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LONDON: Printed for T. Lonaoman, No. 3 in Pater- , nofter-row. M DCC LXXxI, “a eT AC hs oe 1 pada ¥ ak Th Y EvME: a) ‘Ay - = team 5 eqedmeh sees eae dae eee pir aa nest a wert a ee — 7, TO Sir WILLIAM WHELER, Bart. THE FOLLOWING O78 5 EUR VA aeRO M.S ON THE VEGETABLE POISONS OF : mee vA we - 3 ROP A LAN, ARE ADDRESSED, By his moft obedient, and moft humble Servant, Coventry, April 14, 1781. BRADFORD WILMER. i Bhs We Tat fs Nyt n » ‘ ” ; ook . PEARS We Sh le AO Oa LAU i On SO 'N the vegetable world, the at- tentive obferver of nature hath for his contemplation a fcene, which is large and greatly varied. The mountain, the valley, the field, and the foreft, produce their peculiar plants; yet each of thefe fituations bears fuch as are of qualities oppofite to thofe of others that arife from >the fame {pot of earth, United in the place from whence they derive their nourifhment, there is all ima- ~ ginable diftance between their qua- « lities : ‘and whilft fome a@ with a- kind influence upon the human frame, others undermine the fecret _ fupports of life. From the healing to the deftrudtive, there are many . | = degrees in the {feale; yet numerous or ee as — ee vi PRE, F- AG: &; as thefe gradations are, there tate bly may be found amongft our ya- rious ‘vegetables thofe whofe virtues, | or whofe baneful qualities, would | fill up every rank. Some botanical authors, in’ de- {cribing the powers of plants, feem’ to have been guided only by imagi-' nation. They afcribed to them qua- lities which nature never gave them, and {welled- beyond all probability thofe which they really poffets. Almoft every plant which they treat of, would be a certain remedy for half the dife orders in the world, or a moft fatal poifon, if the character they give’ to it were true. But ‘experience is now believed, in ‘frequent oppofition to Gerard and Parkinfon ; and. many herbs which were eit ated. by them for their medicinal virtues, no longer make PREFACE © vii make a part of the materia medica ; whilft others are found perfeély in- nocent, which they had defcribed as poifonous i in their nature. It is hap- py for men when they increafe their knowledge by an obfervation of facts, and no longer receive implicitly the traditions of ignorant ages. ' Bur it is ufual for thofe’ who find they have been mifled, to give them- felves up too much to doubt. Thus more than is true has been faid of the virtues of plants, and now per- haps lefs than is true is believed. It was found that the writings of bota- nifts were largely fupplied with mif- takes; and amidft the crowd of er- rors which ftood ready to miflead him, the unexperienced practitioner did not know what he might fafely : Aas truft vii PREF A: GE; truft to. He perceived. in. thefe. works that all was not to be credit- — ed, and therefore he almoft rejected, all; not recolleéting that truth was probably fomewhere. ReHTeE ns the | two extremes. Ir is ag that the number of poifonous herbs is very fmall. Even _ of thefe the dreadful effects may be prevented, by an immediate and pro- per attention, or removed, though — they have partly taken place. They appear to act by an impreffion upon the nervous fyitem, rather than by an inflammation of the ftomach and. duodenum, as mineral. poifons do, ! which from this beginning produce thofe other intervening {ymptoms, that ufually end in death. In vain would their offending fubltances be removed from the flomach by eme- tics, PGROEAPHAG CHES ix tics, if the diforder. they occafioned there had arrived at a certain, tegree of violence. | 3 ph de herbs in different con- | ftitutions will have various and fome- times oppofite effects. This I fpeak from my , own knowledge, having feen the moft contrary fymptoms produced i in feveral perfons who had taken the fame poifon under equal circumftances. They exhibited a proof, that both the utmoft. irrita- tion, and appearances which indi- cated that the office of the nerves was deftroyed, might arife from the fame caufe working its effects in dif- ferent conftitutions, Tue vegetable poifons might per- haps be: properly feparated into the two following divifions. The firft © . Including x PREFACE. including thofe from which maniacal fymptoms may be expected, or the various nervous affections, from a ertigo to a fatal apoplexy. Hither. night be referred the foporiferous plants, which more flowly bring on dangerous appearances, and are fel- dom fatal in a fhorter fpace than twenty-four hours, affording during that time opportunities for the ufe of emetics, the vegetable acids, and proper ftimuli, which will | have the defired effect. In the other clafs may be hal fuch as produce epileptic fymptoms. A lofs of underftanding, of {peech, and of all the fenfes, will take place in a few minutes after thefe poifons are in the ftomach: the mufcles will be much convulfed, and death will clofe’ ‘ we - PURORAPIAICIEI 3s. clofe the {cene in the fhort. shia ab one hour or two. ~—— teres: x Tue dane’ of thefe poifons. is : very ereat. They do not offen palate, and therefore may pafs unfuf pected into the ftomach: when there, they ufually occafion no ficknefs, and therefore are not likely to be dif- charged without the affiftance of art: and they produce their effects fo haftily, that they fcarcely permit any opportunity for that afliftance to be rr. ) f othe are eels tp plape: of _ this nature known in Great-Britain, two of which are natives of our ifland. They are the oenanthe crocata, cicuta aquatica, and lauro-cerafus. ‘The laft is moft fatal, and requires a che- mical preparation. Its poifon may therefore ee & : xii PUROERAF ANC AR therefore in fome meafure be faid to. be an invention of art. SHouLpit be afked whether poifonous plants have any ufe among the works. of nature, it might be replied, that in judicious hands they become effectual, remedies for many complaints. ‘They. are likewife innocent food to various animals. Quails will thrive upon hellebore, and goats upon water- hemlock: ftarlings and other birds feed upon the feeds of the cicuta major. It might be added that there are tribes of infects nourifhed and protected by them, which ferve as a prey to other creatures that are -more confiderable in the afcending climax of the creation. REFFE- “w (Ok1 Op. ARE yO Se ao REFERENCES fe MBit aol, N ie oe Baubin. Pin. (7 ASPARI BaubiniPro- : dromus & Pinax. me dic oh Se ca 1671. 4to. Baubin. Hiff. — Joannis Baubini Hiftoria Plantarum univerfalis. E- brodunum. 1650. fol. Columb. Ecph. tiga Columne Ecphrafis i. - & il. minus cognitarum, ‘rdtiorumque ftirpium, Ro- me. 1616. 4to. «ee , ; an or . Carolus C/ufius, in exotico- rum libris. Dodon. ae Dedonei “hye | Hey ‘fol. j 1616. Flor. Scot. * Flora Scotica, by the Rev. John Lightfoot, 2 vol. 8vo. Lond. 1777. Ger. Emac. Joannis Gerardi Hiftoria | Plantarum a Thoma ¥o4n- fon Emaculata. Lond. I 6 eM fol. Ge/n. a xiv REFERENCES EXPLAINED, Gefn. Hort. Hill. : Haller Helv. Hort. Ey/iet. Lin. Sp. Pl. Lob. Morif. Hip. Morif. Unb. Matt biol. Miller. per Gefnerus de Hortis O nie. Hill's ritifh Herbal. fol. London. 1756. ! - Alberti Haller Hiftoria’ Stir- pium indigenarum Helve- tiw, Berne. 1768.2 vol. fol. | Bafilii Befleri Hortus Eyftet- tenfis. Noremb. 1623. fol. | Caroli Linnai, {pecies Plan- tarum. Holmie. 1762. Svo. 2vol. Lobelii Obfervationes Stir- plum. fol. 1476. } Roberti Morifoni Hiftoria Plantarum Oxonienfis. 3 vol. fol. Oxon: 1680. Roberti Mori/oni Plantarum Umbelliferarum. diftribu= tio nova. fol. Oxon. 1672. Petri Marthioi Commenta- ria Italica cum, figuris. 1568. fol. Miller’s Gardener’s Dic- tionary. Park. REFERENCES EXPLAINED. xy Park, Rati Syn. Rai Hip. Storck. Schwenck. Tournef. Wepfer.. Joannis Parkinfoni Theatrum Botanicum. fol. Lond. 1629. Joannis Rai Syptiaa: Metho- dica Stirpium Britannica tum. 8vo. Lond. 1724. Ejufdem Hiftoria Plantarum. 3 fol. 1704.- | Libellus de Sicciuphicn Hy- ofciamo, & Aconito. Vin- dobon#. 1762. 8vo. Libellus “quo ‘demonftratur Cicutam, &c. Vindobo- nz. 1760. 8vo.. .). Schwenckfeldius, Catalogus Stirpium & Foffilium Si- lefiz. Lipfiz. 1601. Jofephi Pitton Tournefort in- fitutiones Rei Herbariz. Paris 1700. gto. _ Cicute Aquatice Hiftoria & Noxz. Commentario il- luftrata. Joh. Jacobo Wep- Jere. Bafil. 1679. 4to. CON- CON BENT S -CLASSS L .BsERVATIONS ‘on in hyofeyamus niger, a Page I. Belladonna, Se et be te Napellus ceeruleus, - - - - 26. Cynocrambe, - bi y- Pe ine. 7 Swamps sty sey O'S 37. Cicuta major, = - , ee Baki Agaricus mufearius, S985 = uit 54. Fungus piperatus, i} i] t a GN ie CLASS IL. Oenanthe crocata, - = 69. Cicuta aquatica, - - “a7. Lauro-cerafus, _ - = - - 84. OBSER- ie OBSERVATIONS : ON VEGETABLE POISONS. CLASS 1. COMMON HENBANE. Hyoscyamus foliis amplexicaulibus finuatis, floribus feffilibus. Lin. Sp. Plant. 257. Hyoscyamus vulgaris & niger. C. Bau- bine, Pin. 169. — Hyoscyamus niger. Gerard. Hift. Pi. 353: | HE root is long, tough, white, and when recently cut through, {mells like that of liquorice. Tue ftalks are thick, round, woody, irre- gularly branched, and covered with a hairy down. 3 B jC PH 2 OBSERVATIONS ON Tue leaves furrounding the ftalk at their bafe, ftand irregularly. They are large, foft, and downy, pointed at the ends, and very deeply indented at the edges. Their colour is a greyifh green, and they have a sah difagreeable {mell. THE Hininbis are monopetalous. They are numerous, fingular, divided into five obtufe fegments, and when accurately examined, _are not without beauty, although. they. have an unpleafant appearance on the plant: they are large, ‘ofa dirty yellowith colour, retica- lated with violet-coloured veins. Tue feed-veffels follow one after every - flower: they are large, and contain a great quantity of feeds: of a, brown, rough, and irregular figure. Taxis is the only {pecies of henbane that is a native of ‘Britain. It is common ‘by road- | fides and amongtt rubbith, and flowers in June. Dr. Withering obferves, that this plant is refufed by horfes, cows, theep, and {wine *. * Arrangement of Britifh Vegetables, vol. 1. p. 119. It VEGETABLE POISONS. ; It appears to afford both protection and nthe triment tofome infects ; thefe are the chryfo- mela hyofCyami, and the {carlet bug; cimex bygfeyami-. -HENBANE is a very dangerous poifon. The feeds, leaves, and root, received into the hu- man ftomach, are all poifonous. The root, in a fuperior degree, produces fometimes arSeers and if taken in’ a large quantity, -and the tomach does not reject it by vomit- _ing, a ftupor and apoplectic fymptdms,. ter- _-minating in death, - are the vufual confe- quences. : -Henspans is frequently found upon dung-- hills, and its roots mixt with muck, are in- troduced into our gardens. In their external appearance they much refemble thofe of parinep, from ithe ufe of which we often shear of fatal wffedts; ‘but it is very proba- ble that the:roots of henbane mixt with the parfnep, which they much refemble, are the unfufpetted caufe of the mifchief. My friend Mr. Harrold informs me that he once faw two women, who from eating B 2 | the 4 OBSERVATIONS on the fuppofed roots of parfnep, became ma- niacal, and were fo furious, that ftri@ con+ finement was neceflary for feveral days. It has been aflerted by medical authors of great reputation *, that the roots of parfnep continuing in the fame ground for fome years, contract pernicious qualities, fo as to occafion diforders of the fenfes. It appears, however, inconfiftent with the fimple and uniform ope- rations of nature to fuppofe that the root of an wholefome and pleafant vegetable fhould merely by continuing on the fame fpot, be- come noxious: it is furely much more rea- fonable to conclude, that the roots or feeds of fome poifonous plant might be introduced with manure, or by fome other means, into the garden. Bie On the roth of March, 1765, the family of a farmer at Loughton in Buckinghamfhire, confifting of fix perfons, dined upon pudding, © boiled meat, and the roots of parfnep. Soon after dinner they all became ill, and in two * Ray, Hiftoria Plantarum, i.420. Dan. Hoffman, acta acad. cafar. nat. curiofor. vol. vi. anno 1742. Obf. 128. p. 426. . hours VEGETABLE POISONS, 5 hours 1 was a witnefs of the following {cene. —Mrs. York (the farmer’s wife) was upon a bed with all the fymptoms of an apoplexy. Her pulfe was remarkably hard and full, her face was red, the fenfes and voluntary mo- tions were abolifhed; the refpiration was difficult, and much opprefled. Two of the children were ftupid, and appeared like thofe intoxicated with {pirituous liquors. A man- fervant and the maid, with uncommon agi- tation of mind, were dancing about the room, with all the appearance of maniacal perfons. A middle-aged man (the fhepherd) had dined with the reft, and after dinner went about his bufinefs in the fields. At my requeft he was fought for, and brought home by two men, who informed me that they fortunately arrived time enough to pre- vent the poor man being drowned in a marl- pit, near the banks of which he was ftagger- ing like one (as they faid) dead drunk. I attempted to give an active emetic to the man-fervant, but as foon as he received it into his mouth, he returned it into my face. Five grains of emetic tartar, diflolved in water, were conveyed into the ftomach, by means of a funnel, and he foon vomited up | B 3 Jarge 6 » OBSERVATIONS on ; large quantities of the roots, &c. Ina fhort time he recovered the ufe of his reafon, and complained of nothing more than a flight headtach. An emetic was given to all the reft, except Mrs. York, and after the fto- mach had rejected the contents, they reco- vered in a very thort fpace of time. | Tyee Mr s. York had never r eat any parfneps be- fore in her life, but being prevailed upon, — unfortunately, to tafte them, fhe took more than any one of the family. All attempts to convey medicine into her ftomach were ineffectual. Acrimonious and purgative ghif-_ ters were) injected, without producing any evacuation.. The moft powerful ftimulants were applied to various parts of the body | without any apparent effect ;s fhe could. not _ be awakened by any methods that were put in practice for that purpofe. In the evening the apoplectic fnoring increafed, attended — with a quick pulfe; her extremities were warm and moift with {weat. \Duzing the night, the difiiculty of cefpiration, was ac- companied with a rattling in the bronchia; the noftrils were comprefied, her feet became cold, and at fix o’clock in the morning the died. VEGETABLE POISONS. ; died, I could not obtain permiffion to open the body. got ct | _SusPECTING that. the roots of fome poi- si plant were mixed with. the parfneps, I defired to fee fome of them. They brought me a.fpecimen from the garden, | and upon an accurate examination, 1 per- ceived them evidently of two kinds. As the roots at that time were not furnifhed- with leaves, I took them home, and planted them - ina garden. Some of them proved to be the. paftinacha fativa, or garden par{nep, and the other the hyofcyamus niger, or com-_ mon henbane. A specimen of the leaves of the plant, and a defcription of the cafe, were tranf- mitted to the Royal Seciety. Many other well attefted inftances of the pernicious effects of henbane have been re- corded. In the year 1729, a perfon camé to con- fult Sir Hans Sloane upon an accident that happened to four of his children, aged from Ba four s (OBSERVATIONS on | | four years and a half to thirteen years, by their eating fome feeds they had gathered in the fields, which they had miftaken for fil- | berts: by one of the capfules, Sir Hans Sloane inftantly knew it to be that of the hy- ofcyamus niger vulgaris (or the common henbane) which bears fome grofs refemblance to the hufk of a filbert, and the feeds are like thofe of the poppy. The fymptoms that appeared in all the four. were, great thirft, giddinefs of the head, dimnefs of fight, ravings, and profound fleep; which laft in one of them continued two days and two nights. Sir Hans ordered them all to be bled, bliftered’in feveral places, and af- terw ard purged with a medicine compofed of elect. linit. ol. amygd. dulc. flor. fulphur &. fyr. flor. perfic. which operated both by, vo- mit and ftool, and by this method they per- fe€tly recovered *. THE poifonous effe&ts of henbane are now fo well eftablithed, that no doubt of the faé& can remain. In its operation and effects it * Inftances of the violent operation of henbane are given by Wepfer, De Cicuta hig juatica, .p. 230 &c. » \ y very : VEGETABLE, POISONS, ‘9 very i much refembles thofe occafioned by opi. um when taken in large quantities ; and like opium alfo, in a proper dofe, and adminifter- ed with judgment and care, it may become a very ufeful medicine in the hands of the cautious practitioner, | | PREPARATIONS of henbane are not only fedative, eafing pain, and leffening morbid | irritability in a remarkable degree, but are likewife exempt from an inconvenience which always attends the ufe of opium. Opium - occafions coftivenefs, whereas the extract, or other preparations of the hyofcyamus, are obferved to keep the body regularly open. Dr. Beek evaporated the frefh exprefled juice from the ftalks and leaves of this plant over a gentle fire, to the confiftence of an extract. Two drachms of this extract were forced down the ftomach of a middle fized dog. Soon afterward he feemed timorous, and laoped a great deal of water. In about. half an hour he fell into a languor, ke ept his eyes open, and the pupils were very much di- lated : Ss ete ’ sig ae AR, 10 & BSERVATIONS ‘on! He lated ; he flageered as he walked, ftumt | againft every thing in his way, and appeared to have loft his fight. Then he laid -himfelf to fleep, ‘in’ which he difcovered anxiety ; and the pit of his fomach was often violently _ retracted. In about two hours he caft' up all he had fwallowed, and when he ftood he rembled> | and was very feeble. AFTER vomiting three times, he had ‘five fools. The fceces were liquid, dufkith, and very fetid. His eyes continued immov- able, the pupil very much dilated, and his : fight feemed to be almoft gone. Then he began to fleep again, the fpafms about the pit of the ftomach abated, and gradually went off. He flept four hours, and lay very ftill, nor did his limbs quiver as they had — done a little time before. After this fleep his eyes returned to their natural ftate, and his fight feemed to be perfe&ily reftored: his ftreneth was good; he was brifk, and fwal- lowed bread and flefh with a good appetite. Tus dog was kept feveral weeks, in all which time he was healthy, watchful, and _ brifk. Dr. es To r A ON & Pit eee al ANd 7 VEGETABLE, POISONS. i Dr. Storck atv this fwallowed every day ha abschs {pace of a week one grain of the extract