those of the last year of Henry VI., should be struck in the Dublin mint, but no specimens of this type are known.

In the next year, 1462, a farthing of copper mixed with silver, having on one side a crown, with suns and roses within the circumference of the crown ; and on the other a cross, with the place of mintage, was ordered to be struck in the castle of Dublin. The discovery of the only known

1 Simon, Append. No. viii.

44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

specimen of this coinage, in the cabinet of Lieutenant- Colonel Weld Hartstonge, by Dr. Smith, is announced in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. ii. pp.21 — 23. The several varieties of the coins of this first section, are minutely detailed in the first plate, beautifully etched, from the exquisite drawings of Dr. Smith.

The second section, the Hiberno-English type, comprises several distinct varieties. The first sort, on obverse, a crown, with legend, the king's name and titles; reverse, the cross and pellets, similar to the English groats. The second, a rose' of five leaves on obverse, with legend of king's name and titles ; on the reverse a sun in splendour, charged with a rose of five leaves, or an annulet in the centre, the legend being the place of mintage. A third, on obverse, the king's head, with legend of name and titles ; on reverse, the sun in splendour, with charge as before, the legend denoting the place of mintage. Other varieties approach the distinctions, in ornament and arrangement, of the coins produced by the English mints at London, York, and Durham.

Dr. Smith places the first issue of this coinage in the year 1463, and we find them to have been struck at the mints of Dublin and Waterford. The place of mintage in the latter city, which Dr. Smith has omitted to mention, was " in a place called Dondory, alias Raynold's Tower."

The groat, on obverse, a rose ; and on the reverse, the sun in splendour, figured in Dr. Smith's plate 1., No. xxii., would seem to be a unique specimen. It was formerly in the Grainger Collection, whence it was purchased with a Trim groat of Edward IV., a half groat, and penny, with the sun reverses, by Thomas Hollis, in March 1766. Snelling engraved it in his first additional plate to Simon, No. 19; and, again, in one of the plates to Archdeacon

ON THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. % 45

Blackbourne's privately printed Memoirs of Thomas Hollis, 1 780, 4to., in which work, p. 834, it is mentioned. When the Hollis cabinet was dispersed by auction, in May 1817, it was purchased by the late Matthew Young, and is now part of the superb collection of the late highly re- spected Dean of St. Patrick.

The small copper piece (pi. 1. No. 21); on obverse, a shield bearing three crowns, two and one, and on the reverse, the sun in splendour, charged with a rose, is doubtless a farthing of the coinage of 1463, and has been very properly appropriated by Dr. Smith.

Ruding, in reference to the devices on these coins, has stated, " the rose on the badge of the House of York, and the sun was first introduced by Edward upon the coins. This impress he adopted, in commemoration of an extra- ordinary appearance in the heavens, immediately before the battle of Mortimer's Cross, in Herefordshire, when three suns were seen, which shone for a time, and then were suddenly conjoined in one. As Edward was then victorious, he took for his impress a sun, which stood him in good stead at the battle of Barnet ;"2 assertions, which having obtained acceptation by some numismatists, may deserve some particular notice.

The White Rose, said to have been derived from the castle of Clifford, and the especial distinctive insignia of the royal house of York, is supposed by some writers to have been borne as a badge by Edmund of Langley, fifth son of Edward III., created Duke of York by his nephew Richard II., and from whom, by the marriage of Anne Mortimer with Edmund's second son, Edward earl of March, and the representative of the House of York,

2 Annals of the Coinage, edit. 1819, 8vo. vol. ii. p. 359.

46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

claimed the crown of England as Edward IV. This appropriation does not appear correct. The rose was cer- tainly a badge of the Plantagenets,3 and on the coins of John, has a place on the obverse, within the triangular form, which on the coins of that monarch, Henry III., and Edward I., were symbols of the Trinity. That the white rose was not the badge of Edmund of Langley, first duke of York, is almost proved by the ancient painting at Wilton House, near Salisbury, in which Richard II., kneeling before St. John, St. Edmund, and St. Edward the confessor, is attended by angels, who are represented as wearing collars formed of white roses, intermixed with broom-pods. Yet the device of a sun, charged with a white rose, and the motto, " Dieu et mon Droit" was certainly one of the badges of Edward IV.

On Edward IV.'s great seal, the rose and sun are separately displayed; and the two figures formed the ornaments of a collar given by that monarch to his adherents. In the Rous roll, his brother, George, duke of Clarence, is represented as holding in his hand such a collar, to which is pendant a lion, a distinctive badge of the house of March.

The sun, as a royal badge, was of much earlier use than the time of Edward IV. The sun, in splendour, had already appeared on the reverse of the coins of John, subordinate, however, to another royal badge, the star of five points, and a crescent ; and it is perhaps deserving of notice, the star of five points on the obverse of the Irish coins of Henry III., takes the place of the rose on those of John. The star of five points, according to the religious devices of early times, had reference to the star of

3 One of the badges of Edward I. was a rose or, the stalk vert.

ON THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. 47

Bethlehem, which led the magi to the place of the nativity. Simon Fitz-Mary, sheriff of London, founded in 1247, at Bishopsgate, near London, a priory called Bethlehem; and on the breast of the capes of the monastic costume worn by its inmates, was a star of five flaming points, gules ; in the centre a circle, or annulet azure, or sky-colour. A portion of the armorial insignia of the same house, was on a chief azure, an etoile of sixteen rays. The number sixteen further seems typical of the same allusion. Sir John Maundeville, a traveller in the fourteenth century, describing the chapel of the nativity at Jerusalem, says, " Besyde the quier of the chirche, at the right side, as men comen downward sixteen greces [or steps], is the place where our Lord was born, that is full well dyghte of marble, and fulle richly peynted with gold, sylver, azure, and other colours : and three paces besyde, is the crybbe of the ox and the asse."

Edward III., in 1376, in a grand tournament in Smith- field, for the gratification of his lady-love, Alice Pierce, caused her to ride by his side in a triumphal chariot, as " the Lady of the Sun." In a contemporary illuminated manuscript, describing Richard II.'s voyage to Ireland, and his return in 1399, one of the paintings represents the king's ship, on the main-sail of which, the sun in splendour is spread forth in magnificent effulgence. Gower further alludes to the same monarch, in an unpublished poem, yet extant, under the device of the sun. By Edward IV., as a Yorkist, the sun appears to have been borne, as also by Queen Elizabeth, a Tudor, as it constituted one of the main ornaments among the royal devices, which decorated the banqueting-chamber erected by her order in April 1581, for the reception and entertainment of her Gallic gallant, the Duke of Anjou. These facts are sufficient

48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

to shew, that as a royal badge, it did not originate from the incident assigned in the quotation from Ruding.

A genealogical roll, deducing the descent of Edward IV. from Henry III., and shewing his claim to the crown, by deduction from Edmund of Langley, first duke of York, and his wife, Isabella of Castile, from its illumi- nations and paintings, appears to have been finished soon after, if not immediately upon, his assumption of the regal dignity. In this, the two parhelia, or fictitious suns, formed in connection with the great luminary, as they ap- peared previous to the battle of Mortimer's Cross, on Feb. 2nd, 1461, are distinctly delineated, as also the form of the sun when eclipsed. The historians of the period seem to have passed sub silentio the fact of the eclipse ; but another and more pictorial illumination supplies further and more interesting detail. Edward, in the midst of his army, 4 has his eyes directed to an appearance of three suns in the fir- mament, from which is directed towards him a stream of rays bearing three crowns ; these are indicated by a line above the painting — " Sol in forma triplici : sic Edwardo R. Anglic" In the illumination, a hand protruded from a cloud, holds forth a label, on which is — " Veni : Coronaberis, de capite Amanat de vertice Sanir et Hermon" Another label placed immediately over Edward's head has these words — " Due quid vis me facere" The first is deduced from the Latin Vulgate, Canticles iv. 8 ; and the latter from Acts ix. 6. Edward's claims are here specifically

4 Among the soldiery to the right stands a flag-bearer, bearing a pennon, on which is painted a black bull, an early badge of the house of Clare or Clarence, through which family the line of York derived their right to the throne. On the front of the George Inn, at Glastonbury, the arms of Edward IV. are supported, on the dexter side by a lion, and on the sinister, by a bull.

ON THE HUSH COINS OF EDWARD IV. 49

detailed, as "Earl of March, son of Richard duke of York, and heir to the crowns of England, France, and Castile." The disputed point whether the three crowns iii the after-coinage of Edward IV., and Richard III., im- plied the armorial insignia of Ireland, is therefore set at rest, notwithstanding the assertion by George Chalmers, that a Commission, appointed in the reign of Edward IV., to ascertain what were the arms of Ireland, reported as their answer, The arms were three crowns in pale.3 Ed- ward evidently assumed the three crowns as indicative of his claims, and they were retained by his successor ; but why continued by Henry VII. is somewhat problematical. Mr. Lindsay, in appropriating to the latter monarch the coins placed by Simon to Henry VI., is certainly in the right, and establishes the fact of coins being struck ex- pressly for Ireland by Henry VII. ; but the latter were probably minted in the tower of London, in the same man- ner as those of Henry VIII., bearing in the legend — " Civilitas Dublinie^ — were issued from the Tower Mint : he at no time having had any authorised mint in Ireland.

The conflicts which arose by the partial successes of the Lancastrian party, for a brief period placed tf the sun of York " in obscurity, and the imbecile Henry VI. was re- instated on the throne, Oct. 25, 1470, only to be flung down with fatal effect by the more powerful efforts of the Yorkists. Edward again entered London as a victor on April 11, 1471 ; Henry's short day of regality passed away, and the representative of the house of York was restored. That this was a period when many base unauthorised coins were struck in Ireland, cannot be doubted; and, from

6 Caledonia, vol. L, p. 463. The commission referred to by that historian, is not known by heraldic writers.

VOL. IV. H

50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Dr. Smith's researches, we find many made in Cork, Youghal, Kinsale, and Kilmallock, werq by the act of 1472, declared as false coins; and, in 1476, were further declared void, and forbidden to be received in payment.

Of the seven cities and towns, Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Limerick, Trim, Waterford, and Wexford, in which the coins described in the third section were minted, only four, viz., Drogheda, Dublin, Trim, and Waterford, are re- cognised as legal mints in the acts which have been pre- served. In 1473, it was enacted that the coins should be struck for the time to come within the Castle of Dublin only, and in no other place in Ireland; yet it appears Limerick retained or recovered authority to coin money at a subsequent period ; and the power to coin money within the castle of Trim was conceded in 1478, to Henry, Lord Grey, Lord Deputy, by the name of Seneschal and Trea- surer of theLiberty of Meath.

The class of coins constituting the fourth section, are, as Dr. Smith observes, of " a very remarkable type," and may be denominated the Anglo-Irish type : on the obverse, a shield, bearing the arms of England and France quartered ; and on the reverse, three crowns in pale : a device at no time represented on the coins produced in the English mints, but peculiar to the Irish coinage. Fynes Moryson, who wrote after the accession of James I., and from his family connections with persons of authority in Ireland, might be supposed to speak of these coins with something like a knowledge of the purport of the device, very vaguely de- scribes them as " cross-keale groats, with the Pope's triple crown ;" in fact, no further evidence is required to prove his utter ignorance of the matter in point. Sir James Ware, the most distinguished of the writers on the antiquities and history of Ireland, was unable to solve the problem of the

ON THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. 51

meaning of the three crowns, beyond the conjecture of their "denoting the three kingdoms of England, France, and Ireland ;" an opinion in which Simon concurred. This opinion Dr. Smith has, however, rebutted, by adopting the suggestion of the Rev. Richard Butler, of Trim, that the three crowns were the arms of Ireland from the time of Richard II., to the time of Henry VII., founded mainly on two points : on the grant of arms to Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, created marquis, and almost immediately after, duke of Dublin, viz., so long as he should be Lord of Ireland — Azure, three crowns or, within a border argent; and, secondly, the crown for the first time appearing on the first distinct and separate coinage for Ireland, authorised in 1460, by the parliament held at Drogheda, before Richard, duke of York, lord-lieutenant, which declared the independence of Ireland, and enacting that it should have a proper coin, separate from the coin of England.6

The positions assumed by the Rev. Richard Butler are, in the opinion of the writer, hardly tenable ; and for these reasons : the coat granted to Robert de Vere, was doubt- less the armorial insignia of the banner of St. Edmund ; and as a royal coat could only be borne by a subject by the monarch's special permission ; secondly, the bearing such arms ceased with this individual, and they are not shown to have been borne or displayed by any other person, or in any way, as the armorial insignia of Ireland.

The assertion that the crown first appears on the coin

6 The reference is to Simon, Appendix V., which is dated 23 Hen. VI. ; but it should have been the 38 Hen. VI., that year ending August 30, 1460 : Richard, duke of York, arrived in London on the second day of the meeting of parliament at West- minster, which assembled on Oct. 9th in that year, to obey, as he believed, the call of that parliament to the throne of England.

52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

authorised by the parliament held at Drogheda, in 1460, and that the declared independence of Ireland were direct proofs that the crown, or the three crowns, constituted the armorial device of Ireland, is in no way capable of sup- porting the position of that gentleman, within whose com- prehension it appears not to have fallen, that the persons constituting the parliament held at Drogheda, were favour- able to the pretensions of Richard, duke of York ; and that in that act they virtually severed the dominion of Ireland from the crown of England. The act expressly describes one species of coin "on which shall be imprinted, on one side, a lyon, and on the other side, a crown, called an Irlandes d'argent ; to pass for one penny sterling." Here is directly and unblushingly told the duke's pretensions — he claimed the crown of England as heir of the house of March. The lion was the badge of the house of March ; and the crown was that of England, which he sought. The separation of Ireland, if it had been carried into effect, affording to the duke a species of sovereignty, which would enable him to make head against the partisans of the house of Lancaster, whose representative then occupied the English throne, in the person of the imbecile and weak- minded Henry VI. How then, can it be said, the crown here found on the Irish groats and pennies ascribed to Henry VI., affords proof that the three crowns were the arms of Ireland ? The crown appears as part of the duke's device ; but the time had not arrived when the armorial badge of the house of March could be placed with safety on the coins struck expressly for Ireland ; and the reverses consequently show the place of mintage instead. Richard, duke of York, father of Edward IV., was killed at the battle of Wakefield, Dec. 31, 1460.

The three crowns, two and one, appear but on one piece

ON THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. 53

of money, issued, doubtless, after the accession of Edward IV., and have a close similitude to the arrangement of the banner-device of St. Edmund, and to the arms borne on a shield by Robert de Vere, duke of Dublin ; this fact would no doubt occasion the arms in that form to be withdrawn, and the three crowns, indicative of his right to the crowns of England, France, and Castile, of themselves being sufficient to occupy the field of the coin, were heraldically displayed in pale. These observations will possibly frustrate the qualification Dr. Smith has given to the suggestions of the Rev. Richard Butler, when he observes (p. 39), " His opinions appear to derive some support from Sir James Ware's account of the three crowns, as denoting the three kingdoms of England, France, and Ireland ; for if we take into consideration the devices on both sides of the coin, we find the arms of England and France quartered on the obverse ; and on the reverse, the arms of Ireland [i. e. the three crowns]. Now it is probable Sir James Ware knew Ireland had been represented by arms of some kind, but that he committed the mistake of supposing the device on the reverse alone represented three kingdoms instead of one."

With the Rev. Richard Butler's opinion, that the three crown groats, bearing the title of Rex Hibernie, were struck to further the pretensions of Lambert Simnel, in his claim to the throne of England, in 1487, under the title of Edward VI., and were not of the period or reign of Edward IV., the writer begs to add his humble concur- rence ; in his opinion, the point is fully established by the facts already advanced.

Dr. Smith's investigation on the Irish coins of Edward IV., has placed him in the first class of Numismatists, by the unceasing patience of his enquiries, the good sense and solidity of his arguments, and the urbane manner in which

54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

he courts an examination of the positions he steps boldly forward to maintain, when not altogether in concurrence with opinions which have retained ground from misconcep- tions, or previous mis-statements. The plates, beautifully engraved by Kirkwood, from most exquisite drawings by Dr. Smith, exhibit ninety-three varieties of the coins of this reign, from the cabinets of the leading Numismatists of Ireland, the Rev. Richard Butler of Trim, the collec- tion of the late Dean of St. Patrick's, Lieut. Col. Weld, Hartstonge, John Lindsay, Esq., of Mary Ville, near Cork, and Richard Sainthill, Esq., of Cork. B.

IX. COINS OF ROMANUS I. AND II.

THE correct appropriation of ancient coins being the prin- cipal aim of all numismatic researches, the following may perhaps be an acceptable contribution to the pages of the Numismatic Chronicle.

A Byzantine coin of copper came into my possession some time ago, on which I observe the common type of Constantine X.1 struck upon a piece of one Romanus,2

1 Obv.— + CONST BASIL Bust of the emperor, his right hand on his breast, his left holding a globe, surmounted by a cross. Rev.— + CONST

eNeeo BA

SILGVS R

oooeoN

See " Descriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins," vol. ii. p. 401.

*0bv.— + RWCDAN BASILGVS RWGD

Bearded bust of Romanus, holding in his right hand the labarum, in his left a globe, surmounted by a cross.

Rev. hRWCDA

NENeeOJBA SILEVS RW OOAIWN - Figured in De Saulcy's work, pi. xxi. fig. 6.

COINS OF ROMANUS I. AND II.

55

certainly the first of his name, since the second could not appear alone on the imperial money, until after the death of his father Constantine.

The coins of this type, presenting on the obverse a bearded bust, long assigned to the younger Romanus, were restored by the Baron Marchant to Romanus I. M. de Saulcy objects to this restitution, and assigns the following reason for adopting the arrangement proposed by the earlier commentators on Byzantine numismatics. That the legend of the reverse is ROXOAN GN eGW BASILEVS RWflQAIWN, whilst the pieces of Leo VI. and Constan- tine X. almost always present the letter O, and the word ROGOGON, instead of W and ROXCAIWN; and that since the coins of Nicephorus Focas present the same reverse legend, it is more probable that the pieces in question belong to Romanus the younger, than to Romanus I.3 An examination of the plates to De Saulcy's work (xix. xx. and xxi), will shew that no argument drawn from this source can have much weight, since it appears that the forms RWOOAIWN and ROCOGON are used indiscriminately on the coins of Basil I. and Constan- tine VIII. (PI. xix. 2 and 3), and RWGOAIWN is found on the silver money of Leo VI. (PL xix. fig. 8). The piece now before us is decisive of the controversy,

3 " Essai de Classification," p. 228.

56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

proving that these coins were issued previous to those of Constantino X., consequently by llomanus I. ; and con- firming the opinion of the Baron Marchant. Re-issued coins, like the present, are, I believe, peculiar to the Byzantine series. The assistance they afford to the chronological arrangement of other coins, enhances their interest and value in an extraordinary degree, a subject ably discussed by M. de Saulcy in his truly elegant work4. Another coin, in my possession, presents the same type of Romanus, struck upon one of Constantine and Zoe (PI. xx. fig. 3.) D. H. H.

1st March, 1841.

X.

REMARKS ON A PAPER ENTITLED " MEMOIR ON THE ROETTIERS."

MR. EDITOR, — In the last number of the Numismatic Chronicle you have published a Communication entitled a " Memoir on the Roettiers," the writer of which, in the slashing Pinkerton style, impeaches the testimony of all who have written on the subject — Horace Walpole, Martin Folkes, John Evelyn, Mr. Bindley, — and even questions the correctness of the date in an ofticial paper (the Roettier Petition and Accompt) which is in your own possession, and was printed verbatim et literatim under your own eye.

When a writer professes to correct others he should give evidence that what he himself puts forth is capable of being substantiated, but the Author of the " Memoir" gives

4 Ibid. pp. 63, 250, &c.

REMARKS ON A " MEMOIR OH THE ROETTIERS." 57

no authorities for many of his assertions respecting the Roettiers, except a few unimportant extracts from the Mint records arid the parliamentary journals, which of course do not bear at all upon the family history.

The Bindley Paper states that Joseph Roettier did not return to France until 1678, which is borne out by the petition from John in behalf of the three brothers (see Num. Chron. Vol. II. p. 198). for making a great seal in 1677.1 The author of the " Memoir" asserts that it was in 1672 that Joseph left England, and therefore as- sumes that the date in the petitioner's account is an error, but he gives no authority in confirmation of his statement ; whereas Bindley derived his information from Snelling, who had it from one of the family, a chain of evidence we conceive in every way satisfactory. True it is that Joseph Roettier succeeded Warin in the Paris mint, and as the latter died in 1675, (according to Walpole) it is not impro- bable that two years more might elapse before the election of his successor was finally settled, or Joseph had completed his engagements in England.

The Bindley MS. states that "John would not come over without his two brothers, Joseph and Philip." This the Author of the " Memoir" considers "erroneous," but advances no authority in support of his assertion — his

1 The correctness of this date is in some degree corroborated by an official note, of which the following is a correct copy : —

" TO THE AUDITORS OF THE IMPRESTS.

" Gentln — The Lords Comns of his Mab Treasury direct ybu with what convenient speed you can to certifie them whether it appears by any accounts before you that any money hath bin paid to John Rottier Engraver of his Mate Mint and Scales, for working and making two Great Seales one in the yeare 1671 and the other in the yeare 1677.

I am Gent" Your most humble Servant

Treasury Chamber, HEN. GUY."

5th June, 1684.

58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

objection resting only on the fact that Philip was twelve years younger than John, an objection which must go for nothing, since it fails to shew that the youngest brother was not arrived at manhood.

Walpole's statement of the connection between Chas II. and the elder Roettier previous to the Restoration, is treated by the Author of the "Memoir" as a "mere fable unde- serving of any credit," as is also Folkes' story to the same effect, — but as we have only his own ipse dixit, and not a shadow of proof advanced to substantiate it, we must be allowed to distrust a mere flippant denial. Walpole, as well as Bindley, had his information from members of the Roettier family, which in common fairness ought to be considered the most authentic — we know that Charles II. acted generally less from regard to merit than from per- sonal favoritism or obligation, and yet, with all his faults, we believe that he would never have given John Roettier, a foreigner, a preference over Simon an Englishman, unless from some principle of that kind, which must have arisen from services rendered to him by Roettier when abroad. Thus Walpole's story is not an improbable one in account- ing for the king's patronage of the Roettiers.

The Author of the *' Memoir" goes on to say that Thomas Simon had a brother named Lawrence; but we can find no evidence of any other brother than Abraham, of whom there are some interesting notices in Vertue's " Works of Simon." Neither Walpole nor Vertue appear ever to have heard of any Lawrence Simon, and Abraham alone, as far as we can learn, was assistant to Simon at the Mint.

Thomas Simon was not " appointed by patent, chief engraver on the 2nd June, 1660," only three days after the king's entry into London. It was on the 2nd June 1661. that his appointment as " one of his Males chief gravers"

REMARKS ON A " MEMOIR Off. THE ROETTIERS." 59

took place; it is so stated in two instances by Vertue, and we have ourselves seen an official copy of the patent!

The Author of the " Memoir" calls Simon " a stern old republican," though he omits to inform us how he obtained a knowledge that such were his political principles, when all contemporary accounts of Simon are so extremely meagre. It does not follow that because he wrought under the com- monwealth and the Protector, that he therefore held Repub- lican opinions; for we see him equally willing and eager to work under the royal patronage, as is in evidence by the Petition Crown. But the Author of the " Memoir" seems to have had a point to obtain — a wish to throw some obloquy on Evelyn2 — for Simon's republicanism is put forth as the occasion of Evelyn'senmity to him, though the one is equally with the other, as destitute of proof as we believe them to be false in fact. The amiable and all-accomplished John Evelyn, the scholar, the Christian, and the numismatist, could not have been insensible to the great merits of Simon as an artist, and his claims as an Englishman ; and it would require something more than vague insinuations or conjec- tures to satisfy our minds on a point so much at variance with our notions of Evelyn's character.3

2 His sneer at Evelyn in the note at page 169 of the " Memoir" is undeserving of any notice.

3 In a recently published work, " A Modern Pyramid to a Sep- tuagint of Worthies," the writer of which is a well-known mem- ber of the Numismatic Society, Evelyn is thus noticed:

" A more admirable character than that of John Evelyn is not readily to be met with. Religion, Patriotism, and universal be- nevolence were the Lares and Penates of his home. Born and bred in an age hypocritical or enthusiastic, Evelyn preserved the quiet tenor of his way as a pious and persecuted churchman ; a devoted royalist, he inveighed with indignant grief against ' the execrable villains who murdered our excellent king ;' he lived con- sistent, respected and beloved, and went to the reward of a faith-

60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

By the author of the " Memoir" it is stated, that he "had some reason to believe" that Simon, after " quitting the Mint" in 1665, " retired to Yorkshire, and was living there several years after the supposed date of his decease." It would have been more satisfactory had he acquainted us with his reasons ; for by omitting them we are unavoid- ably led to suspect that they are very slight. Whatever they are, they are annihilated by the circumstantial evi- dence afforded by the " Petition" of his widow, and other official papers, read before the Numismatic Society on the 18th of February last, that Simon died in the latter part of 1665, or in the beginning of 1666, which agrees with the prevalent and popular tradition, that he was among those who perished of the plague. We are moreover convinced, from the same sources, that, though part of the work that belonged to his office was given to Roettier, Simon never received an " abrupt dismissal" from the Mint, or a dis- missal in any shape — that he never " retired in disgust"- but remained in full work, in seal and medal-making, to the day of his death, which is further confirmed by the large claim of 3,0001. his widow had on the Government.

At page 172 of the " Memoir," an extract from Evelyn's Diary (in 1678) is given, relative to Roettier, who "was now moulding a horse for the king's statue, to be cast in silver, of a yard high." Of course, this must have been a statue of the reigning king, Charles II., and it is not very clear to us what connection the author of the " Memoir" finds between this statue and Le Soeur's statue of Charles I., which had been cast in bronze many years previously, and on a scale considerably larger.

ful servant of God at the advanced age of eighty-six. The moral of his epitaph is worth recording, from its truth : " All is vanity that is not honest, and there is no solid wisdom but in true piety."

REMARKS ON A "MEMOIR OH THE ROETTIERS." 61

The passage in the " Memoir" relative to Mr. Stothard and the Roettier dies, is in the main particulars erroneous. Mr. Stothard himself, and we use his name advisedly, is our authority for the contradiction.

On a careful perusal of the " Memoir," it appears to us to contain little information relative to \heprivatehistoryoi the Roettiers that was not already known to us from " Walpole's Anecdotes," and the Bindley MS.* Though the author questions their testimony, he is indebted to them for his main facts. Wherein he differs from them he is supported by slight authorities, or by no authorities at all ; and we cannot give him credit for having had any new or exclusive sources of information. If he had, he would have surely told us who Francis Roettier, born at Paris in 1702, was. No such name appears in his genealogical table. Our conclusions are that many things he asserts are either assumed or speculative : we have shown in several instances that they are so. B. N.

London; 1st March, 1841.

* First printed in No. X. of the Numismatic Chronicle.

MISCELLANEA.

THE NEW PENNY PIECES. — The following paragraph appeared in the " Times " newspaper of the 18th January, from whence it was copied into the " Mirror " of the 23rd of the same month. — "NEW COINAGE FOR 1841. A beautiful specimen of new coins has just been issued from the Mint, consisting of penny pieces. They are materially different from those now in use, as there is no lettering upon them, with the exception of the date. On one side is a most ex- cellent medallion likeness of her present Majesty, richly and elaborately finished, and as it nearly occupies the whole of one of the sides of the pieces, has a magnificent effect. On the obverse is a figure of Britannia, similar to those on the fourpenny pieces, under which is placed the date. The out- side of the rim is perfectly smooth, but it is raised in such a manner as to afford ample protection to the figure on the body when in use. The die from which this new issue has been made is highly creditable to the advanced state of the arts in this country, and the finish of the coins produced in working from it cannot be excelled in the most valuable metals."

It is quite clear that the writer of this paragraph had never seen the coins he pretends to describe, or he was practising a stupid hoax upon the editor. There is lettering upon them ; on the obverse " Victoria Dei Gratia," and on the reverse " Britanniar : Reg: Fid: Def:." The head does not occupy nearly the whole of one side of the coin, being no larger than on those of William IV. The figure of Britannia is on the reverse, and not on the obverse, and the date is not placed under the Britannia, but under the portrait. The " outside of the rim " is not raised more than (if so much as) in the copper coins of the two last reigns, and scarcely pro- tects the lettering, much less the " figure on the body when in use."

Editors of newspapers and other periodicals subject them- selves to serious animadversion when they propagate these egre- gious mistakes. Inthepresentinstance, it could only have arisen from their not taking the trouble to be correctly informed, which might have been easily done, for at the very time that the above paragraph appeared in the " Times " hundreds of these pennies had been issued, and were in the hands of the public. B. N.

MISCELLANEA. 63

MONSIEUR DE LA SAUSSAYE'S WORK ON GAULISH COINS is at length announced as in the press : it will be published in quarto, with an Atlas of fifteen plates, containing representa- tions of a vast number of pieces executed under the expe- rienced eye of the author, whose knowledge and attention to this class of coins encourages the hope that his work will be found most serviceable to the English numismatist. We feel assured that many of our friends, who possess what they suppose to be British coins, will discover their error by means of this work, which will shew us what pieces really belong to the Continent.

MR. HAWKINS' WORK ON THE ENGLISH SILVER COINAGE is completed, and is announced for publication. It is an octavo volume, containing 308 pages, and 47 plates of British, Saxon, and English coins, engraved under the accurate and practised eye of the writer, whose long experience and prac- tical knowledge have enabled him to produce a work which must find a place on the book -shelves of every collector of our English money. We shall shortly render a detailed account of this volume.

AUTONOMOUS COINS OF SPAIN. — We have merely time to announce the appearance of a new work by Monsieur de Saulcy , entitled " Essai de Classification des Monnoies Autonomes de I'Espagne," in 8vo., with twelve plates of legends and alphabets. We hope shortly to render some account of this work, which must tend to raise these hitherto neglected coins in the estimation of the numismatist.

THE REVUE NUMISMATIQUE for November and December, which has just reached us, contains the fallowing Memoirs and Dissertations. 1. Types des Medailles Grecques — Le Taureau a Face Humaine ; par M. de Witte. 2. Restitution a la Lycie de Medailles attributes a Rhodanusia; par M. Adr. de Longperier. 3. Eclaircissements sur le Systeme Monetaire de TEgypte, sous les Lagides; par M. Letronne. 4. Lettre a M. Adrien de Longperier, sur une Monnoie Inedite attribuee a Theodebert ; par M. Millingen. 5. Essai d' Attribution du Tiers de Sol Merovingien de Vindovera ; par M. A. Chabouil- let. 6. Observations sur quelque Monnoies des Dixieme et Onzieme Siecles, frappees £ Senlis, Chinon, Orleans, &c. ; par M. du Chalais. 7. Observations sur les Monnoies de Hay- naut au Nona de Guillaume ; par M. L. Deschamps.

DISCOVERIES OF ROMAN BRASS AND OF ENGLISH SILVER COINS. — The Ipswich Journal of March 20, gives accounts of

64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the discovery of Roman brass coins at Holbrook, on the river Stour, and of silver of Edward VI., Philip and Mary, Eliza- beth, James and Charles, at Hadleigh. The former are said to be of Diocletian, Maximian, Constantine, Constans and Constantius in middle brass and in fine preservation, and the latter are asserted to comprise all the varieties of the mint of Charles I., some having mint-marks and distinctions not mentioned in Ruding, and hitherto unpublished. It is to be hoped that the owners will permit their examination by the Numismatic Society or by some competent collector.

ROMAN COINS AT KNAPWELL IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE. — On Friday, January 17th, 1840, in the parish of Knapwell, County Cambridge, some men hollow-draining in a field now pasture (ten years since arable land), about 18 inches below the vegetable soil, in strong clay, discovered a quantity of Roman coins not contained in any box or vessel, much corroded and having the appearance of old buttons with the shanks off. On collecting them together, washing them, steep- ing them in vinegar, and scouring them in salt they discovered them to be of silver. Their subsequent history is contained in the fact of their being eventually committed to my care, and on examination they proved to be Denarii of the follow- ing Emperors and their consorts,

Varieties.

Vespasian 4

Titus 2

Domitian - 4

Nero - 2

Trajan ^- - 10

Hadrian - 13

Sabina - - 3

^Elius Caesar - 1

Antoninus Pius - 11

Faustina the Elder 7

Marcus Aurelius 3

Faustina the Younger 7

Verus 2

It would be difficult to discover beyond all controversy the circumstances connected with the deposit of these coins, there being no traces of encampments, fortifications or tumula in the immediate vicinity. At Eatenford, upon the banks of the Ouse and within a mile of the town of St. Neots, Hunts, was a campa (estiva of the Romans, recently illustrated by the Rev. G. C. Gorham in his history of St. Neots. From this

MISCELLANEA. 65

camp was a road or trackway for military purposes, which still remains connecting it with Camboritum (Cambridge) and from thence with Camulodunum (Colchester). Knapwell Lord- ship is situated on the north side of this road, six miles N. W. of Cambridge. About four miles N. W. of Knapwell, the road is crossed by the British Ermine Street, subsequently adopted by the Romans, which commencing in London, (Londinium) passed through Royston two miles and a-half from the Ustrinum at Littington, described by Mr. A. J. Kempe in the 26th vol. of the Archaeologia. After] crossing this road at the distance of four miles from Knapwell, it pro- ceeds through Godmanchester (Durolipons) to Lincoln, (Lindum).

In the year 1818, two British celts (granite), and a Roman spur in my collection (the former answering to the description of those delineated and described in the Gentleman's Maga- zine, 1784, Vol. I. p. 15). were discovered lying together, in digging a hole for a gate-post at Hartford, close to the river Ouse, a fordway leading from Durolipon, across the Ouse, into the fens of Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, de- fended by a mount of considerable elevation.

This fact will perhaps assist in throwing some light on the subject.

The Iceni, who occupied this tract of country, were always jealous of the Roman usurpation, and, frequently rising in revolt, must have had many skirmishes with their oppressors ; after one of which the celts and spur might have been lost, and during the same, or a similar event, a detachment of Roman forces may have been temporarily established at Knapwell to guard that military pass, and the coins secretly deposited for safe custody; and, from the chances of civil war, never until now exhumed. The village of Knapwell is in the hundred of Papworth's Deanery of Bourne, about seven miles S.E. of Godmanchester.

I am your obedient servant,

ROBERT FOX.

MEDAL OF MEHEMET ALT. — A Medal of Mehemet Ali, pacha of Egypt, is being engraved in England as a memo- rial of respect for his character as a promoter of science and commerce, and as an advocate of religious toleration.

His highness had long endeavoured to cultivate a friendship with England. He had revived commerce, and had thrown open an overland route to India. Travellers were protected ; emigrants encouraged. The Royal Society of England were being accommodated with an observatorv on the banks of

66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the Nile, built at an enormous cost, at the expence of the Pacha. In short, as fast as the influence of the previous long and tyrannical Turkish rule could be counteracted, Egypt was being regenerated, Alexandria was once more likely to become the seat of learning.

The medal will be executed in bronze at 15s. and in silver at 30s. each. One of our first artists (Mr. A. J. Stothard, Medal Engraver to the Queen) is employed to engrave it from an original painting of his Highness. Subscribers will be pleased to send their names and address to Mr. Charles Roach Smith, 5, Liverpool Street, City, London, as early as possible, as the die for the obverse is completed.

C. R. S.

67

XI.

REMARKS ON EARLY SCOTTISH COINS, AND ON

THE ARRANGEMENT OF THOSE BEARING

THE NAME OF ALEXANDER.

WHETHER we have coins of any Scottish king prior to William the Lion, has been a question long agitated, and never satisfactorily settled. Nothing has been produced, which can, with any degree of probability, be assigned to Alexander I. ; and the piece engraved in the Pembroke Plates, and copied by Anderson and Snelling, as of Dfivid I., is generally considered a blundered penny of William, whose money at present takes precedence in the numismatic series of Scotland. That, however, coins do exist of his predecessors is very probable; but so imperfect are the specimens which have reached us, that more or less uncer- tainty attaches to them all.

Dr. Jamieson, in a very interesting memoir, printed in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, (vol ii. p. 304,) has published the description of some coins of David I. and Malcolm IV., in his own possession. The reverse type of those of David is a cross with one large pellet or three smaller ones in each angle (the last appa- rently minted at Roxburgh) ; that of Malcolm presents a small cross in each angle of the larger one, as in the cotem- poraneous coins of Henry II. The heads are to the left.

Of the five pennies found together in the Isle of Man, and figured in p. 41 of Snelling's Miscellaneous Works, No. 1 is, perhaps, of Stephen (of the type, pi. i. 25) ; No. 2 belongs to William the Lion, of Scotland ; as Cardonnel, pi. i. 1 and 15, and 3, 4, and 5, have been generally con-

L

68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

sidered of Scottish origin. Nos. 3 and 4 have the same reverse, and a similar bust on the obverse, except that on No. 3 it regards the right, and on No. 4 the left. It is almost futile to speculate on the origin of coins in such wretched condition, but if No. 3 be correctly engraved (and from Snel- ling's well-known accuracy we may suppose it is), the second letter is an K ; so that, considering the company in which it was found, and that the type resembles one of Henry (in Ruding, Siipp. part ii. pi. ii. fig. 6), and perhaps those of David published by Dr. Jamieson, we cannot be far wrong in assigning this coin and No. 4 to Malcolm, the cotem- porary of Stephen, and predecessor of William. No. 5, evidently of the same age, might be given to David, but that the second letter seems to be an O.

In Ruding's second supplement, pi. ii. there is another coin, figured No. 21, which I have long thought might belong to Scotland. It was found along with coins of Ste- phen, William his son, and Henry I or II. near Salisbury, and by its first possessor, Mr. Woolston, was considered a relic of the Baronial mints in the reign of Stephen. In this opinion Mr. Ruding most certainly did not concur, but conjectured that it might be Danish. The type of its reverse occurs on the money of Stephen and Henry II. ; its obverse presents a bust to the left holding a sword, and the letters — COCO. I do not doubt, that if entire, we should have the name CDALCOCO on this piece. We must, how- ever, be content to wait for more perfect specimens of early Scottish money ; so, leaving conjecture, we will proceed to tread on safer ground, and take history for our guide.

I entirely concur with Mr. Lindsay in the opinion ex- pressed in his interesting communication to the Gentleman's Magazine (1828, part ii. p. 116), that the pennies in Car- donnel's pi. i. 1 and 15 were the first, and those with his

EARLY SCOTTISH COINS. 69

head to the right and long sceptre, — reverse, short double cross and hexagonal stars, (Cardonnel 16 and 18, Snelling 4 and 14), the second coinage of William. The latter must have been that of 1195, when, as Sir James Balfour informs us, " King William altered the stampe and standard of his coyne." We have next, as the latest, and for the rarest, of William's money, those which present his head to the left, with or without a small sceptre, and on the reverse, a short double cross, and hexagonal stars. This type appears on the money of Alexander II., and was continued through- out his reign ; for I consider att the pennies with the long cross, whether double or single, to belong to Alexander III. In thus differing from all who have hitherto written on this subject, I am supported by the authority of Sir J. Balfour, who in his " Annales," under the year 1250, says, " This year King Alexander renewed the stamp of his coin, making the cross to touch the uttermost point of the circle, which in his predecessors' reigns it did not." To Alexan- der III. then, we must give all the coins which have a long cross on the reverse, and they must be arranged as follows :

I. Head to the left, crown of pearls, and long cruciform

sceptre.

