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The nursery

THE ORCHARD.

A Praciical Treatise on Fruit Culture.

n>LUSTRATED.

By S. W. Peek,

PROPRrEMOR HARTH'ELL NURSERIES, HaRTWELL, GEORGIA.

Atlanta, Ga

J AS, P. Hai-.bison & Co., Printers and Publlshbbs.

1885.

INDEX.

A

Page.

Annular Budding 25

Apple 93

Apricot 110

B

Blackberry 114

Borers 88

Apple 90

Peach 88

Budding , 20

C

Canning Fruit 79

Caterpillar 91

Cherry 116

Codling Moth 90

Crossing and Hybridizing 70

Cultivation 62

Curcuho. 87

Currant 123

Cuttings 43

D

Distances for Trees 52

Dwarf Tree? 83

PROPERTY OF
A.f56 E. COLLECS^

6 INDEX.

E

Evaporating Fruit .• 79

F

Fig 126

G

Gooseberi-)' 128

Grafting, Wax and Clay 36

Grape 130

Grape Wine 143

Grafting 26

By Approach 39

Cleft 28

Espalier 42

Forks prevented from splitting 40

Forming Letters 43

Grafting the Grape 139

New Heads on Old Trees 33

Objects of 26

Saddle : 31

Side Cleft 31

Suppljdng New Koots 40

Whip 35

L

Labeling 57

Layers 45

Laying Out Orchards 50

LeContePear 173

M

Mulberiy 153

Mnlchiiig 59

INDEX. 7

N

Nectarine 155

O

Orange 158

P

Parts of Trees 9

Peach 159

Pear 171

Pecan Nut 182

Plum 186

Pomegranate 192

Preserving Cuttings 82

Process of Growing 10

Pruning 63

Q

Quince 193

R

Raspberry 196

Renovating Old Orchards ^ 80

S

Saving Girdled Trees 74

Seed and Seedlings 14

Strawberry 202

Succession of Fruits 60

T

Thinning and Gathering Fruit 77

Transplanting 53

W,

Wash for Fruit Trees 76

■

CHAPTER L

THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS.

A tree is a living body, composed of various parts,
which have certain functions to perform; and in order
that it may be managed intelligently and successfully,

Fig. 1.
it is necessary that the manner in which these offices are
performed, and their eflfects upon the tree, be thoroughly
understood.

The organs of vegetation of a plant are root, stem and
leaves, the first two of which are shown in figure 1. The

10 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

root is the portion which takes nourishment from the
soil and gives it to the plant. It is composed of the main
or tap root, A, its laterals, B, and the rootlets or fibres,
C, C. It also has a large number of exceedingly minute
root hairs, not visible to the unaided e3'^e, which absorb
moisture very rapidly. The old portions of roots that
are covered with hard bark imbibe very little. Trees
that naturally have very long tap roots are made to throw
out laterals, thus inducing more rapid growth and greater
fruitfulness, by shortening the tap root, which checks
the growth at its extremity.

In taking up trees, as it is usually done, the most of the
smaller roots are destroyed, and unless circumstances are
favorable and the tree has sufficient vitality to re-pro-
duce them, growth cannot follow, and the tree dies-
Hence, it is necessary to successful transplanting that
the roots be injured as little as possible.

The collar is the point of union between root andstem^
just beneath the surface (D,fig. 1.) The stem is the part
above the collar that sustains the branches. Both stem
and branches are composed of an outer and inner layer
of bark, sap wood, perfect wood and pith. Buds are
formed on the tree, some of which develop into leaves
and aid in its growth.

THE PROCESS OF GROWING.

The cells of the roots charge themselves with moisture
from the soil, which is carried up through the sap wood
until it reaches the leaves. Here, under the influence of
the sun, it passes through important modifications and
descends through the inner bark, depositing a layer of

THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 11

cambium, the most of which, when hardened, forms a
layer of new wood, a small portion being converted into
bark. This process is kept up during the season, and in
many instances during the successive years of a long pe-
riod, depositing more or less wood each year, according to
the species and condition of the tree.

It is an easy matter to determine the age of a tree by
counting the layers or rings in a crossjsection of the stem,
each of which represents a year's growth. (See fig. 2.)

Fig. 2.

It will be seen from the process of growth that the roots
and stem are mutually dependent upon each other, and
that the success of the tree depends upon their being vig-
orous and properly proportioned. The outer bark when
young performs an office similar to that of the leaves, but
in some trees it gradually becomes a hard substance,
which only aflfords protection to the more delicate, under-
lying parts. The heart or perfect wood adds stability to
the tree, and the pith while young promotes growth by
retaining moisture. In old trees the pith becomes dry,
often disappearing entirely, without any apparent dam-

12

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

age. Thus we see that all parts of the organs of vegeta-
tion perform important offices in the growth of trees.

The leaf, which is so essential to the process of vegeta-
tion, is represented in figure 3. It is composed of the

frame-work to support the leaf and supply it with sap,
and the pulpy portion, which is composed of numerous
cells. By the aid of powerful microscopes, an almost in-
credible number of breathing pores are discovered
on the leaf, through which air and moisture pass
during vegetation. In addition to the buds, which de-
velop into leaves, in bearing trees, are found other buds,
the object of which is not the growth of the tree, but the

Fig. 4.

-Scick of buds, showing the leaf and fruit buds,
double and triple.

single,

continuation of the kind. These buds (a and b, fig. 4) ex-
pand into flowers, and, after passing through various

THE PARTS OF TREES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS. 13

stages, develop into the ripened fruit, containing seeds,
which, under the proper conditions, will produce trees
similar to the one from which the bud was taken, but
not necessarily producing fruit similar in all respects.

CHAPTER II,

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS.

Seeds are ripened ovules, which, under the proper con-
ditions, develop into plants. They should be taken from
plants that are healthy and vigorous, and to insure ger-
mination require heat, air and moisture, but not light.
The seeds of fruit trees are usually planted in nurseries
for the purpose of raising stocks to be budded or grafted.

Apple seeds are obtained by washing them from pom-
ace taken from cider mills. They are then mixed with
three or four times their bulk of sand, and kept in a cool,
shady place till early spring. Freezing and thawing
will not injure them. They are then planted in nur-
sery rows, three and one-half feet apart, in good soil, at
about the rate of one bushel per acre. For raising only
a small number of seedlings, well ripened apples may be
broken up and planted at once. Some of the seeds
will come up the following spring. Excellent apple
seeds are obtained from France and sold by dealers in a
dry condition. They are prepared for planting in the
spring by mixing them with sand and burying them in
a hole one or two feet deep in the open ground in a layer
a few inches in depth. If not received before February
the seeds should be soaked in water a day or two before
being buried. The hole is then covered securely with
boards, and dirt placed on them a little higher than the
surrounding surface. This is one of the numerous meth-

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 15

ods of managing dry apple seeds. Success with fruit tree
seeds of any kind is more certain if they are not allowed
to become dry. As soon as the buried seeds show signs
of sprouting (fig. 5) they are taken up and planted.

Fig. 5.— Apple Seed and Young Plantlet.

Handle them carefully and cover lightly. If to be
grafted where they grow, leave the young seedlings about
six inches apart ; if to be taken up and grafted in the
hand, or transplanted to obtain another year's growth
before being grafted, they can be left closer together and
the rows need not be so far apart.

If well cultivated, the young seedlings can be budded
the ensuing summer, or grafted the following winter or
spring. Any one desiring to propagate some valuable
apples at once, and not having the stocks, can obtain
them at very low prices from most nurserymen. The
seeds from our native crabs make hardy stocks. A few

16 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCH^BT).

ounces of seed obtained from a reliable seedman and
treated as directed in tbis cbapter will produce enough
seedlings for an experiment which will usually result in
the production of a number of first-class trees. Seedlings
of all kinds require careful cultivation to insure a vigor-
ous growth the first year. Healthy trees cannot be ob-
tained from diseased seedlings.

It is claimed that the Best Peach Seeds are obtained from
the sound, ripe fruit of seedling trees, called natural, as
distinguished from the seeds of budded and grafted trees.
It is true, however, that the perfect seeds of strong^
healthy budded or grafted trees produce seedlings on
which excellent trees are grown.

The seeds of the very early varieties are imperfect and
will not germinate when planted. Do not allow peach
seeds to become dry ; but as soon as gathered place them
in a box or barrel mixed with dirt and leave exposed to
the weather. Plant early in the fall, in moderately rich
soil. Land that will produce one-half a bale of cotton
per acre without manure is rich enough. It is a good
plan to sow peas on the ground intended for peach seeds
and turn under in the fall. Prepare the land the same as
for cotton, and plant the seeds two or three inches apart
in rows three and one-half feet distant. Cover two or
three inches deep.

If too thick when they come up in the spring, thin out
the young seedlings to five or six inches apart.

If seeds become dry and are not planted till spring,
they should be cracked before planting. When scarce, it
is a good plan to spread the seeds out on a smooth piece
of ground in a layer a few inches deep, with a covering
of three or four inches of sand. When exposed in this

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 17

manner to the freezes of winter they begin to sprout
early in the spring. They are then taken up and sifted
to separate them from the sand.

All that are sprouted are planted at the distance the
seedlings are desired to stand — from five to twelve
inches, according to soil. The seeds that show no
signs of sprouting are put back into the bed to remain a
few days. By repeating this process several times the
most of the seeds that would come up the first year can
be separated from the others and planted. In this way a
regular stand will be obtained. If planted in the fall
there will be some irregularity. Seeds can be kept in
good condition from summer till fall in a dry cellar mix-
ed with dirt. If from any cause the seeds cannot be plant-
ed early in the spring, sprouting may be retarded by
burying them deep in the ground. Peach seeds from the
North should be avoided, as the yellows, a fatal disease,
prevails in some sections of the Northern States. Small
quantities of peach seedlings may be obtained in spring
by transplanting to nursery rows, the volunteers found
under bearing trees, when one or two inches high.

If the ground is moderately fertile and the seedlings
are well cultivated they will be large enough to bud the
summer after planting ; if to be grafted, it is done
the following spring. Small peach seedlings can be
taken up and grafted in the hand the same as apples,
but they do not succeed so well. (See chapter on Whip
Grafting.) Peaches are usually budded at the North.

Plum and almond seedlings are used to some extent as
stocks for peaches ; but on most soils the peach succeeds
best in the United States, when budded or grafted on its
own roots. The best soil for the peach is a good sandy

18 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

loam — the worst a stiff clay. The trees are usually-
planted in the orchard when one year old from the bud
or graft. They are sometimes budded very early in the
summer and transplanted when only one year from the
seed. These are known as June buds.

Fear Seeds are obtained and planted in the same man-
ner as apple seeds, but owing to the difficulty of man-
aging them successfully in this country, large quantities
of both seeds and seedlings are brought from France.
Persons desiring to raise a few pears for their own plant-
ing can obtain French seedlings from nurserymen in
this country, which can be budded or grafted after re-
ceiving one or two years' careful cultivation in deep, rich
soil.

Plum and cherry seeds are treated in the same way
as the seeds of the peach.

CHAPTER III.

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES.

Living at an age when thousands of choice varieties
of fruits are in cultivation, we perhaps do not properly
appreciate the labors of the pomologists, who, by
making it a life work, have transformed the insipid
peach, the sour crab and the wild and worthless pear into
the luscious fruits that we now have in our orchards and
fruit gardens. A great deal of pleasure can be derived
from the attention and constant watch-care which it is
necessary to bestow upon plants in order to produce val-
uable new varieties; but what most interests the ordi-
nary farmer and fruit grower is to know what varieties
of fruit, already in existence, are best adapted to his
climate and his soil, and to understand the methods by
which they are propagated. After a new and choice
variety has been obtained, though at first but a single
tree or plant, it may, in a short lime, be greatly mul-
tiplied bx budding, grafting, layers, suckers or cut-
tings. Of these methods, budding and grafting are used
principally for the propagation of fruit trees. They in-
volve the same principles, produce like results and con-
sist simply in the insertion of a bud, or stick of buds,
of one tree into another in such a manner as to cause
a union between the two, the consequent growth re-
sulting in a new compound.

20

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

BUDDING.

Budding is the process of producing a tree from a single
bud which will bear fruit like that of the tree from which
the bud is taken. It is performed during the season of
growth — from June till October, according to the climate
and the habits of the tree. Young stocks are usually-
budded during the summer after planting, at any time
when the bark of the stock can be raised easily, and the
buds of the variety it is desired to propagate are suffi-
ciently matured, which is usually determined by the
perfect formation of the bud on the end of the shoot. An
excellent time for budding is soon after a rain when the
trees are growing vigorously. The only implements
necessary are a knife for trimming up the stocks, and a
budding knife with a thin sharp blade (^fig. 6), for mak-

Fig. 6.

ing the incision in the bark and cutting ofif the bud.
Some budding knives have an ivory handle, very thin at
the end, which is used to raise the bark of the stock for

the insertion of the bud. To obtain buds, shoots of the
present year's growth are taken from trees of the variety
it is desired to propagate, and the leaves all cut away.

BUDDING

21

Half an inch of the leafstalk is left for convenience in
handling. The undeveloped buds on both ends of the
shoots are cut off, and we then have a stick from the mid-
dle of the shoots (Jig. 7), which can be used at once, or
packed away in damp cloth or moss to remain a few
days.

Success is more certain when they are used soon after
they are cut from the tree. If the stock has limbs near
the ground they are cut away and a smooth portion of
bark selected where the bud is to be inserted, usually on

Fig. 8.— A row of buds as they appear after the trees have been
cut off— budding carelessly done.

the north side, from two to four inches from the ground.
With the budding knife, make an upright incision in the

Fig. 9. — A row of trees budded by a careful hand.

bark an inch and a half long, and a cut at right angles
across the top, the whole resembling the letter T (fig.
10). The bark is then slightly raised (Jig. 11.)

Take the stick of buds in the left hand, and with the
budding knife cut off a thin slice of bark, about an inch
and a half long, having a bud and a small portion of wood
attached (figs. 12 to 14). It is then pushed carefully

22

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

Fig. 10. — T-shaped incision
made in bark.

Fig. 11. - Bark slightly raised
for insertion of buds.

under the bark of the stock (fig. 15), and if the top
reaches above the incision it is cut off so as to make a

Figs. 12 to 14. — Manner of cutting off buds (14), a perfect bud
after being taken off the limb (12), and one destroyed (13.)

complete fit. Strips of bass bark, which can be obtained
from dealers in nurserymen's supplies, are used for tying,
so applied as to cover the entire wound, leaving only the
bud exposed {fig. 16). Good bandages are obtained from
the bark of the poplar tree by soaking it in water until
the fibrous inner bark can be separated from the outer. It

BUDDING.

25

is then torn into thin narrow strips to be used as needed.
The bandages are softened before use by thorough wet-
ting. They must be tied sufl&ciently tight to exert a
moderate pressure without injuring the bark. If the
operation is successful, the leaf stalk will drop off in a
few days, the bud presenting a fresh, plump appearance.
If the stocks are growing freely, it will be necessary to
loosen the bandages in ten to fifteen days. In a month's
time they may be removed entirely.

Buds usually remain dormant till the following

Fig. 15.— Bud inserted.

Fig. 16.— Tying.

spring, but if the stock is cut off several inches above the
bud, soon after it has taken, and all other buds and shoots
are kept rubbed off, it will make a ver}-- good growth
during the first season. If well grown stocks are budded
early in June, and cut off as suggested above, they will
make perfect little trees by fall, and can be taken up with
the roots almost entire, and when planted in the orchard
often bear as early as much older trees set out at the
same time. When buds are desired very early their ma-
turity can be hastened by pinching off the ends of the

24

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

shoots. It is the general practice, however, not to cut
oflf the stocks till the spring after budding, just as the
buds begin to swell. They are then cut two or three
inches above the bud, which is at once pushed into vig-
orous growth, and when a few inches high should be tied
to the stump to prevent its being broken by the wind,
and to induce an upright growth {fig. 17). About a

Fig 17.— The young shoot tied.

month later the stump of the stock is cut down close to
the bud, as represented by the small line ( fig 17). Some
nurserj'men do not practice tying up the young shoot.
All sprouts that appear above or below the bud must be
kept rubbed off.

In the first or second fall after budding, the tree will be
large enough to plant in the orchard. 5"id will bear fruit

BUDDING. 25

like that of the tree from which the bud was taken.
That the operation may be successful, wood buds must
always be selected. If fruit buds are used, they will
bloom, but will not make any growth. There are three
classes of buds : single, double and triple, but the single
are used chiefly. The wood buds are easily distinguished
by their being rather slender and pointed (c,^gr. 4), while
the fruit buds are of a fuller and more rounded form (a
and b fig. 4). Double and triple buds are found princi-
pally in the stone fruits. The latter are numerous in the
peach, the middle one always being a wood bud (d, fig. 4),.
The fruit buds of the peach are formed one year and
bloom the next; hence, both wood and fruit buds are
found on the same shoot of the current year's growth;:
but on the new wood of the apple and the pear are
usually found wood buds only. Fig. 18 represents another

Fig. 18.

method called annular budding, sometimes applied tO'
trees with very thick bark. The figure is suflScient ex-
planation of the process. Girdled trees are sometimes
restored in this way. Budding and grafting both have
their special advantages. The former is done at a more
convenient season, and can be repeated on stocks that
have not taken from the first operation ; the latter may
be applied to trees on which budding has failed, and
grafted trees require less attention after the operation is
performed than those that are budded.

26 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

GRAFTING.

The propagation of fruit trees by grafting has been
practiced for a long period, and various methods have
been employed ; but as a few of the most useful and
practical, with slight variations, will be found sufl&cient
for most purposes, such methods only will be described
in this work. The process of grafting is so simple, and
the various results obtained from its application so satis-
factory, that every owner of fruit trees should under-
stand it perfectl3^ There is very little mystery con-
nected with the operation, and almost any person can,
in a short time, learn to graft successfully.

The principal object of budding and grafting is to
propagate certain varieties which do not reproduce
themselves from seed; but they are also used for the
following other purposes :

Dwarf Trees. — By grafting a scion from one tree into
another of less vigorous growth, the size is reduced, and
bearing hastened, as in the case of the pear on the
quince, making dwarf pear trees.

Testing New Varieties. — A new variety grafted on the
limb of a bearing tree will often produce fruit the
second year, while, if a young seedling is used as a
stock, it may not bear in ten years.

Several Kinds on the Same Tree. — Fine specimens of fruit
may be obtained from one tree during several months of
the year by grafting different kinds on the branches,
or a worthless kind may be changed to one of fine
quality by grafting a new head.

Supplying Branches.— By grafting, trees with long
barren limbs may be supplied with branches in all
their parts.

GRAFTING. 27

Rendering Delicate Kinds Hardier. — Certain kinds of
fruit may be rendered hardier, or protected against
disease b}'' grafting on other stocks, as in the case of
the European grapes on American stocks to protect
them against the Phylloxera.

In order that grafting may be successful, several
requisites must be carefully observed: The stock and
scion must be related, as the pear on its own roots, or
the roots of the quince, both of which are seed fruits ;
or the plum on its own or the roots of the peach, both
of which are stone fruits. But such a union as that of
the apple and the peach cannot be effected.

The operation must be performed with sharp instru-
ments to avoid making rough wounds which will not
heal readily; and if above ground the wound must be
protected by applications of grafting wax or clay. The
scion must ^e so placed in the stock that the inner
bark of the two will coincide at least in one point, thus
affording a channel for the passage of the sap in its up-
ward and downward flow, by means of which life is
retained and growth effected.

The usual time for grafting fruit trees is from Feb-
ruary till April, or just before the buds begin to swell,
the cherry, plum and peach coming into the proper
condition first, followed later by the pear and the apple.

The scions for grafting are sometimes taken from the
trees as wanted for use, but as it is better for the
stocks to be a little in advance of the scions, the latter
are usually cut in the fall or winter and kept till needed
in the manner recommended in the chapter on Pre-
serving Cuttings.

Stocks for grafting are either the root or stem of

28 THE NURSEKY AND THE ORCHARD.

plants one or more years old, into which the scion is
inserted, and from which it derives its nourishment.
The scion is simply planted in the stock instead of the
soil, and it determines the nature of the grafted tree.
It matters not from what kind of a seed an apple seed-
ling may have sprung, if a scion from an "Early Har-
vest" apple is grafted into it, the fruit from the grafted
tree will be "Early Harvest" also.

It is indispensable to the vigor of the future tree-
that both stock and scion possess this quality in a high
degree.

CLEFT GRAFTING.

Cleft Grafting is one of the most useful methods, prac-
ticed largely at the South, where it succeeds even on
the peach, which is usually budded at the North. It can
be applied to stocks of almost any size, and is so sim-
ple and easy that a ten-year-old boy can readily per-

Fig. 19.

form it. Fig. 19 represents the young seedling tree-
which is to be grafted, with the dirt raked away, and
the top cut off at the collar of the root, ready to be split
for the reception of the scion, which is taken from a
tree of the variety it is desired to propagate. Small

GRAFTING. 29

stocks can be cut off with a strong, sharp knife, but if
too large to be cut in this manner, a fine sharp saw
is used, and the top of the stock smoothed over with a
knife. A split is then made in the stock an inch or
an inch and a half deep by driving in a knife, cutting
rather than splitting, the bark.

A number of different implements have been invented,
but for grafting on a small scale a thin-bladed knife of
good temper for preparing the scions, and a larger one
for cutting the stocks will be found suflficient.

The scion, which should be well ripened wood of last
years growth, containing two or three buds, is cut into

Fig, 21. Fig. 20. Fig

the wedge-shape represented in jig. 20, with the outer edge
a little thicker, in order to secure a close fit at this point.
The stock is then opened with some kind of a wedge
(Jig. 21) — a small screwdriver does very well — and the
scion inserted as represented in fig. 22, so that the inner

80 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

bark of the two will be together. The scions are sometimes
set at a slight angle (fig. 23) so that the edges will be cer-
tain to meet at least in one point. Two scions may be
put in large stocks. If both grow, one is cut away when
a few inches high. It is a good plan to cut the scions so
as to leave a bud on the wedge part, (fig. 20) as a point
of union between the inner bark of the two parts is al-
most certain to be found in the peculiar curve at the bud.
The dirt is then raked back carefully up to the top bud
of the scion. This covering must not be so narrow and
pointed that the dirt in settling will leave the stock ex-
posed. If the stocks are split in the direction that the
rows run, there will not be so much danger of the scions
getting dislocated by clods of dirt in cultivating. The
work is now completed, and if successful, leaves will
soon appear on the scion. All shoots except the one
which is to be trained up for the future tree, must be kept
rubbed off from both stock and scion, being careful not to
move the scion from its position. If well cultivated, the
trees will usually be la^ge enough to plant in the orchard
at the end of the first or second year after grafting.

For cleft grafting above ground, see Grafting New Heads
on Old Trees.

Very small scions are generally whip-grafted. Pieces
of roots are often used as stocks, but they are not so good
as whole roots.

GRAFTING.
SADDLE GRAFTING,

31

Which is illustrated in figs. 24 to 26, is sometimes use-

ful.

Figs. 24 to 26.

SIDE CLEFT GRAFTING.

A modification of cleft grafting, which will often be
found useful, is illustrated in fig. 27. It can be applied
to seedling stocks which are standing, to whole or pieces
of roots taken up and grafted in the hand, and to stems
or branches above ground. It will, perhaps, be found most
useful in grafting above ground, for the purpose of sup-
plying limbs where they are wanting on trees. When the
stock to be operated upon is sujaiciently large and firm, a
sharp chisel about a quarter of an inch wide is used for
making the cut. Set the chisel with the straight side
next the stock and drive it in with a mallet about three-
quarters of an inch deep in the direction the limbs take

32

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

from the tree. Prepare the scion, which should contain
two or three buds, the same as for ordinary cleft grafting,
except that the edges are to be cut the same thickness
and one of the wedge-shaped sides left a little shorter
than the other. (See fig. 28.)

Fig. 28.

The scion is then placed firmly in the cut, with the
shorter beveled side down, leaving a small portion of the
wedge part above the cut. In large stocks, if the opera-
tion is carefully performed, the scion will be held firmly
in place and will not require tying. When small stocks
are grafted, the cuts should be made with a sharp knife,
and it will be necessary to tie after the scion is inserted.
When performed above ground the wounds are protected
by a coating of grafting wax.

This method will be found useful in

^- &>"?

^--"Jo.

GRAFTING. 33

GRAFTING NEW HEADS ON OLD TREES.

There is scarcely an object in nature more pleasing to
the sight than a well developed, symmetrical tree, laden
with its yearly tribute of bright and luscious fruit.

But quite dififerent is the efiect produced by the tree
that is unproductive, fails to ripen its fruit in season, or
yields fruit so inferior in quality as to be utterly worth-
less. Still, the owner of such trees should not apply the
axe to them at once, if they are well grown and in a
thrifty condition, as there is within easy reach means
of utilizing the well developed bodies and wide-spreading
roots, and of converting the worthless fruit into a choice
variety ; but large trees, which bear fruit of fair quality,
ehould not be subjected to the process, as it is some-
times the case that they die from the effects of having so
much of the top pruned off. Death, however, will rarely
occur if the tree is in a thrifty condition and the opera-
tion is skillfully performed.

A tree which is enfeebled from any cause should first
be invigorated by moderate pruning and good cultiva-
tion and manuring.

Trees which are vigorous and well supplied with small
branches should have only a portion of their tops grafted
the first year.

The remaining portion will make a vigorous growth
anc" will be in good condition for grafting the next year.
It is sometimes best to leave a portion to be grafted the
third year.

GRAFTING NEW TOPS ON OLD TREES.
No limb as large as two inches in diameter should be
cut if it can be avoided. Let the scions be inserted in

34 THE NUKSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

the smaller limbs, making an effort to leave the tree in
a symmetrical shape.

If the trees are well grown, and have tops made up
principally of a few large branches, they should first
have a portion of their tops cut away, which will induce
a vigorous growth of young shoots, as in fig. 29. These

Fig. 29.— A new head grafted.

will be in excellent condition for grafting when one or two
years old. The scions are inserted in the ends of the limbs
in the same manner as in cleft grafting underground.
They are then wrapped and waxed, and in a short time
begin to make a vigorous growth. Two scions should be
put in limbs three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and
if both grow, one should be cut away smoothly when a
few inches long. All sprouts that appear near the grow-
ing scion should be kept rubbed off. Long barren
branches can be supplied with limbs wherever desired
by the foregoing method of side cleft grafting. The
proper time for grafting above ground is when the buds
begin to swell.

The scions may be cut from the trees at the time of
grafting, but success is more certain if they are retarded
in the manner described in the chapter on preserving

GRAFTING. 35

cuttings. As the grafts gradually enlarge, the wood of
the old tree can be cutaway, until within a few years
the entire head will be of the new and better variety.

GRAFTING WAX.

Grafting wax, to be used for protecting wounds caused
by grafting above ground, may be made by the following
formula :

3 parts beeswax.
2 parts rosin.
2 parts tallow.
Melt and work like candy.

It is applied to the wounded surface, so as to thor-
oughly exclude air and moisture.

GRAFTING CLAY,

which is composed of equal parts of clay and horse ma-
nure, or cow dung, is sometimes applied to the grape in
preference to grafting wax.

WHIP GRAFTING.

This method is much practiced, and is particularly
useful in grafting small stocks, which are usually young
seedlings taken up in the winter or early spring.

After they are cleanly washed and their tap roots
shortened, they are cut off at the collar of the root with
a slope, and split or tongued, as shown in jig. 80. The
scion is then cut in the same manner (Jig. 31) and they
are fitted together as in fig. 32, so as to insure a union of
the inner bark of the two parts.

56

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

They are then wrapped firmly when they are ready to
be packed away in the cellar, if in winter, or planted at
once" if in early spring.

Fig. 30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32.

A number of methods of wrapping are employed —
some using paper or thin cotton cloth, waxed and cut
into narrow strips, while others prefer cotton warp drawn
through melted grafting wax. When waxed material is
used it is unnecessary to tie. The operation may be suc-
cessfally performed without tying or using wax, by wrap-
ping firmly with soft cotton strings so as to fasten one
end of the string as the wrapping proceeds, the other end
being looped when it it finished.

Grafting in this way may be done all through the win-
ter, the grafts being packed away in damp soil, moss or
sawdust and kept till spring, but as it requires some care
to maintain the proper degree of moisture, it is better,

GRAFTING. 3T

when only a few are to be grafted, to wait until they can
be planted in the nursery rows at once. In planting, the
graftsTmust be handled very carefully to prevent dislo-
cating'.the scions. The ground should be rich and deeply-
plowed. Plant the grafts about one foot apart in the
row, leaving the top bud of the scion even with the sur-
face ^of the ground. Press the dirt firmly about them.
When the stocks have long lateral roots it is better to
open furrows with a spade and pack the dirt around the
roots with the hand. But when large numbers of small
grafts are to be planted, it can be done much more rap-
idly by using a dibble, which is made of a piece of wood
about one foot long, pointed with iron (jig. 33.) With this

Fig. 33.

a hole of suflScient depth is made and the dirt pressed
firmly around the graft with the dibble by thrust-
ing it into the ground near the graft, and pressing the
dirt so as to thoroughly close the opening from bottom to
top. A good implement for this purpose is a trowel made
of a piece of steel three or four inches wide and eight or
ten inches in length. Planted in this manner, if the
soil is good, the grafts, with proper attention, will often
be of sufficient size for transplanting at the end of the

38

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

first year. In raising a few trees for his own planting,
the fruit grower will usually obtain better results from
cleft grafting stocks as they stand — without taking them
up ; but as much time is saved by grafting large num-
bers of trees during the winter months, whip grafting in
the hand is a very useful method of propagation, and
is much practiced. When the stock is much larger than
the scion, the top and one side are cut away, as
shown in figs. 34 to 36. As in cleft grafting, all

Fig. 34, Fig

Fig. 35.

sprouts from the roots must be kept rubbed off, and a
single bud trained up from the scion. Unless great care
is taken a sprout from the root may be left for the future
tree, as sometimes happens in nurseries, in this way pro-
ducing a seedling tree, generally of no value. This
method of grafting may be applied to standing stocks.

Some Southern Nurserymen obtain most of their apple
stocks from localities farther north, and whip graft them

GRAFTING. 39

at once, or set them in nursery rows to be cleft grafted
after getting one year's growth. In buying stocks for
fruit trees, always get the best. Cheap, low grade stocks
are often worthless.

GRAFTING BY APPROACH.

Examples of this mode of grafting may be seen in our
forests where we find limbs of trees firmly united by con-
tinued contact. The French, who are the most skillful of
all horticulturists, and describe in their works more than

Fig. 37. — The grape grafted by approach.

one hundred modes of grafting practiced at different ages,
thoroughly understand this method, and practice it ex-
tensively in their systems of training. The season for

40

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD,

this method of grafting is during the flow of the sap^
and it may be performed on either ripe or green wood.
Though but little used in this country, there are instan-
ces in which it may be applied with very happy results.
It is divided into two classes. The first is illustrated in
fig. 37, in which the upper part of the scion is retained

Fig. 38,

for the future plant; the second, in figs. 38 and 39, where
the top of the scion is inserted under the bark of the
stock, called inarching.

Preventing Splitting. — It is sometimes the case that the
splitting of forks in trees may be prevented by this
operation. The two prongs of the fork are held'together
by attaching to one prong a limb that grows from the
other, or by uniting an independent limb to both prongs.