of henbane, without any inconveni- e. . He obferved that he hada better ap- petite, and his body was more: foluble than ufual. Hence he concludedit might fafely, in {mall dofes; wi adminiftered 1 his pa- tients. . A WoMAN 37 years of age, in the hofpi- tal at Vienna, to which Dr. Storck was phy- fician, had been for more than a year almoft every day afflicted with violent convulfions. ‘The moft powerful antifpafmodics, which were either recommended by. the beft authors, or which in fimilar cafes had been known to have been ferviceable, were admi- niftered without any good effed. Opium only, in large dofes, fhortened the: duration of the paroxy{ms, lulled the pains, but never | prevented areturn: and it brought on avery obftinate and habitual coftivenefs. In this ftate of the cafe Dr. Storck gave every day, at: intervals, three ae of extract a hen- bane,’ , In 2 OBSERVATIONS on’ In four days time the obferved her appe- tite to return, her body was more open, and the convulfive fits were much abated in their violence and continuance. She then was ordered to take fix grains of the .extract. During feven fucceeding days fhe had no re- turn of the convulfions, and enjoyed quiet and refrefhing fleep. On the eighth day fhe had fome flight twitchings in her legs and feet, but they did not continue long. Du-| _ ring the two following months fhe took, each day, nine grains of the extraét, but as. no returns of the convulfions were perceived in that fpace of time, fhe forbore its farther ufe, and obtained a permanent cure. 2 Dr. Storck informs us that he afterwards adminiftered the extraét of henbane in twelve other cafes, fome of which had obftinately — refitted the moft efficacious medicines. Tuey were chiefly of the {pafmodic kind, and if his relation of them is to be depended on, they prove that henbane in guarded dofes is one of the moft powerful fedative medi- cines with which we have hitherto been ac- quainted, peeing Y the virtues of opium, without VEGETABLE POISONS, 33 without occafioning the inconvenience which might arife from coftivenefs. - wu ’ Tuer fmoke of henbane conveyed to the part, through a fmall tube, is faid to be a very certain cure for the tooth-ach. - Tur leaves applied externally in the form of cataplafm, fomentation, or unguent, are difcutient, anodyne, and abate not only in- flammatory but rheumatic pain *. * Vide Lewis Mater. Med. p..315. Lindeftolphe, de Venenis, cap. v. p. 552. Konig. Regnum Vege- tab. p. 869. Hoyer, Act. phyfico-med. nat. curiof. vol, v. p, 260, Hoffman Phil. Corp. Human. cap. vii. Haller, Stirp. helvet. p. 513. Wepfer, de Cicut. Aquat. Hiftor. & Nox. DEADLY 14% » OBSERVATIONS on " 64g: Ge - - = wn a (\ DEADLY NIGHTSHADE, Belladonna... “Ray's Syn. 26 5: Solanum melano cerafus. CG, Binith inet 2 wes'y _ Atropa caule herbaceo, foliis ovatis integris. Lin. Sp. Pl. 260. “Gerard. Hip. Plant. 340. Moris. Hip. sure Br: Solanum lethale. Park. 346... | a COPSCTUREL DE HE ‘oat. iS, aes large, and. creep. ing.’ 7 | ‘Tre ftalks are 2 -AHaHE firm, numerous © branched, and herbaceous. - | Tue leaves are egg-fhaped, entire, very large, {mooth at the edges, pointed a little at the extremities, and of a beautiful green colour. | Tue flowers ftand on fingle foot ftalks: they are formed of one petal; bell-fhaped, and very lightly divided into five fegments at the edge. Their colour is a dark dead urple. j purp | OF ag EGETABLE, POLSONS.. Tue berries which fucceed the rR are globular; they are firt of a red. colour, and afterward become black. -They have a tempting appearance, and from that circum- \ ftance many have been induced to eat them to their deftruction. It flowers in July. Tue deadly nightfhade is found in woods, hedges, and where the ground is rich from manure, in the neighbourhood of towns and houfes. It isa native of England. Licutroor % re it in nd king’s park at Stirling and Icolumbkill, Tue whole plant is poifonous, and the berries ) eaten by children, from their > Hi i 2 va FF lora dittians Pp. 142. volei. + Bu¢hanan, ‘the “Scotch hiftorian, ‘déefcribes the -Sdeftru@tion of ‘the army) of Sweno, when he invaded Scotland. It feems,the Scots, by a truce, had engaged _ to fupply the army of their invader with drink, and in this they mixt the juice of the berries of deadly ‘nightfhade. The Danes became fo intoxicated, that the Scots fell upon them/in their fleep, ‘and killed the greateft part of them; fo that there were fearcely men enough left to remove the king in fafety. This ac- count is probably fabulous, beautiful 16 OBSERVATIONS ow beautiful appearance, have often occafioned the moft fatal effects. | Tue works of medical authors abound with inftances of the deleterious effets of the deadly nightthade, and experience hath fufficiently aicertained the truth of their re- lations. | | Tuts plant has a faint fmell, fomewhat of the poppy kind, which is loft when it is dry; whether frefh or dry, there is no pecu- liar fenfation conveyed, when the leaves are applied to the organs of tafte. Mr. Ray informs us of a remarkable ef- fe& which a fmall part of the leaf of Bella- donna had when applied to a finall ulcer, which a lady was afflicted with beneath the eye. In one night the iris was fo much re- laxed, that it became paralytic, and did not contraét the pupil at the approach of the ftrongeft light. It was dilated to four times its natural fize, till the leaf being removed, the parts gradually recovered their tone. Tue VEGETABLE POISONS. 1 Tur application was repeated three feve- _ fal times, and always produced the fame effedt .. ates Hilk + obferves, that he.once faw an akiwess inftance of the fatal effects of this poifon. | In the year 1743, a labourer found the berries of the deadly nightfhade in a noble- man’s park, where he was repairing the pales. He gave fome of the berries to his children, and f{wallowed a large quantity himéelf. The fymptoms came on in the following manner. The man after two hours became light-headed, giddy, and unable to ftand; but not thinking of the caufe, fat down to. fupper. He drank greedily, but could {carce fwallow. any thing folid. He went to bed, and prefently grew worfe. He complained of a dreadful pain in the breaft, and difficulty of breathing. It was about five in the after- — noon when he eat the berries. Thefe fymp- toms came on between ten and eleven at night: and at twelve, feven hours from the * Hift. Plant. p. 680. + Brit. Herb. p. 329. C eating — 13 OBSERVATIONS on | | eating them, he fell into the moft dreadful ravings. Once in a quarter of an hour his — fenfes would return for a moment; but he relapfed immediately, and every time with ~ more violence. During the intervals of reafon, his breathing was difficult, and he complained of a dreadful tightnefs crofs his breaft. ‘Towards morning the ravings went off, but he became foolifh. He was faint, breathed with difficulty, and ftared and flab- bered, anfwering foreign to queftions, and feemed a perfec idiot. All this time he was affected with a moft violent ftrangury; but — by degrees this went off, and he recovered without the help of medicines. Before the country apothecary could be had, he was growing better; and he not knowing what to advife, left the family to their own ma- nagement. The children both died in the courfe of the night. The father, when per- _ fe€tly recovered, ard queftioned about the nature of the cafe, anfwered that he had been in the condition of one very drunk, but faw and underftood all that was doing, even when he anfwered in the wildeft man- ner. THE VEGETABLE POISONS. ‘19 Tue accounts given by other ‘authors agree with the above defcription: and we read of men who have continued in a itate of madnefs from nightfhade feveral days. ‘To children it generally proves fatal. When adults die of this poifon, the fcene is re eee clofed within 24 hours *. Se ME boys and girls perceiving in a garden at Edinburgh the beautiful berries of the deadly nightfhade, and, unacquainted with their poifonous quality, eat feveral; in a fhort tume dangerous fymptoms appeared, a fwell- ing of the abdomen took place, they became convulfed: the next a one of them * Wepfer de Cicut. Aquat. p. 226. has given an account of fome dangerous fymptoms which affected three children from eating the berries of the folanum vulgare, common or garden nightfhade; but as they all recovered, and as_I have not met with an inftance where that fpecies of nightfhade proved fatal, 1 have on that account omited a defcription of it. Befides the folanum commune, there are other plants in this ‘kingdom which are fufpe&ted to be poifonous; thefe are aconitum hyemale, colchicum vulgare, alkekengi multiflorum foliis hirfutis, fuppofed to he the folanum fomniferum of the ancients. Te 2 died, 20 OBSERVATIONS on |. died, and another in the evening of the fame day, although all poflible care was taken’ nd them *. On the twenty-fourth of September, 1771, Dr. Lambert was defired to vilit two children at Newburn in Scotland, who the preceding day had {wallowed fome of the berries of the deadly nightfhade. He found them in a de- plorable fituation; the eldeft (10 ‘years ‘of age) was delirious in bed, and affected with convulfive fpafms. The younger was not in a much better condition, in his mother’s arms. The eyes of both the children were particularly affected. The whole circle of the cornea appeared black, the iris being fo much dilated as to leave no veftige of the pupil. The tunica conjunctiva much in- flamed. Thefe appearances, accompanied with a remarkable kind of ftaring, exhibited ‘a very affecting fcene. The fymptoms came: on about two hours after they had eaten the berries: they appeared at firft as if they had been intoxicated, afterwards loft the power of fpeaking, and continued the whole night * Lond. Mag. Sept. 1747. fo VEGETABLE POISONS. ar ‘fo unruly, that it was with much difficulty they were pari in bed. Dr. Banabers gave them 15 grains of white vitriol, which foon occafioned a fick- nefs. The emetic was repeated, and they vomited plentifully; they were ordered to drink an oily emulfion.. Cathartic medicines were given by the mouth, and a common clyfter was adminiftered. At twelve o'clock at night, the purgative medicines produced the: wifhed-for effe&, and the ftools appeared purple like the juice of the berries, inter- mixed with their black fkins: after this they were {oon relieved: they fpoke, and became -fenfible;» but their eves continued feveral — days in a weak ftate, and the laft fymptom which remained was a vertigo. It appears from the hiftory of this cafe, that emetics were of no ufe, and the reafon is very obvious. Dr. Lambert was not called till twenty-one hours had elapfed from’ the time the children eat the berries, and the ftomach had probably long before an them into the inteftines. C 3 - THE 22 OBSERVATIONS on Li tk dangerous effects of the deadly night- fhade were known to the ancients. Fheo-. phraftus called this plant ftrychnos, and the fymptoms which it produced were called ftrychnomania. Subfequent authors have velitured to recommend. the internal ufe of it in very fimall quantities in obftinate dif- eafes ; and if we believe the teftimony of Mr. Ray *, the external application of the leaves’ in the form of a cataplafm, have been found efficacious in cancerous complaints. An in- fufion of the berries’ given internally has been faid to have been fuccefsful in inflam= mations-, and dyfenteries f. Juncker informs us, that two cancerous cafes were cured by it, and recommends its farther ufe§. In the year 1754, Dr. Lambergen printed at Groningen an inaugural differtation, to which was added an account of a cancer ina wonran’s breaft, that had been radically cured by the infufion of the leaves of deadly night- fhade. This cafe was publifhed eight years * Ray’s Hit. Plant. p. 680. | * 4 Fragus, Stirp. Hitt. p. 305. t Ray’s Hit. Pl. Lin. Mat. Med. §g5. © § Confpect, Chirurg. p. 314. | after Bibs WF ie oe AS oe aes rie’ ¢ Wee VEGETABLE POISONS. 23 after the cure was perfected, and the woman is faid to haye continued perfectly well. From reading this cafe, the late Mr. Gataker determined to try the effects of nightthade in St. George’s hofpital. He ad- miniftered it in a variety of cancerous cafes, as well as fcrophulous and fcorbutic ulcers, but his fuccefs was in the fequel by no means equal to the fanguine expectations he had “formed of it: In the fir paper he commu- nicated to the Royal Society upon this bufi- -nefs; he gave an account of fome cafes wherein it appeared to have been attended with fuccefs. From the recommendation of Mr. Gataker, the folanum was alfo tried in moft of the public hofpitals of London. By the concurrent teftimony of feveral fur- geons, under whofe infpeCtion it was admi- niftered, it was at length agreed, that the _ nightfhade was'by no means pofleffed of any fpecific properties either againft cancerous or fcrophulous difeafes ; that moft of the patients in whofe cafes it appeared at firft to be fer- viceable, relapfed; that it was, except in fmall dozes, unmanageable in its effects; that it was extremely uncertain in the mode Cz of i pala 4 SYORBSERVATIONS ON Yh, of itsopération, fometimes violently purging the patient, fometimes ftimulating the -kid- neys, or increafing greatly the cuticular dif- -Charge;' and fometimes producing no evacua- ‘tion of any kind; that,. in fhort, no confe- -quende of its adminiftration. was with any vcertainty to be expected, except the mifchief it did-to the organs of vifion. Moft of thofe who took)it complained either of giddinefs, violent throbbing pain in:the..eyes; with,a difcharge*of tears, and injall the pupil: was as much dilated; and had) the. fame appear- ance, -as if the patient laboured. under a con- --enffion of the brain, or paralytic ftate of the. optic nerve; and:it was much fufpected that the ufe of the folanum haftened the death of feveral who took it *. : ‘Mr. Gataker, however, in a publication fince the obfervations he communicated to the Royal Society, ingenuoufly acknowledges, that his expectations; were: not anfwered; that the event of fome cafes difappointed his firft hopes, either by the cure proving in- complete, or only temporary; that he found * Bromfield on Nightfhade, p. 69. bey from | el Ax! VAR 5! hit yaa bay sbagg Pe es i ies i ‘ 4 Lorn Se a pay et & P. 5 7 Tie? My os tN t RNAS tui Pt 4 : X VEGETABLE, PQIESONS. 25 from further experience, the operation of the medicine to be irregular, and the ufe of it in - fome inftances, if perfevered in, ‘attended with troublefome fymptoms. He obferves alfo;. that nightfhade is, a medicine not fo much calculated for general ufe, .as for. par- ticular cafes, where the common remedies have failed, and where this feems, upon trial, to be free from the principal inconve- niences which fo often attend the ule of it ¥ ay Ne ‘ nm & + WO SAPS « Ve WaNS bak LAS Ve] fw Or |} k Kl * Gataker’s Effays, p. 87. * > ie , 4 bs ys Meg : mh ae de - rs ed - } 7 Apesay S 26 OBSERVATIONS ox BLUE MONKSHOOD. Aconitum foliorum laciniis linearibus, fu- perne latioribus, linea exaratis. asi Spec. Pl. p. 538: | | AconiTum ceruleum, five Napellus. f Baubine. ' Napellus verus. Lobel. Aconitum fpica florum pyramidali. Mori. HE root is divided into feveral parts : it is long, thick, and has many fibres. THE leaves rife from the root very early in the fpring: they appear firft in a glo- bular form, and when they expand, become Jarge, of a beautiful green colour, and are divided into numerous, long, narrow feg- ments. This plant is four feet high. The leaves from the ftalk are placed irregularly, they are {maller than thofe which immedi- ately arife from the root, but like them they are {ubdivided into numerous fegments. THE 9g ARS PART a VEGETABLE POISONS. ay Tue flower is extremely fingular; it has five petals, one of them is uppermoft, and is hooded, two are placed on the fides, and two below: the lateral petals are broad, and in- cline to each other; the inferior ones are longer than thofe on the fide, and droop downward. Within the flower are two nec- taria.. , The flowers ftand on long {pikes, on the fuperior part of the branches; they are large, and of a full beautiful blue. Three capfules, inclofing the feeds, fucceed every flower. - Brut Monkthood is fpontaneoufly pro- duced in Germany, and fome other northern parts of Europe, and is very common in our gardens, where it is cultivated for ornament. Tus is certainly a poifonous plant, and many inftances have been adduced of its dangerous effects. Dodoneus gives an ac- count of five perfons who eat the root of blue monkthood in their food at Antwerp, and they all died. It has probably obtained ‘the name of wolf’s- bane from a tradition that wolves, in fearching for particular roots ioe they in part tubfait open in winter, frequently ee Ae oi the Rs Wee ee bhe ede i ity wy F Shaky Sates nN, ull Heel ‘ Lae by Ai : heey eat He * . 28 “OBSERVATIONS ow frequently make a miftake and. eat the roots of napellus ceruleus, which generally i: fatal to them. ; Inthe year 1764, John Cote weaver in Spitalfields, having fupped upon fome cold meat and fallad, was fuddenly taken ill; and when Mr. Bacon, the Surgeon employed upon this occafion, vifited him, he found him in the following fituation. He was in bed, with his head fupported by an afliftant, his eyes and teeth were fixed; his noftrils compreffed; his hands, feet, and forehead*cold ; no pulfe to be perceived ; his anaes fhort, Lot demmates and laborious. Mr. Bacod was Sa iagmned that pee yess | his patient had fupped, he complained of a fenfation’ of heat, affeGting the tongue and fances : his teeth appeared loofe; and it. was very remarkabie, although a looking-glafs was produced, and his friends attempted to reafon him out of the extravagant idea, yet he imagined that his: face was {welled to twice its ufual fize. By degrees the heat, which at firlt only feemed to affect the mouth and adjacent parts, diftufed itfelf over his body and VEGETABLE POISONS, ‘29 and extremities; he had an unfteadinefs and laffitude in his joints, particularly of the knees and ancles, with an irritable twitching of the tendons, which feemed to deprive Bice of the ‘power of walking; and he thought that in all his limbs he perceived an evident inter- ‘ruption to the circulation of the blood. A. giddinefs was the next fymptom, which was not accompanied with a nanfea. His eyes became watery, and he could not fee dif- _ tinétly : a kind of humming noife in his ears continually difturbed him, until he was re- ‘duced to the ftate of infenfibility before de- {cribed. -. Berore Mr. Bacon’s arrival, fome of his friends, believing he had been poifoned, had forced down fome oil and water, and after- ward fome carduus tea, in confequence of which, the ftomach threw up its contents; but notwithftanding this precaution, the fymptoms increafed. | -»\ Mr. Bacon, by the repetition of cardous _ tea, &c. encouraged the vomiting, and in the intervals adminiftered fome {poonfuls of a ftimulating cordial medicine. After fome time 30 | OBSERVATIONS on » sie the patient feemed relieved, and. hs degrees recovered. — iebabeial: “ Mr. Bacon was i Gaiellad that the fallad which the patient had eaten for fupper, con- fitted of common herbs bought at a ftall in the market, except fome celery picked out of their own garden. He defired to fee fome of the celery: a fpecimen was brought. to him, which Mr. Bacon perceived was the blue Monkthood, or aconitum ceruleum.. . Ky : Dr. Storck, of Vienna, reduced to powder the leaves and ftalks of blue monkthood: fome of this applied to his tongue, occafioned — fome tranfient, although pungent pains in- his mouth, accompanied with a fenfation of _ heat. With a view to afcertain whether the powder had any corrofive effects, he fprinkled — fome of it upon the furface of a fungous ul- cer. The patient complained neither of heat nor pain; and although the application was feveral times renewed, the fungous flefh was neither confumed nor reftrained in its progrefs. Dr. Storck after this evaporated the exprefled juice to the confiftence of an extract. Some of this spores upon the tongue, VEGETABLE POISONS, a1 tongue, occafioned a flight titillation. He infinuated a grain of the extract between his eye-lids, without obferving the effects of any - preternatural irritation. He afterwards pre- pared the following powder: RK Extract. Napel. cerul. gr. ii. Sach. puris. 