II. Head to the left, crown and long sceptre fleury.

III. Head to the right, crown and sceptre as the last All have the same reverse, a long double cross, with hex- agonal stars in the angles. In each variety we note a gradual improvement in the execution.

IV. Head to the right, crown and small sceptre fleury ; reverse, a long single cross. Of this type, acknow- ledged to belong to Alexander III., there are five varieties, distinguished by the stars and spur-rowels in the angles of the cross.

That the single cross was adopted from that of the coins

70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of Edward I., of the issue of 1279, is highly probable ; and this gave rise to the doubt expressed by Snelling and Mr. Lindsay, whether some of the long cross money, hitherto assigned to Alexander II., might not belong to his son. Undecided, however, where the line of distinction should be drawn, they did not seem to consider themselves jus- tified in disturbing the old arrangement.

It is curious to observe, that each change of the form of the cross on English money was nearly cotemporary with a similar change on that of Scotland ; and here let us revert to the reign of Henry III.

Numismatists, I believe, are not agreed, whether the pennies bearing the name of Henry, and having on the reverse a short double cross, with a cross of four pellets in each angle, were the latest coinage of Henry II. or the first of Henry III. Were not the evidence in favour of their appropriation to the third Henry irresistible, I should have great hesitation in offering an opinion contrary to that of one so eminent in numismatic science as Mr. Hawkins. Under the year 1248, Matthew Paris, speaking of the great recoinage of that year, says, " Cujus inquam monetas forma a veteri diversicabatur in tantum, quod crux duplicata limbum literatum pertransibat. In reliquis autem, pondere, capitali impressione, cum literate titulo, permanente ut prius;" proving that a short double cross distinguished the earlier money, and that, with this exception, the later coinage much resembled it. It is hardly possible that evidence, that too of a cotemporary writer as was Matthew Paris, could be more explicit. Were any confirmation wanting, we have it on consideration of the moneyer's names. For instance ; on the long cross money of Henry III., we have the names of DAVI, HENRI, IOHAN, NICOLE, PHELTP, REINAVD, WALTER, and WILLEM, as moneyers in

EARLY SCOTTISH COINS. 71

London, and with the exception of Phelip, I have found all these names on the pennies with short cross. On the Can- terbury money I have met with five, ION, NICOLE ROBERT, WALTER, and WILLEM, names common to both coinages. Further ; ILGER ONLVNDE occurs on a penny with the short cross, llger was appointed one of the Custodes Monetae of London in 1221. In the year 1230, the king granted to William, his Tailor, the custody of the money die which Simon Chick, lately deceased, had had in Canterbury, to hold the skme during the king's pleasure (Ruding, vol. ii. p. 177, 3rd edit.). On the short cross pennies of Henry, we have SIMONONCANT and WILLEM 7WONC, doubtless the persons mentioned above. That others of the same family as Simon were employed in the mint at Canterbury appears from a penny which reads, IOANCHICONCA. In the same year Adam de Bedleia occurs as a moneyer in London. As far as my experience goes, we find ADAMONLVNDE on the short cross money only.

It can no longer be doubted to whom this short cross money belongs; it is evidently the first coinage of Henry III. There is, however, a fair presumption that the same type was used in the money of his predecessor, King John, for in 1220, the fourth year of Henry, a writ was issued, ordering the legend of the coins to be changed from John to Henry, whence we* may conclude that the type was un- altered. Besides, among the foreign imitations of the English sterling, Snelling has published two of Otho IV., emperor of Germany, who died in 1218, two years before any coins with the name of Henry were issued.

Whether, then, the short double cross was adopted on the money of England, in imitation of that of Scotland, must, till specimens of the English currency of Richard I.

72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and John come to light, remain matter of doubt. The reverse is certainly more probable, and if so, we can only suppose that the uniform coinage ordered by Richard I. in 1194 (one year before the alteration of type took place on the money of William the Lion), was of this or a similar type, continued through the reign of John, and part of Henry III. Be this as it may, the long double cross was certainly adopted in the mints of Alexander III., imme- diately after its first appearance on English money,1 and probably for the same reason. On the later coins of Alex- ander, and his cotemporary, Edward I. we first observe the long single cross ; and after the lapse of another century we find the type of the English money adopted without alteration by the Scottish kings.

D. H. H.

i Leeds, April 20th, 1841.

1 Along with some pennies of Henry III., found at Bantry in 1834, of his second coinage, were one of William the Lion's later coins, and ten long double cross pennies of Alexander ; none with the single cross.

D M § © P

Qt » 08

XII.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS, STRUCK DURING THE DOMINION OF THE ROMANS.

[Read before the Numismatic gociety, May 20th, 1841.] IN bringing before the Numismatic Society an account of the coins struck at Ephesus, while that city was under the dominion of the Romans, I am well aware that I am risking the charge of attempting to teach many of its members better versed in the subject than myself. Still, believing that I see before me some who are but imper- fectly acquainted with the remarkable and important series to which those I am about to describe belong, I shall proceed to notice, in chronological order, such examples as appear to warrant particular description and illustration.

Leaving to the learned in classical geography — and this society reckons among its members those who are well qualified for the task — to settle the question of the origin of the city of Ephesus, let us see what ancient writers say of it.

Scylax 1 just glances at the city and its port, and gives us no details of its condition in his time. From Plutarch 2 we learn, that it was a populous and flourishing city in the days of Lysander; and we have a much earlier notice of it in Herodotus, who informs us, that when Croesus laid siege to Ephesus, the inhabitants stretched a cord from the walls to the statue within the temple, dedicating the city to their favourite goddess.3

cat Xip/v. 2 In Vita Lysand.

3 "Ev6a Sj; ol 'E^tffioi TroXiooKtofitvoi VTT' avrov, aviQeaav rrfv •7ToA.iv 717 'Aprem^i, t^atpavree in row VTJOU aypiviov eg TO T£i\og. Clio. i. 26.

74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Strabo 4 says that Ephesus was originally named Smyrna, from an Amazon of that name; a portion of the people also being called Sisyrbitae, from another of the Amazons ; that the ancient city was about the Athenaeum, which, in the time of this writer, was without the walls, at a spot called Hypelaeus, between the cliffs called Tracheia and Lepra ; and that a party of these people went out and founded Smyrna. He speaks of Miletus and Ephesus as the best and most illustrious of cities: apiarai iroXtig KCU £vSo£orar<u. Then, after noticing Miletus and other places, he proceeds to describe the port of Panormus, the temple of Diana, and the city of Ephesus.5 On the coast, at a short distance from the sea, was the beautiful grove called Ortygia, abounding in all sorts of trees, but especially the cypress, the river Cenchrius flowing through it, where Latona puri- fied herself after childbirth. Above the grove is the mountain Solmissus, where the Curetes, by the noise of their cymbals, prevented Juno from hearing the cries of Latona. The same author informs us, that the city was first inhabited by the Cares and the Leleges; that the chief part of these were expelled by Androclus6, who settled his colony about Mount Athenaeus and the fountain Hy- pelaeus, occupying a district adjacent to Mount Corrisus, and that it was thus inhabited to the time of Croesus ; that the people afterwards, descending from the mountain tracts, dwelt around the temple to the time of Alexander, and that Lysimachus changed the name of the city to Arsinoe\

4 Lib. xiv. c. 1.

5 Elrct \ififlv Ha.vopiJ.oe ' AprefJiiSog eld' fj TroXie-

6 Eusebius says, that Ephesus was founded by Androclus, in the reign of David. Chronic. Canon. Ed. 1G58. p. 100.

7 See an article on the coins of Ephesus while called Arsinoe. Num. Chron. vol. ii. p. 171.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 75

in honour of his wife; Strabo calls Ephesus the largest emporium within the Taurus.8 Pausanias^ says, that the supposition that Ephesus is older than the colonization of the lones is not well founded ; and that Pindar is wrong in stating that the temple was built by the Amazons, when they fought against Theseus and the Athenians. These women, he observes, sacrificed to Diana Ephesia even at that period, and that the temple had been known from remote antiquity. He then proceeds to state, that Crossus, a native of the country, and Ephesus, the reputed son of the river Cayster, built the temple, and that the city received its name from the latter. The same author says, that Androclus drove out the Leleges and Lydians, who lived in the upper city, but suffered those who lived about the temple to remain.

Pliny speaks of Ephesus as the work of the Amazons, and also of its several names ; 10 and from him, we learn

ptyitTTOv T&V Kara T^V A.triav rftv ivTos TOV Taupou.

9 Ov /zj/j/ Travra ye. is TTJV deov iirvdeTO (t/zoi ^OKEIV) Hivcapoe, og 'Afj.a£6va.s TO lepov £<j>r) TOVTO iSpvaaffdai ffrpaTevofj.lras f-irl A&i]vaq re KOI Qrjcrea. at ce CLTTO QeppwdovTOs yvvalKes tdvtrav p.ev KOI rore rrj 'E^>£OY£ 0ew, are iiriaTa.p.evai re IK iraXaiov TO itpov, KCU fjviKa 'HpaKXea e^uyov atcie, KOI Aiovvaov TO. ETI ap^aiOTepa, licences ivTUvQa. eXdovcrai. ov fj.^v inro 'Afj.a£6v(i)v ye IcpvvOr). Kpijffos %e aiiTo^dwv rls Kat"E0£«rog (Kauorpou fie TOV Trora^tov TOV E<f>eaov Troika eivai vofii^ovirev) OVTOI TO lepov elcriv ol ifipvcrafjievoi, teal a7ro TOV 'Etyeffov TO OVO/JLO. etrri rrj voXei. — Lib. vii. c. 2.

10 In ora autem Manteum, Ephesus Amazonum opus, multis ante expetita nominibus : Alopes cum pugnatum apud Trojam est, mox Ortygia et Merges vocata est, et Smyrna cognomine Trachea et Samornion et Ptelia. — Hist. Nat., lib. v. c. 29. Solinus, also, in his Polyhistoria says, " Epheso decus templum Dianae, Amazonum fabrica," &c. ; and Justin, lib. ii. c. 4, attributes the foundation of Ephesus to the Amazons. Mela's account confirms these: " Ibi Ephesus et Dianse clarissimum templum, quod Amazones Asia potitae consecrasse traduntur." — Lib. i. c. 17.

M

76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

more of its pride and ornament, the temple, than from any other ancient author. He states that the building of this edifice occupied two hundred and twenty years, and that the expense was defrayed by the contributions of all the cities of Asia.10 It is well known, that this famous structure formed one of the seven wonders of the world; that it was resorted to by devout Greeks in swarms, and that the worship of the Ephesian Diana was cultivated by all the people of Asia; a fact which is indicated by the figure of the goddess on the coins of several neighbouring cities.

In the 19th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, we find that the preaching of St. Paul at Ephesus, provoked to fury a multitude of artizans who gained a livelihood by making " silver shrines for Diana," and that it was only by the prompt and energetic conduct of the officer, termed by the translators of the New Testament " the town clerk," that the uproar was allayed. Of this officer, whose name occurs on many of the coins of Ephesus, we shall soon have occasion to speak.

The words of Dionysius Periegetes, who is supposed to have flourished in the time of Augustus, clearly refer to a very early, if not the earliest, worship of Diana, whose primitive representation was set up under a tree.11

10 Magnificentiae vera admiratio extat templum Ephesiae Diana? ducentis viginti annis factum k toto Asia." — Hist. Nat., xxxv. c. 14.

11 HappaXirjv 'E0£0w, fjieyaXriv iroXtv 'lo^eaiprfs 'Ev0a Qtrj TTOTE vr\ov Ap.a.£ovi$£t; TETV^OVTO Ylpefj.vtji 'ivi TTT£\lrjg, Trepiwffiov avSpaffi 6avp.a.

Orbis Descriptio, v. 827-28-29.

Callimachus, however, in his Hymn to Diana, says it was a beech tree :

"Ev KOTE irappaXlri 'E0t<rov

VTTO TrljLv. v. 238.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 77

After being under the rule of the Syrian monarchs, Ephesus eventually submitted to the Roman yoke : never- theless, she continued to maintain her high rank among the cities of Asia, which is attested by many authorities, but especially by the numerous coins which have descended to our times.

The Ephesians appear to have been a very credulous and superstitious people, and to have been much addicted to the study of magic. Of this we have interesting evi- dence in the Acts of the Apostles,12 when many " which used curious arts," came and burned their books on the preaching of St. Paul. Among other superstitions, was a belief in the power of certain letters termed Estate ypafjLfjLara. Suidas 13 says, that when Milesius and Ephe- sius wrestled together, Milesius could not throw his adver- sary because the Ephesian letters were tied to his heel, but having deprived him of this magical assistance, he was soon overcome. It was supposed that whoever pronounced these letters, obtained the object of his wish ; and that on hearing them, evil spirits forsook the bodies of those whom they possessed. Plutarch14 says, that these letters were written on the girdle, the feet, and other parts of the statue of Diana Ephesia, hence their appellation.

The riches of the temple appear to have excited the

18 Chap. six. 19.

13 Ephesiae literae : carmina qusedam obscura, quae et Croesus in rogo recitavit : et Olympiae Milesio et Ephesio certantibus, Milesium lucturi non potuisse, propterea quod alter juxta talum Ephesias literas haberet. Quibus compertis et demptis, concidisse Ephesium perhibent.

1 ilffTrep yap ot payoi rove latfiovi^Ofjifvovs KtKtvovai TO. E^ttrta ypa/xynara Trpoe OVTOVC ntraXEyet? icat ovo/nafciv K. r. \. These words are described as TUV hpiav rat Symp. L. vii. q. 5.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

cupidity of Nero;15 and at an earlier period C. Scipio intended to plunder it of its pictures and statues, when he suddenly received orders to join Pompey.16

The types of the coins of Ephesus bearing the imperial effigy are numerous and interesting, and there appears to have been an uninterrupted issue from the reign of Augus- tus down to that of Gallienus, when the series of Imperial Greek Coins terminates. The following descriptions are necessarily confined to the most remarkable types.

MARCUS ANTONIUS, OCTAVIUS, AND LEPIDUS.

No. 1. Obv. — The heads of the Triumvirs, Antonius, Octavius, and Lepidus.

R.— APXI6PGYC TPAM. TAAYM1N GYOYKPATHS G$G. (Money) of the Ephesians. Glaucon Euthycrates, Highpriest and Scribe. The statue of Diana Ephesia with supports : at the base, two stags. M 4. (Vaill. Num. Graeca. — Mionnet, Descr. vol. iii.)

This rare and interesting example shews that at an early period the Ephesians were anxious to flatter their Roman

13 At Baream Soranum jam sibi Ostorius Sabinus, eques Romanus, poposcerat reum, ex-proconsulatu Asiae, in qua offen- siones principis auxit, justitia atque industrial at quia portui Ephesiorum aperiendo curam insumpserat : vimque civitatis Per- gamenae, prohibentis Acratum, Csesaris libertum statuas et picturas evehere, inultam omiserat. — Tacit. Annales, lib. xvi. c. 23.

16 Praeterea Ephesi a Fano Dianas depositas antiquitus pecunias Scipio tolli jubebat, ceterasque ejus Deae statuas. Quum in Fanum ventum esset, adhibitis compluribus Senatorii ordinis, quos advocaverat Scipio literae ei redduntur a Pompeio, mare transisse cum legionibus Caesarem. — Bell. Civil, iii. c. 33.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 79

governors, by placing the heads of the Triumvirs on their common coin. The reverse indicates that at that period, the office of FjoajUjuaTtucj or Scribe, was held by the high- priest ; but it does not appear by other coins of Ephesus that it was customary to confer that office on individuals of the priesthood only. This officer, who in our version of the New Testament17 is called "the town clerk,"18 was a very important personage among the Greeks, as is shewn not only by numerous coins inscribed EIII TPAM. — 'ETTI r/oaftjuaTt'we, but by two coins of Nysa in Caria, on which the people call Tiberius Caesar their scribe.19 The office was held for a year, like that of the Archons ; and we some- times find the second and third year recorded by the addition TO B., TO T., &c.

The figure represented on the reverse of this coin is that of the far-famed goddess Diana; not in that classic form by which she is more generally known, and under which she was worshipped by so many cities of Greece, but dis- tinguished by characteristics, which are best explained by the passage in Hieronymus cited, by Eckhel:20 " Scribebat (Paulus) ad Ephesios Dianam colentes, non hanc vene- tricem quae arcum tenet, et succincta est, sed illam multimammam, quam Graeci TroAujuatrTov vocant, ut silicet ex ipsa quoque effigie mentirentur omnium earn bestiarum et viventiam esse nutricem." It was, no doubt, models of

17 Acts xix. 5.

18 In Wiclif s version of the New Testament,

rendered literally scribe, " and whanne the scribe hadde cesid the puple." Tyndale and Cranmer render it " Towne clarcke," the Rhemish version " Scribe," but in our authorised version of 1611, "Towne clarke " is again used.

*9 Frb'lich, Quatuor Tentara, p. 154.

20 Doct. Num. Vet. vol.ii. p. 512.

80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the building, containing representations of this extraordinary figure, which Demetrius and his fellow-craftsmen made for the visitors to the temple.21 Our version of the New Testament 22 says " shrines," and it is not improbable that the coins which will be noticed hereafter, containing the figure within an octostyle temple, were representations of the memorials made by the silversmiths of Ephesus for those who came to wonder and to worship at the shrine of the great goddess. The small silver medallions of Claudius, Ves- pasian, and Domitian, with the legend DIANA EPHESIA, which must be well known to Numismatists, were, in all probability, struck with the same object. In this con- jecture I am supported by Beza, in his commentaries on the New Testament.23 ^

Diana Ephesia was unquestionably one of the most im- portant deities of the Greeks. Pausanias 24 says, she was privately honoured more than any other divinity; and the same author speaks of several statues of her which he saw in various cities of Greece : one at Corinth 25 was of wood, gilt, and the face painted vermilion colour. We have no minute description of the statue of the goddess at Ephesus ; but her form is handed down to us on numerous coins, and there is every reason for believing that the figure which Pausanias saw at Corinth, was painted and orna- mented in imitation of the original idol. Pliny26 gives us

21 Acts xix. 24.

a2 The words of the original are, TTOI&V vaovg apyvpovs, &c.

23 Oxford Edit. p. 355. 24 Mess. lib. iv. c. 31.

25 Cor. lib. ii. c. 2.

26 Hist. Nat. lib. xvi. c. 11., "De ipso simulacro deae," he observes " ambigitur. Caeteri ex ebeno esse tradunt : Mutianus ter Consul, ex his qui proxime viso eo scripsere vitigineum et nun- quam mutatum'septies restitute temple"

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 81

an account of the statue, but it is not satisfactory. Vitru- vius s7 says, it was formed of cedar ; while from Xenophon 28 we gather, that it was of gold ; hence it may be inferred, that both these materials were used in its fabrication : that the bulk of the image was of wood, plated with gold, and the hands and face painted or plated with ivory, like the statues of other divinities mentioned by Pausanias. The private worship rendered to Diana, seems to explain the meaning of the "shrines" which Demetrius made: there can be little doubt but that they were representations of the god- dess and her temple, and that they were kept in the houses of the devout, as Penates: hence the alarm among the silversmiths of Ephesus, when their profitable trade was threatened by the apostle, and the artful speech of the crafty Demetrius, to whose conduct the remark of Epic- tetus OTTOU TO avfjHjitpov EKft KOI TO fvo-fjStCj 8s noticed by the learned Witsius,29 may be appropriately applied. The statue of Diana at Ephesus, was preserved by the applica- tion of resinous gums, which were inserted in cavities made for that purpose, a practice alluded to by Pliny as well as by Vitruvius.30

27 De Architectura, lib. ii. c. 9.

28 De Exped. Cyri., lib. v.

29 Meletemata Leidensia, p. 82.

30 Item cedrus et juniperus easdem habent virtutes et utilitates, sed quemadmodum ex cupressu et pinu resina, sic ex cedro oleum, quod cedrium dicitur nascitur, quo reliquae res cum sunt unctae (uti etiam libri) a tineis et a carie non laeduntur. Arboris autem ejus sunt similes cupressae foliaturae ; materies vena directa. Ephesi in sodc, simulacrum Dianse et etiam lacunara ex ea, et ibi et in caeteris nobilibus fanis propter aeternitatem sunt facta. — De Architect, lib. ii. c. 9.

82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

AUGUSTUS AND LI VI A.

2. Obv. The heads of Augustus and Livia.

R. TPAMMATEYS MEONilN 0EYAH2 E$E. (Money) of the Ephesians. Meonon Theudes, Scribe. A stag standing: above, a quiver suspended. JE 5|. (Mionnet from the Cabinet of Cousinery.)

The Stag frequently occurs on the autonomous coins of Ephesus, which is noticed by the Sophist Libanius 31 and the meaning of the type is obvious : Strabo 32 calls Diana Elaphia from "EXa^oe a stag. Pindar styles her 'EXa^t]- |3oXoe and the name of 'EXa^rjjSoXtwv was given by the Athenians to the month of February, when they sacrificed a stag to Diana. It appears from Pausanias 33 that the stag was sacred also to Proserpine, and that writer mentions one of great age, very sagely concluding that the stag lives longer than the elephant.

LIVIA.

3. Obv. IOYAIA SEBASTH. Julia Augusta. Head of the

Empress.

R. APTEMIS EfcESIQN. Diana of the Ephesians. The same head. Faill. Num. Grceca. /E 5.

Both the obverse and reverse of this coin bear the head of Livia. On the obverse she appears as the wife of the Emperor, but on the reverse, by a species of adulation very common with the Greeks, she is styled Diana of the Ephe- sians. Eckhel describes a coin of Julia Domna wife of

E^cirtotc ^c Kal TO vofiifffia rrfv £\a<j>or efyepev. Orat. xxxii. This author also tells us, that the earth produced Deer, Bows and Arrows, when Diana was born !

32 Lib. viii.

33 Lib. viii. c. 10,

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 83

Severus, struck at Azotus in Judaea, on the reverse of which the bust of the Empress appears with the legend AOMNA TYXH ACWTIWN, Domna the Fortune of the Azotii.3* Many similar examples might be cited.

DRUSUS AND ANTONIA.

s

4. Obv. — The heads of Drusus and Antonia.

ft.— KOYCINIOC TPA. E*E. (Money) of the Ephesians. Cusinius, Scribe. A stag standing : in the field, a monogram. (Mionnetfrom the Cabinet of Cousinery.) M 4.

GERMANICUS.

5. Obv. — E$E, i. e. EQetnidv. (Money) of the Ephesians. Bare

infant head of Germanicus.

R.— KOYSINIOS TO A. Cusinius, Scribe for the fourth time. Within an olive garland. (Idem.) ^E 4.

It appears from the first of these coins, that Cusinius was the Scribe ; and from the second, that he held the office for the fourth time. Some writers have proposed Cancellarius, others Recorder, for the word Scribe.

NERO.

6. Obv.— NEPON KAISAP. Nero Caesar. Laureated head of

Nero.

R.— AIXMOKAH AOYIOAA AN9YIIATO E*. NEQKOPQN. (Money) of the Ephesians, Neocori, Aechmocles Aviola, Proconsul. Side view of a Temple. IE 7 .

The legend on the reverse of this coin, shews that the proconsular authority was established in its full power at Ephesus, in the reign of Nero. The proconsul here named, is supposed by Eckhel 35 to have been Consul in the year of

34 Cat. Num. Vindob. p. 250. Sestini, Desc. p. 546.

35 Doc. Num. Vet. Vol. ii. p. 159.

84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rome, 807. Aviola was a cognomen of the consular family Acilia. Acilius Aviola chastised the Turones and Andecavi in the reign of Tiberius. 36 The name of Aviola appears on the coins of Smyrna and of Pergamus under Caligula. 37 These coins, with the ProconsuTs name, are especially inte- resting, from the circumstance of their shewing that the Scribe was no longer the important personage he had once been at Ephesus. Indeed, the words of the Scribe to the riotous mob, when St. Paul preached in that city, prove this. 38 They not only shew that he himself was amenable to a higher power, but also that the Roman law, which punished with death those who raised a tumult, was in full force at Ephesus. "We are in danger to be called in question for this uproar," are the words of our version ; and further, " The law is open, and there are deputies." 39 The utilitarian will smile at my adding, that, but for the substitution at this period of the name of the Proconsul for that of the Scribe, we might probably have learned the very name of the " Town Clerk " who so promptly suppressed the commotion raised by the Ephesian craftsmen. That the office of Scribe was one of the greatest importance may be inferred from the Syriac version of the New Testament, where Scribe (6 ypafifiarevg) is rendered JA^u >X>> J-A^V (reesho dam deetho), the chief, or prince, of the city. But in the Syriac version of the Old Testament, the word "1D1D is always rendered simply Jjsico (sophro), Scribe; a very good proof that the Syriac translators were aware of the nature of the office of Scribe in the Greek cities.

36 Tacit. Annales, iii. c. 41.

37 Doc. Num. Vet. ii. p. 519.

38 Acts xix. 40.

39 'Aydpmot ayevrai rat 'AN9YIIATOI titriv, Acts xix. 38 ; earlier versions have " Rulers" for the word Proconsuls.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 85

DOMITIANUS.

7. Obv.— AOMITIANOC KAICAP CGBACTOC rGPMANIKOC,

Domitianus Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Laureated head of the Emperor, with the paludamentum.

R.— GDI ANOY. KAICGNNIOY ILAITOY OMONOIA e<J>G. ZMYP. Concord of the people of Ephesus and Smyrna, under the proconsul Ccecennins Pcetus. Two Amazons joining hands ; in the left hand of each a Bipennis. IE 8. (Mionnet from the Cab. of Cousinery.)

The legend of the reverse commemorates the alliance of the Ephesians and Smyrnaeans, under the Proconsulship of Psetus. The type alludes to the origin which tradition assigned to the Ionian Cities. An Amazon is often repre- sented on the coins of Smyrna, armed with the Pelta and BipenniS) or double-edged axe, the favourite weapon of these women : hence Horace *° says

• Amazonia securi

Dextras obarmet.

Pliny speaks of the statues of the Amazons in the temple of Diana. No. 8. Obv. — Same head and legend.

R.— em. ANOYIIATOY POYOINOC OMONOIA e$e.

ZMYP. Concord of the people of Ephesus and Smyrna under the proconsul Ruso. The figure of Diana Ephesia between the two Nemeses. JE 9. (Sestini. Descriz. p. 328.)

The two figures, between which the Ephesian goddess stands, frequently appear on the money of Smyrna, and would alone explain the type of this coin without the word OMONOIA. They represent the Nemeses, divinities held in the highest veneration by the Smyrnaeans41 for the fol-

40 Lib. iv. carm. iv.

1 Like Diana of the Ephesians, the epithet " great " was given to them, as appears by the Oxford marble: MEFAAiiN OEiiN NEMESJEQN.

86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

lowing reasons : — Pausanias 42 informs us that Alexander the Great built the city of Smyrna in consequence of a vision which appeared to him in a dream; that, fatigued with hunting, the monarch fell asleep under a plane tree by the side of a fountain which watered a temple dedicated to the Nemeses, when these divinities appeared and commanded him to build a city on the spot. The oracle having been consulted, and a favourable answer re- turned, the divine injunction was obeyed; and the figures of the Nemeses consequently appear perpetually on the coins of Smyrna. Coins of Marcus Aurelius and of Gor- dian, struck in that city, have on the reverse a representa- tion of this dream of Alexander, who appears asleep under the plane tree, his head resting on his shield, and the two Nemeses standing near him.43 Ancient writers are not agreed as to the parentage of the Nemeses. Pausanias, Ammianus, Euripides, and Hesiod, all differ, and they are variously portrayed by the Greeks. On some of the coins of Smyrna, one of them is represented with a wheel, the other with a sling, and the latter has been called Adrastia. The figures of the Nemeses are often repre- sented with their fingers on their lips and in company with a griffin, and they sometimes hold a cornucopias. From these attributes, it is evident that Fortune or Providence is intended.

The learned Buonnaroti44 has cited two very remark- able representations of Nemesis, one on Sard, where she appears winged, with a wheel at her feet, and holding a serpent which she feeds out of a patera, just as Hygeia is

42 Lib. vii. c. 5.

43 Mionnet Descr. de Med. Ant. tome iii. p. 231, and p. 250.

44 Osservazioni Istoriche di Medaglioni. Roma, 4to. 1698.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 87

represented on many Roman and Greek coins. This seems to illustrate the description of Eschylus, who gives golden wings to Fortune. These appendages to a figure given by Gruter, have led some antiquaries to suppose that it was a representation of Aurora with wings. Pausanias, however, says that the famous statue of Rhamnusia and the most ancient figures of this deity were wingless,45 but that he found those at Smyrna had wings, so that the figures of the Nemeses seen on the coins of Smyrna, were probably copied from the most ancient statues of the goddesses.

That the original Nemesis was no other than Fortune, and that good and ill-fortune were implied by the double personification, will at once be seen by a reference to Sim- plicius' Commentaries on Aristotle.46 It is well known that the Athenians erected a statue to Nemesis after the battle of Marathon, and that it was executed by Phidias from marble, which the Persians had brought with them to erect a trophy in Greece.47

No. 9. Obv. — Same legend and head.

R.— GfcGSKlN MAPNAC.— (Money) of the Ephesians. Mamas. The usual representation of a river god ; namely, a male figure seated on the ground, holding a cornucopia in his right hand, and the left elbow resting on an urn reversed. JE 6.

Antiquaries are not agreed as to the precise meaning of this type; and various conjectures have been offered on the word MARNAS. Some have supposed it to allude to Jupiter, to whom the name of Marnas was given by the people of Gaza. The learned Tristan 48 quotes an account

« Lib. i. c. 33.

46 Lib. ii.

47 Pausanias, lib. i. c. 33.

48 Com. Historiques, tome ii. p. 250.

88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of the destruction of several Pagan temples at Gaza, in the days of Arcadius and Honorius, by St. Porphyry, bishop of that city, among which was one of Marnas.49 Stepha- nus50 speaks of this deity, who was the same as Jupiter Craetaeus, the word t£?3~) D Marnas being Syriac and sig- nifying the lord of men ; and it has been conjectured, that Mdjovae 'E^eortwv signifies the Virgin of the Ephesians, Marnas being also the Cretensian word for Virgin. The Numismatist will decide how far these recondite illustra- tions apply to the coin before us. Havercamp 51 and Vail- lant52 see only a river god in the recumbent figure. Later numismatists, however, have supposed it to be the representation of a sacred fountain. Now as meadows and fountains were peculiarly sacred to Diana, as mountains and high places were consecrated to Jupiter,53 it seems by no means improbable that the word Marnas may be re- ferred to that goddess to whom the fountain in question might have been sacred.

DOMITIANUS AND DOMITIA.

No. 10. 060.— AOM1TIANOC KAICAP AOMITIA CGBACTH. Domitianus Ccesar, Domitia Augusta. The heads of the Emperor and Empress face to face.

49 Erant autem in civitate simulacrorum publica templa octo, Nempe, Solis, Veneris, Apollinis, Proserpinae, et Hecates, et quod dicebant Hierion, sen sacerdotum templum ; et Fortunae urbis, quod dicebant Tycheon, et MARNION, &c. &c. Marcus the deacon, who gives this account, says, " Dicebant (Gazaei)enim Marnam esse dominum imbrium"

50 De Urbib. voce Gaza.

51 Medailles de Christine, p. 343.

52 Num. Graeca, p. 23. The same author, p. 22, gives a coin of Smyrna with MAPQNOS.

53 'lepct e)e 'Apre^u^or, Trj/yat va^tarwv (cat /coTXat vaTrat, KCU

Maximus Tyrius, Diss. xxxviii.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 89

R.— NGIKH AOMITIANOY 6*6. The Victory of Domi- tianus. — (Money) of the Ephesians. Victory, standing, with garland and palm branch. JE 5|.

It is to be feared that none of the coins of this tyrant, which record a victory, will serve the purpose of the his- torian ; and it was said of Domitian especially, that when- ever fortune frowned on his arms, he seized on the occasion to proclaim a victory, a practice not altogether abandoned in modern times !

HADRIANUS,

No. 11. Obv.— AAPIANOC KAICAP OAYMHIOC. Hadrianu* Ccesar Olympius. Laureated head of Hadrian with the paludamentum.

R. — e$GCKlN. — (Money) of the Ephesians. The statue of Diana Ephesia within an octostyle temple, the front ornamented with a bas-relief, representing a sacrifice, &c.

#;io£.

Long before the days of Hadrian, the Greeks had been in the habit of paying divine honours to the worst of princes. Magnificent temples were built in honour of, and the most fulsome adulation was offered to, men who prac- tised every species of vice that can debase human nature. Hadrian was unquestionably possessed of qualities which, if rightly exercised, might have rendered him without a parallel in the history of the Roman Empire, but these were obscured by vices which will neither bear description nor comment. Why and on what occasion the people of Ephesus gave to Hadrian the title of Olympius is, I be- lieve, unknown. That odious system of Polytheism, which associated Jupiter with Ganymede, might have suggested the epithet. While the Ephesians were bestowing a sur- name of the king of the gods upon their emperor, other cities of Greece were erecting temples to Antinous !

90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The various styles of the temples which appear on the coins of Ephesus perplexed the Count Caylus,54 who ob- serves, that they do not agree with the description of Pliny; and he assigns, as a reason, the fact of the many restora- tions of this edifice. It is somewhat singular that Pliny 55 and Vitruvius 56 differ as to the order of its architecture, the first declaring it to be Doric, and the other, Ionic.

The name of the first architect of the temple of Diana, laccording to Strabo,57 was Chersiphron; but it was en- arged by some other person. This structure was burned by Erostratus on the night of the birth of Alexander the Great, a calamity which the Greeks attributed to the ab- sence of Diana in her quality of Lucina at the delivery of Olympias.58 But another temple was soon built by the Ephesians; and this greatly surpassed the former, the funds being supplied by the contributions of the citizens, which included even the personal ornaments of the women.59 Alexander offered to build the temple at his own expense, on condition that his name should be inscribed upon it. This offer they declined, alleging that it would be impos- sible for a god to make offerings to the gods ! The archi- tect of the new edifice was Cheiromocrates (or Deinocrates) the same who offered to cut down mount Athos into a statue of Alexander.

54 Recueil d' Antiquites. tome iv. p. 154.

55 Praeter has sunt quae vocantur Atticce columnae, &c. — Hist. Nat. xxxvi. c. 23.

56 — et Ephesiae Dianae lonica. De Architect, lib. iii.

57 Lib. xiv. c.i.

58 Vide Cicero, De Nat. Deor. ii. c. 27. Plutarch, in vita Alexand. Ammian. lib. viii. 14.

59 Strabo refutes the statement of Timaeus, the Sicilian histo- rian, who says that the expense of the rebuilding was defrayed by the deposits of the Persians.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESU8. ^""T 91

Pliny informs us that the temple was built in the plain in preference to a more elevated situation ; in order that it might not be affected by the shocks of earthquakes to which the country was subject.61 The foundations were laid on charcoal, rammed, and the skins of beasts. The building occupied two hundred and twenty years : it had one hundred and twenty-seven columns, executed at the cost of so many kings. One of them was sculptured by the famous Scopas.62 Among other curiosities within the building was a staircase which led up to the roof, formed of a single vine. The altar was covered with the sculp- tures of Praxiteles, and the temple contained some of the finest works of the artists of antiquity.

No. 12. Obv. — Same legend and head.

R.— G^ecmN AIC NEilKOPQN.— (Money) of the Ephe- sians, twice Neocori. The temple of Diana Ephesia containing her statue. JE 10.

No. 13. Obv. — Same legend and head.

R. — Same legend. Two Octostyle Temples. JE 11.

It is this title of Neocorus to which the Scribe or " Town clerk" alludes in his address to the Ephesians — "AvSpsg rig jap eortv avOpwirog, oc ov ytvwcrica TTJV TroXtv NEiiKOPON ovaav TTJC jtieyaAijc Otag .63 The primitive signification of the word was temple sweeper ^ ; but it afterwards became a title of great importance, and was boastfully assumed by several Greek

61 In solo id palustri fecere, ne terrse motus sentiret, aut hiatus timeret. — Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. c. 14.

62 Scopas is mentioned by Pliny, Cicero, and Horace ; and Pausanias speaks of several statues which were executed by him.

63 Acts xix. 35.

64 From VIUQ a temple, and vwpew to sweep.

92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

cities, and especially by the Ephesians, whose greatest pride was that they were the Neocori of the great goddess Diana. Several learned dissertations have been written on this title and its repetition 65 ; on the precise meaning of which antiquaries are not quite agreed. It appears, by the Oxford marbles, to have been sometimes awarded by de- cree of the Senate, and by a coin of Alexander Severus (Vaillant, Num. Grceca), that the title of Neocorus was, in some ^cities, conferred on individuals — M EYFENHC NGilKOPOC Atycwv.

No. 14. Obv.— OAYMHIOC AAPIANOC. Olympius Hadrianus. Head of the Emperor.

R.— APTEMIC e$eCIQN. Diana of the Ephesians. Diana overpowering a stag which she seizes by the horns, her knee pressing on its back. JE 6.

Hercules is represented on Greek coins seizing the hind of QEnoe in a similar manner. Among the surnames of Diana was that of QripoicrotoQ, or destroyer of wild and fero- cious Jbeasts ; and she is thus characterized by Horace : —

et saevis inimica Virgo

Belluis.

Cicero66 informs us that there were several Dianas, — the first being the daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, said to be the mother of Cupid; the second, daughter of Jupiter and Latona; the third, daughter of Upis and Glauce, and that the latter was the Diana to whom the Greeks gave the name of Upis. But this goddess is gene- rally considered the daughter of Jupiter and Latona ; and that such was the prevailing fable at Ephesus will be seen in the remarks on another coin of the city noticed hereafter.

65 See especially Pellerin, Melanges, vol. ii. p. 266; Cuper. Lett, de Critique, p. 479 ; and Eckhel, Doc. Num. Vet. vol. iv. p. 289.

66 De Nat. Deor. lib. iii. c. 23.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 93

She is here represented in her appropriate hunting costume as described by Ovid : — 6?

Nuda genu, vestem ritu succincta Dianae.

Quotations innumerable might be cited from ancient au- thors who speak of this goddess ; but to notice one half of them would swell these remarks beyond the limits assigned to them ; yet I cannot refrain from mentioning a very re- markable inscription, said to have been discovered in Spain some years since, in which Diana is styled " Mother," an epithet which, though strictly applicable to this goddess in her Ephesian character, is, in other respects, difficult to be reconciled with the description of the poets. —

TEMPLVM DIANAE MATRI D.D. APV LEIVS ARCHITEC TVS SVBSTRVXIT.

The same type is found on a coin of Commodus in the British Museum.

No. 16. Obv.—ATT. KAI. TPA. AAPIANOC C6B. The Emperor Caesar Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus. Laureated head.

ft. — EfcECIQN KAYCTPOC. (Money) of the EpJiesians. Cayster. A river-god seated on the ground, holding ears of corn and a cornucopia. JE 7.

The reverse of this coin has the most common representa- tion of a river-god. Pausanias * informs us, that he saw in a temple at Psophis, several figures of river-gods; some of which were, no doubt, thus represented. They were all formed of white stone, except that of the Nile, which was black, because that river passes through Ethiopia in its way to the sea. Aelian69 speaks of the various forms under

67 Metam. lib. x.536.

68 Lib. viii. c. 24. 69 Var. Hist. Lib. ii. c. 33.

94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

which the river deities of the Greeks were personified, of which we have many examples on the coins which have descended to our times, the most elegant of which is that of the seated figure on this specimen.