Similar portions of bark are removed from the parts to
be united, and they are fitted together and securely bound.
The bandage may require loosening, but should not be
removed until a perfect union has taken place.

Supplying New Roots. — A useful application of this

GRAFTING. 41

method of grafting is made for the purpose of supplying
new roots for dwarf trees when they begin to decline. Fig.
39 represents the old stem and the young standard trees,
growing near, with their tops cut ofif and inserted under
the bark. An inverted j,-shaped incision (c, jig. 37, 38)
is made in the bark of the stock, after which the scion is
cut with a slope two or three inches long (a) and placed
under.

The whole is then carefully bandaged and waxed. One
or more scions may be inserted. The vigorous young
stems impart new life to the old tree, and often prolong^
its period of bearing many years. Trees with injured
stems may be operated upon in the same manner ; and
after the grafts have become thoroughly established, the
old stems may be removed.

Grafting the Vine. — Owing to the difficulty attending
ordinary grafting of the vine, this method is sometimes
resorted to as a more certain means of con verting a grape
of poor quality into a choice variety. (See chapter on
grafting the grape). In this way the old vine is not de-
stroyed, and if the first operation is not successful it may
be repeated. Fig. 37 represents the old vine, or stock,,
and the new variety, or scion, with a slice of bark two or
three inches long removed from each, and fitted together
ready for the bandage and the application of grafting
clay. The bandage should be loosened during the sum-
mer, but not removed, and the top of the stock pinched
back to throw a more vigorous growth into the scion.

In joining the stock and scion they may be tongued as

in ordinary whip grafting. The dotted lines in the figure

represent the points at which the vines are severed in

the fall, after a thorough union has taken place. Figs.

3

42

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

40a, 406 and 40c represent self-supporting espalier and
mode of forming letters by approach grafting. It requires

Fig. 40a.

Fig. 406.

considerable time, patience and skill on the part of the op-
erator in order to obtain such happ}^ results ; but they are

Fig. 40c.

often accomplished and show to what extent the art of
grafting may be carried. From the foregoing explana-

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. 43

tions, it will be understood how the operations are per-
formed. These complicated designs are produced more
readily by training the tree to a trellis which has the
outline marked upon it. In figs. 40a and 406 the branches
are united where they touch back to back, not where they
cross. In this mode of training it will sometimes be
necessary to supply branches where they are wanting
which can be done by methods already described. While
of little practical value, such experiments will be pecu-
liarly interesting to the enthusiastic pomologist.

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

Cuttings are portions of plants, which, under favorable
circumstances, produce other plants similar to those from
which they are taken.

Fig. 41. Fi^. 42.

This method of propagation is applied to the grape,
mulberry, quince, raspberry, blackberry, fig, gooseberry,
currant and some kinds of pears.

44 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

Cuttings are usually portions of wood of the last year's
growth, from six inches to afoot in length, cut close to a
a bud at each end. They are planted in the fall in deep-
ly-spaded ground, well enriched, especially at the bot-
tom, leaving one or two inches above the surface. Only
one bud of grape cuttings should be left above the ground.
Press the dirt firmly around them.

The descending sap that exudes from the lower end of
a cutting forms a callus (Jig. 41), from which roots are
emitted {fig. 42). The buds at the top develop into
shoots, and in one season the simple stick of buds becomes
a well-rooted plant, in many instances several feet high..

Figs. 43,

Success with cuttings is more certain if a portion of
the old wood is attached, as in^^r. 43. Cuttings of this
kind are termed mallet cuttings. If side shoots are used^
cut them so as to contain the enlarged portion^of wood
near the main stem (fig. 44).

PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 45

Cuttings require careful cultivation, and during dry
seasons watering will prove very beneficial. They are
sometimes placed in a hole in the open ground, with
their butt-ends up, tied evenly together and covered with
a few inches of dirt to remain till callus is formed in
spring on the ends turned up to the sun.

They are then taken up and planted a few inches apart
in nursery rows. They must be handled carefully and
not exposed to the sun. Such plants as the blackberry,
that throw up suckers readily, can be propagated from
root cuttings, which are small pieces of roots two or three
inches long, planted in good soil, at an angle of about
forty-five degrees, and covered lightly.

PROPAGATION BY LAYERS.

Layers differ from cuttings in being left attached to
the parent from which they receive nourishment ; and
while not a very rapid method of propagation, they pro-
duce excellent plants. Layers are made from ripe or
green wood, and some plants that do not root readily
from cuttings are propagated without diflSculty by layer-
ing.

Fig. 45. Fig. 46.

Fig. 45 represents a cane of the vine laid down about
mid-summer, buried in the ground five or six inches

46 THE NUKSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

deep, with the extremity, which is sometimes tied to a
stake, left uncovered. A flat stone placed over the
buried portion will aid in retaining moisture and in
keeping the vine to its place. By fall the layers will be
well rooted, when the entire cane is cut from the parent
and the rooted parts separated (fig. 46). They are
then ready for setting out. Plants are sometimes hooked
down, and those having hard wood have incisions made

Fig. 47.

near the buds, as represented in fig. 47, to facilitate root-
ing.

A cane is sometimes placed in the ground in several
places at intervals of a few inches (fig. 47). This is

Fig. 48.

called serpentine layering. For spring layering, wood of
last year's growth is used.
A strong cane growing as near the ground as' possible^

PROPAGATION BY LAYERS. 47

after having about one-third of its length cut away, is
laid down level in a trench five or six inches deep, and
secured with stones or pegs. As soon as the buds on the
cane make a growth of several inches, cover the layered .
cane with an inch or two of soil. Continue covering, as
the young canes increase in length, until the trench is
filled. Leave the young shoots about a foot apart (fig.
48). With good attention they will be well rooted by
fall, when the old cane is separated from the parent and
taken up entire. The rooted plants can now be cut
apart and planted in nursery rows or where they are to

Pig. 49

remain. Fig. 49 represents stool layering, which is ap-
plied to the quince and the Paradise and Doucain apples
for raising stocks.

The plant is cut down to a few buds before growth
commences in spring, and during the following season a
number of vigorous shoots spring up from the stump.
The next fall or spring the dirt is drawn up so as to
cover the old stump. One or two years after hilling up,
the young shoots become well rooted, and are_takeufrom

48 THE NUESERY AND THE ORCHARD. '

the stool to be used as stocks for budding or grafting.
The stools are enlarged until one will furnish a great
many plants. Suckers are shoots from buds on the
roots — spontaneous layers.

They sometimes appear in large numbers around trees
that have had their roots broken by a plow. They are
much employed for multiplying the raspberry. Suckers
are sometimes used for stocks, but seedlings are much
better.

CHAPTER IV,

PLANS FOR ORCHARDS.

*Besides being much more pleasing in appearance, the
trees of a carefully laid out orchard can be properly cul-
tivated with far less difficulty than those that are out of
line in the rows and at irregular distances apart. The
following plans, which can be varied in many ways, will
be found very convenient :

QUINCUNX PLANTING.

By this method the trees are in rows in various ways,
and may be plowed in three directions.

The following plan is given by Mr. Randolph Peters,
of Delaware. An acre planted in this manner contains
165 trees.

48 standard apples, 30 feet apart, marked O.

35 standard pears or cheries, marked S.

60 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

82 dwarf pear-s, dwarf apples, dwarf cherries, plums,
quinces or peaches, marked X,

OxOxOxOx

X S X 3 X 3 X

0x0x0x0

0x0

LAYING OUT ORCHARDS.

It requires considerable time for one person to plant
an orchard of a hundred trees when the rows have to be
straightened by the usual method of sighting backward
and forward ; but by means of a simple device, which is
described in The American Fmit Culturist, the labor is
greatly lessened. A^strong cord is procured, as long as
one side of the orchard, if possible. This is ^.stretched
tightly along the line.intended for the first row of trees.
Then with a measure lay off along the cord the proper
distances apart for the-trees, marking each place by stick-
ing up a small peg. These pegs indicate where the trees
should stand ; but when the holes are dug and the pegs
removed, the proper places for the trees cannot- be ascer-

PLANS FOR ORCHARDS. 51

tained. It is at this juncture that the board, represented
in fig. 50, is so useful. It should be four or five inches

13

Fig. 50.

wide, with an opening in the middle and a hole in each
end, as shown in the figure. Lay the board down in any
direction, so that the opening in the middle is around
one of the pegs along the cord, and drive pins into the
ground through the end holes. Remove the board
and dig the hole. Replace the board as it was,
with the holes in the ends over the pins, which were
driven through them, and set the tree with its stem
in the opening in the middle of the board. It is evident
that the tree will stand exactly in the position of the
peg which was removed, and will be in a line with the
other pegs. By repeating this process, the entire or-
chard can be planted in a short time, and the rows will
be perfectly straight.

CHAPTER V.

DISTANCES FOR PLANTING.

Apples— standard 20 feet each way.

Apples — dwarf 6 to 8 feet each way.

Pears — standard 16 feet each way.

Pears — dwarf 8 to 12 feet each way.

Peaches, Plums, Cherries, etc. . , .16 to 20 feet each way.
Orapes 8 to 10 feet each way.

Scuppernong 20 to 30 feet in the row, and rows 10 to
20 feet apart, according to soil.

NUMBER OF TREES ON AN ACRE AT GIVEN DIS-
TANCES.

Distances Apart Each Way.
No. of Trees

4 feet 2,722

6 feet I,2l0

8 feet 680

10 feet 43-5

12 feet 302

14 feet 222

16 feet 170

18 feet 134

20 feet 108

25 feet 69

30 feet 48

40 feet 27

Distances Apart.

No, of Trees.

4x6 1,815

6x8 907

8x10 544

10x12 363

10x20 217

15x30 97

20x30 75

20x40 24

CHAPTER VL

TRANSPLANTING.

Perhaps no operation connected with fruit culture is
so often improperly done as transplanting or taking up
and setting out trees. It may seem strange to the man
who succeeds so well in raising farm products that he

Tree showing length of roots.

should need any instructions on so simple as subject a
transplanting trees. Yes, but the very man who takes
the utmost care to have his ground in a perfect condition
for the reception of corn or cotton seed very often crams
his fruit trees into the hard soil, post-like, and then ex-
pects them to thrive and produce large crops of fruit. If

64 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

a fruit tree will do well when its roots are placed in a
hole in the unbroken ground hardly large enough to
receive them, then why will not a grain of corn produce
a fine stalk and well developed ears when planted in
the hard ground, with scarcely enough dirt to cover it?
This process of removing a tree from one position to
another is applied to seedlings which are usually taken
from the seed beds to nursery rows when one year old,
and to nursery trees which are removed to the orchard
when from one to three years old from the bud or graft.

The proper time for transplanting at the South is soon
after the first killing frost, thus giving the trees time to
become established in their new position before growth
begins in spring. It is one of the requisites to success-
ful transplanting to make a thorough preparation of the
soil.

It is an excellent plan to sow peas on the ground in-
tended for an orchard, and turn them under in early fall
with a two-horse plow followed by a subsoil. Holes are
dug three feet wide and two feet deep, to be filled with
surface soil, thoroughly mixed with about a peck of good
cotton seed and stable manure compost to each hole.
Do not let any strong manure come in contact with the
roots.

Many failures in transplanting result from careless
digging. It is an easy matter to take up small seedlings
with their roots almost entire, but as the roots of a tree
extend on each side to a distance about equal to the
height, it is impossible, in digging trees five or six feet
high from nursery rows, to avoid leaving a large portion
of the roots in the ground.

In nurseries, trees are dug very rapidly by thrusting a

TRANSPLANTING.

55

spade into the ground on each side of the tree, a foot or
two from it, and raising it from its position. It requires
two hands to do the work. When only a few trees are
to be taken up, it is better to dig large circles around
them and get as much root as possible. Make it a rule

Fig. 61.— A Fig. 52— A one Fig. 53.— A 2 or 3 year Fig. 54.— A tree 2 or
one year tree, vear tree with- tree as received from 3 years old prepared
with all in- but branches, the nursery. for planting.

Jured roots as received
and branches from the nur-

pruned oflf, sery.

and the top

shortened.

to avoid all unnecessary mutilation of the roots. After
seedlings are dug, their tap roots are shortened and they
are planted in the same manner as whip grafts.

When nursery trees are dug the}' are prepared for
planting in the onchard by cutting smooth all injured

56 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

roots, and shortening-in the head to restore the balance
between root and top. As a part of the roots are neces-
sarily left in the ground when a tree is dug, the top must
be lessened in proportion. A one-year tree is usually
cut back to a naked stem from two to three feet high
(figs. 51 and 52). Older trees have about one-half the
length of their limbs pruned oflf, leaving them longest
at the bottom, and tapering up to the leader. This is
not very well represented in fig. 54.

The tree is then placed in the hole a little deeper than
it stood in the nursery, with all its roots spread out to
their full extent, and the soil well worked among them
with the hand. The dirt must be pressed down around
the tree firmly, so that it will be held in its position, and
no roots left in an open space to die from want
of moisture. Bank the dirt up around the tree a little
higher than the surrounding surface. It will sink down
to a level. In transplanting, it is well to immerse the
roots in soft mud, and they must not be exposed to the
sun very long. When trees are shipped long distances,
they are sometimes^ injured by freezing or drying.
Frozen trees are not much injured if buried in the
ground till they thaw ; if shriveled from want of moist-
ure, they are usually restored by keeping them buried
in the ground several days, top and all.

Always select young, well rooted trees. One year from
the bud or graft is usually the best age. When large
trees are taken up, they receive a severe check from
which they sometimes fail to recover.

CHAPTER VIL

BEGISTERING AND LABELING.

When a lot of trees from a nursery are to be plant-
ed, the wire labels showing the different kinds should
be removed, but some plan must be adopted by which
the variety of each tree will be known in after years.
Maps of orchards are often made and answer a very good
purpose, but labeling each tree is far more convenienti-

Fig. 55.

Thin strips of soft wood, written on when wet with
an ordinary lead pencil, and fastened to the tree with
a twine string, will last a while, but they require con-
stant renewing and are not to be recommended.

The best labels are made from strips of sheet zinc,
about an inch wide and three or four inches long, soaked
a day or two in water and exposed to the air till a slight
corrosion takes place. The names are written on them
with a lead pencil. In a short time they show plainly,
and will be legible for several years. They are attached
4

68 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

to the limbs with' copper wire (fig. 55), and examined
often to see that the wires do not become imbedded in
the growing wood. They are sometimes cut with a nar-
row end, which is bent around the limb in a single
coil, it expands as the limb grows, and does not cut
into the bark.

CHAPTER VIIL

MULCHING AND WATERING.

Mulching consists in placing around the tree to the
distance of three or four feet a coating a few inches
deep of rotten leaves, straw, half decomposed manure,
or other such substance that will retain moisture. It
is an excellent protection against summer drought, and
should be a universal practice in our hot, dry climate.
Many trees that die during summer could be saved by
mulching. A good time to apply it is in spring, when
growth has started, soon after a rain.

If trees are well mulched, they will not need much
watering, but in very dry seasons newly set trees should
have occasional copious waterings in addition to the
mulch. Do not let a valuable young tree die from want
of a little attention in this way.

CHAPTER IX.

PLANT A SUCCESSION OF FRUITS AT ONCE.

The man who settles on a new place, waits a few years
to get ready to set out an orchard, and finally plants

Fig. 56.

nothing but a few peach and apple trees, with the inten-
tion of waiting a few years to see how these do before
planting more, will not eat much fruit from his own
orchard in a long time. Do not wait till next year, nor
the year after, to begin ; go to work at once and set out
trees and plants of every kind of fruit that succeeds in
your climate. A few apple and peach trees are not suffi-
cient. Plant the small fruits, strawberries, raspberries
and grapes, also currants and gooseberries wherever they

PLANT A SUCCESSION OP FRUITS AT ONGE. 61

succeed. They will begin to bear at once, and will sup-
ply you with fruit every year during the period that you
are waiting on your apples, pears, etc. No matter if your
ground is fresh and full of roots ; dig big holes, fill them
with surface soil, and all will flourish. From the
earliest strawberry to the best-keeping apple, we have a
succession of fruits that spans the year; and every per-
son who has a few rods of ground can raise them on his
own premises.

CHAPTER X.

CULTIVATION.

It very often happens that the owner of a fruit tree is
disappointed because his fruit is not so large and excel-
lent as specimens of the same variety that he has seen
elsewhere. He is then ready to pronounce the variety
a failure, or the nurseryman a fraud, when the fault is
really his own, and the lack of proper cultivation the
principal cause of his disappointment. If a tree is de-

Fig. 57.— The orchard that is neglected and the one that is well cultivated.
prived of cultivation, the same results may be expected,
that every farmer knows will follow, if his corn is allowed
to stand in soil that is baked and grown up with weeds.
From the planting of the seed, through all the stages
of the trees' growth, clean cultivation is necessary. After
orchards come into bearing, it is better to give up the
land entirely to the trees, giving them repeated plow-
ings and a top dressing of manure each year. A com-
post containing lime and ashes is excellent. Do not in-
jure the roots by plowing too deeply, and carefully avoid
mutilating the trees with the plow.

Low growing, hoed crops may be cultivated in orchards
without injury, but never corn or sown crops.

CHAPTER XL

PRUNING.

This subject has been discussed for many years ; much
has been said and written upon it, but even now it is
very imperfectly understood by the masses of people, and
often wholly disregarded. Our climate, it is true, is very
favorable to the growth and perfect development of fruit
trees, and renders unnecessary much of the labor and ex-
pense attached to fruit raising in some other countries,
but to obtain the best results, even in this genial climate,
pruning for some purpose will be necessary through all
the successive stages. While intelligent pruning is ever
productive of the most satisfactory results, an entirely
different effect is produced when it is performed in a
bungling manner without any regard to the object to be
accomplished. The time and manner of pruning will be
determined by the purpose in view and the nature and
condition of the tree.

We prune all parts of a tree, at various seasons of the
year, to accomplish very different purposes. In this
country it is practiced principally to regulate the shape,
to produce a vigorous growth, or to induce greater fruit-
fulness. When the first of these is the object in view, it
will be necessary to do some pruning at almost every sea-
son of the year. While at the South all large limbs,
which through neglect have been left to grow in an un-
favorable position, should be removed in the fall, it will

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD,

often be ^necessary in the ^growing season to cut away or
shorten-in certain shoots which have been overlooked,
or, are making a very vigorous growth at the expense
of other portions of the tree Jlf properly pruned at trans-
planting and during the first]few years of growth, it will
rarely be necessary to remove large limbs, as all useless
shoots will be kept cut away while small. No sucker
from the root or limb that will have to be removed should
be left to obtain a year's growth, as they can be easily
rubbed oflf while young without the slightest injury; but
it is often the case that trees are neglected until their
heads are composed of numerous useless branches, whose
removal the future welfare of the tree demands.
In pruning, all cuts must be made with sharp instru-

Fig. 58.

ments. For small limbs a knife is sufficient, but when
too large to be cut in this manner, a pruning saw

Fig. 59.

must be used. When very large limbs are to be
sawed oflf, it is well to first saw about half through from
the bottom, finishing from the top, in order to prevent
splitting. The rough surface is tben smoothed over with
a sharp knife and an application made of paint, grafting
wax or gum shellac, mixed with alcohol, to the consistency

PRUNING.

65

of paint, to exclude moisture. The small line in jig. 60
shows the point at which the limb should be cut, just at
the beginning of the enlargement at its base.

Fig. 60.

Some orchardists prefer to leave the stump of the limb
which is pruned off about one foot long, to be cut again
at the base the first of June. Wounds made at this time
heal very rapidly, leaving the wounded surface exposed
a shorter time. While for the accomplishment of cer-
tain purposes, and for different trees, in which the growth
is very unlike, various methods of pruning will be
adopted, it will be necessary in all cases to remove dead
wood, or crossing branches, which often produce harbors
for insects ; to avoid crotches or equal forks, and to ob-
tain a well balanced head sufficiently open to admit air
and sunlight, without which neither the highest color-
ing nor the best quality of fruit can be obtained. Figs.
61, 62 and 63 show the directions taken by limbs from
buds in different positions. By giving some attention
to these results, the shape of trees may be materially al-
tered by pruning, rendering very open heads more com-
pact, and vice vei'sa. Vacant places can often be supplied
by cutting a limb*to a bud which points in the jdesired

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

direction. The adjacent figures represent the correct
and the incorrect methods of cutting ofif a branch at a

Fig. 61. Fig. 62. Fig. 63.

bud. If too far from the bud, as in fig. 64, the^Jstump
above the bud will die, making anotherjcut necessary. In
fig. 65 the bud is enfeebled by having apportion of wood to

Figs. 64,

which it is attached removed. The perfect cut- is seen in
fig. 66. When done in this manner, the healing of the
wound will be rapid and complete, while the bud will be
left in a thrifty condition.

PRUNIi^G. 67

After orchards have borne full crops, there are many
broken limbs to be removed, which should be done as
soon as the fruit is gathered, and the brush taken away.
Trees which appear to be ruined by breaking down,
caused by overbearing, are often entirely restored by ju-
dicious pruning.

If the object of the pruning be a more vigorous wood
growth, it is done soon after the fall of the leaves in au-
tumn, as at this time, in mild climates, there sets in a
vigorous storing up of nutriment in the cells of the tree
to be expended on the next year's growth. The process
is kept up during the winter, and this plant food is dis-
tributed among all the branches. It is evident that the
fewer the limbs among which this material is to be di-
vided, the larger will be the portion which each is to re-
ceive, and the greater the consequent growth during the
ensuing year. Hence, if a portion of the branches are
removed early in the fall, a larger quantity of this life-
giving substance will accumulate in those that remain
than would be the case if all were left till spring. Much
can be done toward obtaining a vigorous growth of fruit
trees by proper pruning. When all useless branches,
such as are not necessary to the form or equality of the
head, are removed, and all branches are cut back which
are growing so rapidly as to destroy the form or detract
from the growth of the other parts of the tree, a proper
balance is maintained, the sap is evenly distributed to
every portion, and a strong, healthy growth is the result.
In most instances it is desired that fruit trees maintain
a vigorous growing condition, but it sometimes occurs
that after trees have become of sufficient age and size to
yield abundant crops, they are still unfruitful on account-

68 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

of too vigorous wood growth. If immediate bearing is
desired, some method of reducing vitality must be re-
sorted to, as whatever retards the formation of wood is
favorable to the production of fruit. This can be done
by pruning in summer. At this time the plant food
which was stored up in winter is largely expended, and
when a portion of the tree is removed the flow of the
sap is retarded, the growth is checked, and the result is
the formation of numerous fruit buds, which otherwise
would have developed into wood buds. This is done very
successfully by pinching oflf the ends of the shoots, as
the bruising wounds of the finger retard the growth
more effectually than the smooth cuts of a knife. But
summer pruning is a severe process, and should be prac-
ticed only to a moderate extent. Root pruning is also
resorted to for the purpose of retarding growth, or, which
is the same, inducing fruitfulness. It consists in sever-
ing the roots at a greater or less distance from the trunk,
According to the size and vigor of the tree and the pur-
pose to be accomplished. In our climate it should be
practiced with great caution, and only in cases of very
luxuriant growth and obstinate unfruitfulness.

An unproductive limb may be made to bear by bending
it down below a horizontal line, and retaining it in
<this unnatural position, which is unfavorable to a free
<jirculation, until it becomes permanent. Portions of bark
care sometimes removed from trees to render them more
fruitful, but the practice is not to be commended.

Some specific directions will be given for pruning the
different fruit trees treated of in this work, which, to-
gether with the instructions in this chapter, will be
found sufficient for ordinary purposes.

PRUNING.

In our favorable climate the intricate systems of train-
ing of other countries are wholly unnecessary, except in
the extreme north and Canada, where they are practiced

Fig. 67.

to some extent. Fig. 67 represents a tree pruner, which
is very useful in reaching the extremities of 'long
branches. The length of the pole^canl,be regulated ac-
cording to the height of the trees.

CHAPTER XII

CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING.

The production of new varieties will certainly engage
a portion of the attention of every person who is inter-
ested in the subject of fruit culture. He will not be sat-
isfied simply to propagate the varieties produced by ac-
cident, or through the labors of other men, but will feel
a desire himself to become instrumental in the produc-
tion of something new. It is sometimes the case that
we find two varieties of fruit, each of which possesses,
in a marked degree, the qualities that are wanting in the
other. For instance, one may be large, but poorly fla-
vored, while the other is finely flavored, but inferior in
size. By crossing these two we may obtain a new varie-
ty, partaking of the qualities of both, but superior to
either. Crossing or hybridizing has not been practiced
largely a great many years, but some of our finest varie-
ties of fruit are known to owe their origin to this process.
It is now well understood by experienced horticulturists,
and through its agency we expect many valuable new
varieties to be obtained. The process of crossing is very
readily performed, and consists in fertilizing the pistil
of one variety with the pollen from another.

Fig. 68 represents a flower of the pear ; a, style of pis-
til; b, stigma; c, ovary or seed vessel ; d, anther, and e,
filament of stamen. The anthers, when matured, dis-

CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING, 71

oharge a powdery substance called pollen, which, com-
ing in contact with the stigma, fertilizes the young fruit
at its base.

When it is desired to make a cross between two varie-
ties, select blossoms not fully open on the tree intended

Fig 68.

for the female parent, and cut off all the anthers, as rep-
resented in fig. 69. This must be done before the flower
is^fully expanded, otherwise the process of crossing may
be performed by other agencies — insects or the wind.
Bees, no doubt, carry the pollen from one flower to an-
other and efifect crosses regardless of consequences. In
order to get ahead of these busy little meddlers, and avoid
the natural fertilization which will result if the flowers
are left to themselves, with sharp scissors carefully cut
the anthers from the flower intended for the female pa-
rent before it is entirely open, and protect it by a cover-
ing of thin gauze until the pollen of the male parent is
well matured. Then collect the ripened dry powder with
a soft brush and apply it to the moist stigma of the cov-
ered flower. It is sometimes applied with the finger, or
by touching the stigma with the anthers containing the
dry pollen. After this process is complete, keep the
flower covered until all danger of accidental fertilization
has passed. It is well to repeat the operation several

72 THE NUKSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

times on the same flower to be certain of success. la
the case of flowers that do not open at exactly the same
time, it may be necessary to preserve the pollen till the
pistil is in a proper condition for its reception. This can
be done by carefully bottling the ripened anthers. The
fertilized flower must be watched and protected until the
fruit is fully ripe. When planted, the seed of this spe-
cimen is supposed to produce fruit partaking of the na-

Fig. 70.

ture of both parents. Fig. 70 represents the flower orth©
cherry, the letters indicating the same parts, as in fig. 68.
In figs. 71 and 72 are seen the flowers of the grape, the

Fig. 71. Fig. 72.

first of which represents the stamens covered ^by the
petals, which, in the case of the grape, drop ofl* instead
of expanding, as in most other flowers ; the latter^shows
the same flower after the petals have disappeared. The
process of crossing is interesting, andj to be performed
successfully requires considerable care and some.skill on
the part of the operator ; and, while ^it is readily per-

CROSSING AND HYBRIDIZING. 73

formed under the proper conditions, there are limits be-
yond which it cannot be carried. It is very common be.
tween two varieties of the same species, as two kinds of
apples, and it is sometimes successful between closely
allied species of the sam e genera, as the different species
of the gourd and melon families, but not between the
apple and the pear. When two varieties of the same
species are united the result is called a cross, but when
different species are crossed the result is known as a hy-
brid.

The organs concerned in the production of seeds and
fruit are the stamens and the pistils, the former repre-
senting the male and the latter the female organs. They
are sometimes found in the same flower, as in the blooms
of the pear or cherry ; but in Indian corn the tassel rep-
resents the male portion, while the female is represented
by the silk and ear. Again, the pistils are in one plant
while the stamens are in another, as in the strawberry
some plants of which contain only male organs, and are
known as staminate, while others contain only the female
organs, and are called pistillate. The seeds of hybrids
are usually imperfect. Crosses have perfect seeds, but
when planted do not produce precisely the same kinds of
fruit. Some may be superior, while others are inferior
to the fruit of the parent trees. In order to have a better
chance of producing a superior kind by crossing, a num-
ber of flowers should be operated upon at the same time.
The first fruit of a tree, raised from a seed obtained by
crossing, may not be a fair specimen of what it will pro-
duce when a few years older.
5

CHAPTER XIII.

SAVING GIRDLED TREES.

It very often happens that neglected trees are girdled
by mice or rabbits and die in consequence, unless connec-
tion is restored between the two portions of bark. All
such intruders are readily kept off by making a few ap-
plications of the coal tar fruit tree wash described on
page 76 during the fall and winter. Thick paper with

Fig. 73.— Girdled tree. Fig. 74.— Damage repaired.

tar on the outside is often tied around the bodies of trees
to prevent girdling, with good effect. In using tarred
paper it is necessary to guard against getting much of the
tar on the bark of the tree.

When only partially girdled, trees may often be saved
by banking up the dirt so as to cover the wound, or by
surrounding the trunk with a plaster of clay and cow
dung mixed with water to the consistency of mortar,

SAVING GIRDLED TREES. 75

letting it extend above and below the wound. It is then
wrapped with some coarse fabric and kept moist during
dry weather. But when the girdling is complete — noth-
ing left to connect the two portions of bark — it will be
necessary to resort to another remedy. Figs. 73 and 74
represent the girdling, and the repairing of the damage
by inserting scions of the same kind of wood above and
below the wound. Cuts are made in the tree with a knife
or small chisel, and the limbs, with their ends cut slop-
ing, inserted, as shown in the figure. The scions are bent
outward in the middle and the ends pushed firmly into
the cuts so that the edges of the two portions of cut bark
will be in contact. If too high to be covered with a
mound of earth, the whole should be protected by an ap-
plication of grafting wax. In cases of girdling, the tops
of the trees should be pruned more or less severely ac-
cording to the extent of the injury. By this process
valuable trees may often be saved that otherwise would
be lost.

CHAPTER XIV.

COAL TAR WASH.

The following wash is now used by some of our largest
and most successful nurserymen and fruit raisers, both
North and South.

Wherever tried it is invariably pronounced the best
preparation of the kind ever used. In addition to the
advantages of extreme cheapness, it has tiie merits of
effectually keeping off rabbits, preventing the attacks of
borers and of cleansing the bark and giving the tree a
bright healthy appearance. Old peach orchards, almost
entirely destroyed by borers, have been reclaimed by its
use. It can be prepared at nominal cost ; its application
is very easy and rapid, and the results of its use are very
beneficial. It is prepared in the following manner :
To two gallons of ordinary lime whitewash, add one pint
of coal tar (not pine tar) and one pound of potash; thea
mix thoroughly and keep constantly stirred while in use.
Apply to the tree with a common white-wash brush at
least twice a year — early in spring and fall. Let the
wash reach from the limbs to the roots; coal tar is very
cheap; one gallon can be obtained for 25 cents or less, and
will be worth many dollars to the fruit grower.

CHAPTER XV.

THINNING AND GATHERING FRUIT.