3 ii. M. & contrite in - Mortario marmoreo. Tue Doétor took ten grains of this pow- der without any apparent operation. He then fwallowed twenty grains. Throughout the whole day, a very profufe perfpiration - was the confequence. Hence he inferred, that as the extract of monkfhood increafed fo very remarkably the cuticular difcharge, , it was adapted to difeafes in which the mor- bid matter might be expelled by the fudori- ferous pores. ; ei Storck and Dr. Colin, we are inform- | -.ed, adminiftered the extract of monkfhood to fourteen different patients in the hofpital at Vienna, with aftonifhing fuccefs. It relieved in a fhort time the violent pains of the gout and chronic rheumatifm, by occafioning a plentiful diaphorefis; it foftened and even diflolved 32 OBSERVATIONS on diffolved chalk-ftones, nodes, tophi, and cured exoftofes. Unfortunately however it happens, that experiments made upon the napellus in this country, do not confirm all that has been faid of it by Dr. Storck: I evaporated the juice exprefled from the leaves and flalks of blue monkfhood to the confiftence of an extraét. I tried it with two patients who had the chronic rheuma- tifm, and it was adminiftered in the dofes recommended by Dr. Storck. After having given it (what I thought) a fair trial, and finding it do neither good or harm, I threw it afide for the uf of more efficacious remedies. Tue napellus is faid by authors not to be poifonous in Sweden and fome other coun- , tries. In the Ephemer. Medic. Phyf. Curiof. An. 11. Obf. 42. p.7g. is a treatife under the following title: D. Martini Barnardi a Bernz. Napellus in Polonia non venenofus, wherein fome inftances are given to prove that the napellus mentioned by Linnzus is — not poifonous in Poland.: Ir muft be Served, however, that the kind of napellus mentioned by Linnzus not ' ee to VEGETABLE VPIOISON s, 33 to be poifonous in Sweden, is not the blue monkfhood, but the aconitum lycoctonum luteum majus. Bauhin. or yellow monkfhood, which Linnzus faw a family in Sweden mix and eat !‘with their _ wae, vi bad ye a ip MS os Ge 66 BT A Licutroot * found this plant in Scot- Jand,. in feveral... places, . about Hoddam- caftle, in Annandale, . &e. but always near houfes, si that a fufpected it was not ing genous.” ee Pes Aten Fy af STs Stier we * Flor, Scot. vol. i. p. 485. > or ort > aery f Phe a a D DOGS 44 | OBSERVATIONS os DOGS MERCURY: ~ Mercurialis.caule fimpliciffimo, foliis {eabris. Lin. Sp. Plant. 1465. (Gerard. 333. f. 1. Pet. Herb. t.i.f. 5 & 6. Mors. Hift. f. 5. te 34. f. 3 & 4.) Mercurialis perennius repens Cysiocrattibe dicta, Ray's Syn. 138: Cynocrambe mas & faemina. Sion 333. -Mercurialis montana fpicata. Baub. Pin. 122. | Mercurialis fylveftris Cynocrambe diGa vul- -garis, mas & foemina. Park. 295. HE root is creeping, light-coloured, and fibrous. THE fealk is a foot shiek: erect, Brees juicy, and pabranched. ' Tue leaves are oval, ferrated, pointed at the extremity, placed in pairs oppofite to each other. Tue. “VEGETABLE POISONS is . ‘Tat flowers grow at the tops of the ftalk, and in thin flendet fpikes out of the ale of the leaves, and are of a light green. The flowers ate of two kinds, male and female. The furrows of the germen receive a barren filament, terminated with a gland, marked with two dark-coloured {pots. Ir is found very common in “woods, fhady places, upon ditch banks, and flowers. very early in fpring. “Licutroot * fond it in many parts of Scotland, both in the Highlands and Low- lands. "Tas plant is poifonous. It is of a fopo-_ ‘tific deleterious nature, and is faid to be noxious both to man and beaft. Many in- ftances ate recorded of its fatal effects. Mr. Ray acquaints us with the cafe of a man, his wife, and three children, who were poifoned by eating the cynoerambe ee with bacon. * Flor. Scot. vol. it. p. 621, D 2 A 36 OBSERVATIONS on. A MELANCHOLY inftance is related ‘thc Philofophical | Tranfactions, th CCU. of its pernicious effects upon a family who cat. at fupper, the herb boiled and. fried. It_ pro- duced at firft naufea and vomiting, and after- wards comatofe fymptoms. Two. of the children flept twenty-four hours :_ when they awakened, they vomited again and recovered. The other girl could not be awakened during four days, at the expiration of which. time fhe opened her eyes and expired. v Dr. Withering * obf@tves, that the cyno- crambe is eaten by goats and fheep, and Te- fufed by cows and horfes. When it is in- fufed in water, it affords a fine deep blue colour. Lightfoot + fays it is called in the ifle of Skye, lus-glen-bracadale ; and that he was there informed, it is fometimes ufed in a weak infufion to bring on a fali- vation. The experiment, however, feems dangerous. * Arrangement of Britifh Vegetables, vol. it. p. inc L. + Flor. Scot. vol. ii..p. 621.° : THORN- VEGETABLE POISONS. }5 oe ChE APPLE. Darura pericarpiis fpinofis, tea ovatis. — Lin. Sp. Ff fea 79. SoLANUM fcctidam, pomo Swear oblongo, flore albo infundibuli_ formi. Cc. Baubh. Pin. p. 168. | SoLANUM maniacum. Déafcor: Colum. SOLAN UM pomo fpinofo oblongo, flore cala- thoide, ftramonidin vulgo dictum. ne Oya. 2666. gnvts 3 STRAMONIUM —., Gerard 349. > : £ ig H E root is slong, large, ar: rdigot gh ; ° Ta ftalk i is. ok a. pale, green, Pease) and near, three feet high.. Pay ED ST Tue leaves. pia large, | of a lively green, , placed on ftrong peduncles ; ; they are broad, pointed at the extremity, beautifully indent- ed, and are placed without any regular ar- rangement. . » D 3 ’ THE 38 OBSERVATIONS. on, . Tue flower confifts of one petal, funnel- : thaped, tubular, and folded at the border in five parts. They grow at the bifurcations of the branches, are large, and of a milk- white colour. Tue feed-veflel is oval, large, and covered with fhort, fharp, ftrong thorns. The feeds are brown. It flowers in Auguift. Ir is a native of Sopth-America, and is cultivated in our gardens either for its fin- - gularity or ornament. Py Dr. Withering fays, that cows, goats, fheep, and horfes refufe it *. He likewife acquaints us, that it is found common amongtt subbith, in the neighbourhood of London. I wave likewife obferved the ftramonium flourifh upon a bank on the London road near Coventry ; but it is probable the feeds may have been conveyed thither from a large nurfery-garden in the neighbourhood, and where many foreign plants have been propa- gated. It is certain that the plant is not in- . * Arrangement of Englifh Veg. vol. i. p. 119. digenous ~ VEGETABLE POISONS. 39 digenous in this kingdom, nor did Mr. Light- foot meet with it in Scotland. Tue padavedila of thorn-apple fupply nourifhment to many . infects; and it is yery common to fee the cup quite a fkeleton, ‘the flefhy parts having been eaten away. THE ee and leaves of thorn-apple re- ceived into the human ftomach, produce firft a vertigo, and afterwards madnefs. If the quantity is large, | and vomiting is not occas fioned, it will undopbtedly prove fatal. ~ BorRuAAvE * informs us, that fome boys eating fome feeds of thorn- apple, which | were thrown out of a garden, were feized with. giddinefs, horrible imaginations, terrors, and delirium. ‘Thofe that did not foon vomit, a Opes plant has a difagreeable, naufeous fine, bik tubbed between the fingers. Dr. Storck exprefled the juice from the leaves and ftatks of thorn- apple i in a marble * Acad, Lect. on the Nerves, publifhed by.Dr.. Van Fems. i 2 mortar, 40. OBSERVATIONS ow * mortar, and afterward evaporated it to the confiftence of an extract. He affifted in the procefs, from whence his head feemed much affected. He placed a grain and a half of the extra& upon his tongue, and faffered it to diffolve. Although it produced’ a very naufeous tafte, he fwallowed it. It occafioned no particular effe@s, and thence he concluded it might, at leaft with fafety, be given to patients. In looking over the writings of medicinal authors, he found they all agreed in the affertion, that thorn-apple difordered the mind, caufed madnefs, and convulfions. By the introduction, however, of a new mode of reafoning, the Doctor made the following inference: that, as thorn- apple, by diforder-_. ing the mind, caufed madnefs in found per- ee. it was probable, by difturbing and changing the ideas and common fenfory, it. might bring the infane, and perfons deprived of reafon, toa found ftate of mind: and: by a contrary. motion, remove convulfions i in the convulfed. Dr. Pk, from this eos proceeded to practice in the hofpital at Vienna, and — publithed feveral cafes wherein extract of | thorn-- VEGETABLE. POISONS, « thorn-apple, given in {mall dofes, and con- tinued a long time, Produced a cure. They were maniacal and- epileptic’ patients, who the Doctor fays experienced the ape efiets of thie: mode of treatment. | . Tue. extractiof thorn-apple, I believe, has not been tried in England, at leaft to my — knowledge ; and ‘the reafon probably has been, that we haye been much difappointed in what Dr. Storck has faid relative to the medical effeats of cicuta, and other poifonous plants. | iP i, iin | COMMON 42 OBSERVATIONS ow COMMON HEMLOCK. Conium, feminibus ftriatis. Lin. Sp. Pl. 349- ye €icuta. Gerard. 1061. Ray's Syn. 215. CicuTa major. Baub. Pin. 160. Morif. Hifi. Pl, yol. iii. 290. : €icura vulgaris major. Park. 933. CicuTa vulgaris. Péyt. Brit. 27. Hill. Brit. Herb. 411. CicuTA major vulgaris maculata foetens. Storck de Cicut. Conium feminabus ftriatis foliolis tenuori- bus, Miller. Gard. Dié. HE root is white, perpendicular, and , furnifhed with lateral fibres. Tue leaves, which early in the {pring arife from the root, are of a very dark green co- four: they are minutely divided and fub- divided, and ferrated at the edges, Tan. VEGETABLE POISONS. 4; Tue ftalk is fiftulous, frm, upright, arti- culated, fmooth, round, and fix fect high : it, is thickly ftained with innumerable purple fpots, of various fizes, ane indeterminate figures. | THe leaves are ye it ‘iicaabaite on the ftalk ; 3 they are, like the radical ones, mi- _ nutely interfeated; and of a aang til co- lour. were Te flowers ate {mall and white; each is compofed of five petals, inflected, and heart, fafhioned. ‘They are difpofed in Jarge um- eke, sa divided and fubdivided poe THE foods are reinided) Srhoeeth ‘on one fide, and plain on the other, and are of a — brown colour. Hemtock flowers in July, and is very com- mon under hedges in moft parts of Europe. Where the foil is rich and moift, it is ob- ferved to be more luxuriant than-in other places. | | _ Turs plant has a-virofe, difagreeable fmell, but the frefh juice communicates no particu- ar impreffion to the organs of tafte. 3 Ir 44 “OBSERVATIONS on | Ir the expreffed juice is placed i in a ftate of reft until the feces fubfide, and afterward poured off, it feems to lofe all the ‘fpecific flavour of the plant. | Pie NOS) es HEMLOCK received into the human fto- mach, has oceafioned death; but, like other plants of the’ poifonous kind, it is not only innoxious to certain animals, but appears to furnifh them with food and nourifhment. | Mr. Ray informs us, that he found the crop of a thrufh full of the feeds of hemlock; ry re | at a time when corn was plentiful *. 9 Dr. Sisheasis obferves, that beat ant is eaten by fheep, and refufed by horfes, cows, and goats -f. Like other plants of the narcotick und, the deleterious effects of hemlock are much — leflened by vegetable acids tf: : ALTHOUGH * Nos quoque gk Pais otidis feu turde avis dif- fe€tum cicute femine refertum invenimus, quatuor tantum aut quinque frumenti granis intermixtis: quod etiam meflis tempore avis illa pro cicuta neglexerat : adeo dele@atur cicuta, Hift. Plantar. vol. i. p. 451. + Arrangement of Englifh Veg. vol. i. p. 163. . { Cicuta, prefens illud venenum, fi coquitur in ace- to, fine noxa comedi poteft, quod probavi aliquoties, experimenti VEGETABLE POISONS. 45 _ ALTHOUGH the.root of hemlock has by anes been fuppofed: to be the moft active, and. the moft ‘poifonous. part of the. plant; yet it has, been given in dofes of thirty grains in. quartan agues,. acute fevers *;.and {chir- rous, livers Te mat OUE any ill effect. “Me. Ray informs us, that his find Mt. Pettiver eat half an ounce “of the root of this plant s and that Mr. Henley, a friend -of Mr. Pettiver’ s, in. his prefence eat, without any inconvenience, three or, four ounces of the fame root Mea igete sf es ROM thefe nehance. and many yes toe sob poifonous. effects of this plant have been much fufpected. nae oh Fe Pe wis recommended by Dr. Storck as acertain cure for many of the expérimenti ergo, Lugduni Batavorut,: ‘ubi in fois extra. urbem frequens crefcit.” ene de bits oh P» 431. ‘ loc ag 'Bowle wba Raium Hift, Plant. | ravise | + Renealme, Obferv. iii. and iv. -Etmuller, Schre- der. Diluc. par. i. fect. ii, p. ear. | § Synopt a, 2. Pe 326. moft 46 OBSERVATIONS on ‘trot terrible complaints to which tHe hitman body is fubject, it has been in common’ ufe in evéry part of Europe; and when we con- fider the gréat extent, and alnioft univetfality of its application, in every chrotiic difeafe which had withftood the operation of other — remedies, it appears furprifing that we have “not heéatd of a fingle inftance of its poifonous _effeéts. It has been given by the regular phyfician, as well as the apothecary’s appren- tice, in large dofes, in the forms of extract, powder, juice; and it has been applied ex- ternally in cataplaims, fomentations, baths, and injections. It has been very liberally admi- niftered to men, women, and children, with impunity. Either our hemlock muft be ! milder than that defcribed. by authors, or, which is much more probable, quite a dif- ferent plant. i CARDANUus * mentions a man who was killed. by eating a cake wherein hemlock was an ingredient: and Braflavola affures us, that it is mortal not only to men, but alfo to geefe and {wine. Inftances of the deleterious effects * Phil. Tranf. N° 473+ “ of VEGETABLE POISONS, y . of heimlock may be found in eres Other aii thors *. | Ir is now generally underftood that the Athenian poifon (cicuta +), of which Se- crates perifhed, was certainly not the plant we call hemlock. It muft either have been the cicuta aquatica, or the oenanthe, fucco virofo. Some have imagined; particularly Dr. Mead, that the celebrated poifon of Athens, with which condemned criminals wére put to death, was a compofition t. Ir is anciently recorded of the people of Marfeilles, that they had a poifon kept by the public, in which cicuta was only an in- gredient, a dofe of which was allowed by the magiftrates to any one who could fhew a reafon why he fhould defire death. This very fingular cuftom, Valerius Maximus obs ferves, came from Greece, particularly from * Matthiolus, Scaliger, Kircher, Botcone, &e. + Cicuta quoque venenum eft, publica Athenienfium poena invifa. Plin, 26, 13. . t Mead 's Works, 4to Edit, p, rz. : | the 48 - OBSERVATION Sons y — the. ifland, Ceos,, where he. imanmgaliaat it *. y .* ator THEOPHRASTUS fays, ” ‘that’ Theisyal, a great phyficiany had invented a compofition, which would cate death without any pain; and that ‘thie was ‘prepared with the juice’ of hemlock. and» poppy ‘together, »and’ ‘did the bufinefs in a {mall dofe +. arbi * { ae i ~ "Tae cicuta’ major ‘was ‘called conium by Dioféorides and ‘Theophraftus. Linnzus has exprefied his doubts with regard to the | poi- fonous effeéts-of this plant, and has retained the old nam, conium. Contradiction and confufion appear in “the. various accounts which authors ‘give’ ‘us’ of hemlock : “and many accidents Jaid to have been: the effects of cicuta, were certainly. produced by water hemlock,’ or thé ocnanthe crocata. “it appears extremely abfurd, that the fame name fhould “be applied’ to two plants; ‘which have fo little | refemblanée to’ each other, as the cicuta ma- jor, and cicuta. aquatica. They bear. their -® Valer./Max. ‘lib. ii. 'c. 6. §28. 008 0 +. Hift. Plant. lib. ix. c, 17. a iy a flowers VEGETABLE. ROLSONS. 49 flowers i in umbels, and this i is the chief, cir- cumftance i in which they agree, bee wring by cicuta certainly means water hemlock, when he informs us, that goats eat it freely ; thofe animals have often been obferved to feed upon the cicuta aqua- “tica, and it is very well known that hunger “prfelf will not prompt them to touch the ci- : cuta major ™ ny ib tealiia's we obferves, that Perfius has confounded cicuta with hellebore,'or fome other certain cure for madnefs +. Tue ftalk of hemlock being. hollow, light and jointed: hence the poets often ufe its name for the reed, of which pipes were made {., * -—_—- * pinguefcere fzepe cicuta ge ete Reseed, homini que eft acre venenum.’ | : Lucretius, hs a «Cali fub sete mafcula bilis intumuit, Hh yam non extinxerit una cicuta.” Prrsivs. t: cc ag Zephyri cava per cofariioiite fibila primum. ce Agreftes docuere cavas inftare cicutas. A Lucrer. «ec ER mihi difparibus feptem compacta cicutas fftu! A” Vire. Ect. ii. # i Tue 50 OBSERVATIONS ON. “Tie only well-attefted cafe of the poifon- ous effeds of the cicuta major in sh a is the following: - Durine the rebellion in 1745, fome Dutch troops were quartered at Waltham- abbey, in Effex. On Sunday, May 6, two of the foldiers colleéted in the fields, adjoin- ‘ing to that town, a quantity of herbs fuffi- cient for themfelves and two others for din- ner, when boiled with bacon: Thefe herbs were accordingly drefled, and the poor men firft eat of the broth with bread, and after- wards the herbs with the bacon. In a fhort time they were all feized with. violent verti- gos: foon after they were comatofe: two of them became convulfed, and died in abobt — three hours. The people of the town were much alarmed at this accident ; and Dr. Bar- rowby, a phyfician, being upon the fpot, ‘Immediately attended, and ordered the other two, at that time almoft dead, large quanti- ties of oil, by which means they threw up moft of what they had eaten, 4nd afterwards became better. In all of them, the effects refembled thofe aetna by a tee oe of — “ opie. ; | Tor © viGePABLE POISONS. BY ie yy next day Dr. Watfon was at Wal- tham-abbey, and faw one of the men fo much recovered, that he only complained of ‘a heavinefs i in his head ; and-the other was fo well, as to be able to perform his regi- mental ‘exercifes. There was a fifth foldier, who informed the doétor, that he eat fome . Ok the bread out of the broth, but perceived very little inconvenience from it. It hap- pened that the two men who gathered the j herbs were thofe that died. A Durcu officer attended Dr. Watfon to an inn where there were two other foldiers, who had feen and known the herbs which had been eaten. He alfo attended the doétor into the fields to thew the plants growing. They firft gathered the cicutaria vulgaris of iF ~Bauhine, or cow-weed: then the myrtrhis iylveltris, feminibus afperis, of Cafper Bau- hine, or {mall hemlock chervil. They then gave the Doctor fome cicuta major, and imelling it, immediately faid, that was the herb which killed their comrades; which there was no reafon to doubt of, as the two former plants grow uader almoft every hedge, ‘and are eaten by cows, and given to tame ‘Eo rabbits 52 OBSERVATIONS ON rabbits for food ; whereas cattle conftantly refute to eat hemlock * ce ‘ ’ T. J.qat he THE reputation of Bid fe asa medicine, feems to be in a lofing ftate. Ta confequence of too much having been faid of its virtues, when it -was firtt introduced into practice, two little may perhaps now be believed: and becaufe it will not cure cancers, it is fuppofed by fome practitioners to be ineffeGtual i in every difeafe whatever. As far as can be ‘deduced from the different cafes in which it has been tried in England, hemlock poflefles very con- fiderable medical virtues ; 3 and it has been proved to be deobftruent, and anodyne. It has been fervic ceable in ‘{crophulous cafes. Jn painful ulcers, ‘difcharging an ichourous lymph, ‘the internal ufe of this plant ‘has been known to procure eafe, to mend the difcharge, and improve the complexion of the fore. - Whether thefe effets are obtained by any fpecific alteration of the fluids, or are merely produced by the fedative properties. of cicuta, we are not certain. It is probable, however, it aéts in this refpect by. -eafing % Phil. Tranf, N° 47%.-p. 21. pain. VEGETABLE POISONS. 53 pain. Hemlock, like opium, leffens morbid irritability in a very remarkable degree, but, like opium, it does not occafion coftivenefs. FonTanus * affures ‘us, that a patient recovering from the plague, and being un- able to get any fleep, had recourfe to cicuta. with good effet. The remedy after fome time was difcontinued, and in a fubfequent illnefs, endeavours were ufed to procure reft _ by. repeated dofes of opium, which had no operation ; and the ufe of cicuta was again called in with the defired fuccels. on beaienidy hear of people being fud- ‘denily taken ill after, eating mufhrooms ; and inftances are recorded of their fatal effeéts. It is to be lamented, that upon thefe occa- fions the particular fpecies of fungus is fel- dom afcertained. Dr. Percival, in the laft volume of his effays, page 267, relates the cafe of a man who was. poifoned by eating a mufhroom, which Mr. Hudfon thinks was the fungus parvus, pediculo oblongo, of Ray. In the very numerous ‘clafs of fungi, which Great-Britain produces, the agaricus mufca- rius, and the fungus piperatus, may be reck- oned the moft poifonous. * Nic. Fontant Refponf. & Curat. Medic. p. 162. E 3 BUG 54 OBSERVATIONS ox - BUG AGARIC. Acaricus Mutcarius. Acaricus ftipitatus, lamellis dimidiatis fo- litariis, ftipite volvato, apice dilatato, bafi ovato, Lin. Sp. Plant. 1640. FunGus minor cam peftris rotundus, lamel- | latus, inferne albus, fuperne purpureus. Ray’s Synopf. 3. HE pillar or ftalk is white, thick, and hollow ; egg-fhaped at the bafe, and furrounded at the middle with a ‘pendu- lous membrane. ‘Tur. pileus, or hat, is large, almoft flat, fix inches or more in diameter, of a red or crimfon colour, fometimes befet with ahgi lar, white, downy warts. Tue lamella, or gills, are white, flat, ial inverfely fpear- thaped : the greater number extend from the rim of the pileus to the | ftalk, the reft only half way, WHEN VEGETABLE POISONS. 55 _ Wuew the fangus is decaying, the gh become of a .brownith complexion. In Scotland this and other fungi i the agaric kind, are called paddock-ftools. It grows in woods, and frequently i in paftures. LicutTFootT obferved it in Scotland, at Blair in Athol, and in the woods at the caf- sages of Monefs, near Taymouth *, pes Gh agaricus mufcarius will defiroy bugs, if rubbed upon the parts of the bed, where they retreat in the day. The inhabitants in the north of Europe, whofe houfes at the end of fummer are infefted with flies, infufe it in milk, and fet it in their windows. As foon as the flies tafte it, they are inftantly poifoneds HaLer relates, that fix perfons of Li- thuania, in Poland, perifhed at one time by eating it; and that in Kamtfchatka it had driven others raving mad. Two or three of thefe fungi may perhaps be eaten without * See Lightfoot’s Flora Scotica, vol. ii. p. roto. aa. danger, 56 OBSERVATIONS’ on danger, but more will intoxicate, and bring ona delirium. The Ruffians, however, are — bold enough to eat thefe, and almoft every other kind of fungus. Perhaps they are pleafed with their inebriating quality ; for i in the natural hiftory of Kamtfchatka, (p. 208, 209) we are told that the inhabitants prepare a liquor from an infufion of this agaric and the epilobium anguftifolium, which taken in a {mall quantity exhilarates the fpirits, but in a larger dofe brings on a trembling of the nerves, intoxication, delirium, and mad-— nefs * : * Flor. Scot. vol. li. p. 1010. a iw © PEPPER VEGETABLE POISONS. # peiree Y a | PEPPER,AGARIC.. Funcus piperatus albus, laGteo facéo tur- gens. Ray's Synopf: 4. - Funous albus acris. Baub. Pin. 370. Acaricus ftipitatus, pileo planiufculo lac~. _tefcente, margine deflexo, lamellis. incar- _ nato-pallidis. Lin. Sp. P/. NGF ha i wf Hi E ftalk i is about two inches high. Tue sitenis Is convex vihen young : as it expands, it becomes nearly flat : its colour is a dirty iebe with a mixture of grey. Tue diffe. is i a bent inwards: when the fungus is decaying, the hat be- comes depreffed in its centre, and is fome- times feen funnel-fhaped. THE lamelle are clofe, numerous, and of a pale frefh colour. When ,any part of this fungus is wounded, a cream-coloured liquid diftils from the part, extremely acrid in 58 sORSERVATIONS ON in its nature, and very ftimulating J applied to the sap 2 Ir is vey common in woods, particularly — near the roots of trees. Lightfoot obferved it at Blair in Athol, and many other places in Scotland wt | me Tuis “fungus, when freely taken, has been “attended with fatal confequences +, John Bauhine informs us, that after having handled it, he rubbed his eyes by accident, and brought on a violent irritation upon the eye-lids ; and it is remarkable, that when this vegetable has loft its acrid juice by ex- ficcation, its cauftic quality remains. © Tue. deleterious effects of fome of the fungi were known to the ancients, particu larly the boletus, mentioned by Juvenal, on account of thedeath of the emperor Claudius t. This, cigcumftance 4 is alfo defcribed Py Pliny. SOME * Flor. Scot. vol. ii. p. 1014. + Vide J. and C. Bayhine, Ray, Morifon, Tourne- fort, Vaillant, Dillenius, and Micheli, who have given inftances Of tbe pernicious effects of fungi. t “ Vilibus ancipites fungi ponentur amicis ‘* Boletus domino, fed qualem Claudius edit. ‘¢ Ante illum uxoris, poft quem nil amplius edit.” SAT. V. C6 erermeee Minus VEGETABLE POISONS. 59 _ SOME fpecies of the boletus are now eaten in Italy, when young, and are efteemed a great delicacy. The Germans alfo receive them as a dainty under the name © of gombas and brat-biilz. Mr. baaeliesae « obferves that ade fheep, and {wine will feed upon the boleti, and are fometimes difordered by them. In cows and other cattle they have been known to create bloody urine, naufeous milk, fwellings of the abdomen, inflammation in the bowels, di- arrhoeas, and death. It is from hence ob- vious how cautious men ought: to be in the ufeofthem, == ScaraBs, dermeftes, and many other infects feed upon and breed in them in abun- dance, and doubtlefs it is their te food. {ti is $ pity | men fhould ra them of i it. Tue effeds ol the noxious chad cannot be better defcribed than in the words of the celebrated Haller. 6¢ =——- Minus ergo nocens erit Agrippinz | : «© Boletus: fiquidem unius precordia prefiit <¢ Ille fenis, nesarrannnetne defcendere _ 4 fila celum. Sar. Vig . « ALL 60 OBSERVATION 5 ow “ Att fungi are crude in their nature, ‘of €e¢ -fpeedy_ growth, and. fudden decay. ‘They {pring up, arrive at maturity, and perith in a few days, moft of them diflolving away in a black corrupted liquor, of ‘a fetid naufeous fmell. They are the food of {nails, beetles, flies, maggots, and the nidus where they depofit their young. « THE. Ruffians, | ‘indeed, devour almoft nw “ every fpecies, even thofe which other na- tions efteem the moft poifonous, fuch as the agaricus mufcarius, piperatus, &c. but all of them are a doubtful and fufpicious food, and the moft innocent have proved fometimes prejudicial. «¢ By analyfis, it is found that feven parts of eight in their compofition are watery. They yield, by fire, a yellow {pirit like hartfhorn, a yellow empyreumatic. oil, and a dry, volatile, chriftalline falt: fo that their nature is evidently alkaline, ex- creme prone to corruption. ¢ asses fibres are tough, and very, difi- cult to digeft, {welling in the ftomach like c¢ a “VEGETABLE. POISONS. 61 So fponge : : and there are 1 inftance of their “re ining, undigefted for thiee d ay ys, be- ce fo ore their bad effets I have appea eare i. The ce “maladies t they occafion are a -fwelling of ce “the “abdomen, reftleffnefs, heart- burns, = vomitings, eae, difficulty | of refpiration, “ hiccoughs, melancholy, diarthceas, accom- ee panied with a ‘tenefmus, and _gangrenes, ee ce ARE Ky which dreadful Capi the = acti- ra or Syfnterie fools, i nt rs PB ‘« LASTLY, it is certain ets fome fpecies ‘have an ‘intoxicating quality,” followed “often by deliria, tremblings, watchings, ‘¢- faintings, apoplesics, cold’ Wents, and «© death TELE. es Sone have fancied that fkilfual cooker : Wana duat’oily Walle WE HR ots *¢ qualities; but thefe are fatal deceits, not « to be trufted., To perfons, fuffering, from ‘* eating any fpeciesof fun gi, the moft approv- «< ed and fpeedy remedy i is to ufe emétics and ‘© cathartics.”’ Haller. re Fi; Hg P. #3 38. easy! > gitar io 1 XC 62 OBSERVATIONS on ‘Tur different vegetable | ifons, of which we have hitherto treated, te emble each other very much in their effeéts, They all difturb the funétions of the nervous fyftem, pro- ducing either vertigo, faintnefs, delirium, madnefs, ftupor, a paralytic ftate of the mufcles, or apopleétic fymptoms. Thefe ap- pearances come on gradually; and if a vomit is given, or the ftomach {pontaneoufly rejects early the poifonous fubftance, health {peedily returns. But if the poifon fhould have been taken in large quantities: if emetics cannot be conveyed into the ftomach, or the nerves fhould have been fo deadened as to be in- fenfible to their irritation, there is much reafon to fear that the cafe will terminate fatally. 3 Wuen any of the narcotic vegetable poi- fons have been unfortunately taken, AS, ‘in- dications of ¢ cure will be, 1. To unload thé ftomach by the epaady adminiftration of an active emetic. © 2. To procure ftools either by proper ca- thartics, if the patient can {wallow them, or by the injection of irritating clyfters. To VEGETABLE POISONS. 63 3. To correct and counteraét the fedative effedts: of the potfon, by g giving from 1 time to time ‘draughts of fome i age liquor, weak fparkling cyder or perry ¥. And, 4. Ir any paralytic fymptoms fhould remain, or he mufcular aétion be much impaired, proper ftimuli fhould be applied, fuch as fy- napifms and blifters; but moré particularly the ufe of 8 ag is indicated. By obferving thefe rules, I otice faw a pa- tient who had taken two ounces of the tinc- tura thebaica perfectly recover in two ~y: ie Tue poifons conitituting the firft elite! in general have a virofe difagréeable {nell and tafte: on the contrary, thofe which we ate about ‘to deferibe, appear by the evidence of the fenfes to be perfealy harmléfs. ‘They fpeedily occafion epileptic’ fymptoms. Of all epilepfies, théfe are the moft fatal ;——of all poifons, thefe are the moft deadly. Pleafabe _* Dr. Mead affures us, that he has given, with un- common fuccefs in thefe cafes, a mixture of falt ‘of wormwood and. juice’ of lemons. —Meap's Wonts, “ato edit. p. 128. to 64. OBSERVATIONS ow to the tafte, or inoffenfive be the palate, they pals unfufpected into the ftomach ; as foon as they take pofleffion there, they lock up ‘both the doors; the upper and lower orifices are at the fame time fhut up by {pafms ; nothing . can be expelled, nor can any, thing be got in: all poffibility « of relief i is. cut off; “and should ‘that t principle inherent. i in ‘animal nie which tends to throw off every thing injurious to to the machine, act, it produces. thofe ineffe€ual heavings and ftruggles, which anfwer no other purpofes, than to accelerate and increafe the effects of the poifon.. be MW i" ig SoMETIMES, by ome fecret cane Siaee- : ration, which, we fhall probably, never be ac- quainted with, they occafion inftantaneous _death ; and when this happens,. no traces of the poifon | can poflibly be difcovered ; but, if earns palin take pits fuch appear- tre. 5 4628 , wea may bs be expected. cigs ly ; i agit} { ioe ~< AT a time ‘when’ putrefaétion is far ad- vanced, and at a diftant petiod from: ‘death, fhould the face be difcovered of an intenfe black VEGETABLE POISONS. 65 black colour, it may naturally be afked, from whence it arifes. Does putrefaction occafion it? if it does, why does not putrefaGion a/- ways give rife to this appearance ? Why-is not the body in general of the fame complexion? - {s putrefaction, different in kind or degree, dependent on the different texture of the parts? certainly not: putrefaCtion is univer- fally the fame, and nature is always fimple and uniform in her operations. The black- refs of the face is occafioned by putrefaction, but not by putrefaétion only: if convulfions precede death, and the body becomes very putrid after it, the effect may be produced. I fhall attempt to explain it, by firft eftablith- ing two facts (clear and demonftrable as the two firft propofitions of Euclid) as which I méan to. reafon. Alice firft propofition, then, which I thal abi is this: As foon as an animal has breathed, and the foramen ovale is confe- quently fhut up, the blood muft pafs from the right fide of the heart, through the lungs, to the left fide of the heart, before it can cir- culate to any other part of the body. F Tue 66 OBSERVATIONS on’? Tne fecond is, That the human fkin con- fifts of three parts: the cutis, or true fkin, thick, porous, and vafcular; the cuticle, or {carf fkin, thin, compa@, and denfe; and the rete mucofum, a fine expanded mucous membrane between them, more vafcular in the face than it is in any other part of the . body, and the feat of colour in men of all complexions *. : : oki In an epileptic paroxy{m, refpiration, which depends upon mufcular action, is by fpafms violently interrupted. Unlefs the lungs are expanded, the blood cannot circulate through the minute ramifications of the pulmonary artery, from the right fide of the heart to the left, The vena cava, charged with all the returning blood from the head, will be unable to empty itfelf into the right auricle of the heart, already full: hence, an accumulation * In the blackeft negroe which the coaft of Africa. ever produced, the cutis is as white as the faireftEuro- — pean, the colour refides entirely in the rete mucofum. I viewed the human cuticle lately by a folar microfcope, which magnified obje&ts more than three million times, and no perforations were to be feen; fo inconceivably minute are thofe pores which give paflige to our in- fenfible perfpiration. of VEGETABLE POISONS, 67_ 6P Blood’ will: enfue in the Head and face. The? Teft: ventricle of the heart, atid the ofcilfatoty ‘notion of the arteries, will exert a power to Overcome the refiftance: but no more’ blood can be received by the vena cava, alread, y overcharged. It muft therefore either ‘Be propelled into a feries of veffels; which in a ftate of health refufe admiffion to red blood; or the! {mall arteries terminating in (what ~ anatomifts calf) red veins, will be ruptured, and their contents confequently thrown out into the cellular membrane: under the fkin. When a mutfcle is in 4Gion, it becomes pale, the fibres {welling comprefs the interpofed veins, and forcibly expel their blood, while that of the arteries is defied an entrance: and if a// the mufcles in a violent epilepfy are affected with convulfive fpaftns,; the greateft quantity of that blood which ufed to circulate through them, mutt be deter- | mined to other’ parts where there is lefs re- fiftance. The fluids, therefore; will either be propelled into the lymphatic fyftem, crowded into the veins, or extravafated in the cellular membrane. The equipoife of the circulation will’ be deRtroyed ; and. the left ventricle of the heart, not receiving blood enough from | F a the \ 68 OBSERVATIONS on. the lungs to excite irritation, contracts; no more.;——it ceafes to beat. At the time, or foon after death, the extravafated blood is not vifible through the fkin: but when the procefs of putrefaction takes place, an intef~ tine commotion enfues; an elaftic air, prefl- ing quaquaverfum, diftends the body; the ftagnant blood is rendered both thinner and blacker ; it foaks through the cutis, is refufed a paflage by the minute pores of the chticle, and fpreading abroad, dyes the rete mucofum of a black colour. CLASS VEGETABLE POISONS. 