The overflowings of the Cayster formed what Virgil terms "Asia Palus,"70 to which he also alludes in the lines,

Jam varias pelagi volucres, et quae Asia circum Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata CaystriJ1

This stream appears to have been the resort of flocks of swans : Homer T2 compares the martial array of the Greeks to the clustering of the swans and cranes on the windings of the Cayster, and the plains of Asius which it watered : —

KavffTpiov ap.<f>t peeOpa.

And Ovid73 alludes to the river and its feathered denizens thus : —

- non illo plura Caystros

Carmina cygnorum labentibus audit in undis.

While Martial,74 rating the plagiarist Fidentinus, says,

Sic Niger in ripis errat cum forte Caystri Inter Ledaeos ridetur corvus olores.

L. AELIUS.

No. 17. Obv.— Bare head of jElius.

ft.— EfcECmN AIC NEUKOPON. (Money) oftheEphesians, twice Neocori. An octostyle temple, ornamented with busts of Hadrian and Aelius, and containing a statue of the Ephesian Diana. JE 9.

70 Aen. vii. 701. 71 Georg. i. 383-4.

72 II. ii. 460. 73 Metam. lib. v.

74 Epig. i. 54.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 95

Of this favourite, and adopted son, of Hadrian we have several fine coins, not only of the Roman, but also of the imperial Greek series ; and the present example is interest- ing, as shewing in what estimation the Ccesar was held by the Ephesians.

ANTONINUS PIUS.

No. 18. Obv.— T. AIA. KA1CAP ANTQNGINOC. Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus. Laureated head of the emperor.

R. — nei&N €$eCK!N. Jupiter seated on what appears to be a rock, or the rugged peak of a mountain, holding in his right hand a cornucopia reversed, from which a shower (of rain ?) is descending, his left hand grasping a thunderbolt ; in the distance, to the right, a temple and a cypress tree, and in the foreground, a reclining bearded figure. .ZE 10.

This remarkable • coin, engraved and described by Seguin,75 has been elegantly illustrated by the learned Eckhel.76 Seguin renders the unusual legend, Piorum Ephesiorum, and conjectures that the emperor himself is represented under the form and attributes of Jupiter, who holds the fulmen " non minax sed quietum," and that the Ephesians meant by this type to flatter their virtuous ruler in a manner very common to the Greeks. Eckhel, how- ever, sees in the type an allegory of Jupiter Pluvius, and the earth, and quotes the following lines of Virgil 7T in il- lustration of it : —

Turn pater omnipotens fecundis imbribus aether Conjugis in gremium laetae descendit, et omnes Magnus alit, magno commixtus corpore, foetus.

Other illustrations may be found in various ancient au-

75 Sel. Num. p. 154.

76 Doct. Num. Vet., vol. ii. p. 514.

77 Georgic, ii. 325. There is a very remarkable figure of Jupiter Pluvius on the Antonine column.

96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

thors,78 and the description given by Pausanias79 of the statue which he saw at Athens, representing the Earth imploring showers from Jupiter, must not be overlooked. Seguin supposes the reclining figure to be symbolical of the province of Ionia; but as the coin appears to be not in the best condition, it is more likely to be the ordinary representation of a river-god, and probably typifies the Cayster. The emperor, M. Aurelius,80 speaks of a prac- tice of the Athenians, who, when supplicating Jupiter for rain, addressed that deity with the words — wo-ov, vaov, <j>i\£ Ztv ! — rain, rain, dear Jupiter.

With regard to the remarkable legend — 'EQtaiw Tlctwi/, Eckhel81 considers the word Iletwv as an epithet assumed by the Ephesians in honour of the Emperor Antoninus Pius — " Ephesios se dixisse Iletoue ex nomine Imperantis turn Antonini Pii." Now the only reason which can be assigned for the explanation of that great numismatic au- thority, is the circumstance of the word nGIilN being found solely on the coins of Antoninus Pius ; but, as the walls of the city of Ephesus extended over mount Pion, and traces of them were seen by Chandler when he visited the spot, it seems more probable that the legend is intended to include the inhabitants of the mountain, who were con- sidered joint citizens with the Ephesians. The rise of several streams in the Cilbian heights is noticed by Chandler, and this with Pliny's 82 description, seems admi- rably to illustrate the type.

78 Vide, especially Tibullus, Eleg. viii. ; Statius, Theb. iv.

79 In Attic, lib. i.

80 Ilpoe tavrov. lib. v. c. 7.

81 Doct. Num. Vet. ii. p. 316.

82 " Attollitur (Ephesii) Monte Pione. Alluitur Caystro in Cyl-- bianis jugis orto, multosque amnes deferente et stagnum Pega- seum, quod Phyrites amnis expellit." — Hist. Nat. lib. v. c. 29.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 97

No. 19. Obv.— AY. K. T. AI. AAPIA. ANTQNeiNOC. The

Emperor Caesar Titus JElius Hadrianus Antoninus. Laureated head of the Emperor.

R.— KOINON ACIAC 6*6CmN.— The community of Asia. (Money) of the Ephesians. The statue of Diana Ephesia crowned by Victory; by her side, a female figure, with a turreted crown, holding the hasta; at her feet, two stags. M 10.

The female figure with the turreted crown is doubtless the province of Ionia; and the coin was probably struck to commemorate some victory obtained by Antoninus, which the Ephesians were desirous of attributing to the inter- vention of their favourite goddess; but the absence of any record of the Consulship, or the Tribunita Potestas, on Imperial Greek coins, often deprives us of all means of even guessing at the event they are intended to record.

No. 20. Obv.— T. AI. KAICAP ANTQNGINOC. Titus Aelius Caesar Antoninus. Laureated head of Antoninus.

R. — ZMYP. nerr. e*ecmN OMON. Concord of the

people of Smyrna, Pergamus, and Ephesus. Diana Ephesia with her attributes standing between ^Escu- lapius and Nemesis. JE 11.

The three figures on the reverse of this coin are the tutelary deities of Smyrna, Pergamus, and Ephesus, and are therefore very appropriately brought together to com- memorate the concord of the three cities. Of the Ne- meses I have already spoken, and I shall reserve my remarks on the deity of Pergamus for a paper on the coins of that city.

No. 21. Obv.— Same head.

R. — AHOAAiiN EMBACIOC e*6CIQN. Apollo Em- basius of the Ephesians. A Galley. (Vaillant, Num. Greeca.) JE

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Among the numerous surnames which the Greeks gave to Apollo were those of Embasius and Ekbasius, derived from 'Ejuj3atvo> (/ embark] and 'EicjSaivw (/ land}. This deity is often thus named in the argonautics of Apollonius, as noticed by Eckhel,83 who observes that his worship was very appropriate in a maritime and commercial city. — " Numen urbi opportunum, cujus amplum fuit mari com- mercium."

No. 22. Obv.—T. AIAIOC KAICAP ANTQNGINOC. Titus Mlius Ccesar Antoninus. The laureated head of An- toninus.

R.— GfceCKlN AIC NeQKOPiiN.— {Money) of the Ephe- sians, twice Neocori. Three temples, each having within it a statue, the centre one being that of Diana Ephesia. ^E 10.

It is obvious that the title " twice Neocori " here refers only to the Neocori of the Emperors; that of the Great Diana, " whom all Asia and the world worshipped," ^ being considered as a thing well known to the surrounding cities.

It is further quite clear from this type that the Ephesians at this period did not always include in their records of the number of times they were declared Neocori — the Neocorus of the Great Diana. They probably considered it a title which they enjoyed by consent of all the civilized world, and therefore not to be confounded with recent favours and benefactions. But, if this be admitted with regard to the coins of the times of the Antonines, it will not establish a rule for those of a later period, — since we find on the

83 Doct. Num. Vet. vol. ii. p. 516.

84 Acts xix. v. 27.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 99

money of subsequent reigns, T6TPAKIC NGQKOPilN, — the Neocorus of Diana included, and evidently alluding to the four temples represented on the reverse.

No. 23. Obv.— T. AIA. KAICAP ANTilNGINOC. Titus Mlius Ccesar Antoninus. Laureated head.

R.— AYPHAIOC KAICAP efcGCmN. Amelius Casar. (Money) of the Ephesians. Marcus Aurelius on horse- back. (Mionnet from the cabinet of Cousinery-) JEW.

This coin was probably struck in honour of the em- peror's visit to Ephesus.

No. 24. Obv. — AYF. K. HO. AIKIN. BAAEPIANOC. The

Emperor Ccesar Publius Licinius Valerianus. Laureated head.

R.— EfcEEIQN T. NEftKOPflN.— (Money) of the Ephe- sians, thrice Neocori. A woman walking to the right, holding in each arm a child. JE 7.

As will be noticed hereafter, the Ephesians maintained that Apollo and Diana were not born at Delos, but in the Ortygian grove, near their city. Of course such a tradition became hallowed by time ; and we accordingly find it illus- trated by this type as late as the days of Valerian. A coin of Tranquillina, wife of Gordian, has a similar representa- tion of Latona with her twin children ; but one of them holds his bow and the other a globe, a symbol very signifi- cant of the universal worship of the goddess.

No. 25. Obv.— AYT. K.AI. AAPI. ANTilNGlNOC. The Emperor Ccesar Adrianus Antoninus. Laureated head of Anto- ninus with the paludamentum.

R.— Gill 6CTIAIOY OMONOIA. Concord under EstiUus. Diana Ephesia and Diana Lucifera standing. JE 10.

There is another coin of this type with the bare head of Antoninus. The figures on the reverse are exceedingly VOL. iv. p

100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

curious as representing Diana in her Ephesian character, and also as Hecate. The first is evidently a very ancient figure. Its stiffness and formality indicate a primitive origin; and the rigidity of the arms, which project from the side of the image, is so remarkable, that they appear to have been the adjuncts of a succeeding age, while the props or supports do not terminate in tridents as on other coins. The other figure may possibly be a representation of that which Pliny 85 describes, which was of marble, and of such dazzling lustre, that the beholders were cautioned to shade their eyes from its effulgence.

No. 26. Obv. — Same legend and head.

R.— IGPA AHHNH GfceCKlN.— The Sacred Car of the Ephesians. The Theusa or Sacred Car drawn by two mules. JE 10.

The Theusa or Divine Car, called also Carpentum, and by the Greeks a7rrjv»j, appears more frequently on Roman coins. It is figured on those of Agrippina and Domitilla, having, as would appear by the legends, been used to convey the remains of those empresses to their last resting places. They were employed also in the sacred proces- sions when the images of the gods were paraded in public. Though the animals, harnessed to the car on this example, are more like horses (for which, indeed, Vaillant mis- took them) than mules, it appears by a passage in Athe- naeus, quoted by Eckhel ^ that the latter animal was used on these occasions.

85 Et Hecate Ephesi in templo Diana? post aedem, in cujus contemplatione admonent ffiditui parcere oculis, tanta marmoris radiatio est. — Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. c. 5.

86 'ATTJ/VOU vfi fyutoywv dyo/ifveu — Theusae a mulis tractae.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 101

No. 27. Obv. — Same legend and head.

R— Gill IIAITOY rPAMMATGOC APT6MIC 6*6- CIliN. — Under Pcetus, Scribe. Diana of the Ephesians. Statue of the Ephesian Diana. IE 8|.

This coin is remarkable, merely from the circumstance of the re-appearance of the name of the Scribe, a fact which invites the inquiries and conjectures of the antiquary and numismatist. If this Paetus be the same personage as the Proconsul whose name appears on the next coin, it is another proof of the importance of the office of Scribe. No. 28. Obv. — Same legend and head.

R.— AN9Y. KAIC6N. IIAITOY 6$6. CMY. OMONOIA.

Concord of the people of Ephesus and Smyrna under the Proconsul Ccecennius Pcetus. Diana and Apollo stand- ing with their attributes. IE 9. (Sestini, Descriz.)

The type of this coin requires little explanation. It was natural that Apollo should be figured in company with a deity so highly venerated by the Ephesians ; and it is some- what remarkable that, as the brother of the great goddess, he does not appear oftener on the coins of Ephesus.

No. 29. Obv.— OYHPOC KAICAP $AYCT6INA C6. Verus Ccesar, Faustina Augusta. Heads of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina Junior.

R.— em CTPA. IOYAIANOY 6*6CmN. (Money) of the Ephesians, under the Prcetor Julianus. A river god seated on the ground, holding in his right hand the image of Diana Ephesia. JE 5. (Vaillant).

Sestini87 gives a coin of Ephesus, struck during the reign of S. Severus, on which Jupiter Olympius is represented seated, holding the image of Diana Ephesia ; and Vaillant 88 describes another of the same emperor, on which that deity is figured standing and holding a similar image.

This coin is remarkable on account of its bearing the

87 Lett. Num. Cont. iv. p. 77.

88 Num. Graeca.

102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

name of the Sroarrjyoe or Praetor, instead of that of the Proconsul or the Scribe ; and it should be observed, that it was struck previous to the year A. D. 161, while Aurelius yet bore the names of Marcus Annius Merits, and was merely CcBsar ; though his consort, as the daughter of Antoninus Pius, is styled Augusta.

MARCUS AURELIUS.

No- 30 OZw.— AY. KAI. AY. ANTiiNGINOC. The Emperor Ccesar Aurelius Antoninus- Laureated head of Aurelius.

R.— - EfcESIQN AIS NEilKO[PiiN] nPQ[TON] A2IAS. (Money) of the Ephesians, twice Neocori* the first of Asia. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus sacrificing at an altar, with the fire kindled, before the statue of the Ephesian Diana. JE 11.

Several cities of antiquity assumed the title of UpwroQ or First, and its signification has been discussed by Eckhel,89 who has cited the conflicting opinions of various learned men. Pergamus, Samos, Smyrna, and Tralles are among those cities whose coins most frequently boast the title of Protos, which appears to have been assumed simply as a title of excellence, and not in the sense of Metropolis, an epithet which we find perpetually recorded on the coins of Antioch. It is remarkable that, although there are many numismatic records of the friendship and alliance between the cities of Ephesus and Smyrna, they both inscribed on their coins the boasted title nPQT&N ACIAC.

No. 81. Obv.—AV. KAI. M. AYP. ANTON. The Emperor Ccemr Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Laureated head of Marcus Aurelius.

R.— e$ecmN KAI lepAiioAerraN OMON. Concord

of the people of Ephesus and Hierapolis. Diana Ephesia between two stags ; on her left, Apollo stand- ing. JE 101.

89 Doct. Num. Vet. vol. iv. p. 282.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 103

It does not appear from the coins of Hierapolis in Phrygia, that Apollo was the tutelary deity of that city, for the types comprise, among many others, representa- tions of Jupiter, -ZEsculapius, Pluto, Lunus, Nemesis, Hygeia, &c. Apollo, however, occasionally appears ; and on a coin of Commodus 90 he is represented in a female habit playing on the lyre. Besides these, there are the figures of Diana Ephesia and of an Amazon on horseback, armed with the bipennis.

No. 32. Obv. — Same legend and head.

R.—e*ecmN KAI. CAPAIANSIN OMONOIA. Concord

of the people of Ephesus and Sardes. Diana Ephesia standing : by her side a female figure. JE 10.

It appears from this coin, that the city of Sardes in Lydia was amongst those who entered into alliance with the Ephesians, the figure of whose celebrated deity some- times appears on the coins of Sardes. Sardes boasted the titles of Neocorus and Metropolis, and a coin of Elagabalus shows that the former was twice repeated.91

No. 33. Obv. — Similar legend and head.

R.— 6*eCIQN KAI. TPAAAIANQN OMONOIA. Con- cord of the people of Ephesus and Tralles. Diana Ephesia and Jupiter Nicephorus.

From the coins of Tralles in Lydia, Jupiter appears to have been the most important, if not the tutelary deity of that city. To give a particular account of those cities with whom the Ephesians formed alliances, or rather, who formed alliances with the Ephesians, would swell these re- marks beyond their prescribed limits.

90 Mionnet, Descrip. torn. iv. p. 303- 91 Ibid, p* 133.

104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

LUCIUS VERUS.

No. 34. 060.— AYT. KAI. AOYKIOC AYP. OYHPOC. The Em- peror Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus. Lztureated head.

ft.— OMONOIA G*ecmN. The statue of Diana Ephesia

on a pedestal between the figures of Aurelius and

Verus, each in the toga. Medallion. (Sestini, Lettere, torn, viii.)

If the words of the legend of the reverse are to be read independent of each other, the o/uovota would appear to allude to the emperors, who are thus represented in the toga, and joining hands on many Roman coins with the legend CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM a type and legend which seem almost to justify the supposition of some anti- quaries that the senate, in attributing virtues to vicious princes, thus delicately hinted that they ought to practise them. Doubtful as this may appear to some, the conjec- ture does not seem to be altogether groundless; for the type of the Roman coins alluded to was copied by several Greek cities. But, if we are to consider with Sestini92 that this coin of Ephesus was struck to commemorate the concord of the Ephesians — " concordia inter se ipsos," — the words of the legend must be read together, and signify the internal harmony of the Ephesians.93

No. 35. Obv.— AYT. KAIC. A. AIA. OYHPOC AYrOYCTOC. The

Emperor Casar Lucius Mlius Verus Augustus. Lau- reated head.

92 Classes Generales, p. 81.

93 These alliances, inter se, are strongly urged on the Athe- nians by Demosthenes. — Ep. ii. (Hepl rife 'O/zovo/ae) Ae7 Se' vfj.5.Q, <3 avdpeQ 'Adrjvaioi irp&Tov p.ev airavTwv IIPOS 'YMAS AYTOIS OMONOIAN «c TO KOIVTJ crvfi<j)fpoi> rf) wo\£t irapaa-

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 105

R.— 6*eCIQN AAOAIKGQN OMONOIA. Concord of the people of Laodicea and Ephesus. Diana Ephesia between two stags, and Jupiter, seated, holding the hasta. M 11.

From this type we learn, that the Ephesians were on terms of amity with the citizens of the Phrygian Laodicea.

No. 36. Obv.— M. AYPHAIOC OYHPOC KAICAP. Marcus Aurelius Verus Caesar. Bare head with the paluda- mentum.

R.— ANAPOKAOC KTICTHC G^GCKiN. Androclus the founder of the Ephesians. Androclus in military cos- tume, holding (as it appears) a bow in his extended right hand, his left grasping a spear. M 6.

This very interesting type shows, that whatever were the opinions of ancient writers, the story of the foundation of Ephesus by Androclus was generally received as the true one by the Ephesians, in the days of the Antonines. Pausanias, who is supposed to have flourished in the suc- ceeding reign, tells us that the tomb of the Ionian leader was in the road leading from the temple of Diana, and that upon it was the figure of an armed man94; and it is highly probable that the dress and arms of the figure on this coin were copied from the statue in question.

It is very true that a coin of Augustus, struck at Ephe- sus95 gives the honoured title of K-non?? to that emperor; but in this, as in many similar instances which might be re- ferred to on Greek coins, it must be considered as mere hyperbole, simply signifying that the emperor was the the benefactor or restorer of the city. It should be observed that a coin of Antoninus Pius bears two heroic figures, with the names of Cyzicus and Ephesus, but without any designation.

94 Lib. vii. c. 2. 95 Vaillant. Num. Graeca.

106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

COMMODUS.

No. 37. Obv.— M. AY. OAYM. KOMOAOC. Marcus Aurelius Olympius Commodus. Laureated head of Coramodus.

R. — 6*eCION B. N6O. (Money) of the Ephesians, twice Neocori. Diana, the huntress, overpowering a stag. M 6.

2. — Another, with a river god seated; in the exergue, QKGANOC.

We here find the title of Olympius bestowed on the worthless Commodus. This was a little in advance of the emperor's vanity; since at home he was content with that of Hercules, as many Roman coins testify. The sea is typified in the same manner as a river god according to the general practice of the Greeks.

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.

No. 38. Obv.— AY. KAI. A. CGH. CGOYHPOC UGP. The Em-

peror Ccesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax. Lau- reated head of Septimius Severus.

R.— e$eCmN B. NeiiKOPilN. (Money) of the

sians, twice Neocori. The figure of Diana Ephesia between the rivers Cayster and Cenchrius. JE 7.

The signification of this type is obvious. The river Cayster has already been noticed. The stream, called the Cenchrius, was held in veneration by the Ephesians for the reasons mentioned at page 74.

No. 39. Obv.— CGOYHPOC CIGIOC AYF. Severus Pius Au- gustus. Laureated head.

R.— efcGCIilN B. N6OKOPQN. (Money) of the Ephe- sians, twice Neocori.- Two children suckled by a wolf. JB5|.

The type of the founders of Rome is probably intended as a compliment to Geta and Caracalla, the sons of Severus ;

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 107

but it may merely signify the respect which the Ephesians affected to feel for their Roman masters ; for imperial Greek coins of other emperors bear the type of the wolf and twins, a type which was revived in the days of Constantine the Great, as is shewn by innumerable examples preserved to our times. We learn from Livy 95 that these images were erected over the public buildings at Rome ; and we know that they are figured on the divisions of the Roman As, as well as on the coins of Campania.

' JULIA DOMNA.

No. 40. Obv. — IOYAIA CGBACTH. Julia Augusta. Head of the Empress.

R.— e*ecmN TPIC NeoKOPiiN KAI THC APTG-

MIAOC. (Money) of the Ephesians, thrice Neocori and (also) of Diana. A female figure, wearing the stola and a turreted crown, standing ; in her right hand the hasta, her left holding an ox ; before, the figure of Diana Ephesia. JE 9.

This coin is given by Mionnet,96 who has transposed the legend of the reverse, an error which he has rectified in his sixth supplemental volume.97 It is remarkable as shewing that apart from all other honours, and the repetition of the title of Neocoros, the Neocoros of the Great Diana was their chief and permanent boast; and a right which time had confirmed and hallowed. The group represents a sacrifice to the Ephesian goddess, by the province of Ionia, typified by the female figure with the turreted crown.

95 Lib. x.

96 Descrip. torn, iii- p. 106. — No. 342.

97 Ibid. torn. vi. p. 159.— No. 524. ,

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108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

CARACALLA.

No. 41. Obv. — AN'mNGlNOC AYI\ Antoninus Augustus. Lau- reated head.

ft.— e*ecmN KAI CAPAIANQN OMONOIA. Concord

of the people of Ephesus and Sardes. The figures of Diana Ephesia and Juno Pronuba, standing. JE 10.

No. 42. Obv.— AYT. K. M. AYP. ANTiiNGINOC CGB. The Em- peror Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus.

R.— AOFMATI CYNKAHTOY e<D€CmN HAIOI NGOI.

By decree of the Senate of the JEphesians. The New Suns. Four temples containing, severally, statues of Severus, Domna, Caracalla, and Geta. JE .

The practice of paying divine honours to their rulers was, as has been already observed, a very common one with the degenerate and degraded Greeks. Every one acquainted with ancient history will remember the account which Plu- tarch98 gives of Antony and Cleopatra at Alexandria, when the Triumvir was styled Ncoc Atovutroc (the New Bacchus) and his paramour Nea lo-tc (the New Isis), which latter title, or rather that of 0£a Nea or Newrepa, is found on a coin of Cleopatra, doubtless struck at the very time of that insane mummery." Buonnarotti 10° cites many examples of this practice, quoting a marble from Spon, on which Sabina the empress is styled the New Ceres (Neav ArjjUTjrcjoa), and an- other from the same author inscribed to Julia Pia as the New Vesta (Eemav Ncai/). Caligula called the temple of Jerusalem after his name — Atoe tinfyavovQ veov Fatou.

98 In Vita Ant. See also Paterculus, lib. ii. 83, and Dio. lib. xlviii.

99 Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 200, 209.

100 Osservazioni Istoriche, p. 40.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 109

No. 43. Obv.— ANraNGlNOC AYF. Antoninus Augustus. Lau- reated head.

R.— e^GCION KAI CAPAIANQN OMONOIA. Concord of the People of Ephesus and Sardes. The figures of Diana Ephesia and Juno Pronuba standing. JE .

The worship of the Samian Juno appears to have been cultivated in several of the Asiatic cities ; and the manner in which she is represented on many coins, shews that she was, like Diana of the Ephesians, a very ancient deity. We have here evidence that she was held in especial honour by the people of Sardes in Lydia.

No. 44. Obv.— AYT. K. M. AYP. ANTONGINOC CGB. The

Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Lau- reated head with the paludamentum.

R.— e$ecriiN npirraN ACIAC A. Nesm.— (Money)

of the Ephesians, the first of Asia, four times101 Neocori. Four temples. IE 10.

This curious and interesting coin is in the collection of the British Museum. The first temple contains the figure of Diana Polymamma ; the second, a togated figure ; and the two others, of which we have a side view, have each a flight of steps, and contain a figure holding the hasta. From this type, therefore, we gather, without the aid of other evi- dence, that the repetition of that title, which was the chief boast of the Ephesians, had no reference to the Neocoro's of the Great Diana, as some have supposed; but that it was recorded on the erection of another temple to an Em- peror. This bringing together of the great deity and the deified emperors, recalls to mind Chandler's 102 description of a bridge which he saw on the road from Aiasaluck to

101 The A is here the Greek numeral 4.

102 Travels in Asia Minor, p. 11 7.

110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Guzel-hissar or Magnesia, and which had been erected at the expense, as appears by the inscription which it bore, of one Pollio, who had dedicated it to the Ephesian Diana, the Emperor Augustus, Tiberius his son, arid to the people of Ephesus. There are coins of Caracalla and Geta with the legend NGOI HAIOI under the bust.

ELAGABALUS.

No, 45. Obv.— ATT. K. M. AYR ANTiiNGINOC CGB. The Em- peror C&sar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. Laureated armed bust, with the paludamentum.

R.— GfcGCKlN MONiiN AHACflN TGTPAKI NGO- KOPiiN. (Money) of the Ephesians, alone, of all (cities) four times Neocori. The emperor in the toga, sacrificing on a tripod before the temple of Diana Ephesia. M 10 j.

This boast of the Ephesians, that they were the sole people who had been declared Neocori for the fourth time, is confirmed by the coins of other cities, which bear records of three Neocorates only.

It is well known that Elagabalus was brought up as a priest of the sun ; and it is very probable that he is here officiating in a sacerdotal character in a sacrifice to Diana.

No. 46. Obv.— AYT. K. M. AYP. ANTiiNGlNOC. The Emperor CfBsar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Laureated head of Elagabalus with the paludamentum.

R.— OIKOYMENIA NSiiKOPiiN. A laurel garland, within which is the bust of Elagabalus with the paludamentum, and the inscription, e^GCIiiN OAYMIIIA, in two lines: below, two palm-branches, the reward of the vic- tors in the games. JE |.

The words of the legend combined may be thus ren- dered " The Universal and Olympian Games of the Ephesians, Neocori."

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. Ill

It is probable that the games which this coin records were celebrated by the Ephesians on the occasion of a visit from the depraved Emperor, who, as Herodian 103 informs us, was detained for some time at Nicomedia, after his election to the empire, by the severity of the season, and who might therefore have visited Ephesus previously to his setting out for Rome : at any rate, it shews that the Ephe- sians were anxious to testify their attachment to one who had promised to tread in the steps of Augustus and Marcus Aurelius, and who, on his first assumption of the purple, led many to hope for better times. These expectations were, however, not to be realised, for Elagabalus soon com- menced his career of astounding iniquity. His fondness for public games is especially noticed by Dio,104 who relates that more than fifty tigers were slain in one of these enter- tainments.

MAXIMINUS.

No. 47. Obv.— I\ IOY. MA#IMINOC. Caius Julius Maximinus. Laureated head.

R. — GfcSCmN TYXH. Fortune of the Ephesians. For- tune standing, holding in her right hand the prow of a vessel, and in her left, a cornucopia. ./E .

From the attributes with which Fortune is here invested, we may infer that that deity had a statue at Ephesus, and that she was propitiated by sacrifices on the occasion of a voyage.

Other coins of Ephesus represent Fortune with her usual attributes, the rudder and cornucopia, as she appears perpetually on Roman coins.

103 Lib.v. c. 11. 104 Lib.lxxix.

112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

GORDIANUS.

No. 48. Obv.— AYT. K. M. ANTii. TOPAIANOC CG. The Em- peror Ctzsar Marcus Antoninus Gordianus. Laureated head.

AAE#ANAPEUN OMONOIA. Concord of the people of Ephesus and Alexandria. Diana Ephesia and Serapis standing on the deck of a galley. JE 10j.

The custom of placing the divinities on rafts or galleys was of remote antiquity, , and perhaps had its origin among the Egyptians. The Ephesians appear to have been aware of this ; and the great deity of Alexandria is here accord- ingly placed on the deck of a galley in company with the Ephesian goddess. Pausanias describes a very curious figure of Minerva seen by him at Priene. It was formed on the Egyptian model, and placed on a raft, as if sailing from Phoenician Tyre.105 Porphyry alludes to this practice of the Egyptians, who, he informs us, placed their gods on rafts or galleys, because they considered that the element on which they floated was necessary to the production and the maintenance of animal and vegetable life ; moreover, he observes, in Holy Writ it is said, that the Spirit of God moved upon the waters.106

Other coins of Gordian struck at Ephesus bear the fi- gures of Serapis and Isis ; and on one of them the goddess is depicted as Isis Pharia, holding a sail distended by the wind and standing by the Alexandrian Pharos,107 a type probably borrowed from that of a common Alexandrian coin of Antoninus Pius.

e^ia yap ^wXwv. mi ITT avri/e 0£0g fK Tvpov rj/t; Kttff ijfTtvo. K. T. \. Archiac. lib. vii. c.5.

106 De Antro Nympharum, pp. 256-7. Edit. Cantab. 1655

107 Mionnet, Descript. torn. iii. p. 117.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 113

PHILIPPUS.

No. 49. Obv.—ATT. K. M. IOY. fclAIIHIOC. The Emperor Ccesar Marcus Julius Philippus. Laureated head of Philip.

R.— HPAKAGITOC e^GCmN. Heraclitus of the Ephe- sians. The bearded figure of Heraclitus, clad in a mantle, his right hand raised, his left resting on a cluh.

Ephesus was the birth-place of the philosopher Hera- clitus ; and it is probable that the figure on this coin is a copy of some well known statue, which perished many ages back in the general wreck of the city.

50. Obv.— AYT. K. M. IOY. fclAIIHIOC. The Emperor Caesar Marcus Julius Philippus. Laureated head of Philip with the paludamentum.

R.— G4>ecmN KATA1IAOYC A. A galley with the sail set, and rowers. JE 5g.

This coin was struck to commemorate the arrival, for the first time, of some important personage at Ephesus; and there can be little doubt but that it records the entrance of the emperor himself. Vaillant 108 renders the legend — " Ephesiorum primus appulsus " — adding, " nempe quando per mare Philippus Ephesum venit," and the same au- thor109 cites a coin of Septimius Severus struck at Perin- thus with the legend EHIAHMIA B. Adventus Secundus ; on which occasion, games, named Severia, were held in honour of the emperor's second arrival in that city. Roman coins, it is well known, often bear the legend Adventus Augusti ; but the Greeks alone appear to have noted the number of times that they were thus honoured by the emperor's visits. This distinction suggests an easy explanation; the record on the Roman coins denoted the emperor's return to the

108 Num. Graeca. p. 162. m Ibid. p. 86.

114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

capital, while that on the money of the Greeks recorded his visits no to the cities of the Roman provinces.

OTACILIA.

No. 51. Obv.— MAP. ilTA. CGYHPA CGB. Marcia Otacilia

Sever a Augusta- Head of Otacilia.

R.— EfcECKIN KOINON HANKINIQN. The Community of the Ephesians, with all Ionia. A tetrastyle Temple. JE 6. (Vaillant.)

Pausanias speaks in several places of the Panionion of the lones, an assembly from which the Smynaeans were for a long time excluded.

PHILIPPUS JUNIOR.

No. 52. Obv.— M. IOYA. $IAIIIIIOC KAICAP. Marcus Julius Philippus Ccesar. Bare head of the younger Philip with the paludamentum.

R.— e$eCKlN APTGMIC ACYAO. Diana of the Ephe- sians, Inviolable. Statue of Diana Ephesia between two stags. JE 81. (Mionnet, from the cabinet of M. Cousinery).

ETRUSCILLA.

No. 53. Obv.— 6P6N. GTPOYCIAAA C€B. Herennia Etruscilla Augusta. The bust of the empress on a crescent.

R.— APT6MIC. e<&6CIA. ACYAOY. Diana Ephesia, In- violable. The goddess with her attributes between two stags: in the field, the sun and moon. M 8|.

These two coins are remarkable on account of the title of AtrwXoc- A very interesting account is given by Tacitus,111 of the cities which claimed the right of Asylum in the reign of Tiberius. That subtle tyrant, while strengthening his power at home, affected to regard the ancient jurisdiction of the Senate, by referring to them the representations and

110 Vide Corsini, '' Fasti Attici," where these and similar re- cords are noticed.

111 Annales, lib. iii. c. 41.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 115

petitions of the various cities of Greece, which claimed the privilege of Asylum or Sanctuary. Foremost among them were the Ephesians, who alleged that Apollo and Diana were not, according to the vulgar legend, born at Delos, but in the Ortygian Grove, within their territory, and that the very olive tree against which Latona leaned, when she was delivered of the twin deities, was still standing ; that to this grove Apollo retired for sanctuary from the wrath of Jupiter, after the slaughter of the Cyclops ; and that here Bacchus pardoned the Amazons who sought refuge at the altar of Diana. They further represented, that their rights in this respect had never been invaded under the Persian and Macedonian rule. Next came the Magnesians, who asserted that the privilege had been granted to them by Lucius Scipio, after he had vanquished Antiochus, and subsequently by Sylla, after the defeat of Mithridates. Aphrodisia and Stratonicea put in their claims, alleging that the right had been granted to them by Caesar in reward for services rendered to his party, and had been confirmed by a decree of Augustus, in which that emperor had especially commended their fidelity to the Romans on the occasion of an irruption of the Parthians. The people of Hieroca5sarea referred their claim to a much earlier period, asserting that they possessed the statue of Diana Persica, whose temple had been consecrated by King Cyrus and the rights of which had been confirmed by Perpennalsau- ricus and many other Roman Generals — multaque alia im- peratorum nomina — who had allowed the right of sanctuary within an area of two miles around it. Cyprus laid claim to no less than three asylums ; the first founded by -/Erias in honour of the Venus of Paphos ; the second by Amathus the son of ^Erias, dedicated to the Amathusian Venus; and the third by Teucer to Jupiter Salaminius, when he fled from the anger of his father.

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116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

These claims appear to have caused some trouble and perplexity to the conscript fathers, who gave power to the Consuls to enquire into their validity, charging them to make due investigation of the several pretensions to the right, and report the result to the senate. The consuls found that many of the cities could refer only to tradition in support of their claim ; but they discovered that, besides the temples above named, there was one at Pergamus dedicated to ^Esculapius, which was really a sanctuary. In the end, the senate, expressing great reverence for the several deities, confirmed the right of sanctuary to but a small number of the claimants, who were commanded to place in each temple a memorial of the decree engraved on brass, with a view to the preservation of the right to pos- terity, and the prevention of ill-grounded claims for the future.112

It is scarcely necessary to add, that these sanctuaries, like those of the Middle Ages, were crowded with the most profligate and abandoned of mankind. Tacitus says, they afforded shelter to runaway slaves, fraudulent debtors, and persons accused of capital offences, and that the excess of the evil led to the enquiry promoted by Tiberius.

The temple of Diana Ephesia enjoyed the privilege of sanctuary before the time of Alexander the Great, who extended it to the distance of a stadium around the build- ing. Mithridates enlarged this to an arrow's flight shot from the angle of the pediment of the temple, which fell a little beyond the line prescribed by Alexander.113 By An-

112 « Factaque senatus consulta, quis multo cum honore, modus tamen praeseribebatur, jussique ipsis in templis figere aera, sa- crandam ad memoriam, neu specie religionis in ambitionem dila- berentur.'' — Annales, lib.iii. c.43.

113 Strabo, lib. xiv.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 117

tony, it was further enlarged, and comprised a portion of the city ; but this was found to be an evil, and the extension was abrogated by Augustus. Notwithstanding the enlarge- ment of the sanctuary by Mithridates, it is evident that the temple proved no asylum to the Romans when he ordered the general massacre in Asia, the wretched fugitives being dragged from the altar and the statues of Diana, and remorselessly butchered without distinction.114

Such are the numismatic monuments of the once famous city of Ephesus, whose subsequent history may be traced in a few brief words. In the early days of Christianity, it became by turns a prey to barbarian spoliation and fanatical frenzy ; and it may be rationally conjectured, that the final destruction of its magnificent temple was achieved by the zealots of the time, while the more precious ornaments of its interior had been greedily seized and appropriated by the savage hordes who were daily becoming more formidable even to Rome herself. " A writer," says Chandler,115 " who lived towards the end of the second century, has cited a sibyl as foretelling that, the earth opening and quaking, the temple of Diana would be swallowed like a ship in a storm in the abyss ; and Ephesus, lamenting and weeping by the river-banks, would enquire for it, then inhabited no more. If the authenticity of the oracle were undisputed, and the sibyl acknowledged a true prophetess, we might

114 'E^)£fftOt rove ££ TO 'ApT£fllfftOV KO.T afyvyoVTCLQ ffV[jnr\£K6/Jl£VOV£

rote ayaXnatnv i^eXKOvree ficreivov. — Appian. Bell. Mith. p. #17. Ed. Amst. 1670.

115 Travels in Asia Minor, p. 141.

118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

infer, from the visible condition of the place, the full accom- plishment of the whole prediction. We now seek in vain for the temple ; the city is prostrate, and the goddess gone !"

At the time this was written, the site of Ephesus was overrun with fennel, which grew tall and rank among its ruins ; and the partridge was calling to its mate among the corn which grew within the area of the stadium. At the present day, if any change has taken place, it only marks the further desolation of the spot. The busy streets and public places which once reverberated with the tramp of countless feet are now wrapped in the silence of the grave, and are seldom traversed save by beasts of prey. The plaudits of the amphitheatre and the odeum are exchanged for the loud cries of the rook and the daw, and ill-omened birds sit and brood in the places once occupied by em- perors and consuls.

J. Y. AKERMAN.

Lewisham, 20th May, 1841.

REMARKS ON THE COINS OF EPHESUS. 119

NOTE ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Imperial Greek coins are seldom in sufficiently good preservation to allow of their being engraved for the mere purpose of illustration : and such is the case with the ma- jority of the present series ; so that the examples given in the accompanying plate are principally selected for their reverses, which, though not fine, are in tolerable con- dition.

The vignette is engraved from a medallion of Claudius and Agrippina, in the cabinet of Dr. John Lee. The reverse bears the legend DIANA EPHESIA in Roman characters. This piece is one of those alluded to at page 80. The very rude and singular image which it bears, favours the supposition that this may have been the original figure of the goddess ; and the conjecture would not, perhaps, be dis- puted, were it not for the occurrence of another representa- tion of this far-famed deity, of a very primitive form, in the coin No. 2.

No. 1. — Is a medallion of Claudius in the cabinet of B. Night- ingale, Esq. The reverse bears the usual figure of Diana within a tetrastyle temple, the columns of which are decidedly of the Ionic order. (See the remarks at page 90).

2. — A coin of Antoninus Pius (in the collection of the British Museum) described at page 99, and remarkable for the very rude figure of the Ephesian goddess.

3. — A coin of Caracalla (in the collection of the British Museum) described at page 109.