The theory of thinning fruit has been reduced to
practice by some of our most successful cultivators with
very happy effects. Besides injuring the trees, over-
bearing always tends to produce inferior and often
worthless fruit. If the largest size and best quality of
fruit are desired, it is as necessary to reduce the quantity
on an overburdened tree as it is to thin out cotton or
corn to the proper stand. A good time for thinning is
when the fruit is about half grown, as much that is de-
fective can then be detected and removed. By giving
every sound specimen of fruit plenty of room to develop,
and allowing no limb to be burdened beyond its capacity,
at gathering time the quantity of fruit will not be ma-
terially reduced, the quality will be greatly improved,
and the trees will be left in a much better condition.
After a good crop of fruit has grown, it is often serious-
ly damaged by careless gathering. There are numerous
fruit pickers which are often useful, but with good lad-
ders of convenient lengths, gathering can be done well
and rapidly by hand. Shaking to the ground or threshing
oflF with polls must be avoided and the fruit carefully
handled, not poured from one vessel to another like
so much dry grain. When properly handled and as-
sorted according to grade, fruit will keep much longer
and bring far better prices in market.

CHAPTER XVI.

CANNING FRUIT.

Canning or preserving fruit in its natural state in air-
tight jars is an excellent method of supplying the table
with fruit the year round almost as good as when first
pulled from the tree. It is absolutely necessary to suc-
cess in canning to use good sound fruit and jars that can
be closed perfectly air-tight. The fruit is prepared the
same as for cooking, sugar added if desired, and heated
more or less according to kind. Strawberries require
very little cuoking, but peaches must be cooked a much
longer time. The jars are heated and filled to the top
with the hot fruit and sealed at once. All air must be
excluded. Jars are sometimes thought to be air-tight,
when, if the tops are turned down, the water will es-
cape. When properly canned and kept in a cool, dry
place, exposed to light as little as possible, fruit will re-
main in a good condition several years. It will mould
in a damp cellar.

As large quantities of peaches are preserved in this
manner, every orchard should be supplied with trees of
the best late varieties. When canned in the fall the
fruit escapes the trying heat of summer, which often
induces decay.

CHAPTER XVII.

EVAPORATING FRUIT.

It often happens that large quantities of fruit are
allowed to rot_in th^ orchard for want of a convenient
way to dispose of it. When shipping facilities are in-
adequate, and there is not sufficient demand in the
home markets, drying in the sun is often the only
method of utilizing a valuable crop of fruit. But since
the introduction of patent evaporators, of various ca-
pacities and prices, there is no excuse for the farmer
who lets a crop of fruit waste on his hands. Ths evapo-
rator can be worked in all kinds of weather, and the
product is vastly superior to the wormy, dark-colored
fruit that is dried in the sun.

Retaining almost perfectly the natural flavor, & gocA
article of evaporated fruit can hardly be distinguished
from fruit in a fresh state when placed on the table.
Fancy grades sometimes sell as high as forty cents per
pound.

Patent evaporators of various kinds are now on the
market, all claiming special merits. By investigation
the purchaser can determine the kind and the size best
adapted to his purpose.

CHAPTER XVIII.

RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS.

It is no uncommon thing to see old neglected trees
standing in uncultivated fields, or, it may be, outside of
any enclosure, that could be renovated by proper treat-
ment, and made to bear abundant crops for many seasons.

Fig. 75.— Old neglected tree.

Fig. 76 —Old tree renovated.

As it is the work of years to plant an orchard and bring
it up to profitable bearing, the time and attention are
well spent that restore fresh vigor to the enfeebled trees
and impart to them a new lease of life. The principal
cause of the going down in most of our orchards is the
want of cultivation and manuring. Begin with the
pruning saw and remove all dead, crowded or crossing
branches. Relieve the " hide-bound" trees by scraping

RENOVATma OLD ORCHARDS. 81

off the old dead bark, break up the lodges of insects in
the root, body or limbs, and make a thorough applica-
tion of the coal tar wash. Examine the trees often dur-
ing the season, destroying borers or other insects, and
wash the body and forks occasionally. The root will
need attention also. Root-pruning and manuring are
usually combined in one process by digging a trench a
foot or more wide and a foot in depth around the tree, at
a][distance from the stem of three-fourths the length of
the limbs, and filling it with good compost. One of our
most intelligent horticulturists recommends digging
trenches around the tree the width of a spade, from
two to four feet apart, radiating from the tree as repre

Fig. 77.

sented in Jig. 77, and filling them with compost. After
a thorough overhauling in this way, the old tree, if not
too much exhausted, will soon show signs of new life.
Andj'if ^manuring, the necessary pruning and good culti-
vation, are given in after years, full crops of fruit will be
the reward.

CHAPTER XIX.

PRESERVING CUTTINGS.

It is often necessary to prune trees in the fall from
which cuttings will be wanted in the spring. These can
be kept in good condition by burying about two-thirds of
their butt ends in the ground. If the cuttings are placed
in the ground, under the tree from which they are taken,
there will not be any danger of mistaking varieties. Grape
cuttings are often kept during winter to be planted in
early spring by burying them entirely in a hole in the
open ground, and covering them with several inches of
dirt, and placing a mound of earth over the hole to throw
off the water. Root grafts and cuttings are often kept in
a perfect condition during winter by packing them away
in a cool place in damp moss or sawdust. A mixture of
sawdust and sand is sometimes used. Care must betaken
to retain only a moderate degree of moisture.

CHAPTER XX.

DWARF TREES.

While dwarfs do not deserve the rich encomiums be-
stowed upon them by some writers, and can never become
so popular or profitable as standard trees, they are nev-
ertheless deserving of cultivation, and if properly man-
aged will give satisfactory results.

Fig. 78.

Pears are more extensively grown as dwarfs than the
other fruits which are mentioned in this chapter. The
stock usually employed is the Angers quince, obtained
from France. When budded or grafted on this stock, the
yearling tree should be cut back within a foot of the
ground, and left to obtain another year's growth befora
being transplanted to the orchard. A portion of the

^4 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD,

shoots, which spring from the buds that are left when the
top is prunned off, are so managed as to obtain the
pyramid shape illustrated in figure 78, the lines show-
ing where the limbs should be cut. A vigorous branch
is left to form a leader, and the remaining branches are

Fig. 79.

so pruned as to be longest at the base and gradually be-
coming shorter towards the top. After this system of pru-
ning is kept up a few years, and all useless shoots are kept
cut away, being careful not to let the head become so
thick as to exclude air and light, the tree will assume
the appearance of figure 79, and will be ornamental as
well as useful. Rich soil, careful cultivation and con-
stant and systematic pruning are necessary to succeed

DWARF TREES. 85-

with dwarf pears. The trees are not so long-lived as the
standard, but they bear very young and can be planted
much closer together, the spaces between standard trees
sometimes being used for them, as they can be removed
when the standards become of sufficient size to require
the space. Dwarf pears are usually planted deep enough
to cover the quince roots two or three inches, and they
very often take root above the graft and become stand-
ard or half standard. In this way the advantages of early
bearing are combined with larger size and longer life.
Some kinds of pears do not succeed well on the quince.
The Duchesse d'Angouleme is excellent as a dwarf.
Kinds which do not take readily on the quince are some-
times grafted on a pear which was previously grafted on
the quince. This is called double working. Ordinary
quince roots are used as stocks for dwarlSng the pear, but
the French is better, well rooted stocks of which can be
obtained from nurserymen in this country or in France.
The fruit of dwarfs is usually larger than the same va-
riety grown on standards.

THE APPLE

Is dwarfed by grafting on a wild species growing in
France, known as the Paradise apple. Another species,,
the Doucain, is used when dwarf standards are desired.
Stocks for dwarfing the apple and the pear are raised
from layers. Dwarf apples should be planted so as to
leave the point of union between stock and scion even
with the surface of the ground. To maintain their dwarf
nature, they must be carefully watched to prevent root-
ing above the graft, which renders them standard. They

€6 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

do not require so much pruning as dwarf pears, and
usually grow only eight or ten feet high.

Fig. 80.

Summer and fall varieties as dwarfs are preferred to
later kinds, as the dwarf stock ceases vegetation earlier
than the standard, and renders the fruit of the winter
varieties unfit for keeping. This class of trees requires
rich soil and such cultivation as is necessary for garden
crops.

THE CHERRY

Is dwarfed by grafting on a species known as the
Mahaleb, which adapts them much better to our South-
ern climate. The Mirabelle plum is sometimes used as
a dwarf stock for peaches and plums. Any of the fore-
going stocks may be obtained from nurserymen.

CHAPTER XXI.

THE CURCULIO.

The curculio or plum weevil attacks the apricot, nec-
tarine, apple, cherry, peach and quince, but to the plum
it is truly a relentless foe. Figure 81 represents the

Fig. 81.— Curculio. Fig. 82.— Incision of curculio on plum

magnified.

weevil, which is a dark colored insect, about one-fourth
of an inch long, with varied spots, easily distinguished
by its peculiar beak or snout, which is bent between the
fore legs when the insect is at rest. Early in the Spring
it begins its depredations on the young fruit by flying from
tree to tree and depositing eggs as shown in figure 82.
After the incision is made, the insect lays its egg and
carefully conceals it in the cut, where it remains a short
time and develops into a white grub in which state it
preys upon the fruit until it drops to the ground. It
then works its way into the soil to come forth in the fu-
ture a winged weevil to repeat the same process. One of
the little pests will lay a large number of eggs during
the season, and so numerous do they become if unmoles-
ted, that entire plum crops are often destroyed by them.
The young crop may be very promising in the Spring,
but it often happens that not a single specimen of fruit

88 THE NUKSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

is left to mature on a well grown tree. Many methods of
protection against the enemy have been tried with par-
tial success, among them, smoking with the fumes of coal
tar, syringing with Paris green or other poisons, dusting
with sulphur and lime and various ways of entrapping,
but perhaps the best results are obtained by jarring the
trees and destroying the insects and stung fruit that fall.
By giving a sharp, quick blow with a mallet on the stub
of a limb sawed off, o^ a peg inserted in the tree to pre-
vent bruising, many of the insects will fall", and can be
caught on a sheet spread under the tree for the purpose.
The jarring is commonly done early in the morning or
just before night. When hogs are turned under the trees
while the fruit is dropping, they consume large quanti-
ties of the grubs, and thus prevent so rapid multiplica-
tion, but they afford no immediate protection. Trees
planted near the house, where they will be constantly
tramped around, are comparatively free from attacks of
this troublesome insect. To succeed in raising large
crops of fine plums, war must be declared very early
against the curculio, and waged unremittingly until th&
fruit is gathered.

If you have never seen this insect, quietly approach
one of your plum or nectarine trees early some morning
in May, give the tree a quick rap, and you will be likely
to enjoy the pleasure.

THE PEACH TREE BORER.

This troublesome insect attacks the peach, nectarine
and apricot, and if left unmolested will in a few years
become very destructive. Large orchards fall a prey to

THE PEACH TREE BORER.

its ravages, and even nursery trees do not always escape
its attacks. Its presence is indicated by a trashy looking
gum that exudes from the tree about the surface of the
ground. Figures 83 and 84 represent the insect of the

Fig. 83 — Male insect of peach Fig. 84. —Female insect of peach

tree borer. tree borer.

peachtree borer. In summer these insects deposit eggs
in the bark of the tree near the top of the ground. The
eggs are hatched in a short time, and in the form of a
white grub bore their way under the bark, often girdling
and entirely destroying the tree. The destruction of the
borers is not very difficult, as they confine themselves to
the bark. All trees must be carefully examined before they
are set out, as borers often get into them before they are
taken from the nursery. In early spring apply the coal
tar wash, and rake up a small mound of earth around the
tree. As the eggs are always deposited near the surface
of the ground, in trees that are hilled up they will be a
considerable distance from the root, where they can be
easily found and destroyed. Besides, the bark several
inches above the ground is harder than that near the sur-
face, and resists their attacks more efifectively.

Let the mound of earth remain till winter, then rake
it away down to the roots, examine the tree for borers and
make another application of the wash. Do not replace

^0 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

the dirt till early the next spring, when the process is
repeated. In this manner the tree can be kept clear of
borers.

APPLE TREE BORERS.

These borers are entirely distinct from the one just
described, and as they do not confine their attacks to the
bark, but perforate the wood in all directions, are more
injurious, and not so easily destroyed. Several of them
will soon kill a thrifty tree. In summer the eggs are
laid by beetles on the bark near the ground or in the
forks or wounded places, and they soon hatch and begin
their circuit through the tree. Examine the trees often
and kill the borers by thrusting a flexible wire into the
holes made by them, or hunt them out with a knife, in-
juring the tree as little as possible.

Their attacks are prevented to some extent by appli-
cations of the coal tar wash to the bodies and forks of the
trees.

THE APPLE WORM OR CODLING MOTH.

This insect is most injurious to the apple, but also at-
tacks the pear.

The eggs are deposited in the blossom end of the young
fruit in spring. They soon hatch and burrow into the
core of the fruit, which ripens prematurely and drops to
the ground. In about three weeks the worm attains its
full size, and emerges from the fruit through a hole which
it makes in the side. It conceals itself under scales of
bark or in other such place, and in a few weeks is trans-
formed into a winged insect, which repeats the process of

THE TEXT CATERPILLAR. 91

laying eggs in the young fruit. The fall brood does not
appear as moths until spring, remaining in the cocoons
during winter. As a means of preventing the multiplica-
tion of these insects, Mr, Downing recommends the
building of bonfires in the orchard at night during
spring and summer. Many of the moths and other in-
sects are destroyed in the flames.

It is very important to wash and clean the bark of the
■trees in early spring, and see that no cocoons are left in
the crevices or under the scales of bark.

All immature fruit that falls to ihe ground should be
picked up at once. If hogs are kept in the orchard, they
•destroy many of the worms by eating the fallen fruit.

THE TENT CATERPILLAR.

This troublesome insect often proves very injurious to
apple orchards. In summer a reddish brown moth lays
eggs in rings, on the branches of the trees, usually
in the forks or near the ends of the limbs. A single ring
•often contains several hundred eggs. These eggs remain
till the following spring, when they hatch and begin
their ravages upon the foliage. For several weeks they
feed voraciously, and often leave the trees almost bare of
leaves. They then spin their cocoons, pass into the
pupa state, and in a few weeks come forth winged in-
sects to lay eggs for the next spring's hatching. They
■can be destroyed by cutting off and burning the ends of
the limbs containing the rings of eggs, and by raking
-off and killing all that have hatched and spun their
webs.

They will be found in their tents early in the morning.

FRUIT TREES ADAPTED TO PARTICULAR
LOCALITIES.

In all sections of the United States there are large nur-
series conducted by men of intelligence and experience,
who prepare annual catalogues of much value to fruit
raisers. By reading these a great deal will be learned
concerning the fruits adapted to particular localities.
Every person will learn something on this subject by
observing the orchards in his own vicinity. There are
so many varieties of fruit in cultivation, that in a book
of this size only a small portion of them can be even brief-
ly described ; but while many good varieties are omitted
in the lists which are given in this work, they are com-
posed principally of well known varieties which cover
the entire season, and will be found sufficient for most
purposes.

CHAPTER XXIL

THE APPLE.

This king of fruits, whose range is almost unlimited
has been cultivated and highly esteemed ;from the most
remote period. It is grown in nearly all parts of the
United States, and in some sections attains to the highest
degree of excellence. The apple is propagated by bud-
ding and grafting on its own seedlings. Pieces of roots
are sometimes used as stocks, but this practice is con-
demned by some of our most intelligent pomologists, as
having a tendency to produce feeble and short-lived trees.
Originating from a wild and worthless species, the ap-
ple has, by a long period of amelioration through cultiva-
tion and reproduction from seed, reached its present de-
gree of perfection. By planting a succession of varieties
and using some care to preserve them, we may have this
fruit fresh during the entire year. The trees are rather
slow growing, hardy and long-lived, sometimes reaching
the age of one hundred or more years. The apple will
succeed in almost any kind of soil, unless it is very wet
or very dry and sandy, if well cultivated and manured.
In portions of the South, the trees are often injured, in
many instances totally destroyed, by two much exposure
of the bodies to the hot afternoon sun. This can to some
extent be avoided by planting orchards in northern or
northeastern exposures, and training the trees with low
heads, or by setting up boards on the southwest side.

94

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

Two boards nailed together by their edges at right angles
and placed securel}'^ near the tree protect it very effective-
ly. While the apple is a world-renown fruit, many of
its varieties are exceedingly local in their habits. At.

Siberian Crabs.

the South we must rely upon our native seedlings for
late fall and winter varieties. The finest Northern apples
of this class when brought to the South fail to mature
their fruit, which often drops off in August. Earlier fall
and summer varieties of Northern origin succeed at the

THE APPLE. 95

South, but they ripen much sooner. Even in the State
of Georgia, some varieties that succeed well in the moun-
tainous regions are worthless lower down in the State.

Observation and the experience of intelligent fruit
raisers will often be necessary to make a good selection of
apple trees. For orchards, vigorous young trees one
or two years old from the graft should be selected. They
are planted at distances varying from twenty to thirty
feet. When the greater distance is adopted, the spaces
between the trees are usually filled with other shorter-
lived trees, which will be out of the way by the time the
apples require the ground. When planted at this dis-
tance, other crops are cultivated in the orchard very con-
veniently, but if the entire space is to be given up to the
trees, twenty feet apart each way is a very suitable dis-
tance. Unless the young fruit is killed by frosts, apple
trees usually bear full crops in alternate years. By thin-
ning the young fruit in the bearing year and giving the
trees liberal supplies of manure, crops may be had an-
nually. The soil of many apple orchards is so impover-
ished that they cannot produce respectable crops even
in the alternate years. In most soils lime and ashes are
needed in abundance, but almost any kind of manure
will be found beneficial, the more the better. Of course,
no sensible person would heap up a whole barrel of lime
around the trunk of a single tree ; but there is far more
danger that the orchard will suffer from want of manure
than from too large a quanity. The kind of manure used
and the condition of trees and soil will determined how
much is necessary. It is better to give up the ground tO'
the trees, manuring annually and keeping the soil clean
and mellow by cultivation, but if crops are to be gather-

96 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

edfrom the orchard, a suflScientquantity of manure must
be used to supply all demands of both crop and trees.
After a well-shaped, evenly-balanced head has been ob-
tained in the apple tree, little pruning will be required,
other than cutting out dead wood and crossing branches,
or such as interfere with each other's growth, and remov-
ing suckers from the roots.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF APPLES.
SUMMER VARIETIES.

In this list of apples, the names of the kinds most pop-
ular in Georgia are in bold-faced type. The names in
italics are synonyms.

Astracban Red.

Large, yellow, roundish conical, covered with crimson J
flesh juicy, crisp and tender; calyx prominent; tree
vigorous and prolific, bears young ; ripens in May and
June ; an excellent early apple.

Carolina Red June.

(Red June.) Medium, conical, deep red; flesh white,
juicy, subacid ; variable stalk, in narrow cavity ; basin
narrow, with closed calyx ; tree vigorous, upright ; bears
-early and abundantly. June.

Carolina Watson.

Large, oblate conical ; greenish, striped with red, and
dull red cheek ; flesh white, subacid, of good quality ;
tree very prolific ; ripens in July.

Early Harvest.

Medium to large, straw color, with white dots, round-
ish, or roundish oblate ; flesh tender, juicy and finely fla-

THE APPLE. 97

vored ; stalk about an inch long ; cavity medium ; basin
shallow; ripens in June; tree moderately vigorous,
spreading ; a very popular and profitable apple.

Early Red Margaret.

(Striped Jwne.) Below medium, rather flat; skin green-
ish yellow, with dark red stripes ; flesh white, subacid, of
agreeable flavor ; tree a moderate bearer ; June to July.
EARLY EIPE.

Similar to Early Harvest, larger and later.

Family.

Medium, oblate conical; yellowish, striped with dull
red ; flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid ; stalk short ;
cavity large ; calyx closed, in basin of medium depth ;
tree a regular grower and prolific. July to August.
FANNY,

Large, roundish, deep red, with light dots ; flesh white,
stained next the skin, tender, subacid, pleasant flavor ;
small short stalk, in deep cavity ; closed calyx ; tree vig-
orous and productive. July.

FOURTH OF JULY.

Medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red ; flesh
white, subacid ; tree a strong upright grower ; short stalk
in medium cavity ; calyx closed. June.
GOLDEN SWEET.

Large, roundish, straw color ; flesh tender, excellent
quality; tree spreading, vigorous and prolific. June.
Hanies.

Very large, roundish oblate ; yellow with crimson
■cheek and dark carmine stripes ; flesh white, coarse, acid ;
short stalk in large cavity ; calyx closed, in medium ba-
sin ; ripens in June. Origin, Troup county, Ga,

98 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

Higbtop Sweet.

Medium, roundish, yellow, with green[dots; flesh yel-
low, sweet and of pleasant flavor ; stalk inserted in a deep-
cavity; shallow basin, with closed calyx j^vigorous, pro-
ductive. June.

Horse.

A popular, well known suromer,fruit.

Je^vette's ^Best.

Large, oblate, yellowish green, with red cheek; flesh
yellowish, subacid, pleasant flavor; small basin, with
closed calyx; stalk short, in large cavity; tree vigorous.
August.

Julian.

Medium, conical, yellow, with crimson stripes; flesh
yellowish white, tender, subacid, highly flavored; small
stalk, in deep basin ; tree vigorous, prolific. July.

Kansas Queen.

Medium, yellow, nearly covered with crimson ; flesh
white, subacid, firm and of good quality ; stalk short, in
deep cavity; almost or entirely closed calyx in basin of
medium depth ; tree vigorous and productive.
KNOWLES' EARLY.

Small, roundish oblate, greenishfyellow, with crimson
stripes; flesh white, tender, subacid, of good quality;
long stalk ; closed calyx ; tree moderately vigorous, pro-
lific. Ripens with Astrachan Red.

LADY^^

Small, regular, flat, yellow withered cheek ; flesh white,
tender, juicy, and with a pleasant flavor; tree very pro-
lific. August.

THE APPLE. yy

MAIDEN'S BLUSH.
Medium, yellow, with crimson cheek; flesh white, sub-
acid, sprightly ; tree a rapid grower and fine bearer. Au-
gust.

MOTHER.
Medium, roundish, yellow ground, nearly covered with
red ; flesh rich, subacid, of good quality; short stalk;
closed calyx; tree moderately vigorous, upright, prolific.
Last of August.

Nantahalee.
Medium, oblate conic, yellowish green ; flesh white,
tender, acid and of good quality ; medium stalk in large
cavity; small basin with closed calyx ; tree a rapid, strag-
gling grower. July.

Rhodes' Orange.

Medium, conical, red on yellowish ground ; flesh white,
subacid and of pleasant flavor ; tree a slow grower. July.

S^ireet Bough.

(Large Yelloiv Bough.) Above medium, yellow, oblong,
ovate ; flesh white, tender, sweet; tree moderately vigor-
ous and prolific. July.

Sops of Wine.

{Hominy) Medium, roundish ; yellow, shaded with
deep red ; flesh white, tender, very good ; small stalk, in
a narrow cavity; calyx closed, in shallow basin; tree
moderately vigorous and a good bearer. June to July.
SUMMER R08E.

Below medium, yellow, striped with red ; flesh tender^
juicy, excellent ; often in clusters ; short stalk ; closed
calyx, in deep basin ; tree vigorous, bears early. July,

100 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

TET OF SKY.
Medium, nearly round, yellow, striped with red ; flesh
white, juicy, acid ; tree a regular and early bearer. A
Russian apple. June.

WASHINGTON STRAWBERRY.

Large, yellow, roundish, conical ; flesh yellow, coarse,
juicy, subacid ; tree a regular and early bearer. June.

Yellow May.

{May Pijjpin, Early May, White Juneating.) Small,
round, yellow ; flesh crisp, and of pleasant flavor ; tree
moderately vigorous and productive ; the first of the sea-
son.

Yelloi;ir June.

Medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with brown dots ;
flesh white, sprightly, subacid, and of good quality.
Eipens with Red June.

AUTUMN VARIETIES.
BONUM.
Medium, oblate, yellow, shaded •with crimson, and
sprinkled with light dots; flesh white, rich and of fine
quality ; tree upright spreading a strong grower, and
early and abundant bearer. Origin, North Carolina.
Biickingliam.
(Equinetely). Large, oblate, yellow, with red cheek,
and light brown dots ; flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, subacid;
closed calyx, in deep basin; tree vigorous and bears
young. Last September.

THE APPLE. 101

Carter's Blue.

Very large, roundish oblate greenish, washed with
dull red, covered with a blue Moom ; flesh yellow, su-
gary, aromatic ; tree an upright grower and early bearer.
September.

COLVERT.

Large, roundish, greenish yellow, shaded with dull red;
flesh whitish, juicy, subacid and ©f fair quality; tree
vigorous and very productive. September.
Disbaroen.
Medium to large, conical, greenish, with gray dots ;
flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacia and of pleasant flavor ; .
origin, Habersham county, Georgia; tree a strong, up-
right grower, productive. October.

Elgin Pippin.

Very large, oblate, orange, with gray dots; flesh yellow,
crisp, subacid, of good quality; open calyx, in deep ba-
sin ; tree a strong grower. August and September.
GOLDEN RUSSET.

Medium, yellowish, nearly covered with russet, with a
bronzed cheek ; flesh whitish, compact, subacid ; stalk
short, in cavity of medium depth ; closed calyx, in broad
basin ; tree a thrifty, irregular grower, and early bearer.
October.

GraFenstein.

Large, flattened, yellow, marbled with red and orange ;
flesh tender, aromatic, of fine flavor ; short stalk ; deep
basin, with closed calyx; tree a strong grower, spreading,
bears young. September.

102 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

Greeii Clieese.

Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with brown dots;
flesh yellow, tender, subacid; cavity deep, calyx closed;
tree moderately vigorous, prolific. A good keeper. Last
of September.

Grimes' Golden Pippin.

Medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with light dots ;
flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, aromatic; tree vigorous, pro-
lific, upright spreading. September and October.
HOOVER.

Medium, roundish oblate, dark red; flesh 3'ellow, firm,
juicy, subacid and of good flavor ; tree upright spread-
ing, with large foliage; origin South Carolina. Septem-
ber and October.

HUNGE.

Large, roundish, pale green, with a brown blush ; flesh
tender and juicy; good for drjnng and cooking; tree
rapid grower and prolific. Early autumn.

LiRurens Greening.

Large, oblate, greenish; flesh white, acid and of pleas-
ant flavor ; tree a strong grower ; origin Laurens county,
Georgia. September

Mamma.

Large, oblate, red ; flesh yellow, subacid, of fine flavor ;
tree a strong, compact grower. October.
Oconee Greening.

Large, roundish, yellow, with scattering russet dots;
flesh yellow, crisp, aromatic, subacid ; basin shallow, with

THE APPLE. 103

open calyx ; stalk short, in a deep cavity; tree a strong
grower, prolific ; origin Georgia, September and Octo-
ber,

Red Winter Pearniaiu.

(Buncombe.) Large, oblong, yellowish white, nearly cov-
ered with carmine ; flesh yellow, nearly sweet, and of ex-
cellent quality ; very short stalk, in deep cavit}' ; calyx
closed ; tree an upright grower and regular bearer. Last
of September,

ROXBURY RUSSET.
Large, roundish, brownish yellow ; flesh greenish,
moderately juicy, subacid, and of good quality ; tree
spreading, very prolific. October,

Sininions' Red.
Large, oblate, red, on yellow ground; flesh yellow, su-
gar}', aromatic ; tree vigorous and upright grower and
early bearer, June to September.
Taunton.
Rather large, conical, greenish yellow, with red cheek ;
flesh yellow, tender, acid, fine flavor ; deep cavity ; closed
calyx ; tree vigorous and prolific, but a straggling grower.
First of September.

WINE.

Medium to large, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow
ground; flesh crisp, juic)'', vinous and of pleasant flavor ;
tree thrifty, prolific, has small leaves and a spreading
head. September.

Yopp's Favorite.

Large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a few russet

104 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

dots ; flesh white, juicy, subacid ; stalk short, in deep
cavity; open calyx in deep basin; tree moderately vig-
orous, upright spreading, prolific. September and Oc-
tober.

WINTER VARIETIES.

Ben Davis.

Medium to large, roundish, greenish yellow, with crim-
son cheek ; flesh white, tender, subacid, of pleasant fla-
vor ; calyx partially open, in broad basin ; deep cavity^
with slender stalk ; tree strong grower, prolific, early
bearing ; excellent keeper.

Black. Twig.

Medium, oblate, yellow, shaded with red, and sprinkled
with brown dots ; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid, of
good quality; tree vigorous, with an open spreading
head, and a regular bearer. Supposed to have originated
in Tennessee. November.

Black. \Tarrior.

Medium, roundish, green with scattering brown dots ;
flesh white, firm, subacid, and of good quality. A good
keeper ; tree prolific. October.

Cannon Pearnaaiu.

Medium, conical, yellow, shaded red, with grayish dots;
flesh firm, yellow, subacid, of very good quality ; open
calyx, in deep basin; small cavity with short stalk;
keeps well; tree a stiong grower, spreading, prolific.
Clarke Pearmain.

Medium, oblate, greenish yellow, nearly covered with

THE APPLE. 105

red, and russet dots; flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, good
quality ; closed calyx, in small basin ; tree a slow grower,
prolific. November.

Chattalioocliee.
Medium, greenish, with a red cheek ; fiesh yellowish,
tender, of pleasant flavor; calyx partially open, in a
large, deep basin ;tree upright grower, vigorous and pro-
lific. November.

Ciillasaga.

Medium to large, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with
dark crimson, and whitish dots; flesh yellow, subacid, of
good quality ; open calyx, in shallow basin ; tree a good
grower and prolific. November.

EdTrards.

Below medium, oblate, yellow, striped with red ; fiesh
firm, juicy, and of fair quality; tree moderately vigorous
and productive. Origin, North Carolina.

EtoTvali.

Medium, conical, yellow, nearly covered with bright
red ; flesh whitish, crisp, sweet, of pleasant flavor and
good quality ; half open calyx in very deep basin ; short
stalk, in deep cavity ; tree moderately vigorous, upright
grower, a regular and abundant bearer.

Hockett's Sweet.

Medium to large, roundish oblate, deep red on yellow
ground ; flesh yellowish white, crisp, sweet ; of good
quality; tree prolific. Origin, North Carolina. October.

He^wres' Virginia Cralj.

Very small, roundish, dull red with white specks .

106 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

flesh fibrous, acid, astringent ; tree small, healthy, and
remarkably prolific ; one of the best cider apples.

Kittageskee.

Medium, oblate, yellow with dark colored dots ; flesh
yellow, tender, subacid, of good quality ; partially
closed calyx, in shallow basin ; short stalk, in broad cav-
ity ; tree of strong, spreading growth. November.
LIMBER TWIG.

Medium, oblate, shaded and striped with crimson>
sprinkled with light dots ; flesh white, rather firm, juicy^
subacid, of fair quality ; cavity deep ; basin small, with
closed calyx ; tree moderately vigorous, prolific. Novem-
ber.

Manguiu.

Medium, oblate, yellow, with red shade and bronze
dots; flesh yellow, very tender and juicy; tree moder-
ately vigorous and productive. October.
MASON'S STRANGER.

Medium, oblate, yellow, with a light red cheek and
brown dots ; flesh white, compact, crisp, nearly sweet, of
good quality ; tree a strong grower, a regular and abun-
dant bearer; open calyx, in deep basin; origin, Vir-
ginia.

Maverick's S^veet.

Large, oblate, greenish yellow, with dark red cheek and
gray dots; flesh yellow, rather coarse, sweet; calyx open,
in deep basin ; tree a good grower and early bearer ; orig-
inated in Pendleton, South Carolina. October.

Mountain Sweet.

Large, roundish oblate, yellow ground, small dots;.

THE APPLE 107

flesh white, tender, sweet, of good quality ; origin, Penn-
sylvania.