69 CLASS If. HEMLOCK DROPWORT. OENANTHE foliis omnibus multifidis obtufis fubequalibus. Liz. Sp. Plant. 365. OrnaNnTHE Cicute facie Lobelii. Park. 894. Ozwantue cherephylli foliis. Baub. Pin. 162. ) | FILIPENDULA, cicute facie. Gerard. 10§9. OENANTHE, fucco virofo, cicute facie. Lobel. F. B. OENANTHE maxima, fucco virofo, cicute facie. -Morif: Hift. OENANTHE tertia. Matthioli, p. 629. H EF root is long, thick, and tuberous, extremely fucculent, and on expofure to the external air, the juice becomes of a yellow complexion. Tue ftalk is ftriated, round, branched, and three feet high. | é aa take Tue ? - 7 OBSERVATIONS ow | Tue leaves are of a pale green colour: they are large, fingly and doubly pinnated ; each foliolum 1s, wedge-fhaped, fmooth, ftriated -with lines, and notched at the edges. 0) “ oO roe ie Ree © Tue flowers are very fmall and white: they are difpofed in fmall -umbels,’ placed upon the principal ftalks, with thort ones at the fubdivifions. Each flower is compofed of five petals ; fome of them are: eyes Manet and heart-fafhioned. Pte: cup is large, and 1 divided | into five feements. Tue feeds are ftriated on''one’ bie ‘and dented on the ather. Turs plant is found upon the banks of the Thames, and many other rivers in Eng- land. It flowers in July. e Hemzocx atta is one of the mof terrible poifons Mina the Beg i bigs: produces, Tk Mr. wv VEGETABLE POISONS. 9 Mr. Lightfoot * fays, that he heard that celebrated botanic painter, the late Mr. Chrif- topher Ehret, declare, that while he was drawing this plant, the fmell or effluvia only rendered him giddy, that he -was feveral times obliged to quit the room, and walk. out in the frefh air to recover himfelf: but recollecting at laft what might probably be _ . the caufe of his repeated illnefs, he opened the doors and windows of his room, and the free air then enabled him to finifh his work without any more returns of giddinefs. Exeven French prifoners had the liberty of walking in and about the town of Rem- broke: three of them being in the fields a little before noon, found and dug up a. large quantity of a plant with its roots, which they took to be wild celeri, to eat with their bread and butter for dinner. After wathing it while in the fields, they all three eat, or rather tafted of the roots +. _ As they were entering the town, without any previous notice of ficknefs at the f{tomach, * Flor. Scot. vol. i. p. 162. . + Letter from Mr. Howell, Surgeon at Haverford- weft, to Dr. Watfon. Phil. Tranf.. N° 480, p. 229. Fa or > » s r. . OBSERVATIONS on: » or diforder in the head, one of them! was feized with convulfions. The other two ran home, and fent a furgeon to him. The fur- geon endeayoured firft.to bleed, and then. to vomit him: but thofe endeavours were fruit- lefs, and the foldier died in a very {hort time. ‘cies IGnNoRANT yet of the caufe of their com- rade’s death, and of their own danger, they gave of thefe roots to the other eight prifon- ers, who all eat fome of them with their dinner. The quantity could not be afcer- tained. : we | # A FEw minutes after, the remaining two, who gathered the plants, were feizedin the - fame manner as the fiarft, of which one died; the other was bled, and a vomit with great difficulty forced down, on account of his jaws being, as it were, locked together. This operated, and he recovered, but he was for fome time affected with a giddinefs in his head: and it is remarkable that he was neither fick, or in the leaft difordered in his ftomach. Theother eight, being bled and vomited immediately, were fecured from the VEGETABLE POISONS. 43 the approach of any bad fymptoms. Upon examination of the plant, which the French prifoners miftook for wild celeri, Mr. Howell difcoveted it to be the oenanthe aquatica cicute facie of Lobel, which grows very plentifully in the neighbourhood of Haver- fordweft. It is called by the common people there, five-fingered root, and is much ufed by them in cataplafms, for whitlows, &c. The perfons above referred to, eat only the root of the plant, without any of the ftalk or leaves. * EigHT young lads near Clonmel + in Ireland, miftook the roots of the oenanthe crocata, for the fium aquaticum, or water parfnep, and eat plentifully of them. A little time afterwards, going home,» the eldeft, almoft an adult, without the leaft previous diforder or complaint, fell down backward, and died in convulfions. Four more died in the fame manner before the morningyenot one of them having fpoken a fingle word from the moment the fymptoms firft: appeared. Of the other three, one became furioufly * Phil. Tranfad. Ne 238. } In that part of Ireland, this plant is called Tahow, mane 1% SOBSERVATHIONS ow maniacal, but recovered, his fenfes the next day. ‘The hair and nails of another fell off. Only one of the eight’ efcaped without any barm, who ran‘home above two miles, and drank warm: milk, — Opaled a Ss cm rehadh 1G. howd ABA), - / A Durcuman Whelan was poifoned x Wi rib the leaves of this plant, boiled i in his pottage. He took the herb for fmallage, to which its leaves have great refemblance + +o \ A } ALLEN F pan an Abd Sipbkc of four childrenwho eat of the roots of the oenanthe cicute facie. They appeared all in‘ great agonies, and afterwards were convulfed. Very fortunately, however, in their fits they vomited, which was encouraged by giving them large draughts of oil and warm water: and by great care and attention they all re- dh sl | sie ate x Vander Wiel, in his Obfer- ‘vations, takes notice of the fatal effects of Dr: Wiatldh’s account tb the Royal Society. Phil. Tranf. N° 480. accdmpanied with an excellent plate of the plant. + Synopf. Medicin, | the eine VEGETABLE POISONS. 75 the roots of, this plant, in,two perfons who had miftaken them for thofe of the Macedo- nian parfley. Soon after eating the roots, they complained of violent heat in.the throat and ftomach,. attended with: a-vertigo,. fick. nefs at the ftomach, and, purging.’ One, of them bled at. the nofe ; the other was violently convulfed, Both died: one in two hours, the other in three, This.cafe is accompanied with cai of the. plant,’ Bist nat Wer, well, executed: ties PR RR EF sahil the sbowe recited cafe, , were different from thofe,of the French prifoners at, Pembroke :. asin the lat- ter. there was.no, complaint of. heat in the mouth or throat, .nor:did any ficknefs or dif- order. of the. fons: precede the, convulfive paroxy{ms. THE oenanthe is very common in Cum- berland, where the common people call it dead tongue, and apply it boiled in cata- plafms to fome difeafes in their horfes *. Tue root of this plant has no ill tafte: hence it is the more dangerous to thofe whofe - * Threlkeld, Synopf, Plantar. 3 | curlofity _ 46 OBSERVATIONS on Curiofity or hunger may prompt them to eat Tue well-authenticated cafes we have produced, fufficiently demonftrate that; un- lefs timely prevented, epileptic fymptoms, convulfions, and death, will be the confe- quences of taking hemlock dropwort. If the root fhould have been fwallowed in a large quantity, or the violence of the fpafins prevent any thing being conveyed into the ftomach, no hope feems ‘to remain: but if an attive emetic can be given, either before the fymptoms come on, or foon after their — appearance, the patient may probably recover. After he has vomited, he fhould drink, if poffible; latge quantities of oil and water. WATER aibeaiite “WATER HEMLOCK, Cieurs umbellis oppofitifoliis, petit mar- “ginatis obtufis. Lin. Sp. PI. , 366. CicuTA, aquatica. Gefner. Hort. 254. Wepfer. de Cicuta. CicuTa ipaxions quorundam, Hort. Eyftet. Siu majus rangufifolioa, Park. 1241. Sium eruce folio. Bauhb. Pin. 154. Sium alterum olufatri facie. Gerard. 256. Ray’s Synopf. 212. | Siu alterum. Dodon. Pempt. 579. S1um foliis rugofis trifidis dentatis. Mori. ~ Umbel. 63. tab. 5. : Si1uM, pinnis laciniatis, pinnulis trifidis, ner- vo non foliofo. Haller. Helv. 436. PHELLANDRIUM aquaticum. Hill. Brit. Herb. A412. HE root is large and hollow, divided into cells by tranfverfe diaphragms ; correfponding with which, the external fur- _ face % VEGETABLE, POISONS. 7 Wei > \ i a 4 y 7 “OBSERVATIONS ow) ©. face is marked with circular depreflions. At the beginning of winter, the root for the fuc- ~ ceeding year is forméd from the lower part of the ftalk; and as the old root decays and. rots, long. white filaments are obferved to extend themfelves from the new root, which {oot into-the foil, and fectite the fituation of the plant. Before this procefs takes . place, the cells of the old root: render it-fpecifically lighter than water: hence in wifter, upon a fudden rife‘of the water, is is buoyed up to the furface, and frequently carried by the ftream to a confiderable. diftance from the, place where it grew. ’ Tre ftalk is large, ‘round, fiftular, oF a pale: green’ colour, and. bee near the top: into numerous branches. | Tur leaves are of a pale green: they are pinnated with fingle, double, and triple fo- liola's each foliclum is’ spear-fhaped, and finely ferrated : the ferratures are white” at the tips. Tur flowers are {mall and white: alty - ftand “an iatge umbels at the tops of the ; branches. Po VEGETABLE POISONS. 39 branches. | Each flower confifts of five petals, heart-thaped and inflexed. The feeds are oval, and furrowed — three eer meridians.) § 9909 | ews \ Ir. flowers in June, and is common on the banks of féveral rivers in England: it is fond.of the ftill, foft, muddy fides. of lakes and ftagnant avatar a by | : | Astuouce this plant is one’of the moft deleterious which the vegetable. kingdom produces, yet like the other poifonous'plants before defcribed, it affords protection’ and nourifhment to various eee ee ‘Tur io Sat a at ie Rage sid the gilt Jeptura, are found upon the roots, and the curculio sah ites within its fiems.,. Dr. Widbese + dea us, thie carly in; the {pring when, it, grows. in: the: water, cows-often eat-it, and are killed). byiti:: but as the fummer. advances,. and its: fmell. be» -* Dr, Parfons.mef with jit. onthe, fide: ofi Eoch-End in Scotland. Lightfoot’s Flor, Scot. vol. i.. 165. + Arrangement of Britifh Vegetables, vol. i. p.174- - comes ‘ $0 OBSERVATIONS on » , ‘ : . " | comes ftronger, they carefully avoid it: hence | the plant is fometimes called cow-bane. ' Al- though it is, a certain and fatal poifon to cows, goats devour it greedily, and with im- punity, and horfes and fheep eat it with fafety. Linneus aflures us, that he’ has known cattle die by eating the roots: and Wepfer fays that one ounce of it threw a dog into convulfions, and two killed him. ScHWENKE, a German writer, gives an account of four boys who had the misfor- tune to eat of it, three of whom died in convuifions *. | | In the month of March 1670, two boys and fix gitls found the roots of the cicuta . aquatica in a meadow, and upon tafting them, perceiving they were not unpleafant, they all eat fome of them +. Tue two boys, who eat a'large quantity, were foon after feized with pains of the pre- cordia, lofs of fpeech, an abolition of all the * Schwenke, Catal. Stirp. & Foffil. Silefie. + Wepfer, de Cicutz Aquatice Hiftoria & Noxe, P- 7: | fenfes, me ;. VEGE TABLE POISON NS. gr. fenles, and terrible’ Cbnvitions: © THe vabuth was ‘fo clofely' fhut,” that in‘ Uotild” tot be opened by any means. Blood* was! feiced from the’ ears, “arid the eyes wete’ ‘horribly: diftorted.” Both''the ‘boys died! in’ Half an hour from the firft ‘acceffion of the fynp- toms. The fix gitls, Who had taken‘a {maller quantity of the ‘roots. than ‘the’ boys, ‘were likewife feized with epileptic fymptams, ‘Bat in the intervals of the paroxyfms, fome Venus treacle diffolved in’ vinegar was given them 3 in confequence of RP they vomited and recovered : “but one of them, the fifter of the boys’ who diéd, after the vomited, had a very narrow efcape for her life. She lay nine hours with her hands and feet out- flretche d and. cold: all this time fhe had a cadaverous coun- tenance, ‘and her refpiration could fearcely be: per reeived. ‘When the recovered, fhe com- plained a long time of a pain in her flomich, and was unable to eat any food, her eae being much wounded by her tecth in. the convulfive fits. mm ne ie re Weprer has very minately‘deferibed the fymptoms which took place in the firft boy, in the following werds : ehcr: | G a JAcoBus 82 OBSERVATIONS on. fs? Jacosus Mader, puer fex annorum, - <¢ domum rediit hilaris ac fubridens, quafi re. «« bene gefta: paulo poft conquerebatur de «¢ precordiorum dolore, & vix verbum effa- ** tus, humi proftatus urinam magno impetu ‘s ad) viri altitudinem eminxit: mox terribili “é afpectu, cum omnium fenfaum abolitione <* convulfus fuit, os arétiffime claufit, ut «* nulla arte aperiri valuerit, dentibus ftride- ‘* bat, oculos mire diftorquebat, fanguis ex. ** auribus promanabat; circa precordia tu- ‘* midam quoddam corpus pugni virilis mag- * nitudine patris afflicti manum & miferan- «‘ di pueri precordia, maxime circa cartila- ** ginem enfiformem, validiffime feriebat : ‘* fingultiebat crebro: vomiturus quandoque ‘* videbatur, nihil tamen ore arGtiffime claufo “-ejicere valuit: artus mire jaCtabat, & tor- ‘* quebat, fepius caput retrorfum abripieba- * tur, totumque dorfum incurvabatur in ar- ‘* cum: ut puellus fubtus per fpatium inter dorfum & ftratum inoffenfe repere potu- ** iffet. Ceffantibus’convulfionibus per mo- mentum matris opem imploravit: mox ‘* pari ferocia illis redeuntibus nulla velli- ‘catione, nulla acclamatione, nullove alio ** ingenio excitari poterat, donec viribus de- *€ ficientibus. ce oculos. con{picuo. ‘Ex ore cada VEGETABLE POISON S. 83) ficientibus expalluit, & manu pectori ad- : | mota expiravit. Durarunt hee fympto- mata vix ultra horam dimidiam. Pott § obitum 1 imprimis abdomen, & facies intu- muerunt abfque livore, nifi payco circa ad horam fepulture {puma viridis largiffime emanavit, & quamvis fepius a patre meftif- ‘fimo deterfa fuiffet, mox tamen nova erst cedebat *.” bd De Cicut. Aquat. p. 6. G2 LAUREL. 84. »OBSERVATIONS on iv LAUREL. Lavro-cerafus. Gerard. chy F- Bau, 2 CERASUS folio laurino, ek Baub. CERASUS trapezuntina, — Iauro-cerafuss Park. S529 " ae ? af HE root is ib; tough, and furnith- ed with es fibres. THE Goin are woody, numerous, | bree on the outlide, and white within. Tue leaves are large, flefhy, ohidede _fhining, pointed at both ends, and flightly ferrated at the edges: their upper furface is {mooth, and of a beautiful dark green colour; the under fide is rough, ftrongly marked with fibres, and of a light Breen com-. plexion. Tue flowers appear toward the fuperior part of the branches: they are pentapetalous, in , 1 ; q 1 3 VEGETABLE POISONS. 8% in: five-leaved’ cups. ‘They are-followed by -clufters of berries refembling cherries, and containing an oblong ftone whi the pulp of the boc It apie in May, anc ripens ‘its ¢ fruit in September. 3 ~ "Tue plant wastaeh brought from Trape- “‘zus, acity near the Euxine fea, to Conftan- tinople, from thence into Italy, France, Ger- “Many; and England. This beautifol ever- ‘green. is now become very common in our wardens: it is eafily propagated, and bears very well the cold of northern climates. -o'Tue leaves of laurel have a bitter tafte, with a flavour refembling that of the kernels of the peach and apricot: They communi-. cate an agrecable flavour to aqueous and fpi- rituous fluids, either by infufion or diftilla- tion. : © Tue diftilled water applied to the organs of fmelling, ftrongly impreffes the mind with the fame ideas as arife from the ¢affe of bitter almonds, or apricot kernels: it is fo ex- tremely deleterious in its nature, and fome- times fo fudden in its operation, as to occa- : G 3 fion = ae -* a4 bs Mal ‘ . : en 8 OBSERVATIONS on ° Gh tiftantaneous death *; but it more fré- quently happens that epileptic hg cant are firft produced? THis poifon was difcovered by accident in Ireland in the year 1728. Before that time it was not’ an uncommon practice there to add a certain quantity of laurel water to brandy, or other fpirituous liquors, to ren- der them agreeable to the palate. In the month of September 1728, at Dublin, three women drank fome laurel water, and one of them, Mary Whaley, a fhort time after- ward, became violently difordered, loft her fpeech, and died in about an hour. Anne Boyce was feized in the fame manner, and died in a fhort fpace of time. Neither of ‘them vomited. Frances Eaton, who drank no more than a fpoonful of the water, did not find herfelf indifpofed when the other * A few fpoonfuls of laure] water killed a vite dog _whilft it was pafling down the throat, before it could be fuppofed to have reached the ftomach. ——MeEap’s W orKs, 4to. p. 128. . It was the cuftom of the late Dr. Nicholls, ea he wanted dogs for anatomical purpofes, to give them {trong laurel water, as the moft expeditious method of deftroying them.—BROMFIELD‘ON NIGHTSHADE, Pp. 75. women VEGETABLE POISONS, & women were taken ill, but to prevent any bad confequence, took a vomit immediately, and no jll effects enfued *. Dr. Madden faw Anne Boyce twenty-four hours after her deceafe, but he could not obtain leave from her friends to open the body. She was about fixty years of age, her countenance and {kin appeared of a na- tural colour, and her features were not al- tered. The abdomen was not fwelled, nor owas there any other external mark of poifon. ANOTHER accident of the fame kind hap- pened in the town of Kilkenny: a young gentleman, fon to Mr. Evans of that place, miftook a bottle of laurel water for ptifan. It is uncertain what quantity he drank, but he died in a few minutes. . This affair was not much regarded at that time, becaufe he laboured under a diftemper to which, or to an improper ufe of remedies, his death was attributed by thofe about him +. * Phil. Tranf. N° 418. p. 84. + Ibid. p, 48. G4 Dr. / 8S, 2 OBS ERY A TITOwWyS! Gui V Da. Rutty, of Dublin,.in.a letter ctonDe, Mortimer, dated, May 017, .1732,)-after ob- ferving that fome people doubt. the poifonous properties of laurel water, thus proceeds: « Tcan now confirmthatit really is’ poifén- ous by the following inftance; the truth « of which you may .be afiuredeof... At Li- ‘* fininy, in Weftmeath,: a: girl of eighteen ‘* years of age, very well and healthy, took sa quantity lefs than two {poonfuls ofthe ** firft runnings of the fimple water of laurel © $6 leaves’s. whereupon within half sa minute — ‘“< fhe fell down, was convulfed, foamed at. ¢*.the mouth, and died in a fhort time, nor “was .there any {wellings:in her ‘body *.”) ) " daehi e 9 ras very. Havine. procured fome laurel water, J made with it the following experiments; § EXPE Rol MENT I, : MARCH 17, L7Ot. In the prefence of Dr. Simfon, two ounces of laurel water were | given to a large ftrong dog. Two minutes after taking it, he inieaied very uneafy, and - the mufcles of the back were aficcted with * Phil. Tranfget, Ne 4 4525 Dp. be {pafms, ‘ VEGETABLE \RPOTSONS. 