4. — This coin, though of Otacilia, the wife of the elder Philip, bears, on the reverse, a type precisely similar to that of Etruscilla described at page 114. Here the figure of Diana differs frorp those on the earlier coins.

120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

XII.

ON THE GOLD TRIENS INSCRIBED "DOROVERNIS CIVITAS."1

THE opinion of M. de Longperier, expressed in the Nu- mismatic Journal, Vol. II. p. 232, that the beautiful gold triens with DOROVERNIS CIVITAS on its reverse, is a specimen of the earliest Saxon coinage, minted at Canter- bury, is, I am persuaded, correct ; and, I doubt not, the objections you made to this appropriation, on account of the somewhat unusual termination IS, will be dispelled by the evidence I have collected respecting the ancient name of the city of Canterbury.

We have charters of Osuuini, A.D. 675 (see No. VIII. in the " Codex Diplomaticus" of the Historical Society), of Hlothari, 675 (No. IX.), of Suabhard, 676 (No. XIV.), of Eadric, 686 (No. XXVII.), of Wihtraed, 696 (No. XLL), of Eadberht, 761 (No. CVIL), of ^Ethilberht, 762 (No. CVIIL), and of Ecgberht, 778 (No. CXXXII.) all kings of Kent; of Dumweald, minister of .ZEthilberht, 762, and of Offa, king of Mercia, 764; in all of which we have the form Dorovernis ; and when to this we add, that wherever the city of Canterbury is .mentioned in the Ec- clesiastical History of Beda, its name is spelt as in the charters (except that we have U in place of the second 0), no doubt can exist that during the seventh, and the greater part of the eighth centuries, the metropolitan city was known by the name of Dorovernis. Towards the close of the eighth century an alteration in the name took place. In a charter of 790, I find the first instance of Dorobernia,

TRIENS WITH " DOROVERNIS CIVITAS." 121

as I do not take into consideration the two corrupt copies of a charter of ^Ethilberht in 605, where we have both Dorovernis and Dorobernia, nor the forgery which purports to be a charter of Archbishop Augustine.

It being then certain, that, during the seventh century, the name of the city of Canterbury was written exactly as on the coin before us, the arguments of M. de Longperier in the Revue Numismatique (1838, p. 471), acquire additional weight. Your remark, that if the Anglo-Saxons had a coinage of gold, this is the description of piece which might be looked for, was perfectly just : this long agitated question must now, therefore, be considered as settled ; and the triens of Canterbury, along with the gold penny of the Confessor in Mr. Spurrier's cabinet, be admitted as evi- dence that, under the Heptarchy as well as the Monarchy, gold money was issued from the Saxon mints. From the circumstance that the moneyer's name is Greek, we cannot hesitate in placing the date of this triens near the com- mencement of the seventh century, and supposing it the work of some artist introduced into this country by Au- gustine and his missionary brethren.

I cannot conclude without calling your attention to one of the most interesting coins of the Anglo-Saxon series hitherto published. It is a penny of Ecgberht, in Mr. Hawkins' work, No. 158, and, from the reverse legend, ZEZ HNDRESZ, undoubtedly a relic of the ecclesiastical mint of Rochester; and, as such, unique. St. Andrew is the patron saint of the cathedral in that city. Yours,

DANIEL H. HAIGH.

Leeds, 10th June, 1841.

122

MISCELLANEA.

COINS AND ANTIQUITIES OF AFGHANISTAN. — Within the last seven or eight years, many important and interesting disco- veries of ancient monuments and coins have been made in the north-western provinces of India, in the valley of the Kabul river, in the mountain districts between India and Turkestan, and in the dependencies of Balkh and Bokhara. The monu- ments, which are situated chiefly about Peshawer, Jelalabid, and Kabul, are known by the name of Topes: they belong to the Buddhist religion, and date in the early ages of Chris- tianity. The coins commence with the Greek kings of Bactria, in the third century before the Christian era, and extend to the Mohammedan invasion of India, in the twelfth century after it. Both monuments and coins afford much novel and interesting information regarding the religious and political condition of the countries bordering on India, and of Western India itself, throughout this protracted interval. Amongst the labourers in this field of inquiry, one of the earliest, most indefatigable, and most successful, has been Mr. Charles Masson, who, during a residence of several years in Kabul, opened many of the monuments, and collected from them, and from other sources, a most extensive variety of antiquities and coins. These collections were made on account and at the cost of the government of India ; and they have consequently been deposited in the Museum of the East India Company. Notices of Mr. Masson's operations and discoveries have been occasionally published, by himself and others, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, in the Numismatic Journals of London, Paris, and Germany, and in various learned continental publications. As, however, a connected description of them was still wanting, the Court of Directors of the East India Company have liberally under- taken the expense of publishing such detailed account, which has been prepared by the librarian to the Company, Professor H. H. Wilson, whose name will not fail to ensure it a favour- able reception among the learned of Europe. After reserving to their own use such a portion of the edition as they deemed it advisable to retain, they have been pleased to present the remainder of the copies, constituting the larger number of

MISCELLANEA. 123

them, to Mr. Masson's mother, with his concurrence, to be disposed of for her exclusive advantage.

It has accordingly been judged advisable, by the friends of the mother of Mr. Masson, that, in order to reap the full benefit of the liberality of the Court, she should endeavour to dispose of the copies in her hands by subscription ; and the following proposals are, with this view, submitted to those who may take an interest in the individual welfare of Mr. Masson and his mother, or in the successful elucidation of a dark though important period of the History of the East. The work will consist of one volume demy quarto, of between three and four hundred pages. It will contain between thirty and forty plates, of topes, coins, and antiquities. The price to subscribers will be 21. 2s. per copy, bound in cloth. The work is far advanced, and will be ready for delivery in a few weeks. The names of subscribers will be received by the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle, and forwarded to the mother of Mr. Masson.

LETTER FROM THOMAS RAWLINS TO JOHN EVELYN. — Thomas Rawlins was an artist employed in the Royal Mint during the reign of Charles I. Although not many works of his connected with the coinage are known as such (always excepting the beautiful and unique Oxford crown, of 1644, now in the British Museum), Briot being the chief officer or graver in the Mint, yet it is certain that Rawlins executed a number of medals of considerable merit, besides a great variety of oval medalets, or badges, which were distributed among the friends and followers of the unfortunate king, many of which bear his initials, and sometimes his name at full length, under the king's bust. He succeeded Briot as chief engraver on that artist's return to France, in 1646, although Walpole says he was not so appointed until 1648, when the Mint became ambulatory. His adherence to the royal cause probably excluded him from official employment under the Commonwealth and the Protectorate ; hence his subse- quent misfortunes and difficulties. That he had been admitted to the friendship and intimacy of Evelyn and his family, is evident from the style of his address to him in the following letter ; and that intimacy might have arisen from a sympathy of political feeling (both being zealous Royalists), as well as from Evelyn's admiration of him as an " excellent artist." He appears, however, subsequently to have borne a not un- blemished reputation, and probably may have forfeited the favor and the patronage of Evelyn. Rawlins lived till 1670, but there is no record that he was ever employed in the Mint

T

124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

after the Restoration. His letter, which is printed verbatim et literatim (the original being in my possession), contains some curious particulars, and shews to what a condition he was reduced.

" For his Worthy Friend John Evelyn Esqre at his house in Bromefeild in Deptford, by Greenwich, these —

Worthy Sr

My due respects to youre selfe and Vertuous Consort, Whoe I hope are happy in many pritye Epitimyes of yours, whoe together with youre selves I pray God to blesse. Sr it is my Misfortune since my coming into England to Rancounter many Misfortunes, amongst which the heavyest is now upon me, which inforces me to be (I shame to speake it) trouble- some to my friends, amongst which deere Sr I ever Placed you in the first Rank, Sr I am now a prisoner (as this bearer my Brother in Law will informe, and to prevent any further inconveniences heere after am Resolved to Make usse of the Act for Relefe of poore prisoners, to which purposse I have Allready taken the oath, and only want mony to sue out my Habeas Corpeas), this worthy Sr putts me to this way of im- portuneing my friends, £to] Whoe when God shall deliver me, I shall not be ungratefull. Sr, it is for God's sake I begg your Charitye, and I shall returne it ether in worke (in Which I thanke God I have much bettered my selfe since I had the honor to see you at Parris) or in what quantity of Mony you shall be pleased to furnish me with, Sr I once more for Heaven's sake implore your Assistance to him that writs him selfe however distressed at this tyme

Yor faithfull and ever

the Hole in S* Martins * Gratefull Servant

febru: 27th 165| THO: RAWLINS

Sr if you would have me grave any thing for you Mr Hoare will bring it, once more Good Sr Consider my sad Condition, God blesse you."

The letter has the following endorsement in the hand- writing of John Evelyn : —

* The precinct of the collegiate church of St. Martin (where the Post Office now stands) was a sanctuary for criminals and debtors ; and although its immunities and privileges were by law suppressed in the reign of James I., it is probable that they continued to be permitted and recognized as regarded the latter class of persons for a long period afterwards. — Vide Kempe's His- tory of the Collegiate Church of St. Martin.

MISCELLANEA. 125

€t ]yjr Tho. Rawlins from prison : 27 ffeb : 1657 — Sometime ye Graver of ye Mint in ye Tower, and an Excellent Artist, but debashd fellow."

The seal attached to the letter is in perfect preservation, and bears the arms of the Townely family, as well as the initials H. T. Whether it was Rawlins' own graving, or only lent him for a temporary purpose by some companion in mis- fortune, we have no means of ascertaining. The annexed is a sketch of it.

B. NIGHTINGALE.

JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF NUMISMATICS, HERALDRY, AND SEALS. — The following is extracted from a Prospectus of the " Zeitschrift fur Miinz, Siegel-und Wappen Kunde" edited by Dr. B. KOEHXE at Berlin, the first number of which appeared on the 1st of April 1841.

" It cannot be but pleasant to the friends of Numismatics, as well as to those devoted to the study of Heraldry and Sig- nets, to see the establishment of a Journal for the admirers of those studies. Our articles will not be limited to descriptions of ancient Roman, Greek, and German Coins, but distin- guished collectors from Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and the East, have promised articles on the coins of their respec- tive countries. Every admirer of the above named studies may become a contributor, and the Editor will gladly insert their articles ; or which, however, no remuneration can be expected, as the limited number of supporters of similar undertakings scarcely suffices to cover the expenses. The articles may be written in the German, French, or Latin languages."

" The Subscription Price is three dollars (nine shillings) per annum, which will be received by the Publisher of the Jour- nal, E. S. MITTLEE, as well as by all respectable booksellers.

126 MISCELLANEA.

The Journal will be published in monthly numbers, containing 16 pages of letter press, on good paper, with wood-cuts and a copper-plate. The size will be similar to that of the Revue Numismatique, published at Paris and Blois."

CORRESPONDENCE.

J. A. C. — Mr. John Hearne, Bookseller, 81, Strand, is appointed collector of the annual subscriptions to the Numismatic Society. A post office order may be easily obtained in any country town.

Our kind friend at Southampton, who sometime since enclosed to us a rude coin, is informed that it is of the same character as those found in the Channel Islands, the type offering nothing novel.

We hope to do justice to Mr. SainthuTs communication in our next number.

Our valued contributor, Mr. Borrell, shall hear from us by letter.

We have already mentioned, that the conduct of this Journal, and the correspondence to which it gives rise, is the occu- pation of our leisure hours, and that these scarcely allow sufficient time for doing justice to those who favour us with their information and opinions ; we trust, however, that our correspondents will pardon any inattention they may experience, and that we shall continue to receive communi- cations from all who are interested in Numismatic studies.

127

XIV.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS.

WITH NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS BY SAMUEL BIRCH, Sen. Assistant, Dep. of Ant. Brit. Museum.

THE coins contained in the present paper, comprise part of the reserve of the collection of a celebrated connoisseur, all of them exhibiting a high degree of numismatic interest, and in excellent preservation. Mr. Doubleday, desirous of bringing them before the public, has wished that I should accompany them with some elucidation, and I have responded to his wishes. The attribution of the various coins is his ; but in all instances I have verified their not being edited in the work of M. Mionnet and more recent publications. The most remarkable coin of his lists is that of Thronium, and I think the reader will agree that it deserves all the collateral elucidation that can be given to it. The coins of Italy have been so amply illustrated, both by the researches of English and foreign Numismatists, that it is unnecessary to do more than describe their types ; but those of Europe occasionally, and of Asia constantly, deserve deeper investigation — the more so as our information on the mythology of Asiatic cities is restricted very often within bounds almost monumental.

COXIUM.

1. Head of Pallas- Athene to right.

R. — KAIAINiiN. Three crescents, in each a globule.

M. 21. 34-5 grs.

2. The same.

R- — KA. Apollo Silvanus, wearing a pileus, and walking to . the right, holding in his right hand a branch.

JE. 2|. 33-9. grs.

VOL. IV. U

128 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

SIPONTUM.

1 OY [fugitive] . Head of river god to the right.

R« — ElP . . QN. Club and bow-case, two sprigs.

M. 3. 25-1 grs.

VENUSIA.

1. Head of Mercury in a petasus to right.

R. — VE (joined). Winged foot ; before it, caduceus and another symbol. IE. 4%. 63'5 grs.

2. S. — Head and neck of a boar to right.

R.-— VE (joined). Owl, full face. JE. 2|. 25-3 grs.

TARENTUM.

Diota ; on each side a star.

R. — TA. Similar diota. JE. 2£. 30 6 grs.

THURIUM.

1. eOYPINiiN. Head of Proserpine or Ceres, crowned with

spikes of corn.

R.— HAP. Bull trotting to left. 76-4 grs.

2. Head of Pallas -Athene to right.

R.— 6OYP [inverse] . Protome of a bull trotting.

&. 2|. 31-6 grs.

VALENTIA.

Head of Hermes in a petasus.

R. — VALENTIA. Caduceus ; net and cornucopia.

JE. 1. 12-1 grs.

No. 1 of Venusia has been engraved by Carelli, PI. ] 48, No. 12. From his engraving, however, it is evident that his specimen did not clearly shew him what the object of

This probably is a coin of Hipponium.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 129

the reverse was; it is one of the feet of Mercury shod with the talaria. No. 2 of Coelium is not very distinct : if not the Apollo Silvanus it should be Mercury.

THERMS SICILLE.

Youthful head bound with reeds, having in front two horns, to left.

R. — Three nymphs standing full face, having upon their heads calathi ; in front, Pan playing on the syrinx and holding a pedum. JE. 4|. 69-3 grs.

The youthful head on the obverse is evidently the Selinus, whose waters washed the city of the same name in Sicily, in whose vicinity were situated the famous Thernife or hot springs, in which Hercules is reported to have bathed.2 Since Selinus was founded by a colony from Megara,3 and the same story was told of the hot sources of Thermopylae 4 where Pallas-Athene showed to her favourite hero the baths of the locality ; the legend was probably imported from the Peloponnesus. The youthful head strongly resem- bles that of the river god on the coins of Himera. The three nymphs on the reverse are probably Hydriades, who presided over the element water; and their alliance with Pan is frequently alluded to by the Greek epigrammatists5 and Latin authors, the last of whom confound with the Satyrs and Fauni the type which, for various reasons, should be more correctly referred to Pan.6 As these nymphs, (always triads) indicated the fountain over which they pre-

* Subject of a Vase; De Witte, Cat. Descr. des Vases, &c. 8vo. Paris, 1827, p. 41.

* Scymnus of Chios ; Marcianus hi Perieg.

4 Suidas. voce Thermopyl.

5 Anthol. passim.

6 NymphaB semicaperque deus. Ovid. Fast. iv. 752.

130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

sided, they sometimes held the petuncula or picten,6^or else hydriae or water vases.7 The present head replaces that of Hercules, alluding to his going to these sources.

TYNDARIS SICILIJE.

TYNAAPI'TON [fugitive]. Young head laurelled to right. R. — Star, cock and palm-branch. JE. 4. 36-9 grs.

PHILIPPI MACEDONIA.

Head of Hercules in a lion's skin to the right.

ft. — <&lAHT£iN. Tripod with large ears and fillet above a laurel branch, at the side conical helmet or cidaris. A V. 4.

So excessively rare are the gold coins of this celebrated Macedonian town, that only one, that in the collection of Q. Christina,8 was known. Situated on the site of Mount Pangseum, its gold and silver mine originally worked by the Thracian tribes 9 of the Pieris, Odomanti and Satrae were subsequently occupied by a Thasian colony. The necessi- ties and ambition of Philip10 seized on the locality ; and the produce of its mines recruited the finances of Macedon. The precious metals were exported to the mints of Mace- don, and the beautiful staters of Philip are chiefly com- posed of Thracian gold. The currency of the town itself

6 Millin. Gal. Myth. Clarac. Mus. de Sculp. Ant. et Moderne. Bas relief. Mus. Room xi. No. 48.

7 Cf. Hor. i. Od. 1.

8 Mionn. T. i.

9 Cramer. Geogr. of Greece, vol. i. p. 301.

10 Just. Epit. Ab. viii. c. 3. observes, " Auraria in Thessalia, argenti metalla in Thracia occupat." Cf. Herod, viii. 112., who makes the mines of both metals. Euripid. Rhesus. 1. 919. Xpvffo/3w\o£ applied to Mount Pangaeum.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 131

was limited to its local wants, and is executed in a stiff peculiar style. Miiller, who has engraved one of its didrachms in his „ Senfmalcr bcr atten .ftunjV' refers to the age of Philip.11 The type is generally the head of Hercules; reverse, a tripod with adjuncts, that on the present being a conical cap or helmet, such as is worn by the Amazons and Arimaspi. The type may allude to the bearing off the tripod of Apollo by Hercules, whose worship under the type of Hercules Soter was prevalent at Thasos. The political relations of Philip with Delphi also had con- siderable influence on his currency. On the didrachm engraved by Miiller, the adjunct is a ire\tKvg the peculiar weapon of the Amazons and Arimaspi, and, while the locality connects such allusions with the two great myth Hyper- borean people — the Arimaspi and the Amazons, no allu- sion could be more delicate than to the myth of these tribes at constant war with the griffins,12 guardians of the gold, paralleled to the occupation of the miner.

THRONIUM.

Head of a man bearded, apparently a rustic deity.

R. — 0RO . . I . (retrograde) Greave placed vertically, all in an indented square. (Brit. Mus.) AR. 1. 14-9 grs.

The coin whose description heads the present paragraph should probably be assigned to Thronion, the capital of the Locri Epicnemidii, and not to the city of the same name, situated in Epirus. Anciently the Epicnemidii were

11 PI. xli. 187.

12 Constant on the Grseco-Ital. Vases. Cf. Combe (Tay.) Anc. Terra-Cottas B. M. Part I., &c. Welcker (Ed.). Annal. dell' Inst. di Corresp. Arcliaeol.

132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

classed with the Locri under the general term of Locr&n 14 ( AOKJOWV) ; and the lexicographers, on the authority of Theo- pompus, call Thronion 15 the capital of Locris, a term also used by Thucydides.16 It was from hence that Ajax Oileus sailed to the Trojan war,17 and Homer places it upon the banks of Boagrius.18 From the circumstance of the Epicnemidii not being mentioned by Homer 19 in his cata- logue of the ships, nor by Thucydides 20 nor Herodotus,21 it would appear, that at an early epoch, indeed down to the time of Polybius,22 that this tribe was identified with the Opuntii. According to Euripides,23 Ajax was the king of Thronium, in which the tragedian seems to have followed the Homeric myths, but Pindar,24 who does not mention the Epicnemidii and the Pylean epigram given by Strabo,25 and written about the 75 Olympiad, A.C. term Opus, the iii]Tr]f> and jurjTjOOTroAte of the Locri. Strabo, following the example of Pindar, makes Ajax Oileus king of Opus,26 while Stephanus, Byzantinus27 mentions him as sprung from

14 Cramer (Rev. I. A.), (A Geograph. and Hist. Desc. of An- cient Greece, 8vo. Oxon. 1830. vol. ii. p. 114,) who has collected most of the authorities on the subject.

15 Qpovwv TroXte tori rr/e AoKpiSos. Suidas. fol. Ox. 1824. Ed. Gaisford, p. 1918. Cf. Photius, Ed. Person. 8vo. Lond. 1822 in voce. Harpocration cum notis Gronovii. 4io. Lugd. Bat. 1696., who adds &Q QEO-OJJLTTOQ cv rrj, . . . . [desunt cetera] Schneider in voce.

16 B. ii. sec. 26.

17 AoKpole re. rotg £' t«rag aywv Nave OiXewe TOKOS K\VTOV

QffOVlaJZf eK\lTTh)V TToXtV.

Eurip. Iph. in Aul. 261.

18 Boaypt'ou ap.<fi pledpa. II. B. 533.

19 II. B. 531 et seq. 26 B. ii. sec. 26.

21 Loc. cit. not. 17. » Polybius. xiii. 11. 2.

23 Vid. supra, n. 17. 24 Olymp.ix. 20.

24 ix. p. 242. 20 Loc. cit. 27 Voce

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 133

Naryx. To reconcile these conflicting traditions, it is necessary to suppose that the town of Thronium, which had been the seat of government and principal port of the Locri up to the fifth century, A.C., had been superseded at the era of Pindar by Opus, that the Epicnemidii were unknown as a separate tribe, or not considered of conse- quence till about the period of the Social war, when they had a representative at the Amphyctonic Council,28 although it cannot be supposed but that the Opuntii are here in- tended, as M. Boeckh29 has justly observed. The division of the Epicnemidii, however, first mentioned in Strabo, is followed by all subsequent scholiasts,30 probably deriving their information from similar sources, and Stephanus Byzantinus 31 makes the Epicnemidii and Opuntii identical. From the Opuntii descended the Epizephyrii, and from the Epizephyrii the Ozolae. Only one inscription has been found at its supposed site, published by Meletius and Boeckh ; the language is Doric.32 The greater portion of the previous account has already been collected by M. Boeckh, who supposes them a united tribe in the second and third century A.C. Internal changes, not directly mentioned, may have given rise to the apparent intricacy of these people, the political ascendency of either tribe naming the geographical division. The later geographers, Strabo and Pausanias, who divide the Locri, and mention Thronion as situated either on the Boagrius or a branch of it called

28 Strab. loc. cit.

9 Vol. i. sec. 3. p. 855. Inscript. Graec.

30 Schol. Find. Olymp. xi. Init. Schol. Thucyd. iii. 39. Eustath. ad. Dionys. Perieget.

'O£dXcu ex recens Salmasii AoKpwv poipai rpelg flvtv J-siriKvrip.i?>ioi ol Kal QTTOVVTIOI, e£ wv Aide, ETre^t^opoi, ot Be 'O£o\ctt.

32 Cf. Epigram quoted by Bentley from the Epistles of Pha- laris. Their poems were fioi^iKoi, or adulterous.

134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the Manes.32 This town, which, according to Mannert, was well fortified, was situated33 thirty stadia, equivalent to about 1-117272 miles English, from the town of Scarphaea, and ten stadia from the coast. The question of its fortification is a point for further discussion, and the Boagrius 34 was a mere torrent swelled by the autumnal or winter rains 35 into a stream about two plethra broad, but at times, probably in the summer, passable dry-footed.

During the Peloponnesian war, the Athenians sent Cleo- pompus, son of Cleimias, with thirty ships of war on a cruise to Euboea; and this commander, disembarking upon the coast, took Thronium and hostages from the city.36 During the second sacred war, A.C. 357 — 353, Onomarchus, the Pho- caean general, again took Thronium, and enslaved the inha- bitants.37 This seems to comprise all the historical notices of Thronium, it being subsequently mentioned by geogra- phers as a locality.38 Dr. Clarke recognises it in the present Bondonitza,39 and Sir W. Gell in Longachi,40 an attribution which Cramer observes is more probably correct, as the geographer Melatias found inscriptions mentioning Thro- nium at Palaeo Castra,41 tig TO.

32 Mera $£ tiKoai ara^iovg OTTO KVT)/J.I$OG Xif^rji', inrep ov KEITOU TO QOOVLOV kv (TradioiQ TO~IQ "KJOLQ Kara T^V fJLf.ffoya.iav' eld' o Boayptog Trorayuoe £K^i^axnv, 6 Trapappewv TO Qpoviov Mavjjv £e f.Trovop.a^ovaiv avTOV. Strab. Ed. Casaub.ix.

33 Nordliches Griechenland. Erstes Buch, 7tes Kap. p. 129. 8vo. Leip. 1822., of moderate size. At 20 stadia was the harbour.

' 34 Strab. ix.

36 Thucydides. ii. 26.

37 Diod. Sic. xvi. 526. ^schin. de Falsa Legat. p. 46. Liv. 7. xxxii. 36. Polybius xvii. 9. 41. Cramer, loc. cit.

38 The last occurs in Ptolemy Itin.

39 Trav. ii. p. 237.

40 Itin. p. 235.

41 Meletias, ii. p. 323.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 135

Since the medallic question of the attribution of the present coin depends partly upon the epithet Epicnemidii, or Hypocnemidii,42 as applied to the small tribe of Locri, whose boundaries were the Opuntii, the QEta, the Cnemis range and the sea, it is here necessary to examine the reason and meaning of this appellation. Mount Cnemis, under or upon whose sides the Locri Epicnemidii dwelt, is supposed to have conferred its name upon this people,43 as that of the town of Opus upon the Locri Opuntii their borderers. This range formed part of a chain connected with Mount Talanta, stretching to Bceotia and Thessaly. The same name, in its plural form, was applied to the fortified citadel of Thronium (Knemides) ** which was situated opposite Cenceum in Eubcea on the Maliacus sinus, at a distance of only ten stadia across the strait. Now, although the term icvijjute, as applied to the mountain, may be paralleled to KVIJJUOI, the heights of mountains, and was applied in a similar manner to TTOVQ and irpoTrovg, and SaKKruAoe, in mentioning the different parts of elevated ground, which in its Doric form, Kvapog, may be the AOK/OOIP ETriKi/a45 (juiSewv) of the coins of this locality, the

TJJ <>WKtl O/JlOpOVS VTTO T(p Op£l

Edit. Siebel. 8'vo. Lips. 1827, vol. iv. p. l95. Ibid. p. 221. nXj/v offov ol Aoicpoi fffyae oi "YTroKvrjfiiStoi Sielp- yovai. Ibid. Ao/cpove $£ rove VTTO ru> opei rjjl Kj^/zt^i. Their number of forces at the Persian invasion is not mentioned by Herodotus. Paus. same Ed. lib. x. c. xx. p. 253. Cf. Ptolem. Itin. Strab. ix. Plin.

43 Cramer. Mannert., &c. loc. cit.

** Cf. Strab. ix. Cell (Sir W.) Itin. p. 323, says, "Here was pro- bably the town of Cnemis," &c. : Cramer, loc. cit. p. 116, makes it only a fort.

45 Cf. Coin published by M. Millingen Recueil de quelq. Med. Ined. 4to. Rome 1812. ii. No. 3. AINIANQN EIIIKPATI which offers a similar type, lance head, and jaw.

VOL. IV. X

136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

term KvqfjuSeg, applied to the fort of Thronion, leaves no doubt of some tradition relative to greaves, or armour for the lower part of the legs, which it expresses. On the present coin is the figure of agreave which served as the representa- tive of the mountain and the fort, and justifies the supposition that, although not expressly mentioned, both the citadel and the mountain were connected with some enchorial tradition, which the ancient authorities have ceased to pre- serve, at the time of Strabo and Pausanias. It must con- sequently be regarded in this light only, while this alone is sufficient to appropriate it to the Epicnemidii — the moun- tain, in all probability, deriving its name either from its similarity to a greave, which might have conferred its name for similar reasons upon the fort, or else from some tradi- tion like those which conferred the names of armour upon Drepanum, Xiphonia, and Zancle in Sicily, and Aspis in Macedon.

The coins of Thronium are exceedingly rare, and only one type has as yet been published, having on the obverse46 the head of Apollo, and on the reverse the jaw of a boar and the head of a lance, a type probably allusive to the Calydonian hunt,47 with the addition of a bunch of grapes, perhaps connecting them with the Ozolse, according to a peculiar tradition of this people.48

The legend upon this coin is 6PONIGS1N, which differs from that of Gjooviwrrjc as applied by Stephanus Byzanti- nus. Since the same type is commonly found on the currency of the CEnianes, and upon that of many towns of Locris, the

46 Sestini. Mon. p. 25. Mionnett. Suppl. iii. p. 493.

47 Cadalv. Recueil de Med. Grecq. Ined. 4to. Par. 1828, p. 122.

48 Paus. x. Phocica.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 137

attribution of M. Sestini is probably correct. But another city of the same name was founded by the Locri from Thro- nium, and by the Abantes from Eubcea, after the Trojan war, who named their region and their capital after their mother country, a district in Epirus which existed in the division of Thesprotis or Thesprotia. Without pronouncing distinctly what the head is intended to represent, it bears considerable likeness to that of a centaur as seen upon the currency of the Orestii. The present coin is exceedingly archaic and appears contemporaneous with the early cur- rency of Macedon and Northern Europe.

METHONE. GETA.

AOY CGO .... Bust of Geta, unbearded.

R. — MO00NAK1N. Pallas walking, in the left-hand a buckler, in the right a lance. JE. 5g.

This coin, like all others of this imperial town, was struck during the sway of the family of Severus, although the town was of considerable importance long previous.

ANDROS.

A. Cen. rGTAC. Head of Geta to the right.

R.— ANAPIWN. Diana of Ephesus. &. 5.

No coin of Andros struck during the sway of Rome has been published, although they have been alluded to by Hardouin. The worship of the Ephesian Diana, and of other Asiatic deities, so prevalent at this period, may be referred to the growing taste for exotic worship.

138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

CYME ACOLIDIS.

AV. HO. AIKI. OYAA6PIANOC. Head laureated to right.

R.— €01 AVP. EAIIIAHfcOPOV NE KV (field) . . AKIN. vEsculapius holding a staff standing and conversing with his daughter Hygieia, who holds a serpent, ex ...

IB,. 9£ 317-5 grs.

This coin is important as shewing the late period of the Roman empire, at which Cyme must have been a consider- able town. A previous coin, which I myself have published, exhibits the worship of the Ephesian Diana, the present that of the Pergamenian ^sculapius. These two large sects seem to have extended their influence far and wide among the rich cities of Asia Minor under the dominion of the Romans.

In addition to what has been previously stated relative to the reason of the appearance of the horse upon the coin of Cyme, may be cited the ode attributed to Homer in praise of the Asiatic Cymseans, papywv lirififaoptG tWwv 'OTrXoTepot, Horn. Odys. 1. 4. 12mo. Hala. 1784, p. 622. which Cf. with Hymn xvi. to the Dioscuri, p. 608.

LYDI^E.

1. X6YC HATPIOC. Head of Jupiter in a fillet to left.

R.— GDI APTGMIAilPOY APX. A. CAI (T) THNiiN. Apollo Musagetes standing naked to right ; in his left- hand a lyre, in his right a plectrum. JE» 5£.

2. ZEYC HATPIOC. Head of Jupiter as before.

R.— Gill fcOPTAKINOY . . . CAITTHN. The god Lu- nus' or Men standing, holding in his right-hand a globe, in his left a spear turned to left. JE. 8.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 139

3. Head of the youthful Hercules.

ft. — CAITTHNQN. A bow and quiver, between which the inscription is interposed. ^E. 4.

British Museum.

The two first types bear an epithet of Jupiter, which is, I believe, found for the first time upon coins of this or any other state, although that of Dii Patrii occurs on the large brass of Severus, and Di patrii on those of Elagabulus. The deities thus indicated were Bacchus and Hercules.49

It appears, however, from the Scholiast upon Aristo- phanes,50 that the Qparpiog Ztvg was the same personage, and consequently that this epithet implied, Jupiter Curialis.51 It bears, too, some relation with the Jupiter Patrous 52 so particularly connected with Troy. Several coins of the Saetteni have been published by M. Mionnet,53 but do not manifest the same diversity in writing the name of the city. The names of both the- archons are new, as well as the two first types ; both the autonomous and imperial series, how- ever, present Hercules and the Nemean lion, in allusion to that labour. Although autonomous, these coins were probably struck about the period of the Roman jurisdiction, and the wanting letters between QopraKivov & CatrrrivtDv were most probably ap\. a.

Eckhel 54 had observed that the district or city was un-

49 Rasche Lesion in voce. Cf. Suidas ttarpiog Qtos. Plato. Statius Theb. iv. Ill, applies the epithet to Mars, perhaps as the Gradivuspater of Rome.

50 I™-. L 225.

51 Stephani. Thes. fo. Lond. 1825, pp. 7284—88, who cites a Bud. affertur e Dem. pro " curialis Jupiter," which compare. Aris- toph. loc. cit. HoXioi/xoe, Aristoph. E. 9.

52 Paus. Corinth, ii.

53 Suppl. vii. p. 408. iv. p. 110. 5* iii. 111.

140 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

known except by coins; but they are mentioned by Ptolemy &5 and Hierocles, and supposed by Cramer to have been situated on the junction of the Herrnus and Hyllus. Is it possible that the inscription 56 Aziottenos, found on the obverse of one of the types of Saettee, with the Protome of the Deus Lunus, with the inscription Eatrrrjvwv, and a reclining river god upon the other, might refer to a third stream in their vicinity ? It is generally referred to the god Lunus.

TABALA LYDI^E. FAUSTINA JUNIOR.

•&AYCTE1NA. Head of the empress to the right. R.— TABAAGHN. Diana of Ephesus standing full face. IE. 4.

Concerning the permission given for the extension of the worship of Diana, the Ephesian decree may be consulted. The town was situate on the Hernius, and is chiefly known by geographical notices.

ANTIOCHIA.

Head of Apollo laureated to the right.

R.— ANTIOXEQN MENEfcPiiN. Zebu couchant to the left, upon the Meander. • AR. 2.

There can be little doubt that the present coin should be assigned to the celebrated town of Antiochia on the Maeander, from the symbol of that river beneath the hill. This, with the name of the magistrate is new on the present type. Besides the worship of Apollo, that of the god

55 Cited by Cramer in his Asiatic Georg. i. p. 434. Ptolem. Saetta}. or Setoe. Sitoo. Hierocles. Note 669. Act. Cone. Nic. ii. 591.

56 Mion. IV.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 141

Lunus and Jupiter Capitolinus 57 prevailed, to all of whom bulls were sacred.58

NYSA CARI2E.

1. ATT. K. M. AVPH. ANTaNGINOC. Bust of the emperor in

a paludamentum to the right.

ft.— Gill CTP. ACIATIKOY NYCAGQN. Hexastyle tem- ple in which is the god Lunus standing under his usual attributes, holding a patera and hasta pura, on the pediment a shield. JE. 10*.

OTACILIA.

2. flTAKIAIA CGBHPA C6B. Bust of Emperor to right.

R.— CHI PYfcGAAIANOY APTGMIAS1POY NYCAGiiN.

Neptune standing, placing his right foot on a dolphin, in his left hand a trident. M. 9.

No. 1 offers the worship of the Deus Lunus, who here obtained the local name of Camareites. Since the magistrate who had the superintendence of the currency under Gordian was the priest, the same functions were probably exercised by Ruphellianus Artemidorus, the untitled functionary of the present coins. No. 2 exhibits the worship of Neptune.

APHRODISIA CARIJE.

. . . IOY MAXIM Bust of Maximinus to the right.

R. — AfcPOAGCiesiN. Aphrodite seated upon a high- backed chair, draped from the waist, elevating her left hand and letting fall a Cupid ; in her right hand she holds another on the ground, on which is a third. JE. 11.

s7 Cf. Mionn. iii. p. 314, No. 59—60. Sup. vi. 448. 58 There was a celebrated oracle of Apollo at Hieracome. Cf. Cramer, vol. ii. p. 210. Asiatic Geog.

142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Concerning the worship of Aphrodite, the Eponymous deity of this AOJUTT porarr} TroXte, it is unnecessary here to dilate — the currency perpetually reproducing it.

IASUS CARI^E.

IACOC KTICTHC. Old bearded head laureated to right. R. — lACGflN. Youthful figure borne upon a dolphin. JE. 5.

The inscription on the obverse of this type is entirely new, but a coin almost similar, with the head of Neptune instead of Jasus, has been already published by M. Sestini.59 The reverse alludes to a well-known story of the affection of a dolphin for a youth of this city, who adventuring upon his back on the sea was drowned during a storm, and the currency impressed to commemorate the event, KCU row TTaOog eTTttrrjjuov Icurevai TO -^apay/jia TOU vojuio-juarde eort Tralc {/Trip AcA07i/oe 6^ovjU£voc> " and as a memorial of their grief," observes Plutarch,60 "the type of the money of lasus is a youth riding upon a dolphin."

This extraordinary tale, which recals the Corinthian myths of Arion 61 of the body of Hesiod brought back by dolphins,62 and the type of Taras and Melicerta on the coins of Tarentum and Corinth, notwithstanding the direct

59 Descr. d'Alcun. Med. Grech. del Mus. del Sign. Carlo D'Ottavio Fonta. 4to. Fizenze 1822, p. 97. Tab. vi. fig. 6.

60 De Solertia. Anim. cum notis. 8vo. Lips. 1778, vol. x. 97, 1. 1. Mentioned by Eckhel iii. n. v., who cites Pollux, ad Kuhn. A story also narrated by Athenaeus xiii. p. 606. I give it again here, because Plutarch is really the first authority for it.

61 Herod, i. 24.

62 Plut. loc. cit.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 143

testimony of Plutarch, seems a mere graft of an earlier tradition. The fisheries at lasus 63 were productive, and the town under the protection of Neptune,64 of whom a dolphin was the living emblem, while the sea deities and their descendants are distinguished on works of art by the pre- sence of this fish.

The original foundation of the city being attributed by the inhabitants to the Argives,65 with a subsequent coloniza- tion from Miletus, it is natural to suppose that one of the two mythic personages of this name, either the 66 son of Triopas and 67 father or68 brother of Agenor, or the son of6' Argos Panoptes, and Clymene, was its reputed founder is intended ; the name of the city having probably been derived from the archaic epithet of Argos TO 'laaov.70 At a certain period the vanity of the different colonies of Greece Proper invented a mythic origin, thus Alabanda claimed its origin from the hero Alabandos.71

63 Strabo, lib. xvi. 2. Suidas, v. 'I««roc, calls it the name of a place, and makes the appellation of the inhabitants 'Ia<7m/e. Ed. Gaisf. p. 1724. The Carian city reads on medals and elsewhere

6* It was close to the temple of Neptune. Cf. also Sestini, precited type.

65 Cramer, Asiatic Geogr. Vol. ii. p. 171. Polybius xvi. 2.

66 Paus. ii. c. 16. Dion. Halicar. Ant. Rom. lib. i. has con- founded this name with that of lasion.

67 Apollod. Biblioth. ii. c. 1.

68 Paus. loc. cit. Schol. ad Euripid. Orest. 930. Homer 11. iii. 75. Schol. Cf. Heyne's notes to Apollod. loc. cit.

69 Apollod. loc. cit.

70 Homer's Iliad, iii. 1. 75. There was another lasus on the confines of Lacedsemon and Achaia. Paus. After all, lasus seems to imply healing or salubrious.

71 Cramer, loc. cit. Steph. Byz. voce

VOL. IV. Y

144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

PLARASA

Head of ^Esculapius in a fillet to the right.

R.— IIAAP. Staff and serpent. M. 2.

It is clear from the reverse that the head on the obverse is that of JEscuiapius, whose worship extended to almost all the cities of Asia.