Nickajack.

Large, roundish, shaded with red and having a gray-
ish appearance; flesh yellow, rather firm, of only fair
quality ; large cavity ; partially open calyx, in medium
basin; tree upright spreading, vigorous and prolific;
best for mountain region ; origin, North Carolina. No-
vember.

PRYOR'S RED.

Medium to large, red, with light colored dots and rus-
set ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of pleasant flavor ; closed
calyx, in a small basin ; tree moderately vigorous and
producti ve. November.

RAWLE'8 JANET.
Large, conical, yellowish, shaded with red, striped with
crimson ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of pleasant flavor ;
partially open calyx, in a shallow basin ; tree a strong,
spreading grower and good bearer ; origin, Virginia.

Roniauite.

Small to medium, conical, red, with light dots on yel-
low ground ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, of good quality ;
tree of vigorous, spreading growth, prolific; by some, con-
sidered identical with Shockley. October.

Rome Beauty.

Large, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with bright
red ; flesh yellow, tender, subacid, of good quality ; cavity
deep; partially open calyx, in deep basin ; tree moder-
ately vigorous and productive ; origin, Ohio. October
and November.

108 THE NUKSERY AND THE OKCHARb.

Sauta.

Medium to large, oblate, light yellow and russet ; flesh
yellowish, tender, subacid, of fair quality ; popular in
some localities; supposed to have originated in White
county, Georgia; tree a spreading and moderately vig-
orous grower. October.

Shockley.

Small to medium, conical, yellow, with a bright, red
cheek ; flesh crisp, juicy, of fair quality ; shallow ba-
sin, with partially closed calyx ; long stalk in a deep
cavit}'; tree a vigorous, upright grower, very prolific, bears
young ; a good keeper and very popular in some sections ;
origin, Georgia. October.

Steptiensoii's Winter.

Medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with
brown; flesh whitish, firm, juicy, subacid, of good qual-
ity ; calyx open ; stalls long ; tree a moderate grower and
regular bearer; a good keeper; origin, Mississippi.
Striped Winter Pearmain.

Large, yellow, nearly covered with a shade of red,
sprinkled with gray dots ; flesh yellow, crisp, tender,
subacid, of good quality ; small calyx in broad basin :
short stalk, in large cavity; tree vigorous, spreading,
prolific. November.

STUMP.

Medium, yellow, nearly covered with red; flesh white,
crisp, tender, subacid ; calyx partially open ; tree a mod-
erate grower, spreading, prolific. October.

Waugli'3 Crab.

Small, conical, red; flesh whitish, firm, subacid, of

THE APPLE. 109

good quality ; tree a strong grower, prolific ; a good cider
apple.

Wine Sap.

Medium, oblong, dark red; flesh yellow, firm, of,^fine
flavor; tree an irregular grower, bears early; a good
keeper, and excellent for cider ; should be in every or-
chard.

Yates.

Small, oblate, dark red, with small white dots ; flesh
white, firm, juicy, and of pleasant aroma; tree an up-
right grower and very prolific ; an excellent keeper and
one of the best cider apples ; origin, Georgia.
YELLOW NEWTON PIPPIN.

(Albemarle Pippin.) Large, roundish, yellow, some-
times with red cheek ; flesh firm, yellow, acid, of j5leasant
flavor ; tree a slow grower ; good bearer.
YORK IMPERIAL.

Medium, roundish, whitish, shaded with crim8on,'^a
few gray dots; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, very good;
tree a fair grower and bearer ; closed, or partially opea
calyx, in deep basin.

CRAB APPLES.

The crabs in the following list are both ornamental
and useful :

Red Siberian.
Yellow Siberian.
Transcendent.
Golden.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE APRICOT.

This excellent fruit, partaking of the nature both of
the peach and the plum, is hardy south of the 43d de-
gree of latitude in this country, and should find a place

Fig. 86. — Moorpark Apricot.

in every collection of fruit trees. The native countiy of
the apricot is uncertain, but it is cultivated largely in
both Europe and Asia. The stone is smooth like that of

THE APRICOT. Ill

the plum, but the flavor is more like that of the peach.
Its large white blossoms appear early in spring, and
render the tree very attractive, but the young fruit is
often killed by frost. The apricot should be planted near
the house with a northern exposure, as a protection
against the frosts of early spring. It is propagated by
budding or grafting on the peach, almond, plum, or its
own roots. The plum is by some considered the b^st
stock, especially so when the trees are to be planted on
heavy soil, but peach stocks are generally preferred.
Hardy and productive trees are sometimes raised from
the seed. The directions given for cultivating, manuring,
pruning and training the peach apply as well to the
apricot.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VAEIETIES.

BREDA.
Small, roundish, sometimes rather four-sided, one of
the best varieties ; free stone, yellow flesh, ripens early.
Originated in Africa.

BLACK.

Small and round, resembling a dark round plum ; skin
pale red in the shade, but reddish purple in the sun, cov-
ered with slight down ; flesh red next the skin, yellow
near the stone, adhering to the stone somewhat, juicy
and pleasantly flavored ; very hardy, small oval foliage.
June.

EARLY GOLDEN.

f Free stone, medium size, roundish oval, skin light
orange, flesh yellow and juicy; tree vigorous grower;
ripens early in June.

HEMSKIRKE.

Large, roundish, resembles Moorpark; orange skin

112 THE NUKSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

with crimson cheek ; flesh rich and juicy ; stone small ;
ripens earlier than the Moorpark.
KAISHA.

Medium, roundish, light yellow, mottled with red in
the sun; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, parting freely
from the stone ; tree tender and unhealthy ; a variety
from Syria. Season medium.

LARGE EARLY

Medium, oblong and compressed ; suture deep ; skin
orange, with spotted cheek, slightly downj-- • flesh orange,
juicy, sweet, and separates readily from the stone ; tree
vigorous and productive. Season early.

ILARGE RED.

Large, deep orange red; flesh rich and juicy, separat-
ing freely from the stone ; tree hardy ; a variety of Peach
apricot. Season medium.

MOORPARK.

Large, roundish, skin orange in the shade, deep
orange or brownish red in the sun, with numerous dots
and specks ; flesh bright orange, firm, very juicy, sepa-
rating freely from the stone. A fine variety, very popu-
lar and widely disseminated in this country; ripens late.
ORANGE.

Medium, roundish, orange, with a ruddy tint in the
sun ; flesh yellow, tolerably juicy, does not separate en-
tirely from stone. Small stone, roundish ; season me-
dium.

lEACH.

Hounaisn, ver]/- large, skin orange, with deep orange
cheek, spotted with brown, resembles the Moorpark, only
a little larger, and ripens about the time of it; flesh
very rich and juicy. One of the best apricots that we
have. July.

ROYAL.

Large, roundish oval ; skin yellow ; flesh light orange,
firm, juicy, delicious, slightly vinous. Season medium.

THE APRICOT. 113

ROMAN.

Size medium; skin pale yellow, sometimes dotted with
red in the sun ; flesh dull yellow, soft, dry ; stone obloag,
with bitter kernel. The blossoms will bear a severe frost
without injury. One of the largest growing and hardiest
apricots we have.

RUSSIAN.
Very valuable, being productive and of good quality
and ripening early ; tree hardy.

SHIPLEYS,
(^Blenheim). Small or medium size ; skin orange ;
flesh deep yellow, juicy and moderately rich; store
roundish with bitter kernel ; growth vigorous but slen-
der. Early variety.

ST. AMBROISE.

Large, early ; color yellow, reddish next the sun; flesh
juicy, sweet and rich. Almost the size and earlier than
the Moorpark ; season medium.
TURKEY.

Roundish, of medium size, yellow, with brownish
orange cheek ; flesh yellow, firm, sweet and slightly acid ;;
freestone. Season late.

CHAPTER XXIV.

THE BLACKBERRY

Is^indigenous to this country and at the South grows
wild in great profusion. On account of the abundant
supplies of this berry, which may be gathered from our
old fields, it has been cultivated, in most sections of the
Southern States, to a very limited extent. The fruit is
very valuable, being used for cooking in various ways,
evaporating, wine-making, etc. It is much improved by

Pig. 87.— Wilson's Early. Fig. 88 — Kittattinny.

■cultivation, requiring about the same pruning as the
raspberry. The propagation from suckers and root cut-
tings is very easy and rapid. White varieties of this
fruit are sometimes found growing wild among the blacks.
While something of a novelty, the}^ are of no especial
value. The fruit of the trailing dewberry is superior to

THE BLAEBERRY. 115

that of the high bushes, and ripens several days earlier.
Of the improved kinds, Wilson's Early and Kittattinny
are among the best. Even at the South a rich spot of
ground planted in the best varieties of blackberries, prop-
erly pruned and cultivated, gives very satisfactory
results.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES.

LAWTON.

{New Eochelle.) Large, oval, very black when fully
ripe; quite sweet and juicy, rather soft and tender; the
granules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy
than any other kind; of vigorous growth, strong spines,
hardy and very productive.

WILSON'S EARLY.

Large, oblong, oval, black ; flesh firm, sweet ; growth
trailing somewhat ; hardy, productive ; said to be the
earliest variety yet introduced; valuable for market.
May and June.

CRYSTAL WHITE.
Medium, oblong, creamy white, translucent; sweet,
ver^ good ; vigorous grower, suckers freely, not hardy ;
desirable simply as a curiosity.

DORCHESTER.
Large, oblong, conic, glossy black ; sweet and highly
flavored ; high bush; a vigorous grower, heavy bearer ;
before they are gathered, the berries should be fully ma-
tured.

HOOSAC THORNLESS.
Medium, fine quality, hardy and prolific ; almost thorn-
less; a very promising variety.

KITTATTINNY.
Very large, roundish, conical, rich shining black, mod-
erately firm, juicy, rich, sweet, luscious; canes hardy and
productive, ripening early and continuing a long time.
The best variety for general planting, either for home use
•or market.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE CHERRY.

The cherry, which came originally from Asia, is es-
teemed both for its fruit and its shade. In some coun-
tries large numbers of the trees are planted along the
road-side, from which the traveler gathers the fruit at
pleasure. The wood is susceptible of a high degree of
polish, and is considered very valuable. The cherry is
divided into two distinct classes. The trees of the first
class, which comprises the Hearts and Bigarreaus, are of
very vigorous growth, with luxuriant foliage, spreading
branches and drooping leaves, while the fruit is of heart-
shape, sweet and tender. Of the second class, which
comprises the Dukes, Morelloes and common Pie cherries,
the trees are smaller and of more compact growth, and
the fruit decidedly acid. The cherry is propagated by
budding and grafting on seedling stocks. For standard
trees, stocks are obtained from the seeds of the Mazzard,
a very free growing sort ; but as standards do not succeed
in the warmer portions of the Southern States, seed-
lings of the Mahaleb or Perfmued cherry are used, as
they dwarf the growth, thus inducing fruitfulness, and
they succeed on a greater variety of soils than the standard
stocks. Plant the seeds in fall; they can be kept till
spring, but if sprouting begins before they are planted,
there is danger of their being lost. The seeds should be

THE CHERRY. 117

covered lightly, and if the ground is liable to become
crusted on top, a light mulch of some kind should be

Fig. 89— Earlj' Richmond Cherry.

used. The cherry is grafted very early, before the buds
begin to swell. It succeeds best on dry soils of only

118 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

moderate fertility, and requires very little pruning.
When large limbs are cut, gum exudes from the wound
which often induces decay. Start the trees while young
with short bodies and well balanced heads, and when
grown little pruning will be necessary. A few trees of
common Pie cherry, planted in hard ground near the
house, will usually give large quantities of fruit of fair
quality ; but do not rely on these entirely ; plant some
of the improved kinds also.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF VARIETIES.

Dukes and Morelloes.

BELLE DbCHOISY.

Round or slightly depressed ; amber colored, mottled
with red; skin very thin; stalk short and swollen at
the upper end; flavor mild, subacid ; trees make a fino
pyramid ; need good cultivation. Originated in France.
May and June.

BELLE MAGNIFIQUE.
Large, roundish, bright red; stalk long, slender, in-
open, medium cavity ; flesh tender, juicy, subacid ; tre®
hardy ; moderately vigorous, productive. June.
CARNATION.
Large, round, yellowish white, mottled with red ; stalk
stout ; flesh tender, juicy; moderate, but regular bearer ;
foliage large, wood strong ; fruit hangs a long while on
the branches. Season of ripening medium.
EARLY RICHMOND.

Medium dark red ; flesh melting, juicy, sprightly, very
good ; tree a splendid grower, with roundish, spreading
head, exceedingly productive ; one of the most hardy va-
rieties ; fine for cooking purposes. May.

THE CHERRY. IID*

EMPRESS EUGENIE.
Large, roundish, flattened, dark red; suture broad,
shallow ; stalk short in deep cavity ; flesh red, tender and
juicy, very good ; dwarf in habit ; shoots stout, very pro-
ductive. May and June.

ENGLISH MORELLO.
Large, round, heart-shaped, dark red ; flesh dark red,
tender, juicy, subacid flavor; very productive, valuable
for preserves, a very fine fruit. May and June.

MAY DUKE.

Large, roundish, red, almost black when ripe ; flesh
reddish, tender and melting, excellent flavor at matur-
ity ; tree very hardy, early, though often varying in its
season of ripening. Origin France. May.
OLIVET.

Large, globular, bright, deep red ; flesh red, tender,
rich and vinous ; it possesses the fertility of the best of
Duke tribe, and is the largest, perhaps, of that class. Of
French origin, said to be very early, and to ripen over a
long period.

REINE HORTENSE.

Very large, roundish, skin bright red, slightly mot-
tled ; suture distinctlv marked by a line without any
depression ; flesh tender, juicy, subacid, delicious; tree
healthy, productive, very handsome. French origin, of
Duke habit. Medium season.

ROYAL DUKE.

Large, roundish, and oblat6 or flattened ; skin dark red;
flesh reddish, tender, very juicy, good ; of upright growth,
compact head, branches less slender than Mayduke;
moderate bearer.

HEART AND BEGARREAU.

AMERICAN AMBER.
Medium, roundish, heart-shaped, slightly indented at
the apex ; skin thin, light amber, mottled with red ;

120 THE NURSERY AND THB ORCHARD.

stalk long and slender, inserted in narow cavity ; flesh
tender, sprightly; tree vigorous and productive, raiseu
by Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island. June.

BAUMANNO'S MAY.
Small, heart-shaped ; deep red, very dark when fully
xipe ; stalk an inch and three-fourths long, set in narrow
cavity; flesh purplish, tender, juicy ; growth vigorous,
very productive, of good quality, of foreign origin, early
in the season.

BLACK EAGLE.
Large, dark red, nearly black, excellent quality ; flesh
deep purple, tender, highly flavored ; stalk medium
length and rather slender; branches strong, with large
leaves ; moderate bearer.

BLACK HEART.

Large, heart-shaped, little irregular, dark crimson, al-
most black ; flesh tender, highly flavored; growth hardy ;
an old variety everywhere esteemed.
BLACK TARTARIAN.

Large, heart-shaped, irregular and uneven on the sur-
face, black ; flesh purplish, thick, half tender, rich, juicy;
tree vigorous growth, bears well, very popular. It is a
Russian and West Asian variety, introduced into Eng-
land about 1796, and brought into this country. May
and June.

BOWYER'S EARLY HEART.

Medium, obtuse, heart-shaped ; amber shade and mot-
tled with red ; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, very hardy
and prolific ; excellent for culinary purposes. May.
CLEVELAND.

Large, round, heart-shaped'; suture broad, almost
round; bright red, on yellowish ground; flesh fine and
juicy ; thrifty grower, spreading, productive and a fine
fruit. Raised by Professor J^P. Kirtland.

THE CHERRY. 121

COE'S TRA.NSPARENT.
Medium, remarkably round and regular in form; am-
ber and red; meat tender, very sweat and juicy; tree
vigorous and hardy, with round and spreading head.
May.

EARLY LAMAURIE.

Large, purple, flesh rich, very juicy, excellent, similar
to early purple Guigne, but earlier and a better tree.
May.

ELTON.

Large, heart- shaped, pointed ; skin thin, pale yellow
cheek mottled with red next the sun ; flesh firm, nearly
tender and quite juicy ; tree vigorous, readily known
when in foliage by the dark red color of the foot stalks of
the leaves. Last of May.

FLORENCE.

Large, heart-shaped, amber, mottled with red ; flesh
amber color, firm, rich and sweet, very good ; stone small.
Originally brought from Florence, Italy ; fruit hangs on
the tree a long time, will keep several days after gath-
ering. June.

GOVERNOR WOOD.

Large, heart-shaped, pale yellow, marbled with red ;
flesh nearly tender, juicv, sweet, of excellent flavor; tree
vigorous, forming a regular head, prolific. May.
IDA.

Medium, conical, compressed, suture slight ; whitish
yellow, almost covered with red ; stalk medium length,
slender, inserted in large, deep cavity; flesh tender,
juicy ; tree very vigorous, hardy, upright, profuse bearer.
June.

KIRTLAND'S MAVtMO TH.
Large, heart-shaped, bright yellow, maibled with red;
flesh nearly tender, sweet and juicy ; tree vigorous, but
poor bearer.
8

122 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

NAPOLEON BIGARREAU.

Large, heart-shaped, inclining to oblong, pale yellow,
marbled with red; flesh firm, juicy, fine flavored; stalk
stout, short, and set in a narrow cavity ; a good and con-
stant bearer, vigorous grower. June.
OHIO BEAUTY.

Large, heart-shaped, very handsome, almost covered

with red on light ground ; flesh tender, brisk, juicy ; tree

vigorous and productive, with spreading head, a very

valuable kind. Originated by Professor Kirtland. May.

ROCKPORT.

Large, roundish, heart-shaped, bright red, with a shade
of amber; flesh rather firm, juicy and very sweet ; tree
vigorous, healthy, upright, a good bearer ; raised by Dr.
Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, one of the very best in qual-
ity. May.

WERDER'S EARhY BLACK.

Large, roundish, heart-shaped, black; flesh purple,
tender, sweet and excellent; tree vigorous, spreading,
moderately productive ; an early variety.

CHAPTER XXVL

THE CURRANT.

For a long period this cooling and healthful fruit has
heen much esteemed and largely cultivated in climates
^adapted to its growth. It succeeds admirably in the
mountainoqs regions of the South, but near the coast it
is not successful. The fruit is produced on a low grow-
ing shrub, and being a great improvement on the small
£0ur fruit of the original species, it is considered almost
indispensable in cool climates. The currant is propa-

Fig. 90.

gated very readily from cuttings, from six inches
to a foot in length, taken from the last year's growth and
planted in good soil, about two-thirds of their length in
the ground (see chapter on cuttings). The cuttings can
be set every two inches in rows fifteen inches apart.
They will be sufficiently rooted the succeeding fall to be
planted where they are to remain. It is some protection
against the summer's sun to plant them on thejnorth or

124 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

east side of a fence. As the fruit of the currant is borne
on wood two or more years old, a succession of young-
shoots should be provided for by annually thinning out
the old bearing spurs where they are too thick. By
training them as a bush, letting the limbs start withina
a few inches of the ground, and keeping the heads prop-
erly thinned out, the best specimens of fruit are obtained,,
but in warm climates they will perhaps succeed better
if allowed to sucker moderately. If to be trained as a
bush, all the buds that will be under the ground should;
be cut off before planting the cuttings. After currant
trees are six or eight years old, their places are usually
supplied with young trees. The currant responds read-
ily to good cultivation, pruning and manuring, delights-
in rich, moist soil, and is well worthy of attention,
wherever it will succeed. Currant worms can be de-
stroyed by a few light applications of powdered white-
hellebore while the trees are wet

Ashes applied in the same manner are often beneficial

LIST OF VARIETIES.

BLACK NAPLES.
Large, black ; bunches small, with a musky flavor ; an.
excellent black kind.

CHERRY.
Very large, round, dark red, acid ; clusters short p
growth tall and luxuriant.

LA VERSAILLAISE.
Large, deep red, acid ; bunches long; a valuable kind,,,
resembling the cherry.

RED DUTCH.
Large, deep red, with a rich acid flavor ; prolific.

THE CURRANT. 125

RED GRAPE.
f' Large, red, sweet and good ; bunches very long ; a
slow, spreading grower.

WHITE DUTCH.
Medium, yellowish white, sonaewhat acid ; bunches
rather,long.

WHITE GRAPE.
Large, of excellent quality ; growth spreading and
moderately vigorous.

CHAPTER XXVII.

THE FIG.

From time immemorial the fig has been a favorite fruit
of warm climates. In this country it is raised in the
open air without protection in most sections south of
Virginia, but north of that State it requires protection
during the winter, which is effected by bending the
trees down and covering them securely with dirt, or by
placing evergreens around them while standing. The
usual height of the fig tree is from ten to fifteen feet, but
in its native country it often grows to the height of
twenty-five feet.

The flowers do not open to view, but on examining the-
interior of the fruit, it is found to be composed of a large-
number of minute flowers. The ripened fruit is very
wholesome and much esteemed. The fig is propagated
from seed, layers, suckers or cuttings, the latter method
being used principally at the South. A favorable situ-
ation is near a building with a southern aspect. The-
trees bear two crops annually, the first on the wood of
the previous year's growth, the second on the new wood,,
both of which mature at the South.

A moderately rich soil of a calcareous nature is the
best.

When the growth of the tree is very luxuriant at the
expense of the crop, root prune at any time during;

THE FIG. 127

the winter by digging a trench around the tree at a dis*
tance from the body of about half the length of the
branches. Every home in the South should be provided
with fig trees of the hardiest and most reliable kinds, as
their yearly crops of delicious fruit will handsomely re-
pay the cultivator for the attention bestowed upon them.

LIST OF VARIETIES.

ANGELIQUE.
Small, obovate ; skin greenish yellow ; flesh white, not
very sweet ; tree hardy and prolific.
BLACK GENOA.
Fruit long, obovate ; skin nearly black; pulp bright red^
excellent flavor.

BRUNSWICK.
Large, reddish brown, rich flavor ; tree a very strong
grower.

BLACK ISCHIA.

Medium, roundish, flattened at the apex; skin dark
violet, almost black when ripe ; pulp deep red, sweet, and
of fine flavor.

BROWN TURKEY.

Large, oblong ; skin dark brown; pulp red and finely
flavored ; tree a regular and abundant bearer. One of
the best.

WHITE ISCHIA.
Small, roundish ; skin yellowish green ; pulp pur-
plish, of good flavor ; prolific.

WHITE MARSEILLES.
Small, roundish; skin nearly white; pulp white,.
sweet and of rich flavor.

NERII.
Small roundish ; skin greenish yellow ; pulp red, rich
flavor.

CHAPTER XXVIII,

THE GOOSEBERRY.

The gooseberry, like the currant, delights in a rich,
moist soil, andjsucceeds best in a cool climate. In this

Fig. 91— Houghton Seedling Gooseberry,
country it is very popular at the North, where large
•quantities are used for various purposes — pies, jellies,

THE GOOSEBERRY. 129

■etc. It is propagated from cuttings the same as the cur-
rant, also from layers which are made soon after fruiting.
In soil naturally very dry, a mulch of some material that
will aid in retaining moisture is exceedingly beneficial.
The gooseberry is more impatient of heat than the cur-
rant, but can be grown with tolerable success in some
portions of the Southern States.

LIST OF VARIETIES.
HOUGHTON'S SEEDLING.

Small oval; s^in thin, reddish brown, marked with
greenish lines ; flesh tender, sweet, of pleasant flavor
very prolific. A very reliable kind.
DOWNING.
Medium to large, oval, pale green, of good quality ;
bush a strong, upright grower; productive.
MOUNTAIN SEEDLING.
Similar to Hughtom's Seedling, but larger, has thicker
fikin, and rather inferior in quality.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE GRAPE.

From the earliest period the grape has been cultivated'
and esteemed. It is now one of the most popular and
profitable of American fruits, and ranks in importance
with the apple, the peach and the pear. The foreign grape
is unsuited to our climate, but from our native species
have sprung a large number of varieties that rival even
the finest grapes of Europe. It has been said by a wri-
ter on horticulture that raising grapes is as easy as
sliding down hill. This statement is about correct,
the long, intricate and useless instructions of amateurs
to the contrary notwithstanding. It is so easy to have
an abundant supply of delicious grapes annually that it
seems almost criminal for any family to be without
them. Even the person on the crowded city lot, with
only a few rods of spare ground, need not despair ; he,
too, has room for grapes.. Where space is limited, they
can be trained on fences, buildings, and in many places
where they will not be in the way of anything else.
The grape is propagated by grafting, and from seeds,
layers or cuttings. In this country grafting is not prac-
ticed to a great extent, and seeds are planted only to ob-
tain new varieties. See chapters on layers and cuttings,„
the principal means of propagating the grape, in an-
other part of this work.

Grapes will thrive in this country on almost any kind

THE GRAPE.

131

of soil of a dryish nature that will produce ordinary
farm products. Only moderate fertility is necessary, but
annual manuring will in most cases be beneficial, thfr

Fig. 92.

quality and the quantity of the manure being deter-
mined by the soil and the condition of the vine. Ashes,
lime, ground bone and barn-yard manure are all good.
As in planting all kinds of fruit trees the ground for the
grape should be well prepared b}- thorough plowing, and
holes dug large enough to receive the roots when spread.

132

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

out as represented in fig. 92 Strong, well-rooted vines
of one or two years' groivth are selected. Fig. 93 repre-
sents a well grown one-j-ear vine trained to a single
stem. A good root j is indispensable, while a few well

Fig. 93.— Transplanting.

F'g. 94 — One-year vine
trained to single shoot.

developed buds make up all the top that is necessary to
the young vine.

Very long, slender roots are shortened and the tops
cut back to a few buds, fig. 92. The vine is planted a
little deeper than it grew in the nursery, and the holes
ifilled with surface soil thoroughly mixed with a mod-

THE GRAPE.

133-

erate quantity of some kind of manure. Half a peck of
stable manure and cotton seed compost to each hole will
give good results.

When many vines are to be planted, it can be done
very expeditiously by laying off furrows with a large
shovel-plow, followed by a subsoil, and applying some

95.— The young vine as it _2. ^'Jg- 96.— Young vine trained to
appears in summer. two shoots.

such fertilizer as Merryman's Dissolved Bones at the
rate of two or three hundred pounds per acre, to be
bedded on the same aslfor cotton. The vines are then
planted in the bed from six to ten feet apart, according
to variety, deep enough to keep the roots out of the way
of the plow. A top dressing of ashes, or a light coating
of stable manure before bedding, is excellent. When
the buds on the young vine begin to grow in the springy

134 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

all but the most thrifty one are rubbed off. The one that
is left is trained to a stake, and after it grows several
feet the top is pinched off to strengthen the cane.

Fig. 9-4 represents the vine during the summer of the
first year. In the following fall it is cut back to a few
buds, two of which are to be left to make canes if the
vine has made a strong growth. At the end of the
second season it presents the appearance of fig. 95.
These two canes should be from twelve to fifteen inches
from the ground. By thus retarding the growth of the
vine and preventing it from bearing during the first two
years, the root becomes so strong and well established
that in after years it produces full crops of the finest
fruit without injury. Many young vines are ruined by
overbearing.

At this period training may begin; and while many
of our best varieties of grapes grow and bear crops with-
out any attention in the way of pruning and training,
more than supplying a frame of some kind to run upon
and a bungling cleaning out every few years, the great
superiority of the fruit, when intelligent pruning and
training are practiced, ought to induce every owner of a
grape vine to give these operations some attention.
Various systems have been adopted, each of which has
its advocates and advantages. Some of these systems
appear very complicated to the beginner, but by apply-
ing a few principles, which are easily understood, they
will all be readily comprehended, and can be adopted in
whole, or with such modifications as may suit the cir-
cumstances. In all systems the principal object should
be to obtain the proper quantity of strong bearing wood,
the fruit being produced on the shoots of the cwrrent

THE GRAPE.

135

year's growth. If it is desired to train to stakes, let
theEQ be of durable wood and well set in the ground.
Each stake will support from one to four canes, which
should be tied up neatly. If more than four canes are
left, it will be necessary to have another stake or a
trellis.

Fan training, which is represented in figure 96, is a
very good method, though not so symmetrical as some
others. The vines are fastened to the trellis, and each
year young canes are trained up to produce bearing shoots
for the following year. The vine must be kept in suffi-
cient bounds to be under perfect control by cutting out
old and useless canes in the fall, and rubbing off unne-
cessary shoots in the summer. The canes must be tied
to the trellis at sufficient distances apart to give the bear-
ing shoots plenty of room, and the ends of the shoots
should be pinched off when three or four leaves are form-
ed above the last bunch of fruit. Let it be determined
each fall how many canes are to be left for the next year's
fruiting, also how manj'' young canes are to be trained up

136 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

to supply the places of those that will be cut away the-
following fall.

The fall pruning will be governed accordingly.

All unnecessary canes from which no young shoots are
to grow the next year will be cut entirely away, while
those from which new canes are to be grown will be cut
back to the desired number of buds.

Fig. 98. — The Fuller method of training.

The Fuller system, which is represented in figure 97^
is doubtless one of the best. It is in substance as fol-
lows :

The trellis is made by planting posts two feet deep, in
a row with the vines, between each two, and equally dis-
tant from them.

The figure shows three slats nailed to the posts, but if
the trellis is not more than four feet high, as recommend-
ed by Mr. Fuller, two will be sufficient. The slats
are from two to three inches wide, and one inch thick.
They are nailed to the posts, one a foot from the ground,
th/e other at the top. Wires are then fastened to the
slats by twisting them around, from eight to twelve
inches apart. The two canes, figure 95, are cut back to
four feet, and fastened to the bottom slat. In order that

THE GRAPE.

137

the buds may all get an even start in the spring, the
arms are sometimes bent down to the ground till the
young shoots are a few inches long. When fastened to
the trellis at once, the sudden bend near the base of the

cane so checks the sap that the buds at that point are un-
duly developed, while the strong tendency of the sap to
the extremity makes the buds there grow more rapidly

Fig. 99.

than those on the middle of the cane. See figures 98 and
99. When the two arms are fastened to the trellis, five
or six buds are selected on the upper side of each, at
which wires are placed.

The wires are left so they can be moved to any desired
position. When the young shoots are several inches long,
they are tied to the wires and all other buds and shoots are
rul>bed off. To equalize the space, it is sometimes neces-
sary to train up a bud from the bottom of the cane. The
upright shoots are not allowed to reach much above the
trellis, and the laterals are kept pinched back. The en-
tire vine must be kept equally oalanced, with the same
number of canes to each arm, and all kept at the same

138 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

height. At the end of the first year of training the ver-
tical canes are cut back to two bads each, which make
canes for the next year's bearing — twice as many as there
were the first year, or two to each spur. At the end of
the second year, the upper cane of each spur is cut away
entirely, and the other is cut back to two buds, which
make canes for the next year's bearing. It is thus kept
up year after year, and may be varied and enlarged upon
in many ways. The underlying principle is the horizon-
tal arm, from which young fruiting shoots are grown
each year. Bow training to a single stake is represented

Fig 100.— Bow system of Fig. 101.— Multiplied bow-

training. * training.

in jig. 100. One of the canes {fig. 95) is left to form the
bow for next year's bearing, and the other is cut back to
two buds, which make upright canes. At the close of
the season, the bow has borne a crop, and is cut away,

THE GRAPE. 139

while one of the upright canes is left to make a bow for
the next year, and the other cut back to two buds, which
produce two more upright canes, thus repeating the pro-
cess. In very strong vines two or more bows may be left.
Fig. 101 represents multiplied bow training, which is,
perhaps, more ornamental than useful.