8&9 f{pafins. » After making: violent iefforts to.vo- “mit,;he brought’ upy what. we fuppofed. the greateft part of the water mixt with a thick frothy, mucus. . In.a, little time, he vomited again, and in the {pace of. three, or. four mi- nutes by degrees recovered. One ounce more of the water was then.given him, with which he was fooner Ged than with the fir ft dofe: he breathed with difficulty, was fick, and vomited foon after; his head was drawn backward by that kind of fpafm called ‘opit- thotonos.. He fell: down, and was’ fo gene- rally convulfed that he feemed to be at ‘the ‘point of death. The convulfions’ continued fome minutes: he was placed upon ‘his legs, | but they appeared paralytic, and Ke could ‘notiftand. «In lefs than half an ‘hour from the time he took’ the firft dofe of ' laurel wa ete be rat x recovered, nt .900n wouURL. f bp yiav: ecw >» | ‘ - - rk “i + Ww Bix Pe eM ew Fe thn 2 e {ti ee 20. 5 “One ¢ ounce of laurel water was given to a young. greyhound. - ~ Whilft Dr. Rattray held the mouth open, I poured _the water into the. dog’s throat.» As foon as it was {wallowed, the doctor releafed his _ | head, 90 OBSERVATIONS on °* head, to obferve the effects of the poifon, when, to our great furprife, the dog fell down upon his fide, and without the leaft ftruggle, or any spines pepe motion, was dead in a moment. HRs ioeheeaae ™ ~~ ’ ExPERIMENT III... - Marcu 22. One pint and a quarter of laurel water was given to a mare aged 28 years *, Within a minute from the time it was {wallowed, the feemed affefted. Her flanks were obferved to heave much, and a trembling feized her limbs. In two minutes fhe fuddenly fell down upon her head, and a fhort time after was very vio- lently convulfed. The convulfions continued about five minutes, at the expiration of which time, fhe lay ftill, but her breathing was very quick and laborious. Her eyes were much affected with continual f{pafms : at this time four ounces more of the water were given her, after which fhe feemed much weaker, without any more convulfions, * In prefence of Sir William. Rete Dr. Rattray, and Mr, Snow, Surgeon, and VEGETABLE POISONS. 95 -and in about fifteen minutes from the time + wr firft a" erty “Some little time before her death, a re- eneliable appearance was obferved in the carotid artery, through which the blood feemed to be very feebly pumped up in large globules, and not in a continued column, which feems to prove, that by the violence of the convulfions, the blood had been forced out of the arterial fyftem into the , veins; and from the difficulty with which it circulated through the lungs, there was not a fufficient quantity tranfmitted into the left auricle of the heart to continue the circulation : hence death was the confe- quence. | ite eat eS Hcg ~~ DissEcTrion. Upon opening the abdomen, a ftrong fmell of laurel water was. perceptible. The colon was not altered from its ‘ufual appear- ance; but the fmall inteftines appeared of a purple colour, and their veins much diftended with blood: The ftomach contained fome > hay, mixt with the laurel water. Its inter- | : | nal 92 2vQRSERVAT LONS om ‘ail farface,.. was. Ngt. parma ihe oe . fimall degree near, the, pylosis,, and: where,a number of botts were cluftered, The lungs appeared, remarkably ..full..of..; bl ood; athe {mall veffels upon their, rfurface, beingyasy tif ble As if they, had : Deen: anject ed. with..rced wax. ae | yp | ee hes 4 qy 90 ver gidodt » 3 My 45 hoenaxt | By. ‘experiments made, oo bi “ia it appears, , that the water. of lauro- cerafus.j is extremely. dangerous ; ’ and whether. we con- fider the, certainty of its effects, or the cele rity of its epsration, ; it is, as wondertrlas poifon as any. we have heard of, not except- ing that with which the Indians prepare their arrows. Giyen by the mouth, or injegted into he. re@tum, its operation is equally certain, and it acts the moment it touches the fiomach, or is received into the inteflines. Taree tea fpoonfuls of laurel water. con- veyed into,the ftomach of an eel, killed)itin a few minutes; and ityis well known, that eels will live tome time, after their heads, are cut’ off, , It,is, equally mortal to, fmall) ani- mals, if. applied to wounds of the mufeles, and death is as certainly the confequence,, as if ff VEGETABILDE POISONS. 93 if they had taken it into ‘the! ftomachy | A: woutidwas made i inthe fkin of the belly of a’ rabbit,’ about! an inch in length; the mat cles were afterward flightly wounded in dif ferent places,’ arid’ two Or three tea {fpoonfals of the water were applied to the ‘part: in lefs' than three minutes the animal fell down convulfed, and died'foow after:* "This expe- riment ‘was repeated, and — réefult* was the oe in different animals # ors to ashi ce ’ rt J : ty P ' ; : bye; : in i oF eT?V frrL ft Sy Waser iver » Tue water of lauro-cerafus produces ge- nerally very ftrong convulfions, 'and in'afhort time death. * The fpafinodic motions’ of the whole body are extremely violent, and the pte de are fatal in a singh time. b “2 ., ty 1s sce? ett - “3 S21 Vit e . é. SANSA ELNS RAS “otha tea {poonfuls ei of the water:weré ~ givenitommiddle-fized rabbits: they fell down convulfed in thirty: ne and died: within a minute. loty brik, b shina x earn: | “it : | . vi a 40, Xs Wa ein it is given — ftrong, .; sand in large itis state ‘to’ animalss'; they’: die-almoft. in- ‘ftantly,; and ‘without convulfions;! a fudden “. ® Phil, Tranfact. vol! Ixx. part r. Append. xii | - and ) . 94 2 OBSERVATIONS toNe * | and univerfal paralyfis coming on. If. it’ is taken in a fmaller quantity, the convulfions are more or ‘le(s,ftrong: the hind feet firft/lofe. their motion, and afterward the fore feet be- - come paralytic. Upon diffeétion, no uncom- mon appearances are obfervable in the fto= mach, nor any inflammation upon the inter- nal membranes. The arterial fyftem is found " empty, and the veins very turgid with blood. The finufes of the brain, and the veins of the pia mater, have been feen very much diftend- . ed; but thefe appearances may be better ex- plained from the violence of the convulfions, than from any fpecific properties of the | poifon. : In many refpects the poifon of lauro-cera-_ fus, and the American poifon called ticunas, agree in the fimilarity of their action *. — They both, when received into the ftomach, occafion fudden agonies, and violent convul+ five motions of the mufcles. Injeéted into ° the rectum, the refult is the fame. When — they are applied to the large trunks of the nerves, they produce no effects at all. If — _ ® Abbé Fontana, on the American poifon call ticu- nas. Phil. Tranfa&t. vol, Ixx. part 1. they VEGETABLE POISONS. og they are brought into conta& with wounds * of the mufcles, death is the confequence. . «But they differ very effentially in this refpect. When the poifon called ticunas is injected into the large veins, it foon proves fatal; whereas the water of lauro-cerafus, mixt with the blood in the fame manner, produces no diforder, or any apparent effec. Tue Abbé Fontana having detached the fciatic nerve of a large rabbit more than an inch and ; a half, introduced under it a wrap-. per of very fine linen, fixteen times doubled, that the parts below it might not be pene- trated by the water of the lauro-cerafus. He _ then wounded the nerve with many ftrokes of the lancet, in a longitudinal direétion, and covered all. this wounded part, which extended above eight lines. in length, with a roll of cotton three lines in thicknefs, welt {teeped in laurel water. More than fifteen drops were neceflary to moiften the cotton, ~ and the fluid communicated itfelf directly by the wounds, to the medullary fubftance of the {ciatic nerve. The whole was covered over Shout a minute after with new tags, fo _ that it was impoffible for the laurel water to 7 | touch > lity w pe ite Mesa! asthe fe a RR % a 96%: OBSERVATIONS twee! touch’ any other part’ ‘but ‘the wounded nega The external {kin was fewed up, and” thé! animal was ‘fet'at liberty : ‘it feemed not | { be in the leat affected either then or after. wards. It ran about, | edt, “and was as ‘Tivel ly | as ever.’ This experiment feems to prove,” that the water. of lauro- cerafus applied im-’ mediately upon the nerves, and infiwared” into their medullary fubftance, is not at all poifonous ; ; confequently that it does not a upon the ty however applied, externally. Tur Abbé Fontana having ati tervedy that’ the poifon of the viper and the ticunas, | like the lauro-cerafus, were innocent applied to” the nerves, but immediately ‘killed ftrong animals when introduced into the blood; it . as extremely natural to conclude, that laurel water would have the fame veffedts : 3 experi- ence, however, - determines guite ‘the don trary, and fhews us that the mode of roan” ing by analogy, may fometimes prove decep- tive... Me introduced fome of the water into . the jugular” vein of a large rabbit, in the fame manner as he had’ done the poifon of the viper, and the American poifon, yet the - animal difcovered no figns of fuffering.’ He fufpected ¥ a = ' VEGETABLE; POISONS. 97 ‘falpetied the had not performed the ope- ratiom properly ; that the fyringe. might pof- fibly have infinuated itfelf into the cellular membrane, ‘and that he had not introduced: any of the water into the veffel : he therefore repeated the experiment, and introduced into the jugular vein a larger quantity of the poi- fon than he had hitherto employed, and was careful to make the point of the fyringe enter the veffel before he introduced the water; yet ftill the animal was not affected by it, but continued as lively as ever. He could not perfuade himfelf to believe, that, the water of lauro-cerafus was not a powerful poifon when introduced into the blood, fince it was poifonous applied to wounds of the: mufcles, and when taken by the mouth, al- though it was harmlefs if brought into con- tact with the naked trunks of the nerves. He therefore a third and a fourth time re- peated the experiment, and introduced into . the blood a larger quantity of laurel water than he had ufed before; but the refult was in no ‘refped different from the former effays *. : # * Phil. Tranfact. vol.. xx, H | Dr. a 98 OBSERVATIONS ow Dr. Mortimer. gave toa) puppy) one ounce and a half of laurel water:, in two minutes time it. became ftrongly convulfed, put out the tongue, and made ftrong efforts to vomit, but to no effect ; 3 it could not ftand, but lay with its. hinder legs ftretched: out : in five minutes it became more ftrongly con; | --vulied, rolled over and over ; feveral times, drew its head back to its rump, then lay on its fide, and panted much : he ftretched.out his fore legs, one after. the other, drawing in his flanks very quick: in fifteen minutes more he died. An hour after his death, Dr. Mortimer opened, the body. All the contents of the abdomen were in their. natural fate, the ftomach was, diftended. with wind, and contained a mucus of a. much thicker confift- ence than the liquor gaftricus naturally is ; the infide of the ftomach was not at all in~ famed. Upon opening the thorax, he found the lungs a little redder-than ordinary, with - fome veflels on the outward membrane very turgid: upon taking them out of the cheft, a large quantity of clear red blood iffued from them. ‘The veins and ventricles of the heart were turgid, and full of coagulated blood. ‘There was no poor d in the arteries: the "Pry ~~ Poe cr rr: ee " ee ~ * > h ve a ‘ * 9 Tie eee » VEGETABLE POISONS. bors the foramen ovale was ‘open, "The head was next examined: the dura mater appeared livid, as if bruifed ; its veflels and the finus falciformis were turgid, and full of blodd. . The cortical fubftance of the brain iporeg of an unafial livid colour. pI Tue doctor inte this procured a middle; fized fpaniel, and poured fome laurel water down his throat: he ftruggled pretty much at firft, and ‘whined, ‘but when about an ounce and a half of it was down, he ceafed to’ ftrugegle :’ an ounce more’ of the water was then given him: he was laid down on the ground, but never offered to get up, only , ftretching out his legs, he expired directly. Soon after his death, Mr, Ranby opened him: the laurel water, with fome frothy muctis, was found in his ftomach: the veins in’ general were very turgid, but the blood was ftill fluid, and no alteration was found i in any of the vifcera fe : iy. Da Bassas forced : three ounces of laurel water down the throat of a large dog : : about * Phil. Tranfact. N° 420, p. 163. + Ibid. Ne 420. H 2 two a Bi 4 eu “? 1 “ av . Wp’: . . 4 Li ‘ 100 OBSERVATIONS on two ounces of it were foon aftet ‘difcharged_ by vomit : in a few minutes he became vio-». lently convulfed, and ina fhort time after | Be lay motionlefs, to all appearance was dying. ie. Within ten minutes he vomited a: fecond — time, and threw up a {mall quantity of vifcid _ frothy matter, from which moment he began _ to recover, and within half an sisi was wc fedtly weil *,. Kis ‘On the third of Oaober, viele Dr Madden gave a large fetting dog three ounces , of laurel water. In three minutes he became . ftrongly convulfed. The convulfions con- tinued five niinutes: then a violent difficulty of breathing came on, -which lafted about eight minutes, and gradually abated : upon which he endeavoured to raife himéelf, but could not. The doétor gave him.an ounce and a half more, when he funk at once, and without any return of convulfions, or diffi- . culty of breathing, he-expired in two mi- nutes. | Upon opening the ftomach, the doc- tor found therein the whole quantity of water he had taken : its: furface was covered * Phil. Tranfa&. Ne 420. with 1 VEGETABLE POISONS, for with froth, but ‘it was not otherwife altered imits colour, confiftence, or fmell. The i in- fide of the ftomach was not in the leaft in- famed, nor was there ‘any vifible alteration, in the tunica villofa. The veins of the fto- mach, all the mefaraic veins, and likewife the vena cava, were much’ diftended’ with — blood: the arteries, on the contrary, were rematkably empty. The liver and gall- bladder were unaltered. The kidneys were unufually full of blood, and appeared of a bluith colour, almoft as deep as that of the violet plumb. -Upon making an incifion into one of the kidneys, the blood flowed in a ‘much larger quantity than ufual. The heart emaibited no MOP Eg iet9 5 ae gpl *, x imide experiments were repeated | by Dr. Madden, with nearly the fame ef- fects, He found that the fymptoms were equally violent and fatal, if the laurel water was inje&ted into the re@tum. Violent con-- vulfions were the ufual confequence, and (what may appear furprifing) that kind of fpafm called opifthotonos was generally pro- * Phil. Tranfa&. N¢ 418. p. 84. duced, r02 OBSERVATIONS om: | duced. + If the animal vomited, he either’: 1 became. better foon after, or recovered, huni lefs more sof the poifon was forced down>the * ftomach. The {pafms, however, which af-. fected both orifices of the ftomach at digits fame time, . often prevented, a. rejection’ of © the contents; and.in that cafe there. ‘was'no’: chance of recovery. {In all.the animals. that: were diflected, the fromach and the,abdomi- ~ nal vifcera were obferved free from inflamma~ tion, the arterial fyftem was a/ways. empty, ' and the veins remarkably dieoded with fluid ) blood. | Axruoucu the poifon of laurel. appears. to confit in the effential oil brought over by diftillation, yet it is much to be fufpected that an infufion of its leaves may in fome + cafes, and fome conftitutions, prove injuri=. ous. ‘They have been in common ufe to + give a flavour to cuftards, &c. but from an Satine I faw of their effects, this practice fhould nat be continued. Jan. 27, 1780, I was defired to vifit 2 young lady of an irritable habit of body. | She was affected in the night with ficknefs: when ‘VEGETABLE POISONS. 103 with I fae her the had cold fweats, an irre- gular pulfe, and fuch other fymptoms that I fufpected fhe had taken fomething ex- — tremely noxious into her ftomach. Upon enquiry, I was informed by her mother that. fhe had taken nothing which in her appre- _henfion could diforder her: that her {upper the preceding evening had been very eafy of digeftion, for that fhe had eaten nothing but _ fome cuftard. Upon examination I found the cuftards were very ftrongly flavoured with laurel leaves. She continued ill a few days, and afterward perfectly recovered. nae A baaaget: Cy A a an , MPa Fh ¢ ’ re a Me Peres | ai ( 1 7) 14% j ” deat. Vy 7 y r) ! ‘ i ” sys ' me og iy » CULINARY POISONS, ie fy i a [ Price ONE SHILLING, ] ON 7 y , ‘ : , . ML FIMIG AQ 50] « - ‘ ‘ D Reh, ee | b ~ y ; ; i a . ay ae ae ¥ ‘i , . , ’ , . = ’ ' ~ J : ‘a = ; i ‘ # $ ied js wea . AY ; Ni ’ . 