STRATONICEA.

1. Old bearded head [Jupiter] bound with a fillet.

R.— CTPATONIKEiiN. Diana kneeling on a fallen stag, about to kill it. M. 4.

2. CGOYHPOC IOYAIA AOMNA. Busts of Domna and Se-

verus facing, countermarked with a small helmed head and the word 9GON.

R.— 601 x ... AANE . . . OY CTPATONIKGflN. A bearded figure standing on a kind of altar, having round it a wreath, with chlamys and endromis, under a tree, in the attitude of stabbing a zebu, with a knife in his left hand ; in his right a hasta pura. IE. 12.

The head on the autonomous type, No. 1, is undoubtedly that of Zeus, but since he was worshipped in three capaci- ties in the city it is impossible to decide whether the 72 Zeus Panemerios, Chrysaoreus or the eponomous deity of the locality, or Rembenodotos, whose worship was allied with Serapis and Hecate is intended . The reverse exhibits the purely Greek Artemis Elaphebolos — perhaps in allusion to her worship at Laginae,73 but the same type is found at

72 Cf. Boeck. Corpus Insc. Grsec. Pars. xiii. sec. ii. p. 481 — 492.

73' Strabo.

LIST OF UNEDITED GREEK COINS. 145

Ephesus74 and other towns replacing the Asiatic deities, probably to show their identification. I have not been able to read the name of the magistrate an the reverse of No. 2. It however adds another to the series pre- viously published by me, and represents the Demos of the people of Stratonicea performing the sacrifice of a bull. Since there was a yearly concourse at the temple 75 sacred to Hecate in the small town of Laginae, dependent upon Stratonicea and the Chrysaorium 76 or general Union of the Carian Confederation was in the same town, it may relate to some sacrifice performed by it to Jupiter or Hecate.

TRIPOLIS CARI^E.

IGPA CVNKAHTOC. Head of the Senate.

R.— TPinOAGlTiiN. A prize table, on its edge nV9IA. On it a vase inscribed [A] HT&6IA. Beneath the table another vase. JE. 9.

Both these games are already known — they present a mere variety of type.77

ANTIOCHIA SYRI.S;.

TRAJAN.

AYTOKP KAIC NEP TPAIANOC CGB TGPM. Head of Trajan laurelled to right.

R. — AHMAPX ES THAT B in two lines in a wreath.

IE. 5.

74 Remarks on the Coins of Ephesus, Num. Chron, vol. iv. p. 73.

75 Strabo, lib. xiv. p. 660. Tacit. An. iii. 62.

76 Strabo, loc. cit. Cf. also Boeck. Corp. Insc. Grsec. •

77 Cf. Sestini. Class. Gener. p. 90. Pupilis.

146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

XV.

SUPPOSED PENNY OF STEPHEN.

SIR,

THE coin figured above has been, twice at least, subjected to public competition, at Mr. Hollis' sale (No. 177), and at an anonymous one in 1834. In both catalogues it is described, I believe erroneously, as a penny of Stephen.

There is, on the obverse, immediately behind the head, something like a T; this has been taken for the second letter in Stephen's name, and the letter close to the sceptre for an F, and the spot between the V and S for the termi- nation of the legend, and the whole has probably been read thus— S T E F N KIEV.

But this does not appear to be the right reading : the letter after the S and behind the head is very indistinct, it may be a cross ; the F is an H (}) sic) ; and the spot an ornament of the dress, or armour, as it is probably meant to be. The legend I read thus — JjENRIEV • S. I suppose the coin to be one of the numerous varieties of pence attributed to Henry I. This supposition is borne out by the reverse, which is exactly similar to that of Henry with the ,three-quarter face, engraved in Snelling's first plate, No. 24. Some of the letters on the reverse are obliterated, but the legend is evidently WILLEM ON CRST.

As the coin is, I believe, unpublished, and as there appears to have been a mistake made in its description and appropriation, I have thought it worth while to forward to

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES> 147

you the above sketch and remarks, to be presented at the next meeting of our society.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

F. D.

To the Secretary of the Numismatic Society.

XVI.

ON THE ROMAN COINS DISCOVERED IN THE BED OF THE THAMES, NEAR LONDON BRIDGE, FROM 1834 TO 1841.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, April 22nd, 1841.]

THE peculiar branch of the science of antiquities, the study of which we are embodied to advance, might have profited to a great extent from materials furnished from the exca- vations made of late years throughout the city of London for improvements and alterations.

But discoveries of coins, like those of antiquities in general, have been quite disregarded, as far as science is concerned, by the Corporation. Since the great fire of London, there has been no such opportunity afforded to facilitate an inquiry into the obscure history of our venera- ble city during the Roman epoch, as that offered by the late improvements, when the city was intersected through- out, and particularly in the line of the great roads leading to and from old London bridge, and when this 'time- honoured' structure was destroyed to make way for one more adapted to the wants of the present generation.

Great would have been the chances for successful re- search placed within the power of the antiquary and topo- grapher, had a liberal and enlightened Committee conducted the vast undertaking. A vast collection of materials might have been formed for illustrating the history of London.

148 NUMI8MATIC CHRONICLE.

But, owing to the total incapacity of this Committee of Improvements, for appreciating or understanding aught beyond the narrow sphere of their own utilitarian vision, the favourable circumstances have been worse than neg- lected. Not only has nothing been effected or attempted by them towards the preservation of the works of ancient art entrusted to their custody, but in the true spirit of ignorance and low breeding, discouragements and oppo- sition have been thrown in the way of every one who has ventured to do for them what they had not the ability to do for themselves.

It is foreign to the present subject of inquiry to detail accounts of the positive destruction of works of ancient art in the city of London during the last few years. I am here restricted to a limited view of the matter, to the rendering of a statement of the result of personal re- searches in one branch of antiquities, and that confined to a particular locality, during the last seven years.

Immense quantities of coins have been found in the same locality in the years preceding the period at which I com- menced my researches, as well Roman as Saxon and En- glish, both in digging the approaches to the new bridge and in sinking coffer-dams for its foundations, all of which have been dispersed without notice.1

I have endeavoured to preserve a record of those found in the Thames, on the line of old London bridge, from 1834 to 1841, and I trust it will appear that my individual exertions, brought late into the field, have been instrumental to some good ; and if so, the inference

1 Many fell into the possession of persons connected with the works and the Bridge Committee, a leading member of which, on one occasion, seized upwards of fifty nobles of Edward 3rd from the workmen, no account of which has yet been rendered, as far as I can learn, nor can the coins be traced farther.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 149

will be, that an earlier attempt to collect into one focus these numismatic records, supported by more available means and opportunities than have fallen to my lot to com- mand, would have been attended with far greater success.

To afford better accommodation to the traffic on the Thames, it has been found necessary not only to remove the foundations of the old bridge, but also to deepen the channel of the river in its vicinity. The process adopted for the latter work is what is well known under the term of ballast-heaving. It has been during these operations, that the coins I am about to describe have been found. They were met with at a considerable depth beneath the surface of the bed of the river throughout the line of the old bridge and opposite the present Adelaide wharf; but by far the greater number were found about twenty yards below the second arch of the new bridge.

The Roman coins that have come within the scope of my observation amount to several thousands, chiefly in large, middle, and small brass, with denarii ; a few in gold, and three brass medallions.

In the appended tabular view it will appear, that the series commences with some base consular denarii and closes with the small brass of Honorius (comprising a period of four centuries) ; the numerical importance of the list extends, with intermissions, from Claudius to Constantine, before and after whose reigns the specimens are few.

From Claudius to Trajan, the second brass are very numerous, while the large brass of Trajan, Hadrian, the Faustinas, Pius, Aurelius., and Commodus are more plen- tiful ; the small brass of Carausius, Allectus, and the Con- stantine family are most abundant.

So many coins, extending over so wide a space of time, are deeply interesting, both in themselves, as furnishing us with specimens of ancient medallic skill, with scarce, and,

150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

in some instances, unpublished types, at all times important in elucidating the civil, religious, and military history of the Romans (the lords of our country for four centuries), but also as supplying materials for illustrating the ancient topography of London, with reference to the authenticated locality from whence they have been procured.

In the former point of view, some of the coins may be particularised. Many of Nero are in fine preservation, and, though generally common types, exhibit the greatest perfection of design and execution. The same remark will hold good as to those of Vespasian, Domitian, Titus, as well as of Trajan, Hadrian, and others.

Of Vespasian and Titus we have obtained many specimens in second brass of the "Judaea Capta" type; one of Titus, in large brass, is of beautiful work, and so well preserved, that the Jewish features of the male captive standing by the palm-tree, are to be recognised, as well as those of the seated female in the Syrian costume.

A second brass coin of Nerva, reading on the reverse,

NEPTVNO (Circens. Restit. or Constit.) deserves notice

as being of the first rarity. A coin of this type, found at Colchester, is the subject of a dissertation by Ashby, in the third volume of the Archaeologia ; and, a variety is mentioned by Eckhel.2 This type, I believe, is unknown in large brass.

Of Hadrianus, in second brass, there are fifteen or sixteen of the Britannia type, apparently from as many different dies, but differing only in minute particulars. It has been a question with some whether the figure on these coins, under which the province of Britain is personified, be a male or a female. In some of the specimens I possess, the

Vol. vi. p. 406.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 151

development of the mammae clearly decide in favour of the latter gender.

The coins of Pius, reading BRITANNIA COS. IIII. amount to at least twenty ; and it is remarkable that in all a portion of the legend on the reverse is defective — a pe- culiarity probably to be accounted for, by the dies for the reverse having been engraved subsequent to those of the obverse, or by a different artist.

Beside the above, only two of the Britannia types of other emperors have come under my notice ; namely, a VICT. BRIT, of Commodus, in large brass, badly pre- served; and one of Geta,1 in middle brass.

Only a few of the denarii are of good silver.

Of Antoninus Pius, Aurelius, Commodus, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Geta, Elagabalus, Moesa,Mammaea, and Severus Alexander, a vast quantity have been found both plated and of debased silver, the bulk of which I have not specified in the catalogue. Some in lead, also, have been met with ; two of which are consular, one of Antony Oc- tavius, and one of Hadrian. Of the plated and base silver, the most numerous are those of the family of Severus.

Were it not a received opinion of our best numismatists, that no historical faith can be placed in the legends of these ancient forged coins, I might attach greater importance to some very remarkable plated coins of this emperor in this collection. They have the horseman preceded by a soldier, as in the Profectio type ; but read PONTIFICIA, and, in the exergue, DON. I can find no authority for this reverse on the true denarii; and if for this reason it should be

1 In possession of F. Hobler, Esq.

VOL. IV. Z

152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

judged an exception to the rule of condemnation, the letters DON, may probably be intended for Donativum ; and the coins may have been struck for the army on one of the many occasions the emperor was called upon to remunerate its devotion to his cruelty and ambition.2

Of the coins of Carausius and Allectus (almost the sole monuments of one of the most eventful and interesting periods in the history of Roman Britain), I have specified a very considerable quantity.

One in small ^brass, of the former PIETAS AVGGG (Mercury standing) was before unknown. I have also the extremely rare type of the four seasons personified, with the legend TEMP. FELICITAS. It is figured in Stukeley, but with the omission of the TEMP.

Of the small brass of Diocletianus and Maximianus, reverse PAX AVGGG — PROVID. AVGGG. &c., several are noticed. It is an additional argument for the appro- priation of these pieces to the mint of Carausius, to observe that they are here authenticated as being found in com- pany with those of that emperor, which in fabric and general character they so much resemble. In brass, these coins are well known ; though, I believe, restricted to this country, but hitherto unknown in other metals. I am happy to be able to lay before the society a unique spe- cimen in gold, in the finest possible preservation. Ob- verse, MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG. laureated head to the right; the bust in armour. Reverse, SALUS AVGGG. The goddess Hygeia standing to the right, and holding in her right hand a serpent, which is feeding from a patera of fruit in her left. In the exergue, ML.

2 See Herodian, lib. iii. in vita Severi.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 153

Coins of this epoch are of the highest interest. They speak where historians are almost silent, and give, as it were, a panoramic view of the events of the important epoch of the rebellion of Carausius ; we may trace by them his reception in Britain, the legions which sided with him, his victories, and the ultimate tranquillity of the province, ex- emplified by a variety of happy and appropriate legends and designs, evidently selected with reference to fitness and propriety.

We may also trace a corresponding progress in the artistic skill bestowed on these coins. From the rude work on some, for instance, on those reading EXPECT ATE VENI, which we may reasonably conclude were some, if not the very earliest, of the coins of Carausius, a marked improvement is observable, such as we can well imagine would be evinced after the transition from war to peace and quietude. Many exhibit a boldness and effect which have never been surpassed by any production of the British mint in after-times ; indeed, if there be a period in the history of Britain when the mint can be pointed out as practically accomplishing the useful purposes to which the mints of Greece and Rome were so happily applied — if we are asked to indicate any particular epoch when the coins of this country tell us something of its history, and are not merely the medium of preserving portraits of individuals and their coats of arms, we must, I think, refer to the re- mote reign of the Menassian hero.

Many of the coins of the Constantino family reading P. LON in the exergue will be observed ; that of Helena, with those letters, is extremely uncommon, and has only been published by Banduri. 3

3 Tom. ii. p. 113.

154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

In speaking of the coins found in the Thames, the first question asked, is, " How came they there?"

Some have attempted to account for their deposit in this peculiar locality, under the possibility of their being dropt by chance by persons crossing and re-crossing the river. If we yield to this theory, we establish a ferry or trajectus on the site of Old London Bridge, instead of Dowgate, as more generally supposed ; and to this I see no objection, as it is supported by other reasons : but I do not think that accident will at all satisfactorily solve the pro- blem, for what fatality could have caused the passengers over a bridge or ferry to lose their money at particular spots in such quantities ?

Another opinion advanced is this : that the coins are not from ancient deposits, but constituted part of the stock in trade of some dealer in coins and curiosities, and that when the shop was destroyed by fire, which at various times has consumed buildings on the bridge, the coins were precipitated into the river. And in confirmation of the probability of such a circumstance having occurred, is adduced the fact of masses of conglomerate being found, said to contain coins of various aeras, together with imple- ments of quite a modern date.

This opinion appears on a careful examination of plain facts, to be so unfounded, that I should not have adverted to it, but that several of our antiquaries are inclined to lean towards it, only, I feel assured, from not having had opportunities of examining the actual position which the coins occupied in the bed of the river, as well as the ge- neral character of them.

Had these coins been the property of a dealer, I think they could not have failed being of a description similar to what we now meet with in the collections of our coin

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 155

venders, that is to say, a mixed one, of Greek and English as well as Roman. Now it happens, that among the thou- sands discovered, not one specimen of a Greek coin has ever presented itself, nor are Saxon or English ever found in the stratum which contains the Roman. Whenever I have noticed a Saxon or English coin in company with the Roman, I have always thus been able to account for the circumstance, which indeed has very seldom occurred. When the workmen for a time have relinquished a particular spot, and gone elsewhere to excavate, the gravel contiguous, by the action of the next tide, will be drifted into the cavity which may be several feet deep. On resuming operations on this site, it is possible that an English or Saxon coin may be brought to the surface with the Roman. But if they had indiscriminately fallen into the river from the bridge, they would be found together, and not several feet apart. As for the conglomerate, I have never seen any procured from the locality which has supplied the bulk of this series. Masses of it certainly abound, but much nearer the land, opposite Adelaide Wharf, and the specimens I have examined and possess, do not contain an heterogeneous assemblage of ancient and modern coins, but purely Roman.

Many of these coins, it may be observed, are as sharp as when issued from the Mint, and the major part of those in bad condition appear to have suffered more by the attrition of gravel from tidal action, than from circulation, for it is not uncommon to notice one side of a coin well preserved, and the other almost or quite illegible.

The medallions of Aurelius, Faustina, and Commodus, deserve particular notice. The workmen assured me that two of them were found under part of the piling of the old bridge, and as the third was procured about the same time, it is probable they were all from the same place. Had I ever imagined that such an immense number of

156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

coins, extending over several centuries, and found, as it were, in heaps, could possibly have been dropt into the river by chance, the fact of finding medallions also on the same line, would have caused me to loqk for some better ex- planation, for, considering their extreme rarity, and the pur- poses for which they were struck, they seem still less likely to have been deposited in such a situation by any casual cause. On the contrary, the more I reflect on the foregoing facts, the more I am disposed to believe that design is manifested, and that in the deposit of the bulk of the coins, there has been intention and an object in view.

It is remarkable, that the coins have all been discovered on or near the site of the old bridge, and that in other parts of the river, only an isolated one is picked up now and then. In this connexion with the bridge, I think, will be found the sought-for explanation. It is true we have only the indirect testimony of Dion Cassius 4 for the exist- ence of a bridge over the Thames, and of that, the precise locality is not defined, but we have abundance of evidence to show that the construction of bridges was an every- day affair with the Romans, and the names of several of their stations, as Ad Pontes and Tripontium, prove the general adoption in Britain of this medium of traffic and com- merce. In London, the metropolis of the province, renowned for its merchants and trade, a bridge would be indispensable, as well for military as for civil purposes, being the grand focus of the roads from all parts of Bri- tain, and a near and direct point from the great inlets for troops from Gaul and Italy, the ports on the Kentish coast.

" But the Gauls again setting sail, and some of them having passed over by the bridge further up the Thames, they attacked the Britons on every side." — Lib. Ix. Sec. 20. This refers to the invasion of Britain by Claudius.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 157

It is reasonable then to conclude that a bridge of some kind was erected over the Thames at this point by the Romans ; and it is as reasonable to see, in the deposit of the coins and medallions, evidence of a custom prevalent among that people, of inhuming their money to perpetuate the memory of their dominion and achievements. Whe- ther the bridge was erected in the time of Vespasian, of Hadrian, or of Pius, or at some posterior period, I am disposed to believe that then many of the coins were pur- posely deposited, and others at such times as the bridge required repairs or renovation. They also might have been thrown in on the accession of an emperor; we can readily imagine the love of fame and glory excited at such epochs, and no place could have warranted security for their Numismatic records better than the bed of the Thames.

In support of this opinion, I ought not to omit mention- ing that the coins have often been found as it were, in series, as if there had been more than one deposit. I have repeatedly observed, that (depending on locality or depth from the surface of the bed of the river,) during several tides, the coins of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, will be chiefly found ; at other times they will be mostly of Aurelius, Pius, and the Faustinas; after a while the small brass may predominate. As this fact was noticed long since and without reference to any theory, I mention it in connection with the weightier ar- guments I have adduced on the subject before us.

Many other works of ancient art have been, from time to time, found on the line of the old bridge, among which may be particularised the colossal bronze head of Ha- drianus, in the possession of John Newman, Esq., of the Bridge House, and the beautiful bronze images of Mer-

158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

cury, Apollo, Atys, &c.4 The head has been broken from a bust or statue, and the eyes which were, doubt- less, formed of precious stone, have been taken out; the images also bear traces of intentional disfigurement. These were, probably, thrown into the river by the early Chris- tians as relics of Pagan worship; but it is not likely they would have taxed their misdirected zeal so heavily as to have sacrificed objects so convertible and applicable to their worldly necessities, as Pagan money. As the images were also in the immediate vicinity of the coins, it is pro- bable they were carried on the bridge or trajectus for the purpose of being thrown more in the centre of the current, where they would be less likely to be recovered at low water than if thrown from the banks of the river.

CHARLES ROACH SMITH.

LIST OP THE ROMAN MEDALLIONS AND COINS FOUND IN THE THAMES. — THE REVERSE ONLY OF THE LATTER ARE GIVEN.

MEDALLIONS IN BRASS.

MARCUS AURELIUS.

Obv. — M. ANTONINUS. AVG. TR. P Laureated head to

the right ; bust in armour.

Rev. — cos. in. In exergue, RM. Victory, in

a quadriga. 1.

FAUSTINA, THE YOUNGER.

Obv. — FAVSTINA AVGVSTA. Head of Faustina to the left.

Rev. — VENVS. Venus, standing between a Cupid and a Triton.

1.

4 See Archaeologia, vol. xxvii.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 159

COMMODUS. Obv. — M. COMMODVS ANTONINVS PIVS FELIX AVG. BRIT.

Laureated head to the right.

. — Cos. vi. P. P. in the exergue. The sun in a car drawn by four horses on the clouds : below, the recumbent Earth, with right arm raised, and holding in left a cbrnucopiae (1). 1.

GOLD.

MAXIMIANUS.

COMITATVS AVGG. The emperors on horseback (1). SALVS AVGGG. Hygeia, standing. In exergue, M. L. (1). 2.

CRISPUS.

GAVDIVM ROMANORVM. In exergue, ALAMANNIA. A female captive, seated by a trophy. 1.

SILVER.

CONSULAR.

Considia, — c. CONSIDI. Victory in a quadriga (1). Fonteia.- — Cupid on a goat. Furia — L. FVRI CN. F. Curule chair and fasces (1). Petronia. — CAESAR AVG VST vs SIGN. RECE. A kneeling figure presenting a standard. 4.

Two of these are of base silver. There are also a few specimens of family denarii in lead, some of which bear evident marks of having been plated.

JULIUS.

L. AE BVCA. Venus standing, holding the hasta, 1.

AUGUSTUS.

AVGVSTI. A candelabrum within a wreath. 1.

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160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

POMPEIUS,

CLAS. ET ORAE MARiT. EX. s. c. Anapius and Am-

phinomus ; Neptune standing between them.

NERO.

IVPITER CVSTOS. Jupiter seated, (much defaced). 1.

VITELLIUS.

CONCORDIA P. R. A female figure, seated. 2.

VESPASIANUS.

IVDAEA (1). AVGVR. TRi. POT. Sacrificial vessels (1). 2.

TITU8.

PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Standard, with two hands joined across it 1.

DOMITIANUS.

Titles. Pallas, standing. 1*.

NERVA.

cos.ni. PATER. PATRIAE. Sacrificial instruments (1). CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM. Hands joined across a standard (1). 2.

TRAJANUS.

s. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. Victory inscribing, on a shield affixed to a tree, DACICA. 1.

HADRIANU8. AEGYPTOS (1). ALEXANDRIA (1). RESTITVTORI HISPANIAE

(1). Titles, with common types (2). 5.

ANTONINUS PIUS.

APOLLINI AVGVSTO (1). FORTVNA OPSEQVENS (sic.) (1). TRANQVILLITAS AVG. (1). Titles (2). 5.

MARCUS AURELIUS.

FELIC. AVG. IMP. vi. cos. in. Mercury (1). Titles; Victory on a globe, holding a wreath and trophy (1). Idem ; common types (2). 4.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 161 FAUSTINA THE YOUNGER.

FECVND. AVGVSTAE. A female figure with four children (1). IVNO (1). 2.

VERUS.

Titles ; Soldiers marching with trophy and a victory (1). A warrior standing (1). Type of equity (1). 3.

LUCILLA. VESTA (1). IVNO REGINA. 2.

COMMODUS.

Titles ; Victory marching, and other common types. 3.

SEVERUS. PROVID. DEORVM (2). VICTORIAE AVGG. FEL. (1). BONAE

SPEI (1). LEG. xi. CL. TR. P. cos. — Eagle between two stand- ards (1). FVNDATOR PACIS. (1). 6.

JULIA DOMNA.

MATER AVGG. Cybele in a car, drawn by four lions (1). HILARI-

TAS (1). CERERI FRVGIF. (1). FELICITAS (2). IVNO REGINA (1). SAECVLI FELICITAS (1). DIANA LVCI- FERA (3). 10.

CARACALLA.

Titles ; Trophy, and captives. 2.

PLAUTILLA.

CONCORDIAE. Female figure seated (1). CONCORDIAE AETER- NAE. Caracal! a and Plautilla joining hands (1). 2.

GETA. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS (1). PIETAS AVGG. 2.

MACRINUS.

SALVS PVBLICA, Type of Salus seated. 1.

AQUILIA SEVERA.

CONCORDIA. Female figure standing to the left before an altar ; in right hand, a patera ; in the left, a cornucopia ; in the field, a star. 1 .

JULIA SOAEMIAS. VENVS CAELESTIS. Venus standing; in the field, a star. 1.

162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

JULIA MAESA.

FECVNDITAS AVG. Female figure, with a cornucopiae ; at her feet, a child,

JULIA MAMMAEA.

IVNO CONSERVATRIX (1). VENVS VICTRIX (1). VESTA (1). 3. SEVERUS ALEXANDER.

SPES PVBLICA (2). P.M.TR.P. ii. cos. P.P. Type of Salus (2). Titles — the sun standing (1). 5.

MAXIMINUS.

PAX AUGUSTI. Type of Peace. (1).

BALBINUS.

PROVIDENTIA DEORVM. Type of Providence. 1.

CORDIANUS.

PAX AVGVSTI (1), VIRTVTI AvcvsTi. Hercules (2). 3.

SALONIKA.

PIETAS AVGG. A female figure, holding the hasta ; before her, two children. 1.

TREBONIANVS GALLUS.

VOTIS DECENNALIBVS, in a wreath. 1.

VOLU8IANUS.

VIRTVS AVGG. Mars standing. 1.

VALERIANUS.

PIETAS AVGG. Two figures joining hands (1). APOLLINI CONSERVAT (1). Others in billon, badly preserved. 6.

VALERIANUS JUNIOR.

PIETAS AVGG. Sacrificial .vessels (1). CONSECRATIO (2). 3.

POSTUMUS.

DIANAE LVCIFERAE. Diana standing. 1.

JULIANUS.

VOT. x. MVLT. xx. in a wreath. 1.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 163

VALENS. VRBS ROMA, in exergue, TRPS. 1.

URBS ROMA.

A half of the well-known little coin, with the wolf and twins on the reverse : in exergue, L. c. It is remarkable, being in silver. Halves of denarii of Otacilia and Caracalla, of good silver, occur among the Thames coins. They appear to have been broken purposely, probably for convenience of commerce.

ANCIENT FORGED DENARII.

By far the larger portion of denarii found in the Thames consist of lead and brass, plated with silver.

Of lead, we have specimens of the Consular, Mark Antony (reverse, Octavius), Plautilla, Vespasian, Nerva, Trajan, Plotina, Hadrian, Pius (reverse, Aurelius), Aurelius, Faustina, Verus, Lucilla, Didius Julianus, Caracalla, Geta.and Severus Alexander.

There are, also, two leaden consular quinarii.

Of brass, plated with silver, there are examples of Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, Aurelius, Severus, Julia and Soaemias. Of Severus and Julia, they are very abundant.

LARGE BRASS.

NERO.

Rev. ROMA. ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES (1). 2.

GALBA.

ROMA, across the field (1). The other quite illegible. U.

VESPASIANUS. ROMA (1) COS. DBS. II. CAESAR. DOMIT. COS. DES. TitUS and

Domitian standing. 2.

TITUS.

ROMA (1). ANNONA AVG (1). IVDAEA CAPTA(l). 3.

DOMITIANUS.

GERMANiA...(Capta) (1). iovi VICTORI (3). s. c. The Emperor sacrificing at an altar before a temple (1). s. c, The Emperor standing with his right foot on a recumbent river god. s. c. The Emperor and two soldiers, with one of whom he is joining hands over an altar (1). s. c. The Emperor crowned by Victory.

8.

164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

NERVA. FORTVNA AVGVST (1). CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM. TwO hands

joined across a standard (1). 2.

TRAJANUS.

s. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI ; in exergue : ARAB. ADQ. (6). s. p. Q. R. &c. The Emperor on horseback, riding over a prostrate figure (2). s. p. Q. R. &c. Various types of Peace, Abundance, &c. FORTVNAE RBDVCi (3). A badly preserved 'specimen of the Rex Parthis Daius type (1). 20.

HADRIANUS.

RESTITVTORI ORBIS TERRARVM (1). NEP. RED. (1). FOR- TVNA (2). FELICITATI AVG. cos. in. p.p. A galley with five rowers (1). CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM (2). FELICITAS AVG. (2). MONETA AVGVSTi (1;. Titles, with types of Peace, Abundance, &c. 20.

SABINA.

Illegible. 2.

ANTONINUS PIUS. SALVS (2). VOTA SVSCEPTA DECENN. IIII. COS. III. (2).

ANNONA AVG. (3). ROMA (2). s. c. Type of Hope (1).

APOLLINI AVGVSTO (1). ABVNDANTIA AVG. (2). CON- CORDIA EXERCITVVM (2). TR. POT. cos. 1111. Wolf and

twins (1). FELICITAS AVG. (2). PIETATI AVG. (2). INDVLGEN-

TIAAVG. (1). CONSECRATIO (1). cos. 1111. s.c. TheEmperor in a Quadriga. (1). A variety, with titles and the more common types. 38.

FAUSTINA THE ELDER.

s.c. Figure stan ding(l). AvovsTA(2) AETERNiTAs(2.) 5.

MARCUS AURELIUS.

VICT. AVG. &c. Titles : in exergue, RELIG. AVG. Temple of Mer- cury (1). IMP. vi. cos. in. Victory inscribing on a shield vie. GBR. (2). SALVTI AvovsTOR. &c. (2). Titles : A figure with four standards (1). GERMANIA SVBACTA (1). VOTA SVSCEPTA DECENNALIVM. (2). s. c. Pallas throwing a javelin (1) Titles: Victory inscribing on a shield vie. PAR. (2). Idem, in exergue, FORT. RED. (2). VICT. GERM. IMP. vi. cos. in. in a wreath (1). Titles: with common types a great variety. 40.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 165 FAUSTINA THE YOUNGER.

CERES (1). Defaced (3). 4.

VERUS.

CONCORDIA AVGVSTOR. TR. p. cos. ii. Titles : a captive beneath a a trophy. Idem, Victory standing ; beside her, a shield, in- scribed, VICT. PART, suspended from a tree (1). REX ARMEN. DAT. (1). 5.

LUCILLA.

IVNO (1). VENVS (1). Reverses illegible (3). 5.

COMMODUS.

VICT. BRIT. (1). Titles : the Emperor seated, holding a globe, and crowned by Victory (1). Titles : in exergue, FOR. RED. (2). Defaced (3). 7.

ALBINUS.

. . . . LO FRVGIF . . . The Saeculo Frugifero type, badly pre- served. 1.

SEVERUS.

Legend gone. The three Monetae standing (1). Female figure seated, holding a patera (1). 2.

JULIA DOMNA.

VENERI vicTRici(l). Defaced (2). 3.

GETA.

FORT. RED. TR. p. in. cos. ii. P. P. Fortune seated. 2.

JULIA MAMMAEA. VENVS VICTRIX. FECVNDITAS AVGVSTAE. 2.

GORDIANUS

SECVRITAS AVG. Security seated. 1.

166 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

POSTUMUS.

In bad preservation. 1.

MIDDLE BRASS.

AUGUSTUS.

. . . M. MACCILIVS TVLLVS III. VIR. A. A. A. F. F. (1). PRO- VIDENT (1). ROM. ET AVG. (Altar) (1). 3.

AGRIPPA.

s. c. Neptune, standing./ 10.

CLAUDIUS.

s. c. Pallas (30). CERES AVGVSTA (6). LIBERTAS AV GVSTA (3). CONSTANTIAE AvcvsTi (1). There are also

* a number of the first type of very barbarous work, apparently provincial imitations. 40.

ANTONIA. TI. CLAVDIVS CAESAR. P. M. TR. P. IMP. 4.

GERMANICUS. C. CAESAR AVG. GERMANICVS PON. M. TR. P. POT. In the

field, s. c. 1.

CALIGULA.

Legend gone. Vesta, seated. ] .

NERO.

PACE P. R.; &c. Temple of Janus (1). s. c. Triumphal arch

(1). MAC. AVG (1). ARA PACIS (4). GENIO AVGVSTT (3).

PONTIF. MAX, &c. Nero playing on a harp (3). SECVRITAS AVG. (20). VICTORIA AVGvsTi (20). s. c. Victory with shield inscribed s. p. Q. R. (30). 83.

VESPASIANUS.

s. c. Temple of six columns (1). ROMA (2). FELICITAS

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 167 AVG. (4). FIDES PVBLICA (8). VICTORIA AVGVSTI (6).

s. c. Victory with shield inscribed s. p. Q. R. (12). PROVI- DENT. Altar (16). PAX. AVG. (20). IVDAEA CAPTA (4). EQVITAS (20). FORTVNAE REDVCi (20). s. c. Eagle on a globe (30). SECVRITAS AVGVSTI (15). 158.

TITUS.

ROMA (2). IVDAEA CAPTA (5). AEQVITAS AVGVSTI (10). VICTORIA AVGVSTI (8). VICTORIA NAVALIS (20). S. C.

Altar (8). FELICITAS PVBLICA (8). s. c. Type of Hope (20). 81.

DOMITIANUS.

s. c. The emperor on horseback (1). s. c. Soldier with trophy (1). s. c. Heap of arms (2). ANNONA AVG. (3). AEQVI- TAS AVGVSTI (10). FORTVNAE AVGVSTAE (15). VIRTVTI AVGVSTI (30). MONETA AVGVSTI (30). FIDEI PVBLICAE

(12). iovi CONSERVATORI (1). s. c. Type of Hope (30). 135.

NERVA.

LIBERTAS AVG. (3). CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM (5). AEQVI- TAS AVGVSTI (2). FORTVNAE AVGVSTI (5). NEPTVNO

Neptune standing to the right, his left hand

grasping a trident, behind him the Tiber (1). 16.

TRAJANUS.

s. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. Emperor in a quadriga (1). Co- lumn (]). Soldiers with two trophies (1). Three standards (1). Captive seated on arms before a trophy (5). Female figure, standing ; in exergue, ARAB. ADQVIS (6). Victory, standing; on a shield suspended from a tree, vie. DAC. (2). Victory standing by a trophy (2). Horseman, and prostrate figure (2). Titles ; Victory with shield inscribed, s. p. Q. R. (10). Fortune, seated (8). Types of Piety, Abundance, &c. (10). 49.

HADRIANUS.

cos. in. Pegasus (1). PONT. MAX. TR. POT. cos. in. In

VOL. IV. B B

168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

exergue, BRITANNIA. The province of Britain seated on a rock, with spear and shield (12). Titles; three standards — Modius, Types of Fortune, Piety, &c. (20). FELICIT. Two figures, joining hands (1). cos. in. Varieties of the galley type (4). ANNONA (3). s. c. in wreath (1). s. c.

Pallas (1). HILARITAS P. R. COS. III. (2). AFRICA (1). FIDES PVBLICA (4). 50.

8ABINA.

s. c. Ceres, seated on a modius; in her right hand, flowers, in left, a torch. 4.

ANTONINUS PIUS.

IMPERATOR ii. in exergue, ANCILIA (2). GENIO SENATVS

(1). BONO EVENTVI (1). ANNONA AVG. (3). CONCORD.

cos. mi. Three hands (1). PIETAS AVG. (4). CONCORDIA

EXERCITVVM (1). BRITANNIA COS. IIII. (10). S. C. A fi- gure, holding a lyre and patera (1). PM . . . cos. DES. n. Titles; Pallas, standing (1). Types of Piety, Fortune, Li- berty, Felicity, &c. (15). 40.

FAUSTINA THE ELDER.

AETERNITAS. Female figure, standing (2). Idem. A seated figure, holding a globe, on which is a phoenix (1). PIETAS

AVG (4). FELICITAS (3). VENERI AVGVSTAE (1). IVNONI

REGIN^E (2). AVGVSTA (1). s. c. Diana, standing. 14.

MARCUS AURELIUS. PIETAS (1). CONCORDIA (2). IVVENTAS (1). CONCORDIA

EXERC. ... (1). IMP. viii . . . . ; in area, FELICIT . . . Galley, with rowers (1). Titles ; Types of Equity, &c. (10). 16.

FAUSTINA THE YOUNGER.

s. c. Diana (1). SALVS AVGVSTA (2). FELICITAS (1). 4.

VERUS.

LIBER ALITAS TR. p. v. IMP. cos. Type of liberality (1). CON- CORDIA AVGVSTORVM. Two figures, joining hands (1). 2.

(To be continued in our next).

169 XVII.

NOTE ON THE CHANGE OF POSITION IN THE LEGEND OF THE DOLLAR OF 1567, OF JOHN GEORGE II., ELECTOR OF SAXONY.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, May 20th, 1841.]

THE Vicegerent, John George II., Elector of Saxony, had a dollar struck in 1657, stamped as follows, viz.: — The elector was represented, on one side, on horseback, clad in his electoral robes; and around him were the words, "Deo et Patrice." This inscription was written in the same manner as that which the Vicegerent John George I. had had stamped on his coins in 1619, which design was no doubt referred to, as a model on the present occasion, on which was the motto, "Pro Lege et Grege." Commencing on the right-hand side of the foot of the coin, and proceed- ing opposite the tail, and then over the back of the horse to the head. Thus, in the coin of John George II., the word " Deo " commenced near the horse's heel, and the word " Patrice" was over the head. This gave rise to some contemptuous remarks from those who were not of the same religion as the Saxons ; and they said the Saxons must be a God-less set of people, because they place the word « GOD " at the horse's heel, while the word "Patrice" is over his head. The elector immediately ordered these coins to be called in, without expense, and a new one to be struck off, with the word "Deo " over the horse's head, and "Patrice" at the back and lower part. This excited so much curiosity that an impression from the first die was most eagerly sought after, at a high price.

WALTER HAWKINS.

May, 17, 1841.

170

XVIII.

GROATS OF HENRY THE SEVENTH WITH THE OPEN CROWN.

IN my younger collecting days I had free access to the cabinets of the late Mr. Miles, and I once mentioned to him that from the great similarity of workmanship and of inscription, and both having roses between the words as stops, it struck me that the half-groat of a King Henry, of the London Mint, with a flat crown, and the Canterbury half-groat, with an arched crown, were of the same mo- narch, and probably by the same engraver; and as the latter is undoubtedly Henry the Seventh's, I considered the other, with the flat crown, was also Henry the Seventh's. Mr. Miles thought my idea probable, and in my little casket I have ever since classed the London half-groat, with the flat crown, as Henry the Seventh's. It is in the accompanying drawing (No. 1), but is very thin, and weighs only 13| grs. I have another which weighs 18 grs. No. 2 is the Canterbury half-groat, with the arched crown, which weighs 19 grs., but no drawing can shew the simi- larity of workmanship so decidedly as comparing the coins together, and most probably you have both varieties.

It would seem to have been a very natural consequence that, having satisfied myself that Henry the Seventh coined half-groats with a flat crown, I should have looked out for groats of the same ; but this never struck me until last sum- mer, when in looking through the coins at one of the sales of the late Mr. Young's stock-in-trade, I met with a groat with a flat crown, which struck me immediately as being Henry the Seventh's, (No. 3). — There is in almost all the full-faced groats of Henry the Seventh, with the arched

VollV. page. 270

THI VJ1™ WDTIH! TIK1E ©1PIM

GROATS OF HENRY THE SEVENTH. 171

crown, a peculiar and melancholy expression of character, totally differing from the groats of Edward the Fourth and Richard the Third, and the light groats of Henry the Sixth, which in general are so similar to Edward the Fourth's, that, unless you look to the inscription, they would pass you as Edward the Fourth's. This groat weighs 46f grains, and is inscribed HENRIC. Di. GRA. REX. ANGLZ. & FRANC., mint mark, a rose. Reverse as usual, Posui, &c., and of the Lon- don Mint' It has a small cross over each shoulder, and the words on the obverse are separated by a kind of small trefoil. The countenance so exactly resembles, in character, those with the arched crown, that I have no doubt of its being Henry the Seventh's ; I presume that it was his first coinage.

I lately purchased the principal part of a hoard of groats dug out of the earth, which were chiefly Edward the Fourth's and Henry the Seventh's, and among them are two, Nos. 4 and 5, of the accompanying drawing, both of the London Mint, which are clearly of the same character as No. 3; and this induces me to call the attention of your society to the question of whether Henry the Seventh did not coin first with the flat crown ? No. 4 is very similar to No. 3 ; the same legend, same division of a trefoil between the letters ; but the mint mark on the reverse is rather a cinquefoil than a rose. It also weighs 46| grains. No. 5, though a smaller coin, weighs 47| grains. The neck is shorter, and consequently the bust is sunk lower. The inscription on the obverse is the same, but divided by small crosses or quatrefoils, and the mint marks the same as No. 4. A full round rose (I think) on the obverse, and a cinquefoil, or rose of five points, on the reverse. I feel quite satisfied that these three groats are Henry the Se- venth's first coinage, and I hope that the great collectors

172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of your society, whose cabinets give them such superior means of investigation, will not think the subject beneath their consideration.

R. S. Cork, 8th April, 1841.

P.S. I add a list of such varieties of the full-faced groats of Henry the Seventh as are in my cabinet with the arched crown.

GROATS OF HENRY VII. WITH THE FLAT CROWN. Mint mark — an open Rose.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC. Rev.— POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEV.

London. Weight 46| grs.

Mint mark — a Rose with five points. Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC. Rev.— POSVI DEV ADIVTORE MEVM.

London. Weight 46| grs

Mint mark — a Lily on a Rose.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC. Rev.— POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM.

London. Weight 47| grs.

GROATS OF HENRY VII. WITH THE CROWN OF ONE ARCH.

Mint mark — cross Crosslet.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGLIE Z FRA. Rev.— POSVt DEV ADIVTORE MEV. London

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX AGUE Z FR.

Rev.— POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV. London.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX AGLIE Z F.

.— POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV. London.

GROATS OF HENRY THE SEVENTH. 173

GROATS OF HENRY VII. WITH TWO PLAIN ARCHES.

Without a Mint mark.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC. Rev.— POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM.

Civitas London.

Mint mark — Cinquefoil. n f Same as preceding Groat.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRAC.

Rev.— POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM. London.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX AGLI Z FR.

Rev.— POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV. London.

GROATS OF HENRY VII. WITH TWO ORNAMENTED ARCHES.

Mint mark — escalop Shell.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANCI. Rev.— POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM.

With roses between the words.

Obv. — Same as the preceding.

Rev.— POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREV MEVM.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRANC.

Rev. — Same as first. L in London different.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRAN. Rev. — Same as first.

Mint mark — Obv. — Escalop shell. Rev. — Cinquefoil. Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRA. Rev.— POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV.

Roses in the extremities of the cross.

Mint mark, Cinquefoil.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRA. POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FR. Rev. — Same as preceding.

174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRA.

Rev. — Same as preceding.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX AGL Z FRA. Rev.— Same as preceding. Mint mark on reverse, Escalop shell.

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGI Z FR. Rev.— Same as first.

Mint mark, Leopard's face, crowned.

Obv.— HENRI DI GRA REX AGLI Z FR. Rev.— POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV.

Mint mark, Greyhound's head. Obv. — A smaller head, similar to those on the groats with one

arch. HENRIC DI GRA REX AGL Z FR. Rev.— POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV.

Obv.— A large bust. HENRIC DI GRA REX AGL Z FR. Rev. — Same as preceding.

; Obv. — Same as preceding. Rev.—POSVI DEVM ADIVTOE MEV,

Obv.— HENRIC DI GRA REX AGR Z FR. Rev.—POSVI DEVM ADIVTOEV MEV.

Mint mark, Anchor.

Obv.— HFNRIC DI GRA REX AGL Z FR. Rev.— POSVI DEV ADIVTOE MEV.

These varieties are in the cabinet of R. Sainthill, Cork. 1th June, 1841.

175 MISCELLANEA.

FORGING MEXICAN DOLLARS AT SHEFFIELD.

JOHN HAMON SUTTON was charged with making and coun- terfeiting, at Sheffield, one hundred dollars, not the proper coin of this realm, nor permitted to be current within the same, resembling and intended to resemble and look like the silver coin of Mexico. Mr. Wortley and Mr. Pickering for the prosecution. Mr. Baines for the defence.

Mr. Wortley said the prosecution was of an unusual nature, such as he had never before known in the course of his ex- perience. The offence charged in the indictment was made felony by the 37 Geo. III. c. 126, s. 2. The peculiarity of the case was that he should not be able to shew that the prisoner made the coins with his own hand, but it would be sufficient if he shewed that he had employed others to do so. He gave a summary of the evidence he should adduce, and admitted that the papers found upon the prisoner, and his coming direct to Sheffield when he found that suspicion was excited, made in his favour. He submitted, under the cor- rection of the Judge, that it made no difference whether the prisoner meant to circulate the coins in this country or not, if they believed that his design was any where to circulate them as coin.

The first witness was Mr. Henry Briggs, who proved that on the 10th of December, the prisoner called at his master's warehouse, and said he wanted medals making. Witness could not answer his questions as to price, &c., but requested him to call again when Mr. Briggs was in.

Mr. Briggs proved that the prisoner came to him on the llth of December, and said he wanted some medals striking, in hard metal, that would keep its colour. He said he was agent for some company in America, and wanted them to exchange for furs. He produced this medal, with a ring, and I told him I could not tell the price till I saw the dies, which he said he would send up, and would call again. Mr. Briggs recommended plated medals, on German silver, as the best. He came in the evening with a porter, carrying the dies in a small box. (Cooper produced the dies,) which he identified as the same. Witness then offered to stamp the German silver medals at 9s. or 10s. a dozen, and the plated at 18s. He said he should want German silver chains and rings for the medals, and Mr. Briggs said he would get them

VOL. iv. c c

176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

cheaper in Birmingham. The prisoner's order for 2400 medals was produced, to be packed in tin boxes. Prisoner gave him ninety sovereigns on account, saying he was going over to Ireland. The next day prisoner called to see a medal which Mr. Briggs had got stamped. He saw two or three. Mr. Briggs reported that the dies would not stand for the quantity required. In answer to the application of the prisoner Mr. Briggs recommended and sent for Mr. Brown, die-sinker, who undertook to cut new dies. The prisoner said he was to sail from London on the 27th of Decembei*. Prisoner offered to pay Mr. Brown's expenses to Birmingham to fetch the blocks for the new dies immedi- ately. In the mean time the old dies were to be used. Mr. Briggs wrote to him in a few days that the dies failed, and the prisoner called in a day or two, not having got the letter. He reduced the order to 1500, and bought some other goods to the amount of 25Z. The medals were to be wrapped in single papers, and Mr. Briggs recommended him to have them bored first, but the prisoner declined. The prisoner was particular about the colour, because he said the natives sometimes rubbed them on stones. Doubt arising about the object of the medals, Mr. Briggs caused an application to be made to the Mexican consul, and informed the prisoner, by letter, of his doubts. In prisoner's reply, he enclosed a letter from a Mr. Withers, in London, the cutter of the first die, stating that he had had enquiries made at the Mint as to the correctness of making the rim otherwise than plain. There was another letter from the same, saying, " The Mint say it is all correct." The prisoner wrote with them that he had apprehended some doubts might arise, and had taken the proper precautions to be assured that all was right. After a few days the prisoner came and assured Mr. Briggs that the medals were not to be used as coin. Mr. Briggs declined to proceed with the work, and complained of the loss he had suffered. The prisoner offered him 401. in compensation, and 51. for the trouble he had had as to the bowie knives. The prisoner was to come again for the balance of the 90L, but was apprehended on his way to Mr. Brown's.

Cross-examined by Mr. Baines. — The prisoner said be would get the medals bored and fitted with rings and chains at Birmingham. He gave me no direction as to the send- ing of the medals. There was nothing secret in the trans- action.

Mr. James Brown, die-sinker, Sheffield, also proved his engagement with the prisoner to make a pair of dies for a medal. Becoming suspicious of their purpose before they

MISCELLANEA. 177

were finished, he refused to deliver them. He finally gave them up to Mr. Briggs, having filed them across and made them useless.

Jeremiah Dukinfield, proved that he struck the medals for his master, Mr. Briggs.

Mr. James Wild, constable, proved the receipt of the dies and medals from Mr. Briggs, and the apprehension of the prisoner. He produced a letter found upon the prisoner, purporting to be from a friqpd and agent of his at New Orleans, informing him that he had concluded an agreement on his own behalf, with a respectable company, that he was to go to England to purchase medals and cutlery, suited to the trade with the Indians, and would probably afterwards have to go into the interior as far as the head of the Columbia River to conduct the trade.

A gentleman connected with the Mexican Legation, proved that its title was the Republic of Mexico, and that the medals were an imitation of the Mexican dollars.

Mr. John Francis Bacon, merchant of London, and ac- quainted with the Mexican coinage, also proved the similarity of the medals to the coinage of Mexico.

Mr. Baines addressed the Jury for the prisoner, a foreigner, most unexpectedly to himself, involved in his present diffi- culties. The question was, whether he had done this with a guilty intent, that they might pass as coin. If they were merely meant to pass as trinkets among the Indians, that was not the offence contemplated by the act. He argued that the act was designed to prevent the passing of fictitious foreign coin in England. He would not rest upon the legal points of the case, but he argued on the facts that these medals were never meant to be used as coin, but only as medals. He should call a witness, because his conviction was that the more fully the Jury knew the whole of Mr. Sutton's transac- tions, the more they would be satisfied with his bond fide conduct. Mr. Sutton was a Canadian by birth, and his busi- ness had been to conduct trade with the Indians of the interior of America for furs. A sovereign with them would not pass as a sovereign, but as a toy, like beads, pictures, glass, &c. The object of the prisoner in coming to England was to provide himself with the proper articles for this traffic. He should call Mr. Withers, whose letters they had heard read, and who would shew them Mr. Sutton's design for a medal with a handle to it, which design was set aside by the difficulties which Mr. Withers raised as to its execution. That being thus set aside, the prisoner wished to have the medals stamped with a hole. He granted that if these medals were given to the Indians as being worth Mexican dollars, there

178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

would be a fraud, but he argued that that was not the design. Mr. Baines then argued, from the respectable house in Shef- field to which he applied, from the openness of his transac- tions, from his returning to Sheffield when suspicion had arisen, and from his whole demeanor, that it was impossible to suppose the prisoner had a guilty intention. He read the letters, shewing that they were not the language of a guilty man ; and after the assurance he had as to the enquiries at the Mint, how could he have the least idea of his conduct being illegal ?

Mr. Thomas Henry Withers, of 17, Princes-street, Soho, London, proved the application to him by the prisoner, for a die of medals, with a handle, and his uniform profession as to the object of them.

Mr. Wortley replied, and submitted that there was utility in having them made like Mexican coin, if they were meant to pass as coin, but no particular need for it if they were merely for trinkets. He did not wish to press hard upon the prisoner, but the minute imitation of the coin would be use- less for trinkets.

The learned Judge summed up. He remarked upon the bond fide appearance of the letter found upon the prisoner as to his engagement with the Indian traders. He mentioned the well-known inclination of savage tribes for showy imita- tions. With us, igenuine articles were more highly esteemed; but for use, the taste of the Indians might be as good as ours. His Lordship minutely summed up. He thought it was a harsh construction to say that because the man did not order the medals to be bored at Sheffield, his design was bad, after the evidence they had of the way in which he wanted them made in London. He remarked upon the man coming to Sheffield as soon as he was written to by Briggs, and regretted that, without more evidence, the prisoner should then have been apprehended. He remarked that the other purchases of the prisoner confirmed his story, and thought it did not matter whether these medals were to be perforated or to be handed about as trinkets. To convict the prisoner, they must be satisfied there was no doubt these medals were to be used as coin. He thought it made out as clearly as the circumstances of the case admitted, that that was not the intention ; and if the prisoner should be acquitted, every one must feel that it was most unfortunate he should have been so long confined on this charge.

The Jury immediately found the prisoner Not Guilty, which produced a demonstration of satisfaction in the Court ; and he was forthwith discharged.

MISCELLANEA. 179

In consequence of a remark from Mr. Wortley, his Lord- ship said the Jury would understand that he did not deem it at all a trivial thing that coins should be made in this country to defraud the natives of other countries. But they had acquitted the prisoner of that design.

Mr. Wortley said he merely desired that his Lordship should make a remark on the subject for the justification of the prosecution with the public.*

LETTER FROM ADAM CARDONNEL, author of the " Nu- mismata Scotise," to the Earl of Buchan, President of the Antiquarian Society of Edinburgh, dated 5th July, 1784. t — " My Lord, — In consequence of a card from Mr. Colquhoun, I waited on him this afternoon with respect to the coins, and was not a little surprised at his saying the Duke of Argyle had given him the whole to himself, with the proviso that what duplicates there were, he would give to the Society. Mr. Colquhoun gave me what he said were the whole mass, consisting of twenty-one, in order to look over that I might lay aside the doubles. I have looked at them once, but cannot find one double ; indeed the number is so trifling that I could scarce expect one. I am to return the whole to him to-morrow, separating the doubles ; if there should be none, he told me he could not part with them. I understood that the Duke had given them originally to the Society, and that Mr. C. was to have the duplicates, if any. I shall note down such as he has given me by a kind of inventory and return them to him, as my taking two or three would constitute a bargain betwixt the Society and him, which I would not choose to do without your lordship's previous directions.

" I beg leave to inclose a proof of my first plate, which, though quite unfinished, will show the plan ; the first row is to contain two of Alexander I. and one of David I. I have copied all the varieties of William that I have, as well as those of Mr. Paton. I have left room for eight more, to insert those I expect from the Laird of Brodie at the bottom of the plate. I shall, if I see no likelihood of getting more varieties than what will fill up the two rows, etch a view of some ruin or something by way of frontispiece. The second plate will contain Alexander II. and III., John Baliol, Robert Bruce, and so on. I shall send your lordship a proof

* This report is taken from a recent Sheffield Paper. We leave our readers to make their own comments on the extraordinary particulars it discloses, merely observing that the object for which these spurious pieces were struck must be obvious to every one. — Eo.N. C.

t From the original in the possession of Mr. B. Nightingale.

180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

as I go forward. I have copied as exactly as my eye can serve me. I shall compare Anderson and Snelling together, and take the best likenesses to the coins themselves where I can procure them. I hope your lordship received my note last week with the Manuscript Gaelic Poem. My cold still continues very indifferent, so cannot promise myself the pleasure of seeing your lordship on Saturday ; I feel the rheumatism in my head very much, I can hardly see, so am afraid this may be scarcely legible. I shall hope for your lordship's opinion of my first essay when convenient, and re- main, with sincere respect,

" Your Lordship's most obedient and most humble servant,

" ADAM CARDONNEL."

LETTER FROM JOHN PINKERTON TO ROBERT DODSLEY. — The following letter from Pinkerton to Dodsley, the pub- lisher, contains the original proposals for the publication of his " Essay on Medals," which were accepted, the first edition being shortly afterwards published in the same year (1784) in one volume, octavo. Whatever were Pinkerton's faults it is certain that he was an ingenious and laborious writer j had he possessed less pedantry and self-conceit, he might have been a still more useful and correct one. The " Essay" here alluded to is a work of much merit, particularly the subsequent edition, which was enlarged into two volumes. Pinkerton had little practical knowledge of coins, but in these volumes he has brought together a mass of curious in- formation digested into a popular form. He liberally abuses nearly every previous writer with a virulence and scurri- lity peculiar to the man, though his book shows that on every occasion he availed himself of their information.

B. NIGHTINGALE.

" Knightsbridge, 1.2th January, 1784. '• DEAR SIR,

" IN a late conversation I started an idea of an Essay on Medals, in the way of Mr. Gilpin's Essay on Prints, and as you seemed not averse to that idea, I enclose a view of the proposed contents, in order that you may judge with more certainty than is possible from the evanescent nature of conversation. That this is the very land of connoisseurs, and that yet to this day no treatise of the kind has appeared, though every body wishes for it, is a very strong argument for a rapid sale. But of this you are the only judge, and I wish not to influence you either one way or the other.

" My plan would make a neat little half-crown volume of

MISCELLANEA. 181

about 200 pages, and should you like it upon farther thoughts I shall be glad to have your proposals. I have so many materials (this having always been a favourite amusement of mine) that I could engage to let you have it in a month, should you wish to publish this Parliament. As to knowledge of the subject and composition, should you not like them, I shall not murmur at your burning my M.S.

*' If you do not like the scheme, I shall drop it entirely, as I do not wish to offer my labour to every one, and, indeed, am too lazy to go to work with the humiliating view of after- wards hawking my little labours.

" I am always, yours sincerely, J. PINKERTON."

" ISSUES OF THE EXCHEQUER, BEING PAYMENTS MADE OUT OF H. M. REVENUE," — TEMP. JAMES I. AND CHARLES I.

THE following notices are extracted from a work bearing the above title, edited by Frederick Devon, Esq., and published in 1836. Being for payments connected with the coinage, they will be interesting as well as useful to the Numismatist, and to many of your readers may be altogether new, the book being one not generally known, and scarcely to be met with except in libraries of a public nature. They are also to be relied on as unquestionably authentic. The Re- cords yet published do not extend to a later period than the early part of the reign of Charles I., but it is hoped Mr. Devon may be induced to continue his labours, as the period of the Protectorate and the Restoration may be expected to afford some curious information relative to the famous medal- lists who then flourished, and probably specifying the parti- cular works done, and the payments received, by such artists as Thomas Simon and the Roettiers. B. N.

PELL RECORDS, TEMP. JAMES I.

20th December, — . By order, dated 1st December, 1611. To Sir Richard Martin, Knight, Master of His Majesty's Mint, the sum of 160/. for the charges of sundry models, tools, and engines thereafter to be made, for the better making of His Majesty's monies, both of gold and silver, more fair than heretofore they have been ; and for the making of all sorts of small moneys with speed, beauty, and justness. By writ, dated 10th December, 1611. £160 0 0

182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

21st May, — . By order, dated 20th May, 1623. To William Holle, Gentleman, Chief Graver of His Majesty's Mint and Scales, the sum of 16/. 2s. Qd. for making and graving a seal of silver, with His Majesty's Arms crowned and supported, according to the print of the seal of the Court of Wards in England, for His Ma- jesty's Court of Wards in Ireland, save only with this difference, that under the supporters there be engraven two harps and crowns, and with this His Majesty's title — "JACOBVS, DEI GRATIA MAGX.E BRITANNIA, FRANCIJE, ET HIBERNI^:, REX, FIDEI DEFENSOR," &c. according to the allowance heretofore made for the seal of the Court of Wards in England, as appeareth by a certificate under the hand of Sir Francis Goston, Knight, • one of the Auditors of the Prests. By writ, dated 27th February, 1622 £16 2 9

PELL RECORDS, TEMP. CHARLES I.

9th February, — . By order, dated 18th November, 1626. To Nicholas Breeott, a French graver, the sum of 100Z. due to him for providing sundry particulars by him bought, by His Majesty's commandment, needful and necessary for the making of Stamps to stamp certain pieces of largess of gold and silver made in memory of His Majesty's Coronation ; as also for his labour and pains taken in making and graving certain puncheons for the shaping of His Majesty's picture, and the other device upon the said pieces of largess ; and, likewise, for the making of a little signet for His Majesty, re- maining in his own custody, which same sum shall be taken to him, the said Nicholas Breeott, without account, imprest, or other charge, to be set upon him, his heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, for the same or any part thereof. Bv writ, dated 10th April, 1626.

£100 0 0

By order, dated 13th November, 1627. To

Nicholas Breeott, a French graver, the sum of 601. im- prest, for the provision of such a proportion of silver as shall be sufficient for the fabric of His Majesty's great seal of His Majesty's realm of Scotland. By writ, dated 9th August, 1627. . ... £60 0 0

THEODORA DUCAINA PALJEOLOGHINA. — Piombo Unico Inedito della Collezione de S. E. R. Monsignor Ludovico de

MISCELLANEA. 183

Principi Altieri di Roma. Illustrazione di Francesco Car- rara, Membro dell ' T. R. Institute di Sublime Educazione Eccle- siastica presso S. Agostino in Vienna. Vienna, 1840. This pamphlet, in twenty pages, contains a dissertation on a leaden seal already brought before the English Numismatic public by Mr. Borrell, Numismatic Chrou., April, 1841, No. XII. p. 21, who has contented himself with succinctly noticing two varieties of the seals of this lady. The labours of M. Carrara, whose publication has appeared quite inde- pendent of the researches of Mr. Borrell, is drawn up with considerable care and research, and, as will be perceived by the date, appeared before the publication of Mr. BorrelFs paper. Both Numismatists agree in assigning the seals to the same person — Theodora, daughter of John Ducas and of Eudocia, daughter of Angelus Johannes, who married Michael Comnenus. This lady took her name of Ducaina from her father, while that of PalaBologhina was assumed from her husband's. There are two other Theodoras in the Byzantine succession, daughters of Ducas ; — Theodora, daughter of Constantine Ducas, declared Emperor, 25th of November, 1059, dec. May, 1067, and of Eudocia, daughter of Constantine Dallassenus ; and Theodora, a nun, daughter of Andronicus Ducas, and of a niece of Samuel, king of the Bulgarians. Neither of these ladies married, and the seal cannot be assigned to them (p. 7). M. Carrara supports the reading Evtrefteffrarr) found upon the seal, by the inscription found by Tournefort in the court-yard of an old monastery at Trebisond, GEo^wpa Xpiorou -^aprjTi evtrefiearaTri. In 1/89, Sestini recognised the bust of this lady. (Lettere e Disser- tazioni Numismatiche sopra al cune Medaglie Rare delle Collezione Ainslieana. Livorno. 1789. II disegno. pag. 19). This type has only initial letters, and having been assigned, there is considerable doubt about one letter being a A or A, which the Museum type does not dispel, for the Museum cabinets, though rich in Imperial and Autonomous Greek, are not so abundant in the Byzantine series. In con- clusion, we recommend such of our readers, as take an interest in this class of coins, to the work of M. Carrara.

ARCHERS AND ANGELS. — From " Isaac his Testament, a Sermon preached at Paule's Crosse, by R. Lewes, Bacchelor of Divinitie," 12mo. Oxf. 1594. " The" king of Persia being offended at Agesilaus, gave the Athenians thirty thousand pieces of the great coine of golde, wherein was ingraven an archer; which thing when Agesilaus understoode, he saide merrily, but yet truly, that he was driven away with thirty thousande archers. Many a poore Agesilaus in this land is

VOL. IV. D D

184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

(I feare) oftentimes put from his right by a great company of angels that come against him : our English angels are as strong as the Persian archers : but it is a pitty that either archers there, or angels heere, shold fight against justice and right. If hee were not able to resist thirty thousand archers, howe should poore men stand against an army of angels, when they march against them. Surely, except the godly and famous judges and magistrates doe quit themselves like men, nay, unlesse they shew themselves to be gods, the angels will first overcome them, and then soone overthrow the poore."

PENNY OF EDRED. — At the sale of the collection of Robert Surtees, Esq. in London, on the 17th of July, 1837, Lot 89, was a Saxon penny — " Eadred with the head, Clac Moneta On Exone," which was bought by the late Mr. Young for 11. 15*. on commission for a collector. This coin proves that money was coined at Exeter by Eadred, which Mr. Hawkins has not admitted, in his recent excellent work on the English coinage. Should this meet the eye of the gentleman, who has the penny of Eadred, Mr. Richard Sainthill, Cork, (a Devonian), would feel extremely obliged to him, for an impression of the coin, in sealing wax, by post. S.

AUSTRIAN MEDALS. — A work on the medals of Austria, comprising its great men from the 15th to the 16th century, is appearing from the pen of M. Joseph Bergmanu in livraisons. It is entitled " Medaillen auf beriihmte und ausgezeichnete Manner des Kaiserthums Osterreich vom xvi. bis xix. Jahrhunderte, in treuen Abbildungen, mit biographisch- historischen Notizen, von Joseph Bergman, Gustos am k. k. Miinz-und Antiken-Cabinete, und der k. k. Ambraser Samm- lung. 1 und 2 Heft. Vien. 1840. It contains medals and biographical notices of Jacob de Barmissis, Counsellor and Latin Secretary of Maximilian 1., Deacon at Triest ; Bernard of Cles, Cardinal and Archbishop of Trent ; the families of Madruzzo, Freunsberg, the heterodox Galeottus, Martius, &c. The medals are well executed in outline, the biographical no- tices are copious, and will, we hope; call attention to a class of medals imperfectly understood and inadequately prized in this country. B.

COINS OF HENRY II. AND III. — Mr. Hawkins, in his

Silver Coins of England, p. 87. hazarded the opinion that the pennies assigned by Ruding (PI. II. 13, 14, 15, &c.) to Henry III. belonged in reality to the second prince of that

MISCELLANEA. 185

name. This opinion receives confirmation from a quantity of coins found recently in Norway, an account of which has been published by M. C. A. Holmboe. The hoard consisted of nearly 5000 coins, not one of which can have been struck later than 1213. Amongst them are nine English pennies — one of Stephen, five of Henry II., of the universally ac- knowledged type (Ruding II. 4) " English Silver Coins,*' No. 285, and three of the second, the disputed coinage (286). These must now be no longer disputed, but be definitely assigned to Henry II. M. Holmboe has re- marked on the value of this " find " to the Numismatists of England, and in a note, referring to Ruding, he observes, — " Henrico tertio adscribit ; priores veto numismaticos nun- nullos Henrico secundo eos rectius adsignasse arbitior. Nam inter omnes nummos nulli eorum regum qui inter Henri- cum II. et Henricum III- regnarunt, nee regum Danicae et Suecias regnorum Norvegiae propriorum, cum Henrico III. cosevorum adsunt." We cannot too strongly impress upon our Numismatic friends the importance of obtaining accu- rate accounts of the finding of large parcels of even the commonest coins, and of ascertaining that nothing has been taken away from them, but especially that nothing has been added. The value of this Norwegian " find " depends on this last point, for had a few coins of Henry III., derived from another source, been accidentally mixed with them, the evidence would have become falsified, and these pieces of Henry II. would still have been the subject of historic doubt and conjecture. A.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Q. There is a beautiful gold coin of Carausius in the British Museum, to which it was bequeathed by the late pos- sessor, the Rev. C. M. Cracherode.

L. N. Any foreign Numismatic work may be obtained of our publishers, Messrs. Taylor and Walton, Upper Gower-street.

TYRO. An accurate account of the Cuerdale " find" will pro- bably appear in our next number.

P. — 1. Most of the coins of Berytus (Beyrout) in Phoenicia, are common : they have Latin legends. The brass coin is of Caracalla, struck at Byblus, and is very common.

186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

R. U. A very common coin of Agrigentum the modern Girgenti. The other piece must be of Hermocapelia in Lydia, and is a scarce coin. The head is that of the Senate (see the Numismatic Manual, 8vo. p. 26).

Q.Q. We would advise no one, at present, to buy any of the coins found at Cuerdale, for many of them have become exceedingly common. It is believed that the Duchy of Lancaster will commence proceedings against those who have procured specimens of the coins from the work- men, and hawked them about for sale at extravagant prices, which, in some instances, they have obtained from ignorant people. If those persons would take advice, we would recommend them to forward to the officers of the Duchy, immediately, the coins they have illegally obtained, and thereby avoid the consequences of such conduct.

Our kind Correspondent at Cork, who renews the complaint against the words "ONE SHILLING " and "SIXPENCE" on our silver coins, appears to forget, like others who have denounced the same indications, that there is clas- sical authority for such a practice, however justly it may be deprecated (see Numismatic Manual, page 16). As regards the style and execution of modern money, it is certainly superior in finish in proportion as it is tame and spiritless in design, compared with some of the com- monest coins of Greece.

B. B. Not a Queen Anne's farthing, but a pocket-piece : we have seen many scores of them.

7^. The reading proposed by M. Gesenius of the Phoe- nician legend, on the coin of Juba the Second (Pro- ceedings, pages 11, 12, and Numismatic Chronicle, April, 1841), namely, Beth Khem Malchi (i^bft Dp J"O ), appears to us only right in its Hebrew interpretation. The English interpretation we take to be entirely fanciful, and are inclined to believe with Mr. Birch that the legend is the counterpart of REX JVBA. Our cor- respondent will see that we have reasons for entertaining this belief, if he will turn to the notice of the Life and Writings of Porphyry, by Lucas Holstenius, appended to the works of the Sophist, printed at Cambridge in 1655. It appears that Malchus was the Syro- Phoenician for BaffiXcug, a fact noticed by Suidas and others.

A.'s coins are small brass of Victorinus, Tetricus, and Pos- tumus, and are exceedingly common.

187

XIX.

ON THE ROMAN COINS DISCOVERED IN THE BED OF THE THAMES, NEAR LONDON BRIDGE, FROM 1834 TO 1841.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, April 22nd, 1841.] ( Continued from page 168.)

COMMODUS.

HERC. COMMODIANO p. M. TR. p. xvi. cos. vi. A figure, sacri- ficing on an altar before a tree, on which is a lion's skin (I). HERC. ROMAN. AVGV. . . Club in a wreath (1). s. c. Minerva,

standing (1) TR.P. xv. IMP. vm. cos. vi.

A ploughman driving two oxen (1). Titles; Female figure, with cornucopia (1). 5.

SEVERUS.

p. M. TR. p. xvi. cos. in. p. P. Victory, seated on arms before a trophy ; in right hand, a palm ; in left, a shield (1). ROMAE AETERNAE. Rome seated on arms (1). 2.

JULIA DOMNA.

FORTVNAE FELici. Fortune, seated; before her, a child, be- hind, a column with a statue. 1.

CARAGALLA.

VIRTVS AVGVSTORVM. An armed female, seated on a helmet, and holding a victory ; behind her, a shield (1). PONTIF. TR. p. xi. cos. in. In exergue, PROF. AVGG. The emperor on horseback, galloping over a fallen figure (1). 2.

GETA.

VICT. BRIT. TR. p. in. cos ... A winged Victory, seated on arms (1). FORT. RED., &c. (1). 2.

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188 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

MACRINUS.

ANNONA AVG. (1). PONTIF. MAX. TR. P. II. COS. II. P. P. Se-

curity leaning on a pillar (1). Idem. The emperor in a

quadriga (1). 3.

SEVERUS ALEXANDER. LIBERALITAS AVG. III. (1). FIDES MILITVM (1). P. M. TR.

p.x. cos. in. P. P. A female figure holding ears of corn over a modius ; in left hand, a plough-share (1). 3.

MAXIMUS.

PIETAS AVG. Sacrificial vessels. 1.

GORDIANUS.

LAETITIA AVG. N. (1). Titles; a soldier, standing (1). 2.

PHILIPPUS. AEQVITAS AVG. (1). FELICITAS TEMP. (1). 2.

DIOCLETIANUS.

GENIO POPVLI ROMAKI ; in exergue, P.TR. (3). Idem ; in ex- ergue, PL. &c. (4). 7.

MAXIMIANUS.

GENIO POPVLI ROMANI ; in CXCrgUC, P.L.C. (5). HERCVLI CON- SERVATORI (1). 6.

CONSTANTIUS.

GENIO POPVLI ROMANI ; in exergue, P.TR. (2). 2.

FL. VAL. SEVERUS.

GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius, standing. 1.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 189

CONSTANTINUS.

PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. A military figure with two standards ; in exergue, P.TR. 1.

SMALL BRASS.

NERO. CBR. QVINQ. ROM. CON. 8. C. (1). OBNIO AVGVSTI. S. C. (1)

PONTIF. MAX. TR. p. IMP. P.P. s.c. An armed female figure seated on arms. (2). MAX. TRIE s.c. similar. (1). 5.

TRAJANUS.

s. c. A vase and wreath, on a table. 1.

POSTUMUS. PAX AVGG. (1). MONETA AVG. (1). VICTORIA AVG. (1). 3.

GALLIENUS. VICTORIA AVG. (3). SALVS AVG. (3). NEPTVNO CONS. AVG.

A sea-horse (2). SOLI. CONS. AVG. Pegasus (2). APOLLINI. CONS. AVG. Centaur (2). DIANAS. CONS. AVG. A stag (1). LIBERO P. CONS. Panther (3). Various (20). 36.

VICTORINUS.

PAX AVG. (5). INV1CTVS. (1). VIRTVS AVG. (6). SALVS AVG. (5). LAETITIA AVG. (3). AEQVITAS AVG. (3). Various

(20). 43.

MARIUS. VICTORIA AVG. (1). CONCORDIA MILITVM. (2). 3.

CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS.

GENIVS EXERCITVS. (2). SECVRIT. AVG. (3). FORTVNA AVG. (2). LIBERT. AVG. (2). DIANA LVCIF. (1). IOVI VICTORI.

(2). CONSECRATIO. (6). Various, badly struck (20). 38.

QUINTILLUS.

MARTI PACIF. (2). CONCORD. EXER.(l). CONCORD. MILITVM. (1). FORTVNA. AVG. (1). 5.

190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

AURELIANUS.

RESTITVTORI EXERCITVS (1). CONCORDIA MILITVM. (1).

VICTORIA AVG. (1). «*.

SEVERINA.

CONCORDIA MILITVM. A female figure holding two standards. 1.

THE TETRICI. PAX AVG. (6). VIRTVS. AVGG. (4). HILARITAS AVGG. (6).

SPES PVBLICA. (5). Various, badly struck (20). 41.

TACITUS. LAETITIA FVND. in exergue XXI (1). TEMPORVM FELICITAS. (1).

PROBU8. VIRTVS PROBI. AVG. (1). PAX AVG. (2). CONCORD. MILIT.

(1). 4.

NUMERIANUS.

VNDIQVE VICTORES. in exergue KAS. A male figure standing ; in his right hand a globe, in his left the hasta pura. 1 .

CARINUS.

AEQVITAS AVGG. in field A, in exergue K. A. z. 1.

DIOCLETIANUS.

iovi CONSERVATOR!. (2). PAX AVGGG. in field s. p. in exergue

MLXXI. (2). GENIO. POP. ROM. (1). 5.

MAXIMIANUS.

PAX AVGGG. in field s. p. in exergue MLXXI. (3). VIRTVS AVGG.

(1). GENIO. POP. ROM. (2). 6.

CARAUSIUS.

EXP ENI (Expectate Veni). Two figures (1). FORTVNA

AVG. (2). FIDES MILITVM. (1). MART .... R. (1). MO-

NETA AVG. in exergue, c. (1). Idem, in field, s. p. (1). PAX AVG. ; in the field the letters B. R. or B. E. or F. o., or F. E. or s. c. or s. p. and in exergue, M. L. or MLXXI or c. Type of Peace, standing ; in right hand, a flower, in left, the hasta

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 191

held transversely on some specimens, on others, erect (30). PAX AVGGG. in field, s. p. ; in exergue, c. or MLXXI. (8). PIETAS AVGGG. in field, L. P. ; in exergue, M. c. Mercury (un- published) (1). PROVID. AVG. in field, s. p. or s. c. ; in ex- ergue, c. Types of Providence (7). LAETITIA AVG. (5). SEC. .. .PER... Security leaning on a column, in right hand, a garland (an unpublished variety) (1). SPES PVBLICA (1). SALVS AVG. (3). TEMP. FELiciTAs. The four seasons per- sonified (1). IOVI .. . SBR. (1). VIRTVS AVG. (3). VIC- TORIA AVG. Victory, on a globe, holding a wreath and palm branch, at her feet two captives (unpublished) (1). ROMA RENO . . Wolf and twins (1). LEG . — A bull (1). LEG . . 11. A ram (1) legend defaced ; a Capricorn (1). 72

ALLECTUS.

LAETITIA AVG. in field, S.A or s.p. ; hi exergue, ML or c. A fe- male figure, standing (2). The same legend. A galley; in exergue, Q.C or Q.L (3). MONETA AVG. in f. S.A., in ex. ML. (1). PAX. AVG. in f. s. or S.P., or S.H. ; in ex. ML, or MLXX, or M.S.L., or c. Peace, standing (12). PIETAS AVG. (1). PRO- VID. AVG. in f. s.p. in ex. c. (4). Idem; the obverse reading IMP. c. ALLECTVS Piv. PEL. AVG. (unpublished) (1). PRO- VIDE. AVQ. (1). PROVIDKNTIA AVG. in f. S.A. in CX. ML. (3).

TEMPORVM FELICITAS. Female figure, standing (2). VIR- TVS AVG. in f. S.A. in ex. ML. Mars, standing (1). Idem ; varieties of the Galley type (8). 40.

HELENA.

PAX PVBLICA ; in exergue, TR.P. (5). SECVRITAS RKIPVBLICAE ; in exergue, p. LON. A female figure, standing, holding in right hand, a branch (1). 6.

THEODORA.

PIETAS ROMANA ; in exergue, T.R. (2). A woman suckling two children. 2.

GAL. VAL. MAXIMIANUS.

PRINCIPI IVVBNTVT ; in exergue, XXI.T. A military figure, hold- ing a standard and hasta (1). CONCORDIA MILITVM (1). 2.

C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINUS. GENIO POP. ROM. in exergue, P.L.N.

192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

MAXENTIUS. VICTORIA DD. NN. AVGG. 1.

THE LICINII.

GENIO POP. ROM. (2). LICINI AVGVSTI VOTIS. XX. (1). SOLI INVICTO COMITI (2). VOT. V. MVLT. X. CAESS. T. S. A. (1).

D. N. LICIN. AVGVSTI; in a wreath, VOT. xx. (1). 7.

OONSTANTINUS MAXIMUS.

BEATA TRANQVILHTAS, in CX. S.TR. (3). VICTORIAB LAETAE, &C. (6). VIRTVS EXERCIT. (4). SARMATIA DEVICTA, in 6X. P. LON

(4). Idem ; in ex. P.L.C. (4). ROMAE AETERNAE (2). PROVI-

DENTIAE AVGG. in CX. P. LON. (3). VIRTVS AVG. in CX. S. CONS.

(2). MARTI CONSERVATORI. Head of Mars ( 1 ). Idem; in exer. P.TR. Mars, standing (1). SOLI. INVICTO COMITI (3). CON- CORDIA MILIT (1). The emperor ascending in a quadriga; from above, an outstretched hand (2). Various (12). 48.

[POPULUS ROMANUS.]

Obv. — POP. ROMANVS. Youthful laureated bust, with cornucopiae. Rev. — CONS. B. A star, within a wreath. 1.

[URBS ROMA.]

Wolf and twins ; various letters in exergue (10). 10.

[CONSTANTINOPOLIS.]

Genius, with shield and hasta (5). 5.

FAUSTA.

SPES REIPVBLICAE, in exergue, P.TR. A female with two children (2). 2.

CRISPUS.

PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS, in exer. P.L.N. (2). BEATA TRANQVILLITAS, in exer. p. LON (5), or P.L.C. (4). PROVIDENTIA CAESS (2). VIRTVS EXERCIT. in exer. p. LON (3) CAESARVM NOSTRORVM VOT. x. ; in exer. A.SIS. ; or p. LON ; or S.TR (4). Various (8).

29.

CONSTANTINUS JUNIOR.

BEATA TRANQVILLITAS ; in exergue, P. LON. (3). or S.TR. (3).

CLARITAS REIPVB. (2). CAESARVM NOSTRORVM VOTIS V. in

exergue, p. LON (2). VIRTVS. CAESS (2). Various 12. 24.

DISCOVERY OF ROMAN COINS IN THE THAMES. 193

CONSTANS.

VICTORIAS DD. AVGG. Q. NN. (3). FBL. TEMP. REPARATIO. Phoenix

(3). 6.

CONSTANTIUS II.

FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO ; in ex. AQ.s. and varieties. 4.

MAGNENTIUS.

FELICITAS REJPVBLICAE, in CX. TR.P. (1). FEL. TEMP. REPA- RATIO ; in ex. TR.S. The emperor in a galley, rowed by a Victory (1). 2.

DECENTIUS.

VICT. DD. NN. AVGG. ET. CAESS. (1). Idem; in ex. TR.P. Two Victories, holding a shield inscribed VOT. v. MVLT. x. 2.

JULIANUS.

VOT. x. MVLT. xx. in a wreath. 1.

VALENTINIANUS.

RESTITVTOR REIPVBLICAE (2). SALVS REIPVB (1). 3.

VALENS. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE (4). GLORIA ROMANORVM (3). 7.

GRATIANUS. GLORIA ROMANORVM (2). VICTORIA AVGG. (1). 3.

VICTOR.

SPES ROMANORVM; in exergue, S.M.R.Q.S. The camp gate. 1.

HONORIUS. GLORIA ROMANORVM. 2.

Minimi. 100.

194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The number of coins comprised in this catalogue is considerably under the total amount discovered within the last seven years, and does not include those almost en- tirely defaced, with the exception of a few of the rarer specimens. Every coin described has passed through my hands, and the greater number are still in my possession. Some hundreds were collected by the late Mr. John Pimm, of Deptford, on the banks of the Surry Canal, from the gravel taken from the bed of the Thames for repairs, and a considerable quantity were obtained from the ballast spread on the towing path between Hammersmith and Barnes, as well as at Putney ; facts which should be re- corded to prevent in future times any unwarranted theory being founded on discoveries which may yet be made at these places. C. R. S.

Since I compiled the above, I have the satisfaction of stating that another specimen of the aureus of Maximianus (see the wood-cut) is in the cabinet of George Atherley, Esq., of Southampton, whose attention was directed to it on seeing mine. The obverses and reverses accord, and the weights also correspond within a grain, Mr. Atherley's weighing sixty-five grains, mine sixty-six. They are not, however, from the same die. Mr. Atherley purchased his about eight years ago, of a silversmith at Southampton, who had it from a Mr. Millar of the Artillery, the owner of a large collection of Greek, Roman, and English coins, collected by Mr. Millar, his grandfather, who resided at Southampton, and died about thirty years ago.

195

XX.

FURTHER REMARKS ON THE NUMISMATIC HIS- TORY OF EAST ANGLTA, DURING THE NINTH CENTURY.

IT only remains for me now to offer a few observations on the pennies bearing the name of Ethelstan, by modern numismatists universally assigned to the Danish prince, who, in 878, received that name .in baptism. I have for some time regarded this appropriation with suspicion, and my doubts were confirmed, by the circumstances of the discovery of a few of these coins at Dorking in 1817, and at Gravesend in 1839.

Of nearly 700 pennies found at Dorking, upwards of 500 were of the West Saxon kings, Ethelwulf and Ethel- bert; and as no coins occurred of Ethelred, or Alfred, their successors, nor indeed a single piece necessarily of later date than 866, in which year Ethelbert died, this

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196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

hoard must have been concealed during his reign, and whilst his money, and that of his predecessor, was in active circulation. The Gravesend parcel comprised a large quantity of the coins of Burgred, but so few of Alfred, as to render it certain that the deposit had been made very shortly after his accession in 871 ; and as both here and at Dorking some pennies of Ethelstan occurred, it is evident that they cannot belong to a king who did not receive that name until the year 878. Let us see how far the evidence of the coins themselves is in favour of a new appropriation.

Of the pennies bearing the name of Ethelstan, there are two classes, widely different in type and workmanship, but clearly connected by the moneyers' names. Those with the portrait (Hawkins 188 to 190), as the earliest, I place in the first class ; and those in Ruding's 9th Plate, and in Hawkins, 96 to 98, in the second. Of the first kind, I know of only three varieties ; the others are not uncommon.

The portraits on the earlier coins bear a strong resem- blance to those of Ludica and Beornwulf (perhaps also to some of Ethelwulf) ; and the character of the workmanship, as Mr. Hawkins acknowledges, is clearly of that date. The reverse of one (H. 188) presents the same type and moneyer's name, as a penny of Ludica in Mr. Wigan's collection, quoted by Mr. Hawkins, p. 30 ; and the cross croslet appears in the coins of Beornwulf (Ruding, PI. vii. PL xxvii. 1, PL xxix. 18) ; and of Ludica (H. 79). The re- verses of two others, Eadgar Moneta, in four lines (H. 190), and Man Moneta, in three lines, quoted by Dr. Combe, pre- sent a striking analogy to the coins of Ceolwulf (Ruding, C.7); of Beornwulf (H.72); and of Ludica (Ruding, PI. vii.) ; with the moneyer's name and designation similarly

ON THE NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF EAST ANGLIA. 197

arranged. The type of the remaining penny (H. 189), differs from every other at present known ; but it cannot be much later than 188 and 190. The resemblance between these coins, and those of Beornwulf and Ludica, may be still further traced in the form of the letters, which are very peculiar; and with regard to the names of the moneyers, we have already noticed the occurrence of Eadgar on a penny of Ludica, and Monn is probably the same as Monna, a moneyer of Beornwulf. These names, as I have said before, form a connecting link between the coins of the first class, and those of the second, which I come now to consider, and which, I doubt not, I shall be able to prove, were issued at a not much later period.

There is, in the British Museum, a penny of Ethel- stan, with a cross potent, both in obverse and reverse. This is precisely the type of one of Egbert (Ruding, PL xxx. 7) ; and this device frequently occurs as a reverse of Egbert and of Ethelwulf (Ruding, PI. xxvii). The type of the penny (Ruding, PL ix. 10), a cross, with a wedge in each angle on both sides, appears in one of Ethelwulf (Ruding, PL xxx. 18). This resemblance may further be traced between the coins of Ethelstan ( Ruding, PL ix. 6) ; and of Ethelwulf (PL xxx. 17) ; the letter A in the obverse, and a cross potence in another cross for the type of the reverse. This reverse occurs in other coins of Ethelwulf (PL xiv. 3, PL xxvii. 1, and PL xxx. 9). This last is connected by the name of the moneyer with PL xxx. 10, where the letter A takes the place of the double cross on the reverse. A cross, with a pellet in each angle, is a type common to many of the coins of Ethelstan and of Ethelwulf.

All these circumstances considered, I think there can be no doubt, that the coins in question belong to a cotem-

198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

porary of Egbert and of Ethel wulf; and if so, who but Ethelsran, the son of the former, and brother of the latter, can claim them? It is not indeed recorded that he reigned in East Anglia. Kent, Essex, Surrey, and Sussex, are mentioned as his kingdom ; and if the legend Ej>ELttXHRD (H. 1 88), may be read EdelstanEex Cantice, our first class will represent his Kentish money. How he acquired power in East Anglia, is a mystery for ever hidden in the night of ages. The only record of his connexion with this kingdom, is a legend quoted in " Shaw's Dresses and Decorations," which mentions a King Athelstan as the maternal uncle of St. Edmund 1.

Having now, I trust, shewn to the satisfaction of every collector of Saxon coins, that the pennies hitherto pub- lished, have been erroneously assigned to the Danish Ethelstan, or Guthrum, I am happy in the opportunity of publishing the figure and description of a rare penny, which unquestionably belongs to him.

Obv.—+ED EL TON RE. R.— ELDS MEFEC (See Fig. 1).

And, as the best illustration that can be given of its date, it is accompanied by a drawing of a penny of Alfred.

Obv.— +EL EE ED RE.

R.— ELDS MEFEC, retrograde (Fig. 2).

I shall close my remarks on East Anglian money, with a few additions to, and corrections of, my last memoir on this subject.

1 On account of some anachronisms in this story, we cannot place much reliance on it. It is, however, equally as probable, if not more so, than the common legend of Lydgate, quoted in Alban Butler's " Lives of the Saints." To the elegant work of Mr. Shaw, I refer my readers, as the story is too long for inser- tion.

ON THE NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF EAST ANGLIA. 199

I am by no means satisfied as to the propriety of assigning the sceattas of Beouna to the East Anglian king, Beorm ; but as we have no record of any Heptarchic prince who bore the name Beonna, we must be content to wait for further information, and for the present allow their attribution to the East Anglian king to remain undisturbed.

I am glad to find, that Mr. Hawkins, p. 41, agrees with me, in removing the penny of Eanred from Northum- berland. I have already expressed my opinion (Numis- matic Chronicle, Vol. IV. p. 37), " Should any silver money of Eanred exist, I should expect it would resemble the stycas, as does that figured in Sir A. Fountaine's Tables, and the sceatta of his successor, Ethelred ;" and in proof of the correctness of this conjecture, there is, in the col- lection of Dr. Moore, a silver coin of Eanred, a styca in every thing but the metal, with the moneyer's name, HVAETRED (see Fig. 3). These two sceattas of Eanred, and that of Ethelred (H. 123), are to my mind proof positive, that the Northumberland currency of silver had not, up to the date of their issue, assumed the penny form.

In my former memoir, I stated my reasons for believing, that the penny of Ethelred might also belong to East Anglia; but as we find the names of Mercian moneyers in the coins of Eadvald and Ethelstan, and as there is nothing but the moneyer's name and reverse type to connect this interesting specimen with the coins of Eadmund, it is not unlikely that it may belong to his cotemporary, the West Saxon Ethelred. I have to thank Mr. Lindsay, of Cork, for this important correction of my former remarks. The coin in question is figured in Mr. Hawkins' Work (Fig. 89).

It seems now generally admitted, that Beorhtric, who-

200

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

ever he was, held the sceptre of East Anglia shortly before the accession of St. Eadmund. It will, I am sure, be interesting to students of the series of Anglo-Saxon coins, to learn that he was, in all probability, a son of Beorhtulf, of Mercia. There are two charters of that king in the " Codex Diplomatics" dates 840 and 845, attested by " Beorhtric Jilius regis" This point ascertained, and the connexion between Ethelwulf and Ethelstan established, the frequent occurrence of the letter A on the coins of Beorhtulf and Ethelwulf is explained, since the former was the father, the latter the brother of an East Anglian sovereign, and both may be supposed to have exercised some authority over that kingdom. I mentioned in my former paper, the occurrence of A on the obverse, and ID on the reverse of a penny of Ethelstan ; and I think that the figure on the coins of Beorhtulf (H. 82), and Egbert ( H. 158), may be a monogram of AUJ. The explana- tion I once hazarded of the letter A on coins of Ethel- wulf, falls, of course, to the ground.

I have nothing new to offer respecting the coins of Athelweard and Eadmund, and will reserve my observa- tions on the money of St. Eadmund, for an essay on the ecclesiastical coins of England generally, which will include the arrangement of the St. Peter's money, and those of St. Martin as well.

DANIEL HY. HAIGH.

Leeds, 19th October, 1841.

( 201 )

XXI.

ON THE PENNIES OF HENRY THE THIRD, WITH THE SHORT CROSS.

HAVING some time since endeavoured to prove that the first coinage of Henry III. was marked with a short double cross, and a cross of pellets in each angle (Ruding, PI. II. 13 and 15), I shall take the opportunity of saying a few words in reply to what appeared on this subject in the last number of the Num. Chron. p. 185.

With all deference to M. Holmboe, I must say that he is not warranted by the circumstances of the discovery of some coins in Norway (of which he has given full particu- lars in the tract noticed in the Num. Chron.\ in removing the short cross pennies from Henry III. to Henry II. : as, however, his valuable tract cannot readily he procured in this country, and consequently English Numismatists, generally, have not the opportunity of judging for them- selves by a perusal, I must be excused trespassing on the attention of my readers, by giving a short account of this discovery, and the reasons which induce me to believe that the concealment of the treasure took place many years after the date supposed by M. Holmboe.

The hoard contained —

I. About 4500 Norwegian coins. Of these 40 were of Suerus, who reigned from 1177 to 1202; the remainder bracteates, which, as they are without legends, and marked with very simple devices, single letters, crosses, &c., can give no clue as to their date, although some of them are

202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

thought, by M. Holmboe, to have been issued by the suc- cessors of Suerus on the throne of Norway.

II. Swedish coins; 30 of Canute (1168 to 1197), and 40 others of uncertain date.

III. Danish coins; two of Sueno (1147 to 1157) ; three of his colleague Canute-, one of Canute VI. (1182 to 1202) ; one of uncertain date, and some fragments.

IV. A penny of William the Lion of Scotland.

V. One of Stephen, five of Henry II. (1154 to 1189), and four of the short cross pennies, which I still believe to have been the first coinage of Henry III. (1216 to 1272).

VI. German imperial and ecclesiastical coins. The former consisted of one of Frederic I. (1152 to 1190) ; two of Henry II. (1190 to 1194); one of Otho IV. (1209 to 1216) ; and 110 of the type, (PL XVIII. fig. 8), Lelewel, which that author and Gotz agree in assigning to Frederic II., who was crowned emperor in 1220 and died 1250. The ecclesiastical coins are of Sifrid, archbishop of Breme (1179 to 1184); of Philip, archbishop of Cologne, (1167 to 1191); of one Hitolf, of Cologne (date of his prelacy unknown, probably the same as Adolf, 1193 to 1205); a bracteate, assigned, by Lenckfield, to Ludolf, bishop of Halberstadt (1236 to 1241) ; several of Magde- burg, and one of Munster, without names of the prelates ; one of Beatrix, abbess of Quedlinburg (1138 to 1161); and two coins ascribed, by Mader, to Bernard III., bishop of Paderborn (1202 to 1221).

VII. Two or three Dutch coins, supposed by Lelewel to belong to Baldwin VIII. or IX. (1191 to 1206).

VIII. Coins of Henry (1139 to 1186) ; and of Bernard (1180 to 1212), dukes of Saxony; of Otho, marquis of Misnia (1157 to 1189): and of Louis IV. or V., Counts of Thuringia (1149 to 1190).

PENNIES OF HENRY THE THIRD. 203

Besides the above, many coins of uncertain date, prin- cipally German ecclesiastical, and a few of Scandinavian origin. It appears then, that the latest accessions of the different potentates whose coins occurred in this parcel, are those of Henry III. of England, 1216; of Frederic III. of Germany, 1220; and of Ludolf, bishop of Halberstadt, 1236. Consequently, the deposit must have been made posterior to the last date. M. Holmboe, however, judging from the absence of all coins of Waldemar, who ascended the throne of Denmark in 1202, considered that the date of their concealment could not have been much later than that year, perhaps in 1204 ; and in order to reconcile this with the occurrence in the parcel of a large quantity of the money of Frederic II., and a few of Henry III., along with the bracteate of Bishop Ludolf, was obliged to make out new appropriations for them all. The pennies of Henry III. he gives to Henry II. ; those of Frederic II. to the first emperor of that name ; and the coin of Ludolf to an earlier bishop of Magdeburg of the same name. I shall not recapitulate the evidence I have adduced respecting the first coinage of Henry III. My experience in continental numismatics is not great, but I am convinced of the cor- rectness of Lelewel's appropriation of the coins of Frederic, and the bracteate of Ludolf differs so widely from those of Magdeburg, that I am persuaded no archbishop of that city has any right to claim it. But, besides all these, there are among the unappropriated coins two, at least, which fix the concealment of this hoard even later than 1236. The first (Tab. IV. Fig. 170), presents the type of the bishop of Liege, and as M. Holmboe admits that the letters ROT ECP may be traced upon it, it must belong to Robert, who presided over that see from 1240 to 1246. The other, (Fig. 186), presents a reverse similar to a coin of the same

VOL. iv. o G

204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

prelate, struck at Duisburg (Lelewel, PL XVIII. fig. 13), so that, I doubt not, it is of nearly the same date. With respect to the non-appearance of the money of Waldemar II. in this treasure, it may be remarked, that Danish coins were very rare, that the whole number found was only seven, and that even amongst these there was not a single piece of the first Waldemar, 1157 to 1182. M. Holmboe's argument, that no coins occurred of Richard I. or of John, kings of England, will not have much weight with the Nu- mismatists of this country, since even here, from some cause or other (probably a general re-coinage by their suc- cessor, Henry III.), no specimen of their English money has yet come to light.

Setting aside the bracteates of uncertain date, it is re- markable that the bulk of this hoard consisted of coins of Germany, and that the Emperor Frederic's currency was represented by no less than 110 pieces, a considerably larger number than that of any other individual.

To continental Numismatists, the work of M. Holmboe must be very important, as it contains representations, very neatly executed, of several interesting and inedited coins of the middle ages. He has, however, made a little too free with old appropriations to support a position somewhat hastily taken.

There is nothing in his tract which can shake my ar- rangement of the coins of Henry III. ; so that the short cross money must be considered his earliest coinage, until some more able Numismatist undertakes to refute the arguments I have advanced, and to reconcile the clear and positive evidence of Matthew Paris with their appropriation to Henry II.

DANIEL HY. HAIGH.

205

XXII. THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV.

SIR,

I HAVE just received your publication for April, in which I observe, that the reviewer of Dr. Smith's excellent work on the Irish Coins of Edward IV., at p. 49, disputes the correctness of the three crowns on the Irish coinage of Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry VII., being the arms of Ireland.

We are entirely indebted to the researches and acute observation of the Rev. Richard Butler, of Trim, for the information, that the three crowns were the armorial bear- ings of Ireland from the reign of Richard IL, to that of Henry VIII. Being myself perfectly convinced that Mr. Butler has proved this very interesting fact, I shall, as a very small return for the obligation which I consider all Numismatists owe Mr. Butler, trouble you with a few observations in reply to your correspondent's doubts.

Mr. Butler has shewn, that Richard II. granted these arms to Robert de Vere, "so long as he should be Lord of Ireland" That at the funeral of Henry V. they were borne on a separate shield, as were also those of France and England. But the three crowns were borne on the fourth, or last, car ; the situation in which, as the arms of Ireland, we are entitled to expect them, Ireland being the last of the king of England's titles. We are to remember, that this was the funeral of a sovereign of the house of Lan- caster. But the same armorial bearings are placed on the Irish coins of two successive sovereigns of the house of York (Edward IV. and Richard III.), and continued by

206 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

their Lancasterian successor, who had subverted their throne, and treated all their acts as usurpations. And in the in- denture of Richard III. for coining his Irish money, it is ex- pressly covenanted, that "the arms of Ireland, upon a cross, with this scripture, Dns Hibernie" are to be placed on them ; to which your learned reviewer has added a further confirmation, by the evidence of George Chalmers,* that "a commission, appointed in the reign of Edward IV., to ascertain the arms of Ireland, reported as their answer5 — the arms were three crowns in pale." By itself, this inform- ation of Chalmers might not be absolutely conclusive; but we find it now corroborated, and, I think, clearly estab- lished, by the variety of proof which the Rev. Mr. Butler has brought to light. If there were not any thing but the indenture of Richard III., the fact is established, beyond all doubt or contradiction, that there was a recognised armorial bearing as the arms of Ireland ; and on the coin, every way answering the description of the indenture, we find on the side, with " Dns Hibernie" three crowns in pale. And we further find this same bearing, which the reviewer endeavours to characterise as a Yorkist badge, placed equally on the coins of their Lancasterian successor, Henry VII. It could not be a party badge which both houses adopted on their Irish coins ; and you must further remember, that this armorial bearing appears only on coins on which the arms of England and France are also ; and that you have invariably " Rex Ang. et Franc." surrounding the shield, with the arms of these two kingdoms, while the three crowns are as invariably surrounded with " et Dns Hibernie" I cannot imagine any thing, to speak more clearly and decisively, to Mr. Butler's conclusion. The line of precise definitive distinction and separation, seems as accurately adhered to as jealous heraldry could suggest.

THE IRISH COINS OF EDWARD IV. 207

The only ground (as I understand the reviewer's state- ment) on which he sets aside all these facts and consequent inferences is, that on a genealogical roll, deducing the descent of Edward IV., there is a pictorial representation of a stream of rays directed towards him, bearing three crowns, at the same time that he himself is looking at the three suns, which appeared previous to the battle at Mor- timer's Cross. I should simply infer from this, that the painter thought it necessary to enlighten his readers, by giving them to understand, that these three suns really meant the crowns of the three kingdoms of England, France and Ireland. But this, in my opinion, no way interferes with the three crowns being the separate and peculiar recognised armorial bearings of Ireland. In the traditional portraits of Edward III., we see him repre- sented as bearing three crowns on his sword (literally in pale), indicating, we may presume, his claiming to be king, or sovereign lord, of England, France, and Ireland. And Richard II. may have been led by an attachment to his grandfather's cognizance, to transfer it to Ireland as her peculiar and armorial bearing and distinction. And thus, I apprehend, it continued until the Pope, presenting Henry VIII. with the harp of Brian Borhu, induced that sovereign to change the arms of Ireland, by placing on her coins a representation of the relic of her most celebrated native

king.

R. S.

Cork, April 29th, 1841.

208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

XXIII. IRISH BASE GROATS.

SIR,

DURING the latter part of the month of August, 1841, some men at work on the property of Lord Cremorne, and Godfrey Baker, Esq., in the parish of Colligan, about three miles from the town of Dungarvan, in the county Waterford, turned up a woollen cloth, containing a large quantity (some hundreds) of coins. A regular scramble immediately took place by all present ; and the coins have been since dispersed in various quarters. Mr. Baker has obtained about one hundred and twenty; and I have closely inspected, exclusive of those, considerably more than that number. They are chiefly Irish base groats of Elizabeth, and Irish base groats of Philip and Mary, with some few English base groats of Henry VIIL, of the London Mint (full face), and the Irish base sixpence of Henry VIIL (Simon, Plate V. No. 113). I have also seen a few English shillings of Elizabeth, an English shilling and sixpence of Philip and Mary, and two English groats of Mary (the latter two now in my collection), all of good silver, which were also found with them. The base groats of Philip and Mary were by far the most numerous. I have procured for my own collection (exclusive of those of Henry VIIL), the following list, being all the different varieties I met with, and which are curious, shewing the number of dies which must have been used during the short reign of Philip and Mary.

IRISH BASE GROATS. 209

BASE GROATS OF PHILIP AND MARY (Simon, Plate V., No. 113).

DATE.

1555. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA ANG*.

No Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Port-

cullis, Mint-mark.

(2 Varieties from different Dies).

1555. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA ANG'.

No Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Cin-

quefoil, Mint-mark.

1556. Obv- — PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA ANG\

No Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Rose,

Mint-mark.

1556. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGl' ANG*.

No Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Port-

cullis, Mint-mark.

1556. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA AN.

No Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Chl-

quefoil, Mint-mark.

1556. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA DEI G. REX ET REGINA AN.

No Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Rose,

Mint-mark.

1556. Obv. — PHILIP ET MARIA DEI + G*. REX ET REGINA AN.

No Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Port-

cullis, Mint-mark.

1557. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA A.

Rose, Mint-mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Rose,

Mint-mark.

1557. Obv. PHILIP ET MARIA D. G. REX ET REGINA A.

Rose, Mint-mark.

Rev. — POSVIMVS DEVM aditorem NOSTRVM. Rose, Mint- mark.

210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

1557. Obv. PHILIP Z MARIA D. G. REX Z REGINA. Rose,

Mint-mark.

Rev. — POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO. NOSTRVM. Rose, Mint- mark.

1557. Obv. PHILIP Z MARIA D. G. REX Z REGINA A. No

Mint-mark.

Rev. — POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO. NOSTRV. Rose, Mint- mark.

1557. Obv. — PHILIP Z MARIA D. G. REX Z REGINA ANG.

No Mint-mark.

Rev. — POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO. NOSTRV. Rose, Mint- mark.

1557. PHILIP z MARIA D. G. REX z REGINA. No Mint-mark.

Rev. — POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTO. NOSTR. Rose, Mint- Mark.

1557. Obv. PHILIP Z MARIA D. G. REX Z REGINA. No

Mint-mark.

Rev. — Posvimvs DEVM ADVITO. NOSTR. Rose, Mint- mark.

1557. Obv. PHILIP Z MARIA D. G. REX Z REGINA. No

Mint-mark.

Rev. — POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOST. Rose,

Mint-mark.

1557. PHILIP z MARIA D. G. REX z REGINA. No Mint-

mark.

Rev. — POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM Nos. Rose, Mint- mark.

1558. PHILIP z MARIA D. G. REX z REGINA. No Mint-

mark.

Rev. POSVIMVS DEVM ADIVTOREM NOSTRVM. Rose,

Mint-mark.

BASE GROATS OF ELIZABETH (Simon, Plate VI. No. 117). Legend, on Obv. — ELIZABETH D. G'. ANG'. FRA'. z HIB'. RE'. All, with Rose, ;

' • I REGI .

Mint-mark, <

,-, 1 REGIN .

on Obv.

^ REGINA.

Legend of all, on Rev. POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEUM.

All, with Rose, Mint-mark, on Rev.

SftllBALS ©IF TM&M AS* ABRAHAM SUM ©IN-

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 211

The coins were in various degrees of condition. Some are in very fine preservation, and some appear of much baser metal than others. Those of Philip and Mary, of the year 1557, are more rudely and coarsely engraved than those of the two preceding years.

I remain, Sir,

Yours very faithfully, EDWARD HOARE.

Grand Parade, Cork, November 15, 1841. To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.

I have not been able to discover a single Irish base coin of Mary, previous to her marriage, among this hoard.

XXIV. NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON.

IN contemplating a memoir of Thomas Simon, one is startled and deterred at the very outset by the meagre nature of the materials whereon to build up even the bare

VOL. IV. H H

212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

outline of his life. That such an inimitable artist as Simon, whose merits were not wholly unappreciated by his contemporaries ; who has been mentioned in terms of commendation in the private diaries of such men as Evelyn and Pepys ; and whose great talents have, since their time, been more fully and conspicuously acknowledged, should for more than a century have found no biographer, and whose history is still shrouded in much obscurity and uncertainty, is one of those problems which it is equally difficult and unprofitable to solve. Vertue, in his work, entitled, " The Coins, Medals, and Great Seals of Thomas Simon," has done something towards rendering Simon's name and merits known ; but though his book displays both zeal and research, it appears to have been got up in haste; and while it is very defective (perhaps unavoid- ably so), as regards Simon's personal history, it is extremely incorrect in reference to many of the works ascribed to him, there being no authority beyond conjecture for many of the medals and coins published as his work.

Gough's edition of Vertue's book, published in 1780, contains some interesting additions connected with Simon's life and works, as well as plates of some seals and medals which had escaped the researches of Vertue, and had been unnoticed by any other writer.

We do not assume, in this brief communication, to offer any thing like a memoir of Thomas Simon; but some interesting facts, unknown to both Vertue and Gough, having come under our notice, we design to commit them to the press, in the hope that they may assist in affording materials for some future biographer, when time and anti- quarian industry may have combined to bring to light matter for forming a more complete and satisfactory memoir of this incomparable artist.

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 213

The place of Simon's nativity has always been a matter of doubt and uncertainty. His parentage, birth, and the condition in life of his ancestors, are wholly unknown, and probably may for ever remain so. All accounts agree (though we cannot discover that is rests on much better authority than conjecture or tradition), that he was born in Yorkshire. Vertue, Martin Folkes, and Pinkerton, all mention this ; but in what part, or what town, is stated by neither ; and it is very probable that the latter only followed the conjectures of the first. It is also supposed that he was noticed by Nicolas Briot, when the latter was passing through Yorkshire1 in 1633; and that consequently about that period he came to London, and possibly may have been employed in a subordinate capacity at the mint. However that may be, Simon's natural talents would not long remain unknown ; and, accordingly, we find that in 1636, he was employed to engrave the Great Seal for the Admiralty, the first of his works which is clearly authenticated. Vertue says, that this, and " others of his accurate performances," recommended him afterwards to the Commonwealth, though what those per- formances were (during the nine years that elapsed), we have no record of.2 It was not until 1645 that Simon

1 During the reign of Charles I., there was a regularly esta- blished mint at York, and it is not improbable that Simon may have been employed there. Briot (then chief engraver of England), passing to Scotland for professional purposes, would naturally visit the York Mint, since it lay in his road ; and perceiving young Simon's merits, would propose his accompanying him to London, as affording a wider field for his talents. There is plausible ground for this supposition. The coins issued from this north country Mint offer some of the best specimens of the period, and successfully rival those of the metropolis.

2 Mr. Hawkins, of the British Museum, who has for some years taken great interest in the medals of Charles I., and whose expe-

214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

received his first appointment under the Parliament, to be "Joint chief Graver" with Edward Wade. As Vertue appears to have been ignorant of this appointment, and the patent has never been noticed by any other writer, we give it here verbatim, and entire.

" Whereas the Lords and Commons in this present " Parliament assembled by their Ordinance made the One " and Twentieth day of September Anno Dm 1643 for the " seizing upon and receiving for the good of His Matie and " the Commonwealth all his Maties the Queenes, Princes " Revenues of what kind or nature soever within the Realm " of England, Dominion of Wales, and Port and Town of " Berwick did (among other things) ordain that the Com- " mittee for His Maties Revenues, or any five or more of " them, shall appoint meet fit and trusty persons to supply " and execute all Offices and Places of his Maties the " Queenes and Princes said Revenues. By virtue of the " said Ordinance of both the Houses of Parliament, we the " Committee for His Maties Revenues, have and by these " presents do nominate and appoint Edward Wade and " Thomas Simon of London Goldsmiths (! /) to be joint " Chief Gravers of all the Stamps of the Monies of His " Matie his Heirs and Successors within the Tower of " London. As also jointly to have the privilege power " and authority to make cut and engrave all Signets, « Ensigns, Seals, Scutcheons, Stamps and Arms, in the " which the Ensigns or Arms Royal of His Matie His " Heirs or Successors, shall be at any time made cut or

rience may therefore be deemed almost equivalent to authority, considers some of the many medals and badges of that monarch to be the work of Simon.

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 215

" engraven, in the place of Edward Green3 deceased. And " to have the yearly fee of Thirty Pounds to be paid and " equally to be divided between the said Edward Wade " and Thomas Simon by the Warden of His Ma"65 Mint for " the time being, out of the Profit of the Coinage of the " Monies of his Matie his Heirs and Successors by equal " portions, at Midsummer, Michas, Christmas, and Our " Lady Day, together with all and every the privileges " profits commodities emoluments diets houses and advan- " tages thereunto belonging, jointly to them and both of " them, in as full and ample a manner as he the said " Edward Green deceased, or any other or any others " heretofore having exercising or enjoying the said Office " lawfully had or received for the exercising occupying and " executing the said Office, or of right ought to have had " or received for the exercising occupying and executing of " the same. To have hold and enjoy the said Offices " Privileges Profits and all other the pmises as aforesaid to " them the said Edward Wade and Thomas Simon jointly " and together during the pleasure of both Houses of Par- " liament. Dated at the Committee for his MaUes Reve- " nues sitting at Westminster the fourth day of April in the " One and Twentieth Year of the Reign of Our Sovereign " Lord King Charles. Anno Dili 1645.

" H: VANE « THO: HOYLE " DENIS BOND " W: ASHURST " COR: HOLLAND"

3 " Green, a seal-cutter, is only mentioned in a letter to the Lord Treasurer from Lord Strafford, who says he had paid him .£100 for the Seals of Ireland, but which were cutt in England." — Walpole's Anecdotes, fyc. Vol. iii. page 263.

216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

By this patent, we see that the Parliament still recog- nised the authority of the king, it being dated in the "'One and twentieth year of our Sovereign Lord King Charles ;" yet in the following year, when the city of Oxford submitted to the arms of their victorious general, they threw off the mask, and having publicly broken the King's State Seals, they proceeded soon after to constitute a new Great Seal under their own authority. Then it was that Simon executed successively his first " Great Seal of the Common- wealth," the " Seal of the Parliament," and those of the " County Palatine of Lancaster," and " Court of Common Bench." But in 1651, when an act was passed for making a " new Great Seal," Simon produced that extraordinary and surprising work, which Vertue and Folkes have so justly praised as a most wonderful specimen of labour and skill, and of which the former has given an accurately engraved representation.4

In the " Audit Office Enrolments" MSS., Vol. v. p. 56, we find the following entry : —

" Die Mercurii 25 April 1649.

" Resolved upon the question by the Comons assembled " in Parliament that Thomas Symon bee appointed to bee " sole cheife Engraver to the Mints and Seales.

" HEN: SCOBELL

" Cler: Parliam1"

This was only a few months before the arrival of Blon- deau in England, who came hither " to coin money after his new invention"

4 See Vertue's " Works of Simon," plates vi. and vii., for the obverse and reverse of this seal.

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 217

We have also another notice of Simon in the same volume of Audit Enrolments, where, in " The Indenture of the Mint, bearing date the 27th day of July, 1649," we find the following : —

" Ffees and dietts of the Officers and Ministers of the Mint to be borne by the Keepers of the Libertie of Eng- land and to be paid by the Warden :" —

The Warden ..... JOHN ST. JOHNS.

The Comptroller . . . . HENRY COGAN.

rp. . ( ANDREW PALMER AND

Iwo Assay-masters ...-*„, TI7

J I THOMAS WOODWARD.

Clerke of the Irons and Surveyor of the < RlCHARD PlGHT.

Melting House J

The Graver of the Irons . . . THOMAS SYMON.

The Under Assaier .... JOHN REYNOLDS.

The Under Graver .... JOHN EAST.

The Sinker of Irons .... DANIELL BRATTLE. The Smith of the Mint . . . HODGSKINS.

The Porter ..... JOHN DENBIGH.

Subsequently we find —

" To the Graver of the Irons for the time being,

for his fee by the Yeare .... xxx1'."

From this period until Cromwell became Protector, we believe the works of Simon were chiefly confined to medals, many of which are of great beauty and elegant workman- ship, particularly the medals of merit granted by the Par- liament to naval officers, and more especially that given to Admiral Blake, which, for propriety of design, and minute and graceful workmanship, was the wonder of the period, and has probably never been surpassed. Several of his medals of Cromwell, particularly that on the victory at Dunbar, are proofs of his surpassing skill, nor is it any wonder if he obtained the favour and the patronage of Oliver, for the eyes of that usurper were not blind to

218 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

talent, and he well knew (as Napoleon has done after him) that to connect his name and actions with the productions of art and science, would, in the eyes of posterity, in some measure ameliorate the odium of his usurpation.

Although Vertue has engraved the ordinary coins of the Commonwealth among the works of Simon, yet not the least doubt exists among modern Numismatists that they were never executed by him. To advance a contrary opinion were to attempt to sully the artistical reputation of Simon. Their poverty of design, and carelessness in the finish, render them immeasurably inferior to the coins of the Protector ; whereas the latter have always been con- sidered as the most truthful, graceful, and highly-finished specimens of modern medallic art. Indeed they have never been surpassed by any productions of the English Mint ; perhaps, we might say, they have never been equalled. But, in making these observations, we must except those " milled " specimens of the Commonwealth Coinage which pass under the denomination of Blondeau's. Although they bear on the edge, " PETRUS BLOND^EUS INVENTOR FECIT." it is ascertained that, however true it be that Blondeau was the " inventor " of the mode of coining by the mill and screw, as well as giving to the money an inscribed edge, the "fecit" must be regarded as a medallic fib. The work is in every respect so like Simon's, the same hand so easily traceable throughout, that the most experienced and practical Numismatists entertain no ques- tion as to the dies having been engraved by Simon, though probably under the direction and superintendence of Blondeau.5

5 Mr. Cuff has assured us that after a careful and minute com- parison of the coins of the Protector with those called Blondeau's,

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 219

When Cromwell had defeated the Scots at Dunbar on the 3rd September, 1650, the Parliament directed Simon to prepare a medal to celebrate that event. On the obverse of this well-known medal is the portrait of the Lord- General, and on the reverse the House of Commons in full conclave. This is probably the earliest medallic portrait we possess of Cromwell, as it certainly is the most striking and characteristic. The Parliament had begun already to be jealous of the growing power of the Lord- General ; and while they paid this compliment to his bravery and military skill, they intended, by placing on one side of the medal a representation of their own assembly, that it should be shown to the country that they alone were the constituted authority, and Cromwell but their subordinate. Simon, having prepared his design, was despatched to Edinburgh to obtain Cromwell's approval of it, and in a letter6 addressed by the latter to the Parliamentary " Committee for the army," dated the 4th February following, he affects a modest reluctance to his " effigies" being placed on the medal, but expresses his entire approbation of it in every other respect. He further recommends the Parliament to confer on Simon " that employment in your service which Nicholas Briot had before him," which he will consider as a favour and an obligation paid to himself. No other testimony of the esteem in which Cromwell held Simon's talents need be advanced.

On the 9th July, 1656, Simon received, by order of the Protector, his appointment as " Sole chief Engraver and

he has come to the conclusion that they are the work of one man. Such a decided opinion from a gentleman whose numismatic repu- tation stands so high, carries conviction to our mind.

6 See " Harris's Life of Oliver Cromwell, 1772 ;" also Gough's edition of " Vertue's Works of Simon," Appendix, p. 74.

VOL. IV. I I

220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Medall-maker," and in the patent it is set forth that he " is to have the like fees, rewards, allowance, and profits, as Thomas Anthony, Charles Anthony, or Derricke Anthony deceased, John Gilbert, Edward Green, or any of them or any other engravers or cutters belonging to any King or Queen of England hath had or received for the exercise of that office." He is also further appointed " to be our Medall- maker of the Medalls of or belonging to us and our suc- cessors, to have and exercise the sole makeing of all Medalls for us and our successors during the natural life of him the said Thomas Simon." Immediately on this appointment, Simon began to prepare the dies for those coins of the Protector, on the beauty of which it is quite unnecessary in this place to expatiate. They are not uncommon, though somewhat scarce, and from never having been current, are usually to be met with as fine as when minted. Almost every cabinet contains specimens of them, and they are justly regarded by the collector as conferring a character and an ornament on his collection. The Silver Coins all bear the date of 1658, but there is a half-crown of 1656.7 Ruding states that both half-crowns are from the same die, the 6 in the earlier one having been been converted into an 8. But he is certainly in error ; for had he compared the two, he would have found that, besides numerous minute differences, the inscription on the former has " Hi- bernia" abbreviated into " HI," while in the latter it reads " HIB." They are obviously from different dies.8

Among the medallic treasures reposing in the cabinets

7 Snelling mentions shillings of this date, but none are known to exist.

8 The writer has in his own cabinet an unusually fine half-crown of 1656, as well as that of 1658, and therefore his assertion is the result of actual comparison.

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 221

of Mr. W. D. Haggard (whose collection of medals has the reputation of being of the most recherche and tasteful character), are the two chasings representing the portraits of the brothers Thomas and Abraham Simon, and supposed to be the work of the latter, " a virtuoso fantastical, who had the talent of embossing so to the life," as Evelyn quaintly says of him. Their exquisite finish and delicate workmanship might countenance the belief that they are the work of one of the Simons; but Mr. Haggard does not incline to this opinion, though it is clear that they could have been wrought by no common artist. If not done by one of the Simons, by whom are they done ? The en- gravings in Vertue's book represent them but imperfectly; and it is our belief that he never saw the originals. In fact, he acknowledges that one of his engravings was made from a model in wax, in the collection of Sir Hans Sloane, and they appear by no means equal, in expression and effect, to these charming chasings.9 It was for some time doubtful whether such originals (which we are tempted to consider these to be) were in existence ; at all events, their place of deposit was unknown until they fell into the hands of Mr. Haggard. That gentleman purchased them, with several other fine chasings, of a silversmith, but could obtain no satisfactory account of them.10 It will be gratifying to the Numismatist to learn that they are now in the hands of one who knows how to appreciate the treasure he possesses;

9 In the portrait of Abraham, there is admirably depicted that wild vacancy of eye and solemnity of aspect, so entirely corre- sponding with the accounts we have of his eccentricity of cha- racter.

10 Since writing the above, Mr. Haggard has traced their existence, in the possession of one family, for about a century back.

222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and this brief notice of them may serve, in some degree, to prevent their being again lost sight of.

When the death of Oliver opened a path to the restora- tion of the rightful sovereign, Simon, being in office at the Mint, was of course immediately employed in preparing the necessary Great Seals; those of the Protector being destroyed without delay, and the money of the Common- wealth declared to be no longer current. A fresh patent was soon after granted him, as one of his Majesty's chief gravers, " to succeed Nicolas Briott defunct" with the allowance of 50Z. a year. This patent is dated June 2nd, 1661, and is in contracted and ungrammatical Latin, other- wise we would transcribe it from the official copy which exists in MS. From this period to the time of his death, in 1665 or 66, Simon seems to have had abundant employ- ment, as the numerous medals and seals executed by him, and identified by their dates, fully testify. Indeed, so much was Simon occupied, that complaint was made of his want of despatch in preparing the dies for the new coins, and so frequently was he applied to to hasten the work, that at length it was proposed, obviously and solely for the sake of despatch, to take the Roettiers (a family already eminent as medallists) into the Mint. The king had known them, when a fugitive on the continent ; and, it is said, was in some way under obligations to them. However that may be, he was aware of their merit as artists, and this was probably the chief reason for selecting them. At the time of the Restoration, there was no artist in the Mint, except Simon, of any eminence ; for even East, the pupil and assistant of Simon, appears to have been an engraver of very inferior powers. Simon was evidently jealous of the appointment of the Roettiers, from the cir- cumstance of their being foreigners ; and more particularly,

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 223

when a part of the work was given to them, which he, by prescriptive right, and in virtue of his office in the Mint, might have regarded as justly his.11 This was doubtless the source of the grievance alluded to in the Petition (or Competition) Crown; and though we are disposed to make every allowance for the feelings and prejudices of Simon, we cannot discover that he was very harshly used, or that any attempt was made to dispossess him of his office. The reasons advanced by Mr. Alchorne (the assay-master of the Mint) in his letter to Mr. Taylor Combe, appear to us so conclusive, that, although it has been already printed, we cannot forbear transcribing a portion of it : —

" Thomas Simon was chief Graver of the Mint for Seals and Medals ; but when he delivered up his Coining tools, we must suppose that branch of emolument was taken from him. This was probably the grievance alluded to on his famous Crown piece ; for certainly he was still employed to grave Seals, most likely continued in office, and actually resident in the Mint, as he would scarcely have dared to grave the dye for the Crown above-mentioned in any other place : and as it appears by the Mint Journals that Messrs. Rotiers were set to work in the house of another officer, by agreement, which would not have been the case if the graver's apartments had been vacant. Simon, by his own account, was also employed some months at the beginning

11 That a spirit of rivalry had existed between Simon and the elder Roettier, may be gathered from the following passage, quoted in « Folkes' Table of English Coins, 1745."

" The Officers of the Mint did certifie that they had proposed unto Thomas Simon and John Roettier, gravers of the Mint, to accept of certain pramia, therein specified, for furnishing the Mint with stamps for coining in the new way, but that by reason of a contest in art betwixt them, they had found it difficult to bring them to any agreement."

2*24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of the year 1665, in altering stamps for the said monies. But after this we can trace no more of him ; so that, as hath been conjectured, he probably died about that period."

This statement appears so obviously to represent the matter in its proper light, and comes from so respectable a quarter, that we think little more need be urged in refuta- tion of the Roettiers having superseded Simon. The Petition Crown is the sole basis upon which so much error has been built ; and however that splendid work of art may countenance the supposed neglect of the artist, we can scarcely lament it, in consideration of the effect produced. Let the case be as it may, there is evidence sufficient to prove that Simon never quitted the Mint, and was never scant of employment; and the bill of claims due at his death, shews, that if he had no other claim on the crown during the five years of his serving it, he had no bad share of work.

It would appear, that in the summer of 1665, Simon prepared a detailed accompt of his claims for work done in the Mint. This accompt is printed in the Appendix to Gough's Edition of Vertue's Book ; and it appears really surprising, that Simon should have had any fancied cause of complaint, when we see the great number of coins, medals, signets, and seals specified as done by him in the short space of five years, and the cost of which amounted to several thousand pounds. After this we lose sight of him ; and the popular tradition has always been, that he was carried off by the plague, which at this period devastated London. Under such circumstances, the registering of deaths or burials would be little attended to ; and this may account for Vertue's want of success in the parochial researches, which he states he made in and about London,

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 225

for some notice of Simon's death or interment. The best authorities are therefore now agreed that the plague was the cause, and the period of the plague the time, of Simon's decease ; but one writer, of less credit, and more temerity, has asserted, without, however, offering any reasons, that Simon was living many years subsequently to the supposed date of his death at Kippax, in Yorkshire. Almost simul- taneously with this assertion, a document came into our hands, which affords conclusive and undeniable evidence that Simon did really " quit this mortal scene" about 1665, or early in 1666. It appears in the shape of a petition12 from his widow, Elizabeth Simon, to the king, praying for the payment of certain sums due to her late husband. This document, as well as the correspondence connected with it, is so interesting, that we shall transcribe it entire, and then we shall find in what way it furnishes evidence as to the period of Simon's death.

" To the King's most excellent MaUe

" The humble Peticon of Elizabeth the Relict of Thomas " Symon decd, late one of yor Ma45 chiefe Gravers :

Sheweth

" That there being at ye time of the death of yor Petre " said late husband a greate sum of money oweing to him " for severall services by him pformed for yor Matie relateing " to yor Kingdomes of England Scotland and Ireland, and " yor fforraigne Plantacions yor Petr heretofore together " with her humble Peticon did present to your Matie an " Accompt of the Particulars of those services and of the

12 Read before the Numismatic Society ou the 18th February last.

226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

" rates humbly prayed for them whereby it appears there " was then due unto yor Petr the sum of 2243 li: according " to the said Accompt annexed which said Peticon yor " Matie was graciously pleased to referr to the then Lord " Threr and Chancellor of yor Mate Exchequer or either of " them to cause the said Accompts to bee examined and " stated and to take course for the Peticon™ satisfacon or « to Report ye matter to yor MaUe.

" That in psuance thereof the Lord Ashley Chancellor " of yor Mate Excheqr having duely examined the said " Accompts as well to the pticulars as to the prizes did « make his Report to yor Matie But by reason of the " Death of the said Lord Threar yor poore Petir hath not " recd any benefitt thereby to this day

" Wherefore your Peticon' most humbly prayeth yor " Matie would be graciously pleased to give order for the " speedy paym* of the said money unto yor Peticr not onely " for her necessary reliefe and maintenance of herselfe and " poore fatherles children but alsoe for the discharge of " divers greate debts to which shee is lyable by reason of " the said services.

" And yor Petr shall ever pray &c."

« Whitehall, June 14th 1669.

" His Ma11' being willing that the Peticoner should bee " satisfyed what is justly due to her, is graciously pleased to " referr this Peticon together with the Peticon18 Accompts " unto the R* Honble the Lords Com™ of the Threary to " consider the same and to make Report to his Matie what " they thinke fitt to bee done therein and then his Matie " will declare his further pleasure

"J. TREVOR."

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 227

" Mr. Auditor Beale and Mr. Sherwin

** The Lords Com™ of the Threary desire you to consider " ye case of Mrs Symone and to make a State : thereof to " their Lordpps and Report yor opinion what you thinke " fitt to be done therein. I am

" Yor very affect6 humble Servant " Threary Chambers " G. DOWNING:"

" 20th July 1669."

« To the R* Honble the Lords Com" of his Mate Threary :

" May it please yor Lordpps :

" In obedience to yor comands signifyed by Sir George " Downing upon this Peticon of Elizabeth the Relict of " Thomas Symon late one of his Mate chiefe Gravers wee " have examined the Accompt therewithall transmitted to " us, conteyneing her demands for Scales Meddalls and " other services done and pformed by her said late husband " for his Matie together with the State : thereof prepared " and Reported by the right Honble the Lord Ashley upon " a Reference from his Matte to the late Lord Threar and " his Lordpp or either of them and doe not finde cause to " offer any thing to yor Lordpps concerning the allowance " or disallowance of any the pticulars therein further or " otherwise than is already certifyed by the said Lord " Ashley ; But for yor Lordpps more ready view and infor- " macon wee have hereunto annexed a Briefe State : of the " said Accompt and Report concerneing the present Scale " of His Mate Court of Excheqr for the makeing whereof " his Lordpp certifies that there was no warr* there is now " pduced unto us his Mate warrant for makeing of the same. " All which wee humbly submitt to yor Lordpps consideracon

VOL. IV. K K

228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

A Briefe State : of the Acco* of Thomas Symon, Decd, late one of his Mats cheife Gravers, according to the severall heads as they are distinguished in the Report of the R' Honble the Lord Ashley, Chancellor and Underthrer of his Majesties Excheqr: viz*

The pticulars in the said Acco* which his LoPP

conceives reasonable to be allowed and paid for

injlngland, Li. 2564 10 0

The pticulars for the Seales and Coynes for Scot- land which his LoPP doth not disallow; but

offers may bee paid for there, . . 376 00 0

A Small Seale for ye Councell in Ireland and one

for ye presidential! Court of Munstr and ano- ther for ye presidentiall Court of Connaugh for

the makeing whereof there is warr1 but noe

Certificate of the Delivery ; therefore his LoPP

doth not admitt unles his Matie be otherwise

satisfyed concerneing them, : . . , •..-., . 9 00 0

Severall Seales &ca for my Lord Arlington and

Secretary Nicolas which his LordPP Submitts

to his Matie whether the said Ld Arlington

and Secretary Nicolas should not pay for them, 59 00 0

A Gold Medall for an Italian Musicon13 for

which there is neither warr* nor rec* therefore

submitted as aforesaid14, . . , 10 10 0

Particulars comprehending a Journey into ffrance,

Expsnces in extraordinary attendance at Court

for direcons ; And for Assistant Workemen

in the Mint, which whether they were neces- sary for his Mats service or not rather for the

Accomptant's accomodacon his LordPP sub-

mitteth to his Matie, amounting to . 145 00 0

Li. 3164 00 0

13 This, very probably, was Giovanni Baptista Draghi, an Italian musician, who was patronised by, and in the service of, Queen Catherine ; and who composed Italian music for the opera. He was the favourite court musician during the reigns of Charles II. and James II., and is supposed to have been musical preceptor to Queen Anne. For some notice of him, see " Pepys' Diary;" also the " Dictionary of Musicians," 1824.

14 In Simon's Accompt (see Gough's Edition of Vertue), there is a charge of £38, for a medal for an Italian musician.

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. ' 229

Brought forward, Li. 3 164 00 0 Whereof to bee deducted For somme acknowledged to bee received by the

said Thomas Svmon, 1000 00 0

Rests Li. 2 164 00 0

Now it will be observed, that Mrs. Simon's petition, which bears no date, happens to refer to an event which tends to fix, beyond contradiction, the date of Simon's death previous to 1667 ; and, by the clearest inference, we shall arrive at the fact that it was much earlier than that year. The petitioner states that a former petition had been addressed to his majesty's government, but that owing to the death of the then lord treasurer it had been neglected and forgotten, and nothing done, to use the petitioner's own words, "to this day." This "Lord Treasurer" was Thomas Wriothesley, fourth Earl of Southampton, who died on the 16th May, 1667. We may conclude, from this nobleman's proverbial indolence in the discharge of his office (which is even noticed by Pepys in his Diary), and from the length of his illness, that Mrs. Simon's peti- tion had been delivered in, at least, a year previous to his dissolution. This would fix the date of the first petition at about the Spring of 1666; and if we allow six months to have elapsed (which we may reasonably do) between that period and the death of Simon, it will place our artist's decease in the Autumn of 1665. But even if it were urged that we have allowed too much latitude in this calculation, which we think we have not, still the most prejudiced caviller could not possibly fix the date later than 1666. The alarm occasioned by the pestilence, the terror of the public, and the flight of the nobility, would combine to suspend and impede public business ; and few other argu- ments need be urged, that much delay was experienced

230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

by the widow in getting her claims on the government discharged. We, therefore, think that we have satisfactorily shewn, on circumstantial evidence, that the actual date of Simon's death agrees with the preconceived and tradi- tionary rumour.

We learn, on the authority of Gough, that Simon's family consisted of three sons and two daughters. Of the destiny of the sons nothing is known, and one of the daughters died young; but the other daughter was married, and some of her descendants, in Gough's time (1780), were living at Fairford, in Gloucestershire. It is known that Simon left considerable property, besides his unpaid claims on the government, although his widow, in her petition, pleads poverty and the necessities of her " fatherless children," most probably, with the hope of thereby more speedily furthering the objects of her prayer.

Of Thomas Simon, as an English artist, his countrymen may be justly proud. No medallic works of modern times surpass his, and probably do not approach them in ex- cellence. The Petition Crown may be considered his chef (Foeuvre, the beauty of design and elaborate finish being the least of its excellencies. It is in the portrait of the king — its dignified expression, yet striking resemblance; in the natural manner in which the flesh is treated, and the character that is communicated to the very hair — that its remarkable merits lie. There is also a small medal, probably one of Simon's latest productions, being dated 1665, which deserves notice. It represents the king in a Marine Car, and bears the legend " Et Pontus Serviet." This is one of the smallest medals he ever executed, yet nothing can surpass the exactness and character expressed in the diminutive portrait of his majesty on the reverse ; and those who possess a specimen of this medal, which is

NOTICES OF THOMAS SIMON. 231

very rare, justly value it among the gems of their cabinet. We could expatiate at considerable length on many other works of Simon (for we kindle with the theme), but our space is limited. We will, therefore, conclude the subject with a brief notice of the annexed engraving, which is from an hitherto unpublished seal of Simon's workmanship, done for the office of the Privy Council. The original, which is in silver, belongs to Mr. W. Upcott,15 of Islington, into whose possession it came from a descendant of the " learned John Evelyn," who had it from Mr. Secretary Nicholas. The design is, a full-blown Rose supported by a Lion and a Dragon, surmounted by a Royal Crown between the letters C. R. Below is the inscription S. PRI. CON. From the absence of the numerals, we conceive it to have been done after the Restoration ; and if it be of Charles I., it must be considered one of the earliest productions of Simon's graver. From the seal being in silver, and very deeply cuff, it is obvious it could have been intended only for wax impressions. There is in the British Museum a warrant, or order in council,16 which has a stamped im- pression on paper from a similar seal, differing only in some very minute particulars, but which would, of course, be of steel. That document is dated 25th May, 1637, and we, therefore, have reason to suppose that this silver seal was made at a not later period than that, and perhaps much earlier. The design is very beautiful, and though the detail is boldly and skilfully executed, yet it does not evince, on the whole, that elaborate and careful finish which is the striking feature of most of his later works.

15 It is by favour of this gentleman that we are permitted to give the present engraving.

« Vide Addl. MSS. No. 5750, p. 142.

232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

It only remains for us to add, that Simon's Appointment in 1645, and the Petition of his widow, were discovered among the MS. records of the Audit Office by Mr. Peter Cunningham, a gentleman whose research and antiquarian industry has rescued from oblivion many papers of histo- rical and literary interest, and of whose merits we have great pleasure in making this just acknowledgment.

B.N.

XXV. REMARKABLE GOLD COIN OF OFFA.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, Nov. 25th, 1841.]

THE Numismatic Society will, I doubt not, think worthy of its attention the following description of a gold coin, one of the rarest and most remarkable that has ever passed through my hands. It was procured by the late Duke de Blacas, during a sojourn at Rome, and, though a little bent, is in very perfect preservation. On one side of this singular piece we find the Arabic inscription, "In the name of God was coined this dinar in the year one hundred and fifty seven." In the centre is, " Mahommed is the Apostle of God" in three lines, between which are the words, OFFA REX.

The reverse bears, " Mahomet is the Apostle of God, who

REMARKABLE GOLD COIN OF OFFA. 233

sent Mm with the doctrine and true faith to prevail over every religion" In the centre, " There is no other God but the one God: he has no equal"

However strange this piece may appear, it is yet sus- ceptible of explanation. The faults of orthography to be traced in the legend, which is reversed in its position with the words OFFA REX, shows that it is a copy of a Mus- sulman dinar., by a workman unacquainted with the Arabic language, and indeed ignorant of the fact of these characters belonging to any language whatever. Examples of a similar description of coin were put in circulation by the French bishops of Agde and Montpelier, in the 13th century. In the present case, we cannot see an intentional adoption of a foreign language, as on the coins of Russia, Spain, Sicily, Georgia, and even Germany, On the money of Vassili Dmitrivitch, of Dmitri Ivamvicht, on that of the Norman princes William and Roger, and the Mozarabic dinar of Alfonsus, we find Arabic legends appropriated to the very princes by whose commands they were struck. One silver piece of Henry IV., emperor of Germany, bears on the reverse the name of the Khalif Moktader billah ben Mo- tadhed ; but this is merely the result of an association be- tween those princes.

This coin, inscribed with the name of Offa, bears the date 157 (A.D. 774), and Offa began to reign in 755; it is therefore probable that it was copied from some coin brought into Europe by trade, or by some of the Arabs who, in the year 169 (785), fled from the religious persecutions of the Khahlif Hadi.

We learn from the English Chronicle, that on associating his son with him in the kingdom, Offa promised to the Pope's legate a gift of 396 gold Mancuses every year ; and as we have no gold coins of this period remaining, it may

234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

be conjectured that this dinar, found at Rome, and bearing the name of the Mercian monarch, is a specimen of the very gold mancus, as well as another kind of imitated gold coin recently discovered in England and Scotland, of which some varieties have been purchased in Paris. I allude to the rude solidus of Louis le Debonnaire, with the legend MVNVS DIVINVM, in very barbarous characters. I need not refer to the imitations of the type of Charles*le Chauve on the coins of Ethelred, nor to the commercial and poli- tical relations which existed between the two countries at this period.

As to the singular fact of an Arabic legend selected to be sent to a Pope, we are authorised by the ignorance of the times to suppose that king Offa mistook for mere ornaments, characters which the Pope, on the other hand, would con- sider Saxon letters.

ADRIEN DE LONGPERIER.

Pans, June 8th, 1841.

•235

MISCELLANEA.

THE " GUN MONEY" OF JAMES II. — The following notices of the base money coined and put in circulation by James II. in Ireland, are taken from the last volume of the Camden Society's publications, edited by Mr. T. C. Croker, entitled, " Narratives Illustrative of the Contests in Ireland in 1641, and 1690." "Another grievance was that which was gene- rally believed to be in a great measure the occasion of the Cyprians' [Irish] ruin, and of the disorder of their govern- ment ; this was the abundance of copper money that was coined by the king's orders, and which produced so many inconveniences in the country, that it merits a more particular relation, and deserves to be traced up to its source. When Amasis [James] arrived in Cyprus [Ireland], whieh was about the middle of the first month [March, O. S.] of the second year of the war [1689], he found the country very bare of gold and silver ; (the Cilicians [English] , who had all the wealth of the kingdom in their hands, having transported their effects into Cilicia [England]). And as he was not very fond of spending in hast the stock of money which Antiochus [King Lewis XIV.] freely granted for the support of the war in Cyprus [Ireland], least it might oblige him to call for more ; a thing he would gladly avoid, foreseeing, that by being too far engaged to any foreign prince in that manner, the reimbursement of such vast sums must exhaust his treasure when he came to the possession of his kingdoms which he soon expected by the voluntary submission of his deluded subjects; he was therefore advised by a Pamphilian [Scottish] privado to make use of this copper coin to serve his present turn in Cyprus [Ireland], adding, that this method would enable him to employ a good part of his gold to keep in heart his friends in Pamphilia [Scotland], and gain others in Cilicia [England], which, he represented, was of greater consequence than the affairs of Cyprus [Ireland], and that matters being once settled there, he might recall this coin again, and recompense the loosers. But tho' the Syrian [French] embassadour, Demetrius [Count d'Avaux], and the nobles of Cyprus [Ireland], assured Amasis [James] that if he laid out the money he brought from Syria [France], it would, by circulation, come back again into his treasury (the states

VOL, IV. L L

236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

general of the kingdom having already freely granted a subsidy of two hundred talents), nevertheless the Pamphilian [Scottish] advice prevailed. Accordingly, a considerable part of the gold was sent into that country, and the remainder being reserved by Amasis [James'] for a dead lift, the copper money was resolved upon, and the mint set to work in the sixth month [August, O. S.] of the second year [1689.]

" On its first appearance abroad, the Martinesians [Pro- testants'] in Salamis [Dublin] showed a reluctance to receive it, but they were soon forced into a compliance. Elsewhere it passed pretty well in the beginning, the people who were hitherto scant of money being glad to have any coin current among them to advance trade, which was dead in the country. But when it came to be coined in such plenty, that the merchants, who could not use it in foreign countries, raised the price of their outlandish ware to an unreasonable rate ; and that the country people, following the example, began to rise the price of their commodities also ; and, in fine, that the Syrian [French] troops, who were paid in silver, seemed to reject it ; then, and not before, it began to decline. But what undervalued it most was, the little esteem the great ones about court showed for it, Coridon's [TyrconnelFt] lady commonly giving double the quantity of brass for so much silver. This made the inferior sort to villify the coin, which became so despicable, especially after the defeat of Amasis [James] on the river of Lapithus the [Boyne], that the com- modity which might be purchased for one piece of silver, •would cost twenty in brass; and yet Coridon [Tyrconnell], and those who governed under him, extorted from the country people their goods at the king's rate, when paid in silver. But the oppression that the poor Cyprian [Irish] merchants lay under in the cities of Paphos [Limerick] and Cythera \_Galway\ from the Coridonians [Tyrconnellites~\ was most in- sufferable. A factor who had his goods ready to be shipped on board a vessel hired for that purpose, must have the afflic- tion to behold his warehouse broke open, and all the in- tended freight, which he acquired with so great pains and expense, snatched from him in a moment, for which he had the value given him in copper, according to the king's rate (or perhaps a ticket for it), which would not yield him the price of a shoe-buckle in any foreign country. And though this plunder was daily committed under pretence of supplying the king's stores, yet the misfortune was, that the nephews and neices, the friends and favourites of Coridon [Tyrconneir\, got the greater part of the spoil. The town of Cithera [Galway] can bear witness that this was done commonly by

MISCELLANEA. 237

his own orders, when he was there to take shipping for Syria [France]. If an outlandish vessel! came in by chance (for few would come designedly into a land where no other coin was used but copper), the whole cargoe was immediately seized, and the owners must stay until their ship were loaded again with the country provisions or commodities which were to be plundered from the natives. This unhappy manage- ment made all neighbouring nations shun that part of Cyprus [Ireland] which was reputed an infamous den of robbers, and a receptacle of pyrates. Tt was the common opinion, that this pitiful project of the copper coin was purposely advised by some who designed the total ruin of Cyprus [Ireland], for it might easily be foreseen that it would quickly destroy all commerce, wherein chiefly consists the wealth of any country surrounded by the sea."

TOWER MINT, 1651 and 1679. — The following notices are extracted (by favour of Peter Cunningham, Esq.) from a MS. volume in the Audit Office, entitled, " Orders from 1565 to 1702," made by the then auditors of the imprests ; and as they relate to matters connected with the Mint, may claim a place in the pages of the Numismatic Chronicle. B. N.

Att the Committee for the Publique Revenue sitting at Westminster the xxvjth day of March 1651

52

Ordered That the Auditors of Prests doe forthwith certifie unto this Committee under their hands the true state of the Accompt of Aron Gorden Esqre as Master Worker of the Moneyes in the Minte in the Tower of the Cittie of London.

Hen: Mildmay Tho: Grey John Trenchard Cor: Holland Denis Bond

To the Auditors of the Imprests. Gentn

The Lords Com" of his Mats Treary doe direct that you (together with ye Warden, ye Mr and Worker, ye Comp- troller and Assay-master of ye Mint) doe give their LOPPS an Acco4 at their first sitting after Easter of w* is due to ye

238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

severall Importers of Bullion for Bullion by them delivered into ye Mint to be coyned.

Also y* you (together with ye sd Warden Comp- troller and Assay-master) doe consider ye Estimate given in by Mr Slingesby of his Receipts and Payments from ye 20 Decembr 1677 to 15 March 79 and make a report thereupon to their Lordshipps at their said first meeting after Easter, and particularly y* you certifie their Lordspps what is due for Officers Sallaryes and to ye Moneyers, or other psons for necessaryes provided for ye Mint relateing to ye two years Account now passing and likewise what charge Mr Slingesby is usually at after he has received ye Gold Cleane Standard for ye Seaven Shillings he has for ye Gold and 8d for ye Silver. I am Gent"

Your most humble Servant

Treary Chambers HEN: GUY.

15 March 1679.

LETTER FROM DB. STUKELY TO DB. WATSON OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY.

Dear Sr — As you was (sz'c) not with us at the last meeting of the R. S. I have brought to you, the disc: wh I gave in then, and was read. The purport of it was in no wise leveld agUhe excellent ace* you drew up for us, of the French gentle- man's MS. but to shew my dissent to his opinion, of those coral bodys being the fabric of aials [animals?]: an opinion wh to me seems extremely absurd. Please to return it to me, or bring it to the R. S. next thursday.

Pray accept of madam Oriuna as a testimony of the respect of Your affectionate Serv*

WM. STUKELY. 25 May 1752

Though Dr. Stukely was in his day accounted a man of learning, yet his ignorance on many subjects, and his conceit on all, rendered his reputed learning of little avail. We would not speak thus harshly of one who has long vanished from the theatre of this world, but that we see several writers of the present day still quoting him as an authority. In the above remarkable letter, there is an error so gross, that the ears of every grammarian must be offended by it ; while the geologist will smile at the doctor's twaddle about " coral bodys." But the most curious portion is the allusion to

MISCELLANEA. 239

" Oriuna;" and we will repeat the anecdote connected there- with, as an instance of what egregious blunders the unenquir- ing and too credulous antiquary may commit (whatever his learning be), if he builds upon fancy and conjecture, and does not derive his conclusions from patient and laborious research.

The doctor had chanced to meet with an inedited coin of Carausius, bearing on the reverse a female head, the legend of which appeared to him to run thus, "ORIVNA AVGusta." Hereupon he immediately published this unique coin, as afford- ing proof of the hitherto unknown fact, that Carausius had a wife whose name was Oriuna. But at a later period, some more wary and cautious antiquary discovered that the head was that of Fortune, and the legend " FORTVNA AVGusti," a crack in the coin having obliterated the F, and the T being worn into an I. Had the doctor bestowed a little time, and a little research on the matter, he would not have exposed him- self to that ridicule and sarcasm, which such an absurd mis- take deserved to be visited with.

The original of the above letter is in the possession of

B. N.

AN OTHO IN FIRST BRASS.

SIR, — Being in the neighbourhood of Lyons a few months ago, I became acquainted with several amateurs of numis- matics, whose cabinets and collections were opened to me, a foreigner, with as much politeness and liberality, as if I had been an old or very intimate friend. I mention this fact as a tribute to science ; for while abominable self-interest is gene- rally the basis of human action, it seemed in this instance forgotten, or lost in the better desire to impart or acquire knowledge. So much for the sympathy created by similarity of taste and study, which begets a species of brotherhood among the members ; and while it promotes the best interests of science by the recollection of friendships formed in its rugged paths, stimulates its votaries to further pursuit, by the laudable desire of pleasing more than that egregious egotist, self. But to the subject. It was not long before I was asked by some of my new acquaintance, if I had seen the Otho in first brass lately found at Autun. I replied in the negative ; and feeling my curiosity instantly awakened, I began devising means for gratifying it. Circumstances compelling my return soon after to Paris, I resolved at once to go by way of Autun, and make a short stay there, to see this long-coveted object of numismatic research. I had been informed that it belonged

240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

to the municipality ; but a gentleman to whose collection I paid a visit, corrected the mistake, and told me it was in the possession of the Baron d'Espiard, to whom he volunteered to give me a card of introduction, which I gratefully accepted. Autun, in an antiquarian point of view, is one of the most interesting cities in France. Long anterior to the Romans finding their way there, it was a place of considerable importance ; and during the period it was under their domi- nion, its citizens enjoyed all the privileges of those at Rome. It possessed its palaces, its schools, its amphitheatres, its baths, its temples to various deities, its triumphal gates ; occupied a much larger space of ground than the present city, and was surrounded by strong walls. Many remains yet exist of its former grandeur ; part of the walls, two beautiful gateways, the ruins of a temple to Janus, another to Minerva, and in some of the streets the actual Roman pavement, com- posed of immense blocks of stone, still bearing the marks of their chariot wheels. Not a day passes in which some interest- ing relic is not discovered. I brought many curiosities away myself, which I obtained of the persons who found them. The following circumstance perhaps deserves a passing notice. The gentleman whom I first visited bought what was sup- posed to be the site of the old palace of the Roman emperors, and enclosing the whole within a wall, had the ground dug up to the depth of sixteen feet, and passed through a sieve. The treasures he found were of every description, from exten- sive tessalated pavements, to the smallest article for culinary purposes, besides marble and bronze statues, pillars, altars, coins, engraved stones and rings, some set in iron, some in gold, cameos, intaglios, &c. &c. of different sizes and degrees of beauty. I went to see the collection, for the gentleman to whom they belong has, with the addition of some paintings, choice engravings, and objects of virtu formed a museum ; and the price of admission, you are informed by a servant at the gate, is two francs, which I paid, though the owner, who had the politeness to show me every thing himself, cer- tainly wished me not. My next visit was to the municipality, where are now preserved most of the objects found in the town and neighbourhood, an example we should do well to follow in this country, not only as conducive to the general interests of science, but as a means of increasing the interest of every locality. Indeed, the municipality annually devotes a sum of money for the purpose of making researches, under the superintendance of a committee of men of taste. Among the objects in the museum are some amphorae, about two feet and a half high, of common baked earth, but finishing at the

MISCELLANEA. 241

bottom in a long sharp point, as if destined to stand upright in the earth. There are also some bronzes, one of a group of gladiators. From thence I proceeded to the Baron d'Espiard's, by whom, as soon as I had informed him of the purport of my visit, I was received not only with politeness, but friendship.

My expectations were more than realized when the rara avis in terra was put into my hands. I held the coin, the object of numismatic anxiety, the longed-for, the hoped-for, but despaired-of. Much as I love the study of medals, I am sorry my judgment in discerning the true from the false, keeps not pace with my experience, nor do I presume to say it may be depended upon ; however, I looked at and examined the precious piece most carefully, and with all the critical acu- men of which I am master, and the result was, that I felt satisfied, had it not been an Otho in first brass, no one would have questioned its genuineness. I could see nothing sus- picious about it, in despite of the scepticism awakened by its rarity. Through the Baron's great kindness, 1 am enabled to send you a correct drawing of the coin, and also of some others unpublished, and almost as rare ; among which you will perceive a medallion of Pescennius Niger. The Baron's cabinet is rich in unpublished medals ; and what much in- creases their value, by removing almost all suspicion of spuriousness, is, that they are chiefly the produce of the town of Autun, and have generally been purchased of the persons who found them, and who, from being known, would scarcely dare to attempt an imposition. The Baron is a gentleman of considerable learning and science, enthusiastic in the love of his pursuits, and a man of considerable property, one in fact who can have no interest in establishing a delusion, and per- tinaciously maintaining it ; his conviction is satisfied, his judgment determined, and I, for one, see no reason why he should abandon it ; he covets and courts publicity for his coin, but will not let it out of his possession, and hence, in my opinion, much of the hostility existing against it. I took my leave of the Baron, highly gratified by what I had seen, and extremely grateful for, and flattered by, that urbanity and frankness of manner which, while it made me forget I was a stranger and a foreigner, raised me to the place of a friend ; and I promised to speak of the medal to some of the learned conoscenti of Paris, and inform him of the result. On arriving at the capital I did so, and was sorry to observe a determined predisposition to condemnation ; they had heard of it too, and seemed to wonder, and to feel piqued, that it had not been sent to them, when its irrevocable fate would

242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

have been immediately pronounced. I need not tell you, Mr. Editor, that Paris, as well as London, contains its amateurs, from the upright and rigidly honourable, down to the despic- able forger, " who really knows nothing about it himself, only that it is marked RRR R." "No," says the Baron, " I will not part with it, but will show it with pleasure and readiness to any one. I wish it to be seen, but in my presence." One of the arguments generally urged against its genuineness at Paris was, that Otho, not having been recognized by the senate, had no power nor right to strike coins in copper. I mentioned this and other remarks to the Baron ; and now, Mr. Editor, with your permission, he shall answer that argument himself, I being his translator.. " I am not surprised that the dis- covery of an Otho in first brass, with the letters S. C. upon the reverse, should create doubt and suspicion ; but I think it most unjust that it should be condemned unseen. I am most anxious to show it, in order that its genuineness may be tested and decided, but I will not part with it out of my own keeping. It is pretended, you say, that it cannot be genuine, because Otho had no power to strike money in copper, not having been recognized by the senate: but upon what this supposition is founded, I really cannot tell ; for if we consult ancient historians, there is nothing in them to corroborate it. Certainly neither Plutarch, nor Tacitus, nor Suetonius, nor Dion of Nice assert it ; on the contrary, I find in them, that Otho presented himself in the senate, and as soon as he had addressed the senators, it was determined that ambassadors should be sent to Vitellius, to apprize him of the election of Otho, and engage him to remain in peace (Suetonius' Life of Otho) ; and if from the ancients we descend to the moderns, we shall find in the work on General History, written by your countrymen, and published at Paris, 1781, in vol. xxiii., pp. 126 — 128, that the senate and the people, immediately upon the death of Galba, proceeded to the camp of Otho, where they applauded the choice of the soldiers, and kissed the hand of the new emperor ; and that the next day the praBtor assembled the senate, who invested Otho with tfie tribunitial power, conferring on him at the same time the title of Augustus, and the usual honours bestowed on their emperor. Moreover, it is scarcely probable that the senate would have dared to refuse to recognize Otho, selected as he had been by the praetorian guard, beloved as he was by the people, as well as supported by a large proportion of the young nobility, who anticipated impunity for every species of licentiousness from him who had been the companion of Nero, and at whose nod their very existences would have been in jeopardy. So much for

MISCELLANEA. 243

the non-recognition of Otho. If it be pretended that my medal must be false, because hitherto unknown, might not the same argument have been urged against every unique medal? and if genuineness be granted to a single unique medal, why should it be refused to mine? Among the thousands of coins too corroded by age to be distinguishable, who can say there may not have been many of Otho ? or who can say that many may not yet be turned up by the spade of some fortunate labourer? If again the brevity of Otho's reisjn be advanced as an objection, my answer is, that we have copper coins of some of the tyrants whose reigns were still more brief. My own opinion of my medal is decided, nor will I easily abandon it, seeing there is nothing in history to prove the impossibility of its existence, and strengthened as that opinion has been by the acquiescence of every amateur who has hitherto seen it."

Having conversed on the subject of this extraordinary coin with several gentlemen in London, I was desirous of obtaining further information about it ; whereupon I wrote to the Baron, who most obligingly furnished me not only with the drawing of it, but also with the following answers to my questions, — namely, that it was found at Autun by the person of whom he purchased it, together with three others in large brass, — Hadrian, M. Aurelius and Commodus, and one in second brass of Domitian — that it was not recognizable till he had cleaned it — that it is of fine preservation, with a beautiful patina upon it (there is something peculiar in the soil of Autun which imparts the much-admired green to almost every coin found there), that the letters are perfect, the head of considerable relief, but the face slightly oxidated, and the edges manifesting nothing to awaken suspicion of the forger's cunning.

I am afraid I have trespassed, Mr. Editor, too much upon your valuable columns, therefore will only add, that should any English gentleman be passing through Autun, and feel desirous to see the coin, I have the Baron's permission to say, that he will be most happy to show it, together with very many others hitherto unpublished.

I remain, Mr. Editor, With much respect,

Your obedient Servant,

HENRY H. YOUNG.

THE GALLERY OF ANTIQUITIES. — The first number of a work under this title, consisting of the principal antiques in the collection of the British Museum, from drawings by F. ARUNDALE and J. BONOMI, with descriptions by S. BIRCH,

VOL IV. M M

244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

has just made its appearance. It commences with the best examples of the DEITIES of EGYPT, their attributes and history. The most interesting of the sacred animals will be next selected, with descriptions of the numerous localities in which these objects are preserved. In the British Museum, amongst the many other works of art which have been purchased by government, or presented by private individuals, is a most interesting and valuable collection of Egyptian antiquities, which, from the researches of M. CHAMPOLLION, SIR G. WILKINSON, and others, have tended to throw much light on the manners, customs, and religion of the ancient Egyptians. To extend the knowledge of these antiquities ; and to place within the reach of all classes, a collection so worthy of being illustrated and explained, is the object of the present work, which, it is hoped, may prove a valuable addition to the library of every individual. Each part of the work will be complete in itself. The sepulchral tablets, the boats, the mummy-cases, the vases, the different ornaments, seats, &c., with every object likely to interest and instruct, will be care- fully delineated. The engravings to be fac-similes of the originals, drawn to scale, and showing also the different colours at present existing. The size of the work will be 4to., and will appear in monthly parts, containing four plates and eight pages of letter-press, price 2«. Qd.

MEDAL OF THE PACHA OF EGYPT. — We are pleased to hear that a committee has been formed to superintend the design, inscription, &c. of a medal of the Pacha of Egypt, to be struck as a testimony of esteem and gratitude for the pro- tection afforded by His Highness to the persons and property of our countrymen during the late war, and for the general encouragement afforded to intercourse with Egypt. Lord Claud Hamilton, LordRokeby, Sir Willoughby Cotton, Colonel Campbell, Dr. Bowring, Dr. Lee, Sir Moses Montefiore, Mr. Waghorn, and other individuals of reputation and influence, are members of the committee. As the project is not one of party feeling, or of private interest, but a token of recog- nizance of generosity in a late enemy, and of gratitude for conduct unexampled in history, we trust the medal will be supported by all classes and parties as it deserves.

TO OUR READERS AND SUBSCRIBERS.

The present Number is the first of a new Volume, and, in consequence of an arrangement made with the Numismatic Society, bears the title of the

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE;

AND

JOURNAL

OJF

THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

By the arrangement referred to, Members of the Numismatic Society may, if they please, be provided with the work, on application to the publishers, or to the bookseller, and the payment of nine shillings to the Treasurer of the Society, in addition to their annual subscription. Each Member will be entitled to a copy of the PROCEEDINGS, gratis, which may also be had of the publishers, Messrs. TAYLOR and WALTON, Upper Gower Street; or of Mr. JOHN HEARNE, Bookseller to the Society, 81, Strand.

*** M. Rollin, 10, Rue Vivienne, Paris, has kindly offered to take charge of letters or packets intended for transmission to the Editor in England.

The next number will be published on the 1st July, 1841.

ERRATUM.

In page 146, 8th line from the bottom, for "Plutarch assures" read " Herodian assures."

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