102.— Horizontal method of training.

The horizontal method is shown in fig. 102. The trel-
lis is made three or four feet high. The cane is trained
to the middle wire, which should be fastened to the posts,
so as to be a little lower than the others. This causes
the laterals to grow at a slight angle upward, which aids
the flow of sap and promotes growth.

GRAFTING THE GRAPE VINE.

This is comparatively little practiced in the United
States, but it is resorted to largely in Europe, as a means
of protection against the phylloxera, a destructive insect
which infects European vineyards. American kinds are
used as stocks, and the results of their use during the last
few years have proven very beneficial. This method of
propagating the vine has been practiced to a limited ex-
tent for a great many years, and various methods have
been employed, but it is still regarded as somewhat diffi
cult and uncertain on account of the profusion of sap
.and the thinness of the bark. As the grape is so readily

140 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

propagated from layers and cuttings, there is reall}' little-
necessity for resorting to grafting in this country, except
in a few instances. On many farms, in almost all vine-
yards, there will be found large, healthy vines, whose'
fruit never matures, or is of very inferior quality. If
such vines can, in a short time, be made to produce
abundant crops of choice grapes, it is certainly impor-
tant that the process of grafting be applied rather than^
destroy them and depend on new vines to fill their places.
Again, it is often desired to obtain vines of some new va-
riety as rapidly as possible, and as the wood is scarce,,
every bud should be utilized. This is done by means of
grafting, and the growth of a bud in a single season is
often from fifteen to twenty feet. Another purpose for
which the grafting of the vine is very effective is the
early testing of new varieties. We sometimes obtain
fruit of the new kind the first year by grafting on a vig-
orous bearing vine. A.t the South the fall or early win-
ter is probably the best season for performing the opera-
tion. In colder climates it is usually done in the spring.
The method generally applied is cleft grafting, and it is
successful on stocks of almost any size. (See chapter on
grafting). The dirt is cleared avvay from the root of the
stock to the depth of about four inches, and it is then
sawed or cut off horizontally below the surface of the
ground.

A cleft is made with a sharp instrument one or two
inches deep, cutting rather than splitting. The scion
is prepared in the same manner as for apples, and in-
serted very carefully so that the inner bark of the stock-
and scion will fit nicely together. If the stock does not
press the scion tightly, it will be necessary to tie. See^

THE GRAPE.

141

ijig. 103. The ground is then filled in firmly around the
stock, up to the bud at the top of the scion. The whole

Fig. 103.

-should be covered with a mulch of some light material,
such as hay or straw, as a protection against freezing,

Fig. 104.

•which sometimes raises the scions from the stocks. Re-
move the mulch in spring as soon as freezing is over.
The stocks should be vigorous and healthy. Scions are

142 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

taken from the well matured wood of last summer's
growth, about the size of a lead pencil, containing only
one bud, unless the wood is verj- short-jointed, in which
case two buds are allowed. Very small stocks can be
whip-grafted like apple trees. Large stocks are some-
times grafted in the manner shown in fig. 104.

A thin wedge is taken out with a very sharp knife and
the scion cut so as to make a perfect fit. It is then se-
curely bound and covered as directed for ordinary clelt
grafting. The cleft is sometimes made in very large and
twisted stocks with an open saw. The slit is made about
two inches deep, and the scion is cut to fit exactly, leav-
ing shoulders resting on each side of the stock, as shown.

in jig. 105. Persons desiring to try their skill in grape-
grafting, and not caring to risk the entire vine, can do
so by grafting the end of a layered cane {fig. 106), cover-
ing the point of union the same as in grafting the entire
stock. Saddle grafting is represented in the figure. In
the latter part of summer, the layered cane can be sepa-
rated from the parent and transplanted in the fall.
Grafting the grape above ground is not so successful. If

THE GRAPE. 143

the grafting is to be done late in the spring, the scions
should be cut in the fall. Grafting clay, in preference to
ordinary grafting wax, is sometimes applied to the vine

before banking up with dirt. Success in the operation
depends upon the vigor of stock and scion, the smooth-
ness of the cuts and the perfect union of the inner bark
of the two parts.

GRAPE WINE.

" Wine-making," in detail, would compose a large vol-
ume, but the following brief suggestions will be found
useful when it is desired to make a few gallons without
expensive preparations : The grapes must be dry, sound,
clean and ripe, and all vessels used must be thoroughly
cleansed. Crush the grapes and let them stand from 24
to 48 hours. Draw off the juice from a hole near the bot-
tom of the vessel, then press the skins and put all the
juice together in a barrel or keg, filling it within about
an inch of the top. Add from one to two pounds of granu-
lated sugar, dissolved in water, to every gallon of unfer-

144 THE NURSERY AND THK ORCHARD.

merited juice. Do not fill so full that the lees will escape,
but during violent fermentation keep the juice within
an inch or two of the bung by the addition of similar
juice. Close the bung by laying a grape leaf over it and
placing on top of this a small bag of sand from three to
four inches square. This permits the escape of the gas
that rises during fermentation. In the winter following,
draw oflF without shaking to other clean vessels. After
the second fermentation in spring draw olT to the vessels
in which it is to remain.

NATIVE GRAPES.

LIST OF VARIETIES.

In the following list of varieties, Labr. indicates that
the variety belongs to Vitis Labruska or Fox Grape ;
Aest, Vitis Aestivalis or Summer Grape ; Ripa., Vitis
Riparia (the grape of the river banks) ; Rotund., Vitis
Rotundifolia or Vulpina (muscadine) ; Hi/brd., Hybrid
Varieties :

ADIRONDAC.

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact, sometimes should-
•ered ; roundish berry, large, black, covered with a deli-
cate bloom ; tender, juicy and vinous ; a slow grower, not
very valuable.

AGAWAM.

(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 15.) Bunch medium, compact,
often shouldered ; berries very large ; skin thick; dark
red; vine vigorous and productive; long-jointed; ripens
soon after Concord.

ALLEN'S HYBRID.

(Hybrd.) Bunches large and long; berries large;
skin thin; nearly white; flesh tender, juicy and deli-
cious; good quality; ripens about with Concord.
ALVEY.

(Hybrd.) Bunches medium, shouldered ; berries small,

THE GRAPE. 145

black ; a slow grower ; wood short-jointed ; moderately
productive.

ARIADNE.

(Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact; berry small, black
with a blue bloom; flesh tender, juicy and sweet, vine
moderately vigorous and very prolific, with short-jointed
wood ; a good wine grape.

BACCHUS.

(Ripa.) An improved seedling of Clinton, which it re-
sembles in bunches and berry.

BARRY.

(Rogers' No. 43)" Bunch large, compact; berry large,
roundish, black ; skin thin ; flesh tender, of a pleasant
flavor ; vine vigorous ; as early as Concord.
BERCK MAN'S.

A cross between Clinton and Delaware ; bunches and
berries larger than Delaware, which it resembles in
color; good quality; vine vigorous and prolific.
BLACK EAGLE.

(Hybrd.) Bunches large ; berries large, black, with
blue bloom ; good quality ; vine a vigorous grower.
BRIGHTON.

(Labr. X.) An excellent variety, resembling the Ca-
tawba in color,, bunch and berry; vine vigorous grower;
prolific ; ripens soon after Hartford Prolific.
CATAWBA.

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berries
large, round, deep red, with lilac bloom; skin thick;
flesh juicy, with some pulp, vinous ; vine a vigorous
grower. Last of August. Discarded in many sections
on account of its liability to rot.

CHAMPION.

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berry me-
dium round, bluish black; skin thick; inferior to Hart-
ford in quality; vine a' strong grower and prolific ; very
^arly.'and valued chiefly on that account.

1-16 THE NURSERY AND THE OECHARl^.

CLINTON.

(Ripa.) Bunches medium, compact; berries below me-
dium, black, with a thick bloom; flesh juicy, with some
acidity and brisk vinous flavor; vine a very strong
grower and profuse bearer ; makes a good wine.
CONCORD.

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact; berries large, al-
most black, with blue bloom ; flesh juicy and sweet ;
vine a very vigorous grower and good bearer. July. A
most popular and profitable grape of second rate qual-
ity ; a good wine grape.

CREVELING.

(Labr. X.) Bunches long and loose ; berries medium to
large, oval, black with blue bloom; flesh tender, sweet, of
good quality ; vine a fine grower, uncertain bearer ; not
very popular; ripens early.

CYNTHTANA.

(Aest.) Very much like Norton's Virginia, but ripens
a little earlier.

DELAWARE.

One of the finest grapes. Bunches medium, compact,
shouldered; berries medium, round; skin thin, light red,
with a whitish bloom ; flesh juicy, sweet, of delicious
flavor; vine moderately vigorous and productive; ripens
about a week after Hartford Prolific.
DEVEREQX.

(Aest.) Bunches long, slightly shouldered; berries
small, black, sweet and vinous; vine a strong grower,
moderately prolific ; good for wine.
DIANA.

(Labr.) Bunches large, compact ; berries large, round-
ish ; pale red, with lilac bloom ; flesh sweet, vinous
and rich ; very productive and a standard variety.
DUCHESS.

(Hybrd.) A fine white grape ; bunches large, compact,,
shouldered; berries medium, oval; skin thick; flesh

THE GRAPE. 147

tender, juicy and of excellent qualitj' ; ripsns soon after
Concord.

EARLY DAWN.

(H3'brd.) Bunches medium, shouldered ; berry medium,
black ; skin thin ; flesh sweet, rich and of good quality ;
vine vigorous and productive ; earlier than Hartford
Prolific.

EARLY VICTOR.

(Labr.) Bunch medium, compact, sometimes should-
ered; berr}^ medium, black witii blue bloom; some pulp,
juicy, vinous, good; vine vigorous, healthy and prolific;
ripens with or before Hartford Prolific.
ELVIRA.

(A seedling of Taylor.) Bunches small to medium,
compact, shouldered; berry larger than Taylor, round,
white; skin thin; pulp tender, juicy and of excellent
flavor; vine very vigorous and productive; from one to
two weeks later than Concord.

EDMELAN.

(Aest.) Bunches medium, moderately compact ; berry
mdium to large, round, black, with fine bloom, adher-
ing firmly to the bunch ; flesh tender, rich and vinous ;
vine a strong grower: wood short, pointed; ripens early
and evenly.

EXCELSIOR.

(Hybrd.) Bunch large, shouldered, compact ; berry
pale red, sweet and aromatic ; vine moderately vig-
orous, short-jointed ; ripens about with Catawba.

FLOWERS.

— (Rotund.) Bunches medium size; skin dark black;
flesh vinous and sweet. October.
GOETHE.
(Rogers' hybrid. No. 1.) A good late kind; bunches
large; berries large, pink when ripe; vine healthy and
productive.

148 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

GOLDEX GEM.
(Hybrd ) Bunch small, sometimes shouldered ; berry
.small, golden; flesh tender, juicy and of the best qual-
ity; vine moderately vigorous, with short pointed wood;
ripens with Hartford Prolific.

HARTFORD PROLIFIC.

(Labr ) Bunches large, shouldered, compact ; berries
medium, round, black; skin rather thick ; flesh pulpy,
sweet and musky; vine grows rapidly and bears abun-
dantly. July.

HERBERT.
(Rogers', No. 44.) Bunch large, long shouldered ; berry
large, round, black ; flesh sweet and tender; vine very
vigorous, an excellent early grape.
HERMANN.
(Aest.) Bunch long ; berry small, black ; a good wine
grape ; vine vigorous.

HERBEMONT.
(Aest.) (Warren.) Bunches large and compact,
shouldered ; berries small, black and blue bloom ; skin
thin ; a delicious grape, sweet and well flavored; highly
esteemed for wine. August.

HIGHLAND.
(Hybrid.) Bunch large, compact, long, heavil}' should-
ered ; berry large, round, black, with a blue bloom; little
pulp, juicy, sweet, vinou.-^, of good flavor; vine a strong
grower, with short-jointed wood ; ripens after Concord ;
a cross of Concord and Jura-muscat.
HUMBOLDT.
(Ripa X.) Bunch and*berry medium; round, yellowish,
sweet and of good flavor; vine vigorous; a good white
wine grape.

ISABELLA.
(Labr.) Bunches large, loose, shouldered ; very hand-
some ; berry large, oval, black, with beautiful bloom ;

THE GRAPE.

149

flesh juicy, musky; pulp tough, acid ; vine vigorous and
prolific.

IVES.

(Labr.) Bunches and berries large ; skin thick, black ;
flesh sweet and musky ; vine vigorous and prolific ; a
good wine grape. -July.

JANESVILLE.

(Labr. X Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact ; berry large,
black, with thick skin and pulpy flesh; similar to Hart-
ford in quality; vine vigorous and productive; ripens
about with Hartford; supposed to be a cross of Hartford
and Clinton.

JEFFERSON.

(Labr. X ) A handsome red grape ; a cross between
the Concord and lona; bunch large, compact, shouldered ;
berry large, oval ; flesh tender, sweet and juicy; ripens
soon after Concord.

LADY.

(Labr.) A seedling of Concord, and a little earlier;
bunch and berry large ; skin yellowish green ; handsome ; ,
fair quality ; vine vigorous.

LADY WASHINGTON.

(Hybrid.) Bunch very large, shouldered, moderately
compact; berries medium, round, pale amber; flesh ten-
der, sweet, juicy and of good quality ; vine a good grower,
short-jointed; ripens with Concord; produced by cro.ss-
ing Concord with Allen's Hybrid.
LENOIR.

(Aest.) Bunch large, moderately compact; berries
small, dark purple, juicy and vinous.
LINDLEY.

(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 9.) Bunch medium, long should-
ered, loose; berries large, round, red; fleyh tender, with
little pulp, rich and aromatic- ; vine very vigorous, long-
jointed ; early.

150 THE NUKSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

(Ripa.) Bunch medium, compact; berry medium;
round, black, juicy and sweet; vine rather' straggling,
vigorous grower ; ripens late.

MARTHA.

(Labr.) A white Concord, rather- inferior in quality.
MASSASOIT.

(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 3). Bunch medium, short, shoul-
dered; berry large, dark red; flesh tender and sweet;
vine moderately vigorous and productive. Ripens with
Hartford Prolific.

MAXATAVVNEY.

(Labr.) Bunches medium; berries large, oblong ; skin
greenish white; flesh sweet and delicious; one of the
best of the white kind ; not a very strong grower.
MERRIMACK.

(Rogers' Hybrid, No. 19.) Bunch medium, short, com-
pact; berry large, black, very good ; vine healthy and a
strong grower. Ripens in August.
MR«. McCLURE.

(Hybrd.) Across between Clinton and Peter Wylie ;
bunch medium, shouldered; berry medium, white, fair
quality; vine a strong grower; foliage resembles the
Clinton.

MOORE'S EARLY.

(Labr.) An excellent early grape; a seedling of the
Concord, which it very much resembles, ripening about
two weeks earlier.

NIAGARA.

(Cros.s of Concord and Cassady.) A new grape, promis-
ing well ; a cross of Concord and Cassady ; bunch medium
to large, uniform, compact, sometimes shouldered ; berry
large, roundish, with a thin, tough, greenish yellow
skin, and a whitish bloom ; flesh tender and in quality
about the same as Concord ; ripens with or soon after
Concord.

THE GRAPE. 151

NOAH.
(Rip. X.) A prolific, stvoug-growing, white grape;
bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry large ; skin
thin, transparent; ripens a week after Concord.
NORTON'S VIRGINIA.
(Aest.) Bunches long, compact ; berries small, dark
purple; skin thin; flesh vinous, sweet and juicy; an
excellent wine grape. August.
PERKINS.
(Labr.) Bunch medium to large, shouldered ; berries
medium, lilac when fully ripe, with white bloom and
thick skin ; flesh pulpy, sweet and juicy ; vine a strong
grower, prolific. Ripens several davs after Hartford Pro-
lific.

PETER WYLIE.

(Hybrd.) Bunches large, shouldered, loose ; berries
medium, round, transparent, golden yellow at maturity;
flesh melting, vinous, of excellent quality ; vine vigor-
ous, short-jointed. July.

POCKLINGTON.

(Labr.) A seedling of Concord ; bunch and berry
large; golden, fair quality; vigorous; ripens with Con-
cord ; a good shipper.

PRENTISS.
(Labr.) A white grape of good qualit}-; slow grower,
productive; wood short-jointed.
REBECCA.
(Labr.) A good white grape • bunch and berry medi-
um; slow grower, not productive.
SALEM.

(Hybrid — Rogers', No 53 ) Bunch large, compact and
shouldered; berry large, dark and chestnut with little
pulp; flesh tender, sweet, aromatic, of good quality ; large
foliage; vine vigorous and healthy ; can be propagated
readily from cuttings ; nearly as early as Concord.

SCUPPEkNONG.
■^ (Rotund.) Bunches small, rarely containing more than

152 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

eight or ten berries each; berries large, round and of a.
bronze color; skin thick ; flesh juicy, swoit and vinous,
free from rot, a rapid grower, very prolific ; an excellent
wine grape ; ver}' popular and profitable. August and
September.

SECRETARY.

(Hybrid.) Bunches large, compact, shouldered; berry
large, oval, black with handsome bloom ; flesh sweet, vi-
nous; vine vigorous.

SENASQUA.
(Hybrd.) Bunch medium to large, compact; berry
large, black, with blue bloom, of excellent quality ; flesh
of a brisk and vinous flavor ; vine moderately vigorous
and productive ; ripens soon after Concord.
TRIUMPH.
(Hybrd ) Bunch and berry very large, pale green to
golden yellow; thin skin, no pulp; flesh sweet, vinous,
of excellent quality ; a showy variety; vine healthy and
productive; ripens later than Concord.
TENDER PULP.

(Rotund.) A seedling of Flowers, ripening earlier.

THOMAS.
(Rotund.) Bunch very small; berries large, of a violet
color, transparent ; tender, sweet and vinous. August to
September.

VERGENNESE.
(Labr). Bunch large; berry large, round, amber with
blue bloom, ot rich flavor. Early, vine very hardy,
vigorous ; good wine grape.

(A cross of Delaware and Diana). Bunches and ber-
ries medium to large, in shape and color resembling Dela-
ware ; flesh lender, rich and sweet, almost equal to Dela-
ware ; moderatel}' vigorous and productive. Wood short
jointed. Ripens about with Delaware.
WORDEN.

(Labr). A seedling ol Concord, a little earlier; bunch
and berry large, black ; vine very hardy, and strong
grower. Resembles Concord.

CHAPTER XXX.

THE MULBERRY.

The mulberry is a deciduous fruit tree, cultivated^to a
considerable extent in some sections of the Southern
States. The trees are propagated by grafting and from
seeds or cuttings. Stocks are sometimes obtained by

Fig. 107.

planting seeds of the white mulberry, but the best stocks
can be had by planting cuttings of the variety known as
Moras Multicaulis. The Hicks and Downing ever-bear-
ing are the most popular kinds. They bear immense
10

154 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

quantities of fruit during three or four months of the
year, which is excellent for hogs and poultry. Every
farmer would find an orchard of this fruit a profitable
investment.

LIST OF VARIETIES.
BLACK ENGLISH.

The best black, hardy and prolific, growth rather slow*

DOWNINGS.

Flesh rich, subacid ; tree a rapid grower, not so prolific
as Hicks.

HICKS.

Flesh sweet and insipid ; tree a fine grower and bears
large crops for three or four months in the year.
RUSSIAN.

Large ]et black, fine flavor, commences to fruit when
two years old. A very pretty rapid growing tree.
STUBBS.
A new variety ; fruit large and of good quality.
WHITE MULBERRY.

: The best variety for silk worms.

CHAPTER XXXI.

THE NECTARINE.

The nectarine is nothing more than an accidental seed-
ling of the peach, with a smooth skin, which is shown
by the fact that the same tree sometimes produces both
peaches and nectarines. The growth of the tree is the
same as that of the peach from which it is not easily dis-
tinguished. The fruit is not so large as the peach, free
from down, and in flavor resembles the peach leaf. The
nectarine is usually propagated by grafting or budding
on peach stocks, and the cultivation, pruning, etc.,
are the same as required by that fruit. Failures to pro-
duce crops are more common with nectarines than with
peaches, owing principally to the destructive attacks of
the curculio or plum weevil. By following the directions
given for destroying the curculio, regular crops may be
obtained. It is well to plant the trees where hogs will
have access to them, as they destroy large numbers of the
worms by eating the fallen fruit. Protection against
borers is the same as for peach trees. Personfe desiring
an assortment of fruits should by all means leave room
for a few nectarine and apricot trees.

LIST OF VARIETIES.
BOSTON.

Large and handsome, roundish oval ; yellow with crim-
son cheek, mottled slightly with red ; flesh yellow, sweet,
not very rich, pleasant flavor; separates from the stone;
flowers small; tree hardy and productive. Medium sea-
son.

166 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

COOSA.
Large, red ; flesh white, quality very good, a new seed-
ling.

DOWNTON.
Large, roundish oval, light green with crimson cheek ;
flesh pale green, slightly red at the stone, melting and
rich ; separates from the stone ; flowers small ; season
medium.

EARLY NEWINGTON.

Large, roundish ovate, pale green, almost covered with
red, marbled and mottled with very dark red; flesh
greenish white, red at the stone, sugary, juicy ad rich ;n
flowers large ; season early.

EARLY VIOLET.

Large, roundish, yellowish green in the shade, almost
covered with dark red, moltted with pale brown dots,
when exposed ; flesh whitish, red at the stone, melting
juioy, rich ; tree hardy and productive. French Origin ;
flowers small. Season early.

ELRUGE.

Medium, roundish oval ; pale green with red cheek
and small brown specks; flesh pale green, melting,
juicy, of excellent flavor ; separates from the stone ; sea-
son medium.

GOLDEN CLING.

Medium, clingstone, yellow with scarlet cheek ; flesh
orange yellow, firm, sweet and juicy ; flowers small.
Ripens medium season.

HARDWICK.

Large, oval, freestone, light green with crimson cheek ;

flesh greenish white, red near the stone, juicy and rich ;

resembles the Elruge somewhat. One of the best and

hardiest Nectarines ; excellent bearer. Season medium.

HUNTS TAWNY.

About medium, slightly enlarged on one side, pointed
at apex ; skin orange and deep red, with brown in spots ;

PROPERTY OF
A- 4t E. COL-L-EOE

THE NECTARINE. 157

flesh yellow and juicy; separates from the stone ; hardy,
and abundant bearer ; flowers small.
NEW WHITE.

Large, nearlj^ round, freestone, skin white, slightly
tinged with crimson ; flesh white, juicy and vinous ;
stone small, separates freely ; flowers large. Early.
PITM A.STON ORANGE.

Large, roundish, deep yellow, with brownish cheeks ;
flesh yellow, red at the stone, rich, juicy and excellent
flavor ; stone small, sep-artes freely ; tree vigorous ; flow-
ers large.

KED ROMAN.

Large, roundish, or little flattened at the top; skin yel-
low or greenist, and dark reddish brown, with spots of
russet; flesh yellow, red near the stone, rich and juicy;
one of the best of clingstone nectarines ; tree healthy and
productive ; season medium ; flowers large.
VICTORIA.

Large, roundish, flattened at the top ;'greenish yellow,
red on the side next the sun ; flesh rich and sweet ; flow-
ers sir ^11: season medium.

CHAPTER XXXIL

THE ORANGE.

The orange is now grown very extensively in Florida,
and to some extent in other States. The trees, which
grow to a height of twenty or thirty feet, are the most at-
tractive of all fruit trees, while the fruit is highly es-
teemed and sells at such prices as render orange culture
under favorable circumstances very profitable. The trees
are propagated from seeds and by budding. By plant-
ing the seeds of good varieties,excellent trees are obtained,
which begin to bear when seven or eight years old ; trees
budded on stocks three or four years old begin to bear in
two or three years after budding. The orange requires
■clean, shallow cultivation and, liberal manuring, Pea-
Tines turned under, cotton seed, stable manure and muck
are all good fertilizers. The trees are very prolific, in
some instances yielding ten thousand oranges each.
They have few diseases, and with proper attention live
"to be very old. The fruit begins to ripen in October,
and in mild winters will remain in good condition on
the trees the year round.

CHAPTER XXXIIL

THE PEACH.

This popular fruit is a native of Persia and was intro-
duced into this country about two hundred years ago. It
succeeds admirably here anywhere south of 40o north
latitude, and is now raised in greater quantities and with
less labor than in any other country. The soil and cli-
mate of the Southern states are peculiarly adapted to its
culture, and it has become one of the most profitable of
Southern fruits. Requiring a soil of only moderate fer-
tility, having so few enemies at the South, and giving
so rich and speedy returns, it is no wonder that the
peach has become a favorite among fruits, and is cultiva-
ted so extensively in some sections of the Southern States.
The trees are shorter-lived than most fruit trees of our
climate, but with proper treatment they live and bear
crops from ten to thirty years. In rare instances they
have been kown to live from fifty to one hundred years.
The difierent varieties of the peach are distinguished by
the presence or absence of glands (slight protuberances)
on the leaves, by the size and color of the blooms, and by
the quality of the flesh, whether cling or free-stone.

The propagation of the peach is very easy and rapid.
Seedlings sometimes bear fruit the second year, and bud-
ded or grafted trees often yield moderate crops when
only two years from the bud. In planting orchards of
the peach, trees one year from the bud or graft are usual-

J 60 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

ly selected. The soil should be a dry, moderately rich,
sandy loam, rather than heavy clay, well prepared by
deep plowing. Orchards on elevated sites are considered
least liable to injury from frost. Some kinds of peaches
produce the same, or with slight variations, from the
seed. Seedling trees are very hardy, and their fruit is
often of good quality ; but this method cannot be relied
upon to propagate our improved varieties, as it is the
natural tendency, when their seeds are planted to de-
teriorate — go back to the lower type from which they
sprang. Trees combining hardiness with superior qual-
ity of fruit may be obtained by planting well matured
seeds from vigorous seedling trees in hills the proper dis-
tance apart for the trees, on grouna where they can re-
main, and budding on them the kind it is desired to pro-
pagate. Several seeds should be planted in each hill,
and when a few inches high all but the most vigorous
one of the seedlings can be removed; with the proper at-
tention in the way of pruning, cultivation and protec-
tion from insects, trees raised in this way will live many
years.

One great difficulty in peach culture is the result of
bad pruning. When the limbs are left to take their own
course, they soon become long and slim with very few
branches near their base, as represented in figure 108.
The tendency of the sap is strongly to the extremity of
the limbs at the expense of the buds on the lower part,
which are usually lost if not excited into growth the first
season after their formation. As the fruit is borne on
the wood of the preceding year's growth,a system of prun-
ing must be practiced that will keep the tree constantly
supplied with young bearing wood in all its parts. The

THE PEACH.

161

method adopted is known as the shortening-in S3-stem
which consists in cutting off each year about one-half of

the previous year's growth. When the ends of the limbs
are pruned off. the rush of sap to the extremities is

Pig. 109. — The badly pruned peach tree,
broken down by overbearing.

Fig. 110.— The well pre-
served peach tree.

checked and shoots come out on the lower parts, thus
supplying the trees with abundance of bearing wood f
the limbs grow shorter and stronger, not so liable to be

162 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

broken by overbearing ; the fruit is better, and the trees
longer-lived. But we must not go from one extreme to
another. While no pruning leaves the tree unsightly
and short-lived, the results of shortening-in are about as
bad if the proper attention is not given the trees after-
wards. The dense undergrowth which follows the prun-
ing must be kept thinned out, so as to admit air and sun-
light, and leave the tree with an open, well-balanced
head. Good judgment and some experience, on the part
of the peach grower, will enable him to keep his trees in
symmetrical shape and well supplied with bearing wood,
at the same time guarding against injuries caused by the
breaking of limbs from overbearing. The hardiest and
longest-lived trees of an orchard are often found in fence
corners where they are protected against the hot summer
sun and injuries from the plow.

An application of woods earth, or chip manure mixed
with ashes or lime, is an excellent fertilizer for peach or-
chards.

VARIETIES OF FREESTONES.

ALBERT SIDNEY.
Medium, oblontr, creamy white, with crimson cheek;
flesh rich, melting; Chinese type. July.
AMELIA.
Large, conical, white skin, with a shade of crimson;
flesh white, very juicy and sweet ; flowers small. July.

ALEXANDER.

Medium, dark red skin ; flesh greenish white, very
juicy and sweet; adheres slightly to the stone ; tree vig-
orous and productive ; the most popular of the very early
k:inds. May and June.

THE PEACH. 163

AMSDEN.

An excellent, very early peach, considered identical
with Alexander.

BALDWIN'S LATE.

Large, oblong ; swollen point ; greenish white, with
red cheek ; flesh firm, juicy ; flowers small. October.

BEATRICE.
Small, dark red, mottled with a deeper hue of red;
flesh juicy, vinous; matures soon after Alexander; re-
quires rich soil and thinning. June.
BRIGGS' MAY.
Large, highly colored cheek, on white ground ; flesh
greenish white, vinous, of excellent quality ; adheres
somewhat to the stone. Early.

CANARY.
Medium, oblong, bright yellow ; flesh yellow, juicy,
melting ; flowers small ; season early.
COLUMBIA.
Very large, excellent; skin downy, yellow, with red
cheek; flesh yellow, rich and juicy ; very popular variety
in the South ; easily reproduced from seed. July.
CORA.
Above medium, white, with delicate pink cheek ; flesh
white, juicy; improved seedling of Lady Parham. Sep-
tember.

CRAWFORD'^ EARLY.
Very large, oblong, yellow, with crimson blush; flesh
yellow, melting, rich and excellent ; tree vigorous, fruit-
ful and hardy ; flowers small ; one of the most popular
market varieties. July.

CRAWFORD'S LATE.
Very large, roundish, shallow but distinct suture ; yel-
low, with red cheek ; flesh very deep yellow, red near
the stone, rich, juicy, vinous ; flowers small ; season me-
dium.

164 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

DRUID HILL.
Large, roundish, the cavity of stalk narrow, suture
very slight; skin greenish white, with clouds of carmine;
flesh greenish white, purple near the stone, rich, vinous;
tree very vigorous, bears abundantly; flowers small.
August.

EARLY LOUISE.
Medium, bright red; thin skin; flesh juicy, excellent;
not a good market kind. June.

EARLY TILLOTSON.
Medium, round, yellowish white, nearly covered with
red; flesh whitish, red at stone, juicy, melting; flowers
small. June.

EARLY RIVERS.
Large, straw color, with pink blush; flesh white, sub-
acid, very vinous and very juicy ; flowers large ; very
prolific. June.

ELBERTA.
Very large, handsome, yellow and red ; flesh yellow,
flavor excellent, supposed to be a seedling of Chinese
cling ; fine variety for shipping. July.
FAMILY FAVORITE.
Large, inclining to oblong, suture shallow; apex me-
dium; skin cream-color, with crimson blush; flesh streaked
next the stone, firm, juicy ; tree vigorous with large
leaves ; flowers small ; earlier than its parent, Chinese
Cling.

FLAT PEACH OF CHINA— (PEEN-TO.)
Small, flattened, forming a deep hollow at both ends ;
yellowish green skin, with red on one side ; flesh yellow
circle of red round the stone, sweet, juicy ; tree of dwarf-
ish habits; flowers large. Ripens in Florida from April
15 to May 10.

FLEITAS ST. JOHN.
Large, roundish, orange yellow, ^with crimson blush;
flesh yellow, juicy, sweet ; originated in New Orleans.
Ripens with Early Tillotson.

THE PEACH. 165

FOSTER.

Large, slightly flattened ; suture slight ; flesh yellow,
of good flavor, earlier than Early Crawford, which it
resembles; valuable for market.

FRUITLAND.
Large, greenish white, mottled with red ; flesh green-
ish white, very juicy, vinous, red at the stone. Origin-
ated at Augusta, Ga. First of September.
GAYLORD.
Large, round, sharp point, rosy skin, with crimson
blush; flesh white, rich and juicy. Origin Mississippi ;
flowers small. August.

GREAT EASTERN.
Very large, greenish white skin, with a shade of red;
flesh white and juicy, rather coarse ; flowers small.
Originated at Augusta, Ga. July.

GROSSE MIGNONNE.
Large, roundish, slightly depressed, with hollow
suture at the top, greenish yellow, m )ttled with red and
deep red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, red near the stone,
melting, juicy, rich and vinous flavor ; flowers large ;
season medium.

HALE'S EARLY.

Medium, nearly round, greenish, mottled with red;
flesh white, juicy, rich; tree hardy and productive ; flow-
ers large. June.

HONEYS

Small, oval, whitish yellow, marbled with red ; flesh
white, juicy, delicious ; flowers large. June to July.
Lagrange.
Large, oblong, greenish white; flesh white and finely
flavored. Late in the season.

LADY PALMERSTON.
Large, greenish yellow, marbled with red ; flesh light
yellow, melting ; flowers small August to September
LATE red rareripe.
Large, oval ; suture depressed at the top, where the

166 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

swollen point is distinctly sunken; skin pale yellow,
covered with red spots, cheek deep red ; flesh white, red
at the stone ; flowers small ; season medium.

LATE ADMIRABLE.
Very large, roundish ; bold suture, dividing the fruit
all around, and small, swollen point at the top ; yellow-
ish green, red cheek, marbled with darker red; flesh
greenish white, red at the stone, very juicy ; flowers
small ; season medium.

LORD PALMERSTON.
Large, skin white, with pink cheek ; flesh firm, juicy
and rich ; flowers large. August.

MOUNTAIN ROSE.

Large, white, washed with a carmine; flesh tinged
pink, juicy, vinous, subacid ; flowers small; tree a strong
grower, prolific. June to July.

MUSCOGEE.
Large, round, yellow, almost covered with red; flesh
white with red streaks near the stone, melting, juicy ;
flowers small ; resembles Columbia. August.
OSCEOLA.
Medium, round; suture medium; yellow, with orange
cheek, veined with red ; flesh yellow, streaked with red,
sweet ; flowers large. September. Origin Georgia.
OLD MIXON FREE STONE.
Large, roundish, one side swollen, and the suture visi-
ble only at the top; cavity slightly sunk at- the stalk;
skin yellowish white, mottled with red, red cheek;
flesh white, red at the stone, tender, rich and excellent,
flowers small. August.

PICQUET'S LATE.
Very large, yellow, with crimson cheek; flesh yellow,
rich and sweet. Originated by Antoine Picquet, Esq.,
Belair, Ga. August to September.

PRINCESS OF WALES.

Large, round, cream-colored, with a shade of blush j

THE PEACH. 16T

flesh melting, deep red at the stone, quite juicy and rich ;
flowers large. September.

REEVE'S FAVORITE.
Large, roundish, point swollen ; skin yellow with red
cheek ; flesh deep yellow , red at the stone, juicy, melt-
ing, vinous ; flowers small. July.

ROYAL GEORGE.
Above medium; skin white, sprinkled with red dots;
cheek deep red; flesh white, red at the stone, juicy, very
rich ; flowers small. July.

SNOW.
Large, globular; suture faintly marked, except at the
top ; skin pure white; flesh white, sweet, sprightly ; flow-
ers small. August.

STUMP THE WORLD.
Very large, white, with bright cheek ; flesh white and
juicy ; flowers small. July.

SUSQUEHANNA.
Very large, yellow and crimson skin ; flesh yellow,.
rich and jucy. Last of July.

THURBER.

Very large, pure white, crimson mottlings ; flesh quite
luscious, of fine texture. A seedling of Chinese Cling,
which it resembles in size and color. Originated by Dr.
L. E. Berckmans, Rome, Ga. July.
WHEATLAND.

Large, roundish, a distinct suture, not large ; cavity
medium ; skin deep golden yellow, shaded with crimson ;
flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, pale red around the stone; tree
very vigorous, healthy, resembles Crawford's Late ; flow-
ers large. August.

YELLOW ST. JOHN.
Large, resembles Early Crawford, but of a deeper color ;
flesh yellow, juicy, very sweet. Ripens early.

168 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

CLINGSTONE.

ANNIE WYLIE.
Large, globular ; suture shallow, extending beyond the
apex, which is a small joint; cavity narrow, deep; skin
creamy white, with crimson cheek ; flesh white, juicy,
vinous; tree vigorous and a good bearer; flowers small;
originated in Chester, S. C. Sepiember.
BUSTIAN'S OCTOBER.
Large, white, late variety, of good quality.
BORDEAUX CLING.

Large, oblong, inclined to be one-sided; suture shallow ;
skin pale yellow, with carmine cheek ; flesh yellow, red
at stone, juicy ; flowers large. August.
CHINESE CLING.

Large, globular, sides compressed; suture shallow ; skin
creamy white, with crimson cheek ; flesh white, red at
stone, juicy and deliciously flavored; a very desirable
variety for market ; flowers small. July. General Lee
and Stone wallJackson are excellent sub- varieties of Chi-
nese Cling.

CROFT'S GOLDEN.

Large, deep yellow with red cheek ; flesh yellow, sub-
acid, vinous. July to August.
DARBY.

Large, round, creamy white skin, excellent variety, ma-
tures middle of October. Origin, South Carolina.
DEMMING'S SEPTEMBER.

Large, oblong, yellow, with carmine cheek ; flesh yel-
low, red near the stone, very juicy and vinous; similar
to Lemon Cling, but later.

DUFF YELLOW.
Very large, round, with sharp point, yellow and nearly
oovered with a dark hue of red; flesh yellow and juicy,
red at the stone ; flowers small. July.

THE PEACH. 169

EATON'S GOLDEN.
Medium, round ; suture shallow ; skin golden yellow,
with a few pink spots near the base ; flesh golden yellow,
sweet, juicy, with flavor of the apricot ; flowers large.
September.

FLEWELLEN.

Large, dark red, of the Indian type ; flesh red. very
juicy and sweet, vinous ; ripens in July.
GOODE'S OCTOBER.
Large, round or oblong, white, with veins of carmine,
downy; flesh white, with red near the stone, very juicy
and subacid. Originated in South Carolina. First of
October.

GENERAL TAYLOR.

Medium, white or almost covered withered tinge ; flesh
white, juicy and sweet. July. Originated in Mississippi.
HEATH LATE WHITE.
(Henrietta.) Large, oval, apex-pointed ; skin white';
flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet," good qualit}^ ex-
cellent for preserving. September,
HB VTH RED.
Large, oblong, the skin white, with red wash; flesh
juicy, red near the stone, of good flavor, rich and melting ;
flowers small. August.

INDIAN BLOOD CLINGSTONE.
Large, roundish, oval, distinct suture; skin^'downy, of
a deep, almost purple red ; flesh same [color, firm, juicy ;
flowers small. August.

LARGE WHITE CLINGSTONE.
Large, round, suture slight, and the swollen point at
the top small ; skin creamy white with light red cheek ;
flesh whitish, tender, melting, juicy and very sweet;
(lowers small. July.

LEMON CLING.
Large, oblong, point swollen, like that of a lemon ; skin
yellow, with brownish cheek; flesh firm, yellow, red at
the stone, rich, vinous, juicv; flowers small, Julv.
11 ■ '

170 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

NEWINGTON CLING.
Large, oblong, white with red cheek ; flesh firm, juicy.
August.

NIX LATE WHITE.
Large, oblong; suture medium, extending to the apex,
which is a little sunk ; white, downy, reddish in the sun;
flesh white ; flowers large. October.

OLD MIXON CLINGSTONE.
Large, roundish, swollen on one side; suture visible
only at the top ; creamy white, dotted with red, cheek a
deep red ; flesh white, juicy, of excellent flavor ; flowers
small. August.

SCOTT'S OCTOBER.
Medium to large, light yellow ; flesh firm, with flavor
of lemon. Originated in Columbia, S. C.

SHELBY.
Large, white, with crimson blush, juicy, finely flavored.
July and August.

TINLEY'S OCTOBER.
Medium, oblong, white, slightly tinged with red; lesh
white, juicy, vinous; flowers large. Origin Macon, Ga.

TUSKENA.
Above medium, oblong, yellow and deep red ; flesh
subacid, vinous. Origin Mississippi. June.

WASHINGTON CLINGSTONE.

^Medium, roundish, yellowish green, with gray specks;
flesh juicy, luscious ; flowers small. August.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

THE PEAR.

The wild pear of Europe and Asia is one of the most
austere of all fruits, entirely unfit for the palate, but
through the ameliorating influences of cross-breeding
and reproduction from seeds, it has become a favorite
fruit of modern times. The trees, under favorable cir-
cumstances, are very long-lived and exceedingly prolific.
Instances are on record of trees reaching the age of four
hundred years, and from one hundred to one hundred and
fifty bushels of fruit have have been gathered from a sin-
gle tree. The pear is propagated by budding and graft-
ing on its own roots for standards, and on the roots of the
quince for dwarfs. For orchard culture, standards are
much preferred, but for garden and amateur culture,
dwarfs are very interesting. Some varieties are grown
readily from cuttings. As was stated in the chapter on
seeds and seedlings, it is more difiicult in this country to
raise seedlings of the pear than of any other fruit tree.
The soil should be deep, rich and moist (not wet.)

It is useless to plant pear seeds on poor, dry soils. The
seeds may be planted either in the spring or fall, and
require the best of cultivation to induce a vigorous
growth during the early part of the season, without
which failure often results.

Good stocks may be obtained from the seeds of the
Jiardy common sorts, often found growing on farms, in a

172

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

very thrifty condition. If planted in a seed-bed in row&
about eighteen inches apart, to be transplanted to nur-
sery rows, which is the usual practice, *the tap roots are
shortened at the time of removal. If the seedlings are

/^

Fig. Ill — Kieffer Pear.

raised in nmsciy rows three or three and a half fee'
apart, the tap root can be shortened by running a shar]^.
spado under them in the fall, and they can be budded or
grafted where they grow. When seedlings are bought,
they can be budded during the summer after setting out,
if they are growing vigorously f if not, they are grafted
tlie following spring.

Suckers are sometimes used as stocks, but seedlings

THE PEAR. 1 i 3

are much preferred. The pear adapts itself to a great
variety of soils; it requires good cultivation, and on
most soils liberal manuring will be necessary. Ashes
and lime are very beneficial.

Standard pears require about the same pruning as
apple trees. The fruit of most varieties of the pear is
very much improved by ripeningofF the tree. It should
be gathered carefully to prevent bruising, when matured,
but not colored. The proper time is when some of the
full grown but unsound fruit begins to color and drop
from the tree. If carefully packed in boxes with some-
thing between the hwers, and kept in a cool, dry place,
the fruit will be fully ripened in from five to fifteen days.
The greatest difficulty in the way of pear culture is the
disease known as blight. It seems to attack mercilessly
trees of almost all ages, varieties and localities ; and,
although many theories have been advanced and reme-
dies suggested, its ravages continue almost unabated.
Its presence is indicated by a sudden withering and turn-
ing black of the leaves in certain portions of the tree,
while the other parts remain apparently in full vigor.
Unless the disease is checked, the tree is soon de-
stroyed. Trees that are attacked by blight often recover
after having the diseased portion pruned off. Always cut
a considerable distance below the affected part.

Damp soils, which induce a late growth and imper-
fectly matured wood, are unfavorable for the pear.

THE LeCONTE pear.

The introduction of this pear has, during the last few
years, created quite a stir at the South in pear culture.
It was introduced into Liberty county, Ga., in 1856, from

174

THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

a Northern nursery, and the original tree is still alive,
and bears large crops annually. The LeConte is a hy-

Fig. 112.

brid, the result of a cross between the Chinese Sand Pear
and some cultivated variety. The tree is of rapid growth,
very prolific, bears young, and is comparatively free from
blight. The fruit is large, of good quality, an excellent
shipper, and sells at high prices. It is gathered when
the color first begins to change, and, if intended for ship-
ment, each specimen is wrapped in paper, and packed in
crates containing about one bushel each. The propaga-
tion is principally from cuttings. In furrows the width
of a spade, about fifteen inches deep, well enriched, cut-
tings of the last year's growth, ten or twelve inches long,

THE PEAR.

175

are planted, with one or two inches of the top uncovered,
and the dirt pressed firmly about them. They must be
kept clear of weeds and watered in dry weather. The
time for planting cuttings varies in different localities

Fig. 113.— Young Kieffer Pear Tree.

from September to February. Perhaps the best time in
all places is soon after the years growth has stopped.
Sometimes three-fourths of the cuttings will live at other

176 THE NUKSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

times all fail. When planted in the orchard large holes
should be dug, and well enriched with good manure and
top soil thoroughly mixed together. The young trees
should be cut back to within two feet of the ground, and
have one-half of their growth cut back annually for a few
years, always leaving the last bud on the outer side of the
limb, so that the growth will be from the tree and make
a more open head and a larger bearing surface. The trees
require good cultivation and manuring. They are hardy
anywhere in the United States, but are most valuable at
the South. The Kieflfer, another hybrid of late introduc-
tionis becoming very popular, especially so at the North.

List of Summer Varieties.

BARTLETT.

Large, oblong, obtuse, pyriform, yellow ; flesh white,
buttery, juicy, vinous ; open calyx, in shallow basin ;
tree a strong, upright grower, and a very early and abun-
dant bearer; a most popular kind of English origin.
July and August.

BELLE LUCRATIVE.
^Medium to large, yellowish green, slightly russeted ;
flesh juicy, melting, delicious, of excellent quality; me-
dium basin, with open calyx; tree is upright, moder-
ately vigorous and prolific. July and August.
BLOODGOOD.
Medium, turbinate, yellow, with russet dots ; flesh
whitish, buttery, melting, aromatic ; open calyx in
very shallow basin ; the tree is a good grower, and bears
early and regularly. July.

BRANDYWINE.
Medium, pyriform. greenish, russeted with a brown
blush ; flesh white, rich, juicy and excellent ; open calyx

THE PEAR. 1 77

in shallow basin ; tree a strong, upright grower, prolific.
Jul3^ Origin Pennsylvania.

BEURRE GIFFARI).

Medium, p^M-iform, yellow, with red cheek ; flesh
white, melting, juicy and finely flavored; small basin,
with closed calyx ; tree a straggling grower. June.
BUFFUM.

Medium, obovate, deep yellow, with a'broad red cheek,
and slightly russeted ; flesh white, buttery, sweet and
of very good quality; tree a strong, compact grower, pro-
ductive. August Origin Rhode Island.
CHAMBERS.

Medium, obovate, yellow, red next the sun and dotted
with green ; flesh white, of fair quality ; tree a spreading
grower of moderate vigor. -July.

CLAPP'S FAVORITE.

Large, ovate, yellow, with brown dots ; flesh white,
buttery, melting, sweet, of good quality; tree vigorous,
upright spreading, prolific. July and August. Origin
Massachusetts.

DOYENNE d'ETE.

Small, roundish-obovate, shaoed with and covered
with grayish dots ; flesh white, sweet, melting and of
agreeable flavor ; tree a strong, upright grower, bears
early and abundantly. June.

FLEMISH BEAUTY.

Large, p3'-riform, pale yellow, with a brown cheek, rus-
seted; flesh whitish, melting and rich; a handsome pear
of good quality ; tree a strong, upright grower, bears
early. /August.

HENKELL.
Large, round-obovate, yeliow ; flesh yellowish white,
buttery, melting; partially closed cal3'x in large basin ;
tree upright, vigorous and productive. July.
HOWELL.
Large, wide-obovate, yellow, with handsome cheek and
small dots ; flesh white, melting, buttery, aromatic, of
fine quality; small basin; tree a strong, open grower,
prolific. August.

178 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

LeCONTE.

Supposed to be a hybrid between the Chinese Sand
Pear and a cultivated variety. Large, oblong, pyriform,
pale y^ How ; quality variable, usually second rate ; much
improved b}^ ripening in the house; the tree is a very
strong grower with dense foliage, bears early, compara-
tively free from blight ; very valuable at the Soutu ;
propagated readily from cuttings. August.
LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY.

Large, pyriform, slightly one-sided, yellowish green,,
with red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting
buttery, of good quality ; basin shallow ; tree a good
grower and hea\ y bearer ; best on quince. August.
OSBAND'S SUMMER.

Small to medium, obovate, yellow, with a brown
cheek, often slightly russeted ; flesh white, granular,
with a sweet, agreeable flavor ; tree a good grower and
productive. July.

OTT.

Small, roundisa-obovate, greenish yellow, partly rus-
seted, sometimes mottled with red ; flesh resembles that
of its parent, the Seckel ; large calyx, in shallow basin ;
tree a strong, erect grower. July.

PETITE MARGUERITE.

Small, short, obovate, yellow ; flesh juicy, melting and
of good quality. June.

SECKEL.

Small, obovate, yellowish brown, with a red cheek ;
flesh very fine grained, sweet, juicy, melting, buttery, of
the highest flavor — a standard of excellence ; tree very
hardy, but a slow grower. August.

STEVENS GENESEE.

Large, round-obovate, often flattened, yellow ; flesh half
buttery, granular, rich and well flavored ; tree a vigor-
ous grower.

ST. MICHAEL ARCHANGEL.
Large, pyriform, yellow, partly russeted ; flesh rather

THE PEAR. 179

coarse, rich, aromatic ; calyx closed, in small basin ; tree
pyramidal, a tardy bearer. August.
TYSOX.

Medium, conic pyriform, yellow, with a reddish brown
cheek, sometimes russeted ; flesh juicy, melting, buttery,
with an aromatic flavor — one of the finest summer pears ;
tree vigorous. July and August.

WHITE DOYENNE.

Medium to large, obovate, pale yellow ; flesh white,
melting, buttery, of excellent quality ; small calyx_ in
shallow basin ; tree a strong grower and productive.
August.

URBANISTE.

Large, short, pear-shaped, pale yellow, slightly rus-
seted; flesh melting, buttery, somewhat acid, well fla-
vored ; tree a moderate grower, rather tardy bearer. Au-
gust.

List of Autumn or Winter Varieties.

BEURRE EASTER.
Large, obovate, yellowish green, shghtly russeted, often
with a red cheek ; flesh fine grained, rich, melting, but-
tery, of good quality ; small, closed calyx, in shallow
basin ; an excellent keeper ; tree a good grower. No-
vember.

BEURRE LANGELIER.

Medium, pyriform, yellow, with some russet ; flesh
buttery, melting, with a sweet, slightly vinous flavor ;
tree a good grower, but rather tardy bearer, October and
November.

BEURRE SUPERFIN.

Large, obovate, greenish yellow, somewhat russeted,
with a brownish cheek ; flesh juicy, subacid, melting,
with an agreeable, vinous flavor ; tree vigorous and a
regular bearer. August.

DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME.

Very large, obtuse, pyriform, greenish yellow, often
russeted ; flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy and well

180 THE NURSERY i\ND THE ORCHARD.

flovored; tree vigorous and a ver}'- reliable bearer; best
on quince. September.

BEURRE BOSC.
Large, very distinct p3't'iform, deep yellow, partially
russeted; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, excellent; basin
shallow; tree a moderate grower, a regular bearer. Earl}''
autumn.

BEURRE CLAIRGEAU.
Large, pyramidal pyriforra, with brown dots, and
crimson toward the sun ; flesh white, somewhat granular,
buttery, melting, quality variable ; tree of stout, erect
growth, and a regular bearer.. September and October.
BEURRE D'ANJOU.
Large, greenish yellow, with a red cheek, russeted ;
flesh yellowish white, fine grained, buttery , melting,
highly flavored; sometimes a little astringent; fine tree
and regular bearer. September.

BEURRE DIEL.
Very large, thick pyriforra, dull yellow, dotted, with
some russet ; flesh rather coarse, rich, buttery; tree a
vigorous grower. September.

DUOHESSE d'BORDEAUX.
Medium, roundish, yellow, with russet dots; flesh
v/hite, moderately juicy, sweet, o! pleasunt flavor ; open
calyx in medium basin; tree moderately vigorous. Oc-
tober to November.

GLOUT MORCEAU.
Large, short pyriform, greenish yellow ; flesh white,
fine grained, melting, buttery, sweet, of excellent flavor ;
tree a spreading grower, rather tardy bearer, best on
quince. October.

HEBE.
Very large, round, obovate, lemon color, russeted; flesh
melting, buttery, sprightly, coarse, with a vinous flavor,
a good keeper ; tree thrift}^ and productive. Origin
South Carolina.

THE PEAK. 181

KIEFFER.

Said to be a hybrid, between the Bartlett and China
Sand Pear; fruit large, handsome; skin deep j-ellow,
with a bright vermillion cheek and some russet; flesh
white, brittle, juicy, of fair quality ; tree very much like
LeConte, bears early. September and October. Origin-
ated near Philadelphia.

LAWRENCE.

Medium, pyriform, lemon color with numerous small
dots; flesh white, butter}^ with a rich, aromatic flavor;
tree a spreading, moderately vigorous grower, bears
early and abundantly. September and October.
ONONDAGA.

(Swan's Orang.e ) Large, nearly in the form of a double
cone, yellow, numerous dots, sometimes with a brown
cheek ; closed calyx, in narrow basin ; flesh somewhat
coarse, buttery, melting, of fair quality; tree vigorous
and productive. September and October.
PASSE COLMAR.

Medium to large, distinct pyrifor n, yellow, often rus-
seted ; flesh fine-grained, buttery, sweet, of very good
flavor; tree a slender grower, inclined to overbear. Oc-
tober and November.

POUND.

(Winter Bell, Angora.) Very large, pyriform, crown
wide, yellow, with a brown cheek; flesh compact, good
for cooking; tree a strong, upright grower, and a good
bearer. October and December.

VICAR OF WINK FIELD.

Very large, long, pyrilorm, conical toward the crown,
yellow, with red cheek ; flesh whitish, juic}'-, buttery, of-
ten astringent ; good for cooking; best on quince; very
productive. October.

WINTER NELIS.

Medium, roundish, pyriform, yellowish green, rus-
seted ; flesh yellowish white, fine grained, buttery, of ex-
(vUent flavor; tree a slender and straggling growi-r.
October lo December. Origin Belgium.

CHAPTER XXXV.

THE PECAN NUT.

Of the nut bearing trees, the walnut, chestnut and fil-
bert are ail worthy oi" cultivation, but they are far less
valuable than the pecan (carya olivae-formis) which is
of the same genus as the hickory, and succeeds wherever
that tree grows. The natural range of the pecan is in

Fig. 114.

the valleys of the Western rivers from Illinois to Texas,
and it is cultivated with remarkable success in most
states of the Union, especially so at the South, The
tallest tree of which we have any account is growing
near Philadelphia, Pa., and the largest nut which has
yet been brought before the public was obtained from
Illinois? There are fine specimens of the trees grow-
ing in the Southern States, which often bear fifteen
bushels of excellent nuts per tree ; and as they sell
readily at from three to five dollars per bushel, the net

THE PECAN NUT. 183

income from a single pecan tree is often more than
from several acres of ordinary farm products.

It is truly surprising that this nut has not ere now
received the attention it so richly deserves. The trees
are exceedingly prolific, hardy, and long-lived. After
they begin to bear, each year adds greatly to the yield
and they continue to increase in vigor and productive-
ness until more than fifty years old. During the last few-
years, considerable attention has been given to the cul-
ture of pecans, and as the people begin to understand
their merits, the trees will be planted until at no dis-
tant time, pecan groves will be as popular and prof-
itable at the South, and in many of the Northern States,
as orange groves now are in Florida. Many persons who
read this will doubtless live to regret" that they did not
take my advice to plant a pecan grove at once. The fol-
lowing quotation from an article written by E. T Hollis-
ter, and published in the Rural World, shows how high
an estimate is placed upon the pecan by one who is in
every way capacitated to judge of its worth :

" The pecan is one of the most remunerative crops a
farmer can produce. Young man, plant a pecan grove,
and it will support you in your old age and enable you
to pass the evening of your life in luxury, free from the
toil and care necessary to the ordinary callings. Old gen-
tleman, whose tide of life is upon the ebb, and whose
tottering footsteps are slowly carrying you towards the
other side of the great river, plant a pecan grove, because
it does not require the amount of care and cultivation
necessary to other crops, and if you do not live to reap
the benefits from it yourself, those who come after you,
and for whom it is your duty to provide, while enjoying

184 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

the fruit of j^our labor and forethought, will always have
a green spot in their memory for the goo I old man who
was so thoughtful as to provide bountifully for them, in
his old age, and they will plant a fresh flower on your
grave with every recurring spring."

Plant a grove of at least one hundred trees next fall ; do
not wait till next year. There can be no doubt that in a
few years they will prove to be the most profitable invest-
ment you ever made. Read what Mr. A. C. Daniel, of
Crawford, Ga., has to say of the pecan :

" I have a row of trees at the back of my garden of dif-
ferent sizes. The largest one is five feet in circumfer-
ence, and I gathered from it day before yesterday eleven
bushels and one peck of nuts, which I sold in Athens, to
Mr. Jester, for forty-five dollars (^45.00). I have trees
six or seven years old that are bearing. I believe they
can be made to bear at four or five years of age. A pecan
nut raised in this climate is far superior to others. I can
sell all the nuts I raise to my neighbors; can retail them
at twenty cents per pound — S8.00 per bushel. I am
going to set me out an orchard and push them from the
jump."

Pecan trees are propagated by planting the nuts and
by budding or grafting. There is a great difference in
the quality and market value of the nuts from dii'erent
sections and from diff'erent trees.

Some are small, thick shelled, of poor quality, and
should be carefully avoided. The best varieties are large,
very thin shelled, of fine flavor, and come into bearing ir
a much shorter time than the ordinary kinds. Nursery
trees two or three years old are of very suitable size for
planting in groves, and if properly pruned they can be

THE PECAN NUT. 185

transplanted about as successfully as any fruit tree of the
same age. They will grow in almost any soil with little
attention, but much better results will be obtained when
planted in rich soil, and well cultivated and manured.
Rich bottom land, if not too wet, is excellent for them ;
but the largest tree that I have ever seen is growing in
an elevated place, and has received very little attention
It is now 8 feet in circumference, two feet from the
ground, has very long branches, and bears immense
crops of fine nuts.

Plant the trees thirty feet apart in large, well manured
holes. Cultivate well.

Examine the trees often and burn all twiggs cut by
the girdler. This insect is the same that attacks the
hickory. It is not very injurious to large trees.
12

CHAPTER XXXVI.

THE PLUM.

While not so valuable as the peach or the pear, the
plum is largely cultivated in this country, and some of
the best varieties are highly esteemed. It is propagated
by budding and grafting on its own roots, or those of the
peach, which are chiefly employed, and on most soils con-
sidered superior to the plum stocks. On very compact,
clayey soils, it will succeed better on its own roots. If
plum stocks are to be used, they are obtained from the
seeds of free growing kinds, managed in the same man-
ner as peach seeds, requiring more care to prevent them
from becoming dry. The native or Chickasaw plum is
sometimes used as a stock. When this is used, the tree
should be planted deep to induce rooting above the graft.
The Wild Goose, an exceedingly popular improved vari-
ety of the Chickasaw, is a very profitable market fruit.
It is not injured by the curculio so much as other varie-
ties, bears early and abundantly, ships in a perfect con-
dition to almost any distance, and often sells in North-
ern markets for as much as twelve dollars per bushel.

As with some other fruits, the best flavor of the Wild
Goose is obtained when gathered as it begins to color and
ripen in the house. The trees are short-lived, but
as every farmer can raise as many as he needs by graft-
ing on peach seedlings, it matters little if a few die every

THE PLUM. 187

year. Market orchards of this plum would doubtless be
profitable in most sections of the South.

Plum trees are heavy croppers, and to remain vigor-
ous and healthy require liberal manuring and good cul-
tivation. The pruning of the tree is similar to that of
the peach.

Fig. 115.— Wild Goose Plum.

The greatest drawback to the successful ^cultivation of
the plum is the curculio or plum weevil, which is no-
ticed in the chapter on insects.

188 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

LIST OF VARIETIES.

In this list (/) indicates a foreign variety; (c) Chick-
asaw or native kind. Plums of the latter class are very
vigorous, productive, and comparatively free from at-
tacks of the curculio, but the foreign kinds are superior
in quality.

BASSETTE S AMERICAN, (c.)

Small, crimson, with heavy bloom ; flesh sweet,'rich, of
good quality ; tree bears young and exceedingly prolific ;
excellent for cooking. August.

COE'S GOLDEN DROP. (/.)

Large, oval; skin light yellow, with dark-red spots;
stalk about an inch long ; flesh yellow, firm, adhering
close to stone, rich, sweet and delicious; tree moderately
vigorous. August.

CUMBERLAND, (c.)
Large, yellow, very sweet and juicy Origin Augusta.
August and September.

COLUMBIA.

Large, brownish purple, dotted with fawn-colored
specks, covered with much bloom ; stalk about an inch
long, stout, inserted in a narrow, small cavity ; flesh
orange, not very juicy, but very sugary when fully ripe,
separates freely from the stone, except on the edge. _ Me-
dium season.

DAMSON (COMMON BLUE, WELL KNOWN.) (f.)

A valuable market sort; very prolific; comparatively
free from attacks of the curculio ; separates partially from
the stone. September.

DeCARADEUC. (c.)
Medium, round; skin yellow, with dull red cheek; flesh
juicy and finely flavored ; this excellent variety is hy-
brid between the Chickasaw and a European variety.
Origin South Carolina. June.

THE PLUM. 189

DUANE'S PURPLE. (/.)
Large, oblong ; handsome skin, a reddish purple ; flesh
amber-colored, juicy and of good flavor, adheres partially
to the stone ; tree prolific and a strong grower. Season
medium.

EARLY YELLOW PRUNE, {f.)
Large, oval ; yellow, with red dots in the sun ; flesh
yellow, sweet, juicy, with a very agreeable flavor ; sepa-
rates from the stone ; tree a good grower and bears well.
July.

GERMAN PRUNE. ( f.)

Long, oval ; one side swollen, dark purple, with a blue
bloom ; flesh sweet, green and of a very agreeable flavor,
separates from the stone ; much esteemed for drying,
abundant bearer. August.

GREEN GAGE. ( f)

Small, round, yellowish green ; flesh pale green, of best
quality ; usually separates from the stone; tree a spread-
ing, slow grower. July.

HULING'S SUPERB. (/)

Large, roundish, oval, with distinct, though shallow
suture ; greenish yellow, covered with pale bloom ; flesh
greenish, yellow, rather coarse, but with rich, sprightly
flvaor; tree very vigorous, upright, large foliage, mod-
erate bearer, good quality, adheres to the stone. July.
IMPERIAL GAGE. ( f)

Large, greenish yellow, rich, juicy, of fine quality ;
usually nearly free from the stone; a vigorous, upright
grower, prolific. Jul}'.

ITALIAN PRUNE. ( f )

Medium, oval, dark blue ; flesh yellow, sweet, of good
quality, separates from the stone ; tree a strong, spread-
ing grower. August.

LOMBARD. (/)

Medium, oval ; skin red ; flesh yellow, juicy and of
agreeable flavor adheres to the stone ; tree strong
grower, prolific. July.

190 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

MARIANNA. (c)
Seedling of Wild Goose. Of Texas origin ; large, round;
skin bright red ; good quality, prolific,

MAGNUM BONUM (YELLOW EGG.) (/.)
Very large, oval, yellow, with white dots ; flesh yellow,
sweet, of fair flavor ; tree moderately vigorous and pro-
ductive. July.

MOROCCO, if)
Medium, roundish ; skin purple, covered with a pale
thin bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy and finely fla-
vored, adhering slightly to the stone; growth rather
slow and moderate bearer ; a good early plum, free from
curculio.

MINER, (c)
Medium, oblong, red, with a fine bloom, adheres to the
stone ; tree a strong grower, prolific. September.
NEWMAN'S, (c)
Medium, oval, light scarlet, with a thin bloom ; flesh
pinkish, juicy, adheres to the stone ; tree healthy, hardy,
vigorous and productive. July.

ORLEANS. (/)
Medium, rounrl, a little enlarged on one side of the dis-
tinct suture ; skin dark red, purple in the sun ; flesh
yellowish, sweet, somewhat acid, separates freely from
the stone; tree vigorous; season medium.
POND'S SEEDLING. ( f)
Very large, oval, skin yellowish, nearly covered with
red or carmine, thin whitish bloom, sprinkled with
brownish dots; flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy and
sweet; tree very vigorous and productive. August.
PRINCE'S YELLOW G AGE. {f.)
Above medium, deep yellow; flesh yellow, rich and
sweet, productive. August.

RED MAGNUM BOMUN (RED EGG.) (/)
Large, oval, red, with gray dots ; flesh greenish, coarse,
subacid, separating from the stone; tree a slow grower.
August.

THE PLUM. 191

RICHLAND, if)

Medium, oval, a little pointed at apex ; skin reddish
purple, covered with a thin bloom; stalk in a small cavi-
ty ; flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, adheres partially
to the stone ; tree upright, vigorous, very valuable for
market.

* SHROPSHIRE DAMSON. ( f)

Resembles common blue Damson ; but little superior
to it, almost free from curculio ; blooms late and is very
prolific.

WEAVER PLUM.

Medium, purple, with blue bloom ; of fine quality ;
bears regularly and profusely ; tree very hardy. August.
WILD GOOSE, (c)

An improved variety of the Chickasaw ; large, oblong;
skin bright red ; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, cling ; tree very
prolific ; a very profitable market fruit. Ripens in June.
QUACKENBOS. (/)

Large, oblong, roundish ; skin deep purple, covered
with bluish bloom ; suture hardly apparent ; stalk long
and slender, set in a slight depressed cavity; flesh
greenish yellow, a little coarse, but sweet and juicy, ad-
heres slightly to the stone ; a rapid, upright grower and
productive. Origin Albany. August.

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE POMEGRANATE.

This beautiful fruit succeeds perfectly in the warmer
portions of the Southern States, and can be grown in
colder latitudes if protected in winter. The pomegran-
ate has an agreeable, sweet flavor, and is much esteemed.
The skin of the fruit is hard, of an orange color with a
red cheek. The peculiar crown on the blossom end is
the result of an enlargement of the calyx.

The tree grows from ten to twenty feet; has numerous
small branches.

It is propagated by layers, cuttings, suckers or seeds,
requires very little pruning, and gives best results when
planted in rich soil.

CHAPTER XXXVIIL

THE QUINCE.

This small, hardy, irregular growing tree, as usually-
seen, is, perhaps, the most unsightly of all fruit trees;
but by a little attention by the way of pruning and

Fig. 116 — Orange Quince.

training, it becomes an object of ornament, both when i
blossom and when laden with its ripe orange-colored
fruit.

It succeeds admirably in this country and is highly

194 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

esteemed. The trees seldom grow higher than fifteen
feet, and have a strong tendency to send up numerous
suckers from their base. They are sometimes trained
with several stems from the same roots, but they have a
much neater appearance if only one is left, about two
feet high.

The trees are propagated by grafting, and from layers
and cuttings. They are gross feeders, and to be healthy
and productive, must have a generous supply of nutri-
ment. In very cold climates, the roots are injured by
deep freezing, and mulching is resorted to as a means of
protection. The roots of quince trees are very near the
surface, hence their cultivation should not be very deep.
A small quantity of salt applied to the soil will be found
beneficial to most fruit trees, especially so to the quince.
The two principal obstacles in the way of quince culture
are the blight and the borer.

There is always a good market price for fine specimens
of this fruit, and the person who devotes his attention
to its culture, studies its habits and learns to minister
properl}' to its wants, will certainly be highly pleased
with the results, and amply repaid for all his trouble.

LIST OF VARIETIES.

ANGERS.
Large, pear-shaped, good quality ; tree a ihrifty grower
and very prolific.

APPLE OR ORANGE.
Large, roundish, bright golden yellow, cooks tender,
fine flavor; highly esteemed for preserving; the most
popular of the old varieties.

THE QDINCB. 195

CHAMPION.

Large and handsome ; fruit good quality ; tree very
productive.

CHINESE.
Very large, greenish yellow ; tree grows luxuriantly ;
blooms very early in spring ; fruit of fair quality and
will keep till March.

PORTUGAL.
Large, of mild flavor, esteemed for baking ; tree a strong
grower, but not so certain bearer as the Orange Quince.
REA'S MAMMOTH.
Very large, said to be a seedling of the Orange Quince,
which it very much resembles; Iruit of good quality;
tree thrifty grower.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

THE RASPBERRY.

The raspberry is a low growing shrub common to both
Europe and America. The wood is biennial — that of
one year's growth, bearing the succeeding year, and dy-
ing soon after fruiting. It is divided into two distinct
classes, known as the upright growing, which includes
the red kinds, and the cap, which includes the black
kinds. The first class is propagated from suckers, which
spring up from the roots every year. They are increased
very rapidly from root-cuttings, which are pieces of roots
an inch or two long, planted in the fall or early spring, and

Fig. 117.

•covered one or two inches deep. A mulch of some light
material will prevent the ground from baking. Numer-
ous plants 'can be obtained by cutting circles with a
spade a few inches apart around the plant. The cut
portions of root will make 'strong plants by the end of
the season. In taking up sucker kinds be careful to re-

THE RASPBERRY. 197

tain a portion of the old root, as represented in /igr. 117.
The cap varieties are propagated from the tips or ends
of the young canes which bend over and take root. To
facilitate rooting the ends of the canes are covered with
a few inches of soil in the latter part of summer, or as
soon as they stop growing. They will be ready for
taking up in the fall. The tip varieties can be increased
very rapidly by checking the new growth when it gets

Fig. 118.

about two feet high, as shown in fig. 118. This causes the
plants to throw out side branches, which are ^in turn
shortened in when a foot or two long, and produce other
branches. In this way a single bush will furnish a
large number of tips to be layered late in the season.

The soil for the raspberry should be deep and rich.
For garden culture they can be planted in stools of three
or four plants each, two or three feet apart. The grow-
ing canes should be pinched back when three feet high —
not allowed to obtain their full growth. By this means
they grow strong and branching, produce better fruits
and do not require supports. If the tops and side
branches are kept properly pinched back while growing,
they form a perfect hedge and bear immense crops of th

198 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

finest specimens of berries. In cultivating, all young
canes are kept cut away, except those that are to be left
lor the next year's bearing. After fruiting, the bearing

Fig. 119.— Cuthbert. '

canes are of no further use, and are cut away to give the
young canes a better chance to make a vigorous growth.
Tf supports for raspberries are desired, they can be kept
in hills and tied to stakes, or strips nailed to the tops of
posts three feet high may be used. The raspberry has
become one of the most profitable of small fruits, and
large quantities are marketed, both fresh and evaporated.
It succeeds best at the South when planted on the north
side of a fence or building. By planting the earliest
and latest kinds, the season of this berry may be ex-
tended over a period of several weeks. They may be
had late in the season by cutting down the stools to
within a few inches of the ground in spring. The
young canes that come up will mature their crop in Au-
gust and September.

Raspberries delight in rich soil, and respond readily to
good cultivation, but no one should be deterred from
planting them by the thought that they require too

THE RASPBERRY.

199

much attention to be profitable. A few rows near the
house with only a little attention in the way of pinching
and cultivating will supply a family with this fruit for
several weeks in the early summer. Even from a few
plants that are put out in fence corners, and have an
occasional cleaning out of weeds and old wood, moderate
quantities of fair fruit are obtained. Coming in at so

■ Fig. 120.— Gregg.

favorable a season, being a certain crop, and bearing so
large quantities of fruit in a small space and with little
attention, it is surprising that every family is not sup-
plied with the raspberry. Of the red varieties, the Cuth-
bert is one of the best, while of the black, the Gregg is
very popular.

200 THE NUBSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

LIST OF VARIETIES.

BRANDYWINE.

Medium, roundish, obtuse, conical, bright red; flesh
firm, moderately juicy, sprightly, subacid. Origin .said
to be Delaware.

CAROLINE.

Large, roundish, oblate, orange yellow, with a slight
bloom, grains medium size ; flesh soft, juicy, sweet and
rich ; canes strong, vigorous, sometimes branching, pale
red in the sun, with a thin whitish bloom and a few
slender green spines ; a very prolific bearer ; it is thought
to be a seedling of Brinckle's Orange and a Golden Cap.
CUTHBERT.

Medium, roundish, bright red or crimson, a darker
shade when fully ripe; grains small, compact, separates
freely from the stalk; flesh firm, sweet and juicy ; canes
strong, vigorous, upright, often branching; spines short,
stout, purplish and numerous ; it suckers freely ; fine for
family and market use.

DAVISON'S THORNLESS.
Similar to the American Blackcap, only it ripens a
few days earlier ; almost as vigorous and about as pro-
ductive, not so large, but sweeter; canes have no spines,
except small ones on the leaf stalk. Origin New York.
DOOLITTLE.
Similar to the American Black, though much better ;
canes vigorous, branching ; spines whitish, stout and
numerous ; very productive ; fine for market.
GOLDEN THORNLESS.
Oblate, sometimes conical, slight bloom, dull orange ;
tolerably firm, sweet and juicy ; moderately vigorous,
very productive, and has very few spines.
GREGG.

Large, roundish oblate, black with slight bloom grains
large, compact ; flesh moderately juicy, rich and sweet

THE RASPBERRY. 201

similar to the Mammoth Cluster in quality, but larger
and more productive; it is one of the largest of the Black-
cap family, hardy, strong grower; canes strong, branch-
ing, with a few sharp greenish spines ; it commands the
highest price in market.

HEESTINE,

Very large, bright scarlet; flesh moderately firm,
sweet and juicy ; separates from the core freely ; canes
strong, erect, spines short, strong, scattering, greenish
white, a little purple.

MAMMOTH CLUSTER.

Larger than Doolittle Black Cap, but a little later.
PHILADELPHIA.

Medium, roundish, dark crimson ; flesh soft, mild, sub-
acid, separates freely; canes vigorous, tall, branching, al-
most free from spines.

SOUTHERN THORNLESS.

Medium, roundish, conical, brilliant red; grains of
medium size, compact ; flesh soft, sweet, not rich ; canes
vigorous, reddish on the sunny side; upright, not often
with branches ; few short, purple spines ; foliage large
and abundant, productive ; a nice variety for family
use.

13

CHAPTER XL.

th£ strawberry.

It is uncertain how the name " strawberry " origi-
nated, but it is a fact patent to all that it is applied to
the earliest, most beautiful and most delicious of small
fruits.

Strawberries should find a welcome at every home.
No spot of ground on the farm will give so rich returns
as the strawberry bed that receives the proper attention,
and in field culture the profits are sometimes almost fab-
ulous. The plants are raised principally from runners,
which are thrown out after fruiting, take root during
the summer and autumn, and are ready to trans-
plant in the fall or the following spring. One hundred root-
ed runners are sometimes taken from a single plant in one
season. While the strawberry will grow and bear crops
on almost any kind of soil, with the most indifferent treat-
ment, to give the best results, it requires a deep, rich soil,
good cultivation and abundance of moisture. It is indeed
a gross feeder, and there is little danger that the supply
of nutriment will be too great.

Almost any kind of manure is received with thanks,
and a top dressing of ashes is very highly appreciated.

A large number of varieties have been Introduced,
many of which have special merits that adapt them to
certain localities, but it often happens that the variety
which succeeds best at one place is wholly unsuited to
another. Hence, in making large plantings of the straw-
berry it is best to use only such kinds as are known to
succeed in the particular locality. Some varieties of this
fruit are bisexual, or have perfect flowers, and produce
fruit when planted alone ; others have imperfect flowers,
and are either entirely barren, or bear fruit only when
ther flowers are fertilized with the pollen from other

THE STRAWBERRY. 203

flowers. Fig. 121 represents a perfect flower, having both
stamens and pistils; a pistillate flower, having only the
female organs, is shown in fig. 122. Flowers of the stam-
inate or barren kind, having only male organs.

Fig. 121. Fig. 122.

Some of our most popular varieties of strawberries are
pistillate and require fertilizing with the pollen from the
male organs of other flowers to be fruitful. This is

Fig. 123.— Sharpless.
usually done by planting one row of a kind producing
perfect flowers to every four or five rows of the pistillate
varieties. 'JT*^
Staminate plants are of very little value, as the per-

204 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

feet flowering or bisexual kinds will bear crops and fer-
tilizes the pistillate varieties at the same time. Do
not mix the two classes of plants in the same row. They
can be kept separate, if the rows are only a few feet apart,
by cutting off all the runners, but the fruit of the pistil-
late kind will be a cross, and the seeds from the fruit
when planted may produce valuable new varieties, but
the chances are not very favorable When seeds are to
be planted, the thoroughly ripened fruit is mashed up
and well mixed with sand, and the whole planted in a
partially shaded place, or in a box, and covered very
lightl\% not more than an eighth of inch deep, with fine
soil. If well watered, the plants will be large enough in
the fall to set out in the bed. Some of them may devel-
op superior qualities, but we already have so many val-
uable kinds, superior seedlings will be obtained only in
rare instances. At the South, fall is the usual time
of setting out strawberries. If done in August or Sep-
tember, and the plants are well watered and protected
froai the sun, they will bear good crops the next spring

.im,

Fig' 124.
after planting. The ground must be deeply plowed and
thoroughly enriched. If for field culture, the rows are
madethreeor three and one-half feet apart, with a space
of one to two feet between the plants. For garden cul-
ture, they can be planted much closer together, leaving
the plants far enough apart to be cultivated conven-

THE STRAWBERRY.

205

iently. Rooted runners of one year's growth are used.
They should be taken up very carefully and the roots
kept straight, until ready i'or planting, and placed

Fi- 126.— A Badly Planted
Straw'Vierry Plant.

in the ground up to the crown of the plant, wdth
the dirt thoroughly worked in among the roots. Fur-

Fig. 125.— A Badly Dug Strawberry
Plant.

fc

Fig. 127.

ro'vs may be made with a plow, or holes made with a
dibble or trowel, anything, so the roots are not matted, and
the dirt is pressed firmly about them. (See Jig. 124)

206

THE NURSERY AliiD THE ORCHARD.

In dry weather the roots should be wet before planting.
Various systems of cultivation are in practice, each of
which has its advocates and advantages. In the hill sys-
tena all the runners are kept cut away before they take
root, as represented in fig. 127. By this method, which
is well suited to garden culture, the quantity of the fruit
is reduced while the quality is improved. The largest
specimens may be raised by cutting off all the young
berries, except a few of the most promising, and keeping
the plants well watered. The matted row system is rep-
resented in fig. 128. The runners are allowed to take

Fig. 128.

root on the row, the middle being kept clean by cultiva-
tion. Large quantities of fruit are obtained in this
way, but considerable labor is required to keep down
weeds and grass, much of which has to be done by hand.
Modifications of these systems are. sometimes adopted.
Matted hills are preferred by some. The runners are al-
lowed to take root, but are kept in hills by cultivating
both ways.

THE STRAWBERRY. 207

They are sometimes left in rows and only a portion of
the runners allowed to take root.

Whatever system of cultivation is adopted, abundant
nutriment and moisture are indispensable. As a means
of protection during winter in cold climates, and at the
same time for the purpose of retaining moisture, mulch-
ing is resorted to. Siich material as hay, straw or pine
leaves is used. A covering an inch or two deep put on in
the fall prevents the freezing and thawing, by which the
plants are often raised out of the ground and die in con-
sequence. The mulch is sometimes Isft on till fruiting
is over. If the ground becomes hard, the mulch shoukl
be removed and a good stirring given before the blos-
soms are set. It can then be replaced to remain till fruit-
ing is over, as a protection to the crops. By some, the
mulch is retained during the summer; others prefer
clean cultivation after fruiting. A coating of well rotted
manure or compost spread over the vines acts as an ex-
cellent mulch and fertilizer.

Cotton seed applied in the fall and forked in lightl}'-
in the spring enriches the ground and protects the plants
during winter.

The crowns of the plants must not be smothered by too
deep covering. Strawberry beds or plantations should
be renewed every few years. This is sometimes done by
letting the runners take root in the middles and plowing
up the old vines. The season of the strawberry can be
very much prolonged by planting the latest and earliest
kinds in northern and southern exposures, respectively.

LIST OF VARIETIES.
BIDWELL.
Medium to large, bright crimson ; flesh red, firm, juicy
subacid, rich, very vigorous, with light, green leaves,
productive, and continues long in bearing.
CHARLES DOWNING.
Large, deep scarlet ; flesh sweet, luscious ; plant vig-
orous and very productive.

208 THE NURSERY AND THE ORCHARD.

CRESCENT SEEDLING.
Medium, conical, uniform in size, brilliant red, excel-
lent quality; plants strong, vigorous, 3neld abundantly ;
fine for market. Pistillate.

DUCHESS.
Medium to large, roundish, regular in form, scarlet ;
flesh pale red, firm, juicy, sprightly, subacid j plant vig-
orous; foliage medium size, of a very dark green, very
productive.

GLENDALE.
Medium, long, conical, light red; flesh firm; plant
hardy, healthy, vigorous, large green leaves, very pro-
ductive.

MONARCH OF THE WEST.
Large, light red; flesh moderately firm and delicious;
plant strong, vigorous, leaves unusually large; very
early, valuable for market.

SHARPLESS.
Large, roundish, conical, bright scarlet ; flesh light red,
firm, sweet and pleasant flavor; plant vigorous, large,
dark green leaves.

TRIOMPHE DeGAND.
Large, roundish, often coxcomb shape ; bright red next
the calyx, greenish white at the point; flesh firm, white,
hollow at the core ; vines vigorous, hardy.
WILSON'S ALBANY.
Large, pointed, deep crimson ; flesh tender, acid and
agreeable ; productive and hardy ; valuable for family use
and market.

WINDSOR CHIEF.
Large, conical, deep scarlet ; flesh dark red, soft, rich
and acid; vigorous grower, with healthy foliage of a dark
green. Pistillate.

MINORO MINER'S PROLIFIC.
Medium roundish, surface irregular, dark red; flesh
pale red, moderately firm, subacid, juicy; plant hardy,
vigorous, light green foliage ; prolific bearer.
KENTUCKY.
Large, conical, bright red ; flesh white, firm, sweet and
juicy; plant vigorous, strong and productive ; long fruit
stalks, bearing the berries up from the ground.

PBOPfcRTY 0^
A, A. E- COULEQE

A Journal for Gardeners and Fruit Growers— A helper for Florists —
An aid for Market Gardeners— A guide for amateurs, is

The AMERICAN GARDEN

Established 1872,
By Dr. F. M. HEXAMER.

A Monthly Illustrated Magazine

OF HORTIOULTURE.

^+ • \{ + Connected with any mercantile house.

j\ \S ©/\OT An organ of any merchant.
An advertising sheet.

/^^ • Thoroughly practical.
j\ l^ An independant Journal.

J Devoted wholly to horticulture.

Edited and written by horticulturists.

(S't /^H^ o ^r« "^^^ cordial co-operation of horticulturists.
J I €/*\Sl^\ A good word for it to your friends.

/^A p No axes to grind, /^a 'DO 4. Puff unworthy varieties.

^I l\©V.^ Nothing to sell ^\ V^l[[ nOT Admit fraudulent advertise-
^ J Nothing to puff. ( ments.

/^A * PP Give every promising new variety and method a fair hearing.

j[ W III Expose fraud of every degree.

Stand fearlessly for truth.

Promote all good work in horticulture .

Be greatly improved under the new owners.

Deserve support.

Its contributors are such men as P. J. Berckmans, Peter Henderson, William Fal-
coner, M. Milton. P. T. Quinn, A. S. Fuller, E. P. Roe, W. C. Barry, E. D. Sturte-
vant, Charies E. Parnell, Josiah Hoopes, Marshall P. Wilder, E. S. Rand, Charles
H Shinn, and a host of others.

It is carefully and beautifully illustrated, and elegantly printed on fine paper.

Subscription price, $1 00 a year. Single number 10 cts.

No free sample copies. Address

E. H. LTBBY. Publisher,

47 Dey St., New York, or Greenfield, Mass.

Jackson County Nurseries,

J- O". TXJSTIOE, I=roprietor-

OFFEKS A LARGE AND VARIED
STOCK OP

FE1IIT imi, m^ ms,

Orname&tal Trees, Shrubs, Eoses, h

THe proprietor has for many years made a specialty of South-
ern seedling fruits, and having collected and tested many of
he moat desirable kinds, now offers to So \thern Planters a list
of varieties which cannot fail to please.

Believing that the soil and climate of most of the Southern

States are well suited to grape culture, he has tested, and is still

testing, most of the old and new varieties of grapes, and hopes

con to present a list of reliable varieties, more desirable than

hose now generally cultivated.

Most liberal terms to agents.

NURSERIES

ESTABLISHED 1838.

'^'^Jb^

i^t5<^

^9'm

WILSON, Jr.

fThe LARGEST and MOST BEAUTI-

1 FUL PEAR of GOOD QUALITY,

Ripening in New York State in July.

HEADQUARTERS for Kieflfer's Hybrid Pears. Also, LeUonte

and other Oriental and Hybrids.

MARLBORO, HANSELL

and RANCOCAS Rasp-

berries. ^IT' WILSON, JUNIOR, BLACKBERRIES.

POUGHKEEPSIE RED, ULSTER PROLIFIC, HAYES

and NIAGARA GRAPES.

Send for complete catalogue of all the new and worthy old varieties
Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries, Grapes, Currants, Fruit,
Shade and Ornamental Trees. Vines a id Plants in variety.

WILLIAM PARRY,
Parry P. 0., New Jersey.

LAWSON

ptBR) inmmB {

I A.BLANC,

I 314 N. IITH ST., PHILADELPHIA.

I

^<;^^3^10,000 ELECTROS ,£::^'

OF S

Flowers, Fruits, Trees, and |

Ornamental Cuts, §

^^' FOR SALE CHEAP. -^ |

g LARGE BOOK, sboTving each one, sent on 1
g receipt of 25 cents, deducted from first order. S

I ALL KINDS OF CUTS MADE TO ORDER I

§ I

5 at low rates. LIST of Fruit Electros and Col- 1

g ored Plates free. 9

I ENGRAVER FOR I

I FLORISTS, SEEDSMEN and NURSERYJMLEN. |

PURDY'S

FRUIT RECORDER.

Published and edited by a man having 36 years' practical experience,
and now having 200 acres under fruit, with evaporating buildings,
green-houses, etc., right in the midst of the great fruit section of west-
ern New York. Monthly, 20 pages, $1 00 per year. Specimen free.

Each number speaks for itself . Valuable premium to every sub-
scriber. Grand and liberal inducements to club agents. Address

A. M. PURDY, Palmyra, N. T.

PURDY'S

NEW EDITION (1880) OF THE

Small Fruit Instructor

It tells, in plain, simple language, how to plant, grow and market
the above, how to get the best crops, giving the best plans for grow-
ing ; how to dry, force, pot grow seedlings ; plans of drying-houses,
grape-trellises, etc. It is as full of practical matter as an egg is or
meat. You wouldn't exchange it for any $1.00 or $1.50 book on the
same subject that you ever saw. The writer has compressed into this
work his thirty years' experience. 64 pages. Paper cover, 25c.; cloth
bound 50c. — postpaid. Postage stamps accepted.

Agents wanted. Also, his Catalogue of

SMALL FRUITS, TREES, SEED, Etc.,

Free to all applicants. Address A. M. PURDY, Palmyra, N. Y.

POMONA HILL

-NURSERIES,-

Salem Junction, N. C

(Near Greensboro.)

OVEK TWO HUNDRED ACRES IN NURSERY STOCK,

All the new and old varieties suited to the Southern and
border States.

My trees are now bearing in nearly every county in the
Southern States, and my fruit giving general satisfaction, as
many complimentary letters and increased sales in sections
where my trees are bearing will show.

If you want good fruit, get my trees, and you will have it.

My stock consists of Apples in almost endless variety, all
the new and rare varieties of Pears. Peach, no better selec-
tion can be found, including the Lady Ingold, the great com-
ing market variety.

Plums, Cherry, Grapes, all the best varieties.

Apricots, Nectarines, Quince, Figs, Mulberries, Strawber-
ries, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, Blackberries, Aspar-
agus, Pie Plant, Shade Trees, Evergreens, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

Special inducements to large planters. Correspondence
solicited. Descriptive catalogue free.

J. VAN LINDLEY, Proprietor,

Salem Junction, N. C

CIVIL ENGINEERS AND SURVEYORS' INSTRUMENTS
AND OFFICE SUPPLIES.

W, & L E, GURLEY'S

Instrument Manufactory.

1

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Light Mountain Transit, witli Solar Attachment.

Free Illustrated Price List on application to —

W. & L. E. GURLEY,
Instrument Makers. Troy, New York.

Mattison ^ Nurseries

BST-A-BLiISHBID 1S45.

Pc. E. MATTISON & CO.,"]

LFroprietors. 1

CfEOWEES, mPOETEES AND DEALEES IN ALL EINDS OP

TREES, PLANTS 1 SEEDS

SEND FOR PRICE LIST.

Address MATTISON & CO., Jacksonville, N. Y.

P. S. — We have branch Nurseries near New York and
Rochester, for the benefit of our Eastern and Western custo-
mers, but all communications by mail should be addressed
as above.

A KEMEDY FOR DORMANT GRANGES.

^THE AMERICAN N-

{JMNGE ^ Bulletin

Being the recognized National Journal of the Order, it gives its
readers a weekly review of Grange doings in every State and Ter-
ritory of the Union. Its Washington correspondence reflects the
Order's influence at our national capital. Its corps of Grange
and agricultural writers are unexcelled. It publishes official
correspondence of iState Grange officers. Its market reports from
the various business centers of the country are strictly and per-
fectly made up for our readers, and are certainly superior in ex-
tent and correctness to those published by any other Grange or
agricultural journal.

These reports are for farmers, and not made up for ring man-
ipulations and fraud.

Every department of the Bulletin will be found conducted for
the advancement of the financial, intellectual and agricultural in-
terests of the American farmer.

To the Patron Farmer the Bulletin is
Indispensable.

An agent wanted in every Grange, to whom Premium Lists,
Blanks, etc., will be promptly sent.

SUBSCRIPTIONS:

One year $1.50

One year, clubs of ten 1.25

One year, clubs of twenty 1.00

Address— GRANGE BULLETIN CO.,

S. E. Cor. 6th and Elm Sts., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Hunter's Sifter.

The most popular kitchen utensil ever in-
vented. Millions of them in daily use.

Every woman who ever used one will rec-
ommend it.

For sale everywhere by dealers.

Double-Safety Odorless Hollow- Ware. -«^

^^,No burned hands. No
scalded arms. No cloth need-
ed. Every woman needs one
of these Kettles.

No disagreeable odors fill-

ing the house. No overflow

fc^ on the stove. Recommended
byphysicians. So d by agents
Carrying all steam and dis-
agreeable odors from cook-
ing down into the fire.

The most COMPLETE COOKING UTENSIL ever invented.

HUNTER'S

Cyclone Egg-Beater

Mixer, Cup, Cream Whip-

per, and Egg Nogg

Machine.

"^^Six most useful and
necessary articles known,
combined in and sold for
the price of one. j^@" Ac-
knowledged by everybody
far superior to any Egg-
Beater hereiofore offered .," ^-^=..=:^--=-^- ^,/^, «>>ir« it
tbe public, HUNTERS CYCLONE EGG BEATER

eer- For sale by dealers, esg- Ask for them, ssr- Take no others.

THE HUHTER SIFTER COOK BOOK.

This is a volume of 285 pages, beautifully printed on good, heavy paper, ele-
gantly bound in fine cloth, and emtiossed in colors. The Receipts are selected
with great care, and tried by esperieuced housekeepers. It is the peer of any
Cook Book published.

Agents wanted all over the United States for these goods. They sell fast, and
pay good profits— S3 to $8 per day. Call or write for circulars.

THE HUNTER SIFTER MANUFACTURING CO.

30 to 40 E. Fifth Street, Cincinnati, O,

^The WHITE is Kiag^

THE BEST PAYING MACHINE TO AGENTS AND DEALERS,
BECAUSE ALL THE PEOPLE WANT IT.

It is never out of order, and will last a lifetime. .

Needles, Oils and parts for all Machines. Dealers wanted m
unoccupied territory. For prices, terms, &c., address

WHITE SEWING MACHINE COMPANY,
14 No. 4th St., ST. LOUIS, iv,0.

IHMttttIt

tmq$

ONLY EIGHT-PAGE EVENING PAPER
IN THE SOUTH.

[■ll-BnLlLlLiLiLjLTBLiLiCiliftiLibbiLTLiliLiLTg5gipiLffi

Independent in Politics ; Progressive in

Policy,

Full Telegraphic Service.

Latest Commercial News.

t-3LiLiLiLiLi[nTnLiLiLiLiLiLiLiTnbiLibibiLiLiLiLiLiiam3m.min

FULL CORPS OF EDITORIAL AND LOCAL WRITERS.
ONLY $6 PER ANNUM.

Best Advertising Medium in its section. Read by
Everybody, and recognized as the
People's Paper.

Address— B. H. RICHARDSON,

Editor and General Manager.

FMILNURSERIES

.AJiTXi-s-

^» VEGETABLE PLANT FARM.^^

'?^

strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Grapes,

old and new, including Niagara,

Meech's Prolific Quince, early and abundant

bearer, and unsurpassed in quality.

Apple, Peach, Pear and Ornamental Trees and

Shrubbery.

Asparagus, Sweet Potato, Celery and Cabbage

Plants a specialty.

I. & J. L. LEONARD Proprietors,

lona, N. J., W. J. R R.,

Twenty-five miles South of Philadelphia.
Circulars and Price List free on application.

Small Pox Marks

•HiEionsr & CO.*

London, Perfumers to H. M. the Queen, have invented and patented
the world renowned

0:BIL.ITE!n.j3LT0I=t,

which removes Small Pox Marks of however long standing. The application is sim-
ple and harmless, causes no inconvenience, and contains nothing injurious.
Price, $8.50.

SUPERFLUOUS HAIR. I'-'°'..''de?.latory"

Removes superfluous Hair in a few minutes, without pain or unpleasant sensation
—never to grow again. Simple and harmless. Full directions sent by mail. Price,
One DoUar? GEO W. SHAW, General Agent.

219 Tremont Street, Boston, Mass.

MERRELL & AHTHONY,

Nurserymen,

OEnsTEv^ liTE^w itoi^k:.

Specialtiis : — Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees and
Choice Grape Vines.

Also, a full line of all kinds of Fruit Trees, Small
Fruits, Roses and Ornamentals.

^^ Correspondence solicited.

(4

*^ = !^ ■=: S

SiiJtr;

Subscribe and Advertise in the

Wostern Tobacco Journal.

Jp^F* Sample copies free. Send for one.

EstaTolislied. 1x2. 1S3S.

FRANKLIN, TENNESSEE,
TRUETT & CO., .... Proprietors.

GROWERS OF ALL KINDS OF

l^TTJIESEiie-^r STOCIEZ,

AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

VSf Orders by Mail Promptly Attended to. ,jg8

Huntsville Wholesale lurseries,

HUNTSVILLE, ALA.

^^n

ORIENTAL FEAB3
A SP2CIALT7.

LeConte and Kieffer Pears on their own
roots, and Bartlett and other Pears on Le-
Conte roots a Specialty. A large stock of
PEARS, PLUMS,

CHERRIES, PEACHES,

RUSSIAN and other APRICOTS,
QUINCES, APPLES. T)v.-avf aud S'andard,
PEACHES on Plum Stocks,
RUSES, H. P.'s, Mosses aud Climber?.
Catalogue on application. Address

W. F. HEIKES, Manager,

Huntsville, Ala.

A FIRST-CLASS

FAMILY

AND

BUSINESS

DAILY

MORNING

NEWSPAPER.

ESTALISHED 1829.

EIGHT~PAGES,

Two Cents.

sold by all

News Agents.

Served by Careful Car-
riers at 12 Cents a
"Week, Payable
to the Carrier.

Mail Subflcriptionsi
50 CENTS

A month.

$6.00 A YEAR,

Including Postage.

THE INQUraER basalarge circulation in famines and
among capicaliBts and business men in Philadelphia and
throughout Pennsylvania and the neighboring States. It
sustains a highly favorable reputation as a first-class
Journal, and is a most desirable medium for advertisers.

W. W. HARDING, Publisher,
304 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

235 2 o Sia'a^'*; k.«

wi

CI2

r •<

« a

3 i

'- i

I i

s

a^S^ 5

iJilt

ooj

MS

?^

W. R. CHURCH,

-MANUFACTURER OF-

ROAD CARTS, CARRIACKS,

BUGGIES, PHIETOKS, Etc, Etc,

Our Road Carts Entirely Overcome the Horse Motion.

The "Dexters" are the Easiest Riding Buggies Mad

], ILL.

A perfect two-Wheeled vehicle. Nurserymen, farmers an J
men about town who have much driving to do will find the York-
ville Road Cart invaluable for many reasons, among which are
that with it the horse is relieved of more than one-half the draft,
and the Cart is so balanced on the axle as not to throw weight
on the horse's back and cause chafing and soreness. No horse
motion is felt by the driver, and an extended journey is not
attended with as much fatigue in the Cart as in a four-wheeler.
Space is provided under the seat for carrying small parcels^
and the cart is so well adapted to the wants of the busy man that
its merits can be seen and felt better than described. I append
a few letters which show how the cart is looked upon by those
who are using them.

Mesquite, Texas, July 17, 1885.
W. R. Church, Yorkville.

Dear Sir :— The cart is all you claim for it. I have never seen
anything of the kind that equals it; in fact, it is better than 1
thought any kind of a vehicle could be made on two wheels. I
would not be without mine for $250 if I could not get another. I
have a No. 1 buggy which I paid $250 for, and I would not near
give the cart for it for my use.

Should you wish a certificate any time from me, recommend-
ing it, I will give it with pleasure, for it fills the bill completely.
Respectfully, D. A. Paschall.

Mendham, N. J., July 26, 1885.
W. R. Church, Yorkville, 111.

Dear Sir: — I am very much pleased with the cart, and slui
recommend them and your fair dealing whenever I have an op-
portunity. Yours respectfully, G. S. DeGROOT.

French Lick, Ind , June 22, 1885.
W. R. Church, Yorkville, 111.

Dear Sir : — The cart I bought of you over a year ago has stood
as rough roads and as many miles as I would want any vehicle to.
I have not spent five cents on it, except for grease. It seems to
be self-supporting, furnishing its own oil most of the time. I
mean hy that that it is neglected, yet it is not to be outdone.
Yours, etc., W. E. RYAN, M. D.

Thirty-two page descriptive catalogue sent free on applua-
tion to the manufacturer.

W. R. CHURCH, Yorkville, 111,

Or the BRANCH OFFICE,

53 S. Broad Street. ATLANTA, GA.

THE POULTRY MES3EHGER,

Issued 1st and 15th of Each Month.

CHEAPEST i BEST POULTRY JOURNAL in the WORLD.

SAMPLE COPY 5c.

Address FOULTRY MESSENGER,

CLIFTON FORGE, VA.

SUBSCRIBE NOW FOR THE COTTON PLANT,

The leading AgricuUural Journal pub ished In the Southern States, and
should be patronized by reading men of all classes.

It is an eight puge forty column paper, and published at the low price of

The best farmers iu the state and South are contributors to its columns.
Leading men of all professions are its supporters. Endorsed by the Grange.
SENTD FOR SPECIMEN COPIES.

Stock or Foultry Breeders and Manufactiirers of Improved Agricultural
Implements will find the columns of The Cotton Plant a capital medium
througb which to reach the farmers of Soulh Carolina and the Southebn States.
Should be taken by every farmer South. Address,

THE COTTON PLANT,

THE temperance" WORKERr

Removed from Columbia, S. C.

A ^ LIVE ^ TEM PERANCE + PAPER,

PUBLISHED SEMI-MONTHLY IN

UNDER THE EDITORIAL MANAGEMENT OF

I^EV. HI. IP. OS:i^EZTZBE]I?.(3-,

G. W. C. T. OF I. O. G. T. OF S. C.

ASSISTED BY AN ABLE CORPS OF EDITORS.

The patronage and Influence of all frien 's of Temperance is solicited*
Terms only 60 cents a year To advertis^ers desiring a wide circulation, it offers
an excellent medium.

Ou business, address

N. G. OSTEEN, Publisher.

T

^^MEECH'S PROLIFIC^t^

The most wondeiful of all new Fruits. Will thrive
anywhere. J^ot a local variety.

Handsome photograph of branch of fruit, and circu-
lar giving description, directions in culture, method of
\ runing, valuable receipts, interesting articles from the
press, etc , all free.

The largest stock of

MULBERRY TREES

in America — all varieties. Send for circular and price
list.

Hardv SHADE TREES, SHRUBS and VINES,
RARE PLANTS, EVERGREENS, FRUIT TREES
and VINES.

HANCE & BORDEN, Rumson Nurseries,
Redbank, N. J., and 31 Fulton St., N. Y.

Special Asnounceiaeat.

To those who buy gooa plants
of Ro^es, Carnations, Gerani-
ums, Verbenas, Begonias, Fuch-
sias, JiC Lowest prices guaran-
teed. Jutt try a $2 sample or-
der. It will surely p'.ease you.

New and! are Roses. A large
stock in fine condition. William
Francis Bennett, the famous
crimson hybrid Tea, always in
bloom. American Beautj", the
great American new hybrid Tea.
The coming Rose extra. Her
Majesty, the largest Rose In the
world, will be offered for the
fir^t time this fall.

We grow to sell, and study to
please all, large and small. Ev-
ery ordor packed in the greatest
of care, and safe arrival guaran-
teed.

^^ Plants shipped to all points

CHAS T. 6IEBERT,
The Restless and Sleepless Florist, Stanton Ave., E E, Pittsburg, Pa.

Over 30,00C now in use. Every Machine is warranted
to suit, or money refunded.

Price of Mills, $20 to $40; Shelters, $5.

Do not buy a Mill or Sheller until you have seen our terms
and illustrated circular. Address, with stamp,

LIVINGSTON & CO.,
Iron Founders, Pittsburgh, Pa^

F. L. ^^^RIGHT,

Plainfield, Michigan,

HAS a large stock of Grape Vines, Strawberry, Raspber. y, Blackberry, Cur^
r»nt, Catal pa, Chestnut, Russian Apricot, Mulberry, etc., etc., vhich he
will sell at very low prices in single, lOO or IOOj lots. We make a specialty of

Lncretia Dewberry, Marlboro and Michigan Early Raspberries,
Niagara, Early Victor, Worden, Moore's Early.

Vereennes, Triumph and other Grapes ; Atlantic, Daniel Boon, Parry and Mrs.
GarfleJd strawberries, etc., etc.

"WIL-L ITOT BE UlTIDEI^SOl-i: r

Either retail or wholesale, bv reliable parties

All stock packed securely and guaranteed to reach purchaser in good condi-
tion

Wealsoedit the irortieultiinl Department of the Western Ptowman, and re-
ceive subscriptions and advi-rtisements for the same Sample copy free.

ITALIAN AND CYPRIAiH BEES AND QUEENS «or sa e at all times, at low
prices. Stnd f vr Catalogues and Ti ade L, sts

F-L. WRIOHT,

Plainfield, Michigan,
Livingston, Co.

CARBOLINEUIVi AVENftRIOS!

I BEG TO OFFER CARBOLINEUM AVENARIUS,

AN ANTISEPTIC WOOD PRESERVER,

in liquid form, which has been used in Europe for over lo years with the greatest
success and satisfaction. It penetrates easily into the wood and forces out the water
contained in the capillary cells, while its fatty constituents do not allow any tore-
enter, and it protects the timber against the atmospheric influences. It contains
about ao per cent, of antiseptic bodies, which have the effect to destroy all germs
of decay and fungus, and to prevent rotting and decay of the timber, at the same
time killing the vermin and woodworm, which may be in the timber, and prevent*
their generating in it.

The CABBOLINEUM AVKNARIUS is applied like paint, with a brush ; it
turns on wood into a handsome nut brown stain ; it is not inflammable and very
cheap to use. r u , k r

-V pamphlet containing detailed and full instructions for the use of the < arDoli-
iieum jlrenarius will be sent on application

SOHULZE-BERGE & KOECHL, N. Y., Importers.

''''-''^ R. Y. 2ACHARY,

Norfolk, Vu., Sole Agent for the Southern biates.
^B^AIso, Agent for the Howard Weatherproof Paints.

leconte nursery.

All the premiums taken for these fruits and trees at New OrI<an<!. Can't be un-
old Send for Catalogue. W. \V. THOMPSON,

Sn-.ithviUe, Ga.

THE SOUTSBHIT "V^OTUJID,

A JOURNAL OF INDUSTRY FOR THE HO >'E AND VVORKSHOP-
"Published on the ist and 15th of each Month, at $1 per annum, Atlanta, Ga
It is published on the ist and 15th of each month, having an average circulation of
15,000 copies. While it has a large circulation throughout the Southern States, the
diffusiveness of its circulation is established by the fact that it finds its way itto
every State and Territory of the United States, the Canadas and Europe. It is
printed on fine book paper and handsomely illustrated, and is presented in such
form that it is not only capable of being preserved, but is worthy of it. These
two points — a diffusive circulation and its preservation — render it unsurpassed and
unapproachable as an advertising medium

In Club : THE SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR and THE

SOUTHERN WORLD, one year, both papers, $1.75.

Sample Copies Free.

The Jasper County News

Is PuWished every Thursday at Monticello, Jasper County,
Georgia.

JOHN C. KEY, Editor.

A. P. PENN, Publisher and Proprietor.

The News is a wide awake local family paper circulating freely
among the intelligent farmers of Jasper and adjoining coun-
ties. It is read by nearly every family in the town as well as the
surrounding towns and villages.

Advertisements inse ted at liberal rates. Terms, $1.00 per annum,
in advance.

The Denison Nurseries, "r^^i:;:"'

And Grow a Large Stock of

Japan Persimmons, Blackberries, Peaehe?, Grapes, Plums,

and liardy Ornamental Slirubs and Trees,

Most successf.il in the Soutb.

T. V. MUN30N, Proprietor, DENISON, TEX.

p. 0. Lock Box 508. 8^~ Catalogue free.

Tree a rapid and uniform grower. Fruit round, and a little larger than the Wild
Goose; a deep cardinal red when fully ripe ; stone small, and fruit of fine quality;
persistent, and not liable to be blown off by winds; ripens before the Wild Goose.
It grows from cuttings as readily as the willow, and never sprouts from the root. This
fruit is said to be entirely free from the ravages of the curculio and other insects ;
•nd bears unifrormly heavy crops all seasons. Trees first offered Ball 1884. »
Ore dollar each. No scions or buds for sale at any price.

ES

illlHIHI I SVIIII.II nil .1

E. W. KiRKPATRiCK, - Proprietor.

FRUIT, EVERGREEN' AND SHADE TREES,
BLOOMING SHRUBS and PLANTS.

Located in the famous Blnck Land, ^t McKinnej^ Texas, and
tl>e rich Sandy Loam, at Denison, Texas.

We compare with the best, and compete with all. We study
adaptation of soil and climate, and give thorough cultivation to
the best varieties?, skillful labor and fair dealing.

Instructions free. Send for catalogue and special rates on large
orders. We refer to our patrons, and to the Collin County Na-
tional Bank, at McKinney, Texas.

IF YOU WANT TO ADVERTISE, BE SURE YOU GET THE
BEST PAPER.

h f atckan d Souiliroiip

SUMTER, S. C,
The Oldest Paper and the Largest Circula-
tion in this section of the State.

The W'atchm m and Southron is composed of the joint subscription and in-
fluence of the Sumter Watchman and the True Southron, the two having been
consolidated by us in August, 1881. These papers were the oldest and most in-
fluential in Sumter, the former having been t stablished in 1860, and the laiter
in 1866. Before the consolidation tliey were both alive and active, and doing a
good business.

The combination of the two has given to our sub.scribers a first-class journal,
and offers to our advertisi:'g patrons a better means of addressing the public
than can be provided by any other paper in this sec.ion.

Subscription $3 a year in advance. Contract advertisers re-
quested to write for rates for time and space desired.

WATCHMAN Sl SOUTHRON PUB. CO.,

SUMTER, S. C. '__

GREAT NORTHERN and SOUTHERN

PEA.OH TREES suited to all sections. APPLE TREES, extra long
keeping kinds.

JtlEFFEIi and X^eCOlST^^ PEA-K©.

*3®~A full line of all kinds of Nursery-Stock, cheap. Trees, Grape
Vine^, Small Fruit, and other Plants by mail. American and French Seedlinsrs
and Grafts put up to order for the trade in the best manner. Eighty page cat-
alogue showing how and what to plant, with much valuable information, free.
__ RANDOLPH PETERS, Wiin ington, Del.

~ iL'SflALTi Fi 1885.

M.4MM0TH BLACK TWIG, HATCHER'S SEEDLING, GILL'S BEAUTY.
KOSSUTH AND BRIGHTWATER. Apples that will, in the near future, occupy
leading positions in the list of Arkansas Fruits.

ANDREW'S M.\MMOrH, a peach that will please the eye as weli as ihe
palate of every lover of the good and the be uniful.

Send for circular and price list of ge leral stock to

JOHN B. GILL,

SPRING DALE, ARKANSAS?.

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Would You SaYO Money ?

If so, send all orders for

LETTEK HEADS, ENVELOPES,

BILL HEADS, STA CEMENTS,

EECEIPTS, CHECKS, DRAFTS,
DRUG LABELS, BALL AND
WEDDING INVITATIONS,

CARDS, ETC., ETC., TO

aULLEY (Si MORRIS,

Plain and Fancy Job Printers,

FRANKLINTON, N. G.

'Samples and Pbices Furnished Free on Application.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED.

TREES ! VINES ! PLANTS !

The undersigned firm ofiFers to the trade a large and well-grown stock of
eTcrything to be found in a well appointed nursery.

Having superior advantages, both as to climate and soil, as well as un-
rivalled facilities for shipping and packing, we are growing, and now offer to-
the trade, stock suited to planters in every locality, both North and South.

Among our new and tried specialties we offer a large stock of the celebra-
ted Meeche's Prolific Quince.

Catalogues and circulars giving full informstion sent on application.

Address WEST JERSEY NURSERY CO.,

BRIDGETON, NEW JERSEY.

J. A. ROSS & CO.,

DEALERS IN

Fire Arms and Sporting Goods,

16 & 17 DOCK SQUARE,

BOSTON, - Iwfllj^SS.

THE JACKSON NEWS

Eight Pages— Forty-Eight Columns.

PUBLISHED AT

JACKSON, BUTTS COUNTY, Ga.

INSTRUCTIVE AND ENTERTAINING.

200 Valuable Presents Given Away Every Year !

SUBSCRIPTION ONLY $1.50 A Year.

The Advertiser's Friend— Circulating in Five Couuti^>9.
Special Inducements to Advertisers.

Mice, Advertisers, Mice!

If you Avant to advertise in a LIVE COUNTRY
WEEKLY NEWSPAPER send your advertisements to
the

Haralson County Banner

The Banner is a live seven column weekly, with a large
and increasing circulation-all printed at home. It cir-
culates extensively in Haralson, Polk Paulding and Car-
roll counties, Ga., and in Alabama and Texas.
Write at once for terms. , t> vi- u

Address, A. B. FITTS, Editor and Publisher

Haralson Co. Buchanan, Ga.

^ GRAPE VINES.

A Full Assortment, New mud Old.

THE JEFFERSON, EMPIRE STATE AND OTHER NEW
VARIETIES A SPECIALTY.

«®- Also, small Fruit Plants at lowest living prices. Send for my illustrated
Catalogue, free to all.

J. a. BURRO^W,

FI"-HKILL, KEW YORK.

c^y?

]vco3srE"3r <^^^

IN

OliLOicest Stro^TTv^Toerries

•Small Fruits Our

Specialty.

Raspberries, Blackberries,

Grapes, etc.

GREEN HOUSE AND BEDDING PLANTS.

Illustrated catalogue free. GEO. L. MILLER,

Rldgewood Nurseries, Stockton, Ohio.

Only ceveuteen miles from Cincinnati. Shipping facilities excellent.

LINCOLN POTTEBY WOBKS.

G£:OKGE IVIORLEY,!,

Manufacturer of WHITE GRANITE, DECOKATED

and MAJOLICA WAKE,

East Liverpool, ■- Ohio.

Quality of Wares equal to any, either foreign or domestic. Ask your
dealer for these Wares, and see that the manufacturer's stamp is on
each piece.

In Fanning, Stoclt-Breeding, Houseliold, and every
Uusiueiss; 3loney-31aliiug Kecipes : Staudard Infor-
mation on the Keeping and Breeding of Cage Birds
and Pet Stock; Valuable Poultry Intorniation ;
Fine Illustrations, etc., etc., etc., is tlie contents of

THE GHJir>E AND FR,IE]Vr>.

Only 25 cents per year. Address

MICHAEL K. BOYER & CO.,
P. O. Box 116, Reading, Pa.

On receipt of twelve 2-cem stamps I will mail four fine Birth-
day, Christmas or New Year Cards, that retail anywhere at
10 cents each. I manufacture cards and can undersell any
dealer. Address • JOHN G. ZOOK,

Lititz, Pa.

P. S.— Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. All
kinds of Fancy Cards.

THL 1^ AKMEK JSEEDlSMAN.

WHEAT, OATS, CORN and POTATOES,

ALL KINDS Oh FARM SEEDS.
PLYMOUTH ROCK EGGS. 9,000 EGGS shipped in four
years for sitting. Also, WYANDOTTES.
Write for what you want. I must have your trade.

R. G. CRIST,
Oakland Seed Farm, Nevr Market, Ind.

THE GREAT ONTARIO STRAWBERRY

Is the largest berry, strongest plant, and best flavored of all.
Send for description. Also, a large stock of the standard and

for fall and next spring planting.

FRUIT TREES.— A general assortment of healthy, well-grown
trees. The South should order in the fall. Inquiries promptly
answered. Send for prices. R. JOHNSTON,

Shortsville, Ontario Co.,
New York.

ESTABLISHED 1858.

DAVENPORT NURSERIES,

J. 4 O .A.OZ1.X3S.

NICHOLS & LORTON, Proprietors-

APPIiE, PEAR, PLUM and CHERRY SEEDLINGS.

jpB^ Special low prices on car load lots. Nursery one mile
Northeast of East DaTenport, Iowa.

EVERGREEN AND DECIDUOUS

TREES AND SEEDLINGS,

STRA WBERBIES, RASPBERRIES,

CURRANTS, GRAPE VINES,

gJtT' l3aa.iaa.eri.se Stg;cfe — O-reat T7"£iriet37-. jg(M
Free Catalogue. J. JENKINS' NURSERIES,

Wenona, Columbiana Co., Oliio.

F1-0"WBPIS FOR EVBI^-S-BOD-X-!

BE:A.CH[ «fc CO., Kose-GS^rowers

And FLORISTS, 901 South 9th Street, Richmond, Indiana, will forward
their new and beautiful catalogue of Roses and general collection of
Flowers and Ornamental Stock to any address upon receipt of stamp.
Large Feld-grown, Ever-blooming Roses for falltplantiug is our specialty
for this season. A fuil line of Greenhouse aud Garden Plants co,.stantly
on hand. We guarantee all goods sent by mail or express to reach the
purchaser in good grooving condition. Our catalogue is handsomely il-
lustrated and contains much valuable informaiion. Send ud a trial
order.

"POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS."

POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS'

Planted in July or August, uill produce a full crop of berries

the following season. On and after July 25, I shall

have a choice lot of

I* O T-G5^ R O TTISr PLANTS ^

of all the leading sorts. Price during July and August, $3.00

per hundred ; $20.00 per thousand. During September, $2.00

per hundred ; $15.00 per thousand. No charge for packing.

Address D. C. WIL.DEY,

Box 273. Albany, N. Y.

MT. ARBOR NURSBRY.

SHENANDOAH, IOWA.
NEW VARIETIES OF RUSSIAN FRUIT,

Including APPLE, PEAR. APRICOT and MULBERRY. Choice
varieties of GRAPES, RASPBERRIES and STRAWBERRIES.
Special attention given to the packing and handling of all orders in-
trusted to our care.
T. E. B. MASON.

THE WILLIAMSON NURSEBY,

2VEAK, FItA.]VK:iL,X]V, TENN.,

Ofiers for sale a very choice stock of Apple, Peach, Pear, Cherry, Plum and
Apricot Trees. Also, Strawberry, Rasnberry and Grape Vines, Apple Seed-
lings, etc., etc. Two new Winter Apples and one new and very fine Peach
nevt-r before ofl^red to the public. We grow our trees, etc., especially for the
retail trade, and guarantee satisfaction to all who will care for their trees.

Special inducements on large orders. Best of references given to unknown
parties Good Local Agents Wanted. Catalogues free. Correspondence
solicited. Address Wm. Hy. SMITH, Proprietor,

L,eiper's Foi-k, Williamson Co., Tenn.

LOMPOC NURSERY «-

COR. O STREET and OLIVE AVENUE.
Headquarters of tlie

The new California Seedling Plants ready for delivery fall of
'86. Also, a general stock of FRUIT, ORNAMENTAL TREES,
etc. WM. BiiRKER,

Lompoc, Calilornia.

PALMER'S MONTHLY,

KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI.
S. C. PALMER, Editor and Publisher.

SUBSCRIPTION, $100 PER ANNUM.

PALMER'S MONTHLY

Is a large Sixteen-Page Monthly Pap r, devoted to the

INTERESTS OP NURSERYMEN,

TREE AGENTS, and KINDRED AFFAIRS.

Is the only Paper of its Class in America, and is

intended to be a General Organ for

the Trade.

REGULAR RATES FOR 1885, $2.00 PER INCH.
"i^. Special contracts for advertising will be made to specialty ad-
vertisers. Sample copies mailed free, which musr. be seen to be ap-
preciated. GEO. P. ROWELL & CO., Agents,

10 Spruce Street Not Y-^rk.

jomsr sjijuus

Catalogues of everything pertaining to the

'PLJJ7T, SEEO 0(R NU<RSE(RY BUSINESS,

Catalogue of New, Rare and Beautiful Plants, issued in February,
with a colored plate free to all customers. To others 10 cts. or a plain
copy free.

Catalogue of Rosea. — All the novelties as well as standard sorts, well-
grown Pot Plants, cheap.

Catalogue of Orchids.— Cool, Intermediate and Tropical Orchids. An
immense stock of well established plants.

Cata'ogue of Seeds. — Seeds of the finest strain of single Dahlias, with
all novelties of value among flowers and vegetables. These seeds are
of the finest quality, fresh, pure, grown by myself or specially for me,
or my importations.

Catalogue of Fruits. — All the standard fruits. Peers, Apples, Peaches,
Plums, Cherries, Standard and Dwarf, Grape Vines, Small Fruits, etc.

Ornamental Trees, Evergreens, etc., of all sizes and in great variety
for Parks, Lawns, Gardens, etc. Finest quality and lowest prices.

Catalogues of Fruit Trees, Roses, Seeds and Orchids free.

JOHN SAUL,
Washington, D. C,

LARGEST STOCK OF FRUIT TREES

IN NORTH CAROLINA,

At GUILFORD NURSERIES. Vandalla P. 0., N. C. (near Greensboro). Con-
Bistinp: in part of the following : Apple, Peach, Pears of all the new and old
varieties. Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines. Quinces. Almonds and the
Nut-Bearing Trees Also, Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Evergreens, Grape of
all the old and new, scarce and rare varieties, a large lot of Strawberry of
twenty varieties.

The proprietor received first premium on Apples and Peaches awarded at the
State Fruit Fair in Greensboro, N. C, August 12 and 13, 1885, for the largest
and best collection and finest display. Respectfully,

G. L,. ANTHONY.

THE WESTP]R]S TRIBUNE,

A FIRST-CLASS 32-COLUMN WEEKLY NEWSPAPER 1

CHAS. EDWARD WILSON, Editor and Proprietor.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: One year, 81.50; six months, 75c; three months,
50c in advance.

a^" fulTj and reliable market reports. "«I1

The Tribune ia printed from new type, on a new and improved
Power Press. JM^ Advertising rates furnished on apphcation.
Address THE WESTERN TEIBUNE,

A&he\'il]e, N. C.

THE ceNEcap E^c^MBi^ ^WK

PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY AT

EVEROREEN, (Coneoxilx Coixnty,) JLTuA.,

J. W. DAVISON, Editor and Publishe..

The Official Journal of Conecuh county, and the best Adver-
tising Medium in South Alabama.

1^" TERMS : »1.00 PER ANNXTM, STRICTLY IN ADVANCE. _j^

THE COTSrCORD TIMES,

A WIDE-AWAKE, WEEKLY JOURNAL.

SHERRTLIL, BROS. & IL.XJI>^WIO, I»iiT>llsliers.

Published in one of the growing sections of North Carolina.

Organ of the North Carolina State Grange.

E^ A Fine Premitun wIU be Given to all New Subscribers. _^

Terms : 81 .50 a year in advance. Sample copy free. Address,

THE TIMES, Lock Box 39,

CONCOKD, N. C.

••- E8TA.BriI©HEl> I860. -»i

FRUITLAND NURSERY,

THOMAS J. WARD, Proprietor,

ST. MARY'S, VTGO CO., IND. A full assortment of Nursery Stock always
for Bale In season, at LOWEST living rates. Apple and Russian Mulberry
Trees and Raspberry Plants specialties. Also, Forest Tree Seeds. Price lists
free to all wishing them.

I also breed High Class Plymouth Rock and Black Cochin Fowls. Chicks,
and Eggs for hatching, cheap in season. A ddress

THOMAS J. WARD,

St. Mary's, Vigo Co., Ind.

Railroad, Mercantile and Pamphlet PrintiDg

^B- OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. -^.

B. F. BENNETT, - - - Atlanta, Georgia.

All kinds Law Blanks for sale, U'ed by Attorneys, Clerks of Court and Jus-
tices Peace. Send for the iron-clad note— waiving all exemptions and making
wages subject to garnishment— 50 in book for 35 cents.

Having the best outfit in the city, I guarantee the best work done here. Or-
ders accompanied with cash will receive prompt attention.

THE Td&Z^ TVTJ^Tl TiLLHSZl,

•a_ A newspaper 'devoted^to the'"material advancement of Eastern Caro-
lina—democratic In principle and the people's friend. A splendid advertising
medium. Subscription priceSl.SO^per annum ; Sl-00 for six months, in ad-
vance. George P. Hart, editor'and proprietor. The only paper in Nash county.

Address THE TALKER, Rocky Mount, N. C.

ATTORNEY and COUNSEL,OR AT I.AW, Rocky Mount, N. C.

Practices in all courts,'both'State and. Federal. «®" Collections a specialty.

Apple-grafted leading Southern varieties. About«20,000. $5.00 per
thousand to the trade ; $7.50 at retail. Peach Seedlings a specialty,
grown from the best seedling trees, with no yellows or disease — about
100,000— $2.50 per thousand to the trade ; $3 50 per thousand at retail.
Best Peach Seed at 50 cents per bushel from seed stock Strawberries,
leading sort, $2.00 per thousand to the trade. Raspberries, Grapes,
etc., etc., cheaper than the cheapest. All packed and labeled true to
and delivered at depot at above prices.

MJBRRELL BROTHERS, Fruitlaud, N. C.

That every^family in the Southern States should have is

TSIE "' SOTJTH:L.^3Sri3,"

a large, handsome, 8-page, 48-column paper, devoted to the in-
terest of the South. Only one dollar a year. Address,

SOUTHLAND,
New Orleans, La.

The inventioD of a Practical Chemist ; used for all cleansing
purposes.

JFHES and. IMtOSQ-CJITOS

will not stay where it is used. It does not poison them but drives
themout-ihey simply get out and scay out. Pleasant! HarmLeta'
Cheap ! Order one bar and be rid of all flies and mosquitos

A Bonanza for ^ye«te.— Agents make $a.UO to $20.00 per" day We
prepay all postage and express charges. One bar by mad, 15c ; one
uozen bars by express, $1.00 ; one gross bars by express, *6 00 Ad-
a^ess FLY SOAP MANUFAOTUKING CO.,
703 Preston St., Louisvide, Ky.

OLD RELliyM BUCKEYE POULTRY^ YARD.

C. HAERIS, Proprietor, Columbus, Ohio,

Breeder, of following varieties-each a .specialty : Wyaadottes. Plvmouth
Bocks, Langshaus, Butt and Partridge Cocliius, Light Brihmms, Kose-C^bed
Americau Uommiques, Whue-UresieUBlacH Polish, White and Brown JUKhorn
Puuames. Mammoth Bronze Turkeys, Pekiu aud Kouen IJuck^-^pedilre^ 'i

Berkshire Pigs, jfa.'jo each, at 8 weeks old ; Umited number. 6ead for cS
lar and meution seeing ad. in this book. tu-ou-

TOWi^K HILL NUlitSeRIES.

em' (FIFTEEN YEARS ESTABLISHED.) ^df

A fine stock of APPLE, PLUM, PEAR, PEACH. ORNA-
MENTAL TREES. SHRUBS, ROSES, ETC. SMALL
FRUITS A SPEV.IALTV. Low for cash, or exchange
for other stock. Send for circular and price list.

ARMSTRONG & CO.,
JLawrence, Mass.

p34-