7 - 1) , i 4 ~ - ‘ao 4 B A *. my “ Ls t , re ee a ; y - “ ? e . ' t ys TOE hee ~ CULINARY POISONS, CONTAINING Sit TO N.S RELATIVE TO THE : USE of LAUREL-LEAVES, HEMLOCK, MUSHROOMS, COPPER-VESSELS, EARTHEN JARS, &c, WITA Obfervations on the ApuLTERATION of BREAD _ and Fiour, - And the Nature and Properties of WaTER. | ee eS a ge aM Bae Si eee ees Unde fames homini vetitorum tanta ciborum ? Audetis vefci, genus 6 mortale? quod, oro, Ne facite ; et monitis animos advertite noftris. Ovip. Mer. xv. 138, SP Lew DO. RM. Printed for G. Kearsty, at No. 46, near Serjeant$ Inn, Fleet-Street. M,DCC,LXXXIy 78 / bead iCe TAs 44443, ee pas 5) ‘om a | ; PEED Es Af oles Se Eee EPA i BL, Pheer Ja es ' #4 tod ’ * A oy b i) ee | ¢ , : St RS ween 2 lean ako a eater este eb Ae eo S ¢ Tate 4 ee ere ia ae vf } a Iis * - t : “ : + ® } qt: bis ¢ 7 } i +e 3 es f i ee ore * { 4 arRtS >i } ) 12% ‘a at Ww sy F Pras) 4 : , # a ONE. ee 2s! ek Sh J a ’ : its Ate f4c% Ha eer oad : ; os - : Ass Stn ee he Baya ; i of > P Sur 1 ow X : ¥ ; . TA aly CONTENTS. page Of the Lauro-Cerafus, or common Laurel, ~ ~ 9 Hemlock - ~ 12 Mufhrooms - - yorg Copper veffels - - 15 The folution or falt of lead = 21 Brown earthen ware, &c. - ib. Of the adulteration of bread and flour 2 5 Of WaTER. - " 28 Rain water ~ = 31 Snow water ‘i = 33 Spring water ~ ~ 35 Stagnant water - 36 Pump water ~ - ib. Thames and New-River water 39 Methods, by which water may be ob- tained in its greateft purity - 40 PR E- } pes r€ ie (PRE F AC #, Atak Ne are fubje& to innu- -merable difeafes, from which other animals are exempted. But from whence do thefe difeafes arife ? From the feeds of mortality in the human frame? From luxury and in- temperance P Or from an indifcreet ufe of vegetable and mineral poi- fons in the preparation of our food? ---From the laft of thefe fources we certainly derive many troublefome, and fometimes fatal diforders: fo that, on many occafions, we may exclaim with the fons of the pro- phets*,, ** There’is death ip the © * 2 Kings iy. 40. Ths: eee: 4 oA n-ne ee The defign ‘of this sab iGdtiohl we to cuard people againft thefe difaf- ters; and, if poffible, to prevent ee of” the calamities of human life. If it thould anfwer this ufeful urpofe, the author's ambition will — be fully gratified. fe xs Ke * 3 Go Re . a | : Se ce LBP ; ON CULINARY POISONS, 1. The LAURO-CERASUS, or Common LAUREL. SHE water diftilled from the leaves of this tree has been frequently mixed with bran- dy, and other fpirituous liquors, in order to give them the flavour of ratifia; and the leaves are often ufed in cookery, to communicate the fame kind of tafte to cream, cuftards, pud- dings, and fome forts of fweetmeats: But, in the year 1728, an account of two women dying fud- denly in Dublin, after drinking fome of the com- mon diftilled laurel water, gave rife to feveral ex- periments, made upon dogs, with the diftilled water, and with the infufion of the leaves of the © | B lauro- lauro-cerafus, communicated by Dr. Madden, t phyfician at Dublin, to the Royal Society in Eng- land, and afterwards repeated (in the year 4731) and confirmed by Dr. Mortimer, F.R.S. by which it appeared, that both the water and the infufion brought on convulfions, palfy, and death, when taken by the mouth, or anus*. - Dr. Mead + fpeaks of the foregoing accident and experiments in thefe terms: ‘“ A {mall quantity of this water killed two women, who drank it, very fuddenly. .Hereupon a learned phyfician, fur- prized at the event, (this plant having never been thought to be any wife noxious) made feveral ex- periments with it upon dogs, which were after- wards, forme of them, repeated here, with the fame fatal fuccefs.” : Dr. Mortimer affirms, ‘* that laurel-water is equally mortal with the bite of the rattle-fnake, and more quick in its operations than any mineral poifon.” ~ © See Philofophical Tranfaétions, No. 418, and 420, + Mead on Poifons, Effay v. Dr. pernicious effect. vee Dr. James fays: ‘ laurel-water is the moft de- leterious poifon perhaps known, killing almoft inftantaneoufly t.” The laurus of the ancients, or the Jay, is, on the contrary, of a falutary nature, and of ufe in fe- veral diforders. It may be faid, that the laurel in cuftards, and other articles of cookery, is ufed in very fmall quantities, and has never been attended with any But, I afk, who can pretend to affert, that it has not occafioned fome latent diforder, or fome complaints, which have been afcribed to other caufes? What perfon of fenfe or prudence would truft to the difcretion of an ig- norant cook, in the ufe of a dangerous ingredient in his puddings or cuftards? Or, who, but a madman, would choofe to feafon his victuals with poifon ? The remedy is from ten to forty drops of fal. ammoniac, ina glafs of water, repeated as the fymptoms may require. J James’s Difpenfatory, book iu. c.1. p. 228. B2 2, Small s, Small HEMLOCK, or FOOLS PARSLEY. DESCRIPTION. The firft leaves are divided into numerous {mall parts, which are of a pale green, oval, pointed, and deeply indented. The ftalk is flender, round, upright, ftriated, and about a yard high. The flowers are white, growing at the tops of the branches in little cr bel: It is an annual plants common in orchards and kitchen gardens, and flowers in June and July. This plant has been often miftaken for parfley: and from thence it has received the name of Fools Parfley. Though it feems not to be of fo virulent a na- ture as the larger hemlock, yet Boerhaave places it among the vegetable poifons, in his Inftitutes; and, in his Hiftory of Plants, produces an in- ftance of its pernicious effects =. It is there- fore { Inflitutes, § 1138, Hit, of Plants, p. 93- | at, foto, neceffary to guard againft it in collecting herbs for fallads, and other purpofes. 3. MUSHROOMS. Mufhrooms have been long ufed in fauces, in ketchup, and other forms of cookery. They were highly efteemed by the Romans, as they are at prefent, by the French, Italians, and other na- tions. Pliny exclaims againft the luxury of his coun- trymen in this article; and wonders, what extra- erdinary pleafure there can be, in eating fuch daa- gerous food*, The ancient writers on the Materia Medica feem to agree, that mufhrooms are in ge- neral unwholefome ; and .the moderns, Lemery, Allen, Geoffroy, Boerhaave, Linnzeus, and others, concur im the fame opinion. There are nume- rous inftances upon record of their fatal effects. Al- * Quz voluptas tanta aacipitis cibi? Plin. Nat. Hift, ¥ Xj. 23. Almoft all of them, as the laft-thentioned author affirms, “‘ are fraught with poifon +.” | The common efculent kinds, if eaten too freely, frequently bring on heart-burns, fickneffes, vo- mitings, diarrhceas, dyfenteries, and other danger- ous fymptoms. It is therefore to be wifhed, that they weré banifhed from the table. But, if the palate muft be indulged in thefe treacherous gra- tifications, or, as Seneca ¢ calls them, this ‘* vo- luptuous poifon”, it is neceffary, that they, who are employed in collecting them, fhould be ex- tremely cautious, left they fhould collect fuch as are abfolutely pernicious; which, confidering to whofe care this is generally committed, may, and undoubtedly has, frequently happened §, + Fungi plerique venENOo rurGEeNT. Linnei Amzn- Acad. vol. 4. t Quid tu illos boletos, voLUPTARIUM VENENUM, nihil occulti operis judicas facere, etiamfi prefentanei non fu- tant? Sen. Ep. 95. § See Gentleman’s Magazine, December, 1755 5; and ae plement, September, 1757. The The eatable mufhrooms at firft appear of a roundith form, like a button ; the upper part and the ftalk are very white; the under part is of a livid flefh colour ; but the flefhy part, when bro- ken, is very white. When thefe are fuffered to remain undifturbed, they will grow to a large fizes and expand themfelves almoft to a flatnefs, and the red part underneath will change to a dark colour. COPPER VESSELS. Copper, when it is handled, yields an offenfive finell, and if touched with the tongue, a fharp pungent tafte, and even excites a naufea, Ver- degris is nothing but a folution of this metal by vegetable acids. And it is weil known, that a very fmall quantity of this folution will produce - cholics, vomitings, intolerable thirft, univerfa] con- cw convulfions, and other dangerous fymptoms. If thefe effects, and the prodigious divifibility of this metal be confidered, there can be no doubt of its being a violent and fubtile poifon, Weare daily expofed to this poifon by the prefent ufe of copper veffels for dreffing our food. The very air of the kitchen, abounding with oleaginous and faline particles, penetrates and difpofes them to diffolution, before they are ufed. Water, by ftanding fome time in a copper veffel, is impreg- nated with verdegris, as may be demontftrated by throwing into it a fmall quantity of any volatile alkali, which will immediately tinge it with a paler or deeper blue, in proportion to the ruft contained in the water. Vinegar, apple-fauce, greens, oil, greafe, butter, and almoft every other kind of food, will extract the verdegris in a*< greater degree... It is true, people imagine, that the ill effects of copper are prevented by its being tinned: but the tin, which adheres to the copper, - is fo extremely thin, that it is foon penetrated by the verdegris, which infinuates itfelf through the pores of that metal, and appears green upon the furface, | M. Amy, C oy 7 M. Amy, of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, obferves, that ‘ verdegris is one of the moft vio- lent poifons in nature:” yet, fays he, “ rather than quit an old cuftom, the greater part of man- kind are content to {wallow fome of this poifon every day”. Amy’s Treat. upon Cifterns, printed - at Paris, 17§0. M. Thiery, in a thefis, which is ‘added to this tract, has more particularly confidered the nox- lous qualities of copper, and the various means, by which they may be communicated to what- ever we eator drink. ‘* Our food, fays he, re- -x C€ives its quantity of poifon in the kitchen, by the ufe of copper pans and difhes. The brewer mingles poifon in our beer, by boiling it in a copper. Salt is diftributed to the people from copper fcales, covered with verdegris.” Pickled cucumbers are rendered green by an infufion of copper coin. ‘* The paftry-cook bakes our tarts in copper patty-pans. But confections and fyrups have greater powers of deftruction: for they are fet over a fire in copper veffels, which have not been tinned; and the verdegris is plen- tifully extracted by the acidity of the compofi- tion. And though we do not, after all, fwallow C death it Mae, death in a fingle dofe, yet it is certain, that a quantity of poifon, however fmall, which is re- peated with every meal, muft produce more fatal effects, than is generally believed”. Beil-metal kettles are very ofien ufed in boiling cucumbers for pickling, in order to make them green. Thisis an abfurd and dangerous practice, If the cucumbers acquire any additional green- nefs by the ufe of thefe kettles, they can only de- rive it from the copper, of which they are made. According to fome writers, bell-metal: is a compofition of tin and copper, or pewter and copper, in the proporticn of twenty pounds of pewter, or twenty-three pounds of tin, to on€ hundred weight of copper. According to others, this metal is made of copper, a thoufand pounds ; tin, from two to three hundred pounds; and brafs» one hundred and fifty pounds *. Spoons and other kitchen utenfils are frequent- ly made of a mixed metal, called alchemy; or, as itis vulgarly pronounced, ockimy. The ruft of this metal, as well as the former, is highly per- nicious. * Lord Bacon’s Phyf. Remains. White ~~ q ( % ) White alchemy is made of pan-brafs, one pound; and arfenicum, three ounces. Red alche- my is made of copper, and auripigmentum, of or- piment f. The author of a traét, entitled, Serious Reflee- tions on the dangers attending the ufe of copper veffels, publifhed at London in 1755, afférts, that ‘‘ the greater frequency of palfies, apoplexies, madnefs, and all the frightful train of nervous diforders, which fuddenly attack us, without our Being able to account for the caufe, or which gra- dually weaken our vital faculties, are the poifon- ous effects of this pernicious matter, taken into the body infenfibly with our victuals, and thereby intermixed with our blood and juices”. | However this may be, it is cértain, that there have been innumerable inftances of the pernicious confequences of eating food drefied in copper veffels, not fufficiently cleaned from this ruft. On this account the Senate of Sweden, about the year 1753, prohibited copper veffels, and or- dered, that none, but fuch as were made of iron, fhould be ufed in their fleets and armies. ) + Lord Bacon’s Phyf. Remains, C a But ( 20 ) But if copper vefiels are {till continued, every ‘cook and good houfewife fhould be particularly careful in keeping them clean and well tinned ; and fhould fuffer nothing to remain in them lon- ger, than it is abfélutely neceflary for the purpofe of cookery. Pece. t Dy ei «The common cure, fays Dr. Mead, of all poifons taken into the ftomach, muft be by throwing them up again, by vomiting, as foon as poffible, and defending the membranes from their pungent acrimony. Drinking very large quan- tities of warm milk, with oil of fweet almionds, cili the vomiting ceafes, will anfwer the firft in- tention. The other, in mineral poifons, (for the effects of vegetable poifons, after they have been vomited up, generally go off by diluting plenti- fully with foft and fat liquids) requires particular care. which may be in this way. The force of chefe depends upon a combination of metallic particles with faline cryftals: therefore the dif- uniting of thefe muft deftroy their power, This may , a4 may be done by drinking a quantity ofa lixivium made by a folution of falt of tartar in water: for this falt, uniting with the corrofive cryftalline falt, will, after fome degree of effervefcence, kill it, as the chemifts {peak ; by which means, being difengaged from the mineral globules, it will be rendered of no effect’. The SOLUTION or SALT of LEAD. Lead is a metal eafily corroded, efpecially by _, the warm fteams of acids, fuch as vinegar, cyder, lemon-juice, rhenifh wine, &c. And this folution, or falt of lead, is a flow and infidious, though certain poifon. The glazing of all our common brown pottery ware, 1s either lead or lead ore. If black, it is lead ore, with a fmall proportion of manganefe, which is a fpecies of ironore. If yellow, the glazing is lead ore, and appears yellowifh by having fome pipe or white clay * Mead on Poifons, Effay iv. ( 22 ) clay under it. The colour of the comrhon pot- tery ware is red, as the veffels are made of the : fame clay with common bricks. Thefe vefiels are fo porous, that they are penetrated by all faits, acid or alkaline, and are unfit for retaining any faline fubftance. They are improper, though too often ufed, for preferving four fruits oF pickles. The glazing of fuch veffels is corroded by the vinegar ; for, upon evaporating the liquor, a quantity of the falt of lead will be found at the bottom. A fure way of judging, whether the vi- negar, or other acids, have diffclved parfhof the glazing, is, by their becoming vapid, or lofing their fharpnefs, and acquiring a {weetifh tafte by ftanding in them for fome time: in which cafe the contents are to be thrown away as perni- cious. i The fubftance of the pottery ware commonly called Delft, the beft being made at Delft in Holland, is a whitifh clay when baked, and foft, as not having endured a great heat in baking. The glazing is a compofition of calcined lead, calcined tin, fand, forne coarfe alkaline falt, and fandiver ; which being run into a white ola{s, the white colour being owing to the tin, is afterwards ground aa@ *y etound if a’mill, then mixed with water, and the veffels, after being baked in the furnace, are dip- ped into it, and put into the furnace a fecond time ; by which means, with a fmall degree of heat, the white glafs runs upon the veffels. This glazing is exceedingly foft and eafily cracks. What effects acids will have upon it, the author of thefe obfervations cannot fay, not having tried them: but they feem to be- improper for infpif fating the juice of lemons, oranges, or ahy other acid fruits. The moft proper veffels for thefe purpofes are porcelain or china ware. The fubftance of them 4s of fo clofe a texture, that no faline, or other liquor, can penetrate them. ‘The glazing, which is made likewife of the fubftance of the china, is fo firm and clofe, that no falt or faline fubftance can have the leaft effect upon it. It mutt, how- ever, be obferved, that this remark is only appli- cable to the porcelain made in China: for fome fpecies of the European manufactory are cer- _ tainly glazed with a fine glafs of lead, &c. Next to china is the ftone ware, commonly called the Stafordfhire ware. The fubftance of thefe MC ey thefe veffels is a compofition of black flint, and a {trong clay, that bakes white. Their outfides are glazed by throwing into the furnace, when well heated, common or fea falt decrepitated ; the fteam or acid of which, flying up among the veffels, vitrifies the outfides of them, and gives them the glazing. This ftone ware does not ap- pear to be injured or affected by any kind of falts, either acid or alkaline, or any liquors, hot or cold. They are therefore extremely proper for all common ufes, but require a careful manage- ment, as they are much apterto crack with aged fudden heat, than china, The Heffian ware, or the veffels made of the >. fame fubftance with the Duke d’Alva’s bottles, commonly called grey-beards, feem to be made of ftrong pipe clay, mixed with fand, and glazed in the baking, by the alkaline falt, which arifes from the wood uied in baking them, wood having al- ways the effect, when the furnace is intenfe, to vi- trify the outfide of all clays*. * Differt. by James Lind, M. D. REMARKS = t ( 25 ) REMARKS on the ADULTERATION of BREAD and FLOUR. Extracted from a Treatife “ On the nature of bread, honeftly and difhoneitly made”, pub- lifhed in 1757, by James Mannine, M. D. The author tells us, that in the fophiftication of flour, mealmen and bakers have been known to ufe bean meal, chalk, whiting, flaked '.Jime, alum, and even afhes of bones. The firft, bean flour, is perfectly innocent, and affords a nourifhment equal to that of wheat; but there is a toughnefs in bean flour, and its co- louris dufky. To remove thefe defects, chalk is added to whiten it, alum to give the whole com- pound that confiftence, which is neceflary to make it knead well in the dough, and jalap to take off the aftringency. It may be fuppofed, that chefe horrid iniquities are only imaginary, or at leaft exaggerated, and that fuch mixtures muft D = be ( 26 ) be difcoverable even by the moft ordinary taftes bur as fome adulterations of this nature have cer- tainly been practiced, the following experiments may ferve to gratify curiofity, or difcover frauds, where any fuch exit. “To difeover whether flour be adulterated with whiting or chalk, mix with it fome juice of lemon or good vinegar. if the flour be pure, they will remain together at reft ; but if there be a mixture of whiting or chalk, a fermentation, like the working of yeft, will enfue. The adul- terated meal is whiter and heavier than the good: the quantity that an ordinary tea-difh will con- tain, has been found to weigh more than the fame quantity of genuine flour, by four drachms, and 19 grains, Troy. ) < ‘© The regular method to detect thefe frauds in bread is this : cut the crum of a loaf into very thin flices ; break them, but not into very fmall pieces, and put them into a glafs cucurbit, with a large quantity of water. Set this, without fhak- ing, in a fand furnace, and let it ftand, with a mo- derate warmth, four and twenty hours. ‘The crumb of the bread will in this time foften in all its J . ey) its parts, and the ingredients will feperate from it. The alum will diffolvein the water, and may be extracted from it in the ufual way. The jalap, if any have been ufed, will {wim upon the top in a coarfe film, and the other ingredients, being heavy, will fink to the bottom. ‘This is the beft and moft regular method of finding the deceit ; but as cucurbits, and fand furnaces, are not at hand in private families, there is a more familiar method. “ Let the crum of a loaf be fliced as before directed, and put it, with a great deal of water, into a large earthen pipkin. Let this be fet over a very gentle fire, and kept a long time mode- rately hot; and the pap being poured off, the bone afhes, or other ingredients, will be found at the bottom,” : ("28 ) On WATER. Obfervations on Water, extratted from Dr. Rotherham's Philofophical Enqutry, Se. T isa long eftablithed obfervation, that the — beft waters boil and cool again the fooneft ; ~~ and that they evaporate in the leaft time, and with the leaft degree of heat. A well known mark of the purity of water is its foftnefs. This quality is difcoverable by the touch, if we only wafh our hands in it: and the diftinction between hard and foft water generally arifes from its difficult or eafy union with oily fubftances, Soft {29 ) Soft water is the moft proper for the wafhing and bleaching of linen, the making of paper, and for moft medicinal purpofes. It mixes more uni- formly with milk, and does not curdle it, as hard_ waters frequently do. It boils peafe and beans fofter, and mixes better with flour, rice, oatmeal, &c. In boiling meat it gives it amore agreeable colour than hard water, which often boils it red. There are however fome purpofes, to which hard water is more proper: as, in feveral kinds of dying; in making ftarch; and in the rincing of foap out of linen, after it has been wafhed ; as it is obferved to give the linen a better colour, and an agreeable firmnefs or crifpnefs; but the linen thus treated requires more foap, when it comes to be wafhed again. Hard water gives a better colour to greens, and a firmnefs to all forts of fith, efpecially cod, when boiled in it. The Burton, Nottinghamfhire, Liverpocl, and feveral other kinds of ale, which are much ad- mired, are faid to be brewed with hard water. But ~ Dr. Mead and others condemn the ufe of thefe li- quors, as productive of various diforders, and par- ticularly the cholic, From’ € 30 ) From thefe remarks we may roan ae that hard water cannot fo well anfwer the purpo- fes of diluting and digefting our food; as it will not fo readily mix and unite with the different parts of it, nor affimulate and digeft them pro- perly. Befides the large quantities of acid and nitrous falts, with the loads of felenite and calca reous earth, which thefe waters generally contain, will naturally difpofe them to form obftructions, when, by the courfe of circulation, thefe folid particles come into the minuteft veffels, more e- fpecially thofe of the glands. Hence they are often blamed, as laying the foundation of fcro- phulous, ftrumous, and other glandular fwellings and obftruétions. e It is from the quantity of ftony matter, which the hard waters generally contain, that moft of them have large incruftations upon the fides of the veffels, in which they are boiled; and they have by fome beea difapproved for this reafon, as cauf- ing the ftone. But the calculous concretions in the biadder and kidneys are of a very different nature from thefe incruftations ; and; as Dr. Heberden juftly oblerves, “ they totally differ from all foffil ftones in every thing except the name; and the pre- ( 31) pretended experience of the effe&ts of certain _ {tony waters in breeding the ftone, may, upon the ~ beft authorities, be rejected as falfe*. The beft way of determing the hardnefs or foftnefs of water, is by fcraping any certain quan- tity of foap into it, and obferving how it diffolves or lathers. If water be perfectly foft, the foap will diffolve quickly, uniformly, and without curdling ; and, upon fhaking the glafs brifkly, will raife a ftrong froth or lather at the top. But the fmalleft degree of hardnefs will fhew itfelf, either by the foap not diffolving fo readily, by its turning curdly and uneven, or by lefs froth re- maining after it is agitated; and the different de- _ grees of hardnefs may hereby be very well deter- ‘mined. The beft way of making this trial is with a fmall quantity of Caftile foap, viz. about a grain to an ounce of water. R’ APN... We Al TBR. In fummer-time rain-water brings along with it the feeds and embryos of vegetables and ani- malicula, + Medical Tranf, by the Coll. of Phyf. vel. 1. p. 7. } 39 7 malcua, which render it difagreeable to the tafte, and promote its putrefaction. If it be kept in wooden veffels, it will foon ftink, and become un- fit for ufe; and then, if it be viewed with a mi- crofcope, it will be found to contain an amazing number of various animaicula ; and particularly thofe, which, from their form and motion, are called. the wheel animals*. Thefe animalcula are fuppofed to be the chief caufe of the water’s putrefaction. Rain water is alittle hard, when it firft falls; but in two. or three days it becomes perfectly foft. The rain, which falls through the fmoke pf ‘ large towns, is rendered foul and black; moree- {pecially if it be colleted, as it generally is, from the roofs of houfes; when it brings with it agreat many particles of foot, which give it a very dif- agreeable tafte and colour. Where the tiles are blackened by the fmoke of glafs-houfes, &c. the | water, * Baker’s Mifcrofcope made ealy, p. 33. Employment for theMicroicope, p. 295. {.1$3 9 water, which falls from them, is unfit for almoft any domeftic purpofes. | When rain-water fubfides, and is wel! filtered, it becomes perfectly clear and bricht. {f it be kept in wooden veffels, it contrects 2 particular {mell, tafte and colour from the wood, Clean earthen jars are the beit for keeping water. Though leaden ciferns may be ufed with fafety, if they be kept clear from vegetable acids; all of which are found to corrode lead, and to produce a very noxious falt. The veffels, in which water is preferved, fhould be covered, to preven: any duit or filth from ge'ting in; andthe water will be more agreeable, if kept in a cool » place. SNOW-+WATER. Some of the greateft philofophers and phyfi- cians have differed much in their opinion of fnow- water. Hippocrates, Hoffman, and others, con- demn it: But Boerhaave, on the other hand, is E la- i che a ( 34) lavifh in its encomiums. He afferts, that fnow, which ‘s collected from the tops of high fandy mountains, at a diftance from any towns or houfes, where it has fallen after a long fharp froft, in calm weather, and lies at a confiderable height above. the furface of the earth, produces water, “ which is the pureft of all, quite immutable, capable of being kept for many years, and is a fingular re- micdy for inflammations of the eyes” *. Dr. Rotheram having mentioned the efficacy of fnow-water in burns, and in fertilizing the eround, relates the following experiment, which, though it may appear of a trivial nature, he very juftly remarks, is not below the notice of a philo- fopher. < One effect of fnow, ofwhich I do not remember any where to have read, is, that acertain quantity“ of it, taken up frefh from the ground, and mixed jn a flour-pudding, will fupply the place of eggs, and make it equally light. The quantity al- lotted is two table fpoonfuls, inftead of one egg ; and if this proportion be much exceeded, the pud- ding will not adhere together, but will fall to pieces in boiling. I affert this from the expe- rience * Boerh. Chem. vol. 1. p. 349. London edit. 1735. i e957) rience of my own family 3 and any one, who choofes to try it, will find it to be a fact”. SPRING WATER. As all our fprings are originally fupplied by rain, or melted {now, and hail, ftrained through the pores and cavities of the earth, their. wa- ters will vary according to the different foils, or ftrata, through which they pafs. If waters meet with nothing in their fubterraneous paffages, which will unite with them, or diffolve in them, they iffue out in their greateft purity. The fprings, which come from gravel, fand, or fome light and porous {tones, are generally the pureft, and beft; for the water being filtered through their {mall pores, is cleared from almoft every fo- reign fubftance or impurity, which it had con- tracted in the air; acquires an agreeable coolaefs, and becomes limpid, bright, and fparkling. But, as there are few foils, which do not con- tain fome kinds of falt, or other mineral fub- ftances, which are foluble in water, moft of our {prings are found to partake, in fome meatfure, of E 2 the e(.. 36) the nature of the foil, through hal they pafss and are innocent, falutary, or noxious, in propor- tion to the quantity, kind, or mixture, of the va- rious ingredients, of which they are compofed ; and the conftitution, of the perfon, who ufes them: and -fome of them are of great medicinal efficacy. STAGNANT WATER. Stagnant. water in ponds and ditches is gene- rally efteemed the worft, But large lakes, which are kept in almoft a continual agitation by the wind, do not properly come within the denomi- , nation of ftagnant waters, : PUMP WATER, efpecially in LONDON, It appears from the analyJis performed by Dr. Heberden f, that feveral pump waters in Lon- don, which he had examined, and probably moft of + See Medical Tranfac. vol. 1. , ie 2 of them, contain powder of lime-ftone, and the mineral acids of vitriol, nitre, and fea-falt, united in various proportions. Thefe waters are like- wife tainted with an oilinefs, which gives them a remarkably yellowifh caft, when compared with pure diftilled water. It is reafonable to think, that waters impregnated with fuch active fub- ftances, in a quantity fufficient to render them difacreeable to the tafte, cannot always be drunk withimpunity. They have accordingly been fuf- ; pected of occafioning pains in the ftomach and bowels, glandular tumors and coftivenefs, where the fimple lime-ftone prevails; and diarrhceas, where much of it is united with the folution of a- - -cids} and it is probable, that a continued ufe of} * fuch water may be the caufe of many other dif- orders, efpecially to the infirm, and to, children. From whence it follows, that a change of place may often be of as much ufe to weak perfons, from the change of water, as of air. Some obfcure notion of the unwholefomenefs of pump water, induces many perfons to boil it, and let it ftand to grow cold; by which it will indeed be made to part from moft of its un- neutralized lime-ftone and felenite ; but at the fame time it will become more ftrongly impreg- nated ate el Wy ( 38 ) Bere nated with the faline matter, and therefore it w te be worfe. na ee Pe ee | Tf a fmall quantity of falt of tartar were ida © to the water, it would readily precipitate both eo" loofe lime-ftone, and likewife that which is united — to the acids. en or fifteen grains would gene- rally be enough for a pint ; but the exact propor- tion would readily be found, by continuing to add to it, by little and little, till it ceafed to oc- cafion white clouds. This is an eafy way, not only of freeing the water from its lime-ftone, but alfo of changing the faline part into nitre and fal fylvii, both of which we know, by long experi- ence, to be innocent. . But the beft way of avoiding the bad effeéts of pump water would be, not to make a conftant ufe of it; and ina place fo well fupplied with river water as London, there is very little necef- firy to drink of the {prings,. which in fo large a city, befides their natural contents, muft collect many additional impurities from cellars, burying- grounds, common-fewers, and many other offen- five places, with which they undoubtedly often com- we e *, an \ > a0 D?, ‘communicate ; fo that it is indeed a wonder, that we find this water at all tolerable *. . “THAMES and NEW-RIVER WATER. . River waters partake of the properties of their fprings, and the channels, through which they run; yet, in a wonderful manner, they foon free themfelves from their impurities. The motion of the current t, the abforption of the foil, the fun and rain, have each of them a confiderable fhare in this effect, '| The Thames water, efpecially in the neigh- bourhood of London, is mixed with many impure ingredients. It is faid to become offenfive in fe- ven or eight days, or fometimes fooner, if it be kept in unfeafoned cafks. In this ftate it gene- rates a quantity of foul inflammable air, as may be feen by holding the flame of a candle to the bung-hole of a cafk when it is firft opened: But a * See Medical Tranfa&. vol. 1. + The moft rapid rivers contain, ceteris paribus, the pureft water. yg eh. ( 40 Sy } by this fermentation i it foon putifies itfelt; : opening the bung, it will often become fw eet twenty-four hours, and fooner, if it be poured from one veffel to another, or ventilated *, ik Bo: ca Meruops, BY WHICH WATER MAY ai mie : OBTAINED IN ITS GREATEST Poniry. " ae | As it appears, that almoft all the water wee in cookery is tainted with impure ingredients; rain water, witha great variety of volatile bodies, fuligi- nous particles, exhalations, invifible feeds, and in- fects; river, pond, and well water, wich a mixtureof. foil and mud, decayed vegetables, and the fpaxzn of vermin, it will be very. proper to purify it, before it Ny isufed for drinking, or any culinary purpofe. Tlfis may be done by various contrivances. 1. The water of the Thames, and that of the New River, are very often muddy, or tafte ftrongly of weeds and leaves. Dr. Heberden ac- knowledges, that the latter fault cannot eafily be re- * Philof. Tranf. No. 127, 268. Boerh. Elem. of Chem. | vol. 3. p. 333- Rotheram’s Philof. Inquiry. : ~ terhedied ; but, he obferves, they would foon be 2 _ freed from their muddineds, if kept fome time in * an open jar: and heis of opinion, that if the wa- bed > { 41 )- ter given to very young children, were thus puri- fied, it might prevent fome of their bowel-difor- ders, and fo contribute a little to leffen that a- mazing mortality among the children, which are hurfed in London. | 2. Rain water, wlien gtown putrid, as Boerhaave affures us, may be eafily rendered wholefome a- gain, and may be drunk without being offenfive, by only boiling it a few moments: for by this expedient, the animals that are in it will be de- ftroyed, and, with the reft of the impurities, will fybfide to the bottom. If then, fays he, you make it moderately acid, by adding to it a {mall quantity of acid that is very ftrong, it will be fit forufe. This is found to be of excellent fervice under the Equator, and between the Tropics, where the waters putrify in a horrible manner, and breed a multitude of infects, and yet muft be drunk. For the fame reafon, a fmall quantity of {pirit of vitriol, mixed with water, will prevent its growing putrid, and breeding any animals, and, F at () at the fame time, _ ‘waeu< it wholefome. anc geod." ‘ ) 3 A common way of purifying water is by fil- tration. Water, which is filterated through por ‘lh ous ftones, is extremely clear and limpid but a fome writers have afferted, that it acquires a pe- i RY trifying quality in its paffage, which, at length, may produce difagreeable effects t. However ai this may be, thefe ftones are too aed forcommon — ufe: — Dr. Rotheram afierts, that one of the readieft and beft methods of filtering water, is, to let it run through a bed of clean fand. This is, he fays, preferable to the filtering-ftone, as it per- forms its work much fooner; and the grains qf ~ fand are of fo many different figures, that they are pretty fure to ftop the progrefs of any bodies of fenfible buik, in paffing through them §. * Boerh. Chem. vol. 1. p. 348, t M. Amy on Cifterns ; but fee above, p. 31. § If you view ten thoufand grains of fand through a mi- crofcope, you will fcarcely find two of the fame fize and fhape. Rotheram’s Philofophical Inquiry, p. 48. . « A friend hee De. *« A friend of mine, fays the Doctor, in. this town [Newcaftle] has a ciftern for collecting rain water, fo conftructed, that it both allows the water to fubfide, and the upper part of it to run through a bed of fand, which is raifed by a parti- tion above the bottom of the ciftern; by which means the water becomes perfectly clear and bright, and is preferred by moft who have tafted it, to any other water in this town”. 4. Some have objected, but probably without reafon, to this mode of filtration, on a prefump-_ __tion, that the fand has the fame effect on the wa- ter as the filtering fone: for itis faid, that the fand is infenfibly diffolved by the water; fo that in four or five years it will have loft a fifth part of its weight. M. Amy therefore recommends the filtration of water through a fpunge, more or lefs compreffed. And this, he affures us, will render it, not only more clear, but more whole- fome, than either a ftone or fand, s. As the pureft of all water is obtained by diftillation, Dr. Heberden recommends this me- thod, as particularly ufeful where fuel is cheap, Fi2 and ( 44 V A , : Ati mb wh and the water is bad ;_ as it is in fome of our fo- reign fettlements. sao The firft running of diftilled water hasa difa- ’ va ereeable mufty tafte: on this account, if the fill ae | =? hold twenty gallons, it will be neceffary to throw oa Be oe away the firft gallon. The reft, through free ee) from this muftinefs, will. have a difagreeable em+ #8 ; baie? pyreumatic or burnt tafte. This tafte goesofF by x6! keeping about a month, by ventillation, ina few minutes, or by boiling the water in an open vef- fel. Diftilled water muft be kept in perfeétly clean glafs or ftone bottles, with glafs ftoppers, or metal covers; and then, having init no seg Ae ciple of corruption, it is incapable of being : fpoiled, and will keep juft the fame for ever. , But the leaft particle of any animal or vegetable fubftance, will {poil a great quantity ; and there- fore the ftill and bottles fhould be kept wholly for this ufe. ; This procefs, though certainly attended with many good effects, requires too much time and attention for common ufe; and therefore, in ge- neral, it may be fufficient to adopt the wod of ‘ ayy Ie on. > dy Shy et 28) gent ', elwaar | « vy oka ee ‘ ri Bs, : bl c ‘ # mn rhc aay cares wen wae 7 ‘ Se Mp V ~ ation, recommended by Dr. Rotheram, or ch is propofed by M. Amy. 4.5, 0s Soa : The obfervations, which I have here laid before reader, are notnew. They have been com- nicated to the public by others. But they are erfed through many different publications. Ihave therefore thrown them into a fmall * compafs. And I flatter myfelf, that, in this commodious form, they may be _ acceptable to the public; as many of the foregoing ar- ticles are of infinite importance to the health, and __ ponfequently to the happinefs of mankind. v a Bod Nt 4S, + if fy * lide \ toe of Boar ¥ Cen &% i nie os OP mle ie My. Si Mid » ait e w% m t re ean oe by et Z ae ite el oe we | RTS, OSG 2 ‘ yr ‘ P pide dy ens Ne +4 1 mye fpln - if T 2 oe koe ALLA Ms wy at “ Pee oe “ . 4